,transcrib]'s ,notes ,texts betwe5 und]scores1 equal signs & tildes 9 ?is e-text repres5t texts pr9t$ 9 italics1 bold face & sans-s]if 9 ! s\rce docum5t4 ,small capitals h be5 transcrib$ z ,,all ,,capitals4 ,m ,transcrib]'s ,notes may be f\nd at ! end ( ?is text4 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,pack+ ,,h\se ,a ,,complete ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,design1 ,,con/ruction1 ,,equipm5t ,,& ,,op]ation ,,( ,,meat ,,pack+ ,,h\ses1 ,,accord+ ,,to ,,pres5t ,,am]ican ,,practice1 ,,includ+ ,,me?ods ,,( ,,conv]t+ ,,by-,,products ,,into ,,comm]cial ,,articles4 ,new ,edition ,revis$1 ,amplifi$ & ,enl>g$ by ,,david ,i4 ,,davis ,fir/ ,edition by ! ,late ,f4 ,w4 ,,wild] ,,= ,,_m ,,ye>s ,,g5]al ,,sup]9t5d5t ,,swift ,,co4 ,illu/ration ,,publi%]s ,,nick]son ,,coll9s ,,co4 ,,*icago ,,copyright1 #aije ,,& #aiba1 ,,by ,,nick]son ,,coll9s ,,co41 ,,*icago ,all ,rights ,res]v$ ,press ( ,,ice ,,& ,,refrig]ation ,*icago4 ,,preface4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ! revis$ edition ( ?is "w1 ! fir/ complete treatise ^u ! subject ( ! meat pack+ h\se bus9ess publi%$1 ! orig9al s*eme has be5 foll[$4 ,fir/1 pres5t+ 9 a conv5i5t & simple =m1 practical sugge/ions1 tables & =mula t are ne$$ 9 ! op]ation ( ! pack+ h\se bus9ess accord+ to mod]n practice4 ,second1 describ+ op]ations 9 ! v>i\s ramifications ( ! bus9ess1 f ! unload+ ( ! animals at ! p5s to ! production ( ! f9i%$ product & ! disposition ( x1 9 ! ord] 9 :i* ! diff]5t op]ations are conduct$4 ,! v>i\s op]ations describ$ & subjects treat$ ^u h be5 index$ s t any matt] ^u :i* x is desir$ to obta9 in/ant in=mation may be readily f\nd4 ,! au?or arrang$ ! *apt]s 9 ! ord] ( ! v>i\s op]ations 9 ! pack+ h\se1 toge!r ) descriptions ( ! ma*9]y & appliances requir$4 ,! e/abli%$ pack]1 z well z ! beg9n]1 if he c>efully dige/ ! cont5ts ( ?is "w1 w f9d he has valuable in=mation1 ! k ( :i* w aid him 9 conduct+ 8 bus9ess4 ,! *apt]s on prop] con/ruction & arrangem5t conta9 in=mation 9 :i* ! au?or has giv5 ! read] ! b5efit ( 8 exp]i5ce 9 ! con/ruction & op]ation ( pack+ plants4 ,a portion ( ! cont5ts ( ?is "w is devot$ to te/s %[+ ! value & yields ( ! v>i\s products ( a mod]n pack+ h\se1 bas$ on prices & conditions exi/+ at ! "t !y 7 made1 9 :i* ! p]c5tages & comp>isons are reliable & are available to ! read] by us+ ! weights & p]c5tage %[n1 comput$ on pres5t comm]cial prices4 ,! num]\s =mulas giv5 = ! manufacture & pres]vation ( ! v>i\s products ( ! pack+ h\se are ^? :i* h be5 prov5 to be ! be/ aft] ye>s ( exp]i5ce4 ,9 e in/ance !y h be5 put 9 ! simple/ =m possible1 s t no mi/ake c be made 9 apply+ !m4 ,9 revis+ ?is "w1 x is recogniz$ t ! use ( "s ( ! +r$i5ts are n[ prohibit$ by regulation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b 9 "s in/ances1 x has be5 se5 fit to n *ange ! orig9al =mulas4 ,9 "s in/ances1 h[ev]1 ! omission ( ! objectionable +r$i5t has be5 made1 ?\gh o!rwise ! =mula rema9s ! same z 9 ! fir/ edition4 ,_m =mulas r5d]$ obsolete are omitt$ on acc\nt ( conflict+ ) pure food laws4 ,! in=mation furni%$ 9 ^! pages is bas$ ^u ! au?or's exp]i5ce1 !re be+ v little !oriz+ ^u ! possibilities ( :at may be accompli%$ by adopt+ c]ta9 prescrib$ me?ods4 ,= ?is reason1 ! book w be f\nd ( practical value to ^? int]e/$ 9 ! meat pack+ bus9ess4 ,! pres5t necessity ( a "w on pack+ h\se op]ation is m evid5t ?an :5 ! fir/ edition 0 publi%$4 ,! orig9al "w has be5 entirely revis$ :]e consid]$ necess>y1 amplifi$ 9 places & mu* new in=mation add$4 ,! *apt]s relative to con/ruction1 refrig]ation & me*anical op]ation h be5 revis$ to con=m to advanc$ practice4 ,ackn[l$gm5t is made ( ! use ( engrav+s1 photographs & orig9al data1 & ideas develop$ & us$ by ! revis] 9 8 eng9e]+ practice4 ,t ! volume w be well receiv$ & fill ! ne$s z a h& book & ref]5ce "w is ! hope ( ! au?ors & publi%]s4 ,! assimilation ( ! cont5ts z a f\ndation1 toge!r ) p[] ( obs]vation & application w greatly assi/ beg9n]s 9 pack+ h\se "w1 ! me?ods ( :i* are progress+--al?\gh ! fundam5tals rema9 ! same4 ,! revis] hopes assi/ance w be giv5 9 ?is way1 :i* he 9 turn receiv$ by oral advice f ! two out/&+ sup]9t5d5ts 9 _! day 7! days ( ! bus9ess gr[?71 ,messrs4 ,f4 ,w4 ,wild] & ,c4 ,o4 ,"y4 ,d4 ,i4 ,,davis4 ,*icago1 ,july #a1 #aiba4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,mod]n ,,pack+ ,,h\ses #a ,introduction & ,gr[? -- ,conc5tration -- ,e>ly ,me?ods -- ,yankee ,+5uity -- ,*icago ,y>ds -- ,movem5t ,we/w>d -- ,economic ,factors -- ,sav+ ,by-,products -- ,pione]'s ,tr\bles -- ,us+ ,box ,c>s -- ,us+ ,refrig]ator ,c>s -- ,*ill+ ,rooms -- ,me*anical ,refrig]ation -- ,freez+ ,meats -- ,ov]seas ,%ipm5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,location ,,& ,,con/ruction #i ,location -- ,wat] ,supply -- ,sewage -- ,odors & ,prevail+ ,w9ds -- ,cleanl9ess -- ,designs & ,errors -- ,"* ( ,bus9ess -- ,requirem5ts -- ,pr9ciples ( ,design4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,plant ,,design #ad ,description ( ,plants -- ,plant ,no4 #a -- ,plant ,no4 #b -- ,plant ,no4 #c -- ,plant ,no4 #d -- ,type ( ,plant -- ,load+ ,facilities -- ,produc+ ,dep>tm5t -- ,abbatoir ,build+ -- ,r5d]+ ,build+ -- ,live ,/ock -- ,ic+ ,dep>tm5t -- ,cool] ,build+ -- ,pork ,h\se -- ,manufactur+ ,build+ -- ,salt ,spaces -- ,p[] ,dep>tm5t -- ,gravity ,sy/em -- ,h[ to ,build -- ,firepro( ,design -- ,advantages -- ,sl[ ,burn+ ,con/ruction -- ,approval ( ,plans4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,refrig]ation ,,equipm5t #bi ,ammonia ,ma*9es -- ,ammonia -- ,compressor -- ,cond5s] -- ,receiv] -- ,cool] -- ,cond5s+ ,wat] -- ,unit ,basis -- ,comput+ f ,unit ,basis -- ,h[ ,rat$ -- ,freez] ,requirem5ts -- ,freez]s 9 ,small ,plants -- ,cyl9d] ,arrangem5t -- ,:y ,br9e ,circulation -- ,air ,circulat+ -- ,=ce ,draft -- ,coil ,room ,sy/ems -- ,br9e ,*ill+ -- ,br9e ,me?ods -- ,types ( ,br9e ,cool]s -- ,balanc$ ,br9e ,sy/em -- ,direct ,expansion -- ,two ,/age ,compressors4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,refrig]ation ,,requirem5ts #de ,refrig]ation -- ,necessities -- ,ice ,plants -- ,natural ,ice -- ,*ill+ -- ,quantity ,refrig]ation to ,provide -- ,space ,p] ,ton ,ma*9e -- ,ma*9]y ,p] ,head -- ,= ,cool$ ,meats -- ,ice ,computation -- ,compressor ,capacity -- ,*ill+ ,l>d -- ,summ>y ,computations -- ,l[ ,temp]ature ,br9e ,sy/em4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,p[] ,,plant ,,requirem5t #eb ,/eam ,mak+ ,equipm5t -- ,uses ( ,pumps -- ,types ( ,pumps -- ,pumps = ,br9e -- ,wat] ,supply -- ,pumps = ,wells -- ,wat] ,di/ribution ,sy/ems -- ,pumps = ,boil] ,fe$+ -- ,heat+ ,boil] ,fe$ ,wat] -- ,wells -- ,cool+ ,t[]s -- ,economiz]s -- ,sup]heat]s -- ,/eam ,eng9es -- ,exhau/ ,/eam -- ,advice z to ,exhau/ ,/eam -- ,boil]s -- ,conclusion4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,cool]s #fj ,meat ,*ill+ -- ,divid+ ,beef ,cool]s -- ,regul> ,temp]atures -- ,ma9 ,cool] -- ,h&l+ ,beef -- ,=e-,cool] -- ,heavy ,cattle -- ,dome/ic ,beef -- ,trimm+ ( ,beef -- ,skirt ,trimm+ -- ,ribb+ ,beef -- ,freez+ ,beef -- ,load+ ,beef -- ,weigh+ & ,tagg+ -- ,c>e ( ,cool]s -- ,mutton & ,veal -- ,*ill+ ,hogs -- ,cell>s -- ,freez+ ,meat4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,w>eh\ses #gj ,w>eh\se ,design -- ,floor ,area -- ,fire ,pro( ,build+s -- ,floor ,con/ruction -- ,cool]s -- ,fan & ,v5tilation -- ,spray ,sy/em -- ,galvaniz$ ,%eet ,iron ,pipes -- ,coil ,rooms -- ,quantity ( ,pipe -- ,me?od ( ,erect+ -- ,life ( ,pipe -- ,cell> ,ceil+ ,susp5sion -- ,ratio ( ,pip+ -- ,defro/+ -- ,g>dn] ,curta9 ,sy/em -- ,direct ,expansion ,pip+ -- ,*ill-,room ,bunk]s -- ,l[ ,temp]ature ,br9e ,sy/em -- ,freez] & ,/orage ,build+s4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,slaught]+ ,,cattle #ib ,receiv+ ,live ,/ock -- ,wat]+ -- ,driv+ ,cattle -- ,knock+ ,cattle -- ,/ick+ -- ,head+ -- ,prit* ,/icks -- ,foot ,sk9n+ -- ,ripp+ & ,leg ,break+ -- ,floor+ ,cattle -- ,brea/ ,saw+ -- ,fell ,cutt+ -- ,rump+ -- ,beef ,spread]s -- ,fell ,beat+ -- ,gutt+ -- ,back+ -- ,tail ,saw+ -- ,splitt+ -- ,splitt+ ,cleav]s -- ,cle>+ ,out & ,hide ,dropp+ -- ,neck ,splitt+ -- ,bruise ,trimm+ -- ,skirt ,trimm+ -- ,wa%+ ,cattle -- ,f\nta9 ,bru%es -- ,dress+ ,cattle -- ,conveyors4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,dress+ ,,yields ,,& ,,cattle ,,cutt+ #ajf ,yields ( ,cattle -- ,yield f ,tw5ty-two ,native ,cattle -- ,yield f ,fifty-n9e ,texas ,cattle -- ,yield f ,tw5ty ,heavy ,cattle -- ,yield f ,?irty-f\r ,cattle -- ,p]c5tage ( ,v>i\s ,cuts -- ,beef ,cuts -- ,diagram ( ,cutt+ -- ,grad+ -- ,lo9s -- ,ribs -- ,r\nds -- ,*ucks -- ,plates1 ,%anks & ,flanks -- ,b>rel$ ,beef4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,hides ,,& ,,pelts #abf ,gre5 ,hides -- ,condition -- ,scores -- ,prod ,pole ,damage -- ,clean ,floors -- ,lea!r ,yields -- ,patt]n -- ,prop] ,/orage = ,hides -- ,grad+ -- ,grubs 9 ,hides -- ,salt to ,be ,us$ -- ,build+ ( ,packs ( ,hides -- ,trimm+ ( ,gre5 ,hides -- ,swit*es -- ,%r9kage ( ,hides -- ,%eep ,pelts4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,oleo ,,oil ,,& ,,/e>9e #acf ,fats -- ,orig9 ( ,butt]9e -- ,oleo ,oil -- ,oleo ,fats -- ,selection & ,c>e -- ,cleanl9ess & ,collection -- ,*ill+ ,fat -- ,cool+ ,wat] -- ,melt+ -- ,settl+ ! ,oil -- ,cl>ifi]s -- ,scrap ,vat -- ,se$+ or ,gra9+ ,oil -- ,press ,room -- ,collect+ ,oil -- ,oil ,receiv]s -- ,temp]ature ( ,oil ,drawn to ,ti]ce -- ,/e>9e -- ,oil ,h\se ,yields -- ,grad+ ,fats -- ,te/s on ,oil ,fats -- ,but*] ,fats -- ,mutton ,fat -- ,oil ,selection -- ,oil ,h\se ,op]ation4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,bone ,,dep>tm5t #aei ,bone ,dep>tm5t -- ,h>d ,bone -- ,glue ,bone -- ,bone ,products -- ,horns -- ,manufactur$ ,articles -- ,skulls -- ,te/ ,yield f ,skulls & ,feet -- ,buttocks & ,?ighs -- ,blades & ,ribs -- ,dry+ -- ,cru%$ ,bone -- ,gr9d+ ,bone -- ,neats ,foot ,oil ,/orage -- ,neats ,foot ,oil ,purifi] -- ,yield ,te/s4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,tank ,,h\se ,,dep>tm5t #agj ,tank ,h\se ,design -- ,isolation & ,v5tilation -- ,sep>ation ( ,press ,room -- ,dige/]s -- ,r5d]+ ,tank -- ,surface ,box -- ,press & ,pump -- ,cook+ ,kill+ ,/ock -- ,op]at+ ,tank ,bl[ ,(f -- ,press+ ,tankage -- ,treatm5t ( ,l>d & ,tall[ -- ,tit] 9 ,tall[ & ,l>d -- ,/eam = ,cook+ -- ,cook+ ,te/s -- ,op]at+ ,odorless -- ,te/s -- ,cat* ,bas94 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,tank ,,wat] #ahi ,soil ,f]tility -- ,animal ,fe$+ -- ,tank ,wat] -- ,sep>ation ( ,solids -- ,collect+ ,grease -- ,te/+ ,tank ,wat] -- ,evaporat+ ,tank ,wat] -- ,description ( ,app>atus -- ,clean+ ,evaporators -- ,table ( ,boil+ ,po9ts -- ,te/+ ,/ick -- ,copp]as 9 ,wat] to ,evaporate -- ,solids 9 ,wat] -- ,dry+ ,/ick -- ,value ( ,tankage -- ,quantity ( ,tank ,wat] -- ,co/ ( ,evaporat+4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,f]tiliz] #bja ,f]tiliz] -- ,blood -- ,receiv+ ,tank -- ,cook+ -- ,press+ -- ,purity -- ,/or+ -- ,quick ,h&l+ -- ,tankage -- ,quotations & ,value -- ,grease -- ,influ5ce ( ,/ick -- ,dige/] ,tankage -- ,slime -- ,dry]s -- ,dry+ -- ,exp5se = ,dry+ -- ,comm]cial ,f]tiliz] -- ,/ate ,regulations -- ,mix+ ,mat]ials -- ,conv]sion ,factors4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,cas+s #bjh ,description ( ,beef ,cas+s -- ,r\nd ,cas+s1 ,h[ ,made -- ,selection ( ,r\nd ,cas+s -- ,export ,cas+s -- ,dome/ic ,r\nds -- ,beef ,middles -- ,turn+ & ,slim+ -- ,inspection & ,measur+ -- ,beef ,bungs -- ,bung ,gut ,sk9s -- ,beef ,bladd]s -- ,beef ,weas&s -- ,packages -- ,salt -- ,cleanl9ess -- ,wat] ,temp]ature -- ,ma*9es = ,cas+s -- ,hog ,cas+s -- ,small ,cas+s4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,beef ,,miscellany #bag ,beef ,miscellane\s -- ,liv]s -- ,sweetbreads -- ,beef ,he>ts -- ,tails -- ,weas& ,meat -- ,beef ,tongues -- ,wa%+ -- ,hang+ -- ,trimm+ -- ,cur+ -- ,freez+ -- ,surplus ,r\nds -- ,/ripp+ ,beef ,hams -- ,=mulas = ,cur+ -- ,smok+ -- ,te/s -- ,glass ,j> ,beef -- ,beef ,trimm+s -- ,b>rel ,beef -- ,tripe -- ,clean+ ,tripe -- ,pickl+ -- ,co/ ( ,production4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,%eep ,,& ,,calves #bbi ,increas$ ,production ( ,%eep -- ,p5n+ -- ,dress+ by ,piece ,me?od -- ,/r+ ,gang -- ,%eep ,r+ -- ,%eep ,dress+ -- ,legg+ -- ,pelt+ -- ,me?ods ( ,f9i%+ -- ,wa%+ & ,its ,effect -- ,*ill+ -- ,lamb ,tongues -- ,pickl$ ,lamb ,tongues -- ,lamb ,tongue ,te/s -- ,slaught]+ ,calves -- ,heads & ,feet4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,hog ,,slaught]+ #bea ,hi/orical -- ,inve/m5t -- ,hog ,y>d+ -- ,hog ,dress+ -- ,hoi/+ -- ,/ick+ -- ,neck ,wa%+ -- ,scald+ -- ,scrap+ ,ma*9es -- ,h& ,scrap+ -- ,clean+ ,bodies -- ,ham ,fac+ & ,cutt+ -- ,leaf ,l>d -- ,splitt+ -- ,wa%+ -- ,dry+ -- ,c>e 9 ,*ill ,rooms -- ,op5 ,air ,hang+ -- ,*ill+ ,necessities -- ,%r9kage 9 ,*ill ,room -- ,hog ,by-,products -- ,heads -- ,plucks -- ,paun*es -- ,entrail ,fat4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,pork ,,cutt+s #bff ,hog ,cutt+ -- ,v>iety & ,classes ( ,hogs -- ,cutt+ ,floor -- ,pork ,cuts -- ,hams -- ,side ,meats -- ,bellies -- ,backs -- ,lo9s -- ,%\ld]s -- ,butts & ,plates -- ,p]c5tage ( ,yield -- ,*ange ,cuts ,"o ,side -- ,te/ on ,five ,sides -- ,complete ,cutt+ ,te/4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,cur+ ,,meats #caa ,cur+ ,cell>s -- ,hams & ,_! ,treatm5t -- ,wild] ,hams -- ,%\ld] ,meats -- ,bellies -- ,ov]haul+ ,meats -- ,fancy ,bacon -- ,%ipp+ ,ages -- ,second ,pickle -- ,dry ,salt ,meats -- ,cur+ ,dry ,salt ,meats -- ,smok+ ,dry ,salt ,meats -- ,b>rel$ ,pork -- ,cur+ ,b>rel$ ,pork -- ,engli% ,meats -- ,pigs ,feet -- ,pigs ,tongues -- ,pigs ,sn\ts4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,l>d1 ,,comp\nd ,,& ,,greases #cdj ,hi/orical -- ,quantity & ,quality -- ,neutral ,l>d -- ,kettle ,r5d]$ ,l>d -- ,prime ,/eam ,l>d -- ,ref9$ ,l>d -- ,blea*+ ,l>d -- ,filt] ,press -- ,l>d ,roll -- ,l>d ,pack+ -- ,comp\nd ,l>d -- ,cottonse$ ,oil -- ,ref9+ ,crude ,oil -- ,deodoriz+ ,cottonse$ ,oil -- ,press+ ,temp]atures -- ,l>d ,oil -- ,treatm5t = ,l>d ,grease4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,smoke ,,h\se #cfd ,smok+ ,meats -- ,nom5clature -- ,soak+ -- ,smok+ -- ,gas ,smok+ -- ,temp]atures -- ,treatm5t ,aft] ,smok+ -- ,trolley ,sy/em -- ,canvass$ ,meats -- ,%r9kage -- ,wrapp+ -- ,:ite ,wa% -- ,dri$ ,beef -- ,packages -- ,skipp] ,fly4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,dome/ic ,,sausage #cgb ,meats & ,h&l+ -- ,arrangem5t ( ,dep>tm5t -- ,cur+ ,meats -- ,cool] = ,gr\nd ,meats -- ,gr9d+ & ,/uff+ ,room -- ,smoke ,h\se -- ,cook ,room -- ,dry ,hang+ ,room -- ,cool] -- ,smok+ ,temp]ature -- ,cook+ ,"t -- ,%r9kages -- ,pickle-,cur$ ,products -- ,dry-,cur$ ,meats -- ,pack+ -- ,cas+s & ,spices -- ,sausage ,c]eals -- ,sausage ,=mulas -- ,bologna ,v>ni% -- ,boil$ ,ham4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,dri$ ,,sausage #cii ,summ] ,sausage -- ,pres]vatives -- ,cool+ ,room -- ,/uff+ -- ,hang+ ,room -- ,smoke ,h\se -- ,dry ,room ,treatm5t -- ,dry ,room ,caution -- ,%ipp+ ,ages -- ,/orage -- ,prep>ation ( ,cas+s -- ,trimm+ ,meats -- ,=mulas = ,sausage4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,butt]9e #dbj ,+r$i5ts -- ,colors -- ,equipm5t -- ,rooms -- ,arrangem5t -- ,te/+ ,milk -- ,acidity -- ,milk 9 ,butt]9e -- ,reasons = ,culture -- ,cream ,rip5ess -- ,wat] vs4 ,br9e -- ,milk ,n ,pa/euriz$ -- ,prep>atory ,culture -- ,/>t]s -- ,cultivat+ ! ,milk -- ,l[ ,grade ,butt]9e -- ,gra9+ -- ,work+ ! ,butt]9e -- ,butt]9e ,pack+ -- ,high-,grade ,butt]9e -- ,cleanl9ess -- ,use ( ,color -- ,=mulas -- ,co/s ( ,butt]9e4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,boxes ,,& ,,coop]age #ddj ,specifications = ,boxes -- ,coop]age ,specifications -- ,gov]nm5t ,specifications = ,packages -- ,refrig]ator ,boxes4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,,dep>tm5tal ,,acc\nt+ #dec ,dep>tm5tal ,acc\nt+ -- ,exp5se ,acc\nts -- ,dep>tm5ts -- ,pur*ases -- ,inv5tories -- ,/ore ,acc\nts -- ,labor ,*>g$ to ,dep>tm5ts & ,sub-,divisions -- ,g5]al ,pr9ciples4 ,illu/ration3 ,,view ,,( ,,union ,,/ock ,,y>ds1 ,,*icago1 ,,%[+ ,,horse ,,m>ket ,,at ,,left ,,& ,,ex*ange ,,build+ ,,at ,,"r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,,union ,,/ock ,,y>ds1 ,,*icago1 ,,%[+ ,,pack+ ,,h\ses ,,9 ,,! ,,di/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,entrance ,,to ,,! ,,union ,,/ock ,,y>ds1 ,,*icago1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,mod]n ,,pack+ ,,h\ses4 ,,introduction ,,& ,,gr[? -- ,,conc5tration -- ,,e>ly ,,me?ods -- ,,yankee ,,+5uity -- ,,*icago ,,y>ds -- ,,movem5t ,,we/w>d -- ,,economic ,,factors -- ,,sav+ ,,by-,,products -- ,,pione]',s ,,tr\bles -- ,,us+ ,,box ,,c>s -- ,,us+ ,,refrig]ator ,,c>s -- ,,*ill+ ,,rooms -- ,,me*anical ,,refrig]ation -- ,,freez+ ,,meats -- ,,ov]seas ,,%ipm5ts4 ,introduction & ,gr[?4--,few indu/ries 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates h %[n su* rapid gr[? z has ! pack+ h\se bus9ess4 ,! mod]n pack+ h\se1 z x exi/s today1 may be said to be less ?an =ty ye>s old s9ce its inception4 ,"o naturally inquires ! causes :i* l$ to ! gr[? ( ?is indu/ry to its pres5t proportions 9 s %ort a "t1 rank+ practically fif? 9 importance among ! indu/ries ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ma9 factor :i* has be5 in/rum5tal 9 ! consummation ( ?is imm5se gr[? is conc5tration--c\pl$ )--cons]vation4 ,conc5tration4--,conc5tration p]mits ! manipulation ( by-products1 creat+ useful & valuable mat]ials saleable 9 !mselves & t5d+ to r$uce ! comm]cial co/ ( ! edible portion ( ! animal4 ,cons]vation 9 ! sav+ ( all p>ts ( ! animal to _! be/ uses4 ,e>ly ,me?ods4--,be=e ! mod]n pack+ h\se 0 e/abli%$ ! me?od 9 vogue 0 to ei!r %ip by c> or drive live /ock to ! po9t ( consumption1 :]e x 0 slaught]$ & put on ! m>ket 9 a crude & exp5sive way comp>$ ) ! me?ods ( to-day4 ,9 ! evolution ( ! bus9ess ! fir/ /ep t[>d mak+ ! mod]n pack+ h\se 0 ! conc5tration ( live /ock at a few m>kets :]e x 0 (f]$ = sale4 ,prior to t "t x w\ld h be5 impossible = any "o po9t to obta9 suffici5t /ock to mu* m ?an supply its local dem&s1 & surely n en\gh to supply a mod]n e/abli%m5t4 ,yankee ,+5uity4--,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! e>ly days ( ! live /ock m>ket1 buy]s pur*as$ _! supplies :]e !y be/ c\ld1 & %ipp$ !m alive to ! places :]e ! animals 7 to be consum$4 ,at ?is po9t 8,yankee0 +5uity int]c$$ & devis$ ! opposite plan1 viz3 t ( %ipp+ ! live /ock to a few c5tral po9ts & !re *ang+ x to dress$ meats1 :i* 7 %ipp$ to ! consum+ m>kets4 ,! developm5t ( ?is plan inaugurat$ a new l9e ( bus9ess n[ recogniz$ z "o ( ! mo/ important ( mod]n indu/ries--c5tral /ock y>ds & pack+ h\se c5t]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,live ,,/ock ,,go+ ,,to ,,scale1 ,,union ,,/ock ,,y>ds1 ,,*icago4 ,*icago ,y>ds4--,"o ( ! fir/ & l>ge/ ( ^! c5tral live /ock depots to be e/abli%$ 0 ! ,union ,/ock ,y>ds1 ,*icago1 ,ill41 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 :]e are locat$ ! l>ge/ slaught] h\ses4 ,views ( ^! great y>ds are %[n4 ,fig4 #a %[s "o ( ! places :]e live /ock is pass$ to ! scales & weigh$ prior to deliv]y to ! pur*as]2 ,fig4 #b1 a view ( ! live /ock p5s & an alleyway on a busy day2 ,fig4 #c1 a view ( a p5 conta9+ *oice ye>l+ cattle1 & ,fig4 #d1 "o conta9+ a bun* ( *oice ,poll$-,angus cattle4 ,^! views are typical ( _m m>kets n[ e/abli%$ ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates & :]e ! bus9ess is conduct$ ^u a p>allel basis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,a ,,busy ,,alley1 ,,union ,,/ock ,,y>ds1 ,,*icago4 ,movem5t ,we/w>d4--,_m factors & conditions contribut$ to ! possibility ( ! mod]n pack+ plant4 ,! feature ( slaught]+ ! cattle ne> to ! po9t ( gr[? less5$ ! %r9kage & abuse ( ! animal & its result+ food product4 ,!re are _m ( ! conditions t might be gone into 9 detail b :i* are n[ ( no consequ5ce4 ,h[ev]1 among ! conditions t made ! bus9ess possible 0 ! fact t on ! va/ pla9s ( ! we/1 innum]able cattle 7 be+ rais$ at a m9imum co/1 ) b little local sale1 :]eas 9 ! ?ickly settl$ ea/1 9 ! manufactur+ di/ricts1 a ready m>ket 0 f\nd = ! beef4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,,p5 ,,conta9+ ,,*oice ,,ye>l+ ,,cattle4 ,economic ,factors4--,economic conditions make ! rais+ ( live /ock1 9 juxtaposition to ! production ( gra91 a fix$ fact4 ,& app>5tly ! ne>] to ! s\rce ( supply ! animal is slaught]$ ! less det]ioration 9 ! product1 animal & meat consid]$ toge!r4 ,! pack+ bus9ess ( ?is c\ntry w\ld practically be impossible 9 old] c\ntries t are ?ickly settl$1 z ! co/ ( rais+ live /ock w\ld be actually ab\t ! same 9 all p>ts1 & ! co/ ( %ipp+ f "o po9t to ano!r w\ld only add to ! orig9al co/4 ,) ! l[] co/ ( rais+ ! animal on l[ value l&1 ! ea/]n f>m] ) 8 high pric$ l& 0 unable to compete1 h5ce ! practice ( rais+ live /ock 9 ! we/ & consum+ x 9 ! ea/2 & ! conc5tration ( live /ock at ! l>ge m>kets1 ) ! improv$ devices1 has made ! bus9ess a possibility1 & ! money & en]gy exp5d$ 9 adopt+ ! be/ me?ods has caus$ its gr[? to its pres5t magnitude4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,,p5 ,,conta9+ ,,*oice ,,poll$-,,angus ,,cattle4 ,sav+ ,by-,products4--,ano!r important feature add+ to ! gr[? ( ?is indu/ry1 is ! sav+ effect$ by utiliz+ ! by-products4 ,:5 animals 7 kill$ promiscu\sly ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry ?is 0 impossible1 = a man kill+ a few at "s local po9t c\ld n save ! by-products1 consequ5tly !y 7 lo/4 ,nei!r c\ld ! small kill] af=d ! necess>y appliances ) :i* to turn ! mat]ial out economically & compete ) bus9ess on a l>ge scale1 any m ?an ! anci5t cobbl] sitt+ at 8 b5*1 c\ld af=d ! labor-sav+ ma*9es & devices :i* are se5 9 mod]n %oe factories4 ,! g5]al heal? ( ! public has be5 s]v$ by hav+ _! meats prop]ly inspect$ & deliv]$ 9 a mu* bett] condition ?an !y c\ld be at ! "t :5 ! animal 0 kill$ & ! meat consum$ )\t x be+ prop]ly *ill$4 ,t ! meat is deliv]$ to ! consum] 9 a m palatable condition ?an x 0 =m]ly is g5]ally conc$$ by all4 ,=eign]s :o visit ?is c\ntry are inv>iably impress$ ) ! sup]ior meats ) :i* !y are s]v$1 due to ! process 9 *ill+1 & ! age at ! "t ( consumption4 ,! by-products :i* are sav$ 9 mod]n plants1 :i*1 "u ! old] me?ods 7 almo/ entirely lo/1 h a good value4 ,heads & feet1 = example1 :i* 7 ord9>ily ?r[n away1 are to-day made up into v>i\s products1 all ( :i* h a value4 ,! blood1 fats & refuse1 are turn$ into comm]cial commodities1 & ! sav+ ( ^! diff]5t p>ts creates a pr(it 9 ! bus9ess1 a pr(it h]et(ore lo/4 ,fur!r details on ?is subject w be giv5 9 ! *apt]s treat+ on by-products4 ,pione]'s ,tr\bles4--,:5 ! pione]s ( ! bus9ess fir/ broa*$ ! idea ( kill+ cattle 9 ,*icago & sell+ ! dress$ beef 9 ! ea/ x 0 consid]$ :olly impracticable1 & ! p :o />t$ ! bus9ess 7 look$ ^u z a 8little que]40 ,!re 7 _m bitt] exp]i5ces1 9 ! way ( f9ancial losses be=e x 0 accompli%$4 ,%ipp+ p]i%able products long di/ances caus$ ! loss ( _m ?\s&s ( doll>s be=e ! prop] me?ods 7 discov]$1 b ! beg9n]s felt !y 7 work+ along ! "r l9es4 ,ob/acles 7 ov]come & to-day meats are deliv]$ 9 ea/]n m>kets 9 a f> bett] & a m heal?ful condition ?an !y 7 ev] (f]$ to ! public "u ! old me?ods f local abattoirs4 ,us+ ,box ,c>s4--,9 ! e>ly days ( ! conc5trat$ cattle m>kets1 fre% meat products 7 only %ipp$ dur+ ! w9t] mon?s & 9 a common or :at is n[ kn[n z a 8box0 c>1 z diff]5tiat$ f a 8refrig]ator0 c>4 ,us+ ,refrig]ator ,c>s4--,! next /ep 0 ! use ( ice 9 ! c> & f ?is to ! 8refrig]ator0 c>4 ,?is type ( c> ) ! improv$ dispat* s]vice (f]$ by ! railways1 made ! bus9ess ( %ipp+ fre%ly dress$ beef to any "p ( ! c\ntry feasible4 ,! ,*ill+ ,room4--,notably & mo/ ess5tial 0 ! developm5t ( a *ill+ dep>tm5t 9 :i* ! slaught]$ animal c\ld be prop]ly *ill$4 ,?is is n[ a matt] ( su* common occurr5ce t b little consid]ation is giv5 ! subject4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! days :5 ice 0 us$1 & be=e ! introduction ( me*anical refrig]ation x 0 a matt] ( l>ge consequ5ce4 ,me*anical ,refrig]ation4--,me*anical refrig]ation1 & ?is alone1 has made x possible to prop]ly cool meats = %ipm5t to remote po9ts z fre% meats1 or to prop]ly prep>e !m = cur+1 & to pres]ve !m aft] cur+ beyond a comp>atively limit$ "t4 ,me*anical refrig]ation made possible ! equipp+ ( %ips = ! transportation ( meats "u refrig]ation f any po9t to any m>ket on ! globe4 ,freez+ ,meats4--,! freez+ ( meats su* z beef & p\ltry1 & hold+ !m to a desirable season has rapidly become an important factor 9 pack+ h\se "w4 ,n only beef1 p\ltry1 butt] & o!r food products are accumulat$1 b pork cuts1 su* z hams1 %\ld]s1 bellies1 etc41 are froz5 & c>ri$ indef9itely or until x appe>s desirable to ?aw & cure !m4 ,ov]seas ,%ipm5ts4--,a contribut+ feature to ! developm5t ( ! pack+ h\se bus9ess1 0 ! ov]seas %ipm5t ( meats4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! decade #aijj-aiaj a v l>ge bus9ess 9 fre% beef 0 conduct$ betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,engl&4 ,at ! outset x 0 consid]$ an impossibility1 b by ! mo/ c>eful & detail$ att5tion & ! utilization ( mod]n me?ods1 x 0 f\nd possible to kill cattle or %eep 9 ! hotte/ mon?s ( ! ye> at int]ior po9ts 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 %ip ! meats 9 refrig]ator c>s to ! seabo>d1 transf] into refrig]at$ rooms on ! /eam]s & !nce to ,engl&1 ! meat be+ sometimes f\r or five weeks en r\te f ! abattoir :]e ! animal 0 kill$1 to ! place :]e ! meat f9ally rea*$ ! consum]4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! ,engli% au?orities gave x ! mo/ critical exam9ation1 x 0 f\nd 9 prop] /ate = consumption4 ,9 ! same mann] va/ quantities ( meat is f9d+ its way f ,s\? ,am]ica to ! ,european m>kets1 mo/ ( x %ipp$ 8*ill$10 n froz54 ,= a "t ! ,unit$ ,/ates furni%$ ! l>ge/ "p ( ! fre% meat consum$ 9 ,engl&4 ,x is true t = _m ye>s we h suppli$ =eign m>kets ) cur$ & cann$ meats1 b ! fre% meat trade 9 ,engl& is a bus9ess develop$ )9 a comp>atively few ye>s & x grew to magnitude4 ,h[ev]1 ow+ to our gr[?1 increas+ home dem&s1 & ! *ang$ economic conditions1 ?is bus9ess dw9dl$ 9 ! la/ decade s t on beef x 0 practically gone1 except t dur+ ! ,european w> ow+ to prevail+ conditions1 x 0 reviv$ = a "t at lea/4 ,! pre-em95ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates pork products1 h[ev]1 is ev]y:]e recogniz$ & until new corn produc+ l&s are develop$ & utiliz$1 ! corn & ! pig supply = ! _w w be t "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates we/ ( ! ,alleghany m\nta9s & ea/ ( ! ,rocky m\nta9s4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,location ,,& ,,con/ruction4 ,,location -- ,,wat] ,,supply -- ,,sewage -- ,,odors ,,& ,,prevail+ ,,w9ds -- ,,cleanl9ess -- ,,designs ,,& ,,errors -- ,,"* ,,( ,,bus9ess -- ,,requirem5ts -- ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,design4 ,location4--,location is a mod]ate siz$ ^w ) a va/ mean+4 ,x has two def9itions z appli$ to meat pack+ h\ses4 ,fir/4--,location z to a live /ock supply4 ,pione]s 9 =eign l&s look+ = a *eap supply mu/ take into consid]ation ! quantity imm$iately available1 ! probabilities bas$ ^u fe$+1 climate1 natural enemies--bea/ & bug--& ! ambition ( ! p to produce z well z _! ability to produce4 ,sometimes an app>5t supply is at h& b a se>*+ inve/igation w %[ t x is an accumulat$ surplus1 soon exhau/$1 ) a resultant de>?4 ,9 ! case ( cattle1 a supply _c be creat$ 9 a day b by p]si/5t ef=t & 9 sev]al g5]ations ( human life4 ,transportation by troop+ & by tra91 or ! ability ( ! cattle to )/& ! fir/ or ! ability ( ! railways to h&le = want ( facilities1 are at times matt]s ( mu* consequ5ce4 ,second4--,location z appli$ to a position = op]at+1 applicable to dome/ic or =eign works4 ,!re are sev]al items ( prime importance to be consid]$ 9 select+ a location f ?is /&po9t4 ,9 _m in/ances a plant is e/abli%$ ne> a locality produc+ a suffici5t quality ( live /ock suitable = a c]ta9 purpose1 = example pigs suitable = export trade4 ,9 "s in/ances ! selection ( a location is made = trade reasons1 or to be adjac5t to a /ock y>ds2 & 9 in/ances because prop]ty is own$ 9 a c]ta9 locality4 ,:]e situation c be ( *oice1 ! matt]s = mo/ s]i\s consid]ation are sewage disposal1 wat] supply1 prevail+ w9ds & transportation facilities4 ,wat] ,supply4--,?is is ( great consequ5ce4 ,! quantity to be us$ = cond5s+ purposes1 refrig]at+ ma*9]y op]ation1 = cleans+1 & 9 ! regul> c\rse ( bus9ess1 is a v l>ge am\nt1 & if pur*as$ f wat] supply corporations or municipalities1 at prevail+ rates1 become a burd5some item ( exp5se4 ,! pr9cipal use = wat] c be classifi$ "u ?ree head+s3 ,boil] ,purposes--,?is naturally w be select$ f available s\rces bas$ ^u fitness1 irrespective ( co/4 ,cond5s+--,fir/1 = refrig]at+ ma*9]y ammonia cond5s+ & = /eam eng9e cond5s+1 9 conjunction ) ! production ( p[] & op]at+ /eam eng9es on refrig]at+ equipm5t4 ,= ?is purpose cold wat] is desirable4 ,if x c be obta9$ f wells x is ! be/ practice1 ow+ to su* wat] usually be+ ( l[ temp]ature4 ,h[ev]1 ! co/ ( production mu/ be consid]$1 & t calls = eng9e]+ k z to relative conditions4 ,usually1 unless ! surface wat] be 9 l>ge quantity & available f a /ream1 ! wells prove economical unless ! wat] mu/ be rais$ f great dep?s involv+ air lift pump+4 ,!re are in/ances1 h[ev]1 :]e turbidity makes wat] f /reams undesirable & :]e well wat] is unobta9able1 & 9 in/ances ( ?is k9d use ( settl+ bas9s1 res]voirs & cool+ t[]s is resort$ to4 ,= ,clean+ & ,o!r ,purposes--,! wat] = cleans+ purposes1 = food products1 fats & premises1 %\ld be clean & free f contam9ation t r5d] x unfit = potable uses4 ,sewage4--,! "q ( sewage disposal f a pack+ h\se is ( m consequ5ce ?an ! wat] supply1 :i* is usually det]m9$ by ! relative co/4 ,! =m] is a matt] ( disposition4 ,no matt] h[ c>efully ! refuse f ! slaught]$ animal is collect$ = pass+ ?r\gh ! r5d]+ dep>tm5t1 or h[ c>efully ! wat]s f cook+ are collect$ = evaporation1 q l>ge quantities ( nitrog5\s p>ticles & _m sub/ances :i* are m *eaply dispos$ ( by ! way ( ! sew]s1 ultimately rea* !m4 ,if ! refuse f9ds its way to a rapidly fl[+ /ream1 x is tak5 c>e ( by bact]ial action1 b if dis*>g$ into a dry /ream or pool1 or to a sewage disposal plant1 x becomes a s]i\s burd5 t soon] or lat] rev]ts to ! pack]4 ,odors & ,prevail+ ,w9ds4--,naturally to m9imize ! di/ance ( transport to /ations = %ipp+ or deliv]y to ! consum]1 or to be ne> to a supply ( labor1 e manufactur] is desir\s ( locat+ 8 works ne> to a city or on its outskirts1 if n at a comm]cial /ock y>ds4 ,:]e ! latt] are ( comp>atively l>ge consequ5ce to a community1 ! odors aris+ are usually consid]$ a 8necess>y evil0 & ! pack+ plant z a "p ( t4 ,no matt] h[ c>efully ! plant may be op]at$1 if ! full comm]cial value is tak5 out ( all products !re are "s dep>tm5ts 9 :i* x is difficult to abate ! smells1 & if ! prevail+ w9ds are t[>ds a resid5ce di/rict1 x is likely to cause di/urbance4 ,?is /atem5t c be qualifi$1 h[ev]1 because x is a fact t plants c be design$ & c be op]at$ s z to be kept )9 prop] b\nds & be ( no m nuisance ?an ! h&l+ ( ! live animals1 b x w always be well = ! prospective pack] to recognize t he w\ld n c>e to live on ! premises1 nor w 8 neighbor appreciate 8 works any m ?an he4 ,a pack+ h\se prop]ly belongs to a di/rict at a reasonable di/ance f resid5ce prop]ty1 & :]e ! prevail+ w9ds are n t[>d ! resid5ce di/rict4 ,cleanl9ess4--,! features contribut+ mo/ to ! op]ation ( a plant s z to avoid x becom+ noisome is t ( cleanl9ess1 fir/1 la/ & always2 ample equipm5t to promptly dispose ( all by-products1 & to d x promptly4 ,design & ,errors4--,! location dispos$ (1 ! design & con/ruction is a problem t _c h too c>eful consid]ation4 ,!re are two griev\s errors t may creep 92 ov]build+ & "u build+4 ,ov]build+ recognizes ! con/ruction ( a plant too l>ge = pres5t ne$s1 !reby mak+ ! capital inve/m5t too l>ge = ! bus9ess to be done1 & sometimes result+ 9 ! h&icap ( insuffici5t monies = plant op]ation ) all ! difficulties entail$4 ,"u build+1 fail+ to recognize ! gr[? t might occur & fail+ to s arrange t ! gr[? c be made 9 a way t keeps ! plant 9 balance & makes = economical op]ation4 ,ei!r condition may lead to regrets4 ,"* ( ,bus9ess4--,at ?is po9t comes ! consid]ation ( ! "* ( ! bus9ess to be conduct$ & ! proportion+ ( dep>tm5ts "o to ano!r suitably4 ,= in/ance1 9 a beef %ipp+ plant = fre% beef ! cool]s may h a hang+ capacity equal to at lea/ ?ree times ! daily slaught]+ capacity1 :ile at "s m>ket po9ts ! ratio may be t5 times4 ,:]eas1 at a freez+ plant x becomes a "q ( room to accumulate a c>go dep5d5t ^u transport facilities4 ,requirem5ts4--,! requirem5ts 9 ! v>i\s localities1 z to arrangem5t ( dep>tm5ts2 to comply ) sanit>y necessities z to light & v5tilation1 & ! classes ( mat]ials requir$ 9 con/ruction1 are *ang+ f "t to "t & no set rule c be made1 b ^! are axiomatic3 7#a7 ,products prep>$ = food purposes mu/ be quickly & ?or\ghly isolat$ f non-edible products4 7#b7 ,all dep>tm5ts %\ld1 s f> z possible1 be ma9ta9$ 9 sep>ate build+s4 7#c7 ,build+ mat]ials %\ld1 s f> z possible1 be non-absorb5t4 7#d7 ,light & air %\ld be arrang$ = 9 pl5ty4 7#e7 ,! "q ( movem5t ( product to m9imize labor %\ld be giv5 prop] att5tion4 ,9 ! build+ ( a pack+ h\se x is only )9 ! la/ few ye>s t ?is matt] has be5 /udi$ f ! /&po9t ( obta9+ ! be/ results at ! lea/ exp5diture = op]at+4 7#f7 ,=m]ly x 0 consid]$ prop] to build ! kill+ h\se & cool]s on ! gr\nd level1 excavat+ a cell> = ! /orage ( "s ( ! products2 ! p[] h\se1 tank rooms & o!r build+s = ! disposition ( by-products 7 plac$ )\t ref]5ce to economy 9 op]ation4 ,exp]i5ce has prov5 t x is economical to slaught] animals on ! upp] floor ( a build+1 & in/ead ( spread+ out on ! gr\nd & cov]+ a l>ge area z =m]ly1 to build high] ov] a small] area4 ,) a prop] incl9e ! animals w walk to an elevation ( #ej or #fj feet )\t detrim5t to _! condition1 & x is mu* *eap] to d ?is ?an to kill !m on ! gr\nd level & elevate ! products1 or to convey or transport !m to di/ant build+s on ! same level4 7#g7 ,! use ( gravity is recogniz$ z a prop] proc$ure 9 all dep>tm5ts f a l[ labor co/ /&po9t4 ,! locat+ ( ! build+s1 "o to ano!r2 to m9imize ! transf]r+ ( products2 & ! gr\p+ ( products z to conv5i5ce 9 %ipp+ by wagon1 by c> or by boat1 z ! case may require1 are also important4 7#h7 ,v important is ! "q ( gr\p+ cold /orage dep>tm5ts s z to m9imize ! wall space & exposure f radiation2 likewise ! conc5tration ( build+s requir+ heat to avoid ! loss ( fuel by reason ( long /eam l9es1 & radiation :i* c n be prev5t$4 ,pr9ciples ( ,design4--,! crux ( ! plant appe>s to be ! slaught]+ dep>tm5t = x is "h ! "w beg9s & f ?is s\rce radiates ! v>i\s p>ts = disposal4 ,"o well-kn[n & successful design] works ) ! idea ( beg9n+ at ! r5d]+ dep>tm5t1 & e/abli%+ ! tops ( ! r5d]+ tanks1 or dige/ors1 on a level ) ! visc]a sep>at+ floor1 f :i* ! refuse is readily transport$ )\t ! use ( elevator or lift s]vice4 ,! slaught]+ floor is naturally above ?is level1 & all o!r dep>tm5ts dispos$ to meet ! v>i\s ne$s4 ,obvi\sly !re be+ s _m controll+ factors1 no examples c be set out to meet all conditions4 ,!re foll[s h[ev]1 a gr\nd plan & sectional view ( sev]al plants ( v>y+ sizes ) descriptive data4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,plant ,,design4 ,,description ,,( ,,plants -- ,,plant ,,no4 #a -- ,,plant ,,no4 #b -- ,,plant ,,no4 #c -- ,,plant ,,no4 #d -- ,,type ,,( ,,plant -- ,,load+ ,,facilities -- ,,produc+ ,,dep>tm5t -- ,,abbatoir ,,build+ -- ,,r5d]+ ,,build+ -- ,,live ,,/ock -- ,,ic+ ,,dep>tm5t -- ,,cool] ,,build+ -- ,,pork ,,h\se -- ,,manufactur+ ,,build+ -- ,,salt ,,spaces -- ,,p[] ,,dep>tm5t -- ,,gravity ,,sy/em -- ,,h[ ,,to ,,build -- ,,firepro( ,,design -- ,,advantages -- ,,sl[ ,,burn+ ,,con/ruction -- ,,approval ,,( ,,plans4 ,description ( ,plants4--,?is *apt] is devot$ to a description ( sev]al types ( plants4 ,plant ,no4 #a4--;,a mod]ate siz$ beef1 mutton1 & pork produc+ plant capable ( slaught]+ six hundr$ cattle1 fifte5 hundr$ %eep & fifte5 hundr$ hogs daily1 & tak+ c>e ( ! products ( manufacture result+ !refrom4 ,?is design 0 develop$ ^u ! pr9ciple ( gravity = movem5t ( products ) z little use ( elevators z possible2 ! avoidance ( excessive use ( me*anical conveyors & contrivances2 ! gr\p+ ( build+s int5d$ = hot or cold temp]atures2 economy ( op]ation1 & = m9imum c> movem5t4 ,load+ ,facilities4--,! g5]al arrangem5t provides = wagon & dray load+ facilities front+ ! ma9 ?or\ghf>e4 ,! g>age & (fice are at ! left & "r sides ( ! c\rt4 ,?ree tracks are situat$ betwe5 ! two gr\ps ( build+s to take c>e ( ! c> load+4 ,usually ! refrig]at$ products are load$ ^u ! ea/ track1 & non-refrig]at$ products1 su* z hides & bones1 & ! oleo dep>tm5t products1 ^u ! we/ track4 ,! int]m$iate track is us$ = ! /or+ ( c>s4 ,by use ( ! connect+ plat=m at ! s\? end ei!r k9d ( c>s c be load$ on ei!r track4 ,a sep>ate non-int]f]+ railroad spur is provid$ = unload+ coal1 & cotton se$ oil1 & = load+ tall[1 :ile a di/9ct track is provid$ = load+ c>s ( dry salt meats f ! pork w>eh\se4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,,plant ,,no4 #a1 ,,mod]ate ,,size ,,pack+ ,,h\se4 ,produc+ ,dep>tm5t--,! abattoir is made ! c5t] ( di/ribution1 ) ! refrig]at$ build+s & dep>tm5ts directly communicative1 situat$ ne>by4 ,! r5d]+ & manufactur+ dep>tm5ts--us]s ( /eam & p[]--are gr\p$ ne> to ! abattoir & to ! p[] plant1 :ile ! build+s requir+ refrig]ation are gr\p$ toge!r & isolat$ f ! manufactur+ build+s4 ,! /ock p5s connect$ ) ! plant are to ! left ( ! manufactur+ gr\ps1 b are n %[n on ! plan4 ,abattoir ,build+--,?is build+1 six /ories high1 is giv5 ov] to ! foll[+ uses3 ,f\r? floor1 slaught]+2 ?ird floor1 treatm5t1 sep>ation & cook+ ( by-products & manufacture ( cas+s2 second floor1 oleo oil manufactur+2 fir/ floor1 oleo oil /orage1 & %ipp+ purposes2 basem5t & sub-basem5t1 /orage ( tall[ & cur+ ( hides4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,,ext]ior ,,view ,,beef1 ,,%eep ,,& ,,pork ,,plant4 ,r5d]+ ,build+--,divid$ into two sections & sep>at$ by p>titions1 "o side is us$ = ! ref9+ ( cotton se$ oil & ! manufacture ( edible tall[s2 ! o!r side = cook+ blood & r5d]+ in$ible tall[s4 ,! floors are us$ z foll[s3 ,second floor1 level ) visc]a sep>at+ floor 9 abattoir1 f :5ce raw /ock is truck$ to ! fill+ floor )\t requir+ use ( elevators = fill+ ( tanks2 fir/ floor1 tank bodies & receptacles = collection ( tall[4 ,! skimm+ vats to :i* ! tank residue1 aft] draw+ (f ! tall[s1 is pass$1 are level ) ?is floor1 enabl+ ! sep>ation & float+ ( ! tall[ & its collection2 basem5t = press room1 & sub-basem5t = dry+ tankage4 ,! tank wat] to be evaporat$ is collect$ & pass$ to a sep>ate build+ = treatm5t & evaporation4 ,live ,/ock--,! live /ock p5s are situat$ to ! left ( ! r5d]+ dep>tm5t ext5d+ nor? ( ! oil /orage tanks f :i* position leads an incl9e1 deliv]+ ! live /ock into an elevat$ /orage p5 cov]+ ! area betwe5 ! r5d]+ h\se & ! abattoir1 & ov] ! dress+ room4 ,ic+ ,dep>tm5t--,facilities = manufactur+ ice = cool+ c>s are provid$ 9 ! space directly nor? ( ! abattoir build+4 ,! ?ree railroad tracks betwe5 ! two gr\ps ( build+s are cov]$ ) a protect+ %$1 & f ! bottom memb] ( ! trusses are susp5d$ trolley rails = h&l+ buckets ( ice to be dump$ into ! tanks ( ! refrig]ator c>s4 ,cool] ,build+--,! dress$ beef1 mutton & pork is transf]r$ via bridge ) *a9 conveyors1 c>ry+ ! c>casses f ! slaught]+ h\se floor to ! cool+ rooms situat$ ^u ! ?ird floor ( ! cool] build+4 ,f ?is floor ! c>casses are convey$ = /orage purposes to ! second & fir/ floor1 & f !re !y are pass$ to ! cutt+ room1 city sales dep>tm5t1 or c>s4 ,! basem5t & sub-basem5t are us$ = cur+ beef & pork jo9ts4 ,! f\r? floor ( ?is build+ is set aside = freez+ products :i*1 aft] be+ froz51 are %ipp$ = /orage to o!r premises own$ by ! same company4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,,sectional ,,view ,,indicat+ ,,levels ,,& ,,comp>ative ,,levels ,,( ,,dep>tm5t ,,floors4 ,pork ,h\se--,! f\r? floor ( ! pork h\se is utiliz$ = *ill+ hogs2 ! ?ird = cutt+ !m1 & all floors bel[ = cur+ purposes4 ,note1 ! arrangem5t :]eby ! pork h\se & ! cool] build+ are ea* connect$ ) ! team-load+ plat=m & also closely arrang$ = c> load+4 ,manufactur+ ,build+--,a manufactur+ build+ giv5 ov] to ! production ( sausage1 smok$ meats1 l>d & ! pack+ & %ipp+ ( same is imm$iately nor? ( ! cool] & pork build+s1 & connect$ !reto at all floors :]e necess>y4 ,! city %ipp+ dep>tm5t has its allott$ space on ! gr\nd floor ( ! cool] build+ & ! products f9i%$ 9 ! manufactur+ build+ move s\? t[>d ! team load+ plat=ms4 ,salt ,spaces1 etc4--,9 ?is in/ance1 b :i* r>ely occurs1 ! city's ma9 sew] sy/em is locat$ at a deep level1 :i* af=ds prop] dra9age & p]mitt$ ! con/ruction ( two cell>s4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 two /ories practically "u gr\nd4 ,?is is a decid$ advantage f ! /&po9t ( radiation exposure1 & x also af=ds an opportunity to provide salt /orage & coop]age /[+ spaces on two levels adjac5t to ! railroad tracks4 ,x fur!r provides a means = secur+ a connect+ tunnel bel[ ! track level1 ?us provid+ facilities = a p]fect int]*ange f all cell> dep>tm5ts4 ,( equal consequ5ce is ! opportunity to pass all pipes = wat]1 /eam & refrig]ation1 p[] & light+ wires1 z well z products1 f "o dep>tm5t to ano!r4 ,?is makes = a l[ upkeep co/1 little exposure1 less radiation & greatly r$uces ! annual upkeep4 ,p[] ,dep>tm5t--,! boil]s 7 plac$ on a floor level ) ! basem5t4 ,! coal pocket into :i* coal is dropp$ ext5ds to ! sub-basem5t level1 provid+ a comp>atively l>ge coal /orage4 ,at ! sub-basem5t level are ! a% collect+ b9s4 ,f ?is level are provid$ elevators ( ! cont9u\s bucket type = rais+ ! coal & a%es to tanks provid$ = /orage1 f :i* ! coal & a%es gravitate to ! furnaces & disposal c>s respectively4 ,! eng9e f\ndations ext5d to ! sub-basem5t level1 ) ! ma9 eng9e situat$ ^u ! basem5t level4 ,! pumps are locat$ 9 "p on ! l[] level4 ,all pipes & wires lead+ to ! op]at+ dep>tm5t are c>ri$ ?r\gh ! sub-basem5t1 p]mitt+ ! arrangem5t ( all exhau/ & /eam pip+ b5ea? ! eng9e room floor4 ,gravity ,sy/em--,att5tion is call$ to ! fact t 9 ! r5d]+ dep>tm5t1 = example1 ! products 9 _! /eps ( manufacture are h&l$ by gravity entirely until ! f9i%$ dri$ f]tiliz] is produc$1 :i* has to be elevat$ to ! gr\nd level = c> %ipm5t1 or = wagon deliv]y4 ,! same features are true ( ! abattoir1 hides & tall[ 9 casks only1 requir+ ! use ( elevators = %ipm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,,plant ,,no4 #b1 ,,gr\nd ,,plan ,,= ,,c\ntry ,,pack+ ,,h\se4 ,plant ,no4 #b4--,?is plant 0 design$ = a c\ntry po9t :]e ! %ipp+ by local freight c>s or ! city deliv]y 0 q limit$2 :]e ! major "p ( ! product w\ld be %ipp$ by c>1 & :]e provision 0 made = q an ext5sive gr[?4 ,! capacity z design$ be+ f\r hundr$ hogs & fifty cattle daily1 ) a complem5t>y quantity ( calves & %eep4 ,load+ ,facilities--,aga9 ! ?ree railways are provid$ = conv5i5ce 9 load+ & = facilitat+ swit*+ & ic+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--,,plant ,,no4 #b1 ,,section ,,?r\gh ,,slaught]+ ,,& ,,r5d]+ ,,build+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--,,plant ,,no4 #b1 ,,section ,,?r\gh ,,manufactur+ ,,build+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,,plant ,,no4 #b1 ,,section ,,?r\gh ,,cool] ,,build+4 ,produc+ ,dep>tm5t--,9 ?is plant ! slaught] ( hogs is ! pr$om9ant bus9ess4 ,! hog kill+ dep>tm5t 0 consequ5tly design$ amply l>ge & = a gr[? to upw>ds ( fifte5 hundr$ hogs daily1 :ile ! r5d]+ dep>tm5t provides = additional tank+ facilities to be add$ z requir$4 ,9 ?is build+1 ne> to ! s\rce ( production is plac$ a small air bla/ type ( meat & leaf l>d cool+ space4 ,r5d]+ ,dep>tm5t--,ow+ to abattoir be+ isolat$ x 0 possible to set aside a portion ( ! build+ = ! r5d]+ dep>tm5t1 & make ! con/ruction comply ) ! sanit>y requirem5ts z to light1 air & v5tilation4 ,^! features are illu/rat$ by ! sectional views4 ,live ,/ock--,! live /ock receiv+ p5s = c>s & wagons are locat$ on ! gr\nd z %[n on plans1 & a long ramp is arrang$ = ! sl[ driv+ ( hogs4 ,aga91 all products are pass$ d[nw>d 9 ! process ( manufacture4 ,ic+ ,dep>tm5t--,facilities are provid$ = h>ve/+ ice f a /ream situat$ nor? ( ! premises4 ,! railroad tracks ext5d to ! ice /orage h\ses :]e facilities are provid$ = ic+ c>s4 ,pork ,build+--,advantage 0 tak5 ( ! relative gr\p+ & ! space available to provide an op5 air hang+ or dry+ room = hogs at a level ( ! kill+ floor & hog *ill rooms4 ,! hogs pass ?r\gh ?is space on _! way to ! cool]4 ,! pork build+ is arrang$ ) *ill+ rooms on ! upp] floor & cur+ rooms b5ea? on all floors to & includ+ ! basem5t4 ,manufactur+ ,build+--,adjac5t to ! cool] build+1 space is provid$ = ! mak+ ( sausage1 cutt+ hogs1 & trimm+ ( sausage meat1 process+ ( meats = smok+1 pack+ & %ipp+4 ,p[] ,dep>tm5t--,?is is a m9or matt] s9ce ! electric curr5t is pur*as$ f a municipal light+ corporation1 & ! plant be+ 9 a cold climate1 advantage is tak5 ( ^! conditions4 ,note t 9 ?is plant e dep>tm5t except ! kill+ dep>tm5t1 :i* 0 made z l>ge a unit z appe>$ to be necess>y1 may be ext5d$ )\t 9 any mann] di/urb+ ! relative situation ( ! dep>tm5ts4 ,! uses ( ! sev]al floors are %[n 9 ! sectional draw+s4 ,plant ,no4 #c4--,type ( plant4 ,! diagram 7,fig4 #ab7 is illu/rative ( a small local plant situat$ 9 a s\?we/]n city1 & built pr9cipally = a local mix$ bus9ess4 ,! plant w prop]ly take c>e ( "o hundr$ hogs & fifty cattle daily1 ! necess>y by-products & ! manufactur+ dep>tm5ts1 !re=4 ,an ice bus9ess is op]at$ 9 conjunction ) ?is plant4 ,! build+s are *iefly two /ories 9 height4 ,! plan & sectional draw+s are suffici5tly explicit to require no description4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,,plant ,,no4 #c1 ,,gr\nd ,,plan ,,( ,,small ,,local ,,pack+ ,,h\se4 ,plant ,no4 #d4--,! accompany+ vignette & gr\nd plan are illu/rative ( an alongside deep wat] export plant4 ,! photograph ( front view illu/rates ! load+ facilities :i* %[ ramps or incl9es ^u :i* conveyors are op]at$4 ,^! endless *a9s convey beef 9 qu>t] to ! :>f at "r angles !reto1 :]e x is pick$ (f ! rail by %ip's tackle & l[]$ into ! %ip's *amb]s4 ,discuss+ ! plant arrangem5t1 note ! position ( ! slaught] h\se ) relation to ! cool]s & trace ! movem5t ( ! products to ! cool]s1 r5d]+1 wool h\se4 ,also ! fur!r movem5t ( ! products to %ipm5t4 ,p>ticul> att5tion is call$ to ! arr[s indicat+ ! direction ( gr[? ( e dep>tm5t )\t dis>rang+ ! fir/ int5tion z to movem5t1 & m9imiz+ ! labor on ! ext5d$ plant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--,,plant ,,no4 #d1 ,,%[+ ,,deep ,,wat] ,,export ,,plant4 ,! /eam produc+ dep>tm5t is 9 close proximity to ! /eam us+ build+s1 viz3 ,p[] ,dep>tm5t1 ,r5d]+ ,h\se1 ,f]tiliz] & ,slaught] ,h\se4 ,pref]5ce be+ giv5 ov] electricity or refrig]ation :i* c be transmitt$ long] di/ances at less loss4 ,h[ to ,build4--,! "q ( design be+ settl$ ! next matt] ( importance is ! "o involv+ ! mat]ials to be us$ 9 con/ruction4 ,t becomes a matt] ( inve/m5t & p]man5t size or location ( ! build+s4 ,firepro( build+s are desirable on acc\nt ( l[ co/ ( upkeep & a l[] insurance rate4 ,!y are p]man5t 9 e way1 b ! difficult "q is t ( modify+1 provid$ *anges become necess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--,,plant ,,no4 #d1 ,,gr\nd ,,plan ,,= ,,export ,,pack+ ,,h\se4 ,firepro( ,design4--,if decision is made = a firepro( build+1 re-in=c$ concrete is ! fir/ sugge/ion ow+ to its univ]sal use z a build+ mat]ial1 b !re are sev]al po9ts to be giv5 s]i\s consid]ation be=e rea*+ a decision4 ,"o ( ^! po9ts be+ h[ to insulate s z to prev5t losses4 ,?is matt] w be tak5 up 9 a subsequ5t *apt] describ+ a cold /orage w>eh\se ( em95t design4 ,x is "o ( great importance4 ,advantages ( ,firepro( ,con/ruction4--,! firepro( build+s h naturally a v great advantage 9 p]man5ce f a /&po9t ( co/ ( upkeep & insurance *>ges1 & f ! great] loss ( a cessation ( bus9ess incid5t to de/ruction by fire4 ,9 mo/ plants !re are suffici5t dep>tm5ts ( su* /aple "* s unlikely to be *ang$ t x appe>s judici\s to make !m firepro(4 ,sl[ ,burn+ ,con/ruction4--,_m p are q cont5t ) build+s ( mod]ate height ( sl[ burn+ con/ruction2 o!rwise1 a modifi$ type ( 8mill con/ruction0 & ) ! use ( spr9kl] sy/ems :i* m9imize ! insurance co/s4 ,approval ( ,plans4--,!re are _m po9ts 9 build+ con/ruction to take c>e ( 9 ! matt] ( design1 to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! insurance int]e/s & local city build+ dep>tm5t regulations1 :i* 9 ! ma9 co9cide4 ,be=e ent]+ into a contract to con/ruct1 x is well to h ! draw+s approv$ by ! insurance bo>ds & ! city inspection bureau4 ,x obviates exp5sive *anges & additions4 ,to build 9 su* a mann] z to br+ ! insurance rates to a m9imum is c]ta9ly desirable4 ,x is an advantage1 too1 to h ! plant divid$ s t 9 case ( fire ! spread ( ! flames c be ret>d$ & ! fire conf9$ to ! build+ :]e x orig9at$1 or if "s ( ! build+s are burn$ ! balance c be sav$4 ,fires inv>iably repres5t1 to a well manag$ bus9ess1 a f> great] loss ?an is collectible on ! insurance policies4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,refrig]ation ,,equipm5t ,,ammonia ,,ma*9es -- ,,ammonia -- ,,compressor -- ,,cond5s] -- ,,receiv] -- ,,cool] -- ,,cond5s+ ,,wat] -- ,,unit ,,basis -- ,,comput+ ,,f ,,unit ,,basis -- ,,h[ ,,rat$ -- ,,freez] ,,requirem5ts -- ,,freez]s ,,9 ,,small ,,plants -- ,,cyl9d] ,,arrangem5t -- ,,:y ,,br9e ,,circulation -- ,,air ,,circulat+ -- ,,=ce ,,draft -- ,,coil ,,room ,,sy/ems -- ,,br9e ,,*ill+ -- ,,br9e ,,me?ods -- ,,types ,,( ,,br9e ,,cool]s -- ,,balanc$ ,,br9e ,,sy/em -- ,,direct ,,expansion -- ,,two-,,/age ,,compressors4 ,me*anical ,refrig]at+ ,equipm5t4--,?is ag5t is ( great consequ5ce 9 ! op]ation ( pack+ h\ses1 &1 !re=e1 x is deem$ ess5tial to expla9 ! pr9ciples briefly2 z well z to describe ! uses4 ,ammonia ,ma*9es4--,! use ( ammonia refrig]ation equipm5t ei!r absorption or compression has s g5]ally displac$ all o!rs = /ation>y or l& use1 & p>ticul>ly 9 meat plants & cold /orage h\ses1 t = ! pres5t purpose x is unnecess>y to g into a discussion ( o!rs4 ,! compression sy/em be+ s pr$om9ant 9 its use1 a description ( same is giv54 ,! diagram indicates a compression sy/em 9 elem5t>y =m consi/+ (3 7#a7 ,a pump or compressor :i* )draws ! gas f ! cool] or expansion tank1 prep>es & passes x to ! cond5s]4 7#b7 ,! cond5s] or liquifi] :i* gives to ! wat] fl[+ ov] x ! heat c>ri$ to x by ! gas f ! cool]4 7#c7 ,! cool] or expansion tank 9 :i* ! heat extract$ f ! c>casses1 ! build+ walls or else:]e1 is pass$ to ! ammonia gas = conveyance to ! cond5s]4 ,ammonia4--,leav+ = a mom5t ! description ( ! app>atus to acqua9t ! read] ) ammonia3 ,9 ! =m us$ 9 a compression refrig]at+ ma*9e1 x be>s ! "n 8liquid anhydr\s ammonia0 mean+ 9 a 8dry liquid0 =m diff]5tiat+ f ! common h\sehold ammonia :i* is a wat] solution conta9+ ammonia gas 9 v>iable quantity4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ^! two is t 8anhydr\s ammonia0 w evaporate to naught2 f h\sehold ammonia ! gas w evaporate b ! wat] w rema94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--;,,diagram ,,%[+ ,,ammonia ,,compression ,,sy/em4 ,ammonia is a *emical comp\nd made up ( "o "p nitrog5 & ?ree p>ts hydrog5 & is express$ by ! *emical symbol ,,nh4 ,x has "s peculi> *>act]i/ics be+ analog\s to wat]4 ,x w assume a solid1 liquid & gase\s =m1 at -#aae ,f4 & -#bh ,f4 = solid & liquid respectively & w modify to a gase\s =m at any temp]ature above -#bh ,f4 "u 8atmosph]ic0 or conditions ( no pressure4 ,wat]1 z is kn[n1 *anges f a liquid to a solid at #cb ,f4 & *anges to a vapor\s =m at #bab ,f4 b "h ! analogy ceases4 ,ammonia has fur!r peculi> advantages = use 9 refrig]at+ production t x becomes a liquid at v>iable pressures & temp]atures2 = example1 :5 ! temp]ature is r$uc$ to #fj ,f4 "u a pressure ( #ib p\nds1 :5 r$uc$ to #hj "u a pressure ( #aci p\nds & at #ajj1 "u a pressure ( #bjj p\nds2 ) v>iables above1 betwe5 & bel[ ^! conditions4 ,ammonia1 z w be se51 has v>iable =ms & capacities "u ! conditions impos$ ^u x4 ,sub/ances pass+ f a liquid to a gase\s =m require heat to make ?is *ange & consequ5tly absorb x2 ! complem5t to ! giv+ up ( heat :5 ! process is rev]s$ & ! sub/ance *ang$ f a gase\s to a liquid =m4 ,! adoption or h>ness+ ( ^! pr9ciples is ! nucleus ^u :i* me*anical refrig]at+ effect is built4 ,a p\nd ( wat] pass+ to /eam w absorb ab\t "o ?\s& degrees ( heat1 ammonia has ! same *>act]i/ic to a diff]5t degree4 ,!y bo? return ! heat :5 ! process is rev]s$4 ,type ( ,ma*9e ,illu/rat$4--,! diagram illu/rates a s+le act+ pump %[+ its pi/on1 a liquifi] or cond5s] :]e ! ammonia is modifi$ 9 =m f a gas z receiv$ !re9 to a liquid2 a receiv] to :i* x fl[s & a cool] 9 :i* x is exp&$ & :]e ! heat br\ght to x by ! return+ br9e is pick$ up by ! ammonia & c>ri$ to ! cond5s]4 ,! arr[s indicate ! direction ( fl[4 ,compressor4--,! 8,compressor0 is a pump1 a cyl9d] fitt$ ) a pi/on :i* )draws ! ammonia f ! tank 9 :i* x is exp&$4 ,! pi/on is tightly fitt$ & :5 x travels 9 "o direction1 ! gas fl[s 91 fill+ ! space1 l any ord9>y pump :e!r x be a wat] or gas pump4 ,^u ! return /roke1 ! gas is compress$ 9 ! cyl9d] until ! pressure 9 ! pi/on is suffici5t to equal or ov]come t ex]t$ aga9/ x accumulat$ 9 ! cond5s]1 :5 x is dis*>g$ !reto4 ,!re are spr+ actuat$ valves int]pos$ 9 ! l9e ( gas travel :i* close & reta9 9 ! cond5s] t gas :i* has be5 dis*>g$1 all[+ ! pi/on & compressor to repeat ! j describ$ p]=mance _m times p] m9ute4 ,cond5s]4--,! use ( ?is elem5t is to liquify ! ammonia1 really to extract ! heat absorb$ by ! ammonia 9 ! cool] & ! heat g5]at$ 9 ! compression4 ,?is cond5s+ op]ation *anges ! =m ( ! sub/ance f gase\s to liquid4 ,! mo/ simple /yle ( cond5s] is a s]ies ( pipes /ack$ toge!r ) ammonia on ! inside ( ! sev]al pipes1 & wat] fl[+ ov] ! outside4 ,! gas on leav+ ! compressor is hot & at a high temp]ature1 frequ5tly z high z #bej ,f4 or m1 & ! pressure f #adj to #bbj lbs41 dep5d+ ^u ! wat] supply1 its temp]ature & quantity1 & ! area ( ! surface ( ! cond5s]4 ,! wat] fl[+ ov] ! cond5s] absorbs ! heat f )91 ! ammonia becom+ cool$ by contact ) ! comp>atively cool walls ( ! pipe :ile fl[+ f "o end to ! o!r ( ! cond5s+ coil1 gradually *ang+ f a gase\s to a liquid =m4 ,receiv]4--,f ! cond5s] ! liquid ammonia is collect$ 9 ! receiv] s z to h a quantity /or$ = use & 9 res]ve = ! fluctuat+ requirem5ts4 ,expansion ,valve4--,a small b important item 9 ! sy/em is ! expansion valve :i* is a valve ) a controllable op5+ & comp>atively small4 ,?is is int]pos$ 9 ! l9e betwe5 ! liquid receiv] & ! cool] or expansion tank4 ,cool] or ,expansion ,tank4--,! next elem5t is ! cool] 9 :atev] =m x may exi/1 :e!r x be ammonia coils subm]g$ 9 br9e tank1 %ell & tube cool] built l a boil] 9 :i* ! ammonia surr\nds ! tube ?r\gh :i* ! br9e solution is pump$1 or ammonia 8direct0 expansion coils 9 ! air )9 a room1 x matt]s n4 ,at ?is po9t ! heat giv5 (f by ! sub/ance to be cool$ is absorb$ by ! ammonia & tak5 up = dis*>ge to ! wat] fl[+ ov] ! cond5s]4 ,no sub/ance w *ange f a liquid to a gase\s =m unless heat be suppli$ to p]=m ! "w ( mak+ ?is *ange4 ,at ! outset x 0 /at$ ammonia w boil or evaporate at #bh bel[ z]o ,fahr4 :5 "u no pressure or 9 ! op5 air4 ,fur!r1 if ammonia be conta9$ 9 a vessel & ! pressure be r$uc$ bel[ atmosph]e1 ! boil+ po9t is l[]$ /ill fur!r4 ,= example at #aj4f vacuum gauge pressure ! boil+ po9t w be #dj bel[ z]o4 ,imag9e a br9e cool] su* z a tank ) coil subm]g$ & surr\nd$ by a br9e solution3 ,?is br9e is circulat$ ?r\gh ! build+ & by common k we "k x absorbs heat & is return$ w>m] ?an x 0 s5t out4 ,x is supply+ ! heat = boil+ ! ammonia gas4 ,rev]t+ to ! expansion valves3 ,assume !re is a pressure ( #ahj p\nds 9 ! cond5s] & a liquid temp]ature ( p]haps #he to #ij degrees2 ! same conditions exi/+ 9 ! receiv]2 also assume a pressure ( #ae p\nds on ! ammonia coils :i* w produce a temp]ature condition ( z]o4 ,9 ! diagram1 ! coil 9 ! tank is atta*$ to ! expansion valve :ile on ! o!r end ( ! coil is made ! connection to ! pump or compressor4 ,?is by its action is )draw+ ! ammonia gas z rapidly z x is g5]at$1 due to ! tightness ( ! pi/on1 :i* if x is prop]ly fitt$ w pump a vacuum upw>ds ( #bb to #be in*es ^u ! sy/em atta*$ to x1 unless gas be suppli$ to fill ! space4 ,9 op]ation1 ! expansion valve is op5$ slightly1 ! liquid is fre$ into a space :]e ! pressure is l[]$1 a condition creat$ = exp&+ ! ammonia to a gas & ! heat contribut$ by ! surr\nd+ br9e is absorb$ by ! ammonia *ang+ f a liquid to a gase\s =m4 ,! ,cycle4--,! cycle1 !re=e1 is a gas 9 ! expansion tank at l[ pressure & temp]ature1 admitt$ to ! pump or compressor "u ?is condition1 compress$ to a small volume & increas$ 9 pressure1 dis*>g$ 9 ?is condition to ! cond5s] :]e x becomes a liquid & 9 a cond5s$ =m at a l[]$ temp]ature & ready to return to ! expansion tank to be us$ ov] aga94 ,ammonia gas is ! heat c>ri]4 ,if x be us$ 9 pack+ h\se s]vice1 ei!r x absorbs ! heat directly f ! rooms 9 :i* ! animals are susp5d$ or ! br9e 9 ! tank is circulat$ ?r\gh ! rooms to absorb ! heat & c>ry x back to ! cool] or expansion tank4 ,cond5s+ ,wat]4--,9 ,*apt] ,,ii ref]5ce 0 made to ! cond5s+ wat] = refrig]at+ sy/em4 ,?is is important because ! l[] its temp]ature1 ! less ! pressure w be creat$ :i* means ! less ! p[] mu/ be ex]t$ 9 ! production ( ! me*anical refrig]at+ effect4 ,! wat] fl[+ ov] ! cond5s] c>ries ! heat to ! sew]4 ,?us ! heat f ! c>casses1 ! sun heat on ! walls ( ! build+1 ! act9ic rays ?r\gh ! w9d[s1 ! heat f ! m5 employ$ )91 t f ! electric lights )91 & t absorb$ f ! e>? ^u :i* ! build+ /&s mu/ all be collect$ & ev5tually pass$ into ! sew]4 ,absorption ,equipm5t4--,absorption refrig]ation equipm5t is us$ to "s ext5t 9 pack+ h\se "w1 b its complexity makes unnecess>y an attempt ( its description 9 ?is "w4 ,unit ,basis4--,! unit basis ( refrig]ation commonly us$ 9 express+ quantity is tons ( refrig]ation1 mean+ ! tons ( refrig]at+ duty t c be p]=m$ p] day ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! /&>d measurem5t p] ton z adopt$ by ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,refrig]at+ ,eng9e]s1 is a cool+ effect equal to #bhh1jjj ,b4t4u41 be+ equival5t to ! extraction ( ?is quantity ( heat f any sub/ance4 ,x has be5 e/abli%$ by ! ,bureau ( ,/&>ds t 9 freez+ "o p\nd ( wat] at #cb ,f41 to ice at #cb ,f41 #adc4e ,briti% !rmal units ( heat mu/ be )drawn f ! wat]4 ,= conv5i5ce 9 practice ! fractional "p is ignor$1 & #add ,b4t4u4 p] p\nd ( wat] is accept$ z /&>d 9 calculations4 ,comput+ ,f ,unit ,basis4--,if #add ,b4t4u4 are )drawn f ea* p\nd ( wat] at #cb ,f4 to conv]t ! wat] into ice at ! same temp]ature1 ! melt+ ( ! p\nd ( ice at ! same temp]ature mu/ re-absorb an equal heat 9 ! process ( freez+1 consequ5tly ! melt+ ( "o ton 7#b1jjj p\nds7 ( ice to wat] at ! same temp]ature w\ld absorb #b1jjj #add ,b4t4u41 or #bhh1jjj ,b4t4u41 ! accept$ /&>d = comput+ ! heat absorb$ 9 ! p]=mance ( "o ton ( refrig]ation duty4 ,9 ice melt+ ?is absorption ( heat is lat5t1 n s5sible to ! !rmomet]1 z no *ange is app>5t by !rmomet] te/ 9 ! temp]ature ( ! ice & ! wat]1 nev]!less an appreciable cool+ ( surr\nd+ is measurable by !rmomet] :]ev] ice melt+ takes place2 = example1 9 an air-tight room1 or 9 contact ) solid sub/ances1 or ) liquids1 hav+ a high] temp]ature ?an #cb ,f4 ,h[ ,rat$4--,! rat+ ( refrig]at+ compressors z usually /at$ by manufactur]s is express$ 9 tons4 ,?is ref]s to ! tons ( duty t a ma*9e w develop 9 a p]iod ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs cont9u\s op]ation "u assum$ conditions ( ab\t fifte5 p\nds gauge1 back or suction pressure1 & #ahe p\nds head pressure4 ,to p]=m ?is duty ! compressor %\ld be ( suffici5t size to displace or pump a volume ( gas equal to #d cubic feet p] m9ute4 ,?is rat+ ( ! ma*9e is prop] :5 y are produc+ temp]atures ( ab\t #cb ,f4 or ov]1 & presupposes ! plant to be prop]ly balanc$ z to cond5s]s1 & to be prop]ly provid$ ) liquid receiv]s1 oil extractors & o!r complem5t>y equipm5t4 ,freez]-,requirem5t4--,! gr[+ dem& = freez] space 9 & ab\t pack+ h\ses1 h[ev]1 is s important t special means & me?ods mu/ be provid$ to meet ! conditions4 ,x is impossible to produce freez] temp]atures & conditions "u ! same back pressure z describ$ above2 ! back pressures mu/ be l[]$ & 9 do+ s ! capacity ( ! compressor is r$uc$ v rapidly4 ,! same compressor produc+ "o hundr$ tons refrig]ation duty at fifte5 p\nds back pressure & #ahe p\nds head pressure w only p]=m half ! "w :5 op]at+ "u a back pressure ( five p\nds1 ! head pressure rema9+ ! same4 ,! pur*as] mu/ nev] lose sight ( ! fact t 9 cool+ freez] spaces ! compressor capacity is r$uc$ practically by half & t ?is is applicable to all portions ( ! sy/em work+ "u ^! conditions4 ,sy/em to ,adopt4--,no h>d & fa/ rule c be adopt$ reg>d+ ! sy/em ( refrig]ation to be adopt$1 :e!r by use ( br9e circulation or direct expansion4 ,! case 9 h& & ! nature ( ! bus9ess to be done seems to gov]n4 ,= example1 if ! plant 9 :i* ! bus9ess is mix$1 :]e9 hogs1 cattle & %eep are kill$1 cur+ p]=m$1 & l>d made1 ) a limit$ am\nt ( freez+1 br9e circulation = g5]al use w\ld seem ! bett]4 ,! excell5t results obta9$ by ! use ( spray cool]s1 lat] describ$1 seem to po9t to its use 9 *ill+ cool]s1 ) br9e circulat$ ?r\gh ceil+ or wall coils = cool+ /orage rooms4 ,freez]s 9 ,small ,plants4--,if ! plant be q mod]ate 9 size & only suffici5t to ju/ify ! in/allation ( "o compressor ! am\nt ( space requir$ = freez+ purposes is ?us limit$1 & if comm]cial freez] space is available x is a "q z to :e!r ! op]ator c af=d to deplete 8 small equipm5t capacity by in/all+ freez]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--,,suction ,,connection ,,= ,,duo-,,purpose ,,compressor4 ,cyl9d] ,arrangem5ts4--,if ! plant be suffici5tly l>ge s t ! ma*9e equipm5t c be af=d$ 9 two units !n x w\ld be prop] to in/all freez]s4 ,suppos+ !n t ! plant ju/ifies ?is arrangem5t ! compressors w\ld be connect$ to ! br9e tank = *ill+ purposes1 & to ! clos$ cool] = circulat+ purposes4 ,! gl& end ( ! compressors w\ld be arrang$ s t !y c\ld be op]at$ indep5d5tly ^u ! freez] space at w4 ,:y ,br9e ,circulation4--,! *ief reason = us+ br9e 9 ! mod]ate siz$ plant is t ) a reasonably l>ge br9e capacity !re is a res]ve cold 7s to speak7 /or$ 9 ! br9e :i* w p]mit ( /opp+ ! compressor1 ! br9e cont9u+ 9 circulation by pump+1 & !re is less likelihood ( *anges 9 temp]ature4 ,direct expansion *ill+ requires an almo/ con/ant ma*9e op]ation4 ,air ,circulat+4--,! *ill+ ( pack+ h\ses & me?ods involv$ are v>i\s1 ea* ) its advocates4 ,9 ,europe & :]e ,engli% me?ods are foll[$ ! sy/em is *iefly =c$ draft4 ,?is sy/em has be5 us$ to "s ext5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b ! majority ( ! cool]s are h&l$ ) l(ts1 & circulation !refrom is ( natural sequ5ce4 ,! cell>s & freez]s are h&l$ by pipes hung 9 ! rooms4 ,=ce ,draft4--,! =ce draft or indirect cool+ sy/em consi/s ( =c+ *ill$ air1 cool$ by pass+ ?r\gh batt]ies ( expansion coils op]at$ dry1 or ov] :i* br9e is pass$1 ?r\gh a s]ies ( ducts1 & )draw+ x2 !nce pass+ x ?r\gh ! coils & repeat+4 ,x is n favor$ among ,am]ican pack]s ow+ to a belief t x increases %r9kage1 & t5ds to d>k5 beef2 t l>ge quantities ( cold air are lo/ ?r\gh op5 doors2 because ( ! exp5se ( op]at+ fans1 z well z ! room tak5 up by ducts & ! int]f]5ce occasion$ ) meat rails4 ,coil ,room ,sy/ems4--,! ov]head bunk] sy/em z describ$ "u 8,con/ruction0 9 ?is "w details ! application ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates practice4 ,accept+ ! use ( ! coil room sy/em & ( /ill /orage ! "q arises z to ! application4 ,a visit ( inspection to ! v>i\s pack+ plants ?r\gh\t ,am]ica w impress "o ) ! fact ( ! exi/5ce ( a wide v>iation ( op9ion & practice ) reg>d to ! me?ods ( apply+ refrig]ation = pack+ h\se purposes4 ,!re are two pr9cipal applications--direct expansion1 :]e9 ! ammonia gas is circulat$ ?r\gh ! coils ?r\gh\t ! premises1 & br9e circulation1 op5 or clos$1 :]e *ill$ br9e is circulat$ ?r\gh\t ! works4 ,br9e ,*ill+4--,! two types ( br9e *ill+1 op5 & clos$1 produce ! same result1 except z to ! actual br9e cool]1 ( :i* !re are sev]al1 namely3 7#a7 ,br9e tank 9 :i* are subm]g$ ammonia expansion coils4 7#b7 ,d\ble or triple pipe cool]s 9 :i* br9e & ammonia are circulat$ 9 annul> spaces betwe5 pipes4 7#c7 ,%ell type cool]s 9 :i* ! br9e is pass$ ?r\gh tubes )9 a %ell simil> to an ord9>y flue boil]4 ,= a close br9e sy/em1 :i* is ! t]m appli$ to a sy/em :]e br9e is circulat$ ?r\gh pipes & n expos$ to ! atmosph]e s z to absorb moi/ure1 ! %ell type cool] is a conv5i5t & economical means ( *ill+ br9e4 ,x is s readily applicable to ! use ( a balanc$ sy/em1 !reby less5+ ! p[] requirem5t = pump+4 ,d\ble pipe cool]s c be us$ 9 ! same me?od1 b are n q s favorably consid]$ ow+ to ! aggregate quantity ( jo9ts4 ,ei!r ! %ell type cool] or ! d\ble pipe cool] c be safely us$ ) an op5 sy/em4 ,! op5 type br9e sy/em is any sy/em us$ :]e9 ! cool+ effect is produc$ by br++ ! cold br9e 9 direct contact ) ! air to be *ill$1 z 9 ! spray sy/em1 ! 8,g>dn]0 %eet sy/em1 or an op5 pan sy/em4 ,br9e ,me?ods--,recomm5dation4--,:]e x w\ld seem be/ = o!r reasons to use a br9e sy/em1 & ! plant w\ld ju/ify ! exp5diture1 x w\ld appe> well to use a d\ble br9e sy/em--op5 br9e 9 ! hog *ill rooms1 & a clos$ sy/em on ! freez]s1 beef *ill rooms1 /orage rooms4 ,types ( ,br9e ,cool]s4--,op5 tanks ) subm]g$ coils are us$ on "s plants4 ,! inve/m5t is great]1 b ! risk is slightly less ?an 9 ! use ( clos$ type br9e cool]s1 commonly call$ %ell & tube type4 ,unless ! eng9e]+ =ce ( ! plant is fully qualifi$ & al]t1 !re is dang] ( dilut$ br9e & freez+ ! solution 9 %ell type cool]s1 :i* is likely to split ! tubes1 caus+ leaks & ! possibility ( br9e f9d+ its way to ! ammonia compressors1 r5d]+ !m liable to damage ( a s]i\s nature4 ,:]eas1 ) ! op5 type tank & subm]g$ coils1 weak5$ br9e might cause ice to =m on ! expansion pipes & r5d] !m in]t1 b no comp>able damage c\ld arise4 ,h[ev]1 we advocate an al]t eng9e]+ =ce & ! clos$ sy/em4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--;,,diagram ,,%[+ ,,balanc$ ,,br9e ,,sy/em4 ,balanc$ ,br9e ,sy/em4--,! balanc$ br9e sy/em z ref]r$ to 9 ! prec$+1 is indicat$ by diagram & has ! advantage ( keep+ ! pipes full at all times1 also ( r$uc+ ! p[] requirem5t to ! actual friction ?r\gh ! pipes 9 ! %ell type cool]1 & a slight increase = pass+ ?r\gh ! coils4 ,9 practice tw5ty to tw5ty-five p\nds friction repres5ts ! total head to pump aga9/ 9 a build+ n9e /ories high4 ,! two types ( ! balanc$ br9e sy/em are z foll[s3 ,op5 ,sy/em4--,beg9n+ at %ell & tube cool]s ! br9e passes into supply pipes :i* decrease 9 size z !y approa* ! ends4 ,! return l9e tap]s 9 opposite direction4 ,! pressure c>ri$ is only suffici5t to make a suffici5tly rapid circulation4 ,a small pump is ins]t$ 9 ! l9e s t ! pressure c be increas$ on t portion ?r\gh ! spray nozzles4 ,?is less5s ! p[] ov] c>ry+ ! entire sy/em at a high pressure4 ,! balance tank is locat$ at su* po9t z w be/ s]ve to collect ! br9e f clos$ coils & ! return f ! spray cool]s4 ,a vacuum valve is put on ! clos$ l9e to prev5t siphon4 ,a return connection to ! ma9 pumps is made1 & also connections to ! conc5trator f balance tank s t a portion ( ! br9e c be conc5trat$4 ,?is sy/em requires m conc5tration ?an ! clos$ sy/em4 ,x has ! advantage t cool]s c be us$ z %>p freez]s if insulation be prop]4 ,clos$ ,sy/em4--,beg9n+ at %ell & tube cool]s ! dis*>ge ma9s & pip+ are ! same z = ! op5 sy/em4 ,return ma9s z indicat$4 ,balance tank is locat$ elevat$ above upp] coils4 ,a localiz$ defro/+ sy/em is in/all$ ) individual pump circulat+ br9e ov] coils1 cont9u\sly z requir$4 ,! collect+ tank is locat$ z ne> z conv5i5t to less5 pump+ head4 ,! br9e fl[+ ov] coils 9 ! l(ts is conc5trat$ to a /r5g? equal to circulat+ br9e & introduce into circulation repl5i%+ br9e = defro/+ f ma9s4 ,conc5trator is locat$ :]e suitable4 ,9 us+ clos$ coils ! arrangem5t is diff]5t = beef & hogs s z to assi/ 9 ! circulation = hog cool] ) a view to produc+ uni=m temp]atures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--;,,conc5trat+ ,,arrangem5t1 ,,balance ,,br9e ,,sy/em1 ,,clos$ ,,type4 ,9 any sy/em us+ op5 br9e1 !re is a q appreciable ga9 9 ! quantity ( br9e 9 ! sy/em1 & a weak5+ ( its /r5g? l[]+ ! freez+ po9t4 ,?is necessitates vigilance z if ! br9e weak5 too mu* !re is a possibility ( x freez+ solidly & insulat+ subm]g$ coils 9 an op5 br9e tank r5d]+ !m in]t or splitt+ ! pipes 9 a %ell type cool] ) disa/r\s results4 ,x is consequ5tly necess>y to evaporate ! br9e :i* c be done ) a conc5trator z provid$ = 9 ,figs4 #ag & #ah4 ,! conc5trator app>atus consi/s ( a balance or /orage tank 9 elevat$ position accord+ to :e!r ! clos$ or op5 sy/em is us$2 "o or m /&s ( pipe coils2 a cat* pan = conc5trat$ br9e2 a res]voir & a small pump = pass+ br9e into sy/em4 ,! br9e fl[s f /orage tank1 ent]+ ! bottom pipe ( ! coils & passes upw>d ?r\gh sev5te5 pipes1 f :i* po9t x is deliv]$ to ! tr\gh at ! top ( ! coil & all[$ to fl[ d[n ov] ! entire batt]y ( pipes1 /eam be+ circulat$ ?r\gh ! top six pipes1 ?us heat+ ! br9e & conc5trat+ x by evaporation4 ,! hot conc5trat$ br9e is cool$ z x passes ov] ! l[] sev5te5 pipes ?r\gh :i* x orig9ally ent]$ z cold weak br9e4 ,direct ,expansion4--,_m plants are equipp$ completely ) direct expansion sy/ems4 ,?is is q satisfactory provid$ means are arrang$ to dispose ( ! accumulat+ ice & sn[ on ! coils4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly applicable to coils 9 pipe l(ts :]e moi/ure rapidly accumulates1 & is accompli%$ by "s arrangem5t ( defro/+ su* z circulat+ a br9e ov] coils by p]mitt+ x to drip ov] ! coils1 pump+ ov] & ov] aga94 ,two-,/age ,compressors4--,! revis+ editor br\ght into prom95ce ! two-/age compression sy/em by build+ a successfully op]at+ plant :i* function$ ) q a/\nd+ results4 ,! sy/em consi/s ( a l>ge l[ temp]ature gas compressor & a small] second /age compressor1 arrang$ ! rev]se to a comp\nd /eam eng9e4 ,ammonia gas :i* at ! l[ temp]atures result+ :5 l[ back-pressures are requir$1 becomes highly att5uat$ 7light71 x is necess>y to h&le a v l>ge volume p] ton ( refrig]ation develop$4 ,to provide = ?is1 ! l[ pressure cyl9d] is made ab\t d\ble ! volume ( ! high pressure cyl9d]4 ,9 ! l[ pressure cyl9d] ! gas is compress$ to a pre-det]m9$ pressure & pass$ at a relatively high pressure1 mak+ = a v high effici5cy4 ,! gas is *ill$ by ! introduction ( exp&$ ammonia to take up ! sup]heat4 ,! use ( ?is compressor arrangem5t ) its ref9em5t makes an economical cold produc+ unit4 ,a record ( "o ye>'s run foll[s3 ,,two-,,/age ,,compression ,,sy/em4 ,p] ,p] ye>4 ton4 ,tons receiv$ #fj1jjj ,cu4 ft4 space cool$ #b1icj1jjj ,coal co/ #ag1cji4aa 4#bhh ,labor #ae1aef4gc 4#beb ,oil & wa/e #a1jcj4hb 4#jag ,wat] & *emicals #b1ajc4ba 4#jce ,repairs & *anges #a1fih4ch 4#jbh ---------- ---- ,total co/ #cg1bih4be 4#fb ,exp5se p] cu4 ft4 space p] ye> 4#jac ,ample ,capacity4--,all ( ! above factors mu/ be consid]$ 9 ! calculations = refrig]at+ requirem5ts1 & x is be/ to make all[ances = a consid]able factor ( safety ov] & above ! actual maximum1 z well z = ! economical op]ation ( ! plant4 ,x nev] pays to cr[d a plant to its limit or capacity4 ,gu>d aga9/ em]g5cies & possible abnormal dem& = refrig]ation by provid+ ample equipm5t4 ,! plant %\ld be con/ruct$ z f> z possible 9 duplicate1 n only z reg>ds ! ma*9]y b also 9 ! app>atus1 z a safegu>d aga9/ accid5ts & total cessation ( refrig]ation4 ,) two ma*9es & duplicate app>atus "o-half ! maximum refrig]ation is always available1 & ! pres]vation ( ! product 9 /orage is assur$1 ev5 if x be f\nd necess>y to /op kill+ = a suffici5t p]iod to make ! repairs on ! brok5 ma*9]y or app>atus1 :ile ) "o ma*9e only available1 a breakd[n might result 9 a v s]i\s loss & consid]able damage to ! /or$ products4 ,) reg>d to insulation1 x may be said t ! be/ is ! mo/ economical 9 ! long run4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z absolute insulation1 "s heat leakage mu/ occur ?r\gh ! v be/ insulation1 & ! r$uction ( ?is heat leakage to ! m9imum %\ld be ! *ief object or factor = consid]ation4 ,fir/-class insulation co/s m 9 orig9al inve/m5t1 b x creates a cont9u\s sav+ & economy 9 refrig]ation1 result+ (t5times 9 a less inve/m5t also 9 refrig]at+1 pump+ & /eam equipm5t4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,refrig]ation ,,requirem5ts4 ,,refrig]ation -- ,,necessities -- ,,ice ,,plants -- ,,natural ,,ice -- ,,*ill+ -- ,,quantity ,,refrig]ation ,,to ,,provide -- ,,space ,,p] ,,ton ,,ma*9e -- ,,ma*9]y ,,p] ,,head -- ,,ice ,,computation -- ,,compressor ,,capacity -- ,,summ>y ,,computations -- ,,l[ ,,temp]ature ,,br9e ,,sy/em4 ,refrig]ation4--,?is ^w cov]s ! 8bugbe>0 & ! 8solace0 ( ! pack]s4 ,no o!r "o ?+ is ( s mu* importance4 ,s9ce ! aboli%m5t ( ! use ( *emicals1 su* z borax1 boracic acid1 etc41 z a prev5tive or ret>dant 9 ! propagation ( bacilli dur+ ! cur+ process1 ! pack]'s sole dep5d5ce is refrig]ation4 ,consequ5tly !re has be5 consid]able developm5t & importance 9 its use4 ,f ! mom5t ! animal is kill$ until ! p>ts are dispos$ (1 refrig]ation is a necessity4 ,! proportion ( freez+ space to be provid$ or hir$ at a comm]cial /orage h\se is gr[+ daily4 ,9 _m plants ! total volume ( freez] space approa*es or exce$s1 t giv5 ov] = mod]ate temp]ature /orage purposes4 ,necessities4--,9 ! ord] ( progress ! fir/ necessity = refrig]ation is ! use ( ice = *ill+ wat] = fats & meats4 ,practically e pack+ h\se is n[ equipp$ ) a small ice mak+ plant bo? = its use1 & ) comm]cial possibilities ( sell+ ice4 ,ice ,plants4--,ice plants are ( v>i\s k9ds3 7#a7 ,common ice made f filt]$ wat] )\t process+4 7#b7 ,raw wat] ice made f filt]$ or treat$ wat]1 a]at$ or agitat$1 :ile freez+4 7#c7 ,di/ill$ wat] ice made f cond5s$ /eam1 reboil$4 7#d7 ,plate ice1 made f raw wat] 9 l>ge plates & cut up into blocks ( conv5i5t size4 ,9 ! production ( di/ill$ wat] !re are v>i\s me?ods :i* w n be treat$ ^u "h4 ,= ! ic+ ( c>s & = ord9>y cool+ purposes ice made by process ,no4 #a is amply good except1 p]haps1 if ! wat] f :i* ! ice is made %\ld n be cle>1 x may be necess>y to use a portion ( ! bottom ( ! cake = c> ic+ purposes only4 ,natural ,ice4--,! situation & climate has mu* to d ) ! det]m9ation z to :e!r ! pack] c af=d to h>ve/ natural ice = g5]al use4 ,= example1 if ! plant be situat$ 9 a nor!rn climate alongside a suitable /ream adjac5t to ! plant1 ! h>ve/+ ( ice & its /orage c be af=d$4 ,h[ev]1 if ! ice is /or$ at a remote po9t & team+ or c> %ipm5t ( ice is necess>y1 !n ! manufactur+ plant w probably be ! m economical4 ,*ill+4--,! *ill+ ( ! meat imm$iately aft] kill+ is p]haps ! mo/ important function 9 ! :ole refrig]at+ process & "o t _c h too mu* att5tion4 ,9 ! matt] ( beef x is ! practice ( ! be/ op]ators to see to x t imm$iately aft] ! hide is remov$ ! beef is plac$ 9 ! cool]s4 ,at mo/ x %\ld n be all[$ to /& out 9 ! op5 air to exce$ half an h\r4 ,%eep & veal %\ld be treat$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,z = hogs 9 "s climates1 su* z latitude equal to ,*icago or nor? !re(1 if space is available an op5 air hang+ room is a valuable adjunct :]e ! animal c be air dri$1 dep5d+ ^u seasons1 f "o h\r to ov] night4 ,?is feature also p]mits ( increas$ slaught]+ dur+ ! w9t] season4 ,x is a cu/om t c be abus$1 h[ev]1 by c>eless h&l+--result+ 9 s\r meats4 ,quantity ( ,refrig]ation to ,provide4--,!re are s _m factors :i* ent] into ! "q ( pack+ h\se refrig]ation1 & s _m details ( con/ruction & application ( refrig]at+ app>atus1 t x is almo/ impossible to cov] ?is subject practically & intelligibly )\t devot+ a volume to refrig]ation alone4 ,to give a fix$ rule = pack+ h\se refrig]ation1 applicable to all conditions1 w\ld be impossible1 z mu* dep5ds ^u conditions & surr\nd+s1 & ! requirem5ts w\ld v>y accord+ly4 ,= in/ance1 atmosph]ic conditions1 quantity ( space to be cool$1 temp]ature to be ma9ta9$1 "t = *ill+1 etc41 ^! & _m o!r factors affect+ ! g5]al results mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation & provid$ =1 & z ^! v>y1 s w ! refrig]ation requirem5ts v>y4 ,a few ideas w be set out to assi/ 9 ! computation ( ! quantity ( equipm5t to provide4 ,! capacity or size ( ! refrig]at+ equipm5t requir$ = any giv5 plant is v>iable b c be reasonably closely comput$ by assum+ c]ta9 conditions4 ,space ,p] ,ton ,ma*9e4--,practice has demon/rat$ t "o ton ( me*anical refrig]at+ effect duty1 z rat$ by manufactur] us$ cont9u\sly dur+ a p]iod ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs w ma9ta9 at a temp]ature ( #cc to #ch ,f4 f #g1jjj to #ab1jjj cubic feet ( /orage space4 ,conditions ( exposure1 insulation & outside temp]ature affect ?is4 ,! m9imum = beef /orage cool]s1 ! maximum = cur+ cell>s4 ,! area ( room or quantity ( space ent]s into ea* ( ^! assumptions4 ,if small rooms are us$ ! unit to be assum$ is small]4 ,concrete build+s are easi] to control due to ! /or$ cold 9 ! build+ mass ( floors1 columns & gird]s4 ,ma*9]y ,p] ,head4--,x is cu/om>y to figure t 9 addition to t ne$$ = cool+ ! space1 "o ton ( refrig]ation = tw5ty-f\r h\rs w\ld be requir$ = ei!r "o ( ! foll[+ items3 ,f fifte5 to tw5ty-two hogs1 av]age weight1 #bbe p\nds4 ,f five to six head ( cattle1 av]age weight1 #gjj p\nds4 ,ab\t =ty-five calves1 av]age weight1 #hj p\nds4 ,f fifty to sixty-five %eep1 av]age weight1 #fj p\nds4 ,= ,cool$ ,meats4--,= cold /orage rooms1 :]e meats :i* h already be5 *ill$ or cool$ are /or$ & held = a great] or less] p]iod1 ! refrig]ation requirem5ts are n s great z 9 *ill & cool+ rooms4 ,! animal heat has be5 remov$ & ! meats cool$ d[n to a l[ temp]ature1 consequ5tly b little m refrig]ation is requir$ ?an t necess>y to take c>e ( ! heat leakage ?r\gh ! insulation1 & possibly ! recool+ ( ! meat ?r\gh a range ( a few degrees1 :5 ! meats may h ga9$ a little 9 temp]ature by exposure4 ,!re=e x is e/imat$ t "o ton ( refrig]at+ duty w h&le #ab1jjj cubic feet ( cur+ or /orage space = temp]ature ( #cc to #ce ,f4 ,freez] ,space4--,z w be expla9$ 9 ! *apt] relat+ to refrig]at+ ma*9e capacity1 ! capacity ( a compressor v rapidly decreases :5 op]at+ "u conditions necess>y to produce l[ freez] temp]atures1 & ow+ to ! sev]e conditions impos$ x seems necess>y to compute t "o ton ( refrig]at+ duty w h&le ab\t #c1jjj feet ( freez] space4 ,ice ,computations4--,be=e ! application ( me*anical refrig]ation to pack+ h\se purposes1 all artificial refrig]ation 0 accompli%$ by means ( ice melt+ alone1 & at t "t ! pack]s comput$ ice melt+ requirem5ts on a basis ( cool+ ?ree p\nds ( meat f #hj ,f4 to z l[ z x c\ld be cool$ by ice melt+1 = ea* p\nd ( ice melt$4 ,:ile ?is rule und\bt$ly 0 ! result ( practical exp]i5ce ) well con/ruct$ cool]s1 & 0 9 no wise bas$ ^u !oretical or heat unit =mulas1 yet x is int]e/+ to note h[ close ?is old rule comp>es ) mod]n =mulas ( comput+ refrig]ation4 ,= example1 ! cool+ ( #ajj head ( hogs1 av]ag+ #bej p\nds dress$1 by ! pack]'s rule1 w\ld require-- #ajj #bej --------- #h1ccc p\nds1 or #d4af tons ice melt+4 #c ,& on a heat unit basis1 cool+ ! same numb] & weight ( hogs f #hj to #cb ,f4 w\ld require-- #ajj #bej 7#hj - #cb7 --------------------- #d4aff tons refrig]ation4 #bhh1jjj ,! above comp>ison %[s t !ory & practice approa* v closely to a common l9e1 al?\gh 9 ! calculation ! factor ( specific heat ( ! meat is ignor$1 & 9 practice ?is may well be left out1 z specific heat ( meats at v>i\s temp]atures has by no means be5 accurately e/abli%$4 ,*ill+ ,l>d4--,! *ill+ ( l>d is a sev]e task on refrig]at+ equipm5t ow+ to ! v heavy duty impos$ 9 a %ort "t4 ,= example1 ) an eight-foot l>d roll turn+ (f #d1jjj p\nds p] h\r & *ang+ ! temp]atures ( ! l>d f #ij to #ej ,f4 requires a v l>ge compressor capacity p] h\r4 ,summ>y--,computations4--,assum+ ! kill+ ( #ajj cattle & #bej hogs p] day2 mak+ #aj1jjj p\nds ( l>d1 fifte5 tons ice2 ma9ta9+ a freez] ( #ajj1jjj cubic feet & ! small "w connect$ ) ! e/abli%m5t3 ,= #ajj cattle kill$ daily1 & /orage ( #djj hang+1 ab\t #f1ejj squ>e feet area ( cool] w\ld be requir$2 ! height ( ?is ) ! l(ts w\ld be ab\t tw5ty-two feet or a capacity ( #adc1jjj cubic feet4 ,= #bej hogs daily or #gej total hang+1 !re w\ld be requir$ #c1jjj squ>e feet ( floor area & a height ( #ah feet or #ed1jjj cu4 ft4 ,! above numb] ( hogs daily w\ld also require a /orage or cell> capacity bas$ ^u "o hundr$ p\nds meat s5t to cell> = a turn ov] 9 sixty days equal to /or+ #a1ejj1jjj p\nds ( product1 or #ae1jjj to #bj1jjj squ>e feet ( floor area1 requir+ #bjj1jjj cubic feet ( build+ space4 ,t5 ?\s& p\nds l>d daily 9 f\r h\rs runn+ w\ld require ! extraction ( ab\t two tons ( duty1 b by reason ( ! heat transmission & ! l[ temp]ature br9e necess>y w\ld require twelve tons duty :ile appli$4 ,fifte5 tons daily ice mak+ capacity requires ab\t #cj tons refrig]at+ duty1 all[+ = radiation & o!r losses4 ,a freez] capacity ( #ajj1jjj cubic feet :i* w\ld /ore #a1ejj1jjj p\nds w\ld n appe> excessive4 ,f kn[n results ?is w\ld require ab\t "o ton refrig]at+ duty = #c1jjj cubic feet ( space or ?irty-five tons ma*9e duty4 ,we h !n3 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,refrig]ation ,,requir$ ,tons #adc1jjj cubic feet beef cool] space #aj1jjj #ad4c #ajj cattle daily #ejj p\nds #ej1jjj p\nds #ej1jjj p\nds meat *ill$ #gj or #gj ,b4t4u4 p] p\nd #ej1jjj #gj #c1ejj1jjj #bhh1jjj ,b4t4u4 #ab4b #ed1jjj cubic feet hog cool] space #aj1jjj #e4d #bej hogs #ahj p\nds ea* #de1jjj p\nds #de1jjj #gj #bhh1jjj #aj4i #bjj1jjj feet cell> space #ab1jjj #af4f #ae tons ice #b tons refrig]at+ duty #cj4j #aj1jjj p\nds l>d cool] #ab4j #ajj1jjj cubic feet freez] space #ce4j ----- ,total tonnage refrig]at+ effect #acf4d ,l[ ,temp]ature ,br9e ,sy/em4--,! use ( l[ temp]ature br9e1 cool$ by two /age compressors1 a new developm5t1 is 9 ! writ]'s op9ion pref]able to direct expansion4 7,see description ( two /age compression 9 ,*apt] ,,iv47 ,a l9eal foot ( pipe fill$ ) a liquid l *ill$ br9e seems to h great] heat absorb+ p[] ?an ! same pipe fill$ ) a light gas & consequ5tly less pip+ c be us$4 ,pref]5ce ,reasons4--,occasion arose to comp>e = a new l>ge in/allation ! relative m]its ( direct expansion v]sus br9e & ! foll[+ items sugge/$ !mselves3 7#a7 ,! direct expansion plant w\ld require #aej1jjj lbs4 ammonia 9 excess ( br9e plant4 7#b7 ,!re w\ld be approximately #h1jjj m jo9ts to prev5t leak+4 7#c7 ,unavoidable ammonia leakage ?r\gh rods1 gl&s1 valve /ems1 compressor rods & purg+ w\ld am\nt to at lea/ #bj1jjj p] ye> bas$ on exp]i5ce ) good practice4 7#d7 ,! in/allation by ! same manufactur] e/imat$ to co/ #ae m ?an a br9e sy/em4 7#e7 ,!re w\ld be no /or$ en]gy 9 ! ammonia pipes z 9 br9e pipes %\ld ! refrig]at+ plant susp5d op]ation tempor>ily4 7#f7 ,! compressor haz>d f return+ liquid & possible ma*9e wreck+ ) l9e breaks1 ammonia losses1 & dang] to life4 7#g7 ,9 case ( ext5sion or modification ( pip+1 ! difficulty ) ammonia pipes ov] br9e is m>k$4 7#h7 ,9 direct expansion plants ! cool+ effect is /opp$ imm$iately :5 ! compressor is /opp$4 ,x is requir$ to op]ate incessantly1 or if spe$ be r$uc$ ! curr5t is *iefly wa/$ 9 resi/ance grids if electrically driv54 ,:]eas 9 a br9e plant ! compressors c be /opp$ sev]al h\rs1 ! br9e be+ circulat$ rises 9 temp]ature b n suffici5tly to v>y room temp]atures4 ,?is is a great advantage1 p]mitt+ keep+ 8(f peaks0 on comm]cial electric l9es & consequ5tly e>n+ l[] rates4 7#i7 ,) an electrically driv5 compressor1 spe$ control is fix$ )9 q limit$ b\nds & if direct expansion sy/em is us$ m p[] is pur*as$ ?an ne$$ = reasons already m5tion$4 7#aj7 ,! total co/ = op]at+ pumps & calcium tak5 collectively w be f> less ?an ! uncontrollable ammonia leakage4 ,! coil att5dants c be less skill$4 7#aa7 ,br9e temp]ature #be degrees bel[ z]o1 ,fahr41 c be c>ri$1 suffici5tly l[ = all purposes4 ,rooms c n be controll$ at z exact temp]atures ) direct expansion z ) br9e1 ow+ to its s5sitiv5ess4 7#ab7 ,la/ly & v important1 ! complicat$ pip+ sy/em to c>ry sev]al back pressures to produce v>y+ temp]atures & ! necessity ( op]at+ sev]al compressor 8ends0 makes a complicat$ in/allation ( small units z aga9/ a simple sy/em c>ry+ "o temp]ature br9e4 ,plants ( ! "* describ$ usually op]ate on direct expansion1 require ?ree sets ( temp]atures1 ?ree sets ( suction pressures & ?ree sets ( suction ma9s ) v>i\s cross connections & intricate pump-out arrangem5ts4 ,?is necessitates multiplicity ( ma*9es & connections to v>i\s cyl9d] ends4 ,progressive au?orities recognize ! necessity ( freez] /orage 9 meat plants4 ,9 comb9ation pork & beef or pork plants1 new] in/allations w be made ) f> less cur+ space = sweet pickl$ meats & f> great] space = /or+ meats froz5 ei!r be=e or aft] cur+ to ! end ( produc+ palatable meats1 n salt soak$ & ( inf]ior quality4 ,!re are slaught]+ plants = export :]e beef is %ipp$ *ill$ or froz51 & mutton froz54 ,"s h exclusive freez] build+s1 o!rs p>ts set aside = freez]s4 ,"o temp]ature br9e is circulat$1 ! temp]ature 9 ! rooms be+ gov]n$ by ! quantity ( pipe 9 s]vice4 ,9 all in/ances1 %>p freez]s1 /orage rooms & cur+ rooms are equipp$ ) pipes !re9--& ! *ill+ rooms = beef & pork clos$ coils or spray1 optional4 ,%ell & tube cool]s h prov5 s fitt+ t no hesitancy ne$ be made ab\t us+ !m1 & ! possibility ( freez+ is negligible ) reasonable prud5ce4 ,tanks ) subm]g$ coils c be us$1 b x prev5ts ! sav+ made by us+ balanc$ br9e pump+1 on high build+s1 a q mat]ial "o4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,p[] ,,plant ,,requirem5t4 ,,/eam ,,mak+ ,,equipm5t -- ,,uses ,,( ,,pumps -- ,,types ,,( ,,pumps -- ,,pumps ,,= ,,br9e -- ,,wat] ,,supply -- ,,pumps ,,= ,,wells -- ,,wat] ,,di/ribution ,,sy/ems -- ,,pumps ,,= ,,boil] ,,fe$+ -- ,,heat+ ,,boil] ,,fe$ ,,wat] -- ,,wells -- ,,cool+ ,,t[]s -- ,,economiz]s -- ,,sup]heat]s -- ,,/eam ,,eng9es -- ,,exhau/ ,,/eam -- ,,advice ,,z ,,to ,,exhau/ ,,/eam -- ,,boil]s -- ,,conclusion4 ,/eam ,mak+ ,equipm5t4--,! quantity & type ( boil]s ne$$ = a plant is entirely dep5d5t ^u ! quantity ( /eam requir$ & its economical or uneconomical use4 ,! refrig]at+ & electric produc+ app>atus 9 ! av]age pack+ h\se are usually look$ ^u z ! *ief us+ elem5ts1 b !y ea* frequ5tly require less /eam ?an is us$ = pump+ purposes1 & less ?an is us$ = cook+ & k9dr$ op]ations4 ,x w\ld be well to discuss ! uses ( /eam & return to ! boil]s4 ,uses ( ,pumps4--,pumps are us$ = wat] circulat+1 br9e circulat+1 boil] fe$+ & pump+ products4 ,^! are nam$ 9 ! ord] ( _! /eam consum+ dem& z x usually occurs4 ,!y consume f #dj to #abj p\nds ( /eam p] horse p[] h\r bas$ on ! k9d ( pump us$ & ! skill 9 its op]ation4 ,! mo/ economical are electrically op]at$ c5trifugal pumps provid$ ! curr5t is economically g5]at$1 /eam turb9e c5trifugal pumps1 next if 9 good condition1 & reciprocat+ simplex or duplex pumps ?ird & f\r?4 ,types ( ,pumps4--,! types *iefly us$ 9 pack+ h\se "w are simplex & duplex reciprocat+1 c5trifugal s+le & multi-/age op]at$ by motor or /eam turb9e directly atta*$ to ! motive p[]1 also p[] pumps ( triplex type & rot>y or impell] pumps = fats & oils4 ,!re are endless v>ieties ( ea* type4 ,pumps = ,br9e4--,= br9e pump+ *iefly reciprocat+ & direct connect$ horizontally set motor driv5 c5trifugal pumps ( "o or m /ages are us$4 ,at times p[] op]at$ triplex pumps are us$ b ! mo/ satisfactory are ! second nam$4 ,pump+ br9e = refrig]at+ purposes is a nev] end+ process s9ce x mu/ be con/antly p]=m$4 ,! common practice ( an op5 br9e tank ) subm]g$ coils is be+ fa/ sup]s$$ by ! use ( %ell & tube type clos$ cool]s :i* sup]s$$ d\ble pipe cool]s4 ,! use ( ei!r ! latt] two types enables ! op]ator to take advantage ( hydraulic head by in/all+ a balanc$ sy/em describ$ 9 ?is "w :i* v greatly r$uces ! p[] necess>y to ex]t to pump br9e4 ,! friction 9 an eight to twelve pass br9e cool] is f t5 to fifte5 p\nds1 & ?is ) ! pipe friction on a balanc$ sy/em w total to p]haps ?irty p\nds on l>ge sy/ems1 b less ?an ! ord9>y op5 sy/em--dep5d+ ^u ! build+ height4 ,wat] ,supply4--,! wat] dem& = pack+ h\se op]ation is q an important elem5t 9 relation to /eam consumption4 ,! quantity requir$ = ammonia cond5s+1 /eam cond5s+ 7if done71 & = plant purposes1 wa%+1 etc41 is1 9 ! aggregate1 q a l>ge am\nt4 ,= example3 ,= ammonia cond5s+1 f #a to #a gallons p] m9ute is requir$ p] ton ( refrig]ation develop$2 = /eam cond5s+ = /eam eng9e f #cb to #dj p\nds p] p\nd ( /eam cond5s$2 = boil] op]ation ab\t f\r gallons p] horse p[] p] h\r2 = plant purposes f #bej to #c1jjj gallons or m p] h\r1 dep5d+ ^u ! size ( plant & its intellig5t use4 ,x w be readily se5 t ^? quantities w m\nt 9 p[] consumption if ! head or pressure pump$ aga9/ is high4 ,pumps = ,wells4--,wat] pump$ f wells is usually pump$ by "o ( f\r me?ods3 7#a7 ,suction type reciprocat+ pumps4 7#b7 ,deep well heads ) l[ set pump+ b>rel4 7#c7 ,subm]g$ c5trifugal pumps4 7#d7 ,compress$ air4 ,= small plants :]e "o or two wells w supply ! wat]1 ! fir/ nam$ pump is usually us$ ow+ to *eapness ( co/ = in/all+ & p>ticul>ly if ! wat] rises 9 ! well to a height rea*able by a suction type pump1 viz3 #bc to #be feet4 ,p[] op]at$ suction pumps are also available = ?is s]vice4 ,if ! wat] be too l[ = ! above nam$ type to h&le1 deep well pumps ) /eam head s]ve pretty well & usually co/ less ?an air pump$ wells4 ,= l>g] plants1 l>g] wells are in/all$ & subm]g$ c5trifugal pumps or compress$ air is us$1 ! latt] always z a la/ resort f a co/ ( pump+ /&po9t1 al?