,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores4 ,footnote an*ors are d5ot$ by numb]1 & ! footnotes h be5 plac$ at ! end ( ! book4 ,notes specific to a table h n be5 treat$ z footnotes1 & rema9 at ! bottom ( ! table ) an 99 or or m>k]4 ,_m wide tables h be5 split into two & sometimes ?ree p>ts4 ,! tables 9 ?is book are be/ view$ us+ a monospace font4 ,a sup]script is d5ot$ by x or xx1 = example ,no or #a/4 ,basic fractions are display$ z etc2 o!r fractions are %[n 9 ! =m a-b_/c1 = example #ge_/if or #af-a_/ab4 ,"s m9or *anges to ! text are not$ at ! end ( ! book4 ,,! ,,artill]i/',s ,,manual1 ,,& ,,briti% ,,soldi]',s ,,comp5dium4 ,,by ,,major ,f4 ,a4 ,,griffi?s1 ,r4 ,f4 ,p4 ,,royal ,,artill]y4 ,si quid novi/i rectius i/is1 ,c&idus imp]ti3 si non1 8 ut]e mecum4 ,,sev5? ,,edition4 ,publi%$ by ,au?ority4 ,,london3 ,,sold ,,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,all5 ,,& ,,co41 ,,lead5hall ,,/reet2 ,,p>k] ,,& ,,son1 #dde1 ,,we/ ,,/r&2 ,,cl[es ,,& ,,sons1 ,,*>+ ,,cross2 ,,simpk91 ,,m>%all ,,& ,,co41 ,,/ation]s' ,,hall ,,c\rt2 ,j4 ,,boddy ,,& ,,son1 ,,& ,w4 ,p4 ,,jackson1 ,,woolwi*2 ,c4 ,c4 ,c4 #ahef4 ,ent]$ at ,/ation]s' ,hall4 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,w4 ,,cl[es ,,& ,,sons1 ,,/am=d ,,/reet1 ,,& ,,*>+ ,,cross4 ,,preface4 ,,sev5? ,,edition4 ,simil> to ea* ( ! prec$+ editions ( 8,,! ,,artill]i/',s ,,manual1 ,,& ,,briti% ,,soldi]',s ,,comp5dium10 ! pres5t "w conta9s mu* additional matt]2 & notice has be5 tak5 ( ! subjects 9 :i* improvem5ts1 or alt]ations h be5 adopt$4 ,to ^? ,(fic]s1 & ,non-commission$ ,(fic]s1 :o are 9 possession ( ! #f? edition ( ,! ,manual1 x is advisable t ,i %\ld specify ! *ief additions1 c41 9 ! pres5t edition1 viz43-- ,,alt]ations3 ,p]cussion small arms4 ,manufacture ( c>tridges4 ,ball c>tridge b>rels1 & boxes4 ,c>casses4 ,quick mat*4 ,%ells1 weight1 c4 ,ordnance1 l5g?1 weight1 c4 ,s]vice1 & managem5t ( heavy ordnance4 ,wads = heavy ordnance4 ,*>ges = ! ,royal ,navy4 ,,additions3 ,manual1 & platoon ex]cise ( ,riflem54 ,in/ructions = aim+ ) ! rifle musket4 ,light infantry signals1 & s\nds4 ,fusil ex]cise4 ,in/ructions = pit*+1 & /rik+ t5ts4 ,lights1 long4 ,lights1 signal4 ,p>a*ute light ball4 ,wat] fuze4 ,to extricate a %ot :5 jamm$ 9 a gun4 ,to asc]ta9 if a magaz9e is damp4 ,detail = active s]vice ( #i-,p\nd] ,troop ( ,royal ,horse ,artill]y4 ,res]ve ( gun1 & small arm ammunition4 ,detail = active s]vice--#ah-,p\nd] ,field batt]y4 0 0 0 #i-,p\nd] ,ditto4 0 0 0 #cb-,p\nd] ,h[itz] ,ditto4 ,small arm ammunition res]ve4 ,ex]cise ( rockets4 ,to e/imate di/ances 9 ! field4 ,to f9d ! di/ance f an object1 height kn[n4 ,in/ructions = ! ex]cise1 & s]vice ( great guns1 & %ells1 on bo>d ,h] ,maje/y's %ips4 ,in/ructions = l&+ seam51 & m>9es1 ) ,field pieces4 ,*>ges = ! ,royal ,navy1 = boats4 ,proportion ( *>ges1 = a #ea-screw /eam frigate4 ,ditto ,ditto #ej-;gun frigate4 ,also--#a ,new ,plate4 #b 0 woodcuts4 #a 0 diagram4 ,9 ! publication ( ea* edition my object has be5 ! same--to r5d] ,! ,manual a ,comp5dium ( all t c be requir$ by ,(fic]s 9 ! ,field2 & if ,i may be all[$ to judge by ! gratify+ mann] 9 :i* ! "w has be5 receiv$ by ! ,(fic]s ( ! ,unit$ ,s]vices1 my humble ex]tions h inde$ be5 successful1 t5 ?\s& copies ( ,! ,manual1 includ+ ! pres5t edition1 hav+ be5 pr9t$4 ,! ext5sive circulation ( 8,! ,artill]i/'s ,manual1 & ,briti% ,soldi]'s ,comp5dium10 is no d\bt1 h[ev]1 *iefly to be attribut$1-- #a/4 ,to ! highly fav\rable notice ( ! ,milit>y ,au?orities1 z ev9c$ by ! ,,g5]al ,,ord] ( ! ,ma/]-,g5]al ( ! ,ordnance1 dat$ #be? ,april #ahdj1 & by ! ,,memor&um1 dat$ ,horse ,gu>ds1 #aj? ,decemb] #ahdj4 #bnd4 ,to ! consid]ate notice ( ,! ,lords ,commission]s ( ! ,admiralty1 a copy ( ! "w hav+ be5 ord]$ to be includ$ 9 ! libr>ies ( all ,vessels ( w>4 #crd4 ,to ! lib]al di/ribution1 by ! ,hon\rable ,c\rt ( ,directors ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 ( copies ( ea* edition to ! milit>y au?orities at ! sev]al ,presid5cies 9 ,india4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i h to express my grateful feel+s to ,8 ,royal ,highness ! ,g5]al ,comm&+ 9 ,*ief1 :o has be5 graci\sly pleas$ to promulgate ! ,,memor&um1 dat$ ,horse ,gu>ds1 #ac? ,octob] #ahef2a & my w>m ?anks are also due to ! ,(fic]s ( ! v>i\s ,dep>tm5ts at ,head ,qu>t]s1 = ! k9d mann] 9 :i* !y h inv>iably assi/$ me 9 ! revision ( ! "w1 9 ord] t ea* succe$+ edition may keep pace ) ! improvem5ts1 alt]ations1 or requirem5ts ( ! ,unit$ ,s]vices4 ,f4 ,a4 ,,griffi?s4 ,putney1 ,octob] #ac?1 #ahef4 7,copy47 ,horse ,gu>ds1 ,memor&um4 #ac? ,octob] #ahef4 ,8 ,royal ,highness1 ! ,g5]al ,comm&+ 9 ,*ief1 /rongly recomm5ds to ! ,(fic]s1 & ,non-commission$ ,(fic]s ( ! ,army1 ! ,revis$ edition ( a ,"w1 entitl$ 8,! ,artill]i/'s ,manual1 & ,briti% ,soldi]'s ,comp5dium10 a "w replete ) ! mo/ useful ,milit>y in=mation1 & ( :i* ,major ,griffi?s1 ,r4,f4,p41 ,royal ,artill]y1 is ! au?or4 ,by comm& ( ,8 ,royal ,highness1 ,! ,g5]al ,comm&+ 9 ,*ief1 7,sign$7 ,g4 ,a4 ,,we!rall1 ,adj4-,g5]al4 ,,g5]al ,,index ,,to ,,! ,,subjects4 ,,page ,preface iii ,memor&um1 dat$ ,horse ,gu>ds1 #ac? ,octob] #ahef vi ,g5]al ,index to ! subjects vii ,plates viii ,detail$ ,index to ! subjects ix ,,"p4 ,i4 ,infantry ,ex]cise1 ,movem5ts1 c4 ,sword ex]cise4 ,pit*+1 & /rik+ t5ts #a ,,ii4 ,c>b9e ex]cise4 ,cavalry sword ex]cise #dc ,,iii4 ,ordnance4 ,c>riages1 c4 #dh ,,iv4 ,ranges4 ,*>ges4 ,elevations4 c4 #gj ,v4 ,/ores4 ,implem5ts4 ,combu/ibles4 c4 #hc ,,vi4 ,field batt]y ,ex]cise4 ,detail = active s]vice ( a ,troop ( ,horse ,artill]y2 ,field batt]ies1 c4 ,int]ior managem5t ( a ,batt]y4 ,emb>k+1 & disemb>k+4 ,application ( ,field artill]y4 ,encamp+1 & picket+4 ,t5ts4 ,horses4 ,=age4 ,vet]9>y directions4 ,congreve rocket ex]cise #ajj ,,vii4 ,s]v+1 & work+ heavy ,ordnance #agc ,,viii4 ,gunn]y #aie ,,ix4 ,batt]ies4 ,=tification #bbc ,x4 ,bridges1 & ,pontoons #bej ,,xi4 ,fireworks #bed ,,xii4 ,ma!matics #bfe ,,plates4 ,,page #a4 ,brass ,gun1 ) ,names ( pr9cipal p>ts #dh #b4 ,field ,gun ,c>riage4 ,elevation #ajb #c4 0 ,plan #ajc #d4 ,horse ) h>ness #acd #e4 ,h>ness4 ,description #acd #f4 ,g>rison ,gun ,c>riage #agc #g4 ,load+1 c4 ,naval ,s]vice #bab #h4 ,vauban's ,fir/ sy/em 7,plan7 #bdj #i4 ,d4 d4 7,pr(ile7 #bdb #aj4 ,mod]n sy/em ( ,=tification #bdc #aa4 ,field ,=tification #bdf ,me*anics #ab4 #bid ,heights1 & ,di/ances #ac4 ,survey+1 & ,reconnoitr+ #cjg ,heights1 & ,di/ances #ad4 #caj ,practical ,geometry #ae4 ,practical ,geometry #cbd #af4 ,d4 #cbe #ag4 ,d4 #cbg ,,index ,,to ,,! ,,subjects1 ,,etc4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,infantry ,,ex]cise1 ,,movem5ts1 c4 ,,sword ,,ex]cise4 ,,pit*+1 ,,& ,,/rik+1 ,,t5ts4 ,,page ,musket1 ,fl9t lock #a ,p]cussion ,small arms1 l5g?1 weight1 bore1 *>ge1 c4 #a ,blank c>tridges #c ,manufacture ( c>tridges #c ,small arm ammunition1 boxes1 & b>rels #e ,in/ructions = br[n+ ,gun b>rels #e ,p]cussion firelocks1 ,in/ructions relative !reto #f ,,infantry ,,ex]cise1 ,,& ,,movem5ts2 ,extract$ f 8,,field ,,ex]cise1 ,,& ,,evolutions ,,( ,,! ,,army40 ,paces1 ,l5g? (1 c4 #f ,fl9t firelocks1 ,manual1 & ,platoon ex]cise #g ,inspection1 & ,dismissal ( a ,company #h ,p]cussion firelocks1 ,manual1 & ,platoon ex]cise #h ,fusil ex]cise #i ,! ,manual1 & ,platoon ex]cise ( ,riflem5 #aj ,in/ructions = aim+ ) ! ,rifle musket #aj ,words ( comm&1 = ,fun]al p>ties #aa ,,company ,,drill4 ,,sect4 ,,page #a4 ,=mation ( ! ,company #aa #b4 ,m>*+ to ! front #ab #c4 ,! ,side1 or clos+ /ep #ab #d4 ,! ,back /ep #ab #e4 ,to =m f\r deep #ab #f4 ,file m>*+ #ab #g4 ,:eel+ f a halt #ab #h4 ,:eel+ =w>d by sub-divisions #ab #i4 ,:eel+ backw>d by sub-divisions #ac #aj4 ,m>*+ on an alignem5t #ac #aa4 ,:eel+ into l9e #ac #ab4 ,ent]+ into a new direction #ac #ac4 ,c\nt]-m>*+ #ac #ad4 ,:eel+ on ! c5tre #ac #ae4 ,diagonal m>* #ac #af4 ,increas+ front ( op5 ,column halt$ #ac #ag4 ,increas+ front ( op5 ,column on ! m>* #ac #ah4 ,to pass a ,defile1 by break+ (f files #ad #ai4 ,to move to a flank1 9 ,sections #ad #bj4 ,=m+ ,company1 c41 f file m>*+ #ad #ba4 ,to =m to ei!r ,flank1 f op5 ,column #ae #bb4 ,to ga9 gr\nd to a flank1 by m>*+ 9 e*ellon #ae #bc4 ,to =m ! rally+ squ>e #ae ,,dismiss+ ,a ,,company ,,(f ,,p>ade #ae ,,inspect+ ,a ,,company ,,on ,,p>ade #ae ,,movem5ts ,,( ,a ,,battalion4 #a4 ,comm&s #af #b4 ,degrees ( m>* #af #c4 ,m>*+ 9 l9e #af #d4 ,:eel+ #af #e4 ,movem5ts #af #f4 ,! ,alignem5t #ag #g4 ,po9ts ( =mation #ag #h4 ,dress+ #ag #i4 ,op5 column #ag #aj4 ,qu>t] di/ance1 & close column #ag #aa4 ,e*ellon #ah #ab4 ,squ>es #ai #ac4 ,fir+s #ai ,/reet fir+ #bj ,,=mation ,,( ,,! ,,battalion #bj ,,evolutions ,,( ,,! ,,battalion #ba ,,movem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,battalion ,,f ,,l9e #ba #ad4 ,! ,battalion1 halt$1 is to advance 9 ,l9e #ba #ae4 ,:5 a ,battalion1 advanc+ 9 l9e1 is to *>ge #bb #af4 ,:5 ! ,battalion mov+ 9 ,l9e passes a wood1 c41 by ! flank m>* ( ,companies #bb #ag4 ,:5 ! ,battalion advances1 or retires by half battalion1 & fires #bb #ah4 ,a ,battalion 9 l9e1 to move to attack1 c41 to ! front1 c4 #bc #ai4 ,a ,battalion 9 l9e to retire ov] a bridge1 c41 or retreat f ! flank 9 ! re> ( ! c5tre #bd #bj4 ,a ,battalion 9 l9e to m>* (f 9 ,column ( ,divisions1 successively to a flank #bd #ba4 ,:5 ! ,battalion1 halt$ 9 l9e1 is to =m squ>e #be #bb4 ,:5 ! ,battalion =ms a squ>e1 c41 to protect baggage aga9/ ,infantry #bg #bc4 ,a ,battalion halt$1 9 l9e1 to *ange front to ! re> ^u ! c5tre #bg ,,*anges ,,( ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,battalion ,,f ,,l9e1 ,,by ,,movem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,op5 ,,column4 ,on a fix$ po9t4 #bd4 ,! ,battalion to *ange position to ! front on ! "r halt$ ,company1 by ?r[+ =w>d ! :ole left #bh ,on a di/ant po9t4 #be4 ,! ,battalion 9 l9e *anges position by break+ into op5 column1 m>*+ up 9 column to ! po9t :]e its head is to rema91 & ent]+ ! l9e by ! flank m>* ( ,companies #bh #bf4 ,! ,battalion 9 l9e *anges position by break+ into op5 column1 m>*+ to a po9t :]e its head is to re/1 & to :i* its re> divisions =m by pass+ ea* o!r1 & :eel+ up #bi ,,op5 ,,column ,,movem5ts4 #bg4 ,:5 ! lead+ flank ( ! column is *ang$ by ! successive m>* ( divisions f ! re> to ! front #bi #bh4 ,to *ange ! w+s ( a column =m$ :]e ! space does n admit ( ! flank movem5t #bi #bi4 ,:5 ! column is requir$ to =m a squ>e #bi ,,qu>t] ,,di/ance1 ,,& ,,close ,,column4 #cj4 ,:5 a ,battalion =ms a close1 or qu>t] di/ance column f l9e #cj #ca4 ,:5 ! column m>*es to a flank #ca #cb4 ,:5 ! column at qu>t] di/ance1 mov+1 takes gr\nd to "r1 or left1 by ! e*ellon m>* ( sections #ca #cc4 ,:5 a column1 halt$1 is to :eel #ca #cd4 ,:5 a column is to *ange its front by ! :eel1 & c\nt]m>* ( sub-divisions r\nd ! c5tre #cb #ce4 ,:5 a column is to op5 out to full1 or half di/ance #cb ,,deploym5ts4 #cf4 ,:5 ! ,battalion1 9 column ( ,companies1 deploys into l9e #cc ,,e*ellon ,,=mations1 ,,& ,,movem5ts4 #cg4 ,:5 a ,battalion1 f l9e1 :eels =w>d by ,companies into e*ellon #cd #ch4 ,:5 ! ,battalion1 hav+ :eel$ f l9e into e*ellon1 has m>*$1 & halt$1 & is to =m back p>allel to ! l9e x quitt$ #cd #ci4 ,:5 ! ,battalion1 hav+ :eel$ f l9e into e*ellon1 has m>*$1 & halt$1 & is to =m up oblique to ! l9e x quitt$ #cd #dj4 ,:5 ! ,battalion =m$ 9 l9e1 *anges front1 on a fix$ flank ,company by ?r[+ =w>d ! re/ ( ! ,battalion #ce #da4 ,:5 ! ,battalion *anges front on a fix$ flank ,company by ?r[+ back ! re/ ( ! ,battalion #ce #db4 ,:5 ! ,battalion *anges front on a c5tral ,company1 by advanc+ "o w+1 & retir+ ! o!r #ce #dc4 ,:51 f ,op5 column1 ! ,companies :eel backw>d into e*ellon1 to =m l9e on ! front ,company #cf #dd4 ,:5 f l9e ! ,companies ( a battalion m>* (f 9 e*ellon to ! front1 & aga9 =m l9e #cg #de4 ,:5 a ,battalion 9 e*ellon ( ,companies is requir$ to =m squ>e #cg #df4 ,:5 a ,battalion m>*+ 9 l9e is to take gr\nd to a flank by ! e*ellon movem5t #cg ,,light ,,infantry4 ,,signals1 ,,& ,,s\nds #ch ,,infantry ,,sword ,,ex]cise #ch ,ext5sion motions1 & positions #ch ,prep>atory in/ruction ) ! sword #ci ,review1 or inspection ex]cise #dj ,attack1 & def5ce #dj ,/ick drill #dj ,,in/ructions ,,= ,,pit*+1 ,,& ,,/rik+ ,,t5ts #da ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,c>b9e ,,ex]cise2 ,,sword ,,ex]cise1 ,,cavalry4 ,,royal ,,artill]y4 ,,c>b9e ,,ex]cise #dc ,inspection1 & dismissal ( a ,company #dc ,to fire a ,feu-de-joie #dd ,fun]al ex]cise #dd ,sword4 ,royal ,artill]y #dd ,,cavalry1 ,,sword ,,ex]cise #de ,=mation = ,sword ex]cise1 on foot #df ,=mation = ,sword ex]cise1 m\nt$ #df ,,(fic]s' ,,salute #df ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,ordnance1 ,,c>riages1 etc4 ,names ( p>ts4 ,! ,disp>t4 ,po9t blank range #dh ,! ,tang5t scale4 ,! sights4 ,! ,l9e ( metal #di ,! ,c5tre ( metal4 ,w9dage #di ,! ,v5t4 ,b\*+4 ,t]tiat+4 ,quadrat+4 ,honey comb4 ,l5g?4 ,calibre4 ,gun metal #ej ,brass1 & ,iron guns #ej ,s]vice *>ges ( p[d]4 ,po9t blank range ( guns #ea ,description ( ,h[itz]s1 & ,c>ronades #ea ,description ( ,mort>s1 *>ges1 ranges1 c4 #eb ,value ( ,brass1 & ,iron ,ordnance #eb ,pro( ( iron ,guns1 brass ,guns #ec 0 ,mort>s1 ,h[itz]s1 ,c>ronades #ed ,wat] pro( ( ,ordnance #ed ,m>ks on condemn$ ,ordnance1 & ,%ells #ed ,in/ructions = ! c>e1 & pres]vation ( iron ,ordnance #ee ,+r$i5ts = coat+1 & lacqu]+ iron ,ordnance #ef ,in/ructions = lacqu]+ ,%ot1 & ,%ells #ef ,to r5d] ,ordnance uns]viceable1 by ,spik+1 c4 #eg ,unspik+ ,ordnance #eh ,l5g?1 ,weight1 ,calibre1 & ,*>ge ( ,ordnance g5]ally us$ 9 ! s]vice #ei1 #fj ,,c>riages4 ,g>rison1 ,%ip1 ,field gun c>riages4 ,sleighs1 equipm5t1 c4 #fa ,depression c>riages #fb ,weight ( ,field c>riages1 ,limb]s1 c4 #fc to #fg ,weight1 & diamet] ( ,:eels #fg ,weight ( ,c>riages = iron ,guns1 ,h[itz]s1 ,c>ronades #fh ,weight ( ,trav]s+ plat=ms #fh ,weight1 & dim5sions ( ,trucks #fi ,weight1 & dim5sions ( ,mort> b$s #fi ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,ranges1 ,,*>ges1 ,,elevations1 c4 ,,brass ,,ordnance4 ,m$ium #ab ,pr4 ,light #ab ,pr4 #i ,pr4 ,long #f ,pr4 ,light #f ,pr4 ,heavy #c ,pr4 #gj #bd ,pr4 ,h[itz]4 #ab ,pr4 ,h[itz] #e-;in* heavy ,h[itz] #h-;in* ,h[itz] #cb ,pr4 ,h[itz] #ga ,,%rapnell ,,%ells #gb ,,rico*et ,,practice ) brass ,ordnance #gc ,,*>ges ,,= ,,! ,,royal ,,navy4 ,= boats #gc ,high1 m$ium1 l[ #gd ,,range1 ,,elevation1 c4 ,,iron ,,ordnance4 ,guns #db1 #cb1 #bd1 #ah1 #ab1 #i1 #f ,prs4 #ge ,c>ronades #fh1 #db1 #cb1 #bd1 #ah1 #ab ,prs4 ,,%rapnell ,,%ells #fh ,pr4 ,c>ronade1 #h-;in* ,h[itz]1 #gf #bd ,pr4 ,gun1 #ah ,pr4 ,gun ,guns #ab1 #aj1 #h-;in* #gg ,c>ronade gun #cb ,pr4 ,h[itz]s4 #h & #aj-;in* ,guns #ef1 #fh ,pr4 #gh ,gun #h-;in* #gi ,,rico*et1 ,,fir+ #gi 0 ,,practice #hj ,,mort>s4 ,practical rules = *>ge1 range1 c4 #hj ,practice1 #ac1 #aj1 #h1 #e1 #d-;in* mort>s #ha ,greate/ *>ges1 & ranges #hb ,,"p ,v4 ,,/ores1 ,,implem5ts1 ,,combu/ibles1 c4 ,balls1 light1 smoke4 ,c>casses #hc ,c>tridges = guns1 h[itz]s1 c>ronades #he ,fuzes1 old patt]n1 ,box]'s1 metal #hf ,grease4 ,gr5ades1 h& #hg ,gun cotton #hh ,gunp[d]1 manufacture1 pro(1 m>ks #hi 0 ,magaz9es4 ,b>rels4 ,boxes #ij ,h&b>r[s4 ,h&spikes4 ,lev]s4 ,lights1 blue #ia ,lights1 long1 signal4 ,mat*1 quick1 sl[ #ib ,p>a*ute light ball1 ,box]'s4 ,p5dulums #ic ,portfires1 common1 p]cussion1 m9]s'1 sl[1 coa/ gu>d #id ,quo9s4 ,rockets1 signal #ie ,%ells1 common1 naval1 ,%rapnell diaphragm #if ,%ot1 case1 or cani/]1 grape #if ,/ool b$s4 ,tubes1 common1 detonat+1 friction #ih ,wadmiltilt4 ,wood5 bottoms #ii ,,"p ,,vi4 ,,field ,,batt]y ,,ex]cise4 ,,detail ,,= ,,active ,,s]vice ,,( #i ,,pr4 ,,troop ,,( ,,horse ,,artill]y1 #i ,,pr4 ,,field ,,batt]y1 #ah ,,pr4 ,,field ,,batt]y1 #cb ,,pr4 ,,h[itz] ,,field ,,batt]y1 ,,gun ,,& ,,small ,,arm ,,ammunition ,,res]ve4 ,,int]ior ,,managem5t ,,( ,a ,,batt]y4 ,,emb>k+1 ,,& ,,disemb>k+4 ,,application ,,( ,,field ,,artill]y4 ,,encamp+1 ,,& ,,picket+4 ,,t5ts4 ,,horses4 ,,=age4 ,,vet]9>y ,,directions4 ,,congreve ,,rocket ,,ex]cise4 ,tell+ (f ! ,deta*m5t4 ,po/s ( ! ,deta*m5t #ajj ,*ange ( position4 ,detail ( duties4 ,*ang+ r\nd #aja ,ex]cise ) r$uc$ numb]s4 ,di/ances requir$ #ajb ,names ( p>ts ( a ,field gun c>riage #ajb ,limb]+ up4 ,unlimb]+4 ,mov+ ) ! ,prolonge #ajc ,ex]cise ) ,drag-ropes #ajc ,=mation ( a ,batt]y4 ,po/s1 & duties ( ,(fic]s1 c4 #ajd ,,man,,uvres ,,( ,a ,,batt]y ,,( ,,six ,,pieces ,,( ,,ordnance4 #a4 ,to advance4 #b4 ,to retire4 #c4 ,to come into action4 #d4 ,to dim9i%1 or increase int]vals on ! m>* #ajf #e4 ,to take gr\nd to a flank4 #f4 ,to make a half turn on ! m>*4 #g4 ,to =m column ( divisions 9 re> ( a flank4 #h4 ,to =m column ( divisions 9 front ( a flank #ajg #i4 ,to =m column ( divisions on ! c5tre division #ajg #aj4 ,to *ange front to ! re> #ajg #aa4 ,to *ange front to a flank #ajh #ab4 ,to advance f a flank1 9 column #aji #ac4 ,to advance f ! c5tre 9 d\ble column ( sub-divisions4 #ad4 ,to move f a flank along ! front 9 a column ( divisions4 #ae4 ,to advance f a flank 9 e*ellon ( sub-divisions4 #af4 ,to advance f a flank 9 e*ellon ( divisions #aaj #ag4 ,to retire f a flank 9 column4 #ah4 ,to retire f ! c5tre1 9 a d\ble column ( sub-divisions4 #ai4 ,to retire f a flank by alt]nate half batt]ies 9 action #aaa #bj4 ,to break into column to a flank #aaa #ba4 ,to increase1 & dim9i% ! front #aab #bb4 ,to br+ ! re> to ! front1 9 succession on ! m>*4 #bc4 ,to =m l9e on ! lead+ division #aac #bd4 ,to =m l9e on ! re> division4 #be4 ,to =m l9e on ! c5tre division #aad #bf4 ,to =m l9e to ! re> on ! lead+ division #aad #bg4 ,to =m l9e to ! re> ( ! re> division4 #bh4 ,to =m l9e to ! re>1 on ! c5tre division4 #bi4 ,to =m l9e to ! rev]se flank on ! lead+ division #aae #cj4 ,to :eel into l9e #aae #ca4 ,to deploy on ! re> division4 #cb4 ,to deploy on ! c5tre division4 #cc4 ,to c\nt]m>* #aaf #cd4 ,f d\ble column ( sub-divisions1 to =m l9e to ! front4 #ce4 ,f d\ble column ( sub-divisions to =m l9e to a flank #aag ,,inspection1 ,,& ,,review #aag ,,equipm5t ,,( ,a ,,batt]y4 ,pack+ ! entr5*+ tools1 camp equipage1 c4 #aai #ah ,pr4 ,gun #abj #ab ,pr4 m$ium1 ,gun #aba1 #abb #i ,pr4 ,gun #abc1 #abd ,light #f ,pr4 ,gun #abe1 #abf #h-;in* ,h[itz] #abg #cb ,pr4 ,h[itz] #abh1 #abi #bd ,pr4 ,h[itz] #acj1 #aca #ab ,pr4 ,h[itz] #acb1 #acc ,weight ( ,rid]s1 ,h>ness1 ,ordnance1 ,c>riages1 c41 ( a ,field batt]y equipp$ #acd #i ,pr4 ,troop ( ,horse ,artill]y4 ,detail = active s]vice #ace ,res]ve ( ,gun1 & ,small arm ammunition4 ,horse ,artill]y #acf #i ,pr4 ,field batt]y4 ,detail = active s]vice #acg to #adj #ah ,pr4 ,field batt]y4 ,detail = active s]vice #ada #cb ,pr4 ,h[itz] ,field batt]y4 ,detail = active s]vice #adb ,res]ve ( ,gun1 & ,small arm ammunition4 ,detail #adc ,gun ammunition res]ve4 ,detail = ,res]ve ,artill]y #add ,small arm ammunition1 res]ve4 ,detail = ,res]ve ,artill]y #ade ,,on ,,! ,,int]ior ,,managem5t ,,( ,a ,,batt]y #adf ,,emb>k+1 ,,& ,,disemb>k+ #adi ,emb>k+ guns1 & c>riages #adi ,emb>k+ ! horses #aej ,,application ,,( ,,field ,,artill]y4 ,g5]al rem>ks4 ,ammunition waggons #aea ,on ! m>*4 ,advanc$ gu>d #aeb ,cross+ =ds4 ,passage ( bridges #aec ,cross+ a bridge1 pass+ a defile1 c4 #aed ,artill]y1 act+ ) o!r troops #aee ,,encamp+1 ,,& ,,picket+4 ,fir/ me?od #aee ,second me?od4 ,to /rike ! encampm5t #aeg ,weight1 dim5sions1 c4 ( t5ts #aeh ,,horses4 ,p[] 9 draught1 c4 #aeh ,managem5t ( draught horses4 ,horse-%oes #afj ,,=age4 ,me?od ( c>ry+1 c4 #afa ,,vet]9>y ,,directions4 ,ca?>tic mass #afb ,febrifuge mass #afc ,s$ative mass #afd ,diuretic mass #afd ,alt]ative mass #afd ,tonic mass #afe ,anti-spasmodic draught #afe ,v]mifuge p[d] #aff ,anti-purgation p[d] #aff ,discuti5t p[d] #aff ,a/r+5t p[d] #afg ,oph?almic p[d] #afg ,bli/]+ liquid #afh ,turp5t9e l9im5t #afh ,turp5t9e o9tm5t #afh ,black oil #afh ,ho( o9tm5t #afi ,,congreve ,,rockets4 ,on fir+ rockets #afi ,ex]cise ( rockets #aga ,,"p ,,vii4 ,,repository ,,c\rse4--,,s]v+1 ,,& ,,work+ ,,heavy ,,ordnance4#b ,"p #a4--;,art4 #a4 ,tell+ (f ! deta*m5ts #agc ,art4 #c4 ,to %ift a gun f ! fir+ to ! travell+ holes1 or vice v]s #agf ,art4 #d4 ,ex]cise ( guns on siege c>riages #agf ,art4 #e4 ,ex]cise ( guns on dw>f1 & casemate trav]s+ plat=ms #agg ,art4 #f4 0 0 on common trav]s+ plat=ms #agg ,art4 #g4 ,disposition1 & duties1 ,fir+ hot %ot #agg ,art4 #h4 ,ex]cise ( c>ronades #agi ,art4 #i4 0 ( guns1 & c>ronades1 on %ip c>riages #agi ,art4 #aj4 0 ( 0 on depress+ c>riages #ahj ,art4 #aa4 0 ( #aj & #h in* h[itz]s #ahj ,art4 #ab4 0 ( mort>s #ahj ,art4 #ac4 ,fir+ by night #ahb ,art4 #ad4 ,fir+ at mov+ objects #ahc ,"p #b4--;,art4 #a4 ,lev]1 & h&spike #ahc ,art4 #b4 ,fulcrums1 & props #ahd ,art4 #c4 ,lift+ jack #ahe ,art4 #d4 ,roll]s #ahe ,art4 #e4 ,crab cap/an #ahf ,art4 #ab4 ,sl+ c>t #ahg ,art4 #ac4 ,sl+ waggon #ahi ,art4 #ae4 ,triangle gyns #aij ,art4 #af4 ,gibralt> gyn #aic ,,"p ,,viii4 ,,gunn]y4 ,practical rules #aie ,results f exp]im5ts on ! velocities ( ,%ot1 c4 #aif ,!ory1 & practice ( ,gunn]y #aih ,d\ble %ott+4 ,! effects ( ,wads #aih ,p5etration ( ,%ot #aii ,ecc5tric sph]ical ,%ot #bja ,resi/ance ( ,iron plates1 ,oak plank1 c41 aga9/ musketry1 cani/]1 grape-%ot1 holl[1 & solid %ot #bjc ,,naval ,,gunn]y #bje ,to e/imate ! di/ance betwe5 ,vessels #bjf ,table ,a4--,heights ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ,%ips ( w> #bjg ,table ,b4--,angles subt5d$ by ! ma/s ( ,%ips ( w> #bjh ,table ,c4--,tang5t practice ) #h-;in* ,gun3 #cb-,pr4 ,gun #bji ,table ,d4 0 ) long #bd-,pr41 & long #ah-,pr4 ,guns #baj ,table ,e4 0 ) %ort #bd-,pr41 & %ort #ah-,pr4 ,guns #baa ,in/ructions = ! ex]cise1 & s]vice ( great guns1 & %ells on bo>d ,h] ,maje/y's %ips #bab ,arrangem5t = fight+ bo? sides #bad ,ex]cise = ! #aj-;in*1 or o!r revolv+ gun #baf ,mort> ex]cise #bag ,in/ructions = l&+ seam51 & m>9es ) field pieces #bah ,proportion ( *>ges1 sp>e p[d]1 c41 = a #ea-;gun screw /eam frigate1 & #ej-;gun frigate #bbj ,on naval bomb>dm5ts #bba ,,"p ,,ix4 ,,batt]ies4--,,p]man5t1 ,,& ,,field ,,=tification4 ,description ( ,batt]ies1 ,embrazures1 c4 #bbc ,dim5sions ( p>apet requisite to be pro( #bbd ,dim5sions ( an elevat$ ,gun batt]y #bbd ,directions = trac+ a batt]y #bbd ,%elt] f an enemy's fire #bbe ,epaulm5ts4 ,elevat$ s&-bag batt]ies #bbf ,half-sunk5 batt]ies4 ,sunk5 gun batt]ies #bbg ,rico*et batt]ies #bbg ,fasc9es #bbh ,gabions #bbi ,sod1 or turf4 ,plat=ms #bcj ,ald]son's plat=m #bca ,dim5sions1 & weight ( plat=ms = guns1 c4 #bcb ,c>ry+1 & lay+ d[n1 ,gun1 ,h[itz]1 ,mort>1 & ,madras plat=ms #bcc ,brea*4 ,to bur/ op5 gates ( =tresses1 c4 #bcc ,,=tification1 description ( #bcd ,comm&4 ,ramp>t4 ,int]ior slope4 ,t]reple94 ,p>apet4 ,banquette4 ,revetm5t4 ,b]m #bcd ,tablette4 ,cordon4 ,esc>p #bce ,c\nt]sc>p4 ,faces4 ,flank4 ,ba/ions4 ,curta94 ,front ( =tification4 ,dit*4 ,cov]$ way4 ,glacis4 ,places ( arms4 ,sally-ports4 ,trav]ses #bce ,citadel #bcf ,esplanade4 ,body ( ! place4 ,outworks4 ,t5aille4 ,ravel9 ,horn "w4 ,cr[n-"w4 ,lunettes4 ,t5aillons4 ,fl*e4 ,caponi]e4 ,cunette4 ,bat>deau4 ,ramp4 ,cavali] #bcf ,p>allels4 ,zig-zags1 or roads ( communication4 ,r$an4 ,r$\bt4 ,/> ,=t4 ,ttes de pont4 ,l9es4 ,epaulm5t4 ,loop holes4 ,palisades4 ,fraises4 ,*evaux de frise4 ,abattis4 ,hurdles4 ,tr\s de l\p #bcg ,,p]man5t ,,=tification #bch ,rem>ks1 & g5]al rules #bch ,vauban's fir/ sy/em4--,con/ruction #bdj ,pr(ile1 or section ( ,vauban's fir/ sy/em #bdb ,mod]n sy/em1 names ( p>ts #bdc ,,field ,,=tification #bdd ,rem>ks1 & g5]al rules #bdd ,capacity ( field works #bde ,to f9d ! quantity ( e>? = p>apets1 & banquettes #bde ,to f9d1 rapidly1 ditto1 ditto #bde ,to compute ! cont5t ( ! dit* #bde ,to f9d ! bread? ( ! dit* #bde ,con/ruction ( field works #bdf ,! r$an4 ,! lunette4 ,! squ>e r$\bt4 ,! p5tagonal r$\bt4 ,! hexagonal r$\bt4 ,! circul> r$\bt4 ,! /> =t4 ,! field =t ) ba/ions1 & half ba/ions #bdf ,! bridge head1 or tte du pont #bdg ,l9es4 ,bridges4 ,passages4 ,trav]ses #bdg ,table--,dim5sions ( p>apets1 dit*es1 c41 ( field works #bdh ,simple me?ods ( trac+ field works on ! gr\nd4 ,squ>e r$\bt4 ,p5tagonal r$\bt4 ,hexagonal r$\bt4 ,octagonal r$\bt4 ,front ( =tification #bdi ,,"p ,x4 ,,bridges1 ,,& ,,pontoons4--,,scal+ ,,ladd]s4 ,,bridges4--,to f9d numb] ( planks to =m a float #bej ,to f9d numb] ( casks to =m a raft #bej ,to f9d ! numb] ( ,boats1 or ,pontoons requir$ to support a giv5 weight #bej ,,pontoons4--,l>ge pontoons #bea ,small pontoons #beb ,,scal+ ,,ladd]s #bec ,,"p ,,xi4 ,,fireworks4 ,c&les1 ,roman1 ,blue4 ,crack]s #bed ,e>?quake1 artificial4 ,fires ( v>i\s col\rs4 ,wildfire4 ,g]bes #bee ,iron fil+s4 ,iron s& #bef ,lead]s4 ,m>roons4 ,meal+ gunp[d]4 ,pa/e = repres5t+ animals #beg ,portfires = illum9ations4 ,ra91 gold1 or silv]4 ,rockets1 l9e #beh ,rockets1 signal #bei ,saltpetre pulv]iz$ #bfj ,s]p5ts1 or squibs4 ,%ells4 ,%[]s ( fire #bfa ,speckie4 ,spur fire4 ,suns1 or :eels #bfb ,t\* pap]4 ,:eels1 p91 or ,ca!r9e #bfd ,,"p ,,xii4 ,,ma!matics4 ,*>act]s1 ,m>ks1 or ,signs #bfe ,,r$uction #bfe ,,rule ,,( ,,?ree1 ,,or ,,simple ,,proportion #bff ,,fractions #bfg ,r$uction #bfh ,addition4 ,subtraction4 ,multiplication4 ,division #bfi ,rule ( ,?ree #bgj ,,decimals4--,addition #bgj ,subtraction4 ,multiplication4 ,division #bga ,r$uction #bgb ,rule ( ,?ree #bgc ,,duodecimals #bgc ,,tables ,,( ,,weights1 ,,& ,,measures2 ,engli%1 & ,fr5* #bgd ,,involution1 or ,rais+ ( p[]s #bgg ,,evolution1 or ,extract+ roots #bgg ,,table ,,( ,,squ>es1 ,,cubes1 ,,& ,,roots #bhj ,,pil+ ,,( ,,%ot1 ,,& ,,%ells #bha ,to f9d ! numb] ( balls 9 a complete pile #bha numb] ( balls 9 any pile1 base n exce$+ #ba #bhb 9 an incomplete pile #bhc ,table = comput+ ! cont5t ( piles #bhd ,,cordage4--,to f9d weight1 & /r5g? ( a rope #bhe ,,*a9s4--,to f9d ! weight ( *a9s #bhe ,to f9d ! weight t may be lift$ by a *a9 #bhf ,,iron ,,rods4--,to f9d ! weight ( r\nd1 & squ>e iron rods #bhf ,to f9d ! weight t may be su/a9$1 or lift$1 by r\nd iron rods #bhf ,,timb]4--,to f9d ! area ( a plank #bhg cont5t ( timb] #bhg weight ( a tree #bhg ,,tonnage4--,table ( tonnage1 & weight ( c>riages #bhh ,to asc]ta9 ! tonnage ( ,sail+ vessels #bhi ( ,/eam vessels #bhi ,,me*anics4--,me*anical p[]s #bij ,! ,lev] #bia ,! ,:eel1 & ,axle #bib ,! ,pulley4 ,tackles #bic ,comb9ation ( pulleys #bid ,! incl9$ plane #bie ,! ,w$ge4 ,! ,screw #bif ,comp\nd ma*9es #big ,friction4 ,ungu5ts #bih ,transv]se /r5g? ( mat]ials #bii ,adhesion ( ,nails1 & ,screws #cjj ,,trigonometry4--,def9itions #cja ,me?ods ( resolv+ ,triangles #cja ,useful !orems1 & coroll>ies #cjb ,,trigonometry ,,)\t ,,log>i?ms #cjc ,trigonometric ratios4 ,natural s9es1 & cos9es #cjd ,application ( trigonometry )\t log>i?ms #cje ,table1--%[+ ! r$uction 9 feet1 c41 ^u #ajj feet1 at angles ( elevation1 & depression #cjf ,table1 %[+ ! rate ( incl9ation ( incl9$ planes1 = angles ( elevation #cjg ,,survey+1 ,,& ,,reconnoitr+4--,,heights1 ,,& ,,di/ances #cjg ,me?ods ( asc]ta9+ ,heights #cjg #a4 ,by means ( a pocket sextant #cjg #b4 0 a portable b>omet]1 & !rmomet] #cjh #c4 0 ! ,reconnoitr+ protractor #cjh #d4 ,by ! %ad[ ( ! object #caj #e4 ,:]e !re is no %ad[ #caj #f4 ,by ! tang5t scale ( a gun #caj #g4 ,by means ( two pickets #caj ,me?ods ( asc]ta9+ ,di/ances #caa #a4 ,by means ( ! sextant #caa #b4 0 a pocket sextant #caa #c4 0 ! prismatic compass #cab #d4 0 ! ,reconnoitr+ protractor #cab #e4 #f1 #g1 #h4 ,pickets #cab-d #i4 0 ! tang5t scale ( a gun #cad #aj4 0 ! peak ( a cap #cad #aa4 0 ! report ( fire-arms #cad ,to trav]se ,roads-- ,by means ( ! ,reconnoitr+ protractor1 or o!r in/rum5t #cae ,,s\nd4--,velocity (1 c4 #cae ,to asc]ta9 ! di/ance1 by ! report ( fire-arms #caf ,,gravity #caf ,specific gravities ( bodies #cag ,to f9d ! magnitude1 weight1 or specific gravity ( a body1 or a fluid #cah ,quantities ( two +r$i5ts 9 a comp\nd #cai ,diamet] ( a sph]e1 or globule #cai ,table %[+ ! weight ( a cubic foot ( mat]ials #cai ,,motion1 ,,=ces1 ,,etc4 ,body #cai ,d5sity4 ,velocity4 ,mom5tum4 ,=ce4 ,gravity #cbj ,mom5tum4 ,amplitude4 ,"t ( flight4 ,"t ( desc5t #cba ,,practical ,,geometry4 ,def9itions #cbb ,to divide a l9e into two equal p>ts4 ,to bisect an angle #cbd ,to erect a p]p5dicul>4 ,to let fall a p]p5dicul> #cbd ,to draw a l9e p>allel to a giv5 l9e #cbd ,to divide an angle #cbd ,to f9d ! c5tre ( a circle #cbe ,to describe an equilat]al triangle1 a squ>e #cbe ,to inscribe a squ>e 9 a circle #cbe 0 an octagon 9 a circle #cbe ,on a l9e to describe all ! polygons #cbe ,to inscribe 9 a circle an equilat]al triangle #cbe 0 a hexagon1 or a dodecagon #cbf ,to inscribe a p5tagon1 hexagon1 or decagon1 9 a circle #cbf ,to f9d ! angles at ! c5tre1 & circumf]5ce ( a polygon #cbf ,to inscribe a polygon 9 a circle #cbf ,to circumscribe a circle ab\t a triangle1 or a squ>e #cbg 0 a squ>e ab\t a circle #cbg ,to r$uce a ,map1 or ,plan #cbg ,,m5suration ,,( ,,planes #cbg ,to f9d ! area ( a p>allelogram #cbg 0 ( a triangle #cbh 0 ( a trapezium1 or ( a trapezoid #cbi 0 ( an irregul> figure #cbi 0 ( a figure1 hav+ a "p b\nd$ by a curve #cbi ,to measure long irregul> figures #ccj ,to f9d ! numb] ( squ>e acres1 c4 9 prec$+ figures #ccj 0 ! area ( a regul> polygon #ccj 0 diamet]1 & circumf]5ce ( a circle #cca 0 ! area ( a circle #cca 0 ! area ( a circul> r+ #ccb 0 ! l5g? ( any arc #ccb 0 ! area ( a sector #ccb 0 ( a segm5t1 ( a semicircle #ccc 0 ( an ellipsis1 ( a p>abola1 c4 #ccc ,,m5suration ,,( ,,solids4--,def9itions #ccd ,to f9d ! sup]ficies ( a prism1 or cyl9d] #ccd 0 surface ( a pyramid1 or cone #cce 0 surface ( ! fru/rum ( a pyramid1 or cone #cce 0 solid cont5t ( a prism1 or cyl9d] #cce 0 cont5t ( ! solid "p ( a holl[ cyl9d] #ccf 0 solidity ( ! fru/rum ( a cyl9d] #ccf 0 cont5t ( a pyramid1 or cone #ccf 0 solidity ( ! fru/rum ( a cone1 or pyramid #ccf 0 surface ( a sph]e1 or any segm5t #ccg 0 solidity ( a sph]e1 or globe #ccg 0 0 hemisph]e #ccg 0 solid cont5t ( a sph]ical segm5t #ccg 0 diamet] ( a sph]e #cch 0 weight ( an iron %ot #cch 0 weight ( a lead5 ball #cch 0 diamet] ( an iron %ot #cch 0 diamet] ( a lead5 ball #cci 0 weight ( an iron %ell #cci 0 quantity ( p[d] a %ell w conta9 #cci 0 size ( a cubical box to conta9 p[d] #cdj 0 quantity ( p[d] to fill ! *amb] ( a mort>1 or h[itz] #cdj 0 quantity ( p[d] to fill a rectangul> box #cdj 0 quantity ( p[d] to fill a cyl9d] #cdj 0 size ( a %ell to conta9 a giv5 weight ( p[d] #cda 0 l5g? ( a cyl9d]1 or bore ( a gun to be fill$ by a giv5 weight ( p[d] #cda ,to f9d ! cont5t1 & weight ( a piece ( ordnance #cda 0 cont5t ( a cask #cda ,,epitome ,,( ,,m5suration #cdb ,( ! ,circle2 ,cyl9d]2 ,sph]e1 c4 #cdb ,( ! ,squ>e2 ,rectangle2 ,cube1 c4 #cdc ,table ( ! ,surfaces1 & ,solidities ( bodies #cdd ,( ,triangles2 ,polygons1 c4 #cdd ,table ( ! ,areas ( regul> ,polygons #cde ,( ,ellipses2 ,cones2 ,fru/rums1 c4 #cde ,,publications1 ,,ref]r$ ,,to1 ,,or ,,extract$ ,,f4 ,! ,infantry ,manual4 ,field ,ex]cise1 & ,evolutions ( ! ,army4 ,in/ruction ( ,musketry4 ,bomb>di]1 & ,pocket ,gunn] ,capta9 ,adye4 ,major ,elliott4 ,briti% ,gunn] ,capta9 ,spe>man4 ,artill]y ,mr4 ,j4 ,l&mann4 ,lieut4-,g5]al ,sir ,h4 ,d\glas1 ,b>t4 ,naval ,gunn]y ,capta9 ,/eph5s4 ,lieut4 ,beau*ant4 ,in/ructions = ! ,ex]cise1 & ,s]vice ( ,great guns1 & ,%ells1 on bo>d ,h] ,maje/y's %ips4 ,field batt]y ,ex]cise1 & ,movem5ts4 ,! ,horse1 ) a treatise on draught4 ,directions = ! guidance ( ! ,f>ri]s ( ! ,royal ,artill]y ,mr4 ,c4 ,p]civall4 ,in/ructions1 & ,regulations = ! ,s]vice1 & ,managem5t ( ,heavy ,ordnance1 c4 ,=tification ,lieut4-,g5]al ,pasley4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,l&mann4 ,mr4 ,lo*e4 ,field =tification ,capta9 ,malorti4 ,capta9 ,macaulay4 ,milit>y ,survey+ ,lt4-,col4 ,basil ,jackson4 ,treatises on ,attack1 & ,def5ce ,lt4-,colonel ,jebb4 ,artificial fireworks ,mr4 ,g4 ,mortim]4 ,dr4 ,hutton4 ,ma!matics ,dr4 ,o4 ,gregory4 ,mr4 ,trott]4 ,practical ,geometry ,mr4 ,j4 ,l&mann4 ,natural ,philosophy ,dr4 ,f]gusson4 ,! practical ,me*anic's guide4 ,! practical ,eng9e]'s guide4 ,! ,eng9e]'s1 & ,contractor's pocket-book ,tables ,mr4 ,be>dmore4 c4 c4 c4 ,,! ,,artill]i/',s ,,manual1 ,,& ,,briti% ,,soldi]',s ,,comp5dium4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,infantry ,,ex]cise1 ,,movem5ts1 c4 ,,musket--,,fl9t ,,lock4 lb4 lb4 ,weight ( ,musket #aj #aa ,d4 ( ,bayonet #a ,*>ge1 ,ball c>tridge #f drams4 ,blank c>tridge #e drams4 ,,p]cussion ,,small ,,arms4 #a4 ,p]cussion ,musket1 ,smoo?-bore3 #ahdb ,patt]n4 ,b>rel ,l5g? #c ft4 #c 94 ,diamet] ( bore #gec in*4 ,musket ,l5g? #d ft4 #g 94 ,weight #aj lb4 #b oz4 ,bayonet ,l5g? beyond muzzle #a ft4 #e 94 ,weight #a lb4 #a oz4 ,arm complete ,l5g? #f ft4 94 ) bayonet ,weight #aa lb4 #c oz4 ,bullet 7,sph]ical7 #fhi in* diamet]1 weight #dij gra9s4 ,*>ge1 #d drams ,f4 ,g4 ,sixty r\nds ) #ge ,caps #f lb4 #aj oz4 #b4 ,artill]y ,c>b9e3 #ahec ,patt]n4 ,b>rel ,l5g? #b feet4 ,diamet] ( bore #egg 94 ,c>b9e ,l5g? #c ft4 #d 94 ,weight #f lb4 #g oz4 ,sword ,bayonet ,l5g? #a ft4 #aj 94 beyond muzzle ,weight #a lb4 #ab oz4 ,arm ,complete ,l5g? #e ft4 #c 94 ) bayonet ,weight #h lb4 #c oz4 ,! ,rifl+ is #c grooves & "o turn1 #f ft4 #f 94 ,bullet ,weight #ecj gr4 ,diamet] #efh 94 ,*>ge ( ,p[d]1 #b drams ,f4 ,g4 ,weight ( #bj ,r\nds1 ) #be ,caps #a lb4 #aa oz4 #b drams4 #c4 ,regulation ,rifle--,musket3 #ahea ,patt]n4 ,b>rel ,l5g? #c ft4 #c 94 ,bore #gjb 94 ,rifl+1 #d ,grooves1 "o turn 9 #f ft4 #f 94 ,musket ,l5g? #d ft4 #g 94 ,weight #i lb4 #i oz4 ,bayonet ,l5g? beyond muzzle #a ft4 #e 94 ,weight #ae oz4 ,arm complete ,l5g? #f ft4 #j 94 ) bayonet ,weight #aj lb4 #h oz4 ,bullet 7,m9ie7 ,weight #fif gr4 ,diamet] #fia 94 ,sixty r\nds & #ge ,caps #g lb4 #j oz4 #h drs4 ,*>ge1 #b drs4 ,f4 ,g4 #d4 ,enfield ,rifle--,musket3 #ahec ,patt]n4 ,b>rel ,l5g? #c ft4 #c 94 ,bore #egg 94 ,?ree grooves1 "o turn 9 #f ft4 #f 94 ,musket ,l5g? #d ft4 #g 94 ,weight #h lb4 #h oz4 ,bayonet ,l5g? beyond muzzle #a ft4 #e 94 ,weight #aa oz4 ,complete ) ,l5g? #f ft4 #j 94 ,bayonet ,weight #i lb4 #c oz4 ,bullet ,weight #ecj gr4 ,diamet] #efg 94 ,*>ge1 #b drams ,f4 ,g4 ,sixty r\nds & #ge ,caps #e lb4 #h oz4 #d drams4 #e4 ,victoria ,c>b9e3 7,= ,cavalry47 ,b>rel ,l5g? #b ft4 #b 94 ,bore #gcc 94 ,bullet ,weight #dij gr4 7,sph]ical7 ,diamet] #fhi 94 ,*>ge1 #b drams ,f4 ,g4 ,arm complete ,l5g? #c ft4 #f 94 ,weight #g lb4 #i oz4 #f4 ,naval ,rifle4 #ahdb ,patt]n4 ,p]cussion musket1 ,rifl$ ) #c or #d grooves4 ,bullet 7,m9ie71 ,weight #hdh gr4 ) iron cup ,diamet] #gdf 94 ,*>ge1 #c drams ,f4 ,g4 #g4 ,pi/ol3 ,army patt]n4 ,b>rel ,l5g? #i in*es ,weight #a lb4 #f oz4 ,diamet] ( bore #gcc 94 ,arm complete ,weight #c lb4 #d oz4 ,l5g? #a ft4 #c 94 ,*>ge ( ,p[d] = ,ball c>tridges1 #b drams4 ,ball1 ,lead1 ! same z = ! ,l9e-patt]n ,musket4 ,,blank ,,c>tridges4 ,! *>ge ( p[d] = ,blank c>tridges1 = all ! above-m5tion$ ,small arms1 is ! same2 viz41 #c drams4 ,! c>tridges are made ) blue pap]4 ,,manufacture ,,( ,,c>tridges4 ,! foll[+ articles are requir$ = ! manufacture ( ,c>tridges3 ,five t9 measures1 conta9+ two & a half drams4 ,five t9 funnels4 ,a l>ge knife4 ,an iron /raight edge = cutt+ ! pap]4 ,five cyl9drical m&rels ( h>d wood1 to roll ! c>tridge4 ,a =m]1 to make ! holl[ 9 ! inn] case1 to receive ! po9t ( ! bullet4 ,a set ( t9 patt]ns = %ap+ ! pap]4 ,c>tridge pap] & f9e :ite pap]4 ,bullets & gunp[d]4 ,to con/ruct ! ,c>tridge4--,cut ! pap] accord+ to ! patt]ns1 place ! rectangle 7fig4 #i7 on ! little trapezium 7fig4 #aj71 ! sides ,a ,b ,c ( ! rectangle co9cid+ ) ! sides ,a ,b ,c ( ! trapezium1 lay ! m&rel on ! rectangle1 p>allel to ! side ,b ,c1 ! base ( ! m&rel ev5 ) ! side ,c ,d ( ! rectangle2 roll ! :ole tightly on ! m&rel2 place x v]tically1 & fold ! rema9d] ( ! trapezium pap] into ! holl[ 9 ! base ( ! m&rel2 comm5c+ ) ! acute angle ( ! trapezium1 make use ( ! po9t ( ! =m] to close ! folds2 exam9e ! bottom ( ! inn] case ?us =m$1 to see t !re rema9s no hole = ! escape ( ! p[d] :5 *>g$2 introduce ! po9t ( ! bullet into ! ap]ture at ! base ( ! m&rel2 take ! trapezium envelope 7fig4 #aa71 place ! m&rel & bullet p>allel to ! side ,f ,g1 ! base ( ! bullet at half an in* f ! base ,f ,h1 ( ! envelope2 press up ! po9t ( ! bullet into ! cavity2 roll ! envelope tightly on ! bullet & on ! m&rel2 fold ! rema9d] ( ! envelope on ! base ( ! bullet1 comm5c+ ) ! acute angle2 place ! base ( ! c>tridge on ! table2 )draw ! m&rel1 squeez+ ! case ( ! c>tridge ) ! left h&1 & rais+ up ! m&rel ) ! "r h&4 ,to *>ge ! c>tridge1 introduce ! po9t ( ! copp] funnel into ! bottom ( ! case ( ! c>tridge2 p\r 9 #b drams ( f9e gra9 p[d] f ! p[d]-flask2 )draw ! funnel1 tak+ c>e t none ( ! p[d] escapes betwe5 ! case & ! envelope2 squeeze ! top ( ! c>tridge1 & twi/ x r\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,fig4 #aj4 #a in*4 #d in*es4 ,rectangle4 #b in*es4 #d in*es4 #e in*es4 ,little ,trapezium4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 #e in*es4 #d in*es4 #c in*es4 ,trapezium ,envelope4 ,:5 complet$1 ! base ( ! c>tridge mu/ be dipp$ up to ! %\ld] ( ! bullet 9 a pot ( grease1 consi/+ ( six p>ts tall[ to "o ( bees-wax4 ,,small ,,arm ,,ammunition4 ,dim5sions ( ,boxes4 ,l5g?1 #a ft4 #d 94 ,dep?1 #h 94 ,bread?1 #g 94 includ+ ! cleat4 ,weight ( ,boxes4 ,empty1 #g lb4 #f oz4 ,cont5ts & ,weight ( ,b>rels & ,boxes4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,b>rel4 ,box4 ---------------------------------------- - ,no4 ,no4 ,weight ,no4 ,no4 ,weight ( ,c>- ( fill$4( ,c>- ( fill$4 tridges4,caps4 tridges4,caps4 ---------------------------------------- - lb4 oz4 lb4 oz4 ,rifle ,musket1 ,patt]n #ahdb #ejj #fbe #gi #j 44 44 44 ,rifle ,musket1 0 #ahea #gjj #hge #ff #d #ejj #fbe #fe #d ,rifle ,musket1 0 #ahec #gjj #hge #gc #h #efj #gjj #fj #f ,artill]y ,c>b9e #hjj #ajjj #ha #h #ffj #hbe #fc #j ,victoria ,c>b9e #gjj #hge #fi #j #fjj #gej #fj #h ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,in/ructions ,,= ,,br[n+ ,,gun ,,b>rels4 ,! foll[+ +r$i5ts1 viz43-- #a oz4 ( ,spirits ( w9e1 #a oz4 ,t9cture ( /eel1 oz4 ( ,corrosive sublimate1 #a oz4 ( ,sweet _s ( ,nitre1 #a oz4 ( ,blue vitriol1 oz4 ( ,nitric acid4 are to be mix$ & dissolv$ 9 "o qu>t ( s(t wat]4 ,previ\s to comm5c+ ! op]ation ( br[n+1 x is necess>y t ! b>rel %\ld be made q bright ) em]y or a f9e smoo? file 7b n burni%$71 aft] :i* x mu/ be c>efully clean$ f all greas9ess2 a small quantity ( p\nd$ lime rubb$ well ov] e "p ( ! b>rel is be/ = ?is purpose3 a plug ( wood is !n to be put into ! nose ( ! b>rel1 & ! mixture appli$ to e "p ) a clean sponge or rag4 ,! b>rel is !n to be expos$ to ! air = tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 aft] :i* x is to be well rubb$ ov] ) a ,/eel scrat*-c>d or ,scrat*-bru%1 until ! ru/ is entirely remov$2 ! mixture may !n be appli$ aga91 z be=e1 & 9 a few h\rs ! b>rel w be suffici5tly corrod$ = ! op]ation ( scrat*-bru%+ to be repeat$4 ,! same process ( scrat*+ (f ! ru/ & apply+ ! mixture is to be repeat$ twice or ?ree times a day = f\r or five days1 by :i* ! b>rel w be made ( a v d>k-br[n col\r4 ,:5 ! b>rel is suffici5tly br[n1 & ! ru/ has be5 c>efully remov$ f e "p1 ab\t a qu>t ( boil+ wat] %\ld be p\r$ ov] e "p ( ! b>rel1 9 ord] t ! action ( ! acid mixture ^u ! b>rel may be de/roy$1 & ! ru/ !reby prev5t$ f ris+ aga94 ,! b>rel1 :5 cold1 %\ld aft]w>ds be rubb$ ov] ) l9se$ oil1 or common oil4 ,x is p>ticul>ly direct$ t ! use ( ! h>d hair-bru% be discont9u$ 9 br[n+1 & ! /eel scrat*-c>d or scrat*-bru% us$ 9 place ( x1 o!rwise ! br[n+ w n be durable1 nor h a good appe>ance4 ,! br[n+ mixture mu/ be kept 9 glass bottles1 z x w soon lose its virtue if kept 9 e>!nw>e4 ,! locks are on no acc\nt to be made ( ! h>d5+ col\r1 z ! repetition ( ! op]ation ( h>d5+ has a v injuri\s t5d5cy4 ,,p]cussion ,,firelocks4 ,muskets ) ,p]cussion locks require to be c>efully h&l$1 to prev5t ! cocks be+ made loose1 by :i* _! direct fall on ! nipples w\ld be r5d]$ unc]ta94 ,!y w1 at all times1 :5 unload$1 be us$ ) ! cocks d[n ^u ! nipples2 b1 :5 !y are load$1 ! caps1 or prim]s1 w be put on1 & ! muskets c>ri$ at half-cock = safety1 !re be+ !n less risk ( accid5tal explosion ?an ) ! cocks re/+ on ! caps4 ,:5 m>*+ ) ! cap on1 ! cock w be br\ght up "u ! arm-pit1 ! sl+ re/+ on ! arm2 b at o!r times ! firelock may be c>ri$ ) ! b>rel d[nw>ds1 ! "r h& grasp+ ! piece betwe5 ! loop & swell2 & ! left ! "r arm j bel[ ! elb[4 ,,infantry ,,ex]cise1 ,,& ,,movem5ts1 ,extract$ f 8,,field ,,ex]cises ,,& ,,evolutions ,,( ,,! ,,army10 ! ,p>ts & ,sections be+ numb]$ accord+ !reto4#c ,,paces4 ,sl[ "t1 ea* /ep1 #cj in*es1 & #ge paces 9 a m9ute4 ,quick "t1 ea* /ep1 #cj in*es1 & #ajh paces 9 a m9ute4 ,d\ble "t1 ea* /ep1 #cf in*es1 & #aej paces 9 a m9ute4 ,back /ep1 ea* #cj in*es4 ,side or ,clos+ /ep1 #aj in*es4 ,to calculate ! numb] ( ,paces 7ea* #cj in*es7 requir$ = a giv5 numb] ( ,files4 ,z a soldi] occupies #ba in*es1 take two-?irds ( ! numb] ( ,files 9 ! division1 & add an in* = ea* ,file4 ,table ( ! numb] ( ,paces correspond+ to a giv5 numb] ( ,files4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,numb] ( ,files 9 a ,division1 ea* occupy+ #e #ae #af #ah #bj #cj #dj #ej #ba in*es4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,front ( ,divisions 9 ,paces ,p4 ,i4 ,p4 ,i4 ,p4 ,i4 ,p4 ,i4 ,p4 ,p4 ,p4 ,p4 ( #cj in*es4 #c #ae #aj #ae #aa #f #ab #ah #ad #ba #bh #ce ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,fl9t ,,firelocks4 ,,manual ,,ex]cise4 #a4 ,secure arms4 #b4 ,%\ld] arms4 #c4 ,ord] arms4 #d4 ,fix bayonets4 #e4 ,%\ld] arms4 #f4 ,pres5t arms4 #g4 ,%\ld] arms4 #h4 ,port arms4 #i4 ,*>ge bayonets4 #aj4 ,%\ld] arms4 #aa4 ,advance arms4 #ab4 ,ord] arms4 #ac4 ,advance arms4 #ad4 ,%\ld] arms4 #ae4 ,support arms4 #af4 ,/& at ease4 #ag4 ,att5tion4 #ah4 ,c>ry arms4 #ai4 ,slope arms4 #bj4 ,/& at ease4 #ba4 ,att5tion4 #bb4 ,c>ry arms4 #bc4 ,ord] arms4 #bd4 ,unfix bayonets4 #be4 ,/& at ease4 ,,platoon ,,ex]cise4 ,z front rank /&+4 or1 ,z re> rank /&+4 -- ,z front rank kneel+4 -- ,z re> rank kneel+4 #a4 ,prime1 & ,load4 #b4 ,h&le c>tridge4 #c4 ,prime4 #d4 ',b\t4 #e4 ,draw ramrods4 #f4 ,ram d[n c>tridge4 #g4 ,return ramrods4 #h4 ,z front rank1 ,ready4 #i4 ,pres5t4 #aj4 ,load4 #aa4 ,%\ld] arms4 ,z re> rank1 ,ready1 c4 ,,z ,a ,,company4 ,prime & ,load4 ,company ,ready4 ,pres5t4 ,at ! ^w 8,cease fir+10 ! ,company1 if made ready1 receives ! words1 ,half-cock arms4 ,%\ld] arms4 ,or ! ^w w be giv5 to 8,fire a volley2 & half-cock10 7at prim+ position17 ,%\ld] arms4 ,%ut pans4 ,,inspection ,,( ,a ,,company4 #a4 ,att5tion4 #b4 ,fix bayonets4 #c4 ,%\ld] arms4 #d4 ,re> rank take op5 ord]--,m>*4 #e4 ,op5 pans4 #f4 ,slope arms4 #g4 ,c>ry arms4 #h4 ,%ut pans4 #i4 ,ord] arms4 #aj4 ,exam9e arms4 #aa4 ,return ramrods4 #ab4 ,unfix bayonets4 #ac4 ,re> rank take close ord]--,m>*4 #ad4 ,/& at ease4 ,,dismissal ,,( ,a ,,company4 ,att5tion4 ,%\ld] arms4 ,recov] arms4 ,ease spr+s4 ,"r face4 ,lodge arms4 ,,p]cussion ,,firelocks4 ,,manual ,,ex]cise4 ,words ( ,comm& simil> to ^? = ,muskets ) ,fl9t locks4 ,,! ,,platoon ,,ex]cise1 ,,& ,,diff]5t ,,fir+s ,,= ,,! ,,ord9>y ,,or ,,rifle ,,musket4 ,to load f ! %\ld]1 /&+ ,prep>e to load4 0 f ! ,advance1 /&+ ,prep>e to load4 0 f ! ,ord]1 /&+ ,prep>e to load4 ,load4 ,rod4 ,home4 ,return4 ,cap4 ,z ,front1 or ,re> rank --,y>ds1 ,ready1 ,pres5t4 ,load1 c41 z above4 ,to %\ld]1 :5 at ! ,capp+ position ,%\ld] arms4 ,to advance arms1 f ! ,capp+ position ,advance arms4 ,to make ready f ! %\ld] --,y>ds--,ready4 0 f ! ,advance --,y>ds--,ready4 ,to fire kneel+ ,z front rank kneel+4 --,y>ds--,ready4 ,pres5t4 ,load1 c41 z above4 ,cap4 ,%\ld] arms4 ,advance arms4 ,to load f ! %\ld]1 ,z front rank1 kneel+4 z ,front ,rank1 kneel+ ,prep>e to load4 ,to load f ! ,advance1 ,z front rank1 kneel+4 z ,front ,rank1 kneel+ ,prep>e to load4 ,%\ld]1 or z be=e ,advance arms1 direct$4 ,z re> rank1 kneel+1 ,y>ds--,ready4 ,pres5t4 ,load1 c41 z above4 ,cap4 ,%\ld]1 or z be=e ,advance arms1 direct$4 ,to load f ! %\ld]1 ,z re> rank1 kneel+1 z ,re> ,rank1 kneel+ ,prep>e to load4 ,to load f ! ,advance4 ,z re> rank1 kneel+1 z ,re> ,rank1 kneel+ ,prep>e to load4 ,z a ,company1 ,load ,company1 at y>ds1 ,ready4 ,pres5t4 ,half-cock arms4 ,%\ld] arms4 ,fir+ z a w+1 or z a ,battalion1 is p]=m$ precisely z laid d[n = a ,company4 ,a ,company1 ,w+1 or a ,battalion c load1 or make ready f ! ,ord] ) ! same ease1 z f ! %\ld]4 ,trail+ arms ,trail arms4 ,*ange arms4 ,to resi/ ,cavalry ,prep>e to resi/ ,cavalry4 ,ready1 c4 ,,fusil ,,ex]cise4 #a4 ,secure arms4 #b4 ,%\ld] arms4 #c4 ,ord] arms4 #d4 ,fix bayonets4 #e4 ,%\ld] arms4 #f4 ,port arms4 #g4 ,*>ge bayonets4 #h4 ,%\ld] arms4 #i4 ,support arms4 #aj4 ,/& at ease4 #aa4 ,att5tion4 #ab4 ,c>ry arms4 #ac4 ,slope arms4 #ad4 ,/& at ease4 #ae4 ,att5tion4 #af4 ,c>ry arms4 #ag4 ,trail arms4 #ah4 ,%\ld] arms4 #ai4 ,ord] arms4 #bj4 ,unfix bayonets4 #ba4 ,/& at ease4 #bb4 ,att5tion4 ,,! ,,manual ,,& ,,platoon ,,ex]cises ,,( ,,riflem54 ,,! ,,manual ,,ex]cise4 ,pres5t arms4 ,%\ld] arms4 ,ord] arms4 ,%\ld] arms4 ,support arms4 ,c>ry arms4 ,trail arms4 ,%\ld] arms4 ,f ! ,ord]1 to ,trail arms4 ,trail arms4 ,f ! ,trail1 to ,ord] arms4 ,ord] arms4 ,fix swords4 ,%\ld] arms4 ,*>ge bayonets4 ,%\ld] arms4 ,ord] arms4 ,unfix swords4 ,/& at ease4 ,,! ,,platoon ,,ex]cise4 ,prep>e to load4 ,load4 ,rod4 ,home4 ,return4 ,cap4 ,%\ld]4 ,make ready4 ,pres5t4 ,aft] fir+1 ! rifle to be br\ght imm$iately to ! position (-- ,prep>e to load4 ,,in/ructions ,,= ,,aim+ ,,) ,,! ,,rifle ,,musket4 ,fir+ at a ,human figure4 ,fir+ at ! ,t>get4 ,at #ajj y>ds4--,aim at ! wai/4 ,aim ) ! sight d[n1 /raight at ! bull's-eye4 ,at #aej y>ds4--,raise ! slid+-b>1 ,raise ! slid+-b>1 raise ! raise ! sight1 & aim sight1 aim ) ! #bjj y>ds' ) ! #bjj y>ds' po9t at ! po9t at ! bottom ( ! ?igh4 black r+4 ,at #bjj y>ds4--,aim at ! wai/ ,aim at ! bull's-eye ) ! ) ! #bjj y>ds' po9t4 #bjj y>ds' po9t4 ,at #bej y>ds4--,press d[n ! ,press d[n ! slid+-b>1 aim slid+-b>1 aim ) ! #cjj ) ! #cjj y>ds' po9t six y>ds' po9t at ! knees4 in*es bel[ ! black r+4 ,at #cjj y>ds4--,aim ) ! #cjj ,aim ) ! #cjj y>ds' po9t at y>ds' po9t at ! wai/4 ! bull's-eye4 ,at #cej y>ds4--,raise ! slid+-b> ,raise ! slid+-b> to half at half di/ance betwe5 ! di/ance betwe5 ! #cjj & #cjj & #djj y>ds' po9t1 & #djj y>ds' po9t1 & aim at aim at ! wai/4 ! bull's-eye4 ,f #djj y>ds to #hjj y>ds4--,make use ( ! slid+-b>1 by rais+ x to ! respective di/ances1 z m>k$ on ! back sight4 ,,words ,,( ,,comm& ,,= ,,fun]al ,,p>ties4 ,ranks op5--,arms %\ld]$--,bayonets unfix$1 fac+ ! qu>t]s ( ! ,deceas$4 ,:5 ! ,corpse is br\ght out3 ,pres5t arms--,rev]se arms--,re> rank take close ord]--,m>*4 ,divisions1 ,sub-divisions1 or ,sections are :eel$ =w>ds 7or backw>ds7 to =m ,column left 9 front4 ,re> rank take op5 ord]--,m>*4 ,:5 arriv$ at ! ,burial-gr\nd3 ,halt--,ranks1 left & "r :eel--,quick m>*--,halt--,inw>ds face--,re/ ^u y\r arms rev]s$--,/& at ease4 ,:5 ! ,corpse has pass$ ?r\gh3 ,att5tion--,rev]se arms--,re-=m ,column--,ranks1 "r & left :eel--,quick m>*--,halt1 front--,m>*4 ,:5 fac+ ! grave3 ,re/ ^u y\r arms rev]s$--,/& at ease4 ,aft] fun]al s]vice3 ,att5tion--,pres5t arms--,%\ld] arms--,load ) blank c>tridge--,fire ?ree volleys 9 ! air--,ord] arms--,fix bayonets--,%\ld] arms--,re> rank take close ord]--,m>*4 ,m>* back to b>racks1 "r 9 front4 ,,company ,,drill4 ,"p #b4--,section #a4--;,=mation ( ! ,company4 ,! ,company is ord]$ to 8,,fall ,,90 at close ord]2 is !n siz$ f flanks to c5tre2 & told (f 9 ,sub-divisions1 & f\r sections4 ,9 ,column ( ,sections1 ! ,s5ior (fic] takes ! ,lead+1 ! second s5ior ! ,?ird1 ! ?ird ,s5ior ! ,f\r?1 & ! junior ! ,second section4 ,! ,company is also told (f by 8,?rees f ! "r10 numb]$ #a1 #b1 #c4 ,%\ld !re be a blank file 9 tell+ (f ! company 9 l9e1 x w inv>iably be ! f\r? file f ! left4 ,! ,company is also told (f f ! "r by alt]nate files1 "r1 & left4 ,9 ,close ord] ! ,re> rank is "o pace1 9 ,op5 ord] two paces1 & = inspection ?ree paces1 f ! front rank4 ,s4 #b4 ,m>*+ to ! ,front4 ,,by ,,! ,,"r 7,,left1 ,,or ,! ,company w occasionally ,,c5tre7--,,m>*4 be ord]$1 to ,/ep out--,m>k "t--,/ep %ort--,op51 & close ranks--,oblique--,diagonal m>*4 ,s4 #c4 ,! ,side1 or ,clos+ /ep4 ,,to ,,! ,,"r 7,,or ,,left7 ,,close--,,quick ,,m>*--,,halt4 ,s4 #d4 ,! ,back /ep4 ,,/ep ,,back--,,m>*4 ,s4 #e4 ,to =m f\r deep499 ,,=m ,,f\r ,,deep--,,m>*4 99 ,9 tell+ (f ! files1 %\ld ! ,,re> ,,=m ,,f\r ,,deep--,,m>*4 la/ file be a "r file1 ! left ,,"r ,,=m ,,f\r ,,deep--,,m>*4 file on its "r w d\ble 9 ! ,,left ,,=m ,,f\r ,,deep--,,m>*4 re> ( x1 complet+ x to f\r deep1 & leav+ ! o!r ,section only two deep ,to re-=m two deep1 f ea* ( ^! =mations4 ,,front4 7,,or ,,halt--,,front47 ,if ! ,company is 9 movem5t4 ,s4 #f4 ,file m>*+4 ,,to ,,! ,,left ,,face--,,quick ,,m>*4 ,halt1 ,front4 ,f ! ,halt4 ,,advance ,,9 ,,d\ble ,,files ,,f ,,! ,aft] fac+1 ! lead+ files ,,c5tre--,,sub-,,divisions ,,inw>ds dis5gage4 ,,face--,,quick ,,m>*4 ,,front ,,=m ,,company--7,,or1 ,,to ,,! ,=w>d4 ,,"r ,,=m ,,company47 ,"r ,sub-division--,halt1 ,front1 ,dress4 ,! rema9d] ( ! ,company m>* on 9 file1 & =m 9 succession on left ( halt$ ,sub-division4 ,on ! ,m>*4 ,,advance ,,9 ,,d\ble ,,files ,,f ,,! ,sub-divisions1 inw>ds turn--,"r ,,c5tre4 & left :eel4 ,s4 #g4 ,:eel+ f a ,halt4 ,,"r 7,,or ,,left7 ,,:eel--,,quick ,,m>*4 ,halt1 ,dress4 ,s4 #h4 ,:eel+ =w>d by ,sub-divisions1 f ,l9e4 ,,by ,,sub-,,divisions ,,"r ,,:eel--,,quick ,,m>*4 ,halt1 ,dress4 ,s4 #i4 ,:eel+ backw>d by ,sub-divisions1 f ,l9e4 ,,by ,,sub-,,divisions ,,on ,,! ,,left ,,backw>d ,halt1 ,dress4 ,,:eel--,,quick ,,m>*4 ,s4 #aj4 ,m>*+ on an ,alignem5t1 9 ,op5 column ( ,sub-divisions4 ,,m>*--7,,or1 ,,quick ,,m>*74 ,s4 #aa4 ,:eel+ into ,l9e1 f ,op5 column ( ,sub-divisions4 #a4 ,,halt--,,left ,,:eel ,,into ,,l9e--,,quick ,,m>*4 ,halt1 ,dress1 ,eyes front4 #b4 ,on ! ,moveable pivot4 ,,%\ld]s ,,=w>d--,,=w>d 7,,or1 ,,halt1 ,,dress47 ,s4 #ab4 ,9 ,op5 column ( ,sub-divisions ent]+ into a new direction on a moveable pivot4 ,"r 7or left7 %\ld]s =w>d--,=w>d4 ,s4 #ac4 ,c\nt]-m>*+4 ,c\nt]-m>* by files4 ,,"r 7,,or ,,left7 ,,face--,,quick ,,m>*4 ,halt1 ,front1 ,dress4 ,c\nt]-m>* by ranks4 ,,"r ,,& ,,left ,,face--,,"r ,halt1 ,front1 ,dress4 ,,c\nt]m>*--,,quick ,,m>*4 ,s4 #ad4 ,:eel+ on ! c5tre ( ! ,company4 ,,company ,,"r ,,on ,,! ,,left ,,:eel ,,c5tre--,,m>*4 ,,"r ,,ab\t ,,left ,,ab\t ,halt1 ,dress4 ,s4 #ae4 ,diagonal m>*4 ,! pivots1 or outw>d ,files1 m>* 9 ! direct l9e to :i* !y h fac$1 ! o!rs con=m+ to !m4 ,s4 #af4 ,increas+ ! ,front ( an ,op5 column halt$ ,"r 9 front4 ,,=m ,,company4 ,left ,sub-division1 ,left half face--,quick m>*--,halt1 ,front1 ,dress up4 ,dim9i%+ ! front ( an ,op5 column1 halt$4 ,,=m ,,sub-,,divisions4 ,left ,sub-division--,"r ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s face--,quick m>*4 #bnd ,s5ior4 ,halt1 ,front1 ,dress4 ,s4 #ag4 ,increas+ ! front ( an ,op5 column1 on ! m>*4 ,,=m ,,company4 ,left ,sub-division1 ,left half turn1 ,d\ble--,front turn1 ,quick4 ,dim9i%+ ! front ( an ,op5 column1 on ! m>*4 ,,=m ,,sub-,,divisions4 ,left ,sub-division1 ,m>k "t--,"r half turn-- #bnd ,s5ior1 ,front turn4 ,:5 ! above movem5ts1 #af & #ag1 are p]=m$ ,left 9 front1 ! ,words ,,"r w be alt]$ to ,,left1 & ,,left to ,,"r4 ,! same directions apply to sections4 ,s4 #ah4 ,9 ,op5 column ( ,sub-divisions to pass a %ort defile1 by break+ (f files4 ,,break ,,(f ---- ,,files4 ---- ,files on ! left1 ,"r turn--,left :eel4 ,aft] pass+ ! defile4--,files to ! front4 ,s4 #ai4 ,! ,company 9 l9e halt$1 or on ! m>*1 moves to a flank 9 ,column ( sections1 or ,sections ( ?rees4 ,,sections 7,,or ,,?rees7 ,,"r 7,,or ,,left7 ,,%\ld]s ,,=w>d 7if halt$1 ,,quick ,,m>*--,,=w>d47 ,:5 ,pivots are requir$ to be accurately dress$1 or :5 ! alignem5t ( ! ,company is to be pres]v$4 ,,sections 7,,or ,,?rees7 ,,on ,,! ,,"r 7,,or ,,left7 ,,backw>ds ,,:eel--,,quick ,,m>*4 ,halt1 ,dress4 ,to re-=m ,company on ! m>*4 ,,sections 7,,or ,,?rees7 ,,"r 7,,or ,,left7 ,,%\ld]s 99 ,if ! m>* is to ,,=w>d-- be cont9u$4 99,,=w>d--7,,or ,,halt1 ,,dress47 ,= accurate dress+1 or :5 ! alignem5t is to be pres]v$4 ,,"r 7,,or ,,left7 ,,:eel ,,into ,,l9e--,,quick ,,m>*4 ,halt1 ,dress4 ,s4 #bj4 ,=m+ ,company1 ,sub-divisions1 ,sections1 or ,sections ( ?rees1 f file m>*+4 ,,front ,,=m ,,company 7,,sub-,,divisions1 ,,or 99 ,if ! m>* is to ,,sections7--99,,=w>d4 be cont9u$4 ,m>*+ 9 file f ! "r1 to =m ! ,company to ! ,left flank4 ,,halt--,,front4 ,m>*+ 9 file f ! "r1 to =m ! ,company to ! ,"r flank4 ,,on ,,! ,,lead+ ,,file ,,to ,,! ,,"r ,,=m ,,company4 ,to =m to ! ,"r ab\t4 ,,on ,,! ,,lead+ ,,file ,,to ,,! ,,"r ,,ab\t ,,=m ,,company4 ,s4 #ba4 ,to =m to ei!r flank1 f ,op5 column ( ,sub-divisions4 ,to ! ,left flank4 ,,halt--,,left ,,:eel ,,into ,,l9e--,,quick ,,m>*4 ,halt1 ,dress1 ,eyes front4 ,to =m ! ,company to its ,"r flank4 ,,to ,,! ,,"r ,,=w>d ,,=m ,,company4 ,lead+ sub-division ,left %\ld]s =w>d--,=w>d1 ,halt1 ,dress4 #bnd ,sub-division 7,left oblique till cle> ( ! "r ,sub-division7--,left %\ld]s =w>d--,=w>d1 ,halt1 ,dress up4 ,s4 #bb4 ,company mov+ to ! front1 to ga9 gr\nd to a flank1 by m>* 9 e*ellon1 by sections4 ,,sections ,,"r--,,=w>d4 ,to =m ,company-- ,,=m ,,company--,,=w>d4 ,s4 #bc4 ,to =m ! ,rally+ squ>e4 ,,=m ,,! ,,rally+ ,,squ>e4 ,:5 ! ,squ>e is to m>*--,,! ,,squ>e ,,w ,,move ,,to ,,! ,,front1 7,,re>1 99 ,if ord]$ to fire1 ! ,,"r1 ,,or ,,left17 ,,inw>ds ,,face--,,quick ,/&+ ranks only w ,,m>*--,,halt--,,prep>e ,,to ,,resi/ comm5ce an indep5d5t fire4 ,,cavalry--,,ready499 ,,r$uce ,,! ,,squ>e--,,quick ,,m>*4 ,,mode ,,to ,,be ,,obs]v$ ,,9 ,,dismiss+ ,a ,,company ,,(f ,,p>ade4 ,recov] arms4 ,"r face4 ,lodge arms4 ,9 turn+ 9 a ,gu>d1 or ,piquet1 ! same mode is to be obs]v$4 ,,mann] ,,( ,,inspect+ ,a ,,company ,,on ,,p>ade4 ,att5tion4 ,fix bayonets4 ,%\ld] arms4 ,re> rank take op5 ord]--,m>*4 ,slope arms4 ,! inspection ( ,arms w n[ take place ,c>ry arms4 ,ord] arms4 ,exam9e arms4 ,return ramrods4 ,an inspection ( ! ,appo9tm5ts1 ,clo?+1 c41 is n[ to be made4 ,unfix bayonets4 ,re> rank take close ord]--,m>*4 ,/& at ease4 ,,movem5ts ,,( ,a ,,battalion4 ,"p #c4--,section #a4 ,comm&s4 ,all words ( comm& mu/ be giv5 %ort1 quick1 & l\d4 ,s4 #b4 ,degrees ( m>*4 ,! ,sl[ /ep is p>ticul>ly applicable to purposes ( p>ade1 & occasionally to ! m>* ( ext5d$ l9es4 ,! ,quick m>* is ! usual pace to be appli$ to all g5]al movem5ts ( ,battalions1 or great] bodies1 9 ,column1 or ,l9e4 ,! ,d\ble m>* is only to be appli$ to ! movem5ts ( ! ,divisions ( a battalion1 except ^u peculi> occasions = %ort di/ances4 ,s4 #c4 ,m>*+ 9 l9e4 ,! ,m>* 9 l9e is g5]ally adopt$ :]e ! c\ntry is op54 ,s4 #d4 ,:eel+4 ,:eels are made on a ,halt$ pivot f ,l9e into ,column1 & f ,column into ,l9e4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! ,moveable pivot mu/ always be appli$ to ! :eel ( divisions m>*+ 9 column4 ,:eels ( divisions may be ei!r made =w>d1 or backw>d4 ,9 progressive movem5ts !y are to be made ,=w>d1 b p>ticul> occasions require t !y %\ld be made ,backw>d on ! pivot flank4 ,! ,backw>ds :eel ne$ n1 h[ev]1 be practis$ :]e ! gr\nd is unev51 & ! ,divisions /rong] ?an #ae or #af files3 :]e ?is is ! case1 ! ,comm& w be ,,=m ,,op5 ,,column1 ,,"r 7,,or ,,left7 ,,9 ,,front--,,"r ,,ab\t ,,face--,,"r 7,,or ,,left7 ,,:eel--,,quick ,,m>*4 ,halt1 ,front4 ,s4 #e4 ,movem5ts4 ,e movem5t mu/ be divid$ into its di/9ct p>ts1 & ea* "p execut$ by its caution>y & executive words ( comm&4 ,all field movem5ts & fir+s are to be p]=m$ ) fix$ bayonets1 except :5 troops are act+ z ,light infantry4 ,s4 #f4 ,! ,alignem5t4 ,to m>* 9 an ,alignem5t is to make troops m>* 9 any /raight l9e1 :i* jo9s two giv5 po9ts--or to =m ^u any su* giv5 l9e4 ,:5 troops are to =m 9 a /raight l9e1 two necess>y po9ts 9 x mu/ always be previ\sly asc]ta9$4 ,"o1 ! po9t ( ,appui at :i* "o flank ( ! ,body is to be plac$1 & ! o!r ! di/ant po9t ( =mation or dress+1 on :i* ! front ( ! body is direct$4 ,s4 #g4 ,po9ts ( =mation4 ,! l9e on :i* troops move1 or are successively to =m1 may be tak5 up to any ext5t by ! prolongation ( an orig9al %ort base1 giv5 9 ! direction :i* ! ,comm&] ( a l9e w po9t out4 ,s4 #h4 ,dress+4 ,! ,(fic] 9 dress+ is plac$ on t flank ( 8 division to :i* ! m5's eyes are turn$ on ! ^w 8,,dress10 & f ! second file f ! flank ( ! ,company t[>ds :i* 8 :eel+ flank moves f column1 or 8 inw>d flank f e*ellon3 he makes 8 corrections on 8 int]m$iate po9t4 ,9 all :eel+s into l9e ! ^w 8,,eyes ,,front0 w be giv5 z soon z ! dress+ is complet$4 ,:5 ,(fic]s *ange f "o flank to ! o!r 9 ord] to close1 !y w pass by ! front1 & repass by ! re> ( _! ,companies4 ,on all o!r occasions1 :5 x is necess>y to *ange _! flanks 9 l9e1 !y w pass & repass by ! re>4 ,s4 #i4 ,op5 column4 ,all *anges ( position1 by means ( ! ,op5 column1 w be effect$ by ! =mation ( a column1 "r or left1 9 front1 on ! nam$ division4 ,if on a flank division1 ! caution w specify :e!r ! o!r flank is to be ?r[n back1 or =w>d3 if on a c5tral division1 ! caution w 9 l mann] specify :i* w+ is to be ?r[n =w>d4 ,an op5 column may effect a *ange ( position ^u its front1 re>1 or any c5tral division by ! nam$ division :eel+ up accord+ to ! front to :i* x is int5d$ to *ange2 & ! o!r divisions fac+1 & fil+ into ! new alignem5t4 ,s4 #aj4 ,column at ,qu>t] di/ance1 & ,close column4 ,:5 ,close columns are =m$1 ! ,companies or ,divisions mu/ be at "o pace di/ance4 ,9 ! :eel ( a ,column at qu>t] or close di/ance1 ! lead+ division acts z a mov+ base = ! re> ,companies to foll[2 its l5g? ( /ep is regulat$ accord+ to ! dep? ( ! column1 & :5 at qu>t] di/ance mu/ be v %ort to enable ! re> to circle simultane\sly r\nd at ! usual pace4 ,^u ! :eel be+ ord]$1 all ! re> divisions make a half face to ! :eel+ flank2 b at a qu>t] di/ance1 ! lead+ division w advance six paces on ! ^w 8,,quick 7,,or ,,d\ble7 ,,m>*10 & w :eel r\nd ! pivot file at a %ort5$ pace1 :ile ea* succe$+ division w advance1 9 circl+ r\nd1 to qu>t] di/ance1 :i* w leave room = ! re> divisions to circle into _! relative positions at t di/ance4 ,9 :eel+ on ! ,moveable pivot1 ! re> divisions make a half turn t[>ds ! %\ld] br\ght =w>d1 & ! front division :eels & advances at a %ort5$ pace 9 ! new direction1 ! re> divisions circl+ r\nd4 ,9 ,close column1 ! sup]num]>ies w =m on ! rev]se flanks ( companies2 & :5 ! column m>*es to a flank1 !y w move ) _! companies2 :5 ! ,close column is to c\nt]m>* !y w rema9 on ! rev]se flank1 & c\nt]m>* on _! own gr\nd4 ,:5 a ,column deploys on a re> division1 ! nam$ division :5 uncov]$ w move up to ! front 7:i* its cov]+ ,s]jeant w m>k72 ! po9ts1 !re=e1 necess>y = ! =mation ( ! ,battalion w be tak5 9 prolongation ( ^! po9ts1 & ! ,divisions :i* successively move up mu/ ,halt1 ,front1 until _! front is cle>4 ,s4 #aa4 ,e*ellon4 ,! ,e*ellon position & movem5ts are applicable to ! oblique or direct *anges ( situation1 :i* a ,battalion may be oblig$ to make to ! front or re>1 or on a p>ticul> fix$ division ( ! l9e4 ,! oblique *anges are produc$ by ! :eel 7less ?an ! qu>t] circle7 ( divisions1 :i* places !m 9 ! e*ellon situation4 ,! direct *anges are produc$ by ! p]p5dicul> & successive m>* ( divisions f l9e to front or re>4 ,9 ,e*ellon1 ! inn] flank1 7or t :i* fir/ jo9s its prec$+ division :5 ! l9e is to be =m$ =w>d17 is ! direct+ "o2 & 9 ,oblique e*ellon ! :eels are made on x1 into e*ellon--=w>d1 & into l9e--backw>d4 ,practical rule = ! ,battalion & ,l9e on all occasions ( ,:eel+ by ,companies into e*ellon4 8,ea* cov]+ ,s]jeant hav+ previ\sly plac$ himself be=e or beh9d a giv5 file 7! #h?7 f ! /&+ flank1 w take ! nam$ numb] ( paces f ! c5tre ( t file on ! arc ( ! circle1 & !reby become a direction = ! ,company to :eel up to1 & halt40 ,z eight paces f ! eigh? file complete ! ,qu>t] circle1 s f\r paces give ! ,"o-eigh?1 & two paces ! ,"o-sixte5? ( ! circle4 ,all *anges ( front by ! ,e*ellon m>* are p]=m$ by ! =m+ divisions :eel+ half ! angle :eel$ by ! division to be =m$ ^u4 ,9 all *anges ( position by e*ellon1 :e!r direct or oblique1 ! lead]s ( companies w inv>iably be on t flank t[>ds :i* ! *ange ( position is to be made4 ,b 9 tak+ gr\nd to a flank on ! m>*1 9 e*ellon ( ,sub-divisions or ,sections1 ,companies' lead]s rema9 9 _! places z :5 9 l9e4 ,s4 #ab4 ,squ>es4 ,squ>es are =m$ ei!r f ,l9e1 or f ,column at full1 half1 or qu>t] di/ance4 ,! ,holl[ squ>e1 f\r deep1 is suffici5tly solid to oppose an attack ( ,cavalry3 x possesses1 at ! same "t ! advantage ( r5d]+ ! fire ( all ! m5 available to ! resi/ance ( ! enemy4 ,! ,solid squ>e %\ld seldom be adopt$1 because a proportion ( ! m5 _c give _! fire4 ,close columns %\ld 9 all cases :5 practicable1 op5 !re=e to qu>t] di/ance1 & =m ,squ>e 7z 9 ,sec4 #ba1 ,no4 #a1 ,"p ,,iii474 ,b z e position 9 :i* a ,battalion may be plac$ %\ld be susceptible ( ready resi/ance aga9/ ,cavalry1 ! ,close column c always assume an effici5t po/ure ( def5ce1 by ! six c5tre ,companies :eel+ outw>ds by ,?rees1 & clos+ to ! front1 & ! two re> ,companies fac+ to ! "r ab\t3 ! ,(fic]s & ,s]jeants tak+ po/ 9 ! c5tre4 ,! w+ ( a battalion c 9 l mann] =m ! solid squ>e f a ,close column ( ,sub-divisions4 ,:5 ,cavalry is n to be resi/$1 x w be suffici5t to =m ! ,squ>e two deep to ! re>4 ,! =mation ( ,battalion squ>es1 ei!r f ,l9e or ,column1 is to be complet$ z exp$iti\sly z possible2 & ! ,squ>es may aft]w>ds be plac$ 9 direct e*ellon = mutual def5ce4 ,s4 #ac4 ,fir+s4 ,9 all movem5ts1 ,fir+ %\ld comm5ce aft] a =mation4 ,9 fir+ by ,companies1 ! ,lead]s w give ! ,^w 8,ready0 :5 ! previ\s division fires1 pres]v+ ! pause ( sl[ "t betwe5 ?is & 8,pres5t10 ! m5 fir+ :5 !y h cov]$ _! objects4 ,9 fir+ by w+s1 "o w+ w receive ! ^w 8,ready10 ! in/ant ! o!r has complet$ its load+4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 9 file fir+ t x is n hurri$1 & t ! m5 8,pres5t0 delib]ately4 ,! value ( a soldi]'s ammunition1 & a jeal\sy ( its exp5diture )\t effect1 mu/ be c>efully inculcat$2 = 9 proportion z a cool & well-direct$ fire s]ves to di/ract & ?r[ an enemy into disord]1 s is a wild1 confus$1 & hurri$ fire 7:i* is always )\t effect7 calculat$ to give him confid5ce1 & a contempt = 8 oppon5t4 ,soldi]s %\ld1 !re=e1 be> 9 m9d t no?+ makes s /rong an impression on an enemy1 z ! ?9n+ ( 8 ranks by a well-direct$ fire2 & t no?+ t5ds m to animate & enc\rage troops ?an ! dim9i%$ fire f ranks s ?9n$2 af=d+ also ! mo/ fav\rable opportunity = a successful *>ge4 ,9 fir+ 9 squ>e1 ! two front ranks are to come to ! kneel+ position )\t cock+1 on prep>+ to receive cavalry4 ,! /&+ ranks 9 squ>e w fire indep5d5tly f ! "r ( faces4 ,/reet fir+4 ,a ,column at op51 half1 or qu>t] di/ance1 =m$ 9 a /reet or n>r[ gr\nd :]e deploym5t is impracticable1 may be requir$ to fire previ\s to *>g+ =w>d1 or by successive divisions 9 retir+4 ,x w be p]=m$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3-- ,if advanc+1 ! two front ,companies only w fire 9 succession2 ! lead+ ,company fir+ & load+ kneel+1 ! second ,company clos+ to ! front1 & fir+ /&+4 ,:5 ! enemy's fire has be5 ov]come1 or at any fav\rable mom5t t may pres5t itself1 ! column w *>ge briskly =w>d1 & make good ! gr\nd x is cont5d+ =4 ,9 retir+1 ! lead+ division w give its fire2 ,slope arms2 ,face outw>ds by sub-divisions2 ,file to ! re>2 ,re-=m ,company2 ,load2 & rema9 halt$1 until its front is aga9 cle>1 or ! :ole column is put 9 motion4 ,! mom5t ! front ( ! second company is cle>1 x w give its fire2 ,face outw>ds by sub-divisions2 & file to ! re> z above direct$3 & s on by companies 9 succession3 ! companies ?us foll[ ea* o!r1 & :5 ! front ( ! column occupies ! :ole bread? ( ! /reet1 ! outw>d files ( companies w d\ble 9 ! re>1 to give ! companies :i* h fir$ room to pass4 ,x mu/ nev] be =gott51 9 ent]+ t[ns or villages occupi$ by ! enemy1 t ! fir/ ?+ to be done1 on ga9+ a foot+ 9 ! place1 is to cle> ! h\ses on bo? flanks1 & ! column %\ld on no acc\nt proce$ ?r\gh ! /reets )\t previ\sly occupy+ ! h\ses on ei!r side2 ! troops employ$ = t purpose break+ ?r\gh p>tition walls1 or pu%+ on f h\se to h\se1 s z to accompany ! m>* ( ! ma9 body1 & protect its flanks4 ,,=mation ,,( ,,! ,,battalion4 ,:5 ! ,battalion is =m$1 !re is to be no int]val betwe5 any ( ! ,companies1 & e "p ( ! front ( ! ,battalion %\ld be equally /rong4 ,! ,gr5adi]s w be on ! "r1 ,light company on ! left1 ! o!r companies f "r to left4 ,! ,battalion w be told (f into ,"r1 & ,left w+s4 ,,=mation ,,( ,,! ,,battalion1 ,,at ,,close ,,ord]4 ,! ,comm&+ (fic] is advanc$ 9 front = ! g5]al purpose ( ex]cise :5 ! ,battalion is s+le2 b 9 ! ,m>* 9 l9e1 & 9 ! fir+s1 he is 9 ! re> ( ! ,col\rs4 ,! ,lieut5ant-colonel is beh9d ! col\rs1 twelve paces f ! sup]num]>y rank4 ,! #a/ ,major is six paces 9 ! re> ( ! second ,battalion company f ! "r flank2 #bnd ,major at ! same di/ance 9 ! re> ( ! second ,battalion company f ! left2 ! ,adjutant at ! same di/ance 9 re> ( ! col\rs4 ,"o ,(fic] is on ! "r ( ! front rank ( ea* company1 & ,"o on ! left ( ! ,battalion2 all ^! are cov]$ 9 ! re> rank by _! respective ,s]jeants2 & ! rema9+ ,(fic]s & ,s]jeants are 9 a ?ird rank beh9d _! companies4 ,! col\rs are plac$ 7bo? 9 ! front rank7 betwe5 ! two ,c5tre companies4 ,! sup]num]>y rank is at ?ree paces di/ance :5 9 ,l9e2 & :5 9 ,column1 x is at ! di/ance ( "o pace4 ,:5 ! ,battalion takes ,op5 ord]4 ,,re> ,,rank ,,take ,,op5 ,(fic]s ( ,companies & ^? ) ,,ord]--,,m>*4 ! ,col\rs dress ?ree paces 9 front ( ! ,l9e4 ,! #a/ ,major is on ! "r ( ! ,(fic]s1 ! #bnd ,major on ! left4 ,! ,adjutant on ! left ( ! front rank4 ,! ,colonel t5 paces1 & ! ,lieut5ant-colonel six paces1 9 front ( ! ,col\rs4 ,:5 ! ,battalion resumes ,close ord]4 ,,re> ,,rank ,,take ,,close ,,ord]--,,m>*4 ,,evolutions ,,( ,,! ,,battalion4 ,,movem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,battalion ,,f ,,l9e4 ,s4 #ad4 #a4 ,! ,battalion halt$1 & correctly dress$1 is to advance 9 ,l9e4 ,comm&]'s ,executive ,words ( comm&4 ,words ( comm&1 ,directions1 c4 ,,! ,,battalion ,,w ,,advance--,,m>* 7,,or ,,quick ,,m>*7--,,halt4 #b4 ,:5 ! ,battalion is to retire4 ,,! ,,battalion ,,w ,,retire--,,"r ,,ab\t ,,face--,,quick ,,m>*4 #c4 ,:ile advanc+ 9 ,l9e1 ! ,battalion may =m to ei!r flank by ! ,divisions :eel+ to ! ,bight 7or ,left7 on ! ,moveable pivot1 & =m+ on ! flank ,company 7:i* w be halt$ 9 ! direction ( ! new front7 by ! ,e*ellon m>* ( divisions4 ,s4 #ae4 ,:5 a ,battalion advanc+ 9 ,l9e is to *>ge4 ,,prep>e ,,to ,,*>ge--,,*>ge--,,halt4 ,s4 #af4 ,:5 a ,battalion mov+ 9 ,l9e passes a wood1 c41 to ,front or ,re>1 by ! flank m>* ( ,companies 9 file4 #a4 ,if to pass to ! ,front4 ,,f ,,! ,,"r 7,,or ,,left7 ,,( ,,companies ,,pass ,,by ,,files ,,to ,,! ,,front4 ,,companies1 ,,"r 7,,or ,,left7 ,,turn--,,"r 7,,or ,,left7 ,,:eel4 #b4 ,if to pass to ! ,re>499 ,,f ,,! ,,prop] ,,"r 7,,or ,,left7 ,,( 99 ,,! ,,battalion ,,9 ,,companies ,,pass ,,by ,,files ,,to ,,! ,,l9e ,,hav+ ,,arriv$ ,,at ,,re>--,,left 7,,or ,,"r7 ,,turn--,,"r ,,! ,,po9t ,,:]e ,,x ,,mu/ 7,,or ,,left7 ,,:eel--,,halt--,,front4 break4 ,companies may also pass to ! front or re> by ,sections ( ,?rees4 #c4 ,if a ,battalion 9 fir/ ,l9e passes ?r\gh a second1 :i* advances & relieves x4 ,,pass ,,by ,,files ,,to ,,! ,,re>--,,"r ,,! ,,reliev+ ,,battalion ,,face--,,"r ,,:eel--,,quick ,,m>*es ,,up ,,)9 ,,m>*--,,halt--,,front4 twelve ,paces ( ! front ,l9e1 ! ,companies ( :i* proce$ to ! re> ?r\gh ! second ,l9e4 #d4 ,:5 ! second ,l9e does n advance to relieve ! fir/4 ,,pass ,,by ,,files ,,to ,,! ,,re>--,,left ,,! ,,fir/ ,,l9e ,,retires1 ,,turn--,,"r ,,:eel4 & :5 )9 twelve paces passes ?r\gh ! second4 ,s4 #ag4 ,:5 ! ,battalion advances1 or retires1 by half ,battalion1 & fires4 #a4 ,if ! ,battalion is 9 m>*1 & advanc+4 ,,! ,,battalion ,,w ,,advance ,,by ,,w+s4 7#bnd ,major7 ,,left ,,w+1 ,,halt--,,m>* 7,,or ,,quick ,,m>*74 7,s5ior ,major799 ,,"r ,,w+1 99 ,,aft] ,,hav+ ,,advanc$ ,,halt--,,ready--,,pres5t--,,load--,,m>* #ae ,,paces4 7,,or ,,quick ,,m>*74 7#bnd ,major7 ,,left ,,w+1 ,,halt--,,ready1 ,c4 #b4 ,if ! ,battalion is 9 m>*1 & retir+4 ,,! ,,battalion ,,w ,,retire ,,by ,,w+s4 7,s5ior ,major7 ,,"r ,,w+1 ,,halt--,,front4 7#bnd ,major799 ,,left 99 ,aft] retir+ #ae ,,w+1 ,,halt--,,front4 7,s5ior ,major7 paces4 ,,"r ,,w+1 ,,ready--,,pres5t--,,load--,,"r ,,ab\t ,,face--,,m>* 7,,or ,,quick ,,m>*74 7#bnd ,major7 ,left ,,w+1 ,,halt--,,front4 ,,left ,,w+1 ,:5 ,"r w+ ,,ready--,,pres5t--,,load1 ,c4 has retir$ #ae paces4 ,s4 #ah4 ,a ,battalion 9 ,l9e to move to attack1 or pass a bridge1 c41 to ! front1 f ei!r flank1 or f ! c5tre4 #a4 ,if f a ,flank1 by ,companies1 or ,sub-divisions4 ,,"r 7,,or ,,left7 ,,division ,,to ,,! ,re> ,divisions ,,front4--,,rema9+ ,,divisions1 ,,"r successively--,"r 7,,or ,,left7 ,,%\ld]s ,,=w>d--,,quick 7or left7 ,,m>*--,,=w>d4 %\ld]s =w>d--,=w>d4 #b4 ,:5 ! ,column arrives ne> ! po9t :]e ! ,l9e is to re-=m4 ,,=m ,,l9e ,,on ,,! ,,fir/ ,lead+ ,division1 ,halt1 ,,division--,,rema9+ ,dress up4 ,,divisions1 ,,"r 7,,or ,rema9+ ,divisions ,,left7 ,,%\ld]s ,,=w>d--,,=w>d4 successively--,"r 7or left7 %\ld]s =w>d--,=w>d4--,halt--,dress up--,eyes front4 #c4 ,if ! advance is f ! ,c5tre4 ,,two ,,c5tre ,,sub-,,divisions ,,to ,,! ,"r w+ ,sub-divisions ,,front4 fir/ ?r[ ,"r ,,rema9+ ,,sub-,,divisions1 ,,"r ,,& %\ld]s1 & aft]w>ds ,,left ,,%\ld]s ,,=w>d--,,quick ,left %\ld]s =w>d4 ,,m>*--,,=w>d4 ,left w+ ,sub-divisions fir/ ?r[ ,left %\ld]s1 & aft]w>ds ,"r %\ld]s =w>d1 ,sub-divisions successively--,=w>d4 #d4 ,:5 ! ,d\ble column arrives ne> ! po9t :]e ! ,l9e is to be =m$4 ,,=m ,,l9e ,,on ,,two ,,c5tre ,rema9+ ,sub-divisions ,,sub-,,divisions4--,,rema9+ successively--,"r ,,sub-,,divisions1 ,,"r ,,& ,,left 7or left7 %\ld]s ,,%\ld]s ,,=w>d--,,=w>d4 =w>d--,=w>d--,halt--,dress up--,eyes front4 #e4 ,to =m ,l9e to ! "r1 f ! ,d\ble column4 ,,=m ,,l9e ,,to ,,! ,"r w+ ,sub-divisions--,halt1 ,dress4 ,,"r--,,"r ,,w+ ,left w+ ,sub-divisions successively--,left ,,left ,,%\ld]s ,,=w>d4 %\ld]s =w>d--,=w>d--,halt1 ,dress up--,eyes front4 ,s4 #ai4 ,a ,battalion 9 ,l9e to retire ov] a bridge1 or defile1 or retreat f a ,flank or ,flanks1 9 re> ( ! ,c5tre4 #a4 ,if f a flank4 ,,retire ,,by ,,companies ,left 7or ,"r7 ,company--,company 7,,or ,,sub-,,divisions7 7or ,sub-division7--,"r ab\t face--,quick ,,f ,,! ,,left 7,,or m>*--,"r 7or ,left7 %\ld]s ,,"r7 ,,9 ,,re> ,,( =w>d--,=w>d4 ,:5 at inw>d ,,! ,,"r 7,,or ,,left74 flank ( "r 7or left7 ,division--,"r 7or left7 %\ld]s =w>d--,=w>d4 ,! o!r ,divisions foll[ 9 succession4 #b4 ,if ! ,retreat is f bo? flanks4 ,,retire ,,f ,,bo? ,"r 7or left7 ,sub-division--,"r ,,flanks ,,by ,,sub-,,divisions ab\t face--,quick m>*--,"r 7or left7 ,,9 ,,re> ,,( ,,! ,,c5tre4 %\ld]s =w>d--,=w>d4 ,:5 arriv$ at ! prop] po9ts--,"r 7or left7 %\ld]s =w>d--,=w>d4 ,rema9+ "r1 & left ,sub-divisions foll[ 9 succession4 ,two c5tre ,sub-divisions1 :5 ! ,divisions next to !m h comm5c$ _! second :eel--,"r ab\t face--,quick m>*4 ,s4 #bj4 ,a ,battalion 9 ,l9e to m>* (f 9 ,column ( divisions1 successively to a flank4 #a4 ,if ! ,movem5t is along ! re>1 & f ! "r flank4 ,,! ,,battalion ,,w ,"r ,division 7or ,section7--,left face--,left ,,move ,,9 ,,column ,,( :eel--,quick m>*--,front turn4 ,,divisions 7,,or ,,sections7 ,,f ,,! ,,"r ,,along ,,! ,,re>4 #b4 ,:5 ! ,movem5t is f ! left flank4 ,left ,division 7or ,section7--,"r face--,"r :eel--,quick m>*--,front turn4 ,9 bo? movem5ts ! ,divisions foll[ 9 succession ! lead+ division4 ,s4 #ba4 ,:5 ! ,battalion1 halt$ 9 ,l9e1 is to =m ,squ>e on a nam$ ,company1 or on two c5tre ,sub-divisions4 #a4 ,if on a ,c5tral company4 ,,column ,,at ,,qu>t] ,,di/ance ,:5 ! ,companies rea* _! places ,,on ,,! ,,"r 7,,or ,,left7 9 ,column1 !y receive successively ,,c5tre ,,company--,,?rees1 ,?rees "r 7or left7 %\ld]s ,,"r ,,& ,,left ,,%\ld]s =w>d--,halt1 ,dress4 ,,=w>d--,,d\ble ,,m>*1 ,,=m ,,squ>e--,,quick ,,m>*4 ,! two re> ,companies close up1 & ,:5 ! ,second ,company =m ! re> face ( ! ,squ>e1 has clos$ ^u ! front receiv+ ,halt--,"r ab\t face4 ,company1 :i* /&s ,! rema9+ ,companies :eel outw>ds fa/-- by ,sections1 ! re> ,sections clos+ ,,sections ,,outw>ds4 to ! front1 aft] ! :eel4 #b4 ,if on a ,flank ,company1 & to a flank4 ,,squ>e ,,on ,,! ,,"r 7,,or ,lead+ ,company--,halt4 ,,left7 ,,company--,,companies ,second ,company closes on x--,halt4 ,,"r 7,,or ,,left7 ,rema9d] 7except ! two la/ ,,%\ld]s ,,=w>d--,,d\ble ,companies71 z !y successively arrive ,,m>*--,,=w>d4 at ,qu>t] di/ance--,sections outw>ds4 ,two la/ ,companies :5 clos$ up --,halt--,"r ab\t face4 #c4 ,:5 ! ,squ>e is to resi/ ,cavalry4 ,,prep>e ,,= ,,cavalry ,! ,kneel+ ranks d n cock until --,,ready4 requir$ to fire4 99,,kneel+ ,,ranks--,,ready-- ,! ,/&+ ranks fire by ,files4 ,,pres5t--,,load4 99 ,! ,kneel+ ranks1 :5 requir$ to ,,prep>e ,,= ,,cavalry fire a volley4 7,,or ,,%\ld] ,,arms74 #d4 ,to r$uce ! ,squ>e4 ,,re-,,=m ,,column4 ,re> sections ( side ,faces /ep back to :eel+ di/ance1 pivot m5 fac+ to _! ,,quick ,,m>*4 prop] front1 & at ,,quick ,,m>* :eel backw>ds--,halt1 ,dress4 ,front ,company advances to qu>t] di/ance--,halt1 ,dress4 ,two re> ,companies retire--,halt1 ,front1 ,dress4 #e4 ,if ! ,squ>e is to be =m$ on ! two c5tre ,sub-divisions4 ,,on ,,! ,,two ,,c5tre ,! out] ,sub-divisions ( ! two c5tre ,,sub-,,divisions ,,=m ,companies face inw>ds1 & lead+ files ,,squ>e4 dis5gage2 ! two flank ,companies face inw>ds1 & ! rema9+ ,companies ( ! ,battalion face to ! "r ab\t4 ,,"r ,,& ,,left ,no4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #f1 #g1 #h ,companies1 ,sections ,,%\ld]s ,,=w>d4 successively1 ,halt1 ,front4 ,! two c5tre ,sub-divisions close by ! side /ep1 ^u ! int]val left by ! ,col\rs4 ,! ,,quick ,,m>*4 ,sub-divisions ( ! two flank ,companies are conduct$ to =m ! re> ,face1 ! "r ,sub-division ( ! ,gr5adi]s cov]+ its left ,sub-division1 & ! left ,sub-division ( ! ,light ,company cov]+ its "r ,sub-division1 ea* receiv+ ,halt1 ,"r 7or ,left7 face4 #f4 ,to r$uce ! ,squ>e & =m ,l9e4 ,,re-,,=m ,,l9e--,,quick ,! flank ,companies face outw>ds2 7,,or ,,d\ble7 ,,m>*4 & ! re> ,sub-divisions ( ! c5tre face outw>ds1 & file into l9e at ,,quick 7,,or ,,d\ble7 ,,m>*--,halt1 ,front1 ,dress4 ,! two c5tre ,sub-divisions op5 by ! side /ep to "r1 & left4 ,! flank ,companies move 9 file to _! respective places4 ,! o!r ,companies deploy by ,sections & 7:5 at _! places7 receive ,"r 7or left7 %\ld]s =w>d--,=w>d--,halt1 ,dress up4 #g4 ,b %\ld x h be5 previ\sly necess>y to move ! ,squ>e4 ,,=m ,,d\ble ,,column ,! re> ,sub-divisions ( ! side faces ,,( ,,sub-,,divisions-- fall back to ,section di/ance1 & ! ,pivot ,,quick ,,m>*4 m5 face to _! prop] front1 & at ,,quick ,,m>*1 ! ,sections :i* =m$ ! side faces :eel backw>ds2 & ! two ,sub-divisions ( ! front face1 & f\r ,sub-divisions ( ! re> face1 advance to qu>t] di/ance4 ,! ,sub-divisions ( front face receive--,halt4 ,sub-divisions ( ! re> face receive--,halt--,front4 #h4 ,:5 ! ,l9e is retir+1 ! ,squ>e may be =m$ at once )\t halt+4 ,,on ,,two ,,c5tre ,! two c5tre ,sub-divisions ,halt--,front4 ,,sub-,,divisions ,,=m ,! out] ,sub-divisions ( c5tre ,,squ>e4 ,companies 8,inw>ds turn10 & ! =mation w proce$ 7z direct$ 9 ,no4 #e1 ,section #ba7 at ! ,d\ble m>*4 ,s4 #bb4 ,:5 ! ,battalion =ms a ,squ>e1 or ,oblong two deep1 to protect baggage1 c41 aga9/ ,infantry4 #a4 ,,=m ,,squ>e1 ,,two ,! two c5tre ,companies /& fa/1 ,,deep1 ,,on ,,! ,,two rema9+ ,companies face to ! "r ,,c5tre ,,companies4 ab\t1 & at ,,quick ,,m>* ! two c5tre ,companies 7#d & #e7 close inw>ds3 ,,rema9+ ,,companies1 ! rema9d] "r1 & left %\ld]s ,,"r ,,& ,,left =w>d1 & move into ,squ>e4 ,nos4 #a1 ,,%\ld]s ,,=w>d-- #b1 & #c1 =m ! "r face1 #f1 #g1 & #h ,,quick ,,m>*4 ! left face1 ! ,gr5adi]1 & ,light ,infantry ! re> face ( ! ,squ>e1 respectively receiv+ ,halt1 ,front1 ,dress4 #b4 ,:5 ! ,squ>e or ,oblong is to m>* by any "o face4 ,,! ,,squ>e ,,w ,,m>* ,,to ,,! ,,front 7,,re>1 ,,"r1 ,,or ,,left7 ,,face4 ,flank ,faces--,,by ,,sub-,,divisions ,,on ,,! ,,"r ,,& ,,left ,,backw>ds ,,:eel-- ,! re> face advances two paces & ,,quick ,,m>*4 faces ab\t--,halt1 ,dress4 ,,quick ,,m>*4 ,! ,squ>e m>*es two faces 9 ,l9e1 7by _! c5tre17 & two faces 9 ,op5 column ( ,sub-divisions4 ,,halt--,,re-,,=m ,! ,sub-divisions 9 column :eel up ,,squ>e--,,quick & =m _! faces1 & ! re> face ,,m>*4 w close up & !n face ab\t4 #c4 ,to r$uce ! ,squ>e4 ,,=m ,,l9e--,,"r ,! two c5tre ,companies op5 out by ,,& ,,left ,,%\ld]s ! side /ep1 to leave room = ! ,col\rs4 ,,=w>d--,,quick ,rema9+ ,companies1 ,"r 7or left7 ,,m>*4 %\ld]s =w>d--,=w>d--,halt1 ,dress up4 ,s4 #bc4 ,a ,battalion halt$ 9 ,l9e1 to *ange front to ! re> ^u ! c5tre4 ,,*ange ,,front ,,to ,,! ,c5tre ,companies--,"r 7or left7 face--,"r ,,re> ,,^u ,,! ,c\nt]-m>*--,quick m>*--,halt1 ,,c5tre4 ,front1 ,dress up--,eyes front4 ,rema9+ ,companies1 ,! ,companies pass ea* o!r by ! ,,?rees ,,"r1 & left1 ^? ( ! ,"r w+ describ+ a ,,left ,,%\ld]s circle to all[ room = ! o!rs to pass1 ,,=w>d--,,"r ,,& & :5 9 _! prop] position--,"r ,,left ,,c\nt]-,,m>*-- 7or left7 %\ld]s =w>d--,=w>d--,halt1 ,,quick ,,m>*4 ,dress up--,eyes front4 ,,*anges ,,( ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,battalion ,,f ,,l9e ,,by ,,movem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,op5 ,,column ,,on ,a ,,fix$ ,,po9t4 ,s4 #bd4 ,! ,battalion to *ange position to ! front on ! "r halt$ ,company1 by ?r[+ =w>d ! :ole ,left1 & by ! flank m>* ( ,companies4 #a4 ,,=m ,,op5 ,,column ,if ! *ange ( front is to be at ,,9 ,,front ,,( ,,! "r angles ) ! old l9e1 ! ,,"r ,,company--,,rema9+ "r ,company /&s fa/2 if oblique ,,companies--,,"r to x1 t ,company w :eel ,,face--,,quick ,,m>*4 back on ! "r flank z _m paces z w make x p]p5dicul> to ! new direction4 ,rema9+ ,companies face to ! "r1 & dis5gage to ! left--,halt1 ,front1 ,dress4 ,,"r ,,:eel ,,into ,halt1 ,dress--,eyes front4 ,,l9e4 #b4 ,! ,battalion may *ange its position to ! ,left1 ,"r ?r[n =w>d1 by ! =mation ( ! ,op5 column 9 front ( ! left halt$ ,company4 #c4 ,if ! ,*ange ( position is effect$ by ! =mation ( ! ,op5 column on a c5tral ,company1 ! caution w specify :i* flank is to be ?r[n =w>d4 ,! ,companies face inw>ds1 & dis5gage4 #d4 ,:5 a ,battalion is to *ange position on a flank halt$ ,company1 by ?r[+ back ! o!r flank4 ,,=m ,,op5 ,,column ,,9 ,,re> ,,( ,,! ,,"r 7,,or ,,left7 ,,company-- ,,rema9+ ,,companies-- ,,"r 7,,or ,,left7 ,,face-- ,,quick ,,m>*4 ,rema9+ ,companies--,halt1 ,front1 ,dress4 ,,"r 7,,or ,,left7 ,,:eel ,,into ,,l9e--,,quick ,,m>*4 ,halt1 ,dress--,eyes front4 ,,on ,a ,,di/ant ,,po9t4 ,s4 #be4 ,! ,battalion 9 l9e *anges position by break+ into ,op5 column1 m>*+ up 9 column to ! po9t :]e its head is to rema91 & ent]+ ! l9e by ! flank m>* ( ,companies4 ,,"r 7,,or ,,left7 ,,face--,,quick ,! ,battalion 9 ,op5 column to =m ,,m>*4 at a po9t :]e its lead+ flank is ,,halt4 to be plac$1 receives--,,halt-- :5 its lead+ division is at :eel+ di/ance %ort ( t po9t4 ,s4 #bf4 ,! ,battalion =m$ 9 l9e1 *anges position by break+ into ,op5 column1 m>*+ to a po9t :]e its head is to re/1 & to :i* its re> divisions =m1 by successively pass+ ea* o!r1 & :eel+ up4 ,,=m ,,l9e ,,to ,,! ,lead+ division--,"r 7or left7 ,,rev]se ,,flank4 %\ld]s =w>d--,=w>d--,halt1 ,dress4 ,rema9+ divisions successively--,"r 7or left7 %\ld]s =w>d--,=w>d--,halt1 ,dress up4 ,,op5 ,,column ,,movem5ts4 ,s4 #bg4 ,:5 ! lead+ flank ( ! ,column is *ang$ by ! successive m>* ( ,divisions f ! re> to ! front4 ,,halt-- ,if ,"r 9 front2 ,re> ,company--,"r ,,by ,,successive ,,divisions face--,quick m>*--,front turn4 --,,re> ,,w+ ,rema9+ ,divisions 9 succession1 :5 ,,to ,,! ,,front4 _! re> ,division passes !m--,"r face--,quick m>*--,front turn4 ,if left 9 front1 ! re> ,divisions are fac$ to ! left4 ,s4 #bh4 ,to *ange ! ,w+s ( a column =m$ ^u a road1 :]e ! space does n admit ( ! ,flank movem5t4 ,,by ,,d\ble ,,files ,,f ,re> ,company--,inw>ds face1 by ,files ,,! ,,c5tre1 ,,re> ,,w+ f ! c5tre4 ,rema9+ ,,to ,,! ,,front4 ,,two ,,c5tre ,companies99--,halt1 ,dress4 ,re> ,,sections ,,outw>ds ,division :5 cle> ( ! column--,=m ,,:eel--,,quick ,,m>*499 ,company--,=w>d4 ,rema9+ ,divisions 9 succession :5 cle>--,inw>ds face--,quick m>*--,=m ,company--,=w>d4 ,s4 #bi4 ,:5 ! ,column1 at op51 or half di/ance1 is requir$ to =m a ,squ>e4 #a4 ,if ! ,squ>e is to be =m$ on ! front ,company4 ,,=m ,,squ>e ,,^u 7,vide ,s4 #ba1 ,no4 #b47 ,,! ,,front ,,company--,,quick ,,m>*4 #b4 ,if ^u a c5tral ,company4 ,,=m ,,squ>e ,,on ,,! ,,"r ,! ,(fic] comm&+ ! nam$ ,division1 7,,or ,,left7 ,,c5tre gives--,sections outw>ds2 ! re> ,,company--,,"r 7,,or ,,left7 ,sections clos+ on ! front ,sections4 ,,w+--,,"r ,,ab\t ,! ,left w+ w close to ,section ,,face--,,quick 7,,or ,,d\ble7 di/ance1 & ! ,companies receive1 ,,m>*4 9 succession--,sections outw>ds2 ! ,"r ,w+ w move to ! ,c5tre1 re> ,rank 9 front1 & :5 ea* ,company %all close up to ! "o prec$+ x1 ,companies #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 ,front turn1 ,sections outw>ds1 & ! re> ,sections close to ! front4 ,nos4 #a & #b--;,halt1 ,front1--,nos4 #g & #h--;,halt1 ,"r ab\t face4 #c4 ,if an ,op5 column1 mov+ to front1 or re> 9 ,file1 or ,sections ( ,?rees1 be attack$ by ,cavalry4 ,if 9 ,file4 ,,=m ,,squ>e ,,on ,,! ,! ,divisions turn to ! "r1 & ,,c5tre--,,w+s left2 & if ! ,column be "r 9 front1 ,,inw>d ,,turn--,,d\ble :5 ! left c5tre ,company has turn$ ,,m>*4 x receives--,sections outw>ds2 ! ,w+s close on ! c5tre1 at ! d\ble m>*1 & ea* ,company :eels outw>ds into ,squ>e2 z 9 ,no4 #b4 ,if ! ,column is mov+ 9 ,sections ( ,?rees4 ,,"r 7,,or ,,left7 ,,%\ld]s ,,=w>d4 ,! ,=mation proce$s z be=e4 ,,=w>d--,,squ>e ,,on ,! ,column is re-=m$ z direct$ 9 ,,! ,,c5tre--,,"r ,s4 #ba1 ,no4 #d4 ,,w+1 ,,"r ,,ab\t ,,turn--,,d\ble4 ,,qu>t] ,,di/ance1 ,,& ,,close ,,column4 ,s4 #cj4 ,:5 a ,battalion =ms a close1 or qu>t] di/ance ,column1 f ,l9e4 #a4 ,if a ,close ,column be=e1 or beh9d1 ei!r ( ! flank ,companies4 ,,=m ,,close 7,,or ,,qu>t] ,,di/ance7 ,,column ,,on ---- ,,company1 ,,"r 7,,or ,,left7 ,,9 ,,front--,,"r 7,,or ,,left7 ,,face--,,quick ,all except ! nam$ ,company--,halt1 ,,m>*4 ,front1 ,dress4 #b4 ,on a c5tral ,company4 ,,inw>ds ,,face--,,quick ,all except ! nam$ ,company--,halt1 ,,m>*4 ,front1 ,dress4 ,9 ! same mann]1 ,column may be =m$ f ,l9e ^u any ,company fac+ to ! re>2 t ,company c\nt]m>*+ by files1 & ! ,w+s fac+ outw>ds1 & c\nt]m>*+ to ! "r1 or left2 & =m+ z be=e4 ,9 all ,c\nt]-m>*es f ,l9e1 ! ,company ( =mation w be fac$ by ! comm& ( its own ,(fic]4 #c4 ,if a ,qu>t] di/ance ,column ^u any nam$ ,company4 ,,=m ,,column ,,at ,,qu>t] ,,di/ance1 ,,"r 7,,or ,,left7 ,,9 ,,front1 ---- ,%\ld]s =w>d--,halt1 ,dress1 z 9 ,,on ,,company--,,rema9+ ,nos4 #a & #b4 ,,companies1 ,,?rees-- ,,%\ld]s ,,=w>d-- ,! lead+ ?rees ( ! ,company next ,,quick 7,,or ,,d\ble7 ! "o ( =mation mu/ :eel ^u its ,,m>*--,,=w>d4 c5tre file 9 dis5gag+ to ! re>4 #d4 ,! ,close column may be =m$ f ,op5 column4 ,,close ,,to ,,! ,,front--,,quick ,if on ! ,m>*1 ,lead+ division--,halt4 7,,or ,,d\ble7 ,,m>*4 ,rema9+ divisions successively--,halt3 ,or )\t halt+--,,close ,:5 on ! ,d\ble m>*--,quick4 ,,to ,,! ,,front--,,d\ble4 ,s4 #ca4 ,:5 ! ,column1 at close1 or qu>t] di/ance1 m>*es to a flank4 ,,column ,,w ,,m>* ,,to ,,! ,,"r 7,,or ,,left7 ,,flank--,,"r 7,,or ,,left7 ,,face--,,quick ,,m>*--,,halt1 ,,front4 ,if ! ,column is at qu>t] di/ance1 x may be m>*$ to a flank 9 ,sections ( ?rees4 ,,?rees ,,"r 7,,or ,,left7 ,,%\ld]s ,,=w>d--,,quick ,,m>*--,,=w>d4 ,s4 #cb4 ,:5 ! ,column at qu>t] di/ance1 mov+ to front1 or re>1 takes gr\nd to ! ,"r1 or ,left1 by ! ,e*ellon m>* ( ,sections4 #a4 ,,sections ,,"r 7,,or ,(fic]s rema9 on _! prop] pivot ,,left7--,,=w>d4 flank4 #b4 ,,re-,,=m ,,column-- ,,=w>d4 ,gr\nd may be tak5 to a flank by ! diagonal m>*4 ,,"r 7,,or ,,left7 ,,half ,,turn4 ,s4 #cc4 ,:5 a ,column halt$1 at ,close1 or ,qu>t] di/ance1 is to :eel on a fix$1 or moveable pivot4 #a4 ,at close di/ance on a fix$ pivot4 ,,column ,,to ,,! ,,"r ,! flank file ( front ,company w 7,,or ,,left7 ,,:eel--,,quick face4 ,rema9+ ,companies make a half 7,,or ,,d\ble7 face4 ,,m>*--,,halt4 ,vide ,s4 #aj4 ,no4 #f4 #b4 ,at close di/ance on a moveable pivot4 ,,"r 7,,or ,,left7 ,,%\ld]s ,,=w>d--,,halt ,re> ,divisions w make a half turn to 7,,or ,,=w>d74 ! outw>d flank1 & circle r\nd4 ,if ! ,column is to :eel 9 d\ble "t4 ,,d\ble--,,=w>d--,,quick4 #c4 ,at ,qu>t] di/ance on a fix$ pivot4 ,,"r 7,,or ,,left7 ,,:eel-- ,re> ,divisions half face to ! :eel+ ,,quick 7,,or ,,d\ble7 flank4 ,! front ,division w advance ,,m>*--,,halt4 six paces1 & :eel at %ort5$ pace r\nd ! ,pivot1 ! re> ,divisions circl+ r\nd4 #d4 ,at ,qu>t] di/ance on a moveable pivot4 ,,"r 7,,or ,,left7 ,,%\ld]s ,! ,front division moves r\nd at a %ort ,,=w>d--,,d\ble-- pace1 ! pivot-man gradually advanc+ ,,=w>d--,,quick4 9 ! new direction4 ,s4 #cd4 ,:5 a ,close1 or ,qu>t] di/ance ,column is to *ange its front by ! :eel & c\nt]m>* ( ,sub-divisions r\nd ! c5tre4 #a4 ,if at ! halt4 ,,c\nt]-,,m>* ,,by ,,sub-,,divisions ,,r\nd ,,! ,! ,rev]se sub-divisions face ab\t4 ,,c5tre--,,"r 7,,or ,,left7 ,! :ole :eel r\nd 9 succession4 ,,sub-,,divisions--,,"r ,,ab\t ,,face--,,quick 7,,or 99 ,:5 ! lead+ ,sub-division is 9 a ,,d\ble7 ,,m>*--99,,halt1 l9e ^u ! new front ( ! ,column4 ,,front1 ,,dress4 ,,front applies to ! ,rev]se sub-divisions only4 #b4 ,if ! ,column at ,qu>t] di/ance is on ! m>*4 ,,"r 7,,or ,,left7 ,,sub-,,divisions--,,"r ,,ab\t ,,turn--,,front ,,turn--,,=w>d4 ,s4 #ce4 ,:5 a ,column at close1 or qu>t] di/ance1 is to op5 out to full1 or half di/ance1 f front1 or re>4 #a4 ,if f ! front4 ,,column ,,w ,,op5 ,! requisite numb] ( paces are ,,f ,,! ,,front--,,"r c\nt$ by ! lead]s ( ea* ,division4 ,,ab\t ,,face--,,quick ,halt1 ,front4 ,,m>*4 #b4 ,if f ! re>4 ,,column ,,w ,,op5 ,ea* ,division lead] gives ,halt to ! ,,f ,,! ,,re>--,,quick ,company 9 8 front1 :5 at ! ord]$ ,,m>*4 di/ance4 ,,deploym5ts4 ,deploym5ts are made f ,column inv>iably on ! base ( ! front ,company2 ,close columns deploy 9 ,file4 ,s4 #cf4 ,:5 ! ,battalion 9 column ( ,companies1 at ,close1 or ,qu>t] di/ance 7"r 9 front71 deploys into ,l9e4 ,,f ,,close ,,column4 #a4 ,on ! ,front ,company4 ,,deploy ,,on ,,! ,,front ,ea* ,company1 9 succession--,front ,,company--,,rema9+ turn--,halt1 ,dress up--,eyes front4 ,,companies1 ,,left ,,face--,,quick ,,m>*4 #b4 ,on ! ,re> ,company4 ,,deploy ,,on ,,! ,,re> ,:5 ! front ( ! nam$ ,company ,,company--,,rema9+ is cle>1 ! ,(fic] comm&+ x gives-- ,,companies1 ,d\ble m>*--,halt1 ,dress up--,eyes ,,"r ,,face--,,quick front--,rema9+ ,companies successively ,,m>*4 --,halt1 ,front4 ,:5 uncov]$1 ,quick m>*1 & :5 9 ! alignem5t1 ,halt1 ,dress up--,eyes front4 ,deploym5ts on a c5tral ,company are p]=m$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,9 deploy+ on a re>1 or c5tral ,company1 ! ,company ( =mation w be mov$ up 9 ,d\ble "t4 ,,f ,,qu>t] ,,di/ance ,,column4 #c4 ,:5 a ,battalion 9 ,column ( ,companies at qu>t] di/ance1 "r 9 front1 deploys ^u its ,front division4 ,,deploy ,,on ,,! ,,front ,,company--,,rema9+ ,,companies1 ,,?rees-- ,,"r ,,%\ld]s ,,=w>d --,,quick 7,,or ,,d\ble7 ,left %\ld]s =w>d--,=w>d-- ,,m>*--,,=w>d4 ,halt1 ,dress up--,eyes front4 #d4 ,on a ,re> ,company4 ,,deploy ,,on ,,! ,,re> ,:5 ! ,front is cle>1 ,re> ,company ,,company--,,rema9+ --,d\ble m>*--,halt1 ,dress up--,eyes ,,companies1 ,,?rees-- front4 ,! o!r ,companies successively ,,left ,,%\ld]s ,,=w>d --%\ld]s =w>d--,halt4 ,:5 uncov]$ --,,quick ,,m>*-- --,quick m>*--,halt1 ,dress up--,eyes front4 ,,=w>d4 ,! ,base po9ts are ?ree paces 9 advance ( ! ,front ,company ( ! ,column4 ,,e*ellon ,,=mations ,,& ,,movem5ts4 ,s4 #cg4 ,:5 a ,battalion f ,l9e :eels =w>d by ,companies1 to ei!r flank1 into ,e*ellon4 #a4 ,,companies ---- ,,paces ,,to ,,! ---- ,,:eel--,,quick ,,m>*4 ,halt1 ,dress4 #b4 ,:5 ! ,e*ellon ?us =m$ m>*es =w>d1 & halts4 ,,quick ,,m>*--,,halt4 ,s4 #ch4 ,:5 ! ,battalion hav+ :eel$ f ,l9e into ,e*ellon1 has m>*$1 & halt$1 & is to =m back p>allel to ! ,l9e x quitt$4 ,,:eel ,,back ,,into ,,l9e--,,quick ,,m>*4 ,halt1 ,dress--,eyes front4 ,s4 #ci4 ,:5 ! ,battalion hav+ :eel$ f ,l9e into ,e*ellon1 has m>*$ & halt$1 & is to =m up oblique to ! ,l9e x quitt$4 #a4 ,if ! ,=mation is made =w>d4 ,,lead+ ,,division1 ,lead+ ,division--,halt1 ,dress--,eyes ---- ,,paces ,,"r front4 ,rema9+ ,divisions--%\ld]s 7,,or ,,left7 ,,:eel-- =w>d--,halt1 ,dress up--,eyes front4 ,,quick ,,m>*4 ,,=m ,,l9e--,,quick ,,m>*4 #b4 ,if ! :eel ( ! lead+ ,division exce$ ! numb] ( paces :i* x be=e :eel$ f ,l9e into ,e*ellon1 ! o!rs :eel up "o-half ( t excess1 move on1 & successively dress up ) x4 #c4 ,if ! =mation is to be on ! prolongation ( ! front ,division z x /&s1 ! o!rs :eel back "o-half ( :at !y orig9ally :eel$ =w>d1 !n move on1 & dress up ) x4 ,s4 #dj4 ,:5 ! ,battalion =m$ 9 ,l9e *anges front on a fix$ flank ,company1 by ?r[+ =w>d ! re/ ( ! ,battalion4 ,,*ange ,,front ,,on ---- ,,company1 ,,"r 7,,or ,,left7 ,,?r[n ,,=w>d1 ---- ,,company ---- ,,paces ,,"r ,company ( =mation--,halt1 ,dress4 7,,or ,,left7 ,,:eel4 ,,rema9+ ,,companies1 ,rema9+ ,companies-- ---- ,,paces ,,to ,,! ---- ,,:eel--,,quick 99 ,halt1 ,dress4 ,,m>*499 ---- %\ld]s =w>d--,halt1 ,dress up--,eyes front4 ,,quick ,,m>*4 ,s4 #da4 ,:5 ! ,battalion *anges front on a fix$ flank ,company1 by ?r[+ back ! re/ ( ! ,battalion4 ,,*ange ,,front ,,on ---- ---- ,company on ! ---- backw>ds ,,company1 ,,"r 7,,or :eel--,quick m>*--,halt1 ,dress4 ,,left7 ,,?r[n ,,back4 ,,rema9+ ,,companies1 ,,"r ,,ab\t ,,face1 ---- ,,paces ,,to ,,! ---- ,,:eel--,,quick ,,m>*4 ,halt1 ,dress4 ,,quick ,,m>* 7,,or ---- %\ld]s =w>d--,halt1 ,front1 ,,m>*74 ,dress up--,eyes front4 ,s4 #db4 ,:5 ! ,battalion *anges front on a c5tral ,company1 by advanc+ "o ,w+1 & retir+ ! o!r4 ,! ,company ( ! ,w+ to be ?r[n back is :eel$ backw>d1 & ! ,company ( ! w+ to be br\ght =w>d is :eel$ =w>d2 or a ,c5tral ,company is :eel$ ^u its c5tre into ! new direction4 ---- ,,w+1 ,,"r ,,ab\t ,,face--,,companies ---- ,,paces ,,inw>ds ,,:eel--,,quick ,,m>*4 ,halt1 ,dress4 ,,quick ,,m>*4 ,companies successively--%\ld]s =w>d-- & :5 9 ,l9e1 ^? ( ! advanc+ ,w+ receive--,halt1 ,dress up3 ! retir+ ,w+--,halt1 ,front1 ,dress up4 ,s4 #dc4 ,:51 f ,op5 column1 ! ,companies :eel backw>d into ,e*ellon1 9 ord] to =m 9 ,l9e on ! front ,company4 #a4 ,,=m ,,l9e ,,on ,,! ,! front ,company rema9s squ>e to ,,lead+ ,,division4 ! ,column1 or is :eel$ backw>d into ,,rema9+ ,,divisions ! int5d$ direction ( ! ,l9e by its ---- ,,paces ,,on ,,! ,(fic]4 ---- ,,backw>d ,if ! front ,company rema9s squ>e1 ,,:eel--,,quick ! rema9+ ,companies :eel back f\r ,,m>*4 paces1 or ! eigh? ( a circle2 b if ! direction be ,oblique1 !n ! rema9+ ,companies :eel "o-half ! numb] :eel$ by ! front ,company1 9 addition to ! eigh? ( a circle--,halt1 ,,quick ,,m>*4 ,dress4 ---- %\ld]s =w>d--,halt1 ,dress up --,eyes front4 #b4 ,if ! ,l9e be =m$ on ! re> ,company ( ! ,column1 t ,company w /& fa/1 ! o!rs w receive4 ,,"r ,,ab\t ,,face1 ---- ,,paces ,,on ,,! ---- ,,backw>ds ,,:eel--,,quick ,halt1 ,dress4 ,,m>*4 ---- %\ld]s =w>d--,halt1 ,front1 ,,quick ,,m>*4 ,dress up--,eyes front4 #c4 ,if ! ,l9e is to be =m$ on a re> ,company1 b fac+ to ! ,re>4 ,,=m ,,l9e ,,on ,,re> ,,company1 ,,fac+ ,,to ,,! ,,re>4 ,,! ,,column ,,w ,,c\nt]-,,m>*4 --,,face--,,quick ,,m>*4 ,halt1 ,front1 ,dress--,eyes front4 ,,=m ,,l9e ,,on ,,! ,,lead+ ,,division4 ,,rema9+ ,,divisions1 ,,f\r ,,paces ,,on ,,! ---- ,,backw>d ,,:eel--,,quick 99 ,halt1 ,dress4 ,,m>*499 ---- %\ld]s =w>d--,halt1 ,dress ,,quick ,,m>*4 up--,eyes front4 #d4 ,if ! ,l9e be =m$ on a ,c5tral ,company ( ! ,column4 ,,=m ,,l9e ,,on ,,! ,,"r 7,,or ,,left7 ,,c5tre ,,company1 ---- ,,w+ ,,"r ,,ab\t ,,face--,,f\r ,,paces ,,on ,,! ,,"r 7,,or ,,left7 ,,backw>ds ,,:eel--,,quick ,all except ! c5tral ,company ,halt1 ,,m>*4 ,dress4 ,,quick ,,m>*4 ,companies ( ,w+s 7except ,company =m$ on7---- %\ld]s =w>d--,halt1 ,dress up--,eyes front4 ,or ---- %\ld]s =w>d--,halt1 ,front1 ,dress up--,eyes front4 ,s4 #dd4 ,:5 f ,l9e ! ,companies ( a ,battalion m>* (f 9 ,e*ellon1 successively & directly to ! front2 & aga9 =m ,l9e to ! front1 or flank4 #a4 ,:5 ! int5tion is to =m ,l9e to ! front4 ,,advance ,,9 ,,direct ,,e*ellon ,,( ,,companies ,:5 ! lead+ ,division receives--,halt1 ,,f ,,! ! o!rs move on1 & ,halt1 ,dress ,,"r 7,,or ,,left74 up1 9 l9e ) x4 #b4 ,:5 ! int5tion is to =m ,l9e to ! flank4 ,,=m ,,l9e ,,to ,,! ,,"r 7,,or ,,left7 ,lead+ ,division--,halt1 ,dress--,eyes ,,flank4 front4 ,,by ,,divisions1 ,,%\ld]s ,rema9+ divisions--,halt1 ,dress up-- ,,=w>d--,,=w>d4 ,eyes front4 #c4 ,if a ,column is to be =m$ to ! flank1 f a direct ,e*ellon4 ,,=m ,,column ,,9 ,,re> ,,( ,,! ,,lead+ ,,division--,,?rees-- ,,%\ld]s ,,=w>d-- ,,=w>d4 ---- %\ld]s =w>d--,halt1 ,dress4 ,s4 #de4 ,:5 a ,battalion1 9 ,e*ellon ( ,companies1 halt$1 or 9 motion1 is requir$ to =m squ>e4 ,,companies ,,"r 7,,or ,! =mation w proce$ z direct$ ,,left7 ,,%\ld]s 9 ,section #bi4 ,,=w>d--,,=w>d--,,=m ,,squ>e4 ,s4 #df4 ,:5 a ,battalion m>*+ 9 ,l9e is to take gr\nd to a flank by ! ,e*ellon movem5t ( ,sub-divisions1 or ,sections4 #a4 ,,sub-,,divisions 7,,or ,,sections7 ,,"r 7,,or ,,left7--,,=w>d4 #b4 ,:5 suffici5t gr\nd has be5 tak5 to ! flank4 ,,re-,,=m ,,l9e--,,=w>d-- ,,halt4 #c4 ,:5 suffici5t gr\nd has be5 tak5 9 ,e*ellon to a flank1 & a =w>d =mation ( ! ,l9e is to be made4 ,,=m ,,l9e ,,on ,,! ,! head ,division is :eel$ up two ,,lead+ ,,division4 paces m & halt$4 ,divisions successively ---- %\ld]s =w>d4 ,halt1 ,dress up--,eyes front4 ,9 tak+ gr\nd to a flank1 if a small degree ( obliquity f ! =m] position is to be tak51 ! ,l9e may :eel =w>d by ,companies2 if a great]1 by ,sub-divisions2 & if a great] /ill1 by ,sections4 ,,light ,,infantry4 ,,signals ,,& ,,s\nds ,,= ,,regulat+ ,,movem5ts4 ,! ,(fic]s' call--z e/abli%$1 & !re=e n numb]$4 #a4 ,to ext5d4 #b4 ,to close4 #c4 ,to advance4 #d4 ,to halt4 #e4 ,to fire4 #f4 ,cease fir+4 #g4 ,to retreat4 #h4 ,assembly4 #i4 ,incl9e to ! "r4 #aj4 ,incl9e to ! left4 #aa4 ,! al>m4 ,,infantry ,,sword ,,ex]cise4 ,words ( comm& ?r\gh\t ,,! ,,progressive ,,in/ructions ,,( ,,! ,,drill4 ,! words 9 ,italics are to s]ve z a caution only4 ,,section ,i4 ,,ext5sion ,,motions1 ,,& ,,positions4 ,att5tion4 ,fir/ ext5sion motions4--,"o--,two--,?ree--,f\r--,five4 ,fir/ position 9 ?ree motions4--,"o--,two--,?ree4 ,second position 9 two motions4--,"o--,two4 ,balance motions4--,"o--,two--,?ree--,f\r4 ,fir/ position4 ,?ird position 9 two motions4--,"o--,two4 ,second ext5sion motions4--,"o--,two--,?ree4 ,fir/ position4 ,front4 ,/& at ease4 ,att5tion4 ,positions4 ,fir/--,second--,fir/--,?ird4 ,fir/--,second--,?ird--,second4 ,s+le attack--,d\ble attack4 ,advance--,s+le attack--,retire--,d\ble attack4 ,front--,/& at ease4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,prep>atory ,,in/ruction ,,) ,,! ,,sword4 ,att5tion4 ,draw swords--,return swords--,draw swords--,slope swords4 ,/& at ease4 ,att5tion4 ,prep>e = ,sword ex]cise4 ,"r prove di/ance--,slope swords4 ,front prove di/ance--,slope swords4 ,assault4 ,"o--,two--,?ree--,f\r--,five--,six--,se v54 ,fir/ ,po9t--,two--,second ,po9t--,two--,?ird ,po9t--,two4 ,def5d4 ,second--,?ird--,f\r?--,fif?--,six?--,se v5?4 ,p>ry--,two4 ,slope swords4 ,/& at ease4 ,att5tion4 ,gu>d--,inside gu>d--,outside gu>d4 ,cut "o4 ,fir/ gu>d4 ,cut two4 ,second gu>d4 ,cut ?ree4 ,?ird gu>d4 ,cut f\r4 ,f\r? gu>d4 ,cut five4 ,fif? gu>d4 ,cut six4 ,six? gu>d4 ,cut sev54 ,sev5? gu>d4 ,fir/ po9t4 ,two4 ,second po9t4 ,two4 ,?ird po9t4 ,two4 ,p>ry4 ,two4 ,gu>d4 ,slope swords4 ,/& at ease4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,,review1 ,,or ,,inspection ,,ex]cise4 ,att5tion4 ,prep>e = ,sword ex]cise4 ,"r prove di/ance--,slope swords4 ,front prove di/ance--,slope swords4 ,gu>d--,inside ,gu>d--,outside gu>d4 ,"o--,two--,?ree--,f\r--,five--,six--,se v54 ,po9ts--,fir/--,second--,?ird--,p>ry4 ,gu>d--,slope swords4 ,,sword ,,practice4 ,gu>d4 ,inside1 & outside ,cuts4--,"o--,two--,?ree--,f\r--,five--, six4 ,inside gu>d4 ,outside ,cuts4--,two--,f\r--,six4 ,outside gu>d4 ,inside ,cuts4--,"o--,?ree--,five4 ,gu>d--,slope swords--,/& at ease4 ,,section ,,iv4 ,,attack ,,& ,,def5ce4 ,att5tion4 ,front rank1 ,"r ab\t face--,prep>e = ,attack1 & ,def5ce4 ,prove di/ance--,slope swords4 ,gu>d--,inside gu>d--,outside gu>d4 ,left *eek--,"r *eek--,wri/--,leg4 ,left side--,"r side--,head4 ,fir/ po9t--,two--,?ird po9t--,two4 ,gu>d--,slope swords4 ,po9t1 & ,p>ry4--,gu>d--,?ird po9t--,po9t4 ,po9t 7cont9u+ z long z requisite74 ,gu>d--,slope swords--,/& at ease4 ,,section ,v4 ,,/ick ,,drill4 ,fir/ ,practice4 ,gu>d--,cont9u+ ! same words ( comm& & movem5ts z 9 ! 8,attack & ,def5ce0 9 ,section #d?1 omitt+ ! ^w 8,two0 9 ! deliv]y ( ea* po9t4 ,second ,practice4 ,gu>d--,cont9u+1 c41 z ! 8,po9t & ,p>ry10 b n exce$+ ,six po9ts4 ,?ird ,practice4 ,gu>d--,leg--,inside gu>d--,leg4 ,outside gu>d--,leg--,gu>d--,slope swords4 ,f\r? ,practice4 ,gu>d--,head--,head--,leg--,leg--,head-- ,head--,gu>d4 ,slope swords4 ,fif? ,practice4 ,head--,head--,arm--,head--,head--,arm4 ,head--,head--,"r side--,head--,head--,"r side4 ,slope swords4 ,:5 p]fect1 by ,^w ( comm&1 ! :ole ( ?is ,section is to be p]=m$ 9 ,quick "t1 by ! drill (fic] nam+ only ! practice requir$1 b fir/ giv+ ! caution--,/ick drill by practice divisions4 ,,in/ructions ,,= ,,pit*+1 ,,& ,,/rik+ ,,t5ts4 #a4 ,:5ev] possible1 ! qu>t]ma/]1 or an (fic] act+ = him1 ) a non-commission$ (fic] & a camp col\rman p] company1 w prec$e ! corps to be encamp$4 #b4 ,?is (fic] w take up gr\nd = ! companies' & ! (fic]s' & o!r t5ts1 c41 accord+ to ! directions he may h receiv$1 to con=m to "o or o!r ( ! me?ods laid d[n 9 ! 8,regulations = ,encampm5ts10 m>k+ by a picket ! spot to be occupi$ by ea* t5t-pole1 & tak+ c>e t ! l9es ( t5ts are p]p5dicul> & correctly cov]$4 #c4 ,be=e arriv+ 9 camp ! m5 w be told (f = _! sev]al functions z pole-m51 peg-m51 & unpack]s ( t5ts1 two m5 be+ allott$ = ea* ( ^! duties1 & six 9 all = e t5t4 ,m ?an ?is numb] only imp$e ea* o!r4 ,ea* t5t requires1 !re=e1 "o section ( ?rees to pit*1 or /rike x4 #d4 ,f ! rema9d] ( ! company ! p>ties w be told (f = provisions1 wood1 wat]1 fire1 gu>ds & pickets1 & = ! pit*+ ( ! (fic]s' ord]ly-room1 /ore-room1 gu>d-t5ts1 c4 ,to ea* t5t1 z f> z possible1 a non-commission$ (fic] w be told (f4 #e4 ,x is kn[n t ! soldi]s' t5t1 ) its cords1 occupies a space ( ne>ly #f y>ds--t is1 betwe5 #g & #h paces f pole to pole4 #f4 ,! pole-m51 be+ /ation$ at ! spots indicat$ by ! pickets1 ! pole is l[]$1 & ! cap ( ! t5t fix$ on1 & all ?+s prep>$ = ! rais+ ( ! t5t4 ,on ! signal1 or ^w ( comm&1 ! :ole ( ! poles are rais$ toge!r1 ! skirt ( ! t5t be+ lift$ ov] ! poleman's head4 #g4 ,x w be rememb]$1 t1 to insure /ability1 f\r ( ! cords :i* divide ! circumf]5ce accurately into qu>t]s1 mu/ be fir/ made fa/ be=e any ( ! o!rs4 #h4 ,ea* cord mu/ be /ret*$ on ! true prolongation ( ! t5t seam4 #i4 ,! slides mu/ be made fa/ at an equal di/ance f ! t5t & ! gr\nd peg1 s z to p]mit %ift+1 z expansion or contraction ( ! cord ensues on atmosph]ic *anges4 #aj4 ,! non-commission$ (fic] sees t ! door is prop]ly plac$1 & att5ds especially to ! fa/5+s ( ! fir/ f\r pegs1 ) a view to ! g5]al uprightness ( ! pole & security ( ! t5t1 "u ! g5]al sup]9t5d5ce ( ! company's (fic]s2 "o be+ /ation$ at ! flank1 ! m easily to detect & correct errors4 #aa4 ,9 ord] to /rike ! t5ts1 all ! pegs are drawn except ! f\r fir/ driv51 & f\r m5 place !mselves at ^! 9 read9ess = ! signal2 !y draw ^! pegs1 & hold d[n ! t5t till ! signal be giv54 #ab4 ,on ! signal1 ! pole-m5 l[] ! poles to ! re>1 & come out by ! door1 br++ ! poles ) !m4 #ac4 ,9 roll+ up ! t5t1 ! cap is turn$ on "o side1 9 su* a mann] z %all make x visible at "o end :5 ! t5t is roll$4 ,?is prev5ts ! cap f cutt+ ! t5t4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,royal ,,artill]y4 ,,c>b9e ,,ex]cise4 ,,manual ,,ex]cise4 ,pres5t arms4 ,%\ld] arms4 ,ord] arms4 ,%\ld] arms4 ,slope arms4 ,/& at ease4 ,att5tion4 ,c>ry arms4 ,trail arms4 ,%\ld] arms4 ,ord] arms4 ,trail arms4 ,ord] arms4 ,fix bayonets4 ,%\ld] arms4 ,*>ge bayonets4 ,%\ld] arms4 ,ord] arms4 ,unfix bayonets4 ,/& at ease4 ,,platoon ,,ex]cise4 #a4 ,z a front rank /&+4 #b4 ,z a re> rank /&+4 #c4 ,z a front rank kneel+4 #d4 ,z a re> rank kneel+4 ,z front rank /&+1 ,load4 ,h&le c>tridge4 ,draw ramrods4 ,ram d[n c>tridge4 ,return ramrods4 ',b\t4 ,prime4 ,z front rank--,ready4 ,pres5t4 ,load1 z be=e direct$4 ',b\t4 ,prime4 ,%\ld] arms4 ,z re> rank /&+--,ready4 ,pres5t4 ,load4 c41 c4 ,,to ,,fire ,,kneel+4 ,z front rank kneel+--,ready4 ,pres5t4 ,load1 z be=e direct$4 ',b\t4 ,prime4 ,ord]1 or ,%\ld] arms4 ,z re> rank kneel+--,ready4 ,pres5t4 ,load1 z be=e direct$4 ',b\t4 ,prime4 ,ord]1 or ,%\ld] arms4 ,w+ or ,battalion3 ,company1 prep>e to load4 ,load4 ,company1 ,w+1 ,ready4 or ,battalion4 ,pres5t4 ,half-cock arms4 ,%\ld] arms4 ,to fire a volley1 & half-cock4 ,ready4 ,pres5t4 ,%\ld] arms4 ,,inspection ,,( ,a ,,company4 ,d\ble di/ance--,re> rank take op5 ord]--,m>*4 ,port arms4 ,half-cock arms4 ,ease spr+s4 ,%\ld] arms4 ,ord] arms4 ,exam9e arms4 ,return ramrods4 ,fix bayonets4 ,,dismissal ,,( ,a ,,company4 ,recov] arms4 ,"r face4 ,lodge arms4 ,,to ,,fire ,a ,,feu-,,de-,,joie4 ,) blank c>tridge--,load4 ,ready4 ,pres5t4 ,comm5ce fir+ f ! "r1 & !n reload4 ,aft] ! ?ird fire4 ,%\ld] arms4 ,pres5t arms4 ,%\ld] arms4 ,ord] arms4 ,?ree *e]s4 ,,fun]al ,,ex]cise4 ,pres5t arms4 ,rev]se arms4 ,re/ ^u y\r arms rev]s$4 ,/& at ease4 ,att5tion4 ,rev]se arms4 ,re/ ^u y\r arms rev]s$4 ,pres5t arms4 ,%\ld] arms4 ,) blank c>tridge--,load4 ,ready4 ,pres5t4 ,aft] ! ?ird r\nd4 ,%\ld] arms4 ,re> rank take close ord]--,m>*4 ,on all occasions ! p]cussion ,c>b9e1 :5 capp$1 or hav+ ! snap-cap on1 is to be kept at ! half-cock1 ei!r :5 ! soldi] is on duty1 or at drill1 or :5 ! c>b9e is lodg$ 9 ! arm-rack ( ! gu>d-room or b>rack-room2 & on no acc\nt :atev] is ! cock to be all[$ to rema9 d[n ^u ! cap at any "t1 except dur+ ! int]val betwe5 ! words ( comm&1 8,fire10 & 8,load10 9 ! ,platoon ex]cise4 ,,sword1 ,,royal ,,artill]y4 lb4 oz4 ,weight ,sword #b #g #d lb4 ,scabb>d1 /eel #a #h in*es4 ,l5g? ,blade #bh #cc in*es4 ,h&le #e ,light ,cavalry patt]n ( #ahbb1 = ,royal ,horse ,artill]y4 lb4 oz4 ,weight ,sword #b #e #d lb4 #f oz4 ,scabb>d1 /eel #b #a in*es4 ,l5g? ,blade #ce #dj in*es4 ,h&le #e ,,cavalry1 ,,sword ,,ex]cise4 ,review1 or ,inspection ex]cise4 ,"r prove di/ance--,slope swords4 ,front prove di/ance--,slope swords4 ,p]=m ,sword ex]cise--,fir/ division--,second division4 ,! "t to be tak5 f ! ,flugleman z foll[s3-- ,words ( ,comm&4 ,flugleman4 ,"r prove di/ance ,"r4 ,slope swords ,"r4 ,front prove di/ance ,"r4 ,slope swords ,"r4 ,p]=m sword ex]cise4 ,engage ,"r4 ,"r gu>d ,"r4 ,left gu>d ,"r4 ,assault #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #a/1 #bnd1 #crd1 ,left & ,"r4 ,"r def5d1 #bnd1 #crd1 #d?1 #e?1 #f?1 #g?1 ,p>ry ,"r4 ,left def5d1 #bnd1 #crd1 #d?1 #e?1 #f?1 #g?4 ,p>ry ,"r & ,left4 ,slope swords ,left4 ,,fir/ ,,division4 ,,second ,,division4 ,assault ,left4 ,assault ,left4 ,"o ,left4 ,"o ,left4 ,po9t ,left4 ,po9t ,"r4 ,two ,"r4 ,two ,"r4 ,po9t ,"r4 ,po9t ,left4 ,?ree ,"r4 ,?ree ,"r4 ,po9t ,"r4 ,po9t ,left4 ,f\r ,left4 ,f\r ,left4 ,po9t ,left4 ,po9t ,"r4 ,five ,left4 ,five ,left4 ,po9t ,left4 ,po9t ,"r4 ,six ,"r4 ,six ,"r4 ,po9t ,"r4 ,po9t ,left4 ,sev5 ,"r4 ,sev5 ,"r4 ,po9t ,"r4 ,po9t ,"r re>4 ,slope swords ,"r4 ,slope swords ,"r re>4 ,,=mation ,,= ,,sword ,,ex]cise ,,on ,,foot4 ,(fic]s take po/ 9 front4 ,"r prove di/ance4 ,quick m>*4 ,slope swords4 ,f ! inw>d flanks ( w+s ,front prove di/ance4 tell (f by ,?rees4 ,slope swords4 ,f ! "r ( ! left w+ ,sword ex]cise4 op5 y\r files4 ,fir/ division4 ,quick m>*4 ,second division4 ,f ! "r ( ?rees to ! ,eyes "r4 front1 ,file4 ,return swords4 ,quick m>*4 ,front =m l9e4 ,halt4 ,quick m>*4 ,prep>e = sword ex]cise4 ,close to ! "r ( ! ,eyes "r4 left w+4 ,draw swords4 ,inw>ds face4 ,slope swords4 ,quick m>*4 ,,=mation ,,= ,,sword ,,ex]cise ,,m\nt$4 ,f ! "r ( ?rees to ! ,slope swords4 front1 ,file4 ,sword ex]cise4 ,m>*4 ,fir/ division4 ,halt4 ,second division4 ,"r prove di/ance4 ,front =m ranks4 ,slope swords4 ,m>*4 ,front prove di/ance4 ,,(fic]s' ,,salute4 ,! ,(fic]s to be =m$ 9 l9e at f\r paces di/ant f ea* o!r1 8,/&+ at ease0 ) ! po9t ( ! sword l[]$ betwe5 ! feet1 ! edge to ! "r1 & left h& cov]+ ! "r4 ,,att5tion--,c>ry swords4 ,,re> ,,rank ,,take ,,op5 ,,ord]--8,recov] swords0 & move =w>d an oblique pace to ! left1 s z to be plac$ 9 front1 & j cle> ( ! second ,file4 ,,m>*--,advance ?ree paces to ! front1 & br+ ! sword to ! 8,port10 ! blade be+ diagonally across ! body1 ! edge upw>ds1 & arms ne>ly ext5d$2 ! left elb[ b5t ) ! h& z high1 & 9 front ( ! %\ld]2 hold+ ! blade betwe5 ! =ef+] & ?umb1 ! knuckles to ! front1 & elb[s close to ! side4 ,,pres5t ,,arms--8,recov] swords0 at ! second motion ( ! c>b9e2 & at ! ?ird motion l[] ! sword 7to ! full ext5t ( ! arm7 to ! "r1 ) ! edge to ! left1 & po9t 9 ! direction ( ! "r foot1 ! elb[ close to ! side1 at ! same "t rais+ ! left arm z high z ! %\ld]1 & br++ ! h& r\nd by a circul> motion ov] ! peak ( ! cap1 ! knuckles upp]mo/1 & f+]s ext5d$4 ,,%\ld] ,,arms--8,recov] swords0 at ! fir/ motion ( ! c>b9e2 & at ! second motion 8,port swords40 ,,re> ,,rank ,,take ,,close ,,ord]--8,"r face20 & z ! "r foot is drawn to ! re>1 8,recov] swords40 ,,m>*--,move back into ! front ,rank4 8,front0 & 8,c>ry swords40 ,! ,salute on ! m>* is to comm5ce :5 at t5 paces f ! ,review+ (fic]1 ! ,(fic] on ! "r giv+ ! signal to prep>e ! o!r ,(fic]s by rais+ ! f+]s ( ! left h& two paces1 previ\s to salut+2 ! sword is !n rais$ by ext5d+ ! arm to ! "r1 & by a circul> motion br\ght to ! 8,recov]20 & cont9u+ ! motion to ! "r %\ld]1 f :5ce ! sword is l[]$1 & ! left h& is !n gradually rais$ ov] ! peak ( ! cap 9 ! mann] be=e direct$4 ,! "t = complet+ ! salute is six paces1 comm5c+ ) ! left foot1 & may be divid$ 7= ,drill practice7 z foll[s3--,fir/ pace1 ! sword rais$ to ! "r2 ,second pace1 to ! 8,recov]20 ,?ird pace1 to ! "r %\ld]2 ,f\r? pace1 ! sword l[]$ to ! "r2 ,fif? pace1 ! left arm rais$2 ,six? pace1 h& br\ght to ! peak ( ! cap4 ,! head %\ld be slightly turn$ t[>ds ! ,review+ ,(fic]1 :il/ pass+ him1 & hav+ done s six paces1 & giv5 ! signal 7z be=e7 8,recov] swords0 at "o pace1 & 9 8,port0 ! foll[+ pace4 ,! same "t is giv5 = ! ,salute :5 m\nt$ 7:i* is to be complet$ 9 f\r motions71 b ! sword %\ld !n be kept 9 a l9e ) ! knee4 ,on ! m>*1 or :5 manuvr+1 ! sword may be c>ri$ to ! full ext5t ( ! arm1 ! gu>d ( ! hilt re/+ ^u ! inside ( ! f+]s1 ! back ( ! blade be+ aga9/ ! holl[ ( ! %\ld]4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,ordnance1 ,,c>riages1 ,,etc4 ,,ordnance4 ,,guns4 ,guns are di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by _! metal1 & weight ( _! %ot4 ,a ,gun is divid$ into five p>ts1 :i* are nam$ ,cascable1 ,fir/ re9=ce1 ,second re9=ce1 ,*ase1 ,muzzle4 ,! metal is made ?ick] t[>ds ! bree* ?an at ! muzzle1 to /r5g!n ! piece1 = ! ela/ic =ce ( ! ,gunp[d] is !re greate/1 & dim9i%es 9 p[] z ! space x occupies is ext5d$4 ,! metal is made ?9n] t[>ds ! muzzle to make ! gun light]4 ,! ,disp>t is half ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! diamet] ( ! ,gun at ! base r+ & at ! swell ( ! muzzle4 ,by affix+ on ! muzzle a piece ( metal equal to ! height ( ! disp>t1 ! l9e ( sight w be made p>allel to ! axis ( ! bore1 & !re=e an object )9 po9t blank range c be se54 ,h[itz]s1 & "s guns :i* h a pat* or projection on ! upp] "p ( ! muzzle1 h no disp>t1 ! semi-diamet] ( ! muzzle ) ! pat* add$ to x be+ equal to ! semi-diamet] ( ! base r+4 ,iron ordnance 7,bloomfield's7 are int5d$ to h a degree & a half disp>t1 b ! f\nd] is all[$ two-t5?s ( an in* v>iation 9 ca/+ ,iron ordnance1 = any diff]5ce :i* !re may be betwe5 ! int5d$ & actual diamet] ( ! base r+ & muzzle4 ,light ,brass ,field ,guns #ab1 #f1 & #c-p\nd]s h a disp>t ( "o degree1 & ,m$ium #ab-p\nd]s & #i-p\nd]s h "o degree & a qu>t]4 ,! ,angle ( disp>t is ! numb] ( degrees ! axis ( ! bore w\ld po9t above ! object aim$ at1 :5 laid by ! surface ( ! gun4 ,po9t blank range is :5 ! piece is laid at ! object )\t any elevation2 ! plane & ! axis ( ! bore be+ p>allel to ea* o!r4 ,its di/ance is measur$ f ! muzzle ( ! piece 7fir$ ) ! s]vice *>ge ( p[d]7 to ! fir/ graze ( ! %ot1 or po9t at :i* x fir/ t\*es ! gr\nd4 ,:5 a ,%ot is fir$ f a gun1 x is act$ ^u by ?ree =ces3-- #a/4 ,! explosion ( ! ,p[d]1 :i* urges x =w>d4 #bnd4 ,! resi/ance ( ! ,air1 :i* t5ds to /op x4 #crd4 ,! =ce ( gravity1 :i* causes x to desc5d4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,brass ,,gun4 ,,names ,,( ,,! ,,sev]al ,,p>ts ,,( ,a ,,gun4 ,,ab ,l5g? ( ! ,gun ,,ac ,fir/ ,re9=ce ,,cd ,second ,re9=ce ,,de ,*ase ,,eb ,muzzle ,,fa ,cascable ,,gh ,bore ,,rh ,axis ( ! ,piece ,i ,trunnions ,l ,v5t ,field ,n ,v5t ,o ,swell ( ! ,muzzle ,,vak ,bree* ,s ,button ab ,button ,a/ragal cd ,neck ef ,neck ,fillet g ,bree* ,ogee h ,base ,r+ i ,base ,r+ ,ogee k ,v5t ,field ,a/ragal ,fillets l ,fir/ ,re9=ce ,r+ m ,second ,re9=ce ,r+ ,ogee n ,muzzle ,a/ragal ,fillets o ,muzzle ,m\ld+s s ,%\ld] ( ! ,trunnion tu ,diamet] ( ! ,bore or ,calibre ,:5 a ,%ot has be5 fir$ f a gun "o second ( "t1 x has fall5 #af-a_/ab feet2 9 two seconds1 #fd feet2 9 ?ree seconds1 #add feet2 & proportionally = e additional second4#d ,= ?is reason1 x is necess>y to give a c]ta9 degree ( elevation to a gun3 z1 = in/ance1 %\ld ! "t ( flight ( a %ot be two seconds1 ! gun mu/ be po9t$ #fd feet above ! object int5d$ to be /ruck1 because 9 t "t x w h fall5 ?r\gh t space2 !re=e1 ! m di/ant ! object is1 ! great] mu/ be ! elevation giv5 to enable ! %ot to rea* x4 ,!re are ?ree modes ( ext5d+ ! range ( a ,%ot )\t increas+ ! *>ge ( p[d]1 viz43-- #a/4 ,by rais+ ! piece to a high] level4 #bnd4 ,by giv+ its axis great] elevation4 #crd4 ,by exc5tric projectiles2 rec5t exp]im5ts hav+ %[n t if ! c5tre ( gravity is plac$ directly above ! c5tre ( figure ! range is greatly increas$4#e ,a ,tang5t scale is affix$ to ! bree* ( ,guns & ,h[itz]s1 by means ( :i* ! requisite elevation may be giv51 & ! object se5 at ! same "t4 ,?is scale has divisions1 call$ degrees1 m>k$ on x1 & x is plac$ 9 a groove at ! bree*1 f :i* x c be rais$ 7be+ fa/5$ by a screw7 to give ! necess>y elevation4 ,! divisions on ! ,tang5t scale are f\nd by multiply+ ! l5g? ( ! piece 9 in*es1 f ! base r+ to ! swell ( ! muzzle1 by #jagdee1 & ! product w give ! l5g? ne>ly ( ea* degree or division on ! tang5t scale4 ,by subtract+ ! disp>t f ?is product1 ! l5g? ( ! tang5t scale above ! base r+ = "o degree ( elevation w be obta9$4 ,! ,sights ( a gun are two small not*es m>k$ on ! upp] "p ( ! base r+ 7or on ! top ( ! tang5t scale7 & swell ( ! muzzle4 ,_! situation is asc]ta9$ by means ( a _s level4 ,! l9e ( metal is an imag9>y l9e drawn along ! surface ( ! metal betwe5 ! two sights4 ,! l9e ( metal ,elevation is obta9$ by lay+ a ,gun at an object by means ( ! sights1 )\t giv+ any elevation2 f ! ?ickness ( metal at ! bree*1 ! l9e ( metal elevation v>ies f "o to two degrees4 ,! ,c5tre ( metal is indicat$ by a l9e drawn ?r\gh ! upp]mo/ po9t ( ! base r+ & swell ( ! muzzle2 & is asc]ta9$ by means ( a _s level4 ,w9dage is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! diamet] ( ! bore1 & t ( ! %ot4 ,! w9dage =m]ly all[$ 0 "o-tw5tie? ! diamet] ( ! %ot1 b x is n[ r$uc$ consid]ably3 7,field ,guns hav+ only "o-t5? ( an in*7 & ?is dim9ution ( w9dage is v b5eficial1 long] ranges be+ obta9$ ) ! same *>ges ( p[d]1 & also great] precision ( fire4 ,! ,v5t1 = e nature ( ,ordnance1 is two-n9?s ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,b\*+ a gun is fix+ a pure copp] v5t into x2 :i* is done by drill+ a hole 9 ! piece1 :]e ! v5t is usually plac$1 ab\t "o in* 9 diamet]1 & screw+ !re9 a piece ( wr\ght copp] ) a v5t ( two-n9?s ( an in* ?r\gh ! c5tre ( x4 ,t]tiat+ a gun is exam9+ ! ?ickness ( metal1 :e!r ! bore is p]fectly /raight1 ! trunnions prop]ly plac$1 c4 ,x is p]=m$ by means ( callip] compasses1 & o!r in/rum5ts4 ,quadrat+ a gun is asc]ta9+ if x is prop]ly plac$ on its c>riage1 & if ! :eels are ( an equal height4 ,a ,gun is honeycomb$ :5 ! surface ( ! bore has cavities1 or holes 9 x4 ,! ,l5g? ( a gun is asc]ta9$ by measur+ x f ! re> ( ! base r+ to ! face ( ! muzzle4 ,! ,calibre ( a gun is ! diamet] ( ! bore4 ,to f9d ! l5g? ( a gun1 9 feet & in*es1 its l5g? 9 ,calibres be+ kn[n-- ,divide ! product ( ! numb] ( ,calibres & ! diamet] ( ! bore1 9 in*es1 by #ab1 & ! quoti5t w be ! l5g? 9 feet & in*es4 ,to f9d ! ,numb] ( calibres 9 ! ,l5g? ( a gun4 ,divide ! l5g? ( ! gun 9 in*es by ! numb] ( in*es 9 ! calibre4 ,gun metal is a comp\nd ( #h lb4 or #aj lb4 ( t91 to #ajj lb4 ( copp]4 ,! prop]ty ( t9 be+ to h>d51 ! l>ge/ proportion 7#aj lb47 is us$ = mort>s1 !y requir+ a great] degree ( h>dness ?an guns4 ,ordnance ca/ ( gun metal are g5]ally designat$ ,brass ,ordnance4 ,brass guns are us$ = field batt]ies1 !y hav+ be5 consid]$ pref]able to iron = ! s]vice1 be+ light] ?an iron guns c\ld be ca/ ( ! same calibre1 )\t risk+ _! bur/+4 ,brass guns are1 h[ev]1 soon r5d]$ uns]viceable by repeat$ & quick fir+4 ,iron guns are bett] adapt$ = batt]ies 9 ! attack or def5ce ( t[ns or =tresses1 & also = s]vice on bo>d %ip2 be+ less exp5sive ?an brass1 & bett] able to su/a9 long-cont9u$ & rapid fir+4 ,at ! siege ( ,badajoz ! fir+ cont9u$ = #ajd h\rs1 & ! numb] ( r\nds fir$ f ea* #bd-p\nd] av]ag$ #abdi2 at ! siege ( ,/4 ,seba/ian1 ea* piece fir$ ab\t #cej r\nds 9 #ae h\rs4 ,none ( ^! guns 7 r5d]$ uns]viceable2 b ?ree times ! numb] ( brass guns w\ld h be5 requir$ to produce ! same effect1 or ma9ta9 su* long & rapid fir+4 ,s]vice ,*>ges ( p[d]4 ,= heavy guns ! weight ( ! %ot4 ,= light d4 d4 d4 ,! ,po9t blank range ( ,iron #cb1 #bd1 #ah1 & #ab-p\nd]s ) solid %ot v>ies f #chj to #bfj y>ds2 f :i* to #abjj y>ds1 e degree increases ! range ab\t #ajj y>ds2 & f #abjj to #aejj y>ds1 e degree increases ! range ab\t #ej y>ds4 ,! ,po9t blank range ( ,brass1 ,m$ium #ab1 #i1 & ,heavy #f-p\nd]s1 ) solid %ot1 is #cjj y>ds1 & f :i* to #gjj y>ds1 e degree elevation increases ! range #ajj y>ds2 f #gjj to #ajjj1 e degree increases x #ge y>ds1 & f #ajjj to #abjj1 e degree increases x #ej y>ds4 ,! ,po9t blank range ( ,brass1 ,light #ab1 #f1 & #c-p\nd]s is #bjj y>ds1 f :i* to #fjj y>ds1 ea* degree increases ! range #ajj y>ds1 & f #fjj to #ajjj1 ea* degree increases x #ej y>ds4 ,note4--,= ,weights1 ,dim5sions1 ,ranges1 ,*>ges1 c41 vide ,tables4 ,,h[itz]s4 ,h[itz]s are a %ort description ( ,ordnance1 ei!r ,brass or ,iron1 & are us$ = project+ ,%ells4 ,_! pr9cipal advantages are t !y c be m easily load$1 & are consid]ably light]1 9 proportion to _! calibre1 ?an ,guns2 & !y also may be us$ z ,mort>s4 ,!y h no disp>t1 ! diamet] ( ! base r+ & swell ( ! muzzle be+ equal1 except 9 ! #bd & #ab-p\nd]s2 :i*1 h[ev]1 are provid$ ) a pat* to make up ! diff]5ce4 ,mill>'s h[itz]s diff] f ! old patt]n 9 ! increas$ l5g?1 be+ f six to t5 calibres2 & 9 ! conical =m giv5 to _! ,*amb]s 7call$ ,gom]7 :i* are ! fru/rum ( a cone1 t]m9at+ 9 an hemisph]e4 ,note4--,vide ,tables = ,weights1 ,dim5sions1 ,ranges1 ,*>ges1 c4 ,,c>ronades4 ,a ,c>ronade is a %ort piece ( ,iron ,ordnance1 ) a loop "u ! re9=ce in/ead ( trunnions4 ,its con/ruction is mat]ially diff]5t to t ( guns2 hav+ a *amb]2 a "p scoop$ out inside ! muzzle =m+ a cup2 also a pat* on ! re9=ce4 ,!y take _! "n f ! ,c>ron ,f\ndry 7:]e !y 7 fir/ ca/ = ! ,navy 9 #aggi71 are consid]ably light] ?an ,guns ( simil> calibres1 & are fir$ ) *>ges ( ab\t "o-twelf? ! weight ( ! %ot4 ,c>ronades are *iefly us$ on bo>d %ip1 b occasionally 9 casemates1 & retir$ flanks ( =tresses4 ,! highe/ *>ge is "o-eigh? ! weight ( ! %ot4 ,! l[e/ *>ge "o-sixte5? d4 d4 ,note4--,= ,weights1 ,dim5sions1 ,ranges1 c41 vide ,tables4 ,,mort>s4 ,mort>s diff] f ,guns 9 ! con/ruction ( _! bore1 & also 9 _! =m1 :i* is consid]ably %ort]1 ! metal be+ mu* ?ick]1 & ! trunnions be+ at ! extremity ( ! bree*4 ,!y are us$ = ?r[+ ,%ells into a t[n1 or batt]y1 sett+ fire to & ov]?r[+ works1 bl[+ up magaz9es1 & break+ ?r\gh ! ro(s ( b>racks1 casemates1 magaz9es1 c4 ,!y are di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by ! diamet] ( _! bore4 ,_! *amb]s are 9 ! =m ( a fru/rum ( a cone1 9 :i* ! p[d] is m conc5trat$2 ! ,%ell fits close to ! sides ( ! piece1 & !reby receives ! :ole =ce ( ! expansion ( ! p[d]4 ,! greate/ *>ges _! *amb]s w conta91 & ! correspond+ ,ranges1 are z foll[s3-- #ac-;in*4 #aj-;in*4 #ah-;in*4 ,l& ,s]vice4 ,l& ,s]vice4 ,l& ,s]vice4 ,greate/ *>ge #i p\nds4 #d p\nds4 #b p\nds4 ,greate/ range #bgjf y>ds4 #becf y>ds4 #agbf y>ds4 ,:5 ,mort>s are us$ 9 fir+ on ,incl9$ planes1 up or d[n hill1 %\ld ! incl9ation be consid]able1 take half ! angle x makes ) ! horizon1 & add x to1 or subtract x f #de degrees 7:i* is = a m$ium plane71 & x w give ! greate/ range ^u ! requir$ plane4 ,note4--,vide ,tables ( ,dim5sions1 ,weight1 ,*>ges1 ,ranges1 c4 ,,value ,,( ,,ordnance4 ,,brass ,,ordnance4 ,dep5d5t on ! m>ket price ( metals2 at #ajj p] ton1 aft] _! comb9ation1 ! value ( gun metal is f #d p5ce to #d p5ce p] lb4 ,,iron ,,ordnance4 ,! value is v>iable accord+ to ! m>ket price4 ,av]age f #ad to #af p] ton1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! ordnance1 ! high] price be+ ! value ( ! small] pieces4 ,,pro( ,,( ,,ordnance4 ,all natures ( ,ordnance und]go sev]al k9ds ( pro( be=e !y are receiv$ into ! s]vice3-- #a/4 ,!y are gaug$ z to _! sev]al dim5sions1 int]nal & ext]nal2 z to ! ju/ness & position ( ! bore1 ! *amb]1 v5t1 & trunnions1 c4 #bnd4 ,!y are fir$ ) a regulat$ *>ge ( p[d] & %ot1 be+ aft]w>ds se>*$ to discov] irregul>ities1 or holes produc$ by ! fir+4 #crd4 ,by means ( eng9es1 an endeav\r is made to =ce wat] ?r\gh !m4 #d?4 ,!y are exam9$ int]nally by means ( light1 reflect$ f a mirror4 ,,iron ,,guns4 ,! guns are fir/ exam9$ z to _! prop] dim5sions1 9 :i* no m ?an #c ( an in* v>iation is all[$2 & 9 ! diamet]s ( ! bore only #jcc f #db to #ah p\nd]s1 & #jbe f #ab to #f p\nd]s2 b 9 ! position ( ! bore #e ( an in* out ( ! axis ( a piece f a #db to an #ah p\nd]1 & #ccd ( an in* f a #ab to a #f p\nd] is all[$4 ,!y are !n fir$ twice ) ! *>ge 9 ! foll[+ table1 ) "o %ot & two high junk wads1 & exam9$ ) a se>*] aft] ea* r\nd4 ,9 ?is exam9ation !y mu/ n h any hole or cavity 9 ! bore ( two-t5?s ( an in* 9 dep? beh9d ! fir/ re9=ce r+1 or "o-f\r? ( an in* 9 dep? be=e ?is r+4 ,,pro( ,,*>ges4 ,nature #db ,pr4 #cb ,pr4 #bd ,pr4 #ah ,pr4 #ab ,pr4 #i ,pr4 #f ,pr4 #c ,pr4 ,*>ge1 9 p\nds #be #ba #ah #ae #ab #i #f #c ,,brass ,,guns4 ,f #c to #ab p\nd]s ! diamet] ( ! bore mu/ n v>y m ?an #jbe ( an in*1 nor 9 any dim5sions m ?an #b4 ,,pro( ,,*>ges4 ,nature #ab ,pr4 m$ium4 #ab ,pr4 light4 #i ,pr4 #f ,pr4 #c ,pr4 ,*>ge #d lb4 #d lb4 #c lb4 #b lb4 #a lb4 ,! #ab p\nd]s are fir$ twice1 ! rema9d] ?ree times4 ,any hole #ae ( an in* upw>ds1 or sideways 9 ! bore1 or #a 9 ! bottom1 betwe5 ! bree* & fir/ re9=ce2 or #b ( an in* upw>ds1 or sideways1 or #ae 9 ! bottom ( ! bore be=e ! fir/ re9=ce r+1 w be suffici5t to condemn !m4 ,,mort>s1 ,,& ,,h[itz]s4 ,! ext]ior dim5sions are 9 no respect to deviate m ?an #a ( an in* 9 ! #aj1 & #h in* ,h[itz]s1 & #je ( an in* 9 ! #bd1 & #ab p\nd] ,h[itz]s1 & ,royal & ,coehorn ,mort>s1 & ,h[itz]s4 ,_! bores & *amb]s mu/ n deviate f _! true diamet]s1 or positions m ?an #jbe ( an in*4 ,,pro( ,,*>ges4 ,! ,brass ,mort>s1 & ,h[itz]s are fir$ twice ) _! *amb]s full ( p[d]1 & an iron %ell4 ,! ,mort>s on _! own b$s at an elevation ( ab\t #ge degrees1 & ! ,h[itz]s on _! c>riages at an elevation ( ab\t #ab degrees4 ,! ,iron ,mort>s are prov$ ) a *>ge equal to ! full *amb]1 & a solid %ot equal 9 diamet] to ! %ell4 ,royal or ,coehorn ,mort>s1 & also #bd1 & #ab p\nd]s1 or ,royal ,h[itz]s1 hav+ a hole ( #a ( an in* 9 dep? 9 ! *amb]1 or #ae ( an in* 9 ! *ase are reject$4 ,a hole #ae ( an in* 9 dep? 9 ! *amb]1 or #b ( an in* 9 ! *ase is suffici5t to condemn ! #aj & #h in* ,h[itz]s4 ,,c>ronades4 ,! bores1 & *amb]s ( ,c>ronades mu/ n deviate m ?an #je ( an in* f _! true dim5sions1 & positions4 ,,pro( ,,*>ges4 ,!y are prov$ ) two r\nds1 ) _! *amb]s full ( p[d]1 & "o %ot & wad4 ,a hole ( #b ( an in* 9 dep? 9 ! bore1 or #a 9 ! *amb] condemns ! piece4 ,,wat] ,,pro(4 ,all ,ordnance1 aft] hav+ und]gone ! be=e-m5tion$ pro(s1 & ! subsequ5t se>*+s1 are subject to ! ,wat] pro(4 ,?is is done by means ( a =c+ pump1 hav+ a pipe or hose fitt$ & secur$ to ! m\? ( ! piece1 & a plug to /op up ! v5t4 ,aft] two or ?ree ef=ts to =ce ! wat] ?r\gh any honeycombs or flaws1 :i* !re may be 9 ! bore1 !y are left to dry1 & g5]ally ! next day exam9$ by light reflect$ f a mirror4 ,if ! bore %\ld conta9 any small holes or flaws1 :i* h n be5 discov]$ by ! =m] pro(s1 !y are v readily f\nd by ?is1 z ! wat] w cont9ue to weep or run f ! holes1 aft] ! solid p>ts ( ! bore are p]fectly dry4 ,:5 a gun bur/s 9 prov+1 ! rema9d] 9 pro( at ! same "t are subject$ to ano!r pro( r\nd4 ,ordnance condemn$1 = any ( ! =ego+ reasons z uns]viceable1 is m>k$ z foll[s3-- ,d = faulty 9 dim5sions4 ,s by ,se>*]4 ,w by ,wat] pro(4 ,condemn$ ,%ells are ?us m>k$3-- ,f -- = ,fuze hole faulty4 ,n = ,non-conc5tric4 ,w = ,wat] pro(4 ,,in/ructions ,,= ,,! ,,c>e ,,& ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,iron ,,ordnance4 ,great att5tion %\ld be paid to ! c>e & pres]vation ( iron ,ordnance :5 9 ,dept or on ,s]vice1 to prev5t ! irrep>able injury ,guns su/a9 f ru/ & corrosion4 ,) ?is view ! fir/ /ep to be tak5 is to cle> _! bores & ext]ior surfaces f all ru/ & dirt1 :i* is done on ! inside ) circul> ,spr+ ,scrap]s1 fix$ on ! end ( a long %aft or h&le1 ^! scrap]s are made to press /rongly on ! sides ( ! cyl9d]1 & by be+ drawn backw>ds & =w>ds by two or ?ree effici5t lab\r]s1 w remove ! ru/1 & if n 9 a v bad /ate1 w re/ore a regul> smoo? surface2 ! bottom or end ( ! bore is also scrap$ ) a tool = t purpose1 & ! v5t is op5$ by pass+ a squ>e /eel rim] ( its diamet] ?r\gh x1 g5tly turn+ ! tool r\nd until ! v5t is cle>2 aft] :i* ! bore mu/ be well bru%$ out1 fir/ ) a h>d r\nd bru%1 & !n ) a ,turk's-head bru%1 s t n ! lea/ dirt rema9s 9 x4 ,?is be+ p]=m$1 ! fir/ coat ( lacqu] may be laid on1 to :i* :5 dry1 a second is to be add$4 ,?is is done ) a common pa9t]'s bru%1 fix$ v]tically on ! end ( a /aff suffici5tly long to rea* d[n ! cyl9d]2 & ! bottom ( ! bore is lacqu]$ by ano!r bru% fix$ horizontally at ! end ( ! /aff2 ! outside or ext]ior p>ts ( ! pieces are also to be well scrap$ ) an old sea-s]vice sword1 or /eel tool ( t nature1 tol]ably %>p1 especially ab\t ! m\ld+s1 :]e =m] coat+s & dirt h accumulat$1 & :5 ! ru/ w n give way1 x %\ld be slightly hamm]$1 s z to loos5 x4 ,^! op]ations mu/ be cont9u$ until ! :ole coat ( old pa9t1 ru/1 or dirt1 is completely remov$1 aft] :i* ! du/ mu/ be well bru%$ or rubb$ (f1 & ! piece w !n be fit to receive its fir/ coat ( anticorrosion1 to :i*1 :5 dry1 a second is to be add$4 ,be=e ! "w is comm5c$ ! pieces %\ld be arrang$ z ne>ly z possible 9 ! places :]e !y are to rema91 z too mu* roll+ is apt to di/urb ! coat+ ( pa9t1 especially be=e x has ga9$ suffici5t h>dness to be durable4 ,! foll[+ objects also require to be p>ticul>ly att5d$ to--viz43 ,9 skidd+ ,guns1 c41 c>e mu/ be tak5 t !y are laid "u metal1 s t _! muzzles may be suffici5tly incl9$ d[nw>ds to prev5t ra9 or any moi/ure lodg+1 & ! bores f "t to "t %\ld be swept out1 z du/ or s& bl[+ into !m & be+ suff]$ to rema91 w\ld be v de/ructive2 nor %\ld ! ,guns be ev] /ack$ "o ov] ! o!r1 if ! space :]e !y are kept is suffici5tly l>ge to admit ( _! be+ laid 9 s+le ti]s4 ,aft] ! ,ordnance is once got into a complete /ate ( pres]vation1 by foll[+ ^! in/ructions1 v little tr\ble or exp5se w att5d _! be+ kept s1 = a slight coat ( anticorrosion on ! ext]ior1 & a ?9 coat ( lacqu] 9 ! cyl9d] e ?ree or f\r ye>s1 is all !y w require1 provid$ !y are e n[ & !n bru%$ out z be=e /at$4 ,on coat+ ! ,guns1 x may be f\nd useful to let ! pa9t] m>k on !m ! date1 :i* w %[ h[ long x la/s1 z ?is may diff] at diff]5t /ations1 especially su* z are expos$ to mu* damp air1 & x w af=d ! means ( calculat+ ! necess>y dem&s ( articles = ?is purpose at /at$ p]iods4 ,! same rules are to be obs]v$ 9 ! pres]vation ( all iron ,ordnance m\nt$ on works1 ) reg>d to ! application ( lacqu] & anticorrosion1 & ! precautions ( keep+ ! pieces laid "u metal1 & frequ5tly bru%+ out _! bores1 c41 z recomm5d$ 9 ! =ego+ in/ructions4 ,,mixture ,,( ,,+r$i5ts ,,= ,,coat+ ,,& ,,lacqu]+ ,,iron ,,ordnance4 lb4 ,anticorrosion #dj ,black 7,grant's7 gr\nd 9 oil #d ,r$ lead1 z a dri] #c ,l9se$ oil1 gallons #d ,turp5t9e 7spirits (7 p9t #a ,?is mixture1 :5 well /irr$ & incorporat$1 w be fit = use1 b1 z by long keep+ 9 ?is /ate x becomes h>d1 no m %\ld be mix$ ?an is requir$ = pres5t use4 ,,black ,,lead ,,lacqu]1 ,,= ,,! ,,bore ,,or ,,cyl9d]4 lb4 oz4 ,black lead 7,cumb]l&7 #i ,l9se$ oil1 gallons #d ,r$ lead #b #h ,lamp black1 or wad #j #d ,! oil to be boil$1 & ! pa9t to be well gr\nd4 ,?is w keep4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 9 boil+ ! oil1 z any damp fall+ 9 w\ld cause an explosion4 ,,in/ructions ,,= ,,lacqu]+ ,,%ot1 ,,& ,,%ells4 ,all ,%ot & ,%ells 7includ+ ,%rapnell7 are fir/ to be clean$ ext]iorly by ! ma*9e or o!rwise1 & !n su* z are f\nd suffici5tly correct & up to _! prop] gauge are to be twice lacqu]$ ) ! foll[+ composition1 leav+ suffici5t "t betwe5 = ! coats to become p]fectly dry & h>d4 ,! w>me/ wea!r is ! prop] "t = ?is op]ation4 ,t5 lab\r]s c exam9e1 clean1 & lacqu] ) two coats "o ?\s& %ot 9 a day1 provid$ ! wea!r be fav\rable4 ,,composition4 ,grant's black #dj lb4 ,r$ lead #e lb4 ,raw l9se$ oil #e gallons4 ,! r$ lead is to be gr\nd into a "p ( ! oil1 9 ord] t ! :ole ( ! +r$i5ts may be ?or\ghly incorporat$4 ,,to ,,r5d] ,,ordnance ,,uns]viceable ,,by ,,spik+1 ,,etc4 ,! mo/ effectual me?od ( r5d]+ ,guns uns]viceable1 or ( no fur!r use1 is by remov+ "o or bo? ( ! trunnions1 :i* may be done by /rik+ x ne> its end ) a sl$ge hamm]2 or by fir+ a %ot aga9/ x f a c>ronade1 or h[itz]1 ! muzzle ( ! piece be+ plac$ ne> ! trunnion4 ,brass ,ordnance may also be r5d]$ uns]viceable by fir+ :ole or brok5 %ot into ! bore f ano!r piece2 or by fil+ a %ot aga9/ ! *ase1 :i* g5]ally bulges ! metal )9 ! bore4#f ,= spik+ ,ordnance1 two k9ds ( spikes are us$3-- #a/4 ,! ,common spike1 :i* is #d in*es long1 #bg in*es 9 diamet] at ! head1 & ab\t #a at ! po9t4 ,x is driv5 z f> z x w g into ! v5t1 & aft]w>ds brok5 (f close to ! gun4 #bnd4 ,! ,spr+ or tempor>y spike1 :i* is #ag 9 diamet]1 & v>ies 9 l5g? f #cbe to #ebe in*es4 ,x has a flat head to prev5t its fall+ ?r\gh ! v5t into ! bore1 & also a spr+ ab\t two in*es 9 l5g?1 :i* ext5ds f ! po9t t[>ds ! head4 ,9 pass+ ?r\gh ! v5t1 ?is is compress$1 b z soon z x is cle> ( ! metal1 x exp&s & _c be )drawn1 unless x is aga9 compress$ suffici5tly to all[ its be+ aga9 drawn into ! v5t1 :i* may be done by press+ a ramm] head aga9/ x1 provid$ ! spr+ is t[>ds ! muzzle1 :i* may be kn[n by a small not* cut 9 ! head ( ! spike to po9t out its direction4 ,a long spike ) a s(t po9t may be driv5 into ! v5t1 & ! end project+ into ! bore cl5*$2 :i*1 z well z ei!r a common nail or ev5 a wood5 peg w\ld answ] z a tempor>y exp$i5t if a prop] spike 7 n at h&4 ,%\ld a mom5t>y ab&onm5t ( ! guns become unavoidable1 by tak+ away ! cap-squ>es1 elevat+ screws1 quo9s1 l9*-p9s1 or side-arms1 ! ,enemy w be prev5t$ us+ !m = "s "t4 ,an artill]yman %\ld1 h[ev]1 nev] =get t ! guns are 8 ,/&>d1 :i* x %\ld be 8 pride & glory to def5d to ! la/ mom5t1 nev] des]t+ !m )\t positive ord]s to d s1 or until ! la/ glimm]+ hope ( sav+ !m is de/roy$4 ,b %\ld ! necessity ( ab&on+ ! guns appe> imp]ative1 !n let ! ,artill]i/ rememb] t a p>t+ %ot 7especially cani/]7 at ! advanc+ columns ( ! enemy1 may insure n only 8 own safety1 b also t ( a l>ge portion ( ! army4 ,,unspik+ ,,ordnance4 ,if a gun has be5 spik$ ) a ,common /eel spike1 load ) a *>ge ( p[d] equal to half ! %ot's weight3 lay a lead] ( quick mat* along ! bore1 & d\ble %ot ! gun1 introduc+ ! %ot1 h[ev]1 v c>efully4 ,by affix+ a piece ( sl[ mat* to ! end ( ! quick mat* :i* rea*es to ! muzzle1 ! gun may be easily & safely fir$4 ,%\ld ! spike n be remov$1 ! op]ation may be repeat$4 ,:5 ,brass guns h be5 spik$1 x w\ld be advisable1 a day or two be=e mak+ ! above exp]im5t1 to scrat* r\nd ! spike ) a grav]1 & p\r a few drops ( ,sulphuric1 or ,nitric acid into ! circle1 :i*1 be+ repeat$1 w f9d its way d[n betwe5 ! spike & ! metal1 p>ticul>ly if ! =m] is n p]fectly r\nd4 ,:5 ! gun _c be unspik$ by ! above-m5tion$ op]ations1 make a l>ge fire r\nd ! bree* to s(t5 ! spike1 & aft] ! gun has be5 gradually cool$1 ! spike may g5]ally be remov$ by us+ ! drill4 ,:5 a gun _c be unspik$1 ! only means ( r5d]+ x s]viceable is to drill ano!r v5t1 ab\t half an in* f ! orig9al "o4 ,to drill a new ,v5t w require ab\t an h\r p] in*4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t a v small drill is fir/ us$1 & aft]w>ds "o r less ?an ! diamet] ( ! v5t1 o!rwise ! v5t w run ! risk ( be+ too mu* enl>g$4 ,l5g?1 ,weight1 ,calibre1 ,*>ge1 c41 ( ,ordnance4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,l5g?4 -------------------- ,nature ( ,9 feet & ,9 ,weight4,calibre4 piece4 in*es4 ,calibres4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ft4 94 cwt4 in*es4 #aj-;,in* #i #d #aa #he #aj #h #i #acc #fe #hje #h #aj #acje #fj #hje #h #aahb #eb #hje #f #h #iic #ej #hje #fh ,pr4 #aj #aj #afae #aab #hab #aj #adgh #ie #hab #i #f #ad #hg #hab #ef ,pr4 #aa #agf #ih #gfe #aj #af #hg #gfe #db ,pr4 #aj #agba #hd #fig #aj #agba #ge #fig #i #f #afdc #fg #fic #cb ,pr4 #i #g #agie #fd #fda #i #f #aggh #ef #fda #i #afce #df #fce #h #f #af #de #fce #h #adi #dh #fda #h #aea #db #fce 99 #g #f #ada #dj #fce 99 #f #f #abch #cb #fc 99 #f #aad #be #fc #bd ,pr4 #i #f #aieg #ej #ehb #i #ahed #dh #ehb #f #f #acci #cc #ehb #ah ,pr4 #i #aheb #db #ebi #h #ahad #ch #ebi 99 #g #afbd #bb #eag 99 #f #acib #bj #eag 99 #e #f #abgf #ae #eag #ab ,pr4 #i #bcad #cd #dfb #h #f #bb #cc #dfb #g #f #aidf #bi #dfb #f #aeeg #ba #dfb #i ,pr4 #h #f #bdbh #bh #db #g #f #bad #bf #db #g #bj #be #db #e #f #aega #ag #db #f ,pr4 #g #f #bdec #ba #cff #f #aif #ag #cff ---------------------------------------- ---------------- 99 ,bor$-up guns4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,*>ges1 ,%ot4 ,l& ,s]vice4 ------------------------------ ,nature ( ,s]vice4 ,pro(4 ,high ,l[ piece4 gauge4 gauge4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- lb4 oz4 lb4 oz4in*es4in*es4 #aj-;,in* #ab #bj #h #aj #bj #gie #gi #aj #bj 0 0 #h #af 0 0 #h #ad 0 0 #fh ,pr4 #ah #cj 0 0 #ad #bh 0 0 #ad #be 0 0 #ef ,pr4 #ad #bh #gea #gde #ad #be 0 0 #db ,pr4 #ad #be 0 0 #ad #be #fgi #fgc #aj #bc 0 0 #cb ,pr4 #aj #ba #e #fb #fad #aj #ba #e 0 0 #f #ab 0 0 #g #af 0 0 #h #ba #h 0 0 #f #ad 0 0 99 #f #ab 0 0 99 #e #aj 0 0 99 #d #i 0 0 #bd ,pr4 #h #ah #efc #eeh #h #ah 0 0 #f #ab 0 0 #ah ,pr4 #f #ae #eab #ejg #f #ae 0 0 99 #c #g 0 0 99 #c #g 0 0 99 #b #e 0 0 #ab ,pr4 #d #ab #ded #dej #d #ab #ded #dej #d #ab 0 0 #d #aj #dej #dej #i ,pr4 #c #i #daa #djh #c #i 0 0 #c #i 0 0 #b #h #daa #djh #f ,pr4 #b #f #ceh #cee #b #f #cef #cee ---------------------------------------- ----------- 99 ,bor$-up guns4 ,holl[ %ot4 ,l5g?1 ,weight1 ,calibre1 ,*>ge1 c41 cont9u$ ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,l5g?4 -------------------- ,nature ( ,9 feet & ,9 ,weight4,calibre4 piece4 in*es4 ,calibres4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ft4 94 cwt4 in*es4 ,,c>ronades4 #fh ,pr4 #e #d #gi #cf #hje #db #d #f #gh #bb #fhd #cb #d #gf #ag #fbe #bd #c #i #gi #ac #efh #ah #c #d #gg #aj #eaf #ab #b #h #g #f #deb ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,iron #aj-;in* #e #f #dj #aj ,,h[itz]s4 #h #d #f #bj #h ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,iron #ac-;in* #d #e #d #ajj #ac ,,mort>s4 #ac #c #e #bh #cf #ac #aj #c #i #de #eb #aj #aj #c #i #de #da #aj #aj #b #d #bh #af #aj #h #a #aj #bg #h #h ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,brass ,,guns4 #ab ,pr4 #f #f #ag #ah #dfb #i ,pr4 #f #ag #ac #db #f #e #afc #f #cff #c #d #afd #c #bia #c #c #abc #b #bia #a #e #bih #b #bja ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,brass #cb ,pr4 #e #c #aje #ah #fc ,,h[itz]s4 #bd #d #hf #ih #ac #egb #ab #c #ib #ih #f #deh #d #a #aj #dh #b #deb ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,brass #aj-;in* #b #c #bg #ab #aj ,,mort>s4 #h #a #i #bf #f #h #e #a #c #bf #a #efb #d #a #j #bf #deb ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,m$ium4 ,long4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,*>ge4 ,%ot99 ,%ell4 ------------------------------ ,nature ( ,s]vice4 ,pro(4 ,high ,l[ piece4 gauge4 gauge4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- lb4 oz4 lb4 oz4in*es4in*es4 ,,c>ronades4 #fh ,pr4 #e #ac #gie #gi #db #c #h #i #fgi #fgb #cb #b #aj #h #fb #fad #bd #b #f #efc #eeh #ah #a #h #d #eab #ejg #ab #a #c #ddg #ddc ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,iron #aj-;in* #g #g #ihh #ih ,,h[itz]s4 #h #d #d #gi #ghb ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,iron #ac-;in* #bj #aa #abhh #abh ,,mort>s4 #ac #i #abhh #abh #aj #i #h #ihh #ih #aj #i #h #ihh #ih #aj #d #ihh #ih #h #b #gi #ghb ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,brass ,,guns4 #ab ,pr4 #d #e #ddg #ddc #i ,pr4 #b #h #c #h #da #djf #f #a #h #b #cef #cec #c #ab #a #bhc #bh #c #aj #a #bhc #bh #a #f #ab #aii #aib ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,brass #cb ,pr4 #c #j #c #j #fb #fa ,,h[itz]s4 #bd #b #h #b #h #efb #eeg #ab #a #d #a #d #ddg #ddc #d #h #h #ddg #ddc ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,brass #aj-;in* #d #ihh #ih ,,mort>s4 #h #b #gi #ghb #e #g #efb #eeg #d #e #ddg #ddc ---------------------------------------- ----------- 99 ,%ot = guns3 ,%ells = h[itz]s & mort>s4 ,m$ium4 ,long4 ,,c>riages4 ,g>rison c>riages are made ( oak & o!r h>d wood4 ,trucks iron2 b 9 ^? situations :i* are n expos$ to enfilade1 ! c>riages are ca/ iron4 ,%ip c>riages4--,! ,brackets & ,transoms are elm1 ,axletrees oak1 ,trucks elm4 ,field gun c>riages4--,all ,travell+ c>riages are n[ made entirely ( oak4 ,! ,c>riages1 = ! heavy iron #ab & #i-p\nd]s ) bracket-trail1 & also = all heavy batt]+ ordnance1 are made ( oak4 ,limb]s h ! axletree b$s ( oak2 ,fut*ells1 ,spl9t]1 or ,sweep+-b>1 ( a%2 ,foot-bo>ds1 fir or elm4 ,limb] boxes h ! sides elm1 & ! re/ fir4 ,r+-tires are us$ = light #c-p\nd]s & h&-c>t :eels4 ,%afts are always made ( a%4 ,:eels h ! ,nave ( elm1 ,spokes 7#ab7 ( oak1 ,felloes 7#f7 ( a%4 ,sleighs are us$ = ! conveyance ( artill]y1 dur+ ! w9t]1 9 ,canada4#g ,! sleigh consi/s ( a plat=m six feet t5 in*es long1 & ?ree feet t5 in*es wide1 plac$ on runn]s sixte5 in*es high2 ^u ?is re/ two /rong transoms1 to :i* ! brackets support+ ! gun are secur$4 ,a box1 di/9ct f ! ammunition boxes1 is plac$ on ea* side ( ! gun1 toge!r capable ( conta9+ ab\t ?irty r\nds ( ammunition1 & :i* s]ve z seats = ,nos4 #a & #f4 ,^! boxes usually conta9 ! %ot1 & small /ores c>ri$ 9 ! axletree boxes1 z well z long re9s = driv+1 :5 9 s+le draught4 ,! extreme bread? ( ! runn]s is ?ree feet4 ,pack+ ! ,intr5*+ tools1 c4 ,m>*+ ord]4--,9 m>*+ ord]1 ! foll[+ /ores & intr5*+ tools are on ! gun sleighs2 two fitt+ ropes1 "o sp>e sw+letree2 swords ( ,nos4 #a & #f on front plat=m "u brea/ ( gun1 claw hamm]1 wr5*1 & p9c]s2 9 sockets1 two portfire /icks on "r re> ( plat=m4 ,on ,no4 #a ammunition sleigh2 two fitt+ ropes1 prolonge1 two sp>e sw+letrees1 & sword ( ,no4 #c1 on front "p ( plat=m2 c>b9es ( ,no4 #a & #f1 on front box2 sp>e sponge1 & worm on plat=m "r ( boxes2 sp>e h&spike on left side2 #d sp>e traces betwe5 front & re> boxes2 swords ( ,nos4 #d & #e on plat=m 9 re> ( boxes1 cov]$ by knapsacks ( ,nos4 #a1 #f1 #e1 & #d4 ,! knapsacks are /rapp$ f (f-h&le ( (f-box to re> h&le ( re> box4 ,on ,no4 #b sleigh2 fell+ axe1 & two camp kettles1 on front ( plat=m2 sword ( ,no4 #b on front box2 pickaxe 9 re> ( front box2 f\r spades /rapp$ to front ( re> boxes2 f\r wat] buckets /rapp$ to gu>d irons ( front box1 two at ea* side2 swords ( ,nos4 #g & #h 9 re> ( boxes1 cov]$ by knapsacks ( ,nos4 #b1 #c1 #g1 & #h4 ,,depression ,,c>riages4 ,( ^! !re are two descriptions-- #a/4 ,^? 