\gh its simplicity & reliability appeals to _m4 ,subm]g$ c5trifugal pumps c be op]at$ ) /eam turb9e or motor set on top ( %aft above gr\nd4 ,! motor op]at$ set is ! m economical1 p>ticul>ly if ! curr5t be g5]at$ at l[ co/4 ,wat] ,di/ribution ,sy/ems4--,! intellig5t lay+ out ( wat] sy/ems & ! pressure pump$ aga9/ is a factor wor? great att5tion4 ,x is f> bett] to h pumps ( prop] proportions = ! s]vice int5d$1 ev5 ?\gh x involves ! use ( a sep>at$ pip+ sy/em4 ,tak+ advantage ( wat] once rais$ to a high level 9 its return to s]vice is a p[] sav+4 ,= example3 ,x is usual to locate ammonia cond5s]s at a po9t :]e !re is a good circulation ( air4 ,?is is done to p]mit ! w9ds to c>ry away ! moi/ air f ab\t ! cond5s]s1 toge!r ) ! heat deliv]$ up ?r\gh x & to ! air by ! dis*>g$ gas f ! ammonia compressors4 ,f ! cat* pan b5ea? ! ammonia cond5s] ! wat] c be div]t$ ?r\gh ! /eam cond5s] & if ! %ell be b\ght suffici5tly /rong 9 ! case ( a clos$ cond5s]1 ! wat] c be deliv]$ to ! suction side ( a pump :i* 9 turn w deliv] x = h\se use = cleans+ purposes4 ,if a b>ometric cond5s] is us$1 ! wat] is deliv]$ to a hot well f :5ce x c be pump$ or fl[ to sew]4 ,pumps ,= ,boil] ,fe$+4--,dep5d5t ^u ! size ( plant & ! pressure c>ri$ pumps are usually provid$ z foll[s3 ,small boil] plant up to #ejj ,h4 ,p4 l[ pressures4 ,/eam #hj to #abe lbs4 simplex or duplex pi/on pack$ reciprocat+ pumps4 ,m$ium ,boil] ,plant up to #a1jjj to #a1ejj ,h4 ,p4 /eam #abe to #aej p\nds simplex or duplex outside pi/on pack$ reciprocat+ pumps4 ,ov] #a1ejj ,h4 ,p4 ! same or c5trifugal type multi-/age pump motor or /eam driv54 ,heat+ ,boil] ,fe$ ,wat]4--,e plant1 l>ge or small1 %\ld be equipp$ ) boil] wat] heat+ devices4 ,^! are s common & ! practice s usual t x is sc>cely necess>y to m5tion x b ! writ] has se5 plants :]e ! exhau/ /eam f pumps & eng9es 0 be+ ?r[n to ! air & fe$ wat] pump$ into boil]s at l[ temp]atures4 ,!re are two types3 clos$ & op54 ,9 ! fir/ nam$ ! wat] is circulat$ ?r\gh tubes enclos$ 9 a vessel1 ! tubes surr\nd$ by /eam4 ,9 ! op5 type ! /eam is br\ght 9 direct contact ) ! wat] & p]=ms ! heat+ 9 ?is mann]4 ,! clos$ types are us$ on ! pr9ciple t no oil c>ri$ 9 ! /eam is pass$ to ! boil]s1 b ! latt] type are usually equipp$ ) an oil sep>ator t elim9ates ! oil & prev5ts dang] f ?is s\rce4 ,wells4--,9 mo/ in/ances wells ( v>i\s dep?s f #hj to #b1jjj feet w f9d wat]4 ,a few localities1 h[ev]1 d n yield wat] via wells & ?is is a poor situation f a pack+ h\se /&po9t4 ,! wat] f surface or %all[ wells is1 at times1 improp] = use on meats ow+ to contam9ation1 9 :i* case1 resort mu/ be made to o!r s\rces4 ,9 "s localities ! neighbor+ /reams yield suitable wat]s b 9 ?is case sewage contam9ation mu/ be gu>d$ aga9/4 ,! quality ( boil] supply wat] is an important factor 9 ! boil] op]ation 9 its be>+ to %utd[ns = clean+1 bl[+ d[n1 repairs1 etc41 all ( :i* contribute to or impair economy4 ,cool+ ,t[]s4--,:]e x is necess>y to husb& wat] = cond5s+ ammonia or /eam ! use ( cool+ t[]s comes into play4 ,^! function by ! cool+ ( wat] by evaporation1 ! evaporation ab/ract+ ! heat4 ,!re are v>i\s k9ds--sprays ov] ponds1 wat] dripp+ ov] spatt] bo>ds made 9 v>i\s ways1 su* z bru% pil$ loosely2 a *eck] "w ( wood slats2 scre5 wire1 etc4 ,^! usually dep5d ^u ! circulation ( air 9 a natural way4 ,!re are v>i\s pat5t$ types1 dep5d+ ^u fans1 to pass air ?r\gh fall+ wat]4 ,! effici5cy is dep5d5t ^u ! f95ess ( ! wat] & ! quantity ( air pass+ ?r\gh x1 ! relative humidity ( ! air controll+ greatly ! cool+ effect4 ,economiz]s4--,:]e ! utmo/ economy ( fuel is /riv5 = & on l>g] plants1 ^! are in/all$4 ,an economiz] is a bank ( ca/ iron flues plac$ 9 a position betwe5 ! boil]s & ! smoke /ack4 ,wat] is circulat$ ?r\gh ! tubes & ! furnace gases pass ab\t !m4 ,!y are usually calculat$ ^u to decrease ! /ack temp]atures f #ajj to #aej degrees--dep5d5t ^u its initial temp]ature & to heat ! fe$ wat] "o hundr$ degrees4 ,?is is a sav+ f a wa/$ s\rce1 s9ce x is impossible to take up ?is heat 9 any boil] yet design$4 ,sup]heat]s4--,9 an e>li] *apt] ref]5ce 0 made to sup]heat$ /eam4 ,! (fice ( ?is app>atus is to heat ! /eam to a high] po9t ?an x rises to1 "u ord9>y boil] conditions4 ,= in/ance1 /eam z deliv]$ f ! nozzle ( a boil] is spok5 ( z 8saturat$0 /eam1 b1 if be=e use ?is is subject$ to a fur!r heat+ be=e x is us$1 x is said to be 8sup]heat$40 ,sup]heat]s are ( two types4 ,!y c be describ$ z foll[s3 ,a bank ( coils locat$ 9 ! flame pass 9 ! boil]s1 ! /eam )9 ! coils & ! flame on ! outside2 or a bank ( coils 9 a sep>ate furnace1 ! flame or heat g5]at$ 9 ! furnace pass+ ov] ! coils4 ,/eam sup]heat$ beyond #dej ,f4 total s5sible temp]ature requires especial pipe fitt+s1 type ( valves1 & eng9es = reasonable safe op]ation1 & r5d]s an economy t a small plant _c af=d1 due to ! exp5diture1 to take advantage (4 ,/eam ,eng9es4--,ow+ to ! *eapness ( fuel 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 us]s h be5 satisfi$ ) equipm5t at a l[ initial co/ & 9 consequ5ce pay bills cont9ually by us+ uneconomical prime mov]s1 viz43 ord9>y /eam eng9es ( ! simple ,corliss type1 us+ f #bf lbs4 to #ce lbs4 ( /eam p] horsep[] h\r1 or comp\nd cond5s+ at #ae lbs4 to #ah lbs4 ( /eam p] horsep[] h\r or high spe$ direct connect$ slide valve eng9e g5]ator sets us+ f #ce to #ej lbs4 /eam p] horsep[]1 dep5d+ ^u load4 ,european eng9e]s1 :]e fuel co/s are d\ble & triple ,am]ican fuel co/s1 h ( necessity paid m att5tion to ! subject ( /eam economy & h out/ripp$ ?is c\ntry 9 design & use ( economical /eam eng9es1 notably ( ! s-call$ 8unifl[10 8drop valve10 8poppet valve10 or 8,l5tz0 type & ) ! use ( sup]heat$ /eam1 h rea*$ mu* high] effici5cies4 ,! fa/ increas+ co/s ( fuel 9 ?is c\ntry h necessitat$ ,am]ican build]s resort+ to high /eam pressures ) indep5d5t or integral sup]heat]s 9 conjunction ) /eam boil]s1 & z a result ,am]ican manufactur]s are (f]+ simple unifl[ eng9es = high spe$ 7say #bjj r4 p4 m47 direct connection to electric g5]ators4 ,also comp\nd drop valve or poppet valve or ,l5tz types = sl[ly mov+ eng9es1 viz43 #fj r4 p4 m4 = connect+ to ammonia compressors & 9 ei!r case ) /eam at an initial pressure ( #afj lbs4 & ord9>y sup]heat ( #ajj op]at+ cond5s+1 eng9es ( ! above types "u ! conditions nam$ c be readily b\ght "u gu>antees to produce an indicat$ horsep[] ) ! use ( #ab lbs4 ( /eam p] horsep[] h\r4 ,! unifl[ eng9e is n[ (f]$ by sev]al build]s & is adaptable to mo/ any s]vice1 atmosph]ic exhau/1 cond5s+ or aga9/ a back pressure us+ ! exhau/ = cook+ or heat+4 ,!re is b little advantage1 h[ev]1 9 a unifl[ eng9e "u ?is circum/ance unless x be ! flexibility z to conditions ( op]ation4 ,exhau/ ,/eam4--,! practice ( us+ exhau/ /eam1 t is /eam :i* has pass$ ?r\gh eng9es1 = heat+ & cook+ is consid]$ economical4 ,x is bas$ ^u ! !ory t ! quantity ( heat conta9$ 9 a p\nd ( /eam t has be5 r$uc$ 9 pressure f its initial or high pressure1 say #ajj1 to a l[ "o--example #e lbs41 & !n us$ = heat+1 etc41 conta9s almo/ z _m heat units z x did orig9ally4 ,!re are _m places :]e ?is l[ pressure or exhau/ /eam c be us$ advantage\sly1 b if ext5sively us$1 ! likelihood w be to h long ma9s into :i* c]ta9 equipm5t w pass its exhau/ & f :i* ! dem& w be spasmodic = cook+ purposes & int]mitt5t = heat+1 except dur+ w9t] seasons1 & z a result !re is a consid]able quantity ( /eam pass$ to ! air at mo/ times4 ,a c>eful analysis is necess>y = intellig5t use ( ?is idea1 s9ce ! ma9ta9+ ( a balance ow+ to bus9ess fluctuations & *ang+ seasons makes an almo/ unmat*able comb9ation4 ,dur+ "o season live /eam w be us$ = make up1 & at o!r times !re is a surplus4 ,advice ,z ,to ,exhau/ ,/eam4--,aside f heat+ fe$ wat] & dry+ :]e ! requirem5t is con/ant1 a bett] practice is probably to limit ! ext5t ( exhau/ /eam sy/ems & use live /eam = mo/ purposes4 ,! s\rces ( exhau/ /eam1 eng9es or pumps1 are op]at+ usually tw5ty-f\r h\rs daily & con/antly p\r+ /eam into ! exhau/ ma9s1 :i* is con/antly radiat+1 leak+ & ! accumulat$ moi/ure is be+ trapp$ away to a sew] or fe$ wat] heat]4 ,! traps are usually j a little out ( ord]1 & ! little leaks 9 multiple m\nt up fa/4 ,aga9 ! app>atus 9 almo/ any dep>tm5t us$ = cook+ & manufactur+ is irregul> 9 its use & an actual record w %[ h>dly to exce$ six h\rs' dem& or use4 ,:y op]ate eng9es & pumps at a disadvantage all ! "t = ! sake ( a supply six or eight h\rs daily8 ,! eng9e & pump requirem5t increases rapidly ) ! exhau/ /eam pressure & requires l>g] production f ! boil]4 ,any p[] l t ne$$ = pump+ c be transmitt$ on a wire ) f> less loss ?an z /eam ?r\gh a pipe4 ,! recomm5dations !n are3 ,produce electricity z *eaply z possible2 if electricity is made1 use high class equipm5t op]at+ cond5s+ & take advantage ( sup]heat if possible2 produce refrig]ation or compress air ) ! same intellig5ce2 p]=m all pump+ ) electrically op]at$ pumps2 di/ribute /eam = all uses at high pressure1 at high velocity ?r\gh small pipes1 well insulat$ & h ! heat at ! process :5 ne$$2 fit boil]s s !y c arise to a dem& :5 ne$$ ) ample /ack & draft2 in/all /ok]s1 if ! plant w ju/ify x2 insulate ! boil] walls & g5]ate /eam z *eaply z possible--& don't wa/e x4 ,boil]s4--,! common types ( boil]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are ! fire tube boil] & ! wat] tube boil]4 ,! fir/ nam$ k9d is t :i* sugge/s itself to ! read] :5 a boil] is m5tion$ & consi/s ( a %ell cyl9drical 9 =m ) a head 9 ea* end into :i* tubes are exp&$4 ,9 op]ation ! wat] surr\nds ! tubes & ! fire passes ?r\gh !m4 ,! wat] tube boil] is ! opposite ( ?is4 ,!re are v>iations ( ^! & boil]s t are built us+ bo? pr9ciples 9 "p4 ,!re are also ,corni%1 ,lanca%ire & ,york%ire types us$ 9 ,engl& :i* are fire tubes us+ only "o or two tubes4 ,:]e a plant requirem5t is up to #ejj horsep[]1 ! fire tube is ! usual in/allation ow+ to its *eap] co/1 & m units :i* enables m cont9u\s op]ation1 especially if a unit is out ( s]vice = clean+1 #ajj1 #abe or #aej horse-p[] be+ ! /&>d size units4 ,if a plant requires #gej horse-p[] or m1 in/allation ( ! wat] tube is pref]able ow+ to _! requir+ less floor space1 high] pressures are usually c>ri$ & !y are reg>d$ z m safe "u ^! conditions4 ,!y c be =c$ to a high] output if dem&$1 :i* is an advantage 9 times ( ru% bus9ess4 ,conclusion4--,! m\nt+ co/s ( fuel prompts ! writ] to say t ! managem5t ( a p[] plant ( any pack+ h\se dem&s intellig5ce 9 ! selection ( equipm5t & 9 its op]ation4 ,! losses t occur are sil5tly pass+ on p]petually & are immeasurable to ! proprietor s9ce !y are intangible 9 doll>s & c5ts4 ,9 ^! days ( educat$ eng9e]s1 a mixture ( education & common s5se is obta9able & x takes ?is tra9+ or ! practical man :o has augm5t$ 8 practice ) ability to use a p5cil to figure out 8 conditions1 & sugge/ rem$ies t w /op a leak ( no inconsid]able consequ5ce4 ,x is a usually neglect$ dep>tm5t by ! propriet>y int]e/s4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,cool]s4 ,,meat ,,*ill+ -- ,,divid+ ,,beef ,,cool]s -- ,,regul> ,,temp]atures -- ,,ma9 ,,cool] -- ,,h&l+ ,,beef -- ,,=e-,,cool] -- ,,heavy ,,cattle -- ,,dome/ic ,,beef -- ,,trimm+ ,,( ,,beef -- ,,skirt ,,trimm+ -- ,,ribb+ ,,beef -- ,,freez+ ,,beef -- ,,load+ ,,beef -- ,,weigh+ ,,& ,,tagg+ -- ,,c>e ,,( ,,cool]s -- ,,mutton ,,& ,,veal -- ,,*ill+ ,,hogs -- ,,cell>s -- ,,freez+ ,,meat4 ,meat ,*ill+4--,meat *ill+ mu/ be done intellig5tly ) opportunity af=d$ = gradual *ill+ )\t too rapid h>d5+4 ,! meat %\ld n be subject$ to sudd5 contract+ l[ temp]ature effects1 b to a gradual temp]+ t w c>ry ! meat f blood heat d[n to ! desir$ temp]ature4 ,?is effect is readily atta9$ by prop]ly con/ruct$ *ill rooms4 ,air circulation is ! great requisite4 ,suffici5t att5tion has n be5 paid 9 ! pa/ to provide ample room above ! hang+ c>cass1 t is space betwe5 ! c>cass & ! und]side ( pan l(t4 ,note slope on spray l(t 9 ,fig4 #ag 7,*ap4 ,,iv71 %[+ design ( ,balanc$ ,br9e ,sy/em4 ,coil l(ts %\ld foll[ ! same pr9ciple4 ,divid+ ,beef ,cool]s4--,reg>d+ ! subject ( divid+ beef cool]s to avoid fre%ly kill$ animals f be+ br\ght into contact ) *ill$ ones4 ,?is is a disput$ po9t1 b x w\ld seem t if space 7 available x w\ld be a b5efit to provide = x4 ,any moi/ure t might be giv5 (f f ! fre%ly kill$ animal w\ld1 ^u com+ 9 contact ) ! *ill$ "o naturally cond5se1 & moi/ure is a detrim5t to ! pres]vation ( meats4 ,! nature ( ! bus9ess be+ conduct$ & ! l5g? ( "t x might be desir$ to /ore ! meat %\ld be consid]$4 ,regul> ,temp]ature4--,temp]ature is ! all important feature 9 meat pres]vation4 ,! be/ practice appe>s to be1 = beef 9 dome/ic meat trade1 to r$uce ! temp]ature to #cd ,f4 z quickly z possible & endeavor to ma9ta9 x at a uni=m temp]ature4 ,ma9 ,cool]4--,:5 ^! rooms are be+ fill$ f ! =e cool] !y %\ld be held to a maximum temp]ature ( #ch ,f4 ,z soon z ! fill+ ( ! cool] is f9i%$ ! refrig]ation %\ld be turn$ on full =ce ) a view to br++ ! temp]ature d[n to #cd ,f4 9 twelve to fifte5 h\rs aft] ! cool] is clos$4 ,:ile x might be possible to br+ x d[n 9 mu* less "t x is n advisable2 nei!r %\ld x be long] ?an ?is4 ,at ! end ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs = dome/ic %ipm5t or city sales1 ! cool] %\ld be held at a temp]ature ( #cd ,f4 ,h&l+ ,beef4--,:5 ! beef is ready to g into cool]s x is suppos$ly well dress$ & absolutely clean4 ,su* be+ ! case1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to see t ! c>casses1 z !y are mov$ along ! rails1 are kept bone to bone1 or back to back1 = if !y are ?r[n 9 promiscu\sly 7z m or less blood w run out ( ! kidneys if run toge!r1 "o front aga9/ ano!r back ( beef7 !y w c]ta9ly become discolor$4 ,! beef %\ld be h&l$ spe$ily & ) z little j]k+ & ?r[+ ar\nd z possible1 = :5 h&l$ r\ghly ve9s w purge m or less & ! beef1 ev5 ?\gh clean1 w be highly color$4 ,! sides ( beef %\ld be plac$ at lea/ a foot ap>t 9 ! prelim9>y or =e-cool]4 ,!y %\ld be plac$ s t "u no condition does "o side ( meat t\* ! o!r1 = if x does t\* x w %[ an un*ill$ spot on ! beef1 :i* disfigures x4 ,beef %\ld always1 if possible1 be hung a foot ap>t ! fir/ tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 lat] x c be hung clos] )\t detrim5t1 al?\gh x %\ld n be all[$ to t\*4 ,=e-,cool]4--,:5 a =e-cool] is us$ beef %\ld be held 9 ! =e-cool]1 :i* consi/s ( "o-?ird ( ! l5g? ( ! cool] cut (f by a p>tition or a sep>ate room1 a l>ge am\nt ( ! moi/ure & animal heat t is left 9 ! c>cass is "h ab/ract$4 ,:5 kill+ *oice cattle x is advisable to h ! temp]ature ( ! =e-cool] z ne> #ch ,f4 z possible1 #dc ,f4 is n detrim5tal4 ,sides ( heavy cattle %\ld hang at lea/ eighte5 in*es ap>t 9 ord] t ! air may circulate freely ar\nd ! c>casses2 light] cattle may be hung clos]4 ,second>y ,cool]4--,! room temp]ature ( ?is second>y cool] c be safely r$uc$ to #be ,f41 be=e fill+4 ,! maximum temp]ature %\ld n rise above #dj ,f4 ,x is dep5d5t ^u ! quantity ( product plac$ 9 ! cool]1 ! excell5ce ( ! air circulation1 ! quantity ( cool+ surface su* z %eets1 sprays1 br9e or ammonia pipe & ! quantity & temp]ature ( ammonia gas or br9e 9 use4 ,! possibilities c be asc]ta9$ by te/ & practice e/abli%$ f ?is4 ,)9 twelve h\rs aft] kill+ ! beef %\ld be 9 /orage r$uc$ to #cf1 & fur!r to #cc to #cd ,f4 z quickly z possible & ma9ta9$ !reat until ! beef is dispos$ (4 ,meat :i* is int5d$ = freez+ purposes %\ld be ?or\ghly *ill$ be=e be+ s5t to ! freez]s1 z x n only aids 9 ! freez+ ( ! beef1 b x has a mu* bett] appe>ance :5 x comes f ! freez] if x is prop]ly *ill$ be=e be+ froz54 ,heavy ,cattle4--,^! held 9 ! ma9 cool]s %\ld be r$uc$ to a l[] temp]ature4 ,heavy cattle = dome/ic trade %\ld be c>ri$ at #cb ,f4 = ! fir/ tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 aft] :i* #cd is n detrim5tal4 ,export cattle = *ill$ beef %ipm5t %\ld be r$uc$ to a temp]ature ( #bi ,f4 z quickly z possible & held !re until load$ 9 c>s or on boat4 ,dome/ic ,beef4--,= dome/ic beef ! cool]s %\ld be br\ght to a temp]ature ( #cd ,f4 9 twelve h\rs aft] !y are fill$1 n all[+ ! temp]ature to drop bel[ t po9t4 ,x is true t 9 extremely cold wea!r x c n always be avoid$1 & (t5times 9 transit x is l[] ?an t 9 ! c>s1 b x is n well to p]mit beef to rea* t temp]ature if x c be avoid$4 ,if cool]s are prop]ly h&l$ & h a good circulation1 & beef is put 9 at ! above temp]ature & all[$ to rema9 =ty-eight to sev5ty-two h\rs1 x w be f\nd to be 9 excell5t condition & ! *ances ( 8bone-s\r0 w be practically elim9at$1 al?\gh x is impossible to always prev5t x4 ,trimm+ ( ,beef4--,:ile ?is is an item ( :i* little c be said1 x is "o :i* m]its consid]ation :]e "o is do+ a l>ge volume ( bus9ess4 ,! necks ( cattle are trimm$ to make !m look smoo? & ev51 cutt+ (f ! ragg$ ends4 ,on l>ge cattle !re are two or ?ree p\nds ( brisket fat 9 ea* animal4 ,:5 oleo oil is high & beef is l[ x is advisable to cut ?is fat out2 :5 ! conditions are rev]s$ x is pr(itable to leave x 94 ,skirt ,trimm+4--,on export beef x is advisable to trim out "p ( ! skirts z usually ! skirt 9 ! beef is ! fir/ place :]e moi/ure w accumulate4 ,if ! skirt is remov$ entirely1 ?is accumulation is prev5t$1 & m\ld /ops4 ,! hang+ t5d]lo9 is suppos$ to be cut out on export beef1 & if ! man cutt+ x out cuts x f ! kidneys1 slant+ t[>d ! backbone1 on a hundr$ cattle he c easily leave 9 q an am\nt ( weight :i* sells at beef price2 if cut out x w\ld be wor? only sausage price4 ,ribb+ ,beef4--,if ! beef is ribb$ prop]ly x %[s to ! be/ advantage2 if improp]ly ribb$ x does n1 & ! buy]'s op9ion ( its value dep5ds l>gely ^u its appe>ance4 ,ribb+ %[s ! quality ( ! beef to a l>ge ext5t1 h5ce x is v ess5tial t x %\ld be done prop]ly4 ,! secret ( ribb+ is to foll[ close1 )\t uncov]+1 ! top "p ( ! l[] rib on ! plate1 foll[+ d[n gradually betwe5 ! two ribs to ! po9t 9 ! backbone :]e ! v]tebra is ! ?9ne/1 br++ ! knife across p]fectly level4 ,beef %\ld hang 9 ! prop] temp]ature = =ty-eight h\rs be=e %ipm5t4 ,x %\ld n be ribb$ prior to t unless absolutely necess>y1 z x has n suffici5tly set1 h5ce ! out] lay]s ( beef w slip & give ! cut beef a bad appe>ance1 ! object be+ to %[ z mu* meat z possible :5 ! beef is ribb$ & z little backbone4 ,! exact place to cut probably does n exce$ "o-half in* wide1 h5ce x w be se5 t x requires skill to d x rapidly & prop]ly4 ,freez+ ,beef4--,beef prep>$ = freez+ %\ld be h&l$ z if = *ill+ or export & at ! end ( ?irty-six h\rs ! cool]s %\ld be r$uc$ to z l[ temp]ature z consi/5t1 until ! beef is transf]r$ to freez+ *amb]s4 ,if a plant is con/ruct$ = freez+ beef x is pref]able to set aside & prep>e spaces = freez+ indep5d5t ( ! *ill rooms4 ,! freez+ temp]ature %\ld be ma9ta9$ at z]o or bel[1 & if ! meat is to be kept = a long "t x %\ld be /or$ 9 #ab to #ae above z]o temp]ature4 ,load+ ,beef4--,! c>s mu/ be prop]ly ic$ prior to load+ & ! temp]ature 9 ! c>s br\ght d[n to ! "r po9t4 ,x is g5]ally cu/om>y to ice ! c>s "o day be=e load+1 z a c> %\ld nev] be load$ t is n #ch ,f4 or l[] :5 ! doors are op5$4 ,9 ! load+1 if x is a w>m day1 ! temp]ature w creep up mu* high]1 b ! beef com+ out ( a temp]ature ( #cd or #ce ,f4 c>ries a great deal ( cold ) x1 s to speak1 & ev5 ?\gh ! c>s may be #ej to #fj ,f4 ! cold beef1 comb9$ ) ! refrig]ation f ! ice comp>tm5ts ( ! c>1 w br+ ! temp]ature d[n rapidly4 ,c>s1 ( c\rse1 %\ld be ?or\ghly clean$ & air$ out prior to ! ic+1 s t :5 !y are op5 !y are p]fectly clean z well z ( ! prop] temp]ature4 ,beef %\ld be put into ! c>s z fa/ z x comes f ! cool]s1 n be+ all[$ to hang on ! rails & be expos$ be=e be+ plac$ 9 ! refrig]ator c>4 ,great c>e %\ld be us$ 9 hang+ ! beef1 t x is hung p]fectly solid & w$g$ tightly o!rwise ) ! motion ( ! c> ! beef w become *af$ & a bone f "o qu>t] ( meat w mangle & te> ! meat on ! qu>t] hang+ next to x1 (t5 v s]i\sly injur+ its appe>ance4 ,fig4 #ai illu/rates a typical beef load+ sc5e at a l>ge ,am]ican pack+ plant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--,,load+ ,,beef ,,into ,,refrig]ator ,,c>s4 ,weigh+ & ,tagg+4--,9 ord] to wat* ! bus9ess & to "k exactly :at ea* & e pur*ase realizes x is necess>y to keep an acc\nt ( ea* pur*ase sep>ately1 & ?is is inv>iably done 9 up-to-date e/abli%m5ts4 ,cattle are kill$ 9 lots 9 :i* !y are pur*as$1 :e!r !re be "o or #ejj 9 ! lot2 ev]y?+ 9 a p>ticul> pur*ase is kept absolutely sep>ate1 ! weight ( ! beef1 hide & tall[ sep>at$1 & a record s5t to ! (fice z soon z obta9able4 ,night cl]ks usually figure ! co/ ( ! beef1 & :5 ! day =ce comes on 9 ! morn+1 ! actual co/ ( all ! live /ock kill$ ! day previ\s is be=e !m = _! guidance 9 ! day's %ipm5ts4 ,to d ?is1 z ! cattle are dress$1 ! beef is weigh$ be=e plac+ 9 ! cool]4 ,"h ! weight ( ea* individual c>cass is tak5 & tagg$1 %[+ ! lot to :i* x belongs = guidance 9 %ipp+1 ! tag also hav+ ! grad+ ( ! p>ticul> c>cass4 ,any lot ( cattle w run unev5ly1 or 9 o!r words1 !re are "s t are bett] ?an o!rs4 ,z !y g to ! scale an exp]i5c$ man looks !m ov] & grades !m z ,no4 #a1 ,no4 #b or ,no4 #c1 consid]+ only ?is p>ticul> lot ( cattle1 z a ,no4 #b ( "o lot may be mu* bett] ?an a ,no4 #a ( ano!r lot2 b !y are grad$ by tak+ into consid]ation ! :ole ( ?is p>ticul> bun* ( cattle1 z pur*as$4 ,any cattle t are badly bruis$ or damag$ or discolor$ are ?r[n out & s5t to "s o!r dep>tm5t :]e !y are cut up or treat$ to ! be/ advantage possible4 ,z fa/ z ! cattle are grad$ & tagg$ !y are put into ! cool]1 ea* special grade on a sep>ate rail1 irrespective ( ! lot to :i* x belongs1 s t :5 ! %ipp+ cl]k gives ord]s to ! load+ gang to h ! beef tak5 out ( ! cool]s1 he w ord] s _m ,no4 #a cattle (f su* a rail1 lot1 etc4 ,z all cattle ( t p>ticul> grade are on ?is rail x greatly exp$ites %ipp+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--,,view ,,9 ,,beef ,,cool] ,,( ,a ,,*icago ,,pack+ ,,h\se4 ,a great deal dep5ds1 9 ! exp5se ( load+ z well z ! spe$ at :i* x is possible to be done1 ^u hav+ ! beef put into ! cool] 9 su* a way t x comes out readily & )\t a great deal ( h&l+ & ov]haul+ to get odd cattle4 ,c>e ( ,cool]s4--,x is necess>y to keep cool]s sweet & clean1 & x is advisable to use a lib]al am\nt ( sawdu/ on ! floors1 s t ! dripp+s f ! meats may be rapidly absorb$2 ! sawdu/ %\ld be *ang$ bi-weekly or frequ5tly en\gh to keep ! cool]s 9 a sweet & cleanly condition4 ,entrance doors %\ld be wa%$ daily1 z !y accumulate grease & blood1 :i* if all[$ to rema9 w soon become s\r & disagreeable4 ,9 all pack+ h\se plants :]e a comp>atively l>ge volume ( bus9ess is done !re %\ld be "o man ^: sole duty x is to look aft] ! refrig]ators4 ,?is is a matt] :i* necess>ily ne$s con/ant att5tion & c>e4 ,:5 ! cool] is fill$ ) w>m meat & ! doors are %ut x is 8 duty to increase ! refrig]ation & see t ! meat is br\ght d[n to ! requir$ temp]ature 9 ! requir$ "t4 ,x is app>5t t ! refrig]ators %\ld receive c>eful consid]ation1 & be 9 *>ge ( a man ( reliability4 ,beef %\ld be plac$ 9 ! cool] imm$iately aft] x is kill$ & nev] all[$ to hang outside any long] ?an necess>y4 ,:ile x may take a little m refrig]ation to h&le x ?is way ?an to h x p>tially *ill$ by ! outside air1 ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! beef w m ?an repay = ! additional co/ ( refrig]ation4 ,mutton & ,veal4--,mutton & veal foll[ ! same g5]al rule z beef z to h&l+4 ,beef (fal ( e "* %\ld be h&l$ "u conditions describ$ = export beef4 ,9 ! h&l+ ( any w>m product x %\ld all be spac$ s z to provide = ample circulation4 ,*ill+ ,hogs4--,dur+ a summ] season & :]e hogs may h be5 hung out = say two h\rs to air dry1 ! *ill rooms %\ld be r$uc$ to a temp]ature ( #cj ,f4 at ! "t ! hogs are put 9 & suffici5t refrig]ation appli$ 9 to prev5t ! maximum temp]ature exce$+ #ch ,f4 ,x %\ld !n be =c$ suffici5tly to aga9 r$uce ! temp]ature ( ! *ill rooms to #cb ,f4 )9 twelve h\rs aft] kill+1 ma9ta9$ ?us = tw5ty-f\r h\rs additional1 !n r$uc$ to #bh ,f4 & ma9ta9$ at ?is temp]ature until hogs are cut out2 =ty-eight to sev5ty-two h\rs aft] slaught]+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--,,view ,,9 ,,hog ,,*ill+ ,,room ,,( ,a ,,l>ge ,,pack+ ,,h\se ,,9 ,,*icago4 ,! *ill+ ( hogs is h&l$ 9 a measure ! same z cattle1 except t ! hog is a mu* m difficult animal to *ill ow+ to ! "* ( ! animal4 ,! *ill+ is ( su* vital importance t mo/ successful meat cur]s h a set s*$ule = op]ation4 ,x is bett] to segregate ! day's kill+ 9 sections ( cool]s sixte5 to ?irty-two feet wide2 to insulate ea* cool] section f ! adjac5t "o2 to make a fill+ limit ( #dj ,f4 & to require suffici5t refrig]ation capacity & facility to r$uce ! *amb] to #cb ,f4 ! morn+ aft] kill+2 & to ma9ta9 ^! temp]atures until cutt+1 ab\t =ty-eight h\rs aft] kill+4 ,cell>s4--,dry salt cell>s %\ld be c>ri$ at a temp]ature ( #ch ,f42 sweet pickle meat cell>s at #ce ,f41 & = almo/ any k9d ( cur+4 ,cell>s are occasionally r$uc$ to #cb ,f4 to susp5d rapidity ( cure4 ,dry pack$ meats c>ry safely = n9ety days 9 #bj ,f41 & = long] hold+ %\ld be r$uc$ to #ab ,f4 ,freez+ ,meat4--,! freez+ ( pork1 :i* has become s important dur+ ! la/ decade1 seems to produce ! be/ results :5 p]=m$ at l[ temp]atures4 ,_m firms ma9ta9 freez]s at a temp]ature ( f #ae to #aj bel[ #j ,f4 ,"s insi/ ^u /orage ( meats "u conditions ( #j ,f4 to #e ,f4 ,unque/ionably ! prompt freez+ ( ! product is a b5efit1 b ! /orage 9 ^! excessively l[ temp]atures w\ld seem que/ionable s9ce !re is a v m>k$ 8dry+0 t5d5cy 9 l[ temp]ature rooms ow+ to ! v l[ p]c5tage ( moi/ure ! air w conta94 ,x is ! practice among "s to coat ! edges ( piles ( pork1 or ! individual pieces1 ) wat] aft] ! /yle ( dipp+ fi% 9 fi%-freez+4 ,= all practical purposes1 h[ev]1 x w\ld appe> z well to /ore ! meat 9 rooms at #g to #ac ,f41 ) #aj z a /&>d4 ,canvas cov]+ to prev5t air circulation is a b5efit4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,w>eh\ses4 ,,w>eh\se ,,design -- ,,floor ,,area -- ,,fire ,,pro( ,,build+s -- ,,floor ,,con/ruction -- ,,cool]s -- ,,fan ,,& ,,v5tilation -- ,,spray ,,sy/em -- ,,galvaniz$ ,,%eet ,,iron ,,pipes -- ,,coil ,,rooms -- ,,quantity ,,( ,,pipe -- ,,me?od ,,( ,,erect+ -- ,,life ,,( ,,pipe -- ,,cell> ,,ceil+ ,,susp5sion -- ,,ratio ,,( ,,pip+ -- ,,defro/+ -- ,,g>dn] ,,curta9 ,,sy/em -- ,,direct ,,expansion ,,pip+ -- ,,*ill-,,room ,,bunk]s -- ,,l[ ,,temp]ature ,,br9e ,,sy/em -- ,,freez] ,,& ,,/orage ,,build+s4 ,w>eh\se ,design4--,"u ?is head+ we w discuss ! /&>d pork build+ = cur+ meats & = *ill+ hogs4 ,floor ,area4--,! w>eh\se build+ z usually laid out %\ld provide #aj1jjj squ>e feet on ea* floor1 & z _m /ories 9 height z ne$$ & z _m units z ne$$4 ,x is common & usually be/ to set po/s sixte5 feet c5t]s 9 ea* direction1 mak+ sections sixte5 feet squ>e4 ,?is area seems to l5d itself be/ to practical usage 9 pack+ h\se "w4 ,fire-,pro( ,build+s4--,! p]man5ce ( ! premises1 ! value ( ! product 9 /orage1 & _m o!r po9ts make ! advocacy ( fire-pro( w>eh\ses comm5dable4 ,! w>eh\se1 :]e floors are likely to be us$ = /or+ moi/ or wet goods1 or = cur+ meats1 %\ld pref]ably be solid concrete floors1 r ?an tile1 ) concrete joi/s & concrete topp+4 ,floor ,con/ruction4--,! ideal pack+ h\se floor is z yet to be discov]$4 ,:at appe>s to be ! be/ 9 a w>eh\se is a monoli?ic floor1 treat$ "u ! zones :]e meats are to be pil$1 & all truck+ ?or\ghf>es pav$ ) brick or tiles1 or p]haps an asphaltum prep>ation1 z ! latt] c be replac$4 ,cool]s4--,9 mo/ in/ances x is be/ to arrange ! cool]s on "o or m ( ! upp] floors4 ,cool] design v>ies1 b late practice has be5 drift+ back to ! old sy/em ( op5 spray br9e :i* is describ$ else:]e4 ,! cu/om>y practice 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is = "s type ( natural circulation1 z by ! use ( ducts ) air *ill+ facilities above ! *ill rooms4 ,practice has prov5 = fre% meats t ! use ( ?is sy/em is f> sup]ior to t ( =c$ draft1 sometimes call$ 8indirect0 refrig]ation4 ,fan & ,v5tilation4--,9 nor!rn climates x is a good practice to place a w9d[ at ea* end ( ! pipe or br9e l(t to admit a circulation ( air dur+ cold wea!r1 locat+ an exhau/ fan c5trally ov] ! cool]s ) a duct connect+ ) ! fan f ea* room1 draw+ air f ei!r end t[>d ! c5t] via ! op5 w9d[s 9 ! end ( ! l(t4 ,?is induces a circulation ?r\gh ! hot & cold air ducts :i* produces q suffici5t circulation & a uni=mity ( temp]ature 9 ! cont5ts 9 ! room bel[4 ,9 w>m climates ! use ( ro( plugs1 & air+ or v5t+ ! cool] at ea* fill+1 is1 9 our judgm5t1 an exp5sive me?od1 & n ju/ifi$ by ! results obta9$4 ,spray ,sy/em4--,! 8spray sy/em0 has be5 rejuv5at$ & is v popul>4 ,?is sy/em is p>ticul>ly effective = w>m beef & %eep cool]s & = hog cool]s4 ,x c well be in/all$ at slaught] & %ipp+ po9ts1 b its use 9 hang+ rooms :]e beef is ag$ & held = sale is que/ionable1 by reason ( ! probability ( %r9kage ow+ to ! rapid air circulation ma9ta9$4 ,wid? ( ,rooms4--,!re are v>i\s op9ions z to ! wid? & height requir$ 9 a bunk] room = in/allation ( ! spray sy/em4 ,a room f ?irty-two feet to =ty-eight feet wide c be successfully op]at$4 ,increas$ wid? beyond t means increas$ height & ?is1 9 turn1 means m con/ruction co/4 ,rooms tw5ty-five feet wide ) tw5ty feet pans h be5 built & successfully op]at$1 b at less wid?s ! br9e is likely to c>ry ov]4 ,! value ( ! spray sy/em1 & ! rapidity ) :i* a room & its cont5ts c be cool$ by its use1 seems to be due to two causes1 ! direct contact ( ! air ) ! f9ely divid$ br9e spray & ! induc$ air curr5ts creat$ by a me*anical circulation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--,,section ,,( ,,cold ,,/orage ,,h\se ,,equipp$ ,,) ,,spray ,,sy/em4 ,types ( ,con/ruction4--,! accompany+ diagrams %[ two types ( con/ruction4 ,"o :]e9 ! br9e pan is made ( ca/ concrete & ! rails susp5d$ f wood rail beams hung on rods atta*$ to ! ceil+4 ,! o!r "o %[s ! br9e pan made ( wood built up f support$ rail beams4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance ! br9e spray is collect$ on :at might be t]m$ a composition ro( 7)\t ! gravel cov]+7 made f asphalt saturat$ pap]1 & asphalt laid ov] a cork sub-base spread ^u & cem5t$ to ! concrete pan4 ,9 ! second in/ance ! pan is made f wood1 exhibit+ a wood panel$ surface on ! und]side1 cov]$ ) cork1 m wood & !n l9$ ) a galvaniz$ iron pan4 ,arrangem5t ( ,pip+4--,9 bo? in/ances ! br9e spray head] 0 locat$ ne> ! top ( ! hot air flue p>tition & ! sprays direct$ to a l9e bel[ ! horizontal1 to insure ! br9e fall+ well )9 ! pan1 to prev5t spla% ?r\gh ! cold air flue4 ,! br9e is collect$ & return$ ?r\gh a ma9 pipe to ! br9e tank 9 :i* are plac$ ! subm]g$ coils4 ,salt ,br9e--,calcium ,br9e4--,"o sy/em is op]at$ on salt br9e 9 :i* ! accumulation is /]iliz$ by boil+1 !n filt]$ & us$ = cur+ purposes4 ,! o!r is op]at$ on calcium br9e :i* is conc5trat$ by pass+ ov] a conc5trator4 ,x is !n return$ to ! br9e tank4 ,spray ,devices4--,!re are v>i\s spray devices pur*asable on ! m>ket1 "s approa*+ atomiz]s4 ,! own] usually selects some?+ to 8 ta/e4 ,a common spigot c be us$ ) a piece ( b5t t9 to di/ribute ! br9e at ! outlet1 b m effici5t devices are obta9able4 ,! location ( ! nozzles at a di/ance ( ab\t f\r feet ap>t seems to be ample = mo/ purposes4 ,! outlet op5+ %\ld be ab\t "o-half in*1 valve controll$ to suit4 ,x is well to arrange long l5g? ( pipe s t ea* cock is suppli$ ) an equal quantity ( br9e by use ( =k$ connections on a complete supply circuit4 ,galvaniz$ ,%eet ,iron ,pipes4--,= room cool+1 =m]ly us$ to a consid]able ext5t 0 %eet iron pipes4 ,! ?ree-in* galvaniz$ iron spiral rivet$ pipe is recomm5d$1 or :]e ?is is n readily obta9able ?ree-in* galvaniz$ iron crimp-jo9t & sold]$ seam pipe may be sub/itut$4 ,:ile n q s sub/antial z ! spiral rivet$ pipe1 x w1 ) ord9>y c>e & att5tion la/ a long "t4 ,! use ( spiral rivet$ pipe has be5 f\nd unnecess>y1 provid$ ,no4 #bd gauge metal is us$ 9 lock seam$ pipe4 ,op5-he>? /eel1 galvaniz$1 is pref]able to ,bessem]4 ,! writ] exp]i5c$ "o failure ) ! latt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--,,section ,,%[+ ,,br9e ,,salt ,,& ,,spray ,,sy/ems4 ,t5 diff]5t pieces ( ?is pipe t5 feet long 7 capp$ on ei!r end & submitt$ to a hydro/atic pressure te/2 ! bur/+ pressure av]age ( ! t5 pieces 0 f\nd to be #adf p\nds to ! squ>e in*1 :ile "s ( ! samples /ood a pressure ( ov] #ahj p\nds to ! squ>e in*4 ,9 actual practice ! pipe us$ = ?is purpose is nev] subject$ to a pressure exce$+ =ty p\nds to ! squ>e in*4 ,coil ,rooms4--,fig4 #bd %[s ! end view ( ! cool] ) ! detail ( ! hang]s on :i* ! pipe re/s4 ,fig4 #be %[s ! end view ( "o bay ) ! pipe locat$ & connect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--;,,end ,,view ,,( ,,cool]2 ,,detail ,,( ,,pipe ,,hang]s4 ,quantity ( ,pipe4--,9 br9e pipe refrig]ation = cattle ! au?or w\ld recomm5d to ea* sixte5-foot bay1 eight s]ies ( ?ree-in* galvaniz$ spiral rivet$ pipes ) six pipes 9 ea* s]ies4 ,^! make a total ( =ty-eight pipes = ! =e-cool]1 :]e ! l>ge/ proportion ( pipe is ne$$1 & =ty pipes p] section 9 /orage beef cool]4 ,= hog cool]s =ty-eight pipes p] section ?r\gh\t is recomm5d$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--;,,end ,,view ,,( ,,bay ,,%[+ ,,refrig]at+ ,,pipe ,,hung ,,to ,,ceil+4 ,me?od ( ,erect+4--,adoption ( ?is sy/em :]e br9e circulation is us$ c be made = meat /orage rooms4 7,see ,fig4 #bf = detail ( ! end pipes ) fitt+s = ! hose connections47 ,pipes are usually furni%$ 9 t5-foot l5g?s1 rivet$ & sold]$1 & are slipp$ toge!r l ord9>y /ovepipe jo9t1 all ( ^! slip jo9ts be+ c>efully sold]$ to be br9e tight1 a suffici5t numb] jo9$ toge!r to make runs ( ! requir$ l5g? to suit ! pipe *amb]4 ,at ! end ( ! runs "o ( ! ?ree hose connection fitt+s %[n 9 ,fig4 #bf 7fe$ connection1 int]m$iate connection & return connection7 is put on = ! purpose ( connect+ ! runs toge!r by means ( ! rubb] hose4 ,*att]ton's comp\nd is put on ! nipple ( ! fitt+ connection q w>m1 ! hose be+ slipp$ ov] at once & a wire clamp !n put ar\nd ! hose v tightly1 :5 ! connection is complete4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--;,,detail ,,( ,,end ,,pipes1 ,,%[+ ,,diff]5t ,,fitt+s4 ,life ( ,pipe4--,?is pipe is recomm5d$ = ! foll[+ reasons3 ,fir/1 = its economy2 second1 = its la/+ qualities4 ,z prov5 by exp]i5ce1 galvaniz$ pipe w la/ fully twice z long z ! ord9>y black iron pipe4 ,?is w\ld h>dly seem possible :5 fir/ consid]$ by anyone n hav+ _h ! exp]i5ce1 & w\ld naturally seem contr>y to 8 judgm5t4 ,!re 0 in/all$ 9 #ahij ov] #ajj1jjj l9eal feet ( ?is light galvaniz$ pipe 9 a ,*icago plant1 "s ( :i* is /ill 9 use4 ,samples ( ! galvaniz$ pipe t _h be5 9 use = upw>d ( t5 ye>s 7 f\nd to h a v slight coat+ or deposit ( ru/ on ! inside ( ! pipe1 less ?an "o-?irty-second ( an in* ?ick1 & adh]+ v tightly to ! surface4 ,by remov+ ?is ru/ ) a %>p in/rum5t x 0 f\nd t ! galvaniz+ 0 z cle> & bright z :5 orig9ally put on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--,,simple ,,me?od ,,( ,,support+ ,,br9e ,,pipes4 ,cell> ,ceil+ ,susp5sion4--,9 ,fig4 #bg is %[n a v simple1 inexp5sive & effective me?od ( support+ br9e pipes 9 cold /orage rooms1 or 9 rooms us$ z cur+ cell>s1 etc4 ,?is arranges a comb9ation :]eby a drip pan c be susp5d$ = cat*+ ! drip1 ! con/ruction be+ illu/rat$4 ,x is pref]able to l9e ! pans ) galvaniz$ iron s z to preclude possibilities ( leakage4 ,! wood5 con/ruction ( ! ord9>y class is usual4 ,ratio ( ,pip+4--,reg>d+ ! quantity ( pipe requir$1 ?is 9 a measure dep5ds ^u ! insulation ( ! cell>s & ! temp]ature ( br9e circulat$4 ,) br9e at a temp]ature ( #aj ,f41 "o l9eal foot ( pipe w supply radiation suffici5t = tw5ty cubic feet ( cell>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--;,,g>dn]',s 8,,curta90 ,,sy/em ,,= ,,br9e ,,circulation ,,z ,,in/all$ ,,9 ,a ,,*icago ,,pack+ ,,h\se4 ,l5g? ( ,coil4--,! inlet & outlet pipe %\ld h a #a-;in* connection1 ?is be+ ample = a coil ab\t f\r hundr$ feet 9 l5g?4 ,defro/+4--,to dispose ( ! accumulation ( fro/ t collects on ! coils )9 ! coil bunk]s ov] ! beef & hog cool]s1 x is usual to h a w>m br9e arrangem5t consi/+ ( an indep5d5t fe$ head]1 cross connections to ! coils1 a tank conta9+ a heat+ coil & a small pump4 ,:5 ! fro/ collects s z to be detrim5tal1 a supply ( br9e 9 ! small /orage tank is heat$ to ab\t #fj ,f41 & x is cont9u\sly pump$ ?r\gh ! small auxili>y head]1 !nce into ! coil x is desir$ to remove ! fro/ f1 until ! fro/ is loos5$1 :5 x is lightly tapp$ & falls to ! floor ( ! bunk] pan4 ,unless ! cell> temp]atures are c>ri$ l[ x is unnecess>y to use ?is sy/em 9 ! cur+ cell>s1 z ! coils w drip f natural melt+4 ,! use ( ?is sy/em ( br9e in/allation ) a prop] defro/+ arrangem5t has mu* to recomm5d x z to economy & effici5cy1 p>ticul>ly 9 use ) a balanc$ br9e sy/em4 ,lat] ,practice4--,a bett] sy/em sup]s$+ t j describ$ is to arrange ! coil l(t or cool] coils ) a br9e drip ov] !m to remove ! fro/1 ! drip be+ collect$ 9 ! pan1 conduct$ to a res]voir & re-circulat$4 ,simil> to ! mann] us$ ) direct expansion pip+4 ,g>dn] ,curta9 ,sy/em4--,"o ( ! e>ly types ( op5 br9e *ill+ 0 ! ,g>dn] curta9 sy/em4 ,= ?is sy/em a refrig]ator or curta9 room is provid$1 directly above ! meat cool]s1 & ( same l5g? & wid?1 9 :i* is fix$ an op5 pan or br9e di/ribut+ tr\gh1 locat$ ov] ! %eets & di/ribut+ ! br9e !reon4 ,fig4 #bh %[s a photograph ( ! curta9s 9 a refrig]ator or bunk] room4 ,a plan ( in/allation %[+ position ( curta9s is giv5 9 ,fig4 #bi1 & ,fig4 #cj %[s a cross section ( a bunk] room ) ! arrangem5t & insulation 9 a wood con/ruct$ build+4 ,direct ,expansion ,pip+4--,!re is a decid$ op9ion among _m op]ators t direct expansion ammonia sy/em pip+1 is pref]able ov] any br9e circulation sy/em1 ow+ to ! non-requirem5t ( pumps = circulat+ purposes4 ,caution is necess>y 9 erect+ all direct expansion pip+4 ,x mu/ be amply & securely erect$1 avoid+ ! use ( coa*-screws or lag-bolts1 ow+ to ! dang] ( rott+ & giv+ away1 ?us caus+ p]haps fatal injuries4 ,room pip+ w appe> be/ situat$ :5 gr\p$ ov] alleys & arrang$ ) drip pans s locat$ z to avoid drip onto meats or packages4 ,! ratio ( pip+ giv5 = br9e pipe w hold z to l9eal feet1 sub/itut+ foot = foot ( two-in* in/ead ( ?ree-in* pipe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--,,plan ,,( ,,g>dn] 8,,curta90 ,,sy/em ,,( ,,refrig]ation4 ,*ill-,room ,bunk]s4--,9 *ill-room bunk]s !re %\ld be a br9e sy/em arrang$ to drip ! br9e ov] ! pipes = use dur+ ! e>ly h\rs ( fill+1 s9ce a d\ble advantage c be ga9$ by s do+4 ,?is is q effective :5 intellig5tly op]at$4 ,freez] & ,/orage ,build+s4--,! use ( freez] build+s h become ( su* consequ5ce 9 l>g] pack+ plants = ! /orage ( meats t x w\ld seem opportune to introduce a description ( a freez] /orage build+ & to discuss ! requirem5ts necess>y = x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--;,,cross ,,section ,,cool]1 ,,bunk] 8,,curta90 ,,sy/em4 ,gr[?4--,! gr[? to include z x n[ does1 9 mo/ in/ances1 a produce m]*&is+ bus9ess ) its seasons ( production & /orage toge!r ) ! necessity ( provid+ l[ temp]ature /orage space = /or+ delicately cur$ hams & bacon ov] seasons1 make x almo/ a necessity to provide l[ temp]ature /orage or seek x away f ! premises1 ) ! incid5t exp5se involv$ 9 transf] & return1 /orage *>ges1 & ! damage resultant f exposure4 ,location4--,a fir/ consid]ation is ! location ( ! build+ = op]at+ advantages1 :i* is a local matt]1 b involves %ipp+ facilities by team & by c>1 conv5i5ce to ! s\rce ( production1 & p[] plant4 ,naturally ! value ( ! commodity 9 /orage1 :i* at pres5t prices1 rea*es a consid]able am\nt1 & ! safety ( ! product becomes a matt] ( no small ?\ght4 ,p]man5ce4--,! p]man5ce ( a build+ = ?is purpose once con/ruct$1 & ! likelihood ( *anges due to v>iation 9 bus9ess be+ small1 toge!r ) ! safety ( its cont5ts & a consequ5t l[ insurance rate1 makes fire-pro( cold /orage build+s highly desirable4 ,9 ^! days ( increas+ insurance rates1 build+s t are rat$ f tw5ty to ?irty c5ts p] ?\s& doll>s--non-spr9kl$--appeal to u4 ,^! rates are n uncommon4 ,su* c be obta9$ on prop]ly con/ruct$ build+s ) adequate exposure protection4 ,concrete or ,/eel ,frames4--,fire-pro( cold /orage build+s c be ( v>i\s /yles ( con/ruction4 ,! two types mo/ly us$ be+1 fir/1 ( /eel frame ) ei!r ca/ iron or /eel columns1 gird]s & beams ) tile or concrete 9 comb9ation = floors1 or secondly1 re9=c$ concrete frame ) concrete & tile 9 comb9ation1 or monoli?ic concrete floors4 ,= mod]ate heights ! walls c be self-su/a9+1 t is1 built up solidly2 b beyond a c]ta9 height x becomes economical to use curta9 walls simil> to ! well kn[n 8skyscrap]40 ,9 build+s up to eight /ories1 re9=c$ concrete frame ) monoli?ic floors prove m economical ?an /eel frame ) tile or concrete floors4 ,re9=c$ concrete build+s are m la/+1 s9ce x is impossible to closely fit tile ar\nd /eel columns & gird]s & exclude air1 moi/ure1 heat & cond5sation1 exi/+ 9 ?is class ( build+1 conditions mo/ contribut+ to ru/4 ,! life ( /eel fram+ "u ^! conditions is an untri$ exp]im5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! re9=c$ concrete build+ ! /r5g? is mu* d]iv$ f ! concrete & :5 well design$ & ! "w well execut$ ! /eel is imb$d$ & ?or\ghly conceal$ 9 ! concrete1 remote f ! conditions above /at$ & contribut+ to an indef9itely long life4 ,h[ev]1 /eel columns & gird]s encas$ 9 concrete make !m practically ! same4 ,limit = ,economic ,concrete ,columns4--,eight-/ory w>eh\ses ) basem5t appe> to be ample 9 height = ord9>y conditions4 ,meet+ ! insi/5t dem&s ( build+ ord9ances 9 "s cities l ,*icago1 ^! c be con/ruct$ ( re9=c$ concrete ) a maximum column diamet] ( tw5ty-eight in*es1 ) all floors design$ = #bjj p\nds p] squ>e foot4 ,?is height ( build+ ) su* load+s approximates ! practical limit ( su/a9+ on foot+s on ! usual und]ly+ e>?1 ) build+ panels sixte5 feet squ>e1 ! column spac+ be/ adapt$ to /orage purposes4 ,types ( ,con/ruction4--,9 concrete build+s j ref]r$ to1 our pref]5ce 9 /yle ( con/ruction is ei!r ( ! mu%room type1 t is1 flat ceil+s )\t gird]s2 or secondly1 ) gird]s ext5d+ 9 "o direction only4 ,an inexp]i5c$ eng9e] 9 8 ef=ts to m9imize ! quantity ( /eel & concrete requirem5t w inv>iably wi% to c>ry gird]s f column to column & cross beams betwe5 gird]s1 mak+ ! ceil+ look l a *eck]bo>d1 los+ p]haps tw5ty in*es or m head room on e /ory & mak+ a mu* m exp5sive build+ to con/ruct & op]ate4 ,! same fault is noticeable 9 /eel frame build+s1 s9ce ne>ly always !re are cross beams betwe5 gird]s4 ,?is drops ! *ill+ pipes1 curtail+ head room & makes an unsatisfactory arrangem5t4 ,:]eas ) a mu%room or flat ceil+ ) gird]s 9 "o direction1 ! difficulty is ov]come4 ,space ,losses2 ,beams ,two ,directions4--,9 an eight-/ory build+ ! additional height above ref]r$ to am\nts to f t5 to fifte5 feet ( unnecess>y build+ & adds greatly to ! con/ruction co/4 ,ext]ior ,walls4--,z = ! ext]ior surface ( ! build+1 ?is %\ld be brick1 ! light] ! color ! bett]1 mak+ absorption ( heat less probable4 ,:5 build+ re9=c$ concrete frame ) curta9 walls1 ! design %\ld be su* t ! brick "w entirely cov]s ! concrete frame1 s9ce x is v difficult to obta9 tight jo9ts abutt+ beams & columns :5 attempt+ to build panels ( brick 9 concrete fram+4 ,x is desirable to prev5t air & moi/ure leakage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--;,,gr\nd ,,plan ,,( ,a ,,freez] ,,& ,,/orage ,,build+4 ,qualities 9 ,brick4--,9 ! selection ( brick suffici5t att5tion is r>ely paid to ! obta9+ ( brick burn$ approximately to vitrification4 ,! pres5ce ( salt1 z is frequ5tly notic$ on ext]ior walls ( pack+ h\ses adjac5t to floor l9es1 indicates t br9e has be5 p]colat+ ! walls1 due to _! porosity4 ,9 ! same mann] wat] w pass ?r\gh ! opposite direction1 & v f> disqualify ! insulation mat]ials unless !y be non-absorb+1 & ev5 ^! are less5$ 9 value ow+ to ! accumulat+ moi/ure4 ,wall ,con/ruction4--,all k9ds ( tile & pla/] or concrete ext]iors %\ld be avoid$1 s9ce x is impossible to prev5t %r9kage cracks :i* p]mit p]colation ( wat]1 ev5tually %ell+ (f pla/]$ surfaces & det]iorat+ insulation4 ,v5tilation4--,9 nor!rn climates x is desirable to take advantage ( ! w9t] air :5 x equals or is l[] 9 temp]ature ?an ! rooms :]e product is /or$1 or :5 empty to air & cleanse an ap>tm5t4 ,= conv5i5ce 9 ?is x is advisable to locate refrig]ator w9d[s 9 ! same l9e to p]mit ready fl[ ?r\gh ! room2 ^! be+ put on h+es simil> to a door4 ,insulation4--,:5 und]tak+ to con/ruct build+s fire pro(1 problems 9 insulation are enc\nt]$4 ,! m d5se or heavi] ! mat]ial us$ 9 build+1 ! m cold radiat$ f all surfaces unless effectually cut (f4 ,9 ord9>y type ( con/ruction ! v>i\s floors re/ on ext]ior walls & 9 no way is x possible to prev5t a v great loss ( cold be+ c>ri$ ?r\gh ! floors1 !nce to ! walls & dissipat$ !reby4 ,su* matt]s are n trivial 9 _! importance4 ,at "o :olesale di/ribut+ m>ket det]ioration 9 insulation dur+ six or sev5 ye>s has necessitat$ ! d\bl+ ( refrig]at+ ma*9e s]vice & ! volume ( bus9ess is practically ! same4 ,to obviate ?is ! rem$y seems to be to surr\nd ! build+ on all sides & cov] ! ro( ) an encas+ ( insulation1 putt+ an ext]ior cov]+ ( brick or imp]vi\s mat]ial ov] ?is to protect ! insulation1 & to prev5t moi/ure com+ 9 contact ) ! insulation4 ,x is j l dropp+ a small box )9 a l>g] "o1 ! space betwe5 ! sides be+ ! insulation4 ,d\ble ,po/s or ,walls4--,?is is accompli%$ :5 build+ self su/a9+ walls by con/ruct+ a set ( columns adjac5t to ! walls ) gird]s f column to column & support+ floor slabs ^u ! gird]s1 n p]mitt+ ei!r columns1 gird]s or slab to be 9 contact ) ! ext]ior wall4 ,9 a skeleton con/ruction design !re are tw9 columns1 gird]s & beams1 ! inn] set c>ry+ ! floor load+ & ! out] ! build+ walls1 ! insulation l9+ be+ unbrok5 betwe5 !m4 ,v>y+ ,temp]atures4--,comm]cial dem&s require a v>iety ( temp]atures1 "s at z]o1 "s at fifte5 degrees & "s at ?irty-two or ov]1 9 ! "o build+4 ,! ma9ta9+ ( ^! v>y+ temp]atures 9 "o build+ requires mo/ c>eful design+1 s9ce ! concrete ev]la/+ly conveys cold & attempts to cut (f a floor f t above c only be done by compreh5sive & extravagant insulat+4 ,!re h be5 /orage h\ses :]e ) a freez] situat$ ov] or "u an egg room a /ove 0 ma9ta9$ 9 ! egg room to (fset ! cold temp]ature f above or bel[4 ,a dang]\s1 co/ly exp$i5t z well z ! risk ( freez+ eggs4 ,to encase & isolate a room to ma9ta9 z]o to fifte5 degrees 9 x &1 say1 ?irty-two above1 x is necess>y to p]=m ! foll[+ insulat+3 ,l9e ! ceil+ & beams2 cov] ! floor2 cov] ! columns1 s z to really envelop ! cold4 ,:5 insulation is plac$ on ! floor1 naturally ! "q ( a we>+ surface ov] ! insulation is app>5t & to ma9ta9 x fire-pro( ?is mu/ be cem5t or p]haps ma/ic4 ,?is causes an exp5diture = we>+ surface ov] ! floor insulation1 increas$ column quantity & /r5g?1 increas$ deadload ( floors1 insulation ( floor & ceil+1 ( columns1 & ?is1 cons]vatively speak+1 am\nts to a total ( eighty-five to n9ety c5ts p] squ>e foot ( area4 ,?is ov] "o foot is b a small am\nt1 b on a build+ "o hundr$ feet squ>e x becomes eighty-five hundr$ doll>s p] /ory4 ,h[ to ,sub-divide4--,to meet ! v>iety ( temp]atures requir$1 subdivid+ ! premises into sections1 b do+ x v]tically r ?an attempt to divide x horizontally1 ) a portion set aside = ea* division ( temp]ature4 ,if ! bus9ess is ( su* volume z to p]mit ?is1 make no attempt to insulate "o floor f t above1 z !re is no practical way to d x & obviate an inve/m5t 9 insulation f :i* !re is no return4 ,a ?or\gh ext]nal wall & ro( insulation is /rongly recomm5d$1 & ! cold radiat+ into a room above t may be only p>tially fill$ or empty may be consid]$ z no great loss1 provid$ ! out] contacts are elim9at$ or m9imiz$4 ,9 fire-pro( con/ruction ! loss ( cold ?r\gh ! gr\nd is an unsolvable problem4 ,to effectually d s x w\ld be requir$ to insulate e floor slab1 top & bottom1 all wall beam & column surfaces4 ,f ! =ego+ d$uction ! co/ w\ld be prohibitive4 ,basem5t ,freez]s4--,x is obvi\s f ?is argum5t t freez]s %\ld n be locat$ 9 basem5ts4 ,x is f> bett] to locate !m on ! upp] floors ( ! build+s & make ! cell> a mod]ately cold room1 p]mitt+ ! cold t w to radiate f ! columns to *ill x1 b supply+ su* additional pip+ z may be requir$ to ma9ta9 a regul> temp]ature4 ,if a freez] is plac$ on a fir/ floor1 x requires insulat+ ! basem5t ceil+1 :i* c be readily done4 ,! basem5t columns are n insulat$4 ,pip+ ,sy/ems4--,) ref]5ce to pip+ = freez+ box$ goods or beef cuts1 ! %elv+ sy/em made f coils ( pipe ^u :i* to /ore ! product :ile freez+ is pref]able4 ,!y are equally efficaci\s1 :e!r us$ 9 br9e circulation or direct expansion ( ammonia4 ,! coils 9 ! freez+ rooms are locat$ on ceil+s1 mak+ "o lay] ov] ceil+ = fifte5-degree rooms :]e conditions p]mit1 = h&9ess 9 remov+ fro/4 ,if ! rooms be c>ri$ at ?irty-two degrees or ov]1 gr\p ! coils 9 alleys to enable easy location ( pans = collect+ drip1 :5 coils are out ( s]vice4 ,:e!r "o uses direct refrig]at+ by expansion ( ammonia or br9e circulation ?r\gh pipes hung 9 rooms or indirect refrig]at+ by circulation ( *ill$ air is a matt] gov]n$ by local conditions & requirem5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--,,longitud9al ,,section ,,( ,a ,,freez] ,,& ,,/orage ,,room4 ,area & ,division4--,! plant %[n 9 ,figs4 #ca1 #cb & #cc has a l>ge gr\nd area & is a non-spr9kl$ risk4 ,?is build+ has a frontage ( #bcj feet by #acj feet dep?4 ,to avoid an insurance area *>ge = too l>ge floor areas1 & because ( a desire to c>ry sev]al temp]atures1 ! build+ 0 subdivid$ into ?ree sections1 ,a1 ,b & ,c1 by putt+ 9 fire walls4 ,x 0 design$ to h ,section 8,c0 subdivid$ into two halves1 p]mitt+ ! ma9t5ance ( two classes ( l[ temp]ature4 ,section 8,b0 0 set aside prim>ily = c>ry+ eggs & apples & ?or\ghly isolat$4 ,section 8,a0 0 treat$ 9 l mann] to ,section 8,c10 except t provision 0 made = ! division wall1 :i* 0 n put 9 at "t ( con/ruction4 ,illu/rat+ ! design is a g5]al floor plan ( ! premises toge!r ) a longitud9al section draw+ & a cross section draw+ ( ,section 8,c40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--,,transv]se ,,section ,,?r\gh ,,freez] ,,section 8,c40 ,receiv+ & ,dis*>g+4--,ref]r+ to ! plan1 att5tion is drawn to ! ?ree sections4 ,+ress & egress h be5 provid$ by railroad track at "o end ( ,section 8,a0 & d\ble track ) plat=ms on ea* side connect$ at end4 ,tw9 elevators ) /airs are locat$ )9 a cont9u\s ve/ibule & ! c5t] section c be s]v$ f ei!r elevator & /airs 9 ei!r ve/ibule4 ,! corn] /airs 9 ,sections 8,a0 & 8,b0 7 dem&$ by ! ,city ,build+ ,dep>tm5t1 b n necess>y to ! op]ation ( ! plant4 ,insulation ,l9es4--,ref]r+ to ! longitud9al section obs]ve ! tw9 columns1 tw9 gird]s on ea* floor level1 ! inn] c>ry+ ! floor con/ruction & ! out] ! curta9 walls4 ,notice ! inlay ( insulation4 ,! out] walls entirely enclose ! concrete skeleton1 mak+ ! brick "w cont9u\s & sightly4 ,! transv]se draw+ ( ,section 8,c0 %[s a p>tition cont9u\s f basem5t to ceil+ ( six? floor4 ,?is p>tition is n built f floor to floor1 b cont9u\s ?r\gh ! floors1 mak+ ei!r end virtually an isolat$ build+4 ,w>m ,/orage--,"o ,floor4--,x 0 desirable 9 ?is in/ance to use ! upp] floors ( ! build+ = w>m /orage1 consequ5tly ! top encas+ insulation is plac$ on ! ceil+ ( ! six? /ory1 cont9u+ to & meet+ ! wall insulation1 :i* ) ! wall insulation encases ! cold /orage1 z spok5 ( = ! ideal4 ,! floor con/ruction is ( flat ceil+ type1 !re be+ no gird]s to cont5d ) 9 pil+ product or in/all+ pip+4 ,"p ,freez]s4--,frequ5tly ! space requir$ = freez+ purposes w n be suffici5t to ju/ify ! con/ruction ( an indep5d5t build+4 ,sometimes consid]ation is giv5 to build+ freez]s 9 a horizontal belt1 horizontally across ! build+4 ,?is is n a prop] con/ruction1 s9ce x co/s mu* m to insulate ?an if ! same volume 7 arrang$ v]tically ) "o section above ! o!r4 ,9 o!r words1 if "o desires to cov] a floor surface ( #bj1jjj squ>e feet x w\ld be f> bett] to make x f\r areas ( #e1jjj feet 9 a f\r-/ory build+ ?an on "o or two floors4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,slaught]+ ,,cattle4 ,,receiv+ ,,live ,,/ock -- ,,wat]+ -- ,,driv+ ,,cattle -- ,,knock+ ,,cattle -- ,,/ick+ -- ,,head+ -- ,,prit* ,,/icks -- ,,foot ,,sk9n+ -- ,,ripp+ ,,& ,,leg ,,break+ -- ,,floor+ ,,cattle -- ,,brea/ ,,saw+ -- ,,fell ,,cutt+ -- ,,rump+ -- ,,beef ,,spread]s -- ,,fell ,,beat+ -- ,,gutt+ -- ,,back+ -- ,,tail ,,saw+ -- ,,splitt+ -- ,,splitt+ ,,cleav]s -- ,,cle>+ ,,out ,,& ,,hide ,,dropp+ -- ,,neck ,,splitt+ -- ,,bruise ,,trimm+ -- ,,skirt ,,trimm+ -- ,,wa%+ ,,cattle -- ,,f\nta9 ,,bru%es -- ,,dress+ ,,cattle -- ,,conveyors4 ,receiv+ ,live ,/ock4--,! beg9n+ ( ! pack+ bus9ess relat+ to hogs & cattle />ts :5 !y are receiv$ 9 ! p5s4 ,! p5s 9 mo/ climates %\ld be pav$1 provid$ ) prop] dra9age & ample wat]+ facilities4 ,be=e animals are slaught]$ ! fir/ ess5tial po9t is to see !y are 9 condition to be slaught]$1 namely1 t !y are n excit$1 fev]$1 out ( condition1 "u f$1 or1 9 o!r words1 t !y are z ne> _! normal condition z possible4 ,cattle %\ld be all[$ to re/ ov] night be=e !y are slaught]$1 if !y h be5 driv5 or transport$ any di/ance2 = if ! animal is tir$ or excit$ x w n ble$ prop]ly :5 slaught]$1 & if kill$ 9 ?is condition ! meat has a r$1 fi]y appe>ance1 & is g5]ally un:olesome4 ,x is a condition :i* ! practical eye ( ! tradesman w take cognizance ( v readily1 & he w n be sl[ to use x to 8 advantage4 ,wat] & ,spr9kl+4--,ample fre% wat] %\ld be provid$ = dr9k+ purposes1 & spr9kl+ hogs & cattle is v desirable 9 hot wea!r4 ,fig4 #cd is a view ( suitable re/+ p5s4 ,aft] ! animals h re/$ a suffici5t l5g? ( "t to be 9 normal condition !y %\ld be driv5 to ! kill+ p5s c>efully1 & )\t undue viol5ce1 su* z /rik+ !m across ! back ) heavy /icks1 or prodd+ !m unnecess>ily :ile 9 ! p5s1 z ?is abuse %[s on ! meat v readily :5 ! hide is remov$4 ,?is damage is inv>iably done on ! lo9 & rump ( ! animal1 & z ?is is ! high-pric$ "p ( ! meat1 x w readily be se5 t ! loss is q consid]able4 ,) /ubborn or wild cattle x is (t5 necess>y to be q sev]e1 b a practic$ h&l] ( live /ock w d x 9 su* a mann] z to avoid injur+ ! c>cass4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--;,,cattle ,,re/+ ,,9 ,,p5s ,,be=e ,,be+ ,,slaught]$4 ,driv+ ,cattle4--,a wood5 knob = ! end ( a prod pole w prev5t a great deal ( bruis+ & consequ5t discoloration ( ! meat4 ,:5 p5n+ cattle f ov]head1 ! p5n] inv>iably prods ! animal 9 ! lo91 (t5times us+ 8 pole z a h>poon4 ,! =ce ( ! bl[ ?us inflict$1 cov]+ s small a surface1 inv>iably makes a blood%ot spot1 :]eas1 if ! =ce ( ! bl[ 7 di/ribut$ ov] a portion ?ree times z l>ge no ill effect w\ld be notic$1 h5ce ! use ( ! knobs on ^! poles w d away ) ! bruis+ ( lo9s 9 h&l+ & p5n+ cattle4 ,poles electrically *>g$ by a wire ext5d+ ?r\gh ! pole ) a connection to ! light+ sy/em are us$ by _m ) good results4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--,,view ,,illu/rat+ ,,mod]n ,,me?od ,,( ,,/unn+ ,,cattle4 ,knock+ or ,/unn+ ,cattle4--,?is repres5ts really ! fir/ act 9 ! slaught]+ ( cattle4 ,aft] !y h be5 driv5 into ! n>r[ p5s provid$ = ! purpose1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ce1 ! knock] foll[s & ) a f\r p\nd hamm] /rikes ! animal a /unn+ bl[ 9 ! middle ( ! =ehead4 ,9 =m] times cattle 7 spe>$1 :i* 0 accompli%$ by walk+ ov] ! top ( ! runways & ) a long1 %>p-po9t$ spe>1 sev]+ ! sp9al cord4 ,?is me?od ( kill+1 h[ev]1 is b>b>\s & n ne>ly s efficaci\s z /unn+ by knock+1 & has be5 sup]s$$ 9 all ! l>ge abattoirs ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ! me?od ( knock+ z %[n 9 ! view4 ,x is advisable to use a hamm] ( comp>atively l>ge face1 s z n to ind5t ! skulls4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--,,/unn$ ,,cattle ,,be+ ,,hoi/$ ,,= ,,/ick]4 ,imm$iately aft] ! /unn+ a slid+ door is hoi/$ & ! /unn$ animal roll$ out to be hoi/$ = /ick+1 head+1 etc41 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #cf & #cg4 ,/ick+4--,9 /ick+ great c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! ?roat is well op5$1 !reby giv+ ! blood a free fl[1 also t 9 /ick+ bo? art]ies & ve9s are sev]$1 o!rwise ! beef w purge on ! back & look discolor$ :5 f9i%$4 ,c>e %\ld also be tak5 n to /ick cattle 8?r\gh10 = if ?is is done1 :5 ! bullock is ?r[n on its back1 ! blood fl[s onto ! *ime bones1 caus+ a bad discoloration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4--;,,head+ ,,& ,,sk9n+ ,,cattle4 ,head+4--,c>e %\ld be us$ to see t all ! fat possible is left on ! tongue1 leav+ x p]fectly smoo? on ! out] surface2 t z little hide z possible is left ar\nd ! horns4 ,! head]1 9 cutt+ ar\nd ! side ( ! head1 leaves all ! fat on ! heads1 & keeps z close to ! side ( ! tongue z he c )\t injury to same2 :5 ?is is done1 ! hide dropp] c leave a full %ap$ neck1 o!rwise consid]able meat :i* %\ld be on ! c>cass is left on ! head1 :]e x is aft]w>d trimm$ & only wor? tall[ price4 ,9 tak+ ! tongue f ! head ! trimm] %\ld cut close to ! jaw-bone1 s t all ! meat possible may be left on ! tongue4 ,prit* ,/icks4--,= conv5i5ce 9 h&l+ ! c>casses on ! b$s1 a prit* is us$ 7,see ,fig4 #ch74 ,?is /ick is arrang$ ) a spike 9 "o end & a f]rule on ! o!r2 us$ to hold ! animal :5 roll$ on its back4 ,prit*es 7 =m]ly made ) spikes at bo? ends4 ,a spike %\ld n be us$ on ! end ( ! prit* com+ 9 contact ) ! beef1 z ! spike (t5 punctures ! hide4 ,! end ( ! prit*1 :i* is to re/ ^u ! floor %\ld h a spike ins]t$4 ,! end :i* is to support ! c>cass1 %\ld h a f]rule ( #a-;in* pipe1 r\gh5$ l a saw too?1 :i* prev5ts x f slipp+ & at ! same "t does n injure ! hide4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4--,,prit* ,,to ,,support ,,animal ,,:5 ,,turn$ ,,on ,,back4 ,foot ,sk9n+4--,foot sk9n+ is ! t]m appli$ to tak+ (f ! feet4 ,9 do+ ?is1 cut ar\nd ! ho(s closely4 ,d n op5 ! hide any high] ?an necess>y to unjo9t ! feet4 ,if ! %ank is uncov]$ m ?an necess>y1 x is likely to become dirty1 & x is impossible to make x clean if ! tissue becomes /a9$4 ,be c>eful to see t none ( ! cords f ! front "p ( ! %9-bone are left on ! hide4 ,! m5 sk9n+ ! front feet usually raise ! gullet4 ,9 do+ ?is !y %\ld be c>eful to op5 ! neck /raight f :]e ! /ick] left (f1 & gu>d aga9/ cutt+ ! weas&4 ,! gullet %\ld n be rais$ too high ) ! knife :5 cle>+1 = if ?is is done1 x all[s ! blood to run back on ! ribs1 produc+ ! same effect z if ! bullock _h be5 /uck ?r\gh4 ,ripp+ & ,leg ,break+4--,9 ?is op]ation c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ to see t ! fir/ cut is made exactly :]e ! /ick] left (f1 op5+ ! brea/ & hide 9 ! c5t] ! full l5g? ( ! animal1 9 a /raight l9e4 ,uncov] ! gam only suffici5t to rea* ! jo9t1 leav+ ! hide ov] balance ( %ank to protect x4 ,9 ?is way y get v mu* bett] %anks ?an if sk9n$ too l[4 ,cut closely to ho(s s all hide possible comes (f ar\nd ! feet1 b t none ( ! cords are left on ! hide4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--,,view ,,%[+ ,,d\ble-,,b$ ,,kill+ ,,floor ,,9 ,a ,,mod]n ,,slaught] ,,h\se4 ,floor+ ,cattle4--,?is expression describes rimm+ ov] & sid+ ! bullock4 ,! special object ( ?is op]ation is to atta9 a smoo? hide )\t scores or cuts1 smoo? "w on ! bullock1 :i* consi/s 9 sav+ ! fell v c>efully1 cle>+ ! rose on %\ld] fully1 also ! sav+ ( ! fell back ( ! elb[ & ! =w>d %\ld]4 ,! latt] "p is a v p>ticul> po9t1 z if ! fell is n left x %[s black ^u *ill+4 ,brea/ ,saw+4--,9 saw+ ! brea/1 x %\ld be done c5trally1 hold+ saw at same angle z t at :i* ! animal is ly+1 o!rwise ! saw works t[>d "o side1 & makes a v bad-look+ brisket on "o side ( ! beef4 ,saw :]e m>k$1 o!rwise x w become necess>y to trim meat f ! neck1 if ! m>ks h n be5 foll[$4 ,caul pull+ consi/s 9 tak+ out ! caul 9 a tidy1 cleanly condition1 keep+ same (f ! floor1 & putt+ x into a box4 ,c>e %\ld also be tak5 n to cut or te> ! inte/9es1 & if s1 t !y are imm$iately skew]$4 ,fell ,cutt+4--,fell cutt+ consi/s 9 sk9n+ ! hide (f ! h9d legs :5 animal is on ! fir/ hoi/4 ,! po9ts to be c>efully look$ aft] 9 ?is "w is to see t smoo? "w is done bo? on ! hides & on ! beef itself4 ,rump+4--,?is op]ation requires v skillful "w1 & calls = a great deal ( att5tion4 ,po9ts to be atta9$ are a smoo? hide free f scores or cuts1 & smoo? "w on ! beef4 ,c>e mu/ be us$ 9 ?is "w to see t ! rump] keeps v close to ! hide on outside ( ! leg1 9 ord] t ! fell-beat] may d good "w4 ,if ! rump] is c>eless & breaks ?r\gh ! fell1 x is impossible to c>ry ?is d[n smoo?ly4 ,9 work+ ar\nd ! tail1 c>e mu/ be tak5 n to cut into ! lean meat1 especially on ?9 cattle1 :]e !re is comp>atively little cov]+4 ,fell ,beat+4--,if ! floorman & rump] d _! "w prop]ly1 x is comp>atively easy to d a good job at fell beat+4 ,! fell-beat]s %\ld !n use c>e to see t !y d n te> ?r\gh1 &1 9 m>k+ ) ! *opp]1 to m>k 9 su* a way t !y te> back in/ead ( cutt+ (f4 ,gutt+4--,! objects s\ght = 9 ?is p>ticul> "w are3 ,fir/1 cleanl9ess1 & next1 to save ! fat smoo? & )\t te>+ x ar\nd ! bones4 ,! liv] %\ld be tak5 out )\t te>+4 ,special c>e %\ld be us$ 9 cutt+ betwe5 kidneys1 to op5 9 ! c5t] )\t cutt+ t5d]lo94 ,also to leave all t5d]lo9 9 ! bullock1 =1 if any comes out ) ! 8pluck0 x is wa/$4 ,! workm5 %\ld also be c>eful ab\t cutt+ inte/9es or weas&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--,,ord9>y ,,beef ,,spread]4 ,back+4--,! objects to be atta9$ 9 ?is p>ticul> "w1 are3 ,fir/1 smoo? hides1 free f scores or cuts1 at ! same "t leav+ no fat on ! hide1 & next1 p>ticul> c>e %\ld be tak5 9 ! "w requir$ 9 ! dropp+ ( ! hide to see t ! fat is n remov$ f ! lo9s4 ,tail ,saw+4--,! po9t 9 ?is "w is to see t ! saw is absolutely 9 ! c5t]1 & t ! fir/ bone is saw$ c5trally4 ,bett] "w c d\btless be done by saw+ ! tail f ! re>1 8popp+0 x twice4 ,beef ,spread]s4--,9 slaught]+ cattle x 0 =m]ly ! cu/om to use an ord9>y spread] z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dj1 :i* spread all c>casses1 l>ge or small1 a c]ta9 di/ance & kept !m spread f ! "t !y 7 hung until f9i%$ splitt+4 ,! spr+ beef spread] illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #da1 is a great improvem5t ov] ?is old spread]4 ,:5 ! cattle are fir/ hung on ?is appliance ! c5t] piece is rais$ up1 all[+ ! hooks to hang 9 a normal condition proportionate to ! size ( ! animal :i* is hung on !m4 ,hang+ 9 ?is %ape1 ! rump] is giv5 a *ance to d 8 "w bett]4 ,splitt+4--,great c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 ?is p>ticul> "w1 especially on 8h>d-bone0 cattle4 ,!y %\ld split ! bone d[n c5trally1 ! entire l5g? ( ! c>cass4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 to see t !y split ! %ort f9-bone 9 ! neck1 !reby giv+ ! neck-splitt] a *ance to />t c5trally ) 8 "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4--,,spr+ ,,beef ,,spread]4 ,splitt+ ,cleav]s4--,c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ to see t ^! are 9 ! v be/ condition to d ! "w4 ,!y %\ld be gr\nd z ?9 z possible1 yet n s ?9 t !y w %att]4 ,if ! splitt]s d n break a *opp] occasionally1 x is evid5ce t ^! are n gr\nd z ?9 z !y %\ld be1 &1 unless !y are1 x is impossible to d good "w 9 splitt+4 ,! workm5 %\ld1 h[ev]1 h *opp]s gr\nd diff]5t ?icknesses = diff]5t bon$ cattle1 & nev] use ?9-gr\nd *opp]s on c[s or h>d-bon$ /e]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4--,,view ,,%[+ ,,beef ,,c>casses ,,be+ ,,split ,,& ,,hung ,,on ,,trolley4 ,cle>+ ,out & ,hide ,dropp+4--,9 cle>+ ! %anks ! workm5 %\ld look c>efully to see t !y d n score ! hide1 or make any miscuts 9 ! meat4 ,!y %\ld also save ! ve9s 9 ! "u side ( =w>d %\ld]1 = :5 ^! are cut !y cont9ue to purge1 mak+ bad-look+ %anks4 ,9 hide dropp+ c>e %\ld be us$ to see t ! workm5 d n score or cut hides1 make miscuts 9 ! neck1 or leave any unnecess>y fat on ! hide4 ,!y %\ld also sk9 hides z l[ d[n z possible on ! necks4 ,neck ,splitt+4--,?is %\ld be done c>efully1 splitt+ ! neck fairly 9 ! c5t]4 ,! la/ bone1 or 8deacon0 jo9t1 9 ! neck %\ld be brok5 c5trally1 9 ord] to give equal weights & appe>ance to ! beef4 ,bruise ,trimm+4--,?is is a v ess5tial feature 9 ! dress+ ( cattle1 & "o 9 :i* good judgm5t mu/ be ex]cis$4 ,x is1 !re=e1 v h>d to lay d[n any set rules fur!r ?an ! foll[+3 ,! object ( trimm+ bruises is to take (f all blood accumulations1 & at ! same "t leave all ! fat possible on ! hips1 etc41 to be blea*$ out by us+ hot wat] & ?or\gh wip+4 ,! great dang]1 g5]ally speak+1 is t !y are trimm$ too mu* & scrubb$ too little4 ,^! are po9ts :i* require v c>eful att5tion4 ,skirt ,trimm+4--,skirt trimm+ consi/s 9 cutt+ (f ! edge ( ! skirts ev5ly on native cattle )\t expos+ ! lean meat4 ,on we/]n cattle & ?9 /ock1 ! skirts %\ld be trimm$ high en\gh s t !y w expose ! lean meat1 :i* gives a *ance = all moi/ure :i* has ga!r$ "u ! film to escape1 mak+ ! beef dry] ?an if o!rwise trimm$4 ,wa%+ ,cattle4--,x w be not$ t ! c>casses are !n sep>at$ into two pieces & %\ld be ?or\ghly wa%$ & scrubb$ ) f\nta9 bru%es to insure absolute cleanl9ess 9 e "p4 ,! wa%+ & wip+ %\ld be c>efully p]=m$1 & incid5tal to ! wa%+ is ! scrap+ ( slime f ! back & %\ld]s previ\s to wip+4 ,_m slaught] floors are n[ equipp$ ) c5trifugal wr+]s = wr++ out boil$ clo?s & cleanl9ess is made p>am\nt 9 h&l+ beef4 ,9 ! wa%+ ( beef ! "w %\ld />t at ! h9d legs1 ! /ep-ladd] m5 be+ ! fir/ to use wat] on ! beef aft] x is split4 ,next1 ! back wa%]s & wip]s2 aft] ^!1 ! neck & rib wa%]s1 ! policy be+ to />t at ! top & clean ! beef z !y g along4 ,! wa%]s %\ld be kept close up1 h&l+ ! beef promptly1 runn+ x into ! cool] z fa/ z x is dress$4 ,f\nta9 ,bru%es4--,a conv5i5t app>atus = wa%+ c>casses is ! f\nta9 bru%4 ,x consi/s ( an ord9>y bru% ) a spray atta*m5t on ! front ( x1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dc4 ,to ?is is atta*$ a hose :i* supplies hot wat] f ! vat above4 ,:5 ! m5 are ready to scrub ! beef a valve is turn$ on1 ! wat] gravitat+ ?r\gh ! hose to ! meat4 ,9 wett+ x cont9u\sly ! blood or discoloration :i* may be ga!r$ on ! meat is rapidly tak5 (f1 leav+ x 9 a bright1 clean condition4 ,! beef is !n wip$ ) a clo? made ( t5 or twelve ?icknesses ( v co>se *eese clo? :i* rapidly absorbs ! moi/ure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4--,,! ,,f\nta9 ,,bru%4 ,dress+ ,cattle4--,! me*anical labor ( dress+ cattle is ab\t ! same :e!r slaught]+ t5 or t5 hundr$1 except 9 ! =m] case ! "w w\ld be p]=m$ by "o man & 9 ! latt] by probably "o hundr$ & ?irty4 ,! facilities = do+ ! "w v>y ) ! quantity & /yle ( b$s4 ,"s b$s are burd5$ ) me*anical appliances :]e ! app>atus m ?an c\nt]acts any possible labor sav+ t c be effect$4 ,common s5se 9 ?is in/ance w\ld indicate simplicity1 z conveyors & me*anical appliances are co/ly = in/allation & = upkeep4 ,dress+ ,conveyors4--,dress+ conveyors to take ! animal aft] sid+ w\ld1 h[ev]1 appe> advantage\s1 s9ce x p]mits ( ! conc5tration ( ! visc]a = inspection & manipulation1 & makes = facilities :]e ! same c be h&l$ to meet ! regulations & avoid ! tr\bles ( food products t\*+ ! floor on be+ truck$4 ,^! conveyor sy/ems c be simple or complicat$ & ea* h\se requires treatm5t comp>able ) ! quantity ( bus9ess p]=m$4 ,! type ( kill+ b$s1 :]e ! p5s range across ! build+ ) "o p5 = ea* two b$s1 & a wait+ p5 :]e ! drive c be mov$ =w>d = knock+1 is1 9 ! writ]'s op9ion1 ! lea/ co/ly = /&>d op]ation1 p>ticul>ly if an automatic hang+-(f arrangem5t is provid$4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,dress+ ,,yields ,,& ,,cattle ,,cutt+s4 ,,yields ,,( ,,cattle -- ,,yield ,,f ,,tw5ty-,,two ,,native ,,cattle -- ,,yield ,,f ,,fifty-,,n9e ,,texas ,,cattle -- ,,yield ,,f ,,tw5ty ,,heavy ,,cattle -- ,,yield ,,f ,,?irty-,,f\r ,,cattle -- ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,cuts -- ,,beef ,,cuts -- ,,diagram ,,( ,,cutt+ -- ,,grad+ -- ,,lo9s -- ,,ribs -- ,,r\nds -- ,,*ucks -- ,,plates1 ,,%anks ,,& ,,flanks -- ,,b>rel$ ,,beef4 ,yields ( ,cattle4--,! foll[+ are c>efully prep>$ calculations made f data obta9$ 9 op]ation1 %[+ yields ( diff]5t products on sev]al diff]5t lots ( cattle4 ,^! 7 *oice cattle 9 ea* in/ance & ! av]age yield ( ! products is g5]ally l>g] ?an w\ld be ! case ) ! ord9>y run ( cattle slaught]$4 ,a p]usal ( ! diff]5t te/s giv5 9 ! foll[+ pages w give ! read] ! av]age yield 9 diff]5t l9es f ! cattle h&l$1 toge!r ) ! value ( ! diff]5t items at "t te/s 7 made4 ,! prices 7 9 vogue at ! "t ( ! orig9al publication & :ile n[ obsolete are left = comp>ative purposes4 ,! quantities & p]c5tages w\ld rema9 & c be us$ z a basis = pres5t computations4 ,yield f ,tw5ty-,two ,native ,cattle4--,! foll[+ tables %[ ! yield 9 beef1 hides & tall[ & value ( (fal ( tw5ty-two native cattle1 ! fir/ 9 ea* te/ %[+ ! weight & p]c5tage ( yield ( beef1 hides & tall[4 ,! yield ( sweetbreads ( tw5ty-two cattle 0 tw5ty-two pieces1 weigh+ six p\nds1 valu$ at #bj;c p] p\nd1 total value #a4bj4 ,! yield 9 tripe 0 tw5ty-two pieces1 weigh+ #dbj p\nds1 valu$ at c p] p\nd1 total value #b4aj4 ,total value ( sweetbreads & gre5 tripe1 #c4cj4 ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,yield ,,( ,,beef1 ,,hides ,,& ,,tall[4 ,weight ,weight ,p] ,product lbs4 ,av]ages lbs4 ,c5t ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,live weight #bc1gjj;,av]age #a1jgg4jj 444 ,dress$ weight #ad1bci;,av]age #fdf4jj #fj4jh ,%ipp+ weight #ad1afb,%r9kage 444 #j4ed ,hides weight #a1gee;,av]age 444 #g4dj ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,total fat weight #a1cia;,av]age p] head #fc4be #e4hj ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,trimm+s ,,f ,,lot ,,( ,,tw5ty-,,two ,,cattle4 ,product ,p\nds ,value ,total ,value ---------------------------------------- ------- #bb tongues #adi #j4ee ea* #ab4aj #bb liv]s #bdh 4#ce ea* #g4gj #bb he>ts #ef 4#jg ea* #a4ed #bb tails #dj 4#jc ea* 4#gg ,*eek meat #hh 4#jc p] lb4 #b4fd ,head meat #af 4#jc p] lb4 4#dh ,f9e meat #g 4#jc p] lb4 4#ba ,head trimm+s #aa 4#jc p] lb4 4#cc ---------------------------------------- ------- ,total value 444 444 #be4gg ---------------------------------------- ------- ,,cas+s ,,f ,,lot ,,( ,,tw5ty-,,two ,,cattle4 ,p] c5t ,product us$ ,value ,total ,value ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #bj sets r\nd guts #ia #j4ad set #b4hj #h sets middles #cf 4#ej set #d4jj #bb pcs4 bungs #ajj 4#aa ea* #b4db #bj pcs4 bung gut sk9s #ia 4#ja ea* 4#be #ai pcs4 weas&s #hf 4#je p] pce4 4#ie #h pcs4 bladd]s #cf 4#cj p] doz4 4#bb #ad lbs4 weas& meat 4#ja p] lb4 4#ad ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,total value 444 444 #aj4gh ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,yield ,,f ,,heads ,,& ,,feet ,,( ,,tw5ty-,,two ,,cattle4 ,wt4 p] ,total head1 ,value ,product ,wt4 lbs4 lbs4 ,price ,am't p] head ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,skulls #hh #d4jj #ah4jj p] ton #j4gij4jceij ,jaws #dc #a4ie #ah4jj p] ton 4#ci 4#jaggb ,knuckles #fc #b4hf #ah4jj p] ton 4#ef 4#jbede ,d>k ho(s #ci #a4gg #bb4jj p] ton 4#dc 4#jaied ,no4 #a r'nd %9s #bf #a4ah #db4jj p] ton 4#ed 4#jbded ,flat %9s #ai 4#hf #cj4jj p] ton 4#bi 4#jacah ,no4 #a tall[ #ade #f4ei 4#jf p] lb4 #i4gh 4#ddded ,neatsfoot oil #bc #a4je 4#fd p] gal4 #a4ic 4#jhggc ,tankage #aaj #e4jj #af4jj p] ton 4#hh 4#jdjjj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,total 444 444 444 #ae4eij4gjhfj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,! product s5t to tank room 0 #a1fge p\nds gre5 weight1 ! av]age p] head be+ #gf4ad p\nds4 ,9 figur+ ! value ( ! (fal 9 ! diff]5t te/s ! mat]ials s5t to ! tank room are n tak5 into consid]ation4 ,! blood f ! tw5ty-two cattle 0 eight p\nds p] head ( dry blood2 total1 #agf p\nds2 value1 at ! rate ( #cc4jj p] ton1 equals #b4ij4 ,! s9ews f ! tw5ty-two lot 0 #a4ic p\nds p] head2 total weight1 #db p\nds2 value at ! rate ( #ai4jj p] ton1 equals #dj;c4 ,! fat f ! tw5ty-two native cattle %[$ ! foll[+ yield 9 oleo /ock3 #a1abb lbs4 ,no4 #a /ock #hj4jj p] c5t4 #a1cia lbs4 tall[ #aic lbs4 scrap tall[ #ac4hh p] c5t4 #gf lbs4 wa/e #e4df p] c5t4 ------ #ajj4jj p] c5t4 ,! #a1abb p\nds ( /ock %[$ ! foll[+ yield 9 oleo oil & /e>9e3 ,,yield ,,9 ,,oleo ,,oil ,,& ,,/e>9e4 ,p] ,weight1 ,price ,product c5t lbs4 p] lb4 ,value ---------------------------------------- ---- ,no4 #a oil #gi4gg #hie #j4aj #id4cg ,no4 #a /e>9e #ai4eb #bai 4#ac #bi4ef ,wa/e 9 press+ 4#ga #h 444 444 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,totals #ajj4jj #a1abb 444 #abc4ic ---------------------------------------- ----- ,! total value ( ! (fal ( ! tw5ty-two native cattle1 includ+ ! tall[1 0 #ahb4fg1 an av]age p] head ( #h4cj4 ,yield f ,fifty-,n9e ,texas ,cattle4--,! foll[+ table %[s ! yield 9 beef1 hides & tall[ & ! value ( (fal ( fifty-n9e f$ ,texas cattle3 ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,yield ,,( ,,beef1 ,,hides ,,& ,,tall[4 ,weight1 ,weight1 ,p] ,product lbs4 ,av]ages lbs4 c5t ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,live weight #fd1bfj ,av]age #ajhj4 444 ,dress$ weight #ci1fji ,av]age #fga4 #fa4fd ,%ipp+ weight#ci1cfe ,%r9kage 444 4#fb ,total fat #c1hif ,av]age p] head #ff4jc #f4jj ,hides #d1idf ,av]age p] head #hc4ib #g4gj ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,! yield 9 sweetbreads 0 #ei pieces1 weight #bj p\nds1 value #bj;c p] p\nd2 total1 #d4jj4 ,! output ( tripe 0 #ei pieces1 weigh+ #a1jhj p\nds1 valu$ at c p] p\nd2 total value1 #e4dj4 ,total value ( sweetbreads & gre5 tripe1 #i4dj4 ,,trimm+s ,,f ,,fifty-,,n9e ,,texas ,,cattle4 ,weight1 ,total ,product lbs4 ,value value ---------------------------------------- --- #ei tongues #dah #j4ee ea* #cb4de #ei liv]s #gdd 4#ce ea* #bj4fe #ei he>ts #afj 4#jg ea* #d4ac #ei tails #hh 4#jc ea* #b4jf ,*eek meat #bbg 4#jc p] lb4 #f4ha ,head meat #cg 4#jc p] lb4 #a4ja ,f9e meat #ah 4#jc p] lb4 4#ed ,head trimm+s #bd 4#jc p] lb4 4#gb ---------------------------------------- --- ,total value 444 444 #fh4cg ---------------------------------------- --- ,,yield ,,9 ,,cas+s ,,f ,,fifty-,,n9e ,,cattle4 ,p] c5t ,total ,product us$ ,value value ---------------------------------------- ------------ #eb sets r\nd guts #hhj4ad p] set #g4bh #bj sets middles #cd 4#ej p] set #aj4jj #ei pcs4 bungs #ajj 4#aa p] pce4 #f4di #df pcs4 bung gut sk9s #gh 4#ja p] pce4 4#eg #ej pcs4 weas&s #he 4#je p] pce4 #b4ej #dc pcs4 bladd]s #gc 4#cj p] doz4 #a4jg #bd lbs4 weas& meat 444 4#ja p] lb4 4#bd ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,total value 444 444 #bh4ae ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,yield ,,9 ,,heads ,,& ,,feet ,,f ,,fifty-,,n9e ,,cattle4 ,total,wt4 p] ,value ,wt4 head p] ,product lbs4 lbs4 ,price ,am\nt head ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,skulls #bdg #d4ai #ah4jj p] ton #b4bbj4jcgg ,jaws #acj #b4bj #ah4jj p] ton #a4ag 4#jaih ,knuckles #afa #b4gc #ah4jj p] ton #a4di 4#jbde ,d>k ho(s #aab #a4ij #bb4jj p] ton #a4bc 4#jahi ,pi?s #gc #a4bd #bj4jj p] ton 4#gc 4#jabd ,no4 #a r'nd %9s #fa #a4jd #db4jj p] ton #a4bh 4#jbah ,flat %9s #dc 4#gc #cj4jj p] ton 4#fe 4#jaji ,no4 #a tall[ #ebg #h4ic 4#jf p] lb4 #ce4ef 4#fjbg ,no4 #a horns #eg 4#ig #bjj4jj p] ton #e4gj 4#jigj ,neatsfoot oil #ee 4#ic 4#fd p] gal4 #d4fi 4#jgic ,tankage #bae #c4fd #af4jj p] ton #a4gb 4#jbia ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,total am\nt 444 444 444 #ef4ddj4ieff ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,! yield 9 ! tank room ( fifty-n9e ,texas cattle 0 #d1dff p\nds gre5 weight to tanks1 ! av]age p] head be+ #ge4gj p\nds4 ,! yield 9 blood ( fifty-n9e ,texas cattle 0 eight p\nds p] head ( dry blood2 total1 #dgb p\nds2 value1 at ! rate ( #cc4jj p] ton1 equals #g4gh4 ,! yield 9 s9ews ( fifty-n9e ,texas cattle 0 #a4hg p\nds p] head2 total weight1 #aaj p\nds2 value1 at ! rate ( #ai4jj p] ton1 equals #a4jd4 ,! fat f ! fifty-n9e ,texas cattle %[$ ! foll[+ yield 9 oleo /ock3 #c1afi lbs4 ,no4 #a /ock #ha4cd p] c5t4 #c1hif lbs4 tall[ #eci lbs4 scrap tall[ #ac4hd p] c5t4 #ahh lbs4 wa/e #d4hb p] c5t4 ------ #ajj4jj p] c5t4 ,! above #c1afi p\nds ( /ock %[$ 9 oleo oil & /e>9e3 ,,yield ,,9 ,,oleo ,,oil ,,& ,,/e>9e4 ,p] ,weight1 ,price ,product c5t lbs4 p] lb4 ,value ---------------------------------------- ------ ,no4 #a oil #hj4ge #b1eei #j4aa #bha4di ,no4 #a /e>9e #ah4di #ehf 4#ac #gi4aa ,wa/e 9 press+ 4#gf #bd 444 444 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,totals #ajj4jj #c1afi 444 #cfj4fj ---------------------------------------- ------ ,! total value ( ! (fal ( fifty-n9e ,texas cattle1 includ+ tall[1 0 #eca4gh2 av]age p] head1 #i4ajc4 ,yield f ,tw5ty ,heavy ,cattle4--,! foll[+ tables %[ ! yield 9 beef1 hides & tall[1 & ! value ( (fal ( tw5ty cattle1 eight hides1 classifi$ z natives & twelve z spreadies4 ,! yield 9 sweetbreads f tw5ty cattle 03 #bj pieces weigh+ sev5 p\nds1 valu$ at #bj;c p] p\nd2 total value1 #a4dj4 ,! yield 9 tripe 0 #bj pieces weigh+ #dbj p\nds1 valu$ at c p] p\nd2 total value1 #b4aj4 ,total value ( sweetbreads & gre5 tripe1 #c4ej4 ,! product s5t to tank room 0 #a1fbf p\nds gre5 weight to tanks1 ! av]age p] head be+ #ha4c p\nds4 ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,yield ,,9 ,,beef1 ,,hides ,,& ,,tall[4 ,weight1 ,weight1 ,p] ,product lbs4 ,av]ages lbs4 c5t ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,live weight #bd1fej;,av]age #a1bcb 444 ,dress$ weight #ae1hid;,av]age #geh #fa4fd ,%ipp+ weight #ad1iad,%r9kage #a4hd ,hides weight 7eight natives & twelve spreadies7 #a1gca 444 #hf4e #g4aj ,total fat #a1eeb;,av]age p] head #gg4f #f4bj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,yield ,,9 ,,trimm+s ,,f ,,tw5ty ,,cattle4 ,total ,product ,p\nds ,value ,value ---------------------------------------- -- #bj tongues #agc #j4ee ea* #aa4jj #bj liv]s #bfa 4#cj ea* #g4jj #bj he>ts #fd 4#jg ea* #a4dj #bj tails #cc 4#jc ea* 4#gj ,*eek meat #ie 4#jc p] lb4 #b4he ,head meat #af 4#jc p] lb4 4#dh ,f9e meat #aj 4#jc p] lb4 4#cj ,head trimm+s #ae 4#jc p] lb4 4#de ---------------------------------------- -- ,total value 444 444 #bd4ah ---------------------------------------- -- ,,yield ,,9 ,,cas+s ,,f ,,tw5ty ,,cattle4 ,p] c5t ,total ,product us$ ,value ,value ---------------------------------------- --------- #ai sets r\nds #iej4ad p] set #b4ff #g sets middles #ce 4#ej p] set #c4ej #bj pcs4 bungs #ajj 4#aa ea* #b4bj #ae pcs4 bung gut sk9s #ge 4#ja ea* 4#ai #h pcs4 weas&s #dj 4#je ea* 4#dj #i pcs4 bladd]s #de 4#cj p] doz4 4#bb #aa lbs4 weas& meat 444 4#ja p] lb4 4#aa ---------------------------------------- --------- ,total value 444 444 #i4bh ---------------------------------------- --------- ,! yield 9 blood f tw5ty cattle 0 #h4ce p\nds p] head ( dry blood2 total1 #afg p\nds2 value at ! rate ( #cc4jj p] ton1 equals #b4ge4 ,yield 9 s9ews ( tw5ty cattle 0 two p\nds p] head1 total weight #dj p\nds2 value at ! rate ( #ai4jj p] ton1 equals #ch;c4 ,,yield ,,f ,,heads ,,& ,,feet ,,( ,,tw5ty ,,cattle4 ,wt4 ,total p] ,value wt41head1 p] ,product lbs4 lbs4 ,price ,am\nt head ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,skulls #hd #d4bj #ah4jj p] ton #j4gej4jcge ,jaws #df #b4cj #ah4jj p] ton 4#da 4#jbje ,knuckles #fi #c4de #ah4jj p] ton 4#fb 4#jcaj ,ho(s #dc #b4ae #bb4jj p] ton 4#dg 4#jbce ,no4 #a r'nd %9s #be #a4be #db4jj p] ton 4#ec 4#jbde ,flat %9s #bj #a4jj #cj4jj p] ton 4#cj 4#jaej ,no4 #a tall[ #afe #h4be 4#jf p] lb4 #aa4ac 4#eefh ,neatsfoot oil #cb #a4fj 4#fd p] gal4 #b4gb 4#acfj ,tankage #gb #c4fj #af4jj p] ton 4#eh 4#jbij ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,totals 444 444 444 #ag4ebj4hgfj ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,! fat f tw5ty cattle produc$ a yield 9 oleo /ock ( #a1bfe lbs4 ,no4 #a /ock #ha4ea p] c5t4 #a1eeb lbs4 fat #bae lbs4 scrap tall[ #ac4he p] c5t4 #gb lbs4 wa/e #d4fd p] c5t4 ------ #ajj4jj p] c5t4 ,! above #a1bfe p\nds ( /ock %[$ ! foll[+ yield 9 oleo oil & /e>9e3 ,,yield ,,9 ,,oleo ,,& ,,/e>9e4 ,p] ,weight1 ,price ,product c5t lbs4 p] lb4 ,value ---------------------------------------- ------ ,no4 #a oil #gi4cg #a1jjd #j4aa #aaj4dd ,no4 #a /e>9e #bj4jh #bed 4#ad #ce4ef ,wa/e 9 press+ 4#ee 444 444 444 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,totals #ajj4jj #a1beh 444 #adf4jj ---------------------------------------- ------ ,! total value ( ! (fal ( above tw5ty cattle1 includ+ ! tall[1 0 #bjc4fa1 an av]age p] head ( #aj4ahje4 ,yield f ,?irty-,f\r ,cattle4--,! foll[+ table %[s ! yield 9 beef1 hides & tall[ & ! value ( (fal ( ?irty-f\r cattle3 ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,yield ,,9 ,,beef1 ,,hides ,,amd ,,tall[4 ,weight1 ,weight1 ,p] ,product lbs4 ,av]ages lbs4 c5t ---------------------------------------- ------ ,live weight #db1cej;,av]age #abei 444 ,dress$ weight #be1efc;,av]age #gea #fj4cf ,%ipp+ weight #be1jfg,%r9kage 444 #a4ih ,hides weight #c1jbg 444 #hi4jj #g4aj ,total fat #b1fff;,fat p] head #gh4da #f4cj ---------------------------------------- ------ ,,yield ,,f ,,trimm+s ,,( ,,?irty-,,f\r ,,cattle4 ,weight1 ,total ,product lbs4 ,value ,value ---------------------------------------- --- #cd tongues #bfc #j4ee ea* #ah4gj #cd liv]s #dbe 4#ce ea* #aa4ij #cd he>ts #agc 4#jg ea* #b4ch #cd tails #di 4#jc ea* #a4ai ,*eek meat #ahe 4#jc p] lb4 #e4ee ,head meat #cb 4#jc p] lb4 4#if ,f9e meat #ai 4#jc p] lb4 4#eg ,head trimm+s #bf 4#jc p] lb4 4#gh ---------------------------------------- --- ,total value 444 444 #db4jc ---------------------------------------- --- ,,yield ,,f ,,cas+s ,,( ,,?irty-,,f\r ,,cattle4 ,p] c5t ,total ,product us$ ,value ,value ---------------------------------------- --------- #cd sets r\nds #ajjj4ad set #d4gf #ac sets middles #ch 4#ej set #f4ej #cd pcs4 bungs #ajj 4#aa ea* #c4gd #cb pcs4 bung gut sk9s #id 4#ja ea* 4#dj #cj pcs4 weas&s #hh 4#je ea* #a4ej #be pcs4 bladd]s #gd 4#cj p] doz4 4#fc #aj lbs4 weas& meat #bj 4#ja p] lb4 4#bj ---------------------------------------- --------- ,total value 444 444 #ag4gc ---------------------------------------- --------- ,! yield 9 sweetbreads ( same ?irty-f\r cattle 0 #bi pieces1 weigh+ n9e p\nds1 valu$ at #bj;c p] p\nd2 total value ( #a4hj4 ,! yield 9 tripe 0 #cd pieces1 weigh+ #gaj p\nds1 valu$ at c p] p\nd2 total value1 #e4ce4 ,! yield 9 tank room ( same ?irty-f\r cattle 0 #b1ffe p\nds gre5 weight to tanks1 ! av]age p] head be+ #gh4ch p\nds4 ,yield 9 blood ( same ?irty-f\r cattle 0 z foll[s3 #h4f p\nds p] head ( dry blood2 total1 #bib p\nds2 value at ! rate ( #cc4jj p] ton equals #d4hb4 ,! yield 9 s9ews ( ?irty-f\r cattle 0 #a4dd p\nds p] head2 total weight1 #di p\nds2 value at ! rate ( #ai4jj p] ton equals #df;c4 ,! fat f ! ?irty-f\r cattle %[$ ! foll[+ yield 9 oleo /ock3 #b1ahi lbs4 ,no4 #a /ock #hb4aa p] c5t4 #b1fff lbs4 fat #chc lbs4 scrap tall[ #ad4cg p] c5t4 #id lbs4 wa/e #c4eb p] c5t4 ------ #ajj4jj p] c5t4 ,! above #b1ahi p\nds ( /ock %[$ ! foll[+ yield 9 oleo oil & /e>9e3 ,,yield ,,9 ,,oleo ,,& ,,/e>9e4 ,price ,p] ,weight1 p] ,product c5t p\nds lb4 ,value ---------------------------------------- -- ,no4 #a oil #gh4jd #a1gjh #j4aaahg4hh ,no4 #a /e>9e #ba4jf #dfa 4#ad #fd4ed ,wa/e 9 press+ 4#ij #bj 444 444 ---------------------------------------- -- ,totals #ajj4jj #b1ahi 444 #beb4db ---------------------------------------- -- ,! total value ( ! (fal ( ^! ?irty-f\r cattle1 includ+ ! tall[1 0 #cef4hj2 an av]age p] head ( #aj4dig4 ,! =ego+ records ( te/s w %[ ! read] ! actual value ( ! by-products figur$ at ! "t ^! te/s 7 made4 ,ow+ to *anges 9 ! m>ket prices1 ^! figures are n correct = pres5t conditions1 b ! p]c5tage ( yield & diff]5t items are correct1 & ! read] c take any "o ( ^! te/s & by sub/itut+ ! m>ket prices ( today obta9 figures ( value4 ,^! te/s also give ! p]c5tage ( ! hide & tall[4 ,! latt]1 z w be not$1 is q high1 z x w be se5 t ! te/s 7 made on a fairly fat grade ( cattle4 ,p]c5tage ( ,v>i\s ,cuts ( ,beef4--,ne>ly e l>ge city has its special ways & peculi>ities ( cutt+ meats1 consequ5tly ! p]c5tage ( ! diff]5t cuts v>ies l>gely4 ,! foll[+ table is a record ( results f a cutt+ te/ & %[s ! p]c5tage ( 8,*icago cut0 meat ) squ>e cut *ucks3 ,p] ,*icago ,cuts-- ,c5t4 ,*ucks #bh4jj ,r\nds #bc4jj ,navels #h4jj ,flanks #b4jj ,flank /eaks 4#ej ,kidney 4#be ,ribs #aj4jj ,lo9s #ae4jj ,no4 #b suet 4#ej ,no4 #a suet #c4jj ,%anks #d4jj ,brisket #e4jj ,necks 4#ge ------- #ajj4jj ,! foll[+ table %[s p]c5tage on cattle cut ,*icago /yle1 ) ! exception ( a 8,ko%] *uck0 ! latt] consi/+ ( five-rib1 f\r-qu>t] cut-(f f ! side ( ! beef3 ,p] ,new ,york ,cuts 7,natives7-- ,c5t4 ,ribs #i4ee ,lo9s #ae4gd ,flanks #e4ee ,navels #h4fa ,suet #c4fb ,r\nds #bc4bg ,new ,york *ucks #cc4ff ------ #ajj4jj ,! foll[+ table %[s ! p]c5tage on cattle cut ,philadelphia /yle3 ,p] ,philadelphia ,cuts-- ,c5t4 ,rump & r\nd #cd4jj ,rattl] 7*uck1 plate1 brisket & %ank7 #dd4jj ,ribs & lo9s #bb4jj ------ #ajj4jj ,! foll[+ table gives ! result ( te/s & %[s 9 detail ! p]c5tages 9 cutt+ cann] cattle4 ,z w be und]/ood1 = cann+ purposes1 a light grade ( animals is always us$2 cattle t are too light or too ?9 are always us$ = o!r purposes4 ,9 su* cases ! meats are always bon$-out & ! diff]5t cuts ( ! meat are "h enum]at$1 %[+ _! p]c5tages3 ,p] ,pack+ ,h\se ,cuts-- ,c5t4 ,sirlo9 butts #c4ijc ,/rips #d4bjd ,t5d]lo9s #b4eeb ,boneless *ucks #ac4hac ,rolls #b4eeb ,plates #ab4afb ,insides #g4ieg ,outsides #e4eee ,knuckles #e4eee ,clods #e4aje ,rump butts #b4djb ,flank /eak 4#fjj ,hang+ t5d]lo9 4#dej ,front %anks #g4bjg ,h9d %anks #d4fej ,s(t bones #f4ijf ,trimm+s #h4ajh ,tall[ #d4eai ,kidneys 4#fjj ------ #ajj4jj ,explanatory4--,"p ( ! data foll[+ & quot$ 9 ?is *apt] is f an excell5t bullet9 issu$ by ! ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 by ,l\is ,d4 ,hall4 ,?is is s cle>ly express$ & well illu/rat$ t no?+ ne$ be add$ to ! subject4 ,! same is true reg>d+ data %[n on mutton & on hogs4 ,beef ,cuts4--8,:olesale fre% beef0 trade is ab\t equally divid$ betwe5 c>cass beef & beef cuts4 ,! latt] are sold bo? z 8/raight cuts0 & z subdivisions !re(4 ,! 8/raight cuts0 h&l$ 9 ,*icago m>kets are ,lo9s1 ,ribs1 ,r\nds1 ,*ucks1 ,plates1 ,flanks & ,%anks 7,fig4 #dd74 ,! lo9 is sep>at$ f ! r\nd at ! hip jo9t4 ,! flank is cut f ab\t ! middle ( ! ?irte5? rib to ! opposite l[] corn] ( ! lo94 ,! %ank is saw$ (f j bel[ ! second knuckle 7%\ld] jo9t74 ,! plate is cut (f on a l9e ext5d+ f ab\t ! middle ( ! twelf? rib ?r\gh ! po9t at :i* ! %ank is remov$4 ,! rib & *uck are sep>at$ betwe5 ! fif? & six? ribs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4--;,,*icago ,,beef ,,cuts4 #a1 #b1 #c4 ,r\nd #d1 #e1 #f4 ,lo9 #g4 ,rib #h4 ,*uck #i4 ,flank #aj1 #aa4 ,plate #ab4 ,%ank #ac4 ,suet #a4 ,h9d %ank #b4 ,r\nd1 ,r4 ,s4 (f #c4 ,rump #d1 #e4 ,lo9 end #f4 ,p9bone lo9 #e1 #f4 ,flatbone lo9 #aj4 ,navel #aa4 ,brisket #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #i4 ,h9d qu>t] #g1 #h1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab4 ,=e qu>t] #g1 #h4 ,back #g1 #aj4 ,piece #h1 #aa1 #ab4 ,ko%] *uck #h1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab4 ,triangle a4 ,ait*-bone b4 ,rump-bone c4 ,crot* d4 ,cod e4 ,*9e-bones f4 8,buttons0 g4 ,skirt h4 ,brea/-bone ,! /&>d grades ( /raight cuts are ,no4 #a1 ,no4 #b & ,no4 #c4 ,cuts t are too defici5t 9 ?ickness & quality to be us$ on ! but*]'s block1 & :i* are consequ5tly made into boneless cuts1 b>rel$ beef1 sausage1 etc41 are t]m$ 8/ripp]s40 ,diagram ( ,cutt+4--,! page illu/rat+ a diagram ( cutt+ %[s ! 8,*icago0 me?od ( divid+ ! animal if cut = sale4 ,grad+4--8,weight affects ! grade ( a beef cut ab\t ! same z 9 grad+ a c>cass4 ,no4 #a cuts are pr9cipally f *oice & prime #hjj to #a1jjj-p\nd native /e] c>casses & *oice #gej to #ijj-p\nd native c[s2 ,no4 #b's are l>gely f m$ium & good #fej to #hjj-p\nd /e]s & #fjj to #gej-p\nd c[s2 & ,no4 #c's are made *iefly f #dej to #fjj-p\nd common & m$ium c[s1 also f ,texas & light ,we/]n /e]s4 ,/ripp] cuts are made f cann]s1 m$ium & common bulls1 ,texas & common light ,we/]n cattle4 ,,av]age ,,weights ,,( ,,/raight ,,beef ,,cuts 7,,p\nds7 ,grade ,lo9s ,ribs ,r\nds ,*ucks ,plates ,flanks ,%anks ,no4 #a #ej-he #cj-ej #ge-aaj #ge-aaj #dj-hj #ae-bj #aj-bj ,no4 #b #dj-fj #be-ce #fj-hj #fj-hj #cj-ej #aj-ae #e-aj ,no4 #c #be-dj #bj-be #dj-fj #dj-fj #bj-ce #e-aj #e-aj ,/ripp]s #bj-cj #ae-bj #cj-dj #cj-dj #ae-bj #e-aj #e-aj ,lo9s4--8,! lo9 is ! highe/-pric$ cut ( ! c>cass because ( ! t5d]ness & quality ( ! lean4 ,! grade ( a lo9 may be det]m9$ by m>k$ excell5ce or defici5cy 9 ei!r ?ickness1 cov]+ or quality1 or by a uni=m degree ( developm5t 9 all respects4 ,no4 #a's mu/ h a full1 well-r\nd$ %ape1 a complete cov]+ ( :ite fat1 ! ?ickness ( :i* is 9 prop] proportion to ! lean1 & bright1 firm1 f9e-gra9$1 well-m>bl$ fle%4 ,no4 #b's are g5]ally less r\nd$ 9 =m1 ) insuffici5t1 excessive1 or unev5 cov]+ & a slight defici5cy 9 gra91 m>bl+ or color ( fle%2 :ile ,no4 #c's are m flat 9 %ape1 ne>ly or entirely lack+ 9 cov]+ ( fat & v defici5t 9 ?ickness & quality ( fle%1 b suffici5tly develop$ to be cut into port]h\se & sirlo9 /eaks = *eap trade 7,fig4 #de74 ,/ripp] lo9s h no outside fat & are usually extremely flat & r\gh 9 %ape1 ) d>k-color$1 co>se-gra9$ fle%1 & h>d1 :ite bone4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4--;,a4 ,,flat ,,bone ,,lo9s1 ,,no4 #a1 ,,no4 #b ,,& ,,no4 #c ,,grades4 ,b4 ,,regul> ,,lo9s1 ,,no4 #a1 ,,no4 #b ,,& ,,no4 #c ,,grades4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4--,,ribs1 ,,no4 #a1 ,,no4 #b ,,& ,,no4 #c ,,grades4 ,a4 ,,front4 ,b4 ,,re>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4--,,r\nds1 ,,no4 #a1 ,,no4 #b ,,& ,,no4 #c ,,grades4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4--;,,*ucks1 ,,no4 #a1 ,,no4 #b ,,& ,,no4 #c ,,grades4 7,,above1 ,,re> ,,view4 ,,bel[1 ,,side ,,view47 ,ribs4--8,?is cut1 :i* includes ! portion betwe5 ! lo9 & *uck1 conta9s ! be/ roa/s4 ,! poor] quality ( ribs are bon$ & make #8! roll4' ,a #8regul> roll' consi/s ( ! lean "p ( ! rib ) backbone remov$ & %\ld] blade fat cut away4 #8,sp5c]' rolls are ( ! same type1 except t ! cov]+ is left on ! lean1 exclusive ( t ov] blade bone1 :i* is remov$4 ,r\nds4--8,! cut surface ( ! full r\nd is id5tical ) ! butt end ( ! correspond+ lo94 ,cuts ( v>i\s types ( r\nds are %[n 9 ,fig4 #dg4 ,an excess ( r\nds "u av]age conditions makes x necess>y to divide ! r\nds fur!r into rump butts us$ = corn beef2 beef hams us$ = dri$ beef1 & %anks = sausage meat4 8,9 /ripp+ a bullock = beef hams1 x is divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 kn[n z a set1 viz41 inside1 outside1 & knuckle pieces4 ,*ucks4--8,! /yle ( cutt+ %[n 9 ,fig4 #dh is kn[n z ! squ>e *uck1 & is ! /yle mo/ us$ 9 ,*icago :olesale m>kets4 ,*ucks are sometimes cut #8knuckle out' by remov+ ! %ank ) a knife at ! second knuckle in/ead ( saw+ (f bel[ ! jo9t4 ,! l[] grades ( *ucks are (t5 fur!r divid$ 9 ord] to make ! cut m saleable4 ,su* cuts are ! %\ld] clod & boneless *uck4 ,! %\ld] clod is a w$ge-%ap$ piece cut f ! fle%y "p ( ! *uck j back ( ! %\ld] blade1 & ext5d+ f ! elb[ ( ! %ank ne>ly or q to ! backbone4 ,x is tak5 ma9ly f ,no4 #c & #8/ripp]' cuts1 & to a small ext5t f ,no4 #a's & #b's4 ,x is a boneless cut weigh+ six to fifte5 p\nds1 & sells f #aj to #bj p] c5t above *uck quotations40 ,a 8ko%]0 *uck consi/s ( ! squ>e *uck1 %ank1 brisket & neck 9 "o piece1 ! =equ>t] ) rib & navel piece (f4 ,plates1 ,%anks1 & ,flanks4--8,^! are usually bon$ & ! p>ts us$ 9 sausage dep>tm5t & boneh\se1 except 9 ! heavi] cuts ( plates & flanks1 :i* are us$ 9 mess beef4 ,b>rel$ ,beef4--8,! dem& = b>rel$ beef is a rec$+ item 9 pack+ h\se usage4 ,=m]ly x 0 a l>ge item4 ,! quotation gives ! grad+ & nam+3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4--;,a1 ,,beef ,,hams 7,,left1 8,,inside02 ,,c5t]1 8,,outside02 ,,"r1 8,,knuckle074 ,b1 ,,t5d]lo94 ,c1 ,,%\ld] ,,clod4 8,extra ,india ,mess ,beef is made f heavy fat ,no4 #a plates weigh+ #fe to #hj p\nds1 cut into pieces ( ab\t eight p\nds av]age & pack$ 9 ti]ces or b>rels4 ,x is ! highe/ grade ( b>rel$ beef & is sold l>gely ?r\gh ,briti% m>kets = army & navy use4 ,fulton ,m>ket ,beef is ( ! same quality z ,extra ,india1 b f #fj to #gj p\nd plates1 & is usually put up 9 half b>rels or tubs = dome/ic trade4 ,^! & ! two foll[+ grades ( plate beef are usually pack$ ) ! l[] side ( ! brisket piece remov$4 8,extra ,plate 7,extra ,family7 ,beef is cut f mod]ately fat ,no4 #a plates 7#ej to #fj p\nds71 & pack$ l ,extra ,india4 ,x is export$ pr9cipally to v>i\s c\ntries 9 nor!rn ,europe4 8,regul> ,plate or ,family ,beef consi/s ( ,no4 #b plates 7#dj to #ej p\nds71 ) a good proportion ( fat & lean1 cut into pieces ( six to eight p\nds & pack$ ! same z ,extra ,india4 ,x is also sold l>gely 9 nor!rn ,european c\ntries4 8,packet ,beef is made f #cj to #dj-p\nd plates 7heavy ,no4 #c's & light ,no4 #b's7 cut ! same z o!r grades ( plate beef4 ,x is us$ ?r\gh\t ,europe1 ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica4 8,common ,plate ,beef is made f ,no4 #c plates1 #bj to #cj p\nds av]age1 cut & pack$ z expla9$ above4 ,x is ! l[e/ grade or b>rel$ plate beef4 ,?is grade1 also ,prime ,mess & ,extra ,mess ,beef1 is sold to ! same trade z ,packet ,beef4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4--,,%anks4 ,,no4 #a ,,grade1 ,,no4 #b ,,grade1 ,,no4 #c ,,grade4 ,,clod ,,on4 8,roll$ ,boneless ,beef 7,roll$ ,beef or ,rollettes7 consi/s ( plates ) a portion ( ! brisket cut (f1 ! rema9d] ( plate be+ bon$1 roll$ & w\nd ) tw9e4 ,x is made f ,no4 #b & ,no4 #c plates ( #be to #dj p\nds av]age4 ,! rolls weigh eight to twelve p\nds & are cur$ 9 mild br9e4 8,prime ,mess ,beef consi/s ( ab\t #ajj p\nds ( plates & #ajj p\nds ( *ucks1 rumps & flanks p] b>rel cut into pieces ( six to n9e p\nds4 ,! proportions ( ! cuts nam$ are v>i$ accord+ to dem&s & may conta9 #ajj p\nds ( *ucks ) ! rema9d] plates1 flanks & rumps1 or z o!rwise specifi$4 ,?is grade is made f heavy ,no4 #c & light ,no4 #b cuts4 8,extra ,mess ,beef conta9s ! same assortm5t ( cuts z ,prime ,mess1 b is made only f ,no4 #c cuts4 8,ramp ,butt ,beef is cut f rumps (f ! m$ium & l[] grades ( r\nds1 & is boneless except a small piece ( tail-bone4 ,! pieces av]age f\r to six p\nds ea*4 ,x is sold l>gely 9 lumb]+ di/ricts & to ! fi%]ies trade40 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,hides ,,& ,,pelts4 ,,gre5 ,,hides -- ,,condition -- ,,scores -- ,,prod ,,pole ,,damage -- ,,clean ,,floors -- ,,lea!r ,,yields -- ,,patt]n -- ,,prop] ,,/orage ,,= ,,hides -- ,,grad+ -- ,,grubs ,,9 ,,hides -- ,,salt ,,to ,,be ,,us$ -- ,,build+ ,,( ,,packs ,,( ,,hides -- ,,trimm+ ,,( ,,gre5 ,,hides -- ,,swit*es -- ,,%r9kage ,,( ,,hides -- ,,%eep ,,pelts4 ,gre5 ,hides4--,next 9 value to ! beef is ! hide & ! h&l+1 cur+1 etc41 ( ?is p>ticul> "p ( ! animal1 until x is ready to be deliv]$ requires c>eful att5tion to obta9 ! be/ results4 ,= conv5i5ce 9 h&l+ gre5 hides a special hide truck1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #ea1 is usually employ$4 ,! plat=m ( ! truck is #c #e feet1 ) a #a in* h>dwood plank eight in*es high on "o side & on front end4 ,! :eels are ab\t eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4--;,,hide ,,truck ,,= ,,c>t+ ,,beef ,,hides4 ,condition4--,! fir/ consid]ation1 ( c\rse1 is ! condition ( ! hide4 ,!re has be5 m>k$ improvem5t 9 rec5t ye>s 9 ! h&l+ ( hides4 ,=m]ly1 :]e unskill$ workm5 7 kill+ only a few cattle daily1 or weekly1 !y did n become pr(ici5t 9 ! removal ( hides & ! hide 0 m or less damag$ by scores & cuts4 ,:5 cattle are kill$ 9 l>ge numb]s x is necess>y to make a division ( labor1 & in/ead ( "o man do+ _m p>ts ( ! "w1 he simply does "o "p cont9u\sly1 & h5ce becomes v skillful2 ! 8take-(f0 ( ! hide1 p>ticul>ly1 is improv$4 ,t ?is condition is appreciat$ by tann]s is evid5c$ by ! diff]5ce 9 price paid = c\ntry & pack]s hides2 ! tann]s pay+ f c to #a;c m p] p\nd = pack]s hides because ! hide has be5 prop]ly tak5 (f1 :ile a c\ntry hide1 :i* is usually tak5 (f by workm5 less skill$ has be5 cut & scor$1 ! scores be+ p>ticul>ly objectionable4 ,scores4--,a score 9 a hide is made by cutt+ into x :5 remov+1 f> en\gh to damage ! gra9 ( ! lea!r1 & :5 x comes f ! tann]y1 scores %[ v pla9ly & 9 _m cases "o-half ( ! ?ickness ( ! lea!r is lo/ by ?is defect4 ,hides tak5 (f prop]ly1 %\ld n %[ ^! imp]fections1 9 fact1 %\ld be z smoo? z ?\gh slipp$ (f ! animal1 7 t possible1 in/ead ( by a knife1 & ) skill$ workman%ip su* is ! case4 ,"o man do+ "o p>ticul> op]ation cont9u\sly1 ! 8take-(f0 ( hides has be5 s improv$ t less ?an t5 hides out ( a ?\s& are f\nd to be 8,no4 #b0 quality :5 tak5 out ( ! cell> 9 a well-regulat$ h\se4 ,! 8take-(f0 ( ! hides p>ticul>ly %\ld be wat*$ by ! kill+ =eman & ! workm5's att5tion drawn to ! slighte/ defects cont9u\sly1 z mu* dep5ds ^u ! reputation a h\se may h = its take-(f4 ,_m ( ! small scores :i* are f\nd to mat]ially damage ! hide :5 tann$ are invisible :5 ! hide is tak5 out ( ! pack]'s cell>1 z ow+ to discoloration1 salt1 etc41 x is impossible to see _m ( !m1 b !y are all visible :5 ! lea!r is turn$ out4 ,consequ5tly1 if a h\se has a reputation = bad 8take-(f10 buy]s usually aim to buy ! hides f a plant ) a good take-(f4 ,h5ce x w be se5 t 9 ?is p>ticul> dep>tm5t x means a great deal to h a good reputation = 8take-(f40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4--;,,diagram ,,( ,,hides4 ,prod ,pole ,damage--,clean ,floors4--,outside ( ! 8take-(f0 !re are sev]al o!r po9ts :i* %\ld be wat*$ c>efully on ! kill+ floor 9 ! h&l+ ( ?is p>ticul> article4 ,! hides %\ld n be damag$ ) prod poles by ! m5 h&l+ cattle 9 ! p5s4 ,! floors %\ld be kept z clean z possible1 especially :]e ! cattle are ?r[n out ( ! knock+ p5s1 z blood is v objectionable on ! hides4 ,x is liable to cause decomposition :5 ! hide is 9 pack1 & if x does suffici5tly = ! hair to slip on ! hides1 x becomes a 8,no4 #b40 ,ano!r bad feature is t a bloody hide w discolor ! fle% side ( ! sk9 next to x 9 pack1 & x is always advisable to get ! hides out z bright & clean z possible1 z buy]s pref] !m s4 ,ano!r reason :y !y %\ld be kept z dry z possible is t ! hides are weigh$ z tak5 (f = g5]al record & also = e/imat+ ! co/ ( ! beef4 ,if ! hides are all[$ to get wet !y w absorb f\r or five p\nds p] hide1 :i* if d$uct$ f ! calculations1 w repres5t a false cr$it ( #dj;c or #ej;c p] head on ! cattle4 ,x is be/ to keep !m z dry z possible1 s t weights us$ = figur+ & record purposes may be accurate4 ,if ! hides g into ! packs excessively wet1 :5 %ipp$1 !y w necess>ily %[ an excess %r9kage f gre5 to cur$ weights1 caus+ confusion z to actual %r9kage4 ,lea!r ,yields4--,:ile x is advisable to h hides c>ry z mu* moi/ure z is acceptable to ! buy]1 x is n pr(itable to h !m too wet1 z ! buy]s wat* su* matt]s & if a lot ( hides f a c]ta9 h\se d n %[ ! yield 9 lea!r :i* !y %\ld1 pur*ases made aft] t f su* a h\se are made proportionate to ! yield1 h5ce ! additional weight t may be ga9$ is m ?an lo/ 9 ! price realiz$4 ,!re is a happy m$ium to be s\ght 9 ?is matt] :]e ! sell] gets all t he is entitl$ to & ! buy] is satisfi$ ) ! yield he obta9s4 ,patt]n4--,! diagram1 ,fig4 #eb1 %[s ! patt]n ( a pack+ h\se hide &1 z ne>ly z c be indicat$ on pap]1 x %[s ! "p remov$ by ea* workman4 ,prop] ,/orage = ,hides4--,?is is a po9t usually n giv5 due consid]ation1 "s pack]s reason+ t z long z _! hides are 9 a build+1 little else is to be consid]$4 ,! foll[+ figures :i* are accurate1 w give ! read] an idea ( ! loss t lack ( att5tion 9 ?is p>ticul> matt] may repres5t4 ,x w be not$ t ! te/ ext5ds ov] a p]iod ( "o ye>1 repres5t+ a te/ on a total ( #aih1cda hides4 ,a total ( #hg1ehg hides 7 cur$ 9 h\se ,no4 #a1 :i* consi/s ( a cell> "u refrig]at$ rooms4 ,:ile no attempt 0 made to refrig]ate ?is room !re 0 a natural radiation to ! floor above :i* held ! temp]ature at f #ee to #fj ,f4 9 hot wea!r4 ,!re 7 b two op5+s 9 ! cell> & naturally little circulation ( air1 h5ce ! moi/ure ( ! cell> 0 reta9$ & ! hides %[ a %r9kage ( #ad4gd p] c5t f ! gre5 weight on b$ to %ipp+ weight4 ,,%r9kage ,,( ,,hides ,,= ,,ye> ,,end+ ,,aug4 #a1 #aijc1 ,,9 ,,h\se ,,no4 #a4 ,%r9k- ,%r9k- age1 ,gre5 ,cur$ age1 p] ,k9d ,numb] weight weight lbs4 c5t ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,free ( br&s #da1hgjc1cbh1accb1hdb1edb #dhe1eia #ae4ei ,butt br&s #f1jhg #ejg1fhd #dcb1gbb #gd1ifb #ad4gg ,side br&s #ac1aija1jgh1iei #ibg1hce #aea1abd #ad4jf ,spreadies #b1cgf #bae1fgf #aij1bhf #be1cij #aa4gi ,texas #aa1bhe #hga1egc #gca1afe #adj1djh #af4aa ,h'y native c[s #h1jbi #eib1cch #ejj1ice #ia1djc #ae4dc ,light native c[s #b1gei #aej1iie #abg1ajh #bc1hhg #ae4hb ,br&$ c[s #a1iia #abh1bfi #ajg1efc #bj1gjf #af4ad ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,totals #hg1ehgf1hgc1fbge1hfj1aefa1jac1dga #ad4gd ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,,%r9kage ,,( ,,hides ,,= ,,ye> ,,end+ ,,aug4 #a1 #aijc1 ,,9 ,,h\se ,,no4 #b4 ,%r9k- ,%r9k- age1 ,gre5 ,cur$ age1 p] ,k9d ,numb] weight weight lbs4 c5t ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,free ( br&s #cd1aibb1fib1faeb1bfb1dbf #dcj1ahi #ae4ih ,butt br&s #ad1bgia1agd1jic #igg1idc #aif1aej #af4ga ,side br&s #ag1cjba1dea1heja1aih1ibe #beb1ibe #ag4db ,spreadies #c1ifi #cfc1bcc #cjg1daj #ee1hbc #ae4cg ,native bulls #a1cfb #abg1iaj #ajc1bfc #bd1fbg #ai4bg ,br&$ bulls #beb #be1hhe #ba1gfa #d1abd #ae4ic ,h'y native c[s #h1bbb #egf1cac #dgb1ich #ajc1cge #ag4id ,texas #e1bdg #cie1fbj #cbd1ajj #ga1ebj #ah4jh ,l't native c[s #ad1hie #hda1dha #gji1aha #acb1cjj #ae4gb ,br&$ c[s #aa1jcd #fid1ejc #egd1ffi #aai1hcd #ag4be ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,totals #aaj1gedh1cdc1ejcf1ieb1fafa1cij1hfg #af4fg ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,a total ( #aaj1ged ( ^! hides 7 cur$ 9 h\se ,no4 #b4 ,?is 0 on ! fir/ floor ( ! build+ & no refrig]ation 0 us$ 9 any ( ! dep>tm5ts4 ,!re 7 sev]al op5+s into ?is room1 p]mitt+ ! outside air to circulate ?r\gh ! build+ & a great deal ( moi/ure naturally absorb$4 ,x w be not$ by comp>+ ! reports t ! %r9kage 9 ?is cell> 0 #af4fg p] c5t f ! gre5 weight to ! %ipp+ weight1 %[+ an excess ( #a4hc p] c5t1 :i* w\ld %[ a loss ( #aed1fhf p\nds4 ,?is1 at an av]age ( #aj;c p] p\nd1 w\ld indicate a loss ( #ae1dfh4fj su/a9$ by hav+ ?is numb] ( hides 9 ?is p>ticul> cell>1 z aga9/ :at w\ld h be5 realiz$ _h !y %[n no m %r9kage ?an ^? 9 h\se ,no4 #a1 s t x w readily be se5 t x is ( vital importance to ! own] to see t ! hides are /or$ 9 suitable /orage1 t !re is z little circulation z possible ( outside air ?r\gh ?is dep>tm5t1 & t all doors & op5+s are kept clos$ z mu* z possible4 ,?is is p>am\nt1 9 case hides are sold1 sell]'s weights1 at works4 ,on long %ipm5ts involv+ _m transf]s & exposures1 ! matt] is n ( su* consequ5ce4 ,grad+4--,?is is a "q :i* mu/ be gov]n$ l>gely by ! local conditions4 ,_m small kill]s f9d x pr(itable to sell _! hides )\t selections1 r ?an to try to make ! diff]5t selections ) a comp>atively limit$ numb] to select f1 :]eas1 :]e cattle are kill$ 9 l>ge numb]s x is advisable to make j z _m selections z is pr(itable1 be+ gov]n$1 ( c\rse1 at all times by ! m>ket quotations & dem&s4 ,! usual grades ( hides are t]m$ z foll[s3 ,natives4--,native /e] hides are hides f native /e]s :i* are free ( br&s4 ,ano!r selection ( natives is :at is call$ 8spreadies10 :i* are hides tak5 f native cattle free ( br&s1 cuts1 scores1 or grubs & mu/ be six feet f\r in*es wide at ! %\ld]s4 ,texas4--,?is is ! t]m us$ to designate all hides tak5 (f s\!rn cattle :]e ! hide is v ?ick & heavy4 ,br&s are n tak5 into consid]ation on ^! selections4 ,butt ,br&s4--,^! are ei!r natives or we/]n hides :i* are br&$ on ! butts4 ,colorados4--,^! are hides f ! we/]n cattle1 :i* are too ?9 = ,texas & are br&$ on ! sides4 ,a di/9ction is also made 9 all ^! hides z to weights1 sixty-"o p\nds & up be+ heavy1 sixty p\nds & bel[ be+ light & fifty p\nds & bel[ be+ extra light4 ,c[ hides are select$ z natives & br&$ c[s2 bull hides z natives & br&$ bulls4 ,:ile all bull hides are n sold z su*1 hides ) a ?ick neck or pate are sold "u ?is t]m4 ,grubs 9 ,hides4--,!re are two cattle 8bot-flies0 or 8w>ble-flies10 z !y are (t5 t]m$4 ,"o ( ^! 7,hypod]ma l9eata7 is f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 be+ f\nd m frequ5tly 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,! adult is ab\t ! size ( a honey bee4 ,! female deposits h] eggs 9 summ] 9 ! region ( ! heel ( ! animal1 caus+ v mu* discom=t4 ,9 lick+ ! irritat$ spot ! eggs are tak5 into ! m\? ( ! animal & hat*$1 ! l>vae ent]+ ! esophagus or gullet & f9ally work+ _! way into ! cellul> tissue b5ea? ! sk9 ( ! back4 ,9 e>ly spr+ !y develop1 =m+ lumps kn[n z 8w>bles10 & become :at are kn[n z 8grubs40 ,aft] work+ _! way ?r\gh ! sk9 !y drop to ! gr\nd1 into :i* !y burr[ & pupate1 f9ally em]g+ z adult flies4 ,! damage caus$ by ^! insects to ! hides am\nts to millions ( doll>s p] ye>1 z 9 g5]al practice five grub holes con/itute a 8,no4 #b0 hide1 on :i* !re is a d$uction ( "o c5t p] p\nd4 ,accord+ to ! rules ( ! trade1 ,texas & br&$ c[s are grubb$ f ,novemb] #a to ,june #a1 ,colorados are grubb$ f ,decemb] #a to ,june #a1 native /e]s1 native bulls & native c[s are grubb$ f ,janu>y #a to ,june #a4 ,no all[ance is made aft] ,june #a = grubs 9 hides tak5 (f aft] t date4 ,salt ,to ,be ,us$4--,! k9d ( salt g5]ally us$ 9 l>ge plants = ?is purpose is a rock salt1 :i* is a m9$ product run ?r\gh cru%]s & scre5s4 ,l>ge lumps are m or less objectionable & if all[$ to be us$ w injure ! appe>ance ( ! hide4 ,hides 9 a pack weigh v heavily p] cubic foot & ! l[] hides are subject to a consid]able pressure1 or weight4 ,l>ge lumps ( salt betwe5 ! hides 9 ! pack make bad look+ ind5tations1 al?\gh !y d n necess>ily injure ! hides = tann+ purposes4 ,?ree p>ts ( rock salt & "o "p ( f9e salt make a v good comb9ation4 ,! f9e salt quickly =ms a moi/ure :i* ! hides w absorb1 prev5t+ q a p]ceptible %r9kage z %[n by c>eful te/s4 ,:5 a pack ( hides is tak5 up ! 8second salt0 is sav$ & by us+ "o-?ird new ) two-?irds ( old salt x c be us$ ov]4 ,x w be f\nd t ?is addition ( new salt ab\t makes up = ! loss 9 salt t is dissolv$ 9 ! pack dur+ ! cur+ process4 ,salt = ! hides %\ld be kept clean4 ,if !re is a great deal ( manure & dirt mix$ ) ! salt1 x discolors ! hides1 injur+ _! appe>ance4 ,:5 ! salt is f\nd to be dirty & out ( condition x is advisable to scre5 x1 us+ a scre5 same z is us$ = scre5+ s&4 ,! salt is ?r[n aga9/ ! scre51 ! f9] salt w sift ?r\gh & ! co>s] salt1 dirt1 etc41 w ga!r at ! bottom ( ! scre54 ,salt t has be5 ?r\gh ! scre5 w be f\nd comp>atively clean & ready = use2 t :i* has n pass$ ?r\gh %\ld be wa%$4 ,:ile ?is w dissolve a consid]able am\nt ( x1 x w1 at ! same "t1 wa% out mo/ ( ! impurities4 ,if h&l$ 9 ! above mann]1 a c>eful workman %\ld be able to salt hides ) f ?irty-"o to ?irty-five p\nds ( salt p] hide4 ,build+ ( ,packs ( ,hides4--,pack+ hides is an op]ation :i* %\ld receive close & c>eful att5tion4 ,9 ! build+ ( ! pack1 ! out] edges %\ld be kept high all ! way ar\nd1 s t ! c5t] ( ! pack w hold liquid4 ,:5 ! pack is f9i%$ x %\ld be level$ (f at ! top s t x w be z ne> ev5 z possible4 ,! natural moi/ure 9 ! hides1 toge!r ) ! salt1 w =m a liquor :i* ! hides absorb1 & if ! pack is built slant+1 s z to all[ ! liquid to pass (f1 x w be f\nd t ! hides are cont9u\sly draw+ on ! sides1 & :5 !y are tak5 up ! %r9kage f gre5 weights w be consid]ably 9 excess ( ^? f packs prop]ly built4 ,trimm+ ( ,gre5 ,hides4--,be=e ! hides are pack$ !y %\ld be exam9$ = br&s1 etc41 & be di/ribut$ to _! prop] packs1 accord+ to assortm5t4 ,! swit* is cut (f f ! tail1 any loose ends ( ! hides are trimm$ (f & ! e>s split4 ,unless ?is is done1 x makes an unev5 pack on acc\nt ( ! ?ickness ( ! e>s2 fur!rmore ! salt does n h a *ance to p5etrate ! e>s & !y are liable to spoil4 ,any loose pieces ( meat t ! but*]s may h left on ! hide %\ld be tak5 (f1 z well z any excess am\nt ( fat4 ,! hides aft] be+ trimm$ %\ld be all[$ to lay = ?ree to five h\rs to cool4 ,if ! hides are put into ! pack )\t do+ ?is1 x is likely t1 :5 ! pack is tak5 up1 "s hides w be f\nd on :i* ! hair has slipp$2 ^! are necess>ily ,no4 #b hides1 & z ! uni=m rule is #a;c p] p\nd less = ,no4 #b's ?an = ,no4 #a's1 x w %[ a loss ( approximately #ej;c to #fj;c p] hide4 ,ano!r bad feature ( hav+ 8slip-hides0 is ! fact t if ! buy] f9ds !m at all1 he is always suspici\s t !re are o!rs 9 ! pack :i* are out ( condition1 t he has n se51 & t !y w come out ( ! tann]y ) unsatisfactory results4 ,:5 hides are put 9 ! pack1 extreme c>e %\ld be us$ to see t e "p ( ! hide is expos$ to salt4 ,! legs %\ld be /raight5$ out flat & ! pates ?or\ghly spread1 s t ! salt may rea* e "p4 ,hides %\ld lie 9 pack & salt = f tw5ty-five to ?irty days be=e !y are fully cur$4 ,at ! expiration ( ?is "t !y are ready = %ipm5t1 & are tak5 out ( salt1 inspect$ & ea* "o roll$ into a bundle & ti$4 ,swit*es4--,! swit*es %\ld be spread out on ! floor & giv5 a ?or\gh *ance to cool (f1 :5 !y are ?r[n into a pack by !mselves & heavily salt$4 ,!y %\ld be wat*$ closely1 z !re is unavoidably consid]able blood & moi/ure 9 !m1 & if any sign ( heat+ is f\nd !y %\ld be ov]haul$ & resalt$4 ,%r9kage ( ,hides4--,no set rule c be made z to h[ mu* hides w actually %r9k1 b if ! =ego+ directions are foll[$ closely & intellig5tly ! %r9kage may be kept at ! m9imum1 :i* w usually range f #ab to #ae p] c5t4 ,?is is gov]n$ l>gely1 z be=e /at$1 by ! am\nt ( wat] :i* ! hides take up on ! kill+ floor1 :i* if weigh$ ) ! hide w ne>ly all seep out :5 put into ! packs & cause an excess %r9kage f ! orig9al gre5 weights4 ,fur!r ! /orage has a great deal to d ) x1 b if prop] c>e is tak5 ! %r9kage %\ld be kept )9 ! figures giv54 ,%eep ,pelts4--,! h&l+ ( %eep pelts1 especially 9 hot wea!r1 requires c>eful att5tion4 ,! pelts1 z soon z tak5 (f1 %\ld be spread out 9 a room :]e x is z cold z possible )\t be+ refrig]at$1 & all[$ to cool (f = at lea/ twelve h\rs be=e salt+4 ,?is is especially necess>y :5 ! animal slaught]$ has a v heavy fleece2 ) %e>l+s !re is little or no necessity = tak+ ?is precaution4 ,fleece sk9s1 h[ev]1 hold ! heat1 s t :5 put into a pack & salt$1 if n prop]ly cool$1 !y soon beg9 to w>m & decompose1 & z soon z ! wool slips1 ! lea!r ( ! sk9 is ru9$4 ,aft] ! pelts h be5 spread out & all[$ to ?or\ghly *ill1 z sugge/$1 !y %\ld be salt$ 9 piles n to exce$ ?irty in*es high by putt+ "o sk9 on top ( ano!r1 fle% side up1 & us+ a f9e sol> salt1 c>e be+ tak5 t !y are ?or\ghly salt$ ar\nd ! heads & legg+s4 ,aft] !y h be5 9 salt = a week1 x is well1 especially 9 w>m wea!r1 to ov]haul !m1 %ift+ ! packs s t :5 ?r\gh1 ! top pelts are on ! bottom & vice v]sa4 ,aft] !y h la9 9 salt = two weeks !y are ready = %ipm5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,oleo ,,oil ,,& ,,/e>9e4 ,,fats -- ,,orig9 ,,( ,,butt]9e -- ,,oleo ,,oil -- ,,oleo ,,fats -- ,,selection ,,& ,,c>e -- ,,cleanl9ess ,,& ,,collection -- ,,*ill+ ,,fat -- ,,cool+ ,,wat] -- ,,melt+ -- ,,settl+ ,,! ,,oil -- ,,cl>ifi]s -- ,,scrap ,,vat -- ,,se$+ ,,or ,,gra9+ ,,oil -- ,,press ,,room -- ,,collect+ ,,oil -- ,,oil ,,receiv]s -- ,,temp]ature ,,( ,,oil ,,drawn ,,to ,,ti]ce -- ,,/e>9e -- ,,oil ,,h\se ,,yields -- ,,grad+ ,,fats -- ,,te/s ,,on ,,oil ,,fats -- ,,but*] ,,fats -- ,,mutton ,,fat -- ,,oil ,,selection -- ,,oil ,,h\se ,,op]ation4 ,fats4--,! l>ge/ item ( value 9 slaught]$ cattle is ! beef4 ,z already /at$1 ! second l>ge/ item is hides4 ,! ?ird item 9 value is fats4 ,x has be5 "o ( ! _w's /aple articles ( trade = c5turies & is made use ( 9 ! manufacture ( _m k9ds ( articles = man's use1 f ^? ( com=t to ^? ( de/ruction1 p]haps only displac$ 9 its multitude ( uses by ! "o raw product1 coal t>4 ,orig9 ( ,butt]9e4--,prior to ! ,franco-,prussian w>1 or 9 #ahga1 fats 7 us$ almo/ exclusively = soap mak+ & o!r manufactur+ purposes1 comp>atively little ( x be+ us$ = food purposes4 ,dur+ ! siege ( ,p>is a rew>d 0 (f]$ to anyone :o w\ld f9d a sub/itute = butt]4 ,a ,fr5* sci5ti/ reason$ z foll[s3 ,c>eful obs]vation tea*es t a c[ t is fat & 9 good heal? makes bett] butt] & m butt] ?an "o ( ! same quality t is poor & emaciat$1 h5ce x mu/ foll[ ! cream ( ! milk1 or ! 8butt]-fat10 is 9 reality no?+ m or less ?an ,nature's surplus fat 9 ! animal1 & t 9 all cattle t are f$ ea* day m ?an ! requirem5ts to build up ! brok5-d[n tissues a surplus fat is deposit$4 ,?is fat1 ! *emi/ decid$1 0 z mu* a natural butt] z ?\gh x _h be5 skimm$ f milk1 & />t+ on ?is !ory orig9at$ ! manufacture ( oleom>g>9e4 ,result ( ,inve/igation4--,! creat+ ( ?is indu/ry has meant millions ( doll>s to ?is c\ntry 9 returns t h be5 made f ! sale ( fats prep>$ into oil = manufactur+ oleom>g>9e in/ead ( be+ melt$ into tall[ = soap mak+ & o!r purposes4 ,oleo ,oil4--,oleo oil is ! "n ( "o ( ! pr9cipal +r$i5ts us$ 9 mak+ oleom>g>9e1 or imitation butt]4 ,! fat is put ?r\gh a ha%]1 :i* ?or\ghly dis9tegrates x1 cutt+ ! tissue s t ! oil is made free :5 heat$4 ,oleo ,fats4--,! fats us$ = ! manufacture ( oleo oil are usually all ! fats remov$ :5 ! animal is slaught]$1 includ+ ! 8caul0 fat or t fat surr\nd+ ! 8om5tum02 ! ruffle fat1 :i* is t fat surr\nd+ ! inte/9es1 & to :i* ! 8runn]s0 or r\nd gut is atta*$2 ! he>t cas+1 & fats atta*$4 ,selection & ,c>e4--,x is reasonable to suppose t all ( ^! fats are ( ! same quality1 b 9 ! h&l+ ( ?is1 dur+ ! c\rse ( slaught]+ & treatm5t !re(1 "s ( x necess>ily becomes unfit = oleo oil purposes1 & is us$ 9 tall[4 ,! am\nt us$ = tall[ is regulat$ by ! c>e & intellig5ce ( ! m5 9 *>ge1 & if prop]ly h&l$ a v small p]c5tage ( ! fat 9 ! animal %\ld f9d its way to ! tank h\se1 z x nets mu* bett] results :5 put into oleo oil1 z w be not$ f ! te/s h]eaft] submitt$4 ,cleanl9ess & ,collection4--,! fats1 z rapidly z remov$ f ! animal1 %\ld be tak5 quickly 9 clean ut5sils & wa%$ 9 m$ium temp]ature wat] to remove any blood pres5t4 ,?or\gh *ill+ ( ! fat is a v ess5tial feature 9 mak+ oleo oil4 ,9 ord] t ?is may be done x is necess>y t ! fat be cut 9 small pieces1 s t ! cold wat] c get at e "p ( x4 ,a ma*9e illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ec is us$ = cutt+ ! fat be=e pass+ x into ! cold wat]4 ,! wat] is circulat$ by ! use ( a pump & di/ribut$ ov] ! fats f a p]=at$ pipe4 ,*ill+ ,fat4--,! fat1 :ile *ill+1 %\ld be all[$ to rema9 9 cold wat] = ab\t five h\rs1 or until x has become ?or\ghly *ill$4 ,precaution %\ld be tak5 to see t no fat goes to ! ha%]1 or melt+ kettle1 until x is ?or\ghly *ill$4 ,failure to d ?is is n p>ticul>ly noticeable 9 ! oleo oil :5 made1 b soon aft]w>d results 9 a det]ioration ( ! oil4 ,x is nev] objectionable to hold ! fat f twelve to tw5ty h\rs1 if necess>y1 9 ! cold wat]1 al?\gh five h\rs is suffici5t4 ,! con/ant subm]g5ce ( ! fat by me*anical means or by h& is ( prime importance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4--,,oleo ,,fat ,,cutt]4 ,! fats are ladl$ or =k$ f ! *ill+ vat & plac$ on a table to dra94 ,! dry] ! fat ! bett]1 b x mu/ n lay unduly long to dra94 ,f ?is table !y are pass$ ?r\gh an ,ent]prise /eam jacket$ ha%] = gr9d+4 ,/eam is kept on ! jacket to assi/ 9 rapidity 9 pass+ x ?r\gh ! ha%]4 ,cool+ ,wat]4--,! *ill+ or cool+ ( wat] is accompli%$ 9 two ways1 by ! introduction ( ice or ! cool+ ( ! wat] or by subm]g+ pipes 9 ! tanks1 & circulat+ *ill$ br9e or ammonia gas ?r\gh ! pipes1 same be+ a "p ( ! refrig]at+ sy/em4 ,9 ! latt] case ! pipes %\ld be cov]$ by a removable scre5 to prev5t fats atta*+ to ! pipes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4--,,kettle ,,= ,,melt+ ,,fats ,,= ,,oleo ,,oil4 ,melt+4--,! fat :5 ha%$ is pass$ to an op5 top wat] jacket$ kettle ( ! type %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 ,fig4 #ed4 ,j previ\s to beg9n+ to ha% ! fat into ! kettle ! /irr] is plac$ 9 motion4 ,! wat] 9 ! jacket is heat$ up to a temp]ature ( ab\t #ahj ,f4 ,:5 ! kettle is p>tially fill$ & z ! fat accumulates1 x w collect & hang to ! /irr+ ge>4 ,to meet ?is condition ! /irr+ ge> is arrang$ to rise v]tically on ! %aft by lift+ & assi/ance ( ! c\nt]weight atta*$ to x4 ,! fat is remov$ by ! use ( a paddle1 ! /irr] l[]$ & />t$ 9 motion4 ,! fat is mix$ ) a l>ge paddle s t ! melt+ oil at ! sides & bottom ( ! kettle is freely int]m+l$ ) ! p>tially melt$ fat4 ,! mass gradually assumes a murky yell[ appe>ance z ! oil is made free4 ,! man 9 *>ge ( melt+ uses a ba? !rmomet] con/antly & regulates ! temp]ature ( ! wat] 9 ! jacket by ! admittance ( cold wat] to *ill x or /eam to w>m x s t ! temp]ature ( ! melt+ oil does n exce$ #aef ,f4 ,x usually takes #a h\rs to prop]ly melt ! cont5ts ( a full kettle4 ,:5 ! melt+ is complete ! /irr] is rais$ out ( ! oil & all[$ to rema9 rais$ :ile ! oil is settl$4 ,settl+ ! ,oil4--,:5 ! oil comes to re/ ab\t tw5ty p\nds ( f9e salt is scatt]$ ov] ! surface1 ?r[n 9 mod]ate h&fuls s z to spr9kle ! entire surface4 ,?is salt 9 settl+ cle>s ! oil by c>ry+ d[n ! float+ fibre by me*anical z well z *emical action4 ,! oil usually has a scum on top & ?is is g5tly skimm$ (f & sav$ z a bottom = ! next kettle4 ,aft] settl+ ab\t fifte5 m9utes ! oil is run (f by g5tly l[]+ ! h+$ pipe1 ! oil z de-cant$ is pass$ to ! cl>ifi]4 ,:5 ! pure oil is run z l[ z c be conv5i5tly done )\t c>ry+ (f any scrap ( settl+s1 ! oil lay+ on ! surface ( ! wat] & s$im5t 9 ! bottom is pass$ to "s receptacle & s5t to ! pressure tanks4 ,! kettle is well scrubb$1 made clean & ! skimm$ bottoms deposit$ ready = fill+ aga9 ) ha%$ fat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4--,,settl+ ,,kettle ,,= ,,oleo ,,oils4 ,cl>ifi]s or ,settl+ ,kettles4--,ea* kettle is provid$ ) two cl>ify+ or settl+ kettles4 ,^! are cone-%ap$ tanks 9 :i* ! oil f "o melt+ kettle is deposit$4 ,! oil is all[$ to /& z long z possible 9 a quiet /ate & ! s$im5t or fibre collects 9 ! bottom ( ! cone4 ,?is is )drawn at ! bottom at frequ5t int]vals s z to free ! oil f s$im5t & dirt4 ,! temp]ature ( ! oil c>ri$ 9 ! cl>ifi]s is #adj1 kept uni=m by use ( w>m wat] 9 ! jacket4 ,aft] settl+ ! oil ab\t two h\rs x is drawn to ! se$+ trucks4 ,cotton flannel bags are usually put on ov] ! outlet pipe s z to /ra9 ! oil & collect any float+ pieces ( tissue t w\ld o!rwise pass to ! se$+ truck4 ,scrap ,vat4--,a vessel :i* requires att5tion & 9 :i* ! yield 9 ! oil h\se c be v mat]ially increas$ & improv$ by prop] h&l+ is ! scrap vat4 ,aft] ! vat is melt$ & ! oil siphon$ (f1 ! balance or residue 9 kettle is drawn out ( ! bottom into ! scrap vat1 :i* is locat$ directly "u ! melt+ kettle4 ,?is kettle %\ld be kept full ( hot wat] at a temp]ature ( ab\t #acj ,f41 & :5 ! scrap is dropp$ 9 ! oil w imm$iately come to ! surface2 ?is %\ld be skimm$ (f promptly1 = if x is all[$ to lie 9 ! scrap vat a bad flavor w result & x w !n h to be sold z an inf]ior grade ( oil2 b if skimm$ z /at$ ?is /rong flavor$ feature may be avoid$4 ,:5 ?r\gh melt+ = ! day1 ! /eam %\ld be turn$ on ! scrap vats to br+ !m up to a temp]ature ( #aij to #bjj ,f4 ,?is w release any fat yet rema9+ 9 ! scrap1 :i* %\ld be skimm$ & us$ = a l[] grade ( oil1 z x w h a /rong flavor4 ,! balance ( ! scrap is !n s5t to ! tank h\se1 :]e x is cook$ "u pressure & ! rema9+ oil tak5 out4 ,se$+ or ,gra9+ ,oil4--,! oil :5 settl$ 9 ! cl>ifi]s is pass$ to ! se$+ or gra9+ trucks4 ,! se$+ truck plays a v important "p 9 ! h&l+ ( oleo oil & is "o ( ! po9ts :]e a great deal ( tr\ble c be develop$ if n prop]ly wat*$4 ,:5 ! oil is drawn into ! se$+ trucks !re %\ld be no signs ( any wat]4 ,if !re is any wat] left 9 ! oil x naturally settles to ! bottom ( ! se$+ truck4 ,! oil usually be+ at a temp]ature ( #abj to #abe ,f41 & x be+ ?ree & sometimes f\r days be=e x is cool$1 ! heat held 9 ! oil1 toge!r ) ! wat] & s$im5t t may be 9 ! bottom1 causes a decomposition & ! result is 8s\r bottoms10 :i* are v (f5sive4 ,if any ( ?is s\r mat]ial has gott5 into ! press1 ! /e>9e w be spott$ & out ( conditions4 ,! oil w also %[ x m or less1 s t x is absolutely necess>y t ?is p>ticul> po9t be giv5 v close & c>eful att5tion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4--,,oleo ,,se$+ ,,truck4 ,advantage ( ,wood ,se$+ ,trucks4--,x has = _m ye>s be5 consid]$ necess>y to l9e ! se$+ truck ) galvaniz$ iron1 9 fact _m ( ! l>ge melt]s today are us+ ?is /yle ( truck4 ,! se$+ truck1 h[ev]1 :i* gives ! be/ results is a wood5 truck 7see ,fig4 #ef7 )\t any l9+1 made ( basswood1 or :itewood1 :i* are odorless1 & c be readily clean$ & kept sweet4 ,! objections to a truck l9$ ) galvaniz$ iron might be summ>iz$ z foll[s3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 consid]able salt is us$ 9 ! mat]ial1 m or less ( :i* is left 9 ! oil4 ,:5 ! melt$ fat is drawn (f into ! se$+ trucks & is left to /& = ?ree or f\r days1 ?is salt attacks ! iron1 & if n wat*$ v c>efully small p9-holes w be eat5 ?r\gh ! iron1 ! result be+ t ! galvaniz$ iron pan w leak into ! wood5 box prop]4 ,aga91 e "t ! se$+ trucks are empti$1 !y are ?or\ghly wa%$ & /eam$ out & m or less ( ?is wat] = wa%+ f9ds its way 9 betwe5 ! l9+ & ! wood5 box4 ,:5 ! se$+ truck is fill$ ) oil1 ! weight ( ! oil causes ?is wat]1 :i* is held betwe5 ! iron & ! wood1 to ooze into ! oil1 caus+ 8s\r bottoms40 ,?is p>ticul> po9t has caus$ ! loss ( a great _m ?\s&s ( doll>s 9 ! manufacture ( ?is product1 ev5 ?\gh x is app>5tly a v unimportant matt]4 ,manufacture ( ,wood5 ,trucks4--,9 us+ wood5 se$+ trucks1 att5tion is call$ to a v important item to be consid]$1 & if n c>efully look$ aft] ! results w be unsatisfactory4 ,! oil is drawn into se$+ trucks at a temp]ature ( ab\t #abj to #abe ,f41 :i* w %r9k wood v rapidly1 !re=e ! trucks %\ld be made out ( ?or\ghly kiln-dri$ lumb]1 :i* %\ld be extra kiln-dri$4 ,! bottom & sides ( ! truck are bolt$ toge!r ) a bolt runn+ ?r\gh !m & "o on ei!r end1 s t any %r9kage ( ! wood c be tak5 up4 ,! same is true ( ! sides ( ! truck4 ,9 ea* ( ! jo9ts1 aft] !y are p]fectly made1 a /r& ( wick+ %\ld be put 9 betwe5 ! edges1 s t :5 x is drawn d[n x =ms a p]fect pack+4 ,z is well und]/ood1 ! %r9kage ( wood is mo/ly crosswise ( ! gra91 !re be+ v little l5g?wise2 ?us x w be se5 t ! wood 9 ^! trucks1 bo? at ! sides & at ! ends1 mu/ be put 9 s t x w all %r9k uni=mly4 ,! bottom ( ! truck w naturally %r9k sidewise & if ! bolts are drawn up x /ops ! op5+1 :ile if ! sides ( ! truck %r9k1 ! bottom bolts c be drawn up1 readily /opp+ ! leak4 ,! ends ( ! truck mu/ h ! gra9 runn+ up & d[n in/ead ( crosswise1 = if ! bottom ( ! truck jo9s sidewise & ! end pieces are runn+ crosswise ( ?is gra91 x w be impossible to draw ! bottom up tight1 on acc\nt ( ! lack ( %r9kage ( ! ends :]e ! gra9 runs l5g?wise ( ! end4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4--,,knuckle ,,type ,,oleo ,,oil ,,press4 ,press ,room & ,press+ ,/ock4--,! room into :i* ! se$+ trucks ) _! cont5ts are run %\ld be held at a temp]ature ( #ge to #ij ,f4 ,! mat]ial 9 ! se$+ trucks1 :i* is n[ call$ 8/ock0 %\ld be press$ at a temp]ature ( f #gh to #hd ,f41 accord+ to its quality1 z well z to ! p]c5tage ( /e>9e :i* x is desirable to make4 ,! l[] ! temp]ature at :i* ! oil is press$ ! m /e>9e w be reta9$ 9 ! clo?s4 ,aft] ! /ock is *ill$ to above temp]ature x w be f\nd t a granulation has tak5 effect & oil w be obs]v$ on ! top1 :]eas ! heavi] & granulat$ p>ts ( ! fat w be at ! bottom4 ,?is %\ld be ?or\ghly mix$ up be=e x is s5t to ! press1 ei!r by use ( a dipp] or me*anically1 c>e be+ us$ n to di/urb ! bottom ( ! cool]4 ,if !re is any moi/ure 9 ! bottom ( ! truck x w\ld spoil ! /ock by mix+ x4 ,:]eas1 if x is n agitat$1 :5 ! /ock is remov$1 ! bottom c be exam9$1 &1 if x is good1 x c be us$2 o!rwise x %\ld be s5t to ! tall[ tanks4 ,aft] ! /ock is ?or\ghly brok5 up or mix$ x is ready = ! press1 x fir/ be+ wrapp$ 9 clo?s4 ,! clo? us$ 9 connection ) ?is press is a m$ium weight piece ( cotton canvas1 :i* is cut 9 ! prop] siz$ pieces1 ab\t eighte5 in*es squ>e4 ,! clo? is fir/ put on ! 8=m]0 :i* is fill$ ) a dipp] full ( /ock2 ! att5dant wraps x up c>efully & ! man fill+ ! press z x comes ar\nd 9 ! :eel1 takes ! wrapp$ /ock & lays x on ! plate1 us+ eight bags ( /ock on ea* plate 9 ! press1 g5]ally us+ sixty /eel plates = ea* press4 ,:5 ! press is full ! p[] is turn$ on4 ,! sl[ spe$ %\ld be us$ almo/ exclusively aft] ! press is />t$ 9 ord] to give ! oil suffici5t "t to /ra9 ?r\gh ! canvass4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4--,,oleo ,,oil ,,receiv]4 ,collect+ ,oil4--,! oil f ! press %\ld run to a receiv+ tank1 z _m be+ us$ z is necess>y to keep ! diff]5t grades ( oil sep>at$4 ,:]e oil is be+ made 9 l>ge quantities x is always advisable to h ! receiv+ tank hold sixty ti]ces1 or a c> load ( oil1 = if small] receiv]s are us$ ! oil is likely to be irregul>4 ,! quality ( oil v>ies1 z does ! quality ( cattle2 = in/ance1 *oice native cattle1 :i* are v fat1 make a f9]1 bett] oil ?an we/]n cattle :i* are n 9 z good condition1 & z ! kill+ is always liable to run irregul>1 if ! oil is n assembl$ 9 l>ge quantities1 x is (t5 p]ceptible1 & a manufactur] soon acquires ! reputation ( mak+ irregul> oil4 ,:5 t reputation is once e/abli%$ buy]s scrut9ize closely be=e mak+ pur*ases4 ,oil ,receiv]s4--,! receiv]s ( ! oil %\ld be ei!r jacket$ or h a boat bottom2 t is1 "o vat plac$ inside ( ! o!r 7see ,fig4 #eh71 s t ! temp]ature ( ! oil 9 ! receiv]s may be regulat$1 b "u no conditions %\ld /eam pipes be subm]g$ 9 oleo oil2 all heat+ %\ld be done by contact surfaces ) hot wat]4 ,9 hav+ ! vat made ) a boat bottom x is simply necess>y to fill up ! space ) wat] & turn on /eam1 hold+ ! wat] at ! desir$ temp]ature4 ,temp]ature ( ,oil ,drawn to ,ti]ce4--,! oil 9 ! receiv]1 :5 ready to be ti]c$1 %\ld be rais$ to a temp]ature ( f #aaf to #aah ,f41 & !n drawn (f1 ! ti]ces be+ fill$ ?r\gh a side bung hole4 ,aft] ! ti]ce is fill$ x %\ld be roll$ away & left undi/urb$ 9 a temp]ature ( #ej ,f4 = at lea/ f\r days4 ,! oil ?us h&l$ w %[ a granulation1 :i* is v desirable4 ,if ! oil is n all[$ to /& until x has ?or\ghly granulat$1 or 8se$$0 x w come out smoo? or pa/y1 & pa/y oil is v objectionable to ! pur*as]4 ,if ! oil is n drawn (f at ?is temp]ature x w be f\nd difficult to h x se$ prop]ly1 z x *ills too quickly = a good granulation to take effect4 ,x is n wise to draw ! oil into a temp]ature l[] ?an #ej ,f4 ,aft] ! oil has be5 se$$ x c be kept 9 any /orage t is available bel[ #fj ,f41 b x mu/ be put into ! refrig]at+ temp]ature = ! fir/ ?ree or f\r days1 & n at any "t c>ri$ at a temp]ature bel[ #de4 ,/e>9e4--,/e>9e is ! product left 9 ! clo?s aft] press+ ! /ock4 ,?is product is us$ = _m purposes1 b l>gely = ! manufacture ( comp\nd l>d on acc\nt ( its h>dness4 7,ord9>y tall[ w run #da to #dc2 oleo oil runs #dj to #db2 oleo /e>9e %\ld run #ej to #eb1 tit]47 ,aft] ! oil is ?or\ghly press$ out1 ! press is op5$ & ! /e>9e tak5 out ( ! clo?s4 ,! /e>9e %\ld be ?r[n into a b9 :]e !re is an abundant circulation ( pure air1 9 ord] to ?or\ghly cool1 = if x is put into ! package too w>m1 a mold w =m :i* det]iorates x & r$uces its value4 ,aft] x is ?or\ghly *ill$ x is put into packages1 compress$ by a ma*9e z %[n1 :i* saves labor & puts m mat]ial into ! package2 or p\nd+ x ) a maul z x is deposit$ 9 ! ti]ces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4--,,/e>9e ,,pack]4 ,/e>9e ,/orage4--,/e>9e1 aft] be+ put 9 packages1 c be held = ?irty days 9 ord9>y /orage4 ,if held long] ?an t1 x %\ld be put into a room kept at a temp]ature ( f #dj to #de ,f4 & :i* is p]fectly dry4 ,/e>9e1 g5]ally speak+1 is a v unsatisfactory article to c>ry any l5g? ( "t1 =1 9 press+1 any moi/ure :i* may be 9 ! /ock is left 9 ! /e>9e1 & if c>ri$ = "s "t ?is moi/ure produces a discoloration1 :i* is kn[n to ! trade z 8spott$ /e>9e40 ,x also causes a moldy or mu/y smell1 :i* injures x = edible purposes1 & :ile x is (t5 c>ri$ = mon?s = an anticipat$ rise 9 ! m>ket1 x is q z (t5 regrett$ t x 0 n sold :5 x 0 9 good condition = ! m>ket4 ,packages4--,/e>9e is always pack$ 9 slack packages1 ! regul> package be+ #cd in*es high1 #ij in*es 9 circumf]5ce at ! bilge & #bc in*es across ! head ) eight pat5t$ hoops4 ,oleo oil is always put into a special ti]ce :i* is #cd in*es high1 #ha in*es 9 circumf]5ce at bilge & #ba in*es across heads1 ) six iron hoops4 ,oil ,h\se ,yields4--,! yields ( oleo oil & /e>9e f /ock are regulat$ l>gely by ! prices ( ! diff]5t articles1 z1 = in/ance1 :5 oil is l[ & /e>9e is high x is advisable to press ! /ock at a l[] temp]ature1 mak+ all ! /e>9e possible4 ,rev]se ! conditions & x is advisable to press ! /ock at a high temp]ature1 mak+ all ! oil possible1 h5ce ! g5]al yield ( oil 9 /e>9e is l>gely regulat$ by ! price ( ! two4 ,grad+ ,fats4--,z ! diff]5t k9ds ( fat h m or less diff]5t flavors1 x is wise to make c>eful selections 9 ord] to get ! be/ results1 x be+ impossible to make a grade ( all ,no4 #a oil1 #aj or #ae p] c5t ( ! total be+ ,no4 #b4 ,! balance ( ! product1 elim9at+ ! #aj or #ae p] c5t %\ld be /rictly ,no4 #a oil1 b if ! :ole output is made into "o grade1 x w\ld n be acceptable z ,no4 #a4 ,h5ce x w be se5 t x is ! bett] "p ( wisdom to make two & sometimes ?ree grades ( ?is product1 z indicat$ above4 ,( all ! oleo oil made 9 ?is c\ntry1 #ge to #ij p] c5t is %ipp$ to ,holl&1 :]e x is made into butt]9e & di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! cont95t & ,engl&4 ,! requirem5ts ( ^! consum]s seem to h *ang$ )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 & ! melt]s ( oleo oil /rive to get ! oils 9 ! condition to be/ suit ! ,holl&]s' dem&s4 ,:at !y seem to require is1 fir/ ( all1 a v neutral oil1 or 9 o!r words an oil ) z little flavor & smell z possible1 :]eas only a few ye>s ago j ! opposite 0 ! case1 & ! :ole endeavor at t "t 0 to get an oil ) z mu* flavor z c\ld be made4 ,9 grad+ ! fats a neutral or ,no4 #a oil is obta9$ f ! foll[+ p>ts3 ,caul fat4 ,ruffle fat4 ,briskets trimm+s4 ,crot* trimm+ f pick+s4 ,paun* trimm+s4 ,pluck trimm+s4 ,re$ trimm+s4 ,he>t cas+ fats4 ,= a ,no4 #b1 or second grade1 :i*1 ?\gh x may realize ne>ly z high a price z ! fir/ oil1 is an oil ( high flavor1 ! foll[+ p>ts are us$3 ,small fat4 ,*ipp$ fat1 :i* is tak5 (f ( ! middles4 ,ma*9e fat1 :i* is fat tak5 (f ( r\nds by ! fatt+ ma*9es4 ,he>t trimm+s4 ,pluck trimm+s4 ,miscellane\s b$ pick+s ( ! second grade4 ,kidney fat4 ,clean trimm+s f cattle :i* are be+ cut up = cann+ or sausage purposes4 ,skimm+s f scrap vat ( ,no4 #a oil4 ,a ?ird grade ( oleo oil1 :i* w be q inf]ior to ei!r ( ! o!r two nam$1 b = :i* at times !re is a good dem&1 (t5 nett+ m ?an ! same product w\ld1 if made into r5d]$ tall[1 is made f ! foll[+ trimm+s3 ,head fat4 ,fat trimm$ f cattle heads :5 *eek+4 ,pluck$ sweetbreads trimm+4 ,liv] trimm+s4 ,bladd] trimm+s4 ,fat f *ill$ beef tongues1 :5 !y are trimm$4 ,miscellane\s fats f o!r dep>tm5ts4 ,! skimm+s f ! oleo press clo?s boil+ be=e soda has be5 us$4 ,scrap vat skimm+s f ! second grade ( oil4 ,if fat is grad$ z above sugge/$1 & h&l$ prop]ly 9 ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts 9 ! oleo h\se1 satisfactory grades ( oil %\ld be made4 ,te/s on ,oil ,fats4--,! foll[+ are te/s %[+ ! p\nds & p]c5tages ( yield ( diff]5t k9ds ( fat :5 made into oleo oil4 ,! tables1 z w be not$1 only %[ ! p]c5tages ( fat 9 oleo /ock1 ?is consi/+ ( ! oil & /e>9e be=e press+4 ,,te/ ,,no4 #a4 ,caul fat run to ,no4 #a oleo oil3 ,hot weight f b$s 7dry7 #a1eje lbs4 ,*ill$ tw5ty h\rs1 net weight #a1icg lbs4 ---------- ,ga9 f hot weight #bh4gj #dcb lbs4 ,weight ( *ill$ fat to oil h\se #a1icg lbs4 ,?is fat1 ha%$ into melt+ kettle1 cook$ "o h\r & five m9utes1 settl$ "o h\r1 drawn into receiv]1 settl$ two h\rs1 & drawn into cool]s1 gives foll[+3 ,yield ( oleo /ock #a1bch lbs4 #hb4bf f hot weight #fc4ia f *ill$ weight ,ruffle fat run to ,no4 #a oleo oil3 ,hot weight f b$s 7dry7 #a1eah lbs4 ,*ill$ tw5ty h\rs1 net weight #a1gce lbs4 ---------- ,ga9 f hot weight #ad4bi #bag lbs4 ,weight *ill$ fat to oil h\se #a1gce lbs4 ,?is fat1 ha%$ into melt+ kettle & cook$ "o h\r !n settl$ "o h\r fifte5 m9utes1 aft] :i* drawn into receiv] & aga9 settl$ = two h\rs1 & drawn into cool]1 gives foll[+3 ,yield ( oleo /ock #a1jah lbs4 #fg4jf f hot weight #eh4fg f *ill$ weight ,! second te/ is simil>1 except t x is made on ! 8peck & re$0 fat1 :i* is us$ 9 a ,no4 #a oil4 ,9 ! ?ird te/ *ipp$ fat is us$ = ,no4 #a oleo4 ,?is is a fat :i* is cut (f ! middle gut1 :5 fatt$4 ,te/ ,no4 #d is made on ! gut end fat1 :i* consi/s ( miscellane\s trimm+s f ! gut1 ends1 etc4 ,no4 #e 0 a te/ to det]m9e ! value & yield ( caul & ruffle fat f #afe cattle4 ,,te/ ,,no4 #b4 ,peek & re$ fat to oleo oil3 ,hot weight f trimm+ b5* 7dry7 #a1jhb lbs4 ,?r\gh small wa% vat to wa% 7weight f wat]7 #a1baa lbs4 ---------- ,ga9 9 wa%+ f hot weight #aa4ib #abi lbs4 ,weight to *ill vat #a1baa lbs4 ,*ill$ sixte5 h\rs1 weight #a1bee lbs4 ---------- ,ga9 f wa%$ weight #dd lbs4 ,ga9 9 *ill+ f hot weight #ae4ij #agb lbs4 ,weight *ill$ fat to oil h\se #a1bee lbs4 ,h&l$ 9 ! usual way gives foll[+3 #fg4ai f hot weight ,yield ( oleo /ock #gbg lbs4 #fj4jc f wa%$ weight #eg4ic f *ill$ weight ,,te/ ,,no4 #c4 ,*ip fat to ,no4 #a oleo oil3 ,hot weight f trimm+ b5* 7dry7 #a1ejj lbs4 ,?r\gh small vat to wa% 7weight f wat]7 #a1fci lbs4 ---------- ,ga9 9 wa%+ f hot weight #i4bf #aci lbs4 ,weight to *ill vat #a1fci lbs4 ,*ill$ eighte5 h\rs1 weight #a1gfj lbs4 ---------- ,ga9 f wa%$ weight #g4ch #aba lbs4 ,ga9 9 *ill+ f hot weights #ag4cc #bfj lbs4 ,weight *ill$ fat to oil h\se #a1gfj lbs4 ,h&l$ 9 ! usual way1 gives foll[+3 #fe4dj f hot weight ,yield 9 oleo /ock #iha lbs4 #ei4he f wa%$ weight #ee4gd f *ill$ weight ,,te/ ,,no4 #d4 ,no4 #a gut end fat to oleo oil3 ,net weight f trimm+ b5* 7dry7 #a1cdg lbs4 ,?r\gh small vat to wa% 7weight f wat]7 #a1ead lbs4 ---------- ,ga9 f hot to wa%$ weight #ab4dj #afg lbs4 ,weight to *ill vat #a1ead lbs4 ,*ill$ tw5ty h\rs1 weight #a1ecb lbs4 ---------- ,ga9 f wa%$ weight #a4ai #ah lbs4 ,ga9 to *ill$ f hot weight #ac4gc #ahe lbs4 ,weight ( *ill$ fat to oil h\se #a1ecb lbs4 ,h&l$ 9 usual way gives foll[+3 #fa4ci f hot weight ,yield ( oleo /ock #hbg lbs4 #ed4fb f wa%$ weight #ec4ih f *ill$ weight ,,te/ ,,no4 #e4 ,te/ on caul & ruffle fat3 ,total weight #e1beb lbs41 av4 wt4 p] head1 #cb lbs4 ,yield 8,a0 oleo oil #eb4ch #b1gea lbs4 at #h4ae p] cwt4 #bbd4ba ,yield ,no4 #a /e>9e #bb4ib #a1bjd lbs4 at #h4fe p] cwt4 #ajd4ad ,yield skimm+s to ,no4 #c oil #a4ga #ij lbs4 at #f4dj p] cwt4 #e4gf ------ #gg4ja ,yield scrap to tank #dba lbs4 ,yield tall[ #ai4bd #ha lbs41 at #d4fj p] cwt4 #c4gc ,yield tankage 7dry7 #c4hj #af lbs41 at #ag4ej p] ton 4#ad ------- #ccg4ih ,value p] cwt4 ( fat #f4dc ,value p] head ( fat #b4je ,! prices on oil1 /e>9e & skimm+s are ! m>ket prices at "t te/ 0 made1 less dep>tm5t exp5se = #fj c5ts p] #ajj p\nds4 ,! price on tall[ is m>ket price less #dj c5ts p] #ajj p\nds1 dep>tm5t exp5se4 ,! foll[+ is a te/ ( tripe fat made into ,no4 #a oleo /ock3 ,,te/ ,,no4 #f4 ,tripe fat to oleo oil3 ,hot weight f trimm+ b5* 7dry7 #a1fci lbs4 ,?r\gh small vat to wa% 7weight f wat]7 #a1hfj lbs4 ---------- ,ga9 9 wa%+ f hot weight #ac4dh #bca lbs4 ,weight to *ill vat #a1hfj lbs4 ,*ill$ tw5ty h\rs1 weight #b1jji lbs4 ---------- ,ga9 f wa%$ weight #h4ja #adi lbs4 ,ga9 9 *ill+ f hot weight #bb4eg #cgj lbs4 ,weight *ill$ to oil h\se #b1jji lbs4 ,h&l$ 9 ! usual way1 gives foll[+3 #fe4bh f hot weight ,yield 9 oleo /ock1 #a1jgj lbs4 #eg4ec f wa%$ weight #ec4de f *ill$ weight ,but*] ,fats4--,kidney fat yields ! l>ge/ p]c5tage ( /ock ( any fat 9 ! animal4 ,! fat 9 ?is p>ticul> "p seems to be ri*] 9 oil & 9 ! g5]al h&l+ ( same x r>ely goes into ! wat] to absorb additional weight1 z x is g5]ally pur*as$ f ! retail but*] aft] ! c>cass has be5 cut up4 ,?is 9 itself is a l>ge bran* ( ! bus9ess1 9 _m places melt]s mak+ a practice ( collect+ f ! but*]s _! bones1 tall[ & fat4 ,! foll[+ te/ w give an idea ( ! yield ( ! diff]5t products br\ght f a but*]'s %op1 :5 us$ 9 an oleo factory or tank room4 ,! prices quot$ are ^? t 7 paid at ! "t te/s 7 made4 ,! p]c5tages1 h[ev]1 are accurate4 ,,/ock ,,yield ,,f #fdi ,,p\nds ,,( ,,kidney ,,& ,,cod ,,fat4 ,/ock #ejg lbs41 or #gh4ab1 at #i;c p] lb4 #dh4af ,exp5se ,pkgs41 #a4de2 labor1 #a4bg #b4gb ------- ,net value #de4dd ,value p] #ajj lbs41 bas$ on weight ( fat1 #g4jj4 ,,/ock ,,yield ,,f #b1jjd ,,p\nds ,,( ,,pick+s4 ,/ock #a1abd lbs41 or #ef1 at #i;c p] lb4 #ajf4gh ,exp5se ,pkgs41 #c4hc2 labor1 #e4ja #h4hd ------- ,net value #ig4id ,value p] #ajj lbs41 bas$ on weight ( fat1 #d4hi4 ,,tall[ ,,yield ,,f #aj1ghg ,,p\nds ,,( ,,bones4 ,no4 #a tall[ #a1eac lbs41 or #ad4jb1 at #f;c p] lb4 #ih4cd ,/ock ( tankage #a1gej lbs41 or #af4bb1 at #af p] ton #ad4jj ,wa/e #g1ebd lbs41 or #fi4gf4 ,exp5se1 labor #b4be ------- ,net value #aaj4ji ,value p] #ajj lbs41 bas$ on weight ( raw bones1 #a4jb4 ,,summ>y4 ,p] #ajj lbs4 ,net value kidney & cod fat #g4jj ,net value pick+s #d4hi ,net value bones #a4jb ,net value kidney1 cod & pick+s comb9$ #e4dj ,net value kidney1 cod1 pick+s & bones comb9$ #a4hi ,! above is bas$ on gre5 weights4 ,no d$uctions = /eam p[] & adm9i/rative exp5ses4 ,! foll[+ is ! p]c5tages ( products us$ 9 above te/3 ,p] c5t4 ,kidney & cod #d4hc ,pick+s #ad4ia ,bones #hj4bf ------ #ajj4jj ,te/ on ,oleo ,scrap4--,! foll[+ is a te/ on ! scrap f =ego+ te/ aft] all ! oil _h be5 extract$1 :i* 0 put into a r5d]+ tank & cook$ = twelve h\rs ) =ty p\nds pressure3 ,,te/ ,,on ,,oleo ,,scrap4 ,p] ,product ,p\nds c5t ----------------------------------- ,scrap to tank #d1bdf 444 ,produc$ tall[ #a1aiebh4ad ,produc$ press$ tankage #dcdaj4bb ----------------------------------- ,mutton ,fat4--,! fat d]iv$ 9 ! kill+ ( %eep is (t5 us$ to good advantage 9 mak+ mutton oleo oil4 ,!re are times :5 !re is a ready sale = ?is oil1 9 :i* ev5t x is run 9 ! oil h\se by precisely ! same rules z ^? laid d[n = ! melt+ ( beef tall[4 ,! yields on mutton fat are consid]ably less1 h[ev]1 ?an on beef fat4 ,:5 x is n advisable to put x into mutton oleo1 x is ne>ly always advisable to make a mutton tall[1 provid+ !re is suffici5t am\nt ( ! raw /ock on h& to w>rant x1 z mutton tall[ inv>iably br+s a bett] price ?an ord9>y comm]cial tall[4 ,mutton tall[ runs consid]ably high] 9 tit] ?an ord9>y tall[4 ,x is also mu* :it] & is (t5 us$ 9 ! manufacture ( cosmetics1 etc4 ,:5 made into oil x %\ld be made f mutton fat only4 ,_m l>d ref9]s h discov]$ t :]e a compla9t 0 made reg>d+ ! quality ( _! l>d x 0 traceable to _! oleo /e>9e1 9 :i* mutton fat _h be5 us$1 ?is fat hav+ a t5d5cy to turn ! l>d rancid mu* e>li] ?an :]e beef oleo /e>9e is us$4 ,oil ,selection4--,9 "s e/abli%m5ts :]e high color$ oils dispos+ t[>d a yell[ t9t are produc$1 !y are select$ sep>ately 9 ! se$+ room & ! oil segregat$ on acc\nt ( its desirability = dome/ic butt]9e4 ,oil ,h\se ,op]ation4--,! foll[+ in/ructions if compli$ ) w result 9 a satisfactory op]ation4 ,fir/4--,see t ! fat is 9 good condition1 prop]ly trimm$1 all pieces ( meat1 lungs1 guts1 etc41 completely remov$1 & t ! fat is h&l$ promptly1 n all[+ x to become /ale1 & s\r be=e x is receiv$4 ,second4--,:5 x is receiv$1 don't pile up 9 ! vats2 see t ! ice wat] is 9 contact ) all p>ts ( x & ?or\ghly *ill x4 ,:5 caul fat is extra heavy1 exam9e all ! l>ge/ pieces closely & see t !y are ?or\ghly *ill$ ?r\gh4 ,?ird4--,arrange to h no ice or cool+ pipes 9 ! vat :]e ! fat is receiv$1 x be+ ?r[n 9 "h to give x a ?or\gh wa%+4 ,! next vat to :i* x is ?r[n1 h[ev]1 %\ld h cool+ pipes4 ,! wat] 9 ! vats into :i* ! fat is wa%$ & *ill$ mu/ be *ang$ daily4 ,f\r?4--,d n beg9 ha%+ until ! fat is prop]ly cool$4 ,x w take f ?ree to five h\rs to accompli% ?is1 "u ord9>y conditions4 ,fif?4--,x is wise nev] to beg9 ha%+ until !re is fat en\gh to ei!r f9i% ! day's "w1 or at lea/ to keep ! h\se runn+ & to ha% a kettle full regul>ly1 z x is impracticable to /op 9 ! middle ( ! op]ation ( ha%+ a kettle ( fat1 = :5 once comm5c$ x mu/ be complet$4 ,six?4--,use suffici5t /eam on ! ha%] jacket to facilitate ! cutt+1 hav+ ! mat]ial come ?r\gh z cold z possible4 ,if too mu* /eam is us$ x p>tially melts ! fat 9 ! ha%] & dis9tegration is n p]fect4 ,sev5?4--,= melt+ kettles :i* hold ab\t #a1djj p\nds ( ha%$ fat ab\t half an h\r %\ld be requir$ to d ! ha%+4 ,:ile ! capacity ( ! ha%] might be mu* great] x is well to h ! fat p>tially melt$ dur+ ! c\rse ( ha%+1 s z n to h too l>ge a body ( unmelt$ fat 9 ! melt]s4 ,eigh?4--,! "t = melt+1 settl+ & lett+ d[n ! /ock into ! cl>ifi]s f ! melt+ kettles %\ld n exce$ two h\rs & tw5ty m9utes4 ,z soon z ha%+ is begun1 ! agitator %\ld be />t$ revolv+4 ,:5 ?r\gh ha%+1 ! man ov]see+ ! melt+1 aft] all[+ ! agitator to run five or t5 m9utes1 %\ld lift x out ( ! kettle & clean x (f ?or\ghly ) a paddle1 & !n drop x back into ! kettle4 ,if ?is is n done sev]al times dur+ ! c\rse ( ha%+1 unmelt$ fats w be f\nd 9 ! bottoms :5 !y are ready to drop to scrap vat4 ,! /eam %\ld be turn$ on 9 ! jacket ( ! kettle z soon z ha%+ is />t$4 ,keep ! /eam on until ! fat %[s a temp]ature ( #adj to #adb ,f4 ,! /eam %\ld !n be %ut (f & ! surplus heat 9 ! kettle w run ! fat up to #aee ,f41 :i* %\ld be ! maximum melt+ po9t = ,no4 #a melt+ oil4 ,no4 #b1 or ! flavor$ oil1 may be melt$ to #aeh ,f4 ,no4 #c1 or l[e/ grade ( oil1 may be melt$ at #afj ,f41 & 9 "s in/ances #afe ,f4 ,z soon z x is evid5t t ! fat is ?or\ghly melt$ ! agitator %\ld be /opp$ & pull$ out ( ! oil1 & x %\ld /& at lea/ an h\r1 ! /eam be+ %ut (f f ! jacket1 giv+ x a *ance to settle4 ,on ?is p>ticul> process dep5ds ! entire result ( ! mak+ ( oleo oil1 z ! fat be+ s ?or\ghly dis9tegrat$ 9 ! ha%] :5 x is melt$1 a great deal ( tissue f ?is fat is held 9 susp5sion 9 ! oil & x mu/ h v c>eful h&l+ 9 ord] to get x ?or\ghly settl$ out4 ,if x is n all remov$ f ! oil1 ! latt] w turn /rong f ! decomposition ( ! tissues4 ,aft] ! oil has settl$ ?r[ 9 ab\t fifte5 to tw5ty p\nds ( f9e salt1 scatt]+ x ?or\ghly ov] ! surface ( ! oil1 ! salt hav+ ! effect ( c>ry+ ) x any unsettl$ tissues :i* may /ill rema9 9 ! oil4 ,! top ( ! oil %\ld !n be c>efully skimm$1 = !re is a scum float+ on ! top :5 x is settl$4 ,aft] ?is is done ! siphon pipe is dropp$ d[n into ! oil & ! oil is tak5 (f v c>efully4 ,x is v ess5tial 9 draw+ ?is ) ! siphon pipe t z little scrap & wat] z possible be tak5 ) x4 ,aft] ! oil has be5 tak5 (f1 ! bottom valve ( ! melt+ kettle is op5$1 dropp+ ! cont5ts into ! scrap vat4 ,! kettle %\ld be ?or\ghly wa%$ & clean$ be=e x is us$ aga94 ,n9?4--,! oil n[ 9 ! cl>ifi] %\ld be kept at a temp]ature ( ab\t #adj ,f4 ,x %\ld be all[$ to rema9 9 ! cl>ify+ kettle ab\t an h\r1 & dur+ ?is "t %\ld lose ab\t t5 degrees 9 temp]ature1 p]fect settl+ be+ possible only by l[]+ ! temp]ature ( ! mat]ial4 ,:ile oil is 9 ! cl>ifi]1 spr9kle ab\t f\r p\nds ( salt ov] x4 ,z soon z x is settl$ skim imm$iately1 & aga9 a second "t be=e ! oil is dra9$ into se$+ truck4 ,x %\ld be drawn (f into ! se$+ truck at a temp]ature ( #abj to #abe ,f41 c>e be+ tak5 at all times 9 siphon+ ! oil f ! diff]5t kettles to see t no wat] has gott5 into ! oil4 ,z x is impossible to draw ! oil all out ( ! diff]5t kettles ) ! siphon1 ! oil t is left 9 ! bottom ( ! kettle ea* "t %\ld be tak5 back & put into ! melt+ kettle & all[$ to run ?r\gh ) ! next melt+ ( fat4 ,t5?4--,be p>ticul> to h ! kettles wa%$ ea* "t aft] be+ empti$ & see t !y are kept at prop] heat to receive ea* lot ( fat :5 ready4 ,elev5?4--,see t all wat]1 siphon pipes1 & draw+-(f pipes to ! se$]s be ?or\ghly scald$ & /eam$ out be=e draw+1 z !re is inv>iably an accumulation 9 ^! pipes1 :i*1 if all[$ to g unc>$ =1 w turn rancid & injure ! quality ( ! oil4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,bone ,,dep>tm5t4 ,,bone ,,dep>tm5t -- ,,h>d ,,bone -- ,,glue ,,bone -- ,,bone ,,products -- ,,horns -- ,,manufactur$ ,,articles -- ,,skulls -- ,,te/ ,,yield ,,f ,,skulls ,,& ,,feet -- ,,buttocks ,,& ,,?ighs -- ,,blades ,,& ,,ribs -- ,,dry+ -- ,,cru%$ ,,bone -- ,,gr9d+ ,,bone -- ,,neats ,,foot ,,oil ,,/orage -- ,,neats ,,foot ,,oil ,,purifi] -- ,,yield ,,te/s4 ,bone ,dep>tm5t4--,! bone dep>tm5t is :]e ! bones are c>$ = & prep>$ = comm]cial purposes4 ,ne>ly all bones t are ( value1 to be sold z su*1 come f cattle1 & to ?is dep>tm5t is s5t ! horns1 skulls1 jaws1 feet1 %ank bones1 ?igh bones1 blade bones1 rib bones & ^? result+ f cutt+ & bon+ cattle4 ,^! yield :at is kn[n z manufactur+ bone1 su* z %9s1 blades1 buttocks & ?igh bones4 ,mo/ ( ! balance is us$ = bone f]tiliz]1 glue & gr9d+4 ,! bone usually produc$ 9 ! bone dep>tm5t is h>d bone4 ,h>d ,bone4--,h>d bones are ^? n cook$ suffici5tly to extract ! glue /ock1 b en\gh to remove all grease4 ,!y are cook$ 9 op5 vats4 ,excessive boil+ br+s ! bones out 9 :at is kn[n to ! trade z a 8*alky condition0 & injures ! quality4 ,glue ,bones4--,bones us$ = glue /ock are gre5 bones j z tak5 f ! animal1 or dri$ h>d bone4 ,9 ! =m] case ! bone is cru%$ gre51 wa%$1 boil$1 & ! liquor collect$1 filt]$ & evaporat$4 ,! residue is dri$ & is ! article ( comm]ce sold "u ! head+ ( 8,/eam ,bone10 us$ ext5sively 9 f]tiliz] manufactur+4 ,^? :o slaught] on a mod]ate scale are usually n 9 a position to und]take ! manufacture ( glue4 ,consequ5tly !y are mo/ int]e/$ 9 prop] me?ods ( manufactur+ h>d bones4 ,bone ,products4--,small bones are also conv]t$ into bone *>coal1 :i* is l>gely us$ = ! purpose ( blea*+ sug> & 9 v>i\s m$ic9al prep>ations4 ,bones are us$ = a great v>iety ( purposes1 includ+ ! manufacture ( bone *>coal = blea*+1 empyreumatic oils2 tall[2 black pigm5t = pa9t+1 %oe black+ & fill+ %eet rubb] = ov]%oes2 bone du/ = manure2 sulphate ( ammonia2 cupels2 vitrifi$ bone ( use 9 mak+ opal glass1 & 9 ! manufacture ( knife-h&les1 combs1 fans1 buttons1 etc4 ,bones also furni% gelat9e & glue1 & are ! />t+ po9t = ! manufacture ( phosphorus4 ,horns4--,horns are ! mo/ valuable bone products measur$ by weight4 ,ow+ to ! dehorn+ ( cattle z well z ! bre$+ ( poll$ cattle1 ! supply ( horns has be5 greatly dim9i%$1 & :]eas tw5ty-five ye>s ago horns 7 wor? #bj4jj a ton !y are n[ wor? f #bhj4jj to #cjj4jj p] ton if !y are ( ! prop] selections1 h5ce x w be se5 t intellig5t h&l+ is wor? :ile4 ,! horns sev]$ f ! head pref]ably by saw+ & cutt+ at a po9t beyond ! meet+ po9t ( skull & horn1 are ?r[n into a vat ( wat]1 held at a temp]ature ( f #adj to #aej ,f4 ,aft] soak+ = t5 or fifte5 m9utes !y are tak5 out & by hamm]+ ! horn across "s solid sub/ance1 or by lay+ x on a block & p\nd+ x ) a weight or mallet1 ! pi? slips out4 ,! pi?s are dri$ & us$ 9 ! manufacture ( glue4 ,! horns %\ld be /or$ 9 a room :]e !re is ample outside air circulation & n too dry4 ,artificial heat w cause !m to crack4 ,!y are nev] dri$ on /eam coils4 ,selections are made = "s m>kets1 al?\gh !y are usually sold z tak5 (f4 ,manufactur$ ,articles4--,! manufacture ( horns into manufactur$ articles is a highly specializ$ "w & r>ely und]tak5 by ! pack] z a comm]cial possibility4 ,horns are us$ = ! manufacture ( combs & v>i\s o!r ornam5tal articles4 ,9 ! c\rse ( manufactur+1 ! tip is saw$ (f to ! holl[ "p ( ! horn4 ,x is !n split op51 ! horn is /eam$1 s(t5$ & flatt5$ by pressure1 usually hydraulic pressure4 ,any *ecks or flaws 9 ! horn damage x = manufactur+ purposes4 ,if submitt$ to excessive heat 9 dry+ or /or$ 9 a room t is hot & dry !y are sure to become damag$4 ,:5 9 /orage !y %\ld be plac$ 9 a cell> or room :]e !re is "s moi/ure1 b n en\gh to cause !m to mold4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4--;,,cattle ,,head ,,splitt]s4 ,skulls4--,! treatm5t ( skulls 9 process is z foll[s3 ,! *eek meat is remov$ f ! head1 ! jaws pull$ out1 ! head split & bra9 remov$1 & ! skull is ready = ! cook+ vat4 ,! bra9 is an edible product1 = :i* !re is a ready sale 9 mo/ m>kets1 consequ5tly !y %\ld be prop]ly tak5 out4 ,! illu/ration1 ,fig4 #fj1 is ( a ma*9e ) a holl[ knife int5d$ = splitt+ ! skull b n damag+ ! bra94 ,) ?is ma*9e ! heads are split aft] ! jaws are pull$4 ,! head is laid on ! table ) ! tee? up4 ,! knife is made ) a semi-circul> space 9 ! %>p edge :i* comes d[n ov] ! bra9 )\t t\*+ same z ! balance ( ! blade is =c$ ?r\gh ! skull1 leav+ ! bra9 intact :ile sep>at+ ! skull bones4 ,:]e a l>ge numb] ( heads are h&l$ 9 ?is mann] x saves a great deal ( labor4 ,x is desirable to remove ! bra9s be=e cook+ ! skulls1 z ! bones become discolor$ if ! bra9 is left 9 ! skull4 ,cook+4--,aft] ! skulls are plac$ 9 a tank !y %\ld be kept cov]$ ) cold wat] until collect$ 9 suffici5t quantity = cook+4 ,!y %\ld be ?or\ghly wa%$1 z !re is a l>ge am\nt ( clott$ blood usually adh]+ to ! skull1 & if n well wa%$ ! grease d]iv$ f ! cook+ is discolor$ & injur$4 ,9 connection ) ! wa%+1 x is always well1 :5 ! vat is fill$1 to heat ! wat] to a po9t ab\t #ij ,f4 & draw ?is wat] (f4 ,! vat is !n fill$ ) wat] suffici5t to cov] ! skull & ! /eam turn$ on1 ! temp]ature rais$ to #bjj ,f4 ,! /eam %\ld be graduat$ s z to hold ?is temp]ature eight & "o-half or n9e h\rs1 :5 ! heads w be f\nd to be cook$ suffici5tly4 ,! /eam is !n %ut (f & ! oil cook$ f ! heads is all[$ to collect on ! surface1 aft] :i* x is skimm$ & /ra9$1 & all[$ to settle4 ,x is !n ready = ti]c+4 ,clean+4--,! skulls %\ld be kept cov]$ ) wat] until ready = wa%+4 ,?is is done by pass+ ?r\gh a reel scre5 arrang$ ) a c5tral holl[ axle or a p]=at$ pipe susp5d$ 9 ! top1 us$ = spray+ ! revolv+ bones ) a pl5tiful supply ( w>m wat] = cleans+ !m4 ,jaw ,bones4--,jaw bones %\ld be h&l$ ! same z skulls1 except t !y %\ld be cook$ f n9e to t5 h\rs4 ,! jaws are crack$ at "r angles to _! l5g? 9 ord] to op5 ! bone = extract+ all oil4 ,dry+4--,! bones are n[ ready = dry+4 ,dry]s are m5tion$ subsequ5tly4 ,feet4--,! cattle feet are ( prime importance ow+ to ! value ( ! products result+4 ,9 m5tion+ feet1 we mean compreh5sively ! feet f knee to ho(1 inclusive4 ,wa%+ ,feet4--,! feet ^u be+ tak5 f ! animal %\ld be wa%$ promptly1 & all manure & refuse remov$ pref]ably ?r\gh a revolv+ wa%]4 ,cutt+ ,s9ews & ,saw+ ,bones4--,! s9ews are remov$ f ! feet1 & ! %9 bones saw$ out4 ,! saw+ ( ! bone is an important matt]4 ,! bone %\ld be rigidly held & saw$ by a %>p mov+ blade1 ! saw c>riage mov$ aga9/ ! tightly held foot4 ,! set ( saw %\ld be su* z to avoid a ragg$ edge4 ,saw %\ld h high spe$ up to #a1bjj r4 p4 m4 & be fil$ ) b little set4 ,9 mov+ ! blade x %\ld be done firmly & regul>ly--n j]ky4 ,! cutt+ %\ld be done ab\t midway ?r\gh ! 8sponge0 =mation at end ( bone s t ! oil c be cook$ clean4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4--;,,bone ,,saw ,,) ,,iron ,,frame4 ,raw ,%9 ,bones ,cool+4--,^! bones %\ld be kept 9 cle> cold runn+ wat] until ! day's cook is collect$4 ,removal ( ,ho(s4--,! removal ( ho(s is to be done by putt+ ! feet 9 a tank or tub ( wat]4 ,/eam is inject$ into ! wat] & ! temp]ature rais$ to ab\t #ahj ,f41 :]e x is ma9ta9$ = #bj to #cj m9utes1 or until ! ho(s w slip4 ,ho(s are p9*$ (f & feet pass$ to cook boxes4 ,ho(s are usually air dri$ & select$ into :ite & /rip$ ho(s1 ! mo/ valuable us$ & sold = manufactur+4 ,black ho(s are ord9>ily coil dri$ & gr\nd = f]tiliz]4 ,! oil is ! neatsfoot oil ( comm]ce4 ,cook+ ,%9 ,bones4--,%9 bones %\ld be cook$ ab\t eight h\rs at a temp]ature ( #afj to #agj ,f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4--;,,h& ,,ho( ,,pull]4 ,judgm5t is to be us$ 9 ! cook+ z ! age ( ! cattle & ! h>dness ( ! bone w h to d ) ! bone appe>+ 8*alky0 :5 dry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4--,,p[] ,,ho( ,,pull]4 ,cook+ ,feet4--,! foot portion result+ 9 ! small knuckles :5 cook$ is cook$ sep>ately f ! %9 bones & oil h&l$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,skimm+ ! ,oil4--,! oil ris+ to ! top ( ! cook vats %\ld be c>efully skimm$ (f ) z little wat] z possible4 ,x %\ld be /ra9$ ?r\gh a f9e me% scre5 cov]$ ) two ?icknesses ( scrim1 s z to take out all float+ fibre or float]s4 ,skimm+ & ,settl+4--,^u skimm+ deposit oil 9 ! oil receiv]s1 keep ! oil "u heat at a temp]ature ( #aej ,f4 ,! settl+ or s$im5t %\ld be daily remov$ at ! dra9 outlet until oil beg9s to %[1 s9ce ! settl+ & moi/ure are sure means ( mak+ oil s\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4--,,revolv+ ,,bone ,,wa%]4 ,purify+ ,oil4--,! oil is kept 9 ! conta9]s until ready = purify+4 ,! two receiv]s are connect$ toge!r by a common pipe :i* t]m9ates 9 a pipe arrang$ 9 ! =m ( a cross ) a tee connection at ea* end4 ,ov] ! ends ( ?is cross are susp5d$ cotton flannel bags ( d\ble ?ickness ti$ tightly ov] ! tees4 ,! oil is /ra9$ ?r\gh ^! into ! purifi] :]e x is settl$ = two or ?ree h\rs4 ,%\ld any moi/ure appe> x is )drawn at ! dra9 cock at bottom4 ,bags %\ld be us$ once & c>efully wa%$4 ,! oil is !n dri$ out by heat+ ! same ?r\gh ! /eam jacket on kettle until x rea*es a temp]ature ( ab\t #bej ,f41 at :i* temp]ature x is held sev]al h\rs4 ,! oil is to be /irr$ occasionally dur+ ! dry+ p]iod4 ,! /eam is clos$ & ! oil all[$ to settle & cool & is !n put 9 casks4 ,temp]ature ( oil :5 drawn into casks1 ab\t #hj to #ij ,f41 casks1 h>d wood1 well hoop$ & ( sup]ior quality to prev5t leakage4 ,neatsfoot ,oil4--,obta9$ f cook+ r\nd %91 flat %91 small knuckle bones 7be+ bones f feet7 & %9 bones4 ,f9i%+ ,bones4--,aft] tak+ ! oil & deposit+ same 9 ! neatsfoot oil receiv]1 ! %9 bones are remov$ & plac$ 9 ! poli%] :]e !y are revolv$ = ab\t "o h\r or until ! bones are clean$4 ,w>m$ wat] is pass$ ?r\gh ! bones dur+ ?is process1 introduc$ ?r\gh holl[ %aft 9 wa%]4 ,! sub/ance wa%$ out conta9s m or less oil :i* %\ld be trapp$ & ! cle> oil skimm$ (f1 & balance ( mat]ial s5t to ! r5d]+ tanks4 ,! knuckles are simil>ly treat$ until clean$4 ,dry+ ,bones4--,:5 ! %9 bones are wa%$ & clean$ !y %\ld be spread on racks to dry1 9 natural temp]ature 7n coil dri$7 & out ( draft or cold temp]atures to avoid *eck+ or splitt+4 ,small knuckle bones f ! feet are to be coil dri$ = manufactur+ bone4 ,s9ews4--,^! are *iefly sold = glue /ock4 ,9 remov+ s9ews f ! legs1 c>e mu/ be us$ n to cut too deep 9 ! heel ( ! foot1 x be+ pref]r$ to leave "s glue /ock on ! foot r ?an to cut too deep & remove ! fat :i* goes to make up ! neatsfoot oil :i* is mu* m valuable ?an ! glue /ock4 ,?is "p ( ! product1 well dra9$1 %\ld be tak5 to a cool1 al?\gh n necess>ily refrig]at$ room1 & ?or\ghly salt$2 ,x is (t5 f\nd necess>y to ov]haul x & resalt x 9 ord] to keep x f 8sweat+40 ,aft] x has be5 cur$ t5 days or two weeks x is ready = ! glue dep>tm5t4 ,te/ ,yield f ,skulls & ,feet4--,te/ on foll[+ page %[s ! yield f head & feet ( #acj1dgj cattle1 same bas$ on ! m>ket prices prevail+ at ! "t ! te/ 0 made4 ,:ile prices v>y ! p]c5tages giv5 are accurate4 ,buttocks & ,?ighs4--,^! leg bones are treat$ sub/antially ! same z ! %9 bones 9 cook+ & to completion4 ,,av]age ,,yield ,,( ,,head ,,& ,,feet ,,on ,,kill ,,( #acj1dgj ,,cattle4 ,m>ket price ,yield------------------- ,value p] p] p] p] p] ,product c5t ton gal4 lb4 head ---------------------------------------- ----- ,skulls #d4jgiah4jj 444 444 #j4jcfg ,jaws #b4bhi #ah4jj 444 444 4#jbjf ,knuckles #b4fda #ah4jj 444 444 4#jbcg ,ho(s #a4gdd #bb4jj 444 444 4#jaia ,ho(s1 :ite 4#adg #ej4jj 444 444 4#jjcf ,pi?s 4#def #ba4jj 444 444 4#jjdg ,r\nd %9s #a4aih #db4jj 444 444 4#jbea ,flat %9s 4#ief #cj4jj 444 444 4#jadc ,horns 4#eahbjj4jj 444 444 4#jeah ,neatsfoot oil #a4jfa 444 #j4fd 444 4#jije ,*eeks #c4ehj 444 444 #j4jc 4#ajgd ,head meat 4#fih 444 444 4#jc 4#jbid ,f9e meat #a4jgb 444 444 4#jc 4#jcba ,s9ews #a4hii #ai4jj 444 444 4#jahj ,tall[ #a4gcj 444 444 4#jf 4#aafg ,tankage #a4afj #af4jj 444 444 4#jjib ,bra9s 4#fej 444 444 4#jb 4#jadf ,head oil #a4jfh 444 444 4#jf 4#jgbf ---------------------------------------- ----- ,total value 444 444 444 444 #j4fija ---------------------------------------- ----- ,blades & ,ribs4--,:]e cutt+ & %ipp+ cattle is done 9 pr(usion !re are _m small bones result+4 ,if h>d bone is be+ made ^! bones are cook$ 9 op5 vat f six to eight h\rs4 ,cellul> bones are usually crack$ s z to make = free extraction ( oil4 ,dry+4--,two sy/ems ( dry+ are us$ 9 ! bone dep>tm5t4 ,! op5 air sy/em = horns1 select$ :ite & /rip$ ho( = manufactur+1 %9 bones1 buttock bones1 & ^? sold = manufactur+ purposes2 ! coil1 or room1 dry+ pr9ciple1 = gr9d+ bone4 ,! latt]1 cru%$ bone1 is sold to glue mak]s & gr9d]s4 ,! usual me?od ( h&l+ ! latt] /yle ( dry+ is to make plat=m coils or grids ( #a-;in* pipe ( an area conv5i5t1 z t5 by sixte5 feet1 or units conv5i5t to ! space4 ,^! are 9 multiple & arrang$ to be accessible f two or m sides = conv5i5ce 9 fill+ & remov+ bones4 ,! grids %\ld be plac$ twelve or fifte5 in*es above ! floor to p]mit clean+ und]nea?4 ,! pipes or grids are usually sub/antially support$ to c>ry ! weight plac$ ^u !m4 ,a wire scre5 ( ,no4 #e scre5 #a-;in* me% is a conv5i5ce to prev5t bones dropp+ ?r\gh4 ,! bones are pil$ ^u ! grids to dry1 :5 !y are !n transf]r$ to /orage rooms4 ,cru%$ ,bone4--,! skulls1 jaws & l>g] bones1 are usually cru%$ be=e /or+ s z to get a great] weight 9 less space4 ,9 ?is condition !y are ready = gr9d+ into 8raw bone meal10 ! "n giv5 to gr\nd bone = sale to glue mak]s = extract+ glue4 ,gr9d+ ,bone4--,gr\nd bone is usually gr\nd ?r\gh an attrition mill1 ( :i* !re are sev]al types4 ,! mill deliv]s ! gr9d+s to a bucket type endless *a9 elevator1 :i* 9 turn passes x ?r\gh a scre5--%ak+ or revolv+--pref]ably ! latt]4 ,! scre5 is usually ab\t ?ree feet 9 diamet] by twelve feet long & cov]$ ) a scre5+ ( ,no4 #af wire1 eight me%es p] in*1 :i* scre5s x to a size t w readily pass ?r\gh a gra9 drill4 ,! tail+s or ov] siz$ bone is return$ to ! mill = fur!r gr9d+4 ,neatsfoot ,oil ,/orage ,tank4--,?is is pref]ably a jacket$ tank1 "o tank )9 ! o!r1 & mu/ be made ) a jacket to )/& ! pressure t may be appli$4 ,consequ5tly ! jacket %\ld be re9=c$ ) /ay bolts s z to prev5t di/ortion :5 pressure is appli$4 ,any & all oil settl+ vats are be/ made cyl9drical 9 =m ) a %>p cone at bottom4 ,! cone is equipp$ = )draw+ s$im5t at ! bottom & = )draw+ oil = purification suffici5tly high 9 ! cone to avoid )draw+ any s$im5t4 ,neatsfoot ,oil ,purifi]s4--,! same type ( kettle or tank z describ$ above is requir$1 ! latt] be+ suffici5t 9 size to accumulate a week's "w4 ,yield ,te/s4--,! app5d$ te/s give ! result+ yields f h&l+ skulls & jaws1 feet & %anks3 ,,te/ ,,yield ,,f ,,skulls ,,& ,,jaws ,,( #a1bji ,,cattle ,p] ,av]age ,c5t p] ,gre5 ,products ,weight head ,weight ---------------------------------------- ---- ,no4 #a ,gr\nd ,bone #aigb #a4fc #i4dh ,no4 #b ,gr\nd ,bone #bhb 4#bc #a4ce ,bone ,meal #acha #a4ad #f4fd ,butt] ,/ock ,tall[ #acec #a4ab #f4ea ,bone ,h\se ,tall[ #ehe 4#dh #b4ha ,press$ ,tankage #ej wat] #feab #e4cg #ca4cb ,total weight ( feet f #a1bji cattle1 #bj1gij4aa p\nds4 ,av]age weight gre5 feet p] cattle1 #ag4ai p\nds4 ,,te/ ,,yield ,,f ,,feet ,,( #a1cia ,,heavy ,,cattle ,av]age p] ,products ,weight head ------------------------------ ,gre5 ,s9ews #cdbd #b4df ,:ite ,ho(s #ebh 4#ch ,/rip$ ,ho(s #bejf #a4hg ,black ,ho(s #ecd 4#ch ,neatsfoot ,oil #adgf #a4jf ,bone & ,grease #bhj 4#bj ,gr9d+ ,bone #dffg #c4bi ,heavy ,r\nd ,%9s #abdg 4#ij ,light ,r\nd ,%9s #aie 4#ad ,heavy ,flat ,%9s #ajib 4#gh ,light ,flat ,%9s #gc 4#je ,tankage #fhb 4#di ------------- #afgjd ,total weight ( feet f #a1cia cattle1 #bd1ggh p\nds4 ,av]age weight gre5 feet p] cattle1 #ag4h p\nds4 ,,te/ ,,yield ,,9 ,,f9i%$ ,,products ,,f ,,%anks ,p] ,c5t ,total ,gre5 ,products ,weight,weight ---------------------------- ,butt] ,/ock #abde #ah4hf ,butt] ,tall[ #fj 4#ia ,?igh ,bones #bge #d4ah ,blades #bgh #d4ba ,buttocks #bjc #c4jh ,cannons #ahj #b4gc ,knuckles 7l>ge7 #aiee #bi4fb ,tankage #agi #b4ga ,weight #c1cjj p\nds ea*1 =e & h9d %anks1 total #f1fjj p\nds4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,tank ,,h\se ,,dep>tm5t4 ,,tank ,,h\se ,,design -- ,,isolation ,,& ,,v5tilation -- ,,sep>ation ,,( ,,press ,,room -- ,,dige/]s -- ,,r5d]+ ,,tank -- ,,surface ,,box -- ,,press ,,& ,,pump -- ,,cook+ ,,kill+ ,,/ock -- ,,op]at+ ,,tank ,,bl[ ,,(f -- ,,press+ ,,tankage -- ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,l>d ,,& ,,tall[ -- ,,tit] ,,9 ,,tall[ ,,& ,,l>d -- ,,/eam ,,= ,,cook+ -- ,,cook+ ,,te/s -- ,,op]at+ ,,odorless -- ,,te/s -- ,,cat* ,,bas94 ,introductory4--,:5 slaught]+ 0 done promiscu\sly ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 suffici5t product 0 n available at any "o po9t to necessitate a tank h\se1 consequ5tly op5 kettles 7 us$ ei!r ) fire "u !m1 or jacket$ = /eam1 ! be/ ( ! fat 0 ?us r5d]$1 & ! balance 0 ?r[n away4 ,x be+ impossible to r5d] (fal to advantage "u ^! conditions1 ! 8dige/]0 z x is call$ by _m1 0 evolv$4 ,x consi/s ( a clos$ tank 9 :i* cook+ is done at =ty p\nds /eam pressure1 giv+ a temp]ature ( nom9ally #bhg ,f41 ?is high temp]ature ?or\ghly dis9tegrat+ all products 9 ! tank1 lib]at+ all ! grease4 ,! residue f cook+ 9 ?is mann]1 aft] be+ press$1 is dri$ & sold z f]tiliz]4 ,! effectiv5ess ( ?is process is %[n1 = in/ance1 by ! fact t if a hundr$ cattle heads are put into a tank1 aft] cook+1 ! bones are entirely dis9tegrat$1 except ! tee?4 ,tank ,h\se ,design4--,almo/ any arrangem5t ( tank1 surface box & press c be made to s]ve ! purpose ( r5d]+4 ,! me?od & arrangem5t %[n h]e9 are ^? practic$ by "o ( ! revisors ( ?is "w & embodies pr9ciples z describ$4 ,! requisite app>atus = a r5d]+ or tank h\se consi/s ( b few articles1 viz3 ! r5d]+ tank or dige/]1 ! surface or skimm+ box1 & a press1 b ! design & op]ation is ( su* consequ5ce t ! same w be describ$ 9 detail4 ,isolation & ,v5tilation4--,! r5d]+ build+ f its "* %\ld be isolat$ & arrang$ = v5tilation on at lea/ ?ree sides4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates sanit>y requirem5ts compel ! complete sep>ation ( ! edible f ! in$ible section by ! use ( sep>ate build+s or a p>t+ wall4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4--,,section ,,?r\gh ,,tank ,,h\se4 ,sep>ation ( ,press ,room4--,if ! bus9ess is l>ge ! own] is fully ju/ifi$ 9 ext5d+ ! p>t+ wall ?r\gh & divid+ ! press room4 ,?is arrangem5t requires ! d\ble inve/m5t 9 presses1 clo?s & all equipm5t1 b gives ! advantage t ! press+s c be collect$ f edible tankage & us$ = edible purposes1 provid$ always t ! equipm5t is kept 9 prop] %ape4 ,:]eas1 if ! p>t+ wall is n ext5d$ ?r\gh ! press room1 ! oils are consid]$ contam9at$ & are usable only = in$ible purposes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4--,,little ,,neck ,,r5d]+ ,,tank4 ,! section %[n indicates t type ( h\se :]e ! press room is s+le1 & ! h\se above ! press floor is divid$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4--,,tank ,,h\se1 ,,%[+ ,,ne/+ ,,( ,,tanks4 ,tank ,h\se ,haz>ds4--,! tank h\se1 f ! nature ( ! bus9ess be+ haz>d\s1 is be/ to be ( fire-pro( con/ruction4 ,tanks con/ruct$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ff1 ) ! little neck head c be ne/$ f\r 9 a bay & be made fully accessible on all floors4 ,! ne/+ ( tanks six feet 9 diamet] 9 a sixte5-foot squ>e bay provides suffici5t /r5g? to make x possible to susp5d ! tanks f ! floor beams above1 suitably arrang$1 x fur!r avoids ! necessity ( supports ne> to ! tanks1 :i* greatly facilitate cleanl9ess4 ,situation ( ,surface ,boxes4--,! grease cont5t 9 ! f]tiliz] is a matt] ( doll>s & c5ts4 ,:5 ! oil is )drawn f ! tanks x _c be se5 & no matt] h[ closely wat*$ consid]able oil w pass ?r\gh to ! surface box :]e x c be collect$4 ,consequ5tly ! second /ory ( ! tank h\se is a high /ory ) ! surface boxes plac$ conv5i5t to ! second floor s z to be readily work$4 ,fur!r ref]5ce to ?is is made lat]4 ,press ,room4--,! press room is arrang$ s t ! press c be built directly b5ea? ! surface boxes1 f :5ce ! c> is pass$ to ! press = press+ out ! moi/ure4 ,dige/]s4--,! 8dige/]0 indicat$1 toge!r ) its me?od ( susp5sion & ne/+ has be5 successfully us$ & 0 ! practice foll[$ by a well kn[n design] = a numb] ( ye>s4 ,! diamet] & height ( ! dige/] ord9>ily us$ is #f #af feet on ! tank body4 ,! writ] inv>iably has specifi$ half-in* ?ick tank /eel = ! reason t ! increas$ ?ickness is ( s little additional weight1 & ! labor be+ su* a consid]able factor1 t x 0 ?\ght well to provide ?is additional ?ickness to take c>e ( corrosion & acid attack4 ,little ,neck ,r5d]+ ,tank4--,lugs c be plac$ 9 any position desirable = support4 ,! little neck = fill+ ne$s no comm5t4 ,x is provid$ ) a six-po9t security & by ! use ( r+-bolts ) male & female flang$ clos+ & gasket1 c readily be made /eam tight4 ,tank ,gate ,valve4--,tank dep>tm5t =em5 are divid$ 9 ideas z to us+ slid+ /eam gate valves1 9 :i* ! gate is op]at$ by lev] = quick op5+ or ! screw type valve4 ,! latt] %\ld be ! ris+ /em type4 ,surface ,box4--,! surface box %[n is a jacket$ type us$ = plants :]e tank wat] is collect$ = evaporation4 ,! co/ ( ?is is ju/ifi$ z aga9/ be+ annoy$ ) coils 9 ! tank4 ,press & ,pump4--,practically all presses n[ 9 use are hydraulic4 ,^! are ov]head or "u types1 ! latt] be+ mo/ly us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4--,,section ,,( ,,r5d]+ ,,tank4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4--;,,design ,,( ,,/eam ,,jacket$ ,,surface ,,box4 ,! /yle ( pump us$ is a "q ( importance4 ,! writ] specifies /eam op]at$ hydraulic pumps 9 pref]5ce to p[] driv5 pumps1 s9ce ! =m] c be op]at$ f a gov]nor t automatically keeps full pressure on ! pump4 ,) ! p[] pump1 :5 ! motive p[] is /opp$1 a leak1 ! size ( a p9 po9t1 9 a valve1 w cause a leakage t releases ! pressure & makes poor press+4 ,be aw>e ( ! fact t !re is no me?od ( extract+ wat] f ! f]tiliz] s *eap z press+ & ! only limit %\ld be ! /r5g? ( ! clo?s4 ,fig4 #gj %[s h[ a hydraulic press & pump %\ld be connect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4--;,,diagram ,,( ,,hydraulic ,,press ,,) ,,pip+ ,,& ,,pump4 ,cook+ ,kill+ ,/ock4--,! tank %\ld be clean2 draw 9 ab\t two hog%eads ( wat] = a #f #af foot tank1 or a proportionate am\nt = tanks ( o!r sizes2 turn on ! /eam to boil ! wat]1 & !n beg9 fill+ ! tank4 ,all[ suffici5t /eam to ent] to keep ! tank boil+ sl[ly4 ,:5 ! tank is two-?irds full1 %ut (f ! /eam1 draw (f ! wat] & refill ) wat]2 turn on ! /eam1 br++ ! cont5ts to a boil ! second "t4 ,d n fill ! tank to exce$ ?ree-f\r?s full1 z ! cook+ is bett] done if suffici5t room is left4 ,aft] cook+ = a half h\r1 draw (f ! wat] a second "t4 ,x w be f\nd1 especially 9 cook+ product f ! kill+ dep>tm5t1 t ! wat] drawn (f is d>k color$1 f ! blood & dirt t has accumulat$ on ! tissue4 ,if ?is is n )drawn x has ! effect ( d>k5+ ! l>d or tall[ mat]ially4 ,aft] ! wat] has be5 drawn ! second "t1 put on ! tank head & turn on ! /eam1 ! cond5sation f ! /eam is suffici5t to cook ! mat]ial2 no m wat] is ne$$4 ,see t ! bl[-(f & escape pipes are %ut & ! pet-cock is op54 ,cont9ue cook+ 9 ?is mann] until a mod]ate pressure is built up1 !n admit /eam to full pressure ( =ty-five p\nds1 op5 ! escape valve j en\gh s t y may "k ! gas is escap+4 ,at ! completion ( ?is op]ation ! cook+ beg9s4 ,a tank ( tall[ %\ld cook ?or\ghly 9 f n9e to t5 h\rs ) =ty p\nds pressure4 ,cold ,spots4--,(t5times fre%ly kill$ mat]ial w lie closely toge!r & a 8cold spot0 w occur--a spot :]e ! mat]ial has become p>tially solidifi$ & ! /eam has n p5etrat$4 ,9 su* case1 %ut (f ! /eam1 draw (f ! wat]1 & !n turn on ! /eam1 ! cold spots w disappe>4 8,cold spot0 has ! effect ( s\r+ l>d & tall[2 9 o!r words be=e ! heat has p5etrat$ into ! solid mass1 ! heat surr\nd+ x w h caus$ x to s\r4 ,?is po9t %\ld be wat*$ closely1 especially 9 cook+ l>d4 ,tankm5 %\ld try ! pet-cock on ! tank ea* half h\r to f9d out if ! tank is 8flu%40 ,if ! tank is 8flu%0 or foam+1 ! foam w come out in/ead ( /eam4 ,9 ?is case1 %ut (f ! tank t5 m9utes1 !n draw (f ! wat]1 b see t no grease is drawn (f ) x4 ,! cause ( ! flu%+1 or foam+1 is t ! tank is too full1 or t !re is too mu* wat] 9 x1 consequ5tly x is necess>y t ! tankman %\ld try 8 pet-cock v (t5 dur+ ! op]ation ( cook+ to see t ! cont5ts are be+ prop]ly cook$4 ,cutt+ ,tanks4--,cutt+s & cold products ( l "* are usually c>ri$ 9 cold wat] :ile fill+1 & are n p>boil$ z describ$ = 8kill+0 tanks4 ,releas+ ,pressure4--,:5 ! tank is cook$1 %ut (f ! /eam & op5 ! pet-cock = ab\t t5 m9utes1 !n ! escape valve1 be+ c>eful n to give x too mu* escape at fir/1 or ! tank w 8roll40 ,by ?is is meant t ! orig9al heat 9 ! oil cont5ts w g5]ate /eam 9 ! cont5ts b5ea? :i*1 :5 ! pressure is reliev$1 w cause ! cont5ts to boil viol5tly1 b if ! pressure is r$uc$ sl[ly1 ?is condition w n arise4 ,:5 a tank has 8roll$0 x takes a great deal m "t to settle x1 ! grease be+ ?or\ghly mix$ up ) ! residue ( ! tank4 ,z ! pressure decreases ! op]ator c increase ! rapidity ( release4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4--;,,detail ,,( ,,pip+ ,,connections4 ,,top ,,( ,,r5d]+ ,,tank4 ,! pressure be+ reliev$ f ! tank1 take out ! head1 use ab\t a wat]-pail full ( f9e salt to settle ! tank4 ,?is salt is scatt]$ ov] ! cont5ts 9 ! tank & has ! effect ( settl+ s$im5t & tissue :i* may be held 9 susp5sion4 ,! tank %\ld /& ab\t two h\rs to ?or\ghly settle be=e draw+ ! oil4 ,draw ! oil f ! side valves ( ! tank into cool]s4 ,x is (t5 necess>y1 9 do+ ?is1 to raise ! cont5ts ( ! tank1 z !re may be consid]able tall[ or l>d bel[ ! l[e/ draw-(f valve4 ,su* be+ ! case run wat] into ! bottom ( ! tank suffici5t to raise its cont5ts s t all ! r5d]$ oil c be drawn ?r\gh ! l[e/ valve4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4--;,,detail ,,( ,,pip+ ,,connections1 ,,bottom ,,( ,,r5d]+ ,,tank ,op]at+ ,tank ,bl[-,(f4--,descriptive ( ! connections = op]at+ r5d]+ tank connections is ! foll[+ subject matt]4 ,! exhau/ connections are illu/rat$ 9 draw+s1 ,figs4 #ga & #gb1 & ess5tially consi/ (1 beg9n+ at tank neck3 7#a7 ,spr+ pop safety valve set at #de p\nd pressure to automatically release 9 case ( excessive pressure aris+ & failure ( weight$ pop valve to relieve4 7#b7 ,pressure gauge on ea* ris] to indicate pressure on ! individual tank to insure its be+ "u pressure & "u heat4 ,! siphon b5d betwe5 gauge & pipe is pref]ably fill$ ) glyc]9e4 7#c7 ,try cock on bottom ( drip l9e to op5 occasionally z te/ = 8gas40 7#d7 ,globe valve1 in*1 op]at$ slightly op5 to all[ gas to release f tank & create v small circulation4 7#e7 ,globe valve1 #a in*2 bl[ d[n valve to be us$ :5 releas+ all pressure f tanks4 7#f7 ,angle type pop safety valve to relieve into ! dis*>ge l9e4 7#g7 ,*eck valve atta*$ to ! l9e to prev5t any foam+ or /eam f an adjac5t tank dis*>g+ into ?is unit via ! exhau/ sy/em4 7#h7 ,exhau/ head] us$ 9 conjunction ) ! sy/em to collect all gases & /eam dis*>g$ f ! batt]y ( tanks4 7#i7 ,cook+ connections3 ,x is pref]able to drill ! inlet nozzle at bottom ( tank at ! l[e/ po9t possible & to admit /eam on two sides ( nozzle n opposite b on an angle z %[n 9 plan4 ,?is prev5ts 8danc+0 tanks4 ,*eck ,valves4--,*eck valves are plac$ 9 ! admission valve to prev5t float]s or =eign mat]ials ent]+ l9es & /opp+ ! control valves & /eam & wat]4 ,inlet ,head]4--,= usual purposes /eam & wat] are admitt$ into ! tank at "o po9t & /eam at "o1 see ,nos4 #ab-;a & #ab-;b on diagram4 ,if tank wat] is be+ collect$ & evaporat$1 l9e #ab-;c is introduc$ & us$ z foll[s3 ,ord9>ily ! use ( #ab-;b is = admitt+ wat] into bottom ( tank 9 case ! oil l9e aft] tank cont5ts are cook$ & settl$ are bel[ ! draw cocks4 ,9 ! ev5t tank wat] is be+ sav$ to avoid weak5+ tank wat] by introduction ( cold clean wat]1 ?is result is accompli%$ by pump+ tank wat] into ! tank via ! connection #ab-;c4 ,if tank wat] is n be+ evaporat$1 #ab-;c l9e & connection is omitt$4 ,draw ,d[n ,pipe4--,if ! oil is high & wat] appe>s at ! draw-cocks #ad & #ae1 !n ! cont5t is l[]$ by op5+ cock ,no4 #ac & l[]+ ! body z mu* z requir$4 ,oil ,draw ,cocks1 #ad & #ae4--,:5 ! tank is cook$1 oil settl$ & ! tank rais$ or l[]$ by use ( ,no4 #ab connections or ,no4 #ac cock1 ! oil belt %\ld be su* t ! bottom ( x is ab\t on a l9e ) cock #ad1 & ! ma9 body ( oil is drawn ?r\gh cock ,no4 #ae4 ,surface ,box ,treatm5t4--,aft] ! oil is drawn out ( ! tank1 ! residue is dump$ into ! surface box4 ,any?