9 ! batt]ies at ,gibralt>4 #bnd4 ,^? con/ruct$ = g5]al s]vice4 ,^! latt] c>riages are simil> to common /&+ c>riages1 except+ t !y are ab\t a foot long]1 & ! front transom is holl[$ s z to all[ ( a great] depression1 & has a bolt beh9d x = ! end ( ! /ool b$4 ,!re is also a skid1 or transom1 plac$ across ! la/ /ep ( ! c>riage1 :i* has a ?read 9 x = ! elevat+ screw t supports "o end ( ! /ool b$4 ,^! c>riages admit ( a depression ( #cj1 b aft] e r\nd ! piece mu/ be br\ght horizontal to load1 :i* is done by tak+ out altoge!r ! re> transom4 ,depression ,c>ronade c>riages diff] f ! common c>riages 9 hav+ _! trucks 9 re> in/ead ( 9 front4 ,!y are depress$ by an iron segm5t ( a circle1 :i* is moveable 9 a slit 9 ! trail1 & :i* has holes 9 x ab\t an in* ap>t1 ?r\gh :i* a bolt is to be plac$ to support x at any height1 ! int]m$iate depression be+ giv5 by a screw4 ,weight ( ,field ,c>riages1 ,limb]s1 c4 ,sp>e :eels are n includ$ 9 ! foll[+ ,table ( weights4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,no4 ( ,weight4 ,total4 ,nature ( ,c>riage4 ,r\nds4--------------------------- cwt4 qrs4 lb4 cwt4 qrs4 lb4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,gun #ch #b ,c>riage #ah #a #bf #ah ,pr4 ,iron ,limb] #g #a #aj #ff #b #ah ,side-arms #bd ,/ores #b #ad ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,limb] #h #b #aj ,ammunition #bd #e #f #ah ,pr4 ,waggon ,/ores #a #ab #cg #b ,body #aj #c #bd ,ammunition #cf #g #b #ag ,/ores #c #b #ag ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,gun #ah ,c>riage #ab #b #h ,brass ,limb] #bd #h #c #f #dd #ag #ab ,pr4 ,m$ium ,ammunition #c #b #bb ,side-arms #a #ad ,/ores #b #bc ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,limb] #i #b #b #ab ,pr4 ,m$ium ,ammunition #cb #d #c #b ,ammunition ,/ores #b #bg #cf #a #i ,waggon ,body #aj #c #bd ,ammunition #dh #f #c #bd ,/ores1 ,t5t1 #c #b #h c4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #ab ,pr4 ,m$ium ,c>riage #ac #a #ba ,sp>e :eel ,limb] #h #b #aa #cj #a #ae ,c>riage ,/ores #h #a #aa ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,gun #ac #b ,c>riage #ab #a #h #i ,p\nd] ,limb] #h #ag #ch #b #i ,ammunition #cb #c #b #be ,side-arms #a #aj ,/ores #b #bc ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,limb] #h #a #bd #i ,p\nd] ,ammunition #cb #c #b #be ,ammunition ,/ores #b #bg #cd #a #ag ,waggon ,body #aj #c #bd ,ammunition #fd #f #c #bb ,/ores1 c4 #c #b #e ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #i ,p\nd] ,c>riage #ab #b ,sp>e :eel ,limb] #g #c #aa #bi #b #ae ,c>riage ,/ores #i #a #d ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,no4 ( ,weight4 ,total4 ,nature ( ,c>riage4 ,r\nds4--------------------------- cwt4 qrs4 lb4 cwt4 qrs4 lb4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,gun #ab #a ,c>riage #aa #bf #f ,pr4 ,heavy ,limb] #h #bd ,ammunition #ej #c #c #ah #cf #b #aa ,side-arms #a #d ,/ores #b #bc ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,limb] #h #bd #f ,pr4 ,heavy ,ammunition #ej #c #c #ah #cc #ai ,ammunition ,/ores #b #bg ,waggon ,body #h #c #ba ,ammunition #ajj #g #c #h ,/ores #c #b #e ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #f ,pr4 ,heavy ,c>riage #aa #b #ad ,sp>e :eel ,limb] #g #c #aa #bh #b #bj ,c>riage ,/ores #i #bc ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,gun #f ,c>riage #i #a #ae ,%ot1 ,axletree #f #a #bg #f ,pr4 ,light ,side-arms #a #b #bh #bc ,limb] #h #a #ah ,ammunition #dj #b #c #bb ,/ores #b #bc ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,limb] #h #a #ah #f ,pr4 ,light ,ammunition #dh #c #b ,ammunition ,/ores #b #bg #cc #c #h ,waggon ,body #aj #c #c ,ammunition #ajj #f #c #aa ,/ores #c #b #e ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #f ,pr4 ,light ,c>riage #i #b #aa ,sp>e :eel ,limb] #g #c #aa #bf #b #bf ,c>riage ,sp>e ,/ores #i #a #d ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,gun #f ,c>riage #h #a #bd ,%ot1 ,axletree #h #a #aj #c ,pr4 ,heavy ,side-arms #bd #bf #b #ae ,limb] #h #f ,ammunition #gj #b #c #ad ,/ores #b #ba ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,limb] #h #f #c ,pr4 ,heavy ,ammunition #gj #b #c #ad ,ammunition ,/ores #b #bg #cj #a #be ,waggon ,body #h #c #ah ,ammunition #afh #f #a #ad ,/ores #c #b #b ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,no4 ( ,weight4 ,total4 ,nature ( ,c>riage4 ,r\nds4--------------------------- cwt4 qrs4 lb4 cwt4 qrs4 lb4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #c ,pr4 ,heavy ,c>riage #i #ae ,sp>e :eel ,limb] #g #c #aa #bd #c #a ,c>riage ,/ores #g #c #c ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #c ,p\nd] ,gun #c ,light ,c>riage #d #a #h ,%ot1 ,axletree #af #ab #c #aa ,limb] #c #c #d ,ammunition #cd #a #h ,side-arms #b #c ,/ores ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #c ,p\nd] ,light ,c> ,/ores1 c4 #fj #f #a #bd #f #a #bd ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #e 94 ,h[itz] ,h[itz] #aj ,heavy ,c>riage #ac #c #ae #cg #b #a ,limb] #h #a #c ,side-arms #bd #e #a #aa ,/ores ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #e 94 ,h[itz] ,limb] #h #a #c ,heavy1,ammunition ,body1 c4 #cb #b #ba ,waggon ,ammunition #fj #bd #a #ah ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #e 94 ,h[itz] ,h[itz] #d #c ,light ,c>riage #aj #a #bc ,limb] #h #a #af #bf #c #ba ,ammunition #bb #c #a #aj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #e 94 ,h[itz] ,limb] #h #af ,light1,ammunition ,body1 c4 #aj #c #c #bh #a #i ,waggon ,ammunition #fb #i #a #ah ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #d 94 ,h[itz] ,h[itz] #b #b ,c>riage #e #a #b ,limb] #c #a #af #ac #aa ,ammunition1 c4 #af #a #c #ba ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,limb] #d 94 ,c>riage #c #c #bj ,h[itz] ,ammunition1 c4 #cb #c #a #f #g #bf ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #cb ,p\nd] ,brass ,c>riage #ac #c #b ,limb] #aj #aa #bc #c #ac ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #bd ,p\nd] ,brass,h[itz] #ab #b ,h[itz] ,c>riage #ab #b #ac ,g54 ,mill>'s ,side-arms #be #ci #a #aa ,limb] #h #b #d ,ammunition #bd #d #c #b ,/ores #b #bc ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,limb] #h #b #d #bd ,p\nd] ,brass,ammunition #bd #d #c #b ,h[itz] ,/ores #b #bg #ce #a #bj ,ammunition ,body #aj #c #d ,waggon ,ammunition #cf #f #c #bd ,/ores #c #b #ae ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,no4 ( ,weight4 ,total4 ,nature ( ,c>riage4 ,r\nds4--------------------------- cwt4 qrs4 lb4 cwt4 qrs4 lb4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,h[itz] #f #b #ab ,pr4 ,brass ,c>riage #i #c #ad ,h[itz] ,side-arms #bc #bi #ag ,g54 ,mill>'s ,limb] #h #ba ,ammunition #cf #c #b #bj ,/ores #b #bc ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,limb] #h #a #c #ab ,pr4 ,brass ,ammunition #cf #c #b #bj ,h[itz] ,/ores #b #bg #ca #b #ac ,ammunition ,body #h #c #bb ,waggon4 ,ammunition #fd #f #a #ab ,/ores #c #b #ac ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #c ,pr4 ,colonial ,gun #c s]vice ,gun ,c>riage #d #c #ab #ae #d feet ,limb]1 ,/ores1 #cd #e #ab c4 ,c> #c #c #ad #f #a #bd ,/ores1 c4 #fj #b #b #aj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #a ,pr4 ,m\nta9 ,gun #b #b s]vice ,gun ,c>riage #b #c #b #h #a #bb drawn by two ,f\r small boxes #b #bj mules ,/ores1 c4 #gb #b #b ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,c>ri$ on ! ,two l>ge boxes #b #d #b #b #a backs ( #b mules ,ammunition1 c4 #aab #a #c #be ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,limb] #h #i ,=ge ,waggon ,body #i #b #be ) lock]s1 ,bell[s #b #ae #bd #aa c4 ,anvil #a #b #ah ,smi?'s tools1 #d c4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,=ge c>t1 ,cavalry1 complete2 includ+ frame1 c4 #aa #b #af #aa #b #af ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,fl&]s waggon ,ammunition #ae #b #ae #b ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,/ore ,limb] ,limb] #h #i #ah #c #af ,c>riage ,body1 c4 #aj #c #g ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,limb] #g #b #d ,ball c>tridge ,body lb4oz4 #g #bf ,waggon #bj ,boxes at #ab #d #b #ba #cd #b #g ,g54 ,mill>'s #bj1jjj ,r\nds #af #b #bg #b1jjj ,fl9ts #c #ac ,boxes ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,sl+ ,c>t #af #a #ag #af #a #ag ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,l>ge ,gyn ,gyn #i #b #bb #ab #b #ai ,blocks & ,tackles #b #c #be ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,common ,gyn ,gyn #g #c #c #aj #b #d ,blocks & ,tackles #b #c #a ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,trav]s+ ,plat=m 7,iron7 #ea #gb #b #ah ,plat=m ,c>riage #ba #b #ah 7#bd ,p\nd]7 ,iron ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,no4 ( ,weight4 ,total4 ,nature ( ,c>riage4 ,r\nds4--------------------------- cwt4 qrs4 lb4 cwt4 qrs4 lb4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,devil ,c>riage ,l>ge c>riage #bh #b #g #cf #ae complete ,small ,ditto #g #b #h ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,sl+ ,waggon ,c>riage #ah #j #bf #bg #a #bg ,limb] #i #a #a ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,l>ge ,pontoon ,c>riage #ac #c #bj ,c>riage ,two pontoons #i #a #i #de #bj ,blan%>d's ,appurt5ances #ba #c #ai ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,small ,pontoon ,c>riage #i ,c>riage ,five pontoons #e #ba #a #bc ,blan%>d's ,appurt5ances #g #a #bc ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,small boat = ,c>riage #g #e #aj #b #e ,pontoon bridge ,wood5 boat #c #b ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,baggage c>t #i #j #g ,h& c>t #d #c #d ,fr5* c>t #e #b #ac ,ball ,c>tridge c>t #g #c #d ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,class4 ,,:eels4 ,diamet]4 ,weight4 ,guns1 ,h[itz]s1 c4 -------------------------- feet4 in*es4cwt4 qrs4 lb4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #a or ,heavy #f-,p\nd] ,:eel1 p] pair4 us$ by #ab-,pr4 ,gun & ,limb]1 by #i-,pr4 & heavy #f-,pr4 ,gun c>riage1 & by heavy #e in*1 & #bd-,pr4 ,h[itz] ,c>riage #e #d #b #d #b or ,light #f-,pr4 ,:eel1 us$ by ,limb]s ( ! above1 & by light #f-,pr4 heavy #c-,pr41 light #e in* & #ab-,pr4 ,h[itz] c>riage & ,limb]1 & by ,body & ,limb] ( ammunition ,waggon #e #c #c #ah #c us$ by ,light #c-,pr4 #d #d #b #a #d us$ by m\nta9 ,guns1 c4 #c #c #bb #bd-,pr4 ,gun & #aj-;in* ,h[itz] #e #h #a #ab #ah ,ditto #h-;in* ditto #e #g ,limb] to ! above #c #aj #c #b #aj ,plat=m ,waggon1 h9d #e #e #a #bf ,ditto ditto =e #d #d #b ,devil ,c>riage1 h9d #g #ab #a #ah ,ditto ditto =e #e #e #a #bf ,sl+ c>t1 ,gun or ,mort> #e #f #h #c #aj ,fl&]s ,waggon1 h9d #e #c #c #ah ,ditto ditto =e #d #b #b #c #bj ,h& c>t #d #d #b #a ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,weight ( ,c>riages = ,iron guns1 ,heavy h[itz]s1 c41 also ,weight ( ,trav]s+ plat=ms4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,travell+4 ,g>rison1 ) ,trav]s+ ,nature ( trucks1 c41 complete4 ,plat=ms4 ,ordnance4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,gun ,limb]4 ,wood4 ,iron4 ,wood4,iron4 ,c>riage4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- cwt4qrs4lb4cwt4qrs4lb4cwt4qrs4lb4cwt4qrs 4lb4 cwt4 cwt4 ,guns4 #db ,pr4 #af #c #ac #bf #a #bc #ea #cb #ae #a #b #bc #b #bc #bd #bc #c #be #g #a #bg #ac #b #bc #ba #b #ai #ah #ah #a #bf #g #a #bg #ab #c #a #ah #c #ai #ai #ab #ab #bb #f #aa #aa #b #g #ag #af #ai #i #aa #b #f #f #aa #aj #a #ac #ae #a #g #f #i #bj #ad #ai #c #f #a #bd ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,mill>'s ,h[itz]s4 #aj 94 #ca #b #i #g #a #bg #af #be #a #e #h #bd #a #ac #g #a #bg #ad #ah #a #ah #e #aa #b #bc #f #aj #ae #a #bd ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,c>ronades4 ,block ,trail4 #fh ,pr4 #ag #b #be #db #aj #a #ba #cb #h #c #bd #aa #c #bd #g #c #ba #aj #c #bj #ah #f #c #bj #i #b #aj #ab #f #a #h #a #ab ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,nature ,c>riages1 ,dw>f trav]s+ ,c>riages1 ,trav]s+ ( ,g>rison1 ,plat=ms4 ,g>rison1 ,plat=ms1 ,ordn- ,wei- ,wood1 ----------------------- ,common common4 ance4 ght4 ,slid+4 ,wood4 ,iron4 ,wood4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- cwt4cwt4qrs4lb4cwt4qrs4lb4cwt4qrs4lb4cwt 4qrs4lb4cwt4qrs4lb4 ,guns4 #fh ,pr4#aab #af #j #bf #ef ,pr4 #ih #ah #b #bb #ca #a #bf #h 94 #fe #ac #a #j #bf #j #ba #eb #j #e #ac #c #aa #be #a #b #cb ,pr4 #ef #ab #a #bc #bf #j #ba #eb #j #e #ac #c #j #be #a ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,weight & ,dim5sions ( ,trucks1 = ,l& ,s]vice4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,=e4 ,nature ---------------------------------- ( ,diamet]4 ,wid? ,weight ( ,trucks4 ------------- ( a pair4 ,truck4 ,hole4 sole4 ---------------------------------------- -- ft4 94 94 94 cwt4 qrs4 lb4 #db ,pr4 #a #g #ge #ffb #c #j #bj #cb #a #g #ge #ffb #c #j #bj #bd #a #g #fe #e #b #a #bf #ah #a #g #fe #e #b #a #bf #ab #a #g #fe #e #b #a #bf #i #a #g #fe #e #b #a #bf #f #a #f #ee #dbe #a #c #d #c #a #f #ee #dbe #a #c #d ---------------------------------------- -- ---------------------------------------- ----- ,h9d4 ,nature ---------------------------------- ( ,diamet]4 ,wid? ,weight ( ,trucks4 -------------- ( a pair4 ,truck4 ,hole4 sole4 ---------------------------------------- -- ft4 94 94 94 cwt4 qrs4 lb4 #db ,pr4 #a #d #ge #e #b #j #d #cb #a #d #ge #ee #b #j #d #bd #a #d #fe #de #a #b #e #ah #a #d #fe #de #a #b #e #ab #a #d #fe #de #a #b #e #i #a #d #fe #de #a #b #e #f #a #d #fe #ce #a #a #f #c #a #d #fe #c #a #a #f ---------------------------------------- -- ,weight & ,dim5sions ( ,mort> b$s4 ,,old ,,patt]n4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,nature ( ,b$ ,dim5sions4 ,l& s]vice4 ,weight4 ---------------------------- ,l5g?4 ,bread?4 ,height4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- cwt4 qrs4 lb4 ft4 94 ft4 94 ft4 94 #ac ,in* ,iron #ce #b #bb #e #e #c #a #b #a #aj ,in* ,iron #af #a #af #d #d #c #a #a #g #h ,in* ,iron #g #b #bg #c #c #c #a #a #c #e ,in* ,wood #a #aj #b #g #a #c #i #d ,in* ,wood #c #e #b #e #a #c ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,new ,,patt]n4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,nature ( ,b$ ,dim5sions4 ,l& s]vice4 ,weight4 ---------------------------- ,l5g?4 ,bread?4 ,height4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- cwt4 qrs4 lb4 ft4 94 ft4 94 ft4 94 #ac ,in* ,iron #ce #b #bj #f #a #c #b #b #aj ,in* ,iron #ag #c #af #d #d #c #a #a #g #h ,in* ,iron #h #c #c #c #c #c #a #a #c ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,! ,bread? & ,l5g? ( ea* ,b$ are measur$ f ! extremities ( ! trav]s+ bolts4 ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,range1 ,,elevation1 ,,etc41 ,,( ,,brass ,,ordnance4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,solid ,,%ot4 ,,common ,,case ,,%ot4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,m$4 #ab ,pr4,light #ab ,pr4 ,m$4 #ab ,pr4,light #ab ,pr4 ,eleva- #i ,pr4 ,ditto #f ,pr4 ,eleva- #i ,pr4 ,ditto #f ,pr4 tion4 ,long #f ,pr4 ,heavy #c ,pr4 tion4 ,long #f ,pr4 ,heavy #c ,pr4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ degrees4 y>ds4 y>ds4 degrees4 y>ds4 y>ds4 ,p4 ,b4 #cjj #bjj ,p4 ,b4 #aej #ajj #djj #cjj #age #abe #ejj #djj #bjj #aej #fjj #ejj #bbe #age #a #gjj #fjj #a #bej #bjj #a #gge #fej #a #bge #bbe #a #hej #gjj #a #cjj #bej #a #ibe #gej #a #cbe #bge #b #ajjj #hjj #b #cej #cjj #b #ajej #hej #b #aajj #ijj #b #aaej #iej #c #abjj #ajjj #c #abej #ajej #c #acjj #aajj #c #acej #aaej #d #adjj #abjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------- #bd ,pr4 ,h[itz]4 ,*>ge #b lb4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,com4 ,%ells4 ,c4 ,case4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,elevation4 ,fuze499 ,range4 ,elevation4 ,range4 ---------------------------------------- --------- deg4 #aj?s yds4 deg4 yds4 ,p4 ,b4 #bej ,p4 ,b4 #aej #cjj #age #cej #bjj #djj #bbe #a #a #dej #a #bej #a #a #ejj #a #bge #a #b #eej #a #cjj #a #b #fjj #a #cbe #b #c #fej #b #cej #b #c #gjj #b #cge #b #d #gej #b #djj #b #d #hjj #c #e #hej #c #e #ijj #c #f #iej #c #f #ajjj #d #g #ajbe ---------------------------------------- --------- 99 ,fuze--,old patt]n4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #ab ,pr4 ,h[itz]4 ,*>ge #a lb4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,com4 ,%ells4 ,c4 ,case4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,elevation4 ,fuze499 ,range4 ,elevation4 ,range4 ---------------------------------------- --------- deg4 #aj?s yds4 deg4 yds4 #a #a #djj ,p4 ,b4 #ajj #a #a #dej #abe #a #b #ejj #aej #a #b #eej #age #b #c #fjj #a #bjj #b #c #fej #a #bbe #b #d #gjj #a #bej #b #d #gej #a #bge #c #e #hjj #b #cjj #c #e #hej #c #f #ijj #c #f #iej #d #g #ajjj #d #g #ajbe #d #g #ajej #d #h #ajge #e #h #aajj #e #h #aabe #e #h #aaej ---------------------------------------- --------- 99 ,fuze--,old patt]n4 -------------------------------- #e 94 ,h[itz]4 ,heavy ,light #b lb4 ,*>ge #a lb4 -------------------------------- ,com4 ,%ells4 ------------------------------ ,elevation4 ,range4 ,range4 ------------------------------ deg4 yds4 yds4 ,p4 ,b4 #bej #aej #a #djj #cjj #b #eej #dej #c #gjj #fjj #d #hej #gej #e #ige #hej #f #aajj #iej #g #abbe #ajej #h #acej #aaej #i #adej #abjj #aj #aeej #abej #aa #afej #acjj #ab #agej #acej ------------------------------ ,ranges1 ,elevation1 c41 ( #h-;in* ,h[itz]4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,%rapnell ,common ,%ells4 ,%ells4 ,rico*et fir+4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,*a- ,fuze4,eleva-,range4 ,fuze4,eleva- ,*a-,eleva-,range4 ,fuze4 rge4 tion4 tion4 rge4 tion4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- lb4 in*es deg4 y>ds4in*es deg4 lb4 deg4 y>ds4in*es ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #d #c #b #dej 44 44 44 44 44 44 #d #b #fjj #c #b #a #ie #djj #he #eb #c #gej #e #c #ae #f #djj #h #fe #c #ijj #g #d #ae #i #fjj #a #h #d #ajej #i #e #b #fbe #fjj #i #ie #e #abjj #aa #f #be #ee #fjj #ge #aa #f #acej #ace #h #b #he #hjj #ab #ac #g #aejj #af #i #be #fbe #hjj #a #ae #h #afej ----------------------------------- #age #i #ahjj #a #cde #aagj #b #aj #aiej #b #cde #bjaj #bc #aa #bajj ----------------------------------- #bf #ac #bbej #c #e #ijj #c #ad #bdjj #c #aj #abjj #cd #ae #beej #c #ae #aicj #ci #ag #bgjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #cb ,pr4 ,brass ,h[itz]4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,ran-,com- ,common ,%rapnell ,ran-,com- ,common ,%rapnell ge4 mon ,%ell4 ,%ell4 ge4 mon ,%ell4 ,%ell4 ,case ,case ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,y>-,ele- ,ele-,fuze4 ,ele-,fuze4 ,y>-,ele- ,ele-,fuze4 ,ele-,fuze4 ds4vat- vat- vat- ds4vat- vat- vat- ion4 ion4 ion4 ion4 ion4 ion4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #bjj ,p ,b #aaej #d #h #d #cjj #a #abjj #d #i #d #h #djj #b #b ,p ,b #abej #e #i #e #dej---- #b #b #acjj 44 44 #i #e #i #ejj #a #b #acej 44 44 #aj #e #eej #a #c #a #adjj 44 44 #aj #f #aj #fjj #a #c #a #adej 44 44 #aa #f #fej #a #c #a #c #aejj -- #g #aa #f #gjj #a #d #b #aeej #ab #g #gej #b #d #b #afjj #ac #g #hjj #b #e #b #d #afej #ad #g #hej #b #e #b #agjj #ae #h #ijj #b #f #c #e #agej #af #iej #c #f #c #ahjj -- #i #ag #ajjj #c #g #c #f #ahej #ah #ajej #c #g #c #aijj #ai #aajj #d #h #d #g #bjjj #bj ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,range1 ,elevation1 c41 ( ,brass ,ordnance4 ,,%rapnell ,,%ells4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #ab ,pr4 ,m$ium4 #i ,pr4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,%ell fill$ #aj lb4 #ac oz4 ,%ell fill$ #h lb4 #a oz4 ,%ell empty #e lb4 #aj oz4 ,%ell empty #d lb4 #i oz4 ,numb] ( ,balls #fc ,numb] ( ,balls #da ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,lett] ,eleva- ,range4 ,lett] ,eleva- ,range4 ,l5g? tion4 ,l5g? tion4 ( ,fuze4 f to ( ,fuze4 f to ---------------------------------------- -------------------- 94 deg4 yds4 yds4 94 deg4 yds4 yds4 #aj?s4 #aj?s4 ,b #b #a #ffj #ifj ,b #b #a #fdj #ibj ,c #c #a #hbj #aaaj ,c #c #a #hjj #ajfj ,d #d #b #ifj #abcj ,d #d #b #icj #aahj ,e #e #b #ajhj #acdj ,e #e #b #ajej #abij #f #c #aaie #adde #f #c #aafj #acij #g #c #acja #aede #g #c #abfj #adhj #h #d #adae #afde #h #d #acfj #aegj #i #e #aebj #agdj #i #e #adee #afee #a #e #afbj #ahcj #a #e #aeej #agdj #a #a #f #agbj #aibj #a #a #f #afdj #ahbj #a #b #g #ahae #bjje #a #b #g #agbe #ahie #a #c #g #aije #bjhe #a #c #g #ahje #aife #a #d #h #aiij #bafj #a #d #h #ahhe #bjce #a #e #h #bjgj #bbcj #a #e #h #aifj #bajj #a #f #i #badj #bbij #a #f #i #bjcj #bafj #a #g #aj #bbjj #bcdj #a #g #aj #bjie #bbae #a #h #aj #bafe #bbge ---------------------------------------- -------------------- --------------------------------- ,light #f ,pr4 --------------------------------- ,%ell fill$ #e lb4 #g oz4 ,%ell empty #c lb4 #b oz4 ,numb] ( ,balls #bg ------------------------------- ,lett] ,eleva- ,range4 ,l5g? tion4 ( ,fuze4 f to ------------------------------ 94 deg4 yds4 yds4 #aj?s4 #a #chj #fdj ,b #b #a #egj #hjj ,c #c #a #gbj #icj ,d #d #b #hde #ajde ,e #e #b #iee #aade #f #c #ajfj #abdj #g #d #aafj #accj #h #d #abee #adae #i #e #acde #aejj #a #e #adcj #aehj #a #a #f #aeaj #afee #a #b #g #aehe #agbe #a #c #g #afee #aghe #a #d #h #agbj #ahdj #a #e #h #aghj #ahij #a #f #i #ahce #aidj #a #g #aj #ahhe #aihj #a #h #aa #aiec #bjbj ------------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #bd ,pr4 ,h[itz]4 #ab ,pr4 ,h[itz]4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,s4 fill$ #ba lb4 #d oz4 ,s4 fill$ #aj lb4 #ac oz4 ,s4 empty #aa lb4 #a oz4 ,s4 empty #e lb4 #aj oz4 ,no4 ( ,balls #abi ,no4 ( ,balls #fc ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,lett] ,eleva- ,range4 ,lett] ,eleva- ,range4 ,l5g? tion4 ,l5g? tion4 ( ,fuze4 ( ,fuze4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ 94 deg4 yds4 94 deg4 yds4 #aj?s4 #aj?s4 #a #a #dej #a #a #dej #a #a #ejj #a #a #ejj ,b #b #a #eej ,b #b #a #eej #b #a #fjj #b #b #fjj ,c #c #b #fej ,c #c #b #fej #c #b #gjj #c #b #gjj ,d #d #b #gej ,d #d #b #gej #d #b #hjj #d #c #hjj ,e #e #c #hej ,e #e #c #hej #e #c #ijj #e #c #ijj #f #c #iej #f #c #iej #f #c #ajjj #f #d #ajjj #g #d #ajej #g #d #ajbe #g #d #aajj #g #d #ajej #h #d #aabe #g #d #ajge #h #d #aaej #h #e #aajj #i #e #aage #h #e #aabe #i #e #abjj #h #e #aaej #h #e #aage #i #f #abjj ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,rico*et ,practice ) ,brass ,ordnance4 yds4 y>ds4 ,*g4 ,*>ge4 ,ele4 ,elevation4 ----------------------------- ,solid ,%ot4 ----------------------- #ab ,pr4 #i ,pr4 ,gun4 ,m$ium ,range ,gun4 9 --------------------- yds4 ,*g4 ,ele4 ,*g4 ,ele4 --------------------- oz4 deg4 oz4 deg4 -------------------------- #djj #h #d #f #f #g #e #e #g #f #f #e #f #ejj #g #f #fjj #f #g #e #i -------------------------- yds4 y>ds4 ,*g4 ,*>ge4 ,ele4 ,elevation4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,common ,%ells4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #bd ,pr4 #ab ,pr4 #e 94 #e 94 #d 94 ,h[itz] ,h[itz] ,h[itz] heavy ,mort> ,mort> ,range,%ell1 #aflb4,%ell1 #hlb4 ,%ell1 #aflb4 ,%ell1 #aflb4 ,%ell1 #hlb4 9 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- yds4 ,*g4 ,ele4,*g4 ,ele4 ,*g4 ,ele4 ,*g4 ,ele4 ,*g4 ,ele4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- lb4oz4 deg4 oz4 deg4lb4oz4 deg4 oz4 deg4 oz4 deg4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #f #g #djj #i #d #ab #e #h #ad #e #ad #h #h #h #i #ab #g #aj #g #aa #f #aj #i #ejj #ab #e #h #aa #ad #e #i #g #f #g #fjj #ab #f #h #f #a #f #a #d #aj #e #ab #i ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,note4--,:5 ,%ot are fir$ f ! #bd ,p\nd] & #ab ,p\nd] ,h[itz]s1 ! ,elevation mu/ be ab\t half a degree m ?an :5 ,%ells are us$4 ,,*>ges ,,= ,,! ,,royal ,,navy4 ,= ,boats4 lb4 oz4 #bd ,p\nd] #b #h ,h[itz] #ab ,p\nd] ,heavy #b #j ,c>tridges ,light #a #d fill$ ) ,gun #f ,pr4 ,light #a #h ,p[d] #j #d ,c>ronade #ab ,p\nd] #a #j ,,*>ges ,,= ,,! ,,royal ,,navy4 ,high2 ,m$ium2 ,l[3 equival5t to ,di/ant2 ,full2 ,r$uc$4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,gun4 ,high4 ,m$ium4 ,l[4 ,pro(4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- cwt4 lb4 lb4 lb4 lb4 #ah-,p\nd]4 #db #f #d #c #ae 0 0 #ch #f #d #c #ae 0 0 #bb #c #b #g 0 0 #bj #c #b #g 0 0 #ae #b #e ---------------------------------------- -------------- #bd-,p\nd]4 #ej #h #f #d #ah 0 0 #dh #h #f #d #ah 0 0 #cc #f #d #ab 0 0 #bj #b #f ---------------------------------------- -------------- #cb-,p\nd]994 #fd #aj #h #f #ba 0 0 #eh #aj #h #f #ba 0 0 #ef #aj #h #f #ba 0 0 #df #h #f #ba 0 0 #dh 0 0 #ej #h #f #e #ba 0 0 #ej ,a #h #f #d #ah 0 0 #de ,b #h #g #e #af 0 0 #db ,c #f #d #b #ad 0 0 #da #f #d #b #ab 0 0 #dj #f #d #b #ab 0 0 #cb #e #c & #d #b #aj 0 0 #be #d #b #i 0 0 #be #d #b #i ---------------------------------------- -------------- #db-,p\nd]4 #hd #ad #aj #e #be 0 0 #ge #ad #aj #e #be 0 0 #fg #aj #f #bc ---------------------------------------- -------------- #ef-,p\nd]4 #ih #af #aj #e #bh 0 0 #hg #ad #aj #e #be ---------------------------------------- -------------- #fh-,p\nd]4 #aab #bj #aj #e #cj 0 0 #ie #af #ab #h #bh 0 0 #hg #ad #aj #f #be ---------------------------------------- -------------- #h-;,in* ,gun4 #fe #aj #h #e #bj 0 0 #fj #aj #h #e #bj 0 0 #eb #h #e #af 0 0 #ej #h #e #ad ---------------------------------------- -------------- #aj-;,in* ,gun4 #aab #af #be 0 0 #hf #ab #f #bj ---------------------------------------- -------------- 99 ,*>ge ( p[d]1 = fir+ #cb-p\nd] %ells1 #h lb4 ,9 *ang+ ! *>ge f ,di/ant to ,full1 add degree elevation z f> z #ajjj y>ds1 & half a degree beyond t range4 ,d\ble ,%ott+4--,d\ble %ott+ may be employ$ ) #cb-p\nd] guns ( #ef cwt4 *>ge #f lb4 up to #djj y>ds4 #db 0 0 #d lb4 0 #cjj 0 #be 0 0 #b lb4 0 #bjj 0 ,) d\ble %ot & r$uc$ *>ge1 give d\ble ! elevation1 & half a degree additional1 = ! r$uc$ *>ge4 ,range1 ,*>ge1 ,elevation1 c41 ( ,iron ,ordnance4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,nature4 ,weight4 ,l5g?4 ,diamet] ,*>ge ( ! ( bore4 p[d]4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- cwt4 ft4 94 94 lb4 oz4 ,,guns4 #db ,pr4 #he #aj #ifj #ad #cb ,pr4 #fc #i #g #fda #aj #aj #ef #i #f #fda #aj #aj #dh #h #fda #h #dj #g #f #fce #f 99 #cb #f #f #f #c #e 99 #be #f #f #c #d #be #e #d #f #c #d #bd ,pr4 #ej #i #f #ehb #h #dh #i #ehb #h #dj #g #f #ehb #h #cc #f #f #ehb #f #ah ,pr4 #db #i #ebi #f #ch #h #ebi #f #ab ,pr4 #cd #i #dfb #d #bi #g #f #dfb #d #i ,pr4 #bf #g #f #d #b #c #f ,pr4 #ag #f #cff #b ,,c>ronades4 #fh ,pr4 #cf #f #d #hje #e #aj #db #bb #d #f #fhd #c #h #cb #ag #d #fbe #b #aj #bd #ac #c #i #efh #b #ah #aj #c #d #faf #a #h #ab #f #b #h #dfb #a ---------------------------------------- ----------- 99 ,bor$-up guns4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,nature4 ,range 9 y>ds4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,po9t #a #b #c #d #e #f blank4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,guns4 #db ,pr4 #djj #idj #acdj #afbj #ahdj #bjej #bbej #cb ,pr4 #chj #gfj #aacj #adee #agcj #aiej #bafj #chj #gfj #aacj #adee #agcj #aiej #bafj #ccj #fhj #ajae #acjj #aedj #agdj #ahdj #cdj #fge #ihe #abfj #aejj #agjj #ahjj 99 #ccj #fgj #ide #abaj #adej #afdj #agcj 99 #bbe #dhe #gce #iie #abfj #aejj #afcj #bbe #dhe #gce #iie #abfj #aejj #afcj #bd ,pr4 #cfj #gee #aabe #adag #afgj #ahej #bjjj #cfj #gee #aabe #adag #afgj #ahej #bjjj #cdj #gcj #ajhj #acgg #afbj #ahjj #aiej #bfj #ecj #hje #ajhb #acej #aefj #agfj #ah ,pr4 #cfj #gcj #ajhj #acgg #afjj #aghj #aifj #cdj #gaj #ajge #acdg #aefj #agcj #aijj #ab ,pr4 #cfj #gbj #ajge #accg #aedj #agjj #ahej #cdj #gaj #ajdj #acjg #aejj #afej #ahjj #i ,pr4 #ccj #fhe #ajae #abgh #adfj #afjj #agcj #f ,pr4 #cbj #fee #ihe #abch #adjj #aebj #afaj ,,c>ronades4 #fh ,pr4 #bgj #edj #hab #ajdb #abdj #adbj #aegj #db #bdj #eae #haj #ihc #aahj #acej #ahhj #cb #bce #dhe #gje #ije #aajj #abfj #adjj #bd #bbe #dce #fej #hbf #ajjj #aaej #acjj #ah #bbj #dcj #fbj #ghg #iej #aajj #abej #ab #bje #cge #ehj #gch #hhj #ajjj #aajj ---------------------------------------- ---------------- 99 ,bor$-up guns4 ,c>ronades4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,nature #fh ,pr4 #db #cb #bd #ah #ab ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,*>ge lb4 oz4 lb4 oz4 lb4 oz4 lb4 lb4 oz4 lb4 #e #h #c #h #b #aj #b #a #h #a ---------------------------------------- ----------------- y>ds4 ,p4 ,b4 #dej #djj #ccj #cjj #bgj #bcj #a ,degree #fej #fjj #efj #ejj #dgj #djj #b 0 0 #hij #hfj #hcj #ghj #gcj #ehj #c 0 0 #ajjj #ihj #ijj #hgj #hjj #gdj #d 0 0 #aajj #ajbj #igj #ibj #hgj #haj #e 0 0 #abhj #aagj #ajhj #ajej #ajjj #hgj ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,range1 c41 ( ,iron ,ordnance4 ,,%rapnell ,,%ells4 -------------------------------------- #fh ,pr4,c>ronade4 #h 94 ,h[itz]4 -------------------------------------- lb4oz4 lb4oz4 ,*>ge #d #j ,*>ge #d #j ,s4 fill$ #fa #d ,s4 fill$ #fa #ac ,s4 empty #cb #b ,s4 empty #cb #b ,no4 ( ,balls #ccg,no4 ( ,balls #ccg ------------------------------ ,eleva- ,fuze4 ,eleva- ,fuze4 ,range4 tion4 tion4 ------------------------------------ deg4 t5?s4 deg4 t5?s4y>ds4 #b #d #b #c #fej #c #f #c #f #ijj #e #h #f #aj #aajj ------------------------------------ -------------------------------------- #bd ,pr4 ,gun4 #ah ,pr4 ,gun4 -------------------------------------- lb4oz4 lb4oz4 ,*>ge #e #j ,*>ge #d #h ,s4 fill$ #ba #e ,s4 fill$ #ae #aa ,s4 empty #aa #j ,s4 empty #h #f ,no4 ( ,balls #abh,no4 ( ,balls #ij ------------------------------ ,eleva- ,fuze4 ,eleva- ,fuze4 ,range4 tion4 tion4 ------------------------------------ deg4 t5?s4 deg4 t5?s4y>ds4 #a #b #a #b #fej #a #c #b #d #ijj #b #e #c #e #aajj ------------------------------------ ,range1 ,elevation1 c41 ( #ab1 #aj1 & #h in* ,guns1 #cb ,pr4 ,c>ronade ,gun1 & #aj1 & #h in* ,iron ,h[itz]s4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,elevation 9 degrees2 ,range 9 y>ds2 ,flight 9 seconds4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,nature ( ,ordnance4 ,l5g?4 ,weight4,*>ge4 ,po9t #a #b blank4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- feet494cwt4qrs4 lb4oz4 #ab 94 ,gun #h #d #ij #c #ab #bdj #edj #gij 7,holl[ %ot7 #g #f #eg #c #g #baj #dfj #gbj #aj ,d4 7,h4 ,s47 #h #d #fb #a #h #bej #egj #haj #i #d #hd #ab #cbe #fcj #icj #h ,d4 7,h4 ,s47 #f #h #ej #g #baj #cbj #egj #h ,d4 7,solid %ot7 #h #f #fj #i #g #cdj #fdj #ifj #h ,d4 #i #fe #aj #cjj #ehj #idj ,"t ( ,flight 0 #b0 #c0 ,d4 7,holl[ %ot7 #i #fe #ab #cgj #gjj #ajej ,"t ( ,flight #a0 #b0 #c0 #cb ,p\nd] #e #be #d #bjj #dgj #gcj ,c>ronade ,gun #aj in* iron #e #dj #g #fjj ,h[itz] #h in* ,d4 #d #ba #d #dej ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,elevation 9 degrees2 ,range 9 y>ds2 ,flight 9 seconds4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,nature ( ,ordnance4 #c #d #e #f #g #h #i ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #ab 94 ,gun #ajbj #abej #adjj #aeej 7,holl[ %ot7 #ice #aafj #acej #aejj #aj ,d4 7,h4 ,s47 #ajcj #abcj #adjj #abjj #adfj #agjj #h ,d4 7,h4 ,s47 #hcj #aacj #acjj #h ,d4 7,solid %ot7 #aaij #acjj #aejj #h ,d4 #abbj #adhj #agjj #ahhj #babj #bbij #bdcj ,"t ( ,flight #d0 #e0 #g0 #h0 #h0 #i0 #aj0 ,d4 7,holl[ %ot7 #abcj #aedj #agjj #ahca #aihj #bjij #bcaj ,"t ( ,flight #d0 #f0 #f0 #g0 #h0 #h0 #aj0 #cb ,p\nd] #ifj ,c>ronade ,gun #aj in* iron #abjj #acbj #aejj ,h[itz] #h in* ,d4 #gcj #ige #abbg ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,elevation 9 degrees2 ,range 9 y>ds2 ,flight 9 seconds4 ------------------------------------ ,nature ( ,ordnance4 #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #ab 94 ,gun 7,holl[ %ot7 #aj ,d4 7,h4 ,s47 #h ,d4 7,h4 ,s47 #h ,d4 7,solid %ot7 #h ,d4 #beaj #bgaj #bicj #biij #cadj #cbej ,"t ( ,flight #aa0 #ab0 #ab0 #ac0 #ac0 #ad0 ,d4 7,holl[ %ot7 #bdjj #beaj #bgbj #bhcj #bhgj #bbbj ,"t ( ,flight #aj0 #aa0 #ab0 #ac0 #ad0 #ae0 #cb ,p\nd] ,c>ronade ,gun #aj in* iron #aibf #bjgh ,h[itz] #h in* ,d4 #aejf #agbe ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,! above ,ranges = ! #ab & #aj in* ,guns are ) holl[ %ot1 weigh+ respectively #aab lb4 & #hd lb4 ,! #h in* ,gun c>ries ei!r holl[ %ot1 plugg$1 #dh lb42 or %ell1 #df lb4 ,vide also ,,naval ,,gunn]y4 ,table ( ,tang5t ,practice1 #h in* ,gun4 #ef ,p\nd] ,gun1 & #fh ,p\nd] ,gun4 ,weight1 ,ranges1 c4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,gun4 ,%ot4 ,*>ge4 ,p ,b #a #b #c #d #e ---------------------------------------- ------------- cwt4 lb4 lb4 yds4 yds4 yds4 yds4 yds4 yds4 #ef ,pr4 #ih ,s ,s #af #dij #icj #acdj #agbj #bjjj #bbjj #hg ,s ,s #ad #chj #ijj #acaj #affj #aidj #bajj ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #fh ,pr4 #aab ,s ,s #bj #djj #ihj #adjj #agfj #aihj #bbdj #ie ,s ,s #ae #caj #gjj #ajgj #adcj #agaj #aicj #ie ,%ell #af #cej #hej #abej #aefj #ahdj #bajj #hg ,s ,s #ad #cjj #fhj #ajej #acfj #afej #aijj #hg ,%ell #ad #caj #gaj #ajhj #acej #afaj #ahej ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,gun4 ,%ot4 ,*>ge4 #f #h #aj #ab ,above ,plane4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- cwt4 lb4 lb4 yds4 yds4 yds4 yds4 feet494 #ef ,pr4 #ih ,s ,s #af #bdjj #bgdj #cjdj #ccbj #e #hg ,s ,s #ad #bcaj #behj #bidj #cbgj #h ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #fh ,pr4 #aab ,s ,s #bj #bdhj #bhdj #cacj #cdjj #h #ie ,s ,s #ae #bacj #bebj #bhij #cahj #e #d #ie ,%ell #af #bcej #bfij #cjjj #ccjj #e #d #hg ,s ,s #ad #badj #bdij #bhbj #caej #h #hg ,%ell #ad #bjhj #bdej #bhjj #cadj #h ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #h ,in* ,gun4 ,l5g?1 #i feet2 ,weight1 #fe cwt42 ,height ( gun above ! plane1 #e feet #g in*es4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,nature ,*>ge4 ,eleva- ,fir/ ,flight4,second,extreme,"t (,numb] ( tion4 graze4 graze4range4 flight4 ( %ot4 grazes4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- lb4 ,degrees4,y>ds4 ,sec4 ,y>ds4 ,y>ds4 ,sec4 ,solid #aj ,p4 ,b4 #cae #a0 #ija #cbjg #bj0 #bc #aj #a #ffj #b0 #ajjf #bhjc #ai0 #ah #aj #a #hah #c0 #abdj #bdcc #af0 #ac #i ,p4 ,b4 #cdc #a0 #ggf #bfhc #ag0 #ab #i #a #fae #b0 #igj #bdhc #ae0 #aj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,rico*et ,,fir+4 #a4 ,:5 adopt$ 9 ! field1 ! guns %\ld seldom be elevat$ above #c degrees1 z ! objects fir$ at are g5]ally cavalry & infantry1 & ! l[] ! angle ! long] w ! %ot pres]ve its =ce1 & h effect4 #b4 ,9 ! rico*et ( a =tification ( any k9d1 ! elevation %\ld seldom exce$ #aj degrees to ?r[ ! %ot ov] ! p>apet a little high] ?an ! level ( ! batt]y2 &1 on ! :ole1 ! be/ elevation to enfilade a "w is f #f to #i degrees1 measur$ above ! cre/ ( ! p>apet ) correspond+ *>ges4 #c4 ,! *>ge1 & elevation be+ kn[n = any range1 :5 ! gun & p>apet are on ! same level1 ! same *>ge1 & elevation may be us$ s long z ! diff]5ce ( level does n exce$ "o-tw5tie? ( ! horizontal di/ance betwe5 !m1 ! elevation be+ giv5 by ! tang5t scale1 & ! gun laid at ! p>apet1 :e!r above or bel[ its own level4 ,rico*et ,practice ) ,iron ,ordnance4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,r\nd ,%ot4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,range #fh ,pr4 #bd ,pr4 ,gun1 #ah ,pr4 ,gun1 #ab ,pr4 ,gun1 ,c>ronade499 #i ,feet4 #h ,feet4 #h ,feet4 9 ---------------------------------------- ------------ y>ds4,*>ge4,eleva-,*>ge4,eleva-,*>ge4,el eva-,*>ge4,eleva- tion4 tion4 tion4 tion4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- lb4oz4 deg4 lb4oz4 deg4 lb4oz4 deg4 lb4oz4 deg4 #djj #ab #f #i #f #h #d #aj #g #f #f #h #aa #fjj #a #ab #g #f #f #a #e #ab #d #a #h #h #a #h #d #ab #g #aj #f #a #f #h #g #hjj #b #c #a #h #d #a #d #a #h #e #a #g #ab #f ---------------------------------------- ------------------- 99 ,,note4--,:5 ,%ells are fir$ f ! #fh ,p\nd] ,c>ronade1 ! ,elevation mu/ be decreas$ ab\t half a degree4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,common ,%ell4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,range #aj-;in* #h-;in* #bd ,pr4 ,h[itz] ,h[itz] ,h[itz] 9 ,%ell1 #ib lb4 ,%ell1 #df lb4 ,%ell1 #af lb4 --------------------------------------- y>ds4,*>ge4,eleva-,*>ge4,eleva-,*>ge4,el eva- tion4 tion4 tion4 ---------------------------------------- ------ lb4oz4 deg4 lb4oz4 deg4 lb4oz4 deg4 #djj #b #h #f #a #h #f #i #d #b #h #a #i #f #g #fjj #c #f #a #h #h #a #d #b #h #h #a #d #aj #ab #e #i #g #hjj #d #f #b #h #f #c #h #g #b #f ---------------------------------------- ------ ,,mort>s4 ,practical rules4 ,to f9d ! ,*>ge = a giv5 ,range at #de elevation4 #ac in* ,mort>4--,to ! range1 9 y>ds1 add half ! range1 multiply ! sum by #jc = ! *>ge1 9 ounces4 #aj in* ,mort>4--,:5 ! range is "u #acej y>ds1 add to ! range #afj1 & multiply by #jb2 & if ! range is ov] #acej y>ds1 add "o-fif? ( ! range1 & multiply by #jb = ! *>ge1 9 ounces4 #h in* ,mort>4--,to ! range1 9 y>ds1 add #bj1 & ! sum multipli$ by #jae w give ! *>ge1 9 ounces4 #e in* ,mort>4--,to ! range 9 y>ds1 add #aej1 & multiply by #jh1 = ! *>ge1 9 ounces4 #d in* ,mort>4--,to ! range 9 y>ds add #cjj1 & multiply by #jf1 = ! *>ge1 9 drams4 ,to f9d ! ,"t ( flight1 ! range be+ giv54 ,divide ! squ>e root ( ! range1 9 feet1 by #de = ! "t ( flight1 9 seconds4 ,to f9d ! ,range1 ! ,"t ( flight be+ giv54 ,multiply ! "t ( flight1 9 seconds1 by #de1 & squ>e ! product = ! range1 9 feet4 ,to f9d ! l5g? ( ,fuze1#h = a giv5 range4 ,multiply ! "t ( flight1 9 seconds1 by #bb1 = ! #ac1 & #aj in* mort>s1 & by #bd = #h1 #e1 & #d in* mort>s1 = ! l5g? ( fuze1 9 t5?s4 ,mort> ,practice at #ae1 #be1 & #de ,elevation4 #ahch4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ac ,,in* ,,iron4 #aj ,,in* ,,iron4 ,weight #cf cwt4 ,weight #af cwt4 #b qrs4 99,%ell fill$ #bjj lb4 ,%ell fill$ #ib lb4 ,bur/4 p[d] #f lb4 #ab oz4 ,bur/4 p[d] #b lb4 #aj oz4 ,bl[+ p[d] #b oz4 ,bl[+ p[d] #a oz4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,eleva- ,*>ge4 ,fuze4 ,range4 ,eleva- ,*>ge4 ,fuze4 ,range4 tion4 tion4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ degs4 lb4 oz4 94 yds4 degs4 lb4 oz4 94 yds4 #de #b #a #ai #dej #de #a #ai #dej #b #c #b #ejj #a #b #b #ejj #b #d #ba #eej #a #c #ba #eej #b #f #bb #fjj #a #d #bb #fjj #b #g #bc #fej #a #f #bc #fej #b #i #bd #gjj #a #g #bd #gjj #b #aa #bde #gej #a #i #bde #gej #b #ad #be #hjj #a #aj #be #hjj #c #bee #hej #a #aa #bee #hej #c #c #bf #ijj #a #ab #bf #ijj #c #e #bfe #iej #a #ac #bfe #iej #c #h #bg #ajjj #a #ad #bg #ajjj #c #aj #bge #ajej #a #ae #bge #ajej #c #ab #bh #aajj #b #bh #aajj #c #ad #bhe #aaej #b #a #bhe #aaej #d #bi #abjj #b #c #bi #abjj #d #e #c #acjj #d #ae #cb #aejj #e #aj #cd #agjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------ 99 ,! ,%ells 7 fill$ ) s&4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #h ,,in* ,,iron4 #e ,,in* ,,brass4 ,weight #h cwt4 #a qr4 ,weight #a cwt4 #a qr4 #aj lb4 ,%ell fill$ #df lb4 ,%ell fill$ #af lb4 ,bur/4 p[d] #a lb4 #ad oz4 ,bur/4 p[d] #aj oz4 ,bl[+ p[d] #a oz4 ,bl[+ p[d] oz4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,eleva- ,*>ge4 ,fuze4 ,range4 ,eleva- ,*>ge4 ,fuze4 ,range4 tion4 tion4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ degs4 lb4 oz4 94 yds4 degs4 lb4 oz4 94 yds4 #ae #ad #h #ejj #ae #f #g #cej #a #a #eej #g #ge #djj #a #b #aa #fjj #g #h #h #dej #de #i #ai #dej #h #he #ejj #aj #b #ejj #be #e #h #aa #dhj #ab #ba #eej #de #d #h #cjj #ac #bb #fjj #d #ab #cej #ad #bc #fej #e #age #djj #ae #bd #gjj #e #d #ah #dej #a #bde #gej #e #h #ahe #ejj #a #be #hjj #e #ab #ai #eej #a #a #bee #hej #f #aie #fjj #a #b #bf #ijj #a #b #bfe #iej #a #c #bg #ajjj #a #d #bge #ajej #a #d #bh #aajj #a #e #bhe #aaej #a #f #bi #abjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ------------------------------- #d ,,in* ,,brass4 ,weight #c qrs4 #ai lb4 ,%ell fill$ #h lb4 ,bur/4 p[d] #e oz4 ,bl[+ p[d] oz4 ---------------------------- ,eleva- ,*>ge4 ,fuze4 ,range4 tion4 ---------------------------- degs4 lb4 oz4 94 yds4 #ae #d #h #h #dej #d #ab #he #ejj #be #d #aa #edj #de #b #f #afe #cjj #b #i #ag #cej #b #ab #age #djj #c #ah #dej #c #d #ahe #ejj #c #h #ai #eej #c #ab #aie #fjj ---------------------------- ,greate/ ,*>ges1 & ,ranges4 lb4 oz4 yds4 #ac ,in*1 ,sea #bj #j #dbjj #aj 0 #aj #h #djjj #ac ,in*1 ,l& #i #j #bijj #aj 0 #d #j #bdjj #h 0 #b #j #bjjj #e 0 #i #abjj #d 0 #de #ajjj ,di/ance f ! p>apet ( a batt]y1 ! p>apet be+ #h feet high1 = ,mort>s at ! foll[+ elevations3-- ,elevation #de #cj #bj #ae #aj degrees4 ,di/ance #ab #ac #ba #cj #dj feet4 ,,"p ,v4 ,,/ores1 ,,implem5ts1 ,,combu/ibles1 ,,etc41 ,,requir$ ,,9 ,,batt]ies4#i ,,balls1 ,,light4 ,light ,balls are ?r[n f mort>s at night1 to discov] ! op]ations ( ! enemy's work+ p>ties1 c4 ,light balls burn f #aj to #bj m9utes4 ,composition4 lb4 oz4 ,saltpetre1 pulv]iz$ #f #d ,sulphur1 gr\nd #b #h ,ros91 p\nd$ #a #ad ,l9se$ oil1 boil$ #j #g ,,balls1 ,,smoke4 ,smoke balls are fir$ f mort>s to suffocate ! m5 9 m9es1 c41 or to prev5t !m cont9u+ _! "w4 ,!y are also us$ to conceal manuvres1 c41 f an enemy4 ,smoke balls burn f #be to #cj m9utes4 ,composition4 lb4 oz4 ,corn$ meal$ p[d] #e #j ,saltpetre1 pulv]iz$ #a #j ,sea coal #a #h ,sw$i% pit* #b #j ,tall[ #j #h ,to con/ruct holl[ ,globes1 or ,cases = ,light ,balls1 c4 ,! canvas1 or pap]1 may be =m$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]1 viz43--,) radius ( half ! int5d$ calibre1 describe ! circle ,a ,b ,c ,d 7vide ,figure #bj1 ,practical ,geometry71 & divide ! same into f\r equal p>ts4 ,f ,b ) radius ,a ,b describe arc ,a ,e1 f ,a ) radius ,a ,b describe arc ,b ,e1 & f ,e ) radius ,e ,a describe arc ,a ,b4 ,eight pieces1 z ,e ,a ,b1 w =m a ball ne>ly1 ! edges be+ br\ght close toge!r4 ,,c>casses4 ,c>casses1 a species ( %ell1 are fill$ ) composition1 ! flame f :i* is extremely p[]ful1 & ne>ly unext+ui%able4 ,!y are mu* us$ 9 bomb>dm5ts ( t[ns1 sett+ fire to %ipp+1 c41 & are dis*>g$ f guns1 mort>s1 & h[itz]s1 simil>ly to common %ells2 f :i*1 h[ev]1 !y diff]1 9 be+ made ?ick]1 to enable !m to )/& ! int5sity ( fire2 & 9 hav+ ?ree fuze holes in/ead ( "o4 ,c>casses burn f #h to #aj m9utes4 ,common %ells may be made to produce effects simil> to c>casses1 by fill+ !m ) a proportion ( ,val5ci5nes composition1 & bur/+ p[d]4 ,all c>casses h ?ree holes2 &1 f guns & h[itz]s1 are fir$ ) sabots4 ,c>cass ,composition4 lb4 oz4 ,saltpetre1 pulv]iz$ #f #d ,sulphur1 sublimat$ #b #h ,ros91 p\nd$ #a #ad ,antimony1 p\nd$ #j #aj ,tall[ #j #aj ,turp5t9e #j #aj ,val5ci5nes ,composition4 lb4 oz4 ,saltpetre1 pulv]iz$ #f #d ,sulphur1 sublimat$ #b #h ,ros91 p\nd$ #a #d ,antimony1 p\nd$ #j #aj ,l9se$ oil1 #f oz4 #ad drams4 ,weight1 & ,dim5sions ( ,c>casses4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,nature ( ,c>cass4 ,ext]ior ,weight1 ,weight1 ,l& ,s]vice4 ,diamet]4 empty4 fill$4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ in*es4 lb4 oz4 lb4 oz4 #ac ,in* #abhd #bbj #j #bcd #h #aj ,in* #ihd #ig #j #ajd #j #h ,in* #ghf #eb #d #eg #j #e ,in* #eei #ae #h #ag #a #d ,in* #dde #h #d #i #a #db ,pr4 #fhe #bh #ad #cj #aj #cb ,pr4 #fa #bc #c #bd #h #bd ,pr4 #eed #ae #f #af #i #ah ,pr4 #ejd #ac #ab #ad #g #ab ,pr4 #dd #h #f #h #ac ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,c>tridges ,,= ,,guns1 ,,h[itz]s1 ,,etc4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,dim5sions4 ,nature ( ,*>ge ---------------------------- ,ordnance4 ( ,circumf]5ce4 p[d]4 ,l5g?4 ------------------ ,sup]ior4,inf]ior4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,guns1 ,,iron4 lb4 oz4 ft4 94 ft4 94 ft4 94 #fh ,p\nd] #ah #a #hf #a #a #ef #bj #a #aj #a #c #a #c 0 #af #a #aj #a #a 0 #ad #a #aj #aac #aac 0 #aj #a #aj #i #i 0 #f #a #aj #gb #gb #db #ad #a #aaa #a #id #a #id #cb #aj #a #ih #a #gi #a #gi #bd #h #a #fc #a #ef #a #ef #ah #f #a #g #a #de #a #de #ab #d #a #de #a #be #a #be #i #c #a #bb #a #a #a #a #f #b #a #aa #a #ae #a #ae #ab ,in* #ab #a #fe #a #fe #a #b #aj #ab #a #ee #a #c #a #h #aj #a #g #a #ae #aj ,,guns1 ,,brass4 #ab ,pr4 ,m$ium #d #a #de #a #be #a #be ,light #c #a #ae #a #be #a #be #i #b #h #a #aa #a #a #a #a #f ,heavy #b #a #bb #aae #aae ,light #a #h #aab #aae #aae #c ,heavy #a #ig #i #i ,light #ab #i #i #i ,,h[itz]s4 ,iron4 #aj ,in* #g #a #ah #a #ch #ig #h #d #a #ag #a #ab #g ,brass4 #bd ,pr4 #b #h #a #jb #aj #fc #ab #a #d #ajh #he #eh #e in* #b #ajc #ei #ch #d #h #gf #e #c ,,c>ronades4 #fh ,pr4 #e #aj #a #hc #a #i #a #i #db #c #h #a #e #a #ga #a #ga #cb #b #aj #a #f #a #ee l #ee #bd #b #aa #a #ci #a #ci #ah #a #h #aj #a #ah #a #ah #ab #a #hh #a #ab #a #ab #f #ab #ge #aja #aja ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,:5 ! circumf]5ce ( ! ,c>tridge is n uni=m1 ea* ,c>tridge is made ( two pieces1 & ! dim5sions giv5 are = "o piece only4 ,,fuzes1 ,,old ,,patt]n4 ,! wood5 cases = hold+ ! ,fuze composition are made ( well-season$ bee*4 ,! int]ior diamet] ( ! cup is equal to ?ree times t ( ! bore1 & its dep? is equal to #a ( ! said diamet]4 ,! ?ickness ( wood at ! bottom ( ! bore is equal to two diamet]s4 ,fuze composition4 lb4 oz4 ,saltpetre1 pulv]iz$ #c #d ,sulphur1 sublimat$ #a #j ,pit-meal$ p[d] #b #ab ,bl9d fire = ,night4 lb4 ,meal$ p[d] #af ,wood a%es #i ,fuzes1 be+ bor$ = ,field guns1 or cut to ! l5g? requir$ = ! range ( ,g>rison guns1 are made to fit ! ,%ell correctly by means ( a rasp & cutt]2 aft] :i* !y are c>efully driv5 into ! ,%ell ) a mallet & sett]1 leav+ only ! cup ( ! ,fuze out ( x4 ,! ,fuze is uncapp$ :5 plac$ 9 ! piece4 #ac in* ,fuze burns #dj ,seconds4 #aj d4 d4 #ce d4 #h d4 d4 #cj d4 #e in* ,fuze burns #bj ,seconds4 #d d4 d4 #ae d4 ,all natures ( ,fuzes1 :5 driv5 ) ! above composition1 burn "o in* 9 five seconds2 b :5 driv5 ) meal$ p[d]1 !y burn two in*es 9 ! same "t4 ,,box]',s ,,fuze4 ,! composition bore is made exc5tric ) reg>d to ! ext]ior1 & two p[d] *annels are bor$ ^u t side 9 :i* !re is ! greate/ ?ickness ( wood4 ,a hole is bor$ ?r\gh ! meal$ p[d] at ! top1 & into ! fuze composition1 to insure ! ignition ( ! fuze composition f ! prim+4 ,two r[s ( holes1 two in*es ap>t1 are made into ! p[d] *annels1 & ! bottom hole 9 ea* r[ is cont9u$ to ! axis ( ! composition bore4 ,! small side holes1 ) ! exception ( ! bottom ones1 are fill$ ) press$ p[d]1 & a small portion ( clay4 ,! p[d] *annels conta9 rifle p[d]1 & ! bottom side holes h a piece ( quick mat* plac$ 9 !m4 ,beyond ?is quick mat*1 ! p[d] *annels 9 ! fuze = common %ells are fill$ ) putty2 b 9 ! ,%rapnell fuze ! correspond+ portion conta9s quick mat*1 :i* is cont9u$ f "o *annel to ! o!r ?r\gh a groove made 9 ! bottom4 ,a piece ( quick mat* is ti$ into ! cup1 & x is recomm5d$ t ?is quick mat* is laid ov] ! side be=e ! %ell is set home4 ,! bur/+ p[d] is conta9$ 9 a t9 cyl9d]1#aj & is admitt$ ?r\gh a hole at ! bottom ( ! socket4 ,!re is a small hole 9 ! side ( ! %ell1 ?r\gh :i* ! balls1 & composition1 :i* is run betwe5 !m1 are admitt$4 ,x is recomm5d$ t ! bur/+ p[d] be plac$ 9 ! t9 cyl9d] be=e go+ into action1 & ! plug cov]$ ) s]ge1 ins]t$ 9 ! fuze hole4 ,! bur/+ p[d] c be spe$ily remov$ f ! %ell1 if necess>y2 &1 f its be+ sep>at$ f ! balls1 x w n be liable to injury1 ev5 :5 subject$ to ! action ( travell+4 ,a simple bor+-bit is suppli$ to ea* gun1 9 case ! bor]1 specially made = ! fuze1 is lo/1 or damag$4 ,capta9 ,box]'s #e in* fuzes are to be adopt$ = all natures ( guns & h[itz]s1 "o in* 9 l5g? = ,%rapnell %ells1 & two in*es 9 l5g? = common %ells4 ,,fuzes1 ,,metal4 ,fuzes1 = ! ,naval s]vice specially1 are =m$ ( gun metal1 & are screw$ into a gun metal b\*$ screw hole 9 ! %ell4 ,metal fuzes are ( ?ree natures1 viz41 #c-;in*1 #d-;in*1 & %ort-range ,fuzes4 ,! fir/ is driv5 ) meal$ p[d]1 & w burn sev5 seconds2 ! second is driv5 ) fuze composition1 & w burn tw5ty seconds2 & ! %ort-range fuze is also driv5 ) ! composition1 & w burn two seconds4 ,^! fuzes are driv5 & prim$ precisely ! same z wood5 fuzes2 b in/ead ( be+ capp$ ) canvas1 h a screw metal cap4 ,! fuzes are screw$ into ! %ells1 ! holes ( :i* are b\*$ ) metal to receive !m2 !y are screw$ into ! left h&1 s t unscrew+ ! cap 9 ! same direction prev5ts ! possibility ( ! fuze be+ loos5$ by t op]ation4 ,! diamet] ( ! fuze holes = all natures ( %ells1 fitt$ to receive metal fuzes1 is exactly ! same4 ,a #c-;in* metal fuze w burn sev5 seconds1 & is calculat$ = ranges n exce$+ #a1ijj y>ds4 ,a #d-;in* metal fuze w burn t5 seconds1 & is n to be us$ at a great] di/ance ?an #b1djj y>ds4 ,bick=d's ,wat] ,fuze1 :i* burns ab\t two or ?ree feet 9 a m9ute1 may be advantage\sly us$ = explod+ gunp[d] "u wat]1 = ! de/ruction ( booms1 vessels1 c4 ,,grease4 ,! composition us$ = greas+ :eels is compos$ ( equal p>ts ( tall[ & co>se sweet oil melt$ toge!r1 & x is made up 9 kegs ( #bh lb4 ea*4 ,9 w>m wea!r ! proportion ( tall[ mu/ be increas$4 ,,gr5ades1 ,,h&4 ,a ,l& s]vice ,h& gr5ade weighs #a lb4 #ac oz41 & may be ?r[n f #dj to #fj feet4 ,! diamet] ( ! ,fuze composition is #b ( an in*1 l5g? #bbe in*es1 & weight #c drams4 ,fuze ,composition4 ,saltpetre1 #c lb4 #d oz42 ,sulphur1 #a lb42 ,meal$ p[d]1 #b lb4 #ab oz4 ,on s]vice ! ,gr5ades are *>g$ ) #a oz4 ( p[d]4 ,,gun ,,cotton4 ,al?\gh !re appe>s no prospect ( ,gun cotton be+ us$ 9 ! ,briti% s]vice z a sub/itute = gunp[d]1 x is advisable t e ,artill]i/ %\ld be cognizant ( its m]its & dem]its2 = circum/ances may arise :5 ?is new impulsive p[] may be advantage\sly employ$4 ,! explod+ cotton is ?us prep>$3--,common well-clean$ cotton is dipp$ = ab\t half a m9ute 9 highly-conc5trat$ nitric acid 7made by ! di/illation ( t5 p>ts ( dri$ saltpetre1 & six ( oil ( vitriol71 & !n in/antly plac$ 9 wat]1 :i* mu/ be (t5 r5ew$1 9 ord] to free ! cotton f ! acid ) :i* x is impregnat$4 ,c>e mu/ !n be tak5 t all ! knotty p>ticles ( ! cotton are prop]ly dis5tangl$1 & t x is ?or\ghly dri$4 ,aft] ! explosive prep>ation is ready = use1 ! smalle/ portion explodes :5 /ruck on an anvil ) a hamm]1 l fulm9at+-p[d]2 :5 k9dl$ ) a gl[+ body1 x takes fire j l gunp[d]2 &1 :5 us$ 9 a gun1 its op]ation1 ?\gh 9 a f> great] proportion to its weight1 is simil> to t ( gunp[d]4 ,gun cotton is employ$ 9 ! same mann] z gunp[d]3 a piece ( x is ramm$ d[n ! b>rel1 !n a bit ( wadd+1 & aft] t a ball2 a copp] cap ignites & explodes ! cotton4 ,to ,dr4 ,otto1 pr(essor ( *emi/ry 9 ,brunswick1 we are indebt$ = ! =ego+ description ( ! prep>ation ( ! explosive cotton2 & ! intr9sic value ( ?is impulsive ag5t has be5 asc]ta9$ by ,colonel ,mordecai1 at ,wa%+ton1 9 #ahde1 #ahdg1 #ahdh4 ,! foll[+ are ! results ( ?is sci5tific (fic]'s exp]im5ts = ! purpose ( det]m9+ ! fitness ( ,gun cotton1 z a sub/itute = gunp[d] 9 ! milit>y s]vice3-- #a4 ,explosive cotton burns at #chj ,fahr5heit1 !re=e x w n set fire to gunp[d] :5 burnt 9 a loose /ate ov] x4 #b4 ,! projectile =ce ( explosive cotton1 ) mod]ate *>ges1 9 a musket or cannon1 is equal to t ( ab\t twice its weight ( ! be/ gunp[d]4 #c4 ,:5 compress$ by h>d ramm+1 z 9 fill+ a fuze1 x burns sl[ly4 #d4 ,by ! absorption ( moi/ure1 its =ce is rapidly dim9i%$1 b ! =ce is re/or$ by dry+4 #e4 ,its bur/+ effect is mu* great] ?an t ( gunp[d]1 on :i* acc\nt x is well adapt$ = m9+ op]ations4 #f4 ,! pr9cipal residua ( its combu/ion are wat] & nitr\s acid2 !re=e ! b>rel ( a gun w\ld be soon corrod$1 if n clean$ aft] fir+4 #g4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! quickness & int5sity ( its action1 :5 ignit$1 x _c be us$ ) safety 9 ! pres5t fire-arms4 #h4 ,an accid5t on s]vice1 su* z ! ins]tion ( two *>ges be=e fir+1 w\ld cause ! bur/+ ( ! b>rel2 & x is probable t ! l effect w\ld take place ) ! regul> s]vice *>ges1 if sev]al times repeat$4 ,,gunp[d]4 ,! compon5t p>ts ( ,p[d] are #ge p>ts ( nitre1 #aj ( sulphur1 & #ae ( *>coal4 ,cyl9d] p[d] is made f *>coal t has be5 burnt 9 iron cyl9d]s2 & ,pit p[d] f *>coal burnt 9 common pits4 ,gunp[d]1 :5 ignit$1 exp&s ) a velocity ( ab\t #e1jjj feet p] second2 & ! pressure ( ! fluid is ab\t #b1jjj times t ( common air4 ,"o p\nd ( ,p[d] measures #cb solid in*es4 ,a cubic foot ( ,gov]nm5t p[d] weighs ab\t #eh p\nds4 ,gunp[d] is manufactur$ by r$uc+ ! nitre1 sulphur1 & *>coal to p[d]2 !y are !n mix$1 moi/5$ ) wat]1 & aga9 mix$ 9 a mill = five or six h\rs1 or until ! mixture is z intimate z possible1 = ^u ?is ! /r5g? ( ! p[d] *iefly dep5ds4 ,:5 tak5 f ! mill1 ! composition is put 9 a press1 & =m$ into h>d cakes ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* ?ick2 ^!1 :5 dry1 or ne>ly s1 are brok5 by wood5 mallets into small pieces1 & r$uc$ into gra9s by be+ put into sieves1 & =c$ by means ( a wood5 roll] ?r\gh circul> holes ( ! prop] diamet]4 ,good p[d] %\ld be devoid ( smell1 & ( uni=m col\r1 approa*+ to t ( a slate4 ,! p>ticles %\ld be p]fectly granulat$1 & free f cohesion4 ,x %\ld admit ( be+ readily p\r$ f "o vessel to ano!r4 ,9 p[d] t has become damp1 l>ge lumps are =m$3 %\ld ! damage1 h[ev]1 n be v consid]able1 ^! concretions may be r$uc$ by dry+ ! p[d] 9 a hot-air /ove1 rubb+ & loos5+ ! gra9s2 b p[d] ?us affect$ nev] ?or\ghly rega9s its lo/ /r5g?4 ,to te/ ! purity ( p[d]4--,lay a dram ( x on a piece ( clean writ+-pap]1 & fire ! heap by means ( a r$-hot iron wire3 if ! flame asc5d quickly ) a good report1 leav+ ! pap] free f :ite specks1 & )\t burn+ holes 9 x1 ! goodness ( ! +r$i5ts & prop] manufacture ( ! p[d] may be safely inf]r$4 ,good p[d] bla/$ ^u a clean plate ( copp] %\ld leave no track or m>k ( f\lness4 ,p[d] expos$ = #ag or #ah days to ! influ5ce ( ! atmosph]e ought n to increase mat]ially 9 weight4 ,"o hundr$ p\nds ( p[d] %\ld n absorb m ?an twelve ounces3 if x increase 9 weight m ?an "o p] c5t41 ! p[d] %\ld be condemn$4 ,pro( ( ,gunp[d]4 ,to prove ! /r5g? ( l>ge gra9 or common p[d]1 #b ounces are fir$ f #h-;in* ,gom] mort>s 7at an angle ( #de71 plac$ on /one b$s1 & s fix$ z n to recoil4 ,^! mort>s are load$ ) %ot weigh+ #fh p\nds1 & ! av]age ( ! ranges1 ) ,gov]nm5t p[d] ( ,wal?am ,abbey1 is #bej feet4 ,p[d] made ( common pit *>coal w only project su* a ball1 "u ! same circum/ances1 ab\t #bbj feet2 & p[d] t has be5 re-/ov$ w only produce a range ( f #ajg to #aag feet4 ,a musket1 *>g$ ) two drams ( f9e gra9$ or musket p[d]1 %\ld drive a /eel bullet ?r\gh #ae or #af half-in* elm bo>ds1 plac$ ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* f ea* o!r1 ! fir/ bo>d be+ set at #dj in*es f ! muzzle ( ! musket3 ) re-/ov$ p[d]1 ! bullet w only p]=ate f #i to #ab ( ! bo>ds4 ,! quality ( l>ge gra9 p[d] is asc]ta9$ by its g5]al appe>ance1 its firmness1 glaz+1 uni=mity ( gra91 & d5sity4 ,,p[d] ,,m>ks4 ,! v>i\s sorts ( ,p[d] are di/+ui%$ by ! foll[+ m>ks on ! heads ( ! b>rels3-- ,l ,g ,l>ge gra94 ,f ,g ,f9e gra94 ,r ,a ,= rifle arms4 ,l ,g ,l>ge gra94 ,f ,g ,f9e gra94 ,r ,s ,re-/ov$4 ,r$ ,l ,g1 or ,f ,g1 d5otes p[d] ( ! be/ quality4 ,:ite ,l ,g1 or ,f ,g1 is an inf]ior ,p[d] = salutes1 c4 ,,p[d] ,,magaz9es4 ,to asc]ta9 if a ,magaz9e is damp4--,soak a piece ( sponge 9 a solution ( salt ( t>t>1 or common salt & wat]3 let x be well dri$ & weigh$1 & !n be plac$ 9 ! magaz9e1 :i*1 if damp1 w cause ! sponge to become heavi]4 ,a small weight1 susp5d$ by a piece ( catgut1 or hair1 w also discov] moi/ure1 caus+ ! =m] to contract & ! latt] to l5g!n4 ,,p[d] ,,b>rels4 ,:ole ,b>rels conta9 #ajj lb41 & ,half ,b>rels #ej lb41 ( p[d]1 :e!r f9e or co>se4 ,dim5sions ( ,p[d] b>rels4 ,:ole b>rels4 ,half b>rels4 ,qu>t] b>rels4 in*es4 in*es4 in*es4 ,dep? #bj #af #ad ,diamet] at top #ae #ab #i ,d4 at bulge #af #ac #aj ,d4 at bottom #ae #ab #i ,,budge ,,b>rels4 ,weight ( ,b>rel1 copp]-hoop$1 #aj lb41 hazel-hoop$1 #f lb4 ,l5g? ( b>rel #aj in*es ea* b>rel w conta9 #ch lb4 ,diamet] 0 #ac 0 ,,boxes ,,to ,,conta9 ,,p[d]1 ,,correspond+ ,,to ,,! ,,b>rels4 ,ext]nal ,:ole boxes4 ,half boxes4 ,qu>t] boxes4 dim5sions4 in*es4 in*es4 in*es4 ,l5g? #af #ac #aj ,bread? #af #ac #aj ,dep? #bj #af #ad ,^! boxes are l9$ ) copp]1 t9n$4 ,,h&b>r[s4 ,l5g?1 #e ft4 #c 94 ,bread?1 #b ft4 ,weight1 #ai lb4 ,,h&spikes4 ,l5g?1 #e ft4 ,diamet] at top1 #abe2 ,diamet] at bottom1 #bge in*es4 ,l5g? ( squ>e1 #a foot #i in*es4 ,weight ( t51 #fd lb4 ,!re is a l>g] k9d1 #f feet 9 l5g?2 weight ( t51 #ajj lb4 ,,lev]s4 ft4 94 lb4 ,iron %od1 l5g? #d #j ,weight ( #e #cf ,common #f #f ,d4 #ed ,,lights1 ,,blue4 ,blue lights are us$ = signals1 c41 & w burn half a m9ute4 ,composition4 lb4 oz4 ,saltpetre1 gr\nd #a #ab ,sulphur1 sublimat$ #j #g ,r$ orpim5t #j #b ,,lights1 ,,long 7,,box]',s74 ,! pap] case is #aj in*es long1 #f in*es ( :i* are fill$ ) composition2 "o end is left op5 to fix on a wood5 hold]2 ! o!r end is fitt$ ) a nipple1 on :i* a p]cussion cap is to be plac$4 ,by giv+ ! cap a sm>t bl[ on "s h>d sub/ance1 x ignites ! composition1 :i* w burn = six m9utes4 ,composition4 lb4 oz4 ,saltpetre1 gr\nd #g #j ,sulphur1 sublimat$ #a #ab ,r$ orpim5t #j #h ,,lights1 ,,long 7,,or ,,/ev5s'74 ,! composition is simil> to t = blue lights4 ,! cases are made ( br[n pap]1 & are ( ! same diamet] z ! "o-p\nd signal rocket4 ,! case is cut to ! l5g? ( #ige in*es1 "o end be+ p]=at$ at an in* f ! bottom to all[ a wood5 p9 to pass ?r\gh x1 = ! purpose ( atta*+ ! h&le to ! case4 ,two coats ( pa9t are giv5 to ! cases4 ,a long light w burn five m9utes4 ,,lights1 ,,signal 7,,box]',s7 ,?is is simil> to ! ,,light1 ,,long1 b has only "o in* ( composition4 ,,mat*1 ,,quick4 ,composition4 lb4 oz4 ,cotton wick #b #b ,gum arabic #j #h ,gunp[d] #ab lb4 ,wat] #d qu>ts4 ,f\r p\nds ( ! gunp[d] are mix$ into a ?9 pa/e ) a portion ( ! gum-wat] boil+1 9 ?is ! cotton is !n imm]s$4 ,six p\nds ( gunp[d] made into a /iff pa/e1 ) ! rema9d] ( ! gum-wat]1 is spread on ! top ( ! mat*1 :i* is aft]w>ds reel$ (f1 ! rema9+ two p\nds ( p[d] be+ sift$ on ! mat* :ile on ! reel1 & "s ( ! /iff pa/e be+ held 9 ! h& ?r\gh :i* ! mat* passes4 ,,mat*1 ,,sl[4 ,sl[ mat* is prep>$ f slightly-twi/$ hemp rope1 :i* is dipp$ 9 a solution ( lime wat] & saltpetre4 ,"o y>d burns ab\t ?ree h\rs4 ,"o ske91 #ce y>ds1 weighs sev5 p\nds4 ,dur+ ! ,siege ( ,gibralt>1 ,sl[ mat* 0 ?us made3--,eight ounces ( saltpetre 7 put 9 a gallon ( wat]1 & j made to boil ov] a sl[ fire1 /rong blue pap] 0 !n wett$ ) ! liquor1 & hung to dry4 ,:5 dry1 ea* %eet 0 divid$ into two p>ts1 :i* 7 roll$ up tight1 & ! outw>d edges pa/$ d[n4 ,ea* half %eet w\ld burn ?ree h\rs4 ,fr5* sl[ mat* is made by soak+ light twi/$ :ite rope 9 a solution ( "o p9t ( ra9 wat]1 & ?ree qu>t]s ( an ounce ( sug> ( lead4 ,,p>a*ute1 ,,light ,,ball 7,,box]',s74 ,?is light ball consi/s ( a pap] %ell1 enclos+ two t9 hemisph]es1 "o conta9+ ! composition1 ! o!r ! p>a*ute4 ,! %ell is fir$ f a mort>1 hav+ a fuze1 fix$ 9 ! usual mann]1 :i* communicates ) ! bur/+ p[d]1 op5s ! %ell1 & lights ! composition 9 ! hemisph]e atta*$ to ! p>a*ute1 :i*1 susp5d$ 9 ! air1 r5d]s conspicu\s ! objects requir$ to be illum9at$4 ,composition4 lbs4 oz4 ,saltpetre1 gr\nd #g #j ,sulphur1 sublimat$ #a #ab ,r$ orpim5t #j #h ,,p5dulums4 ,a ,p5dulum is readily made ) a musket ball1 & a piece ( silk4 ,! l5g? ( a ,p5dulum is measur$ f ! c5tre ( ! ball to ! end ( ! loop on :i* x sw+s4 #a ,seconds #ciad in*es ,l5g? ( ,p5dulums to vibrate ,seconds #ih 0 ,seconds #bde 0 ,to f9d ! l5g? ( a p5dulum to make a giv5 numb] ( vibrations4 ,rule4--,z ! squ>e ( ! giv5 numb] ( vibrations is to ! squ>e ( #fj1 s is ! l5g? ( ! /&>d 7#ciad l5g? = "o second7 to ! l5g? s\ght4 ,or1 multiply #ciad by ! squ>e ( ! "t requir$ = ! ,p5dulum to vibrate--viz41 by ! squ>e ( 1 = second2 & by ! squ>e ( #b #d = two seconds4 ,to f9d ! numb] ( vibrations1 ! l5g? ( p5dulum be+ giv54 ,rule4--,multiply #fj seconds by ! squ>e root ( #ciad1 divid$ by ! l5g? ( ! giv5 p5dulum4 ,or say1 ,z ! giv5 l5g? is to ! /&>d l5g?1 s is ! squ>e ( #fj 7its vibrations p] m9ute7 to ! squ>e ( ! numb] requir$4 ,,portfires4 ,portfires are ( f\r diff]5t natures--viz41 ,common portfires1 ,p]cussion portfires1 ,m9]s' portfires1 & ,sl[ portfires4 ,a common portfire is #af in*es long1 & w burn #ae m9utes4 ,composition4 lb4 ,brim/one1 sublim$ #b ,p[d]1 cyl9d] meal$ #a ,saltpetre1 pulv]iz$ #f ,,portfires1 ,,p]cussion4 ,composition4 ,brim/one1 sublim$ #d ,p[d]1 cyl9d] meal$ #a ,saltpetre1 pulv]iz$ #h ,! p]cussion prim+ is add$ to ^! portfires at ! /ations :]e !y are us$ 7pr9cipally = ! ,coa/ ,gu>d71 & is simply a small glass globule1 conta9+ sulphuric acid4 ,?is is emb$d$ 9 loose composition1 :i* ignites on ! globule be+ brok54 ,a p]cussion portfire w burn #e m9utes4 ,,portfires1 ,,m9]s4 ,composition4 lb4 oz4 ,saltpetre1 pulv]iz$ #j #h ,sulphur1 sublim$ #j #h ,p[d]1 cyl9d] meal$ #a #j ,,portfires1 ,,sl[4 ,! pap]1 :i* is call$ blue sug>-loaf pap]1 is wett$ by dissolv+ #ab ounces ( saltpetre 9 "o gallon ( wat]1 wett+ ea* %eet sep>ately on bo? sides ) a bru%1 "o side be+ dri$ be=e ! o!r is made wet4 ,sl[ portfires burn f ?ree to f\r h\rs4 ,portfires 7 made dur+ ! ,siege ( ,gibralt> 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,two ounces ( nitre 7 dissolv$ 9 a gallon ( wat]1 & %eets ( s(t br[n pap] dipp$ 9 ! solution2 ^!1 :5 dry1 7 roll$ up to ab\t ! size ( common portfires4 ,portfires may be made by boil+ squ>e rods ( lime1 bir*1 or popl>1 9 a solution ( nitrate ( lead = six h\rs 7a qu>t ( wat] to e p\nd ( ! nitrate72 ! mat*es are !n dri$1 & aft]w>ds boil$ 9 spirits ( turp5t9e2 !y are !n wip$ & dri$4 ,a y>d ( ?is mat* w burn ?ree h\rs4 ,,coa/ ,,gu>d ,,portfires4 ,composition4 ,saltpetre #h lb4 ,sulphur #d lb4 ,cyl9d] meal$ p[d] #a lb4 ,,quo9s4 ,nature4 ,l5g?4 ,wid?4 ,?ickness4 ft4 94 in*es4 in*es4 #db ,pr4 #b #c #ajge #fge #cb 0 #b #c #ajge #fge #bd 0 #b #i #ie #fge #ah 0 #b #i #ie #fge #ab 0 #a #aa #ibe #fbe #i 0 #a #aa #iae #f ,,rockets4 ,!re are two descriptions ( ,rockets3-- #a/4--,signal ,rockets4 #bnd4--,congreve ,rockets4 7,vide ,,"p ,,vi47 ,,signal ,,rockets4 ,signal rockets are ( two natures--viz41 #a lb4 & lb4 ,rockets4 ,!y are fir$ f a tube1 ! ignition be+ effect$ by means ( a p]cussion tube4 ,composition4 lb4 ,saltpetre1 pulv]iz$ #d ,sulphur1 sublim$ #a ,dog-wood *>coal #a ,composition = ,/>s ( ,rockets4 lb4 ,saltpetre1 pulv]iz$ #h ,antimony1 p\nd$ #b ,cyl9d] meal$ p[d] #a ,sulphur1 sublim$ #b ,is+lass #c oz4 #h drs4 ,v9eg> #a qu>t4 ,spirits ( ,w9e #a p9t4 ,! head ( a #a lb4 rocket conta9s #cf />s1 & t ( ! lb4 rocket #bd />s4 ,,%ells4 ,%ells are holl[ iron ,%ot1 & are ( v>i\s descriptions1 viz43-- #a/4--,! ,common %ell1 ) "o fuze hole1 us$ 9 ! attack & def5ce ( =tresses1 c41 aga9/ %ipp+1 & troops4 #bnd4--,! ,c>cass1 :i* has ?ree fuze holes1 is fill$ ) burn+ composition1 & is us$ to set fire to t[ns1 c4 #crd4--,! ,comp\nd-%ot1 :i* is fill$ ) lead to increase ! impetus ( ! %ot1 & ! ext5t ( ! range4 #d?4--,! ,%rapnell %ell1 :i* is v de/ructive :5 us$ aga9/ bodies ( ,cavalry or ,infantry1 z x produces ! same effect z common ,case or ,cani/] %ot f guns or h[itz]s1 b at a mu* great] range4#aa ,diamet] & ?ickness ( ea* ,%ell n[ 9 ! ,s]vice4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,nature ( ,%ell4 ,mean ,?ickness4 ,bur/+ ,diamet]4 ,p[d]4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- in*es4 in*es4 lb4 oz4 dr4 #ac ,in* #abhd #badf #f #h #aj 0 #ihd #afdf #e #h ,,common #h 0 #ghf #aci #b #d #e 0 #eeie #jicf #j #aj #d 0 #dded #jgdf #j #e #cb ,pr4 #fagg #ajcd #a #j #aj ,in* #ihe #ace #e #h ,,naval #h 0 #gibe #ace #b #d #cb ,pr4 #fagg #ajcd #a #j #h ,in* #ghf #jhb #aj #cb ,pr4 #fagg #jfd #f #bd 0 #eeie #jeh #c ,,%rapnell #ah 0 #ejii #jec ,,diaphragm #ab 0 #dded #jdgg #a #ab #i 0 #djh #jda #a #h #f 0 #cee #jcef #j #j #ab ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,all %ells are n[ issu$ 9 ! ,field ,s]vice1 load$1 & secur$ ) a metal plug4 ,,%ot1 ,,case ,,or ,,cani/]4 ,! common ,case or ,cani/] %ot consi/s ( a numb] ( balls pack$ 9 t9 cani/]s ( a cyl9drical =m3 ! balls be+ ( diff]5t weights accord+ to ! size ( ! gun4 ,= field s]vice ! balls are c\nt$ into ! case1 & laid 9 ti]s1 b = o!r purposes !y are loosely ?r[n 9 till ! case is fill$4 ,! top be+ sold]$ on1 ! bottom ( ! t9 case is nail$ on to ! wood5 bottom1 & ! heads ( ! nails are sold]$4 ,^! %ot %\ld seldom be us$ at a great] di/ance ?an #cjj y>ds1 & ev5 at t range !y scatt] s mu* z to be ne>ly uns]viceable2 b at f #ajj to #bjj y>ds !y are v de/ructive4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,%ot1 ,,common ,,case1 ,,or ,,cani/]4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,nature ( ,ordnance4 ,weight ,numb] 9 ,weight ( ( ball4 ea* case4 case fill$4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- lb4 oz4 lb4 oz4 dr4 ,,iron ,,guns4 #aj ,in*99 #a #cd #hb #g #ac #ej #h ,in*99 #h #ij #dh #ab #h ,in*99 #h #ij #dh #ab #fh ,pr499 #h #ij #ej #d #ef ,pr499 #a #ej #eb #aa #db ,pr4 #h #he #de #ae #cb ,pr4 #h #ff #cd #ac #bd ,pr4 #h #df #aj #g #ah ,pr4 #f #df #aj #g #ab ,pr4 #d #df #ab #b #i ,pr4 #c #dd #i #aa #f ,pr4 #b #dj #e #aj #c ,pr4 #a #cd #c #i #h ,,brass ,,guns4 #ab ,pr4 #b #abf #ag #d #f #da #af #ad #i ,pr4 #a #abf #ab #ae #e #da #ac #b #h #f ,pr4 #a #he #h #ac #c #da #h #ae #h #c ,pr4 #a #da #d #c #h ,,h[itz]s4 #aj ,in*99 #h #agj #he #f #h ,in*99 #b #beh #ce #ae #h #e ,in* #b #ajj #ad #aa #h #d ,in* #b #ee #g #ad #h #bd ,pr499 #b #adj #ai #j #h #ab ,pr499 #b #hd #aa #i ,,c>ronades4 #fh ,pr4 #h #ij #dg #e #h #db ,pr4 #h #ff #cc #aa #cb ,pr4 #h #dj #bj #ac #bd ,pr4 #h #cb #af #ab #h #ah ,pr4 #f #ca #ab #ad #ab ,pr4 #d #cb #h #c #h #i ,pr4 #c #cj #f #g #h #f ,pr4 #b #cj #d #i ---------------------------------------- --------------------- 99 ,iron ,tampeon4 ,wood ,tampeon4 ,ti] ,%ot4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,%ot1 ,,grape4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,nature ( ,ordnance4 ,weight ,numb] 9 ,weight ( ( ball4 ea* case4 ,grape%ot4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- lb4 oz4 lb4 oz4 dr4 ,,guns4 #aj ,in* #c #bd #ha ,%ot ,quilt$4 #fh ,pr4 #c #ae #ej #g #h ,in* #ef ,pr4 #d #ab #ef #ad #db ,pr4 #d #i #da #f #cb ,pr4 #c #i #bi #aa #bd ,pr4 #b #i #bj #aj #ah ,pr4 #a #h #i #af #ab #ab ,pr4 #a #i #aa #b #i ,pr4 #ac #i #h #ab #f ,pr4 #h #i #h #g #c ,pr4 #h #i #b #i ,,c>ronades4 #fh ,pr4 #c #ae #eb #h ,t9 ,case ,%ot4 #db ,pr4 #d #i #cg #ae #cb ,pr4 #c #i #cj #f #bd ,pr4 #b #i #bj #i #ah ,pr4 #a #h #i #ae #aj #ab ,pr4 #a #i #aa #j #h #i ,pr4 #ac #i #i #a #f ,pr4 #h #i #e #b ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,wood ,tampeon4 ,,/ool ,,b$s4 ,,nature4 ,,b$s4 ,,blocks4 ,l5g?4 ,bread?4 ,?ickness4 ,l5g?4 ,bread?4 ,dep?4 ft4 94 94 ft4 94 94 94 #db ,pr4 #bia #aa #de #a #e #dge #i #cb 0 #bia #aj #dbe #a #e #dge #i #bd 0 #bhc #aj #dbe #a #d #de #h #ah 0 #bhe #ie #dbe #a #c #de #h #ab 0 #bhe #ie #d #a #c #de #h #i 0 #bhe #ie #d #a #a #de #h ,,tubes4 ,tubes are ( five diff]5t natures--viz41 ,common quill1 & ,dut* or ,pap] tubes = ex]cise1 & ,detonat+ quill1 & ,brass tubes2 & ,friction tubes = s]vice4 ,all tubes are gaug$ to two-t5?s ( an in* diamet]4 ,! pipes = ! ,quill tubes are #b in*es long2 & ! b>rels ( ,dut* tubes are #a in* 9 l5g?4#ab ,composition = ,common tubes4 ,meal$ p[d]1 mix$ ) spirits ( w9e into a /iff pa/e4 ,,detonat+ ,,tubes4 ,! quills ( ^! tubes are cut to #b in*es 9 l5g?4 ,small1 or pigeon quills1 are also prep>$ = ! arms to receive ! detonat+ composition2 ^! are cut to ( an in* 9 l5g?2 & a small hole is bor$ 9 ! c5tre to communicate ! composition to ! body ( ! tube4 ,! body ( ! tube is fill$ precisely 9 ! same way z common tubes4 ,composition = ! ,crosses1 or ,arms1 ( ,detonat+ tubes4 gra9s4 ,*lorate ( potassa #bcj ,antimony #bcj ,glass1 f9ely p\nd$ #gc ,brass tubes1 common1 are #c in*es long1 & ! cups1 previ\s to be+ /amp$1 are "o in* 9 diamet]4 ,!y are fill$ simil>ly to common quill tubes4 ,,friction ,,tubes4 ,^! tubes are ( copp]1 & are ?ree in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! detonat+ composition is ins]t$ 9 a t9 arm1 into :i* is introduc$ & press$ d[n tight1 by ! sides ( ! aim1 a piece ( copp]1 groov$2 ) a small r+ to receive ! cord = fir+ ! tube1 & gun4 ,,wadmiltilt4 ,l5g?1 #ad ft4 #f 94 ,bread?1 #aa ft4 #f 94 ,weight1 #ej lb4 ,,wood5 ,,bottoms4 ,!y are rivet$ to %ot = brass guns to prev5t ! bore be+ ind5t$ 9 front ( ! seat ( ! %ot by ! fir/ impulse ( ! p[d]3 & to ,%ells1 to keep ! fuze 9 ! c5tre ( ! bore4 ,,"p ,,vi4 ,,field ,,batt]y ,,ex]cise4#ac ,,/&+ ,,drill4 ,section4 #a4 ,tell+ (f ! ,deta*m5ts4#ad ,section #b4 ,po/s ( ! ,deta*m5t4 ,art4 #a4--;,9 ,action4 ,no4 #a4 ,at ! h&spike4 ,nos4 #b1 #c4 ,outside ! :eels3 ) ,h[itz]s r 9 re> ( ! muzzle2 ) ,guns 9 l9e ) ! front ( ! :eels4 ,nos4 #d1 #e4 ,9 l9e ) ! bree*4 ,no4 #f4 ,five y>ds 9 re> ( ! left :eel4 ,no4 #g4 ,9 re> ( ! ,limb]4 ,no4 #h4 ,t5 y>ds 9 re> ( ,no4 #f4 ,no4 #i4 ,f\r y>ds 9 re> ( ! ,limb]4 ,art4 #b4--;,9 ,ord] ( ,m>*4 ,no4 #a4 ,on ! (f-side at ! :eel horses' heads4 ,nos4 #b1 #c4 ,9 l9e ) ! muzzle4 ,nos4 #d1 #e4 ,9 l9e ) ! bree*4 ,nos4 #f1 #g4 ,9 l9e ) ! axletree ( ! ,limb]4 ,nos4 #h1 #i4 ,9 l9e ) ! spl9t] b>4 ,art4 #c4--;,9 ,front4 ,9 l9e1 t5 y>ds 9 front ( ! lead+ horses4 ,art4 #d4--;,9 ,re>4 ,9 l9e1 two y>ds 9 re> ( ! muzzle ( ! ,gun4 ,art4 #e4--;,9 l9e ) ! gun axletree1 "o y>d to ! "r or left ( ! :eel4 ,art4 #f4--,m\nt$4 ,no4 #a4 ,on ! "r4 ,on ! ,gun limb]4 ,no4 #f4 ,on ! left4 ,no4 #c4 ,on ! "r4 ,on ! ,waggon limb]4 ,no4 #b4 ,on ! left4 ,no4 #c4 ,on ! "r4 ,on ! front ( ! ,waggon body4 ,no4 #b4 ,on ! left4 ,no4 #g4 ,on ! "r4 ,on ! re> ( ! ,waggon body4 ,no4 #h4 ,on ! left4 ,:5 !re are #i m51 ,no4 #i betwe5 ,nos4 #e & #d4 ,section #c4 ,*ange ( ,position ( ,deta*m5ts4 #a4 ,,=m ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,m>*4 ,nos4 #a4 ,"r face4 ,d\ble m>*4 #b4 ,,=m ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,m>*4 ,nos4 #a4 ,left face4 ,d\ble m>*4 #c4 ,,deta*m5ts ,,re>4 ,nos4 #a4 ,"r ab\t face4 ,d\ble m>*4 ,halt4 ,front4 #d4 ,,deta*m5ts ,,front4 ,nos4 #a4 ,d\ble m>*4 ,halt4 #e4 ,,deta*m5ts ,,"r4 ,nos4 #a4 ,"r 7or left7 face4 ,d\ble m>*1 front turn4 ,halt4 #f4 ,,deta*m5ts ,,re>4 ,nos4 #a4 ,"r ab\t face4 ,d\ble m>*4 ,halt1 front4 #g4 ,,deta*m5ts ,,front4 ,nos4 #a4 ,d\ble m>*4 ,halt4 ,front4 ,section #d4 ,detail ( ,duties 9 ! s]vice ( ,ordnance4 ,no4 #a ,comm&s1 & lays ! ,gun4 ,no4 #b ,sponges4 ,no4 #c ,loads1 & s]ves ammunition4 ,no4 #d ,s]ves ! v5t1 & primes4 ,aft] ! dis*>ge he cle>s ! v5t ) ! drift1 previ\s to reload+4 ,no4 #e ,fires4#ae ,no4 #f ,s]ves ammunition4 ,no4 #g ,att5ds ! ,limb]1 & s]ves ammunition to ,no4 #h4 ,no4 #h ,assi/s ,no4 #g4 ,no4 #i ,att5ds ! ammunition ,waggon4 99_/ ,,*ang+ ,,r\nd4 ,no4 #b becomes ,no4 #d4 ,no4 #d 0 ,no4 #i4 ,no4 #i 0 ,no4 #g4 ,no4 #g 0 ,no4 #h4 ,no4 #h 0 ,no4 #f4 ,no4 #f 0 ,no4 #a4 ,no4 #a 0 ,no4 #e4 ,no4 #e 0 ,no4 #c4 ,no4 #c 0 ,no4 #b4 ,ex]cise1 ) ,r$uc$ ,numb]s4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,nos4 ,reta9$4 ,di/ribution ( duties4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h -------------------------------------- #a1 #b #a1 #d1 #eb1 #c1 #f #a1 #b1 #c #d1 #e #b #c1 #f #a1 #b1 #c1 #d #a #b #c1 #f #d1 #e #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e #a #b #c1 #f #d #e #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f #a #b #c #d #e #f #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,di/ances ,,requir$ = a ,batt]y ( #f ,guns 7#d horses to ea* ,c>riage74 ,9 ,l9e1 f muzzle to muzzle #ae y>ds4 ,9 ,column ( ,r\te #agg 0 0 ,sub-divisions #hg 0 0 ,divisions #hg 0 0 ,half batt]y #gb 0 ,a ,gun1 or ,waggon1 ) #d ,horses cov]s #aa y>ds ( gr\nd1 f front to re>4 ,= e additional pair ( ,horses #d y>ds %\ld be add$4 ,a ,batt]y ( #f ,guns1 :5 limb]$ up at full int]vals1 occupies f ,"r to left #gh y>ds4 ,front to re> #bf y>ds4 ,on ea* flank1 #bb additional y>ds %\ld be all[$4 ,a batt]y ( #f ,guns1 :5 unlimb]$ = ,action1 at full int]vals1 occupies f ,"r to left #gh y>ds4 ,front to re> #cg y>ds4 ,! space requir$ = rev]s+ a ,gun ) #d ,horses is #i y>ds1 & = a ,waggon ab\t #h y>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,elevation ,,( ,a #i ,p,r ,,brass ,,field ,,c>riage4 ,,names ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts ,,( ,a ,,field ,,gun ,,c>riage4 ,a ,block1 or ,trail4 g ,portfire clipp]4 ,b ,*eeks1 or ,brackets4 h ,lock+ plate4 ,c ,axletree4 i ,trail plate bolt4 ,d ,ogee4 k ,trail plate4 ,e ,trunnion holes4 l ,trail plate eye4 ,f ,:eel4 m ,*a9 eye bolt4 ,g ,felly4 n ,lock+ *a94 ,h ,spokes4 o ,brea/1 or advanc+ *a94 ,i ,nave4 p ,trail h&les4 ,j ,tire1 or ,/reak4 q ,h&spike %oe4 ,k ,rivets4 r ,h&spike p94 ,l ,tire1 or ,/reak bolts4 s ,h&spike r+4 a ,eye1 or ,capsqu>e bolts4 t ,axletree arms4 b ,capsqu>es4 u ,dragwa%]s4 c ,axletree b&s4 v ,nave hoops4 d ,bracket bolts4 w ,elevat+ screw4 e ,transom bolts4 x ,h&les ( elevat+ screw4 f ,trunnion plates4 y ,elevat+ screw box4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( ,a #i ,p,r ,,brass ,,field ,,c>riage4 ,section #e4 ,me?od ( p]=m+ ! duties ( s]v+ ordnance4 ,section #f4 ,ranges4 ,section #g4 ,me?od ( lay+ a piece ( ordnance4 ,section #h4 ,limb]+ up4 ,,front 7,,re>1 ,,"r1 ,,or ,,left7 ,,limb] ,,up4 ,halt3 ,limb] up4 ,section #i4 ,unlimb]+1 or com+ into action4 ,to ! front1 re>1 "r or left4 ,! rev]se ( limb]+ up4 ,section #aj4 ,mov+ ) ! ,prolonge4 ,,prep>e ,,to ,,retreat ,,) ,,! ,,prolonge4 ,nos4 #a ,,! ,,batt]y ,,w ,,retire4 ,"r ab\t ,,halt4 face4 ,,unhook ,,prolonge4 ,front4 ,,prep>e ,,to ,,advance ,,) ,,! ,,prolonge4 ,nos4 #c ,,action4 ,drive on4 ,section #aa4 ,m\nt+ field ordnance1 ) ! mat]ials belong+ to ! batt]y4 ,section #ab4 ,dism\nt+ field ordnance1 ) ! mat]ials belong+ to ! batt]y4 ,section #ac4 ,%ift+ %afts4 ,section #ad4 ,dis5gag+ a %aft horse1 :5 he falls1 or is disabl$ 9 action4 ,section #ae4 ,*ang+ :eels1 :5 ! lift+ jack is n at h&4 ,section #af4 ,%ift+ ! m$ium #ab p\nd]4 ,section #ag4 ,to remove disabl$ field artill]y4 ,section #ah4 ,ex]cise ) ,drag-ropes4 #a4 ,a light #f p\nd] ) its limb] requires #ae m51 six ( :om are told (f entirely = ! drag-ropes1 ! o!r m5 at ! gun also assi/+ 9 mann+ !m3 ,no4 #i is always 9 ! %afts1 & ,no4 #h at ! po9t ( ! %aft1 ne> side4 ,a #i p\nd] requires additional m51 & a d\ble set ( drag-ropes4 #b4 ,! drag-rope m5 are numb]$ (f f #aj upw>d4 ,nos4 #aj1 #ab1 #ad1 are ) ! left drag-rope2 #aa1 #ac1 #ae1 ) ! "r2 #aj1 #aa1 c>ry ! drag-ropes4 #c4 ,! gun be+ limb]$ up1 & ! deta*m5t & drag-rope m5 9 ! ord] ( m>*1 at ! ^w 8,,hook ,,on10 ,nos4 #h & #i get into _! places2 #aj & #aa move outside ! gun deta*m5ts to ! re>1 & hook on to ! gun drag-wa%]s1 pass+ ! end ( ! drag-ropes at once to ! front4 ,! ,nos4 !n man ! drag-ropes z foll[s3--,nos4 #aj & #aa outside1 close to ! drag-wa%]2 #b1 #ab1 #c1 & #ac ! c5tre ( ! drag-rope2 #d1 #ad1 #e1 & #ae ! front2 #f & #g ! ends4 ,! gun deta*m5ts inside1 & ! drag-rope m5 outside4 ,no4 #a at ! po9t ( ! %afts1 (f-side4 ,at ! ^w 8,,unhook10 ,nos4 #aj & #aa unhook1 coil up ! drag-ropes2 & ! :ole !n =m ! ord] ( m>*4 #d4 ,at ! ^w 8,,action10 :e!r to ! 8,,front10 8,,re>10 8,,"r10 or 8,,left10 ! drag-ropes are at once quitt$2 ,nos4 #aj & #aa unhook1 & coil !m up2 & ! :ole ( ! drag-rope m5 retire ) ! limb]1 =m+ 9 front ( x two deep1 z !y 7 numb]$ (f4 ,9 limb]+ up1 ! drag-rope m5 =m ! ord] ( m>*1 & wait = ! ^w to hook on4 ,,=mation ,,( ,a ,,batt]y4 ,a batt]y ( ,artill]y is g5]ally compos$ ( six pieces ( ordnance1 to :i* a ,company ( ,artill]y is atta*$4 ,! numb] ( ammunition1 =ge1 & /ore waggons v>ies accord+ to ! nature ( ! ordnance4 ,section #ai4 ,fitt+ ( saddles1 bridles1 h>ness1 c4 ,section #bj4 ,h>ness+4 ,section #ba4 ,c>ry+ =age4 ,section #bb4 ,in/ruction = ,driv]s4 ,section #bc4 ,p>ade1 & inspection4 ,! ,batt]y1 limb]$ up1 is told (f by sub-divisions1 divisions1 & half batt]ies4 ,"o gun & its waggon con/itute a sub-division4 ,two sub-divisions 0 a division4 ,?ree sub-divisions 0 a half batt]y4 ,! batt]y is numb]$ f "r to left by sub-divisions4 ,x is !n told (f into ?ree divisions4 ,no4 #a ! "r2 ,no4 #b ! c5tre2 ,no4 #c ! left4 ,sub-divisions ,nos4 #a1 #c1 & #e are also di/+ui%$ z "r sub-divisions ( divisions2 & ,nos4 #b1 #d1 & #f ! left2 ! two c5tre sub-divisions are also to be nam$4 ,x is also told (f into half batt]ies1 & ^! are di/+ui%$ by "r1 c5tre1 & left sub-divisions ( half batt]ies4 ,! gun ( direction %\ld always be nam$4 ,a flank gun is g5]ally nam$ ) a batt]y ( f\r guns1 & ! "r c5tre gun ) a batt]y ( six guns4 ,sp>e c>riages1 ) ! batt]y1 =m a ?ird1 &1 if necess>y1 a f\r? l9e1 9 re>4 ,! =ge & /ore-waggon always 9 ! c5tre1 & ! ammunition waggons on ! flanks1 cov]+ ^? 