+ t has n be5 ?or\ghly cook$ w float on top 9 ! vat4 ,^! float]s %\ld all be skimm$ (f & put back into ! tank to be re-cook$4 ,! cont5ts %\ld be ?or\ghly agitat$ ) a pole or rake1 cook$ fifte5 m9utes1 all[$ to settle & ! oil c>efully skimm$ (f4 ,?is %\ld be done two or ?ree times on ea* vat s z to free all ! oil possible4 ,if tank wat] is be+ collect$ ! boil+ is done by /eam jacket on ! box2 if n1 by direct application ( free live /eam4 ,9 ei!r case /ir cont5ts freely4 ,press+ ,tankage4--,z soon z ! op]ation ( ! skimm+ ( ! vat has be5 ?or\ghly accompli%$ ! cont5ts are 9 ! prop] condition to be press$ & %\ld be h&l$ :ile /ill hot4 ,! wat] is mo/ly dra9$ (f4 ,9 build+ ! cakes1 a portable c> is run "u ! surface box4 ,by ! use ( a quick op5+ lev] gate ! cont5ts are dropp$ 9 quantity desir$ ^u a press clo?2 betwe5 ea* *eese is plac$ a rack--! process be+ ?us1 a rack made ( #a in* mat]ial1 usually elm1 ?or\ghly nail$ toge!r1 is fir/ laid on ! press head2 next a frame ( ! size & dep? requir$ to h&le ! product is us$4 ,?is frame %\ld n exce$ two in*es 9 dep?4 ,! press clo? is !n spread ov] !m & ! mat]ial drawn onto ! press4 ,well spread out1 ! clo? is c>efully fold$ ov] ! top ( x4 ,! =m is !n lift$ (f ! press1 ano!r press rack is put on top ( ! *eese already made1 & ! process repeat$4 ,t5 or twelve plates are usually us$ to a press4 ,aft] ! c> is fill$ x is plac$ 9 ! hydraulic press & pressure appli$4 ,?is %\ld be done sl[ly at fir/1 giv+ ! wat] ample "t to run out ( ! press4 ,if ! pressure is appli$ too rapidly ! t5d5cy is = ! mat]ial to slide out on "o side or ! o!r1 b if ! wat] is press$ out sl[ly ! mat]ial adh]es bett] or gets a good 8bond10 s t x w n slip4 ,aft] ! press has run until ! cakes are ab\t "o-half ( _! orig9al ?ickness spray ) hot wat]1 ?or\ghly wa%+ (f ! sides ( ! press1 turn on m pressure until ?is rea*es ab\t #cjj tons on a #e #e foot plate4 ,x w be f\nd t x is ! la/ press+ :i* br+s out ! grease4 ,:]e tankage is prop]ly h&l$ x %\ld run f six to eight p] c5t ( residual grease on a dry basis4 ,:]e improp]ly h&l$ x w (t5times run f eighte5 to tw5ty p] c5t1 ! excess be+ l>d or tall[ :i* %\ld h be5 sav$1 b wor?less if left 9 tankage4 ,treatm5t ( ,l>d & ,tall[4--,z ! oils are be+ )drawn f ! r5d]+ tanks ! same %\ld be pass$ ?r\gh a small ov]-fl[ type ( cat* tank arrang$ s t ! oils pass ?r\gh a /ra9+ sy/em to remove fibre or float]s4 ,f ! above bas9 ! oils %\ld be pass$ to ! receiv]s or cool]s prep>atory to settl+4 ,9 ! judgm5t ( ! writ] ^! tanks %\ld pref]ably be 9 a dep>tm5t or room sep>at$ f ! r5d]+ dep>tm5t1 to avoid possibility ( contact & absorb+ odors4 ,! receiv]s or res]voirs %\ld be circul> 9 =m ) a coil ( heat+ pipe arrang$1 support$ f ! sides ( ! kettles4 ,! pipe %\ld be suffici5tly spread to all[ p]fect clean+4 ,! cones on ! bottom %\ld be at an angle ( #de s z to collect ! s$im5t1 wat] or scrap t may deposit 9 small volume4 ,! scrap %\ld be settl$ out & remov$ daily4 ,tall[ & l>d %\ld be all[$ to cool to a ti]c+ temp]ature & kept 9 z l>ge volume z conditions p]mit1 s z to obta9 uni=mity 9 cool]4 ,9 case ( l>d1 kill+ & cutt+ l>d %\ld be intimately mix$ 9 equal proportions if possible4 ,tit] 9 ,tall[ & ,l>d4--,tit] 9 tall[1 frequ5tly ref]r$ to1 is a relative te/ ( h>dness4 ,! te/ 0 orig9ally devis$ = ! use ( c&le mak]s :o want$ an oil conta9+ ! l>ge/ p]c5tage ( /e>ic acid4 ,/e>ic acid has a h>dness ( ab\t #ee ,c5tigrade4 ,! h>dness ( o!r sub/ances is relative to ?is z foll[s3 comm]cial oleo /e>9e1 ab\t #ej4e ,c42 tall[1 #da to #dc ,c42 ,no4 #b tall[ or grease1 #ci to #dc ,c42 ,p4 ,s4 l>d1 #ce4e to #cg ,c4 ,e trimm+ 9 ! animal has a diff]5t h>dness2 ! ?9n] ! cattle1 ! h>d] ! tall[4 ,bone fat or m>r[ is v s(t4 ,animals ( diff]5t fe$+ %[ v>y+ h>dness1 s !re is no me?od ( manufacture t w v>y ! h>dness cont5t ( product o!r ?an selection4 ,9 a g5]al way1 cattle ruffle1 caul1 or t us$ usually 9 oleo melt+ is relatively h>d4 ,= example1 oleo /ock w analyze z h>d z #df ,c41 :ile ! tall[ f ! same h\se w analyze #dc ,c4 ,?is h>dness is det]m9$ 9 ! *emical laboratory z foll[s3 ,! fat is melt$ & #be cubic c5timet]s are drawn & mix$ ) #bj ,c4 ,c4 wood alcohol1 #aj ,c4 ,c4 ( #ej ,baume cau/ic soda solution & ! cont5ts boil$ until completely saponifi$4 ,! alcohol is evaporat$ by dry+4 ,! residue is gr\nd & boil$ ) an excess ( dilut$ sulphuric acid until all ! soap has be5 *ang$ to fatty acid & ! cle> oil floats4 ,! wat] 9 ! vessel is drawn f bel[ ! fat1 & ! fatty acids collect$ 9 a glass vessel1 :i* are all[$ to /& on /eam coils until ! oily /ratum is cle>ly def9$4 ,! fatty acids are plac$ 9 an obs]vation room & ! po9t ( solidification obs]v$4 ,! result is ! tit]1 :i* is ! degree ,c5tigrade at :i* ! fatty acid f an oil or /e>9e solidifies aft] be+ melt$4 ,! o!r item ( consequ5ce 9 tall[ analysis is ! rancidity1 kn[n z ! free fatty acid4 ,?is %\ld be kept l[ & is usually v>iable ) ! c>e giv5 ! product4 ,no4 #a tall[1 = example1 %\ld %[ "u two p] c5t ( l[ grade greases1 & w run z high z tw5ty p] c5t4 ,/eam = ,cook+4--,a "q frequ5tly ask$ is ! quantity ( /eam requir$ to cook a tank4 ,an accurate te/ conduct$ on a mix$ tank ( pork products1 kill+ & cutt+ /ock1 "u /&>d conditions %[$ ?us3 ,weight ( ,raw ,/ock #ab1bff ,wat] fill$ 9 ,tank #i1fcd ------ #ba1ijj ,aft] ,cook+3-- ,l>d #f1jdj ,skimm+s #dgi ,wat] ,tankage #ai1cfj #be1hgi -------------- ,accumulation-,/eam ,cond5s$ #c1igi ,/eam p] #a1jjj p\nds1 ,raw ,/ock #cbd lbs4 ,cook+ ,te/ & ,exp5se4--,! foll[+ te/ on ! co/ = cook+ 0 made on kill+ & cutt+ l>d--v l>ge dige/]s--& f x valuable d$uctions c be made4 ,exp]t op9ion has pron\nc$ te/ ,no4 #a & te/ ,no4 #c z produc+ comp>atively ! be/ results 9 manufacture4 ,,kill+ ,,& ,,cutt+ ,,/ock ,product ,no4 #a ,no4 #b ,no4 #c ,no4 #d ,weight raw product #da1egb lbs4 #da1bcf lbs4 #dh1dia lbs4 #da1cbb lbs4 ,"u pressure #ab hrs4 #aa hrs4 #aa hrs4 #aa hrs4 ,yield ,p4 ,s4 l>d #cb1ffe lbs4 #cb1hhj lbs4 #bd1ebe lbs4 #ba1ibj lbs4 ,boil]s ,wat] evaporation :ile cook+ #ce1dfj lbs4 #bd1dbj lbs4 #cf1hjj lbs4 #bc1iij lbs4 ,r$uc$ to coal on #f to #a evap4 #e1iaj lbs4 #d1jgj lbs4 #f1acd lbs4 #c1ihf lbs4 ,boil] pressure av]age #eg4f lbs4 #fb4h lbs4 #ea4f lbs4 #ej lbs4 ,tank pressure av]age #dj4b lbs4 #dj4e lbs4 #cd4e lbs4 #cb4e lbs4 ,results ,co/ fuel at #a4cf p] ton #d4jb #b4gg #d4ag #b4ga ,/eam1 p] #a1jjj lbs4 raw product #hec lbs4 #eic lbs4 #gei lbs4 #egi lbs4 ,fuel1 p] #a1jjj lbs4 raw product #adb lbs4 #ii lbs4 #abf lbs4 #ih4e lbs4 ,co/ fuel1 #a1jjj lbs4 raw product 4#jig 4#jfg 4#jhf 4#jfe ,cle> ,sn[y ,cle> ,cle> ,temp]ature #cb to #cd #cd to #ce #bb to #ch #ac to #ah ,rem>ks on ,cook+3 ,no4 #a ,te/ ,cook$ ) ?ree wat]s1 boil$ two h\rs be=e head+4 ,no4 #b ,te/ ,cook$ ) "o wat]1 tank fill$ be=e head+4 ,no4 #c ,te/ ,cook$ ) two wat]s1 boil$ two h\rs be=e head+4 ,no4 #d ,te/ ,cook$ ) "o wat]1 tank fill$ be=e head+4 ,te/s4--,innum]able tank h\se te/s are made4 ,! foll[+ few are submitt$ = quick ref]5ce1 giv+ an idea z to yields ( v>i\s k9ds ( products3 ,,te/ ,,on ,,condemn$ ,,hogs--,,yield ,,( ,,grease4 ,condemn$ hogs to tank #ied lbs4 ,yield ( :ite grease #dfg lbs4 #dh4ie ,yield press$ tankage #agc lbs4 #ah4ac ,yield dry tankage #hf lbs4 #i4ja ,on ! above ! leaf l>d 0 left 9 & heads (f4 ,,comp>ative ,,te/ ,,( ,,%eep ,,heads ,,& ,,jaws ,,to ,,tank ,,& ,,bone ,,h\se4 #cbe %eep heads & jaws 7*eeks (f7 to tank #gfe lbs4 ,yield to tall[ #gc lbs4 #j4jf p] lb4 #d4ch ,yield dri$ tankage #aej lbs4 #ai4jj p] ton #a4db ,total value #e4hj ,value1 p] head1 #j4jagh2 tall[1 #i4ed2 dri$ tankage1 #ai4dg4 #cbe %eep heads & jaws 7*eeks (f7 to bone h\se #gfe lbs4 ,yield to tall[ #ea lbs4 #j4jg p] lb4 #c4eg ,yield dri$ bones #agg lbs4 #ah4jj p] ton #a4ei ,total value #e4af ,value1 p] head1 #j4jaei2 tall[1 #f4ff2 dri$ bones1 #bc4ad4 ,,te/ ,,on ,,tripe ,,trimm+s4 ,gre5 weight to tank #a1bjf lbs4 ,yield prime tall[ #cef lbs4 #bi4eb ,yield tankage #ec lbs4 #d4ci ,,te/ ,,on ,,condemn$ ,,liv]s4 ,gre5 weight to tank #a1jaj lbs4 ,yield ,no4 #b tall[ #db lbs4 #d4af ,yield press$ tankage #bjf lbs4 #bj4ch ,yield dry tankage #ajc lbs4 #aj4ai ,,te/ ,,on ,,cattle ,,pecks ,,to ,,tank4 ,gre5 weight to tank #a1cjf lbs4 ,yield ,no4 #b tall[ #af lbs4 #a4bb ,yield tankage #ie lbs4 #g4bg ,,te/ ,,on ,,cattle ,,paun*es ,,to ,,tank4 ,gre5 weight to tank #a1jef lbs4 ,yield prime tall[ #id lbs4 #h4ij ,yield press$ tankage #ajf lbs4 #aj4jd ,yield f9i%$ tankage #ec lbs4 #e4jb ,,te/ ,,on ,,hog ,,/oma*s ,,to ,,tank1 ,,untrimm$4 ,kill$1 #bdj pigs & #hcf hogs1 a total ( #a1jgf4 ,gre5 weight to tank #b1hde lbs4 ,yield prime /eam l>d #a1bge lbs4 #dd4ha ,yield f9i%$ tankage #ahh lbs4 #f4fj ,,te/ ,,on ,,w9dpipes ,,to ,,tank4 ,gre5 weight to tank #hhj lbs4 ,yield ,no4 #a tall[ #ada lbs4 #af4jj ,yield tankage #cc lbs4 #c4ge ,,te/ ,,on ,,%eep ,,paun*es ,,& ,,plucks ,,to ,,tank4 7,trimm+s f %eep h\se47 ,gre5 weight to tank #a1aej lbs4 ,yield ,no4 #a tall[ #aje lbs4 #i4ac ,yield press$ tankage #hi lbs4 #g4gc ,yield dry tankage #de lbs4 #c4hf ,,te/ ,,on ,,%eep 7,,(fal74 ,gre5 weight to tanks #bh1fhj lbs4 ,yield tall[ ,no4 #a #d1ech lbs4 #b4bh lbs4 p] head ,yield tall[ ,no4 #b #gcj lbs4 4#cg lbs4 p] head ,yield tankage #b1hic lbs4 #a4df lbs4 p] head ,,te/ ,,on ,,neck ,,trimm+s ,,f ,,kill+ ,,floor4 ,gre5 weight to tanks #hhj lbs4 ,yield ,no4 #a tall[ #cig lbs4 #de4aa ,yield dry tankage #di lbs4 #e4ef ,,te/ ,,on ,,%eep ,,feet ,,to ,,tank4 ,gre5 weight to tank #a1agj lbs4 ,yield ,no4 #b tall[ #dj lbs4 #c4db ,yield dry tankage #adh lbs4 #ab4fe ,op]at+ ,odorless4--,! "q is frequ5tly ask$ if r5d]+ dep>tm5ts c be op]at$ odorless4 ,!y c be op]at$ s z n to become a nuisance4 ,to d ?is requires3 7#a7 ,ample tanks ) no neglect ab\t promptly r5d]+ all products & r$uc+ !m to l>d1 tall[ or dry f]tiliz]4 7#b7 ,collect+ & evaporat+ all tank wat]s4 7#c7 ,dry+ ( tankage done "u vacuum or o!rwise controll+ odors4 7#d7 ,cat* bas9s "u cov]1 skimm$ frequ5tly & cont5ts cook$ promptly4 7#e7 ,! r5d]+ dep>tm5t kept tightly clos$ & dep>tm5t op]at$ ) =c$ draft1 all dis*>g$ air pass$ ?r\gh l>ge wat]-wa%1 & ! introduction into ! air ( gas boil$ f t> oil4 7#f7 ,all tank exhau/ & vapors connect$ to a pip+ sy/em1 ! /eam cond5s$ by wat] spray1 & ! vapor collect$ & pass$ "u furnaces ( boil]s4 7#g7 ,keep ev]y?+ hot1 all[ no?+ to lay ar\nd & s\r4 ,cat* ,bas94--,e pack+ h\se ne$s an adequate cat* bas9 sy/em4 ,local bas9s e/abli%$ 9 dep>tm5ts ne> to po9ts :]e products are h&l$1 s]ve to collect _m fats & oils t1 by clean h&l+1 are edible products1 & c be us$ z su*4 ,:]e melt$ fats are produc$ cold wat] sprays %\ld be introduc$ to coagulate ! oils4 ,wi]s = ov] & "u-fl[ %\ld be put 9 to ret>d fl[ & subm]ge p>ticles s !y may h>d5 & float4 ,a l>ge g5]al bas9 %\ld be introduc$ s t all outfl[+ sew]s c be pass$ to !m1 to ! end t all wat] fl[s sl[ly ?r\gh ! bas9 to cat* any & all p>ticles ( float+ fats or meats4 ,! bas9s %\ld be plac$ "u ! c>e & jurisdiction ( "o p]son1 :o %\ld see t !y are kept clean & frequ5tly skimm$4 ,x is to good purpose to place !m "u ro( s !y w h att5tion at all times4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,tank ,,wat]4 ,,soil ,,f]tility -- ,,animal ,,fe$+ -- ,,tank ,,wat] -- ,,sep>ation ,,( ,,solids -- ,,collect+ ,,grease -- ,,te/+ ,,tank ,,wat] -- ,,evaporat+ ,,tank ,,wat] -- ,,description ,,( ,,app>atus -- ,,clean+ ,,evaporators -- ,,table ,,( ,,boil+ ,,po9ts -- ,,te/+ ,,/ick -- ,,copp]as ,,9 ,,wat] ,,to ,,evaporate -- ,,solids ,,9 ,,wat] -- ,,dry+ ,,/ick -- ,,value ,,( ,,tankage -- ,,quantity ,,( ,,tank ,,wat] -- ,,co/ ,,( ,,evaporat+4 ,soil ,f]tility4--,! con/ant dra9 on ! soil by rais+ ( gra92 fe$+ animals & s5d+ !m away = slaught]1 & ! non-return ( ! nitrog5 elem5t has made great inroads on ! productivity ( soil4 ,?r\gh volume aft] volume & 9 e mann] possible1 economic writ]s are impress+ ?is ^u ! agricultural int]e/s & advocat+ ! mak+ up ( su* deficit by rotat+ crops1 turn+ "u legume & plants t might extract nitrog5 f ! air by ! processes ( nature :i* daily are becom+ m famili> to e "o4 ,value & dem& = ! nitrog5\s elem5ts = ?is purpose has caus$ ! pack] to ex]cise all possible c>e to produce & cons]ve = sale any & all nitrog5\s products4 ,animal ,fe$+4--,exp]im5t has also %[n t nitrog5\s products h a v high value z a nutritive food = gr[+ & fatt5+ animals1 s mu* s 9 fact1 t 9 _m agricultural di/ricts ! entire output ( tankage f local pack+ h\ses is n[ sold 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood = /ock foods4 ,"u v>i\s names evaporat$ tank wat] is an +r$i5t ( ^!4 ,tank ,wat]4--,invisible b 9 consid]able quantity1 nitrog5\s solids 7 =m]ly lo/ 9 ! v>i\s wat]s f cook+1 b !y are n[ collect$ & r$uc$ to a semi-solid1 or solid =m4 ,^! are classifi$ "u ! "o broad "n ( tank wat]1 b !y include almo/ any wat] 9 :i* animal matt] is cook$ unless ! wat] be ( su* "* t x c be us$ = edible purposes4 ,! *ief s\rces ( supply are r5d]+ tank wat]1 blood wat]1 bone h\se cook+ wat]1 ham & tripe boil+ wat]1 etc4 ,x is e/imat$ t any wat] %[+ d5sity ( ,beaume scale is wor?y ( conc5tration4 ,keep+ ,wat] ,conc5trat$4--,evid5tly ! m dilute ! wat]1 ! m wat] x is necess>y to evaporate1 & h5ce m co/ly to conc5trate4 ,9 rais+ ! tanks s z to fl[ ! oil f ! tank cocks1 x is necess>y at times to admit fre% wat]4 ,to avoid ?is ! wat] f "o tank is usually transf]r$ to ano!r ( ! same "* by use ( a pump4 ,collection ( ,wat]s4--,aft] ! tankage has be5 dump$ into ! skimm+ box & all grease skimm$ (f1 ! tank wat] %\ld be drawn into a sep>ate vat4 ,! 8press wat]10 :i* is ! wat] f ! press+ ( ! tankage1 %\ld also be collect$4 ,! floor dra9age except f ! tank fill+ floor1 & practically all wat] produc$ 9 ! tank h\se1 %\ld be collect$2 9 fact1 "s op]ators g to ! extreme ( n connect+ ! tank h\se sew] sy/em to ! city sew] s z to int5tionally preclude ! wa/+ ( wat]4 ,prep>ation ( ,solids4--,! tank wat] is collect$ 9 l>ge vats = process+4 ,! solids or sludge is undesirable to h&le1 consequ5tly 9 dra9+ ! tank wat] f ! surface vats into ! /orage1 x is necess>y to h ! holes ( ! scre5s 9 ! surface vats r$uc$ to ab\t "o-qu>t] ( an in* 9 size 9 ord] t all ( ! solids w be reta9$ 9 ! surface vats & n be p]mitt$ to g into ! tank wat] cat* bas9s4 ,! tank wat] /orage vats %\ld be equal to a day's capacity & %\ld be fill$ 9 rotation 9 ord] t agitation w be go+ on only 9 ! vat be+ fill$ or ! vat be+ empti$1 & t ! wat] 9 ! balance ( ! /orage vats w be p]mitt$ to be held "u a settl+ process 9 ! meantime1 :i* is z foll[s3 ,heat ! wat] to a temp]ature ( #ahj to #ahe ,f41 & !n all[ x to drop d[n to #agj ,f41 c>ry+ x at ?is temp]ature f eight to tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 accord+ to ! l5g? ( "t x is possible to c>ry ! wat] = settl+ purposes1 up to #cf h\rs is an advantage4 ,collect+ ,grease4--,9 ! surface boxes spok5 ( 9 prec$+ *apt]1 x is v ess5tial to agitate ! tankage 9 ! surface vats & keep x "u /eam long en\gh = "s ( ! grease to rise to ! top ( ! surface boxes & be skimm$ (f be=e ! tank wat] is run into ! /orage vats4 ,skim ! grease v c>efully f ! top ( ! wat] 9 any vat t is to be us$ = evaporation2 !n pump ! wat] to ! evaporator supply tank4 ,aft] ! wat] is pump$ out ( ! bas91 x w be necess>y to remove ! bottom ( settl+s ea* "t aft] ! tank is empti$4 ,settl+s 9 ,bottom ( ,vat4--,pump ! bottoms f ! hold+ tanks into a surface box f :i* ^! sett+s are pass$ on to ! press *eeses ) press$ tankage1 s t ! fibr\s mat]ial w collect ! sludge4 ,x is absolutely necess>y t ^! settl+s be tak5 out ( ! /orage vats ea* "t ! vats are empti$ 9 ord] to keep !m sweet & to prev5t ! tank wat] f s\r+ z x c]ta9ly w1 unless clean$ at lea/ twice a week4 ,x is mu* bett] to clean !m e "t4 ,te/+ ,tank ,wat]4--,tank wat] is te/$ ) a /&>d hydromet] = liquids heavi] ?an wat]1 & z /at$ previ\sly1 any wat] indicat+ on ! ,beaume scale1 is collect$4 ,a sample ( ! tank wat] is cool$ to #aej ,f4 ,drop a hydromet] into ! wat] & take read+ at a po9t on a level ) ! wat]2 a hydromet] read+ f #a to #bj1 is us$ = ?is purpose4 ,if hydromet] reads #b4jj1 ! am\nt ( ! solids 9 ! wat] is e/imat$ at #c4hc p] c5t z %[n on ! table = figur+ tank wat]4 ,if ! hydromet] %\ld read #b4ej1 ! e/imat$ solids is "o-half ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 solids %[n on table at #b ,beaume & #c ,beaume add$ to solids at #b ,beaume :i* is #d4hj p] c5t4 ,evaporat+ ,tank ,wat]4--,! evaporat+ ( tank wat]1 x is propos$ to d 9 ! mo/ economical mann] possible1 & advantage is tak5 ( ! fact t z ! pressure is l[]$ ! boil+ po9t is r$uc$4 ,= example1 wat] at atmosph]ic pressure & sea level boils at #bab ,f41 & wat] "u a tw5ty-eight in* vacuum boils at #ajj ,f4 ,advantage is tak5 ( ^! physical facts 9 ! evaporat+ ( tank wat]4 ,!re are a numb] ( types ( evaporators us+ ! same pr9ciple1 al?\gh we %[ "o only1 t :i* is mo/ ext5sively us$1 ! well-kn[n ,sw5son ma*9e4 ,?is app>atus consi/s ( "o1 two or ?ree cells1 dep5d5t ^u ! economy x is want$ to atta94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4--,,sw5son ,,evaporator4 ,descriptive ( ! ,app>atus4--,! cells are numb]$ #a1 #b & #c1 beg9n+ at ! left4 ,! rectangul> box at ! bottom ( ea* cell consi/s ( a ca/ iron false head or *amb] at ei!r end1 9 :i* copp] flues are exp&$4 ,/eam is introduc$ into ! *amb] ( ,no4 #a1 & ! tubes surr\nd$ ) tank wat]4 ,! /eam 9 ! coils causes ! wat] to boil & ! /eam boil$ (f is pass$ to ! /eam *amb] ( ! second cell4 ,! tank wat] 9 cell ,no4 #a by ?is boil+ is cond5s$ & is pass$ to cell ,no4 #b1 :]e a fur!r boil+ takes place1 & ! conc5trat$ liquid is pass$ to cell ,no4 #c = its la/ boil+4 ,! auxili>y pumps %[n are = transf] purposes f cell to cell1 & = pump+ ! cond5sate f ! /eam *amb]s4 ,vacuum4--,! l>ge pump at ! "r h& is ! vacuum pump4 ,! vapor )drawn f cell ,no4 #c by ! )drawal action ( ! pump is cond5s$ by ! introduction ( cold wat] 9 ! conical enl>gem5t %[n4 ,?is cond5sation produces a p>tial vacuum1 ! cu/om>y gauge measurem5t %[+ #bc to #bg in*es1 dep5d5t ^u ! quantity & temp]ature ( ! wat]4 ,?is vacuum cont9ues 9 a less] degree to ! second cell1 !nce to ! fir/ & :]e ! vacuum usually ma9ta9$ is six in*es4 ,by ref]5ce to ! table ( boil+ po9ts ! comp>ative temp]ature 9 ea* cell is asc]ta9able4 ,clean+ ! ,evaporators4--,evaporators to be effective mu/ be clean1 on ! same pr9ciple z clean+ boil]s produce be/ results4 ,at regul> int]vals1 say1 =tnightly1 !y %\ld be boil$ out ) a solution ( #ge lbs4 cau/ic soda 9 #aejj gallons ( wat]4 ,?is w clean ! flues & ma9ta9 ! ma*9e output4 ,,table ,,( ,,boil+ ,,po9ts4 #bi in* vacuum #gi4jg ,fahr4 #bh in* vacuum #aja4ae ,fahr4 #bg in* vacuum #aae4jf ,fahr4 #bf in* vacuum #abe4ch ,fahr4 #be in* vacuum #acc4gg ,fahr4 #bd in* vacuum #adj4fd ,fahr4 #bc in* vacuum #adf4gh ,fahr4 #bb in* vacuum #aeb4af ,fahr4 #ba in* vacuum #aeg4jj ,fahr4 #bj in* vacuum #afa4db ,fahr4 #ai in* vacuum #afe4db ,fahr4 #ah in* vacuum #afi4ad ,fahr4 #ag in* vacuum #agb4fc ,fahr4 #af in* vacuum #age4ic ,fahr4 #ae in* vacuum #agi4jc ,fahr4 #ad in* vacuum #aha4ib ,fahr4 #ac in* vacuum #ahd4fh ,fahr4 #ab in* vacuum #ahg4ca ,fahr4 #aa in* vacuum #ahi4hc ,fahr4 #aj in* vacuum #aib4dc ,fahr4 #e in* vacuum #bjb4ib ,fahr4 #a in* vacuum #bab ,fahr4 ,/or+ ,/ick4--,! residue f ! evaporators or ! 8,/ick0 z x is n[ call$1 %\ld be pump$ into a receptacle fitt$ ) clos$ /eam coils4 ,! tank wat] vats are simil>ly fitt$4 ,te/+ ,/ick4--,/ick is te/$ ! same z tank wat]1 except+ a hydromet] graduat$ f #bj to #dj is us$4 ,x is usual to evaporate to a d5sity ( #bi ,beaume1 :i* is #fd4fa p] c5t dry solid4 ,to calculate ! quantity ( conc5trat$ or dry /ick conta9+ #d p] c5t moi/ure produc$ f #bi ,beaume /ick1 multiply ! numb] ( gallons ( /ick by #aj4bg lbs4 to get weight ( #bi ,beaume /ick2 !n take #fd4fa p] c5t ( ?is weight1 :i* is weight ( dry solids1 !n add #d p] c5t moi/ure to ?is am\nt by divid+ ! weight ( dry solids by 4#if2 ! result is weight ( conc5trat$ tankage conta9+ #d p] c5t moi/ure4 ,copp]as4--,?is is usually 8sulphate ( iron0 ( comm]ce1 al?\gh "s in/itutions make _! supply ?us3 ,us+ a lead-l9$ vat hold+ ab\t #bjj gallons2 into ?is put ab\t #afj gallons ( #fj-;degree sulphuric acid1 add+ wat] en\gh to make ! solution ab\t #ab ,beaume4 ,into ?is solution place scrap iron ( any description & all[ x to /& until ! solution w dissolve no m iron4 ,pump ! solution into a %all[ lead-l9$ vat ) lead coils1 & evaporate to ab\t #dj degrees ,beaume4 ,x is next drawn (f into b>rels ( fifty gallons ea* & to ea* b>rel add =ty p\nds ( black oxide ( manganese & ?or\ghly mix4 ,copp]as 9 ,wat] to ,evaporate4--,an e>ly practice & "o :i* _h ! m]it ( fix+ free ammonia be=e x passes (f 9 a gase\s =m 0 ! introduction ( copp]as 9 tank wat]1 :ile settl+1 & be=e evaporation4 ,! vats ( tank wat] are te/$ ) a ,beaume hydromet] & = e #b1jjj gallons ( tank wat] at indicat$ degree1 ,beaume1 ord9>y comm]cial copp]as %\ld be add$ z foll[s3 ,wat] te/+ #e ,baume #aff lbs4 dry copp]as ,wat] te/+ #d ,baume #aej lbs4 dry copp]as ,wat] te/+ #d ,baume #acc lbs4 dry copp]as ,wat] te/+ #c ,baume #aag lbs4 dry copp]as ,wat] te/+ #c ,baume #ajj lbs4 dry copp]as ,^! v>y+ am\nts ( copp]as are put into a b>rel ( hot wat] & ?or\ghly /irr$ until dissolv$4 ,! solution is !n p\r$ into a vat ( tank wat]1 ! mass all[$ to /& six or eight h\rs1 & !n skimm$ (f be=e be+ pump$ to ! evaporat+ ma*9e4 ,solids 9 ,wat]4--,! p]c5tage ( solids & liquids1 z well z ! respective weights 9 tank wat] at diff]5t degrees ,beaume1 are %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,,table ,,= ,,tank ,,wat]4 ,weight ,p] ,p] ( ,weight ,degrees c5t c5t cubic ( ,baume solidswat] foot gallon ------------------------------ #a #a4ijih4aj #fb4ad #h4cj #b #c4hcif4ag #fb4df #h4cd #c #e4ggid4bc #fb4gi #h4ci #d #g4ggib4bc #fc4aa #h4dc #e #i4heij4ae #fc4dc #h4dg #f #aa4ichh4jg #fc4ia #h4ed #g #ad4jdhe4if #fd4da #h4fj #h #af4aihc4ha #fd4hi #h4fg #i #ah4chha4fb #fe4ch #h4gc #aj #bj4fjgi4dj #fe4ha #h4hj #aa #bb4gagg4bi #ff4ci #h4hg #ab #bd4hdge4af #ff4ib #h4id #ac #bf4iggc4jc #fg4dd #i4ja #ad #bi4aagj4hi #fg4ig #i4jh #ae #ca4bgfh4gc #fh4di #i4ae #af #cc4eeff4de #fi4je #i4bc #ag #ce4hhfd4ab #fi4fa #i4cj #ah #ch4bbfa4gh #gj4ag #i4cg #ai #dj4eiei4da #gj4gb #i4de #bj #db4iheg4jb #ga4bh #i4eb #ba #de4aaed4hi #ga4hi #i4fj #bb #dg4bdeb4gf #gb4gi #i4fh #bc #di4cgej4fc #gc4ji #i4gg #bd #ea4ejdh4ej #gc4gj #i4he #be #ec4fcdf4cg #gd4cj #i4ic #bf #ef4cadc4fi #gd4ie #aj4ja #bg #ei4jddj4if #ge4fj #aj4aj #bh #fa4hjch4bj #gf4be #aj4ai #bi #fd4face4ci #gf4ij #aj4bg #cj #fg4edcb4df #gg4ee #aj4cf #ca #gj4cdbi4ff #gh4ce #aj4df #cb #gc4bgbf4gc #gh4id #aj4ee #cc #gf4bdbc4gf #gi4fd #aj4fd #cd #gi4bebj4ge #hj4cc #aj4gc #ce #hc4baag4gi #ha4jj #aj4hc ------------------------------ ,dry+ #bi ,beaume ,/ick4--,?is is done 9 two ways1 by ! use ( dry+ rolls & by mix+ ) dry+ tankage 9 a rot>y dry]4 ,:5 dry+ /ick ov] ! rolls1 evaporate x 9 ! evaporators to #bf ,beaume & mix ) ?is #bf ,beaume /ick1 ab\t #ag p] c5t ( copp]as be=e putt+ ! mixture ov] ! rolls4 ,?is has a t5d5cy to prev5t ! conc5trat$ tankage f absorb+ moi/ure :5 9 /orage4 ,_m op]ators dry /ick )\t ! use ( copp]as1 b ! copp]as prev5ts 9 a measure ! /ick absorb+ moi/ure f ! air4 ,/ick ,rolls4--,fig4 #gd %[s a /&>d tw9 /ick roll4 ,?is equipm5t is made ( two ca/ iron rolls built :5 new to su/a9 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,! /ick is deposit$ 9 a pan b5ea? & ! revolv+ roll collects a film ( sub/ance :i* is dri$ z ! roll revolves & is slic$ f ! surface ( ! roll by a close fitt+ scrap]1 be+ remov$ 9 a p[d]$ =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4--,,/&>d ,,tw9 ,,/ick ,,roll4 ,dry+ ) ,tankage4--,! practice n[ g5]ally adopt$ is ! mix+ ( ! /ick ) tankage & dry+ 9 ! /&>d f]tiliz] dry]1 us+ a fifte5 foot dry] ) /ation>y %ell & revolv+ %aft1 ) arms cyl9drical type1 usually kn[n z ! 8,smi?0 dry]4 ,! usual *>ge is #d1jjj lbs4 press$ tankage & #a1bjj lbs4 /ick1 agitat+ :ile ! /ick is be+ admitt$ s z to assi/ 9 equal mix+4 ,! /ick %\ld be at a temp]ature ( #aij ,f41 or ne> !reto :5 us$4 ,! heat$ sub/ance seems to produce less tail+s1 or small balls requir+ mill+4 ,value ( ,tankage4--,to appreciate ! value ( ! sub/ances to be collect$ 9 ?is mann]1 we ref] to copy ( te/1 made by an exp]t1 on a plant h&l+ ab\t #e1jjj cattle & #e1jjj hogs p] week1 z foll[s3 ,,e/imate ,,( ,,! ,,production ,,& ,,value ,,( ,,tankage ,,made ,,by ,,evaporat+ ,,tank ,,wat]4 ,,te/ ,,= ,,am\nt ,,( ,,wat] ,,dra9$ ,,(f ,,vats ,,be=e ,,pull+ ,,tankage4 ,av4 ,tank ,product ,gallonsgallons ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,no4 #a ,prime tall[ 7cutt+ room bones1 etc47 #a1dde ,no4 #a ,prime tall[ 7cutt+ room bones1 etc47 #a1gcd #a1ehi ------- ,no4 #b ,prime tall[ 7b$ fat1 etc47 #a1fde ,no4 #b ,prime tall[ 7b$ fat1 etc47 #a1cfe ,no4 #c ,prime tall[ 7b$ fat1 etc47 #a1dbf ,no4 #c ,prime tall[ 7b$ fat1 etc47 #a1hbg #a1eff ------- ,no4 #d ,no4 #b tall[ 7cat* bas9 /uff7 #ffh ,no4 #f ,pluck tank #ije ,no4 #i ,pluck tank #efb ,no4 #aj ,pluck tank #fbd ,no4 #aj ,pluck tank #hdg #gce ------- ,no4 #aa ,prime /eam l>d #a1chb ,no4 #aa ,prime /eam l>d #a1bdh #a1cae ------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,total ,,numb] ,,( ,,times ,,tanks ,,fill$ ,,& ,,cook$4 ,no4 ,product4 ,tanks ,prime tall[ ) cutt+ room bones #f ,prime tall[ ) b$ fat1 etc4 #aj ,no4 #b tall[ #f ,pluck tanks #ac ,prime /eam l>d #f -- ,total #da ,,basis ,,= ,,e/imate ,,( ,,production4 ,av]age ,total ,solids ,total ,units ,no4 (cont5tscont5tsp] gal4solids,p] c5t ( ,tanks gals4 gals4 lbs4 lbs4 ,ammonia ,ammonia ---------------------------------------- ----------- #f #a1ehi #i1ecd #j4hh #h1cij #af4gf #a1djf #aj #a1eff #ae1ffj #a4jc #af1acj #af4hi #b1gbd #f #ffh #d1jjh 4#cii #a1eii #ad4ei #bcc #ac #gce #i1eee 4#gfc #g1bij #af4he #a1bbh #f #a1cae #g1hij 4#jdha #chj #af4jj #fa ---------------------------------------- ----------- 444 #df1fdg 444 #cc1ghi #af4gc #e1feb ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,total units ( ammonia p] tank1 #e1feb4 ,av]age units ( ammonia p] tank1 #af4gc4 #h p] c5t ( moi/ure1 dry basis4 ,?is production at #a4ff p] unit w\ld be wor? #bg4gg p] ton1 or ! ye>ly production w\ld br+ #bd1cif4cb4 ,figur+ ! production ( tankage to be #ff1jjj p\nds p] week & t ) ?is c\ld be mix$ ?r\gh ! dry] #fjj p\nds or #ajg4c gallons ( /ick1 #be ,beaume ) ea* ton ( dry tankage--!n #cc #fjj p\nds1 or #ai1hjj p\nds1 w\ld be ! limit ( production f ! tank wat]4 ,! regul> tankage runs on an av]age ( #aj p] c5t ammonia & #af4d bone phosphate1 & z %[n above ! production f ! tank wat] ) #h p] c5t moi/ure w\ld run #af4gc p] c5t ammonia4 ,! product w\ld !re=e consi/ ( ! foll[+3 ,weight,p] c5t ,units ,p] c5t ,units ,mat]ials p\nds,ammonia ,ammonia,phosphate,phosphate ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,regul> tankage #ff1jjj #aj4jj #f1fjj #af4d #aj1hbd ,evaporat$ tank wat]#ai1hjj #af4gc #c1cab 444 444 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,total production #he1hjj 444 #i1iab 444 #aj1hbd ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,analysis1 ammonia #aa4ee1 bone phosphate #ab4fb ,value p] ton #ai4ic1 or = ! ye>ly production1 #dd1dei4hd4 ,%\ld !re be add$ wor?less mat]ial suffici5t to r$uce ! p]c5tage ( ammonia to #aj1 ! foll[+ =mula w\ld apply3 ,weight,p] c5t ,units ,p] c5t ,units ,mat]ials p\nds,ammonia ,ammonia,phosphate,phosphate ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,regul> tankage #ff1jjj #aj4jj #f1fjj #af4d #aj1hbd ,evaporat$ tank wat]#ai1hjj #af4gc #c1cab 444 444 ,wor?less mat]ial #ac1cbj 444 444 444 444 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,total production #ii1abj 444 #i1iab 444 #aj1hbd ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,analysis1 ammonia #aj2 bone phosphate #aj4ib4 ,value p] ton #ag4be1 or = ye>ly production #dd1dfh4cb ,,recapitulation4 ,value ( total production = "o ye> #dd1dfh4cb ,value ( tankage = "o ye> #cj1jcj4jj #f p] c5t int]e/ on #aj1jjj inve/m5t #fjj4jj #ae p] c5t depreciation on #aj1jjj inve/m5t #a1ejj4jj ,additional labor1 five m51 8full "t0 #b1cdj4jj #cd1dgj4jj ---------------------- ,net pr(it on inve/m5t #i1iih4cb ,quantity ( ,tank ,wat] ,produc$4--,?is is v>iable1 dep5d+ ^u clos5ess ( sav+ & d5sity2 also quantity ( solid sub/ance measur$1 & o!r items1 b g5]ally speak+ f cattle slaught]$--t5 gallons p] head1 & f pigs two & "o-half gallons p] head are collect$4 ,exp5se ( ,evaporat+ ,/ick4--,! foll[+ te/ %[s ! co/ ( produc+ /ick ?r\gh evaporators4 ,! co/ at ! pres5t "t w\ld be #ajj high] ow+ to coal co/s3 ,,co/ ,,( ,,evaporat+ ,,tank ,,wat]4 ,duration ( ,te/ #i h\rs #h h\rs ,av]age ,/eam ,pressure--#a/ effect #e4a lbs4 #e4a lbs4 ,av]age ,vacuum--#a/ effect #aa4d lbs4 #aa4i lbs4 ,av]age ,vacuum--#bnd effect #ai4j lbs4 #ah4f lbs4 ,av]age ,vacuum--#crd effect #bg4g lbs4 #bg4d lbs4 ,d5sity ( ,tank ,wat] at #aej #c ,b4 #b ,b4 ,av]age ,temp]ature ( ,tank ,wat] #bjc #aii ,gallons ,tank ,wat] ,f$ #aa1dgf #i1fbe ,gallons ,tank ,wat] ,f$ ,p] ,h\r #a1bge #a1acb ,gallons ,tank ,wat] ,f$ ,p] ,h\r #a1cch #a1bbj ,gallons ,/ick ,produc$ #a1jib4ge #ijg ,d5sity ,/ick at #aej #cj ,b4 #bh ,b4 ,p\nds ,/ick ,produc$ 7#aj4bje lbs4 & #aj4jh lbs4 p] gal47 #aa1aea #i1adb ,p\nds ,wat] ,evaporat$ #hc1jff #fi1gdh ,p\nds ,/eam ,us$--#a/ effect #ag1gab #ah1eji ,p\nds ,/eam ,us$--,pumps #aa1baj #aj1igb ------ ------ ,p\nds ,/eam ,us$--,total #bh1ibb #bi1dha ,p\nds ,/eam ,us$ p] #ajj lbs4 ,/ick--#a/ effect #aei #bjb ,p\nds ,/eam ,us$ p] #ajj lbs4 ,/ick--,pumps #ajj #abj --- --- ,p\nds ,/eam ,us$ p] #ajj lbs4 ,/ick--,total #bei #cbb ,co/ ,/eam ,us$ p] #ajj lbs4 ,/ick--#a/ effect at 4#acb p] #a1jjj lbs4 4#jba 4#jbg ,co/ ,/eam ,us$ p] #ajj lbs4 ,/ick--,pumps 4#jac 4#jaf ---- ----- ,co/ ,/eam ,us$ p] #ajj lbs4 ,/ick--,total 4#jcd 4#jdc ,p\nds ,/eam ,us$ p] #ajj lbs4 ,/ick--,wat] evaporat$--#a/ effect #ba4c #bf4f ,p\nds ,/eam ,us$ p] #ajj lbs4 ,/ick--,pumps #ac4e #db4c ---- ---- ,p\nds ,/eam ,us$ p] #ajj lbs4 ,/ick--,total #cd4h #db4c ,co/ ,/eam ,us$ p] #ajj lbs4 ,/ick1 ,wat] evaporat$--#a/ effect 4#jjbh 4#jjce ,co/ ,/eam ,us$ p] #ajj lbs4 ,/ick1 ,wat] evaporat$--,pumps 4#jjah 4#jjba ----- ----- ,co/ ,/eam ,us$ p] #ajj lbs4 ,/ick1 ,wat] evaporat$--,total 4#jjdf 4#jjef ,,note3 ,! equival5t gallons conc5trat$ f #aj to #gj solids are calculat$ f a table & n f analysis ( ! tank wat] & /ick2 !re=e1 are only approximately correct4 ,! /eam co/ at #j4acb p] #a1jjj p\nds is f> bel[ pres5t av]age conditions4 ,quantity ,/ick ,produc$4--,! quantity ( /ick x is possible to produce is indicat$ 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,,annual ,,production ,,tank ,,wat] ,,& ,,/ick4 ,basis = ,approximate ,kill+ ,approximation ,head ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,cattle #bjh1cjd #a to #a #bjh1cjd ,calves #cf1dgd #g to #a #d1hfc ,%eep #daf1cbe #g to #a #ee1eaj ,pack] ,hogs #dif1bai #b to #a #bca1efi ,%ipp] ,hogs #de1jid #e to #a #i1jai ------- ,total approximate kill+ #eji1bfe ,gallons tank wat] sav$ #d1iab1dhd ,gallons tank wat] p] approximate head #i4fd ,p\nds ( ,/ick made #b1gff1fdh ,p\nds ( ,/ick made p] approximate head #e4dc ,! relative quantity ( ,/ick to dri$ f]tiliz] produc$ is ab\t #dj1 b ! /ick is m valuable due to its high] ammonia cont5t & ! mixture ( ! /ick ) ! /&>d f]tiliz] increases ! value p] ton ( ! f]tiliz]4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,f]tiliz]4 ,,f]tiliz] -- ,,blood -- ,,receiv+ ,,tank -- ,,cook+ -- ,,press+ -- ,,purity -- ,,/or+ -- ,,quick ,,h&l+ -- ,,tankage -- ,,quotations ,,& ,,value -- ,,grease -- ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,/ick -- ,,dige/] ,,tankage -- ,,slime -- ,,dry]s -- ,,dry+ -- ,,exp5se ,,= ,,dry+ -- ,,comm]cial ,,f]tiliz] -- ,,/ate ,,regulations -- ,,mix+ ,,mat]ials -- ,,conv]sion ,,factors4 ,f]tiliz]4--,9 ?is dep>tm5t we discuss ! manipulation ( ! products aft] leav+ ! tank+ process 9 ! case ( tankage1 & ( blood1 beg9n+ ) its release f ! animal4 ,blood4--,! s\rces ( ! collection ( blood are f animals slaught]$1 viz3 cattle1 %eep1 calves & pigs4 ,9 ne>ly e in/ance ?is is collect$ at a giv5 po9t ne> ! /ick+ rails & transf]r$ to ! f]tiliz] dep>tm5t = process+4 ,x is r difficult to pump blood1 al?\gh x c be readily done ) a ball valve pump1 or a c5trifugal pump4 ,! latt] is satisfactory if =eign sub/ances c be kept out1 & if ! res]voir c be situat$ high en\gh s t ! blood c gravitate to ! suction ( ! pump4 ,me*anical agitation is a b5efit 9 ! receiv]s4 ,a v satisfactory way to h&le blood is by means ( a bl[ tank4 ,?is is a tight1 heavily con/ruct$ cyl9d] ) an admittance valve on ! inlet pipe1 & a clos+ valve on ! dis*>ge pipe2 ! latt] pref]ably a quick op5+ valve4 ,a means = admitt+ air or /eam to ! blood is arrang$4 ,to op]ate1 ! valve on ! inlet l9e z well z ! outlet valve is clos$1 & air or /eam pressure is built up z requir$ = ! lift4 ,! outlet valve is !n quickly op5$ :5 ! cont5ts ( ! tank is virtually 8%ot0 to ! receiv+ tanks4 ,receiv+ ,tank4--,?is is pref]ably a clos$ type ( tank ) an air v5t to all[ displacem5t ( air :5 bl[+ blood4 ,x is pref]ably situat$ above ! cook tank ) an admittance valve betwe5 !m s t blood c be l[]$ to ! cook+ tank at w4 ,cook+4--,blood %\ld be 8bak$10 n boil$4 ,by ?is is meant1 ! /eam %\ld be admitt$ sl[ly & ! heat disp]s$ ?r\gh ! mass r ?an boil$ viol5tly1 by admitt+ high pressure /eam4 ,! blood1 by ?is me?od1 seems to coagulate 9 l>g] gra9s1 &1 9 press+1 a l>g] proportion is reta9$ 9 ! clo?s1 :ile ! s]um or :ite wat] dra9+ away is ( a light] color1 ) ! net result t ! yield ( blood is bett]4 ,press+4--,! press+ is p]=m$ 9 ! same mann] z describ$ = tankage1 except t ! mat]ial is h&l$ dry4 ,! wat]s f cook+1 z well z f press+1 are sav$ = evaporation z tank wat]4 ,blood :5 press$ prop]ly is 8cak$40 ,x %\ld be brok5 up be=e be+ pass$ to ! dry]s4 ,purity4--,means %\ld be provid$ & arrangem5ts made to keep all raw or fluid blood free f wat] & manure4 ,frequ5tly cattle t are hay or grass f$1 h a dra9+ f ! /oma* via ! m\? :5 hung1 & comp>atively l>ge quantities ( undige/$ food are spill$4 ,?is %\ld be collect$ be=e ! animal is /uck & prev5t$ f mix+ ) ! blood4 ,/or+4--,aft] dry+1 blood %\ld be cool$ & /or$ 9 piles on ! floor 9 dry rooms to be put 9 bags at ! "t ( %ipm5t4 ,x is usually unnecess>y to gr9d or scre5 x4 ,x %\ld be dri$ to #h moi/ure4 ,quick ,h&l+4--,blood is s highly susceptible to decay t x %\ld be h&l$ quickly & ) z little contact ) air z possible4 ,tankage4--,?is "n embodies ! dri$ mat]ial f ! residue 9 ! tanks aft] cook+ 9 dige/]s1 & press+4 ,x is classifi$ into sev]al grades4 ,dige/] tankage1 is usually sold = /ock foods4 ,no4 #a tankage ( comm]ce1 has a high nitrog5 cont5t & l[ p]c5tage ( bone1 x is usually produc$ f beef tanks2 ,no4 #b tankage is l[ 9 nitrog5 or ammonia1 z x is kn[n to ! lay-m9d1 & high 9 bone4 ,! usual comp>ative analysis is3 ,blood ,no4 #a ,no4 #b ,bone ,phosphate 444 #aj #bh ,ammonia #af-ag #aj-ab #f-h ,quotations & ,values4--,tankage & blood is usually sold on its value p] unit ( ammonia4 ,t is to say1 if blood be quot$ at #c4jj p] unit ( ammonia & analyzes sixte5 p] c5t1 x sells = #dh4jj p] ton4 ,tankage may conta9 elev5 p] c5t ammonia & twelve p] c5t bone phosphate1 quot$ at #b4ge p] unit1 & #aj;c p] unit respectively1 :i* w\ld make ! relative m>ket #ca4de p] ton4 ,by ref]5ce to m>ket quotations x w be not$ usually t ! l[] ! ammonia cont5t1 ! l[] ! price p] unit ( ammonia1 consequ5tly x behooves ! mak] to produce all ! ,no4 #a tankage possible1 & ?is is accompli%$ by cook+ bone z raw bone & sep>ately--9 pref]5ce to tank+ x4 ,grease4--,grease 9 f]tiliz]s or dri$ tankage is a positive detrim5t4 ,x is useless & valueless1 consequ5tly ! po9t to be /riv5 = is to l[] ! p]c5tage ( grease to ! m9imum4 ,! be/ me?ods kn[n are describ$ "u tank+4 ,"s pack]s do+ bus9ess on a l>ge scale h 8degreas+0 plants :]e ! grease is extract$ by naph?a process1 b1 ?is is a highly specializ$ dep>tm5t & n desirable 9 a small plant4 ,by c>eful att5tion ! grease c be l[]$ to eight p] c5t on dry basis analysis4 ,influ5ce ( ,/ick4--,! use ( /ick 9 tankage dry+ adds greatly to ! av]age ammonia cont5t4 ,dri$ /ick sep>ately analyz$ yields #ae p] c5t ammonia1 greatly increas+ ! value ( ! product 9 :i* x is us$4 ,dige/] ,tankage4--,?is is a g5]al "n = ! product sold to pig fe$]s = provid+ a nitrog5\s elem5t 9 _! fe$+4 ,/ate ,agricultural ,dep>tm5ts & pack]s h be5 conduct+ campaigns = ye>s introduc+ ?is z a fe$4 ,x is usually a ,no4 #a tankage made f fre%ly kill$ mat]ial & promptly dri$4 ,x is suppos$ to conta9 a /at$ prote9 cont5t1 :i* is really a multiple or unit bas$ ^u its nitrog5 cont5t1 #e4acg be+ ! factor4 ,/ick is us$ 9 ! dige/] tankage & ) b5efit provid$ x is kept sweet4 ,9 hog produc+ localities practically ! entire output ( tankage c be dispos$ ( to ! f>m] = /ock food purposes4 ,slime4--,! slime scrap$ f inte/9es 9 ! cas+ dep>tm5t has a high ammonia value & %\ld be collect$ & cook$ 9 a mann] simil> to ! me?od us$ 9 cook+ blood4 ,dry+4--,?is op]ation consi/s ( extract+ ! moi/ure f ! tankage by means ( air :i* is us$ z a vehicle to c>ry away ! moi/ure4 ,v>i\s devices are employ$ = p]=m+ ?is function1 su* z b>ometric cond5s]s1 siphon tees1 pipe cond5s]s1 & fan ) air wa% t[]4 ,!re is "s objection to all ( ^! types1 & ea* op]ator usually has "s home-made device bas$ ^u exp]i5ce4 ,! fan is ! m logical2 x sweeps a l>ge volume ( air ?r\gh ! dry] by )draw+ x & pass+ x to ! wa% t[]4 ,! air c>ries away ! moi/ure4 ,to dry *eaply h a positive circulation ( air ?r\gh ! dry] by keep+ ! inlet op51 ! fan atta*$ to ! air outlet connection4 ,s+le or multiple ( dry]s c be arrang$ on "o fan4 ,dry]s4--,! pr9cipal app>atus 9 ! f]tiliz] dep>tm5t is ! dry]4 ,( ^! !re are sev]al types4 ,direct ,fire ,dry]s4--,9 direct fire dry]s1 ! tankage & flame produc$ by ! use ( oil1 coke or coal1 are introduc$ & pass$ ?r\gh a cyl9drical rotat+ ma*9e simil> to a cem5t dry]4 ,! dri$ tankage is dis*>g$ at ! opposite end f ! fe$1 & ! gases & moi/ure pass ?r\gh a wat] spray & *imney to ! air4 ,x is practically impossible to op]ate a dry] ( ?is type )\t produc+ an (f5sive odor 9 ! surr\nd+ t]ritory & !y are also consid]$ haz>d\s f a fire /&po9t4 ,smi? ,type4--,?is type ( dry] is %[n 9 ! illu/ration 7,fig4 #ge7 & is ( ! /eam jacket$ type4 ,! b>rel is /ation>y ) a revolv+ %aft & ext5d$ arms c>ry+ ! tankage upw>d :i* falls back ?r\gh ! air4 ,ord ,type4--,?is dry] is also illu/rat$1 ,fig4 #gf1 & is ( ! same type1 except t ! %aft is plac$ v]tical & ! revolv+ arms at "r angle to ! %aft device :i* accompli%es ! same result4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4--;,,illu/rat+ ,,! ,,smi? ,,type ,,( ,,dry]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4--,,%[+ ,,! ,,ord ,,type ,,( ,,dry]4 ,exp5se = ,dry+4--,9 a *>ge type ( ma*9e :]e bat*es are plac$ 9 ! ma*9e & unit lots dri$1 ! exp5se = dry+ seems to be p] %ort ton1 ab\t z foll[s3 ,labor1 #a4be to #b4jj2 ,dry] repairs1 #j4ge to #a4be2 ,/eam1 v>iable4 ,! item ( /eam is q a l>ge factor4 ,9 a well h&l$ equipm5t1 prop]ly insulat$1 ab\t ( a p\nd ( moi/ure c be extract$ p] p\nd ( /eam cond5s$ 9 ! jacket1 :5 dry+ tankage1 & ( a p\nd :5 dry+ blood4 ,! latt] requires ab\t twice z long to dry z tankage2 9 o!r words1 ! output p] h\r ( dry] op]ation is ab\t "o-half4 ,comm]cial ,f]tiliz]4--,comm]cial ,f]tiliz] is ! "n g5]ally appli$ to prep>$ or dilut$ mixtures ?\ght to be be/ adapt$ = use on gr\nd or = "s special crop4 ,! /&>d tankage z produc$ conta9s an ammonia cont5t ( f eight to twelve p] c5t & may be %ort 9 o!r +r$i5ts su* z pota% & acid phosphate1 :i* are m9]al sub/ances1 usually conv]t$ to a =m readily soluble1 or 9 condition to be assimilat$4 ,also ! ammonia cont5t is r$uc$ to a mod]ation1 ! dilution be+ accompli%$ by ! use ( a fill]1 su* z pulv]iz$ dri$ peaty soil1 :i* has ! advantage ( c>ry+ a c]ta9 quantity ( humus or select$ s& :i* s]ves a drill nicely4 ,/ate ,regulations4--,mo/ /ates h f\nd x desirable to protect ! pur*as] by insi/+ t an analysis ( ! f]tiliz] be suppli$ ) ea* %ipm5t1 indicat+ ! cont5t1 ! /ate !n mak+ sporadic analyses to see t x g5]ally qualifies to ! /at$ cont5ts4 ,mix+ ,mat]ials4--,! mix+ mat]ials us$ are3 ,dri$ ,tankage4 ,dri$ ,blood4 ,bone ,meal4 ,/eam ,bone4 ,acid phosphates1 :i* is phosphate rock treat$ ) sulphuric acid--a m or less complicat$ process--& :i* product is usually pur*as$ by small works4 ,muriate ( pota%1 a sub/ance kn[n z ka9it usually produc$ f m9es 9 ,g]many1 al?\gh "s pota% is be+ produc$ f sea we$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,conv]sion ,factors4--,! foll[+ table w be f\nd h&y = *ang+ ! bone quantity into ano!r t]m1 z = example1 wi%+ to "k ! p] c5t ( nitrog5 if ammonia be express$3 ,,conv]sion ,,factors ,multiply by ,a ,b ,a to ,b ,b to ,a ,nitrog5 ,ammonia #a4baeh 4#hbbe ,nitrog5 ,nitrate ( ,soda #f4jfgh 4#afdh ,nitrog5 ,nitrate ( ,pota% #g4bagj 4#achf ,nitrog5 ,prote9 #f4bejj 4#afjj ,ammonia ,nitrate ( ,soda #d4iijf 4#bjjd ,ammonia ,nitrate ( ,pota% #e4iceh 4#afhe ,ammonia ,prote9 #e4adjd 4#aide ,ammonia ,sulphate ( ,ammonia #c4hgia 4#begh ,nitrate ( ,soda ,nitrate ( ,pota% #a4ahid 4#hdjh ,actual ,pota% ,muriate ( ,pota% #a4ehcj 4#fcag ,actual ,pota% ,sulfate ( ,pota% #a4hejj 4#edje ,actual ,pota% ,nitrate ( ,pota% #b4adfg 4#dfeh ,actual ,pota% ,c>bonate ( ,pota% #a4dfga 4#fhaf ,muriate ( ,pota% ,sulphate ( ,pota% #a4afhg 4#heeg ,muriate ( ,pota% ,c>bonate ( ,pota% 4#ibfh #a4jgij ,phosphoric ,acid ,bone ,phos4 ( ,lime #b4ahej 4#degg ,c>bonic ,acid ,c>bonate ( ,lime #b4bgdh 4#dcif ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,cas+s4 ,,description ,,( ,,beef ,,cas+s -- ,,r\nd ,,cas+s1 ,,h[ ,,made -- ,,selection ,,( ,,r\nd ,,cas+s -- ,,export ,,cas+s -- ,,dome/ic ,,r\nds -- ,,beef ,,middles -- ,,turn+ ,,& ,,slim+ -- ,,inspection ,,& ,,measur+ -- ,,beef ,,bungs -- ,,bung ,,gut ,,sk9s -- ,,beef ,,bladd]s -- ,,beef ,,weas&s -- ,,packages -- ,,salt -- ,,cleanl9ess -- ,,wat] ,,temp]ature -- ,,ma*9es ,,= ,,cas+s -- ,,hog ,,cas+s -- ,,small ,,cas+s4 ,description ( ,beef ,cas+s4--,cas+ is a product made f ! inte/9es ( cattle1 %eep & hogs4 ,!y are sav$ :5 animals are slaught]$ 9 quantities suffici5tly l>ge to w>rant ! c>e & att5tion requir$4 ,?is 0 "o ( ! products :i* 0 wa/$ :]e animals 7 slaught]$ on a small scale4 ,x is a product wor?y ( c>eful att5tion to its production 9 ord] t x be 9 a good1 m>ketable condition4 ,cas+s consi/ ( r\nd or small guts1 middle or l>ge inte/9es1 bungs1 weas&s & bladd]s1 ^! be+ ! names ( cas+s obta9$ f cattle4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( cas+s !re are five ess5tial po9ts to be consid]$3 ,fir/4--,cle> wat] & pl5ty ( x4 ,second4--,t !y be h&l$ promptly1 o!rwise !y become discolor$ & color 9 cas+s has mu* to d ) _! value4 ,?ird4--,t too hot wat] is n us$ s z to injure !m4 ,f\r?4--,t ! pieces are long & ! cas+s are put up free f te>+ or holes4 ,fif?4--,cleanl9ess & good workman%ip4 ,r\nd ,cas+s4--,^! are ! small inte/9es & are tak5 f ! edge ( ! ruffle by cutt+ ) a knife4 ,! runn+1 z ?is "w is t]m$1 is skillful "w & c>e has to be ex]cis$ to avoid cutt+4 ,!y %\ld if possible be remov$ 9 two l5g?s4 ,!y are !n /ripp$ free f cont5ts1 & ! cl++ fat remov$ ei!r by h& scrap+ or pass+ ?r\gh a ma*9e4 ,x is ess5tial t all ! fat f ! cas+ %\ld be remov$1 z x is detrim5tal if left on4 ,aft] !y h be5 8fatt$0 !y are put into a vat ( wat] & 8turn$10 :i* process turns !m wrong side out1 expos+ ! int]nal "p ( ! inte/9e4 ,!y are !n put ?r\gh a scrap+-ma*9e1 :i* removes all ! membrane4 ,?is op]ation is sometimes done by h&4 ,:5 ?is "w is complet$ x is only ! muscul> portion ( ! inte/9e t rema9s4 ,aft] !y are ?us f9i%$ !y are inspect$ ei!r by exam9ation 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! f+]s or by air bl[+1 pref]ably ! latt]4 ,! cas+s are measur$ into sets ( #ajh to #aaj feet1 gre5 l5g?4 ,a /&>d set ( r\nds is suppos$ to measure #ajj feet1 b ! l>g] measure is all[$ z 9 ! salt+ & cur+ !y %r9k s t :5 measur$1 cur$1 !y w n exce$ #ajj feet4 ,a set ( r\nds %\ld n h to exce$ five holes1 or consi/ ( m ?an five pieces1 ! less ! numb] ( ei!r holes or pieces ! m desirable4 ,aft] !y are ?us measur$ !y are put 9 a salt+ box1 :]e !y are %ak5 up by h& s z to make all ! salt possible adh]e to !m4 ,!y are !n pil$ on an op5 truck or rack1 s t all ! wat] possible w dra9 (f4 ,rema9+ 9 ?is condition = a day !y are resalt$ & pack$ into ti]ces4 ,x is necess>y1 9 ord] to get ! quantity ( cas+s 9 a ti]ce to use pressure & press !m tightly4 ,selection ( ,r\nd ,cas+s4--,r\nd cas+s are classifi$ "u sev]al head+s1 namely1 export1 wide1 n>r[ & dome/ic4 ,export ,cas+s4--,! export r\nds are reasonably n>r[ & absolutely free ( knots4 ,! knots ref]r$ to are ^? on ! inte/9es *iefly f\nd 9 ! entrails ( native cattle1 or cattle t h be5 highly f$1 & are objectionable to ! =eign trade4 ,!y are pack$ #bjj sets p] ti]ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4--;,,fatt+ ,,ma*9e ,,= ,,cas+s4 ,dome/ic ,r\nds4--,^! are = dome/ic trade4 ,!y are wid] & heavi] ?an ^? export$4 ,!y are h&l$ 9 ! same mann]1 pack$ f #aej to #agj sets to ! ti]ce1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! numb] ( ! sets indicat+ t !y are wid] cas+s & n z c>efully select$4 ,beef ,middles4--,aft] ! ruffle has be5 pull$ (f ! inte/9es1 ! middles are pull$ ap>t1 leav+ all ! fat t w adh]e to !m4 ,! cont5ts are wa%$ by ins]t+ a hose at ! l>g] end1 p>tially fill+ ! cas+ & p\r+ ! cont5ts into a sep>ate pipe lead+ to ! cat* bas94 ,! workm5 press ! cas+ r ?an /rip x1 z ! latt] me?od /rips ! fat & causes a consid]able loss on acc\nt ( fat c>ri$ to cat* bas94 ,! cont5ts ( ! inte/9e wa%$ out1 ! gut !n goes to ! fatt]1 :o cuts (f all ! fat ) a knife4 ,x is v important to see t no fat is left on ! cas+4 ,any fat :i* may be left on ! cas+ w detract f ! appe>ance4 ,x is usual aft] fatt+1 to scrape ! cas+ ) a wood scrap] s z to remove any cl++ tissue & fat4 ,turn+ & ,slim+4--,! cas+ is n[ turn$1 fatt$ side 91 & :5 turn$ exposes ! inn] surface4 ,?is is h& or ma*9e scrap$ & mu/ be p]fectly clean1 inspection be+ made to asc]ta9 ?is condition exi/s4 ,inspect+ & ,measur+4--,x is be/ to inspect middle cas+s by air1 at :i* "t !y are select$ = wide & n>r[ /&>ds1 especially 9 ! l>g] works4 ,!y are measur$ #fb feet to ! set1 all[ance be+ made = %r9kage 9 salt+1 s t aft] !y h be5 salt$ !y w measure #eg feet1 ?is be+ ! /&>d comm]cial l5g? p] set4 ,^! are h&l$ on ! salt+ b5*es1 etc41 ! same z r\nds4 ,!y are select$ z foll[s3 ,!y mu/ be ( prime quality1 prop]ly clean$1 slim$ & salt$1 closely fatt$1 free f holes1 good color & smell1 no piece to be less ?an ?ree feet 9 l5g?1 n m ?an "o su* piece 9 a set1 & ! ?9 end ( ! gut mu/ be cut (f4 ,!y %\ld be assort$ 9 accordance ) requirem5ts into-- ,n>r[s ,pack$ #adj sets to ! ti]ce ,wides ,pack$ #ie sets to ! ti]ce ,regul>s 7:i* means ! m$ium cas+s7 ,pack$ #aaj sets to ! ti]ce ,! salt+ & pack+ process is ! same z describ$ = r\nd cas+s4 ,beef ,bungs4--,^! are ! l>g] inte/9es & h "o bl9d or clos$ end4 ,!y h an av]age l5g? ( f\r feet1 b v>y ) ! cattle size4 ,! op5+1 :]e ! small inte/9e connects ) ! l>ge1 %\ld be 9 ! c5t]4 ,! clean+ process is simil> to o!r cas+s1 except ! scrap+ is done by h& "w1 or us+ a revolv+ wa%+ ma*9e4 ,bungs1 h&l$ practically ! same z ! previ\sly describ$ cas+s1 to be ( good quality1 full l5g?1 prop]ly clean$1 slim$1 salt$ & fatt$1 free f holes1 reasonably free f scores & cuts & ( good color4 ,! regul> run ( ^! cas+s %\ld be pack$ #djj pieces to ! ti]ce1 ti$ 9 bundles ( five ea*4 ,bung ,gut ,sk9s4--,f ! bung gut is (t5 remov$ ! membrane1 kn[n z 8bung gut sk9s40 ,^! are us$ by gold beat]s4 ,!y are h&l$ z foll[s3 ,! bung gut sk9s %\ld be />t$ at ! cap end1 be+ c>eful to remove ! sk9 = ab\t f\r to six in*es f ! end ( ! cap1 !n remove same ar\nd ! bung end1 back ( ! cap end fir/1 & next take (f t[>d ! op5 end1 aft] ! bung is sk9n$ back z f> z possible beyond ! small inte/9e4 ,! sk9s are ?9 & difficult to remove2 !re is no difficulty exp]i5c$1 h[ev]1 9 gett+ !m ?irty in*es or ov] 9 l5g?4 ,aft] ! sk9 is remov$ x is plac$ 9 ice wat]1 &1 :5 well *ill$1 is salt$ ?or\ghly 9 ! cap & outside4 ,! object ( putt+ ! sk9 9 ice wat] is to facilitate h&l+4 ,aft] !y are ?or\ghly salt$ !y are hung ov] a b> cov]$ ) a piece ( burlap & all[$ to hang = "o or two days1 until !y are ?or\ghly dra9$1 or dri$4 ,:5 dry ea* sk9 is sep>ately h&l$1 ! loose salt %ak5 (f1 & exam9$ = holes & fat & ragg$ ends4 ,holes ne> ! edge ( ! sk9s c be cut out )\t mat]ially injur+ !m4 ,all fat on ! edge & ragg$ ends %\ld be cut (f4 ,aft] ! sk9s h pass$ ?is inspection !y %\ld be spread full l5g? & wid? on a table1 "o ov] ! o!r1 ga!r$ 9 bun*es ( fifty1 ti$ 9 ! c5t] & pack$ 9 a ti]ce4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 9 h&l+ ! sk9s n to let !m come 9 contact ) any iron z t w discolor !m4 ,_m cas+ m5 object to remov+ ! bung gut sk9s1 believ+ t x injures ! cas+4 ,if !y are h&l$ c>efully1 h[ev]1 ! injury w n be m ?an five p] c5t4 ,beef ,bladd]s4--,bladd]s %\ld be cut ) a long neck & aft] !y h be5 fatt$ %\ld be bl[n up z l>ge z possible & hung 9 a dry room to dry4 ,aft] !y are bl[n & dri$1 ! necks are cut (f & !y are flatt5$ out & pack$ 9 bundles ( twelve ea*4 ,! fir/ grade consi/s ( bladd]s f\rte5 in*es 9 l5g?1 ) or )\t necks4 ,! second grade consi/s ( bladd]s f elev5 to ?irte5 in*es 9 l5g? ) ! neck4 ,! ?ird grade consi/s ( bladd]s ) or )\t necks1 n "u n9e in*es 9 l5g?4 ,beef ,weas&s4--,aft] ! meat has be5 remov$ f ! outside ! weas& is turn$ wrong side out1 wa%$1 bo? ends ti$1 & bl[n full ( air4 ,aft] !y are bl[n ) compress$ air !y are hung 9 a dry room1 :i* %\ld h a temp]ature ( #aaj to #abj ,f41 & left !re until ?or\ghly dri$4 ,!y are !n tak5 out1 ! ends cut (f1 ! weas&s put 9 bundles ( tw5ty-five ea*1 tw5ty bundles ti$ toge!r into a l>ge bundle1 five or t5 ( ^! l>ge bundles con/itut+ a case4 ,regul> weas&s mu/ be ( prime quality1 prop]ly dri$1 entirely free f worms1 & at lea/ tw5ty-f\r in*es long1 all[+ n ov] f\r pieces ( %ort] 7same to be at lea/ eighte5 in*es long7 to ! bundle ( tw5ty-five4 ,two ( su* %ort ones w be c\nt$ z "o full weas&4 ,n>r[ weas&s are ^? :i*1 :ile be+ dri$1 h a weight ( ab\t ?ree p\nds hung on ! end1 draw+ !m out z long z possible1 :i* has ! t5d5cy to make !m n>r[4 ,^! %\ld n be bl[n z full ( air z ^? n drawn4 ,aft] !y are dri$ !y mu/ be at lea/ tw5ty-six in*es long & f two to two & "o-half in*es 9 wid? :5 flatt5$ out4 ,o!r conditions same z ! regul> weas&s1 except t !y mu/ be entirely free f sk9 worms & sk9-worm m>ks4 ,packages4--,! packages us$ = beef cas+s are usually s(t wood ti]ces1 free f any /a9 su* z occurs 9 an oak /ave4 ,a second-h& glucose ti]ce is pref]able4 ,!y %\ld be clean$ ?or\ghly be=e fill+1 by scrap+ free f any *>1 & !n well wa%$4 ,salt4--,! salt usually us$ is ! 8,no4 #a ,f9e0 grade ( evaporat$ salt4 ,9 fir/ & second salt+s ! cas+s mu/ be c>efully cov]$1 p>ticul>ly at ! po9ts :]e ! bun* is ti$4 ,cleanl9ess4--,x is difficult to prop]ly describe ! c>e necess>y 9 e /age to insure clean cas+s4 ,wat] f inl& or murky riv]s %\ld be settl$ ( filt]$ to make clean1 bright cas+s4 ,e p>ticle ( fat or fibre to :i* any s$im5t or /a9 c adh]e makes a black spot ^u ! f9i%$ salt$ cas+s4 ,!re is p]haps no dep>tm5t :]e su* scrupul\s c>e is ne$$4 ,wat] ,temp]ature4--,wat] us$ 9 clean+ cas+s %\ld be ab\t #ij ,f41 9 temp]ature1 & kept uni=mly s1 until ! cas+ has be5 turn$ & slim$1 :5 x %\ld be subm]g$ & kept 9 cool wat] at a temp]ature ( ab\t #dj ,f41 until pass$ to ! salt+ boxes4 ,ma*9es = ,cas+s4--,beef cas+ ma*9es equipp$ ) rice-root bru%es are t]m$ 8fatt+ ma*9es10 :ile ^? fitt$ ) bri/le bru%es are t]m$ 8slim+ ma*9es40 ,to process middle guts by ma*9e1 !y are pass$ twice ?r\gh a fatt+ ma*9e1 turn$ & pass$ ?ree times ?r\gh ! slim+ ma*9e4 ,to process r\nd guts !y are pass$ ?r\gh ! fatt+ & slim+ ma*9es twice4 ,to obta9 ! be/ results ! bru%es %\ld run #aeej r4 p4 m4 ,ab\t ?ree horse-p[] is requir$ to op]ate a ma*9e4 ,salt 9 ! slim+ wat] is an advantage4 ,hog ,cas+s4--,x is m difficult to describe ! sav+ ( hog cas+s4 ,! fir/ item is ! remov+ ( ! bung :i* %\ld be pull$ c>efully1 & be z long z possible4 ,! removal ( ! bung )\t scor+1 break+ or cutt+ is a "p ( ! slaught]+ "w & requires skillful knife "w to accompli% x prop]ly4 ,z soon z ! bung gut is pull$ x is /ripp$ & trimm$ c>efully s z to n de/roy ! cr[n4 ,! cl++ fat is remov$ & ! bung is !n turn$1 aft] :i* !y are classifi$ & salt$ ov] night 9 a pickle = ! purpose ( cur+4 ,! foll[+ day !y are bundl$ & pack$ 9 second-h& h>dwood ti]ces4 ,! grad+ is difficult to describe s9ce ! /&>ds v>y slightly4 ,!y are usually classifi$ z ,no4 #a1 m$ium primes1 & ,no4 #b quality4 ,! grad+ ( hog bungs = export & m$ium primes require t !y %all be full cr[n1 free f cuts & scores1 pull$ full l5g?1 & :5 w9d te/$ & bl[n to ab\t ! di/5tion :5 /uff$1 are measur$ eighte5 in*es f ! cr[n3 ,exports #a in*es diamet] & ov] ,m$ium ,prime #a in*es diamet] & ov] ,no4 #b ,less ?an #a in*es diamet] ,small ,cas+s4--,! small cas+s are pull$ f ! set /ripp$ & soak$ ov] night to all[ a f]m5tation or decay ( ! slime & muscle on ! tissue4 ,! l5g? ( "t = ! soak+ & ! f]m5tation are controll$ by ! workman4 ,soak+ too long or too mu* heat rots ! cas+4 ,too little makes x difficult to prop]ly clean4 ,wat] te/ ea* gut4 ,?is is an advantage s9ce x wa%es ea* piece & locates all holes4 ,at ! same "t ! cas+s are select$ = wid?4 ,aft] select+ & clean+ 9 ?is mann] ! cas+s are put 9 bundles ( equal size measur$ z to quantity4 ,!y are !n well salt$ & plac$ ^u dra9+ b5*es to cure4 ,aft] a p]iod ( f ?ree to five days !y are %ak5 free f salt1 rubb$ ) new f9ely gr\nd salt & pack$ 9 h>dwood b>rels4 ,^! b>rels %\ld be clo? l9$ aft] soak+ sev]al days1 ! wat] be+ *ang$ e =ty-eight h\rs4 ,! salt+ process is ! trick 9 ! cas+ bus9ess4 ,cas+s are usually sold on a free ( salt basis1 & are suppos$ to conta9 =ty p] c5t salt1 ?is quantity be+ all[$4 ,on %ak+1 at times1 !y w %[ sixty p] c5t1 !re=e x behooves ! buy] or sell] to be on gu>d4 ,ma*9es are us$ = pass+ ! cas+ ?r\gh = removal ( muscle & slime4 ,9 ^!1 rapidly revolv+ knives or scrap]s fitt+ closely to a roll]1 p]=m ! process4 ,! cas+s aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! ma*9es are h&l$ by h&1 ea* piece be+ scrap$ :ile on a bo>d & any holes t may appe> be+ cut out1 z well z ragg$ ends cut squ>e4 ,! av]age yield 9 hog cas+s is usually "o-qu>t] p\nd p] hog4 ,x takes close att5tion to develop ?is quantity4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,beef ,,miscellany ,,beef ,,miscellane\s -- ,,liv]s -- ,,sweetbreads -- ,,beef ,,he>ts -- ,,tails -- ,,weas& ,,meat -- ,,beef ,,tongues -- ,,wa%+ -- ,,hang+ -- ,,trimm+ -- ,,cur+ -- ,,freez+ -- ,,surplus ,,r\nds -- ,,/ripp+ ,,beef ,,hams -- ,,=mulas ,,= ,,cur+ -- ,,smok+ -- ,,te/s -- ,,glass ,,j> ,,beef -- ,,beef ,,trimm+s -- ,,b>rel ,,beef -- ,,tripe -- ,,clean+ ,,tripe -- ,,pickl+ -- ,,co/ ,,( ,,production4 ,beef ,miscellane\s4--,! ris+ value ( all fle% foods makes x imp]ative to c>efully cons]ve all k9ds ( products & ?is *apt] is devot$ to a description ( ! c>e & h&l+ ( ^! products4 ,liv]s4--,!re is no edible "p ( ! animal :i* becomes /ale z quickly z ! liv]4 ,! l>ge proportion ( wat] 9 its makeup toge!r ) ! pres5ce ( blood & ! residual matt] f its function 9 ! body all contribute to ?is rapid decay1 & only by ! mo/ c>eful att5tion w !y keep a v great l5g? ( "t unless !y are froz54 ,! vital po9t 9 h&l+ liv]s successfully is to promptly s5d !m to a prop] cool]4 ,z soon z !y are tak5 f ! animal !y %\ld be trimm$1 c>e be+ tak5 t 9 cutt+ ! gall bag f ! liv] !y are n contam9at$ ) gall1 ! trimm+ consi/+ ( cutt+ ar\nd ! l[] lobe s z to p]mit ! blood conta9$ !re9 to drip out4 ,! cool] 9 :i* !y are /or$ %\ld be ( ! same "* z a beef cool] ) an ov]head l(t & a positive & good circulation4 ,! liv]s %\ld be sep>at$ s t w>m ones w n come 9 contact ) cold ones4 ,! temp]ature ( ! cool] %\ld be ab\t #cb ,f4 ,9 hang+1 ! cool+ racks are pref]ably metal1 frequ5tly cleans$ by scald+ & %\ld be arrang$ s t liv]s d n drip on ^? bel[4 ,at c]ta9 times ( ! ye> x is pr(itable to freeze !m = ! w9t] trade4 ,:]e ?is is done x w be f\nd t if !y are fir/ prop]ly dri$ & *ill$1 !y freeze 9 mu* bett] condition ?an if put into ! freez] :5 !y are full ( moi/ure4 ,!y %\ld be froz5 at a temp]ature z ne> z]o ,fahr4 z possible1 = if froz5 quickly !y reta9 _! natural color1 :]eas1 if !y are put into a high] temp]ature & ! freez+ is delay$1 !y w h a d>k appe>ance :5 ?aw$4 ,sweetbreads4--,?is is a delicate piece ( meat & practically ! only "o 9 ! pack+ h\se t improves by be+ kept 9 wat]4 ,! sweetbread %\ld be cut out be=e ! animal is /uck1 !reby avoid+ _! becom+ bloody & discolor$4 ,aft] wa%+ & fat is trimm$ (f1 !y %\ld be put 9 ice wat] 9 ! cool]s & held ov] night2 ! next day !y are ready = %ipm5t & %\ld be pack$ 9 crack$ ice4 ,if !y are to be froz5 !y %\ld be all[$ to dra9 prop]ly be=e plac+ !m 9 ! freez]s4 ,a l[ temp]ature is v ess5tial = ! pres]vation ( sweetbreads1 9 ord] to obta9 ! be/ possible appe>ance4 ,:5 froz5 quickly !y reta9 a bright appe>ance :5 ?aw$4 ,if !y are froz5 sl[ly !y turn slate color :5 ?aw$ & h an undesirable & un:olesome look1 :i* op]ates aga9/ _! be+ dispos$ ( to advantage4 ,we/]n or range cattle1 yield a v small proportion ( sweetbreads1 !y be+ undevelop$ by ! animal :5 liv+ 9 _! natural /ate4 ,cattle :i* h be5 fatt5$ 9 fe$ lots1 h[ev]1 yield mu* l>g] sweetbreads4 ,beef ,he>ts4--,?is piece ( meat is g5]ally us$ 9 sausage & cann+1 l>gely 9 ! =m]4 ,! he>ts aft] be+ tak5 f ! animals are trimm$ & wa%$ & %\ld be hung 9 a cool] :]e !re is a temp]ature ( f #cc to #cf ,f4 ,aft] !y are ?or\ghly *ill$ !y are us$ = sausage purposes1 ei!r fre% or cur$4 ,tails4--,!re is little to be said on ! h&l+ ( tails1 except t !y %\ld be kept clean1 = if h&l$ c>elessly & all[$ to become /a9$ x is impossible ev] to get !m clean aft]w>d1 & x is always pref]able n to wa% !m1 z ?is has a t5d5cy to discolor !m :5 *ill$4 ,if !y are to be froz5 !y %\ld be put into ! freez] "u a l[ temp]ature 9 ord] to h !m come out 9 desirable condition4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4--,,me*anical ,,wa%]4 ,weas& ,meat4--,?is is a meat tak5 (f ! weas&s4 ,x is a l[ grade ( meat & is at times 8tank$0 r ?an sav$4 ,:5 cur$ x %\ld be pack$ 9 ti]ces1 & to a ti]ce ( #djj p\nds spr9kle ?r\gh ?or\ghly a mixture ( tw5ty p\nds ( salt & "o p\nd ( saltpetre4 ,! goods %\ld be held 9 /orage at f #cf to #ch ,f4 dur+ ! process ( cur+4 ,beef ,tongues4--,! tongue %\ld receive c>eful att5tion f ! "t x is tak5 out ( ! head1 until x is cur$4 ,9 tak+ ! tongue out ( ! head x %\ld be left smoo? on ! bottom1 leav+ on all fat4 ,x %\ld be cut close to ! jaws1 tak+ (f ) x all fat possible1 z x is wor? mu* m on ! tongue ?an if left on ! head4 ,wa%+4--,! tongue %\ld be ?or\ghly wa%$ 9 w>m wat]1 say at #hj ,f41 z soon z tak5 f ! head4 ,me*anical wa%]s l t %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration1 ,fig4 #gh1 are frequ5tly us$ to good advantage4 ,imm$iately ^u wa%+ !y %\ld be *ill$ 9 clean1 cold wat]1 :5 !y are hung to drip & !n s5t to ! cool]4 ,hang+4--,9 hang+1 ! tongue %\ld be susp5d$ f a hook at ! po9t :]e ! tongue 0 atta*$ to ! jaw bone & ! tip also fa/5$ ^u ! same hook4 ,?is gives ! tongue a compact appe>ance1 b if x is hung up by ! po9t alone :5 w>m1 its own weight /ret*es x out ( %ape1 & x nev] looks z well z :5 hung z describ$4 ,tongues %\ld be hung 9 a temp]ature ( f #cb to #cd ,f4 = =ty-eight h\rs4 ,trimm+4--,tongues are select$ = trimm+ into %ort & long cuts4 ,9 trimm+1 ! side bones %\ld be cut equally & ! side meats cut ) a long knife & a draw movem5t s z to make a smoo? appe>+ tongue4 8,long cut tongue0 means t ! gullet & ab\t two jo9ts ( ! w9dpipe are left on4 ,9 8%ort cut tongue0 ! gullet is entirely cut away4 ,long cut tongue %\ld av]age n less ?an five p\nds 9 weight4 ,! trimm+s are retrimm$1 ! lean p>ts be+ suitable = sausage & ! fat = tank4 ,cur+4--,!y %\ld fir/ be put into a pla9 pickle1 eighty degrees /rong1 at a temp]ature ( #ch to #dj ,f4 = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,?is is done to remove all ! saliva f ! tongue1 :i* has ! effect ( mak+ ! pickle 8/rong10 if ! tongues are put direct into ! cur+ pickle4 ,aft] treatm5t ) pla9 pickle !y are put into a sweet pickle to be cur$1 ! sweet pickle consi/+ ( #bhj p\nds ( salt1 ,engli% salt be+ pref]able1 to :i* is add$ t5 p\nds ( saltpetre & tw5ty-f\r p\nds ( sug> to ea* #afj gallons ( wat]4 ,?is %\ld be /irr$ well to insure ?or\gh dissolv+ ( ! +r$i5ts4 ,! tongues are !n put into b>rels1 hog%eads or vats1 z ! case may be1 & suffici5t pickle put on to subm]ge !m4 ,at ! end ( five days !y %\ld be %ift$ f "o package to ano!r1 & at ! end ( fifte5 days !y %\ld be reh&l$1 ?is be+ done to br+ ! pickle into ?or\gh contact ) ! diff]5t pieces4 ,tongues %\ld be fully cur$ at ! end ( ?irty days1 ready to smoke1 or = %ipm5t4 ,:5 tongues are pack$ 9 b>rels1 aft] be+ fully cur$1 !y %\ld be pack$1 #bjb p\nds to ! b>rel1 fill+ ! package up ) ! same pickle 9 :i* !y 7 cur$4 ,!y are !n ready = %ipm5t4 ,tongues readily become excessively salty if all[$ to rema9 9 cure too long4 ,x is desirable to h !m 8(f cure0 ab\t z want$4 ,freez+4--,z !re is an increas$ dem& = tongues 9 ! w>m mon?s ov] any o!r "p ( ! ye>1 x is advantage\s to hold !m froz5 until ! dem& develops4 ,9 freez+ x is necess>y t !y %\ld be put 9 a v l[ temp]ature & froz5 quickly1 z if h&l$ o!rwise x has a t5d5cy to give !m an undesirable color :5 cur$4 ,!y c be ?aw$1 cur$1 & smok$ z requir$4 ,te/ on ,freez+ ,beef ,tongues4--,! foll[+ is a te/ on tongues ?us h&l$1 %[+ ! p]c5tage ( %r9kage1 freez+1 cur+ & smok+3 ,,te/ ,,on ,,freez+ ,,beef ,,tongues4 ,p] ,lbs4 c5t4 ,weight ( tw5ty-five #e-lb4 beef tongues to freez] #adj ,9 freez] "o week--weight #ach --- ,freez+ %r9kage #b #a4dc ,tak5 f freez] to lea*]--weight #ach ,lea*$ tw5ty h\rs 9 city wat]--weight #add ,aft] lea*+1 dra9$ twelve h\rs--weight #adb --- ,ga9 lea*+ f froz5 to dra9$ weight #d #b4ij ,ga9 lea*+ f gre5 to dra9$ weight #b #a4dc ,aft] lea*+--pickl$--weight to pickle #adb ,rubb$ 9 salt & pack$ 9 bbls4 ) sev5ty-deg4 pickle to rema9 = =ty-five days2 ov]haul$ 9 =ty days1 & five days lat] dump$ at =ty-five days weight #ada ,dra9$ eight h\rs--weight #aci --- ,%r9kage f gre5 to cur$--dra9$ weight #a #j4ga ,%r9kage f lea*$ to cur$--dra9$ weight #c #b4aa ,weight f cell> to smoke h\se #aci ,smok$ fifte5 h\rs--av]age temp]ature1 #aaf ,f4--smok$ weight #aag --- ,%r9kage to smok$ f gre5 weight #bc #af4dc ,%r9kage to smok$ f lea*$ weight #be #ag4fj ,%r9kage to smok$ f cur$ weight #bb #ae4hb ,surplus ,beef ,r\nds4--,:]e cattle are cut 9 l>ge quantities x is almo/ impossible to sell ! r\nds fre%1 !re be+ comp>atively small dem& = r\nd /eak4 ,x is necess>y to use ?is p>ticul> "p ( ! meat 9 "s o!r product1 :i* is done by mak+ :at is kn[n z 8beef hams40 ,! v light r\nds1 or r\nds out ( cann+ cattle1 are g5]ally us$ = cann+ purposes1 !y be+ too light to suit ! trade = 8beef hams40 ,/ripp+ ,beef ,hams4--,9 prep>+ 8beef hams0 ! r\nds are cut by :at is kn[n z ! 8pack+ h\se cut10 :i* leaves a piece ( meat f ! rump on ! r\nd1 z comp>$ to ! ord9>y cut4 ,?is piece is :at is kn[n z ! 8knuckle0 piece ( ! set4 ,r\nds cut ?is way are consid]$ regul>4 ,:5 r\nds1 cut = m>ket purposes1 are /ripp$1 !y are kn[n z %ort knuckl$ r\nds & are n accept$ z regul>4 ,be=e ! r\nd is /ripp$1 ! fell1 or cov]+1 is sk9n$ (f1 & ! seam ( ! knuckle foll[$ ar\nd by ! knife1 cutt+ cle> to ! bone4 ,! r\nd is hung on a hook & an incision made j above ! /ifle jo9t & ! knuckle piece peel$ f ! bone4 ,! r\nd is !n turn$ on ! hook & op5$ to ! bone1 mak+ :at is kn[n z ! 8inside-&-outside piece0 ( ! r\nd4 ,9 op5+ ! r\nd1 :at is kn[n z ! 8k]nel fat0 %\ld be equally divid$4 ,^! ?ree pieces are :at is kn[n z regul> beef hams :5 pack$ 9 sets4 ,:5 sep>at$ !y are kn[n z 8insides10 8outsides0 & 8knuckles40 ,^! hams are cur$ & smok$ & are sold at retail z dri$ beef1 ! l>ge/ sale = ?is k9d ( meat be+ 9 w>m wea!r4 ,! piece t is left is ! %ank4 ,cur+4--,on ! mann] 9 :i* beef hams are cur$ dep5ds1 to a great ext5t1 _! sale4 ,! object 9 cur+ is to h !m n too salty1 ?or\ghly cur$ ?r\gh1 & ( a bright & attractive color :5 smok$4 ,! hams :5 cut f ! cattle %\ld be ei!r spread out or hung up 9 a room held at a temp]ature ( f #cc to #ce ,f41 = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 !reby insur+ prop] *ill+4 ,!y are !n be/ cur$ 9 vats hold+ #a1jjj p\nds ea*2 _m1 h[ev]1 cure !m 9 ti]ces or b>rels4 ,=mulas = ,cur+ ,beef ,hams4--,two =mulas = ! pickle foll[3 ,fir/ ,=mula4--,to #a1ejj gallons ( #hj-;degree /r5g? pickle1 add #cjj p\nds granulat$ sug>1 #aje p\nds saltpetre4 ,:]e a small] am\nt ( pickle is want$ make x proportionately4 ,z ! meat is pack$ 9 vats1 spr9kle 9 a little f9e salt4 ,! vat %\ld !n be fill$ ) above pickle1 & a rack & weight put on to keep ! meat subm]g$4 ,! hams %\ld be ov]haul$ ?ree times1 fir/ 9 t5 days1 aga9 tw5ty-five days lat] & aga9 =ty days aft] ! second ov]haul+4 ,beef hams %\ld be consid]$ fully cur$ 9 f sev5ty-five to eighty-five days4 ,if cur$ 9 ti]ces or b>rels1 !y %\ld be roll$ at ! same p]iods z 9 ! case ( ov]haul+ 9 ! vats1 giv+ ! pickle a *ance to ?or\ghly rea* all p>ts ( ! meat4 ,second ,=mula4--,ano!r =mula us$ ext5sively1 :]e beef hams are pack$ & cur$ exclusively 9 b>rels1 is z foll[s3 ,dissolve #aej p\nds ( saltpetre 9 hot1 #hh-;degree pickle1 made f ,a%ton or dairy salt1 a suffici5t am\nt ( pickle be+ us$ to make fifty-two gallons :5 dissolv$4 ,x is necess>y to heat ! pickle 9 ord] to dissolve ?is am\nt ( salt4 ,add #dej p\nds ( granulat$ sug> & suffici5t cold #hh-;degree pickle to make #bjj gallons ( ! f9i%$ solution4 ,?is is !n *ill$ to a temp]ature ( #dj to #de ,f4 ,"o gallon ( ?is solution is put into ea* b>rel be=e comm5c+ to pack ! meats4 ,:5 pack+ ! meat 9 b>rels1 use tw5ty-?ree p\nds ( ,a%ton1 or dairy salt1 spr9kl+ betwe5 ! lay]s z !y are put 94 ,:5 ! b>rel is ne$$1 wat] at a temp]ature ( #dj to #de ,f41 b>rels to be roll$ 9 t51 ?irty & fifty days aft] be+ pack$4 ,!y %\ld be /or$ 9 a temp]ature ( f #ch to #dj ,f4 if !y are to be us$ 9 n9ety days4 ,if !y are to be held = five or six mon?s !y %\ld be kept at a temp]ature ( #ce to #ci ,f4 = ! fir/ ?irty days & !reaft] at a temp]ature ( f #bh to #bi ,f4 until us$4 ,meats cur$ ) ?is =mula w be f\nd to h a v good color & flavor & at ! same "t w n be too salty4 ,9 putt+ ! meat 9 packages1 pack #bae p\nds gre5 weight p] b>rel4 ,smok+4--,! smok+ ( beef hams is treat$ 9 ! *apt] on ! ,smoke ,h\se4 ,te/s4--,! foll[+ are ?ree smok+ te/s on regul> beef hams1 giv5 to illu/rate yields 9 ! f9i%$ product f a sample lot ( ea* cut3 ,,regul> ,,outsides ,,= ,,%ipm5t4 ,wt4 ,p] ,pack$ lbs4 c5t4 ,tw5ty-?ree tcs4 dry pack$ #ddi lbs4 ea*1 m>k$ weight #ddj lbs4 ea* #a1abg pcs4 #aj1cbg ,tw5ty-?ree tcs4 dump$ to smoke1 actual weights #a1abg pcs4 #aj1bae ------ ,p\nds loss :ile 9 /orage #aab ,p] c5t loss :ile 9 /orage 4#jabh ,culls n smok$ #dd pcs4 #bce ,actual weights to smoke #a1jhc pcs4 #i1ihj ,smok$ weights #a1jhc pcs4 #g1jii ----- ,%r9kage 9 smok+ #b1hha ,p] c5t %r9kage 9 smok+ 4#bhhg ,smok$ #ajh h\rs1 temp]ature #aab to #abh ,f4 ,,regul> ,,insides ,,= ,,%ipm5t4 ,wt4 ,p] ,pack$ lbs4 c5t4 ,sixte5 tcs4 dry pack$1 #ddi lbs4 ea*1 m>k$ weight #ddj lbs4 ea* #dig pcs4 #g1ahd ,sixte5 tcs4 dump$ to smoke1 actual weights #dig pcs4 #g1jbg ----- ,p\nds loss 9 /orage #aeg ,p] c5t loss 9 /orage 4#jbaai ,culls n smok$ #h pcs4 #gc ,actual weights to smoke #dhi pcs4 #f1ied ,smok$ weights #dhi pcs4 #e1cea ----- ,%r9kage 9 smok+ #a1fjc ,p] c5t %r9kage 9 smok+ 4#bcjd ,smok$ n9ety-six h\rs1 temp]ature #aab to #abd ,f4 ,,regul> ,,knuckles ,,= ,,%ipm5t4 ,wt4 ,p] ,pack$ lbs4 c5t4 ,eight tcs4 dry pack$ #djh lbs4 ea*1 m>k$ weight #djj lbs4 ea* #chi pcs4 #c1bfd ,eight tcs4 dump$ to smoke1 actual weights #chi pcs4 #c1aij ----- ,p\nds loss 9 /orage #gd ,p] c5t loss 9 /orage 4#jbbg ,culls n smok$ #a pc4 #d ,actual weights to smoke #chh pcs4 #c1ahf ,smok$ weights #chh pcs4 #b1chh ----- ,%r9kage 9 smok+ #gih ,p] c5t %r9kage 9 smok+ 4#beje ,smok$ n9ety-f\r h\rs1 temp]ature #aab to #abh ,f4 ,glass ,j> ,beef4--,a great deal ( dri$ beef is put up 9 glass j>s "u a vacuum1 z well z 9 t9 cans4 ,beef h&l$ 9 ?is mann] is cur$ by =mulas giv51 b 9 smok+ x is h&l$ some:at diff]5tly1 be+ smok$ less & dri$ m1 x be+ necess>y to h all ! pickle & moi/ure evaporat$ f ! meats to insure keep+4 ,aft] ! meat has be5 h&l$ z describ$ x is g5]ally put 9 smoke h\ses equipp$ ) /eam coils1 ! heat br\ght up to #aaj to #abj ,f41 & left to dry f ?ree to f\r days4 ,x !n %[s a %r9kage any:]e f #ce to #db p] c5t4 ,x is necess>y to dry beef 9 ?is mann] 9 ord] to make x keep satisfactorily :5 put 9 cans4 ,! foll[+ te/ w %[ ! %r9kage ( ?is product :5 smok$ 9 ! mann] describ$ above = cann+ purposes3 ,,%r9kage ,,( ,,smok$ ,,dri$ ,,beef ,,hams4 ,wt4 ,pack$ lbs4 ,pct4 ,?irty-two tcs4 beef hams1 f\r mon?s old1 weight to smoke #a1dfa pcs4 #ab1edb ,smok$ weight #a1dfa pcs4 #g1bed ------ ,%r9kage 9 smok+ #e1bhg ,p] c5t %r9kage 9 smok+ #db4ae ,smok$ elev5 h\rs2 temp]ature #aab degrees ,f42 hang+ 9 h\se to dry1 sev5ty-two h\rs4 ,beef ,trimm+s4--,9 ! slaught]+ ( live /ock 9 l>ge numb]s !re is an accumulation ( trimm+s :i* has to be cur$ = ! sausage room or cann+ dep>tm5t1 z ! case may be4 ,! foll[+ =mula w s]ve = ! cur+ ( beef1 pork & %eep *eek meat & he>ts1 hang+ t5d]lo9s & o!r meats = sausage & cann+ purposes3 ,to #a1ajj gallons ( sev5ty-degree pickle dissolve sev5ty-n9e p\nds saltpetre4 ,use ?is pickle = ! cur+ ( beef *eek meat1 pig sn\ts1 pork *eek meat1 %eep *eek meat1 ox-lips1 beef he>ts1 etc4 ,?is mat]ial is usually cur$ 9 vats & %\ld be ov]haul$ 9 five1 fifte5 & ?irty days aft] be+ pack$4 ,if freez] space is available x is pref]able to box x 9 conv5i5t sizes & to freeze x1 us+ x z a fre% product1 :5 ?aw$4 ,b>rel$ ,beef4--,b>rel$ beef1 grad$ z describ$1 9 a previ\s *apt]1 is usually pack$ 9 b>rels1 us+ a pla9 pickle fully saturat$4 ,x is cur$ 9 ! packages ) a pickle ( ! foll[+ =mula1 = plate beef1 rump butts1 briskets1 clods1 & all trimm+s ( a simil> "*3 ,to #a1ejj gallons ( #ajj-;degree /r5g? pickle add n9ety-eight p\nds ( saltpetre4 ,x w be f\nd necess>y to dissolve ! saltpetre be=e putt+ x into ! pickle4 ,/ore 9 a cell> at #ch ,f4 temp]ature4 ,repack ) capp+ salt at "t ( %ipm5t if = long exposure4 ,tripe4--,tripe is an article = :i* !re is a l>ge dem& 9 ! ea/]n /ates1 comp>atively little ( x be+ consum$ 9 o!r /ates1 :ile !re is n a v great =eign dem&4 ,x is made f ! /oma*s ( cattle & is a v :olesome & nutriti\s di%4 ,x is also be+ us$ ext5sively 9 sausage4 ,clean+ ,tripe4--,! /oma* aft] be+ made empty is ?or\ghly wa%$ 9 su* a mann] or ) su* devices z to p]mit ( remov+ all manure f ! inside surface4 ,aft] x is ?or\ghly wa%$1 put into a kettle1 or vat1 scald$1 ! temp]ature ( ! wat] be+ f #adj to #afj ,f4 ,aft] a few m9utes imm]sion ! inside l9+ ( ! /oma* may be easily remov$4 ,:5 suffici5tly scald$ x is scrap$1 leav+ a clean1 :ite surface4 ,aft] scrap+ x is put into a vat & boil$ = ab\t ?ree h\rs1 or until x is t5d]4 ,x is !n put into cold wat] & *ill$1 ! fat f ! seams is remov$ & ! 8f9i%+ process0 beg9s1 fir/ scrap+ (f all ! loose fat ) a %>p scrap] & !n remov+ a membrane on ! outside ( ! /oma*1 :i*1 :5 work$ c>efully1 comes (f1 leav+ ! 8tripe0 p]fectly clean & free ( any fat1 etc41--! tripe be+ ! muscul> "p ( ! /oma*4 ,pickl+4--,x %\ld fir/ be put into a #de-;gra9 v9eg> pickle = t5 to fifte5 h\rs4 ,aft] x has be5 submitt$ to ! fir/ pickl+ x is ready to be put into b>rels & ! v9eg> 9 :i* x 0 fir/ pickl$ %\ld be /r5g!n$ ) full-/r5g? v9eg>1 mak+ x aga9 #de-;gra91 :5 x is pack$ 9 b>rels & %\ld be held 9 a temp]ature ( f #de to #ej ,f4 ,!re is a rem>kable ga9 9 tripe if prop]ly h&l$4 ,a b>rel ( tripe pack$ at #ace p\nds1 at ! end ( ?ree weeks1 w weigh out #bjj p\nds & sometimes z high z #bae p\nds4 ,! tripe absorbs ! v9eg>1 & x is ess5tial 9 /or+ tripe t x be kept at a temp]ature s ?is absorption c take place1 if x is kept 9 too cool a temp]ature x w n take up ! v9eg> z x %\ld1 consequ5tly ! ga9 w n be f\nd :5 ! package is op5$4 ,! foll[+ te/ w %[ ! ga9 9 a b>rel ( honey-comb & a b>rel ( pla9 tripe1 "o b>rel ( ea* be+ pack$ 9 #de-;degree v9eg> & "o b>rel ( ea* 9 #fj-;degree v9eg>4 ,,te/ ,,pack+ ,,tripe ,,hot ,,direct ,,f ,,f9i%+ ,,table4 ,p] ,lbs4 c5t4 ,"o b>rel honey-comb1 #de-;degree v9eg>1 #ie pcs4 pack$ weight #abe ,held 9 cell> = two weeks & unpack$1 weight #bbg --- ,ga9 #ajb #ha4fj ,dra9$ ov] night on racks1 weight #ahc ,loss dra9+ f pickl$ weight #dd #ai4ch ,ga9 to dra9$ weight f pack$ weight #eh #df4dj ,"o b>rel honey-comb1 #fj-;degree pickle1 n9ety-?ree pcs4 pack$1 weight #abe ,held 9 cell> = two weeks & unpack$1 weight #bbg --- ,ga9 #ajb #ha4fj ,dra9$ ov] night on racks1 weight #aid ,loss dra9+ f pickl$ weight #cc #ad4ec ,ga9 to dra9$ weight f pack$ weight #fi #ee4bj ,"o b>rel pla91 #de-;degree pickle1 ?irty-n9e pcs4 pack$ weight #abe ,held 9 cell> = two weeks & unpack$1 weight #aic --- ,ga9 #fh #ed4ej ,dra9$ ov] night on racks1 weight #ahb ,loss dra9+ f pickl$ weight #aa #e4gj ,ga9 to dra9$ weight f pack$ weight #eg #de4fj ,"o b>rel pla91 #fj-;degree pickle1 ?irty-eight pcs4 pack$ weight #abe ,held 9 cell> two weeks & unpack$1 weight #bja --- ,ga9 #gf #fj4hj ,dra9$ on racks ov] night1 weight #ahd ,loss dra9+1 f pickl$ weight #ag #h4de ,ga9 to dra9$ weight f pack$ weight #ei #dg4bj ,temp]ature all pickle :5 put on tripe #fe ,f4 ,temp]ature cell>1 f #ej to #eb ,f4 ,co/ ( ,production4--,! exp5se ( sav+ tripe is %[n 9 ! foll[+ table illu/rat+ ! co/ ( #ajj tripe1 includ+ packages & v9eg>3 ,,te/ ,,on #ajj ,,tripe ,,f9i%$4 #ajj regul> bellies #b1jec lbs4 av]age weight #bj4ec lbs4 ,honey-comb #djj lbs4 av]age weight #d4jj lbs4 ,pla9 #a1fec lbs4 av]age weight #af4ec lbs4 ,debits3 #e b>rels #j4hj ea* #d4jj #ge gallons #de-;gra9 v9eg> 4#jb p] gallon #a4hh #ajj bellies 4#acji ea* #ac4ji ,labor & exp5se #a4jh p] cwt4 f9i%$ #g4ac ------ ,total #bf4aj ,cr$its3 ,scrap+s to tank #cab lbs4 ,yield tall[ #ae lbs4 #j4jebe p] lb4 #j4gi ,yield dry tankage #ge lbs4 #ad4jj p] ton 4#ec ,trimm+s to tank #bjj lbs4 ,yield tall[ #h lbs4 4#jebe p] lb4 4#db ,yield dry tankage #e lbs4 #ad4jj p] ton 4#jd ,seam fat--f9i%+ b5* #hc lbs4 ,yield oil #be lbs4 4#ajce p] lb4 #b4ei ,grease f cook+ into oil #ge lbs4 4#fhej p] lb4 #e4ad #i4ea ------ ,total co/ #af4ei ,co/ p] b>rel1 #ace lbs41 #c4ca p] cwt41 fre%1 loose1 #b4ea4 ,gre5 weight1 #a1fec p\nds2 scrap$1 #a1ccc p\nds2 cook$1 #icc p\nds2 f9i%$1 #ffj p\nds4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,%eep ,,& ,,calves ,,increas$ ,,production ,,( ,,%eep -- ,,p5n+ -- ,,dress+ ,,by ,,piece ,,me?od -- ,,/r+ ,,gang -- ,,%eep ,,r+ -- ,,%eep ,,dress+ -- ,,legg+ -- ,,pelt+ -- ,,me?ods ,,( ,,f9i%+ -- ,,wa%+ ,,& ,,its ,,effect -- ,,*ill+ -- ,,lamb ,,tongues -- ,,pickl$ ,,lamb ,,tongues -- ,,lamb ,,tongue ,,te/s -- ,,slaught]+ ,,calves -- ,,heads ,,& ,,feet4 ,increas$ ,production ( ,%eep4--,! increas$ consumption ( mutton has be5 m>k$ 9 ?is c\ntry 9 ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,prior to t "t1 :ile !re 7 _m %eep rais$1 mutton1 except 9 ! l>ge c5t]s1 0 comp>atively little us$4 ,! pack]s be+ able to obta9 %eep 9 l>ge quantities at live /ock c5t]s1 & ) _! sup]ior di/ribut+ facilities1 soon creat$ a dem& = mutton at po9ts :]e previ\sly !re _h be5 little dem&4 ,z a consequ5ce !re has be5 a l>ge increase 9 ! production ( %eep & consumption 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x is a meat = :i* _m mu/ acquire a ta/e1 b x is v heal?ful & nutriti\s4 ,at ! c5tral abattoirs1 :]e gov]nm5t inspection is 9 =ce1 comp>atively few diseases1 or few diseas$ %eep1 are f\nd1 ?is p>ticul> k9d ( live /ock prov+ to be mu* heal?i] ?an ei!r cattle or hogs4 ,p5n+4--,%eep %\ld always be kept 9 dry p5s be=e kill+1 = if _! fleece is all[$ to become dirty1 x is practically impossible to prev5t ! meat f becom+ /a9$4 ,:]e ! %eep get wet & muddy x is f\nd ( great advantage to hold !m = a "t 9 p5s ) two to f\r in*es ( dry sawdu/ on ! floor1 ?is sawdu/ hav+ ! effect ( clean+ & dry+ ! legs & "u "p ( ! body s t aft] slaught]+1 :5 ! pelt is remov$1 ! meat may be kept mu* clean] ?an o!rwise4 ,dress+ by ,piece ,me?ods4--,! dress+ ( an individual %eep1 8r\nd dress10 z commonly p]=m$ is su* a simple process t "o w\ld naturally ask :y *ange4 ,9 ! economic use ( labor ab\t ! mod]n pack+ h\se1 probably no o!r dep>tm5t c %[ ! b5efit ( mod]n me?ods to great] advantage ?an 9 %eep slaught]+4 ,! effects ( ?is division are fir/1 economy1 & second1 bett] workman%ip4 ,x is natural t a man p]=m+ "o p>ticul> op]ation day aft] day becomes m exp]t ?an if he 7 do+ v>i\s k9ds ( "w4 ,/r+ ,gang4--,=m]ly %eep 7 slaught]$ l>gely on a piece-"w basis1 "o man dress+ ! %eep ?r\gh\t4 ,) ! mod]n me?od ea* man does "o p>ticul> "p ( ! "w1 becom+ v quick & exp]t 9 8 l9e4 ,9 ,fig4 #gi a /r+ gang at "w kill+ & dress+ %eep is %[n4 ,a gang suffici5t to h&le #cjj %eep an h\r %\ld h at lea/ ?irty-six to =ty sets ( hooks1 or1 9 o!r words1 facilities = work+ on ?irty-six to =ty %eep at "o "t on ! dress+ rails4 ,%eep ,r+4--,an e>ly type ( 8%eep r+s0 is %[n 9 ! accompany+ draw+1 ,fig4 #hj4 ,! pr9ciples =m]ly 9 use are n[ modifi$ to ! ext5t t an endless conveyor is sub/itut$ = ! /ation>y dress+ beams1 ! output be+ increas$4 ,"s additional b5eficial features are add$1 namely ! use ( a :eel hoi/ :i* is sub/itut$ = ! friction hoi/4 ,9 a space #hj #cb feet 9 size1 #b1jjj %eep p] day c be h&l$ readily by means ( ! complete r+ me?od4 ,! %eep are hoi/$ ) a d\ble %ackle1 two at a "t1 & ! "w is cont9u\s f !re on until !y are dress$1 ! %eep nev] t\*+ ! floor aga91 :i* means a great sav+ ( labor ov] ! old way ( h&l+ %eep by h& entirely4 ,?is diagram illu/rates ! diff]5t processes 9 ! arrangem5t1 x also gives height ( rails1 trucks1 spread]s & hooks us$ on ! diff]5t rails4 ,:]ev] a volume ( ?irty %eep p] h\r or ov] are be+ slaught]$ a sav+ c be effect$ by adopt+ ?is me?od ( h&l+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4--,,view ,,( ,a 8,,/r+ ,,gang0 ,,at ,,"w ,,kill+ ,,& ,,dress+ ,,%eep4--,,conveyors ,,are ,,n[ ,,sub/itut$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4--;,,diagram ,,%[+ ,,arrangem5t ,,= ,,%eep ,,kill+ ,,& ,,dress+ ,,) 8,,/r+ ,,gang40 ,9 ,fig4 #aja is %[n h[ ! hogs are h&l$ by means ( a :eel hoi/1 two at a "t1 & hung on ! /ick+ rail4 ,likewise :]e %eep are kill$ 9 l>ge numb]s1 x is advantage\s to hoi/ two at a "t1 ! %ackle be+ modifi$4 ,! m5 %ackl+ become v exp]t & c %ackle two 9 practically ! same "t t !y c "o1 & if a gang are runn+ on a capacity ( five hundr$ p] h\r1 x w be se5 t consid]able "t is ga9$ by do+ x 9 ?is mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,*oice4 ,good4 ,m$ium4 ,common4 ,,fig4 #ha4--,,we!rs4 ,%eep ,dress+4--,9 ! dress+ ( %eep ! foll[+ sugge/ions w prove advantage\s 9 turn+ out "w ) ! be/ results1 :e!r ! %eep are dress$ by day "w1 "o man dress+ !m ?r\gh\t1 or :e!r !y are h&l$ by a /r+ gang4 ,legg+4--,?is consi/s 9 op5+ up ! sk9 ar\nd ! legs & c5t] ( ! body4 ,9 do+ ?is "w c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! sk9 be op5$ up z little ar\nd ! necks & butts z possible1 = :]ev] ! sk9 is remov$ 9 ! legg+ !re is m or less /a9 on ! meat1 :i* x is impossible to wa% (f4 ,pelt+4--,9 remov+ ! pelt f ! c>cass c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! 8fell0 is n brok5 9 any "p1 = :]ev] ?is is brok51 ! meat w %[ ! effect ( age1 & w pres5t a v unsightly appe>ance4 ,! removal ( ! sk9 ov] ! brisket is important4 ,me?ods ( ,f9i%+4--,?is is a "p ( ! "w :i* is v h>d to describe1 z ! dress+ at diff]5t po9ts v>ies to su* an ext5t t !re are h>dly two l>ge cities :]e ! me?ods are alike1 especially 9 ! case ( lambs4 ,g5]ally speak+ mutton is 8r\nd dress$10 us+ no back sets & n us+ ! caul4 ,lambs are dress$ accord+ to localities1 "s r\nd dress$1 same z mutton1 o!rs ) d\ble back sets & ! caul on1 o!rs ) s+le back sets & ! ribs brok5 & /ill o!rs ) inside sets1 9 e in/ance ! caul be+ left on4 ,! photograph illu/rates dress+s = v>i\s ,am]ican m>kets4 ,wa%+ & its ,effect4--,:5 ! mutton is run imm$iately into a well-built refrig]ator :]e ! prop] circulation & temp]atures c be ma9ta9$1 !re is no dang] 9 us+ an excess am\nt ( wat] 9 ! wa%+4 ,a wa% clo? made ( t5 to fifte5 ?icknesses ( v loosely wov5 *eese clo? quilt$ toge!r1 makes an excell5t clo? ) :i* to wa% %eep4 ,?is1 9 connection ) pl5ty ( hot wat]1 w give a bright & attractive appe>ance to ! meat4 ,illu/ration3 ,good4 ,m$ium4 ,,fig4 #hb4--;,,bucks4--,,r\nd ,,dress$ ,,%eep4--,,indicat+ ,,quality4 ,illu/ration3 ,a1 *oice ye>l+s4 ,b1 m$ium ye>l+s4 ,c1 *opp]s4 ,,fig4 #hc4--,,%[+ ,,r\nd ,,dress ,,& ,,lamb ,,dress4--,,caul ,,on4 ,illu/ration3 ,*oice4 ,good4 ,,fig4 #hd4--,,spr+ ,,lambs ,,%[+ ,,quality4--,,note 8,,boots40 ,:]e ! dress$ mutton is n run into a cool]1 & outside air is dep5d$ ^u = *ill+1 v little wat] %\ld be us$1 ! meat simply be+ wip$ ) a rag1 made z h]et(ore describ$1 dipp+ 9 hot wat] & wr++ dry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4--8;,,g5u9e0 ,,spr+ ,,lamb4 ,illu/ration3 ,m$ium4 ,common4 ,cann]4 ,,fig4 #hf4--;,,ewes4 ,illu/ration3 ,bo/on /yle %eep4 ,bo/on /yle lambs4 ,philadelphia /yle lambs4 ,,fig4 #hg4--,,%ipp+ ,,mutton ,,& ,,lambs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh4--;,a1 ,,provid5ce ,,/yle ,,lambs2 ,b1 ,,connecticut ,,/yle ,,lambs2 ,c1 ,,goats4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hi4--,,mutton ,,& ,,lamb ,,*ops4 #a1 #b4 ,saddle4 #c1 #d1 #e4 ,rack4 #a1 #b1 #c4 ,long saddle4 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e4 ,body4 #a4 ,leg4 #b4 ,lo94 #c4 ,%ort rack4 #b1 #c4 ,back4 #d4 ,brea/4 #e4 ,*uck4 #d1 #e4 ,/ew4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ij4--;,a1 ,,mutton ,,saddles4 ,b1 ,,mutton ,,racks4 7,*oice4 ,good4 ,m$ium4 ,common47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4--,,view ,,9 ,,%eep ,,*ill ,,room4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ib4--;,a1 ,,*oice ,,calves4 ,b1 ,c1 ,,good ,,calves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ic4--,,veal ,,cuts4 #a1 #b4 ,saddle 7or #b h9d qu>t]s74 #a4 ,leg4 #b4 ,lo94 #c1 #d4 ,back 7or #b =e qu>t]s74 #c4 ,ribs4 #d4 ,/ew4 ,*ill+4--,z fa/ z %eep are slaught]$ !y %\ld be plac$ 9 cool]s & hung on racks z %[n4 ,if left out1 & p>tially air-*ill$ x has ! effect ( discolor+ !m ab\t ! legs & ?9 p>ts ( ! c>casses1 caus+ ^! to look d>k & less attractive ?an :5 plac$ 9 ! cool] imm$iately aft] slaught]+4 ,!re is little or no dang] ( *ill+ %eep too fa/1 z long z ! temp]ature is above #cb ,f41 & ! cold] ! room into :i* !y are put1 z long z x is above freez+ po9t1 ! bett] w be ! appe>ance ( ! mutton :5 x comes out ( ! cool]4 ,%eep *ill$ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 prop] cool]s1 & ?or\ghly dri$ & h>d5$1 are ready = %ipm5t or ! cutt+ block4 ,9 _m places1 especially 9 ,au/ralia & ,s\? ,am]ica1 !y are froz54 ,!y %\ld be ?or\ghly *ill$ 9 a dry cool] :]e !re is a good circulation ( air1 = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 aft] :i* !y may be put into ! freez]s at a temp]ature z ne> z]o z possible1 s t ! freez+ w n be delay$4 ,if !y are froz5 quickly !y reta9 a cle>1 bright appe>ance :5 ?aw$4 ,illu/ration3 ,*oice4 ,good4 ,,fig4 #id4--,,veal ,,saddles4 ,lamb ,tongues4--,all tongues f %eep come "u ?is head4 ,aft] !y h be5 tak5 out ( ! heads !y %\ld be ?r[n into ice wat]1 wa%$ & spread on a table1 or 9 pans1 9 ! cool] at a temp]ature ( f #cd to #ch ,f4 = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,foll[+ t !y %\ld be trimm$1 cutt+ (f ! extra pieces ( fat & ! gullet4 ,!y are !n ready = cur+4 ,!y %\ld be cur$ 9 a pla9 #ge-;degree /r5g? pickle ) six ounces ( saltpetre to #a1jjj p\nds ( meat1 hold+ !m 9 ?is pickle = a week or t5 days4 ,!y are !n ready = use1 ei!r 9 sausage or = cook+4 ,illu/ration3 ,m$ium4 ,common4 ,,fig4 #ie4--,,veal ,,saddles4 ,pickl$ ,lamb ,tongues4--,:5 tongues are pickl$ !y are put up ) a :ite w9e v9eg> & are h&l$ z foll[s3 ,aft] !y are ?or\ghly *ill$ !y are scald$ suffici5tly to take (f ! outside film or sk9 on ! tongue4 ,?is is !n scrap$ (f ) a h& scrap]1 or knife1 & ! tongue trimm$1 cutt+ (f any p>ts t are discolor$1 or any loose pieces ( fat4 ,! tongues are aft]w>ds cook$ until !y are s(t en\gh = ! bone to pull out readily4 ,no special "t c be fix$ ^u = ?is "w z ! cook+ v>ies greatly1 accord+ to ! condition ( ! animals f :i* ! tongues 7 tak51 & x is well 9 cook+ !m to keep ! %eep & lamb tongues sep>ate4 ,illu/ration3 ,*oice4 ,good4 ,,fig4 #if4--,,veal ,,racks4 ,aft] !y are cook$ & ! bones are pull$ out at ! root ( ! tongue1 !y are ready = pickl+4 ,!y %\ld fir/ be pickl$ 9 #de-;degree v9eg> = at lea/ tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 :5 !y are ready to be pack$ 9 packages = %ipm5t us+ #dj-;degree v9eg> by add+ full /r5g? fre% v9eg> to ! pickle !y 7 fir/ put 94 ,9 pack+ !m 9 small packages especially1 !y are g5]ally season$ ) cori&] se$1 bay leaves & slic$ lemon4 ,lamb ,tongue ,te/s4--,! foll[+ te/s %[ yields ( pickl$ lamb tongues at values prevail+ at ! "t !y 7 made3 ,,te/ ,,on #a1jjj ,,pieces ,,( #cbj ,,p\nds ,,lamb ,,tongues4 ,co/ ( #a1jjj pieces lamb tongues at c ea* #g4ej ,scrap+1 #aj;c p] #ajj pieces #a4jj ,sn\t+1 cook+1 etc41 "o & a half h\rs1 at #ah;c 4#bg ,trimm+ at #e;c p] #ajj pieces 4#ej ,pickl+1 #aj;c p] #ajj pieces #a4jj ,miscellane\s labor 4#ag ,g5]al exp5se1 #db;c p] cwt4 on #adc lbs4 produc$ 4#fj ----- #aa4jd ,produc$3 ,gre5 weight #cbj lbs4 ,cook$ weight #adc lbs4 --- ,%r9kage #agg lbs4 or #ee ,cr$it #bc lbs4 trimm+s at #a;c p] lb4 4#ce ----- ,co/ ( #adc lbs4 ( lamb tongues #aj4fi ,co/ p] p\nd1 #j4jgdg4 ,slaught]+ ,calves4--,?is item is s simple t x sc>cely ne$s m5tion+4 ,! *ief ?+ is cleanl9ess ( ! hide4 ,:]e ! "w is p]=m$ 9 quantity ! calves are knock$1 hoi/$ to a rail2 /uck1 bl$ & pass$ ?r\gh a wa%+ tub2 soak$ & curri$ s ! hides are made entirely free f manure1 & !n scrap$ reasonably dry4 ,! calf is !n gutt$ & plac$ 9 a cool]1 if x is to be sold sk9n$ & x is pref]able t x be cold sk9n$4 ,! color ju/ifies ! labor exp5se4 ,"s fancy dress$ calves ) caul spread are hot sk9n$ b ?is is a local matt] common to b few m>kets4 ,heads & ,feet4--,heads & feet are scald$ 9 sets1 & sold fre% or froz54 ,ea/]n m>kets consume ^! 9 q l>ge quantities4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,hog ,,slaught]+ ,,hi/orical -- ,,inve/m5t -- ,,hog ,,y>d+ -- ,,hog ,,dress+ -- ,,hoi/+ -- ,,/ick+ -- ,,neck ,,wa%+ -- ,,scald+ -- ,,scrap+ ,,ma*9es -- ,,h& ,,scrap+ -- ,,clean+ ,,bodies -- ,,ham ,,fac+ ,,& ,,cutt+ -- ,,leaf ,,l>d -- ,,splitt+ -- ,,wa%+ -- ,,dry+ -- ,,c>e ,,9 ,,*ill ,,rooms -- ,,op5 ,,air ,,hang+ -- ,,*ill+ ,,necessities -- ,,%r9kage ,,9 ,,*ill ,,rooms -- ,,hog ,,by-,,products -- ,,heads -- ,,plucks -- ,,paun*es -- ,,entrail ,,fat4 ,hi/orical4--,9 no dep>tm5t ( ! indu/ry has ! progress be5 s ext5sive z 9 pork pack+4 ,only a few ye>s ago1 comp>atively1 x 0 impossible to kill hogs = pack+ purposes1 except dur+ ! w9t] season1 & ! v>i\s pack+ plants locat$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry work$ dur+ ! w9t] mon?s 9 _! crude way1 pack+ z _m hogs z conditions w\ld p]mit1 turn+ out ! cur$ meat 9 ! spr+1 9 inf]ior condition4 ,"u ! conditions !n exi/+ !re 0 little ( ! hog sold fre%1 = be+ kill$ z !y 71 9 isolat$ places1 !re 0 little opportunity to make x available = g5]al consumption1 consequ5tly fre% pork 0 sold only 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! slaught]+ place & x 0 necess>y to cure ! balance4 ,"u pres5t me?ods1 fre% pork product is %ipp$ to ,engl& & deliv]$ 9 good condition to ! consum]4 ,! important /ep 9 ! evolution ( 8all-!-ye> pack+0 f 8w9t] pack+0 0 ! introduction ( ! refrig]at+ ma*9e1 & 9 pack+ h\ses today little or no reg>d is paid to ! outside temp]ature4 ,ano!r great advantage is ! transportation facilities n[ available4 ,:5 kill+ hogs 9 l>ge quantities ! fre% pork product is sold fre% & consum$ z su*1 & a mu* great] rev5ue is d]iv$ ?an :5 salt$ z =m]ly1 & sold z cur$ meats4 ,) ! pres5t facilities = di/ribution ! public c buy fre% pork at any "t ( ! ye>1 :ile a few ye>s ago x 0 impossible to obta9 x at any price dur+ w>m] seasons1 unless 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood ( ! place :]e ! animals 7 slaught]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ig4--,,unload+ ,,hogs ,,f ,,c>4 ,inve/m5t4--,! inve/m5t capital us$ 9 pork pack+ is mu* great] ?an = beef1 = 9 slaught]+ cattle !re is comp>atively little left t requires /orage1 b 9 slaught]+ hogs fully sev5ty p] c5t ( ! c>cass goes into ! cur+ dep>tm5t1 to /ay f ?irty to n9ety days2 consequ5tly a mu* l>g] & m exp5sive set ( build+s is requir$ ?an = slaught]+ cattle4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! matt] ( *ill room x is cu/om>y to require cool] space = twice or ?ree times ! kill+ capacity & /orage area equal to five times ! hog hang+ area2 9 o!r words1 if a plant 0 to be built to kill a ?\s& hogs a day !re %\ld be hang+ capacity = #b1ejj & five times ! floor area %\ld be suffici5t = cur+ ! product1 provid+ x is sold promptly z cur$4 ,if x is to be c>ri$ = any l5g? ( "t a great] ratio ?an five to "o %\ld be us$4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 does n ref] to any ( ! auxili>y dep>tm5ts ( ! plant b only to ! cold /orage & *ill room dep>tm5t4 ,hog ,y>d+4--,hogs %\ld be re/$ 9 clos$ cov]$ p5s arrang$ = summ] v5tilation1 & w9t] w>m?4 ,x is ess5tial t !y be well re/$ & cool$ be=e !y are slaught]$4 ,to re/ tw5ty-f\r h\rs is by no means detrim5tal4 ,9 driv+ provide ! driv] ) a flat canvass belt atta*$ to a %ort wood5 h&le s t ! hogs are n abus$ by clubb+4 ,keep pl5ty ( wat] 9 ! tr\ghs & keep p5s clean4 ,m c>e %\ld be us$ 9 h&l+ hogs ?an any o!r live /ock1 z hogs are m easily injur$4 ,special p5s %\ld be provid$ = _! reception4 ,hogs %\ld nev] be kill$ until !y are ?or\ghly re/$ & 9 normal condition4 ,9 ! summ] wea!r !y %\ld be spr9kl$4 ,hog ,dress+4--,! pr9cipal po9ts = att5tion 9 hog slaught]+ are briefly ref]r$ to "u ! foll[+ head+s4 ,hoi/+4--,:5 pass+ to ! cat* p5s = hoi/+1 ! p5 floor %\ld be arrang$ ) rais$ or corrugat$ surfaces to avoid ! possibility ( its becom+ slipp]y & ! hogs 8spread+0 z a result4 ,! hogs %\ld be head$ 9 su* a direction t :5 ! %ackle is atta*$ to ! :eel ! h9d qu>t] ( ! hogs are ! fir/ to move upw>d1 )\t unduly twi/+ or wr5*+ ! hog4 ,! transf] to ! /ick+ rail %\ld be done smoo?ly & )\t j]k+4 ,a hoi/1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajb1 is (t5 us$2 x is n only a v useful device b x is also economical f ! fact t x does n j> or injure ! hogs :5 hung up1 z is (t5 ! case ) an ord9>y h& hoi/4 ,?is p>ticul> ma*9e is adapt$ = small slaught] h\ses r ?an :]e bus9ess is done on a l>ge scale1 9 :i* case a d\ble ma*9e w be f\nd almo/ indisp5sable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ih4--;,,diagram ,,( ,,cov]$ ,,p5 ,,= ,,hogs ,,& ,,%eep ,,) ,,detail ,,( ,,con/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ii4--;,,elevation ,,= ,,cov]$ ,,p5 ,,= ,,hogs ,,& ,,%eep ,,) ,,detail ,,( ,,f5ce ,,& ,,gate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajj4--;,,hogs ,,re/+ ,,& ,,cool+ ,,(f ,,be=e ,,be+ ,,tak5 ,,to ,,! ,,slaught]+ ,,hoi/4 ,/ick+4--,make a l>ge & free op5+4 ,to ins]t a knife & make a slit only l>ge en\gh to admit x is insuffici5t4 ,! /ick]'s knife %\ld be %>p5$ on bo? front & back & :5 x is )drawn1 a long smoo? op5+ f\r or five in*es long %\ld be made4 ,x is f> bett]1 z hogs ble$ m freely & die mu* soon]4 ,be c>eful to see t ! ve9s & art]ies are cut1 & at ! same "t d n cut into ! %\ld]1 z 9 t in/ance ! blood settles !re & x becomes necess>y to trim1 result+ 9 consid]able loss4 ,see t suffici5t hogs are kept on ! rail s t !y may ble$ out well be=e dropp+ 9 ! tub4 ,! /ick] %\ld keep close to ! hang+ (f--/ick+ ! hogs imm$iately ^u hang+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aja4--;,,hoi/+ ,,hogs ,,on ,a ,,hur=d ,,revolv+ ,,:eel4 ,neck ,wa%+4--,:]e space is available a wa%+ spray ( cold wat] to dr5* ! =equ>t]s1 head & feet1 is a great advantage1 z ! wa%+ ( ! blood enables bett] scald+ & makes = clean] h&s & feet4 ,scald+4--,see t ! tub is long en\gh to p]mit c>ry+ a comp>atively l[ temp]ature & a good soak+ ( ! hogs4 ,?is w assi/ v mat]ially 9 ! removal ( ! hair1 ei!r by h& or by ma*9e4 ,! scald+ wat] %\ld be alkal9e1 by ! use ( pota% or lime4 ,x %\ld be kept at an ev5 temp]ature & ! hogs put 9 sy/ematically4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajb4--;,,hur=d ,,small ,,hog ,,hoi/4 ,scrap+ ,ma*9es4--,!re are a v>iety ( me*anical scrap]s on ! m>ket1 & ! output ( goods p] h\r is p]haps ! guide 9 select+ a scrap] = a l>ge output4 ,all ?+s consid]$1 a v]tical type b>rel equipm5t1 ) scrap+ arms1 deliv]+ ! hog into a horizontal beat] type w\ld appe> z ! mo/ effici5t & ! less exp5sive = up-keep4 ,! up-keep on a hog scrap] is a matt] ( no small figure & is wor?y ( c>eful consid]ation 9 ! selection ( ! equipm5t4 ,9 small plants1 ! *oice is a matt] ( p]sonal pref]5ce1 ! beat] types be+ probably ! mo/ popul>4 ,h& ,scrap+4--,hair %\ld be scrap$ out :5 possible 9 pref]5ce to cutt+ (f by %av+4 ,a b5* is provid$ foll[+ ! scrap] = ! f9i%+ t\*es 9 ?is respect4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajc--,,/ick+ ,,& ,,ble$+ ,,hogs4 ,body ,clean+4--,a mo/ important feature 9 dress+ hogs is ! matt] ( gett+ ! hair (f1 ! sk9 clean$ & wa%$ be=e op5+ ! hog4 ,inspection requirem5ts z to cleanl9ess practically dem& ?is1 & x is a prop] me?od ( dress+4 ,ham ,fac+ & ,cutt+4--,9 ham fac+ c>e %\ld be us$ to see t ! workm5 cut (f ! fat d[n to ! lean meat1 & at ! same "t d n cut ! /riff54 ,9 op5+ ! hog x is requisite t ! op5+ cut %\ld be a /raight l9e f ! /ick]s cut to ! bung4 ,! brea/ splitt+ & op5+ ov] brea/ bone is made s z to equally divide ! sides & avoid trimm+ :5 cutt+ hogs2 ! inte/9es are remov$ )\t cutt+ or break+4 ,,fig4 #ajd4--;,,hog ,,scald+4 ,leaf ,l>d4--,pull+ ! leaf l>d j be=e ! splitt+1 %\ld be done ) c>e 9 ord] t ! leaves may be pull$ clean4 ,if ?is op]ation is p]=m$ 9 an indiff]5t mann]1 a consid]able am\nt ( ! leaf l>d w be left 9 ! c>casses & x is aft]w>d scrap$ out4 ,l>d left aft] pull+ ! leaf1 %\ld be scrap$ out1 z x is (t5 wor? m z l>d ?an if left z meat4 ,its pres5ce greatly disfigures ! meat4 ,splitt+4--,?is %\ld be done c>efully & accurately ?r\gh ! backbone4 ,a wide blade *opp] is by all means pref]able4 ,wa%+4--,! hog :5 once clean$1 & aft] evisc]at+ & be=e splitt+ or pull+ ! leaf l>d1 %\ld n be wa%$ fur!r unless x be on ! neck1 s9ce wat] on split backs is detrim5tal to ! keep+ quality ( pork lo9s4 ,dry+4--,few appreciate ! value & importance ( 8sk9 dry+0 hogs by dry-%av+ & dry-scrap+ ! surface4 ,! advantage to refrig]at+ m ?an ov]comes ! initial co/ ( ! labor necess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aje4--;,,hog ,,scrap+ ,,gang ,,at ,,"w4 ,c>e 9 ,*ill ,room4--,x is 9 ?is p>ticul> "p ( ! h\se t ! mo/ c>eful & m9ute att5tion to details is necess>y 9 ord] to turn out meats 9 ! be/ m>ketable condition1 z only a few degree deviation 9 temp]atures f c>efully set rules 9 ! h&l+ ( *ill rooms1 %[s excess p] c5t ( s\r meat f\nd ?irty to sixty days aft]w>d1 :5 ! meats are br\ght f ! cur+ cell>4 ,?is1 !re=e1 is a dep>tm5t t %\ld receive ! mo/ c>eful att5tion4 ,a wrong />t "h c nev] be right$ aft]w>d4 ,! rule = op]ation is previ\sly giv5 "u ano!r *apt]4 7,see ,*apt] on ,cool]s74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajf4--;,,clean+ ,,hog ,,c>casses4 ,op5 ,air ,hang+4--,x 0 =m]ly consid]$ a necessity to h an op5-air hang+ room :]e hogs c\ld dry aft] slaught]+1 9 _m cases all[+ !m to hang ov] night2 ! object be+ to save refrig]ation4 ,x is ! common op9ion t ! economy ?us obta9$ is any?+ b economy4 ,pa/ exp]i5ce has prov$ t !re are c]ta9 conditions :i* mu/ be adh]$ to closely 9 ! safe h&l+ & cur+ ( pork products1 & prop] temp]atures are among ! mo/ important ( ^!4 ,x is v r>e t ^! temp]atures prevail 9 ! outside atmosph]e1 & hogs t are left on hang+ floor ov] night are ei!r insuffici5tly *ill$ or ov]-*ill$4 ,_m pack]s feel x advantage\s1 h[ev]1 to run hogs into a hang+ room1 all[+ !m to dry out = "o or two h\rs prior to putt+ !m 9 ! *ill room4 ,:ile ?is has no det]iorat+ effect on ! product1 ! exp5se ( h&l+ !m & ! co/ ( labor incurr$ is ab\t equal to ! sav+ 9 refrig]ation1 if !y are put directly into ! *ill room4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajg4--,,scrap+ ,,leaf ,,l>d4 ,*ill+ ,necessities4--,! ess5tial feature 9 a *ill room is t x be prop]ly con/ruct$ & h suffici5t refrig]ation s t ! temp]atures c be controll$ precisely z desir$4 ,x is advisable t ! cool]s be p>tition$ into tunnels4 ,into ?is ! hogs are run z fa/ z kill$1 provid+ t ! temp]ature is n run up too high4 ,if ! temp]ature goes above #de ,f41 ! c>casses %\ld be run into ano!r tunnel & plac$ 9 ! fir/ "o z ! temp]ature goes d[n4 ,:5 ! c>casses are to be cut aft] be+ =ty-eight h\rs 9 ! *ill room1 ! cool] %\ld be br\ght d[n gradually to a temp]ature ( #bh ,f4 ,if !y are to be cut :5 sev5ty-two h\rs old1 :i* f ! au?or's exp]i5ce is pref]able1 ! cool] %\ld be br\ght d[n gradually to a temp]ature ( #cj ,f4 ,) a cool] prop]ly equipp$1 & a c>eful att5dant1 ^! in/ructions c be c>ri$ out 9 detail1 & :5 ?us foll[$ ! safe cur+ ( ! product w be f\nd to be practically assur$4 ,:ile !re are o!r matt]s :i* ne$ c>eful att5tion1 if ! *ill+ is n done prop]ly1 ! re/ ( ! op]ation w nev] save ! product4 ,! cool] %\ld at all times be kept dry & clean ) dry sawdu/ on ! floor1 to absorb dripp+s1 clots ( blood1 etc41 f ! c>casses2 :]eas1 if ! dripp+s are all[$ to rema9 on ! floor !y soon become s\r$ & a m5ace to ! product4 ,%r9kage 9 ,*ill ,rooms4--,! "q is (t5 rais$ z to h[ mu* hogs %r9k 9 ! cool] f dress$ w>m weight to *ill$ weight1 & _m p figure ?is %r9kage repres5ts a loss4 ,x is a v>iable quantity dep5d+ ^u conditions su* z ! dryness ( ! hogs1 ! quantity ( ! air circulation1 its temp]ature & o!r ag5ts4 ,if ! hogs be sold :ole plant weights x repres5ts a loss1 b no cool] c be controll$ to prev5t %r9kage if x be work+ prop]ly4 ,aside f ?is q a proportion ( ! hog is pass$ to cur+ rooms = treatm5t 9 salt or pickle & ! orig9al inh]5t moi/ure is h>dly a traceable factor "h & also ! %r9kage 9 t portion r5d]$ into l>d is immat]ial1 :ile ! portion %ipp$ z fre% pork mu/ be well dri$ out to arrive 9 good condition ^u %ipm5t4 ,! foll[+ figures give an idea ( ! actual %r9kage ( hogs plac$ directly 9 ! cool]s4 ,x w be not$ ! te/s 7 made on light hogs us$ = %ipp+ purposes4 ,! p]c5tage ( %r9kage w\ld n be z great on heavi] c>casses3 ,,te/ ,,no4 #a ,,on ,,%r9kage ,,( ,,hogs ,,9 ,,cool]4 ,=ty-five hogs weigh$ 9 cool] direct f kill+ floor--,w>m weight1 #f1hib p\nds2 av]age1 #aec p\nds2 temp]ature ( cool]1 #ea to #dh ,f4 ,weight aft] hang+ 9 cool] =ty-eight h\rs1 #f1fhb p\nds2 %r9kage ( #baj p\nds or #c4jd p] c5t2 temp]ature ( cool]1 #ce to #cf ,f4 ,weight aft] hang+ cool] sev5ty-two h\rs1 #f1egj p\nds2 %r9kage ( #cbb p\nds or #d4fg p] c5t2 temp]ature ( cool]1 #ca to #cb ,f4 ,weight aft] hang+ 9 cool] n9ety-f\r & "o-half h\rs1 #f1eeb p\nds2 %r9kage ( #cdj p\nds or #d4ic p] c5t2 temp]ature ( cool]1 #cb ,f4 ,,te/ ,,no4 #b4 ,=ty-five hogs weigh$ into cool] direct f kill+ floor--,w>m weight1 #f1igj p\nds2 av]age1 #aee p\nds2 temp]ature ( cool]1 #ed ,f4 ,weight aft] hang+ 9 cool] =ty-six h\rs1 #f1ffj p\nds2 %r9kage ( #caj p\nds or #d4de p] c5t2 temp]ature ( cool]1 #cf ,f4 ,weight aft] hang+ 9 cool] sev5ty-two h\rs1 #f1fbc p\nds2 %r9kage1 #cdg p\nds or #d4ig p] c5t2 temp]ature ( cool]1 #cb ,f4 ,weight aft] hang+ 9 cool] n9ety-f\r h\rs1 #f1fac p\nds2 %r9kage1 #ceg p\nds or #e4ab p] c5t2 temp]ature or cool]1 #cb ,f4 ,hog ,by-,products4--,^! consi/ ( ! heads1 plucks & entrails1 & s mu* +5uity is be+ us$ to make comm]cial products !re(1 t ne>ly z mu* labor is exp5d$ ^u ^! p>ts z ^u ! dress+ ( ! hog4 ,heads4--,! heads are be/ made free f hair be=e sev]+ f ! c>cass4 ,if ! loose hair is prop]ly remov$ be=e ! head is dropp$1 !re is f> less likelihood ( hair com+ 9 contact ) *eek meat & tongues1 f :i* p>ts x is difficult to h& pick4 ,! heads clean$1 !y are sk9n$1 ! tongue is tak5 out1 *eek meat cut (f1 jaws pull$1 bra9s remov$ f skulls1 skull frame cut into1 to sep>ate ! tee? section & upp] "p ( skull1 cleans$ ( li?oids2 sn\ts & e>s are sep>at$ f face pieces & prep>$ = food products4 ,plucks4--,plucks are sep>at$ into liv]s1 lungs & he>ts4 ,! he>ts are us$ z sausage meat4 ,! liv]s are select$ = quality & _m sold at retail4 ,defective liv]s are us$ = meat meal or dige/] tankage4 ,hog ,paun*es4--,?or\ghly clean1 /rip f fat1 remove l9+ = sale to peps9 factories4 ,hog p\*es are us$ = head *eese /uff+ or clean$ l tripe = %eep sausage4 ,entrail ,fats4--,all entrail fats are satisfactory = use 9 prime /eam l>d if prop]ly clean$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,pork ,,cutt+s ,,hog ,,cutt+ -- ,,v>iety ,,& ,,classes ,,( ,,hogs -- ,,cutt+ ,,floor -- ,,pork ,,cuts -- ,,hams -- ,,side ,,meats -- ,,bellies -- ,,backs -- ,,lo9s -- ,,%\ld]s -- ,,butts ,,& ,,plates -- ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,yield -- ,,*ange ,,cuts ,,"o ,,side -- ,,te/ ,,on ,,five ,,sides -- ,,complete ,,cutt+ ,,te/4 ,hog ,cutt+4--,! division ( a c>cass into its p>ts = disposal ( fre% pork & = cur+ purposes1 is a "p ( ! exp]t "w 9 ! pack+ h\se bus9ess4 ,! cuts plac$ 9 ! cur+ cell> = %ipm5t six or sev5 mon?s h5ce & a progno/ication z to :at cut w meet a favorable future m>ket2 ! sale1 etc4 are true problems4 ,!re are a numb] ( /&>d cuts1 h[ev]1 t are usually readily dispos$ (4 ,a description ( ! v>i\s cuts1 etc4 is giv5 h]e94 ,use is made ( mu* valuable data collect$ & publi%$ 9 ! ,ill9ois ,/ate ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t ,bullet9 previ\sly ref]r$ to4 ,v>iety & ,classes ( ,hogs4--,a day's buy+ ( hogs unless select$ to yield a giv5 quality1 is likely to yield ! foll[+ classes3 ,c>cass ,weights ,smoo? ,heavy or ,heavy ,lo9 ,hogs #bdj to #djj lb4 ,but*] or ,light ,lo9 ,hogs #afj to #bdj lb4 ,pack+ ,hogs #ajj to #djj lb4 ,bacon or ,m>k$ ,hogs #ij to #agj lb4 ,%ipp]s #ajj to #bjj lb4 ,pigs #bj to #ajj lb4 ,diff]5t /yles ( dress+ are *>act]i/ic ( ! diff]5t classes ( c>casses except heavy & light lo9 hogs1 & %ipp]s & pigs4 ,dress$ hogs ( all classes are cut op5 along ! und]l9e & ?r\gh ! ait*-bone & brisket1 b ! me?od ( splitt+ & trimm+ v>ies ) ! class1 z foll[s3 8,lo9 ,hogs4--,^! are split d[n ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! back-bone 7#8lo9-split' or #8c5t]-split'7 9 ord] t pork lo9s may be cut f ! sides4 ,!y are dress$ 8pack] /yle10 i4 e41 head (f1 leaf out & hams fac$4 ,illu/ration3 ,inside4 ,outside4 ,,fig4 #ajh4--,,smoo? ,,heavy ,,hogs4 8,pack+ ,hogs4--,are usually split l lo9 hogs2 sometimes on "o side ( ! back bone1 mak+ a h>d & s(t side4 8,bacon ,hogs4--,or ^? us$ = ,engli% meats are usually dress$ #8m>k$'2 t is1 a knife is pass$ d[n ea* side ( ! back bone & ! backbone remov$4 ,! hogs are dress$ regul> unless ! ham is int5d$ = a long cut ham4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aji4--;,,but*] ,,hogs4 ,a1 ,,heavy4 ,b1 ,,light4 8,smoo? ,heavy or ,heavy ,lo9 ,hogs4--,! foll[+ description is ( ! usual comm]cial selection ( hogs3 ,^! are prime smoo? hogs1 ei!r b>r[s or good1 cle> 7n se$y7 s[s1 weigh+ #bdj to #djj p\nds1 ) f f\r to six in*es ( fat on ! back2 ?ick1 wide1 level sides )\t depressions 9 ! back2 heavy hams1 fill$ out ev5 ) sides1 full at ! rump & well r\nd$ d[n t[>d hocks1 )\t flabb9ess4 ,z _! "n indicates su* hogs are suitable = heavy lo9s4 ,! rema9d] ( ! sides are be+ us$ = heavy %ort cle>s or fat backs & bellies4 8,but*] or ,light ,lo9 ,hogs4--,a l>ge proportion ( ! fre% pork sold 9 retail m>kets is pork lo9s1 :i* are cut into *ops & roa/s2 h5ce light lo9 or #8pork lo9' hogs are ^? f :i* ^! cuts c be obta9$ to be/ advantage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaj4--,,pack+ ,,hogs 7,,s[s74 ,a1 ,,heavy4 ,b1 ,,m$ium4 8,to yield lo9s ( ! prop] size & quality1 a hog c>cass %\ld weigh ab\t #afj to #bdj p\nds & h ! same %ape1 smoo?ness & g5]al quality describ$ = heavy lo9 hogs4 ,! cov]+ ( fat %\ld be two to f\r in*es ?ick on ! back4 ,?is class is compos$ ( b>r[s & smoo?1 cle> s[s4 ,! weights mo/ pref]r$ = but*] hogs are #bjj to #bbj p\nds4 ,!y are pr9cipally cut up by pack]s1 ! lo9s be+ sold to retail deal]s or jobb]s4 ,besides lo9s1 fat backs1 cle> bellies1 extra ribs & extra %ort cle>s are commonly made f sides ( but*] hogs4 ,! hams are cut %ort & ! %\ld]s pr9cipally made into picnics1 ,new ,york-cut %\ld]s & ,bo/on butts4 ,9 "s in/ances c>casses ( ?is class are sold to retail m>kets = fre% trade1 9 :i* case !y are dress$ ei!r #8head on' or #8head (f' z ord]$4 7,see ,fig4 #aji47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaa4--;,,*oice ,,bacon ,,hogs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aab4--,,pork ,,cuts4 ,engli% ,cuts4 ,a1 ,long cut ham4 ,b1 ,long side or middle4 ,dome/ic ,cuts4 #a4 ,%ort cut ham4 #b4 ,lo94 #c4 ,belly4 #d4 ,picnic butt4 #e4 ,bo/on butt4 #f4 ,j[l4 #g4 ,hock4 #h4 ,fat back4 #i4 ,cle> plate4 #b1 #h4 ,back4 #b1 #c1 #h4 ,side4 #d1 #g4 ,picnic %\ld]4 #e1 #i4 ,%\ld] butt4 #h1 #i4 ,long fat back4 #d1 #e1 #g1 #i4 ,r\gh %\ld]4 8,quality ( ,pack+ ,hogs4--,?is class includes mix$ hogs ( all weights :i* are too co>se 9 quality1 r\gh 9 %ape or s(t & unev5 9 f9i% to be suitable prim>ily = fre% pork products or smok$ meats & are !re=e pr9cipally pack$ 9 su* =ms z b>rel$ pork & dry-salt meats4 8,heavy ,pack+ ,hogs4--,^! are also kn[n z ,r\gh ,heavy or ,mess ,pork ,hogs1 consi/ ( r\gh & se$y s[s1 co>se b>r[s1 bo>s & /ags av]ag+ #bdj to #djj p\nds4 ,all heavy hogs t are too r\gh to be class$ z lo9 hogs are includ$ 9 ?is grade4 ,defects common to ^! c>casses are ?ick1 r\gh & wr9kl$ sk91 d>k-color$ & co>se-gra9$ fle%1 s(t1 oil fat1 l>ge bones & c>cass bruises4 7,fig4 #aaj47 ,!y are m l>gely cut into %ort ribs & mess pork1 & less into lo9s1 fat backs & bellies ?an ,heavy ,lo9 ,hogs1 & consequ5tly are m frequ5tly #8m>k$' & side-split al?\gh at times a l>ge proportion ( !m are lo9-split & pork lo9s tak5 out4 ,! hams are sweet pickl$ & %\ld]s made into picnics & ,bo/on butts4 8,m>k$ ,hogs4--,light m>k$ hogs are ^? t are suitable prim>ily = sug>cur$ breakfa/-bacon bellies & #8,engli%' meats4 ,s9ce su* meats mu/ be comp>atively lean1 firm & ( good quality1 ! lead+ features ( bacon hogs are long1 deep1 smoo? sides ) a light1 ev5 cov]+ ( fat ov] ! entire c>cass & especially uni=m on ! back & sides4 ,! hams %\ld be full b lean & ! %\ld]s light & smoo?4 ,! fle% mu/ be firm1 ! fat solid & ! c>cass suffici5tly mature to insure prop] cur+4 ,hogs :i* fulfil ^! conditions weigh #ij to #agj p\nds dress$4 ,! mo/ desirable weights are #abj to #aej p\nds4 ,!y consi/ pr9cipally ( b>r[s1 b = mo/ grades ( bacon1 smoo? cle> s[s t resemble b>r[s 9 g5]al quality & f9i% are us$ to "s ext5t4 ,! products pr9cipally made f !m are #8,engli%' middles1 backs & bellies1 dome/ic breakfa/-bacon bellies1 long-cut & %ort-cut hams4 ,bacon hogs v>y f *oice to common 9 quality1 f9i% & %ape1 al?\gh no fix$ grades are univ]sally recogniz$ among pack]s4 ,?is grade is us$ = ! manufacture ( #8,wilt%ire' & #8,/af=d%ire' sides1 #8,engli%' backs & bellies1 & fancy breakfa/-bacon bellies1 also #8,cumb]l&' sides to "s ext5t4 ,!y weigh ab\t #abj to #afj p\nds40 ,cutt+ ,floors4--,! hogs ?or\ghly *ill$ are ready = ! cutt+ room4 ,to be safe1 h[ev]1 ! hogs %\ld %[ a temp]ature ( f #cd to #cf ,f4 inside ( ! hams & %\ld]s4 ,if ?is temp]ature 9 ! meat has be5 rea*$ by gradual *ill+1 v little tr\ble %\ld be exp]i5c$ 9 cur+ ! meats4 ,! prop] cutt+ ( ! hog c>cass is "o ( ! mo/ important items 9 ! economical h&l+ ( hogs4 ,! great v>iety ( cuts & ! p]c5tage ( yield ( ! v>i\s cuts are giv5 on succe$+ pages4 ,= cutt+ & trimm+ economically x is ess5tial t suitable facilities be provid$4 ,a cutt+ floor mu/ be laid out = ! quantity to be h&l$ & = ! /yle ( meats to be cut4 ,! c>cass be+ heavy1 ! use ( slides1 conveyor me*anical saws1 etc41 are resort$ to4 ,9 hog cutt+ floors ( l>ge capacity ! arrangem5t is usually on ?ree floors or decks1 ! p>ts gravitat+ 9 ! movem5t t[>d a f9i%$ cut4 ,x is pref]able to d ! cutt+ 9 a cool$ room 9 mo/ climates & :]e a uni=m temp]ature ( #dj to #de c be ma9ta9$4 ,l[] temp]ature w\ld be bett] b x is difficult to keep work+ p satisfi$1 p>ticul>ly :]e female help is employ$1 = trimm+ purposes4 ,be x said t moi/ure & heat are n conducive to ! keep+ quality ( meats & x is to be avoid$4 ,! h&l+ ( cold meat 9 w>m rooms br+s ab\t ?is condition1 consequ5tly x is f> bett] to avoid exposure 9 cutt+ hogs into ! sev]al p>ts4 ,! usual me?od is to remove ! ham1 pref]ably by knife & h& saw2 to *op ! %\ld]1 fur!r sep>at$ by p[] saw2 to pull ! lo9 & pass ! side on = sep>ation to backs & bellies4 ,! fur!r f9i%+ ( ! cuts1 ei!r imm$iately on sep>ation f ! side or 9 an adjac5t room1 is a matt] ( space available4 ,pork ,cuts4--,fre% pork cuts are tak5 m or less f all classes ( hogs4 ,s9ce ! pork lo9 is by f> ! lead+ fre% cut1 light lo9 hogs are m ext5sively us$ = fre% pork ?an any o!r class4 ,! v>y+ dem& = lo9s det]m9es to a consid]able ext5t ! me?od ( cutt+ o!r classes ( hogs f "t to "t4 ,t5d]lo9s & sp>]ibs are also prim>ily fre% cuts4 ,sk9n$ %\ld]s1 %\ld] butts1 hams1 bellies1 fat backs1 & raw leaf fat are sold fre% to a small ext5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,sk9n$ ,ham4 ,second ,br&4 ,fir/ ,br&4 ,?ird ,br&4 ,,fig4 #aac--,,%ort ,,cut ,,hams4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aad4--,,smok$ ,,%ort ,,cut ,,hams--,,fir/ ,,br&4 ,! grad+ ( pork cuts is complex s9ce x involves _! quality1 %ape1 proportions ( fat & lean1 & weight4 ,_m ( ! grade names ref] m]ely to diff]5t me?ods ( cutt+ & cur+2 b s9ce !y are appli$ only to cuts ( specifi$ quality1 ?ickness or weight1 ! grades are 9 reality bas$ on ! latt] factors to a l>ge ext5t4 ,! v>i\s cuts diff] consid]ably z to me?ods ( grad+2 consequ5tly an adequate explanation ( ! factors involv$ & _! relative importance c be pres5t$ only by describ+ ! grades ( ea* class4 ,hams4--,hams are ( two g5]al k9ds1 %ort-cut & long-cut4 ,! =m] are made f comp>atively fat1 plump hams1 trimm$ %ort & r\nd at ! butt1 & ! %ank cut (f at ! hock jo9t4 ,!y are sold ei!r z ,regul> ,%ort-,cut1 ,sk9n$1 or ,boneless ,roll$ ,hams4 ,long-cut hams are lean1 long hams1 ) ! butt left full & ! foot tak5 (f at ! fir/ jo9t bel[ ! hock4 ,! pr9cipal grades are ,regul> ,long-,cut1 ,/af=d ,cut1 ,man*e/] ,cut & ,italian ,cut ,hams4 ,%ort-,cut or ,am]ican ,cut ,hams4--,^! are cut f ! side midway betwe5 ! h5*-bone & slip-bone1,a trimm$ r\nd at ! butt1 cu%ion,b fac$ full1 n und]cut on ! sk9 side1 & %ank cut (f 9 or above ! hock jo9t4 ,until #aiji ! ,bo>d ( ,trade requir$ t ! %ank be cut above ! hock s z to expose ! m>r[4 ,practically all hams are sold z sweet-pickl$ or smok$ meats4 ,= regul> deliv]y on ! ,*icago ,bo>d ( ,trade z sweet-pickl$ hams1 !y mu/ av]age1 9 lots1 n to exce$ #af p\nds1 ) no ham to weigh less ?an #ab p\nds & none to weigh ov] tw5ty p\nds4 ,! %ort-cut hams is ! lead+ ham cut & has to a l>ge ext5t tak5 ! place ( ! long-cut ham 9 export trade4 ,a ,! h5*-bone is ! flat portion ( ! hip-bone t rema9s atta*$ to ! socket jo9t ( ! ham :5 ! hog is split4 ,! slip bone is ! portion ( ! hip-bone t lies 9 contact ) ! back-bone ne> ! end ( ! lo94 ,b ,! cu%ion is ! fat butt ( ! ham :]e ! tail piece is cut (f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aae4--;,,boneless ,,roll$ ,,hams4 ,%ort-cut hams are grad$ by pack]s accord+ to ! br& ( smok$ hams = :i* !y are suitable4 ,= ! fir/ br& 7kn[n z 8extra select$0 or 8fancy-cur$0 hams7 !y are select$ = ?ickness & firmness ( lean meat1 plump1 well r\nd$ %ape1 solid1 :ite fat or m$ium ?ickness 7"o to two in*es on a m$ium-weight ham71 smoo?1 s(t sk91 bright color1 small %ank & abs5ce ( bruises4 ,! bulk ( ?is grade weigh #aj to #af p\nds1 #aj to #ab p\nds be+ mo/ desirable = family trade1 & #ad to #af p\nds = hotels & re/aurants4 ,see ,fig4 #aac4 ,second br& or second grade hams 7frequ5tly t]m$ ,no4 #a's7 are defici5t 9 "o or m ( ! po9ts j m5tion$1 b mu/ be reasonably good 9 g5]al quality & n exce$+ly defici5t 9 any p>ticul>4 ,_m ( !m are too fat = ! fir/ br&4 ,! ?ird br& 7also kn[n z 8seconds071 includes ^? f :i* a sk9-bruise has be5 remov$1 also ?91 light hams & any o!rs :i* lack ! %ape & quality requir$ = regul> meat m>ket trade4 ,illu/ration3 ,regul>4 ,man*e/]4 ,/af=d4 ,italian4 ,,fig4 #aaf4--,,long ,,cut ,,hams4 ,illu/ration3 ,%ort ,rib4 ,extra ,%ort ,rib4 ,%ort ,cle>4 ,extra ,%ort ,cle>4 ,,fig4 #aag4--,,sides4 ,sk9n$ ,hams4--,^! are cut %ort z expla9$ above1 ! sk9 is remov$ d[n to ! %ank & ! fat trimm$ (f )9 "o in* ( ! lean4 ,until #aiji ! ,bo>d ( ,trade regulation requir$ ! fat to be trimm$ (f )9 "o-half in* ( ! lean4 ,!y are made f fat hams ( fir/ & second grades1 weigh+ f #ab to #cj p\nds1 b ! bulk weigh #af to #bb p\nds4 ,_m sk9-bruis$ hams are also sk9n$ 9 ord] to remove bruises4 ,boneless ,roll$ ,hams4--,^! are made f sweet-pickl$ %ort-cut hams by lift+ ! sk91 remov+ ! surplus fat & ! bone1 & press+ or ty+ 9 ! =m ( a roll ) sk9 on4 ,!y are also made f sk9n$ hams4 #ae to #bf-p\nd hams ( fir/ & second br&s are us$4 ,^! are usually prep>$ f cur$ hams4 ,regul> ,long ,cut ,hams4--,^! are lean1 long hams ) only "o-half to "o & "o-half in*es ( outside fat1 & are 8cut f ! side by sep>at+ ) a knife ! hip-bone f ! rump1 prop]ly r\nd$1 foot unjo9t$ at fir/ jo9t bel[ ! hock40 ,!y are n fac$2 & ! butt end is left full1 :i* gives x a flat1 lean appe>ance4 7,fig4 #aaf47 ,av]age weights are #aj to #bj p\nds b usually above #ad p\nds4 ,?is cut is made f good & *oice bacon hogs4 8,york%ire0 or 8,york0 hams are cut slightly long] at ! butt ?an regul>1 b are o!rwise z describ$ above4 8,smi?field0 or ,virg9ia ,/yle hams are long-cut & v lean1 dry salt cur$1 long smok+1 spic$1 & 8ag$0 = sev]al mon?s be=e us+4 ,!y weigh #i to #ah p\nds4 8,/af=d0 ,hams are cut ab\t two in*es %ort] at ! butt end ?an regul> long-cut hams1 h5*-bone tak5 out expos+ ! socket jo9t1 & foot cut (f at ! fir/ jo9t bel[ ! hock4 ,!y are cut f good & *oice bacon hogs & cur$ = ,engli% trade4 ,?is grade is made pr9cipally f #ad to #ah-p\nd hams4 ,see ,fig4 #aaf4 8,man*e/]0 ,hams are a v lean grade ( long-cut hams comp>atively flat 9 %ape1 butt$ l 8,/af=ds10 & av]ag+ #ad to #ah p\nds4 ,see ,fig4 #aaf4 8,italian0 ,hams are v ?91 long hams1 ( #i to #ah-p\nds av]age1 & ( common to good quality4 ,! h5*-bone is remov$ z f 8,/af=ds10 ! leg is left extra long1 ! butt trimm$ l ,am]ican or %ort-cut hams1 ! ham press$ flat1 dry-salt cur$1 smok$ d>k & season$ ) pepp]4 ,see ,fig4 #aaf4 ,num]\s o!r /yles ( grades ( hams :i* 7 =m]ly pack$ 9 l>ge quantities1 especially = export trade1 are no long] made or us$ suffici5tly to be reg>d$ z /&>d products4 ,side ,meats4--,?is class includes v>i\s grades & cuts ( ,%ort ,ribs1 ,%ort ,cle>s & 8,engli%0 ,bacon ,sides4 ,%ort ,rib ,sides4--,regul> ,%ort ,ribs are middles ( hogs f :i* %ort-cut hams & regul> or ,new ,york %\ld]s h be5 tak5 (f1 ) back-bone & t5d]lo9 remov$1 h5*-bone & brea/-bone saw$ or cut d[n smoo? & ev5 ) face ( side1 fea!r ( blade n remov$ & no incision made 9 ! side4 ,?is is a regul> ,bo>d ( ,trade cut & is quot$ 9 provision reports simply z 8,ribs40 ,x is made f m$ium to heavy pack+ hogs1 9 av]ages f #be to #hj p\nds1 b pr9cipally f #de to #fe p\nds4 ,on ! ,bo>d ( ,trade regul> ribs av]ag+ n less ?an #cj nor m ?an #fj p\nds are deliv]able at contract price2 ^? ov] #fj & n ov] #gj p\nds av]age are deliv]able at a disc\nt ( #bj c5ts p] #ajj p\nds2 ^? ov] #gj & n ov] #hj p\nds are disc\nt$ #cj c5ts1 p] #ajj p\nds4 ,regul> ribs are ma9ly %ipp$ s\? ei!r z dry-salt or bacon meat4 ,_m are aft]w>d conv]t$ into o!r cuts1 z extra ribs1 extra cle>s1 backs & bellies1 z det]m9$ by curr5t prices ( ! v>i\s cuts4 ,jobb+ or ,r\gh ,%ort ,ribs consi/ ( %ort ribs ) ! back-bone left 91 ! hog be+ c5t]-split leav+ equal "p ( ! back-bone on ea* side4 ,!y are sold at a disc\nt ( two p] c5t "u regul> ribs & mu/ av]age n less ?an #cj nor m ?an #ej p\nds = ,bo>d ( ,trade deliv]y4 ,h>d ,%ort ,ribs are made ! same z ,jobb+ ,ribs except t ! hog is split s z to leave ! back-bone all on "o side4 ,! side conta9+ ! back-bone is kn[n z ! ,h>d ,side or ,h>d ,%ort ,rib & ! o!r z ! ,s(t ,side1 ! latt] be+ ! same z ! ,regul> ,%ort ,rib4 ,!y usually weigh #ej to #gj p\nds1 are cut f heavy pack+ hogs & are sold pr9cipally 9 ! ,s\? z dry-salt pork4 ,extra ,%ort ,ribs or 8,extra ,ribs0 are made f ,%ort ,ribs by remov+ ! lo94 ,!y av]age #ce to #ej p\nds4 #bj to #cj p] c5t ( ! /ocks ( sides usually consi/ ( ,extra ,ribs4 ,squ>e ,cut or 8,engli%0 ,%ort ,ribs are ! middles ( hogs f :i* squ>e %\ld]s & long-cut hams h be5 cut1 ?us mak+ ! side %ort] ?an a regul> rib1 squ>e-cut & ) ! fea!r ( ! blade-bone out4 ,!y are select$ f ! bett] grades ( m$ium weight pack+ hogs1 & av]age #bj to #cj p\nds4 ,%ort ,cle> ,sides4--,regul> ,%ort ,cle>s are made f regul> %ort ribs by remov+ ! ribs & cutt+ reasonably squ>e at ea* end4 ,!y are grad$ & h&l$ 9 ! same mann] z %ort ribs4 ,%ort ,cle>s av]age #cj to #gj p\nds & to grade regul> mu/ av]age n less ?an #ce p\nds4 ,x is prim>ily a dome/ic cut b is export$ to "s ext5t4 ,squ>e-,cut ,%ort ,cle>s are ! same z ,squ>e-,cut ,%ort ,ribs except ! ribs are tak5 out4 ,extra ,%ort ,cle> ,sides or 8,extra ,cle>s0 are made ! same z %ort cle>s except t ! lo9 is also remov$4 ,!y may be made f extra %ort ribs by cutt+ out ! ribs4 ,! pieces weigh #be to #fj p\nds1 & mu/ av]age n less ?an #cj nor m ?an #fj p\nds to grade regul>4 8,engli%0 ,bacon ,sides4--,^! s-call$ sides or long middles include bo? ! side & %\ld]1 & 9 "o in/ance 7,wilt%ires7 ! ham is also includ$4 ,aft] arrival 9 ,great ,brita91 !y are usually made into 8roll$ sides10 :i* are dri$ = ,engli% trade1 b 9 ,scotl& are usually smok$4 8,wilt%ire0 ,sides consi/ ( ! side1 ham & %\ld] left toge!r 9 "o piece2 ! blade-bone is tak5 out1 foot cut (f1 ! %\ld] trimm$ ! same z 8,cumb]l&s10 hip-bone tak5 out1 n back/rapp$1 ! belly trimm$ smoo? & ev51 & leg ( ! ham cut (f bel[ ! hock jo9t4 ,^! sides av]age #dj to #gj p\nds & are select$ especially = ?ickness ( lean meat ) a light1 ev5 cov]+ ( fat f #a to #b in*es ?ick1 n exce$+ #a in*es 9 ! be/ grades4 ,!y are made exclusively f *oice lean bacon hogs1 & are ! highe/ grade ( ,engli% bacon sides4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aah4--,,%ort ,,ribs4 ,,cut ,,= ,,mess ,,pork4 ,illu/ration3 ,heavy4 ,m$ium4 ,light4 ,,fig4 #aai4--,,pork ,,lo9s4 8,cumb]l& ,sides0 h ! end f :i* ! ham is tak5 cut squ>e2 ! leg cut (f bel[ ! knee jo9t2 ! %\ld] ribs1 neckbone1 back-bone & blood ve9 tak5 out2 brea/-bone saw$ or cut d[n smoo? & ev5 ) ! face ( ! side2 & %\ld n be back-/rapp$ or flank$4 ,!y are made f good & *oice bacon hogs & av]age #bj to #fj p\nds1 b ! bulk run #be to #dj p\nds4 ,?is is by f> ! lead+ export side cut1 & be+ made 9 v>i\s grades & av]ages is suitable = conv]t+ into o!r ,engli% side cuts1 su* z 8,york%ires10 8,birm+hams10 8,/af=ds40 ,illu/ration3 ,wilt%ire4 ,cumb]l&4 ,dubl94 ,long cle>4 ,york%ire4 ,/af=d%ire4 ,,fig4 #abj4--,,long ,,sides4 ,long ,rib ,sides are made f ! same z ,cumb]l&s except ! %\ld] bones are tak5 out & ! leg cut (f close to ! brea/4 ,! av]age weight is #ah to #be p\nds4 ,long ,cle> ,sides are cut ! same z long ribs & 9 addition h ! ribs tak5 out4 ,= ,engli% trade1 !y are made f good bacon hogs weigh+ #abj to #afj p\nds dress$1 & ! sides weigh #ah to #bf p\nds4 ,= regul> ,bo>d ( ,trade deliv]y !y mu/ n av]age less ?an #de p\nds4 ,! latt] are us$ 9 dome/ic trade & ,cont95tal ,europe1 & are made f ! heavie/ bacon hogs & f comp>atively lean but*] hogs4 ,extra long cle>s are made l long cle>s except t ! lo9 is also remov$4 ,!y are seldom us$4 8,dubl90 ,middles are ?9 lean sides cut l 8,cumb]l&s0 & 9 addition ! leg cut (f close to ! brea/4 ,!y are made f light1 common bacon hogs & pigs4 ,! sides weigh #ab to #bj p\nds4 ,see ,fig4 #abj4 ,bellies4--,! grades ( ?is cut are ,dry-,salt1 ,sweet-,pickle1 ,breakfa/-,bacon & 8,engli%0 ,bellies4 ,dry ,salt ,bellies4--,^! are made f %ort rib sides ( mix$ pack+ hogs by cutt+ (f ! back4 ,= deliv]y on ! ,bo>d ( ,trade !y mu/ be 8,well cut & trimm$2 no bellies t are co>se1 bruis$1 s(t or uns\nd %all be accept$40 ,h[ev]1 !y are n z closely trimm$ z sweet-pickle bellies4 ,!y are made 9 av]ages f #aj to #de p\nds4 ,!y are quot$ z ,dry-,salt ,rib & ,dry-,salt ,cle> ,bellies1 ! latt] hav+ ! ribs remov$ & be+ made usually f bellies weigh+ less ?an #be p\nds4 ,:5 smok$ !y are kn[n z 8,bacon ,meats40 ,sweet-,pickle ,bellies4--,^! are made f but*] bacon & good pack+ hogs1 be+ 8well cut & trimm$1 to av]age1 9 lots1 n to exce$ #ad p\nds40 ,! edges are squ>$ & trimm$ m closely ?an ,dry-,salt bellies4 ,!y are made 9 #f to #ad p\nd av]ages4 ,breakfa/-,bacon ,bellies4--,^! are cle> bellies cut f bacon or light but*] hogs & select$ ) ref]5ce to firmness1 color1 proportions ( fat & lean1 smoo? sk9 & g5]al quality4 ,!y are trimm$ /ill m closely ?an ! regul> sweet-pickle bellies4 ,select$ bellies ( ?is class weigh+ #d to #aj p\nds are kn[n z ,fancy or ,special ,breakfa/ ,bacon ,bellies & are made into ! be/ br&s ( sug>-cur$ breakfa/-bacon4 ,! second br& includes bellies t are too fat = fancy bacon1 or :i* lack ! necess>y firmness ( fle% & ?9 smoo? sk94 ,!y weigh #d to #af p\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,dry ,salt ,rib4 ,sweet ,pickle ,rib4 ,engli% ,cle>4 ,sweet ,pickle ,cle>4 ,fancy ,cle>4 ,,fig4 #aba4--;,,bellies4 ,illu/ration3 ,engli% ,rib4 ,engli% ,cle>4 ,%ort ,fat ,back4 ,sweet ,pickle ,cle>4 ,,fig4 #abb4--;,,backs4 8,engli%0 ,bellies4--,^! are cle> bellies weigh+ #aj to #bj p\nds1 cut f *oice heavy bacon hogs & light but*] b>r[s1 & select$ = firmness & a l>ge proportion ( lean4 ,!y are cut squ>e on all edges4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abc4--,,smok$ ,,breakfa/ ,,bacon ,,bellies 7,,fir/ ,,br&74 ,backs4--,! grades ( backs are ,%ort ,ribs1 ,%ort ,cle>1 ,%ort ,fat & ,long ,fat ,backs4 ,%ort ,rib ,backs4--,^! are made f %ort rib sides by cutt+ (f ! belly2 !y !re=e conta9 ! lo91 back fat & back-ribs b n ! back-bone nor t5d]lo94 ,x is a dry-salt cut1 weigh+ #be to #de p\nds & is n commonly made4 ,h>d ,backs are made f h>d rib sides1 ?us conta9+ ! back-bone4 8,engli%0 ,rib ,backs are made f ,squ>e ,%ort ,ribs1 & av]age #ab to #bj p\nds4 ,%ort ,cle> ,backs4--,^! are 8made f ! sides ( smoo? hogs f :i* ! bellies h be5 cut1 back-bone & ribs tak5 out & ! lean left on1 tail-bone saw$ (f ev5 ) ! face ( ! meat1 & trimm$ smoo? & squ>e on all edges40 ,!y are cut f m$ium & heavy pack+ hogs4 ,! weights run f #af to #dj p\nds4 8,engli%0 ,%ort ,cle> ,backs are light] ?an regul>s1 av]ag+ #aj to #bj p\nds1 & are %ort] at ! butt end1 be+ cut (f 9 front ( ! hip-bone4 ,pickl$ ,cle> ,backs are %ort cle> backs ( light weight & lean quality4 ,!y weigh #f to #aj p\nds & are sweet-pickl$1 smok$1 & sold z 8,lo9 ,back ,bacon0 or 8,breakfa/ ,bacon ,backs40 ,%ort ,fat ,backs4--,^! are 8made f ! sides ( heavy1 well-fatt$ hogs f :i* ! bellies h be5 cut1 back-bone & ribs tak5 out & all ! lean tak5 (f1 to be trimm$ smoo?ly & prop]ly squ>$ on all ! edges40 ,x is made f pack+ & lo9 hogs :5 cutt+ pork lo9s1 & is usually quot$ z a dry-salt cut 9 #h to #bj p\nd av]ages4 ,export ,%ort ,fat ,backs h ! blade-bone tak5 out1 are m closely trimm$ & squ>$ ?an dome/ic fat backs & are made pr9cipally 9 heavy av]ages1 #af to #dj p\nds4 ,paprika ,fat ,backs are ?91 light fat backs1 weigh+ #d to #h p\nds4 ,long ,fat ,backs4--,^! consi/ ( 8! upp] half ( ! side cut ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! ribs f ! ham to & includ+ ! %\ld]1 ) ! lo9 & blade-bone tak5 out1 trimm$ smoo?ly & squ>$ on all edges40 ,x is a dry-salt cut1 n z commonly made z =m]ly & us$ only = export trade4 ,lo9s4--,lo9s1 consi/+ ( ! back ) ! fat trimm$ (f1 are sold ei!r z ,regul> ,pork ,lo9s or z ,lo9 ,rolls4 ,pork ,lo9s4--,^! are made f sides ( lo9 hogs1 ) ! belly & back-fat cut (f2 !y conta9 ! back-bone1 back-ribs & t5d]lo9s1 & h b a small am\nt ( fat 7"o-f\r? to "o-half in*7 on ! outside4 ,! weights ( regul> pork lo9s are #h to #ah p\nds & ! price usually v>ies inv]sely ) ! weight4 #ad p\nds is ! heavie/ av]age g5]ally us$ = fre% trade4 ,extra or ,long ,pork ,lo9s include1 9 addition to ! regul> lo91 ! top or lean cut ( ! %\ld]1 b ?is cut is seldom made4 ,t5d]lo9s consi/ ( %ort r\nd muscles ly+ und]nea? & on ea* side ( ! back-bone2 !y are atta*$ to ! 8slip-bone0 & ext5d f ! lo9 butt almo/ to ! la/ rib4 ,!y weigh "o-f\r? to "o p\nd ea*1 b ^? weigh+ ?ree-f\r?s p\nd or ov] are mo/ ext5sively us$4 ,!y are cut f hogs t are too heavy & r\gh to yield regul> pork lo9s1 & f :i* %ort ribs1 mess pork & boneless lo9s are made4 ,lo9 ,rolls4--,^! are made f heavy lo9s 7#ae to #bb p\nds7 by bon+ !m completely4 ,%\ld]s4--,! /&>d grades are ,r\gh1 ,regul>1 ,picnic1 ,new ,york ,cut1 ,sk9n$1 ,squ>e1 ,new ,orleans ,cut & ,boneless ,roll$ ,%\ld]s4 ,r\gh ,%\ld]s4--,^! are untrimm$ %\ld]s z cut f ! hog1 sep>at$ f ! side betwe5 ! fir/ & second ribs & ) ! j[l cut (f squ>e4 ,regul> ,%\ld]s4--,^! are 8cut z close z possible to ! back "p ( ! =e>m jo9t )\t expos+ ! knuckle1 7leav+ two ribs on ! %\ld]7 butt$ (f squ>e on top1 ! neck-bone & %ort ribs tak5 out1 neck squ>$ (f1 blood ve9 lift$ & cut out1 brea/ flap cut (f on or above ! knee jo9t40 ,!y are made pr9cipally f hogs t are too heavy & r\gh = ,new ,york /yle %\ld]s1 & at times :5 ! supply ( 8picnics0 exce$s ! dem&4 ,sausage ,%\ld]s are regul>-cut %\ld]s :i* are unsuitable = dry-salt or sweet-pickle because ( be+ trimm$ to remove bruises1 cut f 8%\ld] /uck0 hogs1 or o!rwise defici5t1 & are us$ = ! purpose :i* _! "n indicates4 ,blad$ ,%\ld]s are cut ! same z ,regul>s except ! %\ld]-blade is tak5 out & ! corn]s r\nd$4 ,picnics or ,calas4--,=m]ly t]m$ ,cali=nia hams--,^! are cut #b ribs wide1 trimm$ & pack$ z foll[s3 8,%ank cut (f above ! knee jo9t1 trimm$ z full on ! face 7lean surface7 z possible1 butt tak5 (f to ! edge ( ! blade1 well r\nd$ at ! butt 9 ! %ape ( a ham1 brea/ flap tak5 (f1 & trimm$ close & smoo?1 reasonably uni=m 9 size1 & to av]age1 9 lots1 n to exce$ #ab p\nds4 ,! light] av]ages 7#d to #h p\nds7 are sometimes t]m$ ,bo/on ,%\ld]s1 & 7 =m]ly butt$ %ort] ?an ,calas & only slightly r\nd$4 ,sk9n$ ,picnics are made f ! fatt] grades ( ,picnics by remov+ ! sk9 & trimm+ ! fat (f )9 "o-half in* ( ! lean4 ,!y av]age #f to #aj p\nds4 ,new ,york ,cut ,%\ld]s4--,^! are cut two ribs wide1 butt$ "o in* f blade-bone1 trimm$ smoo?1 neck & brea/ flap cut (f1 & %ank cut (f betwe5 knee & brisket4 #h to #ad-p\nd grades are made = dome/ic trade & ! bulk weigh #aj to #ab p\nds4 ,sk9n$ ,%\ld]s4--,^! are cut simil> to ,new ,york ,cut ,%\ld]s & 9 addition ! sk9 is tak5 (f d[n to ! %ank & ! fat trimm$ (f close to ! lean4 ,!y weigh #f to #af p\nds1 & are sold fre%1 sweet-pickl$ & smok$4 ,sk9n$ %\ld]s ) ! %ank cut (f close to ! brea/ are t]m$ 8,*icago ,%\ld]s10 or 8,sk9n$ ,%\ld]s1 hock (f40 ,squ>e or #c-,rib ,%\ld]s4--,^! are cut ?ree ribs wide1 squ>$ on all sides1 neck-bones out1 brea/ flap (f1 foot cut (f at ! knee jo9t1 butt$ j above blade-bone1 & s trimm$ z to expose ! lean z mu* z possible4 ,?is is ! lead+ 8,engli%0 %\ld] cut1 & is made 9 av]ages f #aj to #bj p\nds4 ,new ,orleans ,cut ,%\ld]s4--,^! are made #a ribs wide1 smoo? & r\nd$ on neck end1 "p ( %\ld] butt left on & neck-bone out4 ,!y are cut pr9cipally 9 #ab to #ad p\nd av]ages1 b are also made f #aj to #af p\nds1 f %\ld]s t are too r\gh & fat to make ,new ,york ,cut or ,picnic ,%\ld]s4 ,boneless ,roll$ ,picnics4--,^! are made f heavy picnics by lift+ ! sk91 remov+ ! surplus fat & ! bone1 press+ or roll+ & ty+ ) cord 9 ! =m ( a roll 9 ! same mann] z roll$ hams4 ,!y are also made f sk9n$ picnics4 ,boneless roll$ %\ld]s are made simil>ly f regul> %\ld]s4 ,butts & ,plates4--,butts are cut f ! end or top ( ! %\ld] & f ! j[l4 ,plates are made f %\ld] butts4 ,! v>i\s grades ( ^! cuts are ,bo/on ,/yle1 ,milwaukee ,/yle1 ,boneless1 ,buffalo ,/yle1 ,new ,york ,/yle1 ,picnic1 ,dry-,salt & ,squ>e-,cut ,butts2 ,regul> ,plates1 ,cle> ,plates & ,back ,plates4 ,illu/ration3 ,r\gh4 ,new ,york4 ,sk9n$4 ,new ,orleans4 ,squ>e4 ,,fig4 #abd4--,,%\ld]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,bo/on ,butt4 ,regul> ,plate4 ,cle> ,plate4 ,picnic ,butt4 ,boneless ,butt4 ,new ,york ,butt4 ,,fig4 #abe4--;,,butts ,,& ,,plates4 ,illu/ration3 ,heavy4 ,light4 ,,fig4 #abf4--,,picnics4 ,illu/ration3 ,sp>e ,ribs 7full %eet74 ,sp>e ,ribs 7half %eet74 ,dry salt butt 7j[l74 ,squ>e cut butt4 ,virg9ia /yle j[l4 ,,fig4 #abg4 ,bo/on ,/yle ,butts4--,^! are ! ends or top pieces cut f heavy %\ld]s :5 mak+ picnics2 ! neck-bone1 ribs & surplus fat be+ remov$ & ! piece trimm$ smoo?4 ,!y include ! end ( ! %\ld] blade4 ,av]age weights are #c to #g p\nds4 ,milwaukee ,/yle ,butts4--,^! are ! same z ,bo/on butts ) ! neck-bone & rib left on4 ,boneless ,butts or ,lean ,butts4--,also t]m$ ,cala ,butts--,^! consi/ ( ! lean1 boneless portion ( ,bo/on butts betwe5 ! blade-bone & neck-bone4 ,buffalo ,/yle ,butts4--,^! are cut ! same z boneless butts except t ! neck-bone is left 94 ,!y are us$ fre%4 ,new ,york ,/yle ,butts4--,^! are %\ld] butts cut f picnics ( ! ?9n] & light] grades4 ,!y conta9 ! neck-bone1 fat & lean1 & are ma9ly pla9-pickl$4 ,picnic ,butts4--,^! are picnics f :i* ! surplus fat & ! sk9 are remov$ & ! %ank cut (f close to ! brea/4 ,!y are n trimm$ z closely z regul> picnics4 ,dry-,salt ,butts4--,^! are made f ! j[l 7l[] "p ( ! neck & *eek7 ) ! edges trimm$ smoo? & ! piece p\nd$ flat4 ,!y weigh #c to #e p\nds4 ,squ>e-,cut ,butts4--,^! are also made f ! j[l b are m closely trimm$ & squ>$4 ,!y av]age #b to #d p\nds4 ,regul> ,plates4--,^! are made f %\ld] butts by remov+ a boneless butt1 ?us mak+ a fat piece ) a fac+ ( lean1 conta9+ ! end ( ! blade-bone1 & weigh+ #f to #ab p\nds4 ,p]c5tages ( ,yield4--,! v>iety ( cuts into :i* a hog c be divid$ are _m & ! tables foll[+ indicate ! p]c5tages ( yield ( ! diff]5t cuts1 bas$ on ! live weight ( ! hogs4 ,! p]c5tage ( yield ( l>d includes bo? prime /eam l>d & leaf4 ,x %\ld be und]/ood t ! total yield ( ! v>i\s cuts m5tion$ w v>y slightly 9 diff]5t m>kets1 & 9 ! same m>ket at diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>1 accord+ to ! quality ( ! hog4 ,^! v>iations w n be m ?an #b p] c5t1 probably1 on ! total yield4 ,! p]c5tages "h giv5 are ab\t an av]age1 or possibly a little "u ! av]age1 & are bas$ on hogs av]ag+ f #bdj to #bge p\nds live weight4 ,extra %ort cle>s1 extra %ort ribs1 pork lo9s1 fat backs & bellies are made out ( mix$ pack+ hogs1 av]ag+ #bbj to #cjj p\nds2 at "s seasons ( ! ye> av]ag+ tw5ty-five to ?irty p\nds heavi]4 ,9 ! p]c5tages giv5 x is e/imat$ t ! (fal1 su* z hair1 blood1 f]tiliz]1 cas+s1 blade bones1 etc41 w cov] ! co/ ( kill+ & cutt+ & 9 figur+ ^! te/s prices ( gre5 meat %\ld be us$4 ,,cut ,,into ,,extra ,,%ort ,,cle>s ,,w ,,yield4 ,p] c5t4 ,extra %ort cle>s #bf ,lo9 #i ,ham #ab ,%\ld] #i ,l>d #ac ----- ,total #fi ,,cut ,,into ,,extra ,,%ort ,,ribs ,,w ,,yield4 ,p] c5t4 ,extra %ort ribs #bf ,lo9 #i ,ham #ab ,%\ld] #i ,l>d #ac ----- ,total #gj ,,cut ,,into ,,pork ,,lo9s1 ,,belly ,,& ,,%ort ,,fat ,,backs ,,w ,,yield4 ,p] c5t4 ,lo9 #i ,belly #ab ,backs #ab ,%\ld]s #i ,hams #ab ,l>d #ac ----- ,total #fg ,,cut ,,into ,,regul> ,,%ort ,,ribs ,,& ,,r\gh ,,ribs ,,w ,,yield4 ,p] c5t4 ,ribs #cg ,hams #ab ,%\ld]s #h ,l>d #ad ----- ,total #gb ,,cut ,,into ,,r\gh ,,ribs ,,w ,,yield4 ,p] c5t4 ,r\gh ribs #cg ,hams #ab ,%\ld]s #h ,l>d #ad ----- ,total #gb ,,cut ,,into ,,regul> ,,%ort ,,cle>s ,,w ,,yield4 ,p] c5t4 ,%ort cle>s #cf ,hams #ab ,%\ld]s #h ,l>d #ad ----- ,total #ga ,,cut ,,into ,,mess ,,pork ,,w ,,yield4 ,p] c5t4 ,mess pork #ch ,hams #ab ,%\ld]s #h ,l>d #ad ----- ,total #gc ,,cut ,,into ,,cumb]l&s ,,w ,,yield4 #abj-lb4 ,,live ,,hog4 ,p] c5t4 ,cumb]l&s #cg ,am]ican cut hams #ad ,l>d #aj -- ,total #fa #agj-lb4 ,,live ,,hog4 ,p] c5t4 ,cumb]l&s #ci ,am]ican cut hams #ad ,l>d #aa ----- ,total #fd #ade-lb4 ,,live ,,hog4 ,p] c5t4 ,cumb]l&s #ch ,am]ican cut hams #ad ,l>d #aa -- ,total #fc #aij-lb4 ,,live ,,hog4 ,p] c5t4 ,cumb]l&s #dj ,am]ican cut hams #ad ,l>d #ab ----- ,total #ff ,,cut ,,into ,,engli% ,,long ,,cle>s ,,w ,,yield4 ,p] c5t4 ,long cle> #ch ,am]ican cut hams #ad ,l>d #ab ----- ,total #fd ,*ange ,cuts ,"o ,side4--,! foll[+ te/s indicate h[ "o side might be manipulat$ & *ang$ to v>i\s cuts4 ,?is side weigh$ =ty-f\r p\nds1 ) ham & %\ld] remov$4 ,! prices 7 ^? curr5t at ! "t ( mak+ ! te/s & indicates ! v>iable comm]cial value ( ! side by ! v>i\s manipulations4 ,! same weight side ( meat made into diff]5t cuts v>ies 9 value f #d4jj to #d4cd3 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,te/s4 ,product ,value ,h>d ribs #d4bdbh ,/&>d ribs #d4afdh ,%ort cle> #d4agbd ,back & dry salt bellies #d4bgij ,back & dry salt rib bellies #d4cbha ,back & sweet pickle bellies #d4aigi ,extra rib #d4bgdc ,extra %ort cle> #d4bgci ,dry salt fat backs & dry salt rib bellies #d4cdce ,dry salt fat backs & dry salt bellies #d4bidg ,dry salt fat backs & sweet pickle cle> bellies #d4bfce ,fat back 7tank7 & dry salt rib bellies #d4jfgg ,fat back 7tank7 & dry salt cle> bellies #d4jcag ,fat back 7tank7 & sweet pickle cle> bellies #d4jjje ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abh4--;,,h>d ,,%ort ,,ribs4 7,,n ,,deliv]able1 ,,bo>d ,,( ,,trade47 ,,h>d ,,%ort ,,rib ,,te/4 ,yield ,lbs4 ,p] lb4 ,value ----------------------------------- ,h>d %ort ribs#dc #j4jifged4afjc ,lean trimm+s 4#jg 4#jage ,fat trimm+s 4#jfe 4#jcbe ,t5d]lo9s 4#ac 4#jcbe ----------------------------------- ,totals #dd 444 #d4bdbh ----------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abi4--,,%ort ,,rib4 ,,/&>d ,,%ort ,,rib ,,te/4 ,yield ,lbs4,p] lb4 ,value -------------------------------------- ,/&>d %ort ribs#da #j4jigd4jdih ,lean trimm+s 4#jg 4#jcej ,fat trimm+s 4#jfe 4#jcbe ,t5d]lo9s 4#ac 4#jcbe ,back bone #a 4#jae 4#jaej -------------------------------------- ,totals #dd 444 #d4afdh -------------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acj4--;,,extra ,,%ort ,,rib4 ,,extra ,,%ort ,,rib ,,te/4 ,yield ,lbs4 ,p] lb4 ,value ----------------------------------- ,extra %ort rib#cdj4jife #c4cbic ,pork lo9 #h 4#aje 4#ijca ,lean trimm+s 4#jffbe 4#jage ,fat trimm+s 4#jife 4#jbdd ----------------------------------- ,totals #dd 444 #d4bgdc ----------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aca4--,,%ort ,,cle> 7,,%ort ,,rib ,,& ,,sp>e ,,rib ,,remov$47 ,,%ort ,,cle> ,,te/ 7,,%ort ,,rib ,,& ,,sp>e ,,rib ,,remov$47 ,yield ,lbs4 ,p] lb4 ,value ---------------------------------- ,%ort cle>s #cij4ajjbec4idig ,lean trimm+s 4#jg 4#jcej ,fat trimm+s 4#jfe 4#jcbe ,t5d]lo9s 4#ac 4#jcbe ,back bone #a 4#jae 4#jaej ,sp>e ribs #b 4#jee 4#aajj ---------------------------------- ,totals #dd 444 #d4agbd ---------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acb4--;,,extra ,,%ort ,,cle>4 ,,extra ,,%ort ,,cle> ,,te/4 ,yield ,lbs4 ,p] lb4 ,value -------------------------------------- ,extra %ort cle>s#ccj4jig #c4bdie ,pork lo9s #h 4#ajfge 4#ijca ,lean trimm+s 4#jg 4#jage ,fat trimm+s 4#jfe 4#jdhh ,sp>e ribs #a 4#jee 4#jeej -------------------------------------- ,totals #dd 444 #d4bgci -------------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acc4--;,,cle> ,,back4 ,,cle> ,,back4--,s4 ,p4 ,,belly ,,te/4 ,yield ,lbs4 ,p] lb4 ,value ---------------------------------------- -------- ,cle> backs #baj4ajjgeb4aijc ,cle> bellies 7sweet pickle7#ae 4#aje #a4fjac ,lean trimm+s #a 4#jg 4#jgjj ,fat trimm+s #b 4#jfe 4#aghh ,t5d]lo9 4#ac 4#jcbe ,back bone #a 4#jae 4#jaej ,sp>e ribs #b 4#jee 4#aajj ---------------------------------------- -------- ,totals #dd 444 #d4aigi ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,cle> ,,back4--,d4 ,s4 ,,belly ,,te/4 ,yield ,lbs4 ,p] lb4 ,value ---------------------------------------- ---- ,cle> back #baj4ajjgeb4aiad ,cle> bellies 7dry salt7#ag 4#ajde #a4hbhh ,lean trimm+s 4#jg 4#jebe ,fat trimm+s 4#jfe 4#jdhh ,t5d]lo9 4#ac 4#jcbe ,back bone #a 4#jae 4#jaej ,sp>e ribs #b 4#jee 4#aajj ---------------------------------------- ---- ,totals #dd 444 #d4bgij ---------------------------------------- ---- ,,cle> ,,back4--,d4 ,s4 ,,rib ,,belly ,,te/4 ,yield ,lbs4 ,p] lb4 ,value ---------------------------------------- -- ,cle> back #baj4ajjgeb4aijc ,rib bellies 7dry salt7#ai 4#ajb #a4ihij ,lean trimm+s 4#jg 4#jebe ,fat trimm+s 4#jfe 4#jdhh ,t5d]lo9 4#ac 4#jcbe ,back bone #a 4#jae 4#jaej ---------------------------------------- -- ,totals #dd 444 #d4cbha ---------------------------------------- -- ,,lo94--,s4 ,p4 ,,belly1 ,d4 ,s4 ,,fat ,,back ,,te/4 ,yield ,lbs4 ,p] lb4 ,value ---------------------------------------- -------- ,fat backs 7dry salt7 #afj4jiebea4egaf ,cle> bellies 7sweet pickle7#ad 4#aje #a4dgjj ,pork lo9s #h 4#ajfge 4#ijca ,lean trimm+s 4#jg 4#jebe ,fat trimm+s #c 4#jfe 4#baac ,sp>e ribs #a 4#jee 4#jeej ---------------------------------------- -------- ,totals #dd 444 #d4bfce ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,lo94--,s4 ,p4 ,,belly1 ,,fat ,,back 7,,tank7 ,,te/4 ,yield ,lbs4 ,p] lb4 ,value ---------------------------------------- -------- ,cle> bellies 7sweet pickle7#ad #j4aje #a4dgjj ,pork lo9s #h 4#ajfge 4#ijca ,lean trimm+s #a 4#jg 4#ajej ,fat trimm+s #c 4#jfe 4#baac ,back fat1 tank #ae 4#jgige #a4befa ,sp>e ribs #a 4#jee 4#jeej ---------------------------------------- -------- ,totals #dd 444 #d4jjje ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,lo94--,d4 ,s4 ,,belly1 ,,fat ,,back 7,,tank7 ,,te/4 ,yield ,lbs4 ,p] lb4 ,value ---------------------------------------- ---- ,fat backs1 tank #aej4jgigea4befa ,pork lo9s #h 4#ajfge 4#ijca ,lean trimm+s #a 4#jg 4#jgjj ,fat trimm+s #b 4#jfe 4#acjj ,cle> bellies 7dry salt7#ae 4#ajbge #a4fage ,sp>e ribs #a 4#jee 4#jeej ---------------------------------------- ---- ,totals #dd 444 #d4jcag ---------------------------------------- ---- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acd4--,,rib ,,belly4 ,,lo94--,d4 ,s4 ,,fat ,,backs4 ,d4 ,s4 ,,rib ,,belly ,,te/4 ,yield ,lbs4 ,p] lb4 ,value ---------------------------------------- -- ,rib bellies 7dry salt7#afj4ajbgea4gbjc ,fat backs 7dry salt7 #af 4#jiebe #a4egaf ,pork lo9 #h 4#ajfge 4#ijca ,lean trimm+s 4#jg 4#jage ,fat trimm+s #b 4#jfe 4#acjj ---------------------------------------- -- ,totals #dd 444 #d4cdce ---------------------------------------- -- ,,lo94--,d4 ,s4 ,,fat ,,back4--,,cle> ,,belly ,,te/4 ,yield ,lbs4 ,p] lb4 ,value ---------------------------------------- ---- ,fat backs 7dry salt7 #afj4jiebea4egaf ,cle> bellies 7dry salt7#ae 4#ajbge #a4fage ,pork lo9 #h 4#ajfge 4#ijca ,lean trimm+s 4#jg 4#jage ,fat trimm+s #b 4#jfe 4#acjj ,sp>e ribs #a 4#jee 4#jeej ---------------------------------------- ---- ,totals #dd 444 #d4bidg ---------------------------------------- ---- ,,lo94--,d4 ,s4 ,,rib ,,belly4 ,,fat ,,backs 7,,tank ,,te/74 ,yield ,lbs4 ,p] lb4 ,value ---------------------------------------- --- ,fat backs1 tank #aej4jgige #a4befa ,pork lo9s #h 4#ajfge 4#ijca ,lean trimm+s #a 4#jg 4#jgjj ,fat trimm+s #b 4#jfe 4#acjj ,rib bellies 7dry salt7#af 4#ajb #a4gjhe ---------------------------------------- --- ,totals #dd 444 #d4jfgg ---------------------------------------- --- ,te/s on ,five ,sides4--,! foll[+ te/s %[ ! results ( cutt+ sides 9 v>i\s mann] & are useful z %[+ ! p]c5tage yield 9 v>i\s lots3 ,,recapitulation4 ,value p] cwt4 ,five r\gh ribs1 t5d]lo9 91 made into extra %ort cle>s #i4iaj ,five r\gh sides ) ! t5d]lo9 91 made into extra %ort ribs & pork lo9s #i4idf ,five r\gh sides made into extra %ort cle>s1 ?is cut be+ ! same z ! previ\s "o1 except t ! sp>e rib is remov$ f ! side #i4hhj ,five r\gh ribs1 t5d]lo9 91 made into regul> ribs #i4gcd ,five r\gh sides made into pork lo9s1 cle> bellies1 :i* consi/ ( tak+ out ! sp>e ribs & fat backs #i4fjj ,five r\gh ribs ) t5d]lo9 91 made into rib bellies1 pork lo9s & fat backs #i4fad ,five r\gh ribs made into %ort cle> backs by remov+ sp>e rib on lo9 & leav+ sp>e ribs 9 bellies #i4gjj ,five r\gh ribs made into %ort cle> backs1 remov+ ! sp>e rib f ! bellies1 mak+ !m cle> bellies #i4gjj ,9 ! =ego+ te/s ! prices 7 effective at ! "t ! te/s 7 made4 ,! p]c5tages are accurate4 ,x w be not$ t ! diff]5t cuts v>y 9 value f #i4fj to #i4ia1 a v>iation ( #ca;c p] hundr$ p\nds4 ,f ?is w readily be se5 ! advantage ( cutt+ hogs accord+ to ! m>ket conditions4 ,,five ,,r\gh ,,ribs1 ,,t5d]lo9 ,,91 ,,made ,,into ,,regul> ,,ribs4 ,p] ,yield ,lbs4 c5t4,p] lb4 ,value ---------------------------------------- ,five regul> ribs #cej #ie4hij4jihjcd4cj ,back bones #h #b4ai 4#jb 4#af ,t5d]lo9s #e #a4cg 4#ai 4#ie ,fat #b 4#ee 4#jfbe 4#ab ---------------------------------------- ,totals #cfeajj4jj 444 #ce4ec ---------------------------------------- ,value1 #i4gcd p] #ajj p\nds4 ,,five ,,r\gh ,,ribs ,,conv]t$ ,,to ,,rib ,,bellies ,,9 ,,%ort ,,cle> ,,backs4 ,p] ,yield ,lbs4 c5t4,p] lb4 ,value ---------------------------------------- ------- ,five %ort cle> backs#abh #dg4gfj4jigeab4dh ,five rib bellies #aab #da4gi 4#aja #aa4ca ,t5d]lo9s #d #a4di 4#ai 4#gf ,ribs #f #b4db 4#jh 4#eb ,fat trimm+s #i #c4cf 4#jfbe 4#ef ,blade bones #c #a4ab 4#jg 4#ba ,back bones #e #a4hg 4#jb 4#aj ,lean trimm+s 4#ai 4#jgge 4#jd ---------------------------------------- ------- ,totals #bfh #ajj4jj 444 #be4ih ---------------------------------------- ------- ,value1 #i4gj p] #ajj p\nds4 ,,five ,,r\gh ,,ribs ,,conv]t$ ,,to ,,%ort ,,cle>s4 ,p] ,yield ,lbs4 c5t4 ,p] lb4 ,value -------------------------------------- ,%ort cle>s#ccj #ij4eej4ajabecc4df ,sp>e ribs #af #d4ch 4#jh #a4bh ,tail bones #c 4#if 4#jc 4#aj ,back bones #h #b4ai 4#jb 4#af ,t5d]lo9s #e #a4cg 4#ai 4#ie ,fat #b 4#ee 4#jfbe 4#ab ---------------------------------------- ,totals #cfe #ajj4jj 444 #cf4jg ---------------------------------------- ,value1 #i4hh p] #ajj p\nds4 ,,five ,,sides ,,cle> ,,backs4--,,cle> ,,bellies4 ,p] ,yield ,lbs4 c5t4,p] lb4 ,value ---------------------------------------- ------- ,five %ort cle> backs#abh #dg4gfj4jigeab4dh ,five cle> bellies #aje #ci4ah 4#ajbe #aj4gf ,sp>e ribs #g #b4fa 4#jh 4#ef ,t5d]lo9s #d #a4di 4#ai 4#gf ,ribs #f #b4db 4#jh 4#eb ,fat trimm+s #i #c4cf 4#jfbe 4#ef ,blade bones #c #a4ab 4#jg 4#ba ,back bones #e #a4hg 4#jb 4#aj ,lean trimm+s 4#ai 4#jgge 4#jd ---------------------------------------- ------- ,totals #bfh #ajj4jj 444 #be4ii ---------------------------------------- ------- ,value1 #i4gj p] #ajj p\nds4 ,,five ,,r\gh ,,sides1 ,,made ,,into ,,pork ,,lo9s1 ,,cle> ,,bellies4 ,p] ,yield ,lbs4 c5t4,p] lb4 ,value ---------------------------------------- --- ,five pork lo9s #fc #bb4fdj4ajge #f4hb ,five cle> bellies#aja #cf4ja 4#ajbe #aj4ce ,sp>e ribs #h #c4jc 4#jh 4#fh ,five fat backs #he #cj4cj 4#ji #g4fe ,fat trimm+s #ah #f4ei 4#jfbe #a4af ,lean trimm+s 4#ah 4#jgge 4#jd ,blade bones #c #a4be 4#jg 4#bd ---------------------------------------- --- ,totals #bhjajj4jj 444 #bf4id ---------------------------------------- --- ,value1 #i4fj p] #ajj p\nds4 ,,five ,,r\gh ,,ribs1 ,,t5d]lo9 ,,91 ,,conv]t$ ,,to ,,extra ,,%ort ,,cle>s4 ,p] ,yield ,lbs4 c5t4 ,p] lb4 ,value ---------------------------------------- ------- ,five extra %ort cle>s #ahi #gb4fij4jihgeah4ff ,sp>e ribs #e #a4ic 4#jh 4#dj ,five pork lo9s #eg #ba4ib 4#ajge #f4ac ,fat trimm+s #h #c4jh 4#jfbe 4#ej ,lean trimm+s #a 4#ch 4#jgge 4#jh ---------------------------------------- ------- ,totals #bfjajj4jj 444 #be4gg ---------------------------------------- ------- ,value1 #i4ia p] #ajj p\nds4 ,,five ,,r\gh ,,ribs1 ,,t5d]lo9 ,,conv]t$ ,,to ,,rib ,,bellies1 ,,pork ,,lo9s ,,& ,,fat ,,backs4 ,p] ,yield ,lbs4 c5t4,p] lb4 ,value ---------------------------------------- - ,five pork lo9s #fc #bb4fdj4ajge #f4hb ,five rib bellies#aji #ci4jd 4#aja #aa4jf ,five fat backs #he #cj4cj 4#ji #g4fe ,fat trimm+s #ah #f4ei 4#jfbe #a4af ,lean trimm+s 4#ah 4#jgge 4#jd ,blade bones #c #a4be 4#jg 4#bd ---------------------------------------- - ,totals #bhjajj4jj 444 #bf4gi ---------------------------------------- - ,value1 #i4fad p] #ajj p\nds4 ,,extra ,,%ort ,,ribs4 ,p] ,yield ,lbs4 c5t4 ,p] lb4 ,value ---------------------------------------- ----- ,five extra %ort ribs #aid #gd4fbj4jihgeai4ae ,five pork lo9s #eg #ba4ib 4#ajge #f4ac ,fat trimm+s #h #c4jh 4#jfbe 4#ej ,lean trimm+s #a 4#ch 4#jgge 4#jh ---------------------------------------- ----- ,totals #bfjajj4jj 444 #be4hf ---------------------------------------- ----- ,value1 #i4idf p] #ajj p\nds4 ,special ,te/ on #a1bfe ,mix$ ,hogs4--,av]age ,live ,weight #bde ,p\nds4 ,9 all well-manag$ h\ses a te/ is made at lea/ weekly to det]m9e ! actual pr(it or loss appe>+4 ,^! te/s are ( value z a guide :5 buy+ hogs to secure a quality be/ adapt$ to make cuts sell to ! be/ advantage4 ,! foll[+ te/s on #a1bfe live hogs1 av]ag+ #bde p\nds1 %[s ! me?od 9 use4 ,x w be not$ t ?is te/ is c>ri$ ?r\gh c>efully1 tak+ ! m>ket price on ! v>i\s cuts4 ,! recapitulation %[s ! actual results at ! "t ! te/ 0 made4 ,all p]c5tages ( cuts ( meats %[n 9 ! foll[+ tables are figur$ f ! live weight ( hogs3 ,,hams4 ,gre5 ,av]age ,av]age ,wt4,no4 (,weight ,price ,product ,lbs4 ,pieces ,lbs4 ,p] lb4 ,value ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,am]4 cut hams #aj & "u #fh #fafj4aacge #gj4jg ,am]4 cut hams #aa-ac #adc #a1gdj 4#jige #afi4fe ,am]4 cut hams #ad-af #feh #i1ife 4#jibe #iba4gf ,am]4 cut hams #ah & ov] #eijaa1aad 4#jibe #a1jbh4jd ,am]4 cut hams 7sk9n$7 #dae #g1ejc 4#ajbe #gfi4jf ,special hams #aa-ac #bbc #b1hib 4#aj #bhi4bj ,special hams #ad-af #ccg #e1ahg 4#jie #dib4gg ,face & cu%ion bruis$ hams #i #ade 4#jhe #ab4cc ,no4 #b hams #ad & "u #fc #icc 4#jibe #hf4cj ,no4 #b hams #ae & ov] #bd #bhh 4#jhge #be4cj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,totals #b1ecjdj1chcj4jieg #c1hfd4dh ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,%\ld]s4 ,gre5 ,av]age ,av]age ,wt4 ,no4 (,weight ,price ,product ,lbs4 ,pieces ,lbs4 ,p] lb4 ,value ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,n4 ,y4 %\ld]s 444 #gg #fhjj4jfge #de4ij ,r\gh 444 #h #bjb 4#jgcge #ad4ij ,sk9n$ 444 #bhc #b1gca 4#jge #bjd4hc ,?ree rib 444 #ah #bej 4#jh #bj4jj ,cali=nia hams #e & "u #ibi #d1gje ,cali=nia hams #e - #g #hef #e1hch 4#jfabe #hbh4ij ,cali=nia hams #h - #aj #cbd #b1ecb ,cali=nia hams #aj & ov] #de #deh ,cle> plates 444 #hij 4#jegge #ea4dj ,boneless ham butts 444 #chb 4#jge #bh4fe ,j[l butts 444 #bad 4#jdbe #i4aj ,r\gh butts 444 #bde 4#jgfge #ah4jg ,bo/on butts 444 #f1gjc 4#jge #ejb4gc ,b>rel pork 444 #a1aaj 4#jfjbe #ff4hh ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,totals 444 #b1ecjbf1idjj4jffd #a1gia4cf ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,sides4 ,av]age ,gre5 ,av]age ,wt4 ,no4 ( ,weight ,price ,product ,lbs4 ,pieces ,lbs4 ,p] lb4 ,value ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,dry salt fancy bellies #d- #f #he #chcj4aa #db4ac ,sweet pickle cle> bellies #f- #h #ec #bge 4#ajge #bi4ef ,sweet pickle cle> bellies #h-aj #beb #b1aeh 4#ajbe #bba4ai ,sweet pickle cle> bellies #aj-ac #bgd #c1jei 4#jie #bhh4gj ,sweet pickle cle> bellies #ac-ae #fg #hic 4#jhge #gh4ac ,dry salt cle> bellies #ah-bj #add #b1hjc 4#jggge #bag4ic ,dry salt cle> bellies #be-cj #ace #c1gaa 4#jgf #bhb4jd ,regul> %ort ribs #fj-gj #aaf #g1gca 4#jgb #eef4fc ,extra %ort ribs #cj-dj #a1djd #eb1fjj 4#jfi #c1fbi4dj ,fat backs #aj-ab #aaj #a1bdf 4#jeg #ga4jb ,fat backs #be-cj #aj #bfj 4#jfe #af4ij ,back pork 444 444 #c1ccj 4#jehe #aid4hj ,back fat 7fifty ,k4 ,r4 l>d7 444 444 #e1ajj 4#jeg #bij4gj ,brisket pork 444 444 #bde 4#jh #ai4fj ,regul> lo9s 444 #b1dad #bg1bfh 4#ajbe #b1gid4ig ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,totals 444 #e1jfdaaa1jdbj4jghg #h1gcc4gj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,l>d4 ,gre5 ,av]age ,weight ,price ,product ,lbs4 ,p] lb4 ,value ---------------------------------------- --------- ,prime /eam l>d 7kill+7#af1jge 444 444 ,prime /eam l>d 7cutt+7#ag1jei 444 444 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,totals #cc1acdj4jgabeb1bhi4ee ---------------------------------------- --------- ,leaf l>d #g1ifej4jg #eeg4ee ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,miscellane\s4 ,gre5 ,av]age ,weight ,price ,product ,lbs4 ,p] lb4 ,value ------------------------------- ,sp>e ribs #a1dgdj4jd #eh4if ,t5d]lo9s #ge 4#ae #aa4be ,tails #if 4#jb #a4ib ,neck bones #a1jab 4#ja #aj4ab ,blade bones #bif 4#jd #aa4hd ,trimm+s #g1chc 4#jd #bie4cb ,feet #d1hjc 4#ja #dh4jc ------------------------------- ,totals #ae1acij4jbhidcg4dd ------------------------------- ,,(fal4 ,gre5 ,av]age ,no4 (,weight ,price ,product ,pieces ,lbs4 ,p] lb4 ,value ---------------------------------------- ----- ,*eek & head meat 444 #a1ffd #j4jb #cc4bh ,tongues 444 #iej 4#jee #eb4be ,he>ts 444 #cce 4#ja #c4ce ,kidneys 444 #chj 4#ja #c4hj ,bra9s 444 #df 4#jb 4#ib ,plucks #fjj 444 4#jb #ab4jj ,heads 444 #ajb 4#jce #c4eg ,e>s 444 #be 4#jb 4#ej ,sn\ts 444 #ihe 4#jb #ai4gj ---------------------------------------- ----- ,totals 444 #d1dhg 444 #abi4cg ---------------------------------------- ----- ,e/imat$ value ( blood & cas+s at #f;c p] head1 #gg4aj4 ,add$ to #abi4cg1 ! value ( ! (fal1 makes a total value ( #bjf4dg4 ,,recapitulation4 ,p] ,av]age c5t ,lbs4 ,price ,product ,yield ,weight ,p] lb4 ,value ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,hams #ac4jd #dj1chcj4jieg #c1hfd4ch ,%\ld]s #h4gj #bf1idj 4#jffe #a1gia4cf ,sides #ce4hfaaa1jdb 4#jghg #h1gcc4gj ,prime /eam l>d #aj4ch #cb1acd 4#jgabe #b1bhi4ee ,leaf l>d #b4eg #g1ife 4#jg #eeg4ee ,miscellane\s #d4hi #ae1aci 4#bhi #dcg4dd ,(fal 7#j4afg p] head7 444 444 444 #bjf4dg ,no4 #a grease 444 #a1bha 4#jgabe #ia4bg ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,total yield #ge4ddbcd1hhd 444 #ag1iga4gb ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,,net ,,results #a1bfe hogs--,net live weight #cji1ibe p\nds at av]age #j4jecc p] lb4 #af1eah4ij --,kill+ exp5se #fdb4ej #ac condemn$ = ,no4 #a grease1 weigh+ #c1aeh lbs4 & #g condemn$ = ,no4 #b grease1 weigh+ #a1ijh lbs41 at av]age1 #j4jaej p] lb4 #ge4ii ---------- ,total #ag1bcg4ci ,ga91 #gcc4cc1 or #eh;c p] hog1 or #bc;c p] #ajj p\nds alive4 ,prices on prec$+ te/s are *angeable--! p]c5tage yield is practically ! same at pres5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,cur+ ,,meats ,,cur+ ,,cell>s -- ,,hams ,,& ,,_! ,,treatm5t -- ,,wild] ,,hams -- ,,%\ld] ,,meats -- ,,bellies -- ,,ov]haul+ ,,meats -- ,,fancy ,,bacon -- ,,%ipp+ ,,ages -- ,,second ,,pickle -- ,,dry ,,salt ,,meats -- ,,cur+ ,,dry ,,salt ,,meats -- ,,smok+ ,,dry ,,salt ,,meats -- ,,b>rel$ ,,pork -- ,,cur+ ,,b>rel$ ,,pork -- ,,engli% ,,meats -- ,,pigs ,,feet -- ,,pigs ,,tongues -- ,,pigs ,,sn\ts4 ,cur+ ,cell>s4--,cur+ ,cell>s are pretty g5]ally c>ri$ at a temp]ature ( #ce to #cf ,f41 = sweet-pickl$ meats & #ch to #dj ,f4 = dry salt$ meats4 ,at times ! temp]ature 9 ! =ego+ is l[]$ to #cd ,f41 b n frequ5tly4 ,vessels4--,=m]ly ti]ces 7 us$ almo/ entirely1 b ! tr5d has be5 t[>d ! use ( vats or casks1 uni=m s f> z possible 9 capacity1 s9ce x t5ds to bett] /&>dization4 ,! vats c be tak5 out = air+1 wa%+ & sunlight1 :i* is a prime requisite4 ,dim5sions ( a /&>d vat are ab\t z foll[s3 ,= #a1ejj p\nds capacity1 #db in*es high1 #db in*es 9 diamet] at ! head1 #dh in*es 9 diamet] at ! bilge or c5t] ( vat4 ,?ickness ( /ave "o in*4 ,heads #a in* yell[ p9e2 five galvaniz$ iron hoops1 two in*es wide1 made f ,no4 #ab iron4 ,heads to be set flu% ) ! *ime1 s t ! weight ( ! cont5ts comes directly on ! floor4 ,vats ( ?is k9d seem to la/ indef9itely & are mu* *eap] to h&le ?an ti]ces1 sav+ a l>ge exp5se 9 coop]+1 & mak+ x possible to use ! space 9 ! cur+ h\ses to bett] advantage4 ,cold /orage h\ses %\ld be suffici5tly high "u ! joi/s1 s ^! vats c be d\ble-deck$1 "o sett+ on top ( ! o!r1 leav+ ab\t tw5ty in*es ( space4 ,:5 h&l$ 9 ?is mann] ! space 9 ! cell> is us$ to mu* bett] advantage ) vats ?an ti]ces4 ,into a vat ( ! dim5sions nam$1 %\ld be put #a1dej p\nds ( meat4 ,x w take practically sixty-eight gallons ( pickle to fill ! vat on a basis ( #ba p\nds ( meat to be cur$1 to ea* gallon ( pickle4 ,hams & _! ,treatm5t4--,9 ! h&l+ ( product !re is no "p ( ! animal t requires z close & skillful att5tion z does ! ham dur+ ! cur+ process4 ,x is a ?ick1 compact body ( meat & x takes consid]able "t to *ill1 x becomes ta9t$ v soon if n prop]ly *ill$4 ,if ! heat is remov$1 & ! cur+ ag5t does n rea* ! int]ior promptly1 decomposition sets 94 ,z be=e /at$ ! fir/ *ill+ ( ! c>cass has ev]y?+ to d ) ! cur+ ( ?is meat4 ,if hams are prop]ly *ill$ 9 ! cool]1 ! balance ( ! process is comp>atively simple4 ,if !y are only p>tially *ill$ f lack ( prop] att5tion or because ( improp] cool]s1 no cur+ ag5cy w br+ ! hams out 9 a satisfactory condition4 ,*ill+4--,9 hog cool]s prop]ly op]at$1 on light & m$ium weight hogs1 :]e a ham temp]ature ( #cc to #ce ,f4 is obta9$1 hams c be pack$ directly into ! vats or ti]ces4 ,heavy hams are sometimes plac$ 9 a hold+ room = tw5ty-f\r h\rs & kept at a temp]ature ( #cc ,f4 to ?or\ghly *ill4 ,"s cur]s pref] to %elve all hams & to pump !m be=e %elv+4 ,meat ,temp]atures4--,ea* day's cutt+ ( hams %\ld be te/$ int]nally ) a !rmomet] made especially = ?is purpose to f9d ! int]nal temp]ature4 ,light hams av]ag+ f twelve to f\rte5 p\nds %\ld run f #cc to #cd ,f41 heavy hams f #ce to #cg ,f4 ,temp]atures high] ?an ^? designat$ are n safe1 f a cur+ /&po9t1 & %\ld be r$uc$ to ^! po9ts be=e ! hams c be safely cur$4 ,:at is meant by 8safely cur$0 is ! m9imum p]c5tage ( s\r1 :i* %\ld run less ?an "o ham 9 #a1jjj pieces4 ,if previ\s directions z to refrig]ation1 h&l+1 etc41 are foll[$ closely ?is condition is possible4 ,pump+4--,! use ( a pump 9 cur+ hams is a requisite to reasonably safe cure4 ,a pump simil> to t %[n 9 ,fig4 #ace is us$1 ! pickle be+ ins]t$ ar\nd ! jo9t by means ( a holl[ nickel ne$le4 ,! ne$le is put 9 :]e ! pickle is want$1 & ) "o /roke ( ! pump ! pickle is =c$ into ! inside ( ! ham4 ,x is advisable to use a /rong pickle1 gett+ z mu* ( ! curative prop]ties z possible into ! ham ) a m9imum am\nt ( wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ace4--;,,ham ,,pump4 ,! pump illu/rat$ is design$ s t a measur$ quantity mu/ be ?r[n p] /roke4 ,x 0 =m]ly ?\ght unwise to pump ! select$ or fancy hams1 b if ! "w be c>efully done1 :atev] damage might occur1 is ju/ifi$ by ! g5]al results4 ,9 pump+ hams c>e %\ld be us$ n to pump !m heavy en\gh to bur/ ! tissues1 & to get z mu* z possible ( ! +r$i5t pump$ 9 ar\nd ! /ifle jo9t1 z ?is is ! jo9t :]e decomposition sets 94 ,pump+ ,pickle4--,ham pump+ pickle is usually q a /rong solution4 ,a good recipe is "o gallon ( #ajj br9e1 to :i* is add$ fifte5 ounces ( saltpetre 7potassium nitrate7 & fifte5 ounces sug>2 9 ! same proportion = l>g] quantities4 ,! sug> has ! effect ( ton+ d[n ! bra% salt effect 9 ! meat1 giv+ x a m palatable flavor1 also to a c]ta9 ext5t x aids 9 cur+4 ,! saltpetre aids 9 cur+ ! meat1 & gives x a bright1 attractive color4 ,meat :i* is cur$ )\t ! use ( saltpetre has a dead appe>ance1 & is v unattractive4 ,pump+ ,quantities4--,fancy hams %\ld be pump$ ) "o /ick ( ! ne$le pu%$ 9 f ! %ank end1 deliv]+ along ! bone at ! /ifle jo9t1 us+ two /rokes ( ! pump4 ,regul> hams %\ld be pump$ z above ) an additional /ick 9 ! /ifle & "o "u ! ait* bone1 "o 9 ! butt ( ! ham1 two /rokes p] /ick4 ,heavy hams1 eighte5 to tw5ty p\nds1 use ?ree /rokes = ea* /ick4 ,picnics or ,cali=nias %\ld be pump$ ) "o /roke4 ,/ick 9 %ank1 9 blood vessel ov] blade-bone & "u blade-bone4 ,ham ,cur+ ,pickle4--,ham cur+ pickle v>ies among diff]5t cur+ au?orities4 ,! use ( freez]s = /or+ fully cur$ meats is n[ s g5]al t ! cur+ pickle1 ev5 = fancy hams1 c be made some:at /rong] ) no s]i\s salt9ess result+1 provid$ ! ham is remov$ at ab\t ! cur$ age4 ,fancy hams1 ow+ to ! selection & usually be+ ( light] weight are put 9 a m$ium pickle1 ) a pickle ( #gh-;degree d5sity4 ,to "o-?\s& gallons ( #gh-;degree br9e add #bej p\nds ( sug> & #ej p\nds ( saltpetre1 us+ #e gallons ( solution p] #ajj p\nds net weight ( meat4 ,! #gh-;degree pickle ref]r$ to be+ ! d5sity ( salt solution measur$ by a ,salomet] te/4 ,= /&>d hams use #gh-;degree pickle ) #bjj p\nds ( sug> & #fe p\nds ( saltpetre4 ,pickle ,mak+4--,= sake ( uni=mity x is be/ to h z l>ge vessels z possible = mak+ pickle solutions1 s z to m9imize ! likelihood ( error2 /orage vats %\ld be provid$1 ) coils1 ?r\gh :i* refrig]at$ br9e %\ld be circulat$ = ! purpose ( *ill+ ! pickle to a uni=m temp]ature1 usually #ce ,f4 ,wild] ,hams4--,a ham cure me?od advocat$ by ,mr4 ,wild] 0 z foll[s3 ,a v satisfactory me?od ( h&l+ hams1 be=e beg9n+ to pickle is 7provid+ ! hogs h be5 prop]ly *ill$ 9 ! cool] = f sixty to sev5ty-two h\rs71 z soon z !y are inspect$ & grad$1 to spread !m on ! floor1 pil+ !m up c>efully1 %ank d[n1 ab\t #b to #c feet high1 salt ea* ham slightly ) f9e salt1 & let !m lie pack$ ov] night 9 ! cool] at a temp]ature ( f #cf to #ch ,f4 ,! next day !y are put into process ( cur+4 ,:5 hogs are prop]ly *ill$ 9 a dry cool]1 !y come out m or less dri$1 & ! surface ( ! ham1 z well z ! r9d1 is n suffici5tly por\s & op5 to absorb ! pickle promptly1 ! meat be+ cool] ?an ! cur+ room4 ,:51 h[ev]1 x comes 9 contact ) ! f9e salt1 ?is causes moi/ure to =m on ! meat1 :i* op5s up ! pores1 9 :i* condition ! ham readily absorbs ! pickle4 ,=mula = ,wild] ,ham ,pickle4--,inasmu* z ! hams h be5 salt$ on ! floor1 ! pickle %\ld c>ry correspond+ly less salt 9 cur+4 ,o!rwise ! meat w be too salty4 ,a #ge-;degree pla9 pickle is z /rong z %\ld be us$ = hams ?us h&l$4 ,to a tank hold+ #a1fhj gallons1 fill$ ) #ge-;degree pickle1 !re %\ld be add$3 #dge p\nds granulat$ sug>4 #ij p\nds saltpetre4 ,?is makes a v safe & effective cure4 ,! hams :5 be+ put d[n %\ld be pump$ z foll[s3 ,five /it* 9 ! %ank2 ,"o on ! %ank jo9t2 ,"o on ! ait* bone2 ,"o on top ( ! %ank2 ,two 9 ! body2 mak+ a total ( t5 /it*es p] ham4 ,! meat %\ld be ov]haul$ f "o vat to ano!r at ! end ( five days1 second ov]haul+ t5 days lat]1 pump+ at t "t ) ?ree /it*es3 ,"o 9 ! %ank2 ,"o 9 ! body2 ,"o 9 ! ait* bone4 ,x adds greatly to ! c]ta9ty ( ! cure ( meats to be ?us pump$4 ,wild] ,sirup ,cur+4--,! be/ flavor$ meats are produc$ ) sirup1 in/ead ( sug>1 b meats h&l$ 9 ?is way h n ! keep+ qualities t meats h :5 cur$ ) a granulat$ or light sug>4 ,! sirup also has a t5d5cy to discolor ! meat1 mak+ x look less attractive1 & ?is1 c\pl$ ) its t5d5cy to cause f]m5tation1 has made ! cur+ ( meat ) sirup1 9 l>ge conc]ns at lea/1 undesirable4 ,a =mula = ! use ( sirup 9 a #a1ejj-;gallon vat w\ld be z foll[s3 #hh gallons sug>h\se sirup4 #ge p\nds saltpetre4 ,?is w make a d>k-color$ pickle4 ,hams turn$ out 9 ?is mann] are ( a v delicate flavor4 ,%\ld] ,meats ,pickle4--,%\ld] meats are q difficult to cure1 probably ow+ to ! blood cont5t1 etc4 ,! *ill+ is q z ess5tial z = ham1 & x is cu/om>y to use a /rong] pickle1 z well z to pump ! meat some:at heavily4 ,! pickle = %\ld] meats is to add to #a1jjj gallons ( #he-;degree br9e1 #aej p\nds ( sug> & #fe p\nds ( saltpetre4 ,bellies4--,bellies cur$ 9 vats are a comp>atively easily cur$ product4 ,! process be+ to simply put ! requisite quantity ( meat 9 ! cask & add ! pickle4 ,s4 ,p4 ,bellies c be nicely cur$ 9 a pickle ( #gj-;degree /r5g? ) #aej p\nds ( sug> & #fe p\nds ( saltpetre p] #a1jjj gallons4 ,ov]haul+ ,meats4--,ov]haul+ is ! t]m us$ 9 cell>s to describe ! process ( transf]r+ meat f "o cask to ano!r to insure its be+ %ift$ s t all p>ts ( ! meat may be equally expos$ to ! cur+ solution4 ,x is a labori\s task1 b a necessity1 & p]haps "o ( ! fir/ processes to be neglect$ 9 case ( labor %ortage4 ,9 mo/ e/abli%m5ts its importance is recogniz$ to be ( su* magnitude t a record is kept ( ea* cask to see t ! transaction is c>ri$ out4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! p]iods at :i* ! meats %\ld be *ang$3 ,fancy hams #e1 #ae & #cj days4 ,regul> hams #e1 #bj & #dj days4 ,picnics #e & #bj days4 ,bellies #d & #ae days4 ,fancy ,bacon4--,?is p>ticul> "p ( ! animal is cur$ ei!r 9 dry salt or sweet pickle1 accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! trade & ! grade or quality ( ! meat4 ,! highe/ class bacon us$ 9 ?is c\ntry is g5]ally 8dry salt10 be+ specially h&l$ & prep>$ to make ! mo/ attractive appe>ance4 ,a mu* s\ght = po9t 9 bacon is to s prep>e x t :5 fri$ x is ( a light color4 ,! only way to obta9 ?is color is to use less sug> 9 cur+1 z x causes discoloration 9 cook+2 b at ! same "t x greatly adds to ! flavor1 h5ce cur+ by ! dry salt me?od adds to ! looks4 ,:5 x is cur$ 9 ?is way x %\ld be dry pack$ 9 air-tight boxes l9$ ) galvaniz$ iron1 or o!r mat]ial1 ! meat be+ put d[n ) a f9e salt comb9ation1 ?or\ghly mix$ p] #ajj p\nds ( meat z foll[s3 #b4ge p\nds ,engli% salt4 #a4be p\nds sug>4 #c ounces saltpetre4 ,! meat %\ld be held 9 ?is cure ab\t tw5ty days4 ,! meats are pack$ ) ! r9d d[n uni=mly1 ! salt be+ spread betwe5 ! lay]s1 ! top lay] be+ put on ) ! r9d up & ! box clos$1 keep+ ! air f x z mu* z possible2 meat mu/ n be ov]haul$4 ,x %\ld be fully cur$ 9 tw5ty-five days4 ,meat h&l$ 9 ?is mann]1 z /at$ be=e1 :5 fri$ cooks :ite2 x also has a v bright appe>ance :5 smok$4 ,?is is a delicate cure & mu/ be h&l$ accord+ly4 ,%ipp+ ,ages4--,! table on next page gives :at is consid]$ ! age1 9 days1 at :i* diff]5t k9ds & weights ( sweet pickl$ hams & sides are cur$ suffici5tly to smoke2 also at :i* diff]5t k9ds ( b>rel pork are cur$ suffici5tly to be sold2 also ! cuts :i* %\ld & %\ld n be pump$4 ,second ,pickle4--,a wa/eful practice 9 pack+ h\ses1 is to ?r[ away pickle z soon z ! meat is cur$4 ,a pickle :i* w %[ #gh-;degree /r5g?1 to :i* has be5 add$ five to sev5 degrees ( sug>1 saltpetre1 etc41 mak+ x #hc to #he-;degree :5 us$1 if te/$ aft] meats h be5 cur$1 w %[ a /r5g? ( f #eb to #eh-;degrees1 ! meat hav+ absorb$ ! balance ( ! curative +r$i5ts4 ,! rema9+ +r$i5ts 9 ?is pickle are good :5 purifi$--salt & sug> be+ ! same "u all conditions--h5ce :5 meats are fully cur$ ! pickle %\ld be pump$ into a vat1 9 ! bottom & sides ( :i* are galvaniz$ iron coils4 ,/eam %\ld !n be turn$ on ^! coils heat+ ! pickle by ! radiation f ! pipe4 ,,%ipp+ ,,ages4--,,"t ,,requir$ ,,= ,,cur+4 ,av]age wt4,days to,days to ,product lbs4 smoke %ip ,pump$ ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,s4 ,p4 hams #aj & "u #cj #cj ,yes ,s4 ,p4 hams #aj-ad #ce #ce ,yes ,s4 ,p4 hams #ad -#ah #ej #ej ,yes ,s4 ,p4 hams #ah -#bc #gj #gj ,yes ,s4 ,p4 hams #bd & ov] #hj #hj ,yes ,s4 ,p4 hams sk9n$ #ad -#af #ej #ej ,yes ,s4 ,p4 hams sk9n$ #ah & ov] #gj #gj ,yes ,s4 ,p4 hams fancy #aa -#ac #fj #fj ,no ,s4 ,p4 hams fancy sk9n$#ad -#af #fe #fe ,no ,s4 ,p4 hams export #aj -#ad #cj #cj ,yes ,s4 ,p4 hams export #ad -#ah #ce #ce ,yes ,s4 ,p4 ,cali=nia hams #h #cj #cj ,yes ,s4 ,p4 ,cali=nia hams #h -#aj #ce #ce ,yes ,s4 ,p4 ,cali=nia hams #aj -#ad #ej #ej ,yes ,s4 ,p4 ,n4 ,y4 %\ld]s #ab & "u #ej #ej ,yes ,s4 ,p4 ,n4 ,y4 %\ld]s #ac & ov] #ee #ee ,yes ,bellies #f - #h #bj #bj ,no ,bellies #h -#aj #bb #bb ,no ,bellies #aj -#ab #be #be ,no ,bellies #ab -#ad #cj #cj ,no ,bellies #ad -#af #ce #ce ,no ,bellies rib 444 #be #bj ,no ,bacon backs 444 #cj #cj ,no ,belly pork 444 444 #ae 444 ,bean pork 444 444 #ae 444 ,lo9 pork 444 444 #ae 444 ,fat back pork 444 444 #ae 444 ,%ort cut pork 444 444 #ae 444 ,s4 ,p4 pork trimm+s 444 444 #ae 444 ,brisket pork 444 444 #ae 444 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,aft] ! pickle has be5 ?or\ghly boil$ = an h\r or s1 x %\ld be all[$ to settle1 :5 ! p>ticles ( grease1 z well z all ! album9 drawn f ! meat w rise to ! surface 9 ! =m ( a ?ick heavy scum2 ?is %\ld be c>efully skimm$ (f & ! pickle aga9 boil$1 :5 a second skimm+ is necess>y1 aft] :i* x %\ld be drawn (f1 cool$ & suffici5t fre% +r$i5ts add$ to give x its orig9al /r5g?1 :5 x is z useful z new4 ,= in/ance1 to a vat ( #a1ejj gallons ( old pickle1 #ej-;degree /r5g?1 add3 #bjj p\nds sug>1 #ch p\nds saltpetre4 ,dry ,salt ,meats4--,^! are dome/ic cuts or ^? saleable 9 ! /&>d trade4 ,!y are di/9ct f ,engli% meats1 describ$ subsequ5tly4 ,%ort ,ribs4--,?is is a regul> ,bo>d-(-,trade cut & is quot$ on ! m>ket daily4 ,! price ( same is us$ z a basis ( value = o!r cuts ( dry salt meats4 ,%ort ribs are made f ! sides ( ! hog betwe5 ! ham & %\ld]1 hav+ ! lo9 & ribs 91 & ! backbone remov$4 ,grad$ usually z foll[s3 #dj to #de lbs4 av]age4 #de to #ej lbs4 av]age4 #ej to #ee lbs4 av]age4 #ee to #fj lbs4 av]age4 #fj to #fe lbs4 av]age4 ,prices v>y accord+ to weight4 ,?is cut is kn[n z 8regul> %ort ribs0 & is deliv]$ on ,bo>d-(-,trade transactions4 ,h>d ,ribs4--,^! are ! same z regul>s1 except t ! backbone is remov$4 ,?is cut _c be deliv]$ on ! ,bo>d-(-,trade )\t remov+ ( ! backbone4 ,?is is a cut sold l>gely 9 ! s\? & is made out ( ! heavie/1 r\ghe/ hogs4 ,%ort ,cle>s4--,^! are ! same z %ort ribs1 b h ! sp>e ribs & backbone remov$4 ,!y are cut squ>e at ea* end & grad$ z to av]age weight1 same z %ort ribs4 ,%ort ,cle> ,backs4--,^! are made f ! backs ( hogs ) ! lo9 left 91 ! ribs & backbone remov$4 ,?is cut is also kn[n z 8lean backs0 & 8lo9 backs40 ,values v>y accord+ to av]age weight z foll[s3 #ad to #af lbs4 av]age4 #ah to #bj lbs4 av]age4 #bj to #be lbs4 av]age4 #be to #cj lbs4 av]age4 ,extra ,%ort ,cle>s4--,^! are made f sides ( hogs betwe5 ! ham & %\ld]s ) ! rib & lo9 tak5 out4 ,!y are sold on an av]age f-- #ce to #dj lbs4 av]age4 #dj to #de lbs4 av]age4 #de to #ej lbs4 av]age4 ,extra ,%ort ,ribs4--,^! are ! same cut z extra %ort cle>s1 9 e respect1 except t ! sp>e ribs are left 9 ! belly4 ,%ort ,fat ,backs4--,^! are made f back pork ( prime hogs1 be+ free f lean & bone1 prop]ly squ>$ on ! edges4 ,!y are g5]ally quot$ z foll[s3 #aj to #ab lbs4 av]age4 #ad to #af lbs4 av]age4 #ah to #bj lbs4 av]age4 #bj to #be lbs4 av]age4 #be to #cj lbs4 av]age4 #cj to #ce lbs4 av]age4 #ce to #dj lbs4 av]age4 ,^! cuts may be us$ = ! dome/ic trade & are usually "u tw5ty-five p\nds av]age 9 weight4 ,! heavi] backs are1 h[ev]1 9 g5]al practice us$ ma9ly = ! export trade4 ,long ,cle>s4--,^! are made f ! sides1 hams be+ cut (f1 backbone & ribs remov$1 %\ld] blade tak5 out1 ! leg cut (f close to ! brisket2 be+ ! entire side ( ! hog1 ) ! ham & ! bones remov$4 ,extra ,long ,cle>s4--,^! are trimm$ ! same z long cle>s1 except t ! lo9 is cut out4 ,bellies4--,^! are cut ) ! sides squ>$ & well trimm$ on all edges4 ,!y are cur$ 9 sweet pickle1 pla9 pickle1 or dry salt & grad$ g5]ally1 z foll[s3 #aj to #ab lbs4 av]age4 #ad to #af lbs4 av]age4 #ah to #bj lbs4 av]age4 #bj to #be lbs4 av]age4 #be to #cj lbs4 av]age4 ,regul> ,plates4--,^! are made f ! end ( ! %\ld] :5 ?is is cut into ,cali=nia hams1 & h half ( ! blade bone ) a fac+ ( lean left on4 ,! usual weight av]ages six to eight p\nds4 ,cle> ,plates4--,^! are ! same z regul>s except blade bones are nev] trimm$ out4 ,dry ,salt ,butts4--,?is is a cut made f ! fat *eek or j[l1 trimm$ to av]age f ?ree to f\r p\nds ea* & is a uni=m cut ( ! hog4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acf4--,,long ,,cle>4 ,cur+ ,dry ,salt ,meats4--,dry salt meats1 z ! "n implies1 are suppos$ly salt$ dry & pil$ to cure4 ,be+ mo/ly fat1 :i* conta9s b little moi/ure1 & absorbs b little salt1 ! fat portion1 or cuts consi/+ pr9cipally ( fat are easy to cure4 ,^? cuts :i* conta9 lean p>ts1 bone or blood vessels ne$ ! mo/ c>eful att5tion4 ,z a result all cuts ( ! latt] type are pump$ by use ( holl[ ne$les ?r\gh :i* br9e solution is =c$1 v>y+ ) ! weight & ) ! cut4 ,a h>d rib is pump$ m ?an a %ort rib4 ,dipp+4--,! meats are usually pass$ ?r\gh a dipp+ tub s z to make ! edges moi/ & cov] ! entire surface ) salt2 damp salt be+ caus$ to adh]e to ! edges4 ,salt to be ,us$4--,! salt usually us$ is kn[n z ,no4 #a ,f9e or ,common salt1 evaporat$1 r ?an m9$ or gr\nd salt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acg4--;,,extra ,,long ,,cle>4 ,pump+4--,a /&>d pump+ s*$ule1 us+ an op5 po9t ne$le & common type dry salt pump1 w\ld be z foll[s3 ,,/&>d ,,pump+ ,,s*$ule4 ,/rokes p] ,products ,po9ts ,po9t ,dry salt %\ld]s #d #b ,plates #b #b ,%ort ribs #g #a ,%ort cle>s #g #a ,rib bellies #d #d ,cle> bellies #d #a ,h>d ribs #aj #a ,dry salt pump+ pickle %\ld be #ajj br9e us+ "o p\nd ( saltpetre p] gallon4 ,ov]haul+ & ,pil+4--,! sides are always pil$ holl[ side up s t pickle made by solution ( moi/ure purg+ f ! meat is conta9$ on ! meats4 ,! piles are ov]haul$ at regul> int]vals s z to insure ! meats be+ subject$ to salt at all po9ts4 ,ov]haul+ %\ld be made3 fir/1 eight to twelve days2 second1 eighte5 to tw5ty-five days2 ?ird1 =ty-five to fifty-five days4 ,gre5 meats %\ld n be pil$ to exce$ ?ree & "o-half feet 9 height until ! ?ird ov]haul+ :5 !y c be /ack$ high] to make room4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ach4--;,,j[l 7,,dry ,,salt ,,butts47 ,smok+ ,dry ,salt ,meats4--,! foll[+ table %[s ! age1 9 days1 at :i* dry salt meat %\ld be cur$ 9 ord] to smoke safely2 also at :i* to %ip safely2 also ! cuts t %\ld & %\ld n be pump$3 ,,"t ,,requir$ ,,= ,,cur+4 ,av]age wt4 ,days to,days to ,product lbs4 smoke %ip ,pump$ ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,extra %ort cle>s 444 #be #ae ,yes ,%ort cle>s #de-ee #ej #dj ,yes ,extra %ort ribs 444 #be #bj ,yes ,%ort ribs #de-ej #ee #ee ,yes ,%ort ribs #ej-hj #ge #gj ,yes ,bellies #ae-ag #be #be ,yes ,bellies #ah-ba #cj #bg ,yes ,bellies #ah-bb & ov] #ce #cb ,yes ,bellies fancy #d- #f #bj #bj ,no ,engli% bellies 444 #ae #bj ,no ,%\ld]s 444 #cj #cj ,yes ,%\ld]s ,engli% 444 #be #cj ,yes ,cumb]l&s 444 #bj #cj ,yes ,dubl9s 444 #bj #bj ,yes ,long cut hams 444 #bj #be ,yes ,fat backs 444 #bj #be ,no ,j[l butts-- #aj days 9 br9e 444 #bj #bj ,no #aj days 9 salt 444 ,backs 444 #be #be ,yes ,plates 444 #aj #aj ,no ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,meats put into a smoke h\se be=e !y are suffici5tly cur$ develop a condition kn[n to ! trade z 8puffy10 :i* means t ! meats be+ insuffici5tly cur$ :5 submitt$ to ! heat ( ! smoke h\se1 decompose & a gas =ms :i* produces ! condition ref]r$ to4 ,9 cold wea!r & by arrangem5t1 meats are frequ5tly %ipp$ at y\ng] ages4 ,b>rel$ ,pork4--,be+ usually cut & h&l$ by ! ,cell> ,dep>tm5t1 b>rel$ pork is consequ5tly describ$ !re)4 ,mess ,pork4--,regul> ,mess ,pork is 8made f sides ( well fatt$ hogs1 split ?r\gh or "o side ( ! back-bone & equal proportions on bo? sides1 cut into /rips ( reasonably uni=m wid?1 prop]ly flank$ & n back /ripp$40 ,! regul> proportion ( flank & %\ld] cuts mu/ be includ$4 ,! /rips av]age ab\t six in*es 9 wid?1 & n ov] sixte5 pieces may be pack$ 9 a b>rel = regul> deliv]y4 ,mess ,pork is made f r\gh & heavy pack+ hogs & occasionally f heavy lo9 hogs4 ,mess pork pack$ betwe5 ,octob] #a ( "o ye> & ,septemb] #cj ( ! succe$+ ye> is 8new pork0 until ,janu>y #a ( ! foll[+ ye>1 & is !reaft] t]m$ 8old pork40 ,mess ,pork made dur+ ,decemb]1 ,janu>y & ,febru>y mu/ h be5 pack$ at lea/ t5 days be=e deliv]y1 & t deliv]$ dur+ ! p]iod f ,m>* to ,novemb]1 inclusive1 mu/ h be5 pack$ at lea/ ?irty days be=e deliv]y to grade regul>4 ,= ,mess ,pork4--,! hog is split ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! back-bone1 aft] ! %\ld]s & hams are remov$1 ab\t six in*es wide1 & are pack$ #aij p\nds to ! b>rel1 b x is suppos$ to weigh #bjj p\nds :5 sold2 ! ga9 ( pickle mak+ up ! diff]5ce 9 weight4 ,:5 x is six mon?s old1 x w1 weigh m ?an #bjj p\nds1 & if repack$ w make #ajd to #aje b>rels p] #ajj b>rels :5 pack$1 & %\ld be repack$ at #bjj p\nds4 ,:5 a numb] ( pieces is n specifi$1 mess pork is pack$ f elev5 to fifte5 pieces p] b>rel4 ,prime ,mess ,pork is made f ! %\ld] & side1 conta9+ ! back-bone & ribs1 cut into squ>e pieces ( ab\t f\r p\nds ea*4 ,! %ank is cut (f close to ! brea/4 ,9 mak+ ?is cut1 ! side is split l5g?wise1 ! back cut into ab\t six pieces & ! belly into f\r4 ,x is made f light pack+ hogs4 ,extra cle> pork is 8made f ! sides ( extra heavy1 well-fatt$ hogs1 ! back-bone & ribs to be tak5 out1 7! same z %ort cle> sides7 ! numb] ( pieces 9 ea* b>rel n to exce$ f\rte51 & 9 all o!r respects to be cut1 select$ & pack$ 9 ! same mann] z mess pork40 ,cle> pork is 8made f ! sides ( extra heavy1 well-fatt$ hogs1 ! back-bone & half ! ribs next ! back-bone to be tak5 out1 ! numb] ( pieces 9 ea* b>rel n to exce$ f\rte51 & 9 all o!r respects to be cut1 select$ & pack$ 9 ! same mann] z mess pork40 ,lo9 cle> pork is 8made f ! sides ( m$ium-weight pack+ hogs1 ! lo91 back-bone & back ribs be+ remov$ & belly ribs left 940 ,x consi/s ( extra %ort ribs cut into /rips1 & is also kn[n z long-cut cle> pork4 ,! pieces av]age five in*es 9 wid?4 ,belly ,pork4--,regul> belly pork consi/s ( heavy1 fat rib bellies cut into five-in* wid?s & pack$ z pla9-pickl$ pork 9 b>rels ( fifty to sixty pieces4 ,?is pork is made f ! same grade ( bellies z dry-salt rib bellies4 ,brisket pork rib is made by cutt+ a five-in* /rip f ! brisket end ( heavy rib bellies 7f\rte5 to tw5ty p\nds av]age7 & pack+ l o!r b>rel$ pork4 ,! pieces av]age ab\t f\r p\nds ea*4 ,?is cut is made only :5 x is desir$ to r$uce ! weight ( heavy bellies4 ,cle> brisket pork is made 9 ! same mann] z ! above except ! pieces are cut f cle> bellies4 ,fancy cle> pork is a /rip cut f ! brisket end ( fancy breakfa/ bacon bellies1 av]ag+ "o to "o & "o-half p\nds p] piece4 ,lean belly pork consi/s ( lean cle> bellies1 ?irte5 to fifte5 p\nds av]age1 cut into ?ree pieces ea* & b>rel$ 9 pla9 pickle4 ,back ,pork4--,regul> back pork 7%ort cut mess1 or family back pork7 is 8made f ! backs ( well-fatt$ hogs1 aft] bellies h be5 tak5 (f1 cut into pieces ( ab\t six p\nds ea*1 & 9 all o!r respects to be cut1 select$ & pack$ 9 ! same mann] z mess pork40 ,?is cut conta9s ! lo91 back-bone & back ribs1 ) t5d]lo9 out1 & ! pieces are cut six in*es wide1 av]ag+ f\r to six p\nds4 ,cle> back pork is 8made f ! backs ( heavy1 well-fatt$ hogs1 aft] bellies h be5 tak5 (f1 & back-bone & ribs tak5 out1 cut into pieces ( ab\t six p\nds ea*1 & 9 all o!r respects to be pack$ 9 ! same mann] z mess pork40 ,9 o!r words1 x consi/s ( %ort cle> backs cut into /rips ab\t six in*es wide1 & is ! same z regul> back pork ) ! rib remov$4 ,x is sometimes call$ lo9 cle> pork4 ,! pieces av]age two to sev5 p\nds4 ,fat back pork or %ort cut cle> pork is made f %ort fat backs by cutt+ !m into five-in* /rips4 ,! pieces av]age f two to sev5 p\nds & are pack$ l mess pork4 ,ham butt pork 7lo9 end or rump pork7 consi/s ( triangul> pieces cut f ! ham end ( %ort cle> backs or sides & includes a portion ( ! tail-bone4 ,x is made :5 cutt+ %ort-cut h>ps & 8,engli%0 sides1 or :5 x is desir$ to r$uce ! weight ( heavy sides or backs4 ,x is pack$ 9 b>rels1 ! pieces av]ag+ ?ree to f\r p\nds4 ,%\ld] ,pork4--,consi/s ( ! foll[+ products made f %\ld]s & butts3 ,extra prime pork is 8made f heavy untrimm$ %\ld]s cut into ?ree pieces1 ! leg to be cut (f close to ! brea/1 & 9 all o!r respects to be cut1 select$ & pack$ 9 ! same mann] z mess pork40 ,! pieces av]age ab\t f\r p\nds4 ,?is & ! prec$+ cut are n us$ z ext5sively z =m]ly4 ,bo/on /yle butt pork is made f ,bo/on /yle butts av]ag+ f\r to sev5 p\nds1 pack$ 9 pla9 pickle4 ,bean pork or cle> butt pork is made f ! j[l or fat *eek ( ! hog1 cut squ>e1 trimm$ smoo? & av]ag+ ?ree to f\r p\nds1 pack$ 9 pla9 pickle4 ,sp>]ibs4--,consi/ ( ! ribs trimm$ f ! c>cass or side ) z little lean z possible4 ,!y are t]m$ 8full-%eet10 8half-%eet0 & 8back-bone0 sp>]ibs accord+ z !y are cut f full sides1 bellies or backs respectively4 ,!y are ess5tially a fre% pork product & are sold 9 retail m>kets especially 9 fall & w9t]1 = :i* purpose 8half-%eet0 ribs are pr9cipally us$4 ,!y are pack$ 9 limit$ am\nts 9 sweet pickle at times :5 ! dem& = fre% sp>]ibs is dull2 dry-salt sp>]ibs are tak5 f dry-salt sides & bellies :5 mak+ !m into cle> cuts aft] cur+4 ,cur+ ,b>rel ,pork4--,b>rel$ or pla9-pickl$ pork is pack$ 9 pla9 salt br9e 9 tight b>rels 7eighte5 feet tw5ty in*es7 at #bjj p\nds net weight ( cur$ pork p] b>rel 7#cee p\nds gross74 ,! /r5g? ( br9e is v>i$ some:at accord+ to ! cuts ( pork & _! de/9ation4 ,! regulation ( ! ,*icago ,bo>d ( ,trade gov]n+ /&>d b>rel$ pork 7except prime mess7 is z foll[s3 8,betwe5 ,octob] #a1 & ! la/ day ( ,febru>y1 inclusive1 #aij lbs41 & betwe5 ,m>* #a/ & ,septemb] #cj?1 inclusive1 #aic lbs41 ( gre5 meat--%all be pack$ 9 ea* b>rel1 ) n less ?an =ty p\nds ( co>se salt & b>rel fill$ ) br9e ( full /r5g?2 or =ty p\nds ( co>se salt & 9 addition !reto fifte5 p\nds ( salt & b>rel fill$ ) cold wat]40 ,/&>d prime mess pork is pack$ tw5ty p\nds salt & twelve ounces ( saltpetre p] b>rel1 o!rwise z above4 ,engli% ,meats4--,!re is1 at times1 a dem& 9 ,engl& = ,am]ican pork products1 & ! ,engli% cuts1 z well z _! me?ods ( cur+ 9 _m cases1 v>y f ! ,am]ican me?ods on acc\nt ( ! natural fat h>dness due to fe$+ & bre$+1 & to ! fact t ! ,engli% m>ket is suppli$ *iefly f ,d5m>k1 ,irel& & ,holl&1 except z to ! pigs rais$ locally4 ,! result is t ! cure ( ,engli% meats is q mild ow+ to non-exposure & prompt consumption4 ,^! conditions make x requisite t mu* c>e be tak5 9 ! production ( meats %ipp$ ,engl&4 ,pump+4--,x is usual to pump ,engli% meats ) a pump+ pickle ( saturat$ br9e1 conta9+ ?ree ounces ( saltpetre to ! gallon4 ,9 pump+ ,cumb]l&s 7,fig4 #aci7 & %\ld]s1 pump into ! blood ve9 & "u ! blade1 us+ "o & "o-half to two ounces ( pickle 9 ea* place1 & ex]cis+ c>e to lodge ! pickle ne> ! bone & away f ! fat on ! side ( ! meat4 ,9 pump+ long cut hams1 use ham pump+ pickle & pump 9 ! same mann] z describ$ = fancy hams4 ,salt+4--,import$ ,engli% salt is inv>iably us$4 ,!re are a numb] ( /&>d br&s1 b ! endeavor is to obta9 a salt free f lime or magnesia comp\nds4 ,! quantity %\ld be exact4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aci4--;,,cumb]l& ,,cut4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adj4--,,long ,,cut ,,ham4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ada4--,,man*e/] ,,ham4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adb4--,,/af=d%ire ,,ham4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adc4--,,york%ire ,,side4 ,on meats n ov]haul$ n less ?an f\r & "o-half nor m ?an five & "o-half p\nds ( salt to ! "o-hundr$ p\nds on all cuts except+ long cut hams1 %\ld be us$4 ,on ! latt] f five to six p\nds ( salt p] "o-hundr$ p\nds ( meat %\ld be appli$4 ,9 ! summ] mon?s ! maximum am\nts h]et(ore describ$ %\ld be us$4 ,on meats ov]haul$ us$ ?ree to ?ree & "o-half p\nds ( salt p] "o-hundr$ p\nds :5 putt+ d[n1 & ?ree p\nds p] "o-hundr$ p\nds :5 ov]haul+4 ,rub salt 9 well "u ! sides ( %anks ( %\ld]s1 & use pl5ty on ! top ( %anks ( bo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #add4--,,/af=d%ire ,,side4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ade4--;,,dubl9 ,,cut4 ,rubb+ ,side & ,pockets4--,9 salt+ sides1 salt ! heavie/ on ! %\ld] & along ! lo91 rubb+ ! edges ( all cuts c>efully1 see+ t ! salt adh]es to all p>ts ( ! meat be=e x is pil$1 = if !re are places :]e !re is no salt on ! meat1 x w discolor & ev5tually become slipp]y & 9 bad condition4 ,9 /uff+ ! pockets ( long cle>s & long ribs1 d n use m ?an "o & "o-half times ! am\nt ( salt on ! same area ( %\ld] or lo94 ,too mu* salt us$ 9 ! pockets ( ! sides gives ! meat a burn$ salty appe>ance & condition4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adf4--;,,antw]p ,,back ,,cut4 ,9 rubb+ ! salt into ! pockets be c>eful to put ! salt into e "p1 o!rwise meat w spoil 9 places miss$4 ,bellies require less salt1 ! fix$ rule be+ #db4 ,!y are n usually ov]haul$ b are froz5 at cure1 if %ipp+ is def]r$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adg4--,,squ>e ,,export ,,%ort ,,rib4 ,color4--,a great deal dep5ds ^u ! color ( ,engli% meats4 ,! trade dem&s a bright1 attractive appe>ance 9 same & consid]able saltpetre is necess>y4 ,f\r ounces ( saltpetre to ! #ajj p\nds ( meat on cuts weigh+ f ?ree to five pieces p] #ajj p\nds1 to z high z six ounces p] #ajj p\nds on small] cuts1 %\ld be us$4 ,! salt & saltpetre %\ld be ?or\ghly mix$ be=e apply+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adh4--,,wilt%ire ,,side4 ,pil+4--,use extra c>e to pile meats closely & exclude ! air1 = !y w n develop a desirable color :5 !y are expos$ to ! air4 ,aft] ! meats are all pil$ ev5ly1 ! edges %\ld be gone ov]1 & any expos$ p>ts cov]$ ) a f9e spr9kl+ ( salt4 ,sides are pil$ s z to make a cup ( ! holl[ portion ) a t5d5cy = ! pickle to dra9 slightly t[>d ! back4 ,hams are pil$ %ank d[n on an angle ( ab\t #de4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adi4--,,squ>e ,,%ort ,,cle>4 ,ov]haul+4--,engli% middles weigh+ f tw5ty-?ree to ?irty p\nds av]age1 & long cut hams f twelve to f\rte5 p\nds & heavi]1 %\ld be ov]haul$ at f eight to twelve days old1 salt+ !m z be=e describ$4 ,d n ov]haul ,engli% meats unless necess>y 9 ord] to hold !m aft] !y are cur$4 ,,%ipp+ ,,age4 ,oct4 #ae to ,m>* #a ,av]age ,m>* #a to ,oct4 #ae ,product wt4 lbs4 ,days ,days ---------------------------------------- --------- ,bellies 444 #ae to #be #ae to #be ,boneless backs 444 #ae to #be #ae to #be ,cumb]l&s #bj-bd #bj to #be #bj to #be ,cumb]l&s #bd-cj #bj to #be #be to #cj ,cumb]l&s #cj-dj #be to #cj #be to #cj ,long cle>s "u #cj #bj to #be #bj to #be ,long cle>s ov] #cj #bj to #be #be to #cj ,dubl9s & long ribs 444 #bj to #be #bj to #be ,long cut hams #aj-ad #bj to #be #bj to #be ,long cut hams #ad-ah #be to #cj #be to #cj ---------------------------------------- --------- ,%ipp+ ,ages4--,! table on ! prec$+ page %[s ! ages at :i* ,engli% meats c be safely %ipp$ dur+ seasons f ,octob] #ae to ,m>* #a1 & f ,m>* #a to ,octob] #ae4 ,^! ages = %ipp+ %\ld be foll[$ closely1 b :5 necess>y ! foll[+ exception may be made )\t detrim5t4 ,f ,octob] #ae to ,m>* #a1 %orte/ %ipp+ age may be r$uc$ five days4 ,box+ ,meats4--,meats to be pack$ 9 borax1 cur$ z above1 %\ld be put 9 a pla9 cold pickle #ajj-;degree /rong1 !n scrap$ on ! sk9 side & wip$ ) clo?s wrung out ( hot wat]4 ,if ! meats are old & h a slipp]y appe>ance1 !y %\ld be scrubb$ ) a bru% 9 w>m pickle & wip$ aft]w>ds4 ,!y %\ld !n be rubb$ 9 borax ) ! r9d plac$ ^u a grat+ & ! surplus borax bru%$ (f ! sk9 side ( ! meat1 us+ a f9e bru% = s do+4 ,x is cu/om>y to use f five & "o-half to six & "o-half p\nds ( borax p] #cjj p\nds ( meat4 ,meats to be pack$ 9 salt %\ld n be wa%$4 ,! sk9 & edges ( ! meat %\ld be ?or\ghly scrap$ & !n rubb$ 9 f9e salt be=e be+ put 9 ! boxes4 ,meats are nail$ "u heavy pressure s z to exclude all ! air possible4 ,wilt%ires4--,s+$ ,wilt%ires1 a cut :i* 0 reviv$ dur+ ! 