9 ! front l9e4 ,section #bd4 ,po/s1 & duties ( ,(fic]s1 & m\nt$ ,non-commission$ (fic]s1 c41 at ex]cise4 ,second ,capta94 ,9 l9e1 limb]$ up4--,"o horse's l5g? 9 re> ( ! c5tre4 ,9 column4--,two horses' l5g? f ! c5tre on ! rev]se flank4 ,9 action4--,he assi/s ! ,capta9 9 g5]al sup]9t5d5ce4 ,he dresses all po9ts ( =mation1 gives ! ^w 8,/eady10 :5 !y h be5 correctly tak5 up1 & ! =mation complet$4 ,:5 requir$ he comm&s a division4 ,subalt]ns4 ,9 l9e1 limb]$ up4--,! s5ior on ! "r ( ! "r division2 ! second on ! left ( ! left division2 ! junior on ! "r ( ! c5tre division4 ,9 column ( r\te4--,on ! pivot flanks ( _! lead+ sub-divisions4 ,9 column ( divisions4--,on ! pivot flanks ( _! respective divisions4 ,9 column ( half-batt]ies4--,! subalt]n ( ! c5tre division1 on ! pivot flank ( ! lead+ half batt]y4 ,! o!rs cont9ue on ! same flank ( _! sub-divisions z :5 9 l9e4 ,9 action4--,betwe5 ! guns ( _! divisions1 a little 9 re>4 ,!y comm& ! divisions to :i* !y are atta*$1 dress+ 9 l9e )1 & close to ! lead]s1 & always ) ! guns4 ,9 %ift+ f "o flank to ! o!r4--,x is always along ! front1 & at a cant]2 & 9 jo9+ ! new sub-division1 ! (fic] always turns 8 horse's head inw>ds4 ,/aff ,s]jeants4 ,9 l9e1 limb]$ up4--,! s5ior on ! "r ( ! m>k] ( ! "r division4 ,! junior on ! left ( ! m>k] ( ! left division4 ,9 column ( r\te4--,"o on ! rev]se flank ( ! lead+ gun2 ! o!r on ! pivot flank ( ! re> c>riage4 ,9 column ( divisions4--,"o betwe5 ! guns ( ! lead+1 ! o!r betwe5 ! guns ( ! re> division4 ,9 column ( half-batt]ies4--,on ! rev]se flank ( ! waggons ( ea* half batt]y4 ,!y take up po9ts 9 *anges ( position4 ,9 l9e =mations1 #aj y>ds f ! flank sub-divisions2 9 column =mations1 #aj y>ds 9 front & re>4 ,!y dress ! m>k]s :5 !re is no /aff (fic]2 & ! limb]s & waggons 9 action4 ,m>k]s4 ,9 l9e1 limb]$ up4--,9 l9e ) ! lead]s ( ! waggons1 & cov]+ _! (fic]s4 ,9 column ( r\te4--,) _! lead+ waggons cov]+ _! (fic]s4 7,)\t waggons1 cov]+ _! (fic]s1 & 9 l9e ) ! c5tre horses ( ! gun47 ,9 column ( divisions1 & half-batt]ies4--,!y cov] _! (fic]s4 7,)\t waggons1 on ! rev]se flank ( _! divisions47 ,9 action4--,^? ( ! "r1 & c5tre divisions on ! "r ( ! lead]s ( ! limb]s ( _! "r sub-divisions4 ,! m>k] ( ! left division1 on ! left ( ! lead]s ( ! limb] ( ! left sub-division4 ,!y take up po9ts 9 *anges ( position2 9 l9e =mations1 = ! sub-division ne>e/ ! "o ( =mation2 9 column =mations1 = ! pivot sub-division4 ,f>ri]s1 & ,artific]s4 ,! f>ri] is g5]ally atta*$ to ! =ge2 b :5 ! batt]y is limb]$ up he is 9 ! c5tre1 9 re> ( ! second capta94 ,! o!r artific]s are told (f 9 ! gun deta*m5ts :5 n m\nt$4 ,trumpet]s4 ,9 l9e1 limb]$ up4--,on ! "r ( ! batt]y1 9 l9e ) x1 "o horse's l5g? di/ant4 ,9 column4--,"o horse's l5g? 9 front4 ,dur+ manuvres4--,"o ) ! comm&]2 ! o!r 9 re> ( ! batt]y4 ,,man,,uvres ,,( ,a ,,batt]y ,,( ,,six ,,pieces4 ,section #be4 ,,batt]y ,,9 ,,l9e4 #a4 ,to advance4 ,comm&+ (fic]'s ^w ( comm& repeat$ by (fic]s4 #af,,! ,,batt]y ,,w ,! (fic]1 & m>k] ( ! ,,advance--,,m>*4 sub-division ( direction take up po9ts4 #b4 ,to retire4 ,,"r 7,,or ,,left7 ,,rev]se--,,m>*4 #c4 ,to come into action4 ,,action ,,front4 ,s5ior /aff-s]jeants4--,left rev]se4 #d4 ,to dim9i% 7or increase7 int]vals on ! m>*4 ,to dim9i%4 ,nos4 #a4 ,"r 7or left7 half ,,half1 ,,or ,,qu>t]1 ,,int]vals turn--,trot--,front turn--,trot--7except ,no4 #a ,,on--,,sub-,,division4 ( ! nam$ sub-division74 ,to increase4 ,,full ,,int]vals ,,on--,,sub-,,division4 #e4 ,to take gr\nd to a flank4 ,,"r 7,,or ,,left7 ,,take ,! (fic]s %ift to ! pivot flank ,,gr\nd-- ( :at w become _! lead+ ,,m>*4 sub-divisions4 #f4 ,to make a half turn on ! m>*4 ,,"r 7,,or ,,left7 ,,half ,,turn--,,m>*4 #g4 ,to =m ,column ( divisions 9 re> ( a flank4 ,,=m ,,column ,,( ,,divisions ,,9 ,c5tre division--,"r ,,re> ,,( ,,! ,,"r4 rev]se--,m>*--,by ! left--,left take gr\nd--,halt--,dress4 ,,m>*4 ,left division--,"r rev]se--,m>*--,by ! left--,left half turn--,left take gr\nd--,halt--,dress4 ,,=m ,,column ,,( ,,divisions ,,9 ,c5tre division--,left ,,re> ,,( ,,! ,,left4 rev]se--,m>*--,by ! "r--,"r take gr\nd--,"r take gr\nd--,halt--,dress4 ,,m>*4 ,"r division--,left rev]se--,m>*--,by ! "r--,"r half turn--,"r take gr\nd--,halt--,dress4 #h4 ,to =m ,column ( divisions 9 front ( a flank4 ,,=m ,,column ,,( ,,divisions ,,9 ,c5tre division--,=w>d--,m>*--,left ,,front ,,( take gr\nd--,waggons close int]vals--,"r ,,! ,,left-- take gr\nd--,halt--,dress4 ,,m>*4 ,"r division--,=w>d--,m>*--,left half turn--,left half turn--,waggons close int]vals--,"r take gr\nd--,halt--,dress4 ,,=m ,,column ,,( ,,divisions ,c5tre division--,=w>d--,m>*--,"r ,,9 ,,front ,,( take gr\nd--,waggons close int]vals--,left ,,! ,,"r-- take gr\nd--,halt--,dress4 ,,m>*4 ,left division--,=w>d--,m>*--,"r half turn--,"r half turn--,waggons close int]vals--,left take gr\nd--,halt--,dress4 #i4 ,to =m ,column ( divisions on ! c5tre division4 ,?is manuvre is a comb9ation ( ,nos4 #g & #h4 #aj4 ,to *ange front to ! re>4 ,fir/ me?od4 ,by a c\nt]m>*4 ,,! ,,batt]y ,,w ,,*ange ,! (fic]s %ift to ! pivot flank ,,front ,,to ,,! ,,re>--,,guns ( _! lead+ guns--viz41 to ! left ,,"r1 ,,waggons ,,left ( #a1 #c1 & #e guns4 ,,take ,,gr\nd--,,m>*-- ,,"r ,,c\nt]m>*--,,front ,,turn--,,halt--,,dress4 ,second me?od4 ,on ! c5tre4 ,,*ange ,,front ,,to ,,! ,,re> ,,on ,,c5tre ,,division--,,sub-,,divisions ,,inw>ds ,,! ,,c5tre--,,m>*4 ab\t :eel--,m>*--,halt--,dress4 ,"r division--,m>*--,left :eel--,left :eel--,halt--,dress4 ,left division--,m>*--,"r :eel--,"r :eel--,halt--,dress4 ,?ird me?od4 ,:5 at dim9i%$ int]vals2 on ! m>*4 ,,! ,,batt]y ,,w ,,*ange ,,front ,,to ,,! ,,re>2 ,,on ,,! ,,c5tre4 ,,left ,,half ,,batt]y--,,halt--,,half ,,batt]ies ,,inw>ds ,,ab\t ,,:eel--,,=w>d4 #aa4 ,to *ange front to a flank4 ,fir/ me?od4 ,"r 7or left7 back1 on a flank sub-division4 ,nos4 #a4 ,,*ange ,,front ,,to ,,! ,,"r #f4 ,left :eel--,left ab\t ,,on ,,no4 #f4 ,,m>*4 :eel--,halt--,dress4 #e4 ,"r rev]se4 #d4 ,left %\ld]s4 #c4 ,"r rev]se4 #b4 ,halt--,dress4 #a4 ,nos4 #a4 ,,*ange ,,front ,,to ,,! ,,left #a4 ,"r :eel--,"r ab\t ,,on ,,no4 #a4 ,,m>*4 :eel--,halt--,dress4 #b4 ,left rev]se4 #c4 ,"r %\ld]s4 #d4 ,left rev]se4 #e4 ,halt4 #f4 ,dress4 ,= ,action4 ,,*ange ,,front ,,to ,,! ,,"r1 ,,on ,,no4 #f1 ,! nam$ sub-division ,,= ,,action4 ,,m>* 7,,or ,,*ange ,,front comes into action 9 ! new ,,to ,,! ,,left ,,on ,,no4 #a1 ,,= ,,action4 direction2 ! o!rs ,,m>*74 proce$ z be=e1 & come into action to ! re>4 ,second me?od4 ,"r 7or left7 =w>d1 on a flank sub-division4 ,nos4 #a4 ,,*ange ,,front ,,to ,,! ,,left ,,on #f4 ,"r :eel--,"r ab\t ,,no4 #f4 ,,m>*4 :eel--,halt--,dress4 #e4 #d4 #c4 ,"r %\ld]s4 #b4 ,halt--,dress4 #a4 ,nos4 #a4 ,,*ange ,,front ,,to ,,! ,,"r #a4 ,left :eel--,left ab\t ,,on ,no4 #a--,,m>*4 :eel--,halt--,dress4 #b4 #c4 ,left %\ld]s4 #d4 ,halt4 #e4 ,dress4 #f4 ,= ,action4 ,,*ange ,,front ,,to ,,! ,,"r ,! nam$ sub-division comes into ,,on ,,no4 #a ,,= ,,action-- action 9 ! new direction2 ! ,,m>*--7,,or ,,*ange ,,front o!rs proce$ z be=e1 & come ,,to ,,! ,,left ,,on ,,no4 #f1 ,,= into action to ! front4 ,,action--,,m>*74 ,?ird me?od4 ,to ! "r 7or left7 on a c5tral sub-division1 "o flank ?r[n =w>d1 ! o!r back4 ,?is is a comb9ation ( ! ,fir/ & ,second me?ods4 ,note4--,a batt]y may *ange its front1 ,half "r1 or ,half left1 on ! same pr9ciple z already detail$4 ,! comm&+ (fic]'s ^w w\ld be 8,,*ange ,,front1 ,,half ,,"r 7,,or ,,half ,,left7 ,,on--,,sub-,,division40 ,^! manuvres c be execut$ on ! same pr9ciple1 by divisions1 or half batt]ies4 ,a ,batt]y c also *ange front on a moveable pivot by a simple :eel4 #ab4 ,to advance f a flank1 9 column4 ,,advance ,,f ,,! ,,"r1 ,"r division4 ,=w>d by ! left4 ,,9 ,,column ,,( ,m>*4 ,,divisions--,,m>*4 ,"r take gr\nd4 ,c5tre1 & left ,m>*--,left take divisions gr\nd4 ,nos4 #a4 #b4 ,waggon "r4 ,waggon re>4 #d4 ,,advance ,,f ,,! ,,left1 ,left division ,=w>d by ! ,,9 ,,column ,,( "r--,m>*4 ,,divisions--,,m>*4 ,c5tre1 & "r ,left take divisions gr\nd--,m>*4 ,"r take gr\nd4 ,nos4 #a4 #e4 ,waggon left4 ,waggon re>4 #c4 #ac4 ,to advance f ! c5tre1 9 d\ble column ( sub-divisions4 ,,advance ,,f ,,! ,,c5tre1 ,c5tre division--,=w>d4--,trot--,m>*4 ,,9 ,a ,,d\ble ,,column ,,( ,"r division--,left take gr\nd--,m>*4 ,,sub-,,divisions--,,m>*4 ,left division--,"r take gr\nd--,m>*4 ,nos4 #a4 #b4 ,"r take gr\nd--,trot4 #a4 ,"r take gr\nd4 #e4 ,left take gr\nd--,trot4 #f4 ,left take gr\nd4 #ad4 ,to move f a flank along ! front 9 a column ( divisions4 ,,move ,,f ,,! ,,"r1 ,,along ,=w>d--,m>*4 ,,! ,,front1 ,,9 ,,column ,,( ,left :eel4 ,,divisions4 ,,m>*4 ,note4--,to advance f ! left1 along ! front1 is done 9 ! same mann]4 #ae4 ,to advance f a flank1 9 e*ellon ( sub-divisions4 ,,advance ,,f ,,! ,,"r1 ,,9 ,,e*ellon ,,( ,,sub-,,divisions--,,m>*4 ,advanc+ f ! ,left is done on ! same pr9ciple4 ,note4--,a ,batt]y 9 e*ellon ( ,sub-divisions1 if requir$ to *ange its front :5 9 action1 c d s at ! ^w 8,,action ,,left0 7,,or ,,"r71 by m]ely ?r[+ ! trails r\nd1 & br++ ! guns into ! new direction1 ! limb]s & waggons =m+ 9 re> ( _! guns4 #af4 ,to advance f a flank 9 e*ellon ( divisions4 ,,advance ,,f ,,! ,,"r1 ,! "r division advances1 ! c5tre ,,9 ,,e*ellon ,,( moves (f 9 succession1 :5 at its ,,divisions--,,m>*4 :eel+ di/ance1 9 re> ( ! lead+ "o4 ,! left division foll[s 9 ! same mann]4 ,advanc+ f ! ,left is done on ! same pr9ciple4 ,note4--,a ,batt]y 9 e*ellon ( ,divisions1 if requir$ to *ange its front :5 9 action1 does s z foll[s3-- ,,*ange ,,front ,,to ,,! ,,left1 ,nos4 #a4 ,,on ,,! ,,left ,,guns ,,( #b4 ,,divisions--,,m>*4 #d4 ,action left4 #f4 #a4 ,front limb] up4 #c4 ,left :eel--,halt4 #e4 ,action front4 ,an e*ellon ( ,half batt]ies is =m$ 9 ! same mann] z t ( divisions2 ! re> half batt]y mu/1 h[ev]1 keep its :eel+ di/ance f ! lead+ "o4 ,:5 9 action1 if ! front is to be *ang$1 x is bett] to d x on a c5tre gun4 ,retirem5ts 9 e*ellon1 are done on ! same pr9ciple z ! advance4 #ag4 ,to retire f a flank 9 column4 ,fir/ ,me?od4 ,,"r ,,division ,,to ,,! ,"r division--,sub-divisions ,,re>--,,m>*4 inw>ds ab\t :eel--,m>*4 ,c5tre & left divisions--,=w>d--,"r :eel--,m>*--,"r :eel4 ,to retire ) ! ,left division is done on ! same pr9ciple4 ,second me?od4 ,,retire ,,f ,,! ,,"r1 ,"r division--,"r rev]se--,m>*4 ,,9 ,,column ,,( ,c5tre1 & left divisions--,"r ,,divisions--,,m>*4 take gr\nd--,m>*--,"r take gr\nd4 ,nos4 #a4 #b4 ,gun left4 #d4 ,gun re>4 #ah4 ,to retire f ! c5tre 9 a d\ble column ( sub-divisions4 ,9 ord] to p]=m ?is manuvre1 ! batt]y %\ld be rev]s$1 & !n 7) waggons lead+7 x is p]=m$ 9 ! same mann] z ! advance f ! c5tre1 9 a d\ble column4 #ai4 ,to retire f a flank by alt]nate ,half batt]ies1 9 action4 ,:5 a batt]y 9 l9e1 9 action1 is ord]$ to retire f a flank by alt]nate ,half batt]ies1 ! nam$ half batt]y at once limb]s up to ! re>1 retires to its di/ance 9 e*ellon1 & comes into action4 ,z soon z ?is half batt]y is 9 action1 ! o!r limb]s up to ! re>1 retires1 passes ! half batt]y 9 action1 & s on4 ,! s5ior (fic] ( ea* half batt]y gives ! ^w ( comm&4 ,note4--,?is manuvre w\ld g5]ally be practis$ ) ! prolonge4 #bj4 ,to break into column to a flank4 ,,break ,,into ,,column ,,( ,nos4 #a4 ,,divisions ,,to ,,! #a4 ,"r take gr\nd4 ,,"r4 ,,m>*4 #c4 ,guns front4 #e4 #b4 #d4 ,"r :eel4 #f4 ,break+ into ,column to ! ,left c be done on ! same pr9ciple4 ,a ,column ( ,half batt]ies c be =m$ 9 ! same mann]2 ! pivot sub-divisions :eel+ z be=e1 b ! o!rs aft] tak+ gr\nd1 mu/ incl9e away to ga9 _! requir$ int]vals4 ,note4--,?is movem5t w\ld g5]ally be employ$ 9 break+ into column f l9e1 to m>* pa/ ) o!r troops2 & ) half batt]ies x w\ld be done at r$uc$ int]vals4 #ba4 ,to increase1 & dim9i% ! front4 ,fir/ me?od4 ,f ,column ( r\te1 to =m ,column ( divisions1 on ! m>*4 ,column1 "r 9 front4 ,,=m ,,column ,,( ,,divisions4 ,"r division--,=w>d by ! left4 ,c5tre & left divisions4--,=w>d by ! left4 ,trot--,walk4 ,nos4 #a4 #b4 #d4 ,left half turn--,trot--,front turn4 #f4 ,column1 left 9 front4 ,,=m ,,column ,,( ,,divisions4 ,left division--,=w>d by ! "r4 ,c5tre & "r divisions4--,=w>d by ! "r--,trot--,walk4 ,nos4 #a4 #e4 #c4 ,"r half turn--,trot4 #a4 ,front turn4 ,second me?od4 ,f ,column ( r\te1 to =m ,column ( divisions1 9 succession4 ,column1 "r 9 front4 ,,9 ,,succession ,,=m ,nos4 #a4 ,,column ,,( ,,divisions4 #a4 #c4 ,halt4 #e4 #b4 ,left half turn4 #d4 ,front turn4 #f4 ,halt--,dress4 ,column1 left 9 front4 ,,9 ,,succession ,,=m ,nos4 #a4 ,,column ,,( ,,divisions4 #f4 #d4 ,halt4 #b4 #e4 ,"r half turn4 #c4 ,front turn4 #a4 ,halt--,dress4 ,?ird me?od4 ,f ,column ( divisions1 to =m ,column ( r\te1 on ! m>*4 ,column "r 9 front4 ,,=m ,,column ,,( ,,r\te4 ,c5tre & left divisions--,halt4 ,nos4 #a4 #a4 ,=w>d4 #c4 ,=w>d--,m>*4 #e4 #b4 ,halt--,"r half turn--,m>*4 #d4 ,front turn4 #f4 ,column left 9 front4 ,,=m ,,column ,,( ,,r\te4 ,c5tre & "r divisions--,halt4 ,nos4 #a4 #f4 ,=w>d4 #d4 ,=w>d--,m>*4 #b4 #e4 ,halt--,left half turn4 #c4 ,m>*--,front turn4 #a4 #bb4 ,to br+ ! ,re> to ! front1 9 succession1 on ! m>*4 ,fir/ me?od4 ,9 ,column ( r\te4 ,,re> ,,sub-,,division ,,to ,nos4 #a4 ,,! ,,front4 #f4 #e4 #d4 ,9 succession ,"r half turn4 #c4 ,front turn4 #b4 ,second me?od4 ,9 ,column ( divisions4 ,,re> ,,division ,,to ,,! ,,front ,c5tre & re> divisions 9 succession4 ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,int]vals4 ,inw>ds close--,=w>d--,full int]vals4 #bc4 ,to =m ,l9e on ! lead+ division4 ,divisions "r 9 front4 ,,left ,,( ,,! ,,front ,,=m ,c5tre division--,left take ,,l9e--,,m>*4 gr\nd--,m>*--,"r take gr\nd--,halt--,dress4 ,left division--,left take gr\nd--,m>*--,"r half turn--,"r half turn--,halt--,dress4 ,divisions left 9 front4 ,,"r ,,( ,,! ,,front ,,=m ,c5tre division--,"r take ,,l9e--,,m>*4 gr\nd--,m>*--,left take gr\nd--,halt--,dress4 ,"r division--,"r take gr\nd--,m>*--,left half turn--,left half turn--,halt--,dress4 ,on ! ,m>*4 ,! c5tre & re> divisions make a half turn t[>ds ! int5d$ l9e1 & come up at an increas$ pace4 ,= ,action4 ,,"r 7,,or ,,left7 ,,( ,,! ,halt--,action front4 ,,front ,,=m ,,l9e ,,= ,,action--,,m>*4 #bd4 ,to =m ,l9e on ! re> division4 ,divisions "r 9 front4 ,,"r ,,( ,,! ,,re> ,,=m ,c5tre division--,"r take ,,l9e--,,m>*4 gr\nd--,m>*--,"r take gr\nd--,"r rev]se--,halt--,dress4 ,"r division--,"r take gr\nd--,m>*--,"r half turn--,"r half turn--,"r rev]se--,halt--,dress4 ,divisions left 9 front4 ,,left ,,( ,,! ,,re> ,,=m ,c5tre division--,left take ,,l9e--,,m>*4 gr\nd--,m>*--,left take gr\nd--,left rev]se--,halt--,dress4 ,left division--,left take gr\nd--,m>*--,left half turn--,left half turn--,left rev]se--,halt--,dress4 ,= ,action4 ,,"r 7,,or ,,left7 ,,( ,,! ,! /&+ division comes into action ,,re>1 ,,=m ,,l9e ,,= to ! front3 ! o!rs1 z !y arrive ,,action1 ,,front--,,m>*4 9 l9e1 come into action to ! re>4 #be4 ,to =m ,l9e on ! c5tre division4 ,?is manuvre is a comb9ation ( ,nos4 #bc & #bd4 #bf4 ,to =m ,l9e to ! re> on ! lead+ division4 ,divisions "r 9 front4 ,,=m ,,l9e ,,to ,,! ,,re>1 ,"r division--,sub-divisions inw>ds ,,on ,,! ,,lead+ ab\t :eel--,m>*--,halt--,dress4 ,,division--,,m>*4 ,c5tre division--,"r take gr\nd--,m>*--,left take gr\nd--,sub-divisions inw>ds ab\t :eel--,halt--,dress4 ,left division--,"r take gr\nd--,m>*--,left half turn--,left half turn--,sub-divisions inw>ds ab\t :eel--,halt--,dress4 ,divisions left 9 front4 ,,=m ,,l9e ,,to ,,! ,,re>1 ,left division--,sub-divisions inw>ds ,,on ,,! ,,lead+ ab\t :eel--,m>*--,halt--,dress4 ,,division--,,m>*4 ,c5tre division--,left take gr\nd--,m>*--,"r take gr\nd--,sub-divisions inw>ds ab\t :eel--,halt--,dress4 ,"r division--,left take gr\nd--,m>*--,"r half turn--,"r half turn--,sub-divisions inw>ds ab\t :eel--,halt--,dress4 #bg4 ,to =m ,l9e to ! re> ( ! re> division4 ,divisions "r 9 front4 ,,=m ,,l9e ,,to ,,! ,,re>1 ,"r division--,left ,,on ,,! ,,re> :eel--,m>*--,"r %\ld]s--,"r ,,division--,,m>*4 %\ld]s--,halt--,dress4 ,c5tre division--,left :eel--,m>*--,left :eel--,halt--,dress4 ,left division--,sub-divisions inw>ds ab\t :eel--,m>*--,halt--,dress4 ,divisions left 9 front4 ,,=m ,,l9e ,,to ,,! ,,re>1 ,left division--,"r :eel--,m>*--,left ,,on ,,! ,,re> %\ld]s--,left %\ld]s--,halt--,dress4 ,,division--,,m>*4 ,c5tre division--,"r :eel--,m>*--,"r :eel--,halt--,dress4 ,"r division--,sub-divisions inw>ds ab\t :eel--,m>*--,halt--,dress4 #bh4 ,to =m ,l9e to ! re> on ! c5tre division4 ,?is is a comb9ation ( ,nos4 #bf & #bg4 #bi4 ,to =m ,l9e to ! rev]se flank on ! lead+ division4 ,divisions "r 9 front4 ,,=m ,,l9e ,,to ,,! ,,"r ,"r division--,"r ,,flank ,,on ,,! ,,lead+ :eel--,m>*--,halt--,dress4 ,,division--,,m>*4 ,c5tre1 & left divisions--,left half turn--,m>*--,front turn--,"r :eel--,halt--,dress4 ,divisions left 9 front4 ,,=m ,,l9e ,,to ,,! ,,left ,left division--,left ,,flank ,,on ,,! ,,lead+ :eel--,m>*--,halt--,dress4 ,,division--,,m>*4 ,c5tre1 & "r divisions--,"r half turn--,m>*--,front turn--,left :eel--,halt--,dress4 #cj4 ,to :eel into ,l9e4 ,divisions "r 9 front4 ,,left ,,:eel ,,into ,nos4 #a4 ,,l9e--,,m>*4 #a4 ,sub-divisions1 left #c4 :eel--,halt--,dress4 #e4 #b4 ,sub-divisions1 "r :eel--,"r #d4 ab\t :eel--,halt--,dress4 #f4 ,divisions left 9 front4 ,,"r ,,:eel ,,into ,nos4 #a4 ,,l9e--,,m>*4 #b4 ,"r :eel4 #d4 ,halt--,dress4 #f4 #a4 ,left :eel--,left ab\t :eel4 #c4 ,halt--,dress4 #e4 #ca4 ,to deploy on ! re> division4 ,note4--,all deploym5ts are on ! front base4 ,divisions "r 9 front4 ,,deploy ,,on ,,! ,,re> ,"r division--,"r take ,,division--,,m>*4 gr\nd--,m>*--,"r take gr\nd--,"r rev]se--,halt--,dress4 ,c5tre division--,"r take gr\nd--,m>*--,left take gr\nd--,halt--,m>*--,halt--,dress4 ,left ,division--,=w>d--,m>*--,trot-- ,halt--,dress4 ,divisions left 9 front4 ,,deploy ,,on ,,! ,,re> ,left division--,left take ,,division--,,m>*4 gr\nd--,m>*--,left take gr\nd--,left rev]se--,halt--,dress4 ,c5tre division--,left take gr\nd--,m>*--,"r take gr\nd--,halt--,m>*--,halt--,dress4 ,"r division--,=w>d--,trot--,m>*-- ,halt--,dress4 ,= ,action4 ,,deploy ,,on ,,! ,,re> ,! ,divisions all proce$ ,,division1 ,,= ,,action z be=e1 except t ! ,,front--,,m>*4 lead+ division1 in/ead ( go+ to ! re> & rev]s+1 comes into action to ! "r1 or left1 :5 9 its place2 ! o!r divisions come into action to ! front4 #cb4 ,to deploy on ! ,c5tre division4 ,,deploy ,,on ,,! ,,c5tre ,"r division--,"r take ,,division--,,m>*4 gr\nd--,m>*--,"r take gr\nd--,"r rev]se--,halt--,dress4 ,c5tre division--,=w>d--,trot--,m>*-- ,halt--,dress4 ,left division--,left take gr\nd--,m>*--,"r take gr\nd--,halt--,dress4 #cc4 ,to c\nt]m>*4 ,,! ,,column ,,w ,! ,sub-divisions :eel ab\t ,,c\nt]m>*--,,divisions inw>ds1 & halt on _! m>k]s4 ,,by ,,sub-,,divisions ,! (fic]s mov+ up ) _! ,,inw>ds ,,ab\t ,,sub-,,divisions4 ,,:eel--,,m>*--,,halt--,,dress4 ,on ! ,m>*4--,! m>k]s fall 9 re> ( _! (fic]s4 #cd4 ,f ,d\ble column ( sub-divisions to =m ,l9e to ! front4 ,,"r ,,& ,,left ,,( ,,! ,nos4 #a4 ,,front1 ,,=m ,,l9e--,,m>*4 #b4 ,"r half turn--,front turn4 #a4 ,halt--,dress4 #e4 ,left half turn--,front turn4 #f4 ,halt--,dress4 ,on ! ,m>*4--,! re> sub-divisions move up at an increas$ pace4 ,= ,action4--,at ! ^w 8,,m>*10 ! two lead+ sub-divisions come into action to ! front3 ! o!r sub-divisions come into action 9 succession z !y arrive 9 l9e4 #ce4 ,f ,d\ble column ( sub-divisions1 to =m l9e to a flank4 ,,=m ,,l9e ,,to ,,! ,,"r1 ,nos4 #a4 ,,on ,,! ,,"r ,,half #c4 ,"r :eel--,halt--,dress4 ,,batt]y--,,m>*4 #b4 ,=w>d--,"r :eel4 #a4 ,halt--,dress4 #d4 ,=w>d--,"r :eel4 #e4 ,halt--,dress4 #f4 ,to =m ,l9e to ! left is done on ! same pr9ciple4 ,,inspection1 ,,& ,,review4 ,a s+le ,batt]y4 ,! ,batt]y is =m$ 9 l9e limb]$ up2 ! deta*m5ts 9 ! ord] ( m>*4 ,! waggons at ord]--viz41 t5 y>ds 9 re> ( _! guns4 ,! ,(fic]s at ord]--viz41 ! ,subalt]ns "o horse's l5g? 9 front (1 & 9 ! c5tre ( _! divisions4 ,! second ,capta9 on ! "r ( ! batt]y1 9 l9e ) ! ,subalt]ns4 ,! ,/aff s]jeants on ! out] flanks ( ! waggons4 ,! ,m>k]s move up into ! places ( _! (fic]s4 ,! ,comm&+ (fic] 9 ! c5tre ( ! batt]y1 "o horse's l5g? 9 front ( ! ,subalt]ns4 ,z ! ,inspect+ ,(fic] arrives1 ! ,(fic]s draw swords & salute2 tak+ ! "t f ! ,comm&+ (fic]1 ^: ^w ( comm& is 8,,g5]al ,,salute1 ,,draw ,,swords40 ,! (fic]s !n recov] _! swords 9 l mann]4 ,z soon z ! inspection has be5 made1 ! ,comm&+ (fic] gives ! ^w1 8,,take ,,close ,,ord]--,,m>*10 :5 ! (fic]s & m>k]s return to _! places 9 l9e1 ! (fic]s slop+ _! swords2 & ! waggons move up4 ,m>*+ pa/4 ,?is may be done ei!r by ,divisions1 or by ,half batt]ies2 9 ! latt] case usually at half int]vals4 ,,! ,,batt]y ,,w ,,m>* ,,pa/4 ,,break ,,into ,,column ,,( ,,divisions 7,,or ,,half ,,batt]ies ,,at ,,half ,,int]vals7 ,,to ,,! ,,"r--,,m>*4 ,at ?irty y>ds f ! ,inspect+ (fic]1 ! ,subalt]n (fic]s 9 comm& ( divisions1 or half batt]ies1 give ! ^w1 8,,take ,,ord]--,,eyes ,,"r10 & move out "o horse's l5g? 9 ! front (1 & 9 ! c5tre ( _! divisions4 ,9 ,half batt]ies1 ! two (fic]s ( ! lead+ half batt]y betwe5 ! guns ( x2 ! (fic] ( ! re> half batt]y 9 front ( 8 c5tre gun4 ,! ,comm&+ ,(fic] two horses' l5g? 9 front ( ! batt]y1 & ! ,second ,capta9 9 re> ( ! batt]y4 ,! (fic]s salute at six y>ds di/ance f ! ,inspect+ (fic]1 & recov] _! swords at t5 y>ds pa/ him4 ,at tw5ty y>ds pa/1 ! ,subalt]n (fic]s 9 comm& ( divisions 7or half batt]ies7 give ! ^w1 8,,take ,,close ,,ord]40 ,9 trott+ pa/ ! deta*m5ts are m\nt$2 ! (fic]s rema9 on ! flanks1 & c>ry swords z !y pass ! ,inspect+ (fic]1 giv+ ! ^w1 8,,eyes ,,"r40 ,%\ld a batt]y be requir$ to rank pa/1 x :eels z be=e1 until x arrives on ! l9e ( ! ,inspect+ (fic]1 :5 x halts4 ,,! ,,batt]y ,,w ,,rank ,,pa/--,,m>*4 ,! batt]y advances 9 a column ( r\te1 ! (fic]s 9 front ( ! guns1 ! m>k]s1 /aff-s]jeants1 & f>ri] 9 front ( ! waggons4 ,! (fic]s & driv]s salute1 z be=e4 ,! sp>e c>riages 9 re> ( ! divisions to :i* !y belong3 ! second ,capta9 9 re> ( ! :ole4 ,,equipm5t ,,( ,a ,,batt]y4 ,sec4 #cb4 ,pack+ ! ,intr5*+ tools1 ,camp equipage1 c41 c4 #a4--;,9 equipp+ a batt]y = ! m>*1 ! /ores1 intr5*+ tools1 camp equipage1 c41 are pack$ z foll[s3-- ,on gun limb]4 ,two c>b9es on ! front ( ! boxes1 b>rels up4 ,two fitt+ ropes on ! foot bo>d4 ,"o sw+letree betwe5 ! foot bo>d & ! spl9t] b>4 ,"o fell+ axe on ! spl9t] b>1 edge inw>ds4 ,"o bill-hook "u ! foot bo>d4 ,two spades on ! sides ( ! boxes1 & fa/5$ to ! spl9t] b>4 ,"o grease t9 on ! front ( ! axletree4 ,"o pickaxe "u ! axletree4 ,"o prolonge betwe5 ! boxes1 above ! wa%] box4 ,two wat] buckets on ! back ( ! axletree4 ,two corn sacks2 two blankets fold$ 7#ba in*es by #af71 on ! box lids1 ! blankets upp]mo/4 ,on gun c>riage4 ,"o claw hamm] ,on ea* *eek4 ,"o wr5* hamm] ,"o pair ( p9*]s on ! *eek4 ,"o sp>e sponge1 wadhook1 & h&spike1 "u ! trail4 ,two camp kettles 9 re> ( axletree4 ,! :ole ( ^! /ores1 c41 are buckl$ on by ,nos4 #a1 & #f4 ,on waggon limb]4 ,"o picket l9e on ! foot bo>d4 ,"o lift+ jack on ! foot bo>d4 ,"o grease t9 on ! front ( ! axletree4 ,two corn sacks1 two blankets fold$1 on ! box lids4 ,^! /ores are buckl$ on by ,nos4 #d1 & #e4 ,on waggon body4 ,f\r picket po/s1 two on ea* side ( ! boxes4 ,"o maul "u (f end ( re> foot bo>d4 ,sp>e horse-%oe box1 "u ! front foot bo>d4 ,grease magaz9e "u ne> end ( re> foot bo>d4 ,f\r blankets on ! box lids4 ,"o camp kettle on ! re> ( ! axletree4 ,^! /ores are buckl$ on by ,nos4 #b1 #c1 #g1 & #h4 #ah ,,p\nd] ,,gun4 ,,limb]4 ,,ne> ,,box4 ,,(f ,,box4 --------------------------------- -------------------------------- #c solid %ot1 #f solid %ot4 #c solid %ot1 "u4 "u4 #c common #ab #f lb4 #c common case1 ov]4 #f %rapnell4 case1 ov]4 #a aug]4 #f #flb4c>tridges4 #a hamm]4 #a corkscrew4 #f #d #f portfires on #a set irons #a clipp] #f #e oz4 bur/]s4 sl[ mat* lid4 prim+4 portfire4 #b fuze boxes4 #a lock4 #b files4 #b fuze bags4 #a p[d] #a funnel4 #bd fuzes 9 f\r horn4 #a knife4 bundles4 #a pun*4 #a mallet4 #a p[d] horn4 #b common #a p9c]s4 quick mat*4 spikes4 #a rasp4 ne$les4 #a spike- #a saw4 wor/$4 spr+4 #a scissors4 #f portfires on #b sett]s4 #a saw4 lid4 #a %rapnell scrap]4 --------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,middle ,,box4 ------------ #d c\ples4 #b l9*p9s4 #b wa%]s4 ------------ ----------- ,,=e ,,box4 #aj sets ( horse-%oes4 #aj sets ( horse-%oes4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #f %rapnell 9 two ti]s4 #ab solid %ot4 #bd fuzes 9 f\r bundles4 #ab #f lb4 c>tridges4 #ajj tubes4 #e #d lb4 #a spunge4 #f #e oz4 bur/]s4 #a ramm] head4 #a ske9 sl[ mat*4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,,h9d ,,box4 ---------------------------------------- ------ #ab solid %ot4 #ah #f lb4 c>tridges4 #b tube boxes4 #b ?umb-/alls4 #b portfire /icks4 #f solid %ot 9 two #a ske9 sl[ mat*4 ti]s4 #a ditto ,hambro' l9e4 #a ditto m>l9e4 #ej c>tridges flannel1 empty4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,grease magaz9e4 #aj sets ( horse-%oes4 #ab ,,p\nd] ,,m$ium ,,gun4 ,,limb]4 ,,ne> ,,box4 ,,middle ,,box4 ,,(f ,,box4 ------------------------ -------------------- -------------------- #i #d lb4 c>tridges4 #b fuze bags1 #f 9 ea*4 #f %rapnell %ells4 #i #d lb4 c>tridges4 ,quick mat*4 #f #d lb4 c>tridges4 #e portfires #f #d oz4 bur/]s4 #g portfires on lid4 ,on lid4 ,quick mat*4 #a saw ------------------------ ------------------- -------------------- #c common case4 #c common case4 #a set irons prim+4 #b fuze boxes1 #f 9 #a pun*4 ea*4 #ajj tubes2 #a tube pocket4 ------------------------ -------------------- #f solid %ot1 9 #b ti]s4 #f solid %ot1 9 #a aug]1 #a corkscrew1 two ti]s4 #b files1 #a funnel1 #a #a hamm]4 knife1 #a mallet1 #b #a t9 prim]4 ne$les1 #a p9c]s1 #a #a ske91 sl[ scissors1 #a sett]1 #a mat*4 oz4 wor/$4 ------------------------ -------------------- #b portfire /icks on trail4 ,,(f ,,axletree ,,box4 ,,ne> ,,axletree ,,box4 ------------------- -------------------- #a wa%]4 #a l9*p94 ,sl[ mat*4 #b cov]s4 --------------------- #a gun lock4 #a set irons #aj fl9ts4 ,sl[ prim+4 #b c\ples4 mat*4 #b ?4 /alls4 #a t9 prim]4 #b pun*es4 #b spikes com4 #a d4 sprg4 ------------------- -------------------- 99_/ ,,m$ium #ab ,,p\nd] ,,ammunition ,,waggon4 ,,limb]4 ,,ne> ,,box4 ,,(f ,,box4 ---------------------------- ---------------------------- #f solid %ot4 #f solid %ot4 #d %rapnell4 #h #d lb4 #h #d lb4 c>tridges4 c>tridges4 #dj fuzes1 9 #f portfires1 #f portfires1 #d common #d bundles4 on lid4 on lid4 case4 -------------- #f %rapnell4 #a tube pocket4 #a sk4 ,hambro' l9e4 #h #d lb4 #ajj tubes4 #a ske9 ( c>tridges4 --------------- sl[ mat*4 #f solid %ot4 #a sk4 #aj #doz4 m>l9e4 bur/]s4 #h #d lb4 c>tridges4 quick mat*4 ---------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,middle ,,box4 ------------- #b wa%]s4 #b l9*p9s4 #b c\ples4 ------------ ,,=e ,,box4 #ae sets ( horse-%oes4 #ae sets ( horse-%oes4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #d solid %ot1 "u4 #h %rapnell4 #h solid %ot4 #ab #d lb4 c>tridges4 #d %rapnell1 ov]4 #ab #d lb4 c>tridges4 #ab #doz4 bur/]s4 #dh fuzes1 9 ,quick mat* 7#bd #a ske9 sl[ mat*4 #d bundles4 l5g?s74 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,h9d ,,box4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #h solid %ot4 #h solid %ot4 #h solid %ot1 9 #b ti]s4 #ab #d lb4 c>tridges4 #ab #d lb4 c>tridges4 #a spunge head4 #ej empty flannel c>tridges4 #a ramm] head4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #i ,,p\nd] ,,gun4 ,,limb]4 ,,ne> ,,box4 ,,(f ,,box4 --------------------------------- --------------------------- #d com4 case4 #f solid %ot4 #f solid %ot4 #d com4 case4 #a aug]4 #a corkscrew4 #h #blb4 #h #blb4 #b files4 c>tridges4 c>tridges4 #a tube #a funnel4 pocket4 #b fuze boxes #f portfires ,on #f portfires1 #f 9 ea*4 #a saw lid4 on lid4 #a knife4 ------------------- #ajj tubes4 #a mallet4 #f %rapnell4 ,sl[ mat*4 #b ne$les4 #h #blb4 #a p9c]s4 c>tridges4 -------------- #a t9 #a saw set4 #f #coz4 #f solid %ot4 prim]4 #a scissors4 bur/]s4 #a sett]4 ,quick mat*4 #h #blb4 #a oz4wor/$4 #b fuze bags1 #f 9 c>tridges4 #a hamm]4 ea*4 --------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,middle ,,box4 ------------------ #a heavy wa%]4 #a light wa%]4 #a heavy l9*p94 #a light l9*p94 #b c\ples4 ------------------ #a ramm] head4 ----------------- #b portfire /icks on trail4 ,,(f ,,axletree ,,box4 ,,ne> ,,axletree ,,box4 ---------------------- -------------------------- #b cov]s4 ,sl[ mat*4 #a gun lock4 -------- #aj fl9ts4 #a prim4 irons ,sl[ mat*1 #a set prim+ irons4 #b pun*es4 #c lb4 #b spikes4 #a d4 spr+4 #a t9 prim]4 #a spunge hd4 #b ?4 /alls4 ---------------------- -------------------------- #i ,,p\nd] ,,ammunition ,,waggon4 ,,limb]4 ,,ne> ,,box4 ,,(f ,,box4 -------------------------- ------------------------- #f solid %ot4 #f solid %ot4 #h #b lb4 #d common c>tridges4 #h #b lb4 case4 #d common #f portfires1 c>tridges4 case4 on lid4 ,,middle ,,box4 sl[ mat*4 ------------ #f portfires1 -------------- #a wa%]4 on lid4 #a tube #f %rapnell4 -------------- pocket4 #ej empty #h #b lb4 #a l9*p94 #f solid %ot4 flannel c>tridges4 c>tridges4 #f #c oz4 #b c\ples4 #h #b lb4 bur/]s4 ------------ c>tridges4 #ajj tubes4 #bd fuzes4 quick mat*4 sl[ mat*4 -------------------------- ----------- ------------------------- ,,=e ,,box4 #ae sets ( horse-%oes4 #ae sets ( horse-%oes4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #h %rapnell4 #h solid %ot4 #af solid %ot4 #ac #b lb4 c>tridges4 #ad #b lb4 c>tridges4 #i #c lb4 c>tridges4 #h #c oz4 bur/]s4 #cb fuzes1 9 #d quick mat*4 bundles4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,h9d ,,box4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- #h solid %ot4 #h solid %ot4 #af solid %ot1 #ad #b lb4 #ad #b lb4 9 #b ti]s4 c>tridges4 c>tridges4 #ej empty flannel c>tridges4 #a ske9 m>l9e4 #a ditto ,hambro' l9e4 sl[ mat*4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,light #f ,,p\nd] ,,gun4 ,,ne> ,,box4 ---------------------------------------- ------ #d com4 case4 #a aug]4 #h solid %ot4 #h %rapnell4 #a corkscrew4 #b files4 #i #a lb4 #a funnel4 #ac #a lb4 c>tridges4 #b fuze boxes1 c>tridges4 #h 9 ea*1 #h #b oz4 ,c4 & ,d4 bur/]s4 #a knife4 #a mallet4 #b fuze bags1 #b ne$les4 #h 9 ea*1 #a p9c]s4 ,e4 & #a #a saw set4 in*4 #a scissors4 #f portfires on #a sett]4 #a saw lid4 ,quick mat*4 #a oz4 wor/$4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,,(f ,,box4 ------------------------------------ #h solid #h solid #d common %ot4 %ot4 case4 #aa #a lb4 #ac #a lb4 #a t9 ,,middle ,,box4 c>tridges4 c>tridges4 prim]4 ------------ #a wa%]4 #a tube #a l9*p94 #ajj tubes4 pocket4 #f portfires #b c\ples4 on lid4 ------------ ,sl[ mat*4 #a hamm]4 #a ramm] head4 ----------- ------------------------------------ ------------ #b portfire /icks on trail4 ,,(f ,,axletree ,,box4 ,,ne> ,,axletree ,,box4 ------------------------ ----------------------------- #b cov]s4 #a com4 #a com4 #a com4 #aj fl9ts4 case4 case4 case4 #a gunlock4 #a prim4 irons4 ,sl[ mat*1 ---------------------------------- #b pun*es4 #c lb4 #b spikes cm4 #c solid %ot4 #a d4 spr+4 #a spunge hd4 #b ?4 /alls4 -------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,light #f ,,p\nd] ,,ammunition ,,waggon4 ,,limb]4 ,,ne> ,,box4 ------------------------------------ #h %rapnell4 #h solid %ot4 #aa #a lb4 #d common c>tridges4 case1 #ab #a lb4 "u4 c>tridges4 #h #b oz4 bur/]s4 #d solid #cb fuzes1 9 %ot1 sl[ mat*4 #d bundles4 ov]4 quick mat*4 #f portfires1 on lid4 ------------------------------------ ,,(f ,,box4 ------------------------------------- #h solid %ot4 #h solid %ot4 #d common #ab #a lb4 #ac #a lb4 case1 ,,middle ,,box4 c>tridges4 c>tridges4 "u4 ------------ #a wa%]4 #d solid #a l9*p94 %ot1 #ajj tubes4 ov]4 #b c\ples4 #f portfires1 ------------ sl[ mat*4 on lid4 ----------- ------------------------------------- --------------- ,,=e ,,box3 #ae sets ( horse-%oes4 #ae sets ( horse-%oes4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #aj %rapnell4 #ae solid %ot4 #af #a lb4 c>tridges4 #bj solid %ot1 9 #aj #b oz4 bur/]s4 #bg #a lb4 c>tridges4 #b ti]s4 #dj fuzes1 9 #d bundles4 #ajj tubes4 #a tube pocket4 #ab #a lb4 c>tridges4 quick mat*4 #f portfires4 #a ske9 m>l9e4 sl[ mat*4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,h9d ,,box4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #ae solid %ot4 #aj solid %ot4 #cj solid %ot1 9 #c ti]s4 #bg #a lb4 c>tridges4 #ah #a lb4 c>tridges4 #e lb4 sl[ mat*4 #ajj empty flannel #a ske9 ,hambro' l9e4 c>tridges4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #h ,,in* ,,h[itz]4 ,,limb]4 ,,ne> ,,box4 ,,(f ,,box4 ------------------------- ---------------------------- #b %rapnell4 #b common %ells1 9 #a ti]4 #f #d lb4 c>tridges4 #f #d lb4 c>tridges4 #f #ae oz4 bur/]s4 #f #a lb4 #ad oz4 bur/]s4 #fd %rapnell fuzes1 #b tube pockets4 9 #d bundles4 ,,middle ,,box4 #b ?umb-/alls4 #b fuze bags4 ------------ #ajj tubes4 #f fuze boxes4 #b c\ples4 #f portfires1 on lid4 #f portfires1 on lid4 ------------------------ #a l9*p94 --------------------------- #b common #b common #b %rapnell1#b %rapnell1 #a wa%]4 %ells1 9 %ells1 9 9 #b ti]s4 9 #b ti]s4 #b ti]s4 #b ti]s4 ------------ #a ske9 sl[ #ae common mat*4 fuzes4 ------------------------ ----------- --------------------------- ,,waggon ,,body4 ,,=e ,,box4 #aj sets ( horse-%oes4 #aj sets ( horse-%oes4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #a %rapnell1 #b %rapnell1 9 "u4 #b ti]s4 #h #d lb4 c>tridges4 #a common case1 ov]4 ------------------- #g #ae oz4 bur/]s4 ------------------- #b %rapnell1 9 #b %rapnell1 9 #bh %rapnell fuzes1 #b ti]s4 #b ti]s4 9 #d bundles4 #a ske9--mat*4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,h9d ,,box4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a common %ell1 "u4 #b common %ells1 #a common case1 #h #d lb4 c>tridges4 9 #b ti]s4 ov]4 ------------------- #f #a lb4 #ad oz4 ------------------- #a common %ell1 bur/]s4 "u4 #b common %ells1 #a common case1 #ej empty flannel 9 #b ti]s4 ov]4 c>tridges4 #a ske9 ,hambro' #a ske9 m>l9e4 l9e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #cb ,,p\nd] ,,h[itz]4 ,,limb]4 ,,ne> ,,box4 ,,(f ,,box4 --------------------- --------------------- #b %rapnell4 #b common %ells4 #b #c lb4 c>tridges4 #b #c lb4 c>tridges4 #b #g oz4 bur/]s4 #b #ab oz4 bur/]s4 ,,middle ,,box4 --------------------- ------------- --------------------- #b common #d %rapnell4 case4 #d common %ells4 #d #c lb4 c>tridges4 #b #c lb4 #d #c lb4 c>tridges4 c>tridges4 #d #g oz4 bur/]s4 ------------- #d #ab oz4 bur/]s4 --------------------- ------------ --------------------- #b portfire /icks on trail4 ,,(f ,,axletree ,,box4 ,,ne> ,,axletree ,,box4 ----------------- ------------------ ,sl[ mat*4 -------------- ------------------ ----------------- ------------------ #cb-,,p\nd] ,,h[itz] ,,ammunition ,,waggon4 ,,ne> ,,box4 --------------------------------------- #ab #c lb4 #d %rapnell4 #b %rapnell1 c>tridges4 9 #b ti]s4 #aj #g oz4 #b common bur/]s4 case4 --------------------------------------- ,,(f ,,box4 ------------------------------- #f common #ab #c lb4 #f common ,,middle ,,box4 %ells1 c>tridges4 %ells1 --------- 9 #b 9 #b ti]s4 #ab #ab oz4 ti]s4 bur/]s4 -------- ------------------------------- ------ ,,=e ,,box4 #aj sets ( horse-%oes4 #aj sets ( horse-%oes4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #f %rapnell4 #c common %ells4 #f %rapnell1 9 #b ti]s4 #i #c lb4 c>tridges4 #f #c lb4 c>tridges4 #ab #g oz4 bur/]s4 #c #ab oz4 bur/]s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,h9d ,,box4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #c common %ells4 #f common %ells4 #f common %ells1 #f #c lb4 c>tridges4 #i #c lb4 c>tridges4 9 #b ti]s4 #f #ab oz4 bur/]s4 #i #ab oz4 bur/]s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- grease magaz9e4 #aj sets ( horse-%oes4 #bd-,,p\nd] ,,h[itz]4 ,,limb]4 ,,ne> ,,box4 ,,(f ,,box4 ---------------------------- ------------------------- #ab #b lb4 c>tridges2 #ab #ab #b lb4 c>tridges2 #f oz4 bur/]s2 #a aug]2 #a #h #aj oz4 bur/]s2 #aj corkscrew2 #a funnel2 #b fuze common fuzes2 #a pr4 boxes2 #b fuze bags1 #ab compasses2 #b files2 #a fuzes 9 ea*2 #ej empty rasp2 #a rule2 #a scrap]2 flannel c>tridges2 #a #a tube pocket2 #ajj knife2 #a mallet2 #b ne$les2 tubes2 #a t9 prim]4 #a pr4 p9c]s2 #a saw set2 #a ,,middle ,,box4 ------------------------- pr4 scissors2 #b sett]s2 #a ------------- #d common %ells l[] oz4 wor/$2 quick mat*4 #b wa%]s4 #b common case ti]4 ---------------------------- #b l9*p9s4 #d common %ells upp] #ab %rapnell1 9 #b ti]s4 #b common case ti]4 #b c\ples4 #f portfires ------------- #f portfires on lid4 #a saw on lid4 sl[ mat*4 #a hamm]4 ---------------------------- ------------ ------------------------- #b portfire /icks on trail4 ,,(f ,,axletree ,,box4 ,,ne> ,,axletree ,,box4 ---------------------- ------------------------ ,sl[ mat*4 ,sl[ mat*4 ------------------------ #a set prim+ irons2 #a set prim+ irons4 ---------------- #b cov]s2 #aj fl9ts2 #a gunlock2 #b pun*es2 #a t9 prim]4 #a spr+ spike2 #b com4 spikes2 #b ?umb-/alls4 ---------------------- ------------------------ #bd-,,p\nd] ,,h[itz] ,,ammunition ,,waggon4 ,,limb]4 ,,ne> ,,box4 ,,(f ,,box4 -------------------------- -------------------------- #ab #b lb4 c>tridges4 #ab #b lb4 c>tridges4 #ab #f oz4 bur/]s4 #h #aj oz4 bur/]s4 #dh %rapnell fuzes1 9 #d #aj common fuzes4 bundles4 ,,middle ,,box4 #a tube pocket4 #ajj tubes4 quick mat*4 ------------ -------------------------- #a wa%]4 #d common %ells l[] -------------------------- #a l9*p94 #b common case ti]4 #b c\ples4 #d common %ells upp] #ab %rapnell1 9 #b ti]s4 ------------ #b common case ti]4 #f portfires1 on lid4 #f portfires on lid4 sl[ mat*4 -------------------------- ----------- -------------------------- ,,=e ,,box4 #ae sets ( horse-%oes4 #ae sets ( horse-%oes4 ---------------------------------------- ----- #ah #b lb4 c>tridges4 #ah #f oz4 #ah %rapnell 9 #b ti]s4 bur/]s4 #gb %rapnell fuzes1 9 #d #a ske9 ( sl[ mat*4 bundles4 ,quick mat*4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,,h9d ,,box4 ---------------------------------------- ------ #g common %ells #b c>casses l[] ti]4 #i common %ells1 upp] ti]4 #ah #b lb4 #a ske9 m>l9e4 c>tridges4 #a ske9 ,hambro' l9e4 #a spunge head4 #af #aj oz4 #a ramm] head4 bur/]s4 #ej empty flannel c>tridges4 #bj common fuzes4 ---------------------------------------- ------ #ab-,,p\nd] ,,h[itz]4 ,,limb]4 ,,ne> ,,box4 ------------------------------- #ab %rapnell1 #f %rapnell4 9 #b ti]s4 #ah #a lb4 #a aug]4 c>tridges4 #a corkscrew4 #ah #d oz4 #a funnel4 bur/]s4 #a knife4 #b fuze boxes4 #a mallet4 7,c & ,d71 #b ne$les4 #af 9 ea*4 #a pr4 p9c]s4 #b fuze bags1 #a saw set4 7,e & #a #a pr4 scissors4 in*17 #ah #b sett]s4 9 ea*4 #a oz4 wor/$4 quick mat*4 #gb fuzes4 #f portfires1 on lid4 ------------------------------- ,,(f ,,box4 -------------------------------- #b common #ab common %ells %ells1 9 #b #d common ti]s4 case4 #a compasses4 #ah #a lb4 #ag common fuzes4 c>tridges4 #b files4 #ad #e oz4 #a hamm]4 ,,middle ,,box4 bur/]s4 #a rasp4 ------------- #a rule4 #a wa%]4 #a %ell scrap]4 #a l9*p94 #f portfires1 sl[ mat*4 #b c\ples4 on lid4 #a t9 prim]4 ------------- #a saw1 #ajj tubes4 on lid4 #a tube pocket4 ------------ -------------------------------- -------- #b portfire /icks on trail4 ,,(f ,,axletree ,,box4 ,,ne> ,,axletree ,,box4 -------------------- ------------------------ #b cov]s4 #aj fl9ts4 sl[ mat*4 #a gun lock4 #a set prim+ -------------- #a prim4 irons4 ,sl[ irons4 #b pun*es4 mat*4 #a t9 prim]4 #b com4 spikes4 #a spg4 spike4 #b ?b4 /alls4 -------------------- ------------------------ #ab-,,p\nd] ,,h[itz] ,,ammunition ,,waggon4 ,,limb]4 ,,ne> ,,box4 ---------------------------- #ab %rapnell1 #f %rapnell4 9 #b ti]s4 #ah #a lb4 #gb fuzes1 9 c>tridges4 #d bundles4 #ah #d oz4 ,sl[ mat*4 bur/]s4 #f portfires1 quick mat*4 on lid4 ---------------------------- ,,(f ,,box4 ----------------------------- #b common #ab common %ells4 %ells1 9 #b ,,middle ,,box4 #d common ti]s4 ------------- case4 #ag common #a wa%]4 #ah #a lb4 fuzes4 #a l9*p94 c>tridges4 sl[ mat*4 #b c\ples4 #ad #d oz4 #a %ell ------------- bur/]s4 scrap]4 #f portfires4 #ajj tubes4 #a tube pocket4 ------------ ----------------------------- ----- ,,=e ,,box4 #ae sets ( horse-%oes4 #ae sets ( horse-%oes4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- #af %rapnell1 #bh #a #af %rapnell1 9 #b ti]s4 c>tridges4 9 #b ti]s4 #h #a lb4 c>tridges1 #cb #d oz4 #fd fuzes 9 #b ov]4 bur/]s4 bundles4 #fd fuzes 9 #b bundles4 quick mat*4 sl[ mat*4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,h9d ,,box4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- #af common #d com4 %ells %ells1 9 #bh #a lb4 #d c>casses "u4 #b ti]s4 c>tridges4 #h common %ells1 #cd common above4 fuzes4 #a ske9 ,hambro' l9e4 #ajj flannel #bh #e oz4 #a ske9 m>l9e4 c>tridges1 bur/]s4 #a ramm] head4 empty4 #a spunge head4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,sec4 #cd4 ,weight ( ,rid]s1 ,h>ness1 ,ordnance1 ,c>riages1 c41 ( a ,field batt]y equipp$4 /4 lb4 ,rid+ set ( h>ness1 ) head-coll> & *a9 #d #h ,driv]1 9 m>*+ ord] 7includ+ greatcoat & apron7 #ab #c ------ ,lead ,total weight c>ri$ by rid+ horse #af #aa ------ ,(f set1 ) head-coll>1 *a91 c41 & man's kitt #e #d ,rid+ set ( h>ness1 ) head-coll> & *a9 #e #j ,driv]1 9 m>*+ ord] 7includ+ greatcoat & apron7 #ab #c ------ ,:eel ,total weight c>ri$ by rid+ horse #ag #c ------ ,(f set ( h>ness1 ) head-coll>1 *a91 c41 & man's kitt #f #b ,m\nt$ ,n4 ,c4 (fic]'s appo9tm5ts1 includ+ greatcoat1 apron1 & kitt #e #b ,non-commission$ (fic] #ab #aj ------ ,total weight c>ri$ by horse #ag #ab ------ ,! av]age weight ( an ,artill]y horse is #aj cwt4 #b qrs4 ,,ordnance1 ,,c>riages1 ,,& ,,/ores4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #ab-p\nd]4 #i-p\nd]4 #bd-p\nd] #ab-p\nd] ,light h[itz]4 h[itz]4 #f-p\nd]4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- cwt4qrs4lb4cwt4qrs4lb4cwt4qrs4lb4cwt4qrs 4lb4cwt4qrs4lb4 ,gun1 c>riage1 & limb] #ci #b #ae #cc #a #bc #cb #c #c #bd #b #g #bc #c #aa ,side arms1 intr5*+ tools1 c4 #c #ad #c #aj #b #be #b #bc #c #b ,ammunition1 c4 #c #c #ag #c #c #bj #d #c #be #c #c #ae #c #b #af ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,total #dd #a #ah #ch #j #be #ch #a #be #bi #j #ag #bg #a #a ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,waggon limb] body1 includ+ sp>e :eel #ai #a #ad #ai #j #bf #ag #j #be #ag #j #be #ah #b #bf ,/ores1 intr5*+ tools1 sp>e horse-%oes1 c4 #d #j #g #d #j #g #d #j #g #d #j #g #d #j #g ,ammunition #aa #c #bf #aj #c #af #ab #j #e #aj #a #i #aj #b #h ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,total #ce #a #ai #cd #j #ba #cc #a #i #ca #b #ac #cc #a #ac ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,(f ,,lead]4 ,,%aft ,,h>ness4 ,,(f ,,lead] ,a ,pad or ,(f ,saddle ,b ,surc+le ,c ,gir? ( ! ,pad ,d ,pannel ( ,do ,e ,pad ,/aples ,f ,trace ,g ,pipe ( ,do ,h ,hook ( ,do ,i ,belly ,b& ( ,do ,j ,trace ,l9es ,k ,be>+ ,/rap ,l ,buckl+ ,piece ( ,do ,m ,hip ,/rap ,n ,buckl+ ,piece ( ,do ,o ,crupp] ,p ,crupp] ,r+ ,q ,buckl+ ,piece ( ,crupp] ,r ,coll> ,s ,! ,hames ,t ,! ,h\s+ ,u ,! ,h\s+ ,/rap ,v ,%\ld] ,l9k ,hook ,w ,brea/ ,*a9s or ,l9ks ,x ,)] ,/rap ,y ,be>+ ,hook ,z ,cantle ( ,pad a ,%eepsk9 b ,valise c ,baggage ,/rap d ,mess ,t9 e ,do4 ,/rap f ,buckle ( ,do g ,wood5 ,cante5 h ,=age ,cord i ,nose ,bag ,,! ,,bridle4 #a ,w9k] #b ,front or ,br[ ,b& #c ,*eek #d ,*eek ,billets #e ,?roat ,la% #f ,be>+ ,re9 #g ,bit #h ,*eek ( ,do #i ,lead+ ,re9 #aj ,b> ( ! ,bit #aa ,head-,coll> #ab ,nose ,b& #ac ,coll> ,*a9 #ad ,j[l ,/rap #ae ,side ,re9 ,,%aft ,,h>ness4 k ,pad or (f ,saddle l ,back ,b& m ,%aft ,tugs n ,be>+ ,/rap o ,bree*+ r ,/rap ( ,bree*+ s ,lo9 ,/rap t ,hip ,/rap ,,detail ,,( ,a #i-,,p\nd] ,,troop ,,( ,,royal ,,horse ,,artill]y ,,= ,,active ,,s]vice1 ,,) ,,! ,,army ,,9 ,,! ,,ea/4 ,key3 ,a ,numb] ( ,c>riages4 ,c ,gunn]s4 ,d ,driv]s4 ,e ,rid+4 ,f ,draught4 ,g ,total4 ,k ,sets ( ,appo9tm5ts ,n4 ,c4 ,(fic]s & ,m54 ,l ,h>ness ,sets ,d\ble4 ,m ,lead4 ,n ,:eel4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,m54 ,horses4 ,l ,,equipm5t4 ------------------------ -------- ,a ,c ,d ,g ,e ,f ,g ,k ,m ,n ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #d #i-,p\nd] ,guns #dj #af #ef #dj #cb #gb #dj #ab #d #b #bd-,p\nd] ,h[itz]s #bj #h #bh #bj #af #cf #bj #f #b #f ,gun ,ammunition ,waggons #ab #ah #cj #d #cf #dj #d #ab #f #e ,h[itz] ,ammunition ,waggons #aj #ae #be #b #cj #cb #b #aj #e #a ,/ore ,limb] ,waggon 4 #c #c 4 #f #f 4 #b #a #a ,sp>e ,gun ,c>riage 4 #c #c 4 #f #f 4 #b #a #a ,=ge 4 #c #c 4 #f #f 4 #b #a #a ,rocket ,c>riage 4 #d #d 4 #h #h 4 #c #a #a ,/ore ,c>t 4 #a #a 4 #b #b 4 4 #a #a ,m$ic9e ,c>t 4 #a #a 4 #b #b 4 4 #a #b ,light ,=age ,waggons 4 #d #d 4 #h #h 4 #b #b #c ,wat] ,c>ts 4 #c #c 4 #f #f 4 4 #c 4 ,= #b ,/aff ,s]jeants1 #b ,trumpet]s1 #a ,f>ri]1 #c ,%oe+-,smi?s 4 4 4 #h 4 #h #h 4 4 4 ,sp>e ,m51 ,(fic]s' ,s]vants & ,btm51 c41 & ,sp>e ,horses #ae #dd #ei #f #af #bb 4 #d #d 4 ,(fic]s' ,horses 4 4 4 #ab 4 #ab 4 4 4 4 ,bt ,horses 4 4 4 4 #f #f 4 4 4 --- ------------------------------------ #bh ,total ,c>riages4 ,total #ig #abc #bbj #ib #ahj #bgb #gd #ee #cb ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,capta9 #a ,(fic]s4 ,second ,capta9 #a ,lieut5ants #c ,assi/4-,surgeon #a ,/aff ,s]jeants #b ,s]jeants #h ,non-,commission$ ,corporals #d ,(fic]s & ,bomb>di]s #f ,m54 ,gunn]s #ig ,driv]s #abc ,trumpet] #a ,f>ri] #a ,artific]s4 ,%oe+-smi?s #f ,coll>-mak]s #c ,:eel]s #b ----- ,total #bei ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,detail ,,( ,,! ,,res]ve ,,( ,,gun ,,& ,,small ,,arm ,,ammunition1 ,,royal ,,horse ,,artill]y1 ,,= ,,active ,,s]vice ,,) ,,! ,,cavalry ,,( ,,! ,,army ,,9 ,,! ,,ea/4 ,key3 ,a ,numb] ( ,c>riages4 ,c ,gunn]s4 ,d ,driv]s4 ,e ,rid+4 ,f ,draught4 ,g ,total4 ,k ,sets ( ,appo9tm5ts ,n4 ,c4 ,(fic]s & ,m54 ,l ,h>ness ,sets ,d\ble4 ,m ,lead4 ,n ,:eel4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,m54 ,horses4 ,l ,,di/ribution4 ------------------------ -------- ,a ,c ,d ,g ,e ,f ,g ,k ,m ,n ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #ab ,gun ,ammunition ,waggons 4 #cf #cf 4 #gb #gb 4 #bd #ab #f ,h[itz] ,ammunition ,waggons 4 #ah #ah 4 #cf #cf 4 #ab #f #f ,c>b9e ,ammunition ,waggons 4 #ah #ah 4 #cf #cf 4 #ab #f #a ,/ore ,limb] ,waggon 4 #c #c 4 #f #f 4 #b #a #a ,=ge 4 #c #c 4 #f #f 4 #b #a 4 #b ,portable ,=ges #b 4 #b #b 4 #b 4 4 4 #c ,light ,=age ,waggons 4 #f #f 4 #ab #ab 4 #c #c #c ,wat] ,c>ts 4 #c #c 4 #f #f 4 4 #c #a ,/ore ,c>t 4 #a #a 4 #b #b 4 4 #a #a ,m$ic9e ,c>t 4 #a #a 4 #b #b 4 4 #a #b ,/aff ,s]jeants1 #i ,s]jeants1 #f ,corporals1 4 #f ,bomb>di]s1 4 4 4 #cj 4 #cj #cj 4 4 #c ,trumpet]s1 #a ,f>ri]1 #c ,%oe+-,smi?s 4 ,s]vants & ,btm5 #g #g #ad 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,m\nt$ ,gunn]s #dh 4 #dh #dh 4 #dh #dh 4 4 4 ,sp>e ,m5 #di #ej #ii 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,sp>e ,horses 4 4 4 #ab #db #ed #h #aj #aj --- ------------------------------------ #cd ,total ,c>riages4 ,total#ajf #adf #beb #ib #bbj #cab #hf #fe #dd ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,capta9 #a ,(fic]s4 ,second ,capta9 #a ,lieut5ants #d ,assi/4-,surgeon #a ,/aff ,s]jeants #b ,s]jeants #i ,non-,commission$ ,corporals #f ,(fic]s & ,bomb>di]s #f ,m54 ,gunn]s #ajf ,driv]s #adf ,trumpet] #a ,f>ri] #a ,artific]s4 ,%oe+-smi?s #h ,coll>-mak]s #d ,:eel]s #d --- ,total #cjj ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,detail ,,( ,a #i-,,p\nd] ,,field ,,batt]y1 ,,royal ,,artill]y1 ,,= ,,active ,,s]vice ,,) ,,! ,,army ,,9 ,,! ,,ea/4 ,key3 ,a ,numb] ( ,c>riages4 ,c ,gunn]s4 ,d ,driv]s4 ,e ,rid+4 ,f ,draught4 ,g ,total4 ,h ,sets ( ,appo9tm5ts4 ,i ,(fic]s4 ,j ,n4 ,c4 ,(fic]s4 ,l ,h>ness ,sets ,d\ble4 ,m ,lead4 ,n ,:eel4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,m54 ,horses4 ,h ,l ,,equipm5t4 --------------------------------- ,a ,c & ,d ,g ,e ,f ,g ,i ,j ,m ,n ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #d #i-,p\nd] ,guns #dj #af #ef 4 #cb #cb 4 4 #ab #d #b #bd-,p\nd] ,h[itz]s #bj #h #bh 4 #af #af 4 4 #f #b #f ,gun ,ammunition ,waggons #ab #ah #cj 4 #cf #cf 4 4 #ab #f #e ,h[itz] ,ammunition ,waggons #aj #ae #be 4 #cj #cj 4 4 #aj #e #a ,/ore ,limb] ,waggon 4 #c #c 4 #f #f 4 4 #b #a #a ,sp>e ,gun ,c>riage 4 #c #c 4 #f #f 4 4 #b #a #a ,=ge 4 #c #c 4 #f #f 4 4 #b #a #a ,rocket ,c>riage 4 #d #d 4 #h #h 4 4 #c #a #a ,/ore ,c>t 4 #a #a 4 #b #b 4 4 4 #a #a ,m$ic9e ,c>t 4 #a #a 4 #b #b 4 4 4 #a #b ,light ,=age ,waggons 4 #d #d 4 #h #h 4 4 #b #b #c ,wat] ,c>ts 4 #c #c 4 #f #f 4 4 4 #c 4 ,= ,/aff-,s]jeants & m\nt$ ,non-,com4 4 4 4 #ad 4 #ad 4 #ad 4 4 ,(fic]s ,= ,trumpet]s 4 4 4 #b 4 #b 4 #b 4 4 ,= ,f>ri] 4 4 4 #a 4 #a 4 #a 4 4 ,= ,%oe+-smi?s 4 4 4 #a 4 #a 4 #a 4 4 4 ,sp>e ,m51 ,(fic]s' ,s]vants & ,btm51 c41 & ,sp>e #ae #bd #ci #b #bj #bb 4 #a #c #c ,horses 4 ,(fic]s' ,horses 4 4 4 #f 4 #f #f 4 4 4 4 ,bt ,horses 4 4 4 4 #f #f 4 4 4 4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #bh ,total ,c>riages4 ,total #ig #ajc #bjj #bfahdbaj #f #ai #ed #ca ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,capta9 #a ,(fic]s4 ,second ,capta9 #a ,lieut5ants #c ,assi/4-,surgeon #a ,/aff-,s]jeants #b ,s]jeants #h ,non-,commission$ ,corporals #e ,(fic]s & ,bomb>di]s #g ,m54 ,gunn]s #bjj ,driv]s ,trumpet]s #b ,f>ri] #a ,%oe+-smi?s #f ,artific]s4 ,coll>-mak]s #c ,:eel]s #b --- ,total #bdb ---------------------------------------- --------- #i-,,p\nd] ,,field ,,batt]y1 ,,royal ,,artill]y4--,,detail ,,( ,,! ,,"r ,,division4 ,key3 ,a ,numb] ( ,c>riages4 ,b ,n4 ,c4 ,(fic]s & ,artific]s4 ,c ,gunn]s4 ,d ,driv]s4 ,e ,rid+4 ,f ,draught4 ,h ,sets ( ,appo9tm5ts4 ,i ,(fic]s4 ,j ,n4 ,c4 ,(fic]s4 ,l ,h>ness ,sets ,d\ble4 ,m ,lead4 ,n ,:eel4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,no4 #a ,,sub-,,division4 ------------------------------- ,,equipm5t4 ,m54 ,horses4 ,h ,l ------------------------ ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,i ,j ,n ,m ---------------------------------------- ---------- #b #i-,p\nd] ,gun 4 #aj #d 4 #h 4 4 #a #c #c ,gun ,amm4 ,wag4 4 #b #c 4 #f 4 4 #a #b #a ,=ge 4 4 #c 4 #f 4 4 #a #b #a ,=age ,waggon 4 4 #b 4 #d 4 4 #a #a #a ,/ore ,c>t 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #a ,wat] ,c>t 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,/aff ,s]jeants 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,s]jeants #a 4 4 #a 4 4 #a 4 4 4 ,corporals 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,bomb>di]s #b 4 4 #a 4 4 #a 4 4 4 ,trumpet]s #a 4 4 #a 4 4 #a 4 4 4 ,f>ri]s #a 4 4 #a 4 4 #a 4 4 4 ,%oe+-smi?s #a 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,coll>-mak] 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,= ,(fic]s 4 4 4 #a #a #a 4 4 4 4 ,sp>e 4 #d #d 4 #d 4 4 #a 4 --- --------------------------- #i ,total4 #f #af #af #e #bi #a #d #e #h ---------------------------------------- ---------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,no4 #b ,,sub-,,division4 ------------------------------- ,,equipm5t4 ,m54 ,horses4 ,h ,l ------------------------ ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,i ,j ,n ,m ---------------------------------------- ---------- #b #i-,p\nd] ,gun 4 #aj #d 4 #h 4 4 #a #c #c ,gun ,amm4 ,wag4 4 #d #f 4 #ab 4 4 #b #d #a ,=ge 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #a ,=age ,waggon 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #a ,/ore ,c>t 4 4 #a 4 #b 4 4 #a 4 #a ,wat] ,c>t 4 4 #a 4 #b 4 4 #a 4 4 ,/aff ,s]jeants #a 4 4 #a 4 4 #a 4 4 4 ,s]jeants #a 4 4 #a 4 4 #a 4 4 4 ,corporals #a 4 4 #a 4 4 #a 4 4 4 ,bomb>di]s #a 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,trumpet]s 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,f>ri]s 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,%oe+-smi?s #a 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,coll>-mak] #a 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,= ,(fic]s 4 4 4 #a #a #a 4 4 4 4 ,sp>e 4 #b #d 4 #d 4 4 4 #a --- --------------------------- #i ,total4 #f #af #af #d #bi #a #c #e #h ---------------------------------------- ---------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,(fic]s4 #a/ ,capta9 7,no4 #b47 #a ,s5ior ,lieut4 7,no4 #a47 #a ,/aff ,s]jeant #a ,s]jeants #b ,non-,commission$ ,corporal #a ,(fic]s & ,bomb>di]s #c ,m54 ,gunn]s #cb ,driv]s #cb ,trumpet] #a ,f>ri] #a ,artific]s4 ,%oe+-smi?s #b ,coll>-mak] #a ,horses4 ,rid+ #i ,draught #eh ,appo9tm5ts4 ,(fic]s #b ,n4 ,c4 ,(fic]s #g ,h>ness4 ,:eel #aj ,lead #af ---------------------------------------- --------- ,n4 ,b4--,! ,gunn]s atta*$ to fir/ l9e ( waggons are ! ,(fic]s' ,s]vants & ,btm51 viz4--#b to ea* sub-division4 ,! m\nt$ ,cov]]s or ,horsehold]s may be tak5 f ei!r full ,non-,commission$ ,(fic]s or ! act+ ,bomb>di]s1 ( :om #ab are all[$ to be made1 at ! discretion ( ! (fic] comm&+4 #i-,,p\nd] ,,field ,,batt]y1 ,,royal ,,artill]y4--,,detail ,,( ,,c5tre ,,division4 ,key3 ,a ,numb] ( ,c>riages4 ,b ,n4 ,c4 ,(fic]s & ,artific]s4 ,c ,gunn]s4 ,d ,driv]s4 ,e ,rid+4 ,f ,draught4 ,h ,sets ( ,appo9tm5ts4 ,i ,(fic]s4 ,j ,n4 ,c4 ,(fic]s4 ,l ,h>ness ,sets ,d\ble4 ,m ,lead4 ,n ,:eel4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,no4 #c ,,sub-,,division4 ------------------------------- ,,equipm5t4 ,m54 ,horses4 ,h ,l ------------------------ ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,i ,j ,n ,m ---------------------------------------- ---------- #b #bd-,pr4 ,h[itz]s 4 #aj #d 4 #h 4 4 #a #c #e ,h[4 ,amm4 ,wag4 4 #d #f 4 #ab 4 4 #b #d #a ,sp>e ,gun ,c>riage 4 4 #c 4 #f 4 4 #a #b #a ,m$ic9e ,c>t 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #a 4 #a ,wat] ,c>t 4 4 #a 4 #b 4 #a 4 4 4 ,s]jeants #b 4 4 #a 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,corporals #a 4 4 #a 4 4 #a 4 4 4 ,bomb>di]s #a 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,:eel] 7s5ior7 #a 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,coll>-mak] 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,%oe+-smi? #a 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,= ,(fic]s 4 4 4 #a #a #a 4 4 4 4 ,sp>e 4 #b #d #a #c 4 #a #a 4 --- --------------------------- #aj ,total4 #f #af #ah #d #cb #a #c #f #i ---------------------------------------- ---------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,no4 #d ,,sub-,,division4 ------------------------------- ,,equipm5t4 ,m54 ,horses4 ,h ,l ------------------------ ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,i ,j ,n ,m ---------------------------------------- ---------- #b #bd-,pr4 ,h[itz]s 4 #aj #d 4 #h 4 4 #a #c #e ,h[4 ,amm4 ,wag4 4 #f #i 4 #ah 4 4 #c #f #a ,sp>e ,gun ,c>riage 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #a ,m$ic9e ,c>t 4 4 #a 4 #b 4 4 #a 4 #a ,wat] ,c>t 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,s]jeants #b 4 4 #a 4 4 #a 4 4 4 ,corporals #a 4 4 #a 4 4 #a 4 4 4 ,bomb>di]s #a 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,:eel] 7s5ior7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,coll>-mak] #a 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,%oe+-smi? #a 4 4 #a 4 4 #a 4 4 4 ,= ,(fic]s 4 4 4 #a #a #a 4 4 4 4 ,sp>e 4 #a #d 4 #c 4 4 4 #a --- --------------------------- #aj ,total4 #f #ag #ah #d #cj #a #c #e #aj ---------------------------------------- ---------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,(fic]s4 ,junior ,lieut4 7,no4 #c47 #a ,assi/4-,surgeon 7,no4 #d47 #a ,s]jeants #d ,non-,commission$ ,corporals #b ,(fic]s & ,bomb>di]s #b ,m54 ,gunn]s #cc ,driv]s #cf ,:eel] 7s5ior7 #a ,artific]s4 ,coll>-mak] #a ,%oe+-smi?s #b ,horses4 ,rid+ #h ,draught #fb ,appo9tm5ts4 ,(fic]s #b ,n4 ,c4 ,(fic]s #f ,h>ness4 ,:eel #aa ,lead #ai ---------------------------------------- --------- #i-,,p\nd] ,,field ,,batt]y1 ,,royal ,,artill]y4--,,detail ,,( ,,! ,,left ,,division4 ,key3 ,a ,numb] ( ,c>riages4 ,b ,n4 ,c4 ,(fic]s & ,artific]s4 ,c ,gunn]s4 ,d ,driv]s4 ,e ,rid+4 ,f ,draught4 ,h ,sets ( ,appo9tm5ts4 ,i ,(fic]s4 ,j ,n4 ,c4 ,(fic]s4 ,l ,h>ness ,sets ,d\ble4 ,m ,lead4 ,n ,:eel4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,no4 #e ,,sub-,,division4 ------------------------------- ,,equipm5t4 ,m54 ,horses4 ,h ,l ------------------------ ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,i ,j ,n ,m ---------------------------------------- ---------- #b #i-,p\nd] ,guns 4 #aj #d 4 #h 4 4 #a #c #c ,gun ,amm4 ,wag4 4 #d #f 4 #ab 4 4 #b #d #a ,/ore ,limb] ,wag4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #a ,=age ,waggon 4 4 #b 4 #d 4 4 #a #a #a ,rocket ,c>riage 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #a ,wat] ,c>t 4 4 #a 4 #b 4 4 #a 4 4 ,/aff ,s]jeant #a 4 4 #a 4 4 #a 4 4 4 ,s]jeant #a 4 4 #a 4 4 #a 4 4 4 ,corporal #a 4 4 #a 4 4 #a 4 4 4 ,bomb>di] #a 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,:eel] 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,coll>-mak] #a 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,%oe+-smi? #a 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,trumpet]s 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,= ,(fic]s 4 4 4 #a #a #a 4 4 4 4 ,sp>e 4 #b #d #a #c 4 4 4 #a --- --------------------------- #i ,total4 #f #af #ag #e #cj #a #c #e #i ---------------------------------------- ---------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,no4 #f ,,sub-,,division4 ------------------------------- ,,equipm5t4 ,m54 ,horses4 ,h ,l ------------------------ ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,i ,j ,n ,m ---------------------------------------- ---------- #b #i-,p\nd] ,guns 4 #aj #d 4 #h 4 4 #a #c #c ,gun ,amm4 ,wag4 4 #b #c 4 #f 4 4 #a #b #a ,/ore ,limb] ,wag4 4 4 #c 4 #f 4 4 #a #b #a ,=age ,waggon 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #a ,rocket ,c>riage 4 #c #d 4 #h 4 4 #a #c #a ,wat] ,c>t 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,/aff ,s]jeant 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,s]jeant #a 4 4 #a 4 4 #a 4 4 4 ,corporal #a 4 4 #a 4 4 #a 4 4 4 ,bomb>di] #a 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,:eel] #a 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,coll>-mak] 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,%oe+-smi? #a 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,trumpet]s #a 4 4 #a 4 4 #a 4 4 4 ,= ,(fic]s 4 4 4 #a #a #a 4 4 4 4 ,sp>e 4 #a #d 4 #c 4 4 #a 4 --- --------------------------- #i ,total4 #f #af #ah #d #cb #a #c #e #aj ---------------------------------------- ---------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,(fic]s4 #bnd ,capt4 7,no4 #e7 #a #bnd ,s54 ,lieut4 7#f7 #a ,/aff ,s]jeant #a ,s]jeants #b ,non-,commission$ ,corporals #b ,(fic]s & ,bomb>di]s #b ,m54 ,gunn]s #ce ,driv]s #cb ,trumpet] #a ,:eel] #a ,artific]s4 ,col4-mak] 7s547 #a ,%oe+-smi? #a ,horses4 ,rid+ #i ,draught #fb ,appo9tm5ts4 ,(fic]s #b ,n4 ,c4 ,(fic]s #f ,h>ness4 ,:eel #aj ,lead #ai ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,detail ,,( ,,an #ah-,,p\nd] ,,field ,,batt]y1 ,,royal ,,artill]y1 ,,= ,,active ,,s]vice ,,) ,,! ,,army ,,9 ,,! ,,ea/4 ,key3 ,a ,numb] ( ,c>riages4 ,c ,gunn]s4 ,d ,driv]s4 ,e ,rid+4 ,f ,draught4 ,g ,total4 ,h ,sets ( ,appo9tm5ts4 ,i ,(fic]s4 ,j ,n4 ,c4 ,(fic]s4 ,l ,h>ness ,sets ,d\ble4 ,m ,lead4 ,n ,:eel4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,m54 ,horses4 ,,equipm5t4 ------------------------ ,a ,c & ,d ,g ,e ,f ,g ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #d #ah-,p\nd] ,guns #ef #bd #hj 4 #dh #dh #ab ,gun ,ammunition ,waggons #bd #cf #fj 4 #gb #gb #b ,/ore ,limb] ,waggons 4 #f #f 4 #ab #ab #a ,sp>e ,gun ,c>riage 4 #d #d 4 #h #h #a ,plat=m ,waggon 4 #d #d 4 #h #h #a ,=ge 4 #c #c 4 #f #f #a ,/ore ,c>t 4 #a #a 4 #b #b #a ,m$ic9e ,c>t 4 #a #a 4 #b #b #b ,light ,=age ,waggons 4 #d #d 4 #h #h #c ,wat] ,c>ts 4 #c #c 4 #f #f 4 ,= ,/aff-,s]jeants & 4 4 4 #aj 4 #aj ,non-,commission$ ,(fic]s ,trumpet]s 4 4 4 #b 4 #b ,f>ri] 4 4 4 #a 4 #a ,%oe+-,smi? 4 4 4 #a 4 #a 4 ,sp>e ,m51 ,(fic]s' #ae #bd #ci #b #bj #bb ,s]vants & ,btm51 c41 & ,sp>e ,horses 4 ,(fic]s' ,horses 4 4 4 #f 4 #f 4 ,bt ,horses 4 4 4 4 #f #f --- ------------------------ #bh ,total ,c>riages4 ,total #ie #aaj #bje #bb #aih #bbj ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,h ,l ,,equipm5t4 ---------------- ,a ,i ,j ,m ,n ---------------------------------------- ---------- #d #ah-,p\nd] ,guns 4 4 #af #h #ab ,gun ,ammunition ,waggons 4 4 #bd #ab #b ,/ore ,limb] ,waggons 4 4 #d #b #a ,sp>e ,gun ,c>riage 4 4 #b #b #a ,plat=m ,waggon 4 4 #b #b #a ,=ge 4 4 #b #a #a ,/ore ,c>t 4 4 4 #a #a ,m$ic9e ,c>t 4 4 4 #a #b ,light ,=age ,waggons 4 4 #b #b #c ,wat] ,c>ts 4 4 4 #c 4 ,= ,/aff-,s]jeants & 4 #aj 4 4 ,non-,commission$ ,(fic]s ,trumpet]s 4 #b 4 4 ,f>ri] 4 #a 4 4 ,%oe+-,smi? 4 #a 4 4 4 ,sp>e ,m51 ,(fic]s' 4 #a #c #c ,s]vants & ,btm51 c41 & ,sp>e ,horses 4 ,(fic]s' ,horses #f 4 4 4 4 ,bt ,horses 4 4 4 4 --- ---------------- #bh ,total ,c>riages4 ,total #f #ae #ee #cg ---------------------------------------- ---------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,capta9 #a ,(fic]s4 ,second ,capta9 #a ,lieut5ants #c ,assi/4-,surgeon #a ,/aff-,s]jeants #b ,s]jeants #g ,non-,commission$ ,corporals #e ,(fic]s & ,bomb>di]s #f ,m54 ,gunn]s #bje ,driv]s ,trumpet]s #b ,f>ri] #a ,artific]s4 ,%oe+-smi?s #f ,coll>-mak]s #c ,:eel]s #b --- ,total #bde ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,detail ,,( ,a #cb-,,p\nd] ,,h[itz] ,,field ,,batt]y1 ,,royal ,,artill]y1 ,,= ,,active ,,s]vice ,,) ,,! ,,army ,,9 ,,! ,,ea/4 ,key3 ,a ,numb] ( ,c>riages4 ,c ,gunn]s4 ,d ,driv]s4 ,e ,rid+4 ,f ,draught4 ,g ,total4 ,h ,sets ( ,appo9tm5ts4 ,i ,(fic]s4 ,j ,n4 ,c4 ,(fic]s4 ,l ,h>ness ,sets ,d\ble4 ,m ,lead4 ,n ,:eel4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,m54 ,horses4 ,,equipm5t4 ------------------------ ,a ,c & ,d ,g ,e ,f ,g ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #d #cb ,p\nd] ,h[itz]s #dh #af #fd 4 #cb #cb #ab ,h[itz] ,ammunition ,waggons #bd #cf #fj 4 #gb #gb #a ,/ore ,limb] ,waggon 4 #c #c 4 #f #f #a ,sp>e ,h[itz] ,c>riage 4 #d #d 4 #h #h #a ,=ge 4 #c #c 4 #f #f #a ,/ore ,c>t 4 #a #a 4 #b #b #a ,m$ic9e ,c>t 4 #a #a 4 #b #b #b ,fl&]s ,waggons 4 #d #d 4 #h #h #c ,wat] ,c>ts 4 #c #c 4 #f #f 4 ,= ,/aff ,s]jeants1 & 4 4 4 #aj 4 #aj ,m\nt$ ,non-,com4 ,(fic]s ,trumpet]s 4 4 4 #b 4 #b ,f>ri] 4 4 4 #a 4 #a ,%oe+-smi? 4 4 4 #a 4 #a 4 ,sp>e ,m51 ,(fic]s' #ae #bd #ci #b #bj #bb ,s]vants & ,btm51 c41 & ,sp>e ,horses 4 ,(fic]s' ,horses 4 4 4 #f 4 #f 4 ,bt ,horses 4 4 4 4 #f #f --- ------------------------ #bf ,total ,c>riages4 ,total #hg #ie #ahb #bb #afh #aij ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,h ,l ,,equipm5t4 ---------------- ,a ,i ,j ,m ,n ---------------------------------------- ---------- #d #cb ,p\nd] ,h[itz]s 4 4 #ab #d #ab ,h[itz] ,ammunition ,waggons 4 4 #bd #ab #a ,/ore ,limb] ,waggon 4 4 #b #a #a ,sp>e ,h[itz] ,c>riage 4 4 #c #a #a ,=ge 4 4 #b #a #a ,/ore ,c>t 4 4 4 #a #a ,m$ic9e ,c>t 4 4 4 #a #b ,fl&]s ,waggons 4 4 #b #b #c ,wat] ,c>ts 4 4 4 #c 4 ,= ,/aff ,s]jeants1 & 4 #aj 4 4 ,m\nt$ ,non-,com4 ,(fic]s ,trumpet]s 4 #b 4 4 ,f>ri] 4 #a 4 4 ,%oe+-smi? 4 #a 4 4 4 ,sp>e ,m51 ,(fic]s' 4 #a #c #c ,s]vants & ,btm51 c41 & ,sp>e ,horses 4 ,(fic]s' ,horses #f 4 4 4 4 ,bt ,horses 4 4 4 4 --- ---------------- #bf ,total ,c>riages4 ,total #f #ae #dh #bi ---------------------------------------- ---------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,capta9 #a ,(fic]s4 ,second ,capta9 ,lieut5ants #c ,assi/4-,surgeon #a ,/aff ,s]jeants #b ,s]jeants #f ,non-,commission$ ,corporals #e ,(fic]s & ,bomb>di]s #f ,m54 ,gunn]s #ahb ,driv]s ,trumpet]s #b ,f>ri] #a ,artific]s4 ,%oe+-smi?s #e ,coll>-mak]s #b ,:eel]s #b --- ,total #bai ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,detail ,,( ,a ,,res]ve ,,( ,,gun ,,& ,,small ,,arm ,,ammunition ,,= ,,active ,,s]vice ,,) ,,! ,,army ,,9 ,,! ,,ea/4 ,key3 ,a ,numb] ( ,c>riages4 ,c ,gunn]s4 ,d ,driv]s4 ,e ,rid+4 ,f ,draught4 ,g ,total4 ,h ,sets ( ,appo9tm5ts4 ,i ,(fic]s4 ,j ,n4 ,c4 ,(fic]s4 ,l ,h>ness ,sets ,d\ble4 ,m ,lead4 ,n ,:eel4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,m54 ,horses4 ,,equipm5t4 ------------------------ ,a ,c & ,d ,g ,e ,f ,g ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #cj ,ammunition ,gun #d #h #ab #bj 4 #bd #bd ,waggons ,h[itz] #b #d #f #aj 4 #ab #ab ,small arm #bd #bd #gb #if 4 #add #add #a ,/ore ,limb] ,waggon 4 #c #c 4 #f #f #a ,=ge 4 #c #c 4 #f #f #a ,/ore ,c>t 4 #a #a 4 #b #b #a ,m$ic9e ,c>t 4 #a #a 4 #b #b #b ,light ,=age ,waggons 4 #d #d 4 #h #h #c ,wat] ,c>ts 4 #c #c 4 #f #f 4 ,= ,/aff-,s]jeants & 4 4 4 #aj 4 #aj ,m\nt$ ,non-,com4 ,(fic]s ,trumpet]s 4 4 4 #b 4 #b ,f>ri] 4 4 4 #a 4 #a ,%oe+-smi? 4 4 4 #a 4 #a 4 ,sp>e ,m51 ,(fic]s' #ab #bg #ci #b #ah #bj ,s]vants & ,btm51 c41 & ,sp>e ,horses 4 ,(fic]s' ,horses 4 4 4 #f 4 #f 4 ,bt ,horses 4 4 4 4 #f #f --- ------------------------ #ci ,total ,c>riages4 ,total #dh #acb #ahj #bb #bcd #bef ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,h ,l ,,equipm5t4 ---------------- ,a ,i ,j ,m ,n ---------------------------------------- ---------- #cj ,ammunition ,gun #d 4 4 #h #d ,waggons ,h[itz] #b 4 4 #d #b ,small arm #bd 4 4 #dh #bd #a ,/ore ,limb] ,waggon 4 4 #b #a #a ,=ge 4 4 #b #a #a ,/ore ,c>t 4 4 4 #a #a ,m$ic9e ,c>t 4 4 4 #a #b ,light ,=age ,waggons 4 4 #b #b #c ,wat] ,c>ts 4 4 4 #c 4 ,= ,/aff-,s]jeants & 4 #aj 4 4 ,m\nt$ ,non-,com4 ,(fic]s ,trumpet]s 4 #b 4 4 ,f>ri] 4 #a 4 4 ,%oe+-smi? 4 #a 4 4 4 ,sp>e ,m51 ,(fic]s' 4 #a #b #a ,s]vants & ,btm51 c41 & ,sp>e ,horses 4 ,(fic]s' ,horses #f 4 4 4 4 ,bt ,horses 4 4 4 4 --- ---------------- #ci ,total ,c>riages4 ,total #f #ae #fh #dj ---------------------------------------- ---------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,capta9 #a ,(fic]s4 ,second ,capta9 #a ,lieut5ants #c ,assi/4-,surgeon #a ,/aff-,s]jeants #b ,s]jeants #f ,non-,commission$ ,corporals #e ,(fic]s & ,bomb>di]s #g ,m54 ,gunn]s #ahj ,driv]s ,trumpet]s #b ,f>ri] #a ,artific]s4 ,%oe+-smi?s #f ,coll>-mak]s #c ,:eel]s #b --- ,total #bbj ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,detail ,,( ,a ,,gun ,,ammunition ,,res]ve ,,= ,,active ,,s]vice1 ,,& ,,to ,,be ,,atta*$ ,,to ,,! ,,res]ve ,,artill]y ,,) ,,! ,,army ,,9 ,,! ,,ea/4 ,key3 ,a ,numb] ( ,c>riages4 ,c ,gunn]s4 ,d ,driv]s4 ,e ,rid+4 ,f ,draught4 ,g ,total4 ,h ,sets ( ,appo9tm5ts4 ,i ,(fic]s4 ,j ,n4 ,c4 ,(fic]s4 ,l ,h>ness ,sets ,d\ble4 ,m ,lead4 ,n ,:eel4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,m54 ,horses4 ,,equipm5t4 ------------------------ ,a ,c & ,d ,g ,e ,f ,g ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #bd ,ammunition ,gun #af #cb #dh #hj 4 #if #if ,waggons ,h[itz] #h #af #bd #dj 4 #dh #dh #a ,/ore ,limb] ,waggon 4 #c #c 4 #f #f #a ,=ge 4 #c #c 4 #f #f #a ,/ore ,c>t 4 #a #a 4 #b #b #a ,m$ic9e ,c>t 4 #a #a 4 #b #b #b ,light ,=age ,waggons 4 #d #d 4 #h #h #c ,wat] ,c>ts 4 #c #c 4 #f #f #b ,sp>e ,gun ,c>riages--#a 4 #f #f 4 #ab #ab ,gun & #a ,h[itz] 4 ,= ,/aff-,s]jeants & 4 4 4 #ad 4 #ad ,m\nt$ ,non-,com4 ,(fic]s ,trumpet]s 4 4 4 #b 4 #b ,f>ri] 4 4 4 #a 4 #a ,%oe+-smi?s 4 4 4 #b 4 #b 4 ,sp>e ,m51 ,(fic]s' #ae #cj #de #b #bj #bb ,s]vants & ,btm51 c41 & ,sp>e ,horses 4 ,(fic]s' ,horses 4 4 4 #f 4 #f 4 ,bt ,horses 4 4 4 #f #f 4 --- ------------------------ #ce ,total ,c>riages4 ,total #fc #abc #ahf #bg #bab #bci ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,h ,l ,,equipm5t4 ---------------- ,a ,i ,j ,m ,n ---------------------------------------- ---------- #bd ,ammunition ,gun #af 4 4 #cb #af ,waggons ,h[itz] #h 4 4 #af #h #a ,/ore ,limb] ,waggon 4 4 #b #a #a ,=ge 4 4 #b #a #a ,/ore ,c>t 4 4 4 #a #a ,m$ic9e ,c>t 4 4 4 #a #b ,light ,=age ,waggons 4 4 #b #b #c ,wat] ,c>ts 4 4 4 #c #b ,sp>e ,gun ,c>riages--#a 4 4 #d #b ,gun & #a ,h[itz] 4 ,= ,/aff-,s]jeants & 4 #aj 4 4 ,m\nt$ ,non-,com4 ,(fic]s ,trumpet]s 4 #b 4 4 ,f>ri] 4 #a 4 4 ,%oe+-smi?s 4 #b 4 4 4 ,sp>e ,m51 ,(fic]s' 4 #a #b #a ,s]vants & ,btm51 c41 & ,sp>e ,horses 4 ,(fic]s' ,horses #f 4 4 4 4 ,bt ,horses 4 4 4 4 --- ---------------- #ce ,total ,c>riages4 ,total #f #af #fj #cf ---------------------------------------- ---------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,capta9 #a ,(fic]s4 ,second ,capta9 #a ,lieut5ants #c ,assi/4-,surgeon #a ,/aff-,s]jeants #b ,s]jeants #f ,non-,commission$ ,corporals #e ,(fic]s & ,bomb>di]s #g ,m54 ,gunn]s #ahf ,driv]s ,trumpet]s #b ,f>ri] #a ,artific]s4 ,%oe+-smi?s #g ,coll>-mak]s #c ,:eel]s #d --- ,total #bbi ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,detail ,,( ,a ,,small ,,arm ,,ammunition ,,res]ve ,,= ,,active ,,s]vice1 ,,to ,,be ,,atta*$ ,,to ,,! ,,res]ve ,,artill]y ,,) ,,! ,,army ,,9 ,,! ,,ea/4 ,key3 ,a ,numb] ( ,c>riages4 ,c ,gunn]s4 ,d ,driv]s4 ,e ,rid+4 ,f ,draught4 ,g ,total4 ,h ,sets ( ,appo9tm5ts4 ,i ,(fic]s4 ,j ,n4 ,c4 ,(fic]s4 ,l ,h>ness ,sets ,d\ble4 ,m ,lead4 ,n ,:eel4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,m54 ,horses4 ,,equipm5t4 ------------------------ ,a ,c & ,d ,g ,e ,f ,g ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #cf ,small ,arm ,ammunition ,waggons #cf #ajh #add 4 #baf #baf #a ,/ore ,limb] ,waggon 4 #c #c 4 #f #f #a ,=ge 4 #c #c 4 #f #f #a ,/ore ,c>t 4 #a #a 4 #b #b #a ,m$ic9e ,c>t 4 #a #a 4 #b #b #b ,light ,=age ,waggons 4 #d #d 4 #h #h #c ,wat] ,c>ts 4 #c #c 4 #f #f 4 ,= ,/aff-,s]jeants & 4 4 4 #aj 4 #aj m\nt$ ,non-,com4 ,(fic]s ,trumpet]s 4 4 4 #b 4 #b ,f>ri] 4 4 4 #a 4 #a ,%oe+-smi? 4 4 4 #a 4 #a 4 ,sp>e ,m51 ,(fic]s' #cj #ca #fa #d #bj #bd ,s]vants & ,btm51 c41 & ,sp>e ,horses 4 ,(fic]s' ,horses 4 4 4 #f 4 #f 4 ,bt ,horses 4 4 4 4 #f #f --- ------------------------ #de ,total ,c>riages4 ,total #ff #aed #bbj #bd #bgb #bif ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,h ,l ,,equipm5t4 ---------------- ,a ,i ,j ,m ,n ---------------------------------------- ---------- #cf ,small ,arm ,ammunition ,waggons 4 4 #gb #cf #a ,/ore ,limb] ,waggon 4 4 #b #a #a ,=ge 4 4 #b #a #a ,/ore ,c>t 4 4 4 #a #a ,m$ic9e ,c>t 4 4 4 #a #b ,light ,=age ,waggons 4 4 #b #b #c ,wat] ,c>ts 4 4 4 #c 4 ,= ,/aff-,s]jeants & 4 #aj 4 4 m\nt$ ,non-,com4 ,(fic]s ,trumpet]s 4 #b 4 4 ,f>ri] 4 #a 4 4 ,%oe+-smi? 4 #a 4 4 4 ,sp>e ,m51 ,(fic]s' 4 #b #d #b ,s]vants & ,btm51 c41 & ,sp>e ,horses 4 ,(fic]s' ,horses #f 4 4 4 4 ,bt ,horses 4 4 4 4 --- ---------------- #de ,total ,c>riages4 ,total #f #af #hb #dg ---------------------------------------- ---------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,capta9 #a ,(fic]s4 ,second ,capta9 #a ,lieut5ants #c ,assi/4-,surgeon #a ,/aff-,s]jeants #b ,s]jeants #f ,non-,commission$ ,corporals #e ,(fic]s & ,bomb>di]s #g ,m54 ,gunn]s #bbj ,driv]s ,trumpet]s #b ,f>ri] #a ,artific]s4 ,%oe+-smi?s #g ,coll>-mak]s #c ,:eel]s #b --- ,total #bfa ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,on ,,! ,,int]ior ,,managem5t ,,( ,a ,,batt]y4 #a4 ,! greate/ c>e %\ld be paid to ! fitt+s ( ! saddles & coll>s2 ext5sive sore backs & gall$ %\ld]s arise *iefly f neglect on ! m>*3 & by prompt att5tion on ! "p ( ! (fic]s1 _m horses may be pres]v$ to ! s]vice1 :i* w\ld o!rwise be disabl$ = mon?s4 ,! driv]s %\ld nev] be suff]$ to l\nge 9 _! saddles1 or to sit unev54 ,a fold$ blanket "u ! saddle is f\nd to be ! be/ prev5tive ( sore backs1 z x adapts ! %ape ( ! saddle to any loss ( fle% 9 ! animal4 ,on long m>*es1 ! %aft horse %\ld inv>iably be provid$ ) a half blanket "u ! pad saddle2 e driv] %\ld also h atta*$ to 8 h>ness a pair ( pads ( basil lea!r1 ab\t six in*es by f\r1 /uff$ ) hair2 & ! mom5t any t5d]ness is p]ceiv$ 9 a horse's %\ld]1 ! pressure %\ld be reliev$ by plac+ ! pads above & bel[ ! t5d] "p4 #b4 ,on a m>*1 !re w always be an advanc$ & re> gu>d2 ! advanc$ gu>d ( "o day becom+ ! re> gu>d ( ! next4 ,on arriv+ on ! gr\nd :]e ! batt]y is to be p>k$1 ! advanc$ gu>d w imm$iately pit* _! t5t1 & po/ s5t9els4 ,:5 ! batt]y quits its gr\nd1 ! non-commission$ (fic] ( ! gu>d is responsible t no?