8,great ,w>10 are made f hogs suitable = ,cumb]l&s4 ,weights v>y by av]ages4 ,! hogs are s+$ dur+ slaught]1 cur$ 9 pla9 pickle1 & %ipp$ on t5 days' pickl+1 pack$ 9 dry salt4 ,,long ,,cut ,,hams ,,& ,,cumb]l& ,,te/s4 ,av4 wt4 live ,av]age ,p] c5t ,p] hogs1 weight ,p] c5t,cumb]- ,p] c5t c5t lbs4 cuts1 lbs4 hams l&s miscellane\s total ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,p4 ,s4 l>d #i4hf #aij ,long cuts #af-ah #ah4cg #dj4dc ,raw leaf #c4eigc4ig ,cumb]l&s #cf-db ,trimm+s #a4ib ,p4 ,s4 l>d #g4db #afh ,long cuts #ad-af #ah4ff #ci4ag ,raw leaf #c4cjgj4dg ,cumb]l&s #cb-ch ,trimm+s #a4ib ,p4 ,s4 l>d #h4dh #acf ,long cuts #ab-ad #ah4de #cg4dh ,raw leaf #c4chfi4cd ,cumb]l&s #bd-bh ,trimm+s #a4ee ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,te/4--,?is te/ may be ( s]vice4 ,x %[s ! p]c5tage ( yields ( diff]5t weight hogs made into long cut hams & ,cumb]l&s1 also av]age weights4 ,pig ,feet4--,usually only ! front foot is us$ z x is a bett] %ap$ foot to prep>e ?an ! h9d foot4 ,! h9d feet are m or less disfigur$ & out ( condition by hav+ ! gam /r+s op5$ 9 ord] to hang ! hog on ! /icks4 ,! h9d foot be+ us$ l>gely = mak+ a l[ grade ( glue4 ,x c1 h[ev]1 be us$ 9 boneless pig's feet4 ,prep>ation4--,! feet are scald$1 aft] :i* ! ho(s are remov$ & ! feet are %av$ & clean$1 put into a pla9 salt pickle1 #ij-;degree /rong by salomet] te/1 & to ?is pickle %\ld be add$ six ounces ( saltpetre to ea* #ajj p\nds ( feet4 ,! feet %\ld be left 9 ?is cur+ pickle = f six to eight days1 or until !y %[ a bright r$ appe>ance :5 cook$4 ,if ?is r$ appe>ance does n ext5d cle> ?r\gh ! feet aft] be+ cook$1 x %[s t !y are n fully cur$4 ,!y %\ld n be left 9 ! pickle long] ?an necess>y to fully cure !m = if heavily salt$ x has ! effect ( mak+ !m break 9 ! cook+ wat]4 ,cook+4--,aft] prop]ly cur$ 9 ! salt pickle ! feet %\ld be cook$ 9 a wood5 vat 7an iron vat discolor+ !m7 provid$ ) a false bottom ab\t six in*es above ! bottom1 s t ! direct heat f ! /eam pipe does n come 9 contact ) ! feet4 ,! wat] %\ld be br\ght to a temp]ature ( #bjj to #bjf ,f4 & held at ?is temp]ature until ! feet are suffici5tly cook$4 ,! wat] %\ld nev] be br\ght to ! boil+ po9t1 z ! feet w become badly brok51 :i* greatly injures _! appe>ance4 ,aft] ! feet are suffici5tly cook$ & ?or\ghly *ill$ 9 cold wat]1 !y %\ld be put into a :ite w9e v9eg> pickle #de-;degree /rong1 x be+ pref]able to pack feet :i* are to be us$ at once 9 op5 vats 9 a refrig]at$ room held at a temp]ature ( #ch to #dj ,f4 ,:]e feet are to be held = "s mon?s be=e us+ x is advisable to put !m into b>rels or ti]ces aft] fill+ ! ti]ces ) v9eg> ( #de-;degree /r5g?4 ,! packages %\ld be /or$ 9 a temp]ature #dj ,f4 ,:5 held ?is way x w be f\nd t ! feet h absorb$ a great deal ( ! v9eg> & a v m>k$ increase 9 weight is obta9$4 ,!re %\ld be a ga9 ( f #aj to #ae p] c5t 9 weight at ! end ( ?ree mon?s4 ,te/s4--,prep>$ pig's feet at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye> are difficult ( sale & !re are times :5 x pays bett] to tank !m or use !m = glue purposes4 ,! foll[+ te/s on r\gh unclean$ =e & h9d feet w %[ ! yield :5 tank$4 ,p]c5tages 9 te/s are correct4 ,! prices are ^? rul+ at ! "t te/s 7 made3 ,,te/ ,,on ,,tank$ ,,pigs ,,feet4 ,total weight ( front feet tank$ #a1jgj p\nds cook$ 9 tank five h\rs at =ty p\nds pressure3 ,sixty p\nds hock meat1 #e4fa p] c5t1 at #c;c p] p\nd #a4hj ,prime /eam l>d1 #ach p\nds1 #ab4ij p] c5t1 at #i4ce p] cwt4 #ab4ij ,tankage 7dry basis71 #abe p\nds1 #aa4fh p] c5t1 at #ag4ej p] ton #a4ji ------ ,total #ae4gi ,gross value1 #a4dg p] cwt4 ,weight h9d feet to tank1 #iif p\nds1 cook$ 9 te/ tank five h\rs1 ) =ty p\nds pressure3 ,prime /eam l>d1 #afc p\nds1 #af4cg p] c5t1 at #i4ce p] cwt4 #ae4bd ,tankage 7dry basis71 #ac4gf p] c5t1 at #ag4ej p] ton #a4ai ------ ,total #af4dc ,gross value1 #a4fb p] cwt4 ,! foll[+ te/s %[ co/s1 9 detail1 ( pig's feet put up 9 diff]5t siz$ packages1 co/s be+ figur$ at ! regul> ,*icago m>ket prices at ! "t ^! te/s 7 made3 ,,te/ ,,on #dhc ,,pieces ,,or #ejj ,,p\nds ,,pigs ,,=e ,,feet4 ,debit3 ,co/ ( #ejj p\nds pigs =e feet at #a;c p] p\nd #e4fc ,%av+1 h& & ma*9e1 #cb;c p] #ajj pieces #a4ee ,pull+ toes1 #e;c p] #ajj pieces 4#bd ,c\nt+1 pickl+ & cook+ 4#bj ,splitt+1 #b;c p] #ajj p\nds 4#aj ,miscellane\s labor 4#aj ,fifty-five p\nds salt at c p] p\nd 4#ad ,two p\nds saltpetre at #e;c p] p\nd 4#aj ,adm9i/rative exp5se at #dg;c p] #ajj p\nds on #cjj p\nds produc$ #a4da ----- ,total #i4dg ,cr$it3 ,pigs feet oil1 #ah p\nds at #e4fj p] cwt4 #a4jj ,pigs feet bones1 #eh p\nds at c p] p\nd 4#dc ,pigs feet trimm+s1 #ac p\nds at #a;c p] p\nd 4#ac ------ ,total #a4ef ,total net co/ ( #cjj p\nds ( prep>$ feet #g4ia ,co/ p] p\nd1 includ+ adm9i/rative exp5se1 #j4jbf4 ,gre5 weight1 #ejj p\nds2 clean$ weight1 #dej p\nds2 split weight1 #cjj p\nds4 ,pig ,tongues4--,v>i\s uses are made ( ?is piece ( meat4 ,!y are v ext5sively us$ 9 cann+ factories :]e !y are put up & kn[n z 8lun* tongue02 !y are also us$ 9 diff]5t k9ds ( sausage1 & are put up to q an ext5t 9 v9eg> pickle4 ,:5 h&l$ 9 ! latt] mann] ! foll[+ sugge/ions are ( practical value4 ,! tongues aft] be+ trimm$ %\ld be cur$ 9 a #ge-;degree pla9 salt pickle us+ ?ree ounces ( saltpetre to #ajj p\nds ( tongue4 ,aft] ! tongues are fully cur$1 :i* w require f eight to twelve days1 !y are scald$1 ! out] surface ( ! tongue be+ scrap$ (f4 ,9 "s in/ances ! scald+ is done be=e ! tongues are put 9 ! pickle4 ,ei!r way is prop]4 ,aft] be+ scrap$ & clean$ !y are cook$ z desir$ & aft]w>d pickl$ 9 a :ite w9e v9eg> pickle ( #de-;degree /r5g?4 ,! foll[+ te/s w %[ ! co/ ( tongues pack$ 9 diff]5t siz$ packages1 ! co/ be+ det]m9$ by ! co/ ( meat & supplies at ! "t te/s 7 made3 ,,te/ ,,on #a1jjj ,,pieces1 ,,or #iaj ,,p\nds ,,pig ,,tongues4 ,debit3 #iaj p\nds pig tongues1 at #f;c p] p\nd #ef4hh ,scrap+ at #ae;c p] #ajj pieces #a4ej ,c\nt+1 cook+1 etc41 ?ree h\rs at #ah;c p] h\r 4#ed ,trimm+ at #e;c p] #ajj pieces 4#ej ,miscellane\s labor 4#bj ,adm9i/rative exp5se1 #dg;c p] #ajj on #efj p\nds produc$ #b4fc ------ ,total #fb4be ,cr$it3 ,gre5 weight1 #iaj p\nds2 cook$ weight1 #efj p\nds2 %r9kage1 #ch p] c5t4 ,trimm+ #aab p\nds at #a;c #a4fh ------ ,net co/ #fj4eg ,co/ p] p\nd1 #aj;c2 co/ h&l+ p] cwt41 includ+ adm9i/rative exp5se1 #j4ffe p] #ajj p\nds f9i%$4 ,,co/ ,,( ,,"o ,,b>rel ,,pig ,,tongues ,,pack$ ,,at #aij ,,p\nds ,,net4 #aij p\nds pig tongues at #aj;c p] p\nd #bj4eb ,"o b>rel 4#gh ,pack+1 "o-half h\r at #ag;c p] h\r 4#ji ,pickle1 t5 gallons at #b;c p] gallon 4#be ,coop]+1 "o-six? h\r at #be;c p] h\r 4#jd ,spices1 #b;c 4#jb ,miscellane\s labor 4#jc ------ ,total co/ p] b>rel #ba4gc ,=mula = ,export ,hog ,tongue ,pickle4--,!re is at times q a dem& = fre% pig tongues 9 ,liv]pool & o!r =eign po9ts1 9 :i* case ! trade dem&s t !y arrive !re )\t be+ salt-cur$4 ,! foll[+ =mula w be f\nd v valuable = ?is purpose & also po9t out h[ to c>ry tongues )\t salt+ !m1 :5 x is desir$ to d s3 ,use #aaf p\nds ( boracic acid1 fifty-eight p\nds ( borax1 tw5ty-n9e p\nds ( f9e salt & sev5 & "o-qu>t] p\nds ( saltpetre4 ,! me?od ( mix+ is z foll[s3 ,! boracic acid & borax are put into a vat conta9+ sixty gallons ( wat]4 ,! vat %\ld be connect$ ) /eam supply s t x c be br\ght to ! boil+ po9t1 cook+ same sl[ly & /irr+ x well = half an h\r4 ,! salt & saltpetre is !n add$ & %\ld be /irr$ until ?or\ghly dissolv$4 ,aft] ! solution has be5 all[$ to cool1 add suffici5t cold wat] to give x a /r5g? ( #ba degrees by salomet] te/4 ,*ill ! solution to a temp]ature ( #ch ,f4 ,! tongues %\ld be trimm$ & ?or\ghly *ill$1 x be+ ess5tial t !y are 9 p]fect condition4 ,!y %\ld !n be pack$ 9 a ti]ce1 aft] :i* ! ti]ce is fill$ ) ! pres]vative4 ,tongue %\ld be %ipp$ 9 refrig]ator c>s :]e ! temp]ature is n all[$ to g above #ch ,f4 ,pig ,sn\ts4--,^! consi/ ( ! sn\t ( ! hog toge!r ) ! upp] lips & front "p ( ! nose4 ,dur+ prep>ation !y are h&l$ v mu* 9 ! same mann] z pig's feet4 ,!y are fir/ %av$ & clean$1 aft]w>d scald$1 remov+ ! out] sk9 or membrane ( ! nose4 ,!n !y are cur$1 us+ a #ij-;degree pla9 salt pickle & add+ !reto ?ree ounces ( saltpetre to #ajj p\nds ( sn\ts4 ,aft] !y are fully cur$1 :i* w require f five to eight days1 !y %\ld be cook$ 9 a wood5 vat to ! desir$ degree ( t5d]ness aft] :i* !y are *ill$ 9 cold wat] & pickl$ 9 :ite w9e v9eg> ( #de-;degree /r5g?4 ,! foll[+ te/s %[ ! co/ ( prep>+ pig sn\ts 9 diff]5t siz$ packages3 ,,te/ ,,on #a1jfj ,,pieces1 ,,or #a1jjj ,,p\nds ,,pig ,,sn\ts4 ,debit3 ,co/ ( #a1jjj p\nds pig sn\ts at #b;c p] p\nd #be4jj ,%av+ at #dj;c p] #ajj pieces #d4bd ,labor1 truck+1 cook+1 inspect+1 pickl+1 etc4 #a4aj #ajj p\nds salt at c p] p\nd 4#be ,two p\nds saltpetre at #e;c p] p\nd 4#aj ,adm9i/rative exp5ses1 #dg;c p] #ajj p\nds on #faj p\nds production #b4hg ------ ,total #cc4ef ,cr$it3 ,trimm+s1 #ij p\nds at #b;c p] p\nd #a4hj ------ ,net co/ #ca4gf ,co/ p] p\nd1 #e;c2 co/ ( h&l+1 adm9i/rative exp5se1 #he;c p] cwt4 ,gre5 weight1 #a1jjj p\nds2 clean$ weight1 #ijj p\nds2 cook$ weight1 #faj p\nds4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,l>d1 ,,comp\nd ,,& ,,greases ,,hi/orical -- ,,quantity ,,& ,,quality -- ,,neutral ,,l>d -- ,,kettle ,,r5d]$ ,,l>d -- ,,prime ,,/eam ,,l>d -- ,,ref9$ ,,l>d -- ,,blea*+ ,,l>d -- ,,filt] ,,press -- ,,l>d ,,roll -- ,,l>d ,,pack+ -- ,,comp\nd ,,l>d -- ,,cottonse$ ,,oil -- ,,ref9+ ,,crude ,,oil -- ,,deodoriz+ ,,cottonse$ ,,oil -- ,,press+ ,,temp]atures -- ,,l>d ,,oil -- ,,treatm5t ,,= ,,l>d ,,grease4 ,hi/orical4--,! ref9+ ( l>d 9 pack+ h\ses is comp>atively rec5t1 & _m p w be surpris$ to "k t ev5 ! l>ge/ pack]s only add$ l>d ref9+ to _! bus9ess )9 ! pa/ tw5ty-five to ?irty ye>s4 ,previ\s to t "t l>d ref9]ies 7 op]at$ by indep5d5t firms1 :o b\ght _! supply ( prime 8/eam0 l>d1 conv]t+ x into ! diff]5t grades 9 _! own e/abli%m5ts4 ,9 ! natural evolution ( ! bus9ess ?is bran* 0 tak5 up by ! pack]s4 ,be=e ! adv5t ( pres5t me?ods1 l>d ref9+ consi/$ 9 press+ f ! l>d ab\t #cj to #dj p] c5t l>d oil1 sold = lubricat+ & light+ purposes1 etc41 & mix+ ! /e>9e ) /raight l>d1 mak+ a high grade pure l>d4 ,at ?is "t ! me?od ( blea*+ 9 all l>d ref9]ies 0 accompli%$ by ! use ( cau/ic soda1 pe>l a%1 lime1 alum1 or o!r sub/ances1 ! pr9cipal +r$i5t1 be+ cau/ic soda4 ,! und]ly+ pr9ciple is t alkali1 us$ 9 prop] proportion1 saponifi$ ! acid 9 ! l>d4 ,?is process1 h[ev]1 is a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,quantity & ,quality4--,z %[n 9 a previ\s *apt] f ?irte5 to fifte5 p]c5t ( ! live weight ( ! hog is fre% l>d1 consequ5tly :]e l>ge numb]s ( hogs are kill$ ! manufacture ( l>d is an important factor 9 ! pack+ bus9ess4 ,! pr9cipal grades are kn[n z neutral l>d1 kettle r5d]$ l>d1 prime /eam l>d1 ref9$ l>d & comp\nd l>d4 ,tall[ & /e>9e also ent] into ! manufacture ( ref9$ & comp\nd l>ds4 ,neutral ,l>d4--,:5 oleom>g>9e 0 fir/ manufactur$ x 0 consid]$ necess>y to use natural butt] 9 ! mixture 9 ord] to give x ! prop] consi/5cy1 z ! oleo oil 0 gra9y & co>se1 !re=e suffici5t natural butt] 0 add$ to *ange t condition4 ,"s "o conceiv$ ! idea ( us+ neutral l>d made f leaf l>d 9 place ( natural butt] 9 oleom>g>9e4 ,:5 ?is 0 work$ out successfully ! t]m oleom>g>9e practically disappe>$ & ! t]m 8butt]9e0 0 sub/itut$4 ,9 mo/ ( ! butt]9e made today no natural butt] is us$4 ,! conditions 9 mak+ oleo oil & tall[s h _! p>allel 9 neutral l>d & kettle r5d]$ l>d4 ,:5 leaf l>d is cook$ = kettle r5d]$ l>d1 if a temp]ature ( f #bej to #bfj ,f4 is obta9$ ! tissues ( ! l>d are burn$ or p>tially consum$1 ?is heat giv+ x a flavor :i* is call$ 8high kettle r5d]$0 flavor4 ,:5 x is made into neutral ?is condition is rev]s$1 ! l>d be+ melt$ at a temp]ature ( f #abf to #abh ,f4 ,at ?is temp]ature no burn+ ( tissues is possible1 h5ce ! oil extract is neutral 9 e s5se ( ! ^w1 9 color1 flavor & smell4 ,) ^! ?ree ess5tial po9ts ! mat]ial readily =ms ! *ief sub/ance = butt]9e by add+ milk or cream & oleo oil & cotton se$ oil1 z desir$4 ,manufacture ( ,neutral4--,! foll[+ /eps def9e ! process ( manufacture necess>y to produce neutral3 ,*ill+4--,! leaves z pull$ f ! hogs are rapidly s5t to a cool+ room to be ?or\ghly *ill$4 ,! leaves are spread sep>ately 9 flat %eets on metal supports1 :i* are pref]able to wood4 ,if x is *ill$ too sl[ly a /rong 8hoggy0 flavor is develop$1 :i* x is impossible to eradicate f ! fre% product4 ,! leaf l>d %\ld be *ill$ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 a temp]ature ( #cb to #cd ,f4 ,melt+4--,x is put ?r\gh a ha%] ( ! ,ent]prise type to an op5 top wat] jacket$ kettle1 simil> 9 type to an oleo kettle4 ,frequ5tly ! melt+ kettle is a wood5 vat ) a galvaniz$ iron kettle inside1 ! space betwe5 ! wood5 vat & ! galvaniz$ kettle be+ fill$ ) wat] :i* is heat$ to ! desir$ temp]ature = melt+ ! product4 ,x is n practicable to use a /eam jacket z ! heat w\ld be excessive & x w\ld be difficult to control4 ,?is kettle prop]ly is wat] jacket$ & op5 top s no pressure is g5]at$4 ,9 a kettle hold+ #d1jjj to #e1jjj p\nds1 wat] %\ld be w>m$ 9 ! jacket be=e l>d is put 91 ! agitator />t$ sl[ly1 n to exce$ #aj to #ab revolutions p] m9ute1 & ! heat %\ld be regulat$ s z to h ! l>d all melt$ & ready to drop 9 "o & "o-half h\rs f ! "t ( />t+ to ha%4 ,by ! "t ! l>d is ?or\ghly melt$ ! temp]ature %\ld be #abf to #abh ,f4 ,settl+4--,z soon z ! l>d is melt$ x %\ld be drawn (f ) a siphon into receiv+ kettles1 :i* are also jacket$ & held at practically ! same temp]ature4 ,:5 dropp$ x %\ld be salt$ ) "o-half to "o p] c5t ( f9e salt1 lett+ x /& f fifte5 to ?irty m9utes4 ,9 draw+ (f x %\ld be siphon$ ?r\gh sev]al lay]s ( *eese clo?1 =m+ a /ra9]1 into receiv+ tanks1 :]e x %\ld settle f\r h\rs4 ,x is drawn into ti]ces ?r\gh a pipe rais$ f ! bottom to leave "o & "o-half to two in*es ( l>d 9 ! tank1 c>e be+ tak5 t no 8bottoms0 are drawn into ! ti]ce1 z ^! conta9 tissues :i* are1 = ! mo/ "p1 undisc]nible2 also moi/ure4 ,^! +r$i5ts 9 neutral1 be+ only p>tially cook$1 imm$iately beg9 to decompose4 ,x is a delicate article to h&le & ! settl+ ( all impurities is important4 ,! neutral1 :5 drawn into ti]ces1 %\ld be at a temp]ature ( f #aae to #aah ,f4 ,/orage4--,! ti]c$ l>d %\ld be kept at a temp]ature ( ab\t #ge ,f4 = ab\t t5 or fifte5 h\rs1 & !n put into a cool] ) a temp]ature ( f #de to #ej ,f4 ,! ti]ces %\ld be fill$ ?r\gh ! bilge & n clos$ :5 /or$ 9 ! fir/ m5tion$ temp]ature1 ! bungs be+ left out1 :ile ! heat is p]mitt$ to escape1 ?us c>ry+ ) x consid]able flavor1 & mak+ ! mat]ial m neutral ?an if ! ti]ces 7 clos$ z soon z fill$4 ,no4 #b ,neutral ,l>d4--,?is is a neutral l>d made f back fat4 ,at times x is pr(itable to make ?is product into ,no4 #b neutral in/ead ( /eam l>d1 = :5 ! m>ket = ,no4 #a neutral is extremely high !re is dem& = a good ,no4 #b4 ,:5 mak+ ?is1 ! r9d %\ld be sk9n$ (f f ! back fat1 leav+ cle> back fat to be ha%$ = neutral4 ,if ! r9ds are put 91 x gives ! product a 8hoggy0 flavor1 :i* makes x undesirable4 ,x is ha%$ & melt$ ! same z ,no4 #a neutral1 except z to temp]ature1 ! melt+ po9t = ?is be+ #acb to #acd ,f41 me?od & app>atus z describ$ = ! mak+ ( ,no4 #a neutral1 be+ applicable to ?is4 ,te/--,pure ,/eam ,l>d vs4 ,neutral4--,bel[ is a te/ on raw leaf l>d r5d]$ into neutral1 %[+ yield1 & p]c5tage ( ! neutral l>d produc$2 ! scrap & bottoms f ! kettle be+ run into kettle r5d]$ l>d4 ,,te/ ,,on ,,leaf ,,l>d ,,r5d]$ ,,into ,,neutral4 ,raw leaves #h1ieh p\nds at #j4jh p] p\nd #gbg4hd ,salt = settl+ #ce p\nds at #d4ij p] ton 4#ji ------- #gbg4ic ,production3 ,neutral l>d #g1hhj p\nds at #j4jiabe p] p\nd #gah4if ,neutral bottoms #a1jee p\nds 7,run "u =ty p\nds pressure two & "o-half h\rs47 ,prime /eam l>d #dig p\nds at #j4jhb p] p\nd #dj4ge ,tankage #ef p\nds at #ah4jj p] ton 4#de ------- #gfj4af ------- ,ga9 on production #cb4bc ,ga9 p] #ajj p\nds on raw weight1 #j4jcf4 ,p]c5tage ,production3 ,neutral l>d to raw weight #hg4ig ,neutral bottoms to raw weight #aa4gh ,prime /eam l>d to raw weight #e4ee ,tankage to raw weight 4#fc ,prime /eam l>d to weight ( bottoms #dg4aa ,tankage to weight ( bottoms #e4ca ,total production ( l>ds #ic4eb ,total production ( raw weights #id4ae ,tank+ ,leaf ,l>d3 ,raw leaves #a1jjj p\nds at #j4jhabe p] p\nd #ha4be ,prime /eam l>d #ibi p\nds at #j4jhbe p] p\nd #gf4ah ,tankage #e p\nds at #ah4jj p] ton ------ ,loss on production #e4jg ,loss p] p\nd on raw weight 4#jjea ,prime /eam l>d to raw weight1 p] c5t1 #ib4i4 ,te/--,*ill+ & ,tank+4-- ,,te/ ,,on ,,*ill$ ,,leaf ,,l>d ,,to ,,det]m9e ,,value ,,& ,,yield4 ,w>m leaf l>d to cool] #a1jjj lbs4 ,*ill$ leaf l>d #ihf lbs4 ,%r9kage1 #a4d p] c5t #ad lbs4 ,weight to te/ tank1 #ihf p\nds2 value p] cwt41 #g1eef4 ,yield prime /eam l>d #id4ab p] c5t2 #ibh lbs4 at #h4jbe p] cwt4 #gd4dg ,yield tankage 7press$7 4#ha p] c5t2 #h lbs4 at #i4hi p] ton 4#jd ------ ,total #gd4ea ,te/4--,%[+ manipulation ( #e1jjj p\nds ( back fat to make neutral1 kettle r5d]$ l>d & pure /eam$ l>d3 ,,te/ ,,on #e1jjj ,,p\nds ,,( ,,back ,,fat ,,conv]t$ ,,to ,,no4 #b ,,neutral ,,kettle ,,r5d]$ ,,l>d ,,& ,,prime ,,/eam ,,l>d4 ,net wt4 ,p] lbs4 c5t4 ,back fat #e1jjj ,less sk9s remov$ #ehf #aa4gb ----- ,sk9n$ back fat r5d]$ to ,no4 #b neutral #d1dad ,production ,no4 #b neutral #a1hdf #da4hb ,bottoms left 9 kettle #b1efh ,bottoms f ,no4 #b neutral r5d]$ to kettle r5d]$ l>d #b1efh ,/e>9e add$ #bgj #aj4ea ----- ,total #b1hch ,production ( kettle r5d]$ l>d f above #a1idj #fh4cf ----- ,bottoms f ,no4 #b neutrals #hih ,kettle r5d]$ bottoms #fgc ----- ,loss on production #bbe ,bottoms f kettle r5d]$ to prime /eam l>d to tank #fgc ,production ( prime /eam l>d #cjg #de4fb ----- ,sk9s f back fat r5d]$ to prime /eam l>d #ehf ,production ( prime /eam l>d #aib #cb4gf ,,recapitulation4 ,net wt4 lbs4 ,r5d]+ back fat #e1jjj ,oleo /e>9e add$ #bgj ----- ,total #e1bgj ,production ,no4 #b neutral l>d #a1hdf p\nds ,production kettle r5d]$ l>d #a1idj p\nds ,production prime /eam l>d #dii p\nds #d1bhe ------------------- ,wa/e #ihe ,kettle ,r5d]$ ,l>d4--,kettle r5d]$ l>d is ! pure/ & be/ l>d made 9 pack+ h\ses & consi/s ( leaf l>d & back fat1 ! proportions v>y+ accord+ to ! value ( ! raw product1 usually on a basis ( ab\t #fj p] c5t back fat & #dj p] c5t leaf4 ,:ile kettle r5d]$ l>d is sold "u ! label ( 8pure leaf l>d0 !re is little leaf us$1 z ?is "p is wor? m z a neutral l>d ?an :5 made into kettle r5d]$4 ,a v acceptable =mula = kettle r5d]$ l>d1 if h&l$ prop]ly1 is z foll[s3 #gj p] c5t back fat2 #ae p] c5t leaf scrap$ l>d1 :i* is pieces ( leaf1 scrap$ out ( ! hog aft] ! leaf l>d has be5 pull$1 & ?or\ghly *ill$2 #ae p] c5t l>d /e>9e4 ,:]e neutral l>d & kettle r5d]$ l>d are made toge!r a nice flavor may be imp>t$ to ! kettle r5d]$ l>d by us+ ! bottoms ( neutral l>d :5 cook+ x1 z ! scrap f ! neutral :5 br\ght to ! high temp]ature ( kettle r5d]$ l>d imp>ts a ri* flavor4 ,process = ,kettle ,r5d]$ ,l>d4--,! raw product is put ?r\gh a ha%] :i* cuts ! fat tissues1 s t :5 ! heat is appli$ ! oil readily sep>ates4 ,! kettle g5]ally us$ = ?is purpose is ab\t five feet 9 diamet] & f five to sev5 feet deep1 made ( wr\ght iron1 jacket$ = /eam1 ) an agitator to keep ! product agitat$ :ile cook+4 ,! jacket %\ld be kept heat$ until ?r\gh ha%+1 !n increas$ until ! temp]ature ( ! l>d rea*es #bee to #bfj ,f41 :5 ! pressure %\ld be %ut (f = "o & "o-half h\rs at lea/--"o & "o-half h\rs %\ld be tak5 to rea* ?is p]iod4 ,if l>d /e>9e is us$ x %\ld be add$ at ?is "t1 us+ ab\t #ae p] c5t = ! summ] =mula4 ,aft] ?is p]iod ( %ut-(f1 aga9 turn on ! /eam1 hold+ temp]ature1 all[+ ! cont5ts to cook until dry1 or until no fur!r /eam arises1 :i* w consume probably f ?irty to =ty-five m9utes4 ,/op agitat+ & add tw5ty p\nds ( salt1 let /& to settle "o h\r1 !n l[] into ! kettle bel[1 /ra9 ?r\gh a clo? sieve1 ! l>d be+ tak5 (f ! scrap ) a siphon4 ,! scrap w rema9 9 ! bottom ( ! cook+ kettle2 if h&l$ c>efully1 v little w pass ?r\gh ! pipe4 ,! l>d1 :5 be+ drawn into ! kettle bel[1 %\ld be pass$ ?r\gh sev]al ?icknesses ( *eese clo? 9 ord] to cat* any small pieces ( scrap or tissue4 ,settl+4--,aft] ! l>d is l[]$ into ! settl+ kettle1 all[ x to /& two to ?ree h\rs1 !n siphon to a ?ird kettle1 z consid]able scrap w h gone ?r\gh into ! l>d f ! cook+ kettle1 /ra9 x ?r\gh a d\ble ?ickness ( *eese clo? /ret*$ ov] a frame4 ,9 ! ?ird kettle a scum w arise on x1 :i* %\ld be imm$iately skimm$ (f1 & ab\t t5 p\nds ( f9e salt add$ to a #e1jjj-p\nd bat*1 to aid 9 settl+4 ,if conv5i5t1 x is advisable to all[ ! l>d to settle 9 ?is kettle = twelve h\rs be=e draw+ x (f1 al?\gh ?is l5g? ( "t is n necess>y1 b a p]fect settlem5t ( ! impurities is necess>y to make ! be/ l>d4 ,scrap4--,aft] ! l>d is drawn f ! cook+ kettle1 ! scrap %\ld be drawn f ! bottom4 ,?is scrap is us$ 9 ! prime /eam l>d tank4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !re is no o!r provision = h&l+ ! scrap1 x %\ld be put into a hoop press 7,fig4 #aej71 & pressure appli$1 !reby lib]at+ all ! oil left 9 ! residue1 ! scrap !n be+ us$ z 8press$ scrap40 ,pack+ & ,cool+4--,kettle r5d]$ l>d is usually sold & us$ m ext5sively dur+ ! cool] wea!r4 ,x is v desirable t !re %\ld be a light1 fluffy top4 ,?is is only possible :5 ! l>d is drawn hot 9 a cool room2 *ill+ ! l>d rapidly causes ?is appe>ance at ! top1 :i* is always look$ ^u by ! trade z a m>k ( excell5ce4 ,:5 ! l>d is drawn (f into small packages !y are plac$ "o on top ( ! o!r1 cov]+ ! top ) pap]4 ,! cov] %\ld n be put on ! package until x is *ill$1 o!rwise ! fluffy appe>ance is lo/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aej4--;,,hoop ,,press4 ,draw+ ,temp]atures4--,:5 drawn into wood5 packages1 su* z t51 tw5ty or fifty p\nd pails1 l>d %\ld be drawn at #aej ,f4 ,if drawn into t9s x %\ld be drawn (f at #age to #ahj ,f42 :5 drawn into ti]ces1 b>rels or half b>rels x %\ld be drawn at ab\t #acj ,f4 ,:5 draw+ l>d into wood5 packages !y %\ld be silicat$ ! day be=e1 giv+ !m ample "t to dry1 z ?is prev5ts ! packages f soak+ up ! l>d & also prev5ts excessive %r9kage ( ! package4 ,ref9+ ,prime ,/eam ,l>d4--,ref9$ prime /eam l>d is made into two products1 pure ref9$ l>d & l>d ) beef fat add$4 ,pure ,ref9$ ,l>d4--,pure ref9$ l>d consi/s ( prime /eam l>d ) l>d /e>9e add$4 ,?is is a product result+ :5 prime /eam l>d is press$ to obta9 l>d oil1 a process describ$ lat]2 h[ev]1 ! quantity available is q limit$4 ,descriptions w be conf9$ to ! mak+ ( l>d ) beef fat add$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aea4--,,section ,,?r\gh ,,tank ,,= ,,mix+ ,,full]s ,,e>? ,,& ,,l>d4 ,full]s ,e>?4--,ab\t ?irty ye>s ago ! me?od ( ref9+ l>d ) full]s e>? 0 fir/ inaugurat$1 & = ye>s only import$ e>? f ,engl& 0 ?\ght suitable = ?is purpose4 ,deposits ( full]s e>?1 ( fair quality1 h be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,am]ican full]s e>? is today us$ 9 "s l>d ref9]ies4 ,indications are t ) improvem5ts 9 m9+ & me?ods ( gr9d+1 & possibly also 9 ! discov]y ( bett] b$s or lay]s ( ?is sub/ance1 manufactur]s w n cont9ue to g abroad = supplies ( full]s e>?4 ,an explanation ( h[ full]s e>? blea*es l>d & its k9dr$ fats w\ld be int]e/+1 if anyone knew ! exact explanation1 b s f> !re has be5 no sci5tific reason giv5 t acc\nts = ?is prop]ty ( ?is mat]ial1 !re=e no *emical te/ c be appli$ to diff]5t samples ( full]s e>? to det]m9e :e!r !y are suitable = ref9+ or n4 ,! only safe te/ is ! practical "o ( heat+ a sample toge!r ) l>d & wat*+ ! result ( ! blea*4 ,full]s e>? is us$ = blea*+ cotton se$ oil & o!r greases & fats :i* are subject$ to ! blea*+ process4 ,9 improv+ ! color ( l>d x is done at ! exp5se ( flavor1 & a :olesome odor1 :i* is natural to ! l>d1 is sacrific$ 9 a great] or less] degree to ! advantage ( color4 ,! t5d5cy is to make l>d :ite1 ev5 ?\gh x loses 9 odor & ta/e4 ,9 comp\nd+ l>d ?is is int5sifi$ by ! g5]al use ( tall[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeb4--;,,full]s ,,e>? ,,kettle ,,= ,,small ,,h\ses4 ,blea*+ ,kettle4--,?is c be ( a pr$om9ant size dep5d5t ^u ! volume ( bus9ess4 ,= a mod]ate bus9ess ! mo/ suitable dim5sions are ab\t six feet 9 diamet] & f\r feet deep4 ,a sectional view ( su* a kettle is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aea & a small] kettle is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #aeb4 ,x 0 ! practice to use compress$ air = agitation s z to mix ! full]s e>? ) ! l>d4 ,?is has be5 discont9u$ 9 ! be/ ref9]ies1 z x 0 f\nd t agitation ) air _h a t5d5cy to make ! l>d turn rancid m readily ?an if agitat$ by me*anical device4 ,! kettle is suppli$ ) a v]tical %aft1 to ! bottom ( :i* is atta*$ a propellor ab\t f\rte5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,ar\nd ?is is fitt$ a wire scre5 ab\t ?irty in*es high made ( galvaniz$ wire1 -in* me%1 ?is scre5 cle>+ ! blades ( ! fan ab\t an in*4 ,on top ( ?is scre5 is fix$ an iron pipe approa*+ to )9 ab\t eighte5 in*es ( ! surface ( ! l>d :5 ! kettle is fill$4 ,a kettle ( ?is size w hold ab\t #e1jjj p\nds ( l>d = treatm5t4 ,! agitat+ blade %\ld revolve at a spe$ ( f #abe to #age revolutions p] m9ute4 ,?is has ! effect ( produc+ a m9iature :irlpool 9 ! body ( l>d by driv+ ! l>d ?r\gh ! scre5 aga9/ ! sides ( ! kettle1 :]e x rises to ! surface & goes d[n ?r\gh ! funnel-%ap$ tube to be aga9 driv5 ?r\gh ! scre54 ,9 ?is way ! full]s e>? is ?or\ghly mix$ 9 & if !re is a t5d5cy to 8lump0 ! lumps are readily brok5 up by impact4 ,blea*+ ,l>d4--,if cold l>d is us$ x %\ld be melt$ & any s$im5t or moi/ure :i* settles %\ld be drawn (f4 ,x is be/ n to draw (f too close to ! bottom s z to avoid any moi/ure4 ,! temp]ature at :i* l>d %\ld be blea*$ is an important matt] to be det]m9$4 ,if ! l>d has be5 heavily cook$ & has a /rong /eam flavor1 a temp]ature ( #ahj ,f4 is correct4 ,if ! l>d has n be5 well cook$ a some:at l[] temp]ature is necess>y4 ,z a rule ! l[] ! temp]ature at :i* blea*+ is done1 ! m full]s e>? is requir$ to get ! prop] blea* & at ! same "t z little e>? flavor z possible is a po9t = c>eful & intellig5t consid]ation4 ,! be/ way to det]m9e1 :]e !re are l>ge quantities ( l>d1 is to take a small sample & make te/s 9 ! laboratory4 ,! po9t to be obta9$ is to get ! blea* ) z little ( ! flavor ( ! e>? z possible4 ,g5]ally speak+1 f ?ree-f\r?s to "o & "o-half p] c5t ( full]s e>? w get ! desir$ result4 ,:5 ! l>d is br\ght to ! prop] temp]ature1 full]s e>? is put 9 ! kettle1 :5 x is agitat$ f eight to twelve m9utes1 !n pump$ ?r\gh ! filt] press z rapidly z possible4 ,x takes a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t = full]s e>? to d its "w prop]ly1 & a /rong agitation ( f eight to twelve m9utes appe>s to be ! be/ me?od to adopt 9 ord] to obta9 ! full effect ( ! e>?4 ,ref9+ ,tall[ ,sep>ately4--,:]e tall[ is us$ 9 l>d1 x is always advisable to blea* ! tall[ sep>ately4 ,?is is done 9 ! same mann] z describ$ = l>d1 ) ! exception t ab\t ?ree p] c5t ( full]s e>? is us$1 aft] :i* x is pump$ ?r\gh ! filt] press & into ! receiv+ tanks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aec4--;,,filt] ,,press4 ,:5 x is comp\nd$ ) ! l>d1 ! desir$ am\nt %\ld be put into ! kettle ) ! l>d aft] x is treat$4 ,! same is true ( oleo-/e>9e1 except t 9 ! blea*+ ( ?is article f "o-half to "o & "o-half p] c5t ( full] e>? is suffici5t4 ,measures mu/ be tak5 to see t +r$i5ts are intimately mix$ be=e pass+ ! product to ! rolls4 ,! use ( tall[ or /e>9e is = ! purpose ( *eap5+ ! product1 z well z h>d5+ x1 ! =mula = same be+ made accord+ to ! values & conditions "u :i* ! l>d is to be sold4 ,= in/ance l>d go+ s\?1 or into a w>m climate1 is made mu* h>d] ?an l>d = a temp]ate climate2 h5ce l>d =mulas1 g5]ally speak+1 are wor?less = g5]al use1 ! diff]5t =mulas be+ made to suit widely diff]5t conditions1 & _! availability also dep5ds to a consid]able ext5t ^u ! fluctuation ( values4 ,filt] ,press4--,aft] ! cont5ts ( ! kettle h be5 pump$ ?r\gh ! filt] air pressure %\ld be turn$ into ! filt] press 9 ord] to bl[ out all ! l>d possible4 ,aft] ?is live /eam %\ld be turn$ on1 expell+ ! balance ( ! l>d f ! pipe4 ,a l>ge portion ( ?is latt] l>d1 h[ev]1 is unfit to be us$ aga91 z x conta9s s$im5t & full]s e>? comb9$1 hav+ a rank1 /rong odor1 & c be us$ only = grease4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aed4--,,l>d ,,cool+ ,,cyl9d]4 ,l>d ,roll4--,?is is a device provid$ = cool+ l>d 9 a film s z to br+ pl5ty ( air 9 contact ) ! surface dur+ ! congeal+4 ,aft] ! l>d has be5 put ?r\gh ! filt]+ press x goes to a receiv+ tank & is next pass$ ov] roll]s = *ill+4 7,fig4 #aed47 ,^! are ca/ iron cyl9d]s conta9+ refrig]at$ br9e4 ,! cyl9d]s revolve at f t5 to f\rte5 revolutions p] m9ute1 ! l>d be+ congeal$ on ! out] surface4 ,fix$ aga9/ ! side ( ! cyl9d] is ! edge ( a /eel knife :i* scrapes close to its surface4 ,! l>d1 9 contact ) ! cool surface ( ! cyl9d]s1 congeals & z x passes to ! knife x is remov$ & drops into ! tr\gh4 ,"h x is ?or\ghly beat5 by a revolv+ %aft ) pick]s on x1 s t all lumps are brok5 & ! gra9 is ( a smoo?1 ev5 consi/5cy4 ,pure l>d passes to an agitator1 :i* is a jacket$ kettle1 :]e x is giv5 a ?or\gh agitation & drawn (f cool z possible1 ! object be+ to h ! diff]5t +r$i5ts ?or\ghly mix$ at a l[ temp]ature4 ,at times rolls are us$ 9 t&em4 ,:5 a b\ntiful supply ( cold wat]1 say at #fj ,f41 is available1 ! sav+ 9 refrig]ation ju/ifies ! use ( t&em rolls4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! fir/ roll is elevat$ s z to gravitate ! l>d to ! fe$ ( ! second4 ,,weight ,,( ,,l>d ,,packages4 ,weight ,avg4 ,weight packages mat]ial weight ---------------------------------------- ------ #c-,,p\nd ,,pails3 #ajj pails #dc lbs41 #g oz4 #f4ie oz4 #ajj bails #e lbs41 #d oz4 4#hd oz4 #ajj cov]s #i lbs41 #g oz4 #a4ea oz4 #ajj summ] cov]s #f lbs41 #c oz4 4#ii oz4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,av]age weight ea* 444 #aj4bi oz4 #e-,,p\nd ,,pails3 #ajj pails #eh lbs41 #ab oz4 #i4dj oz4 #ajj bails #e lbs41 #ae oz4 4#ie oz4 #ajj cov]s #ac lbs4 #b4jh oz4 #ajj summ] cov]s #h lbs41 #aj oz4 #a4ch oz4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,av]age weight ea* 444 #ac4ha oz4 #aj-,,p\nd ,,pails3 #ajj pails #ib lbs41 #ad oz4#ad4hf oz4 #ajj bails #g lbs41 #ab oz4 #a4bd oz4 #ajj cov]s #ai lbs41 #e oz4 #c4ji oz4 #ajj summ] cov]s #ac lbs41 #aj oz4 #b4ah oz4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,av]age weight ea* 444 #ba4cg oz4 #bj-,,p\nd ,,pails3 #ajj pails #add lbs41 #ae oz4#bc4ai oz4 #ajj bails #aj lbs41 #i oz4 #a4fi oz4 #ajj cov]s #cd lbs4 #e4dd oz4 #ajj summ] cov]s #bb lbs41 #d oz4 #c4ef oz4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,av]age weight ea* 444 #cc4hh oz4 #dj-,,p\nd ,,squ>e ,,cans3 #ajj cans #bfh lbs41 #h oz4#db4if oz4 #ajj caps #b lbs41 #h oz4 4#dj oz4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,av]age weight ea* 444 #dc4cf oz4 #ej-,,p\nd ,,r\nd ,,cans3 #ajj cans #bgj lbs41 #aj oz4#dc4cj oz4 #ajj cov]s #ej lbs41 #b oz4 #h4jb oz4 #ajj summ] cov]s #ch lbs41 #ab oz4 #f4bj oz4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,av]age weight ea* 444 #eg4eb oz4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,l>d ,pack+4--,ref9$ l>d is n usually drawn 9 a cool]4 ,9 mo/ climates ! non-refrig]at$ rooms w suffice4 ,x is pack$ 9 tubs1 b>rels or ti]ces ( wood4 ,! l>d1 :5 available1 9 ! pick] tr\gh1 is usually *ill$ & /iff4 ,! use ( a pump is made to )draw & =ce x ?r\gh a /ra9] 9 an enl>g$ section ( ! pipe1 s z to effectually break all lumps4 ,a relief valve %\ld be plac$ on ! l9e to spill into ! pick] 9 case ! draw cocks are all sudd5ly clos$4 ,l>d ,packages4--,9 wood5 packages t>e is d$uct$4 ,! table on prec$+ page %[s ! actual weight ( ! diff]5t packages :i* are usually made f an ,x ,l grade ( t94 ,inasmu* z l>d sells at m p] p\nd ?an ! t9 co/s1 !re is always an endeavor to get ! packages z heavy z consi/5t4 ,c\ntry ,/yle ,l>d4--,_m mod]ate siz$ plants t d n cat] to a trade accu/om$ to highly ref9$ l>d1 pref] to make kettle r5d]$ l>d z mo/ ( _! output1 us+ leaf1 back fat & trimm+s1 add+ ! complim5t>y proportion ( kill+ l>d & agitat+ ! :ole 9 a wat] jacket$ agitator4 ,all implem5ts us$ are simil> to ^? describ$ previ\sly1 also ! me?od ( draw+ f ! agitator to packages is ! same4 ,beef fat c be r5d]$ 9 ! same way :5 oleo dep>tm5ts are n op]at$1 & x c ?us be us$ to good advantage4 ,comp\nd--,:at x is4--,comp\nd is a sub/itute = l>d & is made ( cotton se$ oil & oleo /e>9e1 or tall[1 or bo?4 ,! =mula on ?is article v>ies accord+ to ! relative values ( ! +r$i5ts4 ,! g5]ally accept$ =mula is #hj p] c5t cotton se$ oil1 & #bj p] c5t oleo /e>9e4 ,if ! m>ket price ( oleo /e>9e is high1 a =mula may be sub/itut$ z foll[s3 #ge p] c5t cotton se$ oil1 #g p]c5t tall[1 #ag p] c5t oleo /e>9e4 ,9 cold wea!r ev5 a small] am\nt ( /e>9e may be us$ & a proportionately l>g] am\nt ( tall[4 ,cottonse$ ,oil4--,?is is a product d]iv$ f cotton se$4 ,be=e ! manufacture ( cotton se$ oil1 ! cotton se$1 remov$ f ! cotton1 0 ?r[n 9 l>ge compo/ heaps & aft] decomposition1 0 us$ sp>+ly z a f]tiliz]4 ,an idea ( its value may be ga9$ f ! foll[+ table4 ,f "o ton ( se$1 by av]age1 is obta9$3 #bgj p\nds or #cf gallons ( oil at #bh;c p] gallon #aj4jh #gej p\nds cotton se$ meal at #ij;c p] #ajj p\nds #f4ge #hej p\nds hulls at #ae;c p] #ajj p\nds #a4bg #cj p\nds l9t at #c;c #a4je ------ ,total value #ai4ae #ajj p\nds wa/e & dirt4 ,! oil :5 extract$ f ! se$ is t]m$ 8crude oil40 ,9 ref9+ ?is oil ! loss v>ies f #g p] c5t to #ab p] c5t1 on an av]age ab\t #i p] c5t4 ,ref9+ ,crude ,oil4--,! crude oil is pur*as$ by ref9]s & treat$ to produce 8yell[ oil40 ,9 ?is process x is put into a tank 7x is g5]ally consid]$ pr(itable to ref9e cotton se$ oil only 9 l>ge quantities7 suppli$ ) a revolv+ agitator4 ,into ! tank is put a solution ( eighte5 to tw5ty p] c5t cau/ic soda4 ,! quantity & /r5g? ( ! solution necess>y is det]m9$ by treat+ a small sample4 ,to a small sample ( oil add ! soda solution1 /irr+ cont9u\sly1 hav+ x heat$ to a temp]ature ( #afj to #ahj ,f4 ,:5 suffici5t soda lye has be5 add$ a flocul5t precipitation w be notic$4 ,?is indicates a 8break+0 ( ! oil4 ,by calculation ( ! relative am\nt ! comp>ative quantities c be arriv$ at4 ,an excessive am\nt ( lye w saponify its equival5t 9 good oil1 !re=e c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ to see t only ! prop] am\nt is us$4 ,9 a practical way ! soda is introduc$ 9 ! crude oil solution & agitation is />t$ to insure ! ?or\gh mix+ ( ! cau/ic soda & ! oil4 ,! flocul5t sub/ance appe>+1 ! agitation is /opp$ & ! oil all[$ to settle1 ! s$im5t & sub/ance o!r ?an oil collect+ at ! bottom ( ! tank4 ,a small quantity 7ab\t "o-qu>t] ( "o p] c5t by weight7 ( full]s e>? is add$ & ! oil remov$ by pump+ ?r\gh a filt] press produc+ :at is kn[n to ! trade z 8yell[ oil40 ,! s$im5t1 kn[n z 8foots0 is collect$ 9 kettles & treat$ ) additional lye1 boil$ & settl$ ) salt2 wat] add$1 settl$ & drawn4 ,?is treatm5t is duplicat$ z _m times z necess>y1 until ! soap /ock w sep>ate f impurities4 ,:5 ?or\ghly settl$ draw ! soap /ock into packages = ! soap trade4 ,! f9i%$ 8foots0 conta9s ab\t #cc to #dj p] c5t ( moi/ure & a small p]c5tage ( lye4 ,deodoriz+ ,cotton ,se$ ,oil4--,! 8yell[ oil0 ( trade has a decid$ flavor :i* x is desirable to remove1 & ?is process is accompli%$ by deodoriz+4 7,see ,fig4 #aee47 ,treat+ ,tank4--,?is tank is equipp$ = heat+ ! oil to a v high temp]ature by ! introduction ( a l>ge coil surface1 pref]ably r+s1 "o )9 ! o!r & arrang$ s t ea* r+ is accessible4 ,! kettle coils1 etc41 %\ld be made extra heavy4 ,! top ( ! kettle mu/ also be hood$ & z ! oil boils viol5tly ! /eam mu/ be giv5 free opportunity to escape4 ,! escape pipe %\ld be at lea/ sixte5 to tw5ty in*es 9 diamet] 9 a tank six feet 9 diamet]1 & %\ld be provid$ ) a goose neck1 s t ! /eam ris+ :i* cond5ses1 does n drip back into ! tank4 ,fig4 #aee %[ ! con/ruction ( an oil treat+ tank4 ,! exhau/ pipe ext5ds into ! atmosph]e a %ort di/ance above ! deodoriz+ tanks4 ,on acc\nt ( ! extreme agitation caus$ by ! heat1 ! oil is likely to boil ov] & wa/e4 ,special att5tion is call$ to ! crook or neck 9 ! exhau/ pipe ) two-in* outlet at ! l[e/ po9t4 ,?is is done s t ! cond5sation w n run back into ! oil1 b c be tak5 out at ?is po9t4 ,process ,= ,oil4--,! tank is fill$ ) oil to ab\t half its capacity4 ,! oil is !n heat$ to a temp]ature ( #cbj to #cfj ,f4 ,aft] be+ held at ?is temp]ature = an h\r to an h\r & a half1 x is ready = ! wa%+ process4 ,?is is done by means ( a two-in* p]=at$ pipe at ! top ( ! kettle1 ?r\gh :i* is spr9kl$ cold wat] on ! oil4 ,! extreme temp]ature evaporates ! wat] v rapidly & at ! same "t causes a precipitation4 ,! wat] %\ld be all[$ to run = five m9utes1 & !n ! body ( oil %\ld /& = f "o to two h\rs4 ,! cone1 or bottom ( ! kettle1 w be f\nd to h a s$im5t :i* has be5 precipitat$ f ! oil4 ,?is 8bottom0 %\ld be drawn (f1 & ! /eam aga9 turn$ on ! coils4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aee4--;,,deodoriz+ ,,tank ,,= ,,cotton ,,se$ ,,oils4 ,bl[+4--,! oil is heat$ to ! orig9al temp]ature & /eam ( high pressure & temp]ature introduc$ into ! body ( ! oil4 ,! l5g? ( "t requir$ = treat+ ! oil dep5ds l>gely ^u its nature1 "s oils be+ m neutral & m ne>ly odorless ?an o!rs1 consequ5tly no exact rule c be laid d[n t w\ld fit all cases2 x mu/ be left to ! judgm5t ( ! p]son h&l+ ! oil4 ,pressure & ,temp]ature4--,to obta9 ! temp]ature above m5tion$ a pressure ( #aej p\nds %\ld be c>ri$1 & late practice introduces a sup]heat] = reheat+ ! /eam to insure high temp]ature by add+ #ajj to #aej ,f4 to ! /eam temp]ature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aef4--,,section ,,( ,,bottom ,,( ,,deodoriz+ ,,tank4 ,blea*+ ,process4--,z soon z ! oil is deodoriz$ x is drawn (f & all[$ to cool4 ,x is pump$ into ! treat+ kettle1 or :at is kn[n 9 ref9]ies z ! 8dirt0 kettle4 ,!re x is br\ght up to a temp]ature ( #afj ,f41 :5 ! full]s e>? is add$1 g5]ally us+ f "o to two p]c5t ( e>? ) ?is blea*1 foll[+ an agitation ( ab\t t5 m9utes4 ,x %\ld !n be pump$ ?r\gh ! filt] press into ! receiv+ tank1 :]e x is held until us$4 ,aft] go+ ?r\gh ?is process ! oil is kn[n to ! trade z 8wat] :ite40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeg4--,,section ,,?r\gh ,,exhau/ ,,hood ,,( ,,deodoriz+ ,,tank4 ,mix+4--,ref9$ tall[ or oleo /e>9e melt$ & cl>ifi$ by pump+ ?r\gh a filt] press )\t ! use ( full]s e>? is add$ to ! cotton se$ oil s prep>$1 & ! mix$ sub/ance1 conta9+ proportions previ\sly describ$1 are ready = pass+ ov] ! cool+ roll4 ,filt] ,press4--,! filt] press 7,fig4 #aeh7 %\ld n be us$ m ?an two or ?ree times until x is tak5 ap>t1 all ! s$im5t & dirt remov$ & clean clo?s sub/itut$4 ,cont9u$ use ( filt] clo?s1 )\t prop] clean+1 has a det]iorat+ effect ^u ! mat]ial pump$ ?r\gh ! presses1 & diff]5t k9ds ( products %\ld n be pass$ ?r\gh ! same press4 ,color & ,roll ,treatm5t4--,color is an important feature ( comp\nd1 :5 an odorless oil has be5 produc$4 ,! mixture pass$ to ! rolls is usually at a temp]ature ( #abj ,f4 & ?is heat$ body ( mat]ial am\nt+ to #djjj p\nds p] h\r on an eight foot roll requires a v l>ge capacity ( refrig]at+ equipm5t4 ,x is desirable to ma9ta9 a br9e temp]ature 9 ! %ell ( f z]o to five degrees above4 ,a fifty-ton refrig]at+ equipm5t ( comm]cial rat+ is inadequate = ?is duty4 ,consequ5tly comp\nd manufactur]s mu/ h ample refrig]at+ ma*9e capacity4 ,! l>d roll is pref]ably ( ! size not$ & %\ld op]ate at n to exce$ sev5 revolutions p] m9ute1 provid$ br9e ( ! above temp]ature is suppli$2 few] revolutions if temp]ature is high]1 :i* naturally r$uces ! capacity4 ,! l>d roll1 pump1 & /ra9] equipm5t is ! same z describ$ = l>d1 except t ! l>d is pack$ directly f ! pick] tr\gh )\t ! use ( an additional agitator4 ,hydrog5ation ( ,oils4--,a new process has be5 devis$ :]eby s(t oils1 su* z cotton se$ oil1 c be h>d5$ s z to make a pur] vegetable product4 ,! sub/ance has q a l>ge field b x is n intimately connect$ ) ! pack+ bus9ess4 ,cotton ,se$ ,/e>9e4--,?is is a pur*asable product & is us$ at times z a sub/itute = oleo /e>9e4 ,l>d ,oil4--,! production ( l>d oil us$ 9 comp\nd+ lubricat+ oils & illum9at+ oils is /ill c>ri$ on to "s ext5t4 ,! process consi/s ( gra9+ ! oils 9 gra9+ tanks or 9 se$+ trucks simil> to oleo oil gra9+ trucks4 ,press+4--,! l>d cool$ to a temp]ature ( #dj ,f4 is plac$ 9 clo? wrapp] arrang$ s t all oil is /ra9$ ?r\gh ! wrapp]4 ,! solid sub/ance conta9$ 9 ! wrapp] is l>d /e>9e us$ to h>d5 pure l>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeh4--;,,filt] ,,press ,,= ,,l>d ,,or ,,oleo ,,oil4 ,gra9+4--,aft] ! fats h be5 wa%$ !y %\ld be drawn into trucks or ti]ces & plac$ 9 a room :]e !re is good v5tilation1 & kept !re = ab\t two days1 giv+ ! acid fumes an opportunity to pass (f2 ! fat w !n be f\nd to be l[]$ to ab\t #hj ,f4 & %\ld !n be remov$ to a room t is refrig]at$4 ,aft] rema9+ 9 ?is temp]ature ?ree or f\r days ! fats w be f\nd to be cry/alliz$1 or gra9$1 & ( ab\t ! temp]ature ( ! rooms4 ,x is !n ready to g to press4 ,press+ ,temp]atures4--,! usual press+ temp]atures = ! sev]al k9ds ( commodities press$ are z foll[s3 ,tall[ #eh to #fe ,f4 ,prime /eam l>d #dh to #ej ,f4 ,neatsfoot oil #de to #dh ,f4 ,^! & ! temp]ature ( ! room1 h[ev]1 are subject to v>iations4 ,no4 #b ,l>d ,oil4--,a l[] quality ( l>d oil is made f hog greases4 ,^! are made f condemn$ hogs1 cat* bas9 skimm+s & simil> s\rces4 ,! me?ods are simil> to ^? us$ = ,no4 #a l>d oil1 except t ! =m] is treat$ z an edible product & ! latt] z in$ible4 ,! extract$ /e>9e is sold or us$ = soap purposes4 ,cold ,te/-,oil4--,x is n cu/om>y to speak ( any p>ticul> cold te/ ( cotton or grease oils2 h[ev]1 9 case ( pure l>d oil1 press$1 x w\ld h a cold te/ ( ab\t #db ,f4 ,pure neatsfoot w\ld h a cold te/ ( ab\t #de ,f4 ,9 case cold] degree oils are desir$1 ei!r pure l>d or neatsfoot1 x w\ld be necess>y to make ! l>d cold] ?an above2 z to neatsfoot oil1 if x is desir$ to make a #cj ,f4 te/1 x w\ld be be/ to make two press+s4 ,fir/ *ill /ock to a temp]ature ( #db ,f41 press+ x 9 a room at #de ,f4 & !n take ! oil t is made 9 ?is way1 refrig]at+ x 9 a room at #cb ,f4 & press+ x at a temp]ature ( #cb ,f4 ,treatm5t = ,l>d ,grease4--,be=e press+ ! l[ grade greases x is necess>y to wa% ) sulphuric acid to elim9ate ! impurities1 su* z wat]1 lime soaps1 album9\s matt]s & ord9>y dirt4 ,%all[ wood5 vats are ord9>ily us$ = ?is purpose1 ! vats be+ ( great] wid? ?an dep?1 z ! acid wat] settles be/ 9 a %all[ receptacle4 ,:]e a comp>atively small am\nt ( "w is to be done an ord9>y wood5 vat made out ( good s\nd p9e1 ) ?ree-in* /aves & well bolt$ toge!r1 is all t is necess>y1 b :]e ! "w is cont9u\s ^! wood5 vats %\ld be l9$ ) t5-ounce lead1 z ! acid v soon de/roys ! vats4 ,wa%+ ,me?ods4--,! me?od ( wa%+ ) ! sulphuric acid is z foll[s3 ,into ! wood5 or lead-l9$ vat run cle> wat] to ! am\nt ( ab\t #aj to #ae p] c5t ( ! weight ( ! grease to be treat$1 & :5 ! wat] is 91 add "o p] c5t ( sulphuric acid to ! fat to be wa%$1 ! acid to be #ff-;degree d5sity4 ,x is important t ! wat] be put 9 fir/1 = if ! acid is put into ! tank fir/ & ! wat] aft]w>ds run 91 an explosion is liable to occur on acc\nt ( ! int5se heat g5]at$ by ! absorption ( ! wat] by ! acid4 ,9 case ( an explosion ! acid is liable to be ?r[n on ! att5dants4 ,aft] ! wat] & acid h be5 mix$1 add grease1 turn on /eam & boil until ! fat & acid %[ cle>2 at fir/ x w be muddy or cl\dy4 ,usually a boil+ ( tw5ty to ?irty m9utes is suffici5t4 ,?is "w %\ld be done on ! top floor ( ! build+1 or "s place :]e !re is ample room = ! escape ( ! vapor1 z ! fumes ( ! acid are v /rong & are injuri\s to ! build+4 ,aft] ! boil+ is f9i%$1 all[ ! tank to settle t5 to twelve h\rs1 draw (f ! acid wat] f ! bottom1 & if ! same is cle> & clean x %[s t ! fat _h little =eign sub/ance & ! solution c be us$ ov] aga94 ,if x %[s a great deal ( =eign matt] 9 ! solution x %\ld be run away4 ,all pipes lead+ f su* treat+ vats %\ld be ( lead4 ,x is also necess>y t ! pipes 9 ! vats be ( p]=at$ lead coils1 z iron pipes w\ld v soon be de/roy$4 ,filtration4--,at times1 = blea*+ purposes1 & especially on l[ grade greases1 x is usual to ref9e & blea* ! oil4 ,! am\nt ( full]s e>? to be us$ 9 filt]+ dep5ds ^u ! condition ( ! oil to be filt]$4 ,) prime /eam l>d no full]s e>? %\ld be us$2 x is simply filt]$ ?r\gh clean press clo?s4 ,9 ! case ( l>d oils & tall[ oils1 ! color ( ! oil desir$ mu/ also det]m9e ! am\nt ( full]s e>? to be us$1 no set rule z to ! am\nt to be us$ 9 e case be+ practicable4 ,e manufactur] ( ^! diff]5t grades ( oils has 8 own grades & /&>ds e/abli%$1 to :i* ! l>d ref9]s usually "w1 & ! am\nt ( blea*+1 etc41 :i* is necess>y = ea* individual lot %\ld be gov]n$ by ! k ( ! op]ator1 r ?an by any set rules4 ,9 ! press+ ( ^! articles ! oils g5]ally run f #dj to #eb p] c5t ( /ock1 ! balance be+ /e>9e1 ! p]c5tage ( oil obta9$ v>y+ accord+ to ! temp]ature at :i* x is press$1 & accord+ to ! relative m>ket prices = oils & /e>9es4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,smoke ,,h\se ,,smok+ ,,meats -- ,,nom5clature -- ,,soak+ -- ,,smok+ -- ,,gas ,,smok+ -- ,,temp]atures -- ,,treatm5t ,,aft] ,,smok+ -- ,,trolley ,,sy/em -- ,,canvas$ ,,meats -- ,,%r9kage -- ,,wrapp+ -- ,,:ite ,,wa% -- ,,dri$ ,,beef -- ,,packages -- ,,skipp] ,,fly4 ,smok+ ,meats4--,! smok+ ( meats is an anci5t me?od ( pres]v+ = future use4 ,9 ! smok+ process :i* drys ! meat & to "s ext5t impregnates x1 a pres]vative result is br\ght ab\t1 & meats :i* are smok$ c be c>ri$ = q a long p]iod ( "t )\t becom+ unfit = food4 ,notably a ,virg9ia ham4 ,! old /yle develop$ 9 ,virg9ia 0 to smoke ! ham = a mon? or six weeks4 ,! ham1 dri$ to ab\t #ge p] c5t ( its orig9al weight & 9 ?is =m hung 9 a mod]ately dry place1 w\ld be edible at ! end ( twelve mon?s4 ,nom5clature4--,! nam+ ( meats has gr[n up among ! trade & x is und]/ood t ! prefix1 8bacon10 z appli$ to meats indicat$ ! same to be dry salt$1 :5 smok$4 ,:]eas1 :5 us$ z a suffix x indicates a sweet pickl$ cure4 ,= example1 8,bacon ,bellies0 means dry salt$1 smok$ bellies2 :ile 8,breakfa/ ,bacon0 means sweet pickle cur$1 smok$ meats4 ,soak+ ,meats4--,be=e meats are plac$ 9 ! smoke h\se1 !y are soak$ 9 fre% wat]4 ,?is is done to remove ! surplus salt1 mak+ ! meat m palatable2 & to give x a bett] appe>ance4 ,if x is n prop]ly soak$ ! salt =ms a :ite cru/ on ! surface4 ,meat ov]-soak$ becomes 8wat]-logg$0 & (t5 becomes wat]-s\r :5 expos$ to ! heat = smok+1 also m\lds quickly aft] smok+1 h5ce x is ess5tial t ?is "p ( ! "w receives c>eful att5tion4 ,! be/ results f soak+ are obta9$ by us+ soak+ wat] at a temp]ature ( #fe ,f4 ,a soak+ s*$ule t w be f\nd to give excell5t results is z foll[s3 ,,! ,,"t ,,requir$ ,,to ,,soak ,,meats4 ,hams at full cur$ age #b hrs4 7#c m94 = ea* day old]7 ,bellies1 #h-aj lbs41 #bj days #a hrs4 7#c m94 = ea* day old]7 ,bellies1 #aj-ab lbs41 #be days #a hrs4 7#c m94 = ea* day old]7 ,bellies1 #ab-af lbs41 #cj days #a hrs4 7#c m94 = ea* day old]7 ,dry salt meats hrs4 7except bellies1 two h\rs7 ,if meats /ill %[ salt aft] smok+ *ange wat] once1 z ! fre% wat] w take up salt rapidly4 ,x w be f\nd bett] to *ange wat] ?an to soak long]4 ,mildly cur$ bacon is wa%$ to remove salt on surface1 & n soak$4 ,?or\gh wa%+ ( all meats ) a /iff bru% is done be=e hang+4 8,bacon0 or dry salt$ meat is n soak$4 ,smok+4--,aft] ! meats are wa%$ & hung 9 ! smoke h\se1 !y %\ld be all[$ to dry ab\t ?ree h\rs1 or until !y /op dripp+1 = if ! smoke is appli$ :ile ! meats are /ill dripp+1 :]ev] "o piece ( meat is subject$ to ! dripp+ ( ano!r1 ! smoke fails to take effect1 giv+ ! meats a /rip$ & discolor$ appe>ance4 ,! meat1 ?or\ghly dry1 fire %\ld be built 9 ! smoke h\se ) ei!r hickory1 maple or oak wood 7p>tially gre5 be+ pref]r$7 & ! temp]ature br\ght up f #aab to #aah ,f41 & ma9ta9$ until ! surface ( ! meat has become ?or\ghly dri$ & has a p>tially glaz$ appe>ance4 ,z soon z ?is effect is notic$1 :i* w be 9 five to eight h\rs1 h>dwood sawdu/ %\ld be add$1 :i* w =m a d5se1 p5etrat+ smoke4 ,at ! same "t ! temp]ature %\ld be gradually increas$ 9 ! smoke h\se1 or br\ght up to f #aae to #abj ,f4 ,a pile ( sawdu/1 quantity dep5d+ ^u ! size ( ! smoke h\se us$1 %\ld be rais$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! h\se & a few burn+ br&s ( wood laid ar\nd x4 ,^! w cause ! sawdu/ to ignite & a small fire1 produc+ a great deal ( smoke1 w result !refrom4 ,if ! sawdu/ is put on a fire already burn+ mu* ( ! sawdu/ w g up ?r\gh ! h\se 9 ! =m ( a light a%1 :i* is deposit$ ^u ! meat1 injur+ its appe>ance4 ,a h\se ( sweet-pickle meats %\ld be smok$ = ab\t tw5ty-f\r to ?irty h\rs1 to get good results1 & be all[$ to /& = twelve h\rs ) ! v5tilators op51 to give ! meat a *ance to ?or\ghly cool (f be=e dis*>g+4 ,gas ,smok+4--,! gr[+ sc>city & consequ5t increas$ co/ ( wood is =c+ _m pack]s to use gas & sawdu/ = smok+4 ,) ?is sy/em ! use ( sawdu/ & gas is made 9 comb9ation1 ! gas be+ burn$ by sl[ deliv]y ?r\gh a p]=at$ pipe1 & ! sawdu/ bank$ ne>by to burn ) a creep+ fire4 ,! use ( /eam coils = heat+ ! h\se is a valuable assi/ance p>ticul>ly if exhau/ /eam is available = use4 ,temp]atures4--,! foll[+ temp]atures w be f\nd to give v satisfactory results 9 smok+ & :ile x w be f\nd impossible to adh]e to !m absolutely1 x is advisable to d s z closely z possible dur+ ! smok+ p]iod3 #c h\rs 9 smoke #ajg ,f4 #f h\rs 9 smoke #aad ,f4 #i h\rs 9 smoke #aaf ,f4 #ab h\rs 9 smoke #aah ,f4 #ae h\rs 9 smoke #aai ,f4 #ah h\rs 9 smoke #aah ,f4 #ba h\rs 9 smoke #abj ,f4 #bd h\rs 9 smoke #aah ,f4 #bg h\rs 9 smoke #aai ,f4 #cj h\rs 9 smoke #aae ,f4 ,x %\ld be ! aim to h ! h\se at a temp]ature ( #aah ,f4 aft] twelve h\rs1 & x %\ld be held at t if possible4 ,meats ?us h&l$ w be f\nd to h a light amb] color :i* indicates a light smoke1 :]eas a d>k amb] w\ld indicate a heavy smoke4 ,! color ( ! meats %\ld be regulat$ by ! requirem5ts ( ! trade4 ,light] meats1 su* z fancy bacon1 %\ld be hung on ! upp] floors ) ! hams ne>] ! fire4 ,treatm5t ,aft] ,smok+4--,:5 meats are f9i%$ smok+ ! fire %\ld be put out1 ! h\se op5$ up1 giv+ x a free circulation ( air1 & ! meats all[$ to ?or\ghly dry & cool be=e be+ remov$4 ,smok$ meats %\ld be h&l$ z little z possible1 = e "t !y are h&l$ or pil$ on trucks1 x detracts f _! appe>ance4 ,!y become greasy & soon lose _! bright1 attractive appe>ance4 ,aft] be+ cool$1 ! meat %\ld n be h&l$ until inspect$ & pack$ = %ipm5t1 !reby pres]v+ a v desirable appe>ance1 z well z r$uc+ ! co/ ( labor 9 op]ation4 ,trolley ,sy/em4--,orig9ally meats 7 hung f nails 9 beams or f cross /icks susp5d$ f beams1 ! smoke h\se be+ an op5 %aft4 ,_m devices h be5 orig9at$ = sav+ "t 9 tak+ meats 9 & out ( smoke1 & v>i\s =ms ( racks op]at$ on ov]head rails h be5 devis$4 ,"s sort ( arrangem5t ( ?is k9d is a necessity4 ,a trolley /orage space is usually arrang$ ne> to ! pack+ space & meats pack$ direct f ! trolley4 ,x is usual to make a complete inspection out ( smoke & pass ! hams to ! /orage trolley1 grad$1 wip$ & ready = pack+4 ,canvas$ ,meats f ,weight4--,canvas$ meats are usually sold on pack$ weight1 clo? includ$4 ,! ga9 9 weight usually pays = all co/ involv$ & some:at bett]1 z ! te/ bel[ indicates3 ,,canvas+ #a1jca ,,hams4 #cbe y>ds %eet+ at #d;c #ae4hd #c y>ds ,&ov] tw9e at #cj;c #a4ab #bgd y>ds pap] at #a;c #d4cb ,"o man ?ree h\rs at #ag;c p] h\r 4#eb ,sew+ at #a4aj #aa4cd ------ ,co/ ( canvas+ #cc4ad #dde p\nds wa% at #b4a;c #i4cd #a1jca labels at #a p] #a1jjj #a4jc ,eight m5 two h\rs tw5ty-eight m941 sev5 m5 ?irty-five m94 #d4aa #ad4dh --------------- ,total actual co/ #dg4fb ,weight be=e canvas+ #aj1eej lbs4 ,weight aft] canvas+ #aa1jda lbs4 ,weight aft] wa%+ #aa1dhf lbs4 ,x w be not$ f ! previ\s te/ t !re 0 a ga9 ( #icf p\nds 9 canvas+ ^! hams1 at a co/ ( #e4ji p] #ajj p\nds4 ,z hams always sell at a mu* high] price ?an ?is1 ! diff]5ce w\ld repres5t ! pr(it 9 ?is op]ation4 ,%r9kage4--,%r9kage ( smok$ meats is a matt] tangible 9 doll>s & c5ts4 ,meats = prompt consumption1 su* z ^? smok$ & di/ribut$ f a bran* h\se1 c be smok$ = less ?an meats smok$ at ! p>5t h\se = %ipm5t via c>load or local freight4 ,! aim is to smoke out ! meat z ne> gre5 weights z possible1 ! am\nt ( %r9kage dep5d+ l>gely ^u ! requirem5ts at po9ts to :i* meats are to be %ipp$ & ! conditions to :i* !y are to be subject$4 ,= in/ance1 hams & %\ld]s :i* are to be us$ = imm$iate consumption %\ld smoke out #ih to #ajj p] c5t gre5 weight1 :]eas meats :i* are to be held = "s l5g? ( "t aft] be+ smok$1 or :i* are int5d$ = a w>m] climate1 w smoke out f #ie to #ig p] c5t ( ! gre5 weight4 ,meats1 :i* are to be consum$ imm$iately & n %ipp$ to a w>m climate1 may c>ry m moi/ure & h5ce %[ less %r9kage4 ,at ! same "t !y h a mu* f9] & m attractive appe>ance4 ,?is is a matt] to :i* an own] or manag] ( a smoke h\se mu/ necess>ily give m9ute & close att5tion 9 ord] to obta9 ! be/ results4 ,p]haps z important a po9t z any1 is :5 ! condition ( ! meats z to dryness is conc]n$4 ,meats %\ld be %ipp$ promptly :5 9 condition & n all[$ to rema9 9 ! smoke h\se await+ disposition4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! result ( te/s on #a1acf p\nds ( meat hung 9 smoke h\se = sev5 consecutive days1 temp]ature ( smoke h\se ab\t #ij ,f4 ,lbs4 ,weight :5 fully smok$ #a1acf #bd h\rs lat] #a1abi #bd h\rs lat] #a1aba #bd h\rs lat] #a1aad #bd h\rs lat] #a1ajh #bd h\rs lat] #a1aje #bd h\rs lat] #a1ajj ,?irty-six p\nds %r9kage 9 sev5 days' hang+4 ,wrapp+ ,smok$ ,meats4--,fancy meats1 n[ almo/ entirely di/ribut$ 9 wrapp]s ( pap] or clo?1 %\ld be well cool$ be=e wrapp+4 ,a piece ( *eese clo? is wrapp$ ov] ! butt1 & absorptive pap] fold$ next1 usually d\bl$ at ! butt1 ) an out] cov]+ ( p>*m5t pap]4 ,! neatness & appe>ance ( ! package mu/ be consid]$ & naturally ! package %\ld be kept clean4 ,= "s trade1 meats are sewn 9 burlap4 ,o!rs are cov]$ ) :itewa% solution1 or yell[ wa%4 ,meats put out 9 su* mann] are usually int5d$ = di/ant %ipm5t & %\ld be h>d] smok$4 ,canvass$ or :ite-wa%$ meats are pap] wrapp$1 same z fancy meats1 be=e cov]+ ) ! out] bag4 ,:ite-,wa%4--,! foll[+ recipe c be us$ = mak+ :ite-wa%3 #a1bjj p\nds float$ b>ytes4 #ij p\nds fl\r4 #adj p\nds wat]4 #fc p\nds :ite ham wa% glue4 #a teaspoon blue+4 ,! glue %\ld be cook$ & /ra9$ ?r\gh a piece ( clo? be=e be+ add$ to ! solution1 z !re is liable to be m or less s$im5t 9 ! glue1 :i* %\ld be remov$1 aft] :i* mix ) ! fl\r2 let /& ab\t twelve h\rs1 !n add ! b>ytes1 us+ hot wat] 9 mix+4 ,aft] x is mix$ add ! blue+4 ,?is mat]ial %\ld be put 9 a tub1 held at a temp]ature ( #ij to #ajj ,f41 into :i* ! canvass$ meats are to be imm]s$4 ,aft] be+ dipp$ !y are hung up ov] ! tub :ile an att5dant rubs 8 h& ov] !m1 tak+ (f ! surplus mat]ial :i* has adh]$ to ! package1 & at ! same "t =c+ ! wa% into ! op5+s ( ! clo?4 ,!y %\ld next be bru%$ ov] ) a heavy pa9t bru%1 smoo?+ (f ! surface1 & !n hung 9 a dry-room to dry4 ,aft] be+ all[$ to hang = eight to t5 h\rs1 until ! wa% is ?or\ghly dry & has h>d5$1 !y are ready = %ipm5t4 ,yell[ ,wa% = ,meat ,canvas4--,?is is practically ! same z :ite wa%1 except t a *rome yell[ color is us$1 & ! mixture w h a yell[ in/ead ( a :ite %ade :5 f9i%$4 ,h&le same z :ite wa% = meats4 ,a =mula = yell[ wa% is giv5 z foll[s3 #a1bjj p\nds float$ b>ytes4 #baj p\nds :it+4 #aie p\nds wat]4 #aad p\nds lemon yell[4 #ce p\nds jo9]'s glue4 ,?is is us$ at a temp]ature ( f #ij to #ajj ,f4 ,z all meats canvass$ are sold gross weight1 ! b>ytes is add$ to give an additional weight to ! meats :i* are canvass$4 ,a dry room 9 :i* meats c be dri$ by =c$ draft f fan is a valuable adjunct = quick deliv]ies4 ,smok+ ,dri$ ,beef4--,dri$ beef is an article :i* has to be smok$ heavi]1 dri$ m1 ?an pork hams1 & unless ! moi/ure is well evaporat$ ! "t x may be kept w be %ort4 ,an approv$ me?od = h&l+ dri$ beef is z foll[s3 ,/eam coils %\ld be plac$ at ! top & also at ! bottom ( ! smoke h\se4 ,! /eam %\ld be turn$ on until ! temp]ature ( h\se is betwe5 #acj & #adj ,f4 ,aft] ! meat has hung 9 ?is temp]ature ab\t ?irty h\rs1 a light fire %\ld be />t$1 by us+ two or ?ree /icks ( wood1 & pl5ty ( h>d wood sawdu/ scatt]$ close to ! fire1 s z to =m a d5se smoke4 ,x is v ess5tial t dri$ beef %\ld h a /rong smok$ flavor4 ,/eam %\ld be kept on ! h\se all ! "t ! beef is be+ smok$ & x w require eighty to n9ety h\rs "u ^! conditions to br+ ! beef out 9 ! be/ condition4 ,beef c be smok$ 9 a regul> h\se1 b x takes mu* long] & x _c be h&l$ z satisfactorily z ) /eam heat 9 connection ) ! smok+ process4 ,aft] ! meat is suffici5tly smok$ ! h\se %\ld be all[$ to cool (f1 & ! meat to hang = ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs be=e be+ h&l$4 ,x is !n ready = pack+ & %ipp+4 ,dri$ beef ?us h&l$ w %r9k ab\t #ch to #cc p] c5t f ! cur$ weight to ! smok$ weight4 ,! foll[+ te/ w %[ ! %r9kage on #ajj pieces ( dri$ beef hams1 also ! %r9kage ea* tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft]3 ,,%r9kage ,,on ,,dri$ ,,beef4 #ajj pieces1 cell> weight #a1ahd lbs4 ,aft] smok+ #he h\rs #hab lbs4 #bd h\rs lat] #hjf lbs4 #bd h\rs lat] #gic lbs4 #bd h\rs lat] #gha lbs4 #bd h\rs lat] #gfb lbs4 #bd h\rs lat] #gee lbs4 #bd h\rs lat] #gej lbs4 ,packages4--,! pack+ ( meats = %ipm5t is be/ done 9 op5 type b>rels or crates4 ,fancy meats %\ld n be pack$ to exce$ "o hundr$ p\nds p] box s z n to injure ! %ape4 ,skipp] ,fly4--,! skipp]1 ! l>vae 9 ! life cycle ( a fly is ! "o pe/ ne$+ close wat*+ 9 a smoke h\se4 ,?is fly does n attack ei!r gre5 or salt$ meats1 b w select a piece ( pork ham 9 pref]5ce to a beef ham4 ,! fly lays an egg :i* hat*es to a l>vae1 & ?is is ! disgu/+ =m 9 :i* x is ! enemy ( sweet-smok$ meats4 ,! prev5tive seems to be su* z w9d[s & doors f9ely scre5$1 regul> 8gass+0 ) sulphur fumes & ample light4 ,x is claim$ by "s t if smoke h\ses are well light$1 = in/ance z a %[ room1 ! skipp] fly w n frequ5t !m s9ce x pref]s d>kness = ! egg lay+ p]iod4 ,!re is no kn[n *emical ag5t t c be us$ )\t conflict+ ) pure food laws t w de/roy ! egg once deposit$4 ,a fly lays upw>d ( ?irty eggs dur+ ! life cycle ( ab\t two weeks1 consequ5tly x multiplies rapidly4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,dome/ic ,,sausage ,,meats ,,& ,,h&l+ -- ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,dep>tm5t -- ,,cur+ ,,meats -- ,,cool] ,,= ,,gr\nd ,,meats -- ,,gr9d+ ,,& ,,/uff+ ,,room -- ,,smoke ,,h\se -- ,,cook ,,room -- ,,dry ,,hang+ ,,room -- ,,cool] -- ,,smok+ ,,temp]ature -- ,,cook+ ,,"t -- ,,%r9kages -- ,,pickle-,,cur$ ,,products -- ,,dry-,,cur$ ,,meats -- ,,pack+ -- ,,cas+s ,,& ,,spices -- ,,sausage ,,c]eals -- ,,sausage ,,=mulas -- ,,bologna ,,v>ni% -- ,,boil$ ,,ham4 ,introductory4--,!re is probably no dep>tm5t :]e !re is m div]sity ( me?ods ?an 9 ! sausage room4 ,! bus9ess ( sausage mak+ is an old "o1 & 0 l>gely develop$ 9 ,europe1 :]e on acc\nt ( ! l[ wages & ! high prices = meats x 0 necess>y to make ! *eap] meat products into an edible article4 ,! gradually increas+ value ( meats 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates makes ! same conditions p>am\nt4 ,9 ! op]ation ( pack+ h\ses ! cutt+ ( meats into _m p>ts s z to supply ! v>i\s pur*as]s ) :at !y require1 makes a comp>atively l>ge am\nt ( :olesome meat product1 equally nutriti\s ) port] h\se /eak1 b n q s t5d] or pleas+ to ! ta/e4 ,*eek meat1 he>ts & v>i\s trimm+s are :olesome z a port]h\se1 b n s delectable1 at lea/1 9 _! orig9al condition2 h5ce1 ! art ( sausage mak+ consi/s 9 tak+ ^! products & mak+ f !m a palatable1 :olesome & less co/ly article4 ,meats & ,h&l+4--,sausage is made 9 su* v>ieties t !re are a multitude ( +r$i5ts 9 a multitude ( =ms4 ,prim>ily beef & pork trimm+s are ! broad classes1 b ( ^! !re are _m =ms1 ea* ( diff]5t physical prop]ties4 ,he>ts & *eeks are1 = example1 ! t\ghe/ "p ( ! animal organism1 & ^! usually f9d _! way to ! sausage room4 ,on ! o!r h& ! p>ts ( hams & %\ld]s us$ are equally delicate ) ! meats s cons]v$1 b are ( necessity relegat$ to ! sausage room on acc\nt ( _! %ape z a trimm+4 ,x is ! skillful manipulation ( ^! v>i\s meats t makes = ! real results 9 ?is dep>tm5t4 ,too frequ5tly1 ! sausage dep>tm5t is reg>d$ z a necessity1 l ! tank h\se1 to put ?+s ?r\gh4 ,! mo/ successful op]ators are ^? :o reg>d ! dep>tm5t o!rwise1 & _m good & successful bus9esses h be5 build$ on ! sausage dep>tm5t z a basis2 n by try+ to make sausage to retail at five c5ts p] p\nd1 extravagantly speak+4 ,arrangem5t ( ,dep>tm5t4--,?is dep>tm5t becomes q compreh5sive 9 its scope 9 l>ge e/abli%m5ts requir+3 ,refrig]at$ space = cur+ fre% meats4 ,cool] = cur+ meats aft] gr\nd4 ,gr9d+ & /uff+ room4 ,smoke h\ses4 ,cook room4 ,dry hang+ room = smok$ sausage4 ,cool] = sausage o!r ?an smok$ sausage4 ,cur+ ,meats4--,9 c]ta9 sausages cur$ meats are a necessity1 9 o!rs !y c be us$ )\t detrim5t1 :ile !re /ill rema9 o!rs 9 :i* cur$ meats are positively bad4 ,!re=e exactly h[ to h&le ! meats s z to h !m available = use 9 prop] =m becomes a matt] ( conc]n4 ,=m]ly :5 pres]vatives1 l borax & boracic acid c\ld be us$1 _m products 7 put into cure ) a pres]vative ( saltpetre1 borax1 boracic acid1 sug> & salt1 & kept suffici5tly mild to be acceptable1 b ! pure food laws aboli%+ ! use ( pres]vatives h *ang$ conditions4 ,! result is t sausage products %\ld be cur$ l hams & froz5 :5 cur$ or froz5 be=e cur+ & c>ri$ 9 ?is =m until want$4 ,h[ev]1 q a l>ge space %\ld be provid$ ne> ! sausage dep>tm5t = cur+ products4 ,cool] = ,gr\nd ,meats4--,9 close proximity to ! sausage room is provid$ a %elv+ room arrang$ = plac+ gr\nd fre% spic$ meats = cur+ processes2 spic$ completely & ready = /uff+4 ,meats c be held 9 ?is mann] & /uff$1 smok$1 cook$ & pack$ rapidly z ! exig5cies ( %ipp+ dem&4 ,?is enables ! mak] to %ort5 ! "t betwe5 himself & ! consum]1 mo/ necess>y = a successful bus9ess4 ,gr9d+ & ,/uff+ ,room4--,?is %\ld be a well light$ & well v5tilat$ room4 ,"h ! gr9d+ equipm5t & /uff+ tables are locat$4 ,! pr9cipal equipm5t ne$$ are 8,ent]prise0 type gr9d]s1 sil5t cutt]s1 mix] & back fat *opp]s1 ) a spice mill4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aei4--;,,device ,,= ,,runn+ ,,sausage ,,into ,,smoke ,,h\se4 ,me*anical cutt]s are expect$ to be an aid to tee? & !re=e !y %\ld be made to p]=m _! "p by be+ fitt$ ) %>p knives to d ! cutt+4 ,*opp]s are only necess>y 9 mak+ summ] sausage al?\gh "s manufactur]s pref] to rock _! fancy breakfa/ sausage4 ,smoke ,h\ses4--,! managem5t ( sausage smoke h\ses = ord9>y sausage v>y consid]ably4 ,figs4 #aei & #afj ) description illu/rate "o ( ! slid+ c>riage types4 ,! smoke h\se c>riage is made ( angle irons & is run on a track :i* is support$ by v]tical columns4 ,! outside tracks c be rais$ to any height desir$ to mat* ! tracks 9 ! smoke h\se4 ,! sausage is hung on ?is c>riage & run into ! smoke h\se1 & :5 x is suffici5tly smok$ ! c>riage c be drawn out on ! movable rails1 ! sausages tak5 (f1 o!rs put 9 _! place & ! op]ation repeat$4 ,?is device necessitates a c>riage = ea* set ( tracks 9 ! smoke h\se4 ,lat] practice t5ds t[>d ! use ( "s sort ( cage--op]at$ f ov]head rails2 ! sausage dep>tm5t be+ arrang$ ) rails ne> to ! /uff+ tables4 ,ext5d+ to ! smoke h\ses1 !nce to ! cook boxes & on to ! hang+ rooms4 ,?is arrangem5t is s famili> t x does n require fur!r description4 ,! tracks are made 9 su* =m & size z to fit ! h\ses & usually con=m to "o ( ! types illu/rat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afj4--;,,detail ,,( ,,smoke ,,h\se ,,c>riage4 ,! mod]n h\ses are built ( brick1 ab\t #ed in*es 9 wid?1 :i* w all[1 cle> ( ! frame1 two to f\r in*es4 ,9 dep? ! h\ses v>y & c be f t5 to sixte5 feet4 ,:]e possible1 !y %\ld be built on a correspond+ level to ! cook rooms & gr9d+ rooms1 s z to avoid ! necessity ( us+ elevators4 ,?is br+s ! fire pit )9 a reasonable di/ance1 :i* is a decid$ advantage = high temp]ature smoke h\ses4 ,smoke h\se comp>tm5ts = summ] or dri$ sausage c be f two to ?ree /ories & %\ld be built exclusively ( brick1 z x has be5 %[n by num]\s exp]im5ts ) %eet iron & iron l9$ h\ses t ^! are n a success = smok+ all k9ds ( sausage4 ,! draft ( ! h\se is1 ( c\rse1 regulat$ by v5tilators at ! top4 ,bett] results are obta9$ by ! use ( t9 clad wood c5t] doors ?an by ! use ( plate iron doors4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afa4--;,,diagram ,,smoke ,,h\se ,,sausage ,,/ack4 ,9 smok+ dome/ic sausage1 x is always pref]able to use h>d wood1 nev] to put gre5 or unsmok$ sausage into a cold smoke h\se1 ! h\se %\ld be w>m$ by fir/ build+ a fire 9 x1 9 case x has n be5 rec5tly us$4 ,9 hot wea!r or 9 ! summ] "t ?is is n s important1 z smoke h\ses !n are suffici5tly w>m at all times4 ,9 cool wea!r or dur+ ! w9t]1 ! smoke h\se %\ld ei!r be kept w>m by con/ant usage or by w>m+ up be=e us+ 9 case ! h\se is empty & has become cold4 ,! fire %\ld n be ov] eight feet f ! cage4 ,cook+ ,"t4--,to successfully manufacture sausage x %\ld be cook$ prop]ly4 ,! foll[+ s*$ule gives ! "t & temp]ature ( cook+ diff]5t k9ds ( sausage1 =m+ ! 8,cook+ ,s*$ule0 ref]r$ to 9 _m ( ! =ego+ =mulas3 ,,cook+ ,,s*$ule ,,= ,,sausage4 ---------------------------------------- ---- 444 444 ,temp]ature ,"t ,"t degrees ,k9d ( sausage h\rsm9utes ,fahr5heit ---------------------------------------- ---- ,long ,bologna 444 #cj #afj ,l>ge ,bologna #b 444 #afj ,r\nd ,bologna 444 #bj #aee ,bag ,bologna #b 444 #afj ,bologna 9 weas&s 444 #de #aee ,knoblau* 444 #bj #afj ,leona ,bologna long 444 #dj #aee ,leona ,bologna l>ge #b 444 #afj ,regul> ,frankfurts 444 #g #afj ,vi5na ,frankfurts 444 #g #afj ,high grade ,frankfurts 444 #g #afj ,blood #b 444 #bjj ,tongue #b 444 #bjj ,liv] 444 #cj #afj ,m9c$ ham #d 444 #aej ,b]l9 ham #b 444 #agj ,head *eese 444 #de #ahj ,cook$ press$ ham #b #cj #ahj ---------------------------------------- ---- ,cook ,room4--,! cook room %\ld be provid$ ) vats ( v>i\s types1 usually ( iron plate on acc\nt ( ease 9 clean+4 ,a lat] type is provid$ ) a hood1 ! app>atus looks l a piano box1 a lift+ cov] be+ provid$ :i* p]mits x to be rais$ & l[]$ at w4 ,p]man5t v5tilat+ sp\ts are atta*$ to ! top to dispose ( ! /eam--some?+ t mu/ be cont5d$ ) 9 ! cook room4 ,! vats are usually arrang$ 9 pairs & are accessible f ?ree sides4 ,9 "s l>ge in/itutions cook tanks are set 9 ! floor & ! sausage cage subm]g$ ) ! sausage hang+ !reon4 ,?is is n advisable z !re is sure to be a discoloration f ! cages4 ,sausage ^u removal f ! cook tanks %\ld be dr5*$ ) cold wat]1 pref]ably spray$ on f ! top4 ,?is wa%es ! sausage & cools x1 prep>atory to hang+ 9 ! sales or pack+ dep>tm5t4 ,smok+ ,temp]atures4--,! smok+ ( sausage is a v important factor1 & 9 ! diff]5t =mulas giv5 9 ! in/ructions = h&l+1 ref]5ce has be5 made to ! 8,smok+ ,s*$ule40 ,?is s*$ule has be5 c>efully compil$ & ! "t & temp]atures giv5 %\ld be closely foll[$ 9 ord] to get ! be/ results4 ,,smok+ ,,temp]atures ,,= ,,sausage4 ,temp]ature ,"t degrees ,k9d ( sausage h\rs ,fahr5heit ---------------------------------------- ---- ,long ,bologna #c #ade to #aej ,l>ge ,bologna #c #ade to #aej ,r\nd ,bologna #b #ace to #adj ,bag ,bologna #a #adj to #ade ,bologna 9 weas&s #d #ahe ,knoblau* #a #acj ,leona ,bologna long #c #ade ,leona ,bologna l>ge #c #ade ,regul> ,frankfurts #b to #c #acj to #ace ,vi5na ,frankfurts #c #adj to #ade ,high grade ,frankfurts#c to #c #aej to #afj ,blood #ab #fe to #gj ,tongue #ab #fe to #gj ,liv] #a to #a #aaj to #abj ,poli% #c to #c #aej to #afj ,m9c$ ham #c to #c #ace ,b]l9 #e #acj to #adj ,cook$ press$ ham #e #acj to #adj ,cottage ham #cb #abj ,boneless ham #dh #hj ---------------------------------------- ---- ,a !rmomet] 9 a smoke h\se is a necessity--n an ornam5t4 ,a clock is ( ! same consequ5ce4 ,dry ,hang+ ,room4--,a well v5tilat$ room ) all ! light possible %\ld be provid$ = /orage ( smok$ sausage await+ %ipm5t4 ,?is %\ld n be a cool]4 ,sixty degree ,fahr4 is amply l[1 & 9 summ] a high] temp]ature is advisable4 ,if smok$ sausage is plac$ 9 a cool] x cond5ses moi/ure on ! surface & becomes slimy1 m\ldy & rott5 9 rapid succession4 ,%r9kages ( ,dome/ic ,sausage4--,z is kn[n to all sausage mak]s x is 9 v r>e cases t #ajj p\nds ( meat makes #ajj p\nds ( f9i%$ sausage2 !re is always a %r9kage & be=e ! co/ ( ! f9i%$ sausage c be det]m9$ "o mu/ "k ! %r9kage f orig9al weights ( raw mat]ials4 ,! foll[+ tabulat$ /atem5t is compil$ f exp]i5ce ) v l>ge am\nts ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( sausage1 ext5d$ ov] a ye> & a half ( actual manufacture4 ,! mean av]age ( %r9kage is accurate in=mation & may safely be us$ z a guide4 ,! co/ ( ! =mulas is n giv5 z !re is su* a v>iation 9 prices ( +r$i5ts induc$ by m>ket prices t any figures w\ld be mislead+4 ,to f9d out ! co/ ( ! =mulas1 figure ! giv5 weights at m>ket value1 %r9k+ !m accord+ to ! table bel[1 add+ co/ = labor & supplies1 & a v close approximate co/ ( ! manufactur$ article w be obta9$4 ,p] c5t ( ,k9d ( ,sausage4 ,%r9kage4 ,long ,bologna #h to #aa ,l>ge ,bologna #g to #aj ,r\nd ,bologna #h to #aa ,bag ,bologna #f to #i ,bologna 9 weas&s #f to #i ,knoblau* #aj to #aa ,leona1 long #aj to #ac ,leona1 l>ge #aj to #ab ,regul> ,frankfurts #aa to #ac ,vi5na ,frankfurts #ai to #bb ,high grade ,frankfurts #ah to #bj ,regul> pork #b to #d ,little pig pork #b to #d ,high grade breakfa/ #a to #c ,blood #ca to #cf ,liv] #ab to #ad ,tongue #ch to #dj ,poli% #ab to #ad ,head *eese #ci to #db ,lun*eon beef #dg to #ej ,boneless pigs feet #bb to #be ,m9c$ ham #f to #i ,b]l9 ham #bb to #bg ,cook$ press$ ham #ae to #ag ,cool] = ,fre% ,sausage4--,fre% pork sausage tongue & o!r v>ieties ( cook$ sausage are usually plac$ 9 a cool]4 ,dryness 9 ?is cool] is a fir/ & prime ess5tial4 ,likewise a spread+ ( ! product s z to give x opportunity to dry4 ,moi/ure 9 ?is dep>tm5t creates a bad condition 9 ! product4 ,fans are an assi/ance 9 t !y produce a circulation :i* adds to dryness4 ,pickle-,cur$ ,product4--,! foll[+ products are us$ 9 sausage mak+4 ,!y are ( little value except 9 ! cur$ condition3 ,pork sn\ts1 ,pork he>ts1 ,pork *eeks1 ,pork sk9s1 ,pork heads1 ,pork hocks1 ,pork e>s1 ,pork tails1 ,beef he>ts1 ,beef *eeks1 ,ox lips1 ,%eep he>ts4 ,^! products %\ld be ?or\ghly *ill$ by spread+ !m out on racks & plac+ !m 9 a *ill room hav+ a temp]ature ( f #cd to #cf ,f4 ,!y %\ld be turn$ :ile be+ *ill$4 ,aft] be+ ?or\ghly *ill$ = f tw5ty-f\r to ?irty-six h\rs1 !y %\ld be put into vats or ti]ces ) an eighty-degree pla9 pickle1 us+ eight ounces ( saltpetre to ! "o-hundr$ p\nds ( meat4 ,a wood5 frame & weight is plac$ on ! product 9 ord] to keep x imm]s$ 9 ! pickle4 ,to cure ^! meats 9 vats use ! foll[+ quantities ( pickle3 #a1djj p\nds ( meat w require #ed gallons ( pickle4 #a1jjj p\nds ( meat w require #db gallons ( pickle4 #hjj p\nds ( meat w require #cf gallons ( pickle4 ,! meats %\ld be kept 9 a cell> dur+ ! pickl+ process1 ) ! temp]ature rang+ f #ch to #dj ,f41 & ov]haul$ e five1 t5 & fifte5 days 9 ord] t all ! pickle may ?or\ghly p5etrate ! meats4 ,! diff]5t k9ds ( meats w be f\nd to be suffici5tly cur$ aft] be+ 9 pickle ! foll[+ numb] ( days3 ,pork sn\ts #be to #cj days ,pork he>ts #be to #cj days ,pork *eeks #be to #cj days ,pork sk9s #aj to #ae days ,pork heads #ce days ,pork e>s #aj days ,pork hocks #be days ,pork tails #aj days ,beef he>ts #be to #cj days ,beef *eeks #be to #cj days ,ox lips #bj days ,%eep he>ts #be to #cj days ,dry ,cur$ ,meats4--,= "s classes ( sausage dry-cur$ meats are us$4 ,?is consi/s ( a process ( cur+ meat 9 ti]ces1 ! meat pack$ closely & cur+ product int]sp]s$4 ,= ?is product a =mula made f ! foll[+ s]ves4 ,= "o ti]ce ( #djj p\nds use ! foll[+ mixture3 #af p\nds salt1 #d p\nds sug>1 #a p\nds saltpetre1 #b qu>ts old ham pickle1 :i* mu/ be sweet & 9 good condition4 ,pork & beef trimm+s %\ld be fre%1 & if !y h be5 pack$ 9 b>rels = transport ! blood %\ld be all[$ to dra9 (f be=e be+ pack$ 9 ! pres]vative4 ,!y %\ld n be wa%$ 9 pickle be=e be+ us$1 b %\ld be h&l$ dry4 ,! two qu>ts ( old ham pickle m5tion$ 9 ! above =mula %\ld be spr9kl$ ?r\gh z uni=mly z possible :5 p\nd+ ! trimm+s d[n into ! ti]ce4 ,if pack+ fre% beef & pork he>ts1 head meat1 beef & pork *eek meat1 giblet & weas& meat1 !y %\ld be ?or\ghly wa%$ 9 a mild pickle s z to remove ! blood & slime be=e pack+ 9 ! ti]ce4 ,head1 *eek1 & giblet meat %\ld n be put into ice wat] :5 cut (f on ! kill+ floor1 b %\ld be promptly remov$ to a cool] :]e ! temp]ature is #cc to #cf ,f41 & spread or hung up on racks to refrig]ate4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to all[ ^! meats to accumulate 9 any bulk :ile w>m4 ,he>ts & l>ge pieces %\ld be split to r$uce _! size & make accessible to ! cur+ +r$i5t4 ,9 ! pack+ ( ^! meats ! pickle us$ ) dry trimm+ is omitt$4 ,pack+4--,aft] ! trimm+s are prop]ly prep>$ !y are to be mix$ ) ! cur+ +r$i5ts4 ,?is is be/ accompli%$ by ! use ( a tumbl] *urn1 weigh+ a giv5 am\nt ( ! trimm+s & plac+ ) ! allott$ proportion ( cur+ mat]ials into ! *urn4 ,:5 mix$ ) ! pres]vative1 ! trimm+s %\ld be put 9 a ti]ce1 9 lay]s1 & p\nd$ d[n z tightly z possible ) a maul1 & ! op]ation cont9u$ until ! ti]ce is z full z possible1 all[+ = ! head to be put on4 ,be=e head+ up spread a *eese clo? or ?9 cotton clo? ov] ! top to protect ! trimm+s f ! head4 ,! ti]ce :5 head$ up is remov$ to cold /orage1 :]e ! temp]ature mu/ be kept z ne> #ch ,f4 z possible f ?irty to =ty-five days1 :5 ! trimm+s are ready = use4 ,if x is desir$ to keep ! product sixty days1 aft] x has be5 9 ! temp]ature above m5tion$ = ?irty to =ty-five days1 remove to a l[] temp]ature1 #cb to #cd ,f42 & = m ?an sixty days to a temp]ature ( #bj ,f4 ,cas+s & ,spices4--,all classes ( beef cas+s1 namely1 r\nds1 bungs1 middles & weas&s1 z well z hog bungs1 hog cas+s & %eep cas+s are us$ 9 ! ,sausage ,dep>tm5t4 ,!re is p]haps m *ican]y us$ 9 ,sausage ,room supplies ?an 9 any o!r "o dep>tm5t1 consequ5tly c>e 9 pur*ase ( ^! supplies is wor?y ( att5tion4 ,9 %eep cas+s x is a matt] ( grad+ z to wid?1 pieces & y>dage p] bundle2 9 hog cas+s1 a matt] ( salt p] p\nd pur*as$1 & grad+ z to wid? & pieces2 9 r\nds & middles "o ( holes1 pieces & measurem5t p] set4 ,spices %\ld s f> z possible be b\ght 9 ! natural /ate & mix$ on ! premises4 ,pure ,food laws pretty well take c>e ( ! purity ( ! spice 9 mo/ /ates4 ,sausage ,c]eals4--,?is is a v important factor 9 ! manufacture ( sausage4 ,! prov9ce ( 8fill]s0 is to absorb wat]1 prev5t+ %r9kage1 & :ile ?is is advisable to an ext5t1 if ov]done1 x detracts f ! quality ( ! product4 ,! ma9 base +r$i5ts = fill]s are rice fl\r1 corn fl\r & potato fl\r4 ,!re are _m sausage fill]s on ! m>ket b ! =ego+ +r$i5ts are mo/ frequ5tly us$4 ,potato fl\r or />* is n us$ to any ext5t today1 manufactur]s f9d+ t !re is a great deal ( tr\ble atta*$ to ! manufacture ( sausage conta9+ ^! +r$i5ts1 on acc\nt ( ! liability to s\r & spoil4 ,corn fl\r is ! be/ fill] t c be us$1 be+ less liable to f]m5t1 :ile x absorbs ! wat] quickly4 ,:ile fill]s are us$ to a great ext5t1 ! sausage manufactur] %\ld rememb] t ! quality ( sausage is det]iorat$ proportionately to ! am\nt ( wat] t is work$ 94 ,h5ce fill]s %\ld be us$ ) discretion1 & manufactur]s :o aim to make a "n = _! goods1 are frugal ) fill]s4 ,sausage ,=mulas4--,! foll[+ me?ods are tri$ & us$ = ! manufacture ( v>i\s k9ds ( sausage4 ,sausage mak]s v>y proc$ure accord+ to /ocks on h&4 ,h[ev]1 = uni=mity1 x is be/ to con=m to a /&>d s f> z possible4 ,pork ,sausage4--,?is is produc$ 9 v>i\s grades1 f a fancy breakfa/ quality to a sub/ance ^: *ief claim to ! "n is ! =m4 ,a good pork sausage c be made z foll[s3 #ajj lb4 pork trimm+s1 pref]ably %\ld] trimm+s1 ab\t "o-?ird fat4 #c p\nds salt4 #h ounces pepp]4 #c ounces sage4 ounce g+]4 ounce mace4 ,?is %\ld be *opp$ by pass+ ?r\gh a 8,ent]prise0 plate4 ,mix 9 an arm type mix]1 r ?an ! blade type4 ,mix z little z possible b suffici5tly to get spice ev5ly di/ribut$2 /uff 9 m$ium %eep cas+1 #e in* l9ks4 ,! matt] ( spic+ is "o ( ta/e & c be v>i$4 ,note ! abs5ce ( wat] & fill] 9 ! =mula4 ,"s mak]s pref] to 8rock0 _! fancy breakfa/ sausage4 ,?is produces good results b is unnecess>y4 ,x is possible to use _m meats 9 ! mak+ ( ?is sausage & /ill h x passably good1 b g5]ally speak+1 !re is less *ance = manipulation ( ?is sort 9 ?is k9d ( sausage ?an 9 _m ( ! o!rs4 ,! foll[+ =mulas make a *eap & palatable pork sausage3 ,,=mula ,a4 #ge p\nds pork trimm+s1 #be p\nds tripe1 #h p\nds wat]1 #c p\nds salt1 #d ounces sage1 #aj ounces :ite pepp]1 #c ounces saltpetre1 #aj p\nds corn fl\r4 ,,=mula ,b4 #ij p\nds regul> pork trimm+s1 #aj p\nds tripe1 #f p\nds corn fl\r1 #aj p\nds wat]1 #b p\nds1 #h ounces salt1 #d ounces sage1 #aj ounces :ite pepp]1 #c ounces sug>1 #a p\nd1 #h ounces color wat]4 ,! prec$+ =mulas are = sausage meat1 (t5 sold loose or )\t /uff+1 also = sausage /uff$ 9 hog cas+s4 ,/uff 9 m$ium or n>r[ hog cas+s4 8,tripe0 is ! s\rce ( refuge to produce *eap pork sausage4 ,bologna ,/yle4--,?is is "o ( ! mo/ common & g5]ally us$ type ( sausage manufactur$4 ,x is 9 dem& 9 ne>ly e locality4 ,9 ! manufacture ( ,bologna1 +r$i5ts are us$ :i* are n 9 !mselves palatable1 b are nutriti\s4 ,! season+ makes x palatable4 ,! =mulas :i* are giv5 bel[1 if !y are accurately foll[$ & fre% & :olesome mat]ial c>efully prep>$ is us$1 w make a sausage :i* is v acceptable to ! consum]4 ,?is is ! product t is usually made f ! t\gh] meats su* z *eeks & he>ts4 ,= a good bologna use3 #be p\nds beef trimm+s1 #ej p\nds pork *eeks1 #g p\nds corn fl\r1 #a p\nds pepp]1 #d ounces cori&]1 #gj p\nds pork trimm+s1 #cj p\nds beef *eeks1 #e p\nds salt1 #b ounces allspice1 #d ounces saltpetre1 #be p\nds wat]4 ,a *eap] product c be made z foll[s3 #de p\nds he>ts 7pork71 #bj p\nds %eep *eek meat1 #fe p\nds beef *eeks1 #g p\nds corn fl\r1 #d ounces cori&] 7gr\nd71 #d ounces saltpetre 7gr\nd71 #bj p\nds pork cell> fat trimm+s1 #be p\nds weas& meat1 #e p\nds salt1 #ah ounces pepp] 7gr\nd71 #b ounces allspice 7gr\nd71 #be p\nds wat]4 ,to manufacture1 ! product %\ld be pass$ ?r\gh an 8,ent]prise0 type ( gr9d]1 us+ ? plate4 ,transf] to sil5t cutt] & *op = full five m9utes1 add+ spice & wat] z ! mixture is cut & turn$4 ,transf] to %elv+ room & all[ to lay = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,/uff 9 cas+s z requir$1 put 9 smoke h\se at a temp]ature ( #abj ,f4 = "o & "o-half h\rs1 raise temp]ature to #ace ,f4 & c>ry = ano!r "o & "o-half h\rs4 ,cook 9 wat] at #aee ,f4 = ?irty m9utes2 r9se ) hot wat] aft] removal1 !n *ill ) cold wat] & hang 9 %ipp+ room4 ,! l5g? ( cook+ & smok+ v>ies ) ! weight & ?ickness ( ! package4 ,see s*$ule4 ,?is recipe is = wide middle cas+s4 ,frankfurt ,/yle4--,?is popul> sausage is made f a v>iety ( =mulas4 ,p]haps !re is no "o piece ( sausage z susceptible ( be+ made s excell5t or s ta/eless1 x be+ entirely a matt] ( :at x is made f4 ,! bett] grades are made f fre%ly kill$ bull beef1 ha%$ w>m4 ,! process consi/s 9 bon+ bull beef & op5+ ! meats along ! seams1 s to speak1 sk9n+ ea* bundle ( muscle to remove ! wrapp+ & cutt+ out all ligam5ts4 ,fre% pork1 pref]ably1 %\ld] meat is treat$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,! meats are !n pass$ ?r\gh a 8,ent]prise0 plate1 & pass$ to a sil5t cutt]4 ,"h crack$ ice is add$ 9 quantity & ! meats cut until !y are a light fluffy pulp4 ,! spices are add$ dur+ ! la/ five m9utes ( cutt+1 & ! :ole mass transf]r$ to a %elv+ room = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 :5 x is ready to /uff1 smoke1 cook1 cool & sell4 ,wide %eep cas+s are us$ = /uff+4 ,make ! l9ks uni=m4 ,! proportions ( meat us$ %\ld be z foll[s3 #fj p\nds bull beef1 #dj p\nds pork %\ld] 7fat71 #ce p\nds ice1 #aj p\nds corn fl\r1 #d p\nds salt1 #ab ounces pepp]1 #c ounces saltpetre1 #c ounces mace1 #f ounces sug>4 ,! foll[+ =mulas are = less co/ly products & provide a means = dispos+ ( "s by-products3 ,,=mula ,,no4 #a4 #eg p\nds regul> pork trimm+s1 #fe p\nds beef *eek meat1 #ae p\nds cook$ tripe1 #be p\nds pork kidneys1 #bj p\nds dry salt or pickl$ pork trimm+s1 #i p\nds corn fl\r1 #de p\nds wat]1 #a p\nd1 #d ounces :ite pepp]1 #c p\nds salt1 #b p\nds color wat]1 #d ounces saltpetre1 #c ounces allspice1 #c ounces mace1 #c ounces cori&]1 #a ounces cloves4 ,,=mula ,,no4 #b4 #ij p\nds lean pork *eek meat1 #fj p\nds regul> pork trimm+s1 #i p\nds corn fl\r1 #fj p\nds wat]1 #e p\nds salt1 #b p\nds1 #g ounces color wat]1 #ab ounces sug>1 #c ounces saltpetre1 #a p\nd black pepp]1 #b ounces mace4 ,! use ( a mix] is unnecess>y ) ?is sausage s9ce ! sil5t cutt] w p]=m ?is "w4 ,x %\ld take ab\t t5 m9utes to d ! cutt+4 ,smoke at #aaj ,f4 = "o & "o-half h\rs1 !n at #ace ,f4 = "o h\r4 ,cook at #aee ,f4 = eight to t5 m9utes1 r9se & cool4 ,9 m$ium & l[ pric$ frankfurts1 cattle lights are us$ 9 mod]ate proportion1 say1 #aj p] c5t4 ,tripe c also be us$ 9 increas$ quantity4 ,leona ,/yle ,sausage4--,! foll[+ =mula w be f\nd acceptable = ?is v>iety ( sausage3 #cj p\nds pork knuckle meat1 #fe p\nds lean pork trimm+s1 #ej p\nds back fat trimm+s or mod]ately fat trimm+s1 #bb p\nds pork neck fat1 #h p\nds corn fl\r1 #ee p\nds wat]1 #e p\nds salt1 #a p\nd :ite pepp]1 #c ounces mace1 #b ounces saltpetre1 #ab ounces sug>1 #b ounces grat$ onions1 ounce g>lic4 ,knuckle meat to be gr\nd ?r\gh a mod]ately f9e plate4 ,balance ( pork %\ld be *opp$ 9 ! 8sil5t cutt]40 ,corn fl\r & season+ %\ld be add$ to ! knuckle meat aft] x is put into ! ,buffalo *opp] & ! ma*9e has made two or ?ree revolutions4 ,*op = f\r m9utes1 /uff 9 eighte5-in* pieces1 beef middle cas+s or beef bung cas+s4 ,smoke1 cook z p] s*$ule4 ,cool & s5d to hang+ room4 ,knoblau* ,/yle ,sausage4--,foll[+ are two =mulas = ,knoblau* sausage3 #cj p\nds pork knuckle meat1 #fe p\nds v lean pork trimm+s1 #ej p\nds back fat trimm+s or mod]ately fat trimm+s1 #bb p\nds pork neck fat1 #h p\nds corn fl\r1 #ee p\nds wat]1 #e p\nds salt1 #a p\nd :ite pepp]1 #c ounces mace1 #b ounces saltpetre1 #ab ounces sug>1 #b ounces grat$ onions1 #c ounces g>lic1 #h ounces color wat]4 ,/uff 9 beef r\nds & tie ) tw9e e five in*es4 ,knuckle meat may be gr\nd ?r\gh a mod]ately f9e plate4 ,balance ( pork %\ld be *opp$ 9 a 8,buffalo ,sil5t ,cutt]40 ,corn fl\r & season+ %\ld be add$ to ! knuckle meat aft] x is put into ! ,buffalo *opp] & ! ma*9e has made two or ?ree revolutions4 ,,second ,,me?od4 #ej p\nds pork *eeks1 #aj p\nds tripe1 #dj p\nds /&>d pork trimm+s1 #e p\nds salt1 #c ounces mace1 #i ounces sug>1 #c ounces g>lic1 #ce p\nds pork trimm+s 7lean71 #ae p\nds ,d4 ,t4 or ,s4 ,p4 trimm+s1 #i p\nds corn fl\r1 ounce pepp]1 #d ounces cori&]1 #c ounces saltpetre1 #cj p\nds wat]4 ,gr9d pork *eeks ?r\gh plate 8,ent]prise0 cutt]4 ,transf] to sil5t cutt]1 add wat] & *op "o m9ute1 add balance ( trimm+s & *op five m9utes1 !n pass to %elv+ room1 /uff 9 beef r\nd cas+s1 tie ) ,no4 #ab tw9e 9 f\r-in* l9ks4 ,smoke at #aaj = "o h\r & increase temp]ature to #ace = "o & "o-half h\rs4 ,cook tw5ty m9utes at #aee & *ill aft] cook+1 draw & pass to hang+ room4 ,poli% ,/yle ,sausage4--,=mula = mak+ ?is sausage is z foll[s3 #ajj p\nds beef *eek meat1 or %ank meat1 #ej p\nds dry salt or pickl$ pork trimm+s1 #ej p\nds pork trimm+s1 #i p\nds corn fl\r1 #cj p\nds wat]1 #a p\nd :ite pepp]1 #e p\nds salt1 #f ounces saltpetre1 #f ounces cori&]1 #c ounces g>lic4 ,gr9d ! beef *eek meat ?r\gh a ? plate1 add corn fl\r & season+1 "w 9 z mu* wat] z possible & !n add ! pork trimm+s4 ,?is is a v co>se *opp$ sausage & ! pork trimm+s %\ld be *opp$ ab\t z f9e z small dice4 ,beef is ! b9d] ( ?is sausage1 & mu/ be h&l$ accord+ to in/ructions4 ,! meat1 aft] x is *opp$1 c be h&l$ ! same z ,bologna & ,frankfurt meat by putt+ 9 a cool] = a few h\rs be=e /uff+4 ,aft] ! sausage is /uff$1 x c also be h&l$ z ,bologna & ,frankfurts1 if desir$1 be=e smok+4 ,?is sausage %\ld be smok$ c>efully & /rictly 9 accordance ) ! smok+ s*$ule1 z x is n cook$1 ?is be+ done practically 9 ! smoke h\se1 dur+ ! process ( smok+4 ,aft] x is smok$ x has a v wr9kl$ appe>ance1 :i* is ess5tial = ?is article4 ,9 fact1 x is n ,poli% sausage unless x has ?is appe>ance4 ,! dic+ ( ! meat o!r ?an ! beef c be done ) a rock]4 ,note t a 8sil5t cutt]0 is n us$ 9 ?is manufacture4 ,! sausage is /uff$ 9 beef r\nd cas+s4 ,blood ,sausage4--,?is sausage is made z foll[s3 #bje p\nds %\ld] fat1 #ed p\nds pig sk9s1 #dg p\nds beef blood1 #e p\nds onions1 #g p\nds salt1 #a p\nd :ite pepp]1 #c p\nds corn fl\r1 #h ounces m>joram1 #d ounces cloves4 ,use pickl$ %\ld] fat & sk9s1 cook = "o h\r at a temp]ature ( #baj ,f4 & run ?r\gh fat cutt+ ma*9e or cut into size ( small dice4 ,pass ! beef blood ?r\gh a f9e sieve 9 ord] to sep>ate =eign matt]4 ,cook pig sk9s = ab\t two h\rs at a temp]ature ( #baj ,f4 & gr9d ?r\gh a ? plate4 ,mix ! %\ld] fat1 sk9s1 blood & season+ ?or\ghly toge!r & /uff 9 cap end bungs4 ,smok+ & cook+ z indicat$ 9 s*$ules4 ,tongue ,sausage4--,= ,tongue ,sausage ! foll[+ =mula is giv53 #ej p\nds hog or %eep tongue1 #acj p\nds %\ld] fat1 #cd p\nds hog sk9s1 #cj p\nds blood1 #h p\nds salt1 #a p\nd1 #d ounces :ite pepp]1 #b p\nds onions1 #aj ounces m>joram1 #d ounces cloves4 ,use pickl$ %\ld] fat1 sk9 & cook = "o h\r at a temp]ature ( #baj ,f4 & run ?r\gh fat cutt+ ma*9e or cut into size ( small dice4 ,use beef blood1 pass$ ?r\gh a f9e sieve 9 ord] to sep>ate any =eign mat]ial4 ,cook hog sk9s = ab\t two h\rs at a temp]ature ( #baj ,f4 & gr9d ?r\gh a ? in* plate4 ,pickl$ %eep tongues are pref]able to pickl$ hog tongues1 z !y are small] & make a bett] appe>+ sausage :5 cut4 ,! tongue %\ld be cook$ "o & ?ree-qu>t] h\rs at a temp]ature ( #baj ,f4 ,be=e mix+ ! above +r$i5ts1 r9se ! fat (f ! tongues ) hot wat] 9 ord] to remove z mu* grease z possible4 ,mix ! +r$i5ts ?or\ghly ) ! season+ by h&4 ,:5 /uff+ put ab\t f\r pieces ( tongue to ea* bung4 ,h[ev]1 ?is v>ies accord+ to ! size ( ! bungs us$4 ,cap end bungs %\ld be us$ 9 all cases4 ,smok+ & cook+ to be done z indicat$ 9 s*$ule4 ,m9c$ ,ham4--,! foll[+ =mula = ,m9c$ ,ham is giv53 #ej p\nds beef trimm+s1 #bj p\nds pork *eek meat1 #hj p\nds regul> pork trimm+s1 #e p\nds corn fl\r1 #bj p\nds wat]1 #e p\nds salt1 #h ounces sug>1 #c ounces :ite pepp]1 #c ounces saltpetre4 ,gr9d meats ?r\gh a ? plate2 pass to 8,sil5t ,cutt]10 add wat] & spices2 *op ?ree m9utes & %elve = cur+4 ,/uff 9 calf bladd]s if available1 o!rwise small beef bladd]s4 ,9 ty+ ! bladd]s1 x is be/ to use a wood5 skew] & tw9e & x is pref]able to use small calf bladd]s 9 place ( l>ge ones1 z ! "t requir$ = smok+ & cool+ is s long t if l>ge bladd]s are us$ ! weight ( !m w\ld break ! bladd]s :]e !y are skew]$ or ti$ & w\ld result 9 %r9kage or loss4 ,new ,engl& or ,press$ ,ham4--,?is ham is made f dry cur$ pork trimm+s put d[n "u ! =mula giv54 ,! be/ & leane/ trimm+s obta9able are cur$ = ?is purpose4 ,%\ld] blade trimm+s or lean %\ld] trimm+s are m desirable ?an any o!r k9d4 ,aft] ! trimm+s h be5 cur$ suffici5tly1 :i* is :5 !y %[ a bright cur$ color ?r\gh\t & are )\t d>k spots 9 ! c5t] ( ! meat1 ! trimm+s are weigh$ up 9 #ajj-p\nd bat*es1 & ab\t t5 p] c5t ( lean beef trimm+s1 gr\nd ?r\gh a ?-in* plate1 is mix$ ?or\ghly4 ,imm$iately aft] ! trimm+s are mix$ ! mass %\ld be /uff$ into l>ge beef bung ends1 usually f f\rte5 to sixte5 in*es long4 ,to obta9 ! be/ results a /uff] arrang$ ) a l>ge siz$ fill] is necess>y4 ,h[ev]1 a h& /uff] arrang$ ) a l>ge siz$ fill]1 ab\t ?ree in*es at ! small end1 or op5+1 c be us$4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to /uff ! bungs z tightly z possible4 ,!y %\ld be skew]$ in/ead ( ti$ at ! ends & %\ld be wrapp$ ) heavy tw9e1 ea* piece hav+ f f\r to six wrapp+s ( ! tw9e1 :i* %\ld t]m9ate ) a hang] = ! ham4 ,! pieces are v heavy & w break dur+ ! processes ( smok+ & cook+ unless !y are prop]ly wrapp$ or ti$4 ,?is ham is smok$ five h\rs at a temp]ature ( f #acj to #adj ,f4 & ! h\se %\ld be mod]ately w>m be=e ! ham is hung 9 ! smoke4 ,a small fire %\ld be />t$ to dry (f ! cas+s1 aft] :i* ! meat %\ld be smok$ ! same z ,bologna4 ,cook at lea/ ?ree h\rs at a temp]ature ( #afj ,f4 ,aft] x has be5 cook$ x is tak5 imm$iately to a cool]1 :]e ! temp]ature is f #ch to #dj ,f41 & put "u a press4 ,if no press is obta9able place ! ham 9 lay]s1 putt+ a bo>d betwe5 ea* lay] ) a weight on top4 ,place ! hams 9 a pile or "u ! press s t !y c be pick$ ) a long1 ?9 skew] ab\t "o-half ! ?ickness ( a ham try] 9 ord] to p]mit ! wat] :i* is 9 ! ham to escape4 ,aft] pressure = twelve h\rs1 take !m out & hang up s t boil+ hot wat] c be ?r[n on !m to wa% (f ! grease2 ?or\ghly wa%$ 9 ?is mann] remove to a dry cool]4 ,new ,j]sey ,ham4--,new ,j]sey ham is made accord+ to ! foll[+ =mula3 #fj p\nds lean ham trimm+s #hj p\nds lean back trimm+s1 #aj p\nds lean beef *ucks or %ank meat1 #d p\nds1 salt1 #c p\nds crack] meal1 #d ounces =mula saltpetre1 #ab ounces sug>1 ounce r$ pepp]4 ,beef is gr\nd ?r\gh an ,ent]prise ?-in* plate & rock$ ab\t five m9utes1 :5 ! pork trimm+s are add$ ) ! season+4 ,! season+ %\ld all be mix$ ?or\ghly & add$ to ! meat4 ,! :ole is !n *opp$ ab\t z co>se z summ] sausage1 or ab\t tw5ty to tw5ty-five m9utes4 ,x is tak5 to a cool] aft] be+ rock$ & spread ab\t six or eight in*es ?ick on a table1 :]e x is all[$ to rema9 ab\t ?ree days at a temp]ature ( f #ch to #dj ,f4 ,x is !n /uff$ by h& /uff]s into bags1 :i* w weigh aft] be+ /uff$ & dri$ ab\t five p\nds4 ,^! bags are made ( heavy drill$ clo? & %\ld be /uff$ z tightly z possible4 ,!y %\ld be kept v clean dur+ ! process ( /uff+1 z any sausage meat :i* may /ick to ! clo? w leave a bad appe>ance aft] ! sausage has be5 smok$4 ,aft] ! ham has be5 /uff$1 x %\ld be tak5 to ! dry room1 :]e ! temp]ature c be kept at all times betwe5 #df & #ee ,f41 #ej be+ pref]able4 ,! room mu/ be airy & dry & x w take at lea/ t5 days "u favorable circum/ances to get ! ham 9 prop] condition to smoke4 ,x %\ld be smok$ ab\t f\r h\rs 9 z cold a smoke z possible1 #gj to #ge ,f4 be+ z hot z x is safe to smoke x1 #fj ,f4 be+ ne>] ! prop] temp]ature4 ,aft] x has be5 smok$1 x %\ld be aga9 hung 9 a cool temp]ature = ?ree days1 :5 x w be ready = %ipm5t4 ,?is sausage is manufactur$ ext5sively 9 ,new ,j]sey & ! ea/4 ,head ,*eese4--,head *eese is made z foll[s3 #dd p\nds cook$ pig sk9s1 #ee p\nds cook$ pig sn\ts1 #cc p\nds cook$ pig e>s1 #ee p\nds cook$ beef he>ts1 #ea p\nds cook$ neck fat1 #bj p\nds wat] 9 :i* ! meat has be5 cook$1 #a p\nd :ite pepp]1 #aj p\nds onions1 #d ounces allspice1 #b ounces cloves1 #c ounces m>joram1 #c ounces c>r[ay se$s4 ,! cook$ meats are *opp$ by h& ) a knife until r$uc$ to ! prop] size1 except ! sk9s1 :i* are gr\nd ?r\gh a ?-in* plate aft] be+ cook$4 ,! mass usually is mix$ by h& & /uff$ into cur$ hog paun*es or beef bungs & cook$ z p] cook+ s*$ule app5d$ h]eto4 ,aft] ! sausage is cook$1 x is tak5 to a cool] & usually press$ by lay+ ! paun*es or bungs side by side ) a bo>d betwe5 ea* lay] & a mod]ate weight on top ( ! la/ bo>d4 ,h[ev]1 if prop]ly made ?is is unnecess>y z ! gelat9e f ! sk9s & ! wat] 9 :i* ! meat has be5 cook$ w b9d ! o!r +r$i5ts toge!r suffici5tly )\t mu*1 if any1 press+4 ,boneless ,pigs ,feet4--,?is product is prep>$ z foll[s3 #be p\nds fre% pigs feet1 #cj p\nds fre% pigs sk9s1 #ae p\nds fre% pigs sn\ts1 #ae p\nds fre% pigs e>s1 #bj p\nds fre% pork trimm+s1 #ae p\nds fre% beef trimm+s1 #aj p\nds :ite pepp]1 #ej p\nds wat] 9 :i* meat has be5 cook$1 #d p\nds1 #a ounce salt1 #d ounces cloves4 ,use "o gallon 7#de-;gra97 v9eg> to five-hundr$ p\nds ( ! above mass4 ,cook all ( ! meats 9 "o vat1 ?or\ghly1 9 pudd+ nets1 & *op same z head*eese1 mix season+1 wat] & v9eg> ) ! meat 9 a l>ge tub or tight-bottom truck4 ,x is necess>y to use t9 m\lds = ?is sausage & !y are g5]ally ( "o size1 %ap$ z a t5-p\nd wood5 bucket or o!r siz$ packages :i* may be int5d$ to be us$ = %ipp+ purposes4 ,fill ^! molds ) ! mix$ mass & put on top ( ea* a wood5 block ! size ( ! mold & ab\t ?ree in*es ?ick4 ,!n remove to a cool] & press tightly by plac+ on top a bo>d ) a weight4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ! be/ results1 ! molds or cans %\ld be cool$ quickly1 !re=e a temp]ature ( ab\t #cf ,f4 is desirable4 ,to remove ! cont5ts f ! cans or molds1 subm]ge 9 hot wat] = a few seconds1 :5 ! meat w loos5 f ! sides ( ! molds & c be turn$ out readily4 ,aft] ! product has be5 remov$ f ! molds all[ x to /& = a %ort :ile 9 ! cool] be=e plac+ 9 %ipp+ packages4 ,?is sausage c be made )\t us+ wood5 tops on ! cans or molds & )\t press+ x4 ,if ! pig sk9s1 aft] !y are cook$1 are gr\nd ?r\gh a ?-in* plate & !n mix$ ) ! mass1 m ( a jelly w be produc$ & !y w n require press+4 ,9 prep>+ meats be p>ticul> to remove all bone1 gri/le or c>tilage4 ,liv] ,sausage4--,! foll[+ =mula is = ,liv] ,sausage3 #bj p\nds cook$ lean pork trimm+s1 #bj p\nds cook$ pork *eek meat1 #bj p\nds cook$ pork sk9s1 #aj p\nds cook$ hog liv]s1 #ej p\nds cook$ tripe1 #f p\nds cook$ %\ld] fat1 #c p\nds salt1 #c p\nds onions1 #i ounces :ite pepp]1 #b ounces m>joram1 #b ounces cloves1 #a ounces allspice4 ,above is all gr\nd ?r\gh a ?-in* plate except ! %\ld] fat1 :i* is run ?r\gh a fat cutt+ ma*9e or cut into size ( small dice4 ,x is necess>y to mix ?is sausage 9 a sausage mix]4 ,! season+ %\ld be put into ! mix] :5 />t+ to mix1 b ! %\ld] fat %\ld n be put 9 until ab\t half ?r\gh4 ,/uff imm$iately into hog bungs1 or beef middles1 z desir$4 ,cook imm$iately z p] cook+ table & !n place 9 cool]1 at a temp]ature ( #cf to #dj ,f4 until ?or\ghly *ill$1 :5 x is ready = %ipp+4 ,boneless ,ham4--,?is is made f pork %\ld] butts1 cur$ 9 sweet pickle & /uff$ 9 small ,no4 #b beef bungs4 ,smoke =ty-eight h\rs at a temp]ature ( #abj ,f4 ,! bungs may be slightly color$1 ! same z ,poli% sausage cas+s1 be=e /uff+1 if desir$4 ,n cook$4 ,cottage ,ham4--,?is is made f boneless ham butts or %\ld] butts1 cur$ ! same z boneless ham butts4 ,x is n /uff$ b /rung f ! l>ge end ( ! butt & smok$ ?irty-two h\rs at a temp]ature ( #abj ,f4 & n cook$4 ,/uff$ ,hogs ,heads4--,select a well %ap$ head1 cut (f ab\t ?ree to f\r p\nds beh9d ! e>s & remove ! bones4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 9 ent]+ above ! eyes1 :]e ! sk9 is ?9ne/ & lies directly on ! bone4 ,d n remove ! sn\t bones1 b saw (f ! h9dmo/ jaw bone "r beh9d ! m\?4 ,remove ! *eek meat on ei!r side until ) ! sk9 x is ab\t "o-half in* ?ick4 ,cut (f ab\t ?ree in*es squ>e f ! l[] *eek at ! back to make ! head m %apely4 ,sew f ! sn\t up ! back bone1 :]e ! head is to be fill$ & cut ar\nd cov] f ! sk9 to fit ! back op5+4 ,prep>e ! /uff+ z foll[s3 ,good firm "y pork1 mod]ately fat1 is co>sely *opp$ ) ! requir$ quantity ( salt & all[$ to /& tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,use ab\t t5 p\nds *opp$ f9e1 spic$ ) five & "o-qu>t] ounces ( salt1 "o-half ounce ( gr\nd :ite pepp]1 sev5ty-sev5 gra9s ( f9ely gr\nd mace1 mix$ ) "o p\nd ( boil$ tongue meat cut into %ape ( dice1 "o-half ! size ( a walnut4 ,mix all ?or\ghly & fill head ) ! mass4 ,sew ! cov] on & smoke = two h\rs until x turns to a yell[ br[n color4 ,aft] x is smok$1 tie ! head up 9 a clo?1 wrapp+ a /r+ ar\nd x v ev5ly f front to re>4 ,cook 9 boil+ wat] f ?ree to ?ree & "o-half h\rs1 & !n all[ to cool4 ,! head mu/ be a *e/nut br[n :5 ?or\ghly smok$ & cook$4 ,scrapple4--,= mak+ scrapple use two pig heads1 two pig tongues & two pig liv]s4 ,^! %\ld be cook$ 9 an iron-jacket$ kettle t w hold ab\t =ty-five gallons4 ,cov] ?or\ghly & !n remove f kettle & cut up ! same z = head *eese4 ,aft] ! heads1 tongues & liv]s are tak5 f ! wat]1 skim ! grease & add =ty p\nds ( corn meal & five p\nds ( buck:eat to ! wat]1 putt+ 9 a little at a "t1 /irr+ z put 94 ,cook sl[ly = five h\rs4 ,season+ %\ld be add$ be=e buck:eat & corn meal are put 91 consi/+ (3 #b ounces :ite pepp]1 #a ounce r$ pepp]1 #h ounces sage1 #d p\nds salt4 ,aft] ! meal & wat] has be5 cook$ ab\t f\r h\rs & =ty-five m9utes1 add ! heads1 tongues & liv]s1 /ir ?or\ghly ab\t fifte5 m9utes1 %ut (f /eam1 & place 9 pan4 ,:5 ab\t cool1 b :ile pla/ic1 add to ea* pan top a coat+ ( ! grease skimm$ f cook+4 ,bologna ,sausage 9 ,oil4--,?is is a sausage manufactur$ q ext5sively by pack]s1 :o f9d ! pr9cipal m>kets = x 9 ! s\?4 ,9 fact1 x is n us$ any:]e b 9 w>m climates & x is usually put up 9 tw5ty-p\nd & fifty-p\nd t9 packages4 ,mu* exp]im5t+ has be5 done to asc]ta9 ! be/ size = packages to put up sausage 9 oil4 ,! foll[+ =mula is g5]ally consid]$ to be a good me?od = mak+ ?is sausage3 #bj p\nds fre% head pork meat1 #ej p\nds fre% pork he>ts1 #cj p\nds fre% regul> pork trimm+s1 #ae p\nds fat pork trimm+s1 #hj p\nds fre% beef *eek meat1 #a p\nd1 #h ounces corn fl\r1 #c p\nds1 #h ounces salt1 ounce cloves1 ounce cori&]1 #c ounces saltpetre4 ,/uff 9 diff]5t siz$ beef r\nds4 ,! beef *eek meat1 pork he>ts1 & pork *eek meat are gr\nd ?r\gh a ? in* plate1 & aft]w>d *opp$ ) a 8,sil5t ,cutt]0 ! season+ be+ add$ at ! same "t4 ,use no wat] 9 ?is sausage "u any circum/ances4 ,aft] ! beef & beef he>ts1 also ! pork *eek meat1 h be5 *opp$ z f9e z desir$1 add ! pork trimm+s & *op ! same z any o!r ,bologna4 ,x is desirable to /uff ?is sausage imm$iately aft] x is *opp$1 & if a /eam /uff] is us$ c>e %\ld be tak5 t no wat] f ! evaporation ( ! /eam is all[$ to get into ! sausage4 ,! b5* :]e ! sausage is /uff$ %\ld be absolutely free f wat] or moi/ure4 ,?is is ! pr9cipal factor 9 ! successful manufacture ( ?is product4 ,aft] ! sausage is /uff$1 x is smok$ ab\t ?ree h\rs at a temp]ature ( #aej to #afj ,f41 or until x is dry cle> ?r\gh4 ,?is sausage is n cook$4 ,keep x away f all wat] & moi/ure4 ,aft] ! sausage is smok$ all[ x to cool 9 a dry airy room1 b d n put x 9 a cool]4 ,:5 x is ?or\ghly cool1 pack into tw5ty-p\nd & fifty-p\nd packages1 z desir$1 z foll[s3 ,9 tw5ty-p\nd cans1 place sixte5 p\nds ,bologna & f\r p\nds oil4 ,9 fifty-p\nd cans1 place ?irty-six p\nds ,bologna & f\rte5 p\nds oil4 ,9 ord] to pack ! cans prop]ly1 x is necess>y to /uff diff]5t siz$ beef r\nds1 z m5tion$ above1 s t !y w fit 9 nicely )\t break+ ! cas+s1 & )\t fill+ ! cans too full4 ,aft] ! cans h be5 fill$ ) ! requir$ am\nt ( ,bologna1 crimp on ! summ] top1 :i* has a two-in* hole & a cap to fit4 ,fill ! cans z full z possible ) deodoriz$ cotton se$ oil1 :i* mu/ be cold4 ,all[ ! cans to /& = ?irty m9utes1 !n refill s t ! oil runs ov] ! top ?r\gh ! hole1 put on ! cap imm$iately & sold] "r ?r\gh ! oil :i* w accumulate ar\nd ! cap & on ! top ( ! c4 ,?is w n h9d] ! process ( sold]+ & x prev5ts ! possibility ( any air gett+ into ! cans4 ,aft] ! caps h be5 secur$1 sold] ar\nd ! crimps ( ! summ] top4 ,?is c be done be=e ! oil is put 9 if desir$4 ,extreme c>e mu/ be us$ 9 sold]+ ! cans s t no air :atev] gets 91 or oil leaks out1 z ! sausage w spoil if ?is occurs4 ,! cans %\ld also be fitt$ ) ! regul> cov]s s z to protect ! summ] top4 ,pack 9 crates1 ! tw5ty-p\nd size1 two to f\r to a crate2 ! fifty-p\nd size1 "o to two to a case4 ,! case %\ld be l>ge en\gh s z to admit ( pack+ sawdu/ b5ea? ! bottom1 ar\nd ! sides & on ! tops4 ,a crate l>ge en\gh to p]mit "o-half in* space ar\nd ! cans is ! size g5]ally us$ & !re %\ld be a p>tition 9 ! crates :]e m ?an "o c is pack$ 9 a crate4 ,9 freight+ ?is class ( m]*&ise 9 ! s\?1 9 fact :]ev] x is %ipp$1 x receives m or less r\gh h&l+ & a great _m freight h&l]s use box hooks1 :i* !y /ick into ! sides ( ! crates1 & if !re is n suffici5t protection f ! am\nt ( sawdu/ put 91 ! cans are punctur$1 ! oil leaks out & ! sausage spoils4 ,sausage h&l$ 9 ! above mann] has be5 kn[n to keep two ye>s 9 temp]ature rang+ f #dj to #ajj ,f4 ,pork ,sausage 9 ,oil4--,use ! same =mula z = regul> pork sausage except t ! trimm+s mu/ be mod]ately lean1 & ! sausage absolutely free f wat]4 ,use also ! same spices4 ,/uff imm$iately aft] ! sausage is *opp$1 us+ ! same c>e z to moi/ure z = ,bologna 9 oil1 & smoke ov] a v cold smoke until ! sausage seems dry all ! way ?r\gh4 ,all[ x to cool1 h&l+ & pack+ 9 e o!r respect ! same z ,bologna ,oil4 ,bologna ,v>ni%4--,:]e x c be us$ & n conflict ) ,food regulations bologna v>ni% c be us$ to advantage4 ,x improves ! appe>ance & decreases %r9kage4 ,z consid]able wat] is us$1 9 addition to ! natural moi/ure 9 meats !re is1 aft] x is manufactur$1 consid]able %r9kage1 & if all[$ to hang = any l5g? ( "t1 ! cas+s become wr9kl$ on acc\nt ( ! evaporation ( ?is int]nal moi/ure4 ,! v>ni%+ ( ! sausage creates a cov]+ on ! outside :i* prev5ts ?is wr9kl$ appe>ance1 improv+ its looks1 & ret>d+ ! evaporation ( moi/ure f ! sausage4 ,! =mula is z foll[s3 #f p\nds :ite %ellac1 #a p\nd boracic acid1 #b p\nds aqua ammonia1 #ad p\nds ( wat]4 ,! mixture %\ld be put into a vessel & heat$ to a po9t :]e ! %ellac is well dissolv$4 ,:5 ?is is accompli%$1 add f\r gallons ( wat]4 ,?is v>ni%1 9 ord] to be ready = use at any "t1 mu/ be kept lukew>m4 ,x %\ld1 !re=e1 be kept 9 a jacket$ pan1 surr\nd$ by ei!r hot wat] or /eam1 to hold x at ! prop] temp]ature4 ,! sausage %\ld be imm]s$ & imm$iately hung up to dry4 ,?is v>ni% c be us$ )\t any detrim5tal effect :atev] on all k9ds ( smok$ ,bologna sausage or smok$ cook$ press$ ham4 ,x pres]ves ! sausage1 keeps x f mold+1 & is especially effective :]e x is necess>y to pack ,bologna 9 boxes = %ipm5t long di/ances4 ,:]e ! dipp+ pan is us$1 x is only necess>y to dip ! sausage 9 ! above solution a few seconds be=e hang+ on racks to dry4 ,! sausage is usually ready = %ipm5t 9 "o h\r aft] x is dipp$1 if ! prep>ation is prop]ly made1 :]e a l>ge am\nt ( ,bologna is be+ dipp$ x is1 ( c\rse1 necess>y to h a l>g] dripp+ pan & a l>g] quantity ( v>ni%4 ,! proportions %\ld be increas$ accord+ly4 ,x is also important t1 aft] ! v>ni% has /ood f "o p]iod ( dipp+ to ano!r1 to skim ! grease (f ! top ( ! v>ni% be=e aga9 us+ x1 & ! ,bologna %\ld always be dipp$ imm$iately aft] x is tak5 f ! cook+ vats2 9 o!r words1 :ile hot4 ,boil$ ,ham4--,boil$ ham & %\ld]s1 also cook$ meats1 are usually includ$ z a sausage product4 ,!re is no?+ t det]m9es ! co/ ( ! f9i%$ product z mu* z ! %r9kage1 h5ce ! me?od t w produce ! lea/ loss 9 weight f orig9al to f9i%$ product is ! process desir$4 ,!re are two me?ods ( cook+ hams1 "o is to /eam !m 9 a retort or "s receptacle :]e !y are cook$ by ! heat g5]at$ by /eam2 ano!r is to cook !m 9 wat]4 ,! latt] process1 f c>eful obs]vation1 seems to be ! "o t gives ! be/ results z reg>ds ! %r9kage1 al?\gh /eam+ p]haps makes ! ham m palatable4 ,! hams be=e be+ cook$ %\ld be b\nd & wrapp$ ) tw9e to hold !m 9 %ape4 ,a =m made ( galvaniz$ iron1 clamp+ plates :i* are put into a press1 ) ! ham tightly clamp$ on ! inside %\ld be us$4 ,! ham is cook$ & *ill$ 9 ?is mold4 ,! cure ( ! ham has mu* to d ) ! %r9kage & x is !re=e pref]able to use fully cur$ hams in/ead ( old cur$ hams1 z ! %r9kage is great] on ov]-cur$ meats4 ,x is also advisable to sort ! hams z to size1 hav+ ea* vat or tank ( hams uni=m4 ,if n uni=m 9 size !re is an excessive %r9kage on small hams :i* are ov]cook$4 ,9 all cases ! hams %\ld be soak$1 remov+ ! surplus salt4 ,! l5g? & "t ( soak+ dep5ds altoge!r on ! age ( ! meats4 ,! hams %\ld be ?or\ghly wa%$ & if !y are to be br&$ ?is %\ld be done be=e !y are bon$ or cook$4 ,rules = ,boil+ ,hams4--,:5 hams are bon$ 7if desirable7 & wrapp$1 !y %\ld be put into a vat ( wat]1 temp]ature ab\t #bab & ! temp]ature regulat$ until x rea*es #aee to #afj ,f4 ,! hams are held at ?is temp]ature until !y are cook$1 :i* requires some:at long] "t ?an :5 !y are cook$1 by /eam at a high] temp]ature4 ,a twelve-p\nd ham w require f f\r & "o-half to five h\rs4 ,aft] ! hams are cook$ !y %\ld be all[$ to cool 9 ! wat] 9 :i* !y 7 cook$2 n tak5 out1 or dra9$1 or set 9 ! cool]1 = 9 ! wat] 9 :i* !y are cook$ are juices :i* are absorb$ by ! hams z !y cool1 & ! %r9kage is mu* less ?an if tak5 out imm$iately4 ,! hams %\ld !n be tak5 to ! smoke h\se1 laid on racks & giv5 a v light smoke1 !n to ! cool]4 ,%r9kage 9 ,boil+ ,hams4--,hams tak5 out ( pickle & dra9$ = twelve h\rs to %ipp+ weight1 w %[ ! foll[+ %r9kages "u favorable circum/ances3 ,p] c5t4 ,hams n bon$1 smok$ aft] cook+ #i to #ab ,hams ) bone out1 includ+ ! %ank bone1 sk9 on1 n fatt$ #ab to #ah ,hams ) bone out1 sk9 lift$1 fat remov$ #ah to #bc ,hams ) bone out1 ! sk9 & fat remov$ #cc to #dj ,hams sk9n$1 fatt$1 bones left 9 #bh to #ce ,sk9n$ %\ld]s1 bone out #cj to #ce ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,dri$ ,,sausage ,,summ] ,,sausage -- ,,pres]vatives -- ,,cool+ ,,room -- ,,/uff+ -- ,,hang+ ,,room -- ,,smoke ,,h\se -- ,,dry ,,room ,,treatm5t -- ,,dry ,,room ,,caution -- ,,%ipp+ ,,ages -- ,,/orage -- ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,cas+s -- ,,trimm+ ,,meats -- ,,=mulas ,,= ,,sausage4 ,summ] ,sausage4--,"u ! head ( 8,summ] ,sausage0 we take up an entirely diff]5t article1 a sausage t is dri$ & smok$ 7n cook$71 dur+ :i* "t ! +r$i5ts us$ = season+ effect a cure4 ,?is sausage w keep = mon?s if prop]ly h&l$4 ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 t e detail be v c>efully wat*$1 z a slight omission or error 9 its manufacture causes imm5se losses at times4 ,z ?is is /rictly an air dri$ sausage1 wea!r conditions h a great deal to d ) its successful manufacture1 & x is necess>y to h special facilities 9 ! way ( cool]s1 smoke h\ses & dry rooms1 ! prop] arrangem5t ( :i* is some:at exp5sive4 ,air condition+ & fan circulation c be us$4 ,x is impracticable = any manufactur] to attempt to make ?is article 9 l>ge quantities unless he has prop] facilities1 & x is ! manufactur]s :o d make x 9 l>ge quantities t are f9ancially successful1 & are able to keep _! co/ ( production to a m9imum4 ,pres]vatives4--,previ\s to ! enactm5t ( ! ,pure ,food ,laws ! lib]al use ( pres]vatives made ! h&l+ ( summ] sausage1 :ile always requir+ c>e1 a matt] ( n s great consequ5ce z at pres5t4 ,n[1 ! only pres]vative us$ is ! ag5t saltpetre1 & su* pres]vative help z is obta9$ f ! spices :i* are us$4 ,^! conditions require ! use ( absolutely sweet mat]ials4 ,cool+ ,room4--,clean airy cool+ rooms are necess>y4 ,!y %\ld be provid$ ) spread+ %elves ( suffici5t area to all[ ! cut spic$ meats to be spread f twelve to =ty-eight h\rs s z to enable ! spices1 saltpetre & salt to p]meate ! product be=e /uff+ & to make ! meat firm4 ,if ! sausage is /uff$ imm$iately aft] x is rock$1 x is liable to wr9kle 9 ! smoke h\se1 :i* gives x an unsavory appe>ance4 ,temp]ature ( room %\ld be #cg ,f4 ,/uff+4--,! /uff+ %\ld be p]=m$ 9 a semi-cool room1 us+ me*anical or h& op]at$ /uff]s at a mod]ate pressure4 ,"s manufactur]s use /eam or hydraulic equipm5t1 b ^! are usually arrang$ s t no moi/ure1 cond5sation or drip comes 9 contact ) ! meats4 ,! temp]ature ( ! room %\ld be ab\t #de ,f4 ,hang+ ,room4--,a hang+ room 9 :i* ! temp]ature c be prop]ly controll$ %\ld be available 9 :i* ! sausage c be hung until ! cas+s are suffici5tly dri$ = smok+4 ,:ile ! sausage %\ld be dry1 x %\ld n be all[$ to become s dry t ! cas+s are glossy or h>d4 ,?is is a v important matt] z ! sausage w n take ! correct color if ! smoke does n p5etrate ! cas+s1 or if !y are all[$ to become too dry4 ,?is applies p>ticul>ly to sausage /uff$ 9 beef middles1 also to sausage /uff$ 9 hog bungs1 ?\gh n to s great an ext5t4 ,9 prep>+ ! sausage = ! smok+ process1 by endeavor+ to prev5t ! sausage f becom+ too dry !re is dang] ( _! becom+ slimy1 :i* is m detrim5tal ?an excessive dryness4 ,slimy sausage w n take ! smoke & w s\r quickly if n prop]ly h&l$4 ,sausage 9 bo? beef cas+s & hog cas+s %\ld be dri$ be=e smok+1 s t ! outside w feel ab\t dry to ! t\*4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ?is result x is necess>y to h pl5ty ( hang+ room s t ! prop] temp]ature & v5tilation is available = ! entire lot ( sausage :i* is be+ prep>$ = smoke4 ,if ! sausage is too closely hung x %\ld be mov$ ab\t f ! c5t] to ! sides ( ! room occasionally s t all ! sausage receives ! same v5tilation4 ,! manufactur] %\ld h suffici5t space to all[ ! sausage to hang aft] x is /uff$ & be=e x is smok$1 = f two to ?ree days1 & sometimes long]4 ,9 ! w9t] season1 :i* is ! prop] "t = manufactur+ high grade summ] sausage1 x is a good practice to all[ x to hang z long z possible be=e smok+1 b x mu/ be wat*$ to prev5t slim+ or becom+ too dry4 ,smoke ,h\ses4--,! smoke h\ses %\ld be built ( brick1 %eet iron h\ses :i* h be5 exp]im5t$ )1 especially = summ] sausage1 h prov$ to be complete failures4 ,! brick n only protect ! h\se f ! v>y+ outside temp]atures1 b reta9 ! heat1 :i* is desirable & necess>y 9 ! successful smok+ ( ?is k9d ( sausage4 ,smoke h\ses are pref]ably equipp$ ) rails & trolleys4 ,! h\ses are usually built l ham h\ses1 viz3 #ab #ab feet1 or "s size conv5i5t to ! trolleys to be us$4 ,! di/ance f ! fire %\ld be 9 any case1 :e!r ! track sy/em or ! ord9>y smoke h\se ) ! beam sy/em is us$1 twelve feet1 & 9 "s cases1 su* z 9 smok+ summ] sausage 9 bladd]s1 or ,brauns*weig] 9 hog cas+s1 ! di/ance f ! fire %\ld be tw5ty feet or m4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w be expla9$ 9 ! =mulas = mak+ ! diff]5t k9ds ( sausage4 ,! ma9 po9t to be consid]$ 9 ! con/ruction ( a smoke h\se = summ] sausage is to h x s arrang$ t ! heat c be regulat$ to diff]5t temp]atures1 also ! am\nt ( smok+1 z ea* k9d ( sausage requires a diff]5t temp]ature4 ,! v5tilation ( ! smoke h\se %\ld be p]fect & absolutely controllable1 z ! wea!r conditions h a great deal to d ) ! successful smok+ ( sausage & ! h\ses %\ld be arrang$ s t !y c be kept at a uni=m temp]ature & humidity dur+ any k9d ( wea!r4 ,z 9 ! case ( dome/ic sausage1 no smoke h\se %\ld be us$ = summ] sausage unless ! temp]ature c be ma9ta9$ uni=m & ! walls 9 prop] condition4 ,s9ce1 summ] sausage is n cook$ be=e x goes to smoke1 a cold or damp smoke h\se w 8r+0 ! sausage ev5 quick] ?an a cold smoke h\se w 8r+0 ,bologna1 !re=e extreme caution %\ld be us$ 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,h>dwood & h>dwood sawdu/ are us$ exclusively 9 smok+ summ] sausage1 & bo? wood & sawdu/ %\ld be absolutely dry :5 ! fire is />t$4 ,9 "s cases1 h[ev]1 aft] ! sausage is v ne>ly smok$1 x is advisable to use a little damp sawdu/ be=e complet+ ! op]ation4 ,dry ,room ,treatm5t4--,aft] ! smok+ process is complet$ ! sausage is tak5 to ! dry+ rooms :]e ! temp]ature c be kept at all times betwe5 #df & #ec ,f41 ! prop] temp]ature be+ #dh ,f41 if x c be ma9ta9$4 ,! dry room mu/ be fitt$ ) /eam pipes runn+ und]nea? ! sausage & ar\nd ! sides ( ! room & und]nea? ! w9d[s 9 ord] to supply ! necess>y heat4 ,! room mu/ be suppli$ ) ample w9d[s = light & v5tilation & %\ld be v high s z to p]mit ! requir$ ov]head v5tilation4 ,at all times ! w9d[s mu/ be kept op5 a little to all[ fre% air to ent] no matt] h[ cold ! outside temp]ature4 ,if ! wea!r is damp ! w9d[s ne>e/ ! top or ! top v5tilator ( ! room %\ld be op5$ a little4 ,sausage is n usually hung adjac5t to ! w9d[s4 ,/eam %\ld always be turn$ on 9 damp wea!r to dry ! air1 provid+ ! wea!r is n too w>m & ! temp]ature 9 ! room c be kept z l[ z #ec ,f4 ,! room %\ld be arrang$ 9 sections1 s t !re may be an empty section betwe5 ea* lot ( new sausage4 ,z ! sausage becomes dri] x c be hung m closely4 ,! sausage1 %\ld n dry too quickly z too mu* air w dry x ne> ! cas+1 :i* w cause ! sausage to /ick to x & become dry4 ,9 t case ! inside w n dry uni=mly & ! sausage w wr9kle & 9 "s in/ances become s\r4 ,! diff]5t k9ds ( sausage require diff]5t places 9 ! dry room4 ,"s require an abundance ( air & o!rs1 l 8,hol/e9]0 & 8f>m]0 sausage1 if prop]ly smok$1 c be hung :]e x w\ld n be policy to hang summ] sausage 9 hog bungs4 ,z bo? ( ^! sausages are co>se *opp$1 !y c be h&l$ ) mu* less fe> ( be+ spoil$ ?an ! f9] *opp$ sausage4 ,h[ev]1 ) e description ( dry sausage1 con/ant att5tion mu/ be giv5 or poor results w foll[4 ,summ] sausage 9 hog bungs c be subject$ to m draft or air ?an summ] sausage 9 beef cas+s4 ,consequ5tly beef cas+s are g5]ally hung ne> ! c5t] ( ! room :]e !y receive pl5ty ( air1 b no drafts4 ,?is is a place :]e ! human elem5t comes greatly into play4 ,dry ,room ,caution4--,d n hang gre5 & dry sausage 9 ! same room4 ,x is advisable to keep dry rooms = smok$ sausage z free f mold z possible4 ,:ile a slight mold does n hurt summ] sausage 79 fact "s summ] sausage requires ?is be=e x is ready = %ipm5t71 x w be f\nd t smok$ sausage drys bett] & quick] 9 a room t c be kept free ( mold4 ,sausage t molds too mu* be=e x is dry necess>ily has to be wa%$4 ,?is process does n hurt ! sausage1 & 9 "s cases wa%+ does x good1 especially if by neglect or o!rwise x has become greasy 9 ! smoke h\se4 ,sausage w n dry z rapidly if greasy & ! process ( wa%+ x quick5s ! dry+4 ,9 wa%+ sausage w>m wat]1 n hot1 %\ld be us$4 ,a little sal soda 9 ! wat] is desirable4 ,%ipp+ ,ages4--,summ] sausage 9 bo? hog bungs & beef cas+s if prop]ly h&l$ c be %ipp$1 9 ?ree /ages ( dryness1 z foll[s3 ,new1 tw5ty to tw5ty-five days old2 m$ium dry1 =ty to =ty-five days old2 dry1 sixty to sev5ty-five days old4 ,9 *eap] grades ( summ] sausage1 _m k9ds ( :i* are manufactur$1 c be %ipp$ 9 mu* less "t ?an indicat$ above4 ,9 fact1 !re is sausage made :i* c be %ipp$ almo/ imm$iately f ! smoke h\se4 ,?is sausage is all[$ to /& = "s "t aft] *opp+ & be=e /uff+1 previ\s to be+ put 9 ! smoke h\se4 ,x is !n smok$ v h>d1 or ) m heat ?an ! bett] grades ( ?is sausage4 ,"s manufactur]s use m heat ?an smoke1 b x does n produce a fir/-class article4 ,/orage4--,summ] sausage :5 ?or\ghly dri$ %\ld be /or$ 9 a cool] at a temp]ature ( #ce ,f4 ,x c be s h&l$ if box$1 b x is pref]able t x hang f racks1 closely1 s9ce x w require an inspection ^u %ipp+4 ,prep>ation ( ,cas+s4--,9 prep>+ cas+s = summ] sausage ( all k9ds x is necess>y1 9 ord] to insure good results1 t cas+s be prep>$1 c]ta9ly hog bungs1 at lea/ ?irty days or ev5 sev]al mon?s be=e !y are us$4 ,!re are always _m fat bungs 9 hog cas+s & 9 prep>+ !m & putt+ !m d[n 9 salt br9e = ?irty days or long]1 ! fat on ! cas+s becomes dry & !re is less dang] ( ! sausage becom+ s\r4 ,summ] sausage w become s\r z quickly f us+ fat hog bungs z f any o!r cause1 !re=e ^! mu/ be ?or\ghly fatt$ be=e !y leave ! prep>+ rooms4 ,!y are g5]ally 9 good condition 9 ?is respect :5 receiv$1 & !re=e d n require z mu* "t 9 ! cur+ or prep>+ z d hog bungs4 ,fat beef middles or beef r\nds spoil ! appe>ance ( ! goods4 ,trimm+ ,meats4--,! selection & ! trimm+ ( meats = summ] sausage is a matt] ( great consequ5ce4 ,s9ews1 muscle cov] & t\gh b9d+ elem5ts %\ld be remov$ s z to avoid ! sausage be+ t\gh 9 ! eat+4 ,all knives & cutt+ tools %\ld be %>p4 ,=mulas4--,"u ! =mulas giv5 bel[ are descriptions ( ! me?ods ( manufacture 9 detail r ?an g5]aliz+4 ,:]e ! t]m 8rock+0 is us$ x describes cutt+ ) a rock] cutt]4 ,! description = mak+ ,c]velat %\ld be c>efully not$1 z ! me?ods are utiliz$ ) slight *anges 9 mak+ o!r k9ds4 ,c]velat ,/yle ,sausage4--,a v satisfactory =mula = ?is sausage is z foll[s3 ,,=mula ,a4 #dj p\nds beef *ucks1 v lean & entirely free f all s9ews1 #ij p\nds "w trimm+s1 trimm$ 9 same mann]1 #bj p\nds %\ld] fat1 cut into /rips ab\t #b in*es squ>e & cut into %av+s z f9e z x is possible to get !m1 #e p\nds1 #ab ounces salt1 #b ounces :ole :ite pepp]1 #f ounces saltpetre4 ,! beef is fir/ gr\nd ?r\gh a -in* plate1 aft] :i* x is plac$ on ! rock] toge!r ) ! fat & season+ & rock$ = ab\t five m9utes4 ,!n ! pork trimm+s are add$1 ! :ole be+ rock$ = f tw5ty-five to ?irty m9utes4 ,! pepp] is spread ?r\gh ! meat dur+ ! rock+ process1 & ab\t five m9utes be=e rock+ f9i%$4 ,! sausage is tak5 to a cool] :]e ! temp]ature is n l[] ?an #ch ,f41 nor high] ?an #dj ,f4 ,x is spread ^u %elv+ ab\t t5 or twelve in*es ?ick1 :]e x is all[$ to rema9 ?ree days1 aft] :i* x is /uff$ by h& ma*9es into hog bungs or beef middles z requir$4 ,! sausage is tak5 to ! hang+ room to hang = two or ?ree days accord+ to ! wea!r1 at a temp]ature ( f #dh to #ej ,f4 ,if ! wea!r is damp c>e mu/ be tak5 to prev5t ! sausage f slim+ & x is sometimes necess>y to keep ! temp]ature up to #ee ,f4 9 ord] to keep ! room free f dampness4 ,if ! sausage beg9s to slime !re is dang] ( its becom+ s\r or holl[ 9 ! c5t]4 ,x is advisable1 if x is impossible o!rwise to keep ! sausage f slim+1 to put x into smoke z soon z ! slime is detect$1 :i* /ops x4 ,:5 ! sausage is ready = smoke1 "u favorable circum/ances1 f two to ?ree days aft] x is /uff$ x %\ld be hung 9 a smoke h\se :]e ! temp]ature is z ne> #dh ,f4 & gradually heat$ until ! temp]ature rea*es #gj ,f4 ,x mu/ be kept at ?is po9t ?r\gh\t ! entire process ( smok+1 or = ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs = beef middles & =ty-eight h\rs = hog bungs4 ,9 />t+ a fire 9 ! smoke h\se z little wood %\ld be us$ z possible1 say1 "o /ick ( a% cord wood1 j en\gh fire to keep ! sawdu/ smok+ )\t blaz+4 ,keep add+ sawdu/ until !re is suffici5t fire to scatt] x ov] ! entire bottom ( ! smoke h\se1 keep+ ! sawdu/ ignit$ only f ! coals ( ! wood ) :i* ! fire 0 />t$ & :i* g5]ally la/s ?r\gh ! entire process ( smok+4 ,if ! smoke h\ses are naturally cold x may be necess>y to keep m fire ?an m5tion$ 9 ord] to keep ! temp]ature up to #gj ,f4 ,! smok+ ( ?is sausage requires all possible c>e4 ,if ! temp]ature is all[$ to rise too high = any l5g? ( "t1 x w s\r4 ,if ! fire is too l[ & smoke too d5se !re w be a smoke r+1 especially s if ! sausage is n prop]ly dri$ be=e smok+4 ,x is advisable t ! sausage %\ld n be expos$ to too sudd5 or sev]e a *ange 9 temp]ature ^u remov+ f ! smoke h\se4 ,if x is "s di/ance f ! smoke h\se to ! dry room1 cov] ! sausage on ! trucks ) a t>paul91 cov] s t ! cold air _c /rike x4 ,x is a good idea n to hang ! sausage up on ! racks imm$iately1 b to place x on ! bottom rack1 close toge!r1 s t x may cool gradually4 ,! foll[+ are additional =mulas = ! mak+ ( c]velat sausage3 ,,=mula ,b4 #de p\nds beef *ucks1 #hb p\nds lean pork trimm+s1 #bc p\nds %\ld] fat1 #e p\nds1 #ab ounces salt1 #b ounces :ole :ite pepp]1 #f ounces saltpetre4 ,,=mula ,c4 #cj p\nds pork *eek meat1 #cj p\nds beef trimm+s1 #ij p\nds pork trimm+s1 #e p\nds1 #ab ounces salt1 #b ounces :ole :ite pepp]1 #f ounces saltpetre4 ,,=mula ,d4 #dj p\nds pork *eek meat1 #cj p\nds beef trimm+s1 #ej p\nds lean pork trimm+s1 #bj p\nds %\ld] fat1 #aj p\nds pickl$ pork trimm+s1 #e p\nds1 #ab ounces salt1 #b ounces :ole :ite pepp]1 #f ounces saltpetre4 ,trim beef *ucks v lean1 free f s9ews4 ,pork trimm+s mu/ be lean except 9 ,=mula ,c1 :]e fat pork trimm+s are us$4 ,%\ld] fat %\ld be h&l$ ! same z 9 ,=mula ,a4 ,pickl$ pork trimm+s are gr\nd ?r\gh an ,ent]prise -in* plate4 ,beef *ucks & trimm+s are gr\nd ?r\gh an ,ent]prise -in* plate4 ,pork trimm+s & *eeks are *opp$ on a rock]2 o!rwise h&l$ same z ,=mula ,a4 ,if neck fat is us$ x is cut into small pieces b n %av$4 ,if fat f ,bo/on butts is us$ x is run ?r\gh an ,ent]prise -in* plate4 ,?is fat1 ( c\rse1 has m or less lean 9 x b might be call$ v fat trimm+s4 ,pork he>ts1 beef *eek & %ank meat are all gr\nd ?r\gh an ,ent]prise -in* plate4 ,beef & fat are always put on ! block ) ! season+ fir/4 ,pork trimm+s & *eeks are add$ five or t5 m9utes aft] rock+2 o!rwise h&l$ same z ,=mulas ,a1 ,b1 ,c & ,d4 ,,=mula ,e4 #dj p\nds %ank meat1 #cj p\nds pork *eek meat1 #aj p\nds beef *eek meat1 #aj p\nds pork he>ts1 #bj p\nds pork trimm+s1 #dj p\nds neck fat or fat trimm$ f ,bo/on butts1 #e p\nds1 #ab ounces salt1 #b ounces :ole :ite pepp]1 #f ounces saltpetre4 ,f>m]s ,/yle ,sausage4--,! foll[+ =mulas are = ,f>m]s ,sausage3 ,,=mula ,a4 #ej p\nds %ank meat1 #aj p\nds beef *eek meat1 #cj p\nds pork trimm+s1 #cj p\nds pork *eek meat1 #aj p\nds pickl$ pork trimm+s1 #bj p\nds %\ld] fat1 #e p\nds1 #ab ounces salt1 #b ounces :ole :ite pepp]1 #f ounces saltpetre4 ,%ank meat1 beef *eek & pork *eek meat are gr\nd ?r\gh an ,ent]prise -in* plate2 %ank fat is cut into small pieces b n %av$4 ,gr\nd mat]ial & %ank fat %\ld be put on ! block fir/ ) ! season+ & *opp$ five or t5 m9utes1 :5 ! pork trimm+s are add$1 ! :ole be+ *opp$ fifte5 or tw5ty m9utes4 ,z ?is meat is co>se1 x %\ld1 aft] *opp+ be mix$ 9 a mix] f\r m9utes & be ?or\ghly mix$ by h&1 aft] :i* x is tak5 to ! cool] & h&l$ ! same z c]velat4 ,x is /uff$ 9 beef middles cut #aa in*es 9 l5g?1 & all[$ to hang 9 ! dry room1 same z c]velat = ! same l5g? ( "t1 be=e smok+4 ,! same precautions %\ld be tak5 ) ?is z ) c]velat1 relative to slime1 etc4 ,x is smok$ f six to eight h\rs at a temp]ature ( f #fe to #gj ,f4 ,x mu/ be h&l$ v c>efully 9 smoke z too mu* heat w wr9kle x4 ,a great deal ( f>m] sausage is all[$ to dry naturally )\t smok+1 especially 9 ! w9t] mon?s1 & :]e !re is pl5ty ( room & a prop] place4 ,h[ev]1 9 damp wea!r & 9 ! summ] mon?s x is always advisable to smoke x4 ,?is sausage c be made ?r\gh\t ! summ] mon?s1 provid$ !re are prop] dry rooms1 :i* c be regulat$ & kept mod]ately cool4 ,"s manufactur]s use dry cool] space 9 ! summ] "t1 kept at a temp]ature ( #df to #dh ,f41 b ! be/ results are obta9$ by dry+ 9 a room :]e ! sausage c h ! b5efit ( ! outside air4 ,?is sausage1 if h&l$ prop]ly accord+ to ! directions1 w be ready = %ipm5t 9 tw5ty-five days2 x %\ld !n be 9 a m$ium dry /ate4 ,,=mula ,b4 #hj p\nds m$ium fat pork trimm+s1 #bj p\nds pork *eek meat1 #ej p\nds beef trimm+s or %ank meat1 #e p\nds1 #ab ounces salt1 #b ounces :ole :ite pepp]1 #f ounces saltpetre4 ,beef & pork *eek meat gr\nd ?r\gh an ,ent]prise -in* plate4 ,put gr\nd mat]ial ) season+ on block fir/ & *op five or t5 m9utes1 !n add pork trimm+s & *op fifte5 or tw5ty m9utes4 ,/uff & h&le same z ,=mula ,a4 ,,=mula ,c4 #dj p\nds beef trimm+s or %ank meat1 #aj p\nds pickl$ beef trimm+s1 #ajj p\nds pork trimm+s1 #e p\nds1 #ab ounces salt1 #b ounces :ole :ite pepp]1 #f ounces saltpetre4 ,! beef trimm+s or %ank meat %\ld be gr\nd ?r\gh an ,ent]prise -in* plate4 ,put gr\nd mat]ial ) season+ on block fir/ & *op five or t5 m9utes2 !n add pork trimm+s & *op fifte5 or tw5ty m9utes4 ,/uff 9 beef middles2 o!rwise h&le same z ,=mula ,a4 ,hol/e9 ,/yle ,sausage4--,?is sausage is f>m] sausage & is h&l$ ! same except t x is /uff$ 9 beef r\nds4 ,! same c>e is necess>y z ) ! f>m] f ! "t x leaves ! block until ready = %ipm5t1 :i* %\ld be 9 ab\t tw5ty-five days4 ,sw$i% ,/yle ,m$wur/4--,! foll[+ =mula is = ,sw$i% ,m$wur/ or ,gottb]g sausage3 ,,=mula4 #cj p\nds pickl$ beef trimm+s1 #cj p\nds fre% beef trimm+s1 #ij p\nds m$ium fat pork trimm+s1 #a p\nd rice fl\r or corn fl\r1 #e p\nds salt1 #b ounces cori&]1 #c ounces :ite pepp]1 #f ounces saltpetre4 ,beef trimm+s are gr\nd ?r\gh an ,ent]prise ?-in* plate4 ,gr\nd beef & season+ are put on block fir/ & *opp$ five or t5 m9utes :5 pork trimm+s are add$1 ! :ole be+ *opp$ tw5ty to tw5ty-five m9utes4 ,?is sausage is /uff$ 9 beef middles #ad in*es 9 l5g?1 & h&l$ 9 o!r respects same z ,c]velat 9 beef middles4 ,! old fa%ion$ way ( h&l+ ,sw$i% m$wur/ 0 to pickle ! sausage1 aft] x 0 /uff$1 9 a vat ( #ej degree /r5g? pickle1 = t5 h\rs1 :5 x 0 tak5 out ( ! vats1 hung up & all[$ to dry = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 !n smok$ ! same z c]velat 9 beef middles4 ,if ?is process is us$1 f\r & "o-half p\nds ( salt to #aej p\nds ( meat is all t is necess>y4 ,h[ev]1 good results c be obta9$ )\t pickl+ ! sausage1 & x is n g5]ally done by manufactur]s ( ?is article4 ,brauns*weig] ,/yle ,sausage4--,?is sausage is made accord+ to ! foll[+ =mula3 ,,=mula4 #ej p\nds select$ back fat trimm+s1 #de p\nds select$ ham trimm+s1 #be p\nds select$ %\ld] trimm+s1 #bj p\nds beef *ucks trimm$ extra lean & free f s9ews1 #aj p\nds %\ld] fat1 #e p\nds salt1 #b ounces :ite pepp] 7gr\nd71 #a ounce :ole :ite pepp]1 #f ounces saltpetre4 ,beef *ucks are gr\nd ?r\gh a ?-in* plate4 ,%\ld] fat is cut into /rips ab\t two in*es squ>e1 & cut into %av+s1 z f9e z x is possible to cut !m4 ,gr\nd beef1 %\ld] fat & season+ are put on ! block & rock$ t5 m9utes :5 ham & %\ld] trimm+s are add$1 ! back fat trimm+s be+ ! la/ to g on ! block4 ,! :ole is rock$ tw5ty to ?irty-five m9utes4 ,?is is n a f9e *opp$ sausage1 h[ev]1 & is n z co>se z f>m] sausage b a great deal co>s] ?an regul> c]velat4 ,x %\ld be /uff$ into %ort1 lean1 ?ick hog bungs ab\t f\rte5 in*es 9 l5g?1 & h&l$ 9 e respect1 f ! block to ! smoke h\se1 same z c]velat 9 hog bungs4 ,z ?is is a v fat sausage great] c>e ne$s to be tak5 9 smok+ ?an ) any o!r summ] sausage made1 & x %\ld be hung ne> ! top ( ! smoke h\se z f> away f ! fire z possible4 ,= ?is reason x is important t ! sausage %\ld be prop]ly dri$ aft] /uff+ be=e smok+4 ,smoke at a temp]ature z ne> #fe ,f4 z possible = ?irty-six to =ty-eight h\rs4 ,d',arles ,/yle ,sausage4--,?is sausage is made z foll[s3 ,,=mula4 #cj p\nds extra lean beef *ucks trimm$ absolutely free f s9ews1 #gj p\nds fre% lean especially trimm$ pork %\ld] trimm+s free f s9ews1 #cj p\nds select$ back fat pork trimm+s1 #bj p\nds %\ld] fat1 #e p\nds salt1 #b ounces :ite pepp] 7gr\nd71 #a ounce :ole pepp]1 #c ounces saltpetre4 ,9 ord] to use ! foll[+ additional season+ x is advisable to *op at lea/ six blocks ( sausage1 #aej p\nds ea*1 & mix 9 a l>ge truck z ?is season+ is to be add$ imm$iately aft] ! meat has be5 *opp$4 ,= #ijj p\nds1 use3 -p\nd package pure :ite gelat9e1 #b qu>ts /rong import$ ,fr5* r$ w9e1 #a :ole nutmeg1 #a ounces :ole cloves1 ounce /ick c9namon4 ,put ! gelat9e1 nutmeg1 cloves & c9namon 9 a ?9 bag & cook ) ! w9e = t5 or fifte5 m9utes1 j bel[ boil+ po9t4 ,/ra9 ! w9e ?r\gh a clo? to remove all p>ticles ( spice4 ,:5 mod]ately cool mix 9 ! meat ?or\ghly by h&2 at ! same "t mix 9 ! %\ld] fat1 :i* is cut into %ape ( small dice *opp$ on ! rock]2 ! beef gr\nd ?r\gh an ,ent]prise ?-in* plate2 aft] :i* ! mixture is plac$ on ! rock] ) ! dry season+ & rock$ = sev5 to t5 m9utes1 :5 ! pork trimm+s are add$ & ! :ole *opp$ eighte5 to tw5ty-two m9utes1 provid+ ! spe$ ( ! rock] is f fifty-two to fifty-f\r /rokes p] m9ute4 ,?is is a co>se sausage b n z co>se z ,f>m]4 ,take to ! cool] to rema9 f twelve to tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,x is !n /uff$ by h& into ,no4 #a select$ hog bungs entirely free f fat4 ,hang 9 dry room :]e ! temp]ature is ab\t #ej ,f4 :]e x is entirely sep>ate f o!r sausage & :]e !re is pl5ty ( air b no curr5ts4 ,aft] x has hung = ?irty-six to =ty-eight h\rs1 if firm & ! cas+ mod]ately dry1 wrap ! cas+s ) ,no4 #d flax tw9e comm5c+ at ! small end1 mak+ a hit* ) ! tw9e e two in*es ! :ole l5g? ( ! sausage to ! top or ! bung end2 !n hit* back e in* on ! (f side & back & =? aga9 until two m hit*es are made s t ! /r+s w be ab\t "o-half in* ap>t :5 ! la/ hit* is complete4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to wrap ! sausage tightly s t ! /r+s w n fall (f 9 ! process ( dry+4 ,aft] ! sausage has be5 w\nd ) /r+ x %\ld be tak5 to ! dry room & dri$ v sl[ly )\t becom+ moldy too soon4 ,if hung 9 a room ) o!r sausage1 ?is article %\ld be hung betwe5 s t x w n get too mu* air or dry too quickly4 ,x %\ld be mov$ frequ5tly1 f ! bottom to ! top1 & f ! middle to ! front & back ( ! section4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ difficult ( summ] sausages to make & b few manufactur]s are successful 9 mak+ !m4 ,!re=e ! above in/ructions %\ld be foll[$ closely to obta9 satisfactory results4 ,d n smoke4 ,italian ,/yle ,salami4--,practically ! same =mula is us$ = ,italian salami sausage z = ,d',arles sausage1 except t usually n z high grade trimm+s ei!r beef or pork1 are requir$4 ,h[ev]1 x is advisable = a high grade ,italian salami t ! same grade ( trimm+s be us$ & ! same c>e is tak5 9 prep>+ !m4 ,id5tically ! same season+ is us$ & also ! same proc$ure is foll[$ 9 e respect 9 reg>d to ! *opp+ & h&l+ ( ! meat4 ,small] or less exp5sive hog bungs are us$4 ,!y are m$ium primes & ! sausage is usually %ort] 9 l5g?4 ,?is is a matt] ( pref]5ce z ?is sausage is made 9 l5g?s ( f twelve to tw5ty-two in*es4 ,h&l+ aft] /uff+1 to ! wrapp+ process1 is ! same z t = ,d',arles sausage4 ,wrapp+1 h[ev]1 is mu* simpl] & usually ! same grade ( tw9e is us$1 b in/ead ( wrapp+ ! tw9e bo? ways1 x is simply w\nd ar\nd tightly aft] ?ree or f\r /r+s h be5 run f ! top to ! bottom ( ! sausage4 ,?is sausage is n smok$ & is ti$ ! same z ,d',arles1 ! same c>e be+ tak5 9 e respect z reg>ds temp]atures1 etc4 ,milanese ,/yle ,salami ,sausage4--,! =mula = ?is sausage is z foll[s3 ,,=mula4 #ej p\nds fre% lean specially trimm$ pork %\ld]1 trimm+ free f s9ews1 #fj p\nds fre% ,bo/on butt trimm+s1 #bj p\nds extra lean beef *ucks1 trimm$ absolutely free f s9ews1 #bj p\nds %\ld] fat1 #e p\nds salt1 #b ounces :ite pepp]1 #a ounces saltpetre1 #a ounce :ole pepp]4 ,*op at lea/ six blocks 7#ijj p\nds7 ( ?is sausage & mix at "o "t by h& 9 a l>ge truck con/ruct$ = ! purpose1 9 ord] to add ! foll[+ additional season+4 ,= ! six blocks use3 #c qu>ts /rong import$ ,fr5* r$ w9e1 -p\nd package pure :ite gelat9e1 #d nutmegs1 ounce :ole cloves1 #a ounce /ick c9namon4 ,prep>e same z simil> =mula = ,d',arles sausage & mix ) ! meat aft] x has be5 rock$ by h& ?or\ghly4 ,! beef is gr\nd ?r\gh an ,ent]prise ?-in* plate4 ,%\ld] fat is cut into small ?9 pieces b n 9 ! %ape ( dice4 ,rock ! beef & ! %\ld] fat toge!r ) ! dry season+ = sev5 to t5 m9utes1 !n add ! pork trimm+s1 ! :ole be+ *opp$ tw5ty to tw5ty-five m9utes4 ,?is sausage is n z co>se z ,d',arles or ,italian salami4 ,aft] ! meat & wet season+ h be5 mix$ ?or\ghly put 9 cool] twelve to tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,!n /uff by h& into hog middle guts1 z l>ge z c be obta9$4 ,! way to /uff !m successfully is to arrange a bo>d to hold ! cas+s aft] !y are /uff$ s t x w be j high en\gh f ! fill] to p]mit ! cas+s to be fill$ & n h&l$ o!r ?an to hold !m ) suffici5t pressure to /uff z tightly z possible )\t breakage4 ,if ! middles break1 :i* !y d 9 _m cases1 pat* !m ) a piece ( hog middle :5 !y are be+ w\nd ) /r+4 ,!y %\ld be lift$ ) c>e f ! /uff+ bo>d1 plac$ ^u a truck & wrapp$ imm$iately ) ,no4 #d flax tw9e1 ! same z ,d',arles sausage1 ! /r+ runn+ equidi/ant ar\nd ! sausage f ei!r end & be+ w\nd ar\nd x s z to =m squ>es4 ,z ! cas+s are s v t5d]1 x requires great c>e 9 wrapp+ & ! sausage is usually n ( uni=m appe>ance4 ,great] c>e mu/ be us$ 9 ty+ ?is sausage ?an ,d',arles1 salami or any o!r sausage kn[n4 ,! cas+s are s ?9 t ! meat w become dry & h>d on ! outside or ne> ! cas+s :ile ! inside w rema9 moi/1 !re=e too mu* exposure is n desirable4 ,!y %\ld be wat*$ closely aft] /r++1 because1 n be+ all[$ to dry be=e !y are /rung1 ! h&l+ :i* !y get w naturally make !m slime v easily4 ,x takes at lea/ sixty days to dry ?is sausage prop]ly ) ! be/ conditions4 ,n smok$4 ,g]man ,/yle ,salami4--,?is sausage may be made accord+ to ! foll[+ =mula3 ,,=mula4 #dj p\nds beef *ucks or beef %ank meat1 #aaj p\nds regul> pork trimm+s1 #e p\nds salt1 #e ounces :ite pepp]1 #a ounces g>lic1 #f ounces saltpetre4 ,beef is gr\nd ?r\gh an ,ent]prise ?-in* plate1 rock$ ) ! season+ five to t5 m9utes1 :5 ! pork trimm+s are add$ & ! :ole *opp$ fifte5 to tw5ty m9utes4 ,?is is a co>se sausage1 ab\t ! same z 8,f>m]s0 sausage4 ,x is well to mix ! meat ?or\ghly by h& aft] x has be5 rock$1 or to mix x c>efully ) a mix]4 ,a 8,/allman0 mix] is bett] ?an a 8,zimm]man0 = f>m] sausage & co>se *opp$ summ] sausage4 ,h[ev]1 ! tee? 9 a 8,zimm]man0 mix] c be rev]s$ s t x w n te> ! meat1 z x o!rwise does4 ,aft] ! meat has be5 *opp$ x is remov$ to a cool] = ! same p]iod z f>m] sausage be=e /uff+4 ,x is /uff$ 9 ei!r beef middles or hog bungs4 ,aft] /uff+1 ! sausage is h&l$ ! same z ,italian salami1 except t x is wrapp$ ) hit*es same z ,d',arles sausage1 !re be+ only ab\t "o-half ! numb]4 ,?is sausage c be v lightly smok$1 b x is pref]able to dry x ! same z ,d',arles & ,italian sausage4 ,if /uff$ 9 beef middles x %\ld be h&l$ ! same z f>m] except t x is wrapp$ ) /r+ ab\t ! same numb] ( hit*es z salami 9 hog bungs4 ,! majority ( manufactur]s smoke ,italian salami 9 beef cas+s a v little1 usually ab\t twelve h\rs ) z little smoke z possible4 ,?is is done to prev5t slim+1 z x is difficult to air-dry beef-middle sausage )\t ! v be/ conv5i5ces1 or dry rooms :]e x c be hung ap>t f o!r sausage4 ,hung>ian ,/yle ,salami4--,! =mula = ?is sausage is z foll[s3 ,,=mula4 #ij p\nds lean pork trimm+s1 #ce p\nds beef *ucks trimm$ free f s9ews1 #be p\nds %\ld] fat1 #e p\nds salt1 #a ounces :ite pepp]1 #a ounce g>lic1 #e ounces saltpetre4 ,! beef *ucks are gr\nd ?r\gh an ,ent]prise ?-in* plate4 ,! %\ld] fat is %av$ into ?9 pieces & bo? ! beef & ! fat1 ) ! season+1 are rock$ sev5 to t5 m9utes1 :5 ! pork trimm+s are add$1 & ! :ole is rock$ f eighte5 to tw5ty-two m9utes4 ,?is is a mod]ately co>se sausage1 ab\t ! same z ,milanese salami4 ,aft] ! meat is rock$ x is h&l$ 9 ! cool] ! same z o!r summ] sausage & /uff$ into extra l>ge beef middle ends1 :i* are1 :5 /uff$1 tw5ty-two to tw5ty-six in*es long & weigh f twelve to tw5ty p\nds ea*4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 9 /uff+ ?is sausage to /uff x tightly & two or ?ree l5g?s ( /r+ %\ld be run f ! l>ge to ! small end & vice v]sa1 s z to prev5t x f break+1 also to keep x /raight1 & x %\ld be hung1 ( c\rse1 ! small end d[n4 ,?is sausage is all[$ to hang1 be=e be+ put 9 ! smoke h\se1 ?ree or f\r days 9 a dry atmosph]e1 & !n smok$ ov] a cold smoke at a temp]ature ! same z = c]velat 9 beef middles1 = f fifty-five to sixty h\rs4 ,h&le aft] smok+ ! same z c]velat 9 beef cas+s4 ,x usually takes1 "u favorable circum/ances1 sixty to sev5ty days be=e ! sausage is ready = %ipm5t4 ,?is sausage is us$ ext5sively 9 ,g]many & ,au/ria & !re is "s ( x us$ 9 ,p5nsylvania4 ,!re is n a v g5]al dem& = x 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?ur+] ,/yle ,salami4--,=mula = ?is sausage is z foll[s3 ,,=mula4 #cj p\nds extra lean beef *ucks1 trimm$ free f s9ews1 #ij p\nds fre% pork blade or %\ld] meat1 trimm$ free f s9ews1 #cj p\nds %\ld] fat1 #e p\nds salt1 #a ounce g>lic1 #c ounces :ite pepp]1 #f ounces saltpetre4 ,beef is gr\nd ?r\gh an ,ent]prise ?-in* plate & rock$ ) ! fat & season+1 ! fat hav+ be5 cut into small pieces & %av$4 ,rock f sev5 to t5 m9utes1 :5 ! pork trimm+s are add$ & ! :ole is *opp$ eighte5 to tw5ty-two m9utes4 ,?is sausage is rock$ ab\t z co>se z ,milanese salami4 ,aft] x is rock$ x is h&l$ 9 ! cool] ! same z o!r summ] sausage & /uff$ 9 l>ge calf bladd]s :i* h be5 soak$ a %ort "t be=e /uff+ s t !y w be pliable4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 9 /uff+ ?is sausage to fill ! bladd]s z full z possible4 ,use a skew]1 also a /r+ hang]4 ,all[ x to hang two or ?ree days be=e smok+1 9 a mod]ately cool temp]ature 7#ej to #ee ,f471 :]e !re is no draft1 & smoke ov] a cold smoke = =ty-eight h\rs1 ! same z ,brauns*weig]1 & ,go?air1 ! sausage be+ hung ne> ! top ( ! smoke h\se4 ,d n smoke at ! same "t ) any o!r sausage4 ,unless c>e is tak5 9 smok+1 ! bladd]s w come out wr9kl$1 :i* spoils ! appe>ance & consequ5tly ! sale ( ! sausage4 ,hang 9 ! dry room ) beef middle c]velat & h&le 9 e respect ! same4 ,?is sausage is usually ready = %ipm5t 9 =ty to fifty days4 ,mortadella ,/yle ,sausage4--,?is sausage is made by ! foll[+ =mula3 ,,=mula4 #ace p\nds absolutely fre% lean trimm+s1 #ae p\nds fre% lean beef *ucks1 #aj p\nds %\ld] fat1 #e p\nds salt1 #a ounces saltpetre1 #b ounces :ite pepp]4 ,additional wet season+ is us$ = ?is sausage1 !re=e x is advisable to *op x six blocks at a "t & mix by h& 9 a l>ge truck ! season+ mu/ be add$ imm$iately aft] ! meat has be5 *opp$4 ,= six blocks use3 #c qu>ts /rong import$ ,fr5* r$ w9e1 -p\nd package pure :ite gelat9e1 #h nutmegs1 #a ounce :ole cloves1 #c ounces /ick c9namon1 #d ounces bay leaves1 #b ounces split cori&]4 ,prep>e ?is season+ same z ,d',arles sausage1 !n mix ! wet season+ ) ! meat 9 a truck4 ,scatt] ?r\gh x twelve ounces ( :ole :ite pepp] & two ounces ( cori&]4 ,! beef is gr\nd ?r\gh an ,ent]prise ?-in* plate & *opp$ on ! block ) ! dry season+ = sev5 to t5 m9utes1 :5 ! pork trimm+s are add$ & ! :ole *opp$ ?irty to ?irty-five m9utes4 ,?is is a v f9e sausage4 ,aft] ! meat has be5 *opp$ mix ! %\ld] fat1 :i* is cut into ! %ape ( small dice 7same z = ,d',arles sausage71 ) ! meat & mix 9 ! wet season+ at ! same "t4 ,remove to a cool] & all[ x to /& f twelve to tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 !n /uff into m$ium-siz$ beef bladd]s :i* mu/ be soak$ 9 lukew>m wat] a few mom5ts be=e !y are /uff$1 9 ord] to make !m pliable1 & c>e mu/ be tak5 to /uff !m z tightly z possible4 ,skew]1 z well z tie !m1 & also wrap imm$iately ) heavy co>se flax tw9e1 mak+ ab\t two wraps ! long way to ! bladd] & "o wrap ar\nd ! c5t]1 ! tw9e t]m9at+ 9 a hang]4 ,?is sausage mu/ n be hung by ti$ end or by ! same /r+ t ! bladd] is ti$ )1 = 9 su* case !y w fall 9 ! smoke h\se1 or :5 dry+4 ,hang = twelve h\rs aft] /uff+ 9 a hot smoke h\se ) m heat ?an smoke at a temp]ature ( ab\t #ij ,f42 !n cook 9 cle> wat] = f\r h\rs at a temp]ature ( #aej ,f42 wa% (f ?or\ghly ) boil+ wat] :5 tak5 f ! cook+ vat & hang !m up 9 a mod]ately cool place or dry room :]e ! temp]ature is ab\t #dh to #ej ,f4 ,!y w be ready to %ip 9 f\r or five days4 ,?is sausage c be smok$ suffici5tly heavy1 s t cook+ is unnecess>y if prop] facilities are available 9 smoke h\se4 ,! h\se %\ld be arrang$ ) /eam coils s t a temp]ature z high z #aej ,f4 c be obta9$ dur+ ! process ( smok+4 ,?is really is ! mo/ satisfactory way ( h&l+ ?is sausage4 ,lyon ,/yle ,sausage4--,= ?is sausage ! foll[+ =mula is us$3 ,,=mula4 #abj p\nds extra lean select$ pork trimm+s1 pork blade meat be+ pref]r$1 trimm$ free f s9ews1 #bj p\nds extra lean beef *ucks1 trimm$ free f s9ews1 #aj p\nds %\ld] fat1 #e p\nds salt1 #b ounces :ite pepp]1 #a ounce :ole pepp]1 #a ounces saltpetre4 ,x is necess>y to use an additional wet season+ = ?is sausage2 at lea/ six blocks %\ld be *opp$ s z to mix prop]ly & ! season+ mu/ be add$ imm$iately aft] *opp+4 ,= six blocks ,lyon sausage use ! same =mula = wet season+ z = ,milanese salami1 & prep>e 9 ! same way4 ,gr9d ! beef ?r\gh a ?-in* plate & *op fir/ on ! block ) ! dry season+ = sev5 to t5 m9utes :5 pork trimm+s are add$ & ! :ole *opp$ ?irty to ?irty-five m9utes4 ,?is is a v f9e *opp$ sausage4 ,aft] ! beef & pork h be5 rock$ ! wet season+ & %\ld] fat1 :i* has be5 previ\sly cut into ! %ape ( small dice1 are mix$ ) x ?or\ghly by h&4 ,! meat is !n tak5 to a cool] = ! same p]iod z ,d',arles or ,milanese salami1 :5 x is /uff$ by a h& /uff] into ,no4 #a hog bungs free f fat1 & hung 9 a dry room :]e ! temp]ature is ab\t #ej ,f41 & :]e x c be kept entirely sep>ate f o!r sausage1 ) pl5ty ( air & no draft4 ,aft] x has hung = ?irty-six to =ty-eight h\rs & ! cas+s are mod]ately dry1 wrap ! sausage ) ,no4 #d flax tw9e1 bo? l5g?wise & ar\nd s z to =m a me% ab\t -in* squ>e4 ,x is h&l$ ! same z ,d',arles or ,milanese salami4 ,go?air ,/yle ,sausage4--,?is sausage is made accord+ to ! foll[+ =mula3 ,,=mula4 #bj p\nds extra lean beef *ucks free f s9ews1 #aaj p\nds extra lean pork trimm+s free f s9ews1 #bj p\nds pork %\ld] fat1 #e p\nds salt1 #c ounces :ite pepp]1 #f ounces saltpetre4 ,! beef is gr\nd ?r\gh an ,ent]prise ?-in* plate & toge!r ) ! %\ld] fat1 :i* has be5 %av$ z ?9 z possible & cut into ! %ape ( small dice1 is mix$ 9 mix] ) ! season+ = f sev5 to t5 m9utes1 :5 ! pork trimm+s are add$ & ! :ole *opp$ = ?irty to ?irty-five m9utes1 aft] :i* x is tak5 to a cool] & h&l$ ! same z o!r summ] sausage4 ,x is /uff$ into %ort ,no4 #a lean hog bungs1 or bungs t are free f fat4 ,?is sausage is h&l$ 9 e respect ! same z c]velat sausage1 except smok+4 ,x %\ld be smok$ lightly ) ! same temp]ature & same relative position 9 ! smoke h\se z ,brauns*weig] sausage & ab\t ! same l5g? ( "t4 ,x is h&l$ aft] smok+1 9 ! dry room1 same z ,brauns*weig]4 ,lehigh ,valley ,/yle ,summ] ,sausage4--,?is sausage is made f lean bull *ucks1 ! meat be+ gr\nd ?r\gh an ,ent]prise "o-qu>t] in* plate1 !n regr\nd ?r\gh an ,ent]prise ?-in* plate & rock$ on a rock] = fifte5 m9utes4 ,! season+ is mix$ on ! rock] & is z foll[s = #ajj p\nds ( meat3 ,,season+ ,,=mula4 p\nd f9e salt1 #a ounces saltpetre1 #d ounces saltpetre1 #e ounces mace1 #a ounce gr\nd cloves1 #b ounces allspice1 #d ounces black pepp]1 #f ounces cori&]1 #a ounce sug>4 ,aft] x is *opp$ x is put into a 8,zimm]man0 mix] & mix$ = ab\t five m9utes4 ,x is !n tak5 to a cool] & spread on tables made = ! purpose1 ab\t eight or t5 in*es ?ick1 & all[$ to rema9 = ab\t ?ree days1 :5 x is /uff$ into beef bungs1 sack pieces be+ pref]able4 ,aft] x is all[$ to /& 9 a temp]ature ( #dh ,f4 until ! cas+s become mod]ately dry1 x is hung 9 a smoke h\se & smok$ = t5 days or two weeks1 at a temp]ature ( betwe5 #ej & #fj ,f4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 9 smok+ ?is article1 z x requires b a light smoke4 ,aft] x is tak5 f ! smoke h\se1 x is hung 9 a dry room1 :]e a temp]ature ( #dh to #ej ,f4 c be ma9ta9$1 & :]e ! sausage c be kept p]fectly dry4 ,?is sausage takes f two to ?ree mon?s to dry ?or\ghly1 & sometimes long]4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,,butt]9e ,,+r$i5ts -- ,,colors -- ,,equipm5t -- ,,rooms -- ,,arrangem5t -- ,,te/+ ,,milk -- ,,acidity -- ,,milk ,,9 ,,butt]9e -- ,,reasons ,,= ,,culture -- ,,cream ,,rip5ess -- ,,wat] ,,vs4 ,,br9e -- ,,milk ,,n ,,pa/euriz$ -- ,,prep>atory ,,culture -- ,,/>t]s -- ,,cultivat+ ,,! ,,milk -- ,,l[ ,,grade ,,butt]9e -- ,,gra9+ -- ,,work+ ,,! ,,butt]9e -- ,,butt]9e ,,pack+ -- ,,high-,,grade ,,butt]9e -- ,,cleanl9ess -- ,,use ,,( ,,color -- ,,=mulas -- ,,co/s ,,( ,,butt]9e4 ,introductory4--,butt]9e is a product possess+ value z food & places )9 ! rea* ( ! masses an article :i* is :olesome1 palatable & mod]ate 9 price4 ,national & /ate legislation has done mu* to curtail its sale s9ce x 0 f\nd to be a competitor ( ! dairyman & f>m]4 ,! re/rictions 9 =ce limit ! volume ( bus9ess1 b ! consumption is increas+4 ,mo/ ( ! oleo oil made is %ipp$ to ,europe1 :]e x is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( butt]9e4 ,) ! comp>atively d5se population ( ,european c\ntries !y are unable to supply !mselves ) dairy butt]4 ,:ile prejudice exi/s 9 _m places aga9/ butt]9e1 x is :olesome1 z x is made 9 a cleanly mann]1 = if x is n made ) absolute cleanl9ess1 & if ! +r$i5ts are 9 ! lea/ ta9t$ f any cause1 ! :ole mass is injur$4 ,?is is true to a great] ext5t ?an x is 9 ! manufacture ( pure butt]1 & m m>k$ 9 butt]9e4 ,consid]able progress has be5 made 9 ! manufacture ( ?is article )9 ! pa/ few ye>s1 & a m desirable product has be5 made s9ce neutral l>d has be5 us$ z an +r$i5t4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 necess>y to use milk or cream or butt] to give ! goods ! flavor1 & _m manufactur]s use a p]c5tage ( ! highe/ quality cream]y butt]4 ,+r$i5ts4--,! +r$i5ts ( butt]9e are butt]1 milk1 cream1 oleo oil1 neutral l>d1 cottonse$ oil1 peanut oil1 & palm oil4 ,! latt] two be+ comp>atively new comp\nds4 ,^!1 toge!r ) salt make ! butt]9e ( comm]ce4 ,! manufacture ( oleo oil1 neutral l>d1 & a description ( cotton se$ oil is describ$ 9 previ\s *apt]s1 al?\gh ! cottonse$ oil us$ is usually b\ght ready prep>$ & kn[n to ! trade z 8,butt]0 oil1 peanut oil & palm oil are /&>d articles ( comm]ce ( v>y+ qualities1 & are usually b\ght on sample4 ,colors4--,!re are ?ree /&>d qualities ( color 9 butt]9e4 ,:ite goods1 te/$ goods1 & color$ goods1 9 :i* an artificial color is us$1 ) due ackn[l$gem5t & ! paym5t ( t5 c5ts p] p\nd tax4 ,! production ( butt]9e is closely sup]vis$ by ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) scrupul\s c>e & exactness1 p>ticul>ly z to any attempt to produce a color resembl+ t ( butt]4 ,at lea/ t5 p] c5t ( ! quantity ( any giv5 +r$i5t mu/ be us$ z a con/itu5t or compon5t "p4 ,!re are1 = in/ance1 _m vegetable oils1 t w\ld be consid]$ edible b ( high color1 ! introduction ( a relatively small am\nt ( :i* w\ld help to produce ! yell[ color ( butt]4 ,objection is n made to _! uses1 b t5 p] c5t ( ! quantity mu/ be us$ 9 ! =mulas1 & ?is quantity is usually prohibit$ = ! reason t ! pung5cy or "s peculi>ity ( ! =eign oil makes x undesirable 9 butt]9e4 ,! manufactur] mu/ closely wat* 8 pur*ases ( product to see !y are n artificially color$ s9ce ! introduction ( any color+ sub/ance 9 cottonse$ or peanut oil1 = example1 w\ld react ^u ! manufactur] ( ! butt]9e4 ,x is be/ n to attempt any innovations 9 mak+ butt]9e )\t consult+ ! ,f$]al au?orities s z to be sure y are )9 ! law4 ,equipm5t4--,! equipm5t requir$ 9 ! manufacture ( butt]9e is a comp>atively simple outfit1 consi/+ ( ! foll[+ items enum]at$ 9 ! ord] ( _! use 9 ! mak+ ( ! product4 ,/orage tanks = cottonse$ oil receiv$ 9 c>load lots4 ,/orage tanks )9 ! build+ = conta9+ oils = imm$iate use4 ,oleo oil melt+ kettles = r$uc+ oleo oil to a fluid /ate4 8,/>t]0 cans 9 :i* ! milk culture is kept & develop$ ready = use 9 ! cream rip5]4 8,rip5]s0 = milk & cream = pa/euriz+ & propagat+ culture 9 milk prep>atory = *urn+4 8,emulsion0 *urns 9 :i* ! v>i\s +r$i5ts are mix$4 ,flume type cry/aliz]s4 ,temp]+ trucks4 ,butt] ,work]s4 ,pack+ tables :]e pr9ts & tubs are pack$4 ,pr9t trucks = sett+ pr9ts aft] mak+4 ,rooms4--,! factory is necess>ily divid$ into sev]al rooms1 notably3 7a7 ,"o 9 :i* ! milk receiv+1 te/+1 weigh+1 pa/euriz+ & rip5+ is p]=m$4 7b7 ,"o 9 :i*--temp]ature #gj ,f4--! oil & melt+ facilities are arrang$4 7c7 ,! temp]+ room 9 :i* ! butt]9e is temp]$ aft] cry/aliz+4 ,! temp]ature #eh to #fj ,f4 7d7 ,! pack+ room :]e pr9ts are made4 ,temp]atures #dj to #de ,f4 7e7 ,! /orage cool] :]e pr9ts are set up be=e box+ & aft] box$4 ,temp]atures #cd ,f4 ,arrangem5t4--,9 ! usual arrangem5t butt]9e factories are design$ s t ! "w beg9s on an upp] floor & t]m9ates on a %ipp+ floor4 ,! ext5t ( ! factory & ! space allott$ to ea* op]ation dep5d+ ^u ! volume ( bus9ess4 ,usually decks are introduc$ ^u :i* "p ( ! "w is p]=m$4 ,local pumps1 readily cleans$1 are us$ = transf] ( mat]ials via pipes1 & ^! are arrang$ ) fl[ t[>d outlet s z to admit ( p]fect dra9age4 ,te/+ ! ,milk4--,consid] ! me?ods ( receiv+ ! milk1 & also mak+ prop] te/s to det]m9e its value & ! am\nt ( fat x conta9s4 ,x is v ess5tial ?is be done c>efully & intellig5tly1 z ! result ( ! te/ det]m9es ! value ( ! product pur*as$4 ,milk & cream are frequ5tly paid = on ! butt] fat p]c5tage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afb4--;,,emulsion ,,*urn4 ,! te/ g5]ally accept$ is obta9$ by us+ ,babcock's 8,acme0 /eam turb9e te/ ma*9e4 ,?is ma*9e is made to accommodate tw5ty-f\r bottles4 ,! ma*9e %\ld be set up well1 secur$ & balanc$ p]fectly = ea* te/4 ,?is is accompli%$ by plac+ bottles exactly opposite ea* o!r4 ,%\ld a te/ be desir$ on only "o sample ( milk1 fill a bottle ) wat] & place 9 ma*9e opposite sample4 ,! ma*9e 9 motion makes #c1jjj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,x w1 !re=e1 be se5 t equilibrium is necess>y4 ,te/ bottles are arrang$ s !y w conta9 ! am\nt ( milk or cream & acid ne$$4 ,a #ag4f cc4 pipette is us$ = measur+ ! milk or cream & a #ag4f cc4 graduat$ tube = ! acid4 ,fir/ p\r #ag4f cc4 milk 9 bottle1 !n p\r 9 #ag4f cc4 comm]cial grade sulphuric acid4 ,d n drop ! acid on top ( ! milk1 b hold ! bottles sidewise s t ! acid w slip into ! milk at side4 ,o!rwise a burnt ta/e w result & make x impossible to correctly read ! te/4 ,%ake ! bottle well until milk has entirely disappe>$1 !n place 9 ma*9e4 ,aft] bottles are fill$ 9 ?is mann] ! ma*9e balanc$1 /eam is admitt$ gradually1 increas+ until ma*9e is runn+ at full spe$4 ,all[ to run five m9utes1 !n /op1 fill ea* bottle ) hot wat] up to ! l[e/ m>k on graduate neck ( bottle2 />t ma*9e aga9 & all[ x to run = ?ree m9utes1 :5 aga9 x w be necess>y to add hot wat] up to )9 "o-half in* ( top ( neck ( bottle2 run ma*9e two m9utes long]1 & read te/4 ,use a pair ( compasses 9 read+ ! fat 9 neck ( bottle & read x quickly1 z ! fat rec$es if left long4 ,?is te/ det]m9es ! p]c5tage ( fat 9 sample ( milk1 consequ5tly its comp>ative value4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afc4--;,,butt]9e ,,truck4 ,acidity4--,! 8s\rness0 or acidity ( ! milk c be det]m9$ by ta/e or smell1 b n accurately4 ,a te/ is necess>y to det]m9e ! exact condition ( ! milk :5 pur*as$4 ,:5 milk conta9s six-t5?s ( "o p] c5t acid1 ! mo/ desirable po9t has be5 rea*$1 z !n x imp>ts ! be/ flavor to ! goods4 ,if m ?an six-t5?s ( "o p] c5t acid is us$ ! flavor is n z good4 ,?is is also ! case if a l[] p]c5tage ( acidity is us$4 ,h5ce ! milk or cream %\ld be br\ght to ?is exact degree ( s\rness be=e us+4 ,to det]m9e ?is accurately1 x is necess>y to d x by a te/1 z milk may be ?ree-t5?s ( "o p] c5t acid be=e x is p]ceptible to ! ta/e or smell4 ,milk t w\ld pass z sweet by ta/e or smell w %[ two-t5?s ( "o p] c5t acid4 ,! te/ to det]m9e ?is is simple4 ,any *emi/ is able to furni% all alkali solution & ! necess>y neutraliz] ( prop] /r5g?4 ,! usual way1 h[ev]1 is to use :at is kn[n z ,f>r+ton's tablets1 prep>$ by ,pr(4 ,f>r+ton ( ! ,wiscons9 ,dairy ,s*ool4 ,^! tablets are dissolv$ 9 wat]1 a conv5i5t /r5g? be+ five tablets to fifty cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,! solution is mix$ ) ! milk to be te/$ & %ak52 ! acid 9 ! milk act+ ^u ! alkali ( ! solution imm$iately turns ! milk to a p9k color & ! am\nt ( ! solution requir$ to produce ! p9k color det]m9es ! acidity ( ! milk4 ,milk 9 ,butt]9e4--,cleanl9ess is ! all-important factor1 s9ce milk is easily contam9at$ by =eign flavors & g]m life4 ,milk readily absorbs ! odors giv5 (f by articles plac$ 9 ! same room4 ,only pure & absolutely sweet milk & cream %\ld be us$1 b z absolutely pure milk1 ?\gh sweet1 is difficult to secure1 x becomes necess>y to adopt "s me?od :]eby ! condition ( su* milk c be right$4 ,c>eless milk]s c>e little :e!r hair1 dirt1 du/1 etc41 drop into ! pails :ile milk+1 ?9k+ t 9 /ra9+ ! milk1 all p>ticles & impurities are remov$4 ,x does remove mo/ p>ticles1 b ! g]ms :i* 7 cl++ to ^! p>ticles are n /ra9$ out4 ,!y rema9 9 ! milk & "u favorable temp]atures ?rive & multiply unless arre/$4 ,:5 ! milk has be5 te/$ & accept$ x %\ld be /ra9$ ?r\gh sev]al ?icknesses ( clean clo? into ! rip5+ ma*9e1 br++ ! temp]ature 9 ! diff]5t vats to ! same po9t1 s t z ! milk is us$ x w all be 9 ! same condition4 ,9 cold wea!r ! temp]ature %\ld be held at #gj ,f41 :ile dur+ ! w>m] seasons f #fj to #fe is desirable4 ,9 cl\dy1 murky summ] wea!r a l[] temp]ature w be requir$4 ,"u su* conditions ! temp]ature %\ld be held at f #ee to #fj ,f4 until ! /orm is pass$1 :5 x %\ld aga9 be held at ! normal temp]ature nam$4 ,reasons = ,culture4--,to make an acidity te/1 a #bj cc4 pipette is us$ = measur+ ! milk or cream4 ,ea* cubic c5timet] ( solution is equal to two "o-hundr$?s ( "o p] c5t acid1 h5ce if #aj cc4 ( solution is necess>y to turn ! milk or cream a p9k color1 ! milk w\ld conta9 j two-t5?s ( "o p] c5t acid & w\ld be sweet4 ,any m ?an t w\ld %[ ! milk too s\r = use4 ,9 receiv+ sweet milk1 x mu/ be assum$ to conta9 impure bact]ia1 :i* only await ! prop] temp]ature to develop & s\r ! milk1 produc+ bad flavors4 ,x mu/ be neutraliz$ by pa/euriz+ & !n cultivat$ ) pure bact]ia4 ,ano!r advantage obta9$ 9 ! use ( ! 8/>t]0 is1 t x p]mits ! rip5+ ( milk & cream at l[ temp]atures4 ,bact]iologi/s /ate1 & x is prov$ by exp]i5ce1 t a temp]ature ( ab\t #fe ,f4 is mo/ favorable to ! developm5t ( ! be/ f]m5tation 9 rip5+ milk & cream4 ,prior to ! use ( cultures x 0 cu/om>y to s\r ! milk at a mu* high] temp]ature1 :i* 0 correspond+ly favorable to all ! objectionable bact]ia 9 ! milk4 ,)\t ! use ( ! 8/>t]0 ! conditions 7 beyond ! control ( ! op]ator4 ,cream ,rip5]s4--,to produce ^! conditions ! milk %\ld be pa/euriz$1 :i* c be p]=m$ by ! use ( a /&>d pa/euriz] ( ! type %[n 9 ,fig4 #afd4 ,!re are a v>iety ( pa/euriz]s 9 use4 ,?is app>atus is equipp$ ) an int]nal revolv+ coil ( pipe or discs1 built suffici5tly /rong to )/& ! pressure ( /eam1 wat] or br9e circulat$ ?r\gh ! coils or discs1 :i* is usually done 9 ! ord] nam$4 ,to pa/eurize1 ! milk is heat$ to a temp]ature ( #ahj ,f4 = tw5ty m9utes4 ,?is practically de/roys ! bact]ia pres5t4 ,! milk is !n rapidly cool$ by pass+ cold wat] or *ill$ br9e1 or bo?1 9 turn1 ?r\gh ! coil to r$uce ! temp]ature ( ! body quickly to t desir$1 usually #ee to #gj ,f41 accord+ to conditions z describ$4 ,! />t] or culture is introduc$ & ! milk agitat$ to insure a ?or\gh int]m+l+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afd4--,,wiz>d ,,pa/euriz] ,,& ,,rip5]1 ,,/yle ,b ,,) ,,vitrifi$ ,,porcela9 ,,enamel$ ,,jacket ,,& 8,,side ,,lift0 ,,piano ,,h+e ,,metal ,,cov]4 ,wat] ,v]sus ,br9e4--,:]e an abundant supply ( cold wat] is available cream rip5]s are arrang$ s t ! fir/ cool+ is done by cold wat] pass+ ?r\gh ! *ill+ coil1 s9ce mu* cool+ c be done 9 ?is mann]4 ,! "w is complet$ by cold br9e4 ,x is be/ n to attempt ?is unless ! volume ( bus9ess is suffici5t to ju/ify intellig5t sup]vision on ! rip5]s1 because if x is done1 "s means su* z compress$ air mu/ be atta*$ to ! coil 9 ! rip5] = ! purpose ( fl[+ out ! wat] be=e admitt+ br9e z ! mix+ w\ld r$uce ! br9e to a po9t :]e x w\ld freeze on ! br9e coils or 9 ! d\ble pipe ammonia br9e cool]s ) disa/r\s results4 ,9 provid+ br9e cool+ capacity ample volume %\ld be arrang$ = 8res]ve or in]tia0 s9ce ! dem& is insi/5t & l>ge 9 a %ort p]iod ( "t4 ,milk n ,pa/euriz$4--,"s manufactur]s d n pa/eurize ! milk & conduct op]ations z describ$ 9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs4 ,h[ev]1 ! acidity te/ is equally applicable 9 ei!r sy/em4 ,prep>ation ( ,milk & ,cream4--,only sweet milk %\ld be us$4 ,milk t is s\r be=e rea*+ ! factory causes tr\bles impossible to rem$y1 & no matt] h[ good ! 8/>t]0 ! milk w h develop$ bact]ia t _c be de/roy$2 &1 z ! milk or cream becomes old] ! developm5t ( ! prop] bact]ia is impossible to control4 ,?is is z true aft] x has be5 work$ into ! butt]9e z be=e4 ,h5ce x w be se51 t a great deal dep5ds ^u ! milk & cream be+ sweet 9 develop+ prop] conditions ) ! 8/>t]40 ,! milk ^u be+ receiv$ is pass$ to ! rip5]1 ! temp]ature r$uc$ z desir$1 & ! process ( 8/>t]0 is foll[$4 ,:at are ,/>t]s8--,! 8/>t]s0 ref]r$ to are cultures--! bact]ia f\nd 9 clean1 fre% milk1 cultivat$ 9 va/ numb]s & :5 incorporat$ 9 milk conta9+ an impure v>iety1 m9iature w>f>e is at once begun4 ,if ! 8/>t]0 is "r1 ! w>f>e ends ) ! pure g]ms victori\s4 ,!re are two f]m5ts or 8/>t]s0 on ! m>ket :i* are comm5dable on acc\nt ( _! uni=mity & purity4 ,!y are produc$ 9 laboratories1 e c>e be+ tak5 to see t no =eign g]ms come 9 contact ) !m4 ,prep>atory ,cultures4--,into a comm]cial />t] c put f\r gallons ( sweet1 skimm$ milk1 :i* te/s two-t5?s ( "o p] c5t acid1 no m4 ,/ra9 ?r\gh a d\ble ?ickness ( p]fectly clean clo?1 heat ! milk to #ahj ,f41 hold+ at ?is temp]ature = "o-half h\r4 ,?is 8,pa/eurizes0 ! milk by kill+ all life 9 x4 ,x also de/roys all flavor4 ,! milk %\ld be cool$ quickly to #ij ,f4 ,z soon z ?is temp]ature has be5 rea*$ p\r 9 a f\r-ounce bottle ( 8/>t]0 or culture1 hold+ ! bottle close to ! milk s z to avoid contam9ation4 ,! bottle %\ld n be op5$ until ready = use4 ,aft] add+ ! f]m5t cool d[n sl[ly to #gj ,f41 /irr+ all ! :ile s z to ?or\ghly mix ! milk4 ,! bact]ia gr[ v rapidly at ?is temp]ature4 ,9 twelve h\rs1 if kept ev5ly at ?is temp]ature 9 a tightly clos$ vessel1 a suffici5t quantity ( ! prop] g]ms w h be5 develop$ to produce an acidity ( five-t5?s ( "o p] c5t4 ,! milk w also h ?ick5$ some:at4 ,if ! conditions are f\nd at ! t]m9ation ( twelve h\rs1 cool ! milk quickly to #dj ,f4 & hold at ?is temp]ature until ready to make a l>ge 8/>t]40 ,if ! milk has n gr[n suffici5t g]ms to produce ! above nam$ acidity1 t is1 five-t5?s ( "o p] c5t1 reheat to #ij ,f4 & hold at ?is temp]ature until x does4 ,d n /ir x at ?is /age1 z ! 8/>t]0 %\ld be kept ) z little agitation z possible aft] ! g]ms h be5 propagat$4 ,! ,regul> 8,/>t]04--,:5 ready to make ! factory 8/>t]10 place tw5ty gallons ( sweet1 skimm$ milk 9 a /]iliz]1 aft] hav+ clean$ ! vessel1 & heat z be=e to #ahj ,f42 hold at ?is temp]ature = "o-half h\r1 !n *ill to #gj ,f4 & add ! f\r gallons ( prep>atory 8/>t]0 already describ$1 /irr+ well :ile add+4 ,let ?is /& twelve h\rs z be=e 9 a temp]ature ( #gj ,f41 :5 x %\ld appe> z ! prep>atory />t] did1 slightly ?ick5$ & %[+ an acidity ( five-t5?s ( "o p] c5t4 ,:5 acidity te/ %[s ?is to h be5 rea*$1 *ill to #dj ,f4 7at ?is temp]ature ! bact]ia are dormant & w n develop71 & hold until ready to rip5 ! day's run ( milk & cream = *urn+4 ,:5 ! milk has be5 br\ght 9 ! rip5]s to ! prop] temp]ature1 di/ribute ! l>g] 8/>t]0 ev5ly ?r\gh x4 ,?ree p] c5t is suffici5t dur+ ! summ] mon?s1 :ile ev5 z high z t5 p] c5t is necess>y 9 cold wea!r4 ,cultivat+ ! ,milk4--,put ! requisite am\nt ( factory 8/>t]0 9 ! rip5]s1 ?or\ghly agitate & all[ to rema9 quiet4 ,at ! expiration ( twelve h\rs1 ! milk %\ld be rip5$ suffici5tly = *urn+ & by te/ x %\ld %[1 z above /at$1 six-t5?s ( "o p] c5t acid4 ,:5 ?is acidity has be5 develop$ cool to #eh ,f4 & place 9 *urn4 ,at ?is temp]ature ! butt]-fat w =m 9 small1 firm globules & sep>ate nicely f ! case94 ,if ! temp]ature is l[] ?an ?is x takes mu* long] to sep>ate ! fat f ! case9 & x is impossible to sep>ate all ( x1 h5ce "s fat is lo/4 ,at a high] temp]ature1 ! fat1 :5 sep>ate1 w be fluffy & s(t & w n produce a firm body4 ,z texture is "o ( ! ess5tial po9ts to be s\ght aft] 9 produc+ artificial butt]1 ! *urn+ ( ! milk1 9 ord] to produce ! prop] texture 9 ! butt]-fat1 is a v important function & "o :i* %\ld be c>efully p]=m$4 ,be=e putt+ ! milk into ! *urn x %\ld be /irr$ ?or\ghly1 z dur+ ! twelve h\rs occupi$ 9 rip5+1 ! butt]-fat1 be+ ! lighte/1 has come to ! top & unless aga9 ?or\ghly mix$1 "o *urn w conta9 mo/ ( ! fat & ! o!rs w conta9 comp>atively little1 & z ea* *urn+ ( milk go+ into ! mix] con/itutes a sep>ate run1 ! quality ( ! butt]9e manufactur$ w be unev54 ,quality 9 ,butt]9e4--,butt]9e is made 9 v>i\s grades1 diff]+ 9 con/itu5ts & proportions1 also color1 accord+ to selections4 ,"s manufactur]s r$uce ! milk & cream cont5t & add pure butt]4 ,=mulas = v>i\s me?ods foll[3 ,9 ! matt] ( color l>ge oleo produc]s select fats 9 ! raw = mak+ high color$ oil1 keep+ x sep>ate 9 manufacture2 also select oil :ile gra9+ = color1 & press x all sep>ately4 ,ano!r s\rce ( a high color$ oil is ! boil+ ( l>ge knuckles f %ank or leg bones 9 cutt] cattle1 cook+ !m 9 op5 tanks & skimm+ ! oil4 ,! bones are crack$ & boil$ sev]al times & ! oil skimm$4 ,! flavor is n suffici5t to be detrim5tal4 ,?is is purely an animal oil t c be us$ 9 ! oleo oil to make t9t$ mixtures4 ,l[ ,grade ,butt]9e4--,?is is compos$ ( cotton se$ oil1 ,no4 #b oleo oil & ,no4 #b neutral l>d4 ,/raight milk is us$ = flavor4 ,! oils g into an emulsion *urn at ! foll[+ temp]atures3 ,cotton se$ oil at #ge ,f42 neutral l>d1 add$ next1 at #ie ,f41 & oleo oil next at #ij ,f4 ,! cotton se$ oil %\ld be agitat$ = ab\t fifte5 to tw5ty m9utes be=e ! o!r oils are add$1 leav+ ! lid ( ! emulsion *urn op54 ,?is has ! effect ( remov+ "s ( ! flavor f ! oil & :ile x may be slight1 x is an advantage4 ,! neutral l>d %\ld be add$ next1 c>e be+ tak5 to see t x is free f flakes & gra9y mixtures4 ,9 o!r words1 x %\ld be br\ght to ! prop] temp]ature1 viz41 #ie ,f4 & held !re long en\gh be=e go+ to ! agitator to be sure t ! gra9 ( ! l>d has entirely disappe>$1 = if ?is is all[$ to g 9 x c nev] be remov$ 9 ! f9i%$ product4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afe4--;,,*urn ,,room ,,= ,,butt]9e4 ,! oleo oil is next add$ & aft] ^! ?ree +r$i5ts h be5 agitat$ = tw5ty m9utes & ?or\ghly mix$1 ! milk %\ld be add$ la/ & ! :ole mass left 9 ! agitator = five m9utes ) ! lid clos$ tightly4 ,at ?is /age ! salt & color are add$1 if color is us$4 ,! am\nt ( salt requir$ %\ld be decid$ by ! necessities ( ! p>ticul> trade to be suppli$1 b #e p] c5t w be f\nd a m$ium salt+4 ,exp]i5ce is t x is bett] to add salt at ?is "t because x is m ev5ly di/ribut$ 9 ! emulsion ?an 9 ! granul> butt]9e4 ,aft] ! color & salt are ?or\ghly mix$1 let ! :ole body run into ! gra9+ vat fill$ ) wat] at a temp]ature ( #dj ,f4 ,! oils & milk w %[ a temp]ature ( ab\t #ij ,f4 z a :ole4 ,if n1 heat to t po9t be=e draw+ into ! gra9+ vat4 ,?is %\ld be drawn ?r\gh a #e-;in* galvaniz$ pipe flatt5$ out at ! end to =m a spread+ exit = ! butt]9e4 ,! butt]9e passes into ! wat] vat directly beh9d a paddle :eel arrang$ s t "o-half ( x is above wat]4 ,! :eel revolves rapidly caus+ ! butt]9e to be quickly subm]g$1 !reby gra9+ x z fa/ z x hits ! cold wat]4 ,! quick] butt]9e is gra9$1 ! m flavor x reta9s1 z ! globules =m$ increase ! flavor4 ,%\ld ! wat] be too cold1 ! butt]9e w be h>d & dry1 & is likely to crumble & mottle1 besides caus+ a r$uction 9 ga94 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! wat] is too w>m ! butt]9e w be s(t & mu%y & _c be work$ prop]ly1 al?\gh ! ga9 w be l>g]4 ,w>m wat] is us$ on v *eap grades :5 butt]9e is to be pack$ 9 solids & a l>ge ga9 is desir$4 ,z fa/ z ! butt]9e to be gra9$ %[s on ! top ( ! wat]1 x %\ld be lift$ onto a clo? 9 ! h&s ( two m5 to a clean box truck4 ,sluice ,tr\gh4--,_m factories h disc>d$ ! gra9+ vat & provid$ a sluice tr\gh1 be+ a tr\gh into :i* ! cont5ts are pass$ f ! emulsion *urn4 ,wat] is introduc$1 ?or\ghly int]m+l$ ) ! oils & p]=m+ an in/antane\s *ill+4 ,! sluice tr\gh is arrang$ ) slats 9 ! bottom at int]vals s z to produce ! effect ( ripples4 ,x fl[s directly to ! se$+ trucks1 :]e z ) ! gra9+ vat1 x 0 dipp$ & p\r$ onto ! gra9+ trucks4 ,gra9+ or ,temp]+4--,! butt]9e %\ld !n be cov]$ ) a spr9kl+ ( f9e salt & ! trucks plac$ 9 ! temp]+ room1 :]e a temp]ature ( #fj ,f4 %\ld be ma9ta9$1 to rema9 twelve h\rs4 ,9 ?is "t1 x w develop all ! flavor x is possible to obta9 & be ready = ! work]s4 ,! temp]ature ( ! temp]+ room is some?+ t mu/ be wat*$ c>efully & %\ld nev] be all[$ to g above #fj ,f4 z ! +r$i5ts 9 ?is condition conta9 a l>ge am\nt ( wat]1 & at a w>m] temp]ature action ( ! wat] & grease are liable to cause ! goods to s\r4 ,milk & cream und]go _m *anges aft] be+ incorporat$ 9 ! f9i%$ butt]9e & ! m cream !re is 9 ! product ! l[] ! temp]ature 9 ! temp]+ room %\ld be4 ,x is n at ?is /age t flavor is made4 ,only ! flavor ! product already conta9s is develop$ & _m bat*es ( s\r or 8(f0 butt]9e are trac$ to too w>m temp]+ rooms1 :]eby ! butt] fat & oil because ( _! mixture ) wat] decompose & become rancid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aff4--,,mak+ ,,butt]9e ,,pr9ts4 ,work+4--,butt]9e diff]s f cream]y butt]1 9 t ! butt]-fat & case9 are bo? us$ 9 ! butt]9e1 :]eas 9 cream]y butt] ! fat alone is utiliz$4 ,?is is done 9 butt]9e to ga9 all ! flavor possible by pass+ ! butt]milk ?r\gh ! oils4 ,x is lat] wa%$ out 9 ! wat] vats1 b 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! oils1 x imp>ts "s flavor4 ,butt]9e also requires mu* less work+1 !reby avoid+ a 8salvey0 or pa/y condition1 also prev5t+ a loss ( moi/ure & increas+ ! yield ( ! article4 ,salt be+ ! prim>y cause ( ! 8mottle0 or discoloration1 t dang] is also avoid$ :5 goods are n ov]-work$4 ,aft] rema9+ 9 ! temp]+ room twelve h\rs ! butt]9e is tak5 out to ! work]s4 ,x %\ld be work$ z little z possible to obta9 a smoo?1 compact body1 z ov]-work+ produces a 8salvey0 condition4 ,a v successful butt] work] is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #afg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afg4--;,,butt]9e ,,knead+ ,,table4 ,butt]9e ,pack+4--,f ! work] ! butt]9e is transf]r$ to ! pr9t mak+ or pack+ room4 ,9 pack+ ! product is work$ up into pr9ts or rolls1 or pack$ solid into tubs1 z ! case may be1 & %\ld be run into a cool] kept at a temp]ature ( f #cb to #ce ,f41 & !re held twelve h\rs1 at lea/1 be=e be+ %ipp$4 ,?is gives ! butt]9e "t to prop]ly set4 ,! pr9ts are arrang$ on trays to 8set0 be=e box+4 ,high ,grade ,butt]9e4--,! =mula = high grade butt]9e diff]s f l[ grade 9 t x does n conta9 cotton se$ oil & t cream is us$ in/ead ( /raight milk4 ,! oils are also treat$ 9 a diff]5t mann] & at diff]5t temp]atures4 ,l>g] quantities ( cream are us$ to improve ! quality & grades4 ,! treatm5t ( oils is ! same 9 all high grades4 ,! neutral oil %\ld be plac$ 9 ! agitator fir/4 ,be=e be+ put 91 h[ev]1 x %\ld be br\ght to a temp]ature ( #aaj ,f4 or en\gh to remove ! flakes & gra94 ,!n cool$ quickly ) cle> ice1 or by means ( refrig]ation1 to #ie ,f4 & run into ! emulsion *urn1 9 motion1 ) ! lids op54 ,oleo oil %\ld be heat$ j en\gh to remove ! gra9 & make x smoo?1 ab\t #aae ,f41 !n *ill$ quickly to #he ,f4 & run into ! agitator4 ,let x be agitat$ five m9utes & !n add ! cream4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afh4--;,,butt]9e ,,solid ,,pack+ ,,room4 ,! :ole body is !n agitat$ en\gh to insure mixture1 t5 m9utes be+ suffici5t1 aft] :i* x is dropp$ into ! gra9+ vat1 ! temp]ature ( ! wat] be+ #cf ,f4 ,x %\ld be remov$ f ! wat] into trucks at once & put into ! temp]+ room at a temp]ature n ov] #fj ,f41 temp]$ twelve h\rs & work$ ! same z l[ grades4 ,cleanl9ess & ,wat] ,supply4--,cleanl9ess ( all ut5sils is v important & live /eam %\ld be run ?r\gh all pipes aft] ea* "t !y are us$ s t !re is no possibility ( any fats or grease adh]+ to ! inside & becom+ rancid1 z x is c>elessness ( ?is k9d t (t5 causes a l>ge am\nt ( tr\ble 9 a butt]9e factory4 ,! use ( clean1 cle> wat] is imp]ative4 ,if ! ord9>y supply is n s1 x %\ld be made ?us by ! use ( local filtration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afi4--,,pr9t ,,cool] ,,= ,,butt]9e4 ,use ( ,color4--,! read] w und]/& t ?is is ! p>ticul> po9t ^u :i* f$]al re/rictions h be5 plac$1 & ! goods today _c be color$ except ^u paym5t ( a tax am\nt+ to t5 c5ts p] p\nd4 ,on uncolor$ goods ! tax is "o-qu>t] c5t p] p\nd4 ,:ile ! goods are equally z :olesome uncolor$ z color$1 !y are n z attractive & sales are proportionately curtail$4 ,aft] ! diff]5t +r$i5ts h be5 ?or\ghly agitat$ 9 ! mix]1 ! prop] or desir$ color+ matt] is add$ an article manufactur$ especially = ?is purpose4 ,f f\r to =ty ounces to a bat* ( #ajj p\nds1 accord+ to ! color & %ade requir$1 %\ld be us$4 ,=mulas = ,mak+ ,butt]9e4--,! foll[+ =mulas %[ ! am\nt ( diff]5t +r$i5ts us$ & co/ ( f9i%$ product at "t te/s 7 made4 ,! fir/ is a =mula = high grade1 !n a =mula = m$ium grade & la/ly a =mula = l[ grade butt]9e4 ,! excess ( yield ov] +r$i5ts us$ %[s am\nt ( wat] absorb$3 ,,=mula ,,= ,,& ,,co/ ,,( ,,high ,,grade ,,butt]9e4 ,co/ p] ,total ,mat]ials & quantities lb4 co/ ---------------------------------------- ----- #ebe p\nds ,no4 #a oleo oil #j4jhge #de4ai #dge p\nds ,no4 #a neutral l>d 4#jhabe #ch4eg #ej gallons #cj p] c5t4 cream 4#db #cj4bd #cjj p\nds cream]y butt] 4#bh #hd4jj ,labor & package 4#ja #ae4jj ,salt & color 444 #a4jj ---------------------------------------- ----- ,total 444 #bad4jj ---------------------------------------- ----- ,?is w yield #a1ejj lbs42 co/ p] lb41 #j4adbf4 ,,=mula ,,= ,,& ,,co/ ,,( ,,m$ium ,,grade ,,butt]9e4 ,co/ p] ,total ,mat]ials & quantities lb4 co/ ---------------------------------------- ----- #ebe p\nds ,no4 #a oleo oil #j4jhge #de4ai #dge p\nds ,no4 #a neutral l>d 4#jhabe #ch4eg #dj gallons #cj p] c5t4 cream 4#db #dj4cb ,labor & package 4#ja #ab4jj ,salt & color 444 #a4jj ---------------------------------------- ----- ,total 444 #acg4jh ---------------------------------------- ----- ,?is w yield #a1bjj lbs42 co/ p] lb41 #j4aadb4 ,,=mula ,,= ,,& ,,co/ ,,( ,,l[ ,,grade ,,butt]9e4 ,total ,mat]ials & quantities ,co/ co/ ---------------------------------------- -------------- #cej p\nds ,no4 #b oleo oil #j4jh p] lb4 #bh4jj #bej p\nds cotton se$ oil 4#jd p] lb4 #aj4jj #dej p\nds neutral l>d 4#jhabe p] lb4 #cf4ed #fj gallons #c p] c5t4 milk 4#ab p] gal4 #g4bj ,labor & package 444 #ab4jj ,salt & color 444 #a4jj ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,total 444 #id4gd ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,?is w yield #a1bjj lbs42 co/ to produce & pack = %ipm5t1 #j4jghi p] lb4 ,co/ ( ,butt]9e4--,! foll[+ table %[s %r9kage & co/s ( diff]5t grades ( butt]9e1 ^! be+ compil$ f actual te/s4 ,x %[s ! diff]5t quantities ( wat] absorb$ by ! butt]9e at diff]5t temp]atures & x is readily und]/ood t ! am\nt ( wat] absorb$ regulates ! yield1 al?