+ be left beh9d4 #c4 ,:5 a batt]y is to m>*1 ! camp kettles1 & ev]y?+ t w n be requir$ be=e morn+1 %\ld be la%$ on ! c>riages at sunset4 #d4 ,9 p>k+ guns1 ! usual int]val is t5 or twelve paces2 b on a m>*1 t ev]y?+ may be bett] "u ! eye ( ! s5t9els1 ! int]vals may be dim9i%$ to ?ree or f\r paces4 ,! guns are to be 9 ! fir/ l9e1 cov]$ by _! respective waggons2 ! sp>e ammunition & /ore c>riages 9 ! ?ird l9e4 ,! t5ts ( ! deta*m5t are sometimes on ! flanks ( ! batt]y1 & sometimes 9 re> ( _! respective sub-divisions3 ! (fic]s 9 re> ( ! batt]y4 ,! horses are sometimes picket$ 9 re> ( ! :ole1 & p>allel to ! l9e ( guns1 & sometimes p]p5dicul> to ?is l9e1 & on ! flanks betwe5 ! deta*m5ts1 t5ts1 & ! c>riages2 b 9 g5]al1 ! =m ( encamp+ w dep5d on ! nature ( ! gr\nd & local circum/ances4 ,9 e situation ! approa* to ! p>k1 & ! road by :i* ! guns are br\ght out1 %\ld be kept cle> & op54 #e4 ,if ! batt]y is p>k$ 9 hot wea!r1 ! naves ( ! :eels mu/ be def5d$ z mu* z possible f ! effect ( ! sun1 by sods or o!r cov]+4 #f4 ,:5 a batt]y arrives 9 camp1 qu>t]s1 or cantonm5ts1 ea* non-commission$ (fic] w imm$iately exam9e e "p ( ! c>riages ( 8 sub-division1 especially ! :eels1 to ! greas+ ( :i* he w att5d4 ,any damages1 to be repair$ )\t delay1 he w report to ! (fic] ( 8 division1 :o w report to ! comm&] ( ! batt]y4 #g4 ,:5 a batt]y is 9 /ation>y qu>t]s1 !re mu/ be a weekly inspection ( e "p ( ! batt]y1 & a p>ade 9 m>*+ ord]1 :5 circum/ances w p]mit2 at :i* p>ade1 e "p ( ! h>ness & appo9tm5ts ( gunn]s & driv]s is expect$ to be 9 ! be/ ord]4 ,p>ticul> att5tion %\ld be paid to ! /ate ( ! ammunition1 :i* %\ld be frequ5tly air$2 & no fre% ammunition %\ld ev] be receiv$ )\t be+ gaug$ to ! guns4 #h4 ,! driv]s mu/ imm$iately report any loss or breakage ( _! h>ness2 &1 on ! in/ant1 make kn[n to ! non-commission$ (fic] ( ! sub-division1 any gall or o!r hurt :i* may h happ5$ to ! horses committ$ to _! *>ge3 any neglect on ?is po9t mu/ be puni%$4 ,air+ & beat+ ) a knott$ rope ! /uff+ ( ! coll>s & saddles is an important "p ( ! driv]'s duty1 :i* %\ld nev] be omitt$ on cont9u$ m>*es4 ,9 camp1 greasy heels are ! mo/ common disability :i* horses lab\r "u2 & z !y proce$ f cold1 occasion+ hum\rs to settle1 ! be/ prev5tive is h&-rubb+ & ex]cise1 to keep up a circulation4 #i4 ,unless = "s p>ticul> purpose1 ! elevat+ screws %\ld nev] be rais$ high] ?an ! half ( _! l5g?2 on a m>*1 !y %\ld be cov]$ ) a piece ( canvas1 or an old flannel c>tridge1 :i* w prev5t _! be+ clogg$ ) dirt2 & ! travell+ *a9 %\ld be always appli$4 ,! p9tail1 & ! trail plate eye1 %\ld be greas$ previ\s to m>*+4 #aj4 ,aft] a field day1 or an action1 ! bores ( ! guns %\ld be wa%$1 & !n laid "u metal4 #aa4 ,if a :eel be s disabl$ z n to be wor? repair+1 ! nave1 if n damag$1 %\ld be at any rate sav$4 ,if ! nave be good1 a new :eel c easily be made f mat]ials p]haps f\nd on ! spot1 b x is v difficult to f9d a nave4 #ab4 ,9 m>*+ 9 ord9>y circum/ances1 ! (fic] next = duty w always proce$ 9 advance1 to take up qu>t]s1 & to *oose gr\nd = p>k+1 or encamp+ on2 & ! (fic] on duty = ! day w always m>* 91 & br+ up ! re>4 #ac4 ,:5 a batt]y is to m>*1 & 8,boot & saddle0 has be5 s\nd$1 ! (fic] ( ! day1 ! non-commission$ (fic]s1 driv]s1 & horses w turn out1 & imm$iately proce$ to ! p>k & put-to2 if encamp$1 t5ts to be /ruck1 & la%$ to ! c>riages4 ,at ! s\nd 8,turn out10 ! :ole ( ! (fic]s1 non-commission$ (fic]s1 & gunn]s1 repair to ! p>k2 & :5 ! usual inspections h be5 made1 & ! regul> reports deliv]$ to ! comm&]1 ! batt]y w be m>*$ (f4 #ad4 ,fe$+ w always take place ?ree times a day at ! p>k1 "u ! inspection ( ! (fic] ( ! day2 :5 ! nose-bags h be5 fill$ by ! non-commission$ (fic] 9 *>ge ( ! =age1 ! trumpet] is to s\nd 8,fe$10 ! nose-bags are put on1 & ! driv]s fall 91 9 front2 aft] ! fe$1 ! nose-bags are roll$ up & buckl$ on4 #ae4 ,a non-commission$ (fic] is to h *>ge ( & s]ve out ! corn & =age1 :i* = security w be deposit$ at ! p>k gu>d2 b on a m>*1 :5 ! corn is c>ri$ on ! ammunition waggons1 no m corn %\ld be tak5 (f ! c>riages ?an is likely to be want$4 #af4 ,buckets are provid$ = wat]+ ! horses on a m>*2 by ?is means !y c be wat]$ f wells or places inaccessible to ! animals1 or at lea/ to m ?an "o or two ( !m at a "t3 b ! op]ation is a long "o4 ,if on a m>* a small riv] or /ream ( wat] is to be =d$1 ?is opportunity ( wat]+ !m1 or at any rate ( giv+ !m a m\?ful ( wat] 9 cross+ x1 %\ld be seiz$3 x saves mu* "t4 ,%\ld ! /ream1 h[ev]1 be v rapid1 or deep1 or %\ld !re be troops imm$iately 9 ! re>1 no halt %\ld be made 9 =d+ x4 #ag4 ,! ,s]jeant-major is to sup]9t5d all p>ades & drills1 "u ! inspection ( ! (fic] on duty4 ,! ,qu>t]ma/] s]jeant is to draw provisions & =age2 he is to make out returns1 & h *>ge ( ! sp>e /ores4 #ah4 ,! ,trumpet] is always to be qu>t]$ 9 ! ne>e/ billet to ! comm&+ (fic]2 & ! m5 & horses ( ea* sub-division & division to be z ne> toge!r z possible4 ,a gunn] f ea* sub-division1 or a gunn] ( ! gu>d1 is to be made acqua9t$ ) ! qu>t]s ( ! comm&] ( ! batt]y1 t 9 any em]g5cy !re may be no delay 9 f9d+ him out3 ! same applies to ! (fic]s ( divisions z f> z _! divisions are conc]n$4 #ai4 ,! ,f>ri] is to report e ev5+ to ! comm&+ (fic] ! /ate ( ! sick animals2 & on ! ----1 7! p>ticul> days to be m5tion$7 a return1 9 writ+1 ( ! numb] ( horse 7& mule1 if any7 %oes1 & quantity ( horse m$ic9es exp5d$4 #bj4 ,! s5ior ,coll>-mak]1 ! ,jobb+-smi?1 & ! ,:eel]1 to make simil> reports ( ! /ores exp5d$ 9 _! sev]al dep>tm5ts3 ^! reports to be deliv]$ to ! s]jeant-major1 to be laid by him be=e ! comm&] ( ! batt]y4 #ba4 ,! ,artific]s are to "w z ne> z possible to ! p>k gu>d1 ! non-commission$ (fic] ( :i* is responsible t no "w is done1 or horse %od1 except = ! batt]y1 )\t writt5 p]mission f ! comm&]4 #bb4 ,! ,=ge1 :5 employ$1 %\ld be remov$ to a prop] di/ance f ! p>k4 ,x %\ld1 at night1 be br\ght back to its place1 & ev]y?+ arrang$ on x1 s t1 %\ld ! batt]y be sudd5ly ord]$ to m>*1 !re may be no delay4 ,,lasso4 ,lasso h>ness consi/s ( a br[n lea!r surc+le1 & "o trace4 ,! surc+le is r wid] ?an a common gir?1 & is compos$ ( two pieces 7jo9$ toge!r by r+s71 "o ( :i* is plac$ ov] ! saddle1 & ! o!r r\nd ! belly ( ! horse4 ,!re are also r+s at ! end ( ! surc+le1 :i* is drawn v firmly r\nd ! horse1 & fa/5$ tight by lapp+ a :ite lea!r ?ong 7fix$ at "o end ( ! surc+le7 ?r\gh ^! r+s4 ,!re are two descriptions ( traces1 "o be+ #h1 & ! o!r #ab feet long4 ,!y h hooks at ea* end1 &1 :5 ! lasso h>ness is made use ( by cavalry1 c41 to assi/ draught horses 9 mov+ v heavy c>riages1 or 9 dragg+ guns1 c41 up /eep hills1 "o ( ^! hooks is fa/5$ to a r+ 9 ! surc+le1 & ! o!r to ! c>riage1 c4 ,lasso h>ness may be advantage\sly employ$ ) all horses2 ev5 ^? unaccu/om$ to draught hav+ be5 f\nd p]fectly tractable & effici5t ! fir/ "t !y 7 requir$ to draw by means ( ! lasso4 ,:5 two horses are 9 draught1 ! traces mu/ be inside1 & ea* rid] %\ld keep 8 horse's cr\p a little outw>ds4 ,,emb>k+1 ,,& ,,disemb>k+4 ,! foll[+ directions w be f\nd applicable to ne>ly all ! cases likely to occur3 su* z emb>k+1 or disemb>k+ f a bea*2 f a :>f2 )1 or )\t boats2 9 pres5ce ( an enemy1 c41 c4 ,sec4 #ci4ag ,emb>k+ ,guns1 & ,c>riages4 ,prep>ations4 #a4 ,on ! arrival ( ! batt]y at ! place ( emb>kation1 x is to be drawn up 9 z compact ord] z is consi/5t ) ! p]=mance ( ! op]ations requir$4 ,! horses are to be tak5 out2 ! h>ness tak5 (f & pack$ 9 vats1 & ! /ores 9 cases4 ,:5 !re are no vats & cases1 ! /ores mu/ be secur$ to ! c>riages or ti$ toge!r3 ! intr5*+ tools may rema9 ) ! c>riages4 ,! non-commission$ (fic]s 9 *>ge ( sub-divisions w atta* to _! h>ness & /ores1 pieces ( basil hav+ ! numb] ( _! sub-divisions writt5 ^u !m4 ,! h>ness = ea* c>riage %\ld be emb>k$ ) x4 #b4 ,! gun deta*m5ts w prep>e ! c>riages = emb>kation4 ,!y w take (f ! side arms & secure !m toge!r1 take out ! elevat+ screws1 unkey ! cap-squ>es1 unla% ! ammunition boxes1 & coil up ! la%+ ropes4 ,ea* c>riage1 :5 call$ =1 is to be run =w>d to ! boat or crane2 ! gun is to be unlimb]$ & dism\nt$2 ! ammunition boxes1 %afts1 :eels1 c41 to be tak5 (f2 ! wa%]s & l9*-p9s mu/ be c>efully put away 9 ! sl[ mat* box1 & 9 ! small box betwe5 ! limb] boxes4 ,e article mu/ be /[$ away ) ! greate/ c>e1 & arrang$ s z to be got at )\t delay4 #c4 ,^? articles :i* w be ! la/ requir$ :5 disemb>k+ are ! fir/ to be emb>k$4 ,! divisions1 & ev]y?+ belong+ to !m1 %\ld be kept toge!r z mu* z possible4 ,! fir/ to be emb>k$ are ! sp>e c>riages & =ge1 :i* are to be /[$ =w>d1 ! left division next to !m1 & be=e ! ma9 hat*way2 ! c5tre abaft ! hat*way2 ! "r "u ! hat*way4 ,! :ole ( ! guns are put toge!r1 g5]ally 9 ! bottom ( ! hold1 v5ts turn$ d[nw>ds1 & a fid 9 !m1 to prev5t _! be+ *ok$4 #d4 ,:5 a batt]y is emb>k$ 9 diff]5t vessels1 e "p %\ld be complete1 & a proportion ( g5]al /ores be on bo>d ( ea*4 ,if ! voyage is likely to la/ "s days1 ! c>t\*es ) ! ammunition mu/ be tak5 out ( ! boxes1 & /[$ 9 ! magaz9e4 ,! ammunition mu/ be s plac$ t :atev] "p belongs to any p>ticul> c>riage may be got at )\t difficulty4 ,:5 ! c>t\*es are n tak5 out1 ! boxes mu/ be /[$ well aft 9 ! hold1 or betwe5 decks1 & !y %\ld be well cov]$ ) wadmilltilts1 or hair clo?s4 #e4 ,9 emb>k+ f a bea*1 x may be necess>y to erect small %e]s1 made ( a c\ple ( topgallant ma/s1 previ\sly prep>$ = ! purpose4 ,9 emb>k+ f a :>f1 if !re are cranes1 !y %\ld be made use (4 ,if boats are employ$1 ! loads mu/ be regulat$ by ! /ate ( ! wea!r1 & di/ance ( ! vessels4 ,emb>k+ ! horses4 #f4 ,:5 ! vessels c come alongside a :>f1 ! horses are hoi/$ 9 by means ( tackle4 ,! sl+s1 made ( canvas1 %\ld be m9utely inspect$1 to see t !y are secure4 ,!re mu/ be a d\ble guy made fa/ to ! horse's head1 "o end on %ore1 ! o!r on bo>d1 to keep 8 head /eady4 ,a %oe+-smi? %\ld be 9 ea* %ip1 to receive ! horses4 #g4 ,a horse requires at lea/ f\r m5 besides ! driv] to sl+ him1 "o on ea* side1 "o at 8 brea/1 & "o beh9d4 ,"o end ( ! sl+ is pass$ "u 8 belly1 & bo? ends made to meet ov] 8 back2 "o man passes 8 loop ?r\gh ! o!r1 x is receiv$ by ! man on ! o!r side1 :o hauls x ?r\gh1 hook+ ! tackle to x1 bo? m5 hold+ up ! ends ( ! sl+4 ,! m5 at ! brea/ & beh9d br+ _! ropes r\nd1 & make !m fa/ to ! grummets4 ,! driv] holds ! horse's head1 & makes fa/ ! guys to x4 ,! horse be+ previ\sly bl9dfold$1 ! ^w 8,,hoi/ ,,away0 is giv51 & he is hoi/$ on bo>d4 ,! sl+ is !n tak5 (f1 & he is l$ to 8 place2 ! fir/ horses be+ always plac$ =w>d or aft1 z ! %ip fills2 ! /alls ne>e/ ! hat*way be+ res]v$ = ! horses :i* are to be fir/ l&$4 #h4 ,! horses are to be emb>k$ 9 ! same ord] z ! c>riages1 tak+ c>e t ! (fic]s' & non-commission$ (fic]s' horses are on bo>d ) ! divisions to :i* !y belong4 ,! f>ri]s & %oe+-smi?s %\ld be di/ribut$ 9 diff]5t %ips4 #i4 ,:5 horses are emb>k$ 9 boats2 %e]s1 or a d]rick1 are necess>y4 ,! head ( ! d]rick mu/ incl9e inw>ds :5 ! horse is ris+1 b :5 he is high en\gh ! head ( ! d]rick or %e]s mu/ be =c$ out1 to br+ ! horse ov] ! boat4 ,?is applies to a bea*1 or :>f4 ,s& or /raw %\ld be put 9 ! boats1 to prev5t ! horses slipp+4 ,!y %\ld /& a?w>t1 ! head ( "o horse be+ on ! />bo>d1 & ! head ( ! next on ! l>bo>d side4 ,! driv]s sit on ! gunwale1 or /& betwe5 ! horses4 #aj4 ,:5 horses are emb>k$ f an op5 bea* )\t any appliances1 !y are to be l$ to ! boat1 & ! halt] giv5 to "o ( ! m5 9 x4 ,! horse mu/ !n be made to walk or leap into x1 ! gunwale ( ! boat be+ incl9$ t[>ds ! %ore4 ,a quiet horse %\ld fir/ be emb>k$1 & ! o!rs w m readily foll[4 #aa4 ,9 emb>k+ 9 pres5ce ( an enemy1 ! horses & c>riages1 %\ld fir/ be emb>k$1 ! guns be+ reta9$ to ! la/1 to repel any attack4 ,if ! position be a mile or two f ! place ( emb>kation1 x may be necess>y to reta9 a portion ( ! horses4 ,,application ,,( ,,field ,,artill]y4#ah ,g5]al rem>ks4 #a4 ,9 a def5sive position1 ! guns ( ! l>ge/ calibre %\ld be po/$ on ! weake/ po9ts ( ! l9e1 & on ^? f :5ce ! enemy c be discov]$ at ! greate/ di/ance4 ,^? heights on :i* ! enemy 9 advanc+ may re/ 8 flanks1 & ^? f :5ce he may be fir$ ^u obliquely1 mu/ also be occupi$ by ! l>ge/ calibres4 #b4 ,9 an (f5sive position1 ! guns ( ! heavie/ calibre %\ld be plac$ 9 su* situations z w r5d] !m available1 )\t difficulty1 = any op]ations 9 advance4 ,9 heavy gr\nd1 a n9e or twelve p\nd] batt]y1 :5 com+ into action1 %\ld rev]se1 :5 x w be only necess>y to drop ! trail1 in/ead ( c>ry+ x r\nd by h&4 #c4 ,! guns %\ld be plac$ z mu* z possible "u cov]2 ?is is easily done on heights1 by keep+ !m s f> back t ! muzzles are only to be se5 ov] !m4 ,by prop] att5tion1 advantage may be tak5 ( _m situations1 su* z banks1 dit*es1 c4 #d4 ,artill]y 9 ! field %\ld be conceal$ f ! enemy till ! v mom5t x is to op52 ! guns may be mask$ by be+ a little retir$1 or by be+ cov]$ ) troops1 p>ticul>ly by cavalry4 ,ammunition waggons4 #e4 ,no positive rule c be laid d[n = all cases1 ) respect to ! ammunition waggons 9 pres5ce ( an enemy3 ?is mu/ dep5d on a v>iety ( circum/ances2 b 9 g5]al x w be f\nd exp$i5t to place !m "u *>ge ( an (fic]1 :o w con=m to ! movem5ts ( ! ma9 body1 9 su* a mann] & at su* di/ance1 z to enable him to supply ! guns ) ammunition1 be=e t :i* is 9 ! limb]s is exp5d$4 #f4 ,! spot select$ = a batt]y %\ld be "o :i* does n pres5t any ob/acles to ! ult]ior movem5ts4 #g4 ,! mo/ elevat$ situations are n ! be/2 ! greate/ effect may be produc$ at a di/ance ( six hundr$ y>ds1 f a height ( ?irty or =ty y>ds2 & at two hundr$ y>ds di/ance f a height ( sixte54 #h4 ,r\nd %ot %\ld be us$ f ?ree hundr$ y>ds1 upw>ds4 ,! use ( case %\ld beg9 at ?ree hundr$1 & ! quickness ( fire increase z ! range dim9i%es4 #i4 ,d\ble *>ges ( case may be us$ at "o hundr$ & fifty or "o hundr$ & sixty y>ds4 ,%rapnell %ells %\ld n be us$ at a less range ?an six hundr$ & fifty y>ds4 #aj4 ,! guns %\ld nev] be ab&on$ till ! la/ extremity2 ! la/ dis*>ges are ! mo/ de/ructive4 ,on ! m>*4 #a4 ,intellig5t non-commission$ (fic]s %\ld be s5t to reconnoitre a road or gr\nd t artill]y is to pass ov]1 &1 :5 necess>y1 to report ! /ate ( x4 ,:5 ! m>* is connect$ ) milit>y op]ations1 an (fic] %\ld always be employ$ = ?is duty4 #b4 ,! (fic]s ( divisions %\ld frequ5tly halt1 to see t _! c>riages are m>*+ 9 prop] ord]1 & are well up4 #c4 ,! /ricte/ att5tion %\ld con/antly be paid to ! correct pres]vation ( di/ances1 ! loss ( :i* may be made up by small bodies ( artill]y2 b :5 9 l>ge bodies1 or :5 act+ ) infantry1 ! op]ation is att5d$ ) s]i\s disadvantage1 p>ticul>ly to ! latt]2 x is a po9t1 !re=e1 :i* _c be too /rongly insi/$ ^u1 be+ "o ( mo/ ess5tial consequ5ce4 ,advanc$ ,gu>d4 #d4 ,a batt]y m>*+ by itself %\ld always h an advanc$ gu>d4 ,9 a n>r[ road x %\ld be consid]ably 9 front1 to /op all c>riages :i* might cause ob/ruction4 ,9 a hilly road1 x %\ld reconnoitre ! top ( e hill1 & see t x is all cle> be=e ! guns come up4 #e4 ,p>ties %\ld always be s5t out on ea* flank4 #f4 ,:5 an accid5t happ5s to a c>riage1 ei!r on ! m>*1 or manuvr+1 ^? 9 its re> %\ld pass x on ! mo/ conv5i5t flank1 & fill up its int]val4 ,x w resume its place z soon z ! damage is repair$4 ,a waggon belong+ to a disabl$ gun %\ld always rema9 ) x2 b a gun mu/ n wait = its disabl$ waggon1 b leave only a suffici5t numb] ( m5 to put x into a prop] /ate4 ,cross+ =ds4 #a4 ,artill]y c cross a riv] ab\t ?ree & a half feet deep1 ?\gh mu* dep5ds on ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t4 ,! ammunition boxes are s well made t ! wat] w seldom p5etrate ?r\gh !m1 p>ticul>ly if ! riv] be n>r[1 & ! guns pass quickly4 ,! canvas c>t\*es af=d additional protection1 & !y may be tak5 out if necess>y4 #b4 ,:5 ! wat] is deep1 & ! curr5t /rong1 great att5tion mu/ be paid 9 =d+4 ,! p]son conduct+ ! column ov] a direct =d1 %\ld keep 8 eye /eadily on an object on ! opposite bank1 :i* po9ts out :]e ! =d is3 he mu/ nev] look at ! /ream1 :i* w\ld deceive him1 & w\ld appe> to c>ry him d[n1 & he w\ld endeav\r to keep too high up ! /ream1 & miss ! =d4 #c4 ,all ^? 9 ! re> %\ld keep _! eyes on ^? 9 front2 e individual %\ld wade r aga9/ ! /ream1 9 ord] to resi/ its p[]4 #d4 ,troops %\ld always cross a =d ) ! l>ge/ possible front1 = ! same reason4 #e4 ,if ! =d is n well kn[n1 & !re is no guide1 x %\ld be previ\sly exam9$1 & ! dang]\s places m>k$4 ,9 =d+1 ! horses %\ld nei!r be all[$ to trot1 halt1 or dr9k4 ,passage ( milit>y bridges4 #a4 ,great att5tion & caution are requir$ 9 pass+ ov] pontoon bridges1 ! vibratory motion ( :i* is v dang]\s1 & %\ld be less5$ by e possible means4 #b4 ,! troops1 9 pass+1 %\ld n pres]ve an equal pace4 ,!re %\ld be no halt on ! bridge4 ,z soon z ! bridge is p]ceiv$ to rock1 ! passage ( ! troops mu/ be /opp$4 #c4 ,! greate/ precaution is necess>y to prev5t accid5ts 9 tide riv]s at l[ wat]4 ,unless batt5s are nail$ across ! *esses on ! slopes1 ! horses w h ! greate/ difficulty 9 keep+ _! feet1 inde$ if ! *esses be wet x w be impossible2 ! m5 mu/ !re=e always assi/2 hold+ on :5 go+ d[n1 & mann+ ! :eels :5 go+ up4 #d4 ,! driv]s mu/ 9 "s cases dism\nt1 & an int]val mu/ be left betwe5 ! c>riages equal to _! own l5g?2 !y mu/ be pass$ ov] g5tly4 ,9 wet wea!r ov] *esses1 great c>e mu/ be tak5 to prev5t ! horses slipp+4 ,x may sometimes be necess>y1 unless ! bridge be /rong1 to pass ! c>riages & horses ov] sep>ately4 #e4 ,9 pass+ ov] a fly+ bridge1 x may occasionally be advisable to take ! horses out2 & 9 boi/]\s wea!r1 or at night1 ! :eels %\ld be lock$4 ,cross+ a bridge1 & pass+ a defile4 #a4 ,! batt]y %\ld always pass ) ! l>ge/ front possible4 #b4 ,! artill]y mu/ be previ\sly po/$ to ! "r & left ( ! bridge2 if x be flat1 & t ! o!r side c be se51 a gun or two %\ld be plac$ on ea* side1 & close to ! road lead+ to x2 ^! guns %\ld cross fir/ & come into action on ! o!r side1 ! rema9+ guns cont9ue 9 action & foll[ by degrees2 !y %\ld be po/$ at su* a di/ance f ! bridge1 t !y may keep up a fire :ile ! o!rs are cross+ & =m+4 ,advanc+ ?r\gh a defile4 #c4 ,a defile %\ld be pass$ z quickly z possible1 z x is a mu* m haz>d\s op]ation ?an cross+ a bridge4 ,artill]y c seldom be made available till x has pass$ ! defile2 :]eas x c g5]ally be employ$ 9 cle>+ ! opposite bank ( a riv]1 previ\s to ! troops pu%+ across4 ,ov] a bridge4 #d4 ,9 retreat+ ov] a bridge1 ! artill]y w gradually close 9 f ! flanks ( ! troops1 till all ! guns are 9 l9e 9 front ( ! bridge4 ,!y w cross by degrees2 ! flank guns w g5]ally cross "u ! protection ( ! c5tre ones2 !y may retire limb]$ up1 tak+ up _! position & com+ into action to ! "r & left ( ! bridge1 to protect ! c5tre guns1 :i* w retire ) ! prolonge & ) ! l>ge/ front possible4 ,!y may halt on ! highe/ "p1 or middle ( ! bridge1 & keep ! enemy 9 *eck4 ,retir+ ?r\gh a defile4 #e4 ,a batt]y %\ld retire f "o ( its flanks "u ! protection ( ! o!r2 ! cov]+ guns retir+ ) ! l>ge/ front possible4 #f4 ,%\ld ! defile be wide1 & !re are any fav\rable situations 9 x1 !y %\ld be tak5 advantage (1 & guns po/$ to protect ! retreat ( ! o!rs4 ,! situations mu/ be su* z ! guns c retire f1 & cont9ue ! retreat )\t difficulty4 #g4 ,:5 artill]y is retir+ along a road1 or ?r\gh a defile :i* is hilly1 "s ( ! guns %\ld halt on ! tops ( ! hills1 & protect ! retreat ( ^? 9 ! holl[4 ,9 ^! cases1 r\nd %ot may be fir$ ) safety to ! troops retreat+1 & p]haps ) good effect aga9/ an enemy4 #h4 ,! guns :i* are retreat+1 may pass ^? 9 position )\t halt+2 !y w take up o!r positions1 ! :ole retreat+ alt]nately4 #i4 ,9 retreat+ t[>ds a defile1 ! artill]y may retire 9 l9e1 or by half batt]ies1 or by divisions2 =m+ new l9es & retreat+ aga92 or x may retreat alt]nately2 or 9 e*ellon f ei!r flank4 ,?is mu/ dep5d on ! nature ( ! gr\nd1 & ! flank on :i* ! enemy may be4 #aj4 ,9 ^! retrograde movem5ts1 ! ammunition waggons mu/ be s5t to ! re>4 ,"o or two may be kept ne>] ?an ! o!rs1 to supply ammunition4 ,artill]y1 act+ ) o!r troops4 #a4 ,! artill]y %\ld always cov] ! troops :5 advanc+1 retir+1 or deploy+ into l9e4 #b4 ,:5 ! l9e retires by alt]nate companies1 w+s1 or battalions1 ! artill]y mu/ rema9 ) t "p ( x :i* is ne>e/ ! enemy2 retir+ ) ! prolonge1 & halt+ :5 x arrives at ! halt$ "p ( ! l9e4 ,9 column4 #c4 ,:5 ! troops are 9 column1 ! artill]y %\ld be on ! flank4 #d4 ,:5 a l9e ( troops :eels backw>d into column1 ! artill]y break into column1 & close to ! rev]se flank1 s z n to int]rupt ! l9e ( pivots4 ,,encamp+1 ,,& ,,picket+4 #ai,sec4 #bi4 ,fir/ me?od4 ,! batt]y be+ =m$ 9 l9e1 at full int]vals1 ! horses are picket$1 & ! t5ts pit*$ 9 re>4 ,prep>e to encamp1 & picket4 ,at ! ^w ,,prep>e ,,to ,,encamp1 ,,& ,,picket1 ! driv]s dism\nt & unhook2 ! m>k]s take up an alignm5t twelve y>ds 9 re> ( ! batt]y1 & fac+ x1 = ! l9e ( pickets2 ! m>k] ( ! c5tre division 9 ! c5tre2 ! o!rs ext5d f him ! numb] ( y>ds !re are horses 9 ea* half batt]y4 ,"o /aff s]jeant t5 y>ds 9 re> ( ! c5tre m>k] indicates ! alignm5t = ! m5's t5ts4 ,! second /aff s]jeant tw5ty y>ds 9 re> ( ! o!r1 to m>k ! spot = ! capta9's m>quee4 ,nos4 #a & #f unla% t5ts2 #d & #e ( ea* sub-division are told (f = ! m>quee2 #b1 #c1 #g1 & #h take a picket ea*1 #i a maul1 & ! :eel driv]s a picket l9e4 ,encamp1 & picket4 ,at ! ^w ,,encamp1 ,,& ,,picket1 ! numb]s ) ! pickets =m on ! c5tre m>k]1 fac+ to ! front1 ! numb]s ) ! mauls 9 front ( & fac+ !m4 ,! />t' (fic] gives ,,outw>ds ,,face--,,quick ,,m>*1 :5 ! m5 ) pickets ext5d outw>ds1 divid+ !mselves at equal di/ance along ! alignm5t tak5 up by ! m>k]s4 ,! /aff (fic] dresses !m1 & gives ! ^w ,,/eady1 :5 ! numb]s ) ! mauls comm5ce to drive ! pickets4 ,! m>k]s dism\nt1 & assi/ ! :eel driv]s 9 mak+ fa/ ! l9e f c5tre to flanks1 tak+ two half hit*es r\nd ea* picket1 above & bel[ ! hook4 ,! horses are !n br\ght up1 ! m>k]'s horse ( ! c5tre division 9 ! c5tre1 ! sp>e horses on ea* side ( him1 ! :eel]s1 c5tre horses1 & ! lead]s ( ! c5tre waggon next1 & ! re/ 9 succession2 ! (fic]s' & ,n4,c4 (fic]s' horses on ! flanks ( _! respective divisions4 ,fa/5+ ! horses4 ,! horses are fa/5$ by ! c5tre ( ! coll> *a9s to ! l9e1 tak+ two half hit*es r\nd x2 ! ,t end be+ also pass$ ?r\gh ! diamond l9k4 ,nos4 #a take up an alignm5t t5 y>ds 9 re> ( ! pickets1 = ! m5's t5ts4 ,!y are dress$ by ! /aff s]jeant4 ,! c5tre ( ! t5t is indicat$ by a peg2 !y !n drive f\r guy pegs to ! front1 re>1 "r1 & left1 at ?ree y>ds di/ance f ! c5tre "o4 ,nos4 #f spread out ! t5ts1 & fix ! second cord f ea* side ( ! door to ! front peg1 ! fif? cord on ea* side to ! side pegs1 & ! re> cord to ! re> peg4 ,!y !n put ! t5t-pole into ! canvas1 ly+ on ! gr\nd4 ,rais+ ! t5ts4 ,z soon z all is ready1 ! comm&+ (fic] gives ! ^w ,,raise ,,! ,,t5ts1 :i* is done by ,nos4 #f4 ,nos4 #a & #f !n drive 9 _! pegs1 & fa/5 ! rema9+ cords4 ,prep>+ ! m>quee4 ,! second /aff s]jeant dism\nts1 & ! position ( ! m>quee is indicat$ by two pegs1 driv5 at a di/ance equal to ! l5g? ( ! ridge pole1 on ! spot :]e 8 horse /ood4 ,nos4 #d & #e ( ea* sub-division 7be+ detail$ = ! m>quee71 fall 91 & are told (f by ! second /aff s]jeant1 f #a to #ab2 z eight m5 only are requir$1 ! rema9d] are sp>e4 #a1 #b1 #c1 & #d spread out ! ro(1 ! outside on ! gr\nd1 ! door to ! re>2 #e & #g d\ble ! l9+1 lay x on ! ro(1 & put 9 ! ridge pole2 #f & #h put ! /&>ds toge!r1 & pass !m ?r\gh ! l9+2 #e & #g fix ! gir?+ & ridge pole on ! spikes4 ,! inside be+ ?us arrang$1 half ( ! ro( is turn$ ov] 9 ord] to prep>e ! outside4 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #c & #d fix ! vases on ! spikes1 & take two half hit*es r\nd !m ) ! c5tre ( ea* guy4 ,! m>quee is rais$ by #e1 #f1 #g & #h1 at ! same "t z ! t5ts4 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #c & #d take a guy peg & a mallet ea*1 /ret* ! guys1 & fa/5 !m to ! pegs 9 su* a mann] t !y cross ea* o!r at ea* side1 at ! po9t ( ! dirk1 :i* is pa9t$ on ! ro(2 !y !n drive 9 ! ro( pegs1 work+ r\nd to _! left1 ) _! backs to ! m>quee2 ! pegs on ! sides to be driv5 9 a l9e p>allel to ! m>quee1 b at ! ends 9 a half circle2 #e & #f !n hook on ! wall f re> to front1 ov]lapp+ two hooks at ! re>1 & peg x d[n2 #g & #h hook on ! l9+1 & peg x d[n2 #e1 #f1 #g & #h also arrange ! door4 ,if !re is a second m>quee1 x is fix$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,z soon z ! pickets are driv51 ,nos4 #b & #c ( ea* sub-division pit* ! subalt]ns' t5ts1 direct$ by ! /aff s]jeant1 t5 y>ds 9 re> ( ! m5's t5ts1 9 ! c5tre ( _! division1 ! doors to ! front2 ,nos4 #g pit* ! gu>d t5t1 tw5ty y>ds 9 front ( ! c5tre ( ! batt]y1 ! door to ! front4 ,sec4 #cj4 ,second me?od4 ,! batt]y be+ =m$ 9 l9e1 at half int]vals1 ! horses are picket$1 & ! m5's t5ts pit*$ on ea* flank2 ! (fic]s' t5ts 9 re>4 ,at ! ^w ,,prep>e ,,to ,,encamp1 ,,& ,,picket1 ! m>k]s ( ! flank divisions m>k twelve y>ds f ! flanks ( ! batt]y = ! l9e ( pickets1 fac+ to ! re>4 ,at ! ^w ,,encamp1 ,,& ,,picket1 ! picket numb]s ( ea* half batt]y =m on ! m>k]s fac+ ! batt]y2 ! numb]s ( ! c5tre sub-divisions next ! m>k]s2 !y are fac$ to ! re>1 ext5d$ at equal di/ances1 & dress$ by ! (fic]s ( ! flank divisions2 ! di/ance !y ext5d mu/ be regulat$ by ! numb] ( horses 9 ea* half batt]y1 all[+ "o y>d = ea* horse4 ,! m5's t5ts are t5 y>ds outside ( ! l9e ( pickets1 fac+ ! horses ( _! own sub-divisions1 dress$ by ! /aff s]jeants4 ,! subalt]ns' t5ts t5 y>ds 9 re> ( ! la/ l9e ( c>riages1 & ! comm&+ (fic]'s m>quee t5 y>ds 9 re> ( !m4 ,! gu>d t5t z 9 ! fir/ me?od4 ,all ! duties ( picket+ ! horses1 pit*+ ! t5ts & m>quees1 are p]=m$ by ! same numb]s z detail$ 9 ! fir/ me?od4 ,arrangem5t ( ! h>ness4 ,if ! h>ness is to be tak5 (f1 x is plac$ 9 l9e1 t5 y>ds beh9d ! horses4 ,! traces1 bree*+1 & coll>s are put inside ! pad1 :i* is laid inside ! saddle2 & ! :ole is kept compact by buckl+ ! surc+le ( ! saddle tight r\nd x2 ! bridles are laid ov] ! cantles1 :i* are t[>ds ! horses4 ,sec4 #ca4 ,to /rike ! ,encampm5t4 ,! horses be+ h>ness$ & hook$ 91 at ! ^w ,,/rike ,,t5ts1 ,,& ,,pickets1 ! pickets are /ruck at once2 ! t5ts & m>quees prep>$ = /rik+ by pull+ up all ! pegs except ! guy ones4 ,at ! ^w ,,d[n1 ! :ole are l[]$ toge!r1 & pack$ up z quick z possible4 ,) a brigade ( batt]ies1 ! comm&+ (fic]'s m>quee w\ld be pit*$ fifte5 y>ds 9 c5tre1 & 9 re> ( ! :ole1 door to ! re>1 by ! sp>e m>quee m5 ( ea* batt]y4 ,! pickets & t5ts ( ! :ole brigade w\ld be pit*$ 9 l9e1 dress$ by ! adjutant1 & s]jeant-major4 ,,weight1 ,,dim5sions1 ,,etc41 ,,( ,,t5ts4 ,,capta9',s ,,m>quee4 ft4 94 94 ,ridge pole1 l5g? #f #aa #b ,/&>ds1 ea* #h #b 9 two pieces diamet] #b ,door /&>ds #f #c #a ,mallets1 #b4 ,p9s--,l>ge1 #d2 ,small1 #if4 ,weight ( ,m>quee complete1 #adb lb4 ,,subalt]n',s ,,m>quee4 ft4 94 94 ,ridge pole1 l5g? #f #c #b ,/&>ds1 ea* #h #j 9 two pieces diamet] #b ,door /&>ds #f #a #a ,mallets1 #b4 ,p9s--,l>ge1 #d2 ,small1 #gf4 ,weight ( ,m>quee complete1 #acb lb4 ,,bell ,,t5t1 ,,circul>4 ft4 94 94 ,/&>ds1 l5g? #aj #c 9 two pieces diamet] #b ,p9s1 #dj ,mallets1 #b4 ,weight ( ,t5t complete1 #fj lb4 ,,laboratory ,,t5t1 ,,circul>4 ft4 94 94 ,/&>ds1 l5g? #af #c 9 two diamet] ,top #c pieces ,bottom #e ,mallets1 #b4 ,p9s--,l>ge1 #d2 ,small1 #ajj4 ,weight ( ,t5t complete1 #b cwt4 #aj lb4 ,,horses4 ,! av]age weight ( artill]y horses is #aj cwt4 #b qrs4 ,an all[ance ( #bg squ>e feet is g5]ally made = ea* horse /&+ at picket1 or ?ree feet 9 bread?1 & n9e feet 9 dep?4#bj ,a horse %\ld seldom be made to draw m ?an ?ree cwt4 besides ! weight ( ! c>riage4 ,) great bur!ns1 less weight mu/ be all[$ = ea* horse to draw ?an ) m$ium bur!ns2 z ) a team ( horses1 ! lead]s _c draw s mu* z ! horses ne>] ! c>riage1 & ! disadvantage mu/ increase 9 proportion to ! l5g!n+ ( ! team4 #d horses may ea* draw #f cwt4 ,total1 #bd cwt4 ,a ,team ( #f d4 d4 #e d4 #cj d4 #h d4 d4 #d d4 #cf d4 #ab d4 d4 #d d4 #dh d4 ,^! weights include ! c>riages4 ,x is usual1 h[ev]1 9 heavy c>riages1 to reckon all _! weight exce$+ twelve cwt4 z "p ( ! load4 ,! mo/ useful mode ( apply+ a horse's p[] is 9 draught1 & ! wor/ is 9 c>ry+ a load4 ,?is is ow+ to ! /ructure ( ! animal4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ?ree m51 c>ry+ ea* #ajj lb41 w asc5d a hill ) great] rapidity ?an "o horse c>ry+ #cjj lb4 ,:5 a horse has a l>ge draught 9 a waggon1 h[ev]1 x is f\nd useful to load 8 back to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ?is prev5ts him f incl9+ s mu* =w>d z he w\ld o!rwise d1 & consequ5tly frees him f ! fatigue ( great muscul> action4 ,! be/ disposition ( ! traces 9 draught is :5 !y are p]p5dicul> to ! coll>2 :5 ! horse /&s at ease1 ! traces are !n incl9$ to ! horizon1 at an angle ( ab\t #ae2 b :5 he leans =w>d to draw1 ! traces %\ld !n become ne>ly p>allel to ! road4 ,! mo/ prop] incl9ation1 h[ev]1 is det]m9$ f ! relation :i* subsi/s betwe5 ! friction1 & ! pressure1 9 e p>ticul> case4 ,:5 a horse is employ$ 9 mov+ a ma*9e1 by travell+ 9 a circul> pa?1 ! diamet] ( ! pa? ought n to be less ?an tw5ty-five or ?irty feet1 & 9 mo/ cases =ty feet %\ld be pref]r$3 at all ev5ts1 x mu/ n be less ?an eighte5 feet4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! maximum quantity ( lab\r1 :i* a horse ( av]age /r5g? is capable ( p]=m+ at diff]5t velocities1 on canals1 railways1 & turnpike roads2 b 9 comp>+ ?is table ) practice at ! high] velocities1 x is reckon$ necess>y to add "o-?ird m ?an ! useful effect = ! total mass mov$4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,useful effect p] ,day = a di/ance ( "o ,mile on a ,velocities ,day's ,=ce ( p] h\r4 "w4 traction4 ,level ,level ,canal4 railway4 road4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,miles4 ,h\rs4 lb4 ,tons4 ,tons4 ,tons4 #b #aae #ebj #aae #ad #c #h #bdc #ib #ab #c #ei #aec #hb #aj #d #de #ajb #gb #i #e #bi #hc #eb #eg #gb #f #b #cj #dh #f #g #ae #ai #da #ea #h #ah #abh #cf #de #i #i #i #cb #d #aj #ge #ff #bhh #cf ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,result ( exp]im5ts ) a light f\r-:eel$ c>t1 weigh+ ) its load #ajjj lb41 drawn ^u diff]5t sorts ( roads1 7#ab lb4 hav+ be5 d$uct$ f ! =ce ( traction = ! friction at ! axles1 :i* 7 ( wood74 ,turnpike-road1 h>d1 dry #ah ,=ce ( traction ,d4 dirty #bf requir$ to move ! ,d4 new gravell$ #acj c>riage1 indep5d5t ( ,loose s&y road #aia ! friction at ! axles4 ,note4--,an ox c draw ab\t #d cwt41 & a pair ( ox5 #i cwt41 on a level road4 ,,managem5t ,,( ,,draught ,,horses4 ,:atev] ! difficulties ( a road or gr\nd may be1 t5 horses are z _m z c be h>ness$ ) effect to "o c>riage4 ,x is difficult = a great] numb] to act at ! same in/ant1 ev5 if ! pull be /raight4 ,be=e a c>riage moves1 ! traces %\ld be equally /ret*$ out1 t at ! ^w 8,,m>*0 e horse may act /eadily at ! same in/ant on ! c>riage1 & n by j]ks4 ,! di/ance ( "o horse's l5g? betwe5 ! c>riages is always to be ma9ta9$ on ! be/ road1 to prev5t fatigue & unnecess>y /oppage to ! horses4 ,9 bad or difficult roads x may be necess>y to increase ! di/ance to d\ble1 or p]haps m1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! gr\nd4 ,aft] go+ up a %ort /eep hill1 ! horses %\ld be halt$1 b :5 t _c be done1 !y ought to move sl[ly to recov] _! w9d4 ,%\ld ! asc5t be long1 & /eep1 ! road 9 a bad /ate1 or :5 f any o!r cause ! ex]tion is likely to be v great = ! horses1 a "p ( ! c>riages %\ld halt1 ! lead]s ( !m be hook$ on to ^? 9 front1 & :5 !y arrive at ! top1 z _m lead]s s5t back z may be necess>y4 ,9 go+ up a hill1 a c>riage may be halt$ to re/ ! horses1 by br++ !m across x1 & lock+ ! limb]4 ,:5ev] ! ruts are v deep1 ! c>riages mu/ qu>t] ! road1 & if ! road is n>r[1 & sunk betwe5 banks1 ! horses %\ld be left to !mselves1 & n be hurri$4 ,9 pass+ ov] deep furr[s1 or small dit*es or dra9s1 ! c>riages %\ld cross !m obliquely3 :5 !y are cross$ p]p5dicul>ly1 ! horses n only enc\nt] great] difficulty1 b !y1 z well z ! h>ness1 suff] mu* f ! j]ks4 ,! =m] l9e ( m>* %\ld be resum$ z soon z !y are pass$4 ,,horse-,,%oes4 ,,new ,,patt]n4 ,!re are ?ree sizes ( horse-%oes 9 ! s]vice1 & also a small] size made = mules4 ,size4 lb4 oz4 ,weight #a/ 7n includ+ ! weight ( nails7 #g #j ( #bnd d4 d4 #f #d set4 #crd d4 d4 #d #h ,mules d4 d4 #b #ad ,,nails4 ,,l5g?1 ,,weight1 ,,numb]1 ,,etc4 #a/ size4 ,no4 ( nails99 #h #i #aj #e oz4 ,l>ge/4 ,no4 ( ea* requir$ #af #h #h ,weight #bnd size4 ,no4 ( nails99 #g #h #i #d oz4 ( set4 ,no4 ( ea* requir$ #h #ab #ab #cb ,nails4 #crd size4 ,no4 ( nails99 #e #f #g #c oz4 ,no4 ( ea* requir$ #h #h #af ,no4 ( ,nails4 ,l5g? ( ,nails4 ,weight ( #ajjj ,nails4 #ahh #b in*es4 #aj lb4 #ahg #b -- #i -- #ahf #b -- #h -- #ahe #b -- #g -- #ahd #b -- #f -- #ahc #b -- #e -- 99,note4--,^! sev]al nails are kn[n by f>ri]s accord+ to _! ,no4--viz41 :5 !y say %oes require nails1 ,nos4 #h1 #i1 #aj1 ?is implies nails ( #h1 #i1 & #aj p\nds p] ?\s& nails4 ,,=age4 ,me?od obs]v$ 9 c>ry+ "o day's =age4 ,,non-,,commission$ ,,(fic]s1 ,,& ,,trumpet]s4--,"o fe$ ( oats 9 ! nose bag1 & buckl$ to ! ne>-r+ ( ! saddle4 ,?ree fe$s 9 ! corn bag1 & c>ri$ across ! saddle4 ,twelve p\nds ( hay twi/$1 & roll$ up into two bundles1 ea* n9e in*es long1 c>ri$ at ! ends ( ! kitt1 & made fa/ ) ! =age cord1 "o end to pass 9 front1 & ! o!r 9 ! re> ( ! kitt1 mak+ x fa/ by two hit*es4 ,,driv]s4--,"o fe$ ( oats = ea* horse1 c>ri$ 9 ! nose-bags1 & made fa/ to ! re> /aples ( ! (f-horses' saddles4 ,?ree fe$s = ea* horse 7six fe$s7 9 ! corn bag1 c>ri$ across ! saddle ( ! ne> horse4 ,! hay is twi/$ & roll$ up into two bundles ( twelve p\nds1 ea* eighte5 in*es long2 c>ri$ on ! (f-horse at ! ends ( ! kitt2 ! end ( "o =age cord pass+ 9 front ( ! kitt1 ! end ( ! o!r =age cord pass+ 9 re> ( ! kitt1 bo? ends be+ made fa/ by two half hit*es4 ,if a waggon accompanies ! batt]y1 ! (fic]s' horses' =age w be c>ri$ 9 x2 if n1 ! oats are to be divid$ betwe5 ! sub-divisions1 & ! hay c>ri$ on ! foot bo>d 9 front ( ! body ( ! waggon4 ,9 heavy m>*+ ord]1 :5 =age is n ord]$ to be c>ri$4 ,,non-,,commission$ ,,(fic]s1 ,,& ,,trumpet]s4--,! nose bags are roll$ up & buckl$ to ! ne>-r+ ( ! saddle4 ,=age cord1 currycomb & bru%1 mane-comb1 pick]1 & sponge1 are made fa/ to ! (f-r+4 ,,daily ,,ration ,,= ,,"o ,,horse4 ,oats4 ,hay or ,grass4 ,/raw4 lb4 lb4 lb4 lb4 ,9 ,qu>t]s #h #ah 44 #f ,9 ,b>racks #aj #ab or #cf #h ,a load ( ,hay1 or ,/raw #cf trusses4 ,a truss ( ,hay #ef lb4 ,ditto ,/raw #cf lb4 ,,vet]9>y ,,directions4#ba ,,masses4 ,! ord9>y dose ( e ,mass is ,"o ounce 7,avoirdupois74 ,,no4 ,i4--,,ca?>tic ,,mass4 ,"o ounce ( ?is ,mass made into a ball is a ,dose ( physic4 ,a ,ball conta9s sev5 drams ( ,aloes1 ! rema9+ dram be+ made up ) ,ol4 oliv>1 ,ol4 c>ui1 & wat]4 ,any horse to :i* a dose ( physic is giv51 %\ld be f$ on bran ma%es1 9 lieu ( corn1 until its op]ation has ceas$4 ,if !re be no cause = its imm$iate adm9i/ration1 let ample bran ma%es be giv51 by way ( prep>ation1 9 lieu bo? ( hay & corn1 dur+ "o day1 & ! ball adm9i/]$ ! foll[+ morn+1 aft] ! horse is suffici5tly wat]$1 & a c\ple ( h\rs at lea/ be=e 8 bran ma% be giv5 him4 ,ex]cise also1 dur+ ! day1 is advisable4 ,! foll[+ day1 e>ly 9 ! morn+1 aft] ! horse has _h wat]1 ) ! *ill tak5 (f1 (f]$ him1 till he refuses to dr9k m1 let him be walk$ out briskly = "o h\r1 unless he purge2 9 :i* case let him be return$ to ! /able1 litt]$ d[n1 frequ5tly wat]$1 & pl5tifully suppli$ ) bran ma%es4 ,b %\ld ! physic n op]ate at ! expiration ( 8 ex]cise1 nor aft] he has rema9$ f\r succe$+ h\rs 9 ! /able1 let him be ex]cis$ = ano!r h\r2 & he may be g5tly trott$ at ?is "t %\ld he /ill %[ no signs ( purg+2 let x be "h und]/ood1 h[ev]1 t 9 no case is a horse 9 physic to be gallop$4 ,to insure purgation1 wat] is no less requisite ?an ex]cise4 ,%\ld ! animal cont9ue to purge on ! ?ird day1 let 8 bran be eat5 dry1 & let him be kept %ort ( wat]1 & )\t ex]cise1 until ! physic be set4 ,z soon z 8 dung %all h put on its natural appe>ance & consi/5ce1 ! usual ration ( prov5d] may be re/or$1 & he may return to duty4 ,if ! horse has be5 lately tak5 up f grass1 or be l[ 9 condition1 or light-c>cass$1 six drams ( ! mass is g5]ally a suffici5t dose2 b if he be ( l>ge size1 & 9 high condition1 ev5 n9e drams may be occasionally requir$4 ,horses ( a co/ive habit1 ^: dung-balls are small & n ( _! natural col\r--^: coats are r\gh & sk9s tight ^u _! ribs1 & :o d n ?rive1 require physic4 ,purg+ balls are also giv5 ) b5efit to horses t h mange1 or it*y sk9s--swell$ legs1 or grease--fev] 9 ! feet--inflam$ eyes--/agg]s--lock$ jaw--any swell+s f bl[s or w\nds1 c4 ,:5 a sick or lame horse requires physic1 to :om ex]cise w\ld be injuri\s1 let ! dose be increas$ by "o or two drams2 & to him ! ball may be giv5 at any "t--ei!r day1 or night--he may /& 9 ne$ ( x2 9 ord] t its op]ation may be z spe$y z possible4 ,to a horse n lab\r+ "u active disease1 a second dose ( physic is n to be adm9i/]$ prior to ! sev5? day2 b to a sick "o1 %\ld ! case be urg5t1 ! dose may be repeat$ at ! expiration ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,horses suff]+ f c\ghs1 dis*>ges f ! nose1 or inflammation ( ! lungs1 are n to h full doses ( purgative m$ic9e giv5 !m1 b ! febrifuge1 or s$ative mass %\ld be giv54 ,,no4 ,,ii4--,,febrifuge ,,mass4 ,a ball conta9s--,aloes "o dram1 ,antim4 t>t4 "o dram1 ,nitre two drams1 & ,common ,turp5t9e ?ree drams4 ,9 fev]1 also 9 c\gh or dis*>ge f ! nose 9 :i* fev] is pres5t1 ?is mass is especially useful2 & if ! fev] be viol5t1 ! horse ought to lose ?ree or f\r qu>ts ( blood be=e ! ball is giv54 ,let ! animal be w>mly clo!d--a hood be worn 9 cat>rh--be litt]$ d[n1 h bran ma%es 9 lieu ( corn1 & be kept /ill & quiet 9 a well-v5tilat$ box4 ,! ball may be adm9i/]$ once or twice a day accord+ to ! symptoms2 b x mu/ be discont9u$ :5ev] x seems to affect ! appetite1 or %\ld purg+ appe> to be com+ on4 ,! appetite be+ re/or$1 & ! dung 9 balls aga91 %\ld x be requir$1 ! ball may be repeat$4 ,,no4 ,,iii4--,,s$ative ,,mass4 ,a ball conta9s--,digitalis "o scruple1 ,antim4 t>t4 "o dram1 ,nitre two drams1 ,l9se$ meal ?ree drams1 & ,treacle ?ree drams4 ,9 case ( inflammation ( ! lungs1 ^! balls are especially b5eficial--a disease 9 :i* colds & c\ghs n unfrequ5tly t]m9ate4 ,aft] hav+ drawn f\r or five1 or ev5 six qu>ts ( blood1 accord+ to ! viol5ce ( ! symptoms & ! app>5t /r5g? ( ! animal1 give a s$ative ball ?ree times a day at regul> int]vals4 ,let ! sides ( ! *e/ be well rubb$ ) "s ( ! bli/]+ liquid1 clo! w>mly & h&-rub ! legs1 mak+ use ( ! turp5t9e l9im5t f "t to "t until !y become w>m2 & b&age !m ) flannel4 ,keep ! /able well v5tilat$4 ,%\ld ! symptoms cont9ue unabat$1 f\r or five qu>ts m blood mu/ be tak5 away at ! expiration ( f\r or five h\rs f ! fir/ ble$+1 & ! op]ation may be repeat$ aga9 9 six %\ld ! animal cont9ue unreliev$4 ,let ! horse be litt]$ d[n1 & h bran ma%es4 ,no ex]cise4 ,,no4 ,,iv4--,,diuretic ,,mass4 ,a ball conta9s--,common ,turp5t9e half an ounce1 ,nitre two drams1 & ,sulphur two drams4 ,diuretic or ur9e balls may be giv5 9 all cases 9 :i* !y may be requir$1 "o e ?ird night3 seldom is x necess>y to adm9i/] "o e o!r night1 & /ill m r>ely e night4 ,%\ld ! fl[ ( ur9e prove abundant--! horse frequ5tly mak+ ef=ts to /ale1 & groan+ 9 s do+2 or if he _c /ale1 b appe> to exp]i5ce pa9 ab\t ! lo9s & hips1 & to be /iff 9 mov+ ^? p>ts1 diuretic balls mu/ on no acc\nt be giv54 ,diuretics are b5eficial 9 rec5t swell$ legs2 l95 b&ages & walk+ ex]cise be+ _h rec\rse to at ! same "t4 ,!y are also useful 9 wat]y f>cy1 dropsy1 & puffy or wat]y swell+ ( all k9ds4 ,,no4 ,v4--,,alt]ative ,,mass4 ,a ball conta9s--,aloes "o dram1 ,calomel a scruple1 ,sulphur half an ounce1 & ,treacle ?ree drams4 ,to ill-condition$ horses t d n ?rive1 not)/&+ !y eat & appe> o!rwise 9 heal?--to horses t rub !mselves1 or t h small lumps or b>e places ^u ! sk9 7n mange71 balls made up ( ?is mass are s]viceable2 "o may be giv5 e day = a week1 or e o!r day = a =tnight1 unless ! horse %\ld purge1 :5 !y are to be omitt$1 & _h rec\rse to aga9 9 ! c\rse ( a week or t5 days4 ,bruis$ corn1 hay cut into *aff1 & frequ5t & full supplies ( wat]1 contribute to re/ore su* horses to condition4 ,walk+ ex]cise once or twice a day1 accord+ to ! /r5g? & ?rift ( ! horse1 is also recomm5d$4 ,,no4 ,,vi4--,,tonic ,,mass4 ,a ball conta9s--,blue ,vitriol "o dram1 ,v]digris half a dram1 ,l9se$ meal f\r drams1 & ,treacle two drams4 ,^! balls may be adm9i/]$ ) advantage to horses affect$ ) f>cy1 or "u suspicion ( gl&]s1 aft] ! swell+ & inflammation att5dant ^u ^? diseases h be5 abat$ by ble$+1 purg+1 & diuretic m$ic9es4 ,n m ?an "o ought to be giv5 9 ! space ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 nor on any acc\nt %\ld ! dose be cont9u$ unless ! horse's appetite is good2 z soon z he refuses any "p ( 8 prov5d]1 or appe>s to be 9 any mann] affect$ by ! m$ic9e1 let ! ball be omitt$4 ,,no4 ,,vii4--,,anti-,,spasmodic ,,draught4 ,?is draught is prep>$ = horses t become grip$1 aft] ! foll[+ mann]3-- ,mix toge!r two ounces ( ,spirits ( ,turp5t9e1 & "o ounce ( ,t9cture ( ,opium1 & add a p9t & a half ( w>m wat]4 ,9 mild cases ( gripes ?is s+le draught w g5]ally suffice2 b 9 viol5t attacks1 f\r or five qu>ts ( blood ought to be imm$iately tak5 away1 & ! draught1 aft] an int]val ( a c\ple ( h\rs1 repeat$2 also two or ?ree ounces ( ! turp5t9e l9im5t %\ld be well rubb$ ^u ! surface ( ! belly4 ,if no dung is pass$1 let ! horse be rak$1 & h cly/]s ( salt & wat] 7ab\t f\r ounces ( salt dissolv$ 9 f\r qu>ts ( wat]7 ?r[n up e h\r until ! b[els be relax$4 ,:5 ! horse cont9ues to lie d[n & rise 9 ! /all1 & to roll ^u 8 back1 relief w frequ5tly be giv5 by walk+ ex]cise = t5 m9utes4 ,^? cases1 9 :i* ! symptoms d n int]mit1 & 9 :i* ! pulse & brea?+ are mu* quick5$1 are n gripes1 b inflammation ( ! b[els4 ,take away five or six qu>ts ( blood )\t loss ( "t1 & give a draught compos$ ( eight or t5 drams ( aloes dissolv$ 9 a p9t & a half ( hot wat]1#bb ) ! addition ( an ounce ( t9cture ( opium1 inject cly/]s frequ5tly1 rub a bli/] ^u ! belly1 compos$ ( equal p>ts ( oil ( turp5t9e & bli/]+ liquid1 wrap ! legs 9 flannel b&ages1 mak+ use ( ! turp5t9e l9im5t to ! legs if cold1 & clo! w>mly4 ,wat]1 ) ! *ill tak5 (f1 %\ld be pl5tifully giv52 or1 :at is bett]1 wat]-gruel4 ,if ! symptoms d n spe$ily subside1 draw ?ree or f\r qu>ts ( blood aga91 & repeat ! bli/] to ! belly1 & cly/]s & turp5t9e l9im5t to ! legs if n w>m4 ,,no4 ,,viii4--,,v]mifuge ,,p[d]4 ,?ree drams ( ?is p[d]1 conta9+ "o dram ( ,calomel & two drams ( ,t>t>iz$ antimony1 =m a dose4 ,to be giv5 9 a bran ma% at night to a horse hav+ worms1 & to be foll[$ up by ! adm9i/ration ( a dose ( physic ! foll[+ morn+--pay+ att5tion to ! directions already laid d[n "u ! head--,,ca?>tic ,,mass4 ,! p[d] & physic may be repeat$ 9 ! c\rse ( a week or t5 days4 ,,no4 ,,ix4--,,anti-,,purgation ,,p[d]4 ,?is p[d] is compos$ ( prep>$ ,*alk half a p\nd1 ,c9namon f\r ounces1 ,torm5til ?ree ounces1 ,gum arabic ?ree ounces1 & ,long pepp] half an ounce1 r$uc$ to a f9e p[d]1 & mix$ toge!r1 ) ! addition ( ,gum opium4 ,an ounce ( ! p[d]1 :i* conta9s only a scruple ( gum opium1 may be adm9i/]$ 9 a qu>t ( gruel1 9 cases ( cont9u$ purg+ or sc\r+1 e f\r or five h\rs1 or z circum/ances may require1 b its use is to be discont9u$ :5 ! purg+ is *eck$4 ,,no4 ,x4--,,discuti5t ,,p[d]s4 ,?is p[d] is compos$ ( ,z9c vitriol ?ree drams1 & ,bole arm54 "o dram4 ,a lotion1 compos$ ( half an ounce ( ?is p[d]1 & "o qu>t ( wat]1 is a prop] application to sore backs1 & to rec5t swell+s f bl[s or injuries ( any k9d4 ,b&ages may be us$1 wett$ ) ?is lotion1 9 spra9s ( ! back s9ews4 ,,no4 ,,xi4--,,a/r+5t ,,p[d]4 ,?is p[d] is compos$ ( ,l9se$ meal half an ounce1 ,p[d]$ alum half an ounce1 ,blue vitriol half a dram1 & ,bole arm54 two drams4 ,?is p[d] is prep>$ pr9cipally = grease & ?ru%es1 b x is also a good dress+ = unheal?y sores--or sores 9 :i* !re is pr\d fle%4 ,9 cases ( grease1 :5 ! dis*>ge is b little1 & n v (f5sive1 bespr9kle ! affect$ p>ts ) ?is p[d]2 let ! horse be ex]cis$ 9 ! morn+ & aft]noon2 &1 if ! legs be swoll51 let a diuretic ball be occasionally adm9i/]$4 ,b %\ld ! dis*>ge be copi\s & fetid1 apply to ! heels1 by means ( pl$gets ( t[ & l95 b&ages1 a l9im5t compos$ ( ?is p[d] & oil4 ,?is dress+ ought to cont9ue undi/urb$ = two or ?ree days2 dur+ :i* "t a dose ( physic may be adm9i/]$ ) consid]able b5efit4 ,let 8 food consi/ ( bran ma%es4 ,z soon z ! dress+s %all h be5 remov$1 ! animal ought to be ex]cis$ = two h\rs1 ! heels aft]w>ds wip$ dry1 & ! l9im5t aga9 appli$1 unless ! dis*>ge h ceas$2 9 :i* case ! p[d] spr9kl$ ^u ! "p1 z above recomm5d$1 & a diuretic or two w complete ! cure4 ,%\ld ! case require a repetition ( ! l9im5t1 purg+ balls are pref]able to diuretics4 ,( horses t h ?ru%es1 l[] ! heels1 t ! frog may be ^u a level ) ! heels ( ! %oe1 p>e out ! cleft ) a small draw+-knife1 s z to cut away ! ragg$ p>ts ( x1 & introduce a little ( ! a/r+5t p[d] daily1 at ! ev5+ /able h\r4 ,if heat be p]ceptible 9 ! foot1 a dose ( physic may be giv5 at ! same "t4 ,,no4 ,,xii4--,,oph?almic ,,p[d]4 ,?is p[d] is compos$ ( ,sug> ( lead two drams1 ,turm]ic half a dram4 ,s long z ! eyes appe> r$ & angry1 no?+ b cold wat] %\ld be made use ( to !m1 ) :i* !y ought to be cont9ually wet4 ,at ! same "t1 if !re be mu* inflammation1 take f\r or five qu>ts ( blood f t side ( ! neck correspond+ to ! affect$ eye1 or f bo? sides1 %\ld bo? eyes be bad4 ,:5 ! inflammation is abat$1 sponge ! eyes & eyelids ) a lotion1 made by dissolv+ a qu>t] ( an ounce ( ?is p[d] 9 a qu>t ( cold spr+ wat]1 sev]al times 9 ! c\rse ( ! day4 ,9 e case 9 :i* x is f\nd advisable to draw blood1 a dose ( physic is recomm5d$4 ,,no4 ,,xiii4--,,bli/]+ ,,liquid4 ,?is liquid is compos$ ( ,can?>ides f\r ounces1 & ,l9se$ oil a p9t & a half4 ,= sore ?roat & jugg$ swell+s1 9 gl&]s1 or f>cy--= inflammation ( ! lungs1 & inflammation ( ! b[els1 ! bli/]+ liquid is a prop] application4 ,= spav9s1 spl9ts1 old /ra9s1 curbs1 r+bones1 w9dgalls1 ?or\ghp9s1 & o!r enl>gem5ts ( jo9ts t h no heat 9 !m1 & swell+s 9 g5]al :i* w n yield to simple rem$ies1 ?is liquid may likewise be us$4 ,let a small quantity ( x be well rubb$ 9 ) ! h&--)\t ! hair be+ cut (f--& let ! same be repeat$ at ! expiration ( six h\rs1 %\ld x n h tak5 effect4 ,ab\t "o table spoonful ( ?is mixture is suffici5t = ! ?roat1 two = ! leg1 ?ree = ! side or ! *e/1 & s on4 ,,no4 ,,xiv4--,,turp5t9e ,,l9im5t4 ,?is l9im5t is compos$ ( equal p>ts ( ,spirits ( turp5t9e1 & ,l9se$ oil4 ,9 cases ( sore ?roat & c\gh1 ?is l9im5t w be f\nd v useful1 z well z 9 cases ( inflammation ( ! lungs1 & fev]1 :]e ! legs are cold1 mak+ use at ! same "t ( flannel b&ages1 & repeat+ ! l9im5t e two or ?ree h\rs1 until !y become w>m4 ,half an ounce w be f\nd suffici5t = a leg1 or = ! ?roat1 & requires to be well rubb$ 94 ,,no4 ,,xv4--,,turp5t9e ,,o9tm5t4 ,x is compos$ ( equal p>ts ( ,common turp5t9e1 & ,hog's l>d4 ,?is o9tm5t is ! be/ application t c be made use ( 9 case ( treads or w\nds on ! coronet1 betwe5 hair & ho(2 a small quantity is to be spread ^u a pl$get ( t[1 & b\nd on ) a b&age4 ,x is likewise a good dress+ = brok5 knees1 or cuts1 & to promote ! action ( r[els4 ,,no4 ,,xvi4--,,black ,,oil4 ,x is compos$ ( ,olive oil "o p9t1 ,spirits ( turp5t9e half a p9t1 & ,acid vitriol two drams4 ,9 rec5t w\nds1 su* z brok5 knees1 or o!r lac]at$ w\nds1 ?is w be f\nd a good dress+ to promote heal?y & spe$y granulation4 ,x may be appli$ to ext5sive w\nds by means ( a fea!r2 & 9 cases ( brok5 knees1 a pl$get ( t[ is to be b\nd on ) a tail b&age4 ,x is likewise a good application = sitfa/s1 produc$ by ! pressure ( ! saddle4 ,,no4 ,,xvii4--,,ho( ,,o9tm5t4 ,?is o9tm5t is compos$ ( ,t>1 & ,tra9 oil1 equal p>ts4 ,?is o9tm5t is int5d$ = brittle feet1 or su* z h s& cracks4 ,by mix+ "o "p ( ! o9tm5t ) two ( tra9 oil1 x =ms a good application = mange4 ,,congreve ,,rockets4 ,rockets may be ( great use :5 a disemb>kation ( troops takes place 9 pres5ce ( an enemy1 s9ce ,rocket m5 c l& ) ! fir/ p>ty ( ,infantry1 & comm5ce fir+ be=e any guns c be br\ght into position4 ,rockets w n only be useful aga9/ masses ( ,cavalry1 & squ>es ( ,infantry1 b1 :5 guns _c be br\ght up1 may be ( mat]ial b5efit 9 dislodg+ an enemy f villages or h\ses1 :i* c\ld n be approa*$ by ,infantry alone )\t a consid]able loss ( m51 & *ance ( failure4 ,! l>g] rockets are ( great s]vice 9 bomb>dm5ts & sieges4 ,congreve ,rockets are ( f\r diff]5t natures--viz41 #bd p\nd]s1 #ab p\nd]s1 #f p\nd]s1 & #c p\nd]s4 ,! cases are ( wr\ght iron1 & ! rockets are driv5 ^u ! same pr9ciple z ,signal rockets4 ,congreve rockets may be us$ ei!r z %ot or %ell-rockets1 & ! %ell may be made to bur/ ei!r at long or %ort ranges4 ,ea* rocket is fitt$ ) a fuze screw$ into ! base ( ! %ell2 ?is fuze is z long z ! size ( ! %ell w admit (1 s z to leave suffici5t space betwe5 ! end ( x & ! inn] surface ( ! %ell1 = putt+ 9 ! bur/+ p[d]1 & ! end ( ! fuze is capp$ to s]ve z a guide 9 ! ins]tion ( ! bor+-bit4 ,!re is a hole 9 ! apex ( ! %ell1 secur$ by a screw metal plug1 = putt+ 9 ! bur/+ p[d]1 & = bor+1 accord+ to ! diff]5t ranges at :i* x may be requir$ to bur/ ! %ell4 ,,on ,,fir+ ,,rockets4 ,if ! ,rocket is to be us$ z a ,%ot-rocket1 ! only ?+ to be att5d$ to1 is to take c>e t !re is no p[d] 9 ! %ells1 & t ! plug is secur$ 9 ! plug-hole4 ,if ! rocket is to be us$ z a %ell-rocket at ! longe/ range1 ! plug is to be tak5 out1 & ! %ell fill$1 ! fuze left at its full l5g?1 & ! plug replac$4 ,if at ! %orte/ range1 ! fuze is to be entirely bor$ ?r\gh1 & ! rocket composition bor$ to )9 an in* & a half ( ! top ( ! cone 9 ! #bd p\nd] rocket1 & to )9 "o in* 9 ! #ab1 #f1 & #c p\nd] rockets4 ,! di/ances f ! surface ( ! %ell to ! top ( ! cone1 & f ! surface ( ! %ell to ! end ( ! fuze1 & also1 ! l5g? ( ! fuze be+ fix$ & kn[n1 ! place on ! bor+-bit at :i* to screw ! /opp]1 :e!r = v>i\s l5g?s ( fuzes1 or l5g?s ( rocket composition to be left ov] ! cone1 is easily det]m9$2 ^! di/ances are m>k$ on ! brass scales = ea* nature ( rocket1 & ! l5g? ( rocket composition available = bor+ into1 & ! l5g?s ( fuze1 are also set (f & subdivid$ into t5?s ( an in*4 ,,elevations1 ,,ranges1 ,,& ,,l5g?s ,,( ,,fuze4 ,! #bd p\nd] & #ab p\nd] rockets are v de/ructive aga9/ troops f #hjj to #ajjj y>ds2 aga9/ build+s1 c41 f #ejj to #fjj y>ds3 ) #f p\nd]s ab\t #cjj y>ds1 & nev] at a great] range ?an #fjj or #gjj y>ds4 ,! range & elevation ( a #ab p\nd] rocket is #aj degrees ( elevation = #fjj y>ds1 & #a degree m is giv5 = ea* additional #ajj y>ds1 z f> z #abej y>ds1 ! elevation = :i* w be #af degrees4 ,! range & elevation ( a #f p\nd] rocket is #g degrees = #djj y>ds1 & z f> z #gjj y>ds #a degree = ea* #ajj y>ds2 & f #gjj to #abej y>ds1 half a degree increases ! range ab\t #ajj y>ds4 #bd p\nd]s4--,if ! :ole l5g? ( fuze is left 9 ! %ell1 ! rocket may be expect$ to bur/ at f #ccjj to #cgjj y>ds2 elevation1 #dg degrees4 ,if ! :ole ( ! fuze composition is bor$ out1 & ! rocket composition left entire1 ! %ell may be expect$ to bur/ at ab\t #bjjj y>ds2 elevation1 #bg degrees4 ,if ! rocket composition be bor$ to )9 #ae in* ( ! top ( ! cone1 ! %ell may be expect$ to bur/ at ab\t #gjj y>ds2 elevation1 #ag degrees4 #ab p\nd]s4--,if ! :ole l5g? ( fuze be left 9 ! %ell1 ! rocket may be expect$ to bur/ at ab\t #cjjj y>ds2 elevation1 #dj degrees4 ,if ! :ole ( ! fuze composition is bor$ out1 & ! rocket composition left entire1 ! %ell may be expect$ to bur/ at ab\t #acjj y>ds2 elevation1 #ae degrees4 ,if ! rocket composition be bor$ to )9 "o in* ( ! top ( ! cone1 ! %ell may be expect$ to bur/ at ab\t #ejj y>ds2 elevation1 #i degrees4 #f p\nd]s4--,if ! :ole l5g? ( ! fuze be left 9 ! %ell1 ! rocket may be expect$ to bur/ at ab\t #bcjj y>ds2 elevation1 #cg degrees4 ,if ! :ole ( ! fuze composition be bor$ out1 & ! rocket composition be left entire1 ! %ell may be expect$ to bur/ at ab\t #iej y>ds2 elevation1 #ac degrees4 ,if ! rocket composition be bor$ to )9 "o in* ( ! top ( ! cone1 ! %ell may be expect$ to bur/ at ab\t #ejj y>ds2 elevation #i degrees4 #c p\nd]s4--,if ! :ole l5g? ( ! fuze be left 9 ! %ell1 ! rocket may be expect$ to bur/ at ab\t #ahej y>ds2 elevation1 #be degrees4 ,if ! :ole ( ! fuze composition be bor$ out1 & ! rocket composition be left entire1 ! %ell may be expect$ to bur/ at ab\t #gej y>ds2 elevation1 #aj degrees4 ,if ! rocket composition be bor$ to )9 "o in* ( ! top ( ! cone1 ! %ell may be expect$ to bur/ at ab\t #ejj y>ds2 elevation1 #h degrees4 ,ranges1 & ,elevation ( ,congreve rockets4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,elevation4 ,ranges4 ---------------------------------------- -- #ab ,p\nd]4 #f ,p\nd]4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,y>ds4 ,degrees4 ,m9utes4 ,degrees4 ,m9utes4 #djj #g #de #ejj #h #de #fjj #aj #j #i #de #gjj #aa #cj #aj #cj #hjj #ab #de #aa #ae #ijj #ac #cj #aa #de #ajjj #ad #j #ab #cj #aajj #ad #de #ac #ae #abjj #ae #ad #j #abej #af #ad #cj ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,ex]cise ,,( ,,rockets4#bc ,! #bd p\nd] is us$ = siege purposes4 ,! #ab & #f p\nd]s are = s]vice 9 ! field4 ,,ex]cise ,,( #ab ,,& #f ,,p\nd]1 ,,or ,,field ,,rockets4 ,tell+ (f ! ,deta*m5t4 ,! deta*m5t falls 91 9 re> ( & fac+ ! c>riage1 & is told (f z = gun ex]cise4 8,,=m ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,m>*1 ,,left ,,face--,,quick ,,m>*40 ,disposition & ,duties ( a ,deta*m5t ( ,sev5 ,m51 ) a #ab & #f p\nd] ,rocket4 ,no4 #a /&s "o y>d 9 re> ( ! tube1 po9ts1 & comm&s4 #c /&s on ! left ( ! tube1 #b /&s on ! "r ( ! tube1 9 l9e ) its c5tre1 9 l9e ) its c5tre1 elevates1& trav]ses4 elevates1 & trav]ses4 #e /&s on ! left ( ! tube1 #d /&s on ! "r ( ! tube1 9 l9e ) ! re> ( x1 9 l9e ) ! re> ( x1 primes1 & fires4 br+s up rockets1 arranges ! prim+1 & loads4 #g /&s 9 re> ( ! c>riage #f /&s 9 re> ( ! c>riage1 & prep>es rockets4 ,:5 assi/s ,no4 #g 9 prep>+ fir+ %ell-rockets1 he bores rockets4 ,:5 fir+ %ell out ! composition1 assi/$ rockets he puts 9 ! by ,no4 #f4 bur/+ p[d]1 c4 ,! foll[+ is ! proportion ( ,/ores furni%$ ) ,field ,c>riages4 ,two hundr$ & sixte5 rockets ) /icks4 ) ,two hundr$ & sixte5 bur/]s4 #f p\nd]4 ,"o hundr$ rockets ) /icks4 ) ,"o hundr$ bur/]s4 #ab p\nd]4 ,"o rocket tube4 ,"o rocket frame1 compris+ two *eeks1 a prypole1 elevat+ b>1 & tang5t scale4 ,two funnels4 ,"o bor+ /ock4 ,two bor+ bits4 ) bo? ,"o brass scale fitt$ to bits4 ,two turnscrew bits4 natures4 ,"o grease box4 ,"o tube pocket ) tubes4 ,"o lany>d ) hook = friction tubes4 ,to e o!r equipm5t n exce$+ #add ,rockets4 ,"o rocket tube ) frame4 ,"o /ick = ea* rocket4 ,"o bur/] ditto4 ,two funnels4 ,"o bor+ /ock4 ,two bor+ bits4 ,"o brass scale fitt$ to bits4 ,two turnscrew bits4 ,"o grease box4 ,"o tube pocket ) tubes4 ,"o lany>d ) hook = friction tubes4 ,"o angle4 ,"o plummet ) l9e4 ,"o elevat+ ) *a94 ,two guy ropes4 ,two additional pieces = #bd p\nd]4 ! *eeks4 ,on field s]vice ! bur/]s are c>ri$ 9 ! limb] boxes1 9 canvas c>t\*es1 simil> to ^? 9 :i* ! field ammunition is c>ri$4 ,! #ab p\nd] rocket c>riage takes #ej bur/]s 9 ea* limb] box1 & ! small /ores 9 a box on ! body ( ! c>riage correspond+ to ! sl[ mat* box4 ,! #f p\nd] c>riage takes #ajh bur/]s 9 ea* limb] box1 & ! small /ores 9 a box :i* is betwe5 ! limb] boxes4 ,9 m\nta9 equipm5ts ! bur/]s & small /ores are c>ri$ 9 a box fitt$ to ! pack saddle4 #bd;,,action ,,front1 ,,re>1 ,,"r1 ,,or ,,left4 ,,drive ,,on4 ,,load4 ,,elevate4 ,,l[]4 ,,halt4 ,,muzzle ,,"r1 ,,or ,,left4 ,,halt4 ,prim+1 & ,fir+1 z at ,field guns4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( ,a ,,g>rison ,,c>riage4 ,a ,sides or brackets ,k ,/ool b$ ,b ,transom ,l ,quo9 ,c ,=e axletree a ,transom bolt ,d ,h9d axletree b ,b$ bolt ,e ,/eps c ,bracket bolts ,f ,qu>t] r\nd or ovolo d ,l9*-p9s ,g ,=e truck e ,axletree hoops ,h ,h9d truck f ,/ool b$ bolts ,i ,trunnion hole g ,eye or loop bolts ,j ,axletree arm ,illu/ration3 ,,elevation ,,( ,a ,,g>rison ,,c>riage4 ,,ex]cise ,,( #bd ,,p\nd]1 ,,or ,,siege ,,rocket4 ,disposition1 & duties ) sev5 m54 ,:5 ! deta*m5t is 9 action1 ! disposition & duties ( ! numb]s are ! same z at ! light] natures4 ,,put ,,! ,,frame ,,toge!r ,,at ,,l[ ,,ord]4 ,,raise ,,! ,,frame4 ,,reeve ,,! ,,guys4 ,,sl+ ,,! ,,rocket ,,tube1 ,,& ,,fix ,,! ,,angle4 ,,adju/ ,,! ,,frame4 ,,load4 ,,trav]se1 :5 necess>y1 ,,muzzle ,,"r1 ,,muzzle ,,left4 ,if great] alt]ation be requir$1 ?an c be giv5 by means ( ! guys1 ! *eeks ( ! rocket frame are mov$ 9 ! nam$ direction1 ,,*eeks ,,to ,,! ,,"r1 ,,or ,,left4 ,,elevate1 :5 necess>y4 ,prim+1 & ,fir+1 z direct$ = ,field guns4 ,:5 ! frame is fix$ at ,l[ ord]1 ! prypole =ms an angle ( #cj degrees ) ! horizon4 ,if great] elevation ?an ?is be requir$1 ! frame mu/ be rais$ to ,high ord]--#de degrees elevation2 or high] /ill--#ej degrees elevation4 ,,prep>e ,,to ,,raise ,,! ,,frame ,,to ,,high ,,ord]4 ,,jo9 ,,! ,,*eeks4 ,,raise ,,! ,,frame4 ,,adju/ ,,! ,,frame4 ,,load1 ,,etc4 ,,prep>e ,,to ,,/rike ,,! ,,frame4 ,,/rike ,,! ,,frame4 ,,"p ,,vii4 ,,repository ,,c\rse4 ,,s]v+1 ,,& ,,work+ ,,heavy ,,ordnance4#be ,,"p ,i4--,article #a4--,tell+ (f ! ,deta*m5ts4 ,! m5 fall 9 two deep1 & are told (f on ! same pr9ciple z = field guns4 ,no4 #a always comm&s 8 deta*m5t4 ,a gun deta*m5t be+ drawn up 9 l9e1 two deep1 ,no4 #a is ! "r h& man ( ! front rank2 ,no4 #b is ! "r h& man ( ! re> rank2 & ,no4 #c 8 front rank man2 & s on4 ,! m5 mu/ g ?r\gh e "p ( ! ex]cise 9 turn4 ,at ! ^w 8,*ange r\nd0 :5 !re are sev5 m5 9 a deta*m5t1 ,no4 #b becomes #d ,no4 #a becomes #g #d 0 #f #g 0 #e #f 0 #a #e 0 #c #c 0 #b ,no4 #c %ift+ 9 front ( ! muzzle4 ,:5 !re are only six m5 9 a deta*m5t1 ,no4 #d becomes #a #a 0 #f #f 0 #e ! re/ z above4 ,! deta*m5ts are told (f on _! private p>ades1 & m>*$ to ! batt]y4 ,arriv$ !re1 !y are halt$ a few paces 9 re> ( ! plat=ms1 to ! left ( _! respective guns1 s z to be cov]$ by ! m]lons1 & fac+ ! p>apet4 ,! comm&] !n gives ! caution1 8,take po/ "u cov] ( ! m]lon20 & imm$iately aft]w>ds ! executive ^w1 8,to ! "r face10 ,no4 #a aft] fac+ takes an oblique pace to ! re>1 on ! left ( #c4 ,at ! ^w quick m>*1 ! deta*m5ts /ep (f except ,no4 #a1 :o at fir/ m>ks "t until ! deta*m5t has pa/ him1 & !n foll[s 9 re> ( #f4 ,:5 ! deta*m5ts are opposite to ! left corn] ( ! plat=ms1 ! ranks op5 out on ea* side ( ! guns1 ! re> ranks on ! "r1 ! front ranks on ! left--! :ole outside ( ! plat=ms4 ,nos4 #b & #c halt next to ! embrasure1 z soon z !y arrive at ! p>apet2 #d1 #f1 & #a halt 9 succession on ! "r ( #b2 #e & #g on ! left ( #c4 ,:5 all ! numb]s h arriv$ at ! p>apet 9 ! ord] "h detail$1 ! comm&] gives ! ^w1 8,"r ab\t face40 ,! deta*m5ts are n[ 9 ! position1 :i* !y %\ld always occupy 9 action1 9 a batt]y1 unless actively employ$ 9 _! duties at ! guns4 ,:5 !re is no p>apet1 ! comm& is giv5 to 8,take po/ at ! guns20 ,nos4 #b & #c halt 9 l9e ) ! muzzle ( ! piece2 #d & #e 9 l9e ) ! trunnions2 #f & #g ) ! v5t2 #a ! trail3 ! :ole outside ( ! plat=m & 9 e*ellon4 ,! numb]s %\ld nev] cov] if !y c avoid do+ s4 ,! foll[+ g5]al detail ( duties = a deta*m5t ( sev5 m5 is applicable to all natures ( guns1 f #ah-p\nd]s & upw>ds1 on any description ( c>riage :atev]4 ,no4 #a comm&s1 po9ts1 & primes4 #c loads1 assi/s to ram home %ot #b se>*es1 spunges1 rams home1 & wad1 runs up1 & elevates4 runs up1 & elevates4 #e supplies #c ) %ot & wad1 #d cle>s ! v5t1 s]ves x1 runs up1 & trav]ses4 pricks ! c>tridge1 runs up1 & trav]ses4 #g supplies #c ) c>tridge1 #f supplies #b ) side arms1 d\ble-man's 8 h&spike1 d\ble-man's 8 h&spike1 s]ves #a ) tubes1 & fires4 replaces #a's h&spike1 & supplies #g ) c>tridges1 7& #c ) %ell :5 requir$47 ,! foll[+ g5]al detail ( duties = a deta*m5t ( six m51 is applicable to all natures ( guns bel[ #ah-p\nd]1 on any description ( c>riage :atev]4 ,no4 #a comm&s1 supplies #b ) side arms1 po9ts1 & primes4 #c loads1 assi/s to ram home %ot #b se>*es1 spunges1 rams home1 & wad1 runs up1 & elevates4 runs up1 & elevates4 #e supplies #c ) c>tridge1 %ot1 #d cle>s ! v5t1 s]ves x1 & wad1 runs up1 & trav]ses4 pricks ! c>tridge1 runs up1 #f supplies #e ) c>tridge1 & trav]ses4 replaces #a's h&spike1 s]ves him ) tubes1 & fires4 ,besides ! m5 told (f to ea* gun1 !re mu/ be "s at ! magaz9e1 to fill & issue c>tridges4 ,:5 %ells are fir$1 "s m5 mu/ be appo9t$ to fill !m1 & to cut & fix fuzes2 ,no4 #f br+s up %ells to #c1 :o uncaps ! fuze4 ,guns are always laid "u metal1 i4 e41 at an angle ( depression1 aft] ex]cise4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( /ores requir$ = ! s]vice ( heavy ordnance 9 batt]ies3-- ,"o spunge to be plac$ on ! "r ( ! gun outside ( #d1 ,"o ramm] re/+ aga9/ ! p>apet2 ! spunge head1 ramm] ,"o wadhook head1 & ! worm upp]mo/1 & j bel[ ! int]ior cre/4 ,:5 !re is no p>apet ! side arms mu/ be laid on ! gr\nd 9 ! ord] above detail$1 ab\t two paces f ! gun1 & p>allel to x2 ! spunge & ramm] heads to ! front1 & support$ to keep !m free f gravel4 ,five h&spikes4--,two ( ^! are plac$ on ea* side ( ! plat=m close to ! edge ( x1 ! po9ts t[>ds ! p>apet2 ! po9ts ( ! front h&spikes ab\t two feet f ! hurt]1 ! po9ts ( ! re> ones ov]lapp+ inside to ab\t ! middle ( ! front ones2 ! front h&spikes = ! use ( #b & #c1 ! re> ones = ! use ( #d & #e4 ,! fif? h&spike is plac$ close to ! re> ( ! middle ( ! plat=m1 small end to ! "r1 = ! use ( #a4 ,all bevell$ h&spikes are to be laid bevell$ side upw>ds4 ,"o set ( prim+ irons ,= ! use ( ,no4 #d4 ,! prim+ ,"o ?umb/all irons to be plac$ 9 ! loop on ! "r ( ! c>riage4 ,"o lea!r pocket ) tubes4--,! tube pocket mu/ be /rapp$ on ! left side ( ,no4 #g1 :o w keep x close %ut4 ,"o lany>d ) hook = friction tubes 9 *>ge ( ,no4 #g1 :o atta*es x to ! wai/ belt ( ! tube pocket2 or1 "o hamm] ) lany>d likewise 9 *>ge ( #g1 :o fixes x to ! gun1 assi/$ by #a4 ,%ot1 pil$ on ! left ( ! gun1 close to ! front ( ! plat=m4 ,wads1 7if necess>y17 close to ! %ot4 ,broom1 %ovel1 "o or two = ea* batt]y4 ,spade1 pick1 "o p] batt]y if ?\ght necess>y4 ,guns on dw>f & casemate trav]s+ plat=ms require ne>ly ! same /ores4 ,two %od lev]s1 9 place ( ?ree common h&spikes1 & 9 addition1 ,two truck lev]s4 ,two scot*es4 ,"o prev5tive rope4 ,two luff tackles4 ,) #h-;in* guns & all above t calibre1 ! tackles %\ld consi/ ( d\ble blocks4 ,guns on common trav]s+ plat=ms require ne>ly ! same /ores z ^? on dw>f plat=ms4 ,:5 ! f\r trucks are on1 two %od lev]s to be sub/itut$ = two truck lev]s4 ,article #c4 ,,to ,,%ift ,a ,,gun ,,f ,,! ,,fir+ ,,to ,,! ,,travell+1 ,,or ,,f ,,! ,,travell+ ,,to ,,! ,,fir+ ,,trunnion ,,holes4 ,! :eels ( ! gun c>riage & ^? ( ! limb] %\ld1 if possible1 always be on a level & scot*$4 ,9 %ift+ ! gun ei!r way1 x %\ld only be lift$ s high1 z to keep ! "u side ( ! trunnions cle> ( ! *eeks ( ! c>riage4 ,:5 ! gun is 9 ! travell+ holes1 ! screw mu/ be tak5 out to prev5t its be+ damag$2 x is lodg$ 9 a place = x betwe5 ! *eeks4 ,! gun roll] is /rapp$ to ! h9d "p ( ! c5tre transom4 ,heavy guns on travell+ c>riages require ! foll[+ numb] ( m5 = _! s]vice 9 ! field3-- #bd-p\nd] #ah m5 besides non-commission$ #ah 0 #ad 0 (fic]s1 #ab 0 #ab 0 be+ necess>y on ! m>* = extricat+ !m out ( difficulties1 tak+ up positions1 lay+ tempor>y plat=ms1 plac+ planks "u ! :eels & trail1 to facilitate ! work+ ( ! gun1 c41 c4 ,,prep>e ,,to ,,%ift ,,! ,,gun4 ,,be> ,,d[n4 ,,l[]4 ,,lift1 ,,& ,,heave4 ,,halt1 ,,l[] ,,! ,,muzzle4 ,,be> ,,d[n4 ,,l[]4 ,,/rap ,,on ,,! ,,side ,,arms ,,& ,,h&spikes4 ,article #d4 ,,ex]cise ,,( ,,guns1 ,,on ,,siege ,,c>riages4 ,! disposition1 & duties ( ! deta*m5ts are ! same z detail$ = guns on /&+ c>riages2 ) ! exception ( ! application ( ! h&spikes4 ,9 addition to ! /ores1 & side arms = ! s]vice ( ! gun1 a heavy gun 9 ! field requires m5's h>ness1 & dragropes1 a lift+ jack1 a set ( intr5*+ tools1 & ?ree planks ( a foot wide1 & t5 or twelve feet long4 ,!re %\ld be a lev]1 & fulcrums1 & prop1 = e two guns2 besides a gyn1 roll]s1 tackles1 & ropes = e f\r guns4 ,! side arms1 h&spikes1 & planks are /rapp$ on ! *eek2 ! gyn1 roll]s1 tackles1 c41 are c>ri$ on a plat=m waggon4 ,planks = tempor>y plat=m4 ,:5 ! gr\nd is n v h>d1 x w be f\nd v necess>y to lay planks "u ! :eels & trail = ! c>riage to recoil on4 ,article #e4 ,,ex]cise ,,( ,,guns ,,on ,,dw>f1 ,,& ,,casemate ,,trav]s+ ,,plat=ms4 ,! disposition1 & duties ( ! deta*m5ts are ! same z at page #agd1 ) ! foll[+ additions1 viz41 ,no4 #a guides ! lev]s :il/ ! gun is runn+ back2 ,nos4 #a1 & #g hold on ! prev5t] rope1 & #d1 & #e guide ! lev]s1 :il/ x is runn+ up2 ,nos4 #b1 #c1 #d1 & #e manage ! truck lev]s1 reeve ! tackles1 hook1 & unhook !m4 #bf,,prep>e ,,= ,,action4 ,,reeve ,,! ,,tackle1 ,,& ,,fix ,,! ,,prev5t] ,,rope4 ,,hook ,,! ,,tackles4 ,,load4 ,,run ,,! ,,gun ,,up4 ,,ease ,,(f4 ,,halt4 ,aft] ,po9t+1 ,lay+1 ,prim+1 & ,fir+----,,run ,,! ,,gun ,,back4 ,,heave4 ,,halt4 ,,unreeve ,,! ,,tackle1 ,,& ,,take ,,(f ,,! ,,prev5t] ,,rope4 ,article #f4 ,,ex]cise ,,( ,,guns ,,on ,,common ,,trav]s+ ,,plat=ms4 ,! disposition1 & duties ( ! deta*m5ts1 z at page #agd4 ,,load4 ,,run ,,! ,,gun ,,up4 ,,heave4 ,elevat+1 ,trav]s+1 ,prim+1 ,fir+1 & ,runn+ back1 z detail$ = guns on dw>f1 & casemate trav]s+ plat=ms4 ,article #g4 ,,disposition1 ,,& ,,duties ,,( ,,fir+ ,,hot ,,%ot1 ,,) ,,sev5 ,,m54 ,no4 #a4 comm&s1 supplies #b ) side arms1 po9ts1 & primes4 #c loads1 puts a dry wad ov] ! #b se>*es1 spunges1 rams home1 c>tridge1 !n a damp "o1 assi/s to put 9 ! %ot1 7& a dry wad ov] ! %ot runs up1 & elevates4 if necess>y17 assi/s ,no4 #b to ram home ! dry wads1 runs up1 & elevates4 #d cle>s ! v5t1 s]ves x1 #e supplies #c ) c>tridges & pricks ! c>tridge1 runs up1 wads1 runs up1 & trav]ses4 & trav]ses4 #g br+s %ot f ! furnace1 #f assi/s #g to br+ %ot f & assi/s to put !m 91 ! furnace1 d\ble-mans #b's d\ble-mans #c's h&spike1 h&spike1 & supplies #e ) supplies #a ) tubes1 & c>tridge1 & wads4 fires4 ,) all k9ds ( trav]s+ plat=ms1 ,no4 #c receives ! be>] f #f & #g1 & assi/s #b to put 9 ! %ot4 ,! gun is spung$ 9 ! ord9>y mann]1 b ! spunge mu/ be wett$1 & ! gun frequ5tly cool$ ) x4 ,! same /ores are requir$ z = ! s]vice ( heavy guns ) cold %ot4 ,junk wads are indisp5sable1 & ^? :i* are us$ wet %\ld be made ( a l[ gauge4 ,ut5sils requir$ = ! ,%ot4 ,"o furnace or grate4 ,"o mov+ tool4 ,"o scrap]4 ,"o pair ( tongs4 ,"o pok]4 ,"o rake4 ,"o %ovel4 ,"o /& on :i* to place ! %ot1 9 ord] to scrape !m4 ,"o %ot be>] p] gun4 ,two tubs full ( wat]1 to soak wads1 cool tongs1 c4 ,two or ?ree wat] buckets4 ,! furnace may be heat$ ei!r ) wood1 or coals1 or a mixture ( coal & coke1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,!re %\ld nev] be less ?an ?ree m5 to att5d ! furnace1 ev5 :5 ! %ot & wood are close at h&1 & f\r w g5]ally be requir$1 viz41 "o non-commission$ (fic]1 or /eady man 9 *>ge to see t ! r$de/ %ot are s]v$ out & replac$ by cold ones1 & to keep up su* a fire z he may judge necess>y4 ,"o man to light & att5d ! fire1 & supply fre% fuel :5 requir$4 ,"o to take out %ot1 lay !m on ! /&1 scrape !m1 & aft]w>ds place !m on a be>]4 ,"o to supply ! furnace ) cold %ot1 & to br+ fuel4 ,load+4 ,! p[d] mu/ be 9 a good flannel c>tridge1 :i* mu/ und]go ! /ricte/ exam9ation1 to see t !re are no holes 9 x1 le/ 9 sett+ x home any gra9s %\ld fall out4 ,! gun mu/ be elevat$1 9 ord] t ! %ot may roll freely along ! bore4 ,,load4 ,,prep>e ,,to ,,load4 ,,load4 ,,addison',s ,,%ot ,,furnace4 ,?is furnace w conta9 9 ?ree r[s1 alongside ( ea* o!r1 fifte5 #cb-p\nd]1 or eighte5 #bd-p\nd]1 or tw5ty-"o #ah-p\nd] %ot4 ,to heat ! furnace4 ,to heat ! furnace1 x takes ( coals a bu%el1 ( coke #b bu%els1 & %av+s = light+ x4 ,x %\ld be all[$ tw5ty m9utes to light prop]ly4 ,to heat ! %ot4 ,fifte5 #cb-p\nd] %ot be+ !n put 91 are heat$ 9 =ty m9utes4 ,ord] ( us+ ! %ot4 ,! %ot %\ld be tak5 equally out ( ea* r[ f ! re> ( ! furnace1 & replac$ by cold ones f ! front4 ,aft] ! furnace has be5 ?or\ghly heat$1 x w supply a new bat* ( %ot e tw5ty m9utes4 ,! furnace %\ld be plac$ to leew>d1 & z ne> ! batt]y z may be conv5i5t1 c>efully select+ an op5 space1 ) z great a draught z c be f\nd4 ,! draught-hole %\ld be to w9dw>d1 & ! furnace p]fectly horizontal4 ,article #h4 ,,ex]cise ,,( ,,c>ronades1 #fh-,,p\nd]1 ,,sev5 ,,m54 ,! disposition & duties are ! same z detail$ = ! s]vice ( heavy guns ) sev5 m51 9 ,articles #a & #b4 ,b z ! spunge /ave is %ort1 ,no4 #b receives x ) 8 "r h& at ! ramm] head1 & left ne> ! spunge head1 pu%es x up to ! bottom ( ! *amb] at once1 spunges out1 & proce$s z direct$ = guns4 ,! %ot weigh+ above cwt4 ,no4 #b assi/s #c to put x into ! bore by means ( a %ot be>]1 :i* !y raise to ! muzzle ) _! outw>d h&s1 backs d[n1 & _! inw>d h&s1 backs up4 #bd & #ab-,p\nd]s1 ,six m54 ,! disposition1 & duties are ! same z detail$ = ! s]vice ( heavy guns ) six m54 ,see ,articles #a1 & #b4 ,article #i4 ,,ex]cise ,,( ,,guns1 ,,& ,,c>ronades ,,on ,,%ip ,,c>riages1 ,,) ,,sev5 ,,m54 ,! disposition1 & duties are ! same z 9 ! gun & c>ronade ex]cises1 b a few additional m5 are necess>y = mann+ ! tackles4 ,! same /ores z = guns on common trav]s+ plat=ms1 ) ! exception ( ! f\r lev]s1 & 9 addition1 ?ree h&spikes1 & a bree*+4 ,,fix ,,! ,,bree*+4 ,,hook ,,! ,,tackles4 ,,run ,,! ,,gun ,,94 ,,heave4 ,,halt4 ,spunge1 & load1 z detail$ = guns on /&+ c>riages4 ,,run ,,! ,,gun ,,out4 ,,heave4 ,,halt4 ,elevat+1 ,trav]s+1 ,prim+ & ,fir+1 z direct$ 9 ,article #b4 ,article #aj4 ,,guns1 ,,& ,,c>ronades ,,on ,,depress+ ,,c>riages4 ,:51 aft] be+ fir$1 ! piece is to be load$1 x mu/ be br\ght to su* a position t ! spunge may be cle> ( ! gr\nd1 or sill ( ! embrasure4 ,%ort pieces1 su* z c>ronades1 & h[itz]s1 are sup]ior to guns = great depression1 z !y are easily manag$ & quickly load$4 ,article #aa4 ,,ex]cise ,,( #aj ,,& #h-;,,in* ,,h[itz]s1 ,,on ,,/&+ ,,& ,,siege ,,c>riages1 ,,) ,,sev5 ,,m54 ,no4 #a comm&s1 supplies #b ) side arms1 po9ts1 & primes4 #c loads1 runs up1 & elevates4 #b spunges1 wipes ! %ell1 uncaps ! fuze1 puts ! %ell up1 runs up1 & elevates4 #e supplies #c ) c>tridge1 #d cle>s ! v5t1 s]ves x1 runs up1 & trav]ses4 pricks ! c>tridge1 runs up1 & trav]ses4 #g prep>es & br+s up %ells1 #f prep>es & br+s up %ells1 assi/s to put !m 91 assi/s to put !m 91 d\ble-mans #c's h&spike1 d\ble-mans #b's h&spike1 supplies #a ) tubes1 cuts replaces #a's h&spike1 supplies & fixes fuzes1 & fires4 #e ) c>tridges1 cuts & fixes fuzes4 ,! same /ores are requir$ = ! s]vice ( h[itz]s z = t ( guns1 7sub/itut+ %ells = %ot17 &1 9 addition1 a %ell be>]1 a %eepsk91 & a pair ( sett+ up p9c]s4 ,! deta*m5ts take po/ z direct$ = guns4 ,,load4 ,,%ell4 ,! h[itz]s are run up1 elevat$1 trav]s$1 prim$1 & fir$1 z detail$ = guns4 ,article #ab4 ,,ex]cise ,,( ,,mort>s4 ,! deta*m5ts are told (f & numb]$ z detail$ 9 ,article #a4 ,:5 !y are to take po/ ! comm&] gives ! ^w1 8,take po/ at ! mort>s1 to ! "r face40 ,no4 #a1 aft] fac+1 takes an oblique pace to ! re> on ! left ( ,no4 #c4 ,at ! ^w 8,quick m>*10 ! ranks op5 out & m>* on ea* side ( ! mort>s1 z direct$ = guns4 ,nos4 #b & #c halt 9 l9e ) ! muzzle2 #d & #e ) ! trunnions2 #f & #g ) ! re> ( ! b$2 ! :ole outside ( ! plat=m1 & 9 e*ellon1 except ,no4 #a1 :o takes po/ 9 re> ( ! plat=m4 ,disposition1 & ,duties ( ,deta*m5ts1 = #ac & #aj-;in* ,mort>s1 ) ,sev5 m54 ,no4 #a comm&s1 h&s ! spunge to #b1 po9ts1 & primes4 #c runs up1 puts 9 ! c>tridge1 #b runs up1 spunges1 wipes ! assi/s to put 9 ! %ell1 bottom ( ! %ell1 uncaps & trav]ses4 ! fuze1 assi/s to put ! %ell 91 & trav]ses4 #e runs up1 supplies #c ) #d runs up1 cle>s ! v5t1 s]ves c>tridge1 & trav]ses4 x1 pricks ! c>tridge1 & trav]ses4 #g d\ble-mans #c's h&spike1 #f d\ble-mans #b's h&spike1 prep>es & br+s up %ells1 prep>es & br+s up %ells1 assi/s to put !m 91 cuts assi/s to put !m 91 supplies & fixes fuzes1 supplies #a #e ) c>tridges1 cuts ) tubes1 & fires4 & fixes fuzes4 ,at #aj-;in* mort>s1 ,nos4 #b & #c are suffici5t to put 9 ! %ell4 ,disposition1 & ,duties ( ,deta*m5ts1 = #h1 #e1 & #d-;in* ,mort>s1 ) ,five m54 ,no4 #a comm&s1 h&s ! spunge to #b1 po9ts1 & primes4 #c runs up1 puts 9 ! c>tridge1 #b runs up1 spunges1 wipes ! puts 9 %ell1 & trav]ses4 bottom ( ! %ell1 uncaps ! fuze1 & trav]ses4 #e prep>es & br+s up %ells1 #d cle>s ! v5t1 s]ves x1 cuts & fixes fuzes1 supplies pricks ! c>tridge1 supplies #a ) tubes1 & fires4 #c ) c>tridges1 cuts & fixes fuzes4 ,! %ells ought always to be deposit$ beh9d trav]ses rais$ = ! purpose1 or 9 o!r %elt]$ places1 & "o or two m51 accord+ to circum/ances1 %\ld be appo9t$ to scrape & clean ! inside ( !m1 & prep>e !m = ! p[d] & fuzes4 ,!re mu/ also be m5 to weigh or measure out ! *>ges ( p[d]1 accord+ to ! directions ( ,no4 #a4 ,! foll[+ /ores are requir$ = ! s]vice ( mort>s3-- ,"o spunge to be plac$ on ! "r ( ! mort>1 ! spunge head to ! front1 & support$ to keep x free f gravel4 ,"o scrap] = two mort>s4 ,"o c>tridge case1 = br++ up ! c>tridge2 or a pap] or lea!r case1 = load+ :5 ! p[d] is loose4 ,"o beam hook1 = #ac-;in*2 ,"o pair ( h& hooks1 = #aj-;in*4 ,"o new patt]n h& hook1 or piece ( cord1 = #h-;in*4 ,f\r h&spikes4 ,two on ea* side ( ! plat=m1 z direct$ = guns4 ,two po9t+ rods1 or pickets4 ,"o plummet ) l9e1 9 *>ge ( ,no4 #a4 ,a piece ( %eepsk91 or an empty s&-bag = wip+ ! bottom ( ! %ell2 to be plac$ on ! "r ( ! spunge4 ,"o quadrant1 ,"o p]p5dicul>1 ,"o fuze eng9e1 = e f\r or five mort>s4 ,"o tube pocket4 ,"o lany>d ) hook1 = friction tubes4 ,"o set ( prim+ irons4 ,"o fill+ funnel4 ,"o cork screw4 ,"o mallet4 ,two sett]s4 ,t[1 or flax4 ,%ells4 ,p\nd %ot1 or /ones4 ,bottoms = ditto4 ,val5ci5nes composition4 ,fuzes4 ,c>casses4 ,light balls4 ,at ! ,magaz9e4 ,"o budge b>rel4 ,"o set ( weights & scales4 ,"o set ( p[d] measures4 ,,prep>e ,,= ,,action4 ,,plant ,,! ,,po9t+ ,,rods4 ,,halt4 ,,plant ,,! ,,rod4 ,po9t+ rods are sometimes fix$ 9 two & a half or ?ree in* planks1 ab\t sev5 or eight feet 9 l5g?1 prep>$ = ?is purpose4 ,mort>s are run up by ! same numb]s1 & 9 ! same mann]1 z guns on /&+ c>riages1 ! h&spikes be+ appli$ "u ! runn+ up bolts4 ,,load4 ,,put ,,9 ,,! ,,%ell4 ,,trav]se4 ,,muzzle ,,"r4 ,,heave4 ,,halt4 ,,muzzle ,,left4 ,,heave4 ,,halt4 ,if necess>y--,,cross ,,lift ,,! ,,mort> ,,to ,,! ,,"r1 7or ,,left74 ,,heave4 ,,d[n4 ,prim+1 & ,fir+1 z detail$ = guns1 except t ,no4 #b1 at ! ^w 8,,ready10 takes ! %eepsk9 out ( ! mort>1 & z well z ,no4 #c takes an oblique pace to ! re>1 to be cle> ( ! explosion4 ,article #ac4 ,,fir+ ,,by ,,night4 ,to insure z accurate a fire z possible dur+ ! night1 ! foll[+ exp$i5ts h be5 adopt$3-- ,= guns on /&+ c>riages4--,a direct+ b>1 or piece ( timb]1 ab\t a foot or eighte5 in*es long] ?an ! plat=m & f\r in*es by six 9 ?ickness1 is us$4 ,x has a hole at "o end1 ?r\gh :i* a bolt is pass$ into ! plat=m close to ! hurt]1 & 9 ! object l9e4 ,on ?is bolt ! b> trav]ses4 ,at equal di/ances f ! axis or middle l9e ( ! c>riage1 two cleats are bolt$ "u ea* axletree1 at a di/ance f ea* o!r equal to ! bread? ( ! b>1 & ! b> is pass$ "u ! c>riage & fitt$ betwe5 ^! cleats4 ,holes are bor$ at ! tail ( ! plat=m1 = ! reception ( bolts1 at di/ances f ea* o!r to suit ! size ( ! b>4 ,! gun is laid = ! object dur+ ! day1 & %\ld ! b> fall exactly betwe5 two holes1 ! bolts are put 91 & ! b> rema9s fix$4 ,:5 h[ev] ! b> cov]s a hole1 ! bolts are put into ! ne>e/ holes on ea* side1 & small w$ges driv5 9 betwe5 !m & ! b>1 9 ord] to keep x 9 its place4 ,! gun n[ requires no?+ m aft] ea* r\nd ?an to be load$1 run up1 & fir$2 op]ations :i* are z easily p]=m$ by night z by day4 ,= guns on travell+ c>riages4--,! gun hav+ be5 prop]ly laid dur+ ! day1 a bead or piece ( timb] ( a prop] scantl+ is nail$ or screw$ to ! plat=m1 inside ! felloe ( ea* :eel1 & p>allel to ! object l9e1 & two %ort] pieces are fa/5$ 9 l mann] outside ( ! *eeks ( ! c>riage1 at ! trail4 ,by a prop] application ( scot*es1 ! ,madras & e description ( trav]s+ plat=m c be made available = night fir+4 ,:5 ! =ego+ exp$i5ts _c be resort$ to1 ! plat=m & ! c>riage %\ld be *alk$ 9 diff]5t places1 & :5 ! gun is run up1 ^! *alk-m>ks %\ld be made to correspond4 ,a lant]n1 9 ?is case1 is always requir$4 ,= ,mort>s4 ,aft] ! mort> has be5 accurately laid1 a plank1 ?9 en\gh to g "u ! runn+-up bolts )\t t\*+ !m1 is plac$ aga9/ ! outside ( "o ( ! *eeks ( ! b$1 & nail$ or screw$ to ! plat=m1 & ! mort> aft] e r\nd1 run up to x4 ,if a suitable piece ( plank _c be procur$ ! plat=m mu/ be *alk$ close to ! mort> b$4 ,article #ad4 ,,fir+ ,,at ,,mov+ ,,objects4 ,= fir+ at mov+ objects a g>rison c>riage may be fitt$ ) a direct+ b>1 z = night fir+1 & trav]s$ by means ( tackles hook$ to eye-bolts 9 ! re> end ( ! b>4 ,if ! re> end be %ap$ = ab\t t5 in*es l an axletree arm1 & fitt$ ) a truck1 ! op]ation ( trav]s+ w be greatly facilitat$4 ,?is me?od is peculi>ly applicable to coa/ batt]ies1 :]e ! guns are m\nt$ en b>bette & :]e vessels "u sail are ! objects to be fir$ at4 ,! gun is elevat$ & prim$1 & ! prop] tackle be+ !n haul$ ^u1 ,no4 #a gives ! ^w 8,fire10 )\t any caution to ! trav]s+ numb]s4 ,,"p #b4--;,article #a4 ,,lev]1 ,,& ,,h&spike4 ,! lev] is ( ess5tial use 9 ! s]vice ( artill]y4 ,:5 x is #f feet long1 & #c in*es squ>e at ! l>ge end1 call$ ! po9t1 x is t]m$ a h&spike4 ,! great] ! l5g? ( ! lev] ! great] is its p[]4#bg ,slew+4 ,to slew a gun1 or mort>1 /rictly speak+1 is to turn x on its axis )\t mov+ x f ! spot on :i* x re/s4 ,p9*+4 ,p9*+ is ! op]ation ( mov+ a gun1 or mort>1 by small heaves ( ! h&spike1 )\t all[+ x to turn on its axis4 ,x is mov$ little by little1 & nev] rais$ 9 its progress1 b rubs aga9/ ! skid on :i* x re/s4 ,cross-lift+4 ,to cross-lift a gun1 or c>riage1 is to move x 9 a direction ne>ly p]p5dicul> to its axis4 ,heavy guns1 m\nt$1 or dism\nt$1 require a long lev]1 & a fulcrum1 = cross-lift+4 ,guns ( m$ium weight may be cross-lift$ by means ( h&spikes4 ,article #b4 ,,fulcrums1 ,,& ,,props4 ,any piece ( /rong timb] ( suitable dim5sions may s]ve = a fulcrum1 or a prop4 ,x is call$ a fulcrum :5 us$ to support a lev]1 & a prop :5 us$ z a tempor>y support = any?+ else4 ,fulcrums4 ,! di/ance ( ! fulcrum f ! weight :i* is to be rais$ %\ld be su* t1 :5 ! lev] re/s ^u ! top ( x1 ! po9t may be put "u ! weight1 & ! lev] =m su* an angle ) ! horizon t1 :5 x is heav$ d[n1 & ! small end ne>ly t\*es ! gr\nd1 ! weight may be rais$ to ! requir$ height4 ,except ) v heavy bodies1 c>e mu/ be tak51 9 plac+ a fulcrum1 t x is incl9$ 9 a small degree t[>ds ! body1 s t :5 ! lev] acts x may br+ ! fulcrum into a v]tical position4 ,props4 ,!re _c be a bett] prop ?an a quo91 :5 x is long en\gh1 or a piece ( wood ( t %ape1 ( proportionate size4 ,if ! :eels ( a c>riage are to be tak5 (f1 & ! c>riage propp$1 ! trail %\ld be fir/ secur$ f slipp+4 ,! props are plac$ "u ea* *eek1 or "u ! %\ld] ( ! axletree1 ) a slight incl9ation t[>ds ! c>riage4 ,:5 "o :eel only is to be tak5 (f1 & ! o!r scot*$1 ! props may be plac$ v]tically2 b practice alone w po9t out ! prop] position ( props 9 all situations4 ,! po9t ( ! lev] mu/ n be )drawn1 until x is evid5t t ! prop is well plac$4 ,article #c4 ,,lift+ ,,jack4 ,! lift+ jack =ms "p ( ! equipm5t ( e batt]y1 & batt]+ tra94 ,x may be appli$ to _m ( ! purposes = :i* a long lev] is us$2 b x is commonly employ$ to raise ! :eels ( c>riages f ! gr\nd :5 !y are to be greas$1 or ex*ang$1 & to extricate !m f ruts & holes4 ,! :eel opposite to t :i* is to be rais$ mu/ be scot*$4 ,on s(t gr\nd a piece ( bo>d mu/ be plac$ "u ! foot ( ! jack1 to prev5t its s9k+4 ,!re are ?ree k9ds ( lift+ jacks 9 ! s]vice-- #a/4 ,! common lift+ jack is us$ = field c>riages only4 ,! arm1 :i* may be adju/$1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 to any requir$ height1 is a lev] ( ! fir/ k9d1 & is appli$ accord+ly4 ,! body ( ! jack is ! support on :i* x works4 #bnd4 ,! too? & p9ion jack is ( great] p[] ?an ! common jack1 & is us$ = heavy c>riages4 ,x is appli$ v]tically "u ! c>riage1 :i* is rais$ by turn+ ! w9* ( ! jack4 #crd4 ,! screw jack is an elevat+ screw ( l>ge dim5sions1 & is ( great] p[] ?an ei!r ( ! o!r two4 ,l ! too? & p9ion jack1 x is appli$ v]tically "u ! body1 :i* is rais$1 l ! bree* ( a gun1 by turn+ up ! screw4 ,! foot ( x is furni%$ ) ?ree spikes1 to prev5t its slipp+ :5 ! screw is turn$4 ,if a :eel is to be extricat$ f a rut1 into :i* x has sunk s f> t ! lift+ jack _c be appli$ 9 ! ord9>y mann]1 ! jack is plac$ z close to ! :eel z possible1 on ! outside ( x4 ,a piece ( rope1 pass$ "u ! nave1 is made fa/ to ! extremity ( ! arm1 if ! common jack is us$1 or to ! =k1 if ei!r ( ! o!r k9ds be employ$4 ,! jack is !n work$ z usual1 & /ones or o!r h>d sub/ances are ?r[n "u ! :eel1 to prev5t its s9k+1 z (t5 z x may be necess>y to take fre% pur*ases4 ,! too? & p9ion & screw jacks may be employ$ to move bodies horizontally a few in*es1 provid$ a good abutm5t or support c be f\nd = ! foot ( ! /ock4 ,by ! application ( two jacks1 9 opposite directions1 bodies may be br\ght toge!r to be splic$1 rivet$1 c4 ,article #d4 ,,roll]s4 ,roll]s are solid cyl9d]s ( wood1 us$ 9 m\nt+ guns ^u _! c>riages1 9 %ift+ !m f c>riage to c>riage1 & 9 mov+ !m ?r\gh passages too n>r[ to admit ( ! use ( ! ord9>y means ( transport4 ,_! dim5sions v>y1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! s]vice = :i* !y are int5d$4 ,!y c be us$ ) advantage1 only on a p]fectly level plane surface4 ,:5 a cyl9drical body is mov$ on roll]s1 !y mu/ be p]fectly horizontal1 or x w roll (f !m2 & ev5 :5 ! roll]s are horizontal1 /eady+ h&spikes %\ld1 if possible1 be appli$1 to gu>d /ill fur!r aga9/ su* an accid5t4 ,! roll]s mu/ be plac$ at "r angles to ! direction 9 :i* !y are int5d$ to move1 project+ equally on ea* side ( ! axis ( ! gun1 or o!r body1 :i* !y support4 ,a gun laid ^u roll]s may be mov$1 ei!r by haul+ ^u x ) ropes1 or by means ( lev]s4 ,9 ! la/ case1 two holes cross+ ea* o!r at "r angles1 are pi]c$ ne> ea* end ( ! sev]al roll]s1 & 9 !m are ins]t$ ! po9ts ( iron lev]s1 by means ( :i* ! roll]s are turn$ 9 ! requir$ direction4 ,9 ord] t roll]s may be us$ ) ! greate/ effect1 & t !re may be z little necessity z possible = %ift+ !m dur+ ! c\rse ( an op]ation1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1-- #a/4 ,t a roll] moves 9 a direction p]p5dicul> to its own axis4 #bnd4 ,t x moves ov] half ! space only :i* is trav]s$ by ! body x supports4 ,article #e4 ,,crab ,,cap/an4 ,a crab cap/an consi/s ( a b>rel1 79 %ape1 a fru/um ( a cone17 & ( a framework ( wood & iron by :i* ! b>rel is support$ 9 a v]tical position ) its l>ge/ diamet] next ! gr\nd4 ,x is furni%$ ) two lev]s1 call$ cap/an b>s1 :i* are pass$ ?r\gh mortices 9 ! upp] "p ( ! b>rel1 & by means ( :i* ! b>rel may be turn$ ab\t on its axis4 ,by means ( ! crab cap/an1 a few m51 act+ at ! lev]s1 c move weights :i* w\ld be f> beyond _! /r5g?1 if appli$ 9 ! ord9>y mann]2 & x may1 !re=e1 be us$ ) advantage 9 _m situations1 9 :i* x may be ei!r difficult to comm& lab\r1 or desirable to economise x4 ,"o end ( a rope is made fa/ to ! weight :i* is to be mov$1 & is call$ ! /&+ end4 ,! o!r1 call$ ! runn+ end1 is pass$ two or ?ree times r\nd ! l[] "p ( ! b>rel1 ! loose or runn+ end be+ kept above ! turns1 & /ret*$ taught by ! man :o pass$ x r\nd4 ,z ! b>rel is turn$1 ! /&+ end ( ! rope w9ds r\nd x1 =ces ! turns up ! b>rel1 & cle>s itself4 ,z fa/ z ! runn+ end comes (f ! b>rel1 x is coil$ by a man appo9t$ to t duty4 ,! cap/an1 :5 us$1 is secur$ by ropes to pickets1 driv5 on ! opposite side ( x to t on :i* ! /ra9 acts ^u x4 ,?ree m5 at ea* end ( bo? b>s--i4 e41 twelve m5 9 all--is ! greate/ numb] t c be employ$ at ! cap/an ) advantage2 & two m5 are requir$ = ! runn+ end ( ! fall1 z previ\sly describ$4 ,! lev]s are twelve feet 9 l5g?1 & ! p[] ( twelve m51 act+ ^u !m1 is ab\t equival5t to t ( #acb m5 act+ at ! end ( a taught rope4 ,if a crab cap/an _c be procur$1 ! w9dlass ( a gyn may be us$ z a sub/itute1 ! *eeks be+ laid on ! gr\nd & secur$ ) pickets2 or a tempor>y cap/an may be rigg$1 by la%+ f\r h&spikes to ! spokes & felloe ( a limb] :eel1 :i* is turn$ ^u ! p9tail ( ! dism\nt$ limb]4 ,article #ab4 ,,sl+ ,,c>t4 ,! sl+ c>t weighs ab\t #ae cwt41 & is employ$ = mov+ heavy ordnance4 ,x is capable ( c>ry+ #fe cwt4 ,"o non-commission$ (fic] & six m5 are requir$1 numb]$ z usual2 b x c be work$ by "o non-commission$ (fic] & f\r m54 ,articles requir$3-- ,"o sl+ ( six-in* :ite rope1 two fa?oms long1 ) an eye-splice at ea* end4 ,"o sl+ tye1 ( "o-in* t>r$ rope1 two feet long4 ,"o prypole4 ,"o prypole rope1 #b-;in*1 ?ree fa?oms long4 ,two lev]s1 six feet n9e in*es long4 ,two lev] ropes1 ( two-in* t>r$ rope1 ea* two fa?oms4 ,two pawls4 ,two common h&spikes4 ,two pieces ( %ort skidd+1 ab\t #d feet long1 & five or six in*es squ>e4 ,! deta*m5t is drawn up 9 re> ( & fac+ ! c>t1 ! comm& is giv51 8,=m ! ord] ( ex]cise--to ! "r face--quick m>*40 ,! deta*m5t :eels to ! left1 & ! ranks op5 out4 ,nos4 #b & #c halt "o pace 9 re> ( & cov]+ ! :eels4 ,! :ole "o pace f ea* o!r1 & cov]+4 ,disposition1 & duties ( ! ,m54 ,no4 #a att5ds to ! pawl1 & comm&s4 ,left side4 ,"r side4 #c has *>ge ( ! left lev]1 #b has *>ge ( ! "r lev]1 & skids ! gun :5 & skids ! gun :5 necess>y4 necess>y4 #e has *>ge ( a h&spike1 #d has *>ge ( a h&spike1 assi/s #c at ! lev]1 & assi/s #b at ! lev]1 & skidd+1 & raises ! weight skidd+1 & raises ! weight :5 x is to be la%$4 :5 x is to be la%$4 #g assi/s #c at ! lev]1 sl+s1 #f assi/s #b at ! lev]1 sl+s1 & unsl+s ! gun1 & & unsl+s ! gun1 & la%es x to ! prypole4 la%es x to ! prypole4 ,,=m ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,m>*4 ,,quick ,,m>*4 ,if ! gun be n on skids1 a piece ( skidd+ is plac$ "u x1 a little 9 front ( ! trunnions1 to make room = ! sl+ to be pass$ "u ! piece4 ,be=e ! piece is slung1 ! trunnions are br\ght v]tical1 or ne>ly s1 ei!r by ! ord9>y me?od ( slew+1 or by means ( ! sl+ c>t1 z foll[s3-- ,,back ,,! ,,c>t ,,ov] ,,! ,,gun4 ,,scot* ,,! ,,:eels4 ,,=m ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,ex]cise4 ,,quick ,,m>*4 ,,unla% ,,! ,,prypole1 ,,lev]s1 ,,& ,,h&spikes4 ,,fix ,,! ,,sl+ ,,to ,,! ,,"r ,,( ,,! ,,w9dlass4 ,,ov]haul ,,! ,,sl+4 ,,prep>e ,,to ,,raise ,,! ,,"r ,,trunnion4 ,,heave ,,9 ,,! ,,slack4 ,,take ,,up ,,lev]s4 ,,"r ,,lev] ,,take ,,pur*ase4 ,,heave4 ,,left ,,lev] ,,take ,,pur*ase4 ,,"r ,,lev] ,,fet*4 ,,left ,,lev] ,,heave4 ,,"r ,,lev] ,,take ,,pur*ase4 ,,left ,,lev] ,,fet*4 ,,halt4 ,,out ,,lev]s4 ,,sl+ ,,! ,,gun4 ,,heave ,,9 ,,! ,,slack4 ,,man ,,! ,,lev]s4 ,,heave4 ,,left ,,lev] ,,hold ,,on4 ,,"r ,,lev] ,,fet*4 ,alt]nately to ! lev] numb]s--,,hold ,,on1 & ,,fet*1 until ! gun is close to ! axletree1 ,,halt4 ,,prep>e ,,to ,,raise ,,! ,,bree*4 ,,raise ,,! ,,bree*4 7,if necess>y1 ,,take ,a ,,fre% ,,pur*ase4 ,,heave47 ,,halt1 ,,la% ,,! ,,bree*4 ,,la% ,,lev]s1 ,,& ,,h&spikes4 ,unsl++ ! ,gun4 ,,unla% ,,lev]s1 ,,& ,,h&spikes4 ,,unla% ,,! ,,prypole4 ,,man ,,! ,,lev]s4 ,,ease ,,(f4 ,,left ,,lev] ,,hold ,,on4 ,,"r ,,lev] ,,fet*4 ,,"r ,,lev] ,,hold ,,on4 ,,left ,,lev] ,,fet*4 ,,out ,,lev]s4 ,sl++ a ,h[itz]4 ,a h[itz] is slung1 & unslung accord+ to ! =ego+ details4 ,sl++ a ,mort>4 ,a mort> is slung ) ! muzzle t[>ds ! re>4 ,= a #ac-;in* mort>1 ! :eels ( ! sl+ waggon ought to be us$ = ! sl+ c>t1 & a d\ble-b>rell$ w9dlass1 if procurable4 ,unsl++ a ,mort>4 ,see 8,unsl++ a ,gun40 ,sl++ a ,mort> b$4 ,! w9dlass = rais+ ,mort> b$s is ( a diff]5t con/ruction f t ( guns1 be+ squ>e 9 ! middle1 & cyl9drical at ea* end4 ,! b$ is slung ) ! front "p t[>ds ! re> ( ! c>t4 ,,sl+ ,,! ,,b$4 ,,la% ,,! ,,b$4 ,unsl++ a ,mort> b$4 ,unsl++ a mort> b$ is j ! rev]se ( sl++1 ea* numb] undo+ :at he _h previ\sly done4 ,article #ac4 ,,sl+ ,,waggon4 ,! sl+ waggon weighs ab\t #bi cwt41 & is employ$ = mov+ heavy ordnance1 & _! /&+ c>riages4 ,x requires a deta*m5t ( #a non-commission$ (fic] & #h m52 b #a non-commission$ (fic] & #f m5 c sl+ any weight bel[ a #bd-p\nd]4 ,! foll[+ articles are requir$3-- ,"o sl+ ( five-in* :ite rope1 #b fa?oms long1 & hav+ an eye-splice at ea* end4 ,"o sl+ tye ( "o-in* t>r$ rope1 two feet long4 ,"o bree* rope1 or c>riage sl+1 ( #b-;in* t>r$ rope1 #f fa?oms long4 ,two lev]s1 six feet n9e in*es long4 ,two lev] ropes1 ( two-in* t>r$ rope1 #b fa?oms ea*4 ,two pawls4 ,f\r common h&spikes4 ,two pieces ( skidd+1 ab\t f\r feet long1 & six or sev5 in*es squ>e4 ,"o pair ( /rong dragropes4 ,! deta*m5t is numb]$ 9 ! usual mann]1 & takes po/ = ex]cise1 z at ! sl+ c>t4 ,disposition1 & duties ( ! m54 ,no4 #a att5ds to ! pawls1 & comm&s4 ,left side4 ,"r side4 #c has *>ge ( ! left lev]1 #b has *>ge ( ! "r lev]1 & skidd+1 scot*es ! & skidd+1 scot*es ! :eels 9 re>1 assi/s 9 :eels 9 re>1 assi/s 9 unlimb]+1 & limb]+ up4 unlimb]+1 & limb]+ up4 #e has *>ge ( a h&spike1 #d has *>ge ( a h&spike1 assi/s #c at ! lev]1 scot*es assi/s #b at ! lev]1 scot*es ! :eels 9 front1 fixes ! ! :eels 9 front1 fixes ! c>riage sl+1 & assi/s 9 c>riage sl+1 & assi/s 9 unlimb]+1 & limb]+ up4 unlimb]+1 & limb]+ up4 #g assi/s #c at ! lev]1 sl+s1 #f assi/s #b at ! lev]1 sl+s1 & unsl+s ! gun1 la%es ! & unsl+s ! gun1 la%es ! bree*1 h&spikes1 & lev]s1 bree*1 h&spikes1 & lev]s1 & assi/s 9 unlimb]+1 & & assi/s 9 unlimb]+1 limb]+ up4 & limb]+ up4 #i assi/s 9 unlimb]+1 & #h assi/s 9 unlimb]+1 & limb]+ up1 keys1 & unkeys limb]+ up1 keys1 & unkeys ! limb] *a91 & fixes ! ! draught *a91 & fixes bree* rope4 ! bree* rope4 ,br++ ! /ores4--,if ! /ores are n ) ! waggon1 ,nos4 #b & #c br+ a lev] ea*1 & #d & #e two h&spikes ea*2 #f ! gun sl+1 & #g ! c>riage sl+ or bree* rope2 #h & #i ! skids & drag ropes4 ,! gun is suppos$ to be ly+ on skids1 & its c>riage on "o side1 ) its brea/ ne>ly 9 l9e ) ! bree*4 ,,=m ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,m>*4 ,,quick ,,m>*4 ,,back ,,! ,,waggon ,,ov] ,,! ,,gun4 ,,prep>e ,,to ,,unlimb]4 ,,unlimb]4 ,,out ,,lev]s4 ,,prep>e ,,to ,,turn ,,! ,,gun ,,c>riage ,,ov]4 ,,turn ,,! ,,gun ,,c>riage ,,ov]--,,heave4 ,,take ,,(f ,,! ,,trucks4 ,,prep>e ,,to ,,lift ,,! ,,c>riage ,,to ,,! ,,cross-,,b>4 ,,lift ,,! ,,c>riage ,,to ,,! ,,cross-,,b>4 ,,fix ,,! ,,c>riage ,,sl+4 ,,take ,,up ,,lev]s4 ,,"r ,,lev] ,,take ,a ,,pur*ase--,,heave4 ,,out ,,lev]s--,,(f ,,sl+4 ,,prep>e ,,to ,,limb] ,,up4 ,,limb] ,,up4 ,,prep>e ,,to ,,back ,,! ,,waggon4 ,,back ,,! ,,waggon4 ,,scot* ,,! ,,h9d ,,:eels4 ,,put ,,on ,,! ,,trucks4 ,,=m ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,ex]cise4 ,,quick ,,m>*4 ,,prep>e ,,to ,,raise ,,! ,,trunnion ,,on ,,! ,,"r4 ,,heave ,,9 ,,! ,,slack4 ,,take ,,up ,,lev]s4 ,,"r ,,lev] ,,take ,a ,,pur*ase--,,heave4 ,,left ,,lev] ,,take ,a ,,pur*ase4 ,,"r ,,lev] ,,fet*4 ,,left ,,lev] ,,heave4 ,,out ,,lev]s4 ,,sl+ ,,! ,,gun4 ,,man ,,! ,,lev]s4 ,,left ,,lev] ,,hold ,,on--,,"r ,,lev] ,,fet*4 ,,prep>e ,,to ,,raise ,,! ,,bree*4 ,,raise ,,! ,,bree*4 ,,frap ,,& ,,make ,,fa/4 ,,place ,,/ool ,,b$1 ,,& ,,quo94 ,,la% ,,up ,,lev]s1 ,,& ,,h&spikes4 ,dism\nt+ ! ,gun1 & ,c>riage4 ,,place ,,skids1 ,,unla%1 ,,& ,,scot* ,,! ,,:eels4 ,,unla% ,,! ,,bree*4 ,,=m ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,ex]cise4 ,,quick ,,m>*4 ,,lev]s ,,take ,a ,,pur*ase ,,to ,,l[] ,,! ,,gun4 ,,be> ,,d[n4 ,,ease ,,(f4 ,,"r ,,lev] ,,hold ,,on4 ,,left ,,lev] ,,fet*4 ,,left ,,lev] ,,hold ,,on4 ,,"r ,,lev] ,,fet*4 ,,ease ,,(f4 ,sl++ ,h[itz]s4 ,a h[itz] is slung 9 ! same mann] z a gun4 ,sl++ ,mort>s4 ,a #ac-;in* mort> & its b$ require ea* a waggon = itself2 b a #aj or #h-;in* mort> c be convey$ on its b$1 by "o waggon4 ,,limb] ,,up4 ,,unscot* ,,! ,,:eels4 ,,run ,,! ,,waggon ,,back4 ,,prep>e ,,to ,,la% ,,up ,,! ,,muzzle4 ,,heave4 ,,run ,,! ,,waggon ,,=w>d4 ,article #ae4 ,,triangle ,,gyns4 ,!re are two patt]ns ( triangle gyn1 ! small & ! l>ge4 ,! small gyn has legs sixte5 feet long1 weighs ab\t #h cwt41 includ+ ! tackle1 & is capable ( rais+ ) safety #fe cwt4 ,x is pr9cipally us$ = m\nt+ guns & h[itz]s on _! c>riages1 & = dism\nt+ !m2 & = plac+ ordnance ( e description on plat=m waggons4 ,! l>ge gyn has legs tw5ty feet long1 weighs ab\t #aa cwt41 includ+ ! tackle1 & is also capable ( rais+ ) safety #fe cwt4 ,x is pr9cipally us$ = m\nt+ guns ^u trav]s+ plat=ms1 & = dism\nt+ !m4 ,! re> ( ! gyn is ! "p :]e ! w9dlass is fix$4 ,! front ( ! gyn is ! prypole4 ,/r5g? ( ,gyn ,deta*m5ts4 ,"o non-commission$ (fic] & t5 m5 are all[$ to raise & "w ! gyn1 numb]$ z = gun drill4 ,! same numb] is suffici5t to c>ry ! small gyn4 ,! l>ge "o %\ld be drawn to ! place :]e x is to be us$ 9 a h& c>t4 ,at ex]cise ! ev5 numb]s are on ! "r1 & ! odd numb]s on ! left4 ,! foll[+ is ! li/ ( /ores requir$ = ! s]vice ( gyns3-- ,"o fall1 ( #c-;in* :ite rope1 sev5ty-two feet long1 = ! small gyn4 ,"o fall1 ( #c in* :ite rope1 n9ety-six feet long4 ,"o /aple1 fix$ 9 ! top ( ! prypole4 ,= ,"o f\r-in* block = :ip4 ! ,"o :ip fall1 ( #a-;in* rope1 ?irty feet long4 l>ge ,f\r la%+ ropes1 ea* n9e feet long4 gyn4 ,two lev]s & lev] ropes4 ,"o triple block4 ,"o d\ble block4 ,"o sl+1 ( six-in* :ite rope1 ( a l5g? to suit ! dim5sion ( ! gun or o!r object :i* is to be slung4 ,"o s+le la%+ rope1 #b-;in*1 = sl++ mort>s4 ,"o piece ( spun y>n1 ?ree-/r&$1 #a fa?om long1 = seiz+ ! cl9* ( ! fall4 ,"o ditto1 "o fa?om long1 = /opp]+ ! fall4 ,) ,"o fid1 7= :i* a c\ple ( h&spikes may be bo? sub/itut$17 = sl++ ! gun2 or1-- patt]ns4 ,"o %ort piece ( skidd+1 = ! same purpose1 = sl++ mort>s & h[itz]s4 ,"o hamm]4 ,?ree trucks1 or small pieces ( bo>d1 f\r in*es ?ick1 ) a hole 9 ! c5tre ( ea*1 to receive ! spikes ( ! feet ( ! gyn on s(t gr\nd4 ,h&spikes laid ^u ! gr\nd1 & on ea* side ( ! sev]al spikes1 w answ] ?is purpose4 ,"o pair ( dragropes4 ,disposition1 & duties ( ! ,m54 ,no4 #a comm&s4 ,left side4 ,"r side4 #c c>ries ! foot ( ! left #b c>ries ! foot ( ! "r *eek1 has *>ge ( ! left *eek1 has *>ge ( ! "r lev]1 keys & unkeys ! left lev]1 keys & unkeys ! capsqu>e1 runs ! c>riage up1 "r capsqu>e1 runs ! or back4 c>riage up or back4 #e c>ries ! top ( ! left #d c>ries ! top ( ! "r *eek1 assi/s #c at ! lev]1 *eek1 assi/s #b at ! lev]1 runs ! c>riage up1 or back4 runs ! c>riage up or back4 #g c>ries ! lev]s & #f c>ries ! w9dlass1 passes ! h&spikes1 assi/s #f to pass fall r\nd x1 holds on ! fall ! fall r\nd ! w9dlass1 & makes x fa/1 eases (f holds on next to him4 ! fall1 & l[]s ! gun4 #i c>ries ! top ( ! prypole #h c>ries ! foot ( ! prypole ) sl+1 fid1 trucks1 c41 ) sl+1 fid1 trucks1 c41 holds on ! fall beh9d #g1 holds on ! fall beh9d #f4 & coils x up4 #aa assi/s 9 c>ry+ ! blocks1 #aj assi/s 9 c>ry+ ! blocks & fall1 reeves1 & unreeves & fall1 reeves1 & unreeves ! triple block1 assi/s 9 ! d\ble block1 assi/s 9 sl++ ! gun1 & /eadies sl++ ! gun1 & /eadies x on 8 own side4 x on 8 own side4 ,,put ,,! ,,gyn ,,toge!r1 ,,& ,,reeve ,,! ,,tackle4 ,,place ,,! ,,w9dlass4 ,to raise1 & place a ,gyn4 ,,prep>e ,,to ,,raise ,,! ,,gyn4 ,at a small gyn ! tackle is hook$ be=e ! gyn is rais$2 at a l>ge gyn x is n hook$ until aft] ! op]ation has be5 p]=m$4 ,at ! ,small gyn1 ,,hook ,,! ,,tackle4 ,,raise ,,! ,,gyn4 ,,halt4 ,,prep>e ,,to ,,place ,,! ,,gyn1 ei!r patt]n4 ,,lift ,,! ,,*eeks ,,91 ,,out1 ,,to ,,! ,,"r1 ,,or ,,to ,,! ,,left4 ,at ! ,l>ge gyn1 ,,prep>e ,,to ,,hook ,,! ,,tackle4 ,,hoi/ ,,! ,,tackle4 ,to raise a ,gun1 or o!r object1 & to m\nt & dism\nt a ,gun or ,h[itz] on1 & f a /&+ c>riage2 or to %ift x f "o c>riage to ano!r4 ,,po/ ,,y\rselves4 ,,pass ,,! ,,fall ,,r\nd ,,! ,,w9dlass4 ,,put ,,on ,,! ,,sl+1 ,,& ,,hook ,,! ,,block4 ,,fix ,,! ,,sl+1 to a gun1 or h[itz] )\t dolph9s4 ,or1 ,,fix ,,! ,,la%+1 to a mort>1 or o!r piece ( ordnance ) dolph9s4 ,,fix ,,! ,,sl+1 to a mort> b$4 ,,%ift ,,! ,,fall ,,to ,,! ,,"r ,,( ,,! ,,w9dlass4 ,,haul ,,taught4 ,ev]y?+ be+ prep>$ = rais+ ! piece1 c41 :i* has be5 slung1 ,,"w ,,! ,,lev]s4 ,,heave4 ,,fet*4 ,,heave1 ,,fet*1 alt]nately until ! piece1 c41 is high en\gh4 ,,high ,,en\gh4 ,,make ,,fa/ ,,! ,,fall4 ,if a gun1 or h[itz] is to be dism\nt$1 ! c>riage is run f "u by ,nos4 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 & ! piece is l[]$ to ! gr\nd--,,prep>e ,,to ,,l[] ,,! ,,piece4 ,,l[]4 ,! piece is unslung1 & ! sl+ remov$ by ! same numb]s t slung x4 ,be=e /rik+ ! l>ge gyn1 ! tackle mu/ be unhook$2 an op]ation exactly ! rev]se ( hook+4 ,,prep>e ,,to ,,/rike ,,! ,,gyn4 ,,/rike ,,! ,,gyn4 ,,take ,,! ,,gyn ,,to ,,pieces4 ,to m\nt a ,gun1 & ,c>riage1 ^u a plat=m waggon1 by means ( a triangle gyn4 ,! gyn is plac$ ov] ! gun 9 ! usual mann]1 & ! plat=m waggon is br\ght to ! side ( ! gyn1 ) its re> t[>ds ! muzzle ( ! gun4 ,! gun is !n rais$1 by means ( ! gyn2 &1 :5 high en\gh1 & ! fall made fa/1 ! c>riage is run back by ,nos4 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e4 ,,prep>e ,,to ,,back ,,! ,,waggon4 ,,back ,,! ,,waggon4 ,,l[] ,,! ,,gun4 ,! sl+ is !n remov$1 & ! waggon is run =w>d4 ,! gun c>riage is next br\ght "u ! gyn1 & turn$ bottom upw>ds--,,lift4 ,,fix ,,! ,,c>riage ,,sl+4 ,! c>riage is n[ rais$ by means ( ! gyn1 & is l[]$ ^u ! piece4 ,,la% ,,! ,,c>riage4 ,article #af4 ,,gibralt> ,,gyn4 ,! ,gibralt> gyn is pr9cipally us$ = m\nt+1 & dism\nt+ guns1 & h[itz]s on1 & f /&+ c>riages4 ,x weighs #aj cwt41 & c support ?ree tons ) safety4 ,! foll[+ /ores are requir$ = ! s]vice ( ! gyn3-- ,"o fall1 ( #c-;in* :ite rope1 eight fa?oms long4 ,two la%+s = sl++ ! gun1 ( #b-;in* t>r$ rope1 ea* tw5ty feet long4 ,"o /opp]1 ab\t #e feet long1 ( #b-;in* t>r$ rope1 m ?an "o half plait$ z a gasket4 ,"o iron triple block1 ) brass %eaves1 to :i* is atta*$ a b> ( iron #b feet long1 = susp5d+ ! gun1 its ends turn$ up to prev5t ! sl+s slipp+ (f4 ,f\r common h&spikes4 ,two dragropes4 ,"o non-commission$ (fic] & six m5 are all[$ = work+ ! gyn1 numb]$ z usual4 ,! gyn is mov$ by means ( dragropes hook$ to ! /aples ( ! front1 or re> axletrees by ,nos4 #f & #g4 ,x c be drawn ov] h>d level gr\nd by ! work+ deta*m5t ( six m54 ,on gr\nd ( an unfav\rable nature1 a great] numb] ?an ?is is necess>y4 ,! re> ( ! gyn is ! "p :]e ! w9dlass is fix$4 ,! deta*m5t be+ =m$ a few paces 9 re> ( ! gyn1 ,no4 #a gives ! ^w1 8,,take ,,po/ ,,= ,,ex]cise--,,to ,,! ,,"r ,,face--,,quick ,,m>*40 ,! deta*m5t :eels to ! left1 & ! ranks op5 out4 ,nos4 #b & #c halt "o pace 9 re> ( _! respective axletree arms4 ,! :ole "o pace f ea* o!r1 & cov]+4 ,disposition1 & ,duties ( ! ,deta*m5t4 ,no4 #a comm&s4 ,left side4 ,"r side4 #c runs ! c>riage up1 or back1 #b runs ! c>riage up1 or back1 heaves r\nd ! w9dlass1 heaves r\nd ! w9dlass1 assi/s #g to sl+ ! gun4 assi/s #f to sl+ ! gun4 #e runs ! c>riage up1 or back1 #d runs ! c>riage up1 or back1 assi/s to hold on ! fall1 holds on ! fall1 makes x /opp]s1 & un/opp]s x4 fa/1 & l[]s ! gun4 #g reeves ! tackle1 sl+s1 & #f reeves ! tackle1 sl+s1 & unsl+s ! gun at ! *ase1 unsl+s ! gun ne> ! fir/ & /eadies x4 re9=ce1 /eadies ! gun1 & ov]hauls ! tackle4 ,,prep>e ,,to ,,place ,,! ,,gyn4 ,,place ,,! ,,gyn ,,by ,,h&1 7or ,,by ,,crosslift+74 ,,reeve ,,! ,,tackle4 ,,prep>e ,,to ,,sl+ ,,! ,,piece4 ,,sl+ ,,! ,,piece4 ,,haul ,,9 ,,! ,,slack4 ,,heave ,,r\nd ,,! ,,w9dlass4 ,,halt4 ,,/opp] ,,! ,,fall4 ,,%ift ,,! ,,fall4 ,,halt4 ,! c>riage hav+ be5 run "u ! piece1 or away f x1 z may be requir$1 ! piece is l[]$1 & ca/ loose1 ea* numb] rev]s+ ! op]ations :i* he p]=m$ 9 la%+2 & rais+ x4 ,,"p ,,viii4 ,,gunn]y4 ,by ! ,p>abolic ,!ory1 ! greate/ range is :5 ! angle ( elevation is #de1 or half a "r angle2 & ! ranges are equal at angles1 equally above1 & bel[ #de4 ,9 projectiles1 mov+ ) velocities n exce$+ #cjj or #djj feet p] second ( "t1 ! ,p>abolic !ory w resolve cases tol]ably ne> ! tru?2 b 9 cases ( great projectile velocities1 t !ory is q inadequate1 )\t ! aid ( data1 drawn f good exp]im5ts2 = s great is ! effect ( ! resi/ance ( ! air to projectiles ( consid]able velocity1 t "s ( ^?1 :i* 9 ! air range only two or ?ree miles1 w\ld1 9 vacuo1 range betwe5 tw5ty & ?irty miles4 ,! effects ( ?is resi/ance are also v>i\s1 accord+ to ! velocity1 ! diamet]1 & ! weight ( ! %ot4 ,by exp]im5ts x w be f\nd t ! greate/ range 7in/ead ( be+ con/antly t at an elevation ( #de1 z 9 ! ,p>abolic !ory71 w be at all int]m$iate degrees betwe5 #de & #cj 7) ord9>y *>ges ab\t #db71 be+ m1 or less1 bo? accord+ to ! velocity1 & ! weight ( ! projectile2 ! small] velocities1 & l>g] %ells rang+ f>!/ :5 project$ almo/ at an elevation ( #de2 :ile ! greate/ velocities1 especially ) ! small] %ells1 range f>!/ ) an elevation ( ab\t #cj4 ,h[ev]1 z suffici5t exp]im5ts h n yet be5 made to e/abli% true rules = practical gunn]y1 indep5d5t ( ! ,p>abolic !ory1 we mu/ at pres5t cont5t ourselves ) ! data ( "s "o c]ta9 exp]im5tal range1 & "t ( flight at a giv5 angle ( elevation1 & !n1 by help ( ^!1 & ! ,p>abolic !ory1 we c det]m9e ! l circum/ances = o!r elevations t are n greatly diff]5t f ! =m]1 assi/$ by ! foll[+ rules3-- ,,practical ,,rules ,,9 ,,gunn]y4 #a4--,to f9d ! ,velocity ( any %ot1 or %ell4 ,x has be5 f\nd by exp]im5ts1 t ) %ot ( mean w9dage1 & p[d] ( mean /r5g?1 a *>ge ( "o-?ird ( ! weight ( ! ball gives an initial velocity ( ab\t #afjj feet p] second3 !re=e1 to f9d ! velocity giv5 by any o!r *>ge1 divide ?ree times ! weight ( ! *>ge by ! weight ( ! ball1 & multiply ! squ>e root ( ! quoti5t by #afjj1 ! product w be ! velocity 9 feet1 or ! space ! %ot passes ov] 9 ! fir/ second4#bh #b4 ,! fir/ graze1 ) giv5 elevation1 & *>ge1 be+ kn[n1 to det]m9e ! *>ge = any o!r fir/ graze1 & elevation4 ,multiply ! kn[n *>ge1 & elevation into ! propos$ fir/ graze1 also ! propos$ elevation into ! kn[n fir/ graze1 & divide ! fir/ product by ! la/1 = ! *>ge requir$ 9 ounces4 #c4 ,giv5 ! range = "o *>ge1 to f9d ! range = ano!r *>ge1 or ! *>ge = ano!r range4 ,! ranges h ! same proportion z ! *>ges2 t is1 z "o range is to its *>ge1 s is any o!r range to its *>ge1 ! elevation ( ! piece be+ ! same 9 bo? cases4 ,table ( ,velocities1 c41 ( %ells4 ,nature ( %ells1 9 in*es #ac #aj #h #e #d ,_! weight 7load$7 9 p\nds #bjj #ib #df #af #h ,*>ge ( p[d] 7l& s]vice7 d4 #e #c #b #a ,! velocities #dcf #ejj #fbi #fic #fic ,f ,exp]im5ts on ! velocities ( %ot1 ! foll[+ results h be5 obta9$3-- #a4 ,! "t ( a ball's flight is ne>ly z ! range1 ! gun1 & elevation be+ ! same4 #b4 ,! velocities decrease z ! di/ances increase 7aris+ f ! resi/ance ( ! air1 :i* opposes ! progress ( ! %ot17 9 a proportion some:at high] ?an ! squ>es ( ! velocities ?r\gh\t1 & subject only to a small v>iation4 #c4 ,v little advantage is ga9$1 9 po9t ( range1 by increas+ ! *>ge m ?an is necess>y to atta9 ! object1 ! velocities giv5 by l>ge *>ges be+ v soon r$uc$ to ^? by mod]ate *>ges2 ^?1 = in/ance1 giv5 by half ! %ot's weight are r$uc$ to an equality ) ^? by "o-?ird1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh a space ( only #bjj feet4 7,vide #h47 #d4 ,v little b5efit is d]iv$ f increas+ ! l5g? ( guns1 ! velocity giv5 by long guns ( #bb calibres be+ r$uc$ to an equality ) t ( %ort guns ( #ae calibres ) simil> *>ges1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! foll[+ spaces--viz43-- ,) ! %ot's weight1 ab\t #bhe 0 d4 d4 #bjj 0 d4 d4 #aej 0 d4 d4 #aae #e4 ,! resi/ance ( ! air aga9/ balls ( diff]5t diamet]s ) equal velocities1 is v ne>ly 9 ! proportion ( ! squ>es ( _! diamet]s1 or z _! surfaces4 #f4 ,a v great increase ( velocity may be acquir$ by a decrease ( w9dage1 f to be+ lo/ by ! w9dage ( #j ! diamet] ( ! bore4 #g4 ,by fir+ ! *>ge 9 diff]5t p>ts 7sep>ately1 or simultane\sly71 by compress+ ! *>ge1 by ! use ( wads1 by v>y+ ! weight ( ! gun to less5 ! recoil1 or ev5 by /opp+ ! recoil entirely1 no s5sible *ange is produc$ 9 ! velocity ( ! ball4 #h4 ,! velocity increases ) ! *>ge1 to a c]ta9 po9t1 peculi> to ea* gun2 b1 by fur!r increas+ ! *>ge1 ! velocity gradually dim9i%es2 yet ! recoil is always increas$ by an increase ( *>ge4 7,vide #c47 #i4 ,! velocities ( balls fir$ ) equal *>ges increase to a c]ta9 po9t1 :5 ! gun is long]1 9 a proportion :i* is ne>ly ! middle ratio betwe5 ! squ>e & cube roots ( ! l5g? ( ! bore4 #aj4 ,:5 %ot ( diff]5t weights are fir$ ) ! same *>ges ( p[d]1 ! velocities communicat$ to !m are ne>ly 9 ! inv]se ratio ( ! squ>e roots ( _! weights4 ,!re=e1 %ot :i* are ( diff]5t weights1 & impell$ by ! fir+ ( diff]5t *>ges ( p[d]1 acquire velocities :i* are directly z ! squ>e roots ( ! *>ges ( p[d]1 & inv]sely z ! squ>e roots ( ! weights ( ! %ot4 ,by mak+ use ( %ot ( a heavi] metal ?an iron 7lead = in/ance7 ! mom5tum ( ! %ot dis*>g$ ) ! same *>ge ( p[d] w\ld be increas$ 9 ! ratio ( ! squ>e root ( ! %ot's weight1 :i* w\ld bo? augm5t ! =ce ( ! bl[ ) :i* x w\ld /rike1 & also ! ext5t ( ! range4 ,comp\nd-%ot1 or %ells fill$ ) lead1 fir$ ) *>ges increas$ ?1 w increase ! p[] ( range consid]ably4 #aa4 ,) common %ells at #de elevation1 ! "t ( flight is ne>ly equal to ! squ>e root ( ! range 9 feet1 divid$ by #d2 or1 m ne>ly1 equal to ! squ>e root ( ! quoti5t ( ! range 9 feet1 divid$ by #af-a_/ab4 #ab4 ,! range at #de elevation is ne>ly equal to ! squ>e ( ! "t ( flight 9 seconds1 multipli$ by #af-a_/ab feet4 ,! range at #ae w be ab\t half t at #de4 #ac4 ,^u incl9$ planes1 at any elevation1 !re are always two elevations ) :i* any range may be obta9$4 ,! elevation :i* gives ! greate/ range1 on a giv5 asc5t1 is equal to half ! sum ( #ij add$ to ! asc5t4 ,! elevations :i* give equal ranges on a giv5 asc5t1 are ! complem5ts ( ea* o!r add$ to ! asc5t4 ,! elevation :i* gives ! greate/ range on a desc5t1 is equal to half ! complem5t ( ! desc5t4 #ad4 ,! dep?s p5etrat$ by balls ( ! same size into wood1 ) diff]5t velocities1 or *>ges1 are ne>ly z ! squ>es ( ! velocities4 ,balls ( diff]5t sizes w p5etrate to dep?s proportionate to _! diamet]s2 !re=e a great] ball w n only make a l>g] hole1 b w also p5etrate f>!r ?an a small "o ) ! same velocity4 #ae4 ,by exp]im5ts at a mean range1 x has be5 asc]ta9$ t 9 common e>?1 dug up & well ramm$1 a musket ball buries itself ne>ly #a foot2 a #f-p\nd] f #c feet to #d feet2 #i-p\nd] f #f feet to #g feet2 #ab-p\nd] f #h feet to #aj feet2 #ah1 & #bd-p\nd]s f #aa feet to #ac feet4 ,,!ory1 ,,& ,,practice ,,( ,,gunn]y1 ,,applicable ,,especially ,,to ,,! ,,s]vice ,,( ,,naval ,,ordnance4#bi ,d\ble ,%ott+4 8,d\ble %ott+ may be us$ ) all #cb-p\nd] guns above ^? ( #cb cwt41 at di/ances n exce$+ #djj or #ejj y>ds2 b ! mo/ effici5t practice ) two %ot is at #cjj y>ds4 ,! #cb-p\nd]s ( #cb cwt4 & #be cwt4 %\ld n1 h[ev]1 be s us$ beyond #bjj & #bej y>ds4 8,) d\ble load+s ( r\nd %ot & grape1 :5 ! %ot is put 9 fir/1 ! projectiles range m toge!r ?an :5 ! rev]se process is us$2 su* load+ requires1 h[ev]1 m elevation to be giv5 to ! gun ?an :5 s+le %ot are us$1 on acc\nt ( ! grape %ot imp$+ ! flight ( ! r\nd %ot4 ,a d\ble load ( grape f ! same gun ranges tol]ably well toge!r = #cjj y>ds4 ,) a d\ble load ( case %ot1 ev5 ) half a degree m elevation ?an :5 a s+le load is us$1 a great _m balls w n range above #ajj y>ds to ! fir/ graze2 )9 ?is ext5t !y lose mu* ( _! velocity1 & few rea* an object at #bjj y>ds4 ,a #cb-p\nd] gun ( #ef1 or ( #ej cwt41 d\ble %ott$ ) *>ges ( #f lb41 requires at #djj y>ds #a degree ( elevation2 at #cjj y>ds #a degree2 & at #bjj y>ds half a degree2 &1 9 g5]al1 half a degree mu/ be add$1 ) any d\ble load+1 to ! elevation requir$ ) s+le %ot4 8,= r\nd1 & grape1 at #djj y>ds1 !re is requir$ #a degree ( elevation2 & at #bjj y>ds half a degree4 ,^! projectiles range well toge!r at a t>get1 b !y %\ld n be us$ at a great] di/ance ?an #aej y>ds on acc\nt ( _! disp]sion1 & ! diff]5ces ( _! /rik+ velocities1 & p5etrat+ =ces4 8,) a s+le load ( grape at #djj y>ds1 ! elevation requir$ is #a degree1 a full *>ge ( p[d] be+ us$4 ,) a d\ble load ( grape at #djj y>ds1 & ! r$uc$ *>ge1 ! elevation requir$ is #c degrees2 at t di/ance1 h[ev]1 d\ble grape scatt]s s mu* z to make v bad practice40 ,! effects ( wads4 8,exp]i5ce has prov$ t diff]5t degrees ( ramm+1 or diff]5t dim5sions ( wads1 make no s5sible alt]ation 9 ! velocities ( ! ball z det]m9$ by ! vibrations ( ! susp5d$ gun4 ,/\t firm junk wads1 s tight z ) difficulty to be ramm$ into ! gun1 h be5 us$2 sometimes !y 7 plac$ betwe5 ! p[d] & ball1 sometimes ov] bo?1 b no diff]5ce 0 discov]$ 9 ! velocity ( ! ball4 ,diff]5t degrees ( ramm+ 7 also tri$ )\t wads4 ,! *>ge 0 sometimes set home )\t be+ compress$2 sometimes ramm$ ) diff]5t numb]s ( /rokes1 or pu%$ up ) v>i\s degrees ( =ce2 b ! velocity ( ! ball rema9$ ! same4 ,) great w9dage1 ! vibrations ( ! p5dulum 7 mu* r$uc$1 al?\gh tight wads "u ! %ot 7 us$2 s t wads d n prev5t ! escape ( ! inflam$ p[d] by ! w9dage1 nor "u any circum/ances occasion any s5sible diff]5ce 9 ! velocity ( ! ball4#cj 8,f exp]im5ts made on bo>d ! #8,excell5t1' 9 #ahdg1 x 0 f\nd t a grummet wad is m effici5t ?an "o ( junk1 9 prev5t+ ! c>tridge f %ift+ its place 9 ! bore :5 ! guns 7 run out ) a /rong j]k4 8,) respect to small arms1 x is f\nd t wads ( diff]5t k9ds h diff]5t effects ^u ! projectile1 by modify+ ! action ( ! *>ge2 & f exp]im5ts :i* h be5 made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) a musket p5dulum1 ! foll[+ results h be5 obta9$3 ,) a *>ge equal to #gg gra9s1 a musket ball1 wrapp$ 9 c>tridge pap]1 & ! pap] crumpl$ into a wad1 ! velocity ( ! ball 0 #acdb feet2 & :5 two felt wads1 cut f a hat1 7 plac$ on ! p[d]1 ) "o on ! ball1 ! velocity 0 #adhb feet4 ,) a *>ge equal to #adj gra9s1 two felt wads be+ plac$ on ! p[d]1 & "o on ! ball1 ! velocity 0 #aebe feet2 :5 c>tridge pap] 0 us$1 crumpl$ into a wad1 ! velocity 0 #aege feet2 & :5 "o wad ( pa/ebo>d 0 plac$ ov] ! p[d]1 ) ano!r on ! ball1 x 0 #aeii feet4 ,^! results seem to indicate t wads made ( ! /iffe/ mat]ials are ! mo/ advantage\s40 ,p5etration ( ,%ot4 8,exp]im5ts 7 made 9 #ahdh on bo>d ,h4,m4,s4 #8,excell5t1' by fir+ bo? solid & holl[ %ot aga9/ ! #8,pr9ce ,george' hulk1 :i* 0 moor$ at ! di/ance ( #abjj y>ds4 ,! guns 7 laid at small angles ( elevation1 g5]ally betwe5 two & ?ree degrees2 & ! foll[+ is a brief /atem5t ( "s ( ! mo/ rem>kable effects :i* 7 produc$1 ! dep? p5etrat$ be+ express$ by ! sum ( ! di/ances 9 solid wood :i* ! %ot pass$ ?r\gh1 or deeply furr[$4 ,sev]al #ah-pr4 %ot1 ) *>ges ( #f lb4 ( p[d]1 p5etrat$ to dep?s v>y+ f #ba to #cc in*es1 accord+ to ! /ate ( ! wood1 & !re /uck4 ,) *>ges ( #h lb41 ! #cb-pr4 %ot p5etrat$ to dep?s v>y+ f #bb to #dh in*es4 ,a #fh-pr4 %ot 7solid71 ) a *>ge ( #aj lb4 ( p[d]1 made a total p5etration ( #df in*es4 ,_m holl[ %ot 7 fir$ ) rem>kable effects f #fh-pr4 guns1 mak+ p5etrations :i* v>i$ f #be to #ef in*es4 ,"o ( ^!1 ) a *>ge ( #h lb41 p5etrat$ ! side ( ! hulk1 pass+ ?r\gh #bh in*es ( good wood1 tore out ! iron hook1 :i* holds ! port-h+e1 & fractur$ ! aft]-side ( ! port1 driv+ ! spl9t]s ab\t ! deck4 ,x r5t away ! end ( a beam1 graz$ ! deck1 pass+ ?r\gh two planks1 & cutt+ d[n a /an*ion #h in*es squ>e1 mak+ sev]al l>ge spl9t]s2 x !n /ruck aga9/ ! opposite side ( ! %ip1 :5ce x reb\nd$ aga9/ t :i* x ent]$4 8,at #hjj y>ds1 ) heavy guns1 a *>ge ( "o qu>t] ( ! weight ( %ot may always be us$2 at #ejj y>ds1 ! *>ge may be r$uc$ to "o-six?2 & )9 #djj y>ds1 two %ot at once may be us$ ) advantage4 8,holl[ %ot f a #fh-p\nd] c>ronade1 ) a *>ge ( #e lb4 #h oz41 p5etrat$ to dep?s v>y+ f #bh to #ca in*es4 8,9 ord] to asc]ta9 if %ot reflect$ f wat] w\ld damage a %ip1 %ots f a #cb-p\nd] gun1 ) a *>ge ( #aj lb4 & a depression equal to #g degrees1 7 fir$1 & ! foll[+ are "s ( ! effects produc$3-- 8,at ! di/ance ( #af y>ds1 ! %ot /ruck ! wat] at #d feet f ! %ip's side2 & 9 "o exp]im5t x lodg$ 9 ! cut-wat]2 9 ano!r1 x ind5t$ ! %ip's side2 & 9 bo? cases x /ruck at #ah in*es bel[ ! wat]-l9e4 ,at ! di/ance ( #cf y>ds1 ) a depression ( #e degrees1 ! %ot /ruck ! wat] at di/ances f ! %ip's side v>y+ f #b to #ae feet2 &1 rico*et+1 ent]$ ! %ip at di/ances above ! wat]-l9e v>y+ f #b in*es to #c feet4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! loss ( =ce :i* ! balls su/a9$ by /rik+ ! wat]1 x has be5 inf]r$1 t if a %ot be fir$ ) su* a depression z a %ip's gun w be>1 x w n p5etrate into wat] m ?an #b feet2 &1 consequ5tly1 x w be impossible to injure a %ip mat]ially by fir+ at h] "u wat]4 8,f exp]im5ts made at ,metz1 9 #ahcd1 x appe>s t masses ( ca/ iron1 above "o y>d squ>e & ?irte5 in*es ?ick1 d n resi/ ! %ock ( balls fir$ aga9/ !m ) ev5 mod]ate velocities1 hav+ be5 fractur$ n only at ! po9t ( contact1 b also at po9ts consid]ably di/ant f !nce4 ,x 0 f\nd1 also1 t ! side ( a trav]s+ gun c>riage ( iron 0 brok5 by an #h-p\nd] ball1 hav+ a velocity ( #dib feet2 :i* proves t c>riages ( ?is nature w\ld1 if /ruck1 be r5d]$ uns]viceable3 & t a collision1 :i*1 ) a wood5 c>riage1 w\ld h damag$ only an accessory "p1 )\t requir+ its be+ replac$1 w\ld1 ) a ca/-iron c>riage1 h a m fatal effect4 ,n only is ! object /ruck de/roy$1 b ! fragm5ts scatt]$ 9 diff]5t directions are highly dang]\s4 8,dur+ ! ye> #ahej1 v>i\s exp]im5ts 7 made on bo>d ! #8,excell5t1' at ,portsm\?1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! effects :i* might be produc$ on iron vessels by %ot1 bo? solid & holl[1 ) v>i\s *>ges ( p[d]2 = :i* purpose a d\ble t>get1 ( an in* ?ick1 consi/+ ( iron ribs & plates1 resembl+ ! opposite sides ( a /rongly-built iron /eam]1 0 con/ruct$1 at ! di/ance ( ab\t #dej y>ds f ! %ip4 ,! g5]al effect 01 t ! t>get 0 always pi]c$ by ! %ot1 & t num]\s spl9t]s 7 deta*$ f x 9 e direction1 :i* c\ld n fail to be mo/ de/ructive to ! crew ( a vessel ( ?is description2 ! %ot 01 besides1 almo/ always split 9 pieces by ! %ock4 ,"o #cb-p\nd] %ot broke into ?irty-f\r fragm5ts4 ,"s exp]im5ts 7 made ) grape-%ot1 fir$ f a #cb-p\nd]1 ) *>ges ( #c lb4 & #f lb41 :5 ! %ot pass$ ?r\gh a plate1 mak+ a clean hole #c in*es 9 diamet]1 & knock+ out "s rivets4 ,! effects produc$ by #f-;in* %ells 7 n great] ?an ^? produc$ by %ot4 ,two ( ^! be+ fill$ ) p[d]1 & hav+ ! fuze holes plugg$ up1 broke on pass+ ?r\gh ! plate2 ! p[d]1 h[ev]1 did n explode1 b 0 se5 to g away 9 a cl\d l du/4 8,f ! above-m5tion$ exp]im5ts1 x may be conclud$1 t ! spl9t]s deta*$ f ! side ( an iron %ip1 & ! fragm5ts ( ! %ot !mselves1 w\ld z effectually cle> h] qu>t]s z ! explosions ( %ells2 9 ei!r case ! effect w\ld be m s]i\s ?an any t c\ld be produc$ by l means on a %ip con/ruct$ ( timb]1 inc5di>y effects except$4 ,) bo? rak+1 & diagonal fir+1 ! effect is describ$ z be+ mo/ =midable2 ! holes1 :i* 7 v irregul>1 7 9 all cases l>g] ?an ! %ot4 8,9 #ahch1 exp]im5ts 7 made at ,gavre ) two solid balls fir$ at once aga9/ a butt ( oak timb]1 9 ord] to det]m9e ! diff]5t p5etrations ( ! %ot1 & ! di/ances betwe5 _! c5tres at diff]5t di/ances f ! piece4 ,?ree diff]5t natures ( ordnance 7 us$3 a long #cj-p\nd] gun1 a cannon obusi] ( #cj1 & a #cj-p\nd] c>ronade4 ,"o ball 0 9 contact ) ! *>ge1 & ! o!r 9 contact ) ! =m]4 ,f ^! exp]im5ts x 0 evid5t t ! ball :i* 0 9 contact ) ! *>ge _h ! lea/ velocity1 & ! lea/ p5etrat+ p[]4 ,x is fur!r rem>kable t1 at di/ances beyond #bjj y>ds1 ! v]tical disp]sion greatly exce$s ! horizontal disp]sion40 ,exc5tric sph]ical %ot4 8,exp]im5ts ) ^! projectiles 7 c>ri$ on at ,metz 9 #ahda2 ! foll[+ 7 ! effects obs]v$3--,:5 ! c5tre ( gravity 0 above ! c5tre ( ! figure1 ! ranges 7 ! longe/1 & :5 bel[1 ! %orte/2 :5 to ! "r1 or left h&1 ! deviations 7 also to ! "r1 or left4 ,! mean range ( a #ab-p\nd] brass gun1 :i*1 ) ! usual %ot1 0 #afdj y>ds1 01 ) ! %ot ^: c5tres ( gravity & ( figure 7 n co9cid5t1 ! c5tre ( gravity be+ upw>ds1 equal to #badj y>ds1 be+ an increase ( #ejj y>ds4 8,:5 ! c5tre ( gravity is n co9cid5t ) t ( figure1 ! projectile is made to revolve1 ab initio1 on ! =m] c5tre1 ?us occasion+ a comp\nd motion 9 ! flight ( ! projectile4 ,:5 ! c5tre ( gravity is bel[ ! axis ( ! bore1 ! front mu/ turn f bel[ upw>ds1 & a rotation 9 ?is direction cont9u+1 ! range w be dim9i%$4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 ! c5tre ( gravity is plac$ on ! "r1 or left h& ( ! axis ( ! bore1 ! %ot w turn on a v]tical axis1 & produce deviations to ! "r1 or left h& respectively4 ,exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ on at ,portsm\?1 & at ,%oebury ,ness1 9 ! ye> #ahej1 to asc]ta9 :e!r ! deviations ( exc5tric projectiles 7 s regul> z to admit ( be+ all[$ = 9 po9t+ ! gun2 & :e!r any result might appe> to disprove ! maxim1 t sph]ical & homog5e\s projectiles are ! true/ 9 _! flight4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,nature ( ,*>ge4 ,eleva- ,nature ( ,greate/ ,deviation4 ,ordnance4 tion4 ,projectile4 ,range4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- lb4 ,deg4 ,y>ds4 ,y>ds4 ,,at ,,portsm\?4 #h #b ,common ,%ot #abjj #b to #f ,exc5tric #adej #b to #g #cb ,pr4 #aj #b ,common #afed #b ,exc5tric #bajh #f to #bg #ab #ab ,common #cajj #aj to #eh ,exc5tric #cgaj #aj to #aej #aj #b ,common #ajce #b to #c ,exc5tric #aaha #b to #g #h in* #aj #e ,common #agej #b to #d ,exc5tric #aihj #i to #ba #aj #aj ,common #bhjj #b to #be ,exc5tric #cbcj #f to #ed ,,at ,,%oebury ,,ness4 #h #b ,common #abif #h ,exc5tric #agej #af #cb ,pr4 #aj #b ,common #adjd #f ,exc5tric #aggf to #e #aj #ab ,common #cjfh #fh ,exc5tric #cdih #ahf #aj #e ,common #ahbj #af #h in*4 ,exc5tric #bbjg #ai #aj #aj ,common #bgjc #ce ,exc5tric #bcci #ada ---------------------------------------- ------------------- 8,! prec$+ table pres5ts1 9 an ab/ract$ =m1 ! results ( ! exp]im5ts at ,portsm\?1 & ,%oebury ,ness4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! ordnance us$ 7 #cb-p\nd]s1 & #h-;in* guns2 f bo? ( :i* natures 7 fir$ ! ord9>y solid %ot1 & also %ot r5d]$ exc5tric by ! removal ( c]ta9 quantities ( metal4 ,?us1 9 ! ,portsm\? exp]im5ts1 #a lb4 ( metal 0 tak5 f ea* #cb lb4 %ot1 & #c lb4 f ea* #fh lb4 %ot2 9 ^? at ,%oebury ,ness1 #a lb4 or #b lb4 7 tak5 f ! #cb lb4 %ot1 & #d lb4 f ! #fh lb4 %ot4 8,on analyz+ ! exp]im5ts1 bo? at ,portsm\?1 & ,%oebury ,ness1 x appe>s t ! flight ( ! ord9>y solid %ot 0 ! mo/ true1 ! lat]al deflections be+ frequ5tly b "o-half1 sometimes "o-?ird1 or "o-f\r? only ( ! deflections ( ! exc5tric %ot2 t ^! la/ deflections 7 always 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! c5tres ( gravity ( ! %ot 7 plac$ 9 ! gun2 & t ! increases1 or dim9utions ( range caus$ by ! v]tical deviations 7 produc$ respectively1 z ! c5tres ( gravity ( ! %ot 7 plac$ upw>ds1 or d[nw>ds4 ,x appe>s1 also1 t ! lat]al deviations1 ?\gh 9 g5]al con/ant 9 direction1 7 v v>iable 9 am\nt4 ,! results above /at$ prove decisively ! correctness ( ! d$uctions f !ory1 & ( ! practical maxim1 t errors 9 sph]icity & homog5eity 9 a %ot are causes ( its deviation f a correct pa?2 & x foll[s t sph]ical & homog5e\s projectiles1 be+ ! mo/ simple1 & q indiff]5t to ! position 9 :i* !y are plac$ 9 ! gun & roll$ home1 z well z to t 9 :i* !y pass ?r\gh ! atmosph]e1 are decid$ly to be pref]r$ to ! o!rs4 8,! results ( ^! v curi\s1 & in/ructive exp]im5ts fully expla9 ! extraord9>y anomalies1 z !y h hi!rto be5 consid]$1 9 l5g? ( range1 & 9 ! lat]al deviations3 ^! h be5 attribut$ to *anges 9 ! /ate ( ! air1 or ! direction ( ! w9d1 to diff]5ces 9 ! /r5g? ( ! gunp[d]1 & to inequalities 9 ! degrees ( w9dage4 ,all ^! causes are1 no d\bt1 productive ( errors 9 practice2 b x is n[ cle> t ^? errors are *iefly occasion$ by ! exc5tricity1 & non-homog5eity ( ! %ot1 & ! accid5tal positions ( ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! projectile ) respect to ! axis ( ! bore4 8,! :ole ( ^! exp]im5ts furni% decisive pro( ( ! necessity ( pay+ ! mo/ scrupul\s att5tion to ! figure1 & homog5eity ( solid %ot1 & ! conc5tricity ( %ells2 & !y exhibit ! rem>kable fact1 t a v consid]able increase ( range may be obta9$ )\t an increase 9 ! *>ge1 or elevation ( ! gun40 ,resi/ance ( iron plates1 oak plank1 c41 aga9/ musketry1 cani/]1 grape %ot1 holl[1 & solid %ot4 8,f exp]im5ts 9 ,novemb]1 #ahdi1 ! foll[+ results 7 obta9$3-- 8,m>9e p]cussion musket--,*>ge1 #d drams2 di/ance1 #dj y>ds4 8,iron plates1 in* ,all pass$ ?r\gh4 ,oak plank1 #a 0 ,iron plates1 #b_/h 0 #d 9 #f pass$ ?r\gh4 ,oak plank1 #b 0 ,iron plates1 0 ,bo? musket pro(4 ,oak plank1 #c 0 ,cani/]--,*>ge1 #f lb42 di/ance1 #ajj y>ds4 ,iron plates1 in* ,pass$ ?r\gh4 ,oak plank1 #c 0 ,iron plates1 #d_/h 0 ,cani/] pro(4 ,oak plank1 #d 0 ,grape--,*>ge1 #f lb42 di/ance1 #bjj y>ds4 ,iron plates1 #d_/h in* 0 0 ,all pass$ ?r\gh4 0 #f_/h 0 ,oak plank1 #d in* ,all pass$ ?r\gh4 0 #e 0 0 #f 0 ,g5]ally pass$ ?r\gh4 8,exp]im5ts 7 made 9 ,june1 #ahej1 aga9/ two sections ( ! #8,simoom1' in* ?ick1 plac$ #ce feet ap>t2 ! guns1 & *>ges 7 ^? us$ 9 all /eam vessels4 ,! result made evid5t t two1 or ?ree %ot1 or sometimes ev5 a s+le "o1 /rik+ ne> ! wat]-l9e ( an iron vessel1 mu/ endang] ! %ip4 ,ano!r mo/ s]i\s evil is1 t ! %ot breaks1 on /rik+1 into innum]able pieces1 :i* pass into ! %ip ) su* =ce1 z to range aft]w>ds to a di/ance ( #djj or #ejj y>ds2 & t ! effect on m5 at _! qu>t]s w\ld be m de/ructive ?an cani/] %ot1 suppos+ !m to pass ?r\gh a %ip's side2 z :5 ! plates are only in* ?ick4 8,exp]im5ts 7 made 9 ,july1 #ahej1 aga9/ an iron section simil> to ! #8,simoom2' x 0 fill$ 9 & made solid ) #e in* oak timb] betwe5 ! iron ribs1 & #d in* oak plank+ above ! wat]-ways1 :i* 7 #a foot ?ick1 & ) #c in* fir above ! portsills2 ^! 7 /rongly secur$ to ! iron plates by bolts4 ,! results 7 z foll[s3--,! holes made by ! %ot 7 n s irregul> z on ! =m] occasion1 b z cle> & op52 all p>ts ( ! %ot pass$ "r ?r\gh ! iron & timb]1 & !n split1 & spread abroad ) consid]able velocity4 ,) l[ *>ges1 ! %ot did n split into s _m pieces z be=e4 ,) high *>ges1 ! spl9t]s f ! %ot 7 z num]\s & z sev]e z be=e1 ) ! addition1 9 ?is1 & ! =m] case1 ( ! evil to :i* o!r vessels are subject--t ( ! spl9t]s torn f ! timb]s4 8,9 ,augu/1 #ahej1 an iron section simil> to ! #8,simoom' 0 prep>$ ) a cov]+ ( fir plank on ! outside1 ( ! ?ickness ( #b1 #c1 & #d in*es1 9 diff]5t p>ts4 ,! result ( ?is exp]im5t 0 simil> to ! la/1 :5 ! wood 0 on ! inside2 ) ! exception ( ! spl9t]s f ! wood4 ,! holes made by ! %ot 7 regul>1 ( ! full size ( ! %ot1 & op52 e %ot split on pass+ ?r\gh--^? betwe5 ! ribs into a few pieces only1 ^? t /ruck on ! ribs into a great numb]2 9 bo? cases1 :5 comb9$ ) ! spl9t]s ( ! iron side1 ! effect mu/ prove highly de/ructive4 8,a comp>ison z to ! effect ( %ot on iron1 & timb]1 0 made by fir+ #h-;in* holl[ %ot1 & #cb-p\nd solid %ot1 at a butt built = exp]im5tal %ell-fir+1 ) timb] hav+ #f-;in* plank on ! outside1 & #d-;in* )92 ! result 01 t ! spl9t]s f ! wood 7 trifl+ :5 comp>$ ) ^? f ! iron4 8,! g5]al result ( all ! =ego+1 & consecutive exp]im5ts = ! same purpose1 cle>ly demon/rates t ! de/ructive effects ( ! impacts ( %ot on iron _c be prev5t$4 ,if ! iron sides are ( ! ?ickness requir$ to give adequate /r5g? to ! %ip 71 or at lea/ #d_/h ( an in*71 ! %ot w be brok5 by ! impact2 if ! iron plates be ?9 en\gh to let ! %ot pass into ! %ip )\t break+1 ! vessel w be defici5t 9 /r5g?2 ! %ot w d its "w1 p>ticul>ly 9 oblique or rak+ fire1 m effectively ?an its spl9t]s1 &1 9 pass+ out1 make ap]tures m difficult to plug or /op1 ?an 9 pass+ 94 ,:5 a clean hole is made by a %ot p5etrat+ an iron plate1 ! :ole ( ! disc /ruck out by ! %ot is brok5 into num]\s small pieces1 :i* are driv5 into ! %ip ) v de/ructive effects2 & if ! plate be s ?ick 7viz41 upw>ds ( #d_/h ( an in*7 z to cause ! %ot to break on /rik+1 ! fragm5ts w nev]!less pass into ! %ip1 z 9 ! case ( a p]cussion1 or concussion %ell1 & s produce a t]rific comp\nd effect by ! fragm5ts ( bo?4 8,! exp$i5t ( comb9+ wood1 & iron1 ei!r by sub/itut+ timb] = ! iron ribs1 or ! rev]se1 outside plank+ = ! iron plates--makes ! matt] worse4 ,! pieces ( ribs /ruck (f1 sometimes ( great l5g?1 pass on ) ! %ot1 to produce m ext5sive ravages else:]e40 ,,naval ,,gunn]y4 8,9 fir+ into masses ( timb]1 or any solid sub/ance1 t velocity :i* c b j p5etrate w occasion ! greate/ %ake1 & te> (f ! greate/ numb] ( & l>ge/ spl9t]s2 consequ5tly1 9 close actions1 %ot dis*>g$ ) ! full quantity ( p[d] te> (f few] spl9t]s ?an balls fir$ f ! same nature ( guns ) r$uc$ *>ges4 8,9 naval actions1 %ot int5d$ to take effect ^u ! hull ( an enemy %\ld r be dis*>g$ ) a fall+ ?an ) a ris+ side2 b su* pieces z may be appo9t$ specially to act aga9/ ! ma/s & rigg+ %\ld be fir$1 on ! contr>y1 ) ! ris+ motion1 ! aim be+ tak5 l[4 8,9 all close actions1 ! great object %\ld be to /rike z (t5 z possible ! enemy's hull4 ,"o or two #bd-lb4 %ot tak+ effect j bel[ ! wat]-l9e1 & p]haps p]=at+ bo? sides ( a small vessel1 w 9 g5]al ei!r =ce h] to surr5d]1 or s5d h] to ! bottom2 & su* an injury is mu* m likely to be occasion$ by fir+ ) a fall+ ?an ) a ris+ side4 8,to e/imate ! di/ance betwe5 vessels4#ca 8,measure ) a sextant1 or quadrant1 ! angul> height ( ! enemy's ma/1 & by ref]r+ to ,table ,b1 ! correspond+ di/ance may be tak5 out4 8,9 ,table ,a1 ! height ( ! ma/s to ! head ( ! ma9topgallant rigg+1 & likewise to ! ma9topma/ cros/rees above ! surface ( ! wat] at l[ wat] m>k1 are giv5 = e rate1 & class ( vessel4 8,! di/ances 9 ,engli% y>ds1 correspond+ to ! angles subt5d$ by ! ma/s1 are giv5 9 ! fir/ column ( ,table ,b4 8,table ,b may also be appli$ to ! important purpose ( det]m9+ di/ances1 mak+ use ( ! %ip's own ma/ z ! giv5 height or side ( ! triangle1 by m>k+ ^u x any ( ! heights express$ 9 ! table1 & plac+ an obs]v] !re :5 requir$ to measure ! angle ,a ,b ,c 7vide fig47 =m$ by ! ma/ :5 mo/ p]p5dicul>1 & ! l9e ( sight ,b ,c4 ,illu/ration3 7triangle ,a ,b ,c7 8,! ,tang5t practice ,tables ,c1 ,d1 & ,e w frequ5tly be f\nd useful 9 po9t+ ordnance1 :5 ! di/ance is kn[n2 = by ref]r+ to t di/ance 9 ! column ( ! table belong+ to ! correspond+ nature ( gun1 ! "p1 t %\ld be aim$ at1 w be asc]ta9$40 ,,table ,a4 ,heights above ! wat] ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ,fr5* %ips ( ,w>1 & _! ma/s1 accord+ to ! foll[+ ,rates3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,l9e ( battle ,%ips4 ----------------------------------- ,guns4 ,guns4 ,guns4 ,guns4 ,guns4 #abj4 #ajj4 #ij4 #hf4 #hb4 ----------------------------------- ft494 ft494 ft494 ft494 ft494 ,port-sills3 ,( l[] deck #e #c #g #aj #f #g #e #h #e #h ,middle #ac #a ,upp] #ai #d #ae #a #ad #i #ab #i #ab #i ,qu>t] #be #g #ba #c #ai #h #ai #b #ai #b ,aft]-"p3 ,( poop plank %e] #ce #e #bi #b #bi #f #be #d #be #d ,ma9ma/3 ,upp] side ( ma9y>d #gi #j #gg #a #gf #e #ga #j #ff #j ,"u side ( ma9top #ic #f #ia #aj #ij #b #hd #j #gh #j ,upp] side ( cap to ma9ma/ #aji #f #aji #aj #ajh #c #aja #j #id #j ,upp] side ( ma9topsail-y>d#adh #g #adj #i #ada #j #aci #j #acj #j 0 ,cros/rees to ma9topma/ #aeh #e #aej #aa #aej #aa #adh #j #ach #j 0 ,cap to ma9topma/ #aff #d #afa #h #aeh #i #aef #j #adg #j ,head ( topgallant rigg+ #aij #g #ahe #d #ahe #d #ahc #j #agj #j ,truck #bai #i #bab #g #bja #i #bje #j #aib #e ,=ema/3 ,upp] side ( =ey>d #gb #aj #gb #b #ga #b #fd #j #fa #j ,"u side ( =etop #hf #g #hd #aa #hc #g #gg #j #gb #j ,upp] side ( cap to =ema/ #ajc #j #aja #h #ajj #j #ib #j #hg #j 0 ,=etopsail-y>d #acf #e #abh #aa #abi #g #abh #j #aag #j 0 ,cros/rees to =etopma/ #ade #h #aci #a #acg #i #acf #j #abf #j 0 ,cap to =etopma/ #aec #f #adh #aa #ade #j #add #j #ace #j ,head to topgallant rigg+ #agc #aj #agj #c #afi #g #afh #j #aef #j ,truck #bjj #a #aid #aj #ahd #h #ahh #j #agf #j ,miz5ma/3 ,upp] side ( crossjack-y>d #gc #a #ga #aj #gj #b #fd #j #fa #j ,"u side ( miz5top #hc #d #hc #g #ha #d #ge #j #ga #j ,upp] side ( cap to miz5ma/ #ic #f #if #e #ic #i #he #j #hb #j 0 ,miz5topsail-y>d #aba #d #aaf #i #aag #a #aaj #j #ajg #j 0 ,cros/rees to miz5topma/#abg #aa #abe #aa #abb #d #aag #j #aab #j ,head ( topgallant rigg+ #aed #b #aej #aa #ade #h #adc #j #acf #j ,truck #agg #i #aga #g #aeh #i #afj #j #aec #j ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,frigates4 ,corvettes4 ,brigs4 ------------------------------- ,guns4 ,guns4 ,guns4 ,guns4 #fj4 #dd4 #bd4 #ah4 ------------------------------- ft494 ft494 ft494 ft494 ,port-sills3 ,( l[] deck ,middle ,upp] #f #f #f #aa #e #aj #d #c ,qu>t] #ac #i #ac #d #ab #j ,aft]-"p3 ,( poop plank %e] ,ma9ma/3 ,upp] side ( ma9y>d #fg #j #ei #j #da #j #ci #j ,"u side ( ma9top #gi #j #gj #j #di #j #dg #j ,upp] side ( cap to ma9ma/ #ie #j #hd #j #ei #j #ef #j ,upp] side ( ma9topsail-y>d #aca #j #aad #j #gi #j #gb #j 0 ,cros/rees to ma9topma/ #aci #j #aba #j #he #j #gg #j 0 ,cap to ma9topma/ #adh #j #abh #j #hi #j #ha #j ,head ( topgallant rigg+ #aga #j #aea #j #ajd #j #if #j ,truck #ahg #i #afh #f #abj #g #aab #j ,=ema/3 ,upp] side ( =ey>d #fg #j #ea #j #cd #j #cd #j ,"u side ( =etop #gc #j #fc #j #dc #j #da #j ,upp] side ( cap to =ema/ #hh #j #gf #j #ec #j #ej #j 0 ,=etopsail-y>d #aah #j #aja #j #gj #j #ff #j 0 ,cros/rees to =etopma/ #abg #j #aji #j #gf #j #gj #j 0 ,cap to =etopma/ #acf #j #aaf #j #ha #j #ge #j ,head to topgallant rigg+ #aeg #j #acf #j #ie #j #hi #j ,truck #agb #a #aeb #j #aji #f #ajc #f ,miz5ma/3 ,upp] side ( crossjack-y>d #fb #j #eb #j #cb #j ,"u side ( miz5top #gb #j #fb #j #ci #j ,upp] side ( cap to miz5ma/ #hc #j #ga #j #dg #j 0 ,miz5topsail-y>d #ajh #j #id #j #ef #j 0 ,cros/rees to miz5topma/ #aac #j #ii #j #fa #j ,head ( topgallant rigg+ #acg #j #abj #j #gd #j ,truck #aej #j #acc #f #he #j ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,table ,b4 ,angles subt5d$ by ! ,ma9ma/s ( ,fr5* %ips ( w>1 betwe5 ! wat]-l9e & ! truck1 also betwe5 ! wat]-l9e & ! cros/rees1 at di/ances 9 y>ds1 & 9 cables' l5g?2 ! eye ( ! obs]v] be+ tw5ty feet above ! wat]4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,l9e ,,( ,,battle ,,%ips4 ,,di/ances4 ---------------------------------------- ----- #abj ,guns4 #ij ,guns4 #hb ,guns4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ft4 94ft4 94ft4 94ft4 94ft4 94ft4 94 #bai #i #aeh #e #bja #i #aej #aa #aib #e #ach #j ,truck ,ma9- ,truck ,ma9- ,truck ,ma9- ( topma/ ( topma/ ( topma/ ,cables' ma9- cross- ma9- cross- ma9- cross- ,y>ds4l5g?4 ma/4 trees4 ma/4 trees4 ma/4 trees4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- #abj #cb #ad #bd #ac #bi #ei #bc #c #bh #dg #ba #aa #bdj #a #ag #g #ab #bi #ae #df #aa #ej #ae #d #aj #ed #cfj #a #aa #cc #h #bb #aj #cg #g #ef #aj #h #g #ch #dhj #b #h #db #f #ag #g #ei #e #eg #g #ch #e #bi #fjj #b #f #ei #e #b #f #bd #d #df #f #g #d #bc #gbj #c #e #di #d #ab #e #bj #c #ei #e #f #c #ci #hdj #c #d #ei #c #cf #d #ce #c #bd #d #bb #c #h #ifj #d #d #bb #c #i #d #a #b #ei #c #di #b #dd #ajhj #d #c #ec #b #dh #c #cd #b #db #c #bd #b #bf #abjj #e #c #cj #b #ca #c #ba #b #bc #c #d #b #ab #acbj #e #c #aa #b #ag #b #ee #b #aj #b #dg #b #j #addj #f #b #ee #b #f #b #dj #a #ei #b #cc #a #ej ---------------------------------------- --------------- ---------------------------------------- ----- ,,frigates4 ,,di/ances4 ------------------------------ #fj ,guns4 #dd ,guns4 ---------------------------------------- - ft4 94ft4 94ft4 94ft4 94 #ahg #i #aci #j #afh #f #aba #j ,truck ,ma9- ,truck ,ma9- ( topma/ ( topma/ ,cables' ma9- cross- ma9- cross- ,y>ds4l5g?4 ma/4 trees4 ma/4 trees4 ---------------------------------------- - #abj #bh #aa #ba #ab #be #cg #ah #ea #bdj #a #ad #dc #aj #ee #ac #ae #i #ce #cfj #a #i #ed #g #ai #h #ed #f #bd #dhj #b #g #bg #e #cj #f #da #d #dh #fjj #b #e #eh #d #bc #e #ba #c #ea #gbj #c #d #eh #c #ci #d #bh #c #ac #hdj #c #d #af #c #h #c #ej #b #de #ifj #d #c #dd #b #dd #c #ba #b #bd #ajhj #d #c #ai #b #bf #b #ei #b #i #abjj #e #b #ei #b #ab #b #da #a #ee #acbj #e #b #dc #b #j #b #bf #a #de #addj #f #b #bi #a #ej #b #ad #a #cf ---------------------------------------- - ---------------------------------------- ---- ,,corvettes4 ,,brigs4 ,,di/ances4 ------------------------------ #bd ,guns4 #ah ,guns4 ---------------------------------------- - ft4 94ft4 94ft4 94ft4 94 #abj #g #he #j #aab #j #gg #j ,truck ,ma9- ,truck ,ma9- ( topma/ ( topma/ ,cables' ma9- cross- ma9- cross- ,y>ds4l5g?4 ma/4 trees4 ma/4 trees4 ---------------------------------------- - #abj #ah #ej #ac #be #ag #ca #ab #aa #bdj #a #i #cd #f #de #h #eb #f #g #cfj #a #f #bd #d #cj #e #ef #d #e #dhj #b #d #dh #c #bc #d #bg #c #d #fjj #b #c #ea #b #db #c #cd #b #bg #gbj #c #c #ac #b #ae #b #eh #b #c #hdj #c #b #de #a #ef #b #cc #a #de #ifj #d #b #bd #a #da #b #ad #a #cb #ajhj #d #b #i #a #cj #a #ei #a #bb #abjj #e #a #ee #a #ba #a #dg #a #ad #acbj #e #a #de #a #ad #a #cg #a #g #addj #f #a #cf #a #h #a #bi #a #a ---------------------------------------- - ,,table ,c4 ,tang5t practice ) #h-;in* ,guns1 weigh+ #fe1 & #fj cwt41 c>ry+ a s+le %ot weigh+ #ef lb41 or a %ell weigh+ #ef lb41 & *>g$ ) #aj lb4 ( p[d]4 ,! l9e ( sight is p>allel to ! axis ( ! bore1 & ! gun is #e feet #d in*es above ! level ( ! wat]4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,heights ( ,! ,po9ts aim$ at "p aim$------------------------------------ ------ ,eleva- ,di/- at above ,9 a ,l9e ( battle ,9 a tions4 ances4! wat]4 %ip ( #hb guns4 #dd ,gun frigate4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- y>ds4 ft4 94 #j #bb #bj #ccj #aa #aj #a foot bel[ ! #a foot bel[ ! portsills ( ! portsills ( ! ma9 deck4 qu>t] deck4 #j #ce #j #dce #ah #g #g in*es bel[ ! #e feet above ditto4 portsills ( ! qu>t]deck1 & =eca/le4 #j #dg #cj #ece #bg #f #b feet above ! ,twice ! height aft]p>t ( poop f ! wat] to plank %e]4 ditto4 #a #j #j #fcj #ch #d ,ab\t midway betwe5 ,?ree times ditto4 ! wat]-l9e1 & ! "u side ( ! ma9top4 #a #bj #j #gef #eh #j #c feet bel[ ! ,upp] side ( ! upp] side ( ! ma9y>d4 =ey>d4 #a #dj #j #hgi #hb #j ,upp] side ( cap to #b ft4 bel[ ! miz5ma/2 or1 #d upp] side ( ! feet above ! cap ( ! "u side ( ! ma9ma/4 ma9top4 #b #j #j #ajjj #aaj #j #b feet bel[ ! #a ft4 above ! cros/rees ( ! upp] side ( miz5topma/4 cros/rees ( =etopma/4 #b #bj #j #ajgh #acg #j #a foot bel[ ! #a ft4 above ! cros/rees ( ! head ( ! ma9topma/4 topgallant rigg- + =ema/4 #b #dj #j #aaec #aff #j #d feet bel[ ! #b feet bel[ ! head ( topgallant truck ( ! rigg+4 ma9ma/4 #c #j #j #abbe #aih #j #f feet above ! truck ( ma9ma/4 ,tang5t practice ) #cb-p\nd] ,gun1 weigh+ #ef cwt41 c>ry+ "o solid %ot1 *>ge #aj lb4 ,! l9e ( sight p>allel to ! axis ( ! bore1 & ! ,gun #e feet #d in*es above ! wat]4 #j #ae #j #cdc #i #aj #c feet bel[ ! #c feet above ! portsills ( ! portsills ( ! upp] deck4 upp] deck4 #j #cj #j #dce #af #i #d feet above ditto4 #c feet above ! portsills ( ! qu>t] deck4 #j #da #j #ebe #bd #j #a foot bel[ ! ,ab\t midway betwe5 aft]p>t ( poop ! wat]1 & plank %e]4 ! "u side ( =ey>d4 #j #eb #j #fac #cc #j ,midway betwe5 ! ,"o-?ird ( wat] upp] side di/ance f ! ( ma9y>d4 wat] to ! cros/rees ( miz5topma/4 #a #j #j #gjj #db #j ,ab\t midway betwe5 ,midway betwe5 ! ! wat] & ! wat]1 & cap upp] side ( ! ( ma9ma/4 cap ( ! miz5ma/4 #a #bj #j #hce #fc #h ,ab\t #b feet bel[ ,! "u side ( ! upp] side ( =etop4 ! ma9y>d4 #a #dj #j #ifh #ij #j #d feet bel[ ! #d feet "u ! upp] side ( ! miz5topsail- cap ( ma9ma/4 y>d4 #b #j #j #aajj #abj #j #c feet above ! #a ft4 bel[ ! upp] side ( upp] side ( =etopsail-y>d4 cros/rees ( ma9topma/4 #b #bj #j #abdj #aeg #j #a foot above ! #e feet above ! head ( topgallant truck ( rigg+1 =ema/4 =ema/4 #b #dj #j #acgh #aih #j #e feet above ! truck ( ma9ma/4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,vide--,tables ( ,practice1 c41 pages #gd1 #ge1 #gg1 #gi4 ,,table ,d4 ,tang5t practice ) a long #bd-,pr4 ,gun ) #a solid %ot & a *>ge ( #h lb4 ( p[d]1 or ) a long #ah-,pr4 *>ge #f lb41 f ! ma9deck ( a ,frigate ( ! fir/ class2 ! height ( ! ,gun above ! surface ( ! wat] be+ #i ft4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,height ,di/ance ,take ( p>ts ,po9t at ! und]m5tion$ 9 y>ds4 aim4 aim$ at4 p>ts ( ,frigates ( #dd guns4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #big ,p4 ,b4 44 ,at "p int5d$ to hit4 #djb #ad ft4 ,at ! level ( ! qu>t]deck1 gangway1 & =eca/le4 #ejh #bb ,at bulw>k rail ( qu>t]deck1 gangway1 & =eca/le4 #fad ,by #cc ,at #d feet bel[ ! c5tre ( ma9ma/1 us+ reckon+ f ! deck to ! sight ma9y>d2 c5tre ( =ema/2 #bj feet p>a- bel[ crossjack-y>d4 #gbj llel #dg ,at #ac feet bel[ ma9y>d2 #e feet bel[ to =ey>d2 #f feet bel[ crossjack-y>d4 #gij bore4 #fa ,at "u "p ( ma9y>d2 #c feet bel[ =etop2 #b feet bel[ miz5top4 #hfj #gg ,at rail ( ma9top-bulw>k2 =ecap2 #e feet ov] miz5cap4 #icj 44 ,po9t at "p int5d$ to hit4 #ajjj #ce ,at #b feet bel[ half-way f deck to ma9y>d2 #b feet above half-way f deck to =ey>d2 c5tre ( miz5ma/4 #ajfj #ea ,at #i feet bel[ ma9y>d2 "u "p ( =ey>d2 #a foot bel[ crossjack-y>d4 #aabj 99,by #fh ,at #c feet "u ma9top2 r bett] us+ ?an half-way betwe5 =etop & ! =ecap2 half-way betwe5 miz5top l9e & miz5cap4 #aahj ( #hf ,at cap ( ma9ma/2 #h feet ov] =ecap2 metal4 #c feet "u half-way f miz5cap to topsail-y>d 7hoi/$74 #abdj #ajf ,at c5tre-way betwe5 ma9cap & topma/-cros/rees2 #d feet ov] =etopsail-y>d 7hoi/$72 cap ( miz5topma/4 #abii #acj ,at ma9topma/ cap2 #g feet "u head ( =etopgallant rigg+4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,) #b %ot ! elevation mu/ be ne>ly d\ble t :i*1 ) #a %ot1 & ! same *>ge ( p[d]1 produces ! same range4 ,! angles ( elevation1 correspond+ to ! ranges1 increase1 by qu>t] degrees1 f po9t blank4 99 ,! reason = transf]r+ ! sight to ! l9e-(-metal is1 obvi\sly1 to use ! disp>t elevation = ! purpose ( gett+ a m direct view4 ,vide ,tables ( ,practice1 c41 pages #gd1 #ge4 ,,table ,e4 ,tang5t practice ) %ort #bd1 & #ah-,prs41 ) #a solid %ot & a *>ge ( ? ! %ot's weight1 f ! ma9deck ( a #bnd class ,frigate2 ! height ( ! ,gun above ! surface ( ! wat] be+ #g feet #f in*es4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,di/ance ,height 9 ,take ( p>ts ,po9t at ! und]m5tion$ y>ds4 aim4 aim$ at4 p>ts ( ,frigates ( #dd guns4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #bba ,p4 ,b4 ft4 94 ,po9t at "p int5d$ to hit4 #cab #aa #f ,at #b feet bel[ ! level ( ! qu>t]deck1 gangway1 & =eca/le4 #djc #ah #f ,at bulw>k rail ( qu>t]deck1 gangway1 & =eca/le4 #did #bf #f ,at #f feet ov] ! upp] "p ( hammocks ,by /[$ 9 qu>t]deck1 gangway1 c4 #ehb sight #cg #f ,at #b feet "u c5tre ( ma9ma/1 p>a- reckon+ f top ( hammocks to llel ma9y>d3 #b feet ov] correspond+ to m>k 9 =ema/4 #fdd axis #ej ,at #h feet "u ma9y>d2 #a foot "u ( =ey>d2 crossjack-y>d4 #gjf bore4 #fb ,at #b feet "u half-way f ma9y>d to ma9top2 #a foot "u =etop2 miz5top4 #gfh #gh ,at half-way f ma9top to ma9cap2 #b feet ov] =ecap2 #g feet ov] miz5cap4 #hcb #id ,at #aj feet ov] ma9cap or "o-?ird up to ! topma/1 reckon+ f cap to topsail-y>d1 7hoi/$72 #f feet "u =etopsail-y>d1 hoi/$2 miz5topsail-y>d4 #ijg 4 4 4 4 ,po9t at "p int5d$ to hit4 #ihb #bj #f ,at upp] "p ( ! hammocks /[$ 9 qu>t]deck1 =eca/le1 nett+s1 c4 #ajeg #ce #f ,at #d feet "u c5tre ( ma9ma/1 reckon+ f top ( hammocks to ma9y>d2 c5tre ( =ema/4 #aacc 99,by #ea ,at #g feet "u ma9y>d2 =ey>d2 ! crossjack-y>d4 #aagg l9e #fi ,at #a foot "u ma9top2 c5tre betwe5 ( =etop & =ecap2 #b feet "u metal4 miz5cap4 #abba #hg ,at #c feet ov] ma9cap2 #a foot "u c5tre betwe5 ma9cap & topsail-y>ds 7hoi/$ up72 #d feet "u c5tre ( miz5top-sail4 #abfe #ajf ,at #h feet "u ma9topsail-y>d 7hoi/$72 #c feet "u =etopma/ cros/rees2 #a foot ov] miz5topma/ cap4 #acjh #abg ,at #a foot "u ma9topma/ cap2 #i feet "u ! head ( =etopgallant- rigg+2 #g feet ov] ! head ( miz5topgallant-rigg+4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,) #b %ot ! elevation mu/ be ne>ly d\ble t :i*1 ) #a %ot1 & ! same *>ge ( p[d]1 produces ! same range4 ,! angles ( elevation1 correspond+ to ! ranges1 increase1 by qu>t] degrees1 f po9t blank4 99 ,! reason = transf]r+ ! sight to ! l9e-(-metal is1 obvi\sly1 to use ! disp>t elevation = gett+ a m direct view4 ,vide ,tables ( ,practice1 c41 pages #gd1 #ge4 ,,in/ructions ,,= ,,! ,,ex]cise1 ,,& ,,s]vice ,,( ,,great ,,guns1 ,,& ,,%ells ,,on ,,bo>d ,,h] ,,maje/y',s ,,%ips4 ,,positions4 7,vide ,plate47 ,be=e load+4 ,load+4 ,tra9+4 ,gun ,numb]s4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f4 ,auxili>ies4 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 c4 ,h&spike-m54 #i1 #aj4 ,re>-m54 #ab1 ,! "r re>-man4 #ac1 ,! left re>-man1 or ! two highe/ numb]s4 ,words ( comm&4 8,prime40--8,po9t40--8,elevate40--8,read y40--8,fire40--8,/op ! v5t40--8,sponge40--8,load40--8,run out40 ,numb] ( ,m5 all[$ to ! foll[+ ,broadside guns4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,nature ( ,gun4 ,weight4 ,l5g?4 ,numb] ,c>riage4 ( m54 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- cwt4 ,feet4 #h-;in*4 #fe #i #ad ,^! guns #ef #i #ac are #ej #i #ab m\nt$ on #cb ,p\nd]4 #de #h #aa common #db #h #aj c>riages4 #cb #f #i ,m\nt$ on #be #f #h ,h>dy's #cb ,pr4 ,c>ronade #ag #d #g c>riages4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,positions4 ,be=e ,load+4 ,load+4 ,tra9+4 ,/ation>y ,p[d]man ,/ation>y ,p[d]man ,/ation>y ,p[d]man ,extra ,p[d]man ,j4 ,w4 ,l[ry1 sc4 ,,ex]cise ,,) #ac ,,m51 to a ,l[] deck gun4 ,no4 #a4 ,! ,capta92--comm&s1 att5ds ! bree*+1 b$1 & quo91 primes1 po9ts1 fires1 & /ops ! v5t4 #b4 ,! second ,capta92--assi/s ,no4 #a1 ca/s loose1 hauls up ! port1 runs out1 att5ds ! apron1 & port tackle-fall1 & cocks ! lock4 #c4 ,takes out ! tompeon1 be>s out ! port1 loads1 rams home1 runs out1 & tra9s4 #d4 ,takes out ! tompeon1 be>s out ! port1 worms1 sponges1 rams home1 runs out1 & tra9s4 #e4 ,ca/s loose1 hauls up ! port1 gives %ot & wad to ,no4 #c1 runs out1 tra9s1 & spans ! bree*+4 #g1 & #h4 ,ca/ loose1 run out1 & tra94 #i1 & #aj4 ,ca/ loose1 run out1 & att5d h&spikes4 #aa4 ,ca/s loose1 runs out1 & tra9s4 #ab4 ,ca/s loose1 & att5ds tra9 tackle4 #ac4 ,ca/s loose1 runs out1 tra9s1 & fires ) a hamm]1 or mat*4 ,note4--,! duties ( ,no4 #b = upp]1 or ma9 deck guns w be ! same z t = l[] deck guns1 omitt+ ! words 8haul up ! port10 & 8att5ds port tackle-fall40 ,! duties likewise ( ,nos4 #c1 & #d w be ! same1 sub/itut+ ! words 8takes (f ! upp] half-port10 8lets d[n ! l[] "o10 or 8takes out ! port0 7z ! case may be7 = 8be>s out ! port40 ,! duties also ( ,nos4 #e1 & #f w be ! same1 omitt+ ! words 8hauls up ! port40 ,h&spike-m5 ) #e1 #f1 or #g m5 ,nos4 #e1 & #f 0 0 #h or #i m5 0 #g1 & #h 0 0 #aj or #aa m5 0 #g1 & #h & assi/ant h&spike-m5 0 #i1 & #b ,h&spike-m5 ) all ,nos4 above #aa 0 #i1 & #aj & assi/ant h&spike-m5 0 #aa1 & #b ,) light guns x may be advantage\s1 9 "s cases1 to d\ble man ! h&spikes4 ,! left re>-man w always fire ) a hamm]1 or mat*2 & ! "r re>-man w att5d ! tra9 tackle1 except :5 he is h&spikeman 7:5 ,no4 #b w att5d x71 & 9 l[] deck ex]cise 7:5 ! left re>-man w att5d x74 ,at ! ^w 8,man bo? sides10 ea* wat* w repair to its respective side1 ! odd numb]s /&+ to ! left ( ! left guns2 ev5 numb]s to ! "r ( ! "r guns4 8,,man ,,bo? ,,sides40 ,left guns4--,no4 #c rema9s #c2 #e becomes #d2 #g--f2 #i--e2 #aa--b2 #ac--g2 #a rema9s #a4 ,"r guns4--,no4 #d rema9s #d2 #f becomes #c2 #h--f2 #aj--e2 #ab--b2 #b--a4 ,note4--,! left guns are odd />bo>d1 & ev5 port4 ,! "r guns are ev5 />bo>d1 & odd port4 ,! odd numb]$ guns' crews are tak5 f ! />bo>d wat*2 ! ev5 numb]$ f ! port wat*4 ,guns' crews always man1 & p[d] boys always supply adjac5t guns1 :5 cle>+ = action1 or :5 fight+ bo? sides4 ,note4--,) a crew ( #aa m51 & upw>ds1 & bo? sides mann$1 ,no4 #b is always to att5d ! tra9 tackle4 ,:5 casualties occur at ! guns1 ^? hold+ ! highe/ numb]s1 or ^? la/ plac$1 w be ! fir/ to move to fill up ! vacancies1 except+ t :]e bo? capta9s are remov$1 ! (fic] w "n ! mo/ fitt+ p]son to become ,no4 #a1 fill+ up ! vacancy z above4 ,= in/ance2 if !re %\ld be #ac m5 at ! gun1 & ,nos4 #c1 #f1 & #i1 are ord]$ to 8fall out10 ,nos4 #e1 & #g1 move up1 becom+ ,nos4 #c1 & #e2 ,no4 #aa1 moves up1 & becomes ,no4 #g2 ,no4 #ac1--,no4 #i2 ,no4 #h moves up1 & becomes ,no4 #f2 ,no4 #aj1--,no4 #h2 & ,no4 #ab1--,no4 #aj4cb ,,ex]cise ,,) #g ,,m51 to a #cb-p\nd] c>ronade4 ,no4 #a4 ,! ,capta92 comm&s1 att5ds ! bree*+1 primes1 po9ts1 fires1 & /ops ! v5t4 #b4 ,! second ,capta92 assi/s ,no4 #a1 ca/s loose1 runs out1 att5ds ! apron1 & elevat+ screw1 cocks ! lock1 & att5ds tra9-tackle4 #c4 ,takes out ! tompeon1 takes (f ! upp] half-port1 lets d[n ! l[] "o1 loads1 rams home1 runs out1 & tra9s4 #d4 ,takes out ! tompeon1 takes (f ! upp] half-port1 lets d[n ! l[] "o1 worms1 sponges1 rams home1 runs out1 tra9s1 & att5ds compressor1 :5 ! gun is out4 #e4 ,ca/s loose1 gives %ot1 & wad to ,no4 #c1 runs out1 tra9s1 & spans ! bree*+4 #f4 ,ca/s loose1 gives sponge1 ramm]1 & worm to ,no4 #d1 runs out1 tra9s1 spans ! bree*+1 & att5ds compressor1 :5 ! gun is 94 #g4 ,ca/s loose1 runs out1 tra9s1 & fires ) a hamm]1 or mat*4 ,note4--,h&spikes are us$ ) all guns1 & sometimes ) c>ronades4 ,! duties ) #i m5 at ! #cb cwt41 & #h m5 at ! #be cwt4 guns are ! same z ) ! #cb-p\nd] c>ronade1 except t ,no4 #h att5ds ! compressor1 in/ead ( ,no4 #f4 ,,arrangem5t ,,= ,,fight+ ,,bo? ,,sides4 ,:5 ord]$ to qu>t]s1 ea* wat* w take its respective side2 :5 ! crew w assume ! ,nos4 to :i* ! sev]al duties1 prescrib$ = work+ ! guns1 are assign$4 ,9 ! ev5t ( be+ attack$ on bo? sides1 at ! same "t1 ! foll[+ di/ribution is to be made1 :]e #f m51 & upw>ds1 besides ! p[d]man1 c be all[$ to ea* gun1 & its opposite1 viz43-- ,,fight+ ,,bo? ,,sides4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,) #f m51 ,) #h m51 ,) #aj m51 ,) #ab m51 & p[d]man4 & p[d]man4 & p[d]man4 & p[d]man4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #c #d #c #d #c #d #c #d #c #d #c #d #c #d #c #d #f #f #ef #ef #ef #ef #b #b #a #a #a #a #a #a #a #a ,p[d]-,p[d]-,p[d]-,p[d]-,p[d]-,p[d]-,p[d ]-,p[d]- man4 man4 man4 man4 man4 man4 man4 man4 #a #a #a #a #a #a #a #a #b #b #bg #f #f #fe #fe #fe #fe #fe #d #c #d #c #d #c #d #c #d #c #d #c #d #c #d #c ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,) #g m51 ,) #i m51 ,) #aa m51 ,) #ac m51 & p[d]man4 & p[d]man4 & p[d]man4 & p[d]man4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,! guns are to be work$ 9 pairs1 comm5c+ f =w>d2 ,nos4 #a1 & #b guns on ea* side w be pairs1 & s on1 up to ! highe/ ev5 numb]$ gun on ! deck2 b ! aft]mo/ 7if x %\ld be an odd numb]$ gun7 mu/ be work$ by its own crew pass+ f side to side1 z necess>y4 ,:5 ex]cis+1 until ! crews are p]fect1 & /eady1 ! ord]s %\ld be giv5 by ! (fic]1 :o is 9 *>ge ( ! qu>t]s1 & ! left guns %\ld be fir$ fir/4 ,b :5 ! m5 are p]fect1 ! guns1 :i* are fir/ ready1 %\ld be fir/ fir$1 & ! ex]cise %\ld be conduct$ by ! capta9s ( ! guns1 hav+ ref]5ce to ! movem5ts ( ! o!r gun ( _! pairs1 9 ord] to approximate ! ex]cise1 z ne>ly z possible1 to action ) an enemy4 ,all %ot practice at t>gets1 ) bo? sides mann$1 is to be conduct$ on ?is plan4 ,words ( comm& = ,,fight+ ,,bo? ,,sides4 8,man bo? sides40--8,prime40--8,po9t40--8,muzzle to ! "r40--8,muzzle to ! left40--8,elevate40--8,ready40--7,left guns47--8,fire40--8,sponge1 & load40--7,"r guns47--8,fire40--8,sponge1 & load40--7,left guns47--8,run out40--8,fire40--8,sponge1 & load40--7,"r guns47--8,run out40--8,fire40--8,cease fir+40 ,:5 ord]$ to 8cease fir+10 ! guns are to be load$1 & run out4#cc ,,ex]cise ,,= ,,! #aj-;,,in*1 ,,or ,,o!r ,,revolv+ ,,gun1 ) a crew ( #ag m54 ,! crew are assembl$ z 9 ! e/abli%$ ,gun ex]cise2 !n-- ,gun4--,nos4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f4 ,auxili>ies4--,nos4 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 #ag4 ,trav]s+ tackle-m54--,nos4 #g1 #h4 ,h&spike-m54--,nos4 #i1 #aj4 ,assi/ant h&spike-m54--,nos4 #aa1 #ab4 ,compressor m51 ,nos4 #ac1 #ad4 ,re>-m54--,no4 #af1 ! "r re>-man4 ,no4 #ag1 ! left re>-man4 ,no4 #a4 ,! ,capta94 ,no4 #d4 ,spong]4 0 #b4 ,second ,capta94 0 #e4 ,assi/ant load]4 0 #c4 ,load]4 0 #f4 ,assi/ant spong]4 ,words ( comm&4 8,trav]se40#cd--8,prime40--8,po9t40--8,e levate40--8,ready40--8,fire40--8,/op ! v5t40--8,sponge40--8,load40--8,run out40 ,ex]cise ) #ag m54 ,no4 #a4 ,! ,capta92 comm&s1 att5ds ! bree*+1 b$1 & quo91 primes1 po9ts1 fires1 & /ops ! v5t4 #b4 ,second ,capta92 assi/s ,no4 #a1 ca/s loose1 runs out1 att5ds ! apron1 cocks ! lock1 & att5ds re> bolt4 #c4 ,takes out ! tompeon1 loads1 rams home1 runs out1 att5ds fight+ bolt1 %ackles1 & un%ackles bree*+1 if necess>y4 #d4 ,takes out ! tompeon1 worms1 sponges1 rams home1 runs out1 att5ds /op-h&spike1 %ackles1 & un%ackles bree*+1 if necess>y4 #e4 ,ca/s loose1 runs out1 trav]ses1 & spans ! bree*+4 #f4 ,ca/s loose1 gives sponge1 ramm]1 & worm to ,no4 #d1 runs out1 trav]ses1 & spans ! bree*+4 #g1 & #h4 ,ca/ loose1 run out1 att5d trav]s+ tackles1 & %ift side tackles4 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 & #ab4 ,ca/ loose1 run out1 & att5d h&spikes4 #ac1 & #ad4 ,ca/ loose1 run out1 trav]se1 & att5d compressors4 #ae4 ,ca/s loose1 runs out1 & trav]ses4 #af4 ,ca/s loose1 trav]ses1 %ifts trav]s+-tackle1 br+s up %ot1 or %ell1 att5ds /op-h&spike1 & tra9-tackle4 #ag4 ,ca/s loose1 trav]ses1 %ifts trav]s+-tackle1 br+s up %ot1 or %ell1 fires ) a hamm]1 or mat*1 & att5ds tra9 tackle4 ,n4,b4 ,^! numb]s w be r$uc$ = light] guns1 z may be necess>y1 :5 ,nos4 #aa1 & #ab1 w att5d compressors1 & ! re>-m5 w d ! duties ( ,no4 #af1 & #ag4 ,:5 slide-guns are fitt$ ) ,f]guson's ,compressor1 ,no4 #f is to att5d to x4 ,on com+ to ! gun1 "o1 or o!r ( ^! ord]s w foll[2 viz41--8,action on ! re> bolt10 or 8,action on ! fight+ bolt requir$40 ,no4 #b1 att5ds ! re>1 ,no4 #c1 ! fight+ bolt1 ,no4 #a gives ! ^w 8,"r1 or left trav]se20 & :5 be>+ on ! object1 or :5 on ! fight+ bolt requir$ 8,well30 ! gun is !n to be worm$1 spong$1 load$1 & run out1 )\t fur!r ord]s4 ,,mort> ,,ex]cise4 ,mort>s--#ac-;in* ,l& s]vice--,nos4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f4 0 #aj-;in* 0 0 0 #a1 - #c1 #d1 #e1 #f4 0 #h-;in* 0 0 0 #a1 - #c1 #d1 - #f4 ,words ( comm&4 8,po9t40--8,run ! mort> up40--8,cross lift ! mort> to ! "r40--8,cross lift ! mort> to ! left40--8,muzzle to ! "r40--8,muzzle to ! left40--8,d[n40--8,load40--8,prime40--8, fire40 #ac-;in* ,l& s]vice ,mort>4 ,duties4--,no4 #a4 ,comm&s1 po9ts1 & s]ves ! v5t4 #b4 ,s]ves ammunition4 #c4 ,loads1 assi/s to put 9 ! %ell1 runs up1 & tra9s4 #d4 ,sponges1 wipes ! bottom ( ! %ell1 uncaps ! fuse1 puts 9 %ell1 runs up1 tra9s1 & att5ds %eepsk94 #e4 ,assi/s to br+ up %ell1 runs up1 tra9s1 & fires4 #f4 ,br+s up %ell1 guides x into ! mort>1 runs up1 tra9s1 & primes4 #aj-;in* ,l& s]vice ,mort>4 ,duties4--,no4 #a4 ,comm&s1 po9ts1 & s]ves ! v5t4 #c4 ,s]ves ammunition1 loads1 assi/s to put 9 %ell1 runs up1 & tra9s4 #d4 ,sponges1 wipes ! bottom ( ! %ell1 uncaps ! fuze1 puts 9 %ell1 runs up1 tra9s1 & att5ds %eepsk94 #e4 ,assi/s to br+ up %ell1 runs up1 tra9s1 & fires4 #f4 ,br+s up %ell1 runs up1 tra9s1 & primes4 #h-;in* ,l& s]vice ,mort>4 ,duties4--,no4 #a4 ,comm&s1 primes1 po9ts1 & s]ves ! v5t4 #c4 ,s]ves ammunition1 loads1 runs up1 & tra9s4 #d4 ,sponges1 wipes ! bottom ( ! %ell1 uncaps ! fuze1 puts 9 %ell1 runs up1 tra9s1 & att5ds %eepsk94 #f4 ,br+s up %ell1 & fires4 ,,to ,,dism\nt ,a #ac-;,,in* ,,l& ,,s]vice ,,mort>1 ) any numb] ( m51 n less ?an #ad4 ,duties4--,no4 #a4 ,comm&s4 #b4 ,assi/s ,no4 #a1 & la%es h&spikes4 #c1 & #d4 ,unla% ! quo91 & place h&spikes 9 ! mort>4 #e1 & #f4 ,br+ up a drag-rope ea*1 & place ! loop ends ov] ! h&spikes4 ,all ! ,nos4 man ! dragropes1 except ,nos4 #c1 & #d1 :o att5d ) _! h&spikes1 & raise ! mort> p]p5dicul>2 !n ,nos4 #c1 & #d /eady ! mort>1 place ! dragropes r\nd ! body ( ! mort>1 & take out ! h&spikes & quo92 ,nos4 #e1 #f1 #g1 & #h unscrew1 & take out ! cap-squ>es4 ,all ! numb]s man ! dragropes1 except ,nos4 #c & #d1 & ?r[ ! mort> to ! re>4 ,if x does n fall on its face1 ,nos4 #c1 & #d place _! h&spikes "u ! trunnions 7,nos4 #e1 & #f ! bight ( ! dragropes "u ! trunnions7 & raise ! mort> on its face2 !n ,nos4 #c1 & #d place _! h&spikes on ! trunnions2 ,nos4 #e1 & #f place ! loop ends r\nd ! h&spikes1 & trunnions2 ev5 ,nos4 g to ! front1 & odd ,nos4 to ! re>1 & turn ! mort> r\nd4 ,nos4 #e1 & #f place _! dragropes ov] ! opposite bolts ( ! mort> b$2 ,nos4 #c1 & #d assi/ ) _! h&spikes4 ,all ! ,nos41 at "r angles to ea* o!r1 turn ! mort> b$ r\nd1 & run x close up to ! mort>4 ,,to ,,m\nt ,,! ,,mort>4 ,nos4 #c1 & #d place _! h&spikes "u ! trunnions1 & on ! top /eps ( ! mort> b$2 ,nos4 #e1 & #f place _! dragropes r\nd ! trunnions1 & ?r[ ! mort> into ! trunnion boxes3 ! mort> is rais$ p]p5dicul>1 z be=e4 ,all ! ,nos4 w d :at !y h undone2 ev5 ,nos4 g to ! front1 odd ,nos4 to ! re>1 & ease ! mort> d[n4 ,n4,b4 ,! cap-squ>es are n to be %ift$ ov] till ! mort> is rais$ p]p5dicul>4 ,,in/ructions ,,= ,,l&+ ,,seam51 ,,& ,,m>9es1 ,,) ,,field ,,pieces4 ,= ,ex]cise1 or ,s]vice on %ore4 #a4 ,! boats %\ld be =m$ 9 divisions1 accord+ to ! s5iority ( ! ,capta9s ( _! respective %ips1 numb]+ f ,no4 #a1 on ! "r4 ,! seam51 & m>9es %\ld be told (f 9 companies previ\s to leav+ _! %ips1 & on l&+ !y w =m imm$iately 9 ! same ord]4 #b4 ,ea* division ( boats %\ld h a di/+ui%+ flag4 ,laun*es w c>ry two scal+ ladd]s1 intr5*+ tools1 c42 b>ges1 & p9naces1 "o ladd] ea*4 #c4 ,! boats w always l& a boat's l5g? ap>t4 ,be=e leav+ ! %ips1 two boat keep]s = ea* boat1 & an (fic] 9 *>ge ( ea* division ( boats are to be told (f1 & are on no acc\nt to leave !m4 ,a fa/-pull+ boat ) m$ical (fic]s w att5d 9 re> ( ! l9e4 #d4 ,%\ld ! di/ance f ! po9t ( l&+ be consid]able1 ! boats ( ea* division1 9 t[ ( ea* o!r1 comm5c+ ) ! lighte/ boats1 w pull 91--! lead+ boat ( ea* division abrea/1 leav+ space = ! :ole to =m l9e abrea/ :5 ord]$4 ,! boats w be dress$ 9 l9e1 z well z circum/ances w admit4 ,! (fic] 9 comm& w comm5ce fir+ f ! gun-boats :5 he ?9ks fit1 b no %ells1 ,%rapnell %ells1 or musketry are to be fir$ )\t ord]s4 #e4 ,:5 ! comm&+ (fic] p]ceives ! bea* to be cle>$ 7or :5 he consid]s x prop]7 he w ord] ! boats to advance2 !y w pull 9 imm$iately1 & l& _! crews1 & field pieces1 ! latt] w be =m$ on ! flanks ( _! own division1 or 9 batt]ies1 accord+ to ord]s2 ! scal+ ladd]s 9 ! re> until requir$ = s]vice4 #f4 ,! laun*es' crews may be employ$ 9 ?r[+ up a brea/-"w1 & plac+ _! guns 9 x1 to cov] _! re-emb>kation1 %\ld x become necess>y4 #g4 ,%\ld ! boats be employ$ = ! disemb>kation ( troops1 ! same arrangem5t z to ! divisions ( boats %\ld rema94 ,x w !n be desirable t e boat %\ld c>ry a flag simil> to t ( ! comm&+ (fic] ( its division1 &1 :5 9 l>ge numb]s1 ! boats %\ld also be pa9t$ accord+ to ! col\rs ( ! flags1 t ! troops may readily "k _! own boats4 ,on ^! occasions1 ! laun*es1 b>ges1 & p9naces w =m a front l9e1 s z to cle> ! bea*2 ! light boats w t[ troop boats1 paddle box boats1 c41 & be ready to succ\r any boats t may be damag$ by ! enemy's fire4 ,! ord]s1 z to ! fir+ ( musketry1 %\ld be /rictly enjo9$1 z be=e1 ) ! seam51 & m>9es4 ,x w\ld be bett] t no musket %\ld be load$1 & no knapsacks tak54 ,proportion ( ,*>ges1 ,sp>e p[d]1 c41 = a #ea ,gun1 screw1 /eam ,frigate2 & #ej ,gun ,frigate4 ,,key3 ,a ,numb]4 ,b ,proportion = ea* ,gun4 ,c ,total numb] ( ,c>tridges4 ,d ,numb] 9 ea* case4 ,e ,numb] ( cases4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #ea ,gun1 screw1 /eam ,frigate4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,nature ( ,a ,*>ge4 ,b ,c ,d ,e ,sp>e p[d]4 ,ordnance4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #fh ,pr4 #a ,di/ant #abj #abj #f #bj #bj r\nds p] gun1 #ie cwt4 #af lb4 full *>ges1 z ,full #fj #fj #aa #g sp>e2 am\nt+ #aj lb4 to #bjj lb4 #h 94 ,gun #ab ,r$uc$ #bj #bdj #ae #af #bj r\nds p] gun1 #fe cwt4 #e lb4 r$uc$ *>ges1 ,full #dj #dhj #ad #cd z sp>e2 #h lb4 am\nt+ to ,di/ant #bj #bdj #aa #bb #abjj lb4 #aj lb4 #cb ,pr4 #ah ,r$uc$ #dj #gbj #ai #ch #bj r\nds p] gun1 #eh cwt4 #f lb4 r$uc$ *>ges1 ,full #bj #cfj #ad #bf z sp>e2 #h lb4 am\nt+ to ,di/ant #bj #cfj #aa #cc #bafj lb4 #aj lb4 #cb ,pr4 #bj ,r$uc$ #cj #fjj #bb #bg #bj r\nds p] gun1 #de cwt4 #e lb4 r$uc$ *>ges1 ,full #ej #ajjj #af #fb z sp>e2 #g lb4 am\nt+ to #bjjj lb4 #bd ,pr4 ,h[itz] #b #b lb4 #agd #cdh #bj99 #ag #ab cwt4 -------------------- #b half-cases ( #ab ,pr4 bur/]s1 7#aj oz41 ,h[itz] #b #a lb4 #agd #cdh #dj99 #i #f oz41 #e oz41 & #f cwt4 #d oz417 & two half-cases ( fuses4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,rem>ks4 ,?is sp>e p[d] w\ld am\nt to #eefj p\nds1 & w\ld be pack$ 9 #ae p\nd bags1 #h 9 a case1 & w\ld /[ 9 #dg cases4 99 ,9 a half-case4 ,half-cases1 & a qu>t]-case4 ,half-cases4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #ej ,gun ,frigate4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,nature ( ,a ,*>ge4 ,b ,c ,d ,e ,sp>e p[d]4 ,ordnance4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #h 94 ,gun #h ,r$uc$ #bj #afj #ae #aa #bj r\nds p] gun1 #fe cwt4 #e lb4 r$uc$ *>ges1 ,full #dj #cbj #ad #bc z sp>e2 #h lb4 am\nt+ to ,di/ant #bj #afj #aa #ae #hjj lb4 #aj lb4 #cb ,pr4 #bb ,r$uc$ #dj #hhj #ai #df #bj r\nds p] gun1 #ef cwt4 #f lb4 r$uc$ *>ges1 ,full #bj #ddj #ad #cb z sp>e2 #h lb4 am\nt+ to ,di/ant #bj #ddj #aa #dj #bfdj lb4 #aj lb4 #cb ,pr4 #bj ,r$uc$ #cj #fjj #bb #bg #bj r\nds p] gun1 #de cwt4 #e lb4 r$uc$ *>ges1 ,full #ej #ajjj #af #fb z sp>e2 #g lb4 am\nt+ to #bjjj lb4 #bd ,pr4 -------------------- ,h[itz] #b #b lb4 #agd #cdh #bj99 #ag #b half-cases ( #ab cwt4 bur/]s1 7#aj oz41 #f oz41 #e oz41 & #ab ,pr4 #d oz417 & #b ,h[itz] #b #a lb4 #agd #cdh #dj99 #i half-cases ( #f cwt4 fuses4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- 99 ,9 a half-case4 ,half-cases1 & a qu>t]-case4 ,half-cases4 ,,on ,,naval ,,bomb>dm5ts4#ce 8,! attack ( =tresses1 & p[]ful l& batt]ies ) a naval =ce only1 mu/ ev] be a haz>d\s1 & p]haps desp]ate und]tak+4 ,b if skilfully comb9$ ) a milit>y =ce suffici5tly /rong to make good its l&+1 to inve/ ! place1 or ! batt]ies on ! l& side1 to take ! def5ces 9 rev]se1 & s op5 ! way to ! attack by sea1 ! object ( ! attack w 9 g5]al be successful4 ,b ?is mode ( proce$+ c only be appli$ :5 ! place to be attack$ occupies a position1 insul> or o!rwise1 ( su* ext5t z to admit ( be+ attack$ by l& z well z by sea4 ,:5 ! place1 =tress1 or ars5al to be attack$ is cov]$ & protect$ by isolat$ po9ts ( def5ce1 mutually protect+ ea* o!r1 & :5 no previ\s milit>y op]ation c be made1 ^? po9ts or outpo/s %\ld be attack$ 9 detail1 & successively r$uc$2 aft] :i* ! fleet may arrive at1 & attack ! ma9 position4 ,?is mu/ evid5tly be a protract$ & difficult process1 ev5 ) su* means3 ) %ips alone1 x _c be effect$ )\t sev]e loss1 & damages3 & x %\ld always be rememb]$ t _m ( ! attack+ %ips w\ld be sev]ely injur$1 probably disabl$1 9 ! attempt1 :il/ ! enemy's fleet w\ld rema9 unt\*$1 & 9 res]ve4 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 foll[ t ! attack+ fleet mu/ be expos$ to a v disadvantage\s action ) ! enemy1 9 ! ev5t ( ! latt] subsequ5tly leav+ 8 place ( %elt]4 8,:5 ! =tress1 or ars5al to be attack$ is situat$ on a coa/ :i* may be approa*$ f ! op5 sea 9 any direction1 /eam-%ips may avoid ! dang] ( a direct attack1 end-on1 or oblique1 by approa*+ ! place on ei!r1 or p]haps on bo? sides2 &1 hav+ ga9$ ! prop] proximity1 cle> ( rak+1 or diagonal fire1 range quickly up 9 p>allel ord]1 to attack ! place 9 l9e1 or l9es2 z 9 /eam w>f>e1 %ip aga9/ %ip1 or fleet aga9/ fleet1 direct advances ^u ! broadside batt]ies ( %ips1 may1 ^u ! same pr9ciple be avoid$1 & ! enemy attack$ 9 p>allel ord]1 by rang+ up to him1 & =c$ to fight if ! attack+ %ips are sup]ior 9 spe$4 8,b :5 ! =tress1 ars5al1 or place to be attack$ is only approa*able by a n>r[ & intricate *annel1 ?r\gh :i* %ips c only pass s+ly1 or ne>ly s1 !re c be no manuv]+ = position4 ,!re is no way ( avoid+ be+ met by direct1 !n oblique1 & ultimately rak+ fire f ! batt]ies t def5d ! *annel1 & /eam c only p]=m its (fice ( propulsion into or ?r\gh ^? intricacies "u ^! disadvantage\s1 & haz>d\s circum/ances4 ,/eam-%ips might1 inde$1 run pa/ advanc$1 or cov]+ batt]ies at full spe$1 )\t be+ mu* damag$2 b x w\ld be extremely p]il\s to leave su* =ts unsil5c$ 9 _! re>1 &1 unless ! d>+ ent]prise %\ld succe$1 l ,nelson's1 at ,cop5hag51 to produce a cessation ( ho/ilities1 ! fleet1 or at lea/ any disabl$ %ips1 c\ld nev] get out aga94 8,h[ev] successful a naval attack ( a =tress1 or ars5al may be1 ! "w ( de/ruction c nev] be effectually accompli%$ by %ips4 ,! sea def5ces may be sil5c$1 guns dism\nt$1 p>apets ru9$1 magaz9es bl[n up by mort> %ells1 & habitations deva/at$ by ! cruel process ( bomb>dm5t2 b no sub/antial demolition ( ! def5ces1 or mat]ial de/ruction ( public works & prop]ty1 c be effect$1 unless ! p>tial & r tempor>y ?an p]man5t damages inflict$ by ! attacks ( %ips be foll[$ up & complet$1 by hav+ actual possession ( ! captur$ place = a suffici5t "t to ru9 x entirely4 ,no naval op]ation1 h[ev] skilfully plann$1 & gallantly execut$1 c1 9 ?is way1 reap ! fruits ( its own victory4 8,9 ! desultory op]ations ( small active /eam]s employ$ to %ell1 ) _! pivot guns1 op5 t[ns1 road/eads1 h>b\rs1 & sl5d] build+s1 magaz9es1 /ores1 c41 c41 or to %ell bodies ( troops on %ore1 ! attack+ vessels %\ld nev] an*or1 b hav+ giv5 _! end-on fire1 g (f at spe$ to reload1 & prep>e to take up ! fire 9 turn ) o!rs1 :5ev] !y rega9 a fav\rable position = a good effect4 ,to hit a /eam] runn+ ) spe$ across a l9e ( fire is no easy matt] 7,arts4 #cca1 #cda72 & :5 9 ! end-on position1 %e pres5ts b a small t>get to hit at a long range40 ,,"p ,,ix4 ,,batt]ies1 ,,& ,,=tification4 ,,batt]ies4 ,a batt]y1 9 respect to its pr(ile1 may be ei!r elevat$1 half sunk51 or sunk52 & x is usually revet$ ) gabions1 fasc9es1 s&-bags1 c4 ,an elevat$ batt]y has its :ole p>apet rais$ above ! natural surface ( ! gr\nd1 &1 to procure ! mass ( e>? requir$1 a dit* is usually dug directly 9 front ( ! p>apet4 ,a half-sunk5 batt]y has its int]ior space1 or t]reple91 sunk "s in*es bel[ ! natural surface1 & its p>apet is compos$ ( ! e>? ?us obta9$1 & ( t tak5 f a n>r[ dit* 9 front4 ,a sunk5 batt]y has ! :ole ( ! e>? tak5 f ! int]ior space to =m ! p>apet2 & x mu/ !re=e be l[]$ f #b feet to #c feet #f in*es1 accord+ to ! height ( ! gun c>riages to be us$4 ,! half-sunk5 batt]y is con/ruct$ ! quicke/1 z ! digg]s c "w bo? 9 front & re>1 at ! same "t4 ,9 a sunk5 batt]y1 ! digg]s are z mu* cr[d$ z 9 an elevat$ "o1 b1 s9ce ! mass ( p>apet to be rais$ is small]1 x may be complet$ 9 mu* less "t4 ,casemates1 or vault$ batt]ies1 are made bomb-pro(1 & ! embrazures are cut ?r\gh ! revetm5t4 ,b>bet batt]ies h no embrazures1 ! guns be+ plac$ on trav]s+ plat=ms to enable !m to fire ov] ! p>apet4 ,a direct fire f a batt]y is :5 ! l9e ( fire is p]p5dicul> to ! p>apet1 & an oblique fire :5 x is oblique4 ,! direct fire be+ pref]able1 ! batt]y %\ld be plac$ p>allel to ! object aga9/ :i* ! fire is to be direct$4 ,! l9e ( fire is an imag9>y l9e drawn ?r\gh ! c5tre ( an embrazure1 9 ! direction ( ! object aga9/ :i* a batt]y is con/ruct$4 ,embrazures are op5+s cut ?r\gh p>apets1 flanks ( ba/ions1 c41 = guns to fire ?r\gh4 ,! neck ( ! embrazure is ! inw>d1 or n>r[e/ "p ( x4 ,! m\? ( ! embrazure is ! outw>d1 or wide/ "p ( x4 ,! sole ( ! embrazure is ! bottom1 or space1 betwe5 ! *eeks or sides4 ,! sill is ! front ( ! sole4 ,! g5\ill]e is t "p ( ! p>apet :i* is imm$iately b5ea? ! embrazures4 ,! m]lon is ! portion ( ! p>apet conta9$ betwe5 two embrazures4 ,! foll[+ dim5sions are requisite to be pro(1 ,aga9/ musketry4--#c feet :5 ( e>?4 #f in*es 0 /one4 #ab in*es 0 fir4 #e in*es 0 oak4 #i in*es 0 brick4 ,aga9/ cannon4--#d feet1 :5 ( wood1 or brick4 #f feet aga9/ #f-p\nd]s1 :5 ( e>?4 #i 0 #i-p\nd]s1 ditto4 #ad 0 #ab-p\nd]s1 ditto4 #ah 0 #ah #bd-p\nd]s1 ditto4 ,note4--,a #f-p\nd] %ot1 ) a *>ge ( "o p\nd1 w p5etrate a mass ( ice to ! dep? ( #d feet1 at ! di/ance ( tw5ty-"o y>ds4 ,,g5]al ,,dim5sions ,,( ,,an ,,elevat$ ,,gun ,,batt]y1 revet$ ) fasc9es4 ft4 94 ,space f ! c5tre ( "o embrazure to t ( ! next1 )\t trav]ses #ah #j ,ditto1 ) trav]ses #bb #j ,slope ( ! int]ior revetm5t1 p] foot 7"o-f\r? its height7 -- #c ,fall ( ! sup]ior slope1 ditto 7"o-twelf?1 ditto7 -- #a ,int]ior wid? ( embrazures1 measur$ on ! sill #b #j ,ext]ior ditto1 measur$ on ! sole1 at #ab feet f ! sill #g #j ,slope ( ! *eeks ( embrazures at ! neck1 p] foot1 7"o-six? ( _! height7 -- #b ,ditto1 at ! m\?1 p] foot 7"o-f\r? _! height7 -- #c ,di/ance f ! c5tre ( an embrazure to ! foot ( ! slope ( an adjo9+ trav]se #g #f ,di/ance f ! c5tre ( an embrazure to ! foot ( ! slope ( an adjo9+ epaulm5t #e #j ,height ( ! sill ab\t #c #j ,,directions ,,= ,,trac+ ,a ,,batt]y4 ,batt]ies at sieges are g5]ally trac$ 9 ! dusk ( ! ev5+4 ,detail ( m51 & tools requir$3 ,trac]s4--#a non-commission$ (fic]1 & #b privates4 ,tools4--#a gr\nd-squ>e4 #a measur+ tape4 #a :ite trac+-l9e4 #b t5-feet rods4 #a bundle ( pickets4 #a mallet4 ,directions4--,! trac+-pickets1 & mallet1 are c>ri$ 9 a s&-bag1 & a few long pickets are necess>y to m>k ! embrazures4 ,a l9e %\ld be /ret*$ ab\t #dj feet 9 ! direction ( ! object aga9/ :i* ! batt]y is to be erect$2 ?is w %[ ! l9e ( fire4 ,by means ( a gr\nd-squ>e1 a l9e may be laid d[n at "r angles to ! =m]1 t\*+ ! fir/ plac$ picket4 ,?is w be ! int]ior base l9e4 ,ano!r l9e mu/ be plac$ p>allel to ?is1 at a di/ance equal to ! sum ( ! bread? ( ! base ( ! p>apet1 bread? ( ! b]m 7if any71 & bread? ( ! slope ( ! dit* 7viz41 ab\t #bg feet71 :i* l9e w repres5t ! rev]se slope ( ! dit*4 ,a picket is !n driv5 9 on ! int]ior base l9e1 :]e x is int5d$ to h "o extremity ( ! batt]y1 & z _m long pickets 7#ah feet ap>t71 measur+ f ?is end1 z !re are guns1 :i* w m>k ! c5tre ( ! embrazures4 ,!n "o m picket1 #ah feet di/ant f ! la/1 w %[ ! o!r extremity4 ,= ! embrazures1 drive 9 a picket at ! di/ance ( "o foot on ea* side ( ! c5tre ( ! embrazures1 = ! wid? ( ! neck4 ,set (f1 & drive 9 pickets #c feet #f in*es on ea* side (1 & p]p5dicul> to ! l9e ( fire1 = ! wid? ( ! m\?4 ,,work+ ,,p>ty2 ,,tools2 ,,& ,,mat]ials ,,requir$ = ea* gun2 mort>2 trav]se2 or epaulm5t2 9 an elevat$ fasc9e batt]y4 #b sapp]s1 ) #f assi/ants1 to revet ! "w4 #ab infantry1 to excavate ! dit*1 & =m ! p>apet4 #i pickaxes1 #ae %ovels1 or spades1 #ad fasc9es1 #ah feet long1 #a bundle ( #ej pickets to #f fasc9es1 #c mauls1 #c ramm]s1 #a saw to e two guns1 #a hat*et p] gun1 #a bill-hook1 #a field-s]vice level1 #a six-feet rod1 #a bundle ( mat*es to e ?ree guns1 #a lant]n1 d41 #a lb4 ( c&les1 d41 #a bundle ( gads to ea* gun1 #a tape ( #ej feet 9 l5g? p] batt]y4 ,a batt]y w seldom be complet$ 9 less ?an #bd h\rs1 :5 execut$ by inexp]i5c$ workm52 b by ^? inur$ to h>d lab\r1 & ) prop] reliefs1 9 ab\t #aj h\rs4 ,9 light soil1 t c be easily dug )\t ! aid ( a pickaxe1 a man c1 9 #h h\rs1 load f #ai to #bj cubic y>ds ( e>? on b>r[s4 ,if a pickaxe be requir$1 #b m5 w d ! same quantity ( "w4 ,a man c :eel #bj cubic y>ds ( e>? p] day to a di/ance ( #cj y>ds on level gr\nd1 or #bj y>ds on a ramp4 ,tw5ty cubic y>ds ( e>? w fill #ejj :eelb>r[s4 ,:5 ne> ! surface1 9 soil requir+ b little ! use ( ! pickaxe1 an excavation ( #f cubic y>ds 9 a day ( #h h\rs w\ld be a fair task = a soldi]1 :o 9 g5]al is little accu/om$ to work+ ) ! pickaxe & %ovel4 ,,%elt] ,,f ,,an ,,enemy',s ,,fire4#cf ,! foll[+ me?od ( %elt]+ ! workm5 f ! enemy's fire 0 us$ ) great success dur+ ! con/ruction ( ! batt]ies4 ,x 0 t[>ds ! end ( ! siege t ,lieut5ant ,n&re receiv$ ord]s to con/ruct a batt]y #acj paces f ! c\nt]sc>p1 ! cov]$ way be+ /rongly occupi$ by ! enemy4 ,=esee+ ! difficulties t w\ld occur1 ,lieut5ant ,n&re provid$ #abj common plat=m planks1 &1 :5 ! gabions 7 9 _! places1 arrang$ ! planks outside !m1 9 su* a mann] z to pres5t an incl9$ plane1 7"o end ( ! plank be+ support$ on ! gabion1 & ! o!r end re/+ on ! gr\nd t[>ds ! enemy73 ! gabions 7 !n half fill$ ) e>?1 & ! pickets driv5 94 ,at ?is mom5t ! enemy ?rew "s fire balls1 & fir$ a few %ot1 all ( :i* w5t ov]4 ,soon aft]1 ! workm5 7 assail$ ) a well-su/a9$ fire ( musketry2 b1 on ! balls /rik+ ! epaulm5t1 !y rico*et$ & pass$ ov] ! workm51 s t n a s+le man 0 hit4 ,! batt]y 0 f9i%$ 9 a few h\rs1 :5 ! planks 7 drawn 91 & us$ = ! plat=ms4 ,a portable framework might be rapidly made1 & us$ in/ead ( ! gabions1 to obta9 imm$iate cov] f musketry fire2 &1 = sapp+1 ! framework1 ) ! planks fix$ !reon1 might be readily mov$ on trucks1 z a sub/itute = ! pres5t sap roll]4 ,,epaulm5ts4 ,batt]ies at sieges are g5]ally secur$ on "o flank at lea/1 by a p>apet call$ an epaulm5t1 =m+ an obtuse angle ) t ( ! batt]y4 ,_! use is to secure ! rev]se ( ! t]reple9 f any flank+ fire1 & !y are n 9 g5]al made s ?ick z ! p>apet1 be+ seldom subject to a direct fire4 ,,elevat$ ,,s&-,,bag ,,batt]ies4 ,! base ( ! int]ior slope ( a batt]y revet$ ) s&-bags is r broad] ?an t ( "o revet$ ) fasc9es1 be+ ab\t "o-?ird ! height ( ! p>apet4 ,bu%el s&-bags are n[ ! only k9d 9 use1 & :5 fill$ are ( ! foll[+ dim5sions3 ,l5g? #bj in*es1 bread? #aj in*es1 dep? #e in*es4 ,numb] requir$ p] gun1--= ! int]ior revetm5t #bfb ,ditto ,ditto = ! *eeks #cfj --- ,total #fbb ,s&-bags are laid head]1 & /ret*]1 z 9 masonry2 ! ends :i* are ti$ be+ always hid4 ,z ! s&-bags ne> ! neck ( ! embrazure w\ld be de/roy$ aft] a few h\rs' fir+1 & con/antly require repair+1 gabions1 or casks %\ld be sub/itut$ = !m4 ,h[itz] batt]ies are simil> to ^? = guns1 except t ! int]ior op5+s ( ! embrazures are #b feet #f in*es1 & ! soles are rais$1 t[>ds ! front1 ab\t #aj1 9 ord] to cov] ! gunn]s z mu* z possible4 ,mort> batt]ies are con/ruct$ ) ! same dim5sions z gun batt]ies 7! p>apet be+ g5]ally #h feet high1 & f #ah to #bb feet ?ick71 b1 z !y h n embrazures1 ! dit* ( elevat$ batt]ies is made two feet deep] to obta9 ! requisite quantity ( e>?4 ,a pref]5ce w\ld 9 g5]al be giv5 to ! sunk51 or half-sunk5 pr(ile = a mort> batt]y1 on acc\nt ( its requir+ less "t = its con/ruction1 & x be+ ( no consequ5ce :e!r ! plat=ms are sunk51 or o!rwise4 ,mort>s are plac$ at ! di/ance ( #ae feet f c5tre to c5tre ( ea* o!r1 :]e no trav]ses int]v5e2 & ! p>apet has ! same pr(ile z a gun1 or h[itz] batt]y4 ,:5 fir$ at #de !y are plac$ #ab feet f ! revetm5t4 ,ditto #cj ditto #ac ditto ,ditto #bj ditto #ba ditto ,ditto #ae ditto #cj ditto ,ditto #aj ditto #dj ditto ,,half-,,sunk5 ,,batt]ies4 ,! sill is ab\t half its total height above ! natural surface ( ! gr\nd2 ! mo/ conv5i5t dep? to :i* ! t]reple9 may be sunk is #b feet4 ,! height ( a sill = a travell+ c>riage w be #ah in*es1 & = a g>rison c>riage "o foot above ! natural level4 ,! pr(ile ( ! p>apet is ! same z 9 an elevat$ batt]y4 ,numb] ( s&-bags requir$ = revet+ "o m]lon #ahj ,ditto ditto = *eeks ( embrazures #cfj --- ,total #edj ,9 =m+ ! epaulm5t ( a half-sunk5 batt]y1 ! e>? is tak5 f a dit* 9 front1 six feet wide1 & ab\t five feet deep4 ,,sunk5 ,,gun ,,batt]ies4 ,! soles ( ! embrazures are on a level ) ! natural gr\nd1 !re=e ! t]reple9 is sunk a suffici5t dep? = ! solid1 &1 ! m]lons are =m$ ( ! excavat$ e>?4 ,! height ( ! solid dep5ds on ! nature ( gun c>riage to be us$4 ,! fir/ op]ation is to trace out ! embrazures4 ,! pr(ile is ! same z 9 ! elevat$ batt]y4 ,%\ld !re be trav]ses1 all ! e>? excavat$ f ! int]ior w be requir$2 if n1 ! ov]plus may be scatt]$ 9 ! re>4 ,,rico*et ,,batt]ies4 ,rico*et fir+ is ! art ( project+ %ot1 or %ell1 ) a c]ta9 velocity1 & 9 su* a direction z to ensure its /rik+ ! gr\nd at any spot t may be requir$2 aft]w>ds mak+ sev]al grazes ^u ! e>?1 & de/roy+1 or /rik+ all t may oppose its progress4 ,! piece ( ordnance is load$ ) a dim9i%$ *>ge ( p[d]1 & ! elevation is f #c to #aj1 :i* causes ! %ot to b\nd or hop along ! gr\nd4 ,! small] ! angle "u :i* ! %ot is made to rico*et1 ! long] x w pres]ve its =ce1 & h effect1 z x w s9k 9 ! same proportion s mu* less into ! gr\nd on :i* x b\nds4 ,9 ! rico*et ( a =tress1 or field "w1 ! elevation %\ld seldom exce$ #aj to ?r[ ! %ot ov] ! cre/ ( ! p>apet2 b 9 ! field1 ! objects to be fir$ at be+ pr9cipally infantry1 & cavalry1 ! guns ne$ seldom be elevat$ above #c2 z1 "u great] angles1 ! %ot w\ld be apt to b\nd too high1 !reby defeat+ its int5d$ purpose4 ,rico*et batt]ies %\ld1 if possible1 be at a di/ance ( #djj y>ds1 or n exce$+ #fjj y>ds2 z1 f ! unc]ta9ty ( ! fire at a great] di/ance1 at lea/ two-?irds ( ! ammunition might be exp5d$ )\t produc+ any good effect4 ,! be/ elevation to enfilade a "w be+ f #f to #i measur$ above ! p>apet1 ! *>ge %\ld be regulat$ accord+ly1 :i* v>ies f "o-half1 to "o-t5? ! s]vice *>ge4 ,rico*et fir+ is v efficaci\s 9 dism\nt+ ! guns on ! faces1 or flanks ( ba/ions1 c41 ! batt]ies = ?is purpose be+ erect$ on ! prolongation ( ^! works1 & z ne>ly z possible p]p5dicul> !reto1 by :i* _! :ole l5g? w be expos$ to ! effects ( plung+1 & de/ructive rico*et fire4 ,vide ,tables ( ,rico*et practice1 pages #gc1 #gi1 #hj4 ,,fasc9es4 ,fasc9es are bundles ( wood ( v>i\s l5g?s1 accord+ to ! purposes to :i* !y are to be appli$4 ,fasc9es = a revetm5t %\ld be /rong1 & well b\nd4 ,:5 small bru%wood is us$1 !y are made #f feet long1 & #g in*es 9 diamet]1 & are firmly b\nd ) f\r or five )es1 or gads4 ,! gads are made ( t\gh twigs1 fir/ twi/$ until ! fibres sep>ate1 ! small] end is !n turn$ r\nd1 s z to =m a loop1 or noose4 ,to make a fasc9e #f feet long1 ! workm5 set up ?ree fasc9e horses on ! same level1 & 9 a "r l9e4 7,a fasc9e horse is =m$ ) two pickets1 ea* #e feet long1 driv5 ab\t #a foot obliquely into ! gr\nd1 s z to cross ea* o!r at "r angles #b feet above ! surface ( ! e>?2 & !y are fa/5$ toge!r at _! po9t ( meet+1 ) cord1 ?ree or f\r-?read spun y>n1 or gads47 ,! bru%wood1 /ripp$ ( all its leaves & small] bran*es1 & :i* %\ld be f half to "o in* 9 diamet]1 & #e or #f feet long1 is !n laid on ! fasc9e horses1 ! ?ick ends be+ plac$ alt]nately at ea* end4 ,! l>ge /uff mu/ be us$ to =m ! ext]ior1 & ! small] twigs ! int]ior ( ! fasc9e4 ,be=e b9d+ ! fasc9e1 x mu/ be compress$ ) a fasc9e *oak]1 :i* consi/s ( a cord1 or *a91 equal 9 l5g? to "o & a half times ! circumf]5ce ( ! fasc9e1 fa/5$ at "o end to a lev] #e feet long & #b in*es 9 diamet]1 ) a loop at ! o!r end1 into :i*1 aft] pass+ ! *a9 r\nd ! fasc9e ne> ! "p to be b\nd1 a lev]1 simil> to ! "o already describ$1 is ins]t$1 & ! bru%wood is squeez$ tightly toge!r until ! gad is ti$4 ,! fasc9e mu/ be compress$ 9 a simil> mann] be=e ea* gad is fa/5$4 ,! weight ( ! fasc9e is ab\t #cc lb4 ,?ree m5 c make a #f feet fasc9e 9 tw5ty m9utes4 ,two ( ! workm5 place ! bru%wood1 :ile ! ?ird prep>es ! gads4 ,if l>ge bru%wood c be procur$1 ! fasc9es %\ld be #ah feet long1 ! /r5g? ( ! revetm5t be+ mat]ially increas$ by dim9i%+ ! numb] ( jo9ts4 ,:5 ! fasc9es are #ah feet long1 !y are made n9e in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! gads are plac$ #ah in*es ap>t1 ! fasc9e horses be+ "o y>d ap>t4 ,?is fasc9e weighs ab\t #b cwt4 ,f\r m5 c make an #ah feet fasc9e 9 two h\rs1 or1 if ! wood be cut & br\ght to !m1 !y c make f\r fasc9es 9 t "t4 ,!y require #c bill-hooks1 #a saw1 #a fasc9e *oak] 7ea* lev] ab\t #f feet long71 & #f fasc9e horses4 ,?ree m5 prep>e ! bru%wood1 & lay x on ! horses1 :ile ! f\r? makes ! gads4 ,! revetm5t is =m$ 9 proportion z ! p>apet is rais$1 ! fir/ fasc9e be+ half buri$ 9 ! banquette1 ) ?ree pickets driv5 v]tically ?r\gh x1 ea* picket be+ f #c to #d feet long1 & f #a to #a in*es 9 diamet] at ! ?icke/ end4 ,! second r[ ( fasc9es is !n laid a little 9 front ( ! fir/1 s z to =m ! requir$ slope1 & ?ree pickets are driv5 ?r\gh ea* fasc9e2 ! extreme pickets ?r\gh ! fasc9e previ\sly laid 9 ! direction ( ! slope1 ! o!r p]p5dicul> to ! slope4 ,! jo9ts ( ! diff]5t r[s ( fasc9es %\ld be s brok51 t no two adjo9+ jo9ts may be 9 ! same l9e1 & ! ends ( ! fasc9es at ! angles %\ld alt]nately be flu% )1 & be ins]t$ 9 ! p>apet2 c>e be+ tak5 to lay ! fasc9es s t ! ties ( ! gads may be conceal$ 9 ! p>apets4 ,six r[s ( l>ge fasc9es are suffici5t to =m ! revetm5t ( a p>apet1 ! upp] r[ be+ cov]$ ) a lay] ( sods1 ! grass upw>ds4 ,:5 fasc9es ( sev5 in*es 9 diamet] are us$1 eight r[s are requir$4 ,,gabions4 ,gabions are cyl9drical baskets op5 at bo? ends1 & are v commonly us$ to revet p>apets4 ,= ! int]ior ( p>apets !y %\ld be #c feet 9 height1 & diamet]4 ,! common gabions are #b feet 9 diamet]1 & #b feet #i in*es high4 ,to make !m4--,a direct+ circle consi/+ ( two hoops1 kept ap>t by bits ( wood1 to :i* bo? ! hoops are secur$ ) pack?read1 is fir/ made4 ,! diamet] ( ! hoops mu/ be su* z to p]mit ( ! pickets = ! gabion be+ driv5 betwe5 ! ext]ior ( ! "o1 & ! int]ior ( ! o!r4 ,! direct+ circle is !n laid on a level piece ( gr\nd1 & f sev5 to twelve pickets are driv5 at equal di/ances ap>t1 betwe5 ! hoops2 ! numb] ( pickets dep5d+ on ! size ( ! rods1 or bru%wood ) :i* ! basket-"w is to be made4 ,! circle is !n rais$1 & fa/5$ to ! middle ( ! pickets1 & ! web is made above x1 two or ?ree rods be+ us$ at ! same "t2 ! workman twi/+ !m r\nd ea* o!r :ile he int]laces !m ) ! pickets1 /rik+ d[n ! web f "t to "t ) a /ick4 ,! r&+1 or basket-"w1 is cont9u$ to ne> ! top ( ! pickets1 :]e x is secur$ ) f\r gads1 ea* "o pass$ r\nd "o ( ! pickets & f\r or five ( ! rods1 :i* %\ld be f #h to #aj feet long1 & n m ?an half an in* 9 diamet]4 ,! gabion is !n pull$ up1 ! f9i%$ end is plac$ on ! gr\nd1 & ! direct+ circle be+ remov$1 ! rema9d] ( ! web is complet$ & secur$ z be=e describ$4 ,two m5 c make a gabion 9 ?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r1 us+ ab\t #hj rods = ea* gabion4 ,9 =m+ ! revetm5t1 ! gabions are plac$ t\*+ ea* o!r ) a slope ( "o qu>t] ! height2 ! fir/ r[ is surm\nt$ ) two r[s ( fasc9es side by side1 & a second r[ ( gabions re/s on !m4 ,,sod1 ,,or ,,turf4 ,a revetm5t is sometimes made ) sods ( unequal sizes1 call$ head]s1 & /ret*]s4 ,! head]s are #a foot #f in*es long1 #a foot wide1 & ab\t #d in*es ?ick4 ,! /ret*]s are #a foot wide1 & long1 & ab\t #d in*es ?ick4 ,sometimes ! sods are fir/ cut all ( ! same dim5sions--viz41 #a foot long & #a foot wide2 ?is sod is !n cut diagonally1 across1 s z to =m two1 & !y are !n all laid z head]s4 ,?is saves ne>ly half ! turf1 & lab\r4 ,! sods %\ld be cut f good mead[ l&1 previ\sly m[n1 & wat]$2 b ! sods %\ld n be laid or built :5 wet1 because !y w\ld %r9k 9 dry wea!r1 & all ! jo9ts w\ld op54 ,! sod-"w is laid ) ! grass d[nw>ds1 ei!r alt]nately head]s1 & /ret*]s1 or two /ret*]s to "o head]2 c>e be+ tak5 t ! jo9ts ( no two r[s fall imm$iately ov] "o ano!r1 :i* is t]m$ break+ jo9t4 ,if ! lay]s ( sods are laid p]p5dicul> to ! slope1 !y w answ] bett] ?an if laid horizontally4 ,ea* sod %\ld h two or ?ree pegs driv5 ?r\gh x1 to secure x to ! "w b5ea?4 ,:5 ! revetm5t is complet$1 ! :ole %\ld be cut (f smoo? to ! prop] slope2 a pair ( h$ge-clipp]s1 or a cutt+ knife1 w answ] well = ?is purpose4 ,"o man c lay #ai squ>e y>ds ( sod-"w 9 eight h\rs1 :5 ! sods are br\ght to ! spot1 & require no previ\s trimm+4 ,,plat=ms4 ,to facilitate ! work+ ( a gun1 x mu/ be plac$ on a plat=m ( /one1 or timb] & plank3 b1 z a tempor>y measure1 :5 requir$ to fire only 9 "o direction1 timb]s to take ! :eels w suffice4 ,! usual incl9ation giv5 to plat=ms1 f ! re> to ! front1 is half an in* p] foot4 ,plat=ms on b>bettes %\ld be p]fectly level1 & _! dim5sions mu/ dep5d on ! ext5t ( ! lat]al range :i* may be requir$4 ,9 lay+ a gun plat=m1 ! fir/ ?+ to be done is to fix ! hurt]1 :i* may be a piece ( timb] #g or #h feet long1 & #g in*es squ>e1 or a /rong fasc9e #i feet 9 l5g? may be advantage\sly us$4 ,! hurt] is int5d$ to take ! :eels1 or trucks ( ! c>riage :5 ! gun is run out1 & to prev5t _! damag+ ! int]ior slope ( ! p>apet4 ,! position ( ! hurt] necess>ily dep5ds !re=e on ! /eepness ( ! int]ior slope4 ,! hurt] %\ld be plac$ p]p5dicul> to ! axis1 or c5tral l9e ( ! embrazure4 ,?ree1 f\r1 or five sleep]s ( f #f to #h in*es squ>e1 are !n laid1 _! upp] surface on a level ) ! bottom ( ! hurt]1 & !y are cov]$ ) two-in* planks1 nail$ d[n :5 ?ree sleep]s are us$2 b if !re be f\r or five sleep]s1 ! planks may be conf9$ by two ribb&s 7:i* are pieces ( wood ( ! same l5g?1 b weak] scantl+ ?an ! sleep]s7 & ! plat=m rack$ d[n ) rack la%+s at ! prop] int]vals4 ,a rack la%+ consi/s ( a piece ( #b-;in* rope ab\t #i feet long1 :i* is fa/5$ to a /ick #ae in*es long1 #b in*es wide at ! head1 ) a hole 9 x to receive ! la%+1 & tap]+ to a blunt po9t3 x is pass$ r\nd ! timb]1 & sleep] b5ea?1 !n twice r\nd itself4 ,! end ( ! /ick is !n put into ! loose gromet s =m$1 & twi/$ r\nd until ! :ole is firmly secur$1 :5 ! /ick is turn$ flat on ! upp] piece ( scantl+4 ,! gun1 & mort> plat=ms = sieges are n[ made rectangul>3 ! dim5sions ( ! =m] are #ae feet long by #aj feet #f in*es broad2 ^? ( a mort> plat=m are #g feet #f in*es long by #f feet #f in*es broad4 ,mort> plat=ms are laid exactly horizontal1 ! front "p be+ plac$ #e feet )9 ! foot ( ! int]ior slope ( ! p>apet4 ,madras plat=ms consi/ ( two /\t planks ab\t #ab feet long2 !y are support$ on two sleep]s1 hav+ a transom 9 front4 ,! planks are secur$ ) a moveable bolt1 or pivot to ! front transom1 slide freely on ! sleep]s1 & are connect$ toge!r 9 re> by two cross pieces p>allel to ! re> sleep]1 "o 9 front1 & ! o!r 9 re> ( x4 ,to ! c5tre ( ^! two cross pieces is bolt$ ano!r #ab-;feet plank1 call$ ! trail-piece1 ( a wid? equal to ! di/ance betwe5 ! *eeks ( a siege-c>riage1 :i* is support$ on a sleep] 9 ! re>4 ,:5 ! gun is to be trav]s$1 ! :ole plat=m is mov$ on ! sleep]s on ! pivots 9 front4 ,^! plat=ms are *iefly int5d$ = a direct fire4 ,two w$ges are requir$ = ?is plat=m to =m incl9$ planes = ! :eels1 9 runn+ ! gun on1 or (f ! plat=m4 ,ea* w$ge is ( elm1 #c in*es ?ick1 #b feet long1 & #a foot wide1 ) a block to give ! requisite height1 ! block be+ #ab in*es long1 #d ?ick1 & #g 9 extreme height4 ,ald]son's plat=m4 ,! plat=m inv5t$ by ,colonel ,ald]son1 ,r4,e41 is #ae feet long1 by #i feet wide2 & is compos$ ( #df simil> pieces ( timb] 7baulks7 ea* measur+ #i feet #e in*es #c in*es4 ,( ^!1 t5 are us$ z sleep]s1 & ! rema9d] z plank+4 ,! weight ( ! plat=m 7:5 #ae feet long & #i feet wide7 = guns is #ae cwt4 #b qrs4 #ad lb4 ,by addition ( ! small beams1 ?is plat=m may easily be ext5d$ f #ae to #ah feet4 ,dim5sions1 & weight ( ,plat=ms1 = ,guns1 c4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,nature ( ,plat=m1 & ,num- ,?ick- articles requir$4 b]4 ,l5g?4,bread?4 ness4 ,weight4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ft4 94 ft4 94 ft4 94cwt4qr4 lb4 ,,gun1 ,,& ,,h[itz]4 ,sleep]s #e #ae #e #e #d #b #a ,planks #bj #aj #f #i #b #g #c #bb ,ribb&s #b #ae #d #d #a #j #ah ,rack-/icks1 & la%+s #aj ----------- ,total weight #ac #b #bc ----------- ,,mort>4 ,cov]$ ) oak planks4 ,sleep]s #g #g #f #f #f #c #c #g ,planks #aj #f #f #i #c #e #a #bb ,ribb&s #b #g #f #d #d #b #aj ,rack-/icks #aj #a #c #ae ----------- ,total weight #i #c #bf ----------- ,made entirely ( fir4 ,sleep]s #g #g #f #f #f #c #c #g ,planks #h #f #f #aa #d #d #b #ah ,ribb&s #b #g #f #d #d #b #aj ,rack-/icks #h #ab ----------- ,total weight #i #j #ai ----------- ,,madras4 ,wood "w4 ,side-pieces #b #ab #f #a #j #d #c #j #ah ,trail-piece #a #ab #a #d #d #a #a #c ,=e transom #a #g #f #f #b #ai ,h9d transoms #b #f #f #i #c #b #bj ,sleep]s #c #i #f #f #b #j #af ,w$ges #b #b #g ,iron "w4 ,long bolts1 94 diamet] #b #aa #f ,%ort bolts1 ditto #f #g #aa ----------- ,total weight #h #b #af ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,gun1 ,,& ,,h[itz] ,,plat=m4 ,= c>ry+ ?is plat=m1 two m5 are requir$ = ea* sleep]2 "o man = ea* plank1 & ribb&4 ,! non-commission$ (fic] c>ries ! rack-/icks4 ,a plat=m may be laid d[n 9 an h\r by exp]t m51 & may be dismantl$ 9 ?ree m9utes4 ,,mort> ,,plat=m4 ,detail$ z above4 ,"o non-commission$ (fic]1 & sev5te5 m5 c>ry ! plat=m4 ,"t requir$ = lay+ d[n1 & dismantl+1 simil> to ! above4 ,,madras ,,plat=m4 ,9 an elevat$ batt]y1 ! plat=m may be laid d[n by exp]t m5 9 half an h\r1 & may be dismantl$ 9 ?ree m9utes4 ,,brea*4 ,! be/ place = mak+ a brea*1 9 ravel9s1 ba/ions1 c41 is ab\t ?irty y>ds f _! sali5t angles4 ,! batt]ies %\ld comm5ce by m>k+ out by _! fire ! ext5t ( ! brea* int5d$ to be made1 fir/ by /rik+ out a horizontal l9e z ne> ! bottom ( ! revetm5t z possible1 & aft]w>ds two o!rs p]p5dicul> to1 & at ! extremities ( ?is l9e4 ,%\ld ! brea* be requir$ to be ext5sive1 x w be necess>y to =m int]m$iate l9es4 ,!n1 by cont9u+ to deep5 ^! two or m cuts1 & occasionally fir+ salvoes at ! "p to be br\ght d[n1 ! wall w give way 9 a mass4 ,! guns mu/1 h[ev]1 at fir/ fire l[1 & gradually advance upw>ds until ! brea* is effect$2 & :5 ! wall has giv5 way1 ! fir+ %\ld be cont9u$ until ! slope ( ! brea* is made practicable4 ,,to ,,bur/ ,,op5 ,,gates ,,( ,,=tresses1 ,,etc4 ,a lea!rn bag1 conta9+ ab\t #ej lb4 ( p[d]1 %\ld be hook$ ^u ! gate1 z ne> ! c5tre z possible 7or be laid on ! gr\nd1 close to ! bottom ( ! gate1 & tamp$ ) sods1 c471 & be fir$ by means ( a piece ( portfire1 or mat*1 pass$ ?r\gh a hole 9 ! bottom ( ! bag4 ,,=tification4 ,(f5sive =tification is ! art ( conduct+ a siege4 ,def5sive =tification compreh5ds milit>y ar*itecture1 & is ! art ( secur+1 or protect+ a place by works1 to resi/ a siege4 ,natural =tification consi/s ( ob/acles1 su* z m>%es1 m\nta9 passes1 c41 :i* are f\nd 9 "s c\ntries1 & %\ld be tak5 advantage ( to imp$e ! approa*es ( an enemy4 ,artificial =tification comprises ^? works :i* are con/ruct$ to def5d a place4 ,p]man5t =tification is ! art ( putt+ t[ns1 c41 into su* a /ate z at all times to be prep>$ to resi/ ! attack ( an enemy4 ,field =tification is ! me?od ( =tify+ a camp1 or position1 build+s1 c41 & x includes ! con/ruction ( r$\bts1 entr5*m5ts1 c4 ,works ( ?is nature are consid]$ z tempor>y4 ,irregul> =tification is ! art ( =tify+ a place ( an irregul> figure1 situat$ :]e ! c\ntry does n admit ( giv+ to ! sev]al works _! due proportion accord+ to rule4 ,a ,comm& is ! v]tical elevation ( "o "w above ano!r1 or above ! c\ntry4 ,a ,comm& 9 front is :5 an em95ce is directly fac+ ! "w :i* x comm&s4 ,a ,comm& 9 ! re>1 or rev]se1 is :5 any em95ce is directly beh9d ! "w :i* x comm&s4 ,a ,comm& by enfilade is :5 an em95ce is situat$ 9 ! prolongation ( any l9e ( a "w1 & a consid]able "p ( x may be se5 f !nce2 ?is l9e w be subject to enfilade1 & su* a comm& is ! mo/ dang]\s4 ,! ,ramp>t 7,a ,t ,r7 is an elevation ( e>?1 obta9$ f ! excavation ( ! dit*2 & is t "p ( ! =tification :i* is situat$ betwe5 ! dit*1 & ! t[n1 consi/+ ( an int]ior slope1 t]reple91 banquette1 p>apet1 & ext]ior slope or esc>p4--7,vide ,plate47 ,! ,int]ior slope 7,a7 is ! incl9ation ( e>? ne>e/ to ! t[n4 ,! ,t]reple9 7,t7 is ! upp] "p ( ! ramp>t1 :i* rema9s aft] hav+ con/ruct$ ! p>apet4 ,! ,p>apet 7,r7 is a mass ( e>? elevat$ on ! t]reple9 ( ! ramp>t1 on ! side t[>ds ! c\ntry2 be+ f #ah to #bb feet ?ick1 & f #f to #h feet high4 ,! top is =m$ ) a slight declivity t[>ds ! c\ntry1 :i* is call$ ! sup]ior slope4 ,! ,banquette is an elevation ( e>?1 or /ep1 on :i* ! soldi]s /& to fire ov] ! p>apet4 ,! ,revetm5t is ! masonry :i* reta9s ! e>? ( ! ramp>t on its ext]ior side4 ,x is ab\t #e feet ?ick at ! top1 & its slope is "o-fif?1 or "o-six? its height4 ,! ,b]m is a space1 or pa?1 sometimes left betwe5 ! ext]ior slope ( ! ramp>t1 & ! dit*4 ,x s]ves z a communication r\nd ! works1 & prev5ts ! e>? fall+ into ! dit*4 ,! ,tablette is a flat cop+-/one1 on ! ext]ior ( ! top ( ! esc>p ( :ole revetm5t4 ,! ,cordon is a semicircul> projection ( /one1 ^: diamet] is ab\t "o foot1 plac$ at ! top ( ! slope ( ! revetm5t ( ! esc>p4 ,! ,esc>p 7a7 is ! ext]ior slope1 or wall ( ! ramp>t4 ,! ,c\nt]sc>p 7b7 is ! wall1 or slope ( ! dit*1 opposite to ! esc>p4 ,! ,faces ( a "w 7p q7 are ^? p>ts :i* =m a sali5t angle1 project+ t[>ds ! c\ntry4 ,! ,flank 7q ,g7 is ! "p ( a "w s dispos$ z to def5d ano!r2 jo9+ ! face ( a ba/ion to ! curta91 c4 ,! ,ba/ion 7,m ,l7 is a "w compos$ ( two faces1 & two flanks4 ,ba/ions are jo9$ by curta9s1 & are con/ruct$ sali5t1 & ) flanks1 9 ord] t ! :ole esc>p may be se51 & t a reciprocal def5ce may be obta9$4 ,ba/ions are ( v>i\s k9ds--viz41 full 7,m71 empty 7,l71 also flat1 deta*$1 demi1 & t[] ba/ions4 ,a ,full ba/ion 7,m7 is :5 ! t]reple9 occupies all ! int]ior space ( ! ba/ion4 ,f ! description ( ?is ba/ion1 t ( all ! o!rs may be asc]ta9$4 ,! ,curta9 7,g ,r ,h7 is t "p ( ! ramp>t :i* lies betwe5 two ba/ions1 & jo9s ! flanks !re(4 ,a ,front ( =tification consi/s ( two half ba/ions1 & a curta94 ,! ,dit* 7,b7 is an excavation f #ab to #bd feet deep1 & f #ij to #aej feet broad1 surr\nd+ ! ramp>t4 ,! side ( ! dit* ne>e/ ! place =ms ! esc>p 7a72 & ! opposite "p1 ! c\nt]sc>p 7b7 is made circul> opposite to ! sali5t angles ( ! works4 ,! ,cov]$ way 7,v7 is a space ( ab\t #cj feet broad1 ext5d+ r\nd ! c\nt]sc>p ( ! dit*1 be+ cov]$ by a p>apet f #g to #i feet high1 ) a banquette4 ,! ,glacis 7,x7 is ! sup]ior "p ( ! p>apet ( ! cov]$ way1 =m+ a g5tle slope t[>ds ! c\ntry1 & t]m9at+ at f #abj to #ahj feet2 x cov]s ! revetm5t ( ! body ( ! place4 ,! ,places ( arms ( ! cov]$ way are spaces contriv$ 9 ! sali5t1 & re-ent]+ angles ( x2 ^? 7c7 9 ! re-ent]+ angles flank ! bran*es ( x1 & conta9 troops = sallies1 & its def5ce2 & ^? 7,p7 9 ! sali5t angles s]ve = assembl+ ! ,troops de/9$ = ! def5ce ( ! cov]$ way4 ,! ,sally-ports are op5+s cut 9 ! glacis1 at ! faces ( ! re-ent]+ places ( arms1 & at ! bran*es ( ! cov]$ way4 ,!y are us$ 9 mak+ sallies f ! cov]$ way4 ,! ,trav]ses 7n7 9 ! cov]$ way1 are p>apets :i* cross ! bread? ( x at ! sali5t1 & re-ent]+ places ( arms1 c4 ,!y cov] ! troops :o are drawn up beh9d ! p>apet ( ! cov]$ way1 f ! enfilade fire ( ! enemy4 ,!re are passages cut 9 ! p>apet ( ! cov]$ way1 close to ! trav]ses1 9 ord] to =m a communication f "o "p ( ! cov]$ way to ano!r3 ^! passages are ab\t #f feet wide1 & are provid$ ) gates4 ,a ,citadel is a =tress jo9$ to ! works ( a place1 & is =tifi$ bo? t[>ds ! t[n1 & c\ntry4 ,x %\ld always be situat$ on ! mo/ comm&+ gr\nd1 s]v+ to keep ! inhabitants 9 awe1 &1 %\ld ! t[n be tak51 x becomes a retreat = ! g>rison4 ,! ,esplanade is a space ( ev5 gr\nd1 cle> ( build+s1 situat$ betwe5 ! t[n1 & citadel4 ,! ,body ( ! place 7or ,ence9te7 consi/s ( ! works next to1 & surr\nd+ ! t[n1 9 ! =m ( a polygon1 :e!r regul>1 or irregul>4 ,outworks are ^? works :i* are con/ruct$ beyond ! body ( ! place1 su* z t5ailles1 ravel9s1 c4 ,! ,t5aille 7,d7 consi/s ( two faces1 & a small curta94 ,x is con/ruct$ betwe5 ! flanks ( ! ba/ions 9 front ( ! curta91 & has a t]reple91 p>apet1 & banquette4 ,! ,ravel9 7,p7 is con/ruct$ opposite ! curta91 79 front ( ! t5aille17 is compos$ ( two faces1 :i* =m a sali5t angle t[>ds ! c\ntry1 & ( two demi-gorges =m$ by ! c\nt]sc>p4 ,a ,horn-"w is compos$ ( two half ba/ions1 & a curta91 ) two long sides direct$ ^u ! faces ( ! ba/ions1 or ravel9s1 s z to be def5d$ f !m4 ,a ,cr[n-"w is compos$ ( a ba/ion betwe5 two curta9s1 :i* are t]m9at$ by half ba/ions4 ,x is jo9$ to ! body ( ! place by two long sides4 ,lunettes1 & ,t5aillons are works con/ruct$ on ea* side ( ravel9s1 consi/+ ( two faces4 ,a ,fl*e1 or ,arr[1 is con/ruct$ along ! foot ( ! glacis be=e ! re-ent]+1 & sali5t places ( arms4 ,x consi/s ( a p>apet1 ^: faces =m a sali5t angle1 & are ab\t #abj feet long1 & x has a communication ) ! cov]$ way1 cut ?r\gh ! glacis4 ,! ,caponi]e 7,y7 is a "w int5d$ to cov] a passage across ! dit*4 ,t f ! t5aille to ! gorge ( ! ravel9 is a road ab\t #cj feet wide1 cov]$ on ea* side by a p>apet #g feet high1 its sup]ior slope t]m9at+ 9 a glacis ab\t #fj feet wide4 ,a ,cunette is a small dit* made 9 ! middle ( a dry dit*1 to dra9 (f ! wat] f ! place1 c4 ,a ,bat>deau 7e7 is a solid piece ( masonry1 #g or #h feet ?ick1 cross+ ! :ole bread? ( ! dit* opposite ! flank$ angles ( ! ba/ions4 ,x reta9s ! wat] 9 ^? p>ts ( ! dit* :i* require to be inundat$4 ,a ,ramp 7t7 is a road cut 9 ! int]ior slope ( ! ramp>t1 =m+ a communication f ! t[n1 c41 to ! t]reple94 ,a ,cavali] is a "w con/ruct$ ^u ! t]reple9 ( a full ba/ion1 be+ f #h to #ab feet above ! ramp>t1 ) a p>apet #f feet high4 ,its use is to comm& "s ris+ gr\nd )9 cannon-%ot1 & to s]ve z a trav]se = prev5t+ ! neighb\r+ curta9s f be+ enfilad$4 ,p>allels1 or ,places ( arms1 ?r[n up at sieges1 are tr5*es =m$ to connect toge!r ! sev]al approa*es to a besieg$ place4 ,zig-zags1 or ,boyeaux ( communication1 are tr5*es made = ! approa*es f ! p>allels to ! besieg$ place4 ,!y are g5]ally #c feet deep1 & h a p>apet1 & banquette4 ,a ,r$an consi/s ( two faces =m+ a sali5t angle 7:i* %\ld n be less ?an #fj7 ) p>apet1 c4#cg ,a ,lunette has two faces1 simil> to ! r$an1 & also two flanks4#cg ,a ,r$\bt is a squ>e1 polygonal1 or circul> field =t4#cg ,a ,/> =t consi/s ( a succession ( sali5t1 & re-ent]+ angles1 =m$ on ! sides ( a polygon4 ,^! =ts are usually con/ruct$ on a triangle 7:5 !y h six sali5t po9ts71 or a squ>e 7hav+ eight sali5t po9ts74#cg ,ttes de pont1 or ,bridge heads1 consi/ ( r$ans1 c41 :i* are con/ruct$ ^u ! banks ( riv]s1 to protect ! passage across !m4#cg ,l9es are =m$ = ! entr5*m5t ( armies1 & are compos$ ( a succession ( r$ans1 c41 jo9$ by curta9s1 :i* %\ld n be m ?an #abj y>ds di/ant f ea* o!r1 to af=d mutual protection1 & def5ce4#cg ,an ,epaulm5t is an elevation ( e>? ?r[n up to cov] troops f a flank+ fire4 ,loop-holes are oblong holes1 f #ae to #ah in*es long1 #f in*es wide )91 & #b or #c )\t4 ,!y are cut ?r\gh timb]1 or masonry1 = ! s]vices ( small arms4 ,palisades are /akes ( /rong wood1 #h or #i feet long1 & #f in*es ?ick1 fix$ ab\t #c feet 9 ! gr\nd1 & #c or #d in*es asund]4 ,fraises are a k9d ( palisades1 plac$ horizontally1 or obliquely 9 ! ext]ior slope ( ramp>ts4 ,*evaux de frise consi/ ( a piece ( timb] f #i to #ab feet long1 & ab\t six in*es 9 diamet]1 into :i* /aves are ins]t$ cross-ways1 ab\t #i in*es asund]1 ab\t #b in*es ?ick1 #f feet long1 & po9t$ at ! end1 if n %od ) iron4 ,_! use is to /op up a brea*1 def5d a passage1 or =m an entr5*m5t aga9/ cavalry4 ,*evaux de frise are sometimes made entirely ( iron4 ,abattis consi/ ( trees ) _! bran*es %ort5$1 & %>p5$ at ! ends2 !y are us$ in/ead ( *evaux de frise on an em]g5cy4 ,hurdles are ab\t #c feet high1 & #b broad1 & are us$ 9 sieges to /op up brea*es1 c4 ,tr\s de l\p are holes dug 9 ! gr\nd 9 ! =m ( an inv]t$ cone1 ab\t #f feet deep1 & #d 9 diamet] at ! top1 hav+ a picket fix$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! bottom1 #f feet long1 & #d or #f in*es squ>e1 ! po9t be+ on a level ) ! upp] surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,^! pits are us$ to prev5t ! approa* ( bodies ( cavalry4 ,,p]man5t ,,=tification4 ,rem>ks1 & g5]al rules4 ,! gr\nd plan1 & relief ( ba/ion$ =tifications are mutually dep5d5t on ea* o!r2 &1 z a v>iety ( causes occur to influ5ce bo? accord+ to ! v>i\s sites occupi$1 x is impossible to give !m any fix$ arrangem5t1 & dim5sions1 applicable "u all circum/ances4 ,h[ev]1 "u ! supposition t ! site to be =tifi$ is a horizontal plane1 a great numb]1 & v>iety ( sy/ems h be5 propos$ at diff]5t times2 almo/ e au?or1 :o has treat$ ( =tification1 hav+ inv5t$ "o1 at lea/1 ( 8 own4 ,not)/&+ ?is div]sity ( op9ion1 z to ! be/ sy/em1 all agree t ! foll[+ g5]al pr9ciples %\ld n be lo/ sight ( 9 ! con/ruction ( =tifications4 #a4 ,sali5t angles %\ld be z l>ge z possible1 & nev] less ?an #fj4 ,! l>g] !y are ! small] w be ! space 9 front undef5d$ by direct fire4 ,if less ?an #fj1 ! sali5ts ( e>? are too acute to /& firmly = any l5g? ( "t2 & ! angles ( masonry are easily damag$2 besides :i* ! space )9 ! p>apets becomes too re/rict$ to admit ( a gun be+ work$ ne> ! angle4 #b4 ,angles ( def5ce %\ld be "r angles1 or slightly obtuse4 ,if less ?an "r angles1 ! fire f ! flank+ works might injure ! def5d]s ( ! works !y flank2 z troops g5]ally1 & m p>ticul>ly at night1 fire 9 a direction p]p5dicul> to ! p>apet2 & if too obtuse ! fire might be direct$ wide ( its object4 ,besides1 embrazures %\ld be cut z direct z possible2 z ! m !y are oblique1 ! m !y weak5 ! p>apet4 #c4 ,! l5g? ( ! l9es ( def5ce %all be su*1 t ! works def5d$ may be )9 ! effective range ( ! projectiles us$4 #d4 ,! works %\ld be s dispos$ t ! assailants may n be able to obta9 cov] 9 any "p ( ! ext]ior1 )9 range ( ! projectiles ( ! def5d]s4 #e4 ,! esc>ps ( ! body ( ! place %\ld be ( su* height1 or con/ruction1 z to be secure aga9/ escalade4 #f4 ,! masonry %\ld be suffici5tly cov]$ f ! view ( ! enemy1 to prev5t 8 mak+ a practicable brea* f a di/ance4 #g4 ,! int]ior ( e "w %\ld be completely cov]$ f ! view ( an enemy outside x2 s t he may n be able to fire directly into any "p ( x4 ,int]ior works %\ld !re=e h a comm& ov] ^? 9 front ( !m1 at lea/ equal to ! height :i* a besieg] c give to ! p>apets ( 8 lodgm5ts1 & :i* is seldom less ?an #c feet4 #h4 ,e opportunity %\ld be seiz$ ( s direct+ ! faces ( works t an enemy may n h x 9 8 p[] to enfilade !m by rico*et fire4 #i4 ,9 ! g5]al con/ruction ( =tifications ! sali5ts %\ld be few1 & suffici5tly prom95t to =ce ! besieg] to take !m be=e he c attack ! re-ent]+ p>ts4 ,! object ( ?is is to r$uce ! numb] ( po9ts ( attack1 z1 ! few] !y are1 ! less advantage an assailant d]ives f 8 num]ical sup]iority4 #aj4 ,p]man5t =tifications mu/ be consid]$ v incomplete )\t a suffici5cy ( casemat$ cov] = ! sick1 & w\nd$1 & = ! portion ( ! g>rison (f duty4 ,! magaz9es ( ammunition & provisions1 %\ld also be secure f ! effects ( %ells2 & ! supply ( wat] ample1 & c]ta94 #aa4 ,small enclos$ works1 9 :i* ! def5d]s mu/ be cr[d$1 )\t cov] f v]tical fire1 %\ld nev] be employ$ 9 p]man5t =tification4 ,! /r5g? !y imp>t c nev] make up = ! loss ! g>rison mu/ suff] by !m4 #ab4 ,outworks1 & deta*$ works %\ld h easy communications ) ! ma9 "w1 to admit ( _! g>risons receiv+ re9=cem5ts1 or supplies1 :5 necess>y2 & to enable !m to retreat1 :5 ! works are no long] t5able4 #ac4 ,e enclos$ def5sive "w ( importance %\ld1 if possible1 be provid$ ) a keep1 or citadel1 or int]ior retr5*m5t1 to :i* ! g>rison may retire :5 ! ma9 enclosure 7or ence9te7 is =c$4 #ad4 ,outworks1 & deta*$ works ne> ! body ( ! place1 %\ld be s con/ruct$ t ! enemy1 :5 he has tak5 !m1 may n be able to use !m z def5sive works4 #ae4 ,outworks1 & deta*$ works1 %\ld always be ( suffici5t /r5g? to =ce ! enemy to make regul> attacks on !m4 ,advanc$ works ( a weak con/ruction are likely to d m h>m ?an good2 = ! troops ( ! g>rison see+ !m tak5 ) comp>ative facility1 w\ld naturally lose confid5ce 9 ! /r5g? ( _! rema9+ def5ces1 :ile t ( ! assailants w\ld be increas$ by e>ly success4 #af4 ,all =tifications %\ld be provid$ ) means ( egress1 & +ress1 to enable ! g>rison to assume ! (f5sive1 :5ev] opportunities (f]2 & to admit re9=cem5ts into ! =tress4 #ag4 ,!re are v few =tifi$ places t agree ) any publi%$ sy/em1 ?\gh "s resemble "o or o!r ( ! sy/ems1 or consi/ ( comb9ations1 or modifications ( !m4 ,! sy/ems :i* h be5 :olly1 or p>tly c>ri$ into execution are1 ( c\rse1 ! mo/ int]e/+1 & =m valuable subjects ( /udy4 ,a k ( _! advantages1 & defects1 & ! be/ me?ods ( attack+1 & def5d+ !m1 w enable ! milit>y /ud5t prop]ly to appreciate works :i* h be51 or are to be con/ruct$2 & ! op]ations by :i* =tresses h be51 or may be captur$4 ,,vauban',s ,,fir/ ,,sy/em4#ch ,to describe ?ree ,fronts ( =tification1 on a hexagon4--,vide ,plate4 ,) a radius ( #cfj y>ds1 ! l5g? ( ! ext]ior side ( ! =tification 7tak5 f a scale ( equal p>ts71 describe a semicircle1 :i* divide into ?ree equal p>ts1 & draw l9es to ! po9ts ( division2 ?us =m+ ?ree ext]ior sides4 ,bisect ea* ( ^! by p]p5dicul>s drawn to ! c5tre ( ! polygon1 on :i* set (f ? ( ! ext]ior side1 7if a hexagon17#ci ?r\gh :i* po9ts draw ! ,l9es ( def5ce2 on ^! set (f #b_/g?s ( ! ext]ior side1 f ! angles ( ! circumf]5ce1 = ! l5g? ( ! faces ( ! ba/ions2 ) radius ( ! di/ance betwe5 ! two faces describe arcs jo9+ ! l9es ( def5ce1 & draw ! cord ( ^! arcs = ! flanks ( ! ba/ions2 a l9e jo9+ ! int]ior extremities ( ! flanks w give ! l5g? ( ! curta9s4 ,or1 to describe "o ,front ( =tification4 ,= ! ext]ior side1 draw a l9e #cfj y>ds 9 l5g?1 at ! ends ( :i*1 l9es are to be direct$ to ! c5tre ( ! polygon1 at ! angle requir$2 7vide ,,practical ,,geometry--,to f9d ! angles at ! c5tre1 & circumf]5ce ( a regul> polygon17 !n bisect ! ext]ior side1 & draw ! p]p5dicul>1 c41 c41 z describ$ = ! con/ruction on a hexagon4 ,illu/ration3 ,vauban's #a/ ,sy/em4 ,j4 ,w4 ,l[ry1 sc4 ,ma9 dit*4 ,f ! sali5t angles ( ! ba/ions1 ) #ch y>ds z a radius1 describe arcs1 to :i* draw tang5ts1 direct$ to ! angles ( ! %\ld]s ( ! ba/ions4 ,! ,t5aille4 ,draw l9es p>allel to ! l9es ( def5ce1 at ! di/ance ( #af y>ds1 = ! faces ( ! "w2 its flanks1 & curta9 are con/ruct$ p>allel to ! flanks ( ! ba/ions1 & curta91 at ! di/ance ( #aa y>ds4 ,! ,ravel94 ,f ! re-ent]+ angle ( ! c\nt]sc>p1 make ! capital ( ! ravel9 #hj y>ds 9 l5g?1 & f its summit draw l9es to po9ts1 on ! faces ( ! ba/ions1 #aa y>ds f ! angle ( ! %\ld]2 ! junction ( ^! l9es1 & ! c\nt]sc>p ( ! ma9 dit* w det]m9e ! l5g? ( ! faces ( ! ravel94 ,! gorge is =m$ by draw+ l9es #bd y>ds f ! re-ent]+ angle ( ! c\nt]sc>p to ! int]section ( ! p]p5dicul>1 & ! ext]ior side4 ,f ! sali5t angle ( ! ravel91 ) a radius ( #bd y>ds1 describe an arc1 to :i* draw tang5ts p>allel to ! faces1 = ! bread? ( ! dit*4 ,f ! outl9e ( ! works draw ! foll[+ p>allels inw>ds3-- ,ramp>t4 #a4 ,at ! di/ance ( #f y>ds1 = ! ?ickness ( ! p>apet4 #b4 ,f :i* #ab y>ds1 = ! bread? ( ! t]reple94 #c4 ,f :i* #f y>ds1 = ! bread? ( ! int]ior slope4 ,t5aille4 ,draw l9es p>allel to ! faces1 at ! di/ance ( #f y>ds1 = ! p>apet4 ,ravel94 ,to ! faces ( ! "w draw ! foll[+ p>allels3-- #a4 ,at ! di/ance ( #f y>ds1 = ! p>apet4 #b4 ,f :i* #h y>ds1 = ! t]reple94 #c4 ,f :i* #e y>ds1 = ! int]ior slope4 ,cov]$ way4 ,draw l9es p>allel to ! c\nt]sc>p1 at ! di/ance ( #aa y>ds1 = ! bread? ( ! cov]$ way4 ,sali5t places ( arms4 ,^! are =m$ by ! sali5ts ( ! bran*es ( ! cov]$ way4 ,re-ent]+ places ( arms4 ,set (f #dj y>ds on ea* side ( ! re-ent]+ angle ( ! c\nt]sc>p = _! demi-gorges1 f :i* po9ts draw _! faces at an angle ( #ajj degrees4 ,glacis4 ,= its bread?1 draw p>allels to ! bran*es ( ! cov]$ way1 & ! re-ent]+ places ( arms1 at ! di/ance ( #ej y>ds4 ,trav]ses4 ,^? at ! re-ent]+ places ( arms are erect$ p]p5dicul> to ! cov]$ way2 ^? at ! sali5t places ( arms are =m$ on ! prolongation ( ! faces ( ! ba/ions1 & ravel9s1 across ! cov]$ way2 all ! trav]ses are #f y>ds ?ick at ! top4 ,! passages1 cut out ( ! glacis1 to enable ! troops to pass r\nd ! trav]ses1 are #d y>ds wide4 ,ramps4 ,flank ( ! empty ba/ion4--,set (f #db y>ds1 f ! angle ( ! flank ( ! int]ior slope1 diagonally along ! slope1 = ! l5g? ( ! ramp1 to :i* draw a p>allel l9e #e y>ds di/ant1 = _! bread?1 :i* m>k by a p]p5dicul>1 prolong+ x1 & sett+ (f #f y>ds = ! int]ior slope2 to :i* po9t1 f ! end ( ! ramp1 draw a l9e2 & also f ! same po9t draw ano!r l9e p>allel to ! side ( ! ramp1 & jo9+ ! int]ior slope ( ! face ( ! ba/ion4 ,flank$ angle ( ! empty ba/ion4--,f ! angle ( ! int]ior slope set (f #af y>ds on ea* side1 f :i* po9ts draw l9es #db y>ds 9 l5g? diagonally along ! int]ior slope = ! l5g? ( ! ramps2 to :i* draw p>allels1 #d y>ds di/ant1 = _! bread?2 erect p]p5dicul>s f ! po9ts 7#af y>ds f ! angle7 until !y int]sect ea* o!r1 f :i* po9t z a c5tre1 ) radius ( ! di/ance betwe5 ! ramps1 describe an arc jo9+ ! head ( ! ramps ( ! two faces2 conc5tric to :i*1 ) a radius #f y>ds less ?an ! =m]1 describe ano!r arc1 to :i* draw tang5ts f ! t]m9ation ( ! ramps1 repres5t+ _! slopes4 ,gorge ( ! full ba/ion4--,f ! angle ( ! int]ior slope1 set (f #af y>ds on ea* side1 f :i* po9ts draw l9es #db y>ds 9 l5g? diagonally along ! int]ior slope2 draw p>allels to ^! at ! di/ance ( #e y>ds1 = ! bread? ( ! ramps2 erect p]p5dicul>s at _! head1 f ! int]section ( :i* z a c5tre1 ) radius ( ! di/ance betwe5 !m1 describe an arc1 p>allel to :i*1 ) radius #f y>ds less1 describe ano!r arc1 to :i* draw tang5ts1 complet+ ! int]ior slope ( ! ramps4 ,ravel94--,f ! angle ( ! int]ior slope1 set (f #ab y>ds on ea* side2 f ^! po9ts draw l9es #cj y>ds 9 l5g?1 diagonally along ! int]ior slope1 = ! l5g? ( ! ramps2 to :i* draw p>allels #d y>ds di/ant = _! bread?2 erect p]p5dicul>s at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ramps1 & f _! int]section1 z a c5tre1 ) radius ( ! di/ance f ! ramps1 describe an arc jo9+ ! two ramps2 also f ! junction ( ! p]p5dicul>s draw l9es to ! t]m9ation ( ! ramps1 = _! slopes4 ,caponni]e4 ,make ! passage ( ?is "w #cj feet wide1 includ+ ! banquette on ea* side2 ! sup]ior slope ( ea* p>apet t]m9ates at #bj y>ds' di/ance4 ,bridges1 & communications4 ,^! are ab\t #ad feet wide4 ,/airs1 or ,pas de s\ris4 ,^! /eps ( masonry are made at ! gorges ( ! sev]al works1 & at ! sali5t1 & re-ent]+ angles ( ! c\nt]sc>p4 ,^? at ! sali5ts are g5]ally #bd feet long1 & at ! re-ent]+ angles #cj feet2 !y are #e feet wide1 & _! /eps #a foot di/ant f ea* o!r4 ,sally-ports4 ,^! passages1 cut ?r\gh ! glacis1 are ab\t #ab feet wide1 & #ah feet long4 ,illu/ration3 ,pr(ile ( ,vauban's #a/ ,sy/em4 ,j4 ,w4 ,l[ry1 sc4 ,,pr(ile1 ,,or ,,section ,,( ,,vauban',s ,,fir/ ,,sy/em4 ,con/ruction4 ,! int]ior slope ( ! ramp>t has a base ( #ah feet1 & a p]p5dicul> height ( #ag feet #f in*es4 ,! t]reple9 has a bread? ( #be feet1 its height be+ #ah feet slop+ to #ag feet #f in*es1 ! height ( ! int]ior slope4 ,! banquette is #c feet 9 height1 ! tread #d feet wide1 & ! slope #e feet wide4 ,! p>apet is #d feet #f in*es high] ?an ! banquette1 its int]ior slope is #ah in*es1 its ?ickness #ah feet1 & its sup]ior slope has a declivity ( #c feet2 ! revetm5t is #c feet ?ick4 ,! esc>p has a p]p5dicul> height ( #cf feet1 measur+ f ! cordon to ! bottom ( ! dit*4 ,! tablette1 or cop+-/one1 at ! top ( ! revetm5t1 has a projection ( #f in*es squ>e4 ,! cordon is semicircul>1 its radius be+ #f in*es4 ,! slope ( ! esc>p is #f feet1 ! ?ickness ( its revetm5t at ! top #e feet1 & at ! bottom #aa feet4 ,! c\nt]=t jo9s ! esc>p2 x is #a foot l[] ?an ! top ( x1 #i feet wide1 & x ext5ds to ! bottom ( ! f\ndation1 :i* is #c feet bel[ ! bottom ( ! esc>p2 ! retreat1 or less5+1 has a wid? ( #a foot4 ,! dit* is #ch y>ds wide1 f ! sali5t angle ( ! ba/ion4 ,! c\nt]sc>p is #ag feet #f in*es 9 p]p5dicul> height1 its slope be+ #c feet1 & its ?ickness at top #c feet1 ! bottom1 !re=e1 hav+ a ?ickness ( #f feet2 ! f\ndation is #c feet2 & ! retreat #a foot4 ,! t]reple9 ( ! cov]$ way is #bj feet wide1 & its slope is #f in*es4 ,! banquette is #c feet high1 its tread #e feet1 & its slope #f feet4 ,! p>apet is #d feet #f in*es above ! banquette1 & its int]ior slope is #ah in*es4 ,! glacis1 :i* =ms ! sup]ior slope ( ! p>apet ( ! cov]$ way1 is #ej y>ds 9 bread?4 ,! c\nt]=t ( ! c\nt]sc>p is #e feet 9 ?ickness1 be+ #a foot l[] ?an ! top ( ! c\nt]sc>p1 & ext5d+ z l[ z ! f\ndation ( x4 ,! c\nt]=ts ( ! esc>p1 & c\nt]sc>p are #ae feet di/ant f c5tre to c5tre ( ea* o!r1 ^? ( ! esc>p be+ at ! end adjo9+ x #e feet #f in*es1 & at ! t]m9ation #c feet #h in*es ?ick2 ^? ( ! c\nt]sc>p be+ 9 ?ickness at ! l>g] "p #c feet #f in*es1 & at ! small] #b feet #d in*es4 ,vide ,plate4 ,,mod]n ,,sy/em4 ,a ,int]ior slope4 ,t ,t]reple9 ( ramp>t4 ,r ,p>apet ( ramp>t4 ,a ,t ,r ,ramp>t4 a a a a ,esc>p1 or ext]ior slope ( ramp>t4 ,m ,full ba/ion4 ,l ,empty ba/ion4 p q ,face ( ba/ion4 q ,g ,flank ( ba/ion4 ,k o p q ,g ,outl9e ( ba/ion4 ,g ,h ,curta94 t ,ramps4 ,b ,dit*4 ,d ,t5aille4 ,y ,caponni]e4 e ,bat>deau4 ,f ,f ,f ,ravel94 ,s ,r$\bt 9 ravel94 b ,c\nt]sc>p4 n ,trav]ses 9 cov]$ way4 c ,re-ent]+ places ( arms4 ,w ,r$\bt 9 ditto4 ,p ,sali5t places ( arms4 ,v ,cov]$ way4 ,x ,glacis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,=tification4 ,mod]n ,sy/em4 ,,field ,,=tification4 ,,rem>ks1 ,,& ,,g5]al ,,rules4 #a4 ,! size ( a "w dep5ds 9 g5]al ^u ! numb] ( m5 :o are to def5d x4 ,if lab\r is ! sole object ( att5tion1 ! advantage mu/ necess>ily be ! great] 9 proportion z ! size ( ! "w is less2 b if ! accommodation ( ! troops is only to be consid]$1 ! advantage dep5ds greatly ^u occupy+ mu* gr\nd4 #b4 ,! =m ( ! "w %\ld be su* z to conta9 ! greate/ surface ) ! lea/ p]imet]4 ,by an adh]5ce to ?is maxim1 we obta9 ! greate/ accommodation = ! troops ) ! lea/ lab\r4 ,! =m ( a field "w seldom dep5ds ^u *oice1 b g5]ally ^u ! spot :]e x is to be rais$1 ! purposes = :i* x is to be con/ruct$1 & ! nature ( ! gr\nd 9 ! vic9ity4 #c4 ,! int]ior ( ! "w ought to be s cov]$ by ! p>apet1 t ! m5 )91 except :5 on ! banquette1 may n be se5 f any "p )\t1 at ! di/ance ( cannon-%ot4 #d4 ,! circumjac5t gr\nd 7to z great a di/ance z possible7 ought to be cle>$1 t ! enemy may n conceal1 or %elt] himself aga9/ ! fire f beh9d ! p>apet4 ,! ne>] to ! "w t ! enemy c f9d cov]1 ! m advantage\sly he c =m 8 dispositions2 &1 z 8 attacks may consequ5tly be made ) great] vig\r1 & be m readily support$1 ! success w be ! m probable4 #e4 ,! flank+ p>ts ought to be suffici5tly capaci\s to conta9 all ! m5 requir$ = ! def5ce ( ! flank$ portions ( ! "w4 #f4 ,! flank+ p>ts ought to h ne>ly a direct view ( ^? flank$2 t is1 ! def5ce %\ld be ne>ly at "r angles1 ! mo/ advantage\s angle be+ #ajj degrees4 #g4 ,! p>ts flank$ ought to be )9 musket fire ( _! flank+ p>ts4 #h4 ,! fire ought to be equally di/ribut$1 t e "p ( ! "w may be equally def5d$4 #i4 ,! "w ought to be equally /rong 9 all its p>ts1 t x may ev]y:]e equally resi/ ! assaults ( ! enemy2 & ! p>apet %\ld be ?ick en\gh to )/& ! %ot fir$ aga9/ x4 #aj4 ,! dim5sions ( ! p>apet %\ld n only be suffici5t to secure1 & cov] ! troops )9 ! "w1 b ought also to be ( su* a =m z to af=d a full view ( ! enemy 9 8 approa*2 & at ! same "t discov]1 z little z possible1 ! m5 employ$ = its def5ce4 ,capacity ( ,field works4 ,! p]imet] ( a "w1 & ! numb] ( m5 to def5d x1 %\ld be> a j proportion to ea* o!r1 "o y>d be+ all[$ = ea* man1 or = ea* file ( m51 accord+ to ! nature1 & object ( ! "w4 ,9 calculat+ ! area ( enclos$ field works1 #aj squ>e feet may g5]ally be e/imat$ = ea* man1 & #cbd squ>e feet = ea* gun1 & its /ores4 ,cont5t ( ,field works4 ,9 squ>e r$\bts1 or works hav+ sali5t angles1 if ! areas ( ! sections ( ! p>apet1 & dit*1 are made ne>ly equal1 !re w be too mu* e>?2 7 ! angles ( ! plan re-ent]+1 in/ead ( sali5t1 ! result w\ld be rev]s$4 ,be>+ ?is 9 m9d1 previ\s to comm5c+ ! excavation ( ! dit*1 a correct calculation mu/ be made to prev5t any excess1 or defici5cy ( e>? = ! p>apet1 & banquette4 ,rules4 #a4 ,to f9d ! quantity ( e>? requir$ = ! p>apet1 & banquette ( a field "w1 c4 ,divide ! p>apet1 & banquette into trapezoids1 & triangles2 compute ! cont5ts ( ea* sep>ately 7by ! rules 9 ,,m5suration ,,( ,,planes7 & ! sum ( !m w be ! sup]ficial cont5t ( a section ( ! p>apet1 & banquette4 ,multiply ?is by ! l5g? ( ! p]iph]y ( ! r$\bt1 batt]y1 c41 = ! solid cont5t ( ! p>apet1 & banquette4 #b4 ,to f9d1 rapidly1 ! quantity ( e>? requir$ = a p>apet1 & banquette4 ,multiply ! height ( ! cre/ ( ! p>apet1 into ! sum ( ! bases ( ! sup]ior1 & ext]ior slopes2 :i* w give ! sup]ficial cont5t1 v ne>ly4 #c4 ,to compute ! sup]ficial cont5t ( ! dit*4 ,multiply ! dep? into ! bread? at bottom1 to :i* product add ! areas ( ! esc>p1 & c\nt]sc>p1 = ! cont5t requir$4 #d4 ,to f9d ! bread? ( ! dit*1 ( ! usual =m4 ,divide ! area ( ! section ( ! p>apet by ! int5d$ dep? ( ! dit*1 & ! quoti5t w be ! mean bread? ( ! dit*2 to ?is add half ! sum ( ! bases ( ! slopes ( ! esc>p1 & c\nt]sc>p1 = ! bread? at top1 & d$uct ! same = ! bread? at bottom4 #e4 ,to f9d ! bread? ( ! dit*1 hav+ a triangul> section4 ,divide ! area ( ! section ( ! p>apet by half ! giv5 dep? ( ! dit*1 & ! quoti5t w be ! requir$ bread? at ! top4 ,con/ruction ( ,field works4--,vide ,plate4 ,fig4 #a4 ,! r$an4 ,draw a base l9e1 #fj y>ds1 f ! c5tre ( :i* erect a p]p5dicul>1 #dj y>ds2 jo9 ! t]m9ations ( ! base1 & p]p5dicul>1 :i* w =m ! cre/ ( ! p>apet ( ! "w4 ,fig4 #b4 ,! lunette4 ,con/ruct a r$an 7vide ,no4 #a71 base #hj y>ds1 p]p5dicul> #ej y>ds3 make ! faces ( ! lunette #de y>ds 9 l5g?1 & draw ! flanks to po9ts on ! base l9e1 #cj y>ds1 f ! p]p5dicul>4 ,fig4 #c4 ,! squ>e r$\bt4 ,con/ruct a squ>e1 ea* side #dj y>ds 7vide ,,practical ,,geometry74 ,to =m additional faces :5 requir$1 bisect ! side ( ! squ>e1 draw p]p5dicul>s inw>ds equal to ? ( ! side1 & jo9 ! t]m9ation ( ! p]p5dicul>s1 & ! sides ( ! squ>e1 ?us =m+ a d\ble numb] ( faces4 ,fig4 #d4 ,! p5tagonal r$\bt4 ,describe a circle1 radius #cj y>ds1 & con/ruct a p5tagon 9 ! circle 7vide ,,practical ,,geometry71 ?us =m+ ! cre/ ( ! p>apet ( ! r$\bt4 ,fig4 #e4 ,! hexagonal r$\bt4 ,describe a circle1 radius #cj y>ds1 & con/ruct a hexagon )9 x 7vide ,,practical ,,geometry72 ! sides ( :i* =m ! cre/ ( ! p>apet ( ! "w4 ,fig4 #f4 ,! circul> r$\bt4 ,describe a circle1 radius #cj y>ds1 :i* w =m ! cre/ ( ! p>apet ( ! r$\bt4 ,fig4 #g4 ,! /> =t1 ) six po9ts4 ,con/ruct an equilat]al triangle1 & divide ea* side1 #ge y>ds1 into ?ree equal p>ts1 =m also an equilat]al triangle on ! c5tral portion ( ea* side1 #be y>ds1 & ! cre/ ( ! p>apet ( ! =t w be trac$4 ,fig4 #h4 ,! /> =t1 ) eight po9ts4 ,con/ruct a squ>e3 divide ea* side1 #fj y>ds1 into ?ree equal p>ts1 & on ! c5tral portion1 #bj y>ds1 describe an equilat]al triangle3 ! p]iph]y ( ! =t w ?us be obta9$4 ,fig4 #i4 ,! field =t1 ) ba/ions1 & half ba/ions4 ,con/ruct a squ>e2 f ! c5tre ( ea* side1 #abj y>ds1 drop a p]p5dicul> equal to "o-eigh? ( ! side1 ?r\gh ! extremity ( :i*1 f ! angles ( ! squ>e1 draw ! l9es ( def5ce2 make ! faces ( ! ba/ions1 & half ba/ions1 two-sev5?s ( ! ext]ior side1 & draw ! flanks p]p5dicul> to _! respective l9es ( def5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,field ,,=tification4 ,j4 ,w4 ,l[ry1 sc4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,! bridge head1 or tte du pont4 ,con/ruct a r$an1 base #ej y>ds1 p]p5dicul> #cj y>ds1 at an appropriate di/ance f ! bridge1 #ej y>ds2 draw flanks1 #bj y>ds1 p]p5dicul> to ! faces1 & f _! t]m9ation draw l9es to ! riv] p>allel to ! capital ( ! "w4 ,to /r5g!n ! def5ce ( ! tte du pont1 con/ruct a fl*e1 faces #bj y>ds ea*1 & #aj y>ds 9 front ( ! bridge1 #d y>ds wide4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( bridge heads1 ! =ego+ ,figures may be employ$ :5 exp$i5t2 ! simple/ =m1 ! r$an1 be+ = light bridges1 & ! m p]fect def5ce1 ! ba/ion$ front1 or fronts1 = bridges ( mat]ial consequ5ce4 ,fig4 #aa1 #ab1 #ac4 ,l9es4--,vide ,plate4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,con/ruct a r$an1 base #dj y>ds1 p]p5dicul> #cj y>ds2 :i* jo9 by a curta9 #ajj y>ds1 to a queue d'aronde4 ,fig4 #ab4 ,side ( squ>e1 #ce y>ds1 & l9es drawn f summit to po9ts on ! curta9s #aj y>ds4 ,to increase ! def5ce ( ! next curta91 #ajj y>ds1 bisect x by a p]p5dicul>1 #ae y>ds1 & draw ! two faces4 ,l5g!n ! l9es by cremaillres4 ,fig4 #ac4 ,base #ajj y>ds2 cro*et1 base #e y>ds2 p]p5dicul> #bj y>ds4 ,l9es1 cont9u\s1 are =m$ by a modification ( r$ans1 lunettes1 curta9s1 c41 dep5d5t on ! nature ( ! gr\nd1 & ! means ( def5ce4 ,l9es1 ) int]vals1 are =m$ by deta*$ r$ans1 lunettes1 c41 )9 range ( ea* o!r2 ! re> works flank+ ^? 9 front4 ,bridges1 & passages into field works are f #f feet1 to #ab feet wide1 accord+ to ! requirem5ts4 ,trav]ses are plac$ ab\t #i feet f ! slope ( ! banquette1 _! l5g? be+ s regulat$ z to exclude f ! view ( ! enemy ! int]ior ( ! field "w4 ,! nature1 & =m ( ! field "w1 or l9es1 requir$ = ! def5ce ( a po/1 c41 c41 hav+ be5 det]m9$1 ! p]imet] may be laid d[n1 9 con=mity to ! con/ruction detail$ 9 ! =ego+ figures3 aft] :i* ! requisite dim5sions ( ! p>apet1 dit*1 c41 7dep5d5t1 ( c\rse1 on ! nature ( ! enemy's ordnance7 mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation1 & ! quantity ( e>?work comput$ by ! ,rules1 page #bde1 or by ^? 9 ,,practical ,,geometry4 ,! foll[+ ,table w1 h[ev]1 9 _m cases be f\nd useful2 &1 by a judici\s adaptation ( x1 mu* "t may be sav$ 9 ! computation1 & con/ruction ( field works4 ,,table1 %[+ ! dim5sions1 9 feet2 & ! sup]ficial cont5t ( e>? ( banquettes1 p>apets1 & dit*es1 ( field works4 ,key3 ,a ,numb]4 ,b ,base ( slope4 ,c ,tread4 ,d ,height4 ,e ,base4 ,f ,sup]ficial cont5t4 ,g ,b]m4 ,h ,bread? at top4 ,i ,esc>p slope4 ,j ,c\nt]sc>p slope4 ,k ,dep?4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,banquette4 ,,p>apet4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,int]ior ,sup]ior ,ext]ior slope4 slope4 slope4 ------------------------ ,a ,b ,c ,d ,f ,d ,e ,d ,e ,d ,e ,f ---------------------------------------- -------------- #a #f #e #c #bd #g #a #g #ae #e #e #abj #b #f #d #c #ba #g #a #g #ae #e #e #aac #c #f #e #c #bd #g #a #g #ab #e #e #aja #d #f #d #c #ba #g #a #g #ab #e #e #ih #e #f #d #c #ba #g #a #g #i #e #e #ha #f #f #d #c #ba #g #a #g #i #e #e #ha #g #e #d #c #ai #g #a #g #f #f #f #ff #h #e #d #c #ai #f #a #f #f #d #d #dd-f_/h #i #h #a #h #ab #e #e #ajb #aj #g #a #g #i #e #e #gh #aa #f #a #f #f #d #d #dd #ab #f #a #f #c #e #e #cc-ae_/af #ac #d #d #c #ah #g #a #g #d #e #e #dd ---------------------------------------- ------------ -------------------------- ,,dit*4 ------------------- ,g ,h ,i ,j ,k ,f ---------------------- #c #bf #c #c #f #ach #c #bj #d #d #h #abh #c #bc #c #c #f #abj #c #ag #d #d #h #ajd #c #ai #c #c #f #if #c #af #d #d #h #if #b #ah #c #c #f #ij #b #ae #aj #e #h #fj #c #ai #c #c #f #if #b #af #d #d #f #gb #b #ab #d #c #f #ea #b #i #f #c #h #cf #b #ae #aj #e #h #fj ---------------------- ,,simple ,,me?ods ,,( ,,trac+ ,,field ,,works1 ,,on ,,! ,,gr\nd4 #a4 ,squ>e r$\bt4 ,place pickets 9 a l9e 79 l5g? con=mable to ! side ( ! int5d$ "w71 at ea* end ( :i* erect p]p5dicul>s equal 9 l5g? to ! side fir/ m>k$ out1 & jo9 ! t]m9ation ( ^! l9es2 :i* w complete ! p]imet] ( ! r$\bt4 ,note4--,a p]p5dicul> is rais$ on a giv5 l9e1 ) a *a9 or cord1 by =m+ a "r-angl$ triangle f ! numb]s #c1 #d1 & #e1 or any multiples !re(1 & ext5d+ ! cord1 c41 s t ! base may correspond ) ! base l9e ( ! pickets1 & ! p]p5dicul> be 9 ! direction ( ! side requir$4--,vide ,,practical ,,geometry4 #b4 ,p5tagonal r$\bt4 ,) a *a91 tape1 or cord1 con/ruct1 & lay d[n ) pickets five simil>1 & contigu\s triangles1 hav+ _! bases1 :i* =m ! sides ( ! p5tagon1 9 ! proportion ( #dg to ! o!r two equal sides1 ! l5g? ( ea* ( ^! be+ #dj4 #c4 ,hexagonal r$\bt4 ,f a c5tral po9t ) a *a91 or l9e1 con/ruct1 & lay d[n ) pickets six equilat]al1 & contigu\s triangles1 ! bases ( :i* w =m ! requir$ hexagon4 #d4 ,octagonal r$\bt4 ,con/ruct a squ>e 7vide ,no4 #a71 f ! c5tre ( ea* side ( :i* erect p]p5dicul>s outw>ds1 9 l5g? proportional to ! side z #ac to #fj 7ne>ly #a to #e72 jo9 ! extremities1 or t]m9ation ( ! p]p5dicul>s1 to ! angles ( ! squ>e1 :i* w det]m9e ! sides ( ! octagon4 ,note #a4--,! directions = ! con/ruction ( ! p5tagonal1 & hexagonal r$\bts are on a small scale2 b ! r$\bts may be increas$ by ! equal ext5sion ( ! int]ior sides ( ! triangles1 until ! bases are suffici5tly long = ! p]iph]y ( ! "w requir$4 ,note #b4--;,by means ( ! pocket sextant1 prismatic compass1 or reconnoitr+ protractor1 ! p5tagonal1 hexagonal1 & octagonal r$\bt may be ?us trac$ on ! gr\nd4 ,f a c5tral po9t place pickets at ! requisite di/ance f ea* o!r1 & 9 ! direction ( l9es drawn f ! angle ( ! c5tre ( ! int5d$ "w4 7,vide ,,practical ,,geometry4 ,to f9d ! angles at ! c5tre1 & circumf]5ce ( a polygon47 ,ext5d ^! radii equally until ! relative di/ances betwe5 !m are ( ! l5g? requir$ to =m ! sides ( ! propos$ equilat]al r$\bt4 #e4 ,front ( =tification1 = a ,field =t4 ,place pickets 9 a /raight l9e1 ( ! l5g? requir$ = ! front ( ! propos$ field "w2 f ! c5tre ( :i* drop a p]p5dicul> inw>ds1 mak+ x = a squ>e1 p5tagon1 hexagon1 or octagon1 respectively "o-eigh?1 "o-fif?1 "o-f\r?1 or "o-?ird ( ! ext]ior side4 ,direct ! l9es ( def5ce f ! t]m9ation ( ! ext]ior side to ! end ( ! p]p5dicul>1 mak+ ! faces ( ! ba/ions two-sev5?s ( ! ext]ior side1 & con/ruct+ ! flanks p]p5dicul> to1 & jo9+ ! l9es ( def5ce4 ,o!r fronts are trac$ by lay+ d[n ! ext]ior sides1 at ! angle ( ! circumf]5ce ( ! int5d$ polygon 7,vide ,,practical ,,geometry7 by means ( ! prismatic compass1 c41 & !n proce$+ z direct$ = ! =m] front4 ,,"p ,x4 ,,bridges1 ,,& ,,pontoons4 ,,bridges4 ,to f9d ! numb] ( planks requir$ to =m a float1 to support a giv5 weight4 #a/4 ,f9d ! cont5t ( "o plank 7vide ,practical ,geometry1 ,"p #ab71 & multiply x by ! specific gravity ( ! wood2 ! product w be ! weight ( ! timb]4 #bnd4 ,multiply ! same solid cont5t by ! specific gravity ( wat]3 ! product w be ! weight ( an equal bulk ( wat]4 ,!n take ! diff]5ce ( ^! two products1 or weight1 & x w be ! weight "o piece ( timb] w support )\t s9k+4 ,h5ce by ,proportion1 ! numb] requir$ to support ! giv5 weight may be f\nd4 ,to f9d ! numb] ( casks requir$ to =m a raft to support a giv5 weight4 #a/4 ,f9d ! solid cont5t ( "o cask 9 cubic in*es 7vide ,practical ,geometry71 & multiply x by ! specific gravity ( wat]2 ! product w be ! weight ( a quantity ( wat] ( equal bulk ) ! cask4 #bnd4 ,f ?is product1 or weight1 subtract ! weight ( ! cask1 & ! rema9d] w be ! weight x w support )\t s9k+4 ,!n by ,proportion1 ! numb] requir$ = ! =mation ( ! raft may be f\nd4 ,to f9d ! numb] ( boats1 or pontoons1 requir$ to support a giv5 weight4 ,! bur!n a boat1 or pontoon1 w support )\t s9k+ beyond a giv5 dep? 7! =m ( ! boat1 or pontoon be+ kn[n7 mu/ fir/ be f\nd1 ?us-- #a/4 ,f9d ! solid cont5t ( ! "p to be sunk1 9 cubic feet 7vide ,practical ,geometry1 ,"p #ab71 & multiply x by ! specific gravity ( wat] 7vide ,gravity1 ,"p #ab74 #bnd4 ,subtract ?is product f ! weight ( ! boat1 or pontoon1 & ! rema9d] w be ! bur!n x w support )\t s9k+ beyond ! requir$ dep?4 ,!n by ,proportion1 ! numb] requir$ to support ! giv5 weight may be comput$4 ,note4--,9 ! con/ruction ( bridges1 %\ld a rope require to be ext5d$ across a rapid riv]1 ! coil %\ld be plac$ 9 ! boat 7in/ead ( on %ore7 & be paid out z ! boat advances4 ,,pontoons4 ,^? call$ ,blan%>d's 7f _! inv5tor1 ,colonel ,blan%>d1 ,royal ,eng9e]s7 are ( two descriptions4 #a4--,,l>ge ,,pontoons4 ,displacem5t ( wat]1 #ig cubic feet1 equals #fjhh lb41 or #ed cwt4 ,! buoyant p[] ( a raft ( two pontoons1 its own weight d$uct$1 is #gg cwt41 ab\t "o-half ( :i* is a safe load4 ,ea* raft1 or "o c>riage load1 =ms #b bays1 or #bj ft4 #h 94 ( bridge3 its own weight w s9k x ab\t #g or #h in*es4 ,! crew ( a raft consi/s ( #f r[]s1 & #a /e]sman4 ,at op5 ord] ! bridge w pass cavalry1 field artill]y1 or infantry1 ) clos$ files4 ,at close ord] ! bridge w pass any "p ( a heavy tra94 ,dim5sions1 & weight ( cyl9drical pontoons1 manufactur$ 9 ! ars5al at ,woolwi*4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,extreme ,diamet]4 ,weight4 l5g?4 ----------------------------- ft4 94 ft4 94 cwt4 ,,l>ge ,,pontoon1 ) hemisph]ical ends #bb #c #b #h #d ,,small ,,pontoon1 ) conical ends #ae #j #a #h #a ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,"o ,,c>riage ,,load4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,dim5sions4 ------------------------ ,numb]4,l5g?499,bread?4 ,dep?4 ,weight4 ---------------------------------------- --- ft4 94 ft4 94 ft4 94cwt4qrs4 lb4 ,pontoons #b #bb #b #g #b #g #i #a #i ,baulks #ab #ad #b #e #c #e #a #a ,*esses #h #ab #a #b #a #a #c #ai ,half-*esses #d #aa #e #a #a #c #j ,gunnels #b #ab #a #b #d #a #c #ai ,side-pieces #e #aj #d #e #b #a #a #j ,an*or #a #c #a ,buoy #a #c ,cable 7#bj fa?oms7 #a #afh #c #c #a #ah ,o>s #g #ad #c #ad ,boat-hook #a #ad #g ,body #c #h #i #d #bj ,la%+s ,gunnel #d #ae #a #a #h ,c>riage #d #bb #a #a ,rack-/icks1 & la%+s #h #ad ,buoy-l9e #a #fj #a #a #e ,brea/-l9e #a #fj #a #a #e ------------------------------------ #ca #a #j ,weight ( ,c>riage #a #ac #c #bj ------------ ,total #de #j #bj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ 99 ,! l5g? includes ! hemisph]ical ends4 #b4--,,small ,,pontoons4 ,five pontoons1 ) _! appurt5ances1 =m ! load ( "o c>riage4 ,l5g?1 #ae feet2 diamet]1 #a foot #g in*es2 displacem5t1 #bg cubic feet2 buoyancy1 #agah lb41 or #ae cwt41 f :i* d$uct #b cwt4 = ! weight ( pontoon1 & %>e ( sup]/ructure4 ,a bridge ( ?is nature is s light t x may be made on %ore1 & c>ri$ by h& entire4 ,x w support z _m m5 z c be plac$ on x1 &1 by remov+ ! *esses ov] ! gunnels1 x may be b5t s z to be pass$ )\t difficulty d[n a /eep bank1 or c\nt]sc>p4 ,,"o ,,c>riage ,,load4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,dim5sions4 ------------------------ ,numb]4,l5g?499,bread?4 ,dep?4 ,weight4 ---------------------------------------- -- ft4 94 ft4 94 ft4 94cwt4qrs4lb4 ,pontoons #e #ae #a #g #a #g #e #j #j ,gunnels #e #h #d #i #c #c #ab ,baulks #cj #f #f #c #a #a #a #i ,*esses #bj #h #a #d #a #d #j #bj ,paddles1 us$ z side-pieces #e #a #bg ,rack-/icks1 & la%+s #aj #f ,c>riage la%+s #b #e ,an*or1 & cable #a #b #j ----------------------------------- #ab #a #bc ,weight ( ! ,c>riage #a #i #j #j ----------- ,total #ba #a #bc ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- 99 ,! l5g? includes ! ends4 ,,scal+ ,,ladd]s4 ,scal+ ladd]s are made 9 portions1 #ab feet1 & #g feet long2 :i* are jo9$ toge!r by plac+ ! end ( "o portion into /aples at ! end ( ano!r1 & secur+ !m toge!r ) a la%+ ( rope4 ,f\r m5 are suffici5t to c>ry an #ah feet scal+ ladd]4 ,,"p ,,xi4 ,,fireworks4 ,,c&les1 ,,roman4 ,:5 ! case has be5 prop]ly f9i%$1 & ! end secur$ ) /rong tw9e1 ram 9 a little dry clay1 !n put 9 a small quantity ( corn$ p[d]1 & ov] ?is a small piece ( pap]2 aft] :i* z mu* ( ! composition is to be put 9 z w1 :5 ramm$ d[n1 fill ! case ab\t "o-six? ( ! l5g?4 ,ov] ?is a piece ( pap] is plac$1 cov]+ ab\t two-?irds ( ! diamet]1 on :i* a little p[d] is laid1 & !n a ball1 or />4 ,"s m composition is !n p\r$ 91 & press$ lightly d[n till ! case is ab\t "o-?ird full1 :5 x is to be ramm$ d[n by g5tle /rokes2 aft] :i*1 put 9 ano!r small piece ( pap]1 p[d]1 & />1 ov] :i* p\r 9 "s m composition1 ram d[n g5tly1 & cont9ue ?us until ! case is fill$1 :5 x w conta9 ab\t five />s2 aft] :i* x is capp$1 & prim$4 ,roman c&les %\ld be plac$ 9 r[s on a /&1 "s ( !m be+ p]p5dicul>1 & o!rs at angles1 n1 h[ev]1 exce$+ #de degrees4 ,compositions4 #a4 ,meal$ p[d]1 lb4 ,sulphur1 lb4 ,saltpetre1 #b lb4 ,glass du/1 lb4 #b4 ,meal$ p[d]1 #a lb4 ,*>coal1 lb4 #c4 ,signal rocket composition4 ,,c&les1 ,,blue4 ,saltpetre1 oz4 ,p[d]1 oz4 ,sulphur1 #a oz4 ,,crack]s4 ,! case is made ( c>tridge pap]1 ! dim5sions requir$ be+ #ae in*es by #c in*es4 ,fir/ fold d[n "o edge1 ab\t ( an in* broad1 !n turn d[n ! d\ble edge ab\t ( an in*1 & b5d back ! s+le edge ov] ! d\ble fold1 s z to =m )9 a *annel1 :i* is to be fill$ ) meal$ p[d]1 n gr\nd v f9e2 ! p[d] is !n to be cov]$ by ! folds on ea* side1 & ! :ole is to be press$ by a flat rul]2 & ! "p conta9+ ! p[d] is to be fold$ into ! rema9d] ( ! pap]1 e fold be+ press$ d[n4 ,! crack] is !n d\bl$ backw>ds1 & =w>ds 9 folds ab\t #b in*es1 :i* are press$ q close1 & a piece ( tw9e is pass$ twice r\nd ! middle across ! folds1 & ! jo9+s secur$ by caus+ ! tw9e to take a turn r\nd ! middle at ea* fold successively2 "o ( ! ends ( ! folds may be d\bl$ %ort "u1 :i* w produce an extra report2 ! o!r mu/ project a little beyond ! re/ = ! purpose ( be+ prim$4 ,,e>?quake1 ,,artificial4 ,mix toge!r f\r p\nds ( iron s&1 & f\r p\nds ( sulphur2 & aft] mak+ x into a pa/e ) wat]1 bury x a little dep? 9 ! gr\nd4 ,9 t5 or twelve h\rs1 if ! wea!r be w>m1 ! e>? w swell up1 & bur/2 flames w also issue out1 scatt]+ ar\nd a yell[ & black du/4 ,,fires ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,col\rs4 ,:ite fire is made by mix+ p[d] ) iron s&1 or fil+s4 ,r$ fire is made by mix+ p[d] ) iron s& ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,silv] col\r is made by introduc+ rasp+s ( ivory4 ,pale :ite col\r is made by mix+ camphor ) ! composition4 ,lemon col\r is produc$ f rasp+s ( yell[ amb]4 ,russet col\r is produc$ f crude antimony4 ,r$ flame1 incl9+ to br[n1 is produc$ by ,greek pit*4 ,dusky flame is produc$ by black pit*4 ,blui% flame is produc$ by introduc+ sulphur 9 a mod]ate quantity4 ,gre5 flame is made f ! introduction ( sal ammoniac1 & v]digris4 ,:ite flame3 saltpetre1 sulphur1 meal$ p[d]1 & camphor2 ! saltpetre mu/ be ! *ief "p4 ,,wildfire1 ,,:i* ,,burns ,,"u ,,wat]4 ,mix well toge!r equal quantities ( sulphur1 naph?a1 bitum51 pit*1 & gum4 ,,g]bes4 ,g]bes consi/ ( /rong cyl9drical cases ( ?ick pap]1 fill$ ) brilliant composition1 & sometimes ) balls1 or />s4 ,g]bes ?r[ up into ! air lum9\s & sp>kl+ jets ( fire2 & :5 arrang$ 9 a circul> mann]1 z ! radii ( a circle1 !y =m :at is call$ a fix$ sun4 ,! ?ickness ( ! cases = brilliant fire mu/ be a f\r? "p ( ! diamet]1 & = ,*9ese fire a six? "p4 ,! case is load$ on a nipple1 hav+ a po9t equal 9 l5g? to ! same diamet]1 & 9 ?ickness to a f\r? "p ( x2 b z x g5]ally happ5s t ! m\? ( ! jet becomes l>g] ?an is necess>y = ! effect ( ! fire1 ! case %\ld be fir/ *>g$ by fill+ x to a height equal to a f\r? "p ( ! diamet]1 ) clay1 :i* mu/ be ramm$ d[n4 ,:5 ! *>ge is complet$ ) ! composition1 ! case %\ld be clos$ ) a tompeon ( wood1 & !n *ok$4 ,! tra91 or mat*1 mu/ be ( ! same composition z t employ$ = load+1 o!rwise ! jet w\ld be subject to bur/4 ,*>g$ cases may be pi]c$ ) two holes ne> ! neck1 9 ord] to h ?ree jets2 or1 if a top pi]c$ ) a numb] ( holes be add$ to !m1 !y w imitate a bubbl+ f\nta94 ,jets int5d$ = repres5t+ %eets ( fire ought n to be *ok$4 ,!y mu/ be plac$ 9 a horizontal position1 or incl9+ a little d[nw>ds4 ,composition = ,g]bes1 or jets ( fire4 ,key3 ,s ,saltpetre4 ,p ,pulv]iz$ p[d]4 ,su ,sulphur4 ,c ,*>coal4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,jets4 ,s ,p ,su ,c ,iron s&1 or fil+s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- lb4oz4lb4oz4 oz4 oz4 oz4 #d ( an in* or less int]ior diamet] ,*9ese fire #a #a #h #b ,:ite fire #a #h #c #b ,s&1 #a/ ord] #h #e to #a in* diamet] ,brilliant fire #a ,fil+s #e ,:ite fire #a #h #b ,*9ese fire #a #d #e #e ,s&1 #crd ord] #ab #a #d #g #e ,mix$ s& #ab #aa to #ae diamet] #a #h #e #b #b #h ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,! saltpetre1 p[d]1 & *>coal1 are ?ree times sift$ ?r\gh a hair sieve2 ! iron s& is bespr9kl$ ) sulphur1 aft] be+ moi/5$ ) spirits ( w9e1 t ! sulphur may adh]e to x1 & !y are !n mix$ toge!r4 ,! sulphurett$ s& is !n spread ov] ! fir/ mixture1 & ! :ole is mix$ ) a ladle only1 = if a sieve 7 employ$1 x w\ld sep>ate ! s& f ! o!r mat]ials4 ,:5 s& l>g] ?an ! #bnd ord] is us$1 ! composition is moi/5$ ) spirits ( w9e1 s t x =ms itself into balls1 & ! jets are !n load$ ) !m4 ,,iron ,,fil+s4 ,^! fil+s mu/ be q clean1 & free f ru/4 ,!y mu/ be ?or\ghly mix$ ) ! compositions ( :i* !y =m "o ( ! +r$i5ts2 :i*1 h[ev]1 w n aft]w>ds keep 9 good ord] long] ?an a week1 z ! moi/ure contract$ by saltpetre ru/s ! fil+s1 & de/roys ! effect !y are int5d$ to produce4 ,,iron ,,s&1 ,,or ,,p\nd$ ,,iron4 ,hav+ brok5 a ca/-iron plate1 or iron pot1 to pieces1 on an anvil1 pulv]ize ! fragm5ts till ! gra9s are n l>g] ?an radi% se$1 !n sift !m ?r\gh six graduat$ sieves to sep>ate ! diff]5t sizes2 & pres]ve ^! six diff]5t k9ds 9 a v dry place1 9 closely-cork$ bottles4 ,! gra9s :i* pass ?r\gh ! fir/ or f9e/ sieve1 are call$ ,s& ( ! #a/ ord]1 & ^? t pass ?r\gh ! second sieve1 ,s& ( ! #bnd ord]1 c4 ,compositions into :i* iron fil+s1 or s&1 are introduc$1 mu/ n be driv5 h>d1 = fe> ( accid5ts by explosion4 ,,lead]s1 ,,or ,,pipes ,,( ,,communication4 ,^! are small tubes ( pap]1 ( l5g?s adapt$ to ! di/ances to :i* !y are to ext5d4 ,! pap] is cut into slips two or ?ree in*es broad1 or suffici5t to g f\r times r\nd ! =m]s1 :i* are ab\t "o-f\r? ( an in* diamet]4 ,brass wire =m]s are ! be/1 & %\ld be oil$ to prev5t ! pap] /ick+4 ,quick mat* is ins]t$ 9 ^! tubes1 b mu/ be made to g 9 easily4 ,! quick mat* %\ld project an in* beyond ea* end ( ! lead]1 & %\ld be ins]t$ into ! m\?s ( ! cases ( ! fireworks ) a small quantity ( meal$ p[d]4 ,! lead]s mu/ n be plac$ too ne>1 or cross ea* o!r s z to t\*1 z x may happ5 t ! fire f "o may communicate to ano!r1 & de/roy !reby ! int5d$ arrangem5ts4 ,,m>roons4 ,m>roons are boxes conta9+ f #a to #f ounces ( p[d]4 ,!y are made ei!r on a squ>e1 or r\nd =m]1 & ! ends ( ! pap] are pa/$ d[n1 & well weld$ r\nd ) kitt$ tw9e work$ ov] cross-ways4 ,a hole is bor$ into ! case1 & a mat* ins]t$4 ,,meal+ ,,gunp[d]4 ,a small quantity ( p[d] be+ plac$ on a table ) a rim r\nd x1 is rubb$ d[n ) a scor$ wood5 meal] until all ! gra9s are brok51 & x becomes suffici5tly f9e to pass ?r\gh a lawn sieve4 ,,pa/e ,,= ,,repres5t+ ,,animals1 ,,etc41 ,,9 ,,fire4 ,r$uce sulphur to an impalpable p[d]1 & hav+ =m$ x into a pa/e ) />*1 cov] ) x ! figure int5d$ to be repres5t$ on fire1 :i* mu/1 h[ev]1 h be5 previ\sly coat$ ov] ) clay1 to prev5t x f be+ burnt4 ,:5 cov]$ ) ! pa/e1 bespr9kle x1 :ile /ill moi/1 ) meal$ p[d]2 & :5 p]fectly dry1 arrange "s mat*es on ! pr9cipal p>ts1 s t fire may be spe$ily communicat$ to e "p ( x4 ,! same pa/e may be employ$ to =m fe/oons1 g>l&s1 c41 ! fl[]s ( :i* might be imitat$ by fires ( diff]5t col\rs1 & c\ld be =m$ on ! frieze ( a piece ( ar*itecture1 cov]$ ) clay to pres]ve ! /one1 or wood f ! effect ( ! fire4 ,! ,*9ese imitate grapes exce$+ly well1 by mix+ p[d]$ sulphur ) ! pulp ( ! jejube1 in/ead ( fl\r-pa/e or />*4 ,,portfires ,,= ,,illum9ations4 ,! cases are made ( ?ree or f\r r\nds ( ?9 pap]1 ! la/ r\nd be+ pa/$2 !y are f two to five-eigh?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & f two to six in*es long2 !y are p9*$ close at "o end1 & left op5 at ! o!r4 ,9 fill+ !m1 a small quantity ( ! composition mu/ be put 9 at a "t1 ramm+ x lightly1 s z n to break ! case4 ,compositions4 #a4 ,saltpetre1 #a lb42 sulphur1 #h oz42 meal$ p[d]1 #f oz4 #b4 ,amb] lights3 ,meal$ p[d]1 #i oz42 amb]1 #c oz4 #c4 ,saltpetre1 #b lb42 sulphur1 #c lb42 antimony1 #a lb4 #d4 ,saltpetre1 #c lb42 sulphur1 #b lb42 meal$ p[d]1 #a lb42 antimony1 lb42 glass du/1 #d oz42 brass du/1 #a oz4 ,note4--,compositions ,no4 #c1 & #d1 driv5 #a in* 9 a "o ounce case1 w burn "o m9ute4 ,,ra91 ,,gold1 ,,& ,,silv]4 ,fill small pap] cases1 or goose quills1 ) ! composition1 & place ^u ! m\? ( ea* "s moi/ p[d]1 bo? to keep 9 ! composition1 & to s]ve z a mat*4 ,if ! head ( a rocket be load$ ) ^! cases or quills1 a %[] ( fi]y ra9 w be produc$ at ! extreme range ( ! rocket4 ,compositions4 ,gold ra94 #a4 ,saltpetre1 #a lb42 meal$ p[d]1 #d oz42 sulphur1 #d oz42 brass du/1 #a oz42 sawdu/1 #b oz42 glass du/1 #f drs4 #b4 ,meal$ p[d]1 #ab oz2 saltpetre1 #b oz42 *>coal1 #d oz4 #c4 ,saltpetre1 #h oz42 sulphur1 #b oz42 glass du/1 #a oz42 antimony1 oz42 brass du/1 oz42 sawdu/1 #ab drs4 ,silv] ra94 #a4 ,saltpetre1 #d oz42 sulphur1 meal$ p[d]1 & antimony1 ea* #b oz42 sal prunella1 oz4 #b4 ,saltpetre1 #h oz42 sulphur1 #b oz42 *>coal1 #d oz4 #c4 ,saltpetre1 #a lb42 antimony1 #f oz42 sulphur1 #d oz4 #d4 ,saltpetre1 #d oz42 sulphur1 #a oz42 p[d]1 #b oz42 /eel du/1 oz4 ,,rockets1 ,,l9e4 ,any rocket :i* is n v l>ge1 may be made to run along an ext5d$ rope4 ,= ?is purpose affix to ! rocket an empty case1 & introduce !re9 ! rope :i* is to c>ry x1 plac+ ! head ( ! rocket t[>ds t side to :i* x is int5d$ to move4 ,two rockets ) an empty case may be simil>ly us$1 & may be made to move 9 a retrograde direction by plac+ !m ) _! heads rev]s$1 & a lead] to communicate f ! head ( ! rocket to be fir/ ignit$ to ! tail ( ! second4 ,,rockets1 ,,signal4 ,composition4 ,pulv]iz$ saltpetre1 #d lb42 sublimat$ sulphur1 #a lb42 dogwood *>coal1 #a lb4 #h oz4 ,! *>coal is fir/ p\nd$ f9e en\gh to pass ?r\gh a wire sieve 7,no4 #c74 ,! saltpetre & sulphur are ea* sep>ately pass$ ?r\gh a f9e hair sieve1 !n mix$ well toge!r ) a copp] slice1 & pass$ ?ree times ?r\gh ! hair sieve4 ,! *>coal is !n spread on a tray1 & ! saltpetre & sulphur sift$ a f\r? "t on x1 & ! :ole be+ c>efully mix$ ) a h>d bru%1 is aft]w>ds pass$ f\r times ?r\gh ! wire sieve4 ,to ea* ladleful ( composition1 #be bl[s are giv5 = ! p\nd1 & #ba = ! half-p\nd rocket4 ,tw5ty-eight ladlesful ( composition 7#g oz47 are requir$ to complete ! p\nd1 & tw5ty-five 7#e oz47 ! half-p\nd rocket4 ,to prev5t accid5ts 9 driv+ rockets1 c41 ! workman %\ld keep 8 body erect1 ! drift be+ well clean$ aft] ea* ladleful2 & :ile driv+1 x %\ld be mov$ backw>d1 & =w>d by a pair ( hold]s4 ,rockets are driv5 #c calibres holl[1 #a calibre solid1 & calibre ) clay4 ,m\lds4 ,l5g?4 ,diamet]4 #a ,p\nd] ,ext]ior #ad in*es #ci ,int]ior #aje 0 #ag ,p\nd] ,ext]ior #aaf 0 #bc ,int]ior #he 0 #ac ,sp9dles4 ,diamet]4 ,top4 ,middle4 ,bottom4 ,l5g?4 #a ,p\nd] #b #ce #e #fd ,p\nd] #b #c #d #eb ,drifts4 ,l5g?4 ,diamet]4 ,holl[$4 ,no4 #aba in*es #aa #fe #a #a ,p\nd] #aj 0 #aa #eg #b #gc 0 #aa #be #c #fh 0 #aa ,solid #d #ic 0 #i #ed #a ,p\nd] #ga 0 #i #bc #b #d 0 #i ,solid #c ,! rocket is prim$ ) meal$ p[d]1 & spirits ( w9e4 ,:5 complete1 ! l5g? ( ! p\nd rocket is #ae in*es2 & ! half-p\nd #ab in*es2 ! weight ( ! p\nd rocket & /ick is #a lb42 & ! half-p\nd1 #ac oz4 ,l5g? ( /icks = rockets4 #a-,p\nd] rocket #h feet4 ,half-p\nd] #f feet #d in*es4 ,/> compositions4 ,no4 #a4 ,saltpetre1 pulv]iz$ #h lb4 ,sulphur1 sublimat$ #b lb4 ,antimony1 p\nd$ #b lb4 ,is+lass1 dissolv$ #c oz4 ,v9eg> #a qu>t4 ,spirits ( w9e #a p9t4 #b4 ,:ite />s4 ,meal$ p[d]1 #d oz42 saltpetre1 #ab oz42 sulphur vivum1 #f oz42 oil ( spike1 #b oz42 camphor1 #e oz4 #c4 ,blue />s4 ,meal$ p[d]1 #h oz42 saltpetre1 #d oz42 sulphur1 #b oz42 spirits ( w9e1 #b oz42 oil ( spike1 #b oz4 #d4 ,col\r$1 or v>iegat$ />s4 ,meal$ p[d]1 #h drs42 rockpetre1 #d oz42 sulphur vivum1 #b oz42 camphor1 #b oz4 #e4 ,brilliant />s4 ,saltpetre1 #c oz42 sulphur1 #a oz42 meal$ p[d]1 oz41 work$ up ) spirits ( w9e4 #f4 ,common />s4 ,saltpetre1 #a lb42 sulphur1 #d oz42 antimony1 #d oz42 is+lass1 oz42 camphor1 oz42 spirits ( w9e1 oz4 #g4 ,tail$ />s4 ,meal$ p[d]1 #c oz42 sulphur1 #b oz42 saltpetre1 #a oz42 *>coal1 co>sely gr\nd1 oz4 #h4 ,drove />s4 ,no4 #a4 ,saltpetre1 #c lb42 sulphur1 #a lb42 brass du/1 #ab oz42 antimony1 #c oz4 ,no4 #b4 ,saltpetre1 #a lb42 antimony1 #d oz42 sulphur1 #h oz4 #i4 ,fix$ po9t$ />s4 ,saltpetre1 #h oz42 sulphur1 #b oz42 antimony1 #a oz4 #aj drs4 #aj4 ,/>s ( a f9e col\r4 ,sulphur1 #a oz42 meal$ p[d]1 #a oz42 saltpetre1 #a oz42 camphor1 #d drs42 oil ( turp5t9e1 #d drs4 ,! dry +r$i5ts are well mix$1 & sift$ ?r\gh a hair sieve3 ! is+lass dissolv$ ov] a fire ) v9eg>1 & ! spirits ( w9e aft]w>ds add$1 & ) :i* ! dry composition is ?or\ghly mix$4 ,x is !n =m$ on m\lds1 & a hole is left 9 ! middle to assi/ its ignition4 ,?irty-six />s are put 9 a #a-p\nd]1 & tw5ty-two 9 a half-p\nd] rocket4 ,a great v>iety ( figures may be repres5t$ 9 ! air by atta*+ to a l>ge rocket sev]al small rockets1 or small cases fill$ ) ! composition2 or s]p5ts may be atta*$ to ! rocket by means ( pack?read4 ,,saltpetre1 ,,pulv]iz$4 ,sixte5 p\nds ( ref9$ lakepetre are put into a copp] vessel1 to :i* f\r qu>ts ( wat] are add$4 ,x is plac$ ov] a *>coal fire to boil2 z ! wat] evaporates x is well /irr$ ) copp]-%od spatulas or paddles1 occasionally tak+ x (f ! fire1 until ! evaporation ceases2 & :5 br\ght to a f9e p[d] x is sift$ ?r\gh a hair sieve1 & spread on pap] to cool4 ,to extract saltpetre f damag$ gunp[d]4 ,dissolve ! p[d] 9 w>m wat]1 filt] ! solution ?r\gh f9e l95 bags1 & !n evaporate ! wat] by boil+ x1 until ! solution is ( suffici5t /r5g? to cry/allize4 ,,s]p5ts1 ,,or ,,squibs4 ,! case is made by roll+ /\t c>tridge pap] 9 slips ( #f or #h in*es 9 bread? ?ree times r\nd a =m]1 & pa/+ d[n ! la/ fold4 ,! case1 hav+ be5 *ok$ at "o end1 is fill$ ab\t two-?irds ) ! composition1 & a small piece ( pap] is ins]t$1 ov] :i* p[d] is plac$1 & ?is end is secur$ ) tw9e4 ,at ! o!r extremity1 moi/ p[d] ) t\*-pap] is ins]t$4 ,to introduce ! composition into ! case1 a quill1 cut into ! =m ( a spoon1 may be employ$1 & ! composition mu/ be ramm$ d[n by a few /rokes ( a mallet on an iron rod tipp$ ) brass4 ,composition4 #a4 lb4 oz4 #b4 lb4 oz4 ,meal$ p[d] #a #h #a #j ,*>coal #d #a ,sulphur #a #j ,saltpetre #c #a ,,%ells1 ,,or ,,a]ial ,,globes4 ,^! globes are made ( wood1 & _! ?ickness is equal to ab\t a twelf? "p ( _! diamet]s4 ,! usual *>ge is an ounce ( p[d] = a %ell ( #d lb4 weight1 & #b ounces = a %ell ( #h lb4 ,!y may be fir$ f any mort>s t h n a *amb]4 ,to =m ! %ell4 ,two wood5 hemisph]es 7) a fuze hole7 are jo9$ firmly toge!r1 enclos+ />s1 squibs1 ra91 c4 ,a small quantity ( p[d] is ins]t$ to explode ! %ell1 by means ( a fuze4 ,,%[]s ,,( ,,fire4 ,to =m a %[] ( fire1 m\ld small pap] cases on an iron rod1 two-t5?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & #b in*es 9 l5g?4 ,!y mu/ n be *ok$1 z x w be suffici5t to twi/ ! end ( ! case1 & hav+ put ! rod into x1 beat x to make x assume its =m4 ,:5 ! cases are fill$ 7:i* is done by imm]s+ !m 9 ! composition7 fold d[n ! o!r end1 & !n apply a mat*4 ,!y mu/ be fix$ on a frame ) lead]s1 to be fir$ simultane\sly4 ,compositions4 ,*9ese fire4 ,meal$ p[d]1 #a lb42 sulphur1 #b oz42 iron fil+s1 #e oz4 ,anci5t fire4 ,meal$ p[d]1 #a lb42 *>coal1 #b oz4 ,brilliant fire4 ,meal$ p[d]1 #a lb42 iron fil+s1 #d oz4 ,! ,*9ese fire is ! be/ ( ! above compositions4 ,,speckie4 ,brilliant1 & div]sifi$ displays ( fireworks may be readily exhibit$ by means ( speckie1 or lances4 ,illum9at$ designs ( figures1 c41 are repres5t$ by affix+ on a black bo>d small cases fill$ ) v>i\s col\r$ compositions1 to :i* lead]s mu/ be atta*$4 ,! cases are fa/5$ on ) glue1 & r$ lead mix$ toge!r4 ,compositions4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,:ite4,yell[4 ,blue4 ,yell[4,yell[4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- lb4 oz4lb4 oz4lb4 oz4lb4 oz4lb4 oz4 ,saltpetre #b #d #h #a #b #a #b ,sulphur #h #a #d #h ,meal$ p[d] #d #ab #aj #h ,antimony1 crude #d ,gum ,succum #h ,antimony1 prep>$ #h ,basket salt #f ,gamboge #c ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,/>s1 crosses1 revolv+ suns1 c41 be+ fix$ on ! wood5 frame ) ! speckie1 w =m a brilliant display4 ,,spur ,,fire4 ,compositions4 #a4 lb4 oz4 #b4 lb4 oz4 ,saltpetre #d #h #a ,sulphur #b #h ,lamp black #a #h #d qu>ts4 ,! saltpetre & sulphur mu/ be fir/ sift$ toge!r1 & !n put into a m>ble mort> ) ! lamp black4 ,^! +r$i5ts mu/ be ?or\ghly mix$ ) a wood5 pe/le4 ,! composition1 if rubb$ too mu*1 w be too fi]ce1 & h>dly %[ any />s2 & on ! contr>y1 :5 n mix$ en\gh1 w be too weak1 & ?r[ out an obscure smoke1 & lumps ( dross )\t any />s4 ,?is composition is g5]ally ramm$ 9 #a1 or #b ounce cases1 ab\t five1 or six in*es long1 b n driv5 v h>d4 ,cases fill$ ) spur fire may be us$ 9 rooms )\t any dang] ( sett+ fire to ! furniture1 c41 & "s ( !m be+ plac$ r\nd a transp>5t pyramid ( pap]1 & fir$ 9 a l>ge room1 make a v pretty appe>ance4 ,,suns1 ,,or ,,:eels1 ,,fix$1 ,,& ,,moveable4 ,none ( ! pyrote*nic inv5tions c be appli$ ) s mu* success 9 artificial fireworks1 z suns1 or :eels1 ( :i* !re are two k9ds1 fix$1 & revolv+4 ,,fix$ ,,suns4 ,con/ruct a circul> piece ( wood1 into ! circumf]5ce ( :i* screw #ab or #ae pieces 9 ! =m ( radii1 & to ^! atta* jets ( fire1 ! m\? ( ea* ( :i* mu/ be t[>ds ! circumf]5ce ( ! frame2 & lead]s be+ affix$ to all ! jets1 !y w1 :5 ignit$1 produce ! appe>ance ( a radiat$ sun4 ,! :eel is fix$ v]tically4 ,! jets may be arrang$ s z to cross ea* o!r 9 an angul> mann]1 9 :i* case a />1 or cross ( ,malta w be =m$4 ,to produce a v brilliant effect1 ^! suns may be made ) sev]al r[s ( jets4 ,,revolv+ ,,suns4 ,provide a wood5 :eel ( ! requisite size1 & br+ x into p]fect equilibrium ar\nd its c5tre1 9 ord] t ! lea/ ef=t may make x turn r\nd4 ,atta* to ! circumf]5ce ( x jets plac$ 9 ! direction ( ! circumf]5ce2 & affix lead]s ( mat* to communicate ! fire f jet to jet1 accord+ z may be requir$4 ,:5 fire is appli$ to "o ( ! jets1 ! recoil w imm$iately cause ! :eel to revolve1 unless x %\ld be too pond]\s or l>ge3 !re=e1 :5 ^! suns are int5d$ to be ( a consid]able size1 t is1 :5 !y consi/ ( tw5ty jets1 fire mu/ be communicat$ at ! same "t to ! #a/1 #f?1 #aa?1 & #af?1 f :i* x w proce$ to ! #bnd1 #g?1 #ab?1 & #ag?1 & s on4 ,f\r jets w ?us make ! :eel revolve rapidly4 ,if two simil> suns be plac$ "o beh9d ! o!r1 & made to turn r\nd 9 a contr>y direction1 !y w produce a v brilliant cross fire4 ,= a sun #e feet 9 diamet]1 ! cases %\ld be #h oz41 fill$ ab\t #aj in*es 9 l5g? ) composition4 ,compositions4 ,sl[ fire4 oz4 ,saltpetre #d ,sulphur #b ,meal$ p[d] #a ,illum9ation fire4 lb4 oz4 ,saltpetre #a #j ,sulphur #h ,meal$ p[d] #f ,dead fire4 oz4 ,saltpetre #a ,sulphur ,lapis ,caleman>is ,antimony ,gold5 col\r4 lb4 oz4 ,meal$ p[d] #a #j ,*>coal1 v good #b ,brilliant fire4 lb4 oz4 ,meal$ p[d] #f #j ,saltpetre #h ,sulphur #b ,iron ,s& #ab ,r$ ,*9ese fire4 lb4 oz4 ,meal$ p[d] #a #j ,saltpetre #a #j ,*>coal #d ,sulphur #d ,iron s& #bnd & #crd ord] #ad ,:ite ,*9ese fire4 lb4 oz4 ,meal$ p[d] #a #j ,saltpetre #a #j ,sulphur #h ,iron s&1 #bnd #crd ord] #ad ,grey col\r4 lb4 oz4 ,meal$ p[d] #a #j ,saltpetre #d ,sulphur #b ,*>coal #a ,f\r ounce cases w be requir$ = :eels ( #ad1 or #af in*es2 if ! :eels are l>g]1 #h oz41 #a lb41 or ev5 #b lb4 cases w be requir$4 ,! ,*9ese compositions are int5d$ = cases ( n9e-t5?s ( an in* int]ior diamet]1 b !y w be f\nd to answ] = cases z l[ z f\r ounces4 ,,t\* ,,pap]4 ,dissolve saltpetre 9 spirits ( w9e1 or wat]1 m or less ( ! saltpetre1 accord+ z ! pap] is to burn fa/1 or sl[3 !n dip into ! solution blue pap]1 :i*1 :5 well saturat$1 take out1 & dry = use4 ,! t\*-pap] mu/ be cut into slips1 plac$ once r\nd ! m\? ( ! firework1 & ! end ( ! pap] outside ! case %\ld be twi/$ to a po9t4 ,,:eels1 ,,p91 ,,or ,,ca!r9e4 ,! pipe or case is made on a long wire =m]1 ab\t ?ree-sixte5?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 into :i* ! composition is p\r$ ?r\gh a funnel1 & %ak5 d[n4 ,! case is !n roll$ r\nd a small circle ( wood ab\t "o in* 9 diamet]1 & n m ?an half an in* ?ick1 ) a hole ?r\gh ! c5tre ( x = a nail1 or p94 ,"o end ( ! case is to be pa/$ r\nd ! wood1 & ea* half turn ( x secur$ ) seal+-wax1 or a /rip ( pap] pa/$ across ! :eel4 ,! end is !n prim$4 ,composition4 ,meal$ p[d]1 #ab oz42 saltpetre1 #c oz42 sulphur1 #a oz4 ,two ounces ( iron s&1 or camphor1 may be add$1 b x keeps bett] )\t ei!r4 ,,"p ,,xii4 ,,ma!matics4 ,ma!matics is ! sci5ce :i* treats ( all k9ds ( quantity :atev]1 t c be numb]$1 or measur$4 ,ari?metic is t "p :i* treats ( numb]+4 ,fractions treat ( brok5 numb]s1 or p>ts ( numb]s4 ,algebra is ! art ( comput+ by symbols4 ,9 ?is sci5ce1 quantities ( all k9ds are repres5t$ by ! lett]s ( ! alphabet4 ,geometry is ! sci5ce relat+ to measurem5t4 ,by ! assi/ance ( geometry1 eng9e]s1 c41 conduct all _! works1 take ! di/ances ( places1 & ! measure ( inaccessible objects1 c4 ,*>act]s1 m>ks1 or signs1 :i* are us$ 9 ari?metic1 & algebra1 to d5ote sev]al ( ! op]ations1 & propositions3 signifies plus1 or addition1 - m9us1 or subtraction1 multiplication1 division1 3 33 3 proportion1 equality1 squ>e root1 cube root1 #db d5otes t #d is to be squ>$4 #dc d5otes t #d is to be cub$4 ,,ari?metic4 ,,r$uction4 ,r$uction is ! me?od ( conv]t+ numb]s f "o "n1 or d5om9ation to ano!r3 or ! me?od ( f9d+ ! value ( a quantity 9 t]ms ( "s o!r high]1 or l[] quantity4 ,to r$uce f a high] to a l[] d5om9ation4 ,rule4--,multiply ! giv5 numb] by z _m ( ! l[] d5om9ation z make "o ( ! great]2#dj add+ to ! product z _m ( ! l[] d5om9ation z are express$ 9 ! giv5 sum4 ,example4--,9 #f #aes4 #e;d41 h[ _m p5ce8 4 s4 d4 #f #ae #e #bj ---- #ace #ab ---- #afbe ,answ]4 ---- ,to conv]t f a l[] to a high] d5om9ation4 ,rule4--,divide ! giv5 numb] by z _m ( ! l[] d5om9ation z are requir$ to make "o ( ! great]4#da ,%\ld !re be any rema9d]1 x w be ( ! same d5om9ation z ! divid5d4 ,example4--,conv]t #afbe p5ce into p\nds1 %ill+s1 & p5ce4 #ab7 #afbe p5ce ---- #bj7 #ace #e -------- #f #aes4 #e d4 ,answ]4 ,,! ,,rule ,,( ,,?ree1 ,,or ,,simple ,,proportion4 ,x is call$ ! ,rule ( ,?ree because ?ree numb]s are giv5 to f9d a f\r?4 ,x is also call$ ,simple ,proportion1 because ! #a/ t]m be>s ! same proportion to ! #bnd1 z ! #crd does to ! #d?4 ,( ! ?ree giv5 numb]s1 two ( !m are always ( ! same k9d1 or "n1 & are to be ! #a/1 & #bnd t]ms ( ! "q2 ! #crd numb] is always ( ! same "n1 or k9d z ! #d?1 or answ] s\ght2 & 9 /at+ ! "q x is always to be made ! #crd t]m4 ,if ! answ] w be great] ?an ! #crd t]m1 place ! lea/ ( ! o!r two giv5 quantities = ! #a/ t]m2 b if ! answ] w be less ?an ! #crd t]m1 put ! great] ( ! two numb]s1 or quantities1 = ! #a/ t]m4 ,rule4--,/ate ! "q accord+ to ! above directions1 & multiply ! #bnd & #crd t]ms toge!r1 & divide ?is product by ! #a/1 = ! #d? t]m1 or answ] s\ght4 ,if ! #a/ & #bnd t]ms are n ( ! same d5om9ation1 !y mu/ be r$uc$ to x2 & if ! ?ird t]m is a comp\nd numb]1 x mu/ be r$uc$ to its l[e/ d5om9ation be=e ! multiplication1 or division ( ! t]m takes place4 ,note #a4--,! op]ation may frequ5tly be consid]ably abridg$1 by divid+ ! #a/ & #bnd1 or ! #a/ & #crd t]ms1 by any numb] :i* w exactly divide !m1 aft]w>ds us+ ! quoti5ts1 in/ead ( ! numb]s !mselves499 ,example4--,if #b tons ( iron = ordnance co/ #dj1 h[ _m tons may be b\ght = #cfj8 ,z #dj 3 #cfj 33 #b tons 3 #ah tons4 7,?us #cfj #b7 #dj #ah4 ,! answ]4 99 ,or ?us1 #i #b #ah4 ,! answ]4 ,note #b4--;,a concise me?od ( asc]ta9+ ! annual am\nt ( a daily sum ( money4 ,rule4--,br+ ! daily sum into p5ce1 & !n add toge!r z _m p\nds1 half p\nds1 groats1 & p5ce1 z !re are p5ce 9 ! daily sum1 = ! am\nt requir$4 ,= leap ye>1 add ! rate = "o day4 ,example4--,requir$ ! annual am\nt ( #bs4 #f;d4 p] diem4 #bs4 #f;d4 #cj;d4 #cj p\nds4 #ae #cj half p\nds4 #ajs4 #cj groats4 #bs4 #f;d4 #cj p5ce4 ----------------------------- ,annual am\nt 7#cfe days7 444 #de #abs4 #f;d4 ,note #c4--,to f9d ! am\nt ( any numb] ( days' pay1 ! daily rate 7"u tw5ty %ill+s7 be+ giv54 ,! price ( any article be+ giv51 ! value ( any numb] may be asc]ta9$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,rule #a4 ,:5 ! rate 7or price7 is an ev5 numb]1 multiply ! giv5 numb] by half ( ! rate1 d\bl+ ! fir/ figure to ! "r h& = ! %ill+s1 ! rema9d] ( ! product w be p\nds4 ,example4 ,requir$ ! am\nt ( #bdc days' pay1 at #ds4 p] diem4 #d_/b #b #bdc #b ------- #dh #abs4 ,ans4 ,rule #b4 ,:5 ! price is an odd numb]1 f9d = ! greate/ numb] z be=e1 to :i* add "o-tw5tie? ( ! giv5 numb] = ! odd %ill+4 ,example4 ,:at is ! price ( #eff pairs ( %oes1 at #gs4 p] pair4 #eff #b_/j 7 #ef_/f #c ------- -------- #bh #f #afi #afs4 ------- #bh #f -------- #aih #bs4 ,ans4 ,,fractions4 ,a fraction is a quantity :i* expresses a "p1 or p>ts ( a unit1 or integ]4 ,x is d5ot$ by two numb]s plac$ ) a l9e betwe5 !m4 ,a ,simple fraction consi/s ( two numb]s1 call$ ! num]ator1 & d5om9ator2 ?us1 #c num]ator1 -- #e d5om9ator4 ,! ,d5om9ator is plac$ bel[ ! num]ator1 & expresses ! numb] ( equal p>ts into :i* ! integ] is divid$4 ,! ,num]ator expresses ! numb] ( p>ts ( ! brok5 unit1 or integ]2 or %[s h[ _m ( ! p>ts ( ! unit are express$ by ! fraction4 ,a ,comp\nd fraction is a fraction ( a fraction1 z ( 4 ,a ,mix$ numb] consi/s ( a :ole numb] ) a fraction annex$ to x1 z #d4 ,an ,improp] fraction has ! num]ator great] ?an ! d5om9ator1 z #f_/e4 ,,r$uction ,,( ,,fractions4 is br++ !m f "o d5om9ation to ano!r4 ,to r$uce a fraction to its l[e/ t]ms4 ,rule4--,divide ! num]ator1 & ! d5om9ator1 by any numb] t exactly divides !m1 & ! quoti5ts by any o!r numb]1 till !y c be no long] divid$ by any :ole numb]1 :5 ! fraction w be 9 its l[e/ t]ms4 ,example4--,r$uce #djcb_/fjdh to its l[e/ t]ms4 ,?us1 7#d7djcb_/fjdh 7#ab7_/ajjh_/aeab 7#f7_/hd_/abf 7#g7_/ad_/ba #b_/c4 ,answ]4 ,to r$uce an improp] fraction to a :ole1 or mix$ numb]4 ,rule4--,divide ! num]ator by ! d5om9ator1 ! quoti5t w be ! :ole numb]2 & ! rema9d] 7if any7 ! num]ator ( ! fraction1 hav+ ! divisor = ! d5om9ator4 ,example4--,r$uce #aad_/ab to a :ole1 or mix$ numb]4 #ab 7 #aad -------- #i-f_/ab ,answ]4 ,to r$uce a mix$ numb] to an improp] fraction4 ,rule4--,multiply ! :ole numb] by ! d5om9ator1 & add ! num]ator to ! product1 "u :i* place ! giv5 d5om9ator4 ,example4--,r$uce #ag to an improp] fraction4 #ag #h --- #ada --- #h ,answ]4 ,to r$uce a comp\nd fraction to a simple fraction4 ,rule4--,multiply all ! num]ators toge!r = ! num]ator1 & all ! d5om9ators = ! d5om9ator4 ,example4--,r$uce ( ( ( #i to a simple fraction4 ,num]ators #c #a #a #i #bg #i ----- ----- -- -- ,answ]4 ,d5om9ators #h #f #b #a #if #cb ,to r$uce fractions ( diff]5t d5om9ators to equival5t fractions1 hav+ a common d5om9ator4 ,rule4--,multiply ea* num]ator by all ! d5om9ators except its own = ! new num]ators1 & multiply all ! d5om9ators toge!r = a common d5om9ator4#db ,example4--,r$uce 1 1 & to fractions hav+ a common d5om9ator4 #c #c #e #de #b #h #d #hj #d #h #c #if #h #c #e #abj ,answ]1 #de_/abj1 #hj_/abj1 & #if_/abj ,,addition ,,( ,,fractions4 ,rule4--,br+ comp\nd fractions to simple fractions2 r$uce all ! fractions to a common d5om9ator1 !n add all ! num]ators toge!r1 & place _! sum ov] ! common d5om9ator4 ,:5 mix$ numb]s are giv51 f9d ! sum ( ! fractions1 to :i* add ! :ole numb]s4 ,example4--,add toge!r 1 1 & #f4 #e #d #b #dj #dj_/dh #cf_/dh #bd_/dh #f #h-d_/dh #c #f #b #cf or1 by cancell+1 & divid+1#dc #a #f #d #bd #aj_/ab #i_/ab #f_/ab #f #h-a_/ab4 ,answ]4 #f #d #b #dh ,,subtraction ,,( ,,fractions4 ,rule4--,prep>e ! quantities1 z 9 addition ( fractions4 ,place ! less quantity "u ! great]4 ,!n1 if possible1 subtract ! l[] num]ator f ! upp]2 "u ! rema9d] write ! common d5om9ator1 &1 if !re be :ole numb]s1 f9d _! diff]5ce z 9 simple subtraction4 ,b if ! l[] num]ator exce$ ! upp]1 subtract x f ! common d5om9ator1 & to ! rema9d] add ! upp] num]ator2 write ! common d5om9ator "u ?is sum1 & c>ry #a to ! :ole numb] 9 ! l[] l9e4 ,example4-- ,f #ed-e_/f or #ed-be_/cj ,take #be-e_/ae or #be-aj_/cj ------- #bi-ae_/cj ,answ]4 ,,multiplication ,,( ,,fractions4 ,rule4--,r$uce mix$ numb]s to equival5t fractions2 !n multiply all ! num]ators toge!r = a num]ator1 & all ! d5om9ators toge!r = a d5om9ator1 :i* w give ! product requir$4 ,example4--,multiply 1 1 & #b toge!r4 7#b or7 #e_/b #ge_/if ,answ]4 ,,division ,,( ,,fractions4 ,rule4--,prep>e ! fractions1 z = multiplication2 !n divide ! num]ator by ! num]ator1 & ! d5om9ator by ! d5om9ator1 if !y w exactly divide2 b if !y w n d s1 !n inv]t ! t]ms ( ! divisor1 & multiply ! divid5d by x1 z 9 multiplication4 ,example4--,divide #i_/af by #d4 #i_/af 7#d or7 #i_/b ,answ]4 ,,rule ,,( ,,?ree ,,9 ,,fractions4 ,rule4--,/ate ! t]ms1 z direct$ 9 8,simple proportion20 r$uce !m 7if necess>y7 to improp]1 or simple fractions1 & ! two fir/ to ! same d5om9ation4 ,!n multiply toge!r ! second & ?ird t]ms1 & ! fir/ ) its p>ts inv]t$1 z 9 division1 = ! answ]4 ,example4--,if #d cwt4 ( sug> co/ #ai1 h[ mu* may be b\ght = #ei8 ,z #ai 3 #ei 33 #d ,or1 #aei_/h 3 #dgg_/h 33 #ba_/e 3 #ab ,answ]4 #h_/aei #dgg_/h #ba_/e #hjacf_/fcfj #ab cwt4 ,,decimals4 ,a decimal fraction is t :i* has = its d5om9ator an unit 7#a71 ) z _m ciph]s annex$ z ! num]ator has places2 & x is usually express$ by sett+ d[n ! num]ator only1 ) a po9t be=e x1 on ! left h&4 ,?us1 #e_/aj is #e2 #be_/ajj is #be2 #be_/ajjj is #jbe2 ciph]s be+ prefix$1 to make up z _m places z are requir$ by ! ciph]s 9 ! d5om9ator4 ,a mix$ numb] is made up ( a :ole numb] ) "s decimal fraction1 ! "o be+ sep>at$ f ! o!r by a po9t1 ?us #cbe is ! same z #c-be_/ajj or #cbe_/ajj4 ,ciph]s on ! "r h& ( decimals make no alt]ation 9 _! value2 = #e1 #ej1 #ejj are decimals hav+ all ! same value1 ea* be+ #e_/aj4 ,b :5 !y are plac$ on ! left h&1 !y decrease ! value 9 a t5fold proportion2 ?us1 #e is #e_/aj2 b #je is #e_/ajj4 ,,addition ,,( ,,decimals4 ,rule4--,set ! numb]s "u ea* o!r1 accord+ to ! value ( _! places1 9 :i* /ate ! decimal sep>at+ po9ts w all /& exactly "u ea* o!r4 ,!n beg9n+ at ! "r h&1 add up all ! columns ( numb]s z 9 integ]s1 & po9t (f z _m places = decimals z are 9 ! greate/ numb] ( decimal places 9 any ( ! l9es t are add$2 or place ! po9t directly bel[ all ! o!r po9ts4 ,example4--,requir$ ! sum ( #bijadf1 #cadfe1 #adaf1 & #afe4 #bijadf #cadfe #adaf #afe --------- ,answ] #ccedfgdf ,,subtraction ,,( ,,decimals4 ,rule4--,place ! numb]s "u ea* o!r accord+ to ! value ( _! places4 ,!n1 beg9n+ at ! "r h&1 subtract z 9 :ole numb]s1 & po9t (f ! decimals1 z 9 addition4 ,example4--,subtract #dijadb f #badha4 #badha #dijadb --------- ,answ] #bjiijheh ,,multiplication ,,( ,,decimals4 ,rule4--,place ! factors1 & multiply !m toge!r1 ! same z if !y 7 :ole numb]s4 ,!n po9t (f 9 ! product j z _m places ( decimals z !re are decimals 9 bo? ! factors4 ,b1 if !re be n s _m figures 9 ! product1 prefix ciph]s to supply ! defici5cy4#dd ,example4--,multiply #cbajh by #be4 #cbajh #be ------ #afjedj #fdbaf ------- #hjbgjj ,answ]4 ,,division ,,( ,,decimals4 ,rule4--,divide z 9 :ole numb]s1 & po9t (f 9 ! quoti5t z _m places = decimals z ! decimal places 9 ! divid5d exce$ ^? 9 ! divisor4 ,:5 ! decimal places ( ! quoti5t are n s _m z ! above rule requires1 ! defici5cy is to be suppli$ by prefix+ ciph]s4 ,:5 !re is a rema9d] aft] ! division1 or :5 ! decimal places 9 ! divisor are m ?an ^? 9 ! divid5d1 !n ciph]s may be annex$ to ! divid5d1 & ! quoti5t c>ri$ on z f> z requir$4 ,example4--,divide #bcdgjeb by #fdbe4 #fdbe 7 #bcdgjeb 7 #cfe ,answ]4 #aibge ------ #daiee #cheej ------ #cdjeb #cbabe ----- #aibg ,rema9d]4 ,,r$uction ,,( ,,decimals4 ,to r$uce a vulg> fraction to its equival5t decimal4 ,rule4--,divide ! num]ator by ! d5om9ator1 z 9 ,division ( ,decimals1 annex+ ciph]s to ! num]ator z f> z necess>y3 & ! quoti5t w be ! decimal requir$4 ,example4--,r$uce #g_/bd to a decimal4 #bd #d #f4 ,!n #d7g ------- #f7age ------- #biafff1 c4 ,to f9d ! value ( a decimal1 9 t]ms ( ! inf]ior d5om9ations4 ,rule4--,multiply ! decimal by ! numb] ( p>ts 9 ! next l[] d5om9ation1 & cut (f z _m places to ! "r h& = a rema9d]1 z !re are places 9 ! giv5 decimal4 ,multiply t rema9d] by ! p>ts 9 ! next l[] d5om9ation1 aga9 cutt+ (f = ano!r rema9d] z be=e4 ,proce$ 9 ! same mann] ?r\gh all ! p>ts ( ! integ]2 !n ! sev]al d5om9ations1 sep>at$ on ! left h&1 w make up ! answ]4 ,example4--,:at is ! value ( #gge p\nds /]l+4 #gge #bj ------ ,%ill+s #aeejj #ab ----- ,p5ce #fjjj ,answ] #aes4 #f;d4 ,to conv]t integ]s1 or decimals to equival5t decimals ( high] d5om9ations4 ,rule4--,divide by ! numb] ( p>ts 9 ! next high] d5om9ation1 cont9u+ ! op]ation to z _m high] d5om9ations z may be necess>y4 ,:5 !re are sev]al numb]s1 all to be conv]t$ to ! decimal ( ! highe/-- ,set ! giv5 numb]s directly "u ea* o!r = divid5ds1 proce$+ f ! l[e/ to ! highe/2 opposite to ea* divid5d1 on ! left h&1 place su* a numb] = a divisor z w br+ x to ! next high] "n4 ,beg9 at ! upp]mo/1 & p]=m all ! divisions1 plac+ ! quoti5t ( ea* division1 z decimal p>ts1 on ! "r h& ( ! divid5d next bel[ x2 s %all ! la/ quoti5t be ! decimal requir$4 ,example4--,conv]t #aes4 #i;d4 to ! decimal ( a p\nd /]l+4 #d #c #ab #ige #bj #aehabe #gijfbe ,answ]4 ,example4--,conv]t #a dwt4 to ! decimal ( a p\nd1 ,troy weight4 #bj 7 #a ------- #ab 7 #je oz4 ----------- #jjdaff lb41 c41 ,answ]4 ,,rule ,,( ,,?ree ,,9 ,,decimals4 ,rule4--,prep>e ! t]ms1 by r$uc+ ! fractions to decimals2 comp\nd numb]s to decimals ( ! high] d5om9ations1 or integ]s ( ! l[]2 also ! fir/1 & second t]ms to ! same "n4 ,!n multiply1 & divide1 z 9 ! ,rule ( ,?ree1 9 :ole numb]s4 ,example4--,if ( a y>d ( clo? co/ 1 :at w #e_/af ( a y>d co/8 yd4 yd4 4 s4 d4 #cge ,z #cge 3 #cabe 33 #d 3 #ccc c4 or #f #h #d ------ #d #cge7abejj 7#cccc c4 #aabe #bj -------------- #e_/af #cbae #abejs4 #ffff c4 #aabe #ab -------------- ,answ]1 #fs4 #h;d4 #abe;d4 #giii c4 ne>ly #h;d4 ,,duodecimals4 ,by ,duodecimals1 artific]s1 c41 compute ! cont5t ( _! works4 ,rule4--,set d[n ! two dim5sions to be multipli$ toge!r "o "u ! o!r1 s t feet may /& "u feet1 in*es "u in*es1 c4 ,multiply ea* t]m 9 ! multiplic&1 beg9n+ at ! l[e/1 by ! feet 9 ! multipli]1 & set ! result ( ea* /raight "u its correspond+ t]m1 obs]v+ to c>ry #a = e #ab1 f ! in*es to ! feet4 ,9 l mann] multiply all ! multiplic& by ! in*es1 & p>ts ( ! multipli]1 & set ! result ( ea* t]m "o place remov$ to ! "r h& ( ^? 9 ! multiplic&3 omitt+1 h[ev]1 :at is bel[ p>ts ( in*es1 only c>ry+ to ^! ! prop] numb] ( units f ! l[e/ d5om9ations4 ,or1 in/ead ( multiply+ by ! in*es1 take su* "p ( ! multiplic& z ^? are ( a foot4 ,!n add ! two l9es toge!r = ! cont5t requir$4 ,example4--,multiply #ad feet #i in*es1 by #d feet #f in*es4 ft4 94 #ad #i #d #f ------- #ei #j #g #d ------- #ff #d ,answ]4 ------- ,,tables ,,( ,,weights1 ,,& ,,measures4 ,,troy ,,weight4 #bd gra9s #a p5nyweight4 #dhj #bj #a ounce4 #egfj #bdj #ab #a p\nd4 ,,avoirdupois ,,weight4 #af drams #a ounce4 #bef #af #a p\nd4 #gafh #ddh #bh #a qu>t]4 #bhfgb #agib #aab #d #a hundr$ weight4 #egcddj #cehdj #bbdj #hj #bj #a ton4 ,note4--#a lb4 ,avoirdupois weight equals #ad oz4 #aa dwts4 #ae grs4 ,troy4 #a oz4 ditto #ah dwts4 #e d4 #a dr4 ditto #bgcdcge d4 ,,apo!c>ies' ,,weight4 #bj gra9s #a scruple4 #fj #c #a dram4 #dhj #bd #h #a ounce4 #egfj #bhh #if #ab #a p\nd4 ,,weights4 ,to f9d ! weight1 = tonnage4 ,cattle-- ,divide ! numb] by #c1 = weight 9 tons4 ,%eep ,av]age #fj lb4 ea*4 ,divide by #cc1 = weight 9 tons4 ,pigs ,av]age #hj lb4 ,divide by #ae1 = tons4 ,be]1 or ,ale-- ,b>rel #c cwt4 ,hog%ead #e cwt4 ,oats ,sack--#bd /one4 ,divide qu>t]s by #e1 = tons4 ,rum-- ,divide gallons by #bbd1 = tons4 ,w9e ,cask--#ab cwt4 ,rule = asc]ta9+ ! weight ( ,hay4 ,measure ! l5g? & bread? ( ! /ack2 !n take its height f ! gr\nd to ! eaves1 & add to ?is la/ "o-?ird ( ! height f ! eaves to ! top3 ,multiply ! l5g? by ! bread?1 & ! product by ! height1 all express$ 9 feet2 divide ! am\nt by #bg1 to f9d ! cubic y>ds1 :i* multiply by ! numb] ( /ones suppos$ to be 9 a cubic y>d 7viz41 9 a /ack ( new hay1 six /ones2 if ! /ack has /ood a consid]able "t1 eight /ones2 & if old hay1 n9e /ones71 & y h ! weight 9 /ones4 ,= example1 suppose a /ack to be #fj feet 9 l5g?1 #cj 9 bread?1 #ab 9 height f ! gr\nd to ! eaves1 & #i 7! ?ird ( :i* is ?ree7 f ! eaves to ! top2 !n #fj #cj #ae #bgjjj2 #bgjjj #bg #ajjj2 & #ajjj #i #ijjj /ones ( old hay4 ,,long ,,measure4 #ab in*es #a foot4 #cf #c #a y>d4 #aih #af #e #a pole1 p]*1 or rod4 #gibj #ffj #bbj #dj #a furlong4 #fccfj #ebhj #agfj #cbj #h #a mile4 ,,l& ,,measure 7,l5g?74 #gib in*es #a l9k4 #ajj l9ks1 or #bb y>ds #a *a94 #hj *a9s #a mile4 #fiaba miles #a geographical degree4 ,,l& ,,measure 7,surface1 or ,sup]ficial74 #fbgbfd squ>e in*es #a squ>e l9k4 #fbe squ>e l9ks #a squ>e pole1 or p]*4 #ajjjj squ>e l9ks #a squ>e *a94 #bejj squ>e l9ks #a squ>e rood1 or pole4 #aj squ>e *a9s #a squ>e acre4 #ajjjjj squ>e l9ks #a squ>e acre4 ,,nautical ,,measure4 #a nautical mile #fjhbff feet4 #c miles #a league4 #bj leagues #a degree4 #cfj degrees ! e>?'s circumf]5ce4 ,,squ>e ,,measure4 #add s4 in*es #a s4 foot #abif #i #a s4 y>d4 #cibjd #bgb #cj #a s4 pole4 #aefhafj #ajhij #abaj #dj #a rood4 #fbgbfdj #dcefj #dhdj #afj #d #a acre4 ,,cubic ,,measure 7,measure ( solidity74 #agbh cubic in*es #a cubic foot4 #bg cubic feet #a cubic y>d4 ,note4--,a cubic foot is equal to #bbjj cyl9drical in*es1 or #ccjj sph]ical in*es1 or #ffjj conical in*es4 ,timb]4 #dj feet ( r\nd1 & #ej feet ( hewn timb] make #a ,ton2 #af cubic feet make #a ,foot ( wood2 #h feet ( wood make #a ,cord4 ,wat]4 ,maximum d5sity #db deg4 ,fahr5heit4 #a cubic foot ( wat] #f imp]ial gallons4 #a cyl9dric foot d4 ab\t #e d4 #a cubic foot weighs #fbe lb4 avoirdupois4 #a cyl9dric d4 d4 #dia #a l9eal d4 7#a 94 squ>e7 d4 #dcd #abb imp]ial gallons weigh #a cwt4 #bbd d4 d4 #a ton4 #ah cubic feet d4 #a cwt4 #cehd d4 d4 #a ton4 ,,measures ,,( ,,capacity4 #fi cubic 9 #b p9ts #a qu>t4 #bgg #h #d #a gallon4 #eed #af #h #b #a peck4 #bbah #fd #cb #h #d #a bu%el4 #aj cubic ft4 #eab #bef #fd #cb #h #a qu>t]4 ,,fr5* ,,measures4 ,engli% cubic in*es4 ,millilitre #jfajc ,c5tilitre #fajbh ,decilitre #fajbgi ,litre1 or cubic decimetre #fajbgia ,decalitre #fajbgijj ,hectolitre #fajbgijjj ,kylolitre #fajbgijjjj ,myrialitre #fajbgijjjjj #a litre is ne>ly #b w9e p9ts4 #a kilolitre #a tun #ab w9e gallons4 #a /]e1 or cubic metre #cecaga ,engli% feet4 ,metre #cbha 0 ,fr5* feet1 #cjghdd ,millimetre4 #jcicg ,c5timetre #cicga ,decimetre #cicgjh ,metre #cicgjgi ,decametre #cicgjgij ,hectometre #cicgjgijj ,kilometre #cicgjgijjj ,myriametre #cicgjgijjjj #h kilometres are ne>ly #e miles4 #a in* is #jbed metre4 #ajj feet are ne>ly #cje metres4 ,,involution4 ,involution is ! rais+ ( p[]s f any giv5 numb]1 z a root4 ,a ,p[] is a quantity produc$ by multiply+ any giv5 numb]1 call$ ! ,root1 a c]ta9 numb] ( times cont9ually by itself4 ,?us1 #b #b #d1 ! #bnd p[]1 or squ>e ( #b1 express$ ?us1 #bb4 ,! index1 or expon5t ( a p[] is ! numb] d5ot+ ! height1 or degree ( t p[]4 ,?us1 #b is ! index ( ! #bnd p[]4 ,p[]s t are to be rais$1 are usually d5ot$ by plac+ ! index above ! root1 or fir/ p[]4 ,?us #bb #d1 ! #bnd p[] ( #b4 ,example4--,:at is ! #bnd p[] ( #de8 #de #de #bjbe ,answ]4 ,,evolution4 ,evolution is ! rev]se ( ,involution1 be+ ! extract+1 or f9d+ ! roots ( any giv5 p[]s1 or numb]s4 ,! ,root ( any numb]1 or p[]1 is su* a numb] z be+ multipli$ into itself a c]ta9 numb] ( times1 w produce t p[]4 ,?us1 #b is ! squ>e root1 or #bnd root ( #d1 because1 #bb #b #b #d2 & #c is ! cube root1 or ?ird root ( #bg4 ,b !re are _m numb]s ( :i* a propos$ root c nev] be exactly f\nd2 by means ( decimals1 h[ev]1 ! root may be v ne>ly asc]ta9$4 ,any p[] ( a giv5 numb]1 or root1 may be f\nd exactly by multiply+ ! numb] cont9ually into itself4 ,^? roots :i* only approximate are call$ ,surd-roots2 b ^? :i* c be f\nd1 q exactly1 are call$ ,rational-roots4 ,?us1 ! squ>e root ( #c is a surd root1 b ! squ>e root ( #d is a rational root1 be+ equal to #b2 also ! cube root ( #h is rational1 be+ equal to #b1 b ! cube root ( #i is surd1 or irrational4 ,roots are sometimes d5ot$ by writ+ ! "* be=e ! p[] ) ! index ( ! root aga9/ x4 ,?us1 ! #crd1 or cube root ( #bj is express$ by #bj4 ,:5 ! p[] is express$ by sev]al numb]s ) ! sign or - betwe5 !m1 a l9e is drawn f ! top ( ! sign ov] all ! p>ts ( x2 ?us ! cube 7or ?ird7 root ( #de - #ab is 7#de - #ab7 or ?us 7#de - #ab74 ,,to ,,extract ,,! ,,squ>e ,,root4 ,rule4--,divide ! giv5 numb] into p]iods ( two figures ea*1 by sett+ a po9t ov] ! place ( units1 & ano!r ov] ! place ( hundr$s1 & s on ov] e second figure1 bo? to ! left h& 9 integ]s1 & "r h& 9 decimals4 ,f9d ! greate/ squ>e 9 ! fir/ p]iod on ! left h&1 & set its root on ! "r h& ( ! giv5 numb]1 aft] ! mann] ( ! quoti5t figure 9 division4 ,subtract ! squ>e ?us f\nd f ! said p]iod1 & to ! rema9d] annex ! two figures ( ! next foll[+ p]iod = a divid5d4 ,d\ble#de ! root above-m5tion$ = a divisor1 & f9d h[ (t5 x is conta9$ 9 ! said divid5d1 exclusive ( its "r-h& figure2 & set t quoti5t figure bo? 9 ! quoti5t1 & divisor4 ,multiply ! :ole augm5t$ divisor by ?is la/ quoti5t figure1 & subtract ! product f ! said divid5d1 br++ d[n to x ! next p]iod ( ! giv5 numb]1 = a new divid5d4 ,repeat ! same process ov] aga9--viz41 f9d ano!r new divisor1 by d\bl+ all ! figures n[ f\nd 9 ! root2 f :i*1 & ! la/ divid5d f9d ! next figure ( ! root z be=e2 & s on ?r\gh all ! p]iods to ! la/4 ,to extract ! squ>e root ( a fraction1 or mix$ numb]4 ,r$uce ! fraction to a decimal1 & extract its root4 ,mix$ numb]s may be ei!r r$uc$ to improp] fractions1 & ! root extract$2 or ! fraction may be r$uc$ to a decimal1 !n jo9$ to ! integ]1 & ! root ( ! :ole extract$4 ,example4--,to f9d ! squ>e root ( #biejffbd4 #biejffbd 7 #edcb ,! ,root4 #be -------- #ajd #dej #d #daf ------------- #ajhc #cdff #c #cbdi ------------- #ajhfb #bagbd #b #bagbd ,,to ,,extract ,,! ,,cube ,,root4 ,rule #a4--;,by trials1 or by ! table ( roots 7vide page #bhj71 take ! ne>e/ rational cube to ! giv5 numb]1 :e!r x be great]1 or less1 & call x ! assum$ cube4 #b4--,!n 7by ! ,rule ( ,?ree71 ,z ! sum ( ! giv5 numb]1 & d\ble ! assum$ cube1 is to ! sum ( ! assum$ cube1 & d\ble ! giv5 numb]1 s is ! root ( ! assum$ cube1 to ! root requir$1 ne>ly4 #c4--,or z ! fir/ sum1 is to ! diff]5ce ( ! giv51 & assum$ cube1 s is ! assum$ root1 to ! diff]5ce ( ! roots1 ne>ly4 #d4--;,aga91 by us+1 9 l mann]1 ! cube ( ! root la/ f\nd z a new assum$ cube1 ano!r root w be obta9$ /ill ne>]4 ,repeat ?is op]ation z (t5 z necess>y1 us+ always ! cube ( ! la/-f\nd root1 = ! assum$ root4 ,example4--,to f9d ! cube root ( #bajceh4 ,by trials x w be f\nd fir/1 t ! root lies betwe5 #bj1 & #cj2 &1 secondly1 betwe5 #bg1 & #bh4 ,tak+1 !re=e1 #bg1 its cube is #aifhc1 :i* w be ! assum$ cube4 ,!n by ,no4 #b ( ! ,rule #aifhc #bajceh #b #b ----- -------- #cicff #dbjgaf #bajceh #aifhc ------ -------- ,z #fjdjah 3 #fagedf 33 #bg 3 #bgfjdg ! ,root1 ne>ly4 ,aga9 = a second op]ation1 ! cube ( ?is root is #bajcecahfdeaeehcb1 & ! process by ,no4 #c ( ! ,rule w be #bajcecahfde1 c4 #b ------------ #dbjgjfcgbij #bajceh #bajceh #bajcecahfde1 c4 ------------ ------------ ,z #fcajfdcgbi 3 diff4 #dhacee 33 #bgfjdg 3 3 ! diff4 #jjjbajefj ---------- consequ5tly ! root requir$ is #bgfjdiajefj ,,table ,,( ,,squ>es1 ,,cubes1 ,,& ,,roots4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,no4 ,sqr4 ,cube4 ,sqr4 root4 ,cube root4 ---------------------------------------- -- #a #a #a #ajjjjjjj #ajjjjjj #b #d #h #adadbacf #abeiiba #c #i #bg #agcbjejh #addbbej #d #af #fd #bjjjjjjj #aehgdja #e #be #abe #bbcfjfhj #agjiigf #f #cf #baf #bddidhig #ahagaba #g #di #cdc #bfdegeac #aiabicc #h #fd #eab #bhbhdbga #bjjjjjj #i #ha #gbi #cjjjjjjj #bjhjjhd #aj #ajj #ajjj #cafbbggg #baeddce #aa #aba #acca #ccaffbdh #bbbcihj #ab #add #agbh #cdfdajaf #bbhidbh #ac #afi #baig #cfjeeeac #bceacce #ad #aif #bgdd #cgdafegd #bdajadb #ae #bbe #ccge #chgbihcc #bdffbab #af #bef #djif #djjjjjjj #beaihdb #ag #bhi #diac #dabcajef #begabhb #ah #cbd #ehcb #dbdbfdjg #bfbjgda #ai #cfa #fhei #dcehhihi #bffhdjb #bj #djj #hjjj #ddgbacfj #bgaddah #ba #dda #ibfa #dehbegeg #bgehibc #bb #dhd #ajfdh #dfijdaeh #bhjbjci #bc #ebi #abafg #dgiehcae #bhdchfg #bd #egf #achbd #dhihigie #bhhddii #be #fbe #aefbe #ejjjjjjj #bibdjah #bf #fgf #agegf #ejiijaie #bifbdif #bg #gbi #aifhc #eaifaebd #cjjjjjj #bh #ghd #baieb #ebiaejbf #cjcfehi #bi #hda #bdchi #echeafdh #cjgbcag #cj #ijj #bgjjj #edggbbef #cajgbcb #ca #ifa #bigia #eefggfdd #cadacha #cb #ajbd #cbgfh #efefhedb #cagdhjb #cc #ajhi #ceicg #egddefbf #cbjgecd #cd #aaef #cicjd #ehcjieai #cbcifab #ce #abbe #dbhge #eiafjgih #cbgajff #cf #abif #dffef #fjjjjjjj #ccjaibg #cg #acfi #ejfec #fjhbgfbe #cccbbbb #ch #addd #edhgb #fafddadj #ccfaige #ci #aeba #eicai #fbddiihj #cciabaa #dj #afjj #fdjjj #fcbdeeec #cdaiieb #da #afha #fhiba #fdjcabdb #cddhbag #db #agfd #gdjhh #fdhjgdjg #cdgfjbg #dc #ahdi #giejg #feegdche #cejccih #dd #aicf #heahd #ffccbdif #cecjcdh #de #bjbe #iaabe #fgjhbjci #ceefhic #df #baaf #igccf #fghbccjj #cehcjdh #dg #bbji #ajchbc #fheefedf #cfjhhbf #dh #bcjd #aajeib #fibhbjcb #cfcdbda #di #bdja #aagfdi #gjjjjjjj #cfeicjf #ej #bejj #abejjj #gjagjfgh #cfhdjca #ea #bfja #acbfea #gadadbhd #cgjhdcj #eb #bgjd #adjfjh #gbaaajbf #cgcbeaa #ec #bhji #adhhgg #gbhjajii #cgefbhf #ed #biaf #aegdfd #gcdhdfib #cggigfc #ee #cjbe #affcge #gdafaihe #chjbiec #ef #cacf #agefaf #gdhicadh #chbehfb #eg #cbdi #aheaic #gedihcdd #chdheja #eh #ccfd #aieaab #gfaeggca #chgjhgg #ei #cdha #bjecgi #gfhaadeg #chibiif #fj #cfjj #bafjjj #ggdeiffg #ciadhfg #fa #cgba #bbfiha #ghajbdig #cicfdig #fb #chdd #bchcbh #ghgdjjgi #cieghib #fc #cifi #bejjdg #gicgbeci #cigijeg #fd #djif #bfbadd #hjjjjjjj #djjjjjj #fe #dbbe #bgdfbe #hjfbbegg #djbjgbf #ff #dcef #bhgdif #habdjchd #djdabdj #fg #ddhi #cjjgfc #hahecebh #djfaedh #fh #dfbd #caddcb #hbdfbaac #djhafef #fi #dgfa #cbheji #hcjffbci #dajaeff #gj #dijj #cdcjjj #hcfffjjc #dababhe #ga #ejda #cegiaa #hdbfadih #dadjhah #gb #eahd #cgcbdh #hdhebhad #dafjafh #gc #ecbi #chijag #heddjjcg #dagicci #gd #edgf #djebbd #hfjbcbec #daihccf #ge #efbe #dbahge #hffjbedj #dbagafc #gf #eggf #dchigf #hgaggigi #dbcehbd #gg #eibi #defecc #hggdifdd #dbedcba #gh #fjhd #dgdeeb #hhcagfji #dbgbfei #gi #fbda #dicjci #hhhhaidd #dbijhda #hj #fdjj #eabjjj #hiddbgai #dcjhhgj #ha #fefa #ecadda #ijjjjjjj #dcbfgdi #hb #fgbd #eeacfh #ijeechea #dcdddha #hc #fhhi #egaghg #iaajdccf #dcfbjga #hd #gjef #eibgjd #iafeaead #dcgieai #he #gbbe #fadabe #ibaiedde #dcifhcj #hf #gcif #fcfjef #ibgcfahe #ddadjje #hg #gefi #fehejc #icbgcgia #ddcajdg #hh #ggdd #fhadgb #ichjhcae #dddgifj #hi #giba #gjdifi #idccihaa #ddfdgde #ij #hajj #gbijjj #idhfhccj #ddhadje #ia #hbha #gecega #iecicibj #ddigidb #ib #hdfd #gghfhh #ieiaffcj #deadceg #ic #hfdi #hjdceg #ifdcfejh #decjfee #id #hhcf #hcjehd #ifieceig #dedfhcf #ie #ijbe #hegcge #igdfgidc #defbijc #if #ibaf #hhdgcf #igigieij #deghheg #ig #idji #iabfgc #ihdhhegh #deidgja #ih #ifjd #idaaib #ihiididi #dfajdcf #ii #ihja #igjbii #iidihgdd #dfbfjfe #ajj #ajjjj #ajjjjjj #ajjjjjjjj #dfdaehi ---------------------------------------- -- ,,pil+ ,,( ,,%ot1 ,,& ,,%ell4 ,%ot1 & %ells1 are usually pil$ 9 horizontal c\rses1 ! base be+ ei!r an equilat]al triangle1 a squ>e1 or a rectangle4 ,! triangul>1 & squ>e piles t]m9ate ea* 9 a s+le ball1 b ! rectangul> pile f9i%es 9 a r[ ( balls4 ,to f9d ! numb] ( balls 9 a complete pile4 ,rule4--,add ! ?ree p>allel edges toge!r2 !n "o-?ird ( ! product ( t sum1 & ( ! numb] ( balls 9 ! triangul> face1 w be ! numb] s\ght4 ,note #a4--,! p>allel edges 9 a rectangul> pile are ! two r[s 9 l5g? at ! base1 & ! upp] ridge4 ,9 ! squ>e pile ! same1 except t ! upp] r[ is only a s+le ball4 ,9 ! triangul> pile1 "o side ( ! base1 ! s+le ball at top1 & t at ! back1 are consid]$ ! p>allel edges4 ,note #b4--,! numb] ( balls 9 ! triangul> face is f\nd by multiply+ half ! numb] 9 ! bread? at ! base1 by ! numb] 9 ! bread? at ! base plus #a4 ,note #c4--;,9 all piles ! bread? ( ! bottom is equal to ! numb] ( c\rses4 ,9 ! oblong pile1 ! top r[ is "o m ?an ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! l5g?1 & bread? ( ! bottom4 ,example4--,to f9d ! %ot 9 a triangul> pile1 ! bottom r[ consi/+ ( #ab %ot4 ,illu/ration3 7triangul> pyramid7 ,p>allel edges4 #ab #a #ab #b #f #a #ab #a #ac ------- --- ,triangul> face #gh #c 7 #ad #d --- ---- #d #cab --- #eb ---- ,answ] #cfd ,example4--,to f9d ! %ot 9 a squ>e pile1 ! bottom r[ consi/+ ( #ab %ot4 ,illu/ration3 7squ>e pyramid7 #ab #ab #b #f #ab #ab #a #ac #a ----- ---- #gh #c 7 #be #h ---- ----- #h #fbd ---- #bf ----- ,answ] #fej ,example4--,to f9d ! %ot 9 an oblong pile1 ^: base consi/s ( #ah %ot 9 l5g?1 & #ab 9 bread?4 ,illu/ration3 7rectangul> pyramid7 #ah #ah - #ab #f #ah #a #g -- ---- #g #c 7 #dc ---- #ad #ab #b #f ---- #ab #a #ac ---- #gh #ad ---- #cab #gh #bf ----- ,answ] #aaah ----- ,triangul> pile4 ,rule4--,multiply ! base by ! base plus #a1 ?is product by ! base plus #b1 & divide by #f4 ,squ>e pile4 ,rule4--,multiply ! bottom r[ by ! bottom r[ plus #a1 & ?is product by twice ! bottom r[ plus #a1 & divide by #f4 ,rectangul>1 or oblong pile4 ,rule4--,multiply ! bread? ( ! base by itself plus #a2 & ?is product by ?ree times ! l5g? ( ! base plus #a1 m9us ! bread? ( ! base1 & divide by #f4 ,9 ! foll[+ =mul let ! lett] 7,l7 d5ote ! numb] 9 ! bottom r[1 or ! l5g?2 & 7,b7 ! bread? ( ! l[e/ c\rse4 ,triangul> pile 7,l 7,l #a7 7,l #b77 _/ #f ,squ>e pile 7,l 7,l #a7 7#b,l #a77 _/ #f ,oblong pile 7,b 7,b #a7 7#c,l #a - ,b77 _/ #f ,! numb] ( %ot 9 any pile1 7^: base does n exce$ #ba7 may readily be asc]ta9$ by ref]r+ to ! foll[+ ,table1 page #bhd4 ,= ! squ>e pile4--,look = ! numb] ( %ot 9 ! base1 9 ! fir/ v]tical column on ! left h&1 & also 9 ! diagonal column2 & at _! angle ( meet+ w be f\nd ! cont5t requir$4 ,?us #bj base gives #bhgj4 ,= ! triangul> pile4--,look = ! numb] 9 ! base r[ 9 ! diagonal column1 & opposite to x w be f\nd ! cont5t4 ,?us #ah base gives #aadj4 ,= ! oblong pile4--,look = ! numb] 9 ! l5g? ( ! base 9 ! v]tical column1 & ! bread? ( ! base 9 ! diagonal column1 & at _! angle ( meet+ w be f\nd ! cont5t requir$4 ,?us #ag l5g?1 & #ab bread?1 gives #ajdj4 ,to f9d ! numb] ( balls 9 an incomplete pile4 ,compute ! numb] 9 ! pile consid]$ z complete2 also ! numb] 9 ! upp] pile1 or "p want+2 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two piles ?us f\nd w be ! numb] 9 ! fru/rum1 or incomplete pile4 ,table = comput+ ! ,cont5t ( any ,pile1 ^: base r[ does n exce$ #ba balls4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a #b #d --- #b #e #c #aj --- #c #h #ad #d #bj --- #daa #bj #cj #e #ce --- #ead #bf #dj #ee #f #ef --- #fag #cb #ej #gj #ia #g #hd --- #gbj #ch #fj #heaabadj #habj --- #hbc #dd #gjajjaccafhbjd #iafe --- #ibf #ej #hjaaeaedaifbdjbhe #aj #bbj ---- #ajbi #ef #ijacjagebbdbgfccjche #aa #bhf ---- #aacb #fbajjadeaifbebcabcgeddj #ejf #ab #cfd ---- #abce #fhaajafjbagbhjcdhdbjdie #egb #fej #ac #dee ---- #acch #gdabjagebchcjhchddfeeej #fch #gbh #hai #ad #efj ---- #adda #hjacjaijbeiccfdbjeajfje #gjd #hjf #iajajae #ae #fhj ---- #aedd #hfadjbjebhjcfddefeeeffj #ggj #hhdajjaaabjabdj #af #afdg #ibaejbbjcjacibdibfjjgae #hcf #ifbajibabbeacfjadif #agej #ihafjbcecbbdbjebhfdeggj #ijbajdjaahcaccjadhjafcb #ahecajdagjbejcdcddhefdfijhbe #ifhaaahabgdadceafjjagfh #aiefaajahjbfecfddgffjjgcehhjajcdaaifacf eaedjagbjaijd #bjeiaafaijbhjcheejdfcfghjiceaajjabgdade fafdeahdjbjdj #bafbabbbjjbiedjfecbfgbhbeiijaaffacebaed gagejaifjbagf ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ae444 #haf ---- #af444 #ag #ifi ---- #ag444 #aghe #ahaadj ---- #ah444 #aichbaji #aiaccj ---- #ai444 #bjiabbhjbdgj #bjaedj ---- #bj444 #bbddbdeabffjbhgj #baagga ---- #ba444 #bcigbfbbbhejcjhjccaa #bbbjbd ----------------------------------- ,,cordage4 ,ropes1 cables1 & all o!r descriptions ( cordage are di/+ui%$ by _! circumf]5ce1 ?us a two-in* rope means a rope two in*es 9 circumf]5ce4 ,to f9d ! weight ( a rope4 ,fir/ me?od4--,multiply ! l5g? 9 fa?oms by ! squ>e ( ! circumf]5ce1 & divide ! product by #dhj = ! weight 9 cwts4 ,example4--,requir$ ! weight ( #aaj fa?oms ( #c-;in* rope4 #c #c #aaj #iij1 :i* divid$ by #dhj1 gives #b cwt4 #g lb4 ,weight requir$4 ,second me?od4--,divide ! squ>e ( ! circumf]5ce by #d1 ! quoti5t w give ! weight1 9 p\nds1 p] fa?om4 ,example4--,:at is ! weight ( a #c-;in* rope p] fa?om8 #cb #d #b lb4 ,weight requir$4 ,to f9d ! /r5g? ( a rope1 or ! weight x w support4 ,fir/ me?od4--,squ>e ! circumf]5ce1 & divide by #e1 = ! numb] ( tons :i* x w be> susp5d$ f x4#df ,example4--,:at weight w #c-;in* rope ( ! be/ description support8 7#c #c7 _/ #e #i_/e #a ton1 or #djcj lb4 ,weight requir$4 ,second me?od4--,multiply ! squ>e ( ! circumf]5ce by #b1 ! product w give ! practical weight 9 cwts4 t may be lift$ by x1 or ab\t half ! break+ weight4 ,example4--,:at numb] ( cwts4 may be lift$ by a #c-;in* rope8 #cb #b #ah cwts4 ,weight requir$4 ,! /ra91 9 p\nds1 a rope w be> safely girt#b #bjj 0 0 a cable 0 0 girt#b #abj ne>ly4 ,,*a9s4 ,to f9d ! weight ( *a9s4 ,! squ>e ( ! diamet] ( ! l9k1 measur$ 9 eigh?s ( in*es1 w give ! weight ( ! *a91 p] fa?om1 9 p\nds4 ,example4--,:at is ! weight p] fa?om ( a -in* *a98 -in* #f_/h2 #fb #cf lb4 ,weight p] fa?om4 ,or1 ! weight p] foot ( ! *a91 multipli$ by #bd1 w give ! weight p] fa?om ( ! *a91 ne>ly4 ,a *a9 cable ) a /ay across ! l9ks w weigh ab\t "o-twelf? m ?an ! =ego+ examples4 ,to f9d ! weight t may be safely lift$ by a *a94 ,divide ! squ>e ( ! diamet] ( ! l9ks1 tak5 9 eigh?s ( an in* by #h1 & ! quoti5t w give ! numb] ( tons t may be lift$ by ! *a94 ,example4--,:at numb] ( tons w a *a9 made ( -in* iron c>ry ) safety8 -in* #f_/h #fb #cf #cf _/ #h #d tons4 ,weight requir$4 ,! safe /ra9 is equal to ab\t #h tons1 p] squ>e in*1 ( ! iron ( :i* ! *a9 is made4 ,! /ay across ! l9k ( a *a9 increases its /r5g? ab\t "o-six?4 ,:5 ! *a9 is ( great l5g?1 a d$uction1 f ! above rules1 mu/ be all[$ = ! weight ( x4 ,,iron ,,rods4 ,to f9d ! weight ( r\nd iron rods4 ,divide ! squ>e ( ! diamet]1 9 qu>t] in*es1 by #b1 & ! quoti5t w give ! weight 9 p\nds1 p] y>d4 ,example4--,:at is ! weight ( a y>d ( #a-;in* r\nd iron4 #a in* #d qu>t]s #db #af #af _/ #b #h lb4 ,weight requir$4 ,to f9d ! weight ( squ>e rods4 ,! weight ( r\nd rods1 ( simil> diamet]1 divid$ by #ghed w give ! weight ( ! squ>e rods4 ,to f9d ! weight t may be su/a9$1 or lift$ by r\nd iron rods4 ,f9d ! weight 9 p\nds1 p] y>d2 two-?irds ( :i* w give ! safe load1 9 tons4 ,a r\nd iron rod ( av]age quality ( iron1 "o in* 9 diamet]1 w be torn asund] by #af tons2 x w be p]ceptibly damag$ by half ?is /ra91 or #h tons2 its safe load w be "o-?ird1 or #ecc tons4 ,,timb]4 ,to f9d ! area1 or sup]ficial cont5t ( a plank4 ,multiply ! l5g? by ! mean bread?4#dg ,example4--,requir$ ! cont5t ( a bo>d ^: l5g? is #aa feet #b in*es1 & bread? #a foot #aj in*es ft4 94 ft4 94 ft4 94 #aa #b #a #aj #bj #e4 ,cont5t requir$4 ,to f9d ! solid cont5t ( squ>$1 or f\r-sid$ timb]4 ,multiply ! mean bread? by ! mean ?ickness1 & ! product by ! l5g?1 = ! cont5t1 ne>ly4 ,note #a4--;,if ! tree tap] regul>ly f ! "o end to ! o!r1 ei!r take ! mean bread?1 & ?ickness 9 ! middle1 or take ! dim5sions at ! two ends1 & half _! sum w be ! mean dim5sions2 :i*1 multipli$ z by ! above rule1 w give ! cont5t1 ne>ly4 ,note #b4--;,if ! piece d n tap] regul>ly1 take sev]al diff]5t dim5sions1 add !m all toge!r1 & divide _! sum by ! numb] ( !m1 = ! mean dim5sions4 ,example4--,requir$ ! cont5t ( a piece ( timb] #af feet long1 & side ( squ>e #ad in*es4 ft4 94 ft4 94 ft4 ft4 94 #a #b #a #b #af #ba #i4 ,cont5t requir$4 ,to f9d ! solidity ( r\nd1 or unsqu>$ timb]4 #a4 ,multiply ! squ>e ( ! qu>t] girt 7or ! squ>e ( ( ! mean circumf]5ce71 by ! l5g?1 = ! cont5t4 ,note4--,:5 ! tree is tap]+1 take ! mean dim5sions1 ei!r by girt+ x 9 ! middle = ! mean girt1 or at ! two ends1 tak+ half ! sum ( ! two2 or by girt+ x 9 sev]al places1 !n add+ all ! girts toge!r1 & divid+ ! sum by ! numb] ( !m = ! mean girt4 ,b :5 ! tree is v irregul>1 divide x into sev]al l5g?s1 & f9d ! cont5t ( ea* "p sep>ately4 ,example4--,requir$ ! cont5t ( a tree1 ^: mean girt is #cae feet1 & l5g? #ad feet4 #cae _/ #d #ghge #ghge #ghge #fbjaefbe4 #fbjae #ade #hiibb feet ( solid timb]4 ,! cont5t requir$4 #b4 ,f9d ! mean area ( a r\nd tree1 & multiply x by ! l5g? = ! cont5t4 ,to f9d ! weight ( a tree4 ,f9d its cont5t 9 feet1 & multiply t by ! specific gravity ( ! wood4 7,vide ,,gravity1 & ,table ( ,specific ,gravities4 ,page #cah47 ,example4--,requir$ ! weight ( an elm-tree2 ^: mean girt is #e feet1 & l5g? #fj feet4 #e_/d #abe #abe #abe #aefbe4 #aefbe #fj #icge4 ,cont5t 9 feet4 ,,tonnage4 ,table ( ,tonnage1 & ,weight ( "o ( ! foll[+ ,c>riages1 ,c>ts1 ,waggons1 ,gyns1 c41 us$ 9 l& s]vice4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,tonn- ,weight4 age4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,tons4 ,cwt4 lb4 ft4 qrs4 ,) ,c>ri- #bd p\nd] #f #jcd #j #bb bullock ages4 #h in* #f #jcd #b #ab pole & ,t ,= ,iron #ah p\nd] #d #cibg #b #i *a91 r ,ordnance4#ab 0 #ba cwt4 #d #gah #c #bd weigh+ #b a qrs4 #ai lb4 v ,h[itz] #aj in* #f #agci #j #i 0 e #h 0 #e #cgcc #b #j ,d4 d4 d4 0 l #ab p\nd] #e #ccbb #j #aj 0 l #i 0 #e #abj #b #ad 0 i,= ,brass #f 0 #d #baag #c #e 0 n,ordnance4 #cb pr4 #e #bibc #c #ac 0 g ,h[itz] #bd 0 #e #fba #j #ag 0 #ab 0 #d #baah #c #ad 0 c,ammunition waggon #e #cfbj #j #c ,= all 0 o natures4 0 m,=ge #e #chai #a #j 0 p,/ore-waggon 7)\t sp>e #e #aaah #a #aj 0 l :eel7 0 e,small arm ammunition waggon #d #cfad #b #af 0 t,rocket #ab p\nd] #g #ccbj #b #h 0 e #f 0 #e #agbj #a #bj 0 4,pontoon ,l>ge #c #cjdb #b #ac 0 ,small #bb #b #e 0 ,g>rison1 wood1 common /&+ 0 = #cb p\nd] ( #be cwt4 #a #h #h #j #g ,cap/an1 crab #j #ca #c #c #bf ,=ge1 cavalry #d #cbaa #b #c ,h& #a #aj #d #c #d ,hospital1 conveyance #c #afaj #b #bj ,c>ts ,sl+ #c #chaf #a #ag ,/ore #c #af #i #a #j ,fr5* #a #cb #e #b #ac ,drugs ,l>ge #b #gag #a #bd ,small #j #bi #e #j #d ,gyns1 ,l>ge #a #bc #i