\gh ! m wat] t is absorb$ ! poor] ! texture1 s t1 g5]ally speak+1 high yields are obta9$ by loss ( texture & g5]al "* ( ! product4 ,x w be se5 at a glance t ! high] ! temp]ature ( ! wat] 9 ! gra9+ vat ! great] ! yield1 & ! l[] ! temp]ature ( ! wat] ! less ! yield1 al?\gh ! texture ( ! product is improv$4 ,! high grade %r9ks consid]ably less ?an ! l[ grade4 ,?is is expla9$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/ !re is v little loss ( cream 9 ! high grade1 because "o-?ird ( ! entire quantity ( cream us$ 9 butt] fat1 or solid matt]4 ,:ile 9 ! l[ grade only "o-six? ( ! milk us$ is solid matt]1 & z ! emulsion goes into ! gra9+ vat ! milk is lo/ 9 ! wat]4 ,fur!rmore1 cotton se$ oil be+ abs5t f ! high grade quality1 ! mass reta9s m wat]1 z cotton se$ oil has little aff9ity = wat] at any temp]ature4 ,a less am\nt ( salt 0 us$ 9 ?is p>ticul> te/ on ! high grade on acc\nt ( ! pres5ce ( salt 9 cream]y butt] us$ 9 ! =mula4 ,a c>eful p]usal ( ! foll[+ table w prove int]e/+3 ,,te/ ,,%[+ ,,%r9kage ,,& ,,co/ ,,( ,,butt]9e4 ,cot- ,neu- ton ,cream- ,oleotralse$ ery ,temp4 oil oil oil,milk,creambutt],salt wat]lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 ,butt]9e ,fahr4 wt4 wt4 wt4 wt4 wt4 wt4 wt4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,l[ grade #ch #cej #dej #bej #dej 444 444 #fj ,l[ grade #de #cej #dej #bej #dej 444 444 #fj ,m$ium high grade #dj #ebe #dge 444 444 #cjj 444 #fj ,high grade #dj #ebe #dge 444 444 #bbe #cjj #ej ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,%r9k-,%r9k-,co/ ,color,total,yield age age p] oz4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 p] #ajj ,butt]9e wt4 wt4 wt4 wt4 c5t4 lbs4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,l[ grade #bj #aefj #abaj #cej 4#bbdc #g4hb ,l[ grade #bj #aefj #abij #bgj 4#agcj #g4cf ,m$ium high grade #bj #acfj #abid #ff 4#jdhe #aj4ei ,high grade #bj #aege #adig #gh 4#jdie #ad4bi ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,note ! excessive %r9kage :]e weight ( milk is tak5 into consid]ation ) o!r +r$i5ts us$1 ! milk be+ lo/ 9 ! *ill+ wat] & ! flavor be+ reta9$4 ,:]e natural butt] is us$ ! %r9kage is mu* less4 ,! computations c be made on prevail+ prices4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii ,,boxes ,,& ,,coop]age ,,specifications ,,= ,,boxes -- ,,coop]age ,,specifications -- ,,gov]nm5t ,,specifications ,,= ,,packages -- ,,refrig]ator ,,boxes4 ,specifications = ,boxes4--,( ! _m supplies ne$$ ab\t a pack+ h\se1 "o ( ! mo/ important is boxes into :i* ! f9i%$ products are pack$ ready = %ipm5t4 ,:]e !y are us$ 9 su* l>ge numb]s1 x is v ess5tial to h a box suitable = ! products :i* w be pack$ into x )\t wa/e ( room1 suffici5tly /rong to )/& h&l+ 9 transit & at ! same "t ( m9imum weight on acc\nt ( freight *>ges4 ,! k9d ( lumb] us$ = pack+ boxes v>ies 9 diff]5t localities4 ,cottonwood is ! be/ & :]ev] available1 %\ld be us$4 ,! pack+ h\se indu/ry has creat$ a v important outlet = ?is o!rwise almo/ wor?less wood4 ,x has no natural flavor & is v desirable = l>d1 butt]9e boxes1 etc4 ,x is us$ = mak+ ! small-siz$ packages into :i* l>d is drawn direct in/ead ( us+ pails or tubs4 ,boxes = ^! purposes are usually dovetail$ & h a slid+ cov]4 ,:]e cottonwood is n available :ite p9e is us$1 al?\gh 9 ?is case x is necess>y to use ?ick] lumb]1 :i* z a consequ5ce makes ! boxes heavi]4 ,! foll[+ li/ gives ! k9d ( boxes1 inside measurem5ts1 ?ickness ( lumb] 9 ! sides1 top1 bottom1 ends & cleats1 :]e necess>y4 ,! figures are applicable to cottonwood only3 ,,pork ,,pack+ ,,boxes4 ,cont5ts ,rem>ks ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #ejj lbs4 ,engli% bellies ,two h>dwood hoops #ejj lbs4 ,engli% bellies ,two h>dwood hoops #ejj lbs4 ,engli% bellies ,two h>dwood hoops #ejj lbs4 hog hams ,two h>dwood hoops #ejj lbs4 ,new ,york %\ld]s,two h>dwood hoops #ejj lbs4 dry salt fat backs,two h>dwood hoops #ejj lbs4 dry salt fat backs,two h>dwood hoops #ejj lbs4 dry salt fat backs,two h>dwood hoops #ejj lbs4 ,engli% bellies ,two h>dwood hoops #ejj lbs4 sweet pickle hams ,two h>dwood hoops #ejj lbs4 sweet pickle hams ,two h>dwood hoops #ejj lbs4 ,new ,york %\ld]s,two h>dwood hoops #ejj lbs4 dry salt fat backs,two h>dwood hoops #ejj lbs4 ,man*e/] hams ,two h>dwood hoops #ejj lbs4 dry salt & smkd mts ,two h>dwood hoops #aej lbs4 dry salt meats ,two h>dwood hoops #ejj lbs4 hog fat backs ,two h>dwood hoops #ajj lbs4 %ort cle>s ,two h>dwood hoops ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,inside ,?ickness measurem5t ( lumb] 9 in*es 9 in*es ------------------------------------ ,top & ,cont5ts ,l5g? ,wid? ,dep? ,sidesbottom ,ends ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #ejj lbs4 ,engli% bellies #cd #bb #bb #a #a #a #ejj lbs4 ,engli% bellies #cc #bb #bc #a #a #a #ejj lbs4 ,engli% bellies #ce #bb #ba #a #a #a #ejj lbs4 hog hams #bh #be #bb #a #a #a #ejj lbs4 ,new ,york %\ld]s #cj #bf #bb #a #a #a #ejj lbs4 dry salt fat backs #bh #bb #bh #a #a #a #ejj lbs4 dry salt fat backs #ca #bf #bd #a #a #a #ejj lbs4 dry salt fat backs #bh #bd #bg #a #a #a #ejj lbs4 ,engli% bellies #ca #bj #be #a #a #a #ejj lbs4 sweet pickle hams #ca #bb #bd #a #a #a #ejj lbs4 sweet pickle hams #bf #bd #bd #a #a #a #ejj lbs4 ,new ,york %\ld]s #ca #bd #ba #a #a #a #ejj lbs4 dry salt fat backs #cd #bd #bb #a #a #a #ejj lbs4 ,man*e/] hams #ca #bd #bc #a #a #a #ejj lbs4 dry salt & smkd mts #cj #ba #bj #aej lbs4 dry salt meats #bd #bb #aj #ejj lbs4 hog fat backs #cb #bb #bg #a #a #a #ajj lbs4 %ort cle>s #cj #bj #h #a ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,wid? ( ,cont5ts ,cleats cleats,box or crate ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #ejj lbs4 ,engli% bellies ,outside #a #c,t4 ,g4 ,box #ejj lbs4 ,engli% bellies ,outside #a #c,t4 ,g4 ,box #ejj lbs4 ,engli% bellies ,outside #a #c,t4 ,g4 ,box #ejj lbs4 hog hams ,outside #a #c,t4 ,g4 ,box #ejj lbs4 ,new ,york %\ld]s,outside #a #c,t4 ,g4 ,box #ejj lbs4 dry salt fat backs,outside #a #c,t4 ,g4 ,box #ejj lbs4 dry salt fat backs,outside #a #c,t4 ,g4 ,box #ejj lbs4 dry salt fat backs,outside #a #c,t4 ,g4 ,box #ejj lbs4 ,engli% bellies ,outside #a #c,t4 ,g4 ,box #ejj lbs4 sweet pickle hams ,outside #a #c,t4 ,g4 ,box #ejj lbs4 sweet pickle hams ,outside #a #c,t4 ,g4 ,box #ejj lbs4 ,new ,york %\ld]s,outside #a #c,t4 ,g4 ,box #ejj lbs4 dry salt fat backs,outside #a #c,t4 ,g4 ,box #ejj lbs4 ,man*e/] hams ,outside #a #c,t4 ,g4 ,box #ejj lbs4 dry salt & smkd mts ,inside #b,t4 ,g4 ,box #aej lbs4 dry salt meats ,outside #b;,box #ejj lbs4 hog fat backs ,outside #a #c,t4 ,g4 ,box #ajj lbs4 %ort cle>s ,outside #b;,box ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,cann+ ,,dep>tm5t ,,boxes4 ,cont5ts ,rem>ks ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #bd #b-lb4 cans ox tongues ,"o piece sides #bd #c-lb4 cans ox tongues ,"o piece sides #f #f-lb4 cans ox tongues ,"o piece sides #ab #f-lb4 cans ox tongues ,"o piece sides #bd -lb4 cans ox tongues,"o piece sides #f #f-lb4 cans lun* tongues ,"o piece sides #cf #b-lb4 cans roa/ beef ,"o piece sides #dh #a-lb4 cans roa/ beef ,"o piece sides #bd #b-lb4 cans ,engli% brawn ,"o piece sides #f #e-lb4 cans *ipp$ beef,dove tail$ #bd -lb4 cans ,vi5na sausage ,dove tail$ #bd #a-lb4 cans ,vi5na sausage ,dove tail$ #bd -lb4 cans veal loaf ,dove tail$ #bd #a-lb4 cans veal loaf ,dove tail$ #bd #a-lb4 cans *ipp$ beef,dove tail$ #bd #b-lb4 cans roa/ beef ,dove tail$ #bd #b-lb4 cans *ipp$ beef,gov]nm5t box1 #b-;94 /rap #ab #b-lb4 cans roa/ beef ,gov]nm5t box #f #ad-lb4 cans *ipp$ beef ,"o piece sides #bd #b-lb4 cans *ipp$ beef,"o piece sides #ab #b-lb4 cans *ipp$ beef,"o piece sides #bd #a-lb4 cans *ipp$ beef,"o piece sides #bd #b-lb4 cans tall roa/ beef ,"o piece sides #bd #b-lb4 cans flat roa/ beef ,"o piece sides #ab #b-lb4 cans flat roa/ beef ,"o piece sides #dh #a-lb4 cans lun* tongue,"o piece sides #bd #a-lb4 cans lun* tongue,"o piece sides #dh -lb4 cans boneless ham ,"o piece sides #bd -lb4 cans boneless ham ,"o piece sides #bd -lb4 cans boneless ham ,"o piece sides #ab -lb4 cans boneless ham ,"o piece sides #ab #b-lb4 cans *ipp$ beef,"o piece sides #dh #a-lb4 cans *ipp$ beef,"o piece sides #ab #b-lb4 cans roa/ beef ,"o piece sides #bd #a-lb4 cans ox tongues ,"o piece sides #bd #a-lb4 cans roa/ beef ,"o piece sides #ab #f-lb4 cans *ipp$ beef,"o piece sides ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,inside ,?ickness measurem5t ( lumb] 9 in*es 9 in*es ------------------------------------ ,top & ,cont5ts ,l5g? ,wid? ,dep? ,sidesbottom ,ends ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #bd #b-lb4 cans ox tongues #bd #ab #i #bd #c-lb4 cans ox tongues #bd #ab #aj #f #f-lb4 cans ox tongues #ah #ab #f #ab #f-lb4 cans ox tongues #ah #ab #ac #bd -lb4 cans ox tongues #ag #h #d #f #f-lb4 cans lun* tongues #ah #ab #g #cf #b-lb4 cans roa/ beef #ag #ab #ac #dh #a-lb4 cans roa/ beef #ag #ab #i #bd #b-lb4 cans ,engli% brawn #af #h #i #f #e-lb4 cans *ipp$ beef #aj #g #c #bd -lb4 cans ,vi5na sausage #aa #h #f #bd #a-lb4 cans ,vi5na sausage #aa #i #i #bd -lb4 cans veal loaf #af #i #c #bd #a-lb4 cans veal loaf #adaj #f #bd #a-lb4 cans *ipp$ beef #ag #ab #e #bd #b-lb4 cans roa/ beef #af #aa #ab #bd #b-lb4 cans *ipp$ beef #ae #i #aa #a #a #a #ab #b-lb4 cans roa/ beef #af #aa #e #a #a #a #f #ad-lb4 cans *ipp$ beef #bd #ac #ad #bd #b-lb4 cans *ipp$ beef #af #h #i #ab #b-lb4 cans *ipp$ beef #af #h #e #bd #a-lb4 cans *ipp$ beef #ac #ac #d #bd #b-lb4 cans tall roa/ beef #ag #ab #i #bd #b-lb4 cans flat roa/ beef #bb #aa #h #ab #b-lb4 cans flat roa/ beef #af #aa #e #dh #a-lb4 cans lun* tongue #ag #ac #i #bd #a-lb4 cans lun* tongue #ag #ab #d #dh -lb4 cans boneless ham #ae #aj #c #bd -lb4 cans boneless ham #ab #i #d #bd -lb4 cans boneless ham #aj #g #d #ab -lb4 cans boneless ham #g #e #c #ab #b-lb4 cans *ipp$ beef #ae #i #e #dh #a-lb4 cans *ipp$ beef #ag #aj #h #ab #b-lb4 cans roa/ beef #ag #ab #d #bd #a-lb4 cans ox tongues #bb #aa #g #bd #a-lb4 cans roa/ beef #bb #aa #h #ab #f-lb4 cans *ipp$ beef #ah #ab #ab ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,wid? ( ,cont5ts ,cleats cleats,box or crate ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #bd #b-lb4 cans ox tongues ,none 444 ,box #bd #c-lb4 cans ox tongues ,outside #b;,box #f #f-lb4 cans ox tongues ,none 444 ,box #ab #f-lb4 cans ox tongues ,outside #b;,box #bd -lb4 cans ox tongues,none 444 ,box #f #f-lb4 cans lun* tongues ,none 444 ,box #cf #b-lb4 cans roa/ beef ,outside #b;,box #dh #a-lb4 cans roa/ beef ,none 444 ,box #bd #b-lb4 cans ,engli% brawn ,none 444 ,box #f #e-lb4 cans *ipp$ beef,none 444 ,box #bd -lb4 cans ,vi5na sausage ,none 444 ,box #bd #a-lb4 cans ,vi5na sausage ,none 444 ,box #bd -lb4 cans veal loaf ,none 444 ,box #bd #a-lb4 cans veal loaf ,none 444 ,box #bd #a-lb4 cans *ipp$ beef,none 444 ,box #bd #b-lb4 cans roa/ beef ,outside #b;,box #bd #b-lb4 cans *ipp$ beef,none 444 ,box #ab #b-lb4 cans roa/ beef ,none 444 ,box #f #ad-lb4 cans *ipp$ beef ,none 444 ,box #bd #b-lb4 cans *ipp$ beef,none 444 ,box #ab #b-lb4 cans *ipp$ beef,none 444 ,box #bd #a-lb4 cans *ipp$ beef,none 444 ,box #bd #b-lb4 cans tall roa/ beef ,none 444 ,box #bd #b-lb4 cans flat roa/ beef ,none 444 ,box #ab #b-lb4 cans flat roa/ beef ,none 444 ,box #dh #a-lb4 cans lun* tongue,none 444 ,box #bd #a-lb4 cans lun* tongue,none 444 ,box #dh -lb4 cans boneless ham ,none 444 ,box #bd -lb4 cans boneless ham ,none 444 ,box #bd -lb4 cans boneless ham ,none 444 ,box #ab -lb4 cans boneless ham ,none 444 ,box #ab #b-lb4 cans *ipp$ beef,none 444 ,box #dh #a-lb4 cans *ipp$ beef,none 444 ,box #ab #b-lb4 cans roa/ beef ,none 444 ,box #bd #a-lb4 cans ox tongues ,none 444 ,box #bd #a-lb4 cans roa/ beef ,none 444 ,box #ab #f-lb4 cans *ipp$ beef,outside #b;,box ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,sausage ,,pack+ ,,boxes4 ,cont5ts ,rem>ks ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #be lbs4 sausage ,"o -94 op5 space 9 sides #cj lbs4 sausage ,"o -94 op5 space 9 sides #ej lbs4 sausage ,"o -94 op5 space 9 sides #fj lbs4 sausage ,"o -94 op5 space 9 sides #ge lbs4 sausage ,"o -94 op5 space 9 sides #d #aj-lb4 boxes ,frankfurts,two #b-;94 pcs4 sides1 #c #b-;94 top btm4 #e lbs4 boneless pigs feet,dove tail$ #aj lbs4 boneless pigs feet,dove tail$ #be lbs4 boneless pigs feet,dove tail$ #ae #a-lb4 t9 meat ,two #b-;94 pcs4 sds41 #c #b-;94 top btm4 #ae #b-lb4 t9 meat ,two #b-;94 pcs4 sds41 #c #b-;94 top btm4 #be #a-lb4 t9 meat ,two #b-;94 pcs4 sds41 #c #b-;94 top btm4 #be #b-lb4 t9 meat ,two #b-;94 pcs4 sds41 #c #b-;94 top btm4 #ajj lbs4 summ] sausage 444 #ajj lbs4 summ] sausage 444 #ab #a-lb4 cans ,bologna ,dove tail$ #f #a-lb4 cans ,bologna ,dove tail$ #f #aj-lb4 cans ,frankfurts ,"o #a-;94 op5 space 9 sides1 two #b-;94 op5 spaces 9 top bottom #ej lbs4 boil$ ham ,"o piece sides #cj lbs4 sausage ,"o -94 op5 space 9 sides #be lbs4 ,bologna ,"o -94 op5 space 9 sides #a #ej-lb4 c ,bologna 9 oil 444 #b #bj-lb4 c ,bologna 9 oil 444 #a #bj-lb4 c ,bologna 9 oil 444 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,inside ,?ickness measurem5t ( lumb] 9 in*es 9 in*es ------------------------------------ ,top & ,cont5ts ,l5g? ,wid? ,dep? ,sidesbottom ,ends ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #be lbs4 sausage #ah #ab #f #cj lbs4 sausage #ah #ab #g #ej lbs4 sausage #ai #ae #h #fj lbs4 sausage #ai #ae #aj #ge lbs4 sausage #bc #ag #i #d #aj-lb4 boxes ,frankfurts #ah #ab #h #e lbs4 boneless pigs feet #g #e #c #aj lbs4 boneless pigs feet #ac #e #d #be lbs4 boneless pigs feet #bf #aa #d #ae #a-lb4 t9 meat #ac #ac #f #ae #b-lb4 t9 meat #bf #ac #f #be #a-lb4 t9 meat #ac #ac #i #be #b-lb4 t9 meat #bf #ac #i #ajj lbs4 summ] sausage #bh #ag #aj #ajj lbs4 summ] sausage #bc #ag #ab #ab #a-lb4 cans ,bologna #af #aj #c #f #a-lb4 cans ,bologna #af #aj #a #f #aj-lb4 cans ,frankfurts #bg #ab #h #ej lbs4 boil$ ham #be #ah #f #cj lbs4 sausage #ai #ae #f #be lbs4 ,bologna #ae #i #f #a #ej-lb4 c ,bologna 9 oil #ab #ab #ab #b #bj-lb4 c ,bologna 9 oil #bj #aj #i #a #bj-lb4 c ,bologna 9 oil #aj #aj #i ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,wid? ( ,cont5ts ,cleats cleats,box or crate ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #be lbs4 sausage ,none 444 ,box #cj lbs4 sausage ,none 444 ,box #ej lbs4 sausage ,inside #b;,box #fj lbs4 sausage ,inside #b;,box #ge lbs4 sausage ,inside #b;,box #d #aj-lb4 boxes ,frankfurts ,none 444 ,crate #e lbs4 boneless pigs feet,none 444 ,box #aj lbs4 boneless pigs feet,none 444 ,box #be lbs4 boneless pigs feet,none 444 ,box #ae #a-lb4 t9 meat ,none 444 ,crate #ae #b-lb4 t9 meat ,none 444 ,crate #be #a-lb4 t9 meat ,none 444 ,crate #be #b-lb4 t9 meat ,none 444 ,crate #ajj lbs4 summ] sausage ,inside #b;,box #ajj lbs4 summ] sausage ,inside #b;,box #ab #a-lb4 cans ,bologna ,none 444 ,box #f #a-lb4 cans ,bologna ,none 444 ,box #f #aj-lb4 cans ,frankfurts ,none 444 ,crate #ej lbs4 boil$ ham ,none 444 ,crate #cj lbs4 sausage ,none 444 ,crate #be lbs4 ,bologna ,none 444 ,crate #a #ej-lb4 c ,bologna 9 oil ,none 444 ,crate #b #bj-lb4 c ,bologna 9 oil ,none 444 ,crate #a #bj-lb4 c ,bologna 9 oil ,none 444 ,crate ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,l>d ,,ref9]y ,,boxes4 ,cont5ts ,rem>ks ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #bj #c-lb4 pails ,?ree #b-;94 /rips1 side1 top bottom #ab #e-lb4 pails ,?ree #b-;94 /rips1 side1 top bottom #f #aj-lb4 pails ,?ree #b-;94 /rips1 side1 top bottom #d #bj-lb4 pails ,?ree #b-;94 /rips1 side1 top bottom #a #ej-lb4 pail ,?ree #b-;94 /rips1 side1 top bottom #b #ej-lb4 pails ,?ree #b-;94 /rips1 side1 top bottom #bh lbs4 net l>d ,dove tail$ #ef lbs4 net l>d ,dove tail$ #f #aj-lb4 pails ,two -94 iron /raps #ab #e-lb4 pails ,two -94 iron /raps #bj #e-lb4 pails ,two -94 iron /raps #aj #aj-lb4 pails ,two -94 iron /raps #bj #e-lb4 pails 7,cuban trade7 ,two -94 iron /raps #aj #aj-lb4 pails 7,cuban trade7 ,two -94 iron /raps #d #be-lb4 pails ,two -94 iron /raps ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,inside ,?ickness measurem5t ( lumb] 9 in*es 9 in*es ------------------------------------ ,top & ,cont5ts ,l5g? ,wid? ,dep? ,sidesbottom ,ends ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #bj #c-lb4 pails #be #aj #aj #ab #e-lb4 pails #ah #ab #ac #f #aj-lb4 pails #bb #ae #h #d #bj-lb4 pails #ai #ai #i #a #ej-lb4 pail #ab #ab #ac #b #ej-lb4 pails #bf #ab #ac #bh lbs4 net l>d #ac #i #g #ef lbs4 net l>d #ahac #g #f #aj-lb4 pails #bb #ae #h #ab #e-lb4 pails #ah #ab #ac #bj #e-lb4 pails #cj #ab #ac #aj #aj-lb4 pails #ch #ae #h #bj #e-lb4 pails 7,cuban trade7 #ca #ac #ab #aj #aj-lb4 pails 7,cuban trade7 #da #af #g #d #be-lb4 pails #bj #bj #aa ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,wid? ( ,cont5ts ,cleats cleats,box or crate ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #bj #c-lb4 pails ,outside#a ,crate #ab #e-lb4 pails ,inside #a ,crate #f #aj-lb4 pails ,inside #a ,crate #d #bj-lb4 pails ,inside #a ,crate #a #ej-lb4 pail ,inside #a ,crate #b #ej-lb4 pails ,inside #a ,crate #bh lbs4 net l>d ,none 444 ,box #ef lbs4 net l>d ,none 444 ,box #f #aj-lb4 pails ,inside ,cor'r ,box #ab #e-lb4 pails ,inside ,cor'r ,box #bj #e-lb4 pails ,inside ,cor'r ,box #aj #aj-lb4 pails ,inside ,cor'r ,box #bj #e-lb4 pails 7,cuban trade7 ,inside ,cor'r ,box #aj #aj-lb4 pails 7,cuban trade7 ,inside ,cor'r ,box #d #be-lb4 pails ,inside ,cor'r ,box ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,smok$ ,,meat ,,boxes4 ,cont5ts ,rem>ks ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #be lbs4 bacon 444 #ej lbs4 bacon 444 #ej lbs4 %\ld] 444 #ge lbs4 bacon 444 #ae lbs4 bacon 444 #ajj lbs4 canvas$ meats ,"o #a-;in* op5 space 9 sides1 tops & bottoms #ae lbs4 %\ld] & bacon444 #aej lbs4 bacon ,two h>dwood hoops #bjj lbs4 bacon ,two h>dwood hoops #bej lbs4 bacon ,two h>dwood hoops #ajj lbs4 bacon ,two h>dwood hoops ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,inside ,?ickness measurem5t ( lumb] 9 in*es 9 in*es ------------------------------------ ,top & ,cont5ts ,l5g? ,wid? ,dep? ,sidesbottom ,ends ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #be lbs4 bacon #bb #ab #g #ej lbs4 bacon #bc #ag #g #ej lbs4 %\ld] #ah #ae #aa #ge lbs4 bacon #bc #ag #aa #ae lbs4 bacon #bj #h #e #ajj lbs4 canvas$ meats #bc #ag #ac #ae lbs4 %\ld] & bacon #ai #aj #e #aej lbs4 bacon #bd #bb #ad #bjj lbs4 bacon #cj #ba #ad #bej lbs4 bacon #cj #ba #ag #ajj lbs4 bacon #bb #ag #ac ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,wid? ( ,cont5ts ,cleats cleats,box or crate ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #be lbs4 bacon ,none 444 ,box #ej lbs4 bacon ,none 444 ,box #ej lbs4 %\ld] ,inside #b;,box #ge lbs4 bacon ,inside #b;,box #ae lbs4 bacon ,none 444 ,box #ajj lbs4 canvas$ meats ,inside #b;,crate #ae lbs4 %\ld] & bacon,none 444 ,box #aej lbs4 bacon ,inside #b;,box #bjj lbs4 bacon ,inside #b;,box #bej lbs4 bacon ,inside #b;,box #ajj lbs4 bacon ,inside #b;,box ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,beef ,,cutt+1 ,,(fal ,,& ,,freez] ,,boxes4 ,cont5ts ,rem>ks ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,lo9 butts 444 ,lo9 /rips 444 ,beef t5d]lo9s 444 ,beef rolls 444 ,beef kidneys 444 ,beef liv]s & beef knobs 444 ,ox tails 444 #bj pcs4 plucks & hog liv]s 444 ,small ox tongues 444 #e lbs4 hog bra9s 444 #ae pieces %eep plucks 444 #aj lbs4 beef bra9s 444 #e lbs4 beef bra9s 444 #ajj pieces lamb tongues 444 #bjj lbs4 ice case #c-;94 ice space on sides & bottom #ajj lbs4 ice case #c-;94 ice space on sides & bottom #aej lbs4 ice case #c-;94 ice space on sides & bottom #ab pieces %eep plucks 444 #hj lbs4 bra9s ice case #c-;94 ice space on sides & bottom ,l>ge ox tongues 444 #ej pieces lambs tongues 444 #e lbs4 hog bra9s ic$ 444 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,inside ,?ickness measurem5t ( lumb] 9 in*es 9 in*es ------------------------------------ ,top & ,cont5ts ,l5g? ,wid? ,dep? ,sidesbottom ,ends ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,lo9 butts #bh #ab #f ,lo9 /rips #bi #ai #d ,beef t5d]lo9s #bi #ac #d ,beef rolls #bi #ai #d ,beef kidneys #af #i #e ,beef liv]s & beef knobs #bd #af #ab ,ox tails #bd #ae #h #bj pcs4 plucks & hog liv]s #bi #ac #e ,small ox tongues #bh #ad #h #e lbs4 hog bra9s #ab #aa #a #ae pieces %eep plucks #bd #ac #e #aj lbs4 beef bra9s #ab #aa #b #e lbs4 beef bra9s #ab #i #b #ajj pieces lamb tongues #bh #ab #c #bjj lbs4 ice case #cb #bd #af #ajj lbs4 ice case #bh #ah #ad #aej lbs4 ice case #bh #ba #ad #ab pieces %eep plucks #bb #ac #e #hj lbs4 bra9s ice case #be #bd #ag ,l>ge ox tongues #bh #ad #i #ej pieces lambs tongues #ad #ab #c #e lbs4 hog bra9s ic$ #ai #aa #a ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,wid? ( ,cont5ts ,cleats cleats,box or crate ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,lo9 butts ,none 444 ,box ,lo9 /rips ,none 444 ,box ,beef t5d]lo9s ,none 444 ,box ,beef rolls ,none 444 ,box ,beef kidneys ,none 444 ,box ,beef liv]s & beef knobs ,inside #b;,box ,ox tails ,none 444 ,box #bj pcs4 plucks & hog liv]s ,none 444 ,box ,small ox tongues ,none 444 ,box #e lbs4 hog bra9s ,none 444 ,box #ae pieces %eep plucks ,none 444 ,box #aj lbs4 beef bra9s ,none 444 ,box #e lbs4 beef bra9s ,none 444 ,box #ajj pieces lamb tongues ,none 444 ,box #bjj lbs4 ice case ,inside #b,t4 ,g4 ,box #ajj lbs4 ice case ,inside #b,t4 ,g4 ,box #aej lbs4 ice case ,inside #b,t4 ,g4 ,box #ab pieces %eep plucks ,none 444 ,box #hj lbs4 bra9s ice case ,inside #b,t4 ,g4 ,box ,l>ge ox tongues ,none 444 ,box #ej pieces lambs tongues ,none 444 ,box #e lbs4 hog bra9s ic$ ,none 444 ,box ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,fre% ,,pork ,,pack+ ,,boxes4 ,cont5ts ,rem>ks ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #ej lbs4 %ort pork lo9s ,"o #a-;94 op5 space 9 sides1 two 9 top & bottom #ej lbs4 regul> pork lo9s,"o #a-;94 op5 space 9 sides1 two 9 top & bottom #ej lbs4 long cut pork ,"o #a-;94 op5 space 9 sides1 two lo9s 9 top & bottom #ajj lbs4 pork lo9s ,two #a-;94 op5 spaces 9 sides1 two 9 top & bottom #ej lbs4 export ham butts ,"o #a-;94 op5 space ) runn] on sides1 two same1 ) runn] on btm #ej lbs4 export pork lo9s ,"o #a-;94 op5 space ) runn] on sides1 two same1 ) runn] on btm #ajj lbs4 pork %\ld] ,?ree #a-;94 op5 spaces 9 bottom nd top & two #a-;94 on sides #ajj lbs4 pork lo9 ice case#c-;94 space = ice inside bottom ( box ) rack #ej lbs4 %\ld] ice case #c-;94 space = ice inside bottom ( box ) rack #ajj lbs4 %\ld] ice case #c-;94 space = ice inside bottom ( box ) rack #ajj lbs4 pork ice case #c-;94 space = ice inside bottom ( box ) rack #be lbs4 butt ice case #c-;94 space = ice inside bottom ( box ) rack #be lbs4 pork lo9s #a-;94 op5 space 9 sides #ej lbs4 pork lo9s 444 #ajj lbs4 pork lo9s 444 #ajj lbs4 pork %\ld] 444 #ej lbs4 pork %\ld] ,tight #ej lbs4 pork %\ld] ,"o #a-;94 op5 space 9 sides & two #a-;94 9 top & bottom ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,inside ,?ickness measurem5t ( lumb] 9 in*es 9 in*es ------------------------------------ ,top & ,cont5ts ,l5g? ,wid? ,dep? ,sidesbottom ,ends ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #ej lbs4 %ort pork lo9s #bf #ab #g #ej lbs4 regul> pork lo9s #bi #ab #g #ej lbs4 long cut pork lo9s #cd #ab #g #ajj lbs4 pork lo9s #bi #ad #ab #ej lbs4 export ham butts #bi #ab #f #ej lbs4 export pork lo9s #bi #ab #g #ajj lbs4 pork %\ld] #be #ah #aa #ajj lbs4 pork lo9 ice case #bi #ab #aj #ej lbs4 %\ld] ice case #ah #ae #ab #ajj lbs4 %\ld] ice case #be #ah #ad #ajj lbs4 pork ice case #bi #ad #ad #be lbs4 butt ice case #bb #ab #i #be lbs4 pork lo9s #bh #h #f #ej lbs4 pork lo9s #bi #ab #g #ajj lbs4 pork lo9s #bi #ad #ab #ajj lbs4 pork %\ld] #be #ah #aa #ej lbs4 pork %\ld] #ah #ae #i #ej lbs4 pork %\ld] #ah #ae #i ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,wid? ( ,cont5ts ,cleats cleats,box or crate ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #ej lbs4 %ort pork lo9s ,inside #b;,crate #ej lbs4 regul> pork lo9s ,inside #b;,crate #ej lbs4 long cut pork lo9s ,inside #b;,crate #ajj lbs4 pork lo9s ,inside #b;,crate #ej lbs4 export ham butts ,inside #b;,crate #ej lbs4 export pork lo9s ,inside #b;,crate #ajj lbs4 pork %\ld] ,inside #b;,crate #ajj lbs4 pork lo9 ice case ,inside #b;,box #ej lbs4 %\ld] ice case ,inside #b;,box #ajj lbs4 %\ld] ice case ,inside #b;,box #ajj lbs4 pork ice case ,inside #b;,box #be lbs4 butt ice case ,inside #b;,box #be lbs4 pork lo9s ,none ,crate #ej lbs4 pork lo9s ,inside #b;,box #ajj lbs4 pork lo9s ,inside #b;,box #ajj lbs4 pork %\ld] ,inside #b;,box #ej lbs4 pork %\ld] ,inside #b;,box #ej lbs4 pork %\ld] ,inside #b;,box ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,dry ,,salt ,,& ,,sweet ,,pickle ,,pork ,,pack+ ,,boxes4 ,cont5ts ,rem>ks ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #ejj lbs4 export hams ,two h>dwood hoops #ejj lbs4 export bellies ,two h>dwood hoops #ejj lbs4 export bellies ,two h>dwood hoops #ejj lbs4 dry salt fat backs,two h>dwood hoops #ejj lbs4 dry salt fat backs,two h>dwood hoops #ejj lbs4 export ,cumb]l&s,two h>dwood hoops #ejj lbs4 export ,cumb]l&s,two h>dwood hoops #ejj lbs4 export ,cumb]l&s,two h>dwood hoops #ejj lbs4 export ,cumb]l&s,two h>dwood hoops #bej lbs4 fat backs ,two h>dwood hoops #bjj lbs4 fat backs ,two h>dwood hoops #ajj lbs4 fat backs ,two h>dwood hoops #ej lbs4 fat backs ,two h>dwood hoops #ejj lbs4 ,cumb]l&s ,two h>dwood hoops #ejj lbs4 long ribs ,two h>dwood hoops #ejj lbs4 ,engli% bellies ,two h>dwood hoops #ejj lbs4 ,engli% bellies ,two h>dwood hoops #ejj lbs4 fat backs ,two h>dwood hoops #ejj lbs4 fat backs ,two h>dwood hoops #ejj lbs4 ,engli% bellies ,two h>dwood hoops ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,inside ,?ickness measurem5t ( lumb] 9 in*es 9 in*es ------------------------------------ ,top & ,cont5ts ,l5g? ,wid? ,dep? ,sidesbottom ,ends ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #ejj lbs4 export hams #bh #bc #bd #a #a #a #ejj lbs4 export bellies #cb #bj #bc #a #a #a #ejj lbs4 export bellies #cc #bb #bd #a #a #a #ejj lbs4 dry salt fat backs #ca #bg #bc #a #a #a #ejj lbs4 dry salt fat backs #cd #bd #bd #a #a #a #ejj lbs4 export ,cumb]l&s #cb #ba #bh #a #a #a #ejj lbs4 export ,cumb]l&s #cj #ah #cd #a #a #a #ejj lbs4 export ,cumb]l&s #bh #ah #cg #a #a #a #ejj lbs4 export ,cumb]l&s #bf #ah #ci #a #a #a #bej lbs4 fat backs #cb #ba #ad #bjj lbs4 fat backs #bg #bd #ab #ajj lbs4 fat backs #bf #ad #ad #ej lbs4 fat backs #bf #ad #g #ejj lbs4 ,cumb]l&s #cd #ag #da #a #a #a #ejj lbs4 long ribs #bf #be #bc #a #a #a #ejj lbs4 ,engli% bellies #cd #bj #bb #a #a #a #ejj lbs4 ,engli% bellies #cc #bb #bc #a #a #a #ejj lbs4 fat backs #bh #bf #bc #a #a #a #ejj lbs4 fat backs #ce #bb #bj #a #a #a #ejj lbs4 ,engli% bellies #cb #bb #bd #a #a #a ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,wid? ( ,cont5ts ,cleats cleats,box or crate ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #ejj lbs4 export hams ,outside #a #c,t4 ,g4 ,box #ejj lbs4 export bellies ,outside #a #c,t4 ,g4 ,box #ejj lbs4 export bellies ,outside #a #c,t4 ,g4 ,box #ejj lbs4 dry salt fat backs,outside #a #c,t4 ,g4 ,box #ejj lbs4 dry salt fat backs,outside #a #c,t4 ,g4 ,box #ejj lbs4 export ,cumb]l&s,outside #a #c,t4 ,g4 ,box #ejj lbs4 export ,cumb]l&s,outside #a #c,t4 ,g4 ,box #ejj lbs4 export ,cumb]l&s,outside #a #c,t4 ,g4 ,box #ejj lbs4 export ,cumb]l&s,outside #a #c,t4 ,g4 ,box #bej lbs4 fat backs ,outside #b,t4 ,g4 ,box #bjj lbs4 fat backs ,outside #b,t4 ,g4 ,box #ajj lbs4 fat backs ,outside #b,t4 ,g4 ,box #ej lbs4 fat backs ,none 444 ,t4 ,g4 ,box #ejj lbs4 ,cumb]l&s ,outside #a #c,t4 ,g4 ,box #ejj lbs4 long ribs ,outside #a #c,t4 ,g4 ,box #ejj lbs4 ,engli% bellies ,outside #a #c,t4 ,g4 ,box #ejj lbs4 ,engli% bellies ,outside #a #c,t4 ,g4 ,box #ejj lbs4 fat backs ,outside #a #c,t4 ,g4 ,box #ejj lbs4 fat backs ,outside #a #c,t4 ,g4 ,box #ejj lbs4 ,engli% bellies ,outside #a #c,t4 ,g4 ,box ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,coop]age ,specifications4--,! foll[+ specifications w s]ve = all k9ds ( coop]age us$ ?r\gh\t a pack+ h\se & makes a v satisfactory package = ! diff]5t requirem5ts3 ,,six-,,hoop ,,no4 #a ,,ti]ces4 ,/aves #cc in*es long ,heads #bj in*es wide ,bilge #gi in*es circumf]5ce ,*ime in* ,six iron hoops4 ,head hoops #a in*es wide1 ,no4 #ah iron ,qu>t] hoops #a in*es wide1 ,no4 #ai iron ,bilge hoops #a in*es wide1 ,no4 #ah iron ,heads in* ?ick ,/aves in* ?ick ,,wood-,,b\nd ,,beef ,,ti]ces4 ,/aves #cc in*es long ,heads #bj in*es wide ,bilge #gi in*es circumf]5ce ,*ime #a in*es ,hoops3 ,fir/ wood5 hoop on bilge2 !n "o iron hoop2 !n five wood5 hoops2 !n "o iron hoop2 !n "o *ime hoop on ea* end4 ,/aves in* ,heads in* ,,l>d ,,ti]ces4 ,/aves #cc in*es long ,heads #bj in*es wide ,bilge #gi in*es circumf]5ce ,*ime #a in*es ,two-?irds ( ! ti]ce to be cov]$ ) wood5 hoops = prime /eam l>d4 ,/aves in* ,heads in* ,,eight-,,hoop ,,ti]ces4 ,same specifications z six-hoop ti]ces1 ) two m hoops on1 t is1 "o additional hoop on ea* end1 #a in*es wide4 ,no4 #ai iron us$ = prime /eam & export ref9$ l>d1 two weights = latt]2 on ti]ce weigh+ sev5ty-sev5 p\nds1 figure #ag p] c5t t>e2 on ti]ce weigh+ sev5ty-two p\nds1 figure #af p] c5t t>e4 ,,iron-,,b\nd ,,oak ,,pork ,,b>rels4 ,/aves #cj in*es long by in* ?ick ,heads #ag in*es wide by in* ?ick ,bilge #fi in*es circumf]5ce ,*ime #a in* ,six iron hoops1 ,no4 #ah iron4 ,head hoops #a in*es ,qu>t] hoops #a in*es ,bilge hoops #a in*es ,,wood-,,b\nd ,,oak ,,pork ,,b>rels4 ,j ! same z iron-hoop pork b>rels1 b cov]$ ) wood5 hoops--no iron hoops--9 two & f\r s]ies4 ,,a% ,,pork ,,b>rels4 ,same specifications z iron-b\nd pork b>rels put up b\nd ) bo? wood & iron1 wood be+ mo/ exp5sive4 ,,basswood ,,l>d ,,export ,,half ,,b>rels4 ,/aves #bb in*es by in* ,head #ad in*es wide by in* ?ick ,bilge #ef in*es circumf]5ce ,?ree wood5 hoops on bilge1 !n "o-qu>t] hoop1 !n "o iron coll> hoop 7,no4 #bj iron1 #a in* wide71 !n "o wood *ime hoop at ea* end4 ,,wood-,,b\nd ,,basswood ,,ti]ces ,,= ,,export ,,cas+s4 ,/aves #cf in*es long by in*es ?ick ,head #bb in*es wide by in* ?ick ,bilge #hf in*es 9 circumf]5ce ,*ime #a in*es ,"o head2 "o bilge hoop ( ,no4 #ah iron1 #a in*es wide2 "o qu>t] hoop1 #a in*es wide1 ,no4 #ah iron1 at ea* end2 "o *ime hoop #a in*es wide ,no4 #ah iron2 balance1 wood5 hoops4 ,,no4 #ai ,,slack ,,b>rels4 ,/aves #cj in*es long ,head #ah in*es wide ,bilge #ge in*es 9 diamet] ,?ree pat5t wood5 hoops on ea* end4 ,,slack ,,ti]ces ,,= ,,/e>9e4 ,/aves #ce in*es long ,heads #bc in*es wide ,bilge #hi in*es ,*ime in* ,two pat5t wood hoops on ea* end1 & two on ea* bilge4 ,,wood-,,b\nd ,,hog ,,bung ,,ti]ces4 ,/aves #ca in*es by in* ,heads #bj in*es by in* ,bilge #gi in*es 9 circumf]5ce ,*ime #a in*es ,two iron coll> hoops 7,no4 #ah iron1 #a in*es wide72 twelve wood5 *ime hoops4 ,,eighty-,,p\nd ,,pigs ,,feet ,,package ,,made ,,( ,,:ite ,,p9e ,,& ,,bir*4 ,/aves #ai in*es long ,heads #a in*es wide ,bilge #di in*es ,*ime in* ,?ree wood5 hoops on ea* bilge & ?ree on ea* head4 ,,=ty-,,p\nd ,,qu>t] ,,b>rel ,,package ,,made ,,( ,,:ite ,,p9e ,,or ,,bir*1 ,,= ,,pigs ,,feet1 ,,tripe ,,& ,,o!r ,,(fal4 ,/aves #ag in*es long ,heads #aj in*es wide ,bilge #ch in*es ,*ime in* ,two head hoops & two bilge hoops ( wood ea* end4 ,gov]nm5t specifications = ,packages4--,! foll[+ are ! gov]nm5t specifications = packages conta9+ pork or beef3 ,! packages mu/ be made entirely new & ( ! be/ season$ he>t-(-:ite oak /aves & head+s3 ,! /aves %all n be less ?an -in* ?ick & ! head+s n less ?an -in* ?ick4 ,!y %all be ?ree-qu>t] hoop$ ov]1 includ+ galvaniz$ iron hoops ) ! be/ hickory hoops1 & ea* "o-half b>rel %all h on x f\r galvaniz$ iron hoops2 "o ( #a in*es 9 wid? to ea* bilge & "o ( #a in*es 9 wid? on ea* *ime1 & ea* %all be -in* ?ick4 ,ea* half b>rel %all h a capacity ( sixte5 gallons & mu/ be br&$1 if x conta9s beef1 by burn+ on its head 8,navy ,beef10 "n ( ! contractor1 "n ( pack]'s br&1 & on ! bung /ave1 ! lett] 8,p40 ,refrig]ator ,boxes4--,9 ! %ipp+ ( fre% meats :i* are to be s5t by express1 or :]e small quantities are s5t 9 insuffici5t am\nts to w>rant ! use ( a c>1 ?\s&s ( refrig]ator boxes are us$4 ,9 su* cases a good refrig]ator box is made necess>y 9 ! h&l+ ( ! product to ! trade--a box t w /& ! abuse1 we> & te> 9 %ipp+ & at ! same "t "o t is n excessively heavy1 add+ unnecess>ily to ! express *>ges4 ,! dim5sions giv5 bel[ are = wood5 boxes :i* are g5]ally made ( #a-;in* cle> p9e lumb]1 ! corn]s be+ securely fa/5$ ) angle iron1 or ) heavy galvaniz$ iron1 & ! cov]s put on ) specially /rong h+es z ! boxes meet ) a great deal ( h>d usage & :5 fill$ mu/ necess>ily be /rong 9 ord] to )/& ! j> & /ra94 ,a galvaniz$ iron box conta9+ ! meat is plac$ inside ( ! wood5 box1 leav+ ab\t two in*es ( space ar\nd x & f\r in*es ( space on top4 ,! meat to be %ipp$ is pack$ tightly into ! galvaniz$ iron box1 :i* is !n plac$ 9 ! wood5 box & ! space ar\nd ! sides & top fill$ ) cru%$ ice4 ,9 ?is condition meat w keep fre% 9 hot wea!r = f ?irty-six to =ty-eight h\rs "u ord9>y conditions4 ,! foll[+ dim5sions are ^? g5]ally 9 use = ! diff]5t siz$ wood5 boxes enum]at$3 ,capacity ,inside measure1 in*es #ej p\nds #bf #af #i #ajj p\nds #bd #ah #ad #ajj p\nds #bf #ah #ac #bjj p\nds #cd #ah #ah #bjj p\nds #cd #bj #af #cjj p\nds #ch #bd #ai #ejj p\nds #db #bh #ah ,,*apt] ,,xxix ,,dep>tm5tal ,,acc\nt+ ,,dep>tm5tal ,,acc\nt+ -- ,,exp5se ,,acc\nts -- ,,dep>tm5ts -- ,,pur*ases -- ,,inv5tories -- ,,/ore ,,acc\nts -- ,,labor ,,*>g$ ,,to ,,dep>tm5ts ,,& ,,sub-,,divisions -- ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples4 ,:y & ,h[4--,! l>ge pack+ h\ses are usually op]at$ on a dep>tm5tal basis1 s t mon?ly or ye>ly1 a balance c be drawn (f %[+ ! pr(it & loss ( ea* dep>tm5t4 ,!re is a great advantage 9 h&l+ a l>ge bus9ess 9 ?is mann]1 = x is probable t :ile 9 ! aggregate ! h\se is mak+ money1 !re might be dep>tm5ts t are los+ money cont9u\sly )\t be+ detect$ unless ea* "o is put on an individual basis4 ,ea* dep>tm5t is made a sep>ate bus9ess c>ry+ its proportion ( ! divisible exp5ses1 buy+ ! raw product & supplies go+ into ! manufacture & receiv+ cr$it = all sales effect$ 9 ! same mann] z if own$ by an individual & ! bus9ess conduct$ at "s remote po9t4 ,! raw mat]ial transf]r$ f "o dep>tm5t to ano!r is *>g$4 ,at ! end ( ea* p]iod1 or weekly1 ^? 9 *>ge1 put a price on all ! diff]5t products transf]r$ f "o dep>tm5t to ano!r1 g5]ally us+ ! m>ket price :i* c\ld be obta9$ if sold outside4 ,?is me?od ( analysis frequ5tly %[s t ! dep>tm5t has lo/ money4 ,x may develop t "s o!r manufactur] has develop$ a field :]e9 he c pay a price = ! raw product 9 excess ( its value z us$ 9 ! dep>tm5t & t x %\ld be sold = ca% r ?an to use x = manufactur+ purposes4 ,exp5se ,acc\nt4--,!re are a numb] ( exp5se acc\nts t are borne ^u an allocation1 t is1 apportion$ among sev]al dep>tm5ts1 p]haps by p]c5tage ( sales1 units 9 use1 tonnage or o!r means devis$ by ! +5uity ( ! acc\ntant1 all ) a view to an equitable division4 ,^! embrace1 = example1 ,/eam-,exp5se1 :i*1 z its "n implies1 is ! co/ ( produc+ /eam subdivid$ into f\r g5]al uses1--cook+1 p[]1 light+ & refrig]at+4 ,ea* made up ( all items go+ into its co/4 ,?is provides a total ( f\r items4 ,adm9i/rative or ,executive ,exp5ses embrace ! co/ ( (fice1 telegraph1 telephone1 /ation]y1 pr9t+1 adv]tis+1 insurance1 int]e/ & all o!r items ( g5]al exp5se4 ,!re are also "s g5]al plant exp5ses t are itemiz$ = o!r purposes t may be includ$ 9 ?is l$g] acc\nt1 or divid$ ^u "s basis & *>g$ to ! dep>tm5tal l$g] acc\nt4 ,dep>tm5t4--,! p>5t products are cattle1 %eep & hogs4 ,^! are subdivid$ into acc\nts ab\t z foll[s3 ,cattle4 ,hogs4 ,%eep4 ,beef ,fre% ,pork ,mutton ,hides ,sweet ,pickle ,sk9s ,oleo ,dry ,salt ,cas+s ,l>d ,ref9+ ,tall[ ,sausage ,f]tiliz] ,smoke ,h\se ,bones ,tongue ,tripe & ,pigs ,feet ,beef ,cutt+ ,beef ,cell>s ,veal ,:]e "o subdivision1 su* z ,tongue1 embraces sev]al k9ds ( products1 l %eep1 beef & pork1 x is op]at$ z "o dep>tm5t & n fur!r sub-divid$4 ,usually ! outside dep>tm5ts are sep>at$ s t ! dep>tm5tal results are asc]ta9able4 ,! divisions are c>ri$ on indef9itely dep5d+ ^u ! size ( ! bus9ess4 ,pur*ases4--,all pur*ases ( e nature t c be *>g$ directly s are di/ribut$ f pur*ase v\*]s4 ,! dep>tm5tal manag] & =eman h a direct int]e/ 9 ^! & usually look out = all supplies & l exp5se items4 ,inv5tories4--,an actual physical inv5tory is tak5 at ! t]m9at+ date ( ea* mon? or p]iod1 mak+ a record ( ! items ( e nature on h& t is a liquid asset & n usually includ+ int]e/s :i* are *>g$ (f z an item ( exp5se4 ,/ore ,acc\nt4--,to avoid duplication ( pur*ases ( mat]ial us$1 x is usual to h a g5]al /ore 9 :i* ^! are c>ri$ & disp]s$ to op]at+ dep>tm5ts on ord]4 ,?is /ore acc\nt usually includes ! di/ribution ( me*anical labor1 su* z pipe fitt]s1 c>p5t]s1 ma*9i/s & labor ( simil> classes1 be+ *>g$ out to ! dep>tm5t requir+ _! s]vices4 ,labor4--,plant labor is a l>ge item ( ! exp5se ( manufacture & "o t is controllable )9 measure by ! managem5t4 ,!re are c]ta9 /&>ds ( divisions recogniz$ by practice & = su* dep>tm5ts if ! bus9ess be l>ge x is well to h a weekly analysis & a co/ p] unit develop$4 ,= a less] bus9ess1 mon?ly w s]ve4 ,?is exp5se item keeps ! dep>tm5tal m5 on ! al]t & s]ve z a basis ( di/ribution ( labor = dep>tm5tal l$g] purposes4 ,a sy/em ( labor classification is z foll[s3 7#a7 ,cattle ,y>ds4--,all labor 9 ! c>e ( cattle f arrival at plant1 & deliv]+ into knock+ p5s4 ,includes exp5se items ( c>+ = cattle1 clean+ p5s1 tr\ghs1 fe$+ & driv+4 7#b7 ,cattle ,kill+4--,all labor on h&l+ cattle f p5s & deliv]+ dress$ beef to cool]s4 ,includes all labor exp5se beg9n+ ) knock+ cattle & all items ( labor involv$ 9 ! dress+ ( cattle & all ! disposal ( p>ts1 z foll[s3 ,hides dropp$ on floor ready = inspection4 ,beef completely dress$1 wa%$1 weigh$ & deliv]$ 9 ! cool] dep>tm5t4 ,cas+s1 ! gut sets deliv]$ on floor ready = collection or pass$ to *ute4 ,tall[ fats pull$ f animal ready = disposal by r\gh tall[ gang4 ,heads & feet deliv]$ on floor ready = pick+ up by r\gh tall[ gang4 ,blood pass+ to res]voir ready = pump+ or fl[+ to f]tiliz] dep>tm5t4 ,! kill+ ( cattle co/ %all include all labor = wa%+ premises1 gr9d+ *opp]s1 fil+ saws1 or me*anic 9 *>ge ( ma*9]y & equipm5t o!r ?an breakd[ns or repairs4 7#c7 ,r\gh ,tall[ ,dep>tm5t4--,heads1 tak5 f ,kill+ ,dep>tm5t1 deliv]y con/itut+ sep>ation f ! animal4 ,p]=m all labor ( sep>at+ heads into v>i\s p>ts & deliv]y to ! receiv+ dep>tm5t ( fats1 horns1 meats1 bones1 tongues1 all meat p>ts1 wa%$ & 9 prop] m]*antable or manufactur+ condition4 ,feet1 ! pick+ up ( feet & deliv] to bone dep>tm5t4 ,cas+1 ! deliv]y ( ! gut sets to ! cas+ dep>tm5t ^u ! b5* :]e ! cas+s are clean$ & remov$4 ,fats1 ! collection ( all fats f kill+ floor1 cas+ dep>tm5t or :]e produc$ & ! deliv]y to ! oleo oil or tall[ dep>tm5ts4 ,paun*es1 etc41 ! op5+1 clean+ & disposal ( paun*es1 re$s1 tripe 9 all _! p>ts4 ,plucks1 ! collection ( ! he>t1 liv]1 lungs & ! sep>ation into fats1 refuse or meats & ! disposal ( ! p>ts4 7#d7 ,cool]s4--,include exp5se ( *ill+ beef 9 *ill rooms1 spread+ = *ill+1 receiv+1 *ill+ & c>+ = small meats & ! labor ( pack+ & %ipp+ to manufactur+ dep>tm5ts4 ,includes sort+1 tagg+ & load+ 9 cases or on wagons or deliv]y to cutt+ dep>tm5t4 7#e7 ,cas+ ,dep>tm5t4--,! exp5se ( remov+ cas+ f ! entrails & ! complete manufacture ( r\nds1 middles1 bungs1 weas&s & bladd]s :e!r salt$ or bl[n or dri$4 ,complete manufacture includes all "w up to & plac+ 9 packages & %ipp+4 7#f7 ,hides4--,! labor involv$ 9 tak+ hides f floor :]e dropp$1 inspect+1 fle%+1 splitt+ e>s1 wa%+1 dipp+1 dra9+1 salt+ & cur+4 ,! tak+ up1 pack+1 load+ & deliv]y to c>1 conveyance = %ipm5t4 7#g7 ,bone ,dep>tm5t4--,includes all labor 9 manufactur+ bone products su* z horns1 ho(s1 manufactur+1 bone gr9d+1 bone & neatsfoot oils4 ,! collect+ & dry+ ( pizzles & s9ews1 manufacture includes ! pack+ & %ipp+ ( all products4 ,p] ton h&l$4 ,sum ( weight receiv$ & weight %ipp$4 7#h7 ,oleo ,dep>tm5t4--,! exp5se = manipulat+ raw fat to make oil1 /e>91 ti]ce1 pack & %ip4 ,fat is consid]$ z deliv]$ to oleo dep>tm5t :5 plac$ 9 *ill+ or wa%+ vats4 ,includes coop]age "w occurr+ 9 oleo dep>tm5t4 ,! skimm+ ( all cat* bas9s connect$ ) & a "p ( ! oleo dep>tm5t4 7#i7 ,tall[4--,labor = inspect+1 products1 fill+ tanks1 cook+1 press+ & all o!r "w involv$ 9 mak+ tall[ or grease4 ,tall[ to be ti]c$ = %ipm5t includes all labor = skimm+ cat* bas9s & collect+ ! fats4 7#aj7 ,f]tiliz] ,dep>tm5t4--,! collection ( tank wat] & ! c>e includ+ evaporation & return+ ( skimm$ grease to r5d]+ dep>tm5t4 ,! dry+1 /or+1 gr9d+1 pack+ & %ipp+ ( tankage4 ,! collection1 cook+1 press+1 dry+1 scre5+1 bagg+ & %ipp+ ( blood4 7#aa7 ,hog ,kill+4--,all exp5se involv$ 9 dress+ pigs f _! receipt 9 y>ds to deliv]y 9 *ill rooms4 ,includ+ any att5tion 9 p5s1 clean+ p5s4 ,! dress+ ( pigs completely1 includ+ ! disposal & disposition ( all (fal & ! deliv]y ( sep>at$ (fal to r5d]+ tanks or to *ill rooms4 ,include all labor1 clean+ dep>tm5t1 ut5sils & equipm5t4 ,at times ?is dep>tm5t is sep>at$ into a dress+ dep>tm5t :i* p]=ms all labor incid5tal to dress+ ! hog1 all labor on ! heads & entrails be+ sep>at$ into ano!r item4 7#ab7 ,hog ,cutt+4--,to beg9 ) ! receipt ( pigs at cool]4 ,to cut pigs into v>i\s p>ts & dispose ( said p>ts4 ,sausage dep>tm5t1 l>d ref9]y1 r5d]+ dep>tm5t or to cur+ cell>s4 ,includes pack+ ( any & all cut meats = disposal = sale4 7#ac7 ,pork ,trimm+ ,room4--,?is dep>tm5t takes ! fats z deliv]$ to !m by ! hog cutt+ gang1 p]=ms ! trimm+ & assort+ ( same1 deliv]+ ! lean trimm+s to ! sausage or cur+ dep>tm5ts1 & ! bones or fat to ! l>d tanks4 7#ad7 ,cur+ ,cell>s4--,! exp5se = cur+1 salt+1 box+ & pack+ meats1 be+ all labor ( e nature involv$ on ! receipt f cutt+ dep>tm5t to its disposal1 z a f9i%$ product4 ,includes unload+ supplies & boxes4 ,includes all ov]haul+ & any labor involv$ 9 cur+ processes4 ,?is dep>tm5t is usually divid$ into sweet pickle & dry salt sections ^u ! basis ( ! meat h&l$ by ea*--b op]at$ entirely sep>ate4 7#ae7 ,sausage ,dep>tm5t4--,exp5se = manufactur+ sausage 9 all its "w f receipt ( gre5 meat to its saleable condition box$1 & %ipp$4 ,includes smok+1 boil$ ham1 "w4 ,?is dep>tm5t is at times divid$ into a manufactur+ & %ipp+ dep>tm5t1 9 :i* case ! manufactur$ goods are deliv]$ to ! pack+ room4 7#af7 ,l>d ,ref9+4--,! exp5se = h&l+ process+1 manufactur+1 pack+ & %ipp+ l>d1 includ+ all labor us$ on receipt & c>e = supplies4 7#ag7 ,smoke ,h\se4--,! soak+1 wa%+1 scrubb+1 smok+1 inspect+1 pack+ & %ipp+ ( all meats1 c>e ( h\ses & all supplies4 7#ah7 ,tripe & ,pig ,feet4--,! receiv+ ( raw tripe f ! r\gh tall[ gang1 wa%$ ready = use4 ,! clean+1 cur+1 pack+1 %ipp+1 pig feet z cut f ham or %\ld] & _! complete manufacture ready = %ipm5t4 7#ai7 ,beef ,cur+4--,?is dep>tm5t takes products z deliv]$ to x1 cur+ & load+ same or deliv]+ to next dep>tm5t4 ,! clean+ ( ox lips is *>g$ to ?is dep>tm5t4 ,also aga9/ tongue dep>tm5t = cur+1 pack+ & load+ tongues4 7#bj7 ,%eep ,kill+4--,to be ! complete exp5se = dress+ %eep f _! receipt 9 ! p5s to deliv]y to *ill rooms2 includ+ all occupations1 necess>y !reto except ! disposal ( %eep (fal & %eep by meats4 7#ba7 ,%eep ,tall[4--,all labor on %eep o!r ?an t describ$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph1 includ+ disposal to manufactur+ dep>tm5ts ( all p>ts & ( all meats to ! *ill rooms4 ,involv+ all "w on %eep (fal o!r ?an %eep cas+4 ,g5]al ,pr9ciples4--,! foll[+ items describe ! int5t ( ! in/ructions4 7#bb7 ,deliv]y4--,con/itut$ by truck+ ! product into ! dep>tm5t & unload+ ! trucks or 9 case me*anical means su* z conveyors are provid$ = deliv]+ f "o dep>tm5t to ano!r1 deliv]y is con/itut$ by plac+ 9 ! conveyor lead+ to ! dep>tm5t4 7#bc7 ,clean+4--,ea* dep>tm5t is to keep clean ! premises1 ut5sils & equipm5t us$ by x 9 ! op]at+ or manufacture4 7#bd7 ,supplies4--,ea* dep>tm5t is to receive1 unload1 c>e =1 & be responsible = all packages1 su* z wrapp+s1 t9s1 boxes1 bags1 kits1 b>rels1 ti]ces1 or casks1 us$ = fill+ ) product produc$ 9 t dep>tm5t4 7#be7 ,%ipp+ or ,load+4--,! item ( %ipp+ or load+ exp5se %all be borne by ! respective produc+ dep>tm5ts1 ^u a pro rata basis4 7#bf7 ,return$ ,ut5sils4--,any dep>tm5t us+ a vehicle = ! deliv]+ ( ! product to ano!r dep>tm5t %all take ! vehicle1 truck or c> back to ! orig9at+ dep>tm5t4 7#bg7 ,clean+ & ,ic+ ,c>s4--,?is dep>tm5t includes all labor ( clean+ & ic+ c>s & hook+ up same = beef load+4 ,! clean+ ( refrig]ator boxes be+ done by ?is dep>tm5t1 a transf] is made aga9/ ! dep>tm5ts us+ same on ! basis obta9$ f ! relative numb] ( boxes us$ 9 ea* dep>tm5t4 7#bh7 ,/eam ,exp5se4--,! total labor1 co/ = tak+ coal f quantity /ore alongside boil] room1 to & fir+ boil]s & disposal ( a%4 ,includes all boil] clean+1 conveyor att5tion & labor connect$ ) pumps on wat] connect$ ) ! mak+ ( /eam4 ,exp5se ( transportation f %ip n includ$4 ,exp5se p] ton fuel burn$4 7#bi7 ,p[] ,exp5se4--,all labor = eng9e]s1 eng9e wat*1 oil]s1 janitors1 pumpm51 ammonia or br9e pip+ t5d]s1 electricians or o!r labor att5dant to or us$ 9 ! production ( electrical p[]1 refrig]ation1 wat] production on pump+ ( wat] or br9e4 7#cj7 ,repair ,dep>tm5t4--,ma*9]y4 ,9 ?is item are to be includ$ all exp5se = wages = ma*9i/s1 blacksmi?s1 pipe fitt]s1 t9 smi?s & work]s 9 metal1 p]=m+ "w = repairs = op]at+ dep>tm5ts4 7#ca7 ,c>p5try4--,9 ?is item1 %all be includ$ wages = all c>p5t]s or wood work]s & _! help]s us$ 9 p]=m+ "w = repairs = op]at+ dep>tm5ts4 7#cc7 ,labor]s4--,"u ?is class %all be includ$ ! wages ( all employes o!r ?an ^? nam$ 9 ! two prec$+ sections = op]at+ dep>tm5ts4 7#cd7 ,/ore ,dep>tm5t4--,9 ?is item is to be includ$ all labor employ$ 9 ! /ores dep>tm5t = disburs+ & di/ribut+ & ! acc\nts ( ! repair1 c>p5try1 labor & k9dr$ dep>tm5ts4 ,items n directly *>geable to op]at+ dep>tm5ts4 ,,topical ,,index ,a ,abattoir ,build+ #ae ,absorption ,equipm5t #cd ,acc\nt+1 ,dep>tm5tal 7,*apt] ,,xxix7 #dec ,acidity ( ,milk #dbd ,te/ = ,det]m9+ #dbf ,adopt+ ( ,refrig]at+ ,sy/em #ce ,advantages ( ,firepro( ,con/ruction #bh ,advice z to ,exhau/ ,/eam #eh ,air ,circulat+ #cg ,ammonia #cj ,compression ,sy/em1 ,diagram 7,fig4 #ae7 #cj ,ma*9es #bi ,value1 ,slime f ,inte/9es has ,high #bjd ,animal ,fe$+ #ahi ,antw]p ,back ,cut 7,fig4 #adf7 #cca ,approval ( ,plans #bh ,arrangem5t ( ,butt]9e ,factories #dbb ,b ,back1 ,cle> 7,fig4 #acc7 #cjj ,fat1 ,te/ on1 ,conv]t$ into ,neutral & ,prime ,/eam ,l>d #cdd ,back+ ,hides #ajj ,backs1 ,pork 7,fig4 #abb7 #bhf1 #cbe ,bacon ,bellies1 ,smok$ ,breakfa/ 7,fig4 #abc7 #bhg ,cur+ ,fancy #cag ,hogs #bfg ,*oice 7,fig4 #aaa7 #bgj ,balanc$ ,br9e ,sy/em #ch ,b>rel ,pork1 ,cur+ #cbg ,b>rel$ ,beef #abc1 #bbe ,pork #cbd ,basem5t ,freez]s #hh ,beef1 ,b>rel$ #abc1 #bbe ,bladd]s #bac ,bungs #bab ,c>casses ,be+ ,split & ,hung on ,trolley1 ,view (1 7,fig4 #db7 #ajb ,cas+s1 ,ma*9es = #bad ,description ( #bjh ,*ucks 7,fig4 #dh7 #abb ,cool]1 ,view 91 ( a ,*icago ,pack+ ,h\se 7,fig4 #bj7 #ff ,cool]s1 ,divid+ #fj ,cuts #aaf 7,p\nds7 ,av]age ,weight ( ,/raight #aah ,dome/ic #fb ,freez+ #fd ,glass ,j> #bbe ,grad+ #aah1 #aca ,hams1 7,fig4 #di7 #abd ,cur+ #bbb ,=mulas = ,cur+ #bbc ,smok$1 ,%r9kage ( #bbe ,/ripp+ #bbb ,te/s on ,smok+ ,regul> #bbd ,h&l+ #fa ,he>ts #bah ,hides & ,tall[1 ,yield ( #ajg1 #ajh1 #aaa1 #aac ,hides1 ,build+ ( ,packs #acc ,diagram ( 7,fig4 #eb7 #abh ,gre5 #abf ,prop] ,/orage = #abi ,salt+ ( #acb ,%r9kage ( #acj1 #acd ,trimm+ ( ,gre5 #acc ,truck = ,c>t+ 7,fig4 #ea7 #abf ,liv]s #bag ,load+ #fd ,lo9s 7,fig4 #de7 #aai ,middles #baa ,miscellany 7,*apt] ,,xxiii7 #bag ,p]c5tage ( ,v>i\s ,cuts #aae ,plates1 ,%anks & ,flanks #abc ,ribb+ #fc ,ribs 7,fig4 #df7 #abj ,r\nds1 7,fig4 #dg7 #aba ,surplus #bbb ,%anks 7,fig4 #ej7 #abe ,smok+ ,dri$ #cgj ,spread]1 ,ord9>y 7,fig4 #dj7 #ajj ,spr+ 7,fig4 #da7 #aja ,swit*es1 ,salt+ #acc ,tails #bah ,tongues #bai ,te/ on ,freez+ #bba ,trimm+ ( #fc ,trimm+s #bbe ,weas&s #bac ,bellies1 ,cur+ #caf ,pork 7,fig4 #aba7 #bhe ,belly ,pork #cbe ,rib 7,fig4 #acd7 #cjc ,bladd]s1 ,beef #bac ,blades & ,ribs1 ,cattle #afg ,blea*+ ,kettle #cdi ,l>d #cej ,blood #bja & ,tankage1 ,quotations & ,values #bjc ,cook+ #bjb ,h&l+ #bjb ,press+ #bjb ,/or+ #bjb ,bl[-(f1 ,op]at+ ! ,tank #aha ,boil$ ,ham #cig ,boil] ,fe$ ,pumps #ed ,wat]1 ,heat+ #ee ,boil]s #ei ,boil+ ,hams1 ,rules = #cih ,%r9kage 9 #cih ,po9ts1 ,table ( #aic ,bologna ,v>ni% #cif ,bone1 ,cru%$ #afh ,dep>tm5t 7,*apt] ,,xiii7 #aei ,gr9d+ #afh ,h>d #aei ,products #afj ,quantity1 ,conv]sion ,factors (1 into ,ano!r ,t]m #bjg ,saw 7,fig4 #fa7 #afc ,wa%] ,revolv+ 7,fig4 #fd7 #afe ,boneless1 ,ham #cic ,pigs ,feet #cia ,bones1 ,cutt+ ,s9ews & ,sav+ #afc ,glue #aei ,jaw #afb ,%9s1 ,cook+ #afd ,sy/ems ( ,dry+ #afg ,box1 ,surface #agd ,c>s1 ,us+ #f ,boxes & ,coop]age 7,*apt] ,,xxxiii7 #ddj ,specifications = ,pack+ #ddj to #ddh ,brea/ ,saw+ #ii ,br9e1 ,calcium #gc ,*ill+ #cg ,circulation1 ,g>dn] 8,curta90 ,sy/em 7,fig4 #bh7 #gi ,cool]s1 ,types ( #ch ,me?ods--,recomm5dations #ch ,pipes1 ,simple ,me?od ( ,support+ 7,fig4 #bg7 #gh ,salt #gc & ,spray ,sy/ems1 ,section ,%[+ 7,fig4 #bc7 #gd ,spray1 ,arrangem5t ( ,pip+ = #gc ,sy/em1 ,balanc$ #ch ,l[ ,temp]ature #ej vs4 ,wat] 9 ,cream ,rip5] #dbg ,breakfa/ ,bacon ,bellies1 ,smok$ #bhg ,bruise1 ,trimm+ #ajb ,bru%1 ,f\nta9 7,fig4 #dc7 #ajd ,bucks 7,fig4 #hb7 #bce ,build1 ,h[ to #bf ,build+1 ,division (1 ,to avoid ,insurance ,area #ij ,errors 9 #aa ,freez] & ,/orage1 ,gr\nd ,plan ( 7,fig4 #ca7 #he ,build+s1 ,fire ,pro( #gj1 #hc ,freez] #hb ,h[ to ,subdivide #hh ,location ( #hc ,p]man5ce ( #hc ,/orage #hb ,bung ,gut ,sk9s #bab ,bungs1 ,beef #bab ,bunk] 8,curta90 ,sy/em1 ,cross ,section ,cool] 7,fig4 #cj7 #hb ,bunk]s1 ,*ill-,room #hb ,bus9ess1 ,"* ( #ab ,but*] ,fats #aec ,hogs 7,fig4 #aji7 #bfh ,butt1 ,dry ,salt1 & ,squ>e ,cut 7,fig4 #abg7 #bic ,butt]9e1 7,*apt] ,,xxvii7 #dbj ,*urn ,room = 7,fig4 #afe7 #dca ,colors ( #dba ,co/ ( #dch ,emulsion ,*urn 7,fig4 #afb7 #dbc ,equipm5t ,requir$ = ,manufacture ( #dba ,factories1 ,arrangem5t ( #dbb ,=mulas = ,mak+ #dcg ,gra9+ or ,temp]+ #dcb ,high ,grade #dcd ,+r$i5ts ( #dba ,knead+ ,table 7,fig4 #afg7 #dcd ,l[ ,grade #dcj ,milk 9 #dbe ,orig9 ( #acf ,pack+ #dcd ,pr9t ,cool] = 7,fig4 #afi7 #dcf ,pr9ts1 ,mak+ 7,fig4 #aff7 #dcc ,quality 9 #dcj ,solid ,pack+ ,room 7,fig4 #afh7 #dce ,te/ ,%[+ ,%r9kage & ,co/ ( #dch ,te/+ ,milk = #dbb ,truck 7,fig4 #afc7 #dbc ,ut5sils1 ,cleanl9ess ( #dce ,work+ ( #dcc ,butts & ,plates #bij1 #bib ,by-,products1 ,conc5tration ,p]mits ,manipulation ( #a ,sav+ #e ,c ,calcium ,br9e #gc ,calves 7,fig4 #ib7 #bde & ,%eep 7,*apt] ,,xix7 #bbi ,slaught]+ #bej ,canvas$ ,meats1 ,weight ( #cfg ,:ite ,wa% = #cfi ,yell[ ,wa% = #cfi ,canvas+ ,hams #cfg ,c>e ( ,cool]s #fg ,c>riage = ,tracks 9 ,smoke ,h\se1 ,detail ( 7,fig4 #afj7 #cge ,cas+s1 7,*apt] ,,xvii7 #bjh ,beef #ajg1 #aji1 #aaa1 #aac ,description ( #bjh ,packages = #bad ,cle>+ ( #bad ,export #bji ,fatt+ ,ma*9e = #baj ,hog #bad ,inspect+ & ,measur+ #baa ,ma*9es = #bad ,prep>ation (1 = ,summ] ,sausage #djd ,r\nd #bjh ,selection ( ,r\nd #bji ,small #bae ,sausage #chb ,temp]ature ( ,wat] = ,clean+ #bad ,turn+ & ,slim+ ! #baa ,cat* ,bas9 #ahh ,cattle ,blades & ,ribs #afg ,cas+s #ajg1 #aji1 #aaa1 #aac ,cutt+s1 ,dress+ ,yields & 7,*apt] ,x7 #ajf ,dress+ #ajd ,driv+ #ic ,feet #afb ,floor+ #ii ,head ,splitt]s 7,fig4 #fj7 #afa ,head+ & ,sk9n+ 7,fig4 #cg7 #if ,heads & ,feet #ajg1 #aji1 #aab ,heavy #fb ,knock+ & ,/unn+ #id ,re/+ 9 ,p5s ,be=e ,be+ ,slaught]$ 7,fig4 #cd7 #ic ,skulls & ,feet1 ,te/ ,yield f #aff ,slaught]+ 7,*apt] ,,ix7 #ib ,/unn$1 ,be+ ,hoi/$ = ,/ick] 7,fig4 #cf7 #ie ,/unn+1 ,mod]n ,me?od ( 7,fig4 #ce7 #id ,trimm+s #ajg1 #aji1 #aaa1 #aac ,wa%+ #ajc ,yields ( #ajf ,cell> ,ceil+ ,susp5sion ( ,pipes #gh ,cell>s #fi ,cur+ #caa ,c]eals = ,sausage #chb ,"* ( ,bus9ess #ab ,*icago ,beef ,cuts 7,fig4 #dd7 #aag ,*icago ,cuts1 ,beef #aae ,*ill+ ,fat #ach ,hogs #fg ,l>d #di ,meat #df1 #fj ,room1 ,! #f ,slaught]$ ,%eep #bch ,*ill-,room ,bunk]s #hb ,c>e ( ,hogs 9 #bfa ,%r9kage ( ,hogs 9 #bfd ,*ucks1 ,beef 7,fig4 #dh7 #abb ,*urn ,room = ,butt]9e 7,fig4 #afe7 #dca ,cl>ify+ ,kettles #ada ,clean ,floors #abg ,clean+ ,hogs ,bodies #bei ( ,cas+s #bad ,skulls #afb ! ,evaporators #aic ,cleanl9ess #aa & ,collection ( ,oleo ,fats #acg ( ,butt]9e ,ut5sils #dce ,cle> ,back 7,fig4 #acc7 #cjj ,te/s #cja ,long 7,figs4 #acf & #acg7 #cba1 #cbb ,cle>+ ! ,%anks #aja ,cle>s1 ,%ort 7,figs4 #aca & #acb7 #bii1 #cjj ,clos$ ,sy/em #dj ,coil1 ,l5g? ( #hj ,room ,sy/ems #cg ,rooms #ge ,coils1 ,me?od ( ,erect+ ,pipe #ge ,cold ,/orage ,h\se1 ,section (1 ,equipp$ ) ,spray ,sy/em 7,fig4 #bb7 #gb ,te/ ,oil #cfb ,collect+ ,grease #aia ,color ( ,butt]9e #dcf ,colors ( ,butt]9e #dba ,comm]cial ,f]tiliz] #bjf ,comp\nd1 ,l>d--,:at ,x ,is #ced ,compressor #ca ,compressors1 ,two-,/age #db ,computations1 ,summ>y #di ,comput+ f ,unit ,basis #cd ,conc5tration & ,by-products #a ,conc5trat+ ,arrangem5t1 ,balanc$ ,br9e ,sy/em1 ,clos$ ,type 7,fig4 #ah7 #da ,concrete ,columns #hd ,cond5s] #cb ,cond5s+ ,wat] #cc ,con/ruction1 ,floor #gj ( ,spray ,sy/ems1 ,types ( #gb ,sl[ ,burn+ #bh ,wall #hf ,types ( #hd ,conv]sion ,factors ( ,bone ,quantity into ,ano!r ,t]m #bjg ,conveyors1 ,dress+ #ajd ,cook ,room = ,sausage #cgg ,cook+ ,blood #bjb ,feet #afd ( ,kill+ ,/ock #agg ,s*$ule = ,v>i\s ,k9ds ( ,sausage #cgg ,%9 ,bones #afd ,skulls #afb ,/eam = #ahe ,cool ,room1 ,/uff+ ,sausage 9 a #djj ,cool] ,build+ #ag ,diagram 7,fig4 #aa7 #bc ,cross ,section1 ,bunk] 8,curta90 ,sy/em 7,fig4 #cj7 #hb ,end ,view (3 ,detail ( ,pipe ,hang]s 7,fig4 #bd7 #ge = ,fre% ,sausage #cgi ,gr\nd ,sausage ,meats #cgc or ,expansion ,tank #cb ,cool]s1 ,c>e ( #fg 7,*apt] ,,vii7 #fj ,cool+ ,room = ,sausage #djj ,t[]s #ee ,coop]age & ,boxes 7,*apt] ,,xxviii7 #ddj ,specifications #ddi to #dej ,copp]as #aid 9 ,wat] to ,evaporate #aid ,co/ ( ,butt]9e #dch ,cottage ,ham #cic ,cottonse$ ,oil #ced ,deodoriz+ #cef ,/e>9e #cei ,c\ntry ,pack+ ,h\se1 ,gr\nd ,plan = 7,fig4 #h7 #bj ,cream ,rip5]s 7,fig4 #afd7 #dbg ,crude ,oil1 ,ref9+ #cee ,cru%$ ,bone #afh ,cultivat+ ! ,milk #dbi ,cultures1 ,prep>atory #dbh ,reason = ,us+1 9 ,milk #dbf ,cumb]l& ,cut 7,fig4 #aci7 #cbh ,cur+ ,b>rel ,pork #cbg ,beef ,hams #bbb ,cell>s #caa ,dry ,salt ,meats #cba1 #cbc ,fancy ,bacon #cag ,hams1 ,"t ,requir$ = #cah ,meats 7,*apt] ,,xxii7 #caa = ,sausages #cgc 8,curta90 ,sy/em1 ,g>dn] #hj ,cuts1 ,beef #aaf ,av]age ,weight ( ,/raight #aah ,*icago ,beef 7,fig4 #dd7 #aag ,new ,york ,beef 7,natives7 #aae ( ,beef1 ,p]c5tage ( ,v>i\s #aae ,pack+ ,h\se1 ,beef #aaf ,philadelphia1 ,beef #aae ,cutt]1 ,oleo ,fat #ach ,cutt+ ,s9ews & ,saw+ ,bones #afc ,tanks #agh ,cycle1 ,! #cc ,cyl9d] ,arrangem5ts #cf ,d ,defro/+ #hj ,deodoriz+ ,cottonse$ ,oil #cef ,tank1 ,section ,?r\gh ,exhau/ ,head 7,fig4 #aeg7 #cfj ,dep>tm5t1 ,bone #aei ,dep>tm5tal ,acc\nt+ 7,*apt] ,,xxix7 #dec ,dep>tm5ts1 ,requirem5ts z to ,arrangem5ts ( #ab ,description ( ,plants #ad ,design #aa ,firepro( #bg ( ,/eam ,jacket$ ,surface ,box 7,fig4 #fi7 #age ,plant #ad ,pr9ciples ( #ac ,w>eh\se #gj ,diagram ,ammonia ,compression ,sy/em 7,fig4 #ae7 #cj ,arrangem5t = ,/r+ ,gang 7,fig4 #hj7 #bcb ,balanc$ ,br9e ,sy/em 7,fig4 #ag7 #ci ,cool] ,build+ 7,fig4 #aa7 #bc ,cutt+ ,beef #aah ,hydraulic ,press ) ,pip+ & ,pump 7,fig4 #gj7 #agg ,manufactur+ ,build+ 7,fig4 #aj7 #bb ,slaught]+ & ,r5d]+ ,dep>tm5t 7,fig4 #i7 #ba ,dige/]s #agd ,direct ,expansion #db ,pip+ #ha ,divid+ ,beef ,cool]s #fj ,dome/ic ,beef #fb ,r\nds #bji ,sausage 7,*apt] ,,xxv7 #cgb ,draft1 ,=ce #cg ,dress+ ,cattle #ajd ,conveyors #ajd ,hogs #bed ,%eep by ,piece ,me?ods #bcj ,yields & ,cattle ,cutt+s 7,*apt] ,x7 #ajf ,dri$ ,beef1 ,smok+ #cgj ,sausage 7,*apt] ,,xxvi7 #cii ,dry ,cur$ ,meats = ,sausage #cha ,dry+ ,app>atus 7,figs4 #ge & #gf7 #dje ,bones1 ,sy/ems ( #afg ,tankage #bjd ,dry ,room ,caution 9 ,h&l+ ,sausage #djc ,salt ,meats #cai ,cur+ #cba ,/&>d ,pump+ ,s*$ule = ,cur+ #cbb ,smok+ #cbc ,"t ,requir$ = ,cur+ #cbc ,dubl9 ,cut 7,fig4 #ade7 #ccj ,duo-,purpose ,compressor1 ,suction ,connection = 7,fig4 #af7 #cf ,e ,e>ly ,me?ods #a ,economic ,factors #d ,economiz]s #ef ,emulsion ,*urn1 ,butt]9e 7,fig4 #afb7 #dbc ,eng9es1 ,/eam #ef ,engli% ,meats #cbg ,salt+ #cbh ,%ipp+ ,ages = #ccc ,equipm5t ,absorption #cd ,refrig]ation #bi ,requir$ = ,manufacture ( ,butt]9e #dba ,evaporat+ ,/ick1 ,exp5se ( #aii ,tank ,wat] #aia ,evaporator1 ,sw5son 7,fig4 #gc7 #aib ,evaporators1 ,clean+ ! #aic ,ewes 7,fig4 #hf7 #bci ,exhau/ ,/eam #eg ,expansion1 ,direct #db ,tank #cb ,valve #cb ,exp5se1 ,cook+ ,te/ & #ahe = ,dry+ ,tankage #bjf ,export ,cas+s #bji ,pack+ ,h\se 7,fig4 #ad7 #bg ,export ,plant1 ,deep ,wat] 7,fig4 #ac7 #bf ,ext]ior ,walls #hd ,extra ,long ,cle> 7,fig4 #acg7 #cbb ,f ,fan & ,v5tilation #ga ,fat1 ,*ill+ #ach ,mutton #aee ,fats #acf ,but*] #aec ,grad+ #adi ,fatt+ ,ma*9e = ,cas+s 7,fig4 #gg7 #baj ,fe$+1 ,animal #ahi ,feet & ,heads1 ,cattle #ajg1 #aji1 #aab ,cattle #afb ,cook+ #afd ,fell ,beat+ #ii ,cutt+ #ii ,f]tiliz] 7,*apt] ,,xvi7 #bja ,comm]cial #bjf ,grease 91 a ,detrim5t #bjc ,mat]ials1 ,mix+ #bjf ,/ate ,regulations ,apply+ to #bjf ,filt] ,press 7,fig4 #aec7 #cea = ,l>d & ,cle> ,oil 7,fig4 #aeh7 #cfa ,fire-pro( ,build+s #gj1 #hc ,con/ruction1 ,advantages ( #bh ,design #bg ,fitt+s1 ,detail ( ,end ,pipes1 ,%[+ ,diff]5t 7,fig4 #bf7 #gg ,flanks1 ,%anks & ,plates1 ,beef #abc ,floor ,area #gj ,con/ruction #gj ,floor+ ,cattle #ii ,floors1 ,clean #abg ,floors ( ,hog ,cutt+ ,rooms #bgc ,fly1 ,skipp] #cga ,foot ,sk9n+ #ig ,=ce ,draft #cg ,=e-,cool] #fa ,=mula = ,export ,hog ,tongue ,pickle #cch ,wild] ,ham ,pickle #cae ,=mulas = ,cur+ ,beef ,hams #bbc ,mak+ ,butt]9e #dcg ,sausage #chc to #chh1 #djd to #dai ,f\nta9 ,bru% 7,fig4 #dc7 #ajd ,freez] & ,/orage ,room1 ,longitud9al ,section ( a 7,fig4 #cb7 #hi ,build+s #hb ,requirem5t #ce ,freez] ,section1 ,transv]se ,section ?r\gh 7,fig4 #cc7 #ij ,space #dh ,freez]s1 ,basem5t #hh 9 ,small ,plants #cf ,freez+ ,beef #fd ,meats #g1 #fi ,full]s ,e>? #cdh & ,l>d1 ,tank1 = ,mix+ #cdh ,kettle = ,small ,h\ses #cdi ,g ,galvaniz$ ,%eet ,iron ,pipes #gc ,g>dn] 8,curta90 ,sy/em ( ,refrig]ation1 ,plan ( 7,fig4 #bi7 #ha ,g>dn]'s 8,curta90 ,sy/em = ,br9e ,circulation 7,fig4 #bh7 #gi ,gate ,valve1 ,tank #agd ,glass ,j> ,beef #bbe ,glue ,bones #aei ,gov]nm5t ,specifications = ,beef or ,pork ,packages #dea ,grad+1 ,beef #aah1 #aca ,fats #adi ,gra9+ or ,se$+ ,oil #adb ,temp]+ ,butt]9e #dcb ,gravity ,sy/em #bj ,grease1 ,collect+ #aia 9 ,f]tiliz] a ,detrim5t #bjc ,yield (--,te/ on ,condemn$ ,hogs #ahf ,greases1 ,l>d ,comp\nd & 7,*apt] ,,xxiii7 #cdj ,gr9d+ ,bone #afh ,gr\nd ,plan ( ,freez] & ,/orage ,build+ 7,fig4 #ca7 #he ( ,small ,local ,pack+ ,h\se 7,fig4 #ab7 #be = ,c\ntry ,pack+ ,h\se 7,fig4 #h7 #bj = ,export ,pack+ ,h\se 7,fig4 #ad7 #bg ,grubs 9 ,hides #acb ,gutt+ #ajj ,h ,ham1 ,boil$ #cig ,boneless #cic ,cottage #cic ,cur+ ,pickle #cad ,fac+ & ,cutt+ #bei ,long ,cut 7,fig4 #adj7 #cbh ,man*e/] 7,fig4 #ada7 #cbi ,m9c$ #chi ,new ,engl& or ,press$ #chi ,new ,j]sey #chi ,pump 7,fig4 #ace7 #cac ,/af=d%ire 7,fig4 #adb7 #cbi & _! ,treatm5t #cab ,beef 7,fig4 #di7 #abd ,cur+ #bbb ,=mulas = ,cur+ #bbc ,/ripp+ #bbb ,boneless ,roll$ 7,fig4 #aae7 #bgf ,canvas+ #cfg 8,italian0 #bgi ,lone ,cut 7,fig4 #aaf7 #bgg ,cumb]l& ,te/s #ccd 8,man*e/]0 #bgi ,picnic 7,fig4 #abf7 #bic ,rules = ,boil+ #cih ,%ort ,cut 7,fig4 #aac & #aad7 #bgd ,%r9kage 9 ,boil+ #cih ,smok$ ,dri$ ,beef1 ,%r9kage ( #bbe 8,/af=d0 #bgi ,"t ,requir$ = ,cur+ #cah ,two ,g5]al ,k9ds ( #bge ,wild] #cae ,h&l+ ,beef #fa ,hang+ ,room = ,sausage #djf ,h>d ,bone #aei ,%ort ,ribs 7,fig4 #abh7 #big ,head ,*eese #cia ,head+ #if & ,sk9n+ ,cattle 7,fig4 #cg7 #if ,heads & ,feet1 ,cattle #ajg1 #aji1 #aab ,hogs1 ,/uff$ #cic ,he>ts1 ,beef #bah ,heat+ ,boil] ,fe$ ,wat] #ee ,heavy ,cattle #fb ,hide ,dropp+1 ,cle>+ ,out & #aja ,truck = ,c>t+ ,beef 7,fig4 #ea7 #abf ,hides & ,pelts 7,*apt] ,,xi7 #abf ,tall[1 ,beef1 ,yield ( #ajg1 #ajh1 #aaa1 #aac ,beef1 ,build+ ,packs ( #acc ,diagram ( 7,fig4 #eb7 #abh ,prop] ,/orage = #abi ,salt+ ( #acb ,scores 9 #abg ,%r9kage ( #acj1 #acd ,beef1 ,trimm+ ( ,gre5 #acc ,gre51 ,beef #abf ,grubs 9 #acb ,high ,grade ,butt]9e #dcd ,hi/orical--,pork ,pack+ ,indu/ry #bea ,! ,ref9+ ( ,l>d 9 ,pack+ ,h\ses #cdj ,hog ,by-,products #bfe ,c>casses1 ,clean+ 7,fig4 #ajf7 #bfb ,cas+s #bad ,*ill ,room ,necessities #bfc ,*ill+ ,room ( ,l>ge ,pack+ ,h\se 7,fig4 #ba7 #fh ,cutt+ #bff ,room1 ,floors ( #bgc ,dress+ #bed ,hoi/1 ,small 7,fig4 #ajb7 #beh ,hoi/+ #bed ,scald+ #beg 7,fig4 #ajd7 #bfj ,scrap+ ,gang at ,"w 7,fig4 #aje7 #bfa ,ma*9es #beh ,splitt+ #bfj ,/ick+ #bef ,wa%+ #bfa ,y>d+ #bed ,hogs1 ,bacon #bfg ,but*] 7,fig4 #aji7 #bfh or ,light ,lo9 #bfi ,c>e (1 9 ,*ill ,room #bfa ,*ill+ #fg ,*oice ,bacon #bgj ,clean+ ,body #bei ,condemn$1 ,te/ on--,yield ( ,grease #ahf ,dry+ #bfa ,hoi/+ on ,revolv+ ,:eel 7,fig4 #aja7 #beg ,lo9 #bfg ,m>k$ #bgb ,necks1 ,wa%+ #beg ,op5-,air ,hang+ ,room = #bfb ,pack+ #bfg1 #bgj ,p]c5tages ( ,yield f #bid ,re/+ & ,cool+ 7,fig4 #ajj7 #bef ,scrap+ by ,h& #bei ,%r9kage (1 9 ,*ill ,rooms #bfd ,slaught]+ 7,*apt] ,,xx7 #bea ,smoo? ,heavy 7,fig4 #ajh7 #bfg ,special ,te/ on1 ,mix$ #cjg1 #caj ,/ick+ & ,ble$+ 7,fig4 #ajc7 #bei ,unload+ f ,c> 7,fig4 #ig7 #beb ,v>iety & ,classes ( #bff ,hoi/1 ,hog1 ,small 7,fig4 #ajb7 #beh ,hoi/+ ,hogs #bed ,ho( ,pull]1 ,h& 7,fig4 #fb7 #afd ,p[] 7,fig4 #fc7 #afd ,ho(s1 ,removal ( #afc ,hoop ,press 7,fig4 #aej7 #cdg ,horn-,manufactur$ ,articles #afj ,horns #afj ,hydrog5ation ( ,oils #cei ,i ,ice ,computations #dh ,plants #de ,ic+ ,dep>tm5t #ag1 #bd ,+r$i5ts ( ,butt]9e #dba ,inspect+ & ,measur+ ,middle ,cas+s #baa ,insulation #hf ,l9es #ia ,insurance ,area & ,division ( ,build+s #ij ,introductory4 ,! ,bus9ess ( ,sausage ,mak+ #cgb ,inve/m5t 9 ,pork ,pack+ ,indu/ry #beb ,isolation & ,v5tilation ,r5d]+ ,build+ #aga 8,italian0 ,hams #bgi ,j ,jaw ,bones #afb ,j[l--,dry ,salt ,butts 7,fig4 #ach7 #cbc ,k ,kettle1 ,blea*+ #cdi = ,melt+ ,fats = ,oleo ,oil 7,fig4 #ed7 #aci ,r5d]$ ,l>d #cde ,settl+1 = ,oleo ,oils 7,fig4 #ee7 #ada ,kettles1 ,cl>ify+ or ,settl+ #ada ,kill+ & ,cutt+ ,/ock #ahe ,floor1 ,d\ble ,b$1 ,view 9 ,mod]n ,pack+ ,h\se ,%[+ 7,fig4 #ci7 #ih ,/ock1 ,cook+ #agg ,knead+ ,table1 ,butt]9e 7,fig4 #afg7 #dcd ,knock+ & ,/unn+ ,cattle #id ,l ,lamb ,tongue ,te/s #bdi ,tongues #bdg & ,mutton ,*ops 7,fig4 #hi7 #bdb ,g5u9e ,spr+ 7,fig4 #he7 #bch ,lambs1 7,fig4 #hh7 #bda & ,mutton1 ,%ipp+ 7,fig4 #hg7 #bdj ,spr+1 ,%[+ ,quality 7,fig4 #hd7 #bcg ,l>d & ,full]s ,e>?1 ,tank = ,mix+ #cdh ,tall[1 ,tit] 9 #ahd ,blea*+ #cej ,*ill+ #di ,comp\nd ,greases 7,*apt] ,,xxiii7 #cdj ,c\ntry ,/yle #ced ,filt] ,press = 7,fig4 #aeh7 #cfa ,grease1 ,treatm5t = #cfb ,kettle ,r5d]$ #cde ,leaf #bfj ,leaf1 ,scrap+ 7,fig4 #ajg7 #bfc ,neutral #cda1 #cdc ,oil #cei ,no4 #b #cfb ,packages #ced ,weight ( #cec ,pack+ #ced ,ref9+ ,prime ,/eam #cdh ,roll #aed ,/ol+ ,cyl9d] 7,fig4 #aed7 #ceb ,leaf ,l>d #bfj ,scrap+ 7,fig4 #ajg7 #bfc ,te/ on ,r5d]$ into ,neutral #cdc ,lea!r ,yields #abi ,leg ,break+ #ig ,live ,/ock #bd ,go+ to ,scale 7,fig4 #a7 #b ,p5s #ag ,receiv+ #ib ,liv]s1 ,beef #bag ,load+ ,beef #fd ,facilities #ad1 #bj ,location & ,con/ruction 7,*apt] ,,ii7 #i ( ,build+s #hc ,lo91 ,pork #bhh ,lo9s1 ,beef #aah ,long ,cle>s 7,fig4 #acf7 #cba ,cut ,ham 7,fig4 #adj7 #cbh ,sides1 ,pork 7,fig4 #abj7 #bhc ,l[ ,grade ,butt]9e #dcj ,temp]ature ,br9e ,sy/em #ej ,m ,ma*9e1 ,space p] ,ton #dg ,ma*9]y p] ,head ,kill$ #dg ,ma*9es = ,beef ,cas+s #bad ,ma9 ,cool] #fa 8,man*e/]0 ,hams #bgi1 #cbi ,manufactur$ ,articles1 ,horn #afj ,manufactur+ ,build+ #ai1 #bd ,meat ,*ill+ #fj ,meats1 ,aft] ,smok+1 ,treatm5t ( #cff ,canvas$1 ,weight ( #cfg ,:ite ,wa% = #cfi ,yell[ ,wa% = #cfi ,cur+ 7,*apt] ,,xxii7 #caa = ,sausages #cgc ,engli% #cbg ,freez+ #g1 #fi ,fre%1 ,refrig]ator ,boxes = ,%ipm5t ( #dea ,nam+ ( #cfd ,ov]haul+ #caf ,sausage1 & ,h&l+ #cgb ,smok$1 ,%r9kage ( #cfg ,wrapp+ #cfh ,smok+ #cfd1 #cfe by ,gas #cff ,temp]atures = #cff ,soak+1 ,be=e ,s5d+ to ,smoke ,h\se #cfd ,trolley ,sy/em = ,hang+ #cfg ,me*anical ,refrig]ation #g ,wa%] 7,fig4 #gh7 #bai ,melt+ ,oleo ,fats #adj ,mess ,pork #cbd ,middle ,cas+s1 ,inspect+ & ,measur+ #baa ,middles1 ,beef #baa ,milk1 ,acidity ( #dbd ,cultivat+ ! #dbi 9 ,butt]9e #dbe n ,pa/euriz$ #dbg ,te/+ = ,butt]9e #dbb ,m9c$ ,ham #chi ,mix+ ,f]tiliz] ,mat]ials #bjf ,mod]ate ,size ,pack+ ,h\se 7,fig4 #e7 #ae ,mod]n ,pack+ ,h\ses #a ,movem5t ,we/w>d #c ,mutton #fg ,mutton & ,lamb ,*ops 7,fig4 #hi7 #bdb ,fat #aee ,saddles & ,racks 7,fig4 #ij7 #bdc ,n ,nam+ ( ,meats #cfd ,natural ,ice #df ,neatsfoot ,oil #aff ,purifi]s #afh ,/orage ,tank #afh ,necessity = ,refrig]ation #de ,neck ,splitt+ #ajc ,neutral ,l>d #cda1 #cdc ,te/ on ,leaf ,l>d ,r5d]$ into #cdc ,new ,engl& or ,press$ ,ham #chi ,j]sey ,ham #chi ,new ,york ,cuts1 ,beef 7,natives7 #aae ,o ,odorless1 ,op]at+ #ahg ,odors & ,prevail+ ,w9ds #aa ,oil1 ,cle>1 ,filt] ,press = 7,fig4 #aeh7 #cfa ,cold ,te/ #cfb ,collect+ #adf ,cottonse$ #ced ,deodoriz+ #cef ,fats1 ,te/s on #aea ,h\se ,op]ation #aee ,yields #adi ,l>d #cei ,no4 #b #cfb ,neatsfoot #aff ,purifi]s #afh ,/orage ,tank #afh ,pork ,sausage 9 #cif ,process = #cef ,purify+ #afe ,receiv]s #adg ,ref9+ ,crude #cee ,se$+ or ,gra9+ #adc ,selection #aee ,skimm+ ! #afe ,temp]ature (1 ,drawn to ,ti]ce #adg ,cottonse$1 ,deodoriz+ ,tank = 7,figs4 #aee & #aef7 #ceg1 #ceh ,hydrog5ation ( #cei ,oleo ,fat ,cutt] 7,fig4 #ec7 #ach ,fats #acg ,oleo ,fats1 ,cleanl9ess & ,collection ( #acg ,melt+ #adj ,oil #acg & ,/e>9e 7,*apt] ,,xii7 #acf ,yield 9 #ajh1 #aaj1 #aab1 #aad ,press1 ,knuckle ,type 7,fig4 #eg7 #ade ,receiv] 7,fig4 #eh7 #adf ,settl+ ,kettle = 7,fig4 #ee7 #ada ,kettle = ,melt+ ,fats = 7,fig4 #ed7 #aci ,selection & ,c>e ( #acg ,settl+ ! #adj ,scrap1 ,te/ on #aed ,se$+ ,truck 7,fig4 #ef7 #adc ,/ock1 ,press ,room & ,press+ #add ,sy/em #dj ,op]at+ ,odorless #ahg ,op]ation4 ,oil ,h\se #aee ,ov]haul+ ,meats #caf ,ov]seas ,%ipm5ts #g ,p ,packages1 ,beef or ,pork1 ,gov]nm5t ,specifications = #dea = ,beef ,cas+s #bad ,l>d #ced ,weight ( #cec ,/e>9e #adi ,pack]1 ,/e>9e 7,fig4 #ei7 #adh ,pack+1 ,butt]9e #dcd ,h\se ,cuts1 ,beef #aaf ,indu/ry1 ,gr[? (1 9 ,u4 ,s4 #a ,mod]ate ,size 7,fig4 #e7 #ae ,small ,local 7,fig4 #ab7 #be ,h\ses1 ,mod]n 7,*apt] ,i7 #a ,l>d #ced ,sausage ,mat]ials = ,cur+ #cha ,smok$ ,meats = ,%ipm5t #cga ,pa/euriz$ ,milk #dbg ,pelts1 ,hides & 7,*apt] ,,xi7 #abf ,%eep #ace ,p5n+ ,%eep #bbi ,p5s = ,hogs & ,%eep 7,figs4 #ih & #ii7 #bec1 #bee ,p]man5ce ( ,build+s #hc ,philadelphia ,cuts1 ,beef #aae ,pickle-,cur$ ,products = ,sausage #chj ,=mula = ,export ,hog ,tongue #cch ,wild] ,ham #cae ,pickle1 ,ham ,cur+ #cad ,mak+ #cad ,second #cag ,%\ld] ,meats #caf ,pickl$ ,lamb ,tongues #bdh ,picnic ,hams 7,fig4 #abf7 #bic ,pig ,feet #cce ,sn\ts #cch ,te/ on #cci ,tongues #ccg ,feet1 ,boneless #cia ,pione]s' ,tr\bles #f ,pipe ,coils1 ,me?od ( ,erect+ #ge ,hang]s1 ,detail ( 7,fig4 #bd7 #ge ,life ( #gg ,quantity ( #ge ,refrig]at+1 ,hung to ,ceil+1 ,view ( 7,fig4 #be7 #gf ,pipes1 ,br9e1 ,simple ,me?od ( ,support+ 7,fig4 #bg7 #gh ,cell> ,ceil+ ,susp5sion ( #gh ,galvaniz$ ,%eet ,iron #gc ,%[+ ,fitt+s1 ,detail ( 7,fig4 #bf7 #gg ,pip+ ,arrangem5t = ,br9e ,spray #gc ,direct ,expansion #ha ,ratio ( #gh ,sy/ems #hh ,plan ( ,g>dn] 8,curta90 ,sy/em ( ,refrig]ation 7,fig4 #bi7 #ha ,plans1 ,approval ( #bh ,plant1 ,beef1 ,%eep & ,pork1 ,ext]ior ,view ( 7,fig4 #f7 #af ,design 7,*apt] ,,iii7 #ad ,plants1 ,description ( #ad ,plates & ,butts1 ,bo/on ,/yle #bij 7,fig4 #abe7 #bib ,%anks & ,flanks1 ,beef #abc ,poll$-,angus ,cattle1 ,p5 ,conta9+ ,*oice 7,fig4 #d7 #e ,pork ,backs 7,fig4 #abb7 #bhf1 #cbe ,pork1 ,b>rel1 ,cur+ #cbg ,b>rel$ #cbd ,bellies 7,fig4 #aba7 #bhe1 #cbe ,build+ #bd ,cuts 7,fig4 #aab7 #bga1 #bgc ,cutt+s 7,*apt] ,,xxi7 #bff ,h\se #ai ,lo9s 7,fig4 #aai7 #bhb1 #bhh ,mess #cbd ,pack+ ,indu/ry--,hi/orical #bea ,sausage 9 ,oil #cif ,%ort ,ribs 7,fig4 #aah7 #bhb ,%\ld]s 7,fig4 #abd7 #bia1 #cbf ,sides 7,fig4 #aag7 #bgh1 #bhj ,p[] ,dep>tm5t #ai1 #bd ,plant ,requirem5t 7,*apt] ,,vi7 #eb ,prep>atory ,cultures #dbh ,pres]vatives & ! ,pure ,food ,laws #cii ,press1 ,filt] 7,fig4 #aec7 #aea ,hydraulic1 ,diagram (1 ) ,pip+ & ,pump 7,fig4 #gj7 #agg ,oleo ,oil1 ,knuckle ,type 7,fig4 #eg7 #ade ,press ,room #agd & ,press+ ,oleo ,/ock #add ,sep>ation ( #aga ,press+ ,blood #bjb ,tankage #ahb ,temp]atures ( ,commodities #cfa ,pr9ciples ( ,design #ac ,pr9t ,cool] = ,butt]9e 7,fig4 #afi7 #dcf ,prit* ,/icks to ,support ,animal 7,fig4 #ch7 #ig ,process = ,oil #cef ,prod ,pole ,damage #abg ,produc+ ,dep>tm5t #ae1 #bj ,production ( ,%eep1 ,increas$ #bbi ,products1 ,bone #afj ,pump1 ,vacuum #aic ,pump+ ,s*$ule = ,cur+ ,dry ,salt ,meats #cbb ,pumps = ,boil] ,fe$+ #ed ,br9e #ec ,wells #ec ,types ( #di ,uses ( #eb ,pure ,food ,laws & ,pres]vatives #cii ,purifi]s1 ,neatsfoot ,oil #afh ,purify+ ,oil #afe ,q ,quality 9 ,butt]9e #dcj ,quantity ( ,refrig]ation to ,provide #df ,r ,rat+ ( ,refrig]at+ ,compressors #ce ,recapitulation ( ,te/s on ,cutt+ ,pork ,sides 9 ,v>i\s ,mann]s #cjd1 #cjg ,receiv] #cb ,oleo ,oil 7,fig4 #eh7 #adf ,oil #adg ,receiv+ & ,dis*>g+ ,facilities #ij ,live ,/ock #ib ,tank #bjb ,ref9+ ,crude ,oil #cee ,prime ,/eam ,l>d #cdh ,tall[ #cea ,refrig]at+ ,compressors1 ,rat+ ( #ce ,refrig]at+ ,pipe ,hung to ,ceil+ #gf ,sy/em1 ,adopt+ ( #ce ,refrig]ation #de ,equipm5t 7,*apt] ,,ix7 #bi ,me*anical #g ,necessity = #de ,plan ( ,g>dn] 8,curta90 ,sy/em ( 7,fig4 #bi7 #ha ,quantity to ,provide #df ,requir$1 ,summ>y ( #di ,requirem5t 7,*apt] ,v7 #de ,unit ,basis ( #cd ,refrig]ator ,boxes = ,%ipm5t ( ,fre% ,meats #dea ,c>s1 ,load+ ,beef into 7,fig4 #ai7 #fe ,c>s1 ,us+ #f ,regul> ,temp]ature #fa ,regulations1 ,/ate ,apply+ to ,f]tiliz] #bjf ,r5d]+ ,build+ #ag ,isolation ( #aga ,dep>tm5t #bd ,tank1 ,detail ( ,pip+ ,connection #agi1 #ahj ,tank1 ,little ,neck #agb1 #agd ,section ( #age ,rib ,belly1 ,pork 7,fig4 #acd7 #cjc ,ribb+ ,beef #fc ,ribs & ,blades1 ,cattle #afg ,ribs1 ,beef 7,fig4 #df7 #abj1 #abc ,%ort 7,figs4 #abh-abi-acj7 #big1 #bih ,rip5]s1 ,cream 7,fig4 #afd7 #dbg ,ripp+ & ,leg ,break+ #ig ,rock+ ,meat ,) ,rock] ,knife #djd ,rooms ,necess>y 9 ,butt]9e ,factory #dbb ,r\nd ,cas+s #bjh ,selection ( #bji ,r\nds1 ,beef1 7,fig4 #dg7 #aba1 #abc ,dome/ic #bji ,rump+ #ii ,s ,salt #bad ,br9e #gc ,meats1 ,dry #cai to be ,us$ on ,beef ,hides #acb ,salt+ ,engli% ,meats #cbh ,sausage ,cas+s #chb ,cook ,room = #cgg ,cook+ ,s*$ules #cgg ,cool] = ,fre% #cgi ,cool+ ,room = #djj ,dep>tm5t ,arrangem5t #cgc ,device = ,runn+1 into ,smoke ,h\se 7,fig4 #aei7 #cgd ,dome/ic 7,*apt] ,,xxv7 #cgb ,%r9kage ( #cgi ,dri$ 7,*apt] ,,xxvi7 #cii ,dry ,cur$ ,meats = #cha ,room ,treatm5t ( #djb ,=mulas #chc1 #chh1 #djd1 #dai ,gr9d+ & ,/uff+ ,room #cgd ,hang+ ,room = ,smok$ #cgh ,mak+1 ,introductory #cgb ,mat]ials1 ,pack+ = ,cur+ #cha ,meats & ,h&l+ #cgb ,cool] = ,gr\nd #cgc ,pickle-,cur$ ,products = #chj ,pork1 9 ,oil #cif ,/ack1 ,smoke ,h\se 7,fig4 #afa7 #cgf ,/uff+1 9 a ,cool ,room #djj ,summ] #cii ,prep>ation ( ,cas+s = #djd ,%ipp+ ,ages = #djc ,/orage ( #djc ,temp]atures = ,smok+ #cgh ,smoke ,h\ses = #cgd1 #dja ,sav+ ,by-,products #e ,saw1 ,bone 7,fig4 #fa7 #afc ,scald+ ,hogs #beg ,scores 9 ,hides1 ,beef #abg ,scrap ,vat #adb ,scrap+ ,gang1 ,hog1 at ,"w #bfa ,hogs by ,h& #bei ,ma*9es1 ,hog #beh ,scrapple #cid ,second>y ,cool] #fb ,selection & ,c>e ( ,oleo ,oil #acg ,se$+ or ,gra9+ ,oil #adb ,settl+ ,kettles #ada ,oleo ,oil #adj ,settl+s 9 ,bottom ( ,vats #aia ,sewage #aj ,%anks & ,flanks1 ,beef ,plates #abc ,%anks1 ,beef 7,fig4 #ej7 #abe ,%eep & ,calves 7,*apt] ,,xix7 #bbi ,*ill ,room1 ,view 9 7,fig4 #ia7 #bdd ,*ill+ ,slaught]$ #bch ,dress+ #bcd by ,piece #bcj ,heads1 ,comp>ative ,te/ ( #ahf ,increas$ ,production ( #bbi ,kill+ & ,dress+1 ,/r+ ,gang ,me?od ( #bcj ,pelts #ace ,p5n+ #bbi ,r+ #bcj ,r\nd ,dress & ,lamb ,dress ,caul on 7,fig4 #hc7 #bcf ,wa%+1 & ,its ,effect #bcd ,%ipm5t ( ,fre% ,meats1 ,refrig]ator ,boxes = #dea ,%ipm5ts1 ,ov]seas #g ,%ipp+ ,ages = ,engli% ,meats #ccc ,%ort ,cle>1 ,squ>e 7,fig4 #adi7 #ccc ,cle>s 7,figs4 #aca & #acb7 #bii1 #cjj ,rib1 ,squ>e ,export 7,fig4 #adg7 #cca ,ribs1 ,h>d 7,fig4 #abh7 #big ,pork 7,fig4 #aah7 #bhb ,%\ld] ,meats1 ,pickle #caf ,%\ld]s1 ,pork 7,fig4 #abd7 #bhi1 #bia1 #cbf ,%r9kage ( ,smok$ ,meats #cfg ,dome/ic ,sausage #cgi ,beef ,hides #acd 9 ,boil+ ,hams #cih ,side ,meats1 ,pork #bhj ,s9ews1 ,cutt+1 & ,sav+ ,bones #afc ,sk9n+ & ,head+ ,cattle 7,fig4 #cg7 #if ,skipp] ,fly #cga ,skirt ,trimm+ #fc1 #ajb ,skulls #afa ,slaught]+ & ,r5d]+ ,dep>tm5t #ba ,calves #bej ,cattle 7,*apt] ,,ix7 #ib ,slime f ,inte/9es ,has ,high ,ammonia ,value #bjd ,slim+ & ,turn+ ! ,cas+ #baa ,sl[ ,burn+ ,con/ruction #bh ,sluice ,tr\gh 9 ,butt]9e ,factories #dcb ,smoke ,h\se ,c>riage1 ,detail ( 7,fig4 #afj7 #cge 7,*apt] ,,xxiv7 #cfd ,device = ,runn+ ,sausage into 7,fig4 #aei7 #cgd ,smoke ,h\se1 ,sausage ,/ack1 ,diagram ( 7,fig4 #afa7 #cgf ,soak+ ,meats ,be=e ,s5d+ to #cfd ,h\ses = ,sausages #cgd1 #dja ,smok$ ,dri$ ,beef ,hams1 ,%r9kage ( #bbe ,meats1 ,pack+ = ,%ipm5t #cga ,meats1 ,%r9kage ( #cfg ,wrapp+ #cfh ,smok+ ,dri$ ,beef #cgj ,dry ,salt ,meats #cbc ,meats #cfd1 #cfe by ,gas #cff ,temp]atures = #cff ,temp]atures = ,sausages #cgh ,te/s on ,regul> ,beef ,hams #bbd ,treatm5t ( ,meats aft] #cff ,soak+ ,meats ,be=e ,s5d+ to ,smoke ,h\se #cfd ,soil ,f]tility #ahi ,solids 9 ,wat] #aie ,prep>ation ( #aij ,space1 ,freez] #dh ,losses #hd p] ton ,ma*9e #dg ,sp>e ,ribs 7,fig4 #abg7 #bic1 #cbf ,specifications = ,coop]age #ddi to #dej ,pack+ ,boxes #ddj to #ddh ,splitt]s1 ,cattle ,head 7,fig4 #fj7 #afa ,splitt+ #aja ,cleav] #aja ,spray & ,br9e ,salt ,sy/ems1 ,section ,%[+ 7,fig4 #bc7 #gd ,spray ,devices #gc ,sy/em1 ,section ( ,cold ,/orage ,h\se ,equipp$ ) 7,fig4 #bb7 #gb ,spr+ ,beef ,spread] 7,fig4 #da7 #aja 8,/af=d0 ,hams #bgi ,/af=d%ire ,hams #cbi ,side 7,fig4 #add7 #ccj 8,/>t]10 ,! ,regul> #dbi ,/>t]s1 ,:at ,are8 #dbh ,/ate ,regulations ,apply+ to ,f]tiliz] #bjf ,/eam ,eng9es #ee ,exhau/ #eg = ,cook+ #ahe ,/e>9e #adg & ,oleo ,oil 7,*apt] ,,xii7 #acf & ,oleo ,oil ,yield 9 #ajh1 #aaj1 #aab1 #aad ,cottonse$ #cei ,packages #adi ,pack] 7,fig4 #ei7 #adh ,/orage #adh ,/ick ,dry+ #bf ,baume #aie ) ,tankage #aif ,exp5se ( ,evaporat+ #aii ,influ5ce ( #bjc ,quantity ,produc$ #bjj ,roll1 ,/&>d ,tw9 7,fig4 #gd7 #aif ,/or+ #aic ,te/+ #aid ,/ick+ #ie ,hogs #bef ,/ock1 ,kill+ & ,cutt+ #ahe ,/ock1 ,oleo1 ,press ,room & ,press+ #add ,/orage ,build+s #hb ( ,summ] ,sausage #djc ,prop]1 = ,beef ,hides #abi ,/e>9e #adh ,tank1 ,neatsfoot ,oil #afh ,/orage1 ,w>m #ia ,/or+ ,blood #bjb ,/ick #aic ,/r+ ,gang ,me?od ( ,kill+ & ,dress+ ,%eep #bcj1 #bca ,/uff$ ,hogs ,heads #cic ,/uff+ ,sausage 9 a ,cool ,room #djj ,/unn$ ,cattle ,be+ ,hoi/$ = ,/ick] 7,fig4 #cf7 #ie ,sub-divide ,build+1 ,h[ to #hh ,suction ,connection = ,duo-,purpose ,compressor 7,fig4 #af7 #cf ,summ] ,sausage #cii ,prep>ation ( #djd ,%ipp+ ,ages ( #djc ,/orage ( #djc ,summ>y ,computations #di ( ,refrig]ation ,requir$ #di ,sup]heat]s #ef ,surface ,box #agd ,/eam ,jacket$ #agf ,treatm5t #ahb ,boxes1 ,situation ( #agd ,sweetbreads #bah ,swit*es1 ,beef1 ,salt+ #acd ,sy/em1 ,clos$ #d ,op5 #dj ,t ,table = ,tank ,wat] #aie ( ,boil+ ,po9ts #aic ,tagg+ & ,weigh+ #fd ,tail ,saw+ #ajj ,tails1 ,beef #bah ,tall[ & ,hides1 ,beef1 ,yield ( #ajg1 #ajh1 #aaa1 #aac ,l>d1 ,tit] 9 #ahd ,ref9+ #cea ,tank ,bl[-,(f1 ,op]at+ #aha ,cool] or ,expansion #cb ,deodoriz+1 = ,cottonse$ ,oils 7,figs4 #aee1 #aef7 #ceg1 #ceh ,exhau/ ,head 7,fig4 #aeg7 #cfj = ,mix+ ,full]s ,e>? & ,l>d #cdh ,gate ,valve #agd ,h\se ,dep>tm5t 7,*apt] ,,xiv7 #agj ,design #agj ,haz>ds #agc ,section ,?r\gh #aga ,%[+ ,ne/+ ( ,tanks 7,fig4 #fg7 #agc ,te/s #ahf ,receiv+ #bjb ,r5d]+1 ,detail ( ,pip+ ,connections #agi1 #ahj ,little ,neck #agb1 #agd ,section ( #age ,tank ,wat] 7,*apt] ,,xv7 #ahi ,co/ ( ,evaporat+ #aii ,evaporat+ #aia ,produc$1 ,quantity ( #aii ,table = #aie ,te/+ #aia ,tankage #bjb & ,blood1 ,quotations & ,value #bjc ,dige/] #bjc ,dry+ #bjd ,/ick ) #aif ,exp5se = ,dry+ #bjf ,press+ #ahb ,value ( #aig ,tanks1 ,cutt+ #agh ,ne/+ ( 7,fig4 #fg7 #agc ,releas+ ,pressure f #agh ,temp]ature ( ,hang+ ,room = ,sausage #djj ,regul> #fa = ,smok+ ,meats #cff ,press+1 ( ,sev]al ,commodities #cfa ,temp]atures1 ,v>y+ #hg ,temp]+ or ,gra9+ ,butt]9e #dcb ,te/1 ,comp>ative1 ( ,%eep ,heads #ahf ,cook+ & ,exp5se #ahe = ,det]m9+ ,acidity ( ,milk #dbf on ,back ,fat ,conv]t$ into ,neutral & ,prime ,/eam ,l>d #cdd on ,condemn$ ,hogs1 ,yield ( ,grease #ahf ,leaf ,l>d ,r5d]$ 9 ,neutral #cdc ,oleo ,scrap #aed ,pack+ ,tripe #bbg ,%[+ ,%r9kage & ,co/ ( ,butt]9e #dch ,special1 on ,mix$ ,hogs #cjg1 #caj ,yield f ,cattle ,skulls & ,feet #aff ,te/+ ,milk = ,butt]9e #dbb ,/ick #aid ,tank ,wat] #aia ,te/s1 ,cle> ,backs #cja ,lamb ,tongue #bdi ,long ,cut ,hams & ,cumb]l& #ccd on ,oil ,fats #aea ,smok+1 on regul> ,beef ,hams #bbd ,tank ,h\se #ahf ,ti]ce1 ,temp]ature ( ,oil ,drawn to #adg ,tit] 9 ,tall[ & ,l>d #ahd ,tongues1 ,beef #bai ,te/ on ,freez+ #bba ,lamb #bdg ,transv]se ,section ?r\gh ,freez] ,section 7,fig4 #cc7 #ij ,treatm5t = ,l>d ,grease #cfb ( ,meats aft] ,smok+ #cff ,tall[ & ,l>d #ahc ,trimm+ ( ,beef #fc ,gre5 ,beef ,hides #acc ,tripe #bbf ,co/ ( ,production #bbg ,te/ on ,pack+ #bbg ,trolley ,sy/em = ,hang+ ,meats #cfg ,truck1 ,oleo se$+ #adc ,butt]9e 7,fig4 #afc7 #dbc ,turn+ & ,slim+ ! ,cas+ #baa ,two-,/age ,compressors #db ,types ( ,pumps #eb ,u ,union ,/ock ,y>ds1 ,*icago #b1 #c ,unit ,basis1 ,comput+ f #ce ( ,refrig]ation #cd ,uses ( ,pumps #eb ,v ,vacuum ,pump #aic ,value ( ,tankage #aig ,valve1 ,expansion #cb ,gate ,tank #agd ,v>ni%1 ,bologna #cif ,vat1 ,bottom (1 ,settl+s 9 #aia ,scrap #adb ,veal #fg ,cuts 7,fig4 #ic7 #bdf ,racks 7,fig4 #if7 #bdi ,saddles 7,figs4 #id & #ie7 #bdg1 #bdh ,v5tilation #hf ,fan & #ga ,view ,illu/rat+ ,mod]n ,me?od ( ,/unn+ ,cattle 7,fig4 #ce7 #id 9 ,beef ,cool] ( a ,*icago ,pack+ ,h\se 7,fig4 #bj7 #ff ,hog ,*ill+ ,room ( a ,l>ge ,pack+ ,h\se 9 ,*icago 7,fig4 #ba7 #fh ,%[+ ,beef ,c>casses ,be+ ,split & ,hung on ,trolley 7,fig4 #db7 #ajb ,deep ,wat] ,export ,plant 7,fig4 #ac7 #bf ,d\ble-,b$ ,kill+ ,floor 9 a ,mod]n ,slaught] ,h\se 7,fig4 #ci7 #ih ,w ,wall ,con/ruction #hf ,w>eh\se ,design #gj ,w>eh\ses 7,*apt] ,,viii7 #gj ,w>m ,/orage #ia ,wa%]1 ,me*anical 7,fig4 #gh7 #bai ,wa%+ ,cattle #ajb ,hogs #bfa ,%eep & ,its ,effect #bcd ,wat] & ,spr9kl+ #ib ,cond5s+ #cc ,cool+ ( #ach ,wat] ,di/ribution ,sy/ems #ed ,supply #aj1 #ec ,temp]ature = ,clean+ ,cas+s #bad vs4 ,br9e 9 ,cream ,rip5] #dbg ,weas&1 ,beef #bac ,meat #bai ,weigh+ & ,tagg+ #fd ,weight ( ,canvas$ ,meats #cfg ,wells #ee ,we!rs 7,fig4 #ha7 #bcc ,:ite ,wa% = ,canvas$ ,meats #cfi ,wild] ,hams #cae ,sirup ,cur+ #caf ,wilt%ire ,side 7,fig4 #adh7 #ccb ,w9ds1 ,prevail+ #aa ,work+ ( ,butt]9e #dcc ,wrapp+ ,smok$ ,meats #cfh ,y ,yankee ,+5uity #b ,y>d+ ,hogs #bed ,yell[ ,wa% = ,canvas$ ,meats #cfi ,yield1 ,p]c5tages (1 f ,hogs #bid1 #bie1 #bif ,yields ( ,cattle 7,tables7 #ajf ,oil ,h\se #adi ,york%ire ,side 7,fig4 #adc7 #cbi ,,publications ,,( ,,nick]son ,,coll9s ,,co4 ,,publi%]s ,,( ,trade ,j\rnals & ,te*nical ,books #egjg ,we/ ,lake ,/reet ,*icago ,ice & ,refrig]ation ,a ,,mon?ly ,,review ,,( ,,! ,,ice1 ,,ice ,,mak+1 ,,refrig]at+1 ,,cold ,,/orage ,,& ,,k9dr$ ,,indu/ries4 ,! olde/ publication ( its k9d 9 ! _w & ! only j\rnal :i* furni%es a complete & reliable record ( ! sci5tific1 exp]im5tal & practical progress made 9 ! manufacture ( ice & ! h>ve/+ & h&l+ ( ice1 z well z a ?or\gh exposition ( ! v>i\s me?ods adopt$ 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 to produce l[ temp]atures = pres]v+ p]i%able goods 9 /ore & = use 9 ! arts & sci5ces4 ,,subscription ,,price4 ,9 ,u4 ,s4 ,isl& ,possessions1 ,mexico & ,cuba #c4jj p] ye> ,9 all o!r c\ntries1 #d4jj p] ye> ,,payable ,,9 ,,advance ,pack+ ,h\se & ,cold ,/orage ,con/ruction ,,by ,h4 ,,pet] ,,h5s*e9 ,a g5]al ref]5ce "w on ! design con/ruction & equipm5t ( mod]n meat pack+ & cold /orage plants includ+ refrig]ation1 insulation & o!r data4 ,reveals 9 detail ! late/ approv$ me?ods ) p>ticul> ref]5ce to ! requirem5ts ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry reg>d+ sanit>y con/ruction ,,price ,b\nd 9 ,full ,clo? #e4jj ,b\nd 9 ,full ,morocco #f4jj ,! ,mod]n ,pack+ ,h\se ,,by ,f4 ,w4 ,,wild] ,,& ,d4 ,i4 ,,davis ,,price ,b\nd 9 ,full ,clo? #aj4jj ,b\nd 9 ,full ,morocco #ab4jj ,ice & ,refrig]ation ,blue ,book & ,buy]s ,guide ,! ,,blue ,,book gives an alphabetical li/ by /ates & t[ns ( ! n[ num]\s conc]ns 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada--upw>ds ( tw5ty ?\s&--us+ ice mak+ or refrig]at+ ma*9]y4 ,x gives1 besides ! "n & /reet address1 & 9 mo/ cases "n ( manag]1 also ! bus9ess1 ! numb] ( ma*9es in/all$1 ! capacity ( ea* 9 tons1 k9d & make ( ! ma*9es1 employ$ 9 ea* case1 tons ( ice made p] day1 & capacity 9 cubic feet ( cold /orage space4 ,,price ,b\nd 9 ,clo?1 #e4jj ,b\nd 9 ,flexible ,morocco1 #f4jj ,! ,absorption ,refrig]at+ ,ma*9e ,,by ,,g>dn] ,t4 ,,voorhees1 ,s4 ,b4 ,a complete practical1 elem5t>y treatise ( ! absorption sy/em ( refrig]ation & its broad g5]al pr9ciples ( op]ation1 %[+ also its developm5t4 ,! subject is pres5t$ ) practical ref]5ces to well kn[n natural laws z p>allels1 s t "o ne$ n possess eng9e]+ k to foll[ ! text4 ,,price ,b\nd 9 ,clo? #b4ej ,b\nd 9 ,full ,morocco #c4jj ,comp5d ( ,me*anical ,refrig]ation ,,by ,,dr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,,siebel ,?is book pres5ts 9 a conv5i5t =m ! rules1 tables1 =mulae & directions :i* are ne$$ by contractors & eng9e]s ( refrig]at+ ma*9]y1 ice manufactur]s1 cold /orage m51 meat freez+ e/abli%m5ts1 pack]s & all o!rs int]e/$ 9 ! practical application ( refrig]ation4 ,x is1 9 fact1 design$ to give ready & pla9 answ]s to mo/ ( su* que/ions z are daily occur+ 9 any "o ( ! diff]5t bran*es ( practical refrig]ation4 ,,price ,b\nd 9 ,clo? #c4jj ,b\nd 9 ,flexible ,morocco #c4ej ,refrig]ation ,memor&a ,,by ,,john ,,levey ,a ,,collection ,,( ,,useful ,,in=mation ,,relat+ ,,to ,,ice ,,mak+ ,,& ,,refrig]at+1 ,,ga!r$ ,,f ,,eng9e ,,room ,,practice4 ,9 ?is little book ! au?or has endeavor$ to assemble a numb] ( useful memor&a & tables su* z are suitable = in/ant use by any "o1 :e!r an accompli%$ refrig]at+ eng9e]1 or an assi/ant1 or a beg9n]1 & all 9 pla9 e-day eng9e room language & 9 pla9 figures4 ,,price3 ,b\nd 9 ,flexible ,morocco #a4jj ,practical ,cold ,/orage ,,by ,,madison ,,coop] ,?is is ! fir/ "w ev] publi%$ 9 :i* ! !ory & practice ( cold /orage 9 all its v>i$ applications to comm]cial & indu/rial life has be5 ?or\ghly & exhau/ively treat$4 ,! book is int5d$ to cov] ! field ( appli$ refrig]ation ) ! exception ( ! te*nical & !oretical side ( ! me*anical production ( ice & refrig]ation1 :i* has already be5 v fully cov]$ by sev]al v compreh5sive works4 ,,price ,b\nd 9 ,clo? #c4ej ,b\nd 9 ,full ,morocco #d4ej ,! li/ ( books giv5 above repres5t ! be/ works 9 _! respective fields4 ,our ,book ,dep>tm5t is prep>$ to supply promptly any books ( a te*nical or g5]al nature1 z well z any ( ! trade j\rnals or class publications & w gladly assi/ 9 ! selection ( books on any subject4 ,our complete li/ ( books cov] ! ,ice mak+1 ,refrig]at+1 ,pack+1 ,meats1 ,provisions1 ,ice ,cream1 ,cream]y1 ,dairy & k9dr$ indu/ries4 ,all prices quot$ above include po/age4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,! language us$ 9 ?is e-text is t us$ 9 ! s\rce docum5t4 ,inconsi/5cies & unusual spell+ & /yle h be5 reta9$4 ,diff]5ces 9 word+ betwe5 li/s ( subjects1 ! table ( cont5ts & ! text h n be5 rectifi$4 ,errors or uncle> data 9 calculations & 7table7 data h n be5 correct$ except :5 ! s\rce ( ! error 0 cle>2 su* corrections are m5tion$ "u ,*anges made bel[4 ,pages #aah-abe & #bfg-bgb3 ! unusual use ( quote m>ks has n be5 /&>dis$4 ,page #bbd1 table3 ! column 8p] c5t0 conta9s ! decimal fraction1 n ! p]c5tage4 ,page #bda3 ref]5ce lett]s ,a & ,b are n visible 9 ! illu/ration4 ,page #bhi1 8,%ank cut (f above ! knee jo9t 4443 ! clos+ quote m>k is miss+4 ,page #dai1 ,season+ ,=mula3 ,saltpetre is m5tion$ twice 79 diff]5t quantities7 9 ! s\rce docum5t4 ,page #dfa ff43 ,deviations f ! alphabetical ord] ( entries h n be5 correct$4 ,*anges made ,illu/rations & tables h be5 mov$ out ( text p>agraphs4 ,footnotes h be5 mov$ to directly und]nea? ! p>agraph to :i* !y ref]4 ,"s obvi\s m9or typographical & punctuation errors h be5 correct$ sil5tly4 ,9 tables1 ! ditto-symbol has be5 replac$ ) ! ditto$ text & "s data h be5 re-align$ = consi/5cy & legibility4 ,"s tables h be5 split or o!rwise re-arrang$ = legibility & to fit ! available wid?4 ,temp]atures 7,f & ,f7 & d5sities 7,b & ,b7 h be5 /&>dis$ to ,f & ,b1 dim5sions & multiplications to m n1 salt petre & v>iants to saltpetre4 ,page #ce3 ,! pur*as] mu/ nev] loose sight 444 *ang$ to ,! pur*as] mu/ nev] lose sight 4444 ,page #de3 444 a prev5tive or ret>d5t 9 ! propogation 444 *ang$ to 444 a prev5tive or ret>dant 9 ! propagation 4444 ,page #hj3 sup]c$+ *ang$ to sup]s$+4 ,page #aee3 ,,te/ ,,on ,,olio ,,scrap *ang$ to ,,te/ ,,on ,,oleo ,,scrap4 ,page #afc3 ,cutt+ ,s9ews & ,sav+ ,bones4 *ang$ to ,cutt+ ,s9ews & ,saw+ ,bones4 7*ang$ 9 ,index z well74 ,page #afh1 table ,te/ yield ( #a1bji cattle3 column head] p] head ,av]age *ang$ to ,av]age p] head4 ,page #aia3 444 to prev5t ! tankwat] f s\r+ 444 *ang$ to 444 to prev5t ! tank wat] f s\r+ 4444 ,page #aii1 table ,,recapitulation3 #ae p] c5t depreciation on #aj1jj inve/m5t *ang$ to #ae p] c5t depreciation on #aj1jjj inve/m5t4 ,page #bbd1 table ,,regul> ,,insides ,,= ,,%ipm5t3 column head]s ins]t$ cf4 ! o!r two tables on ?is page4 ,page #cfb3 neatsfood oil *ang$ to neatsfoot oil4 ,page #dcg1 table ,,m$ium ,,grade ,,butt]9e1 second r[3 #cj1eg *ang$ to #ch1eg4 ,page #dda ff43 ,= ease ( ref]5ce1 ! table head]s h be5 repeat$ above ! split p>ts ( ! tables4 ,! tables h be5 split s1 t !y may easily be recomb9$ to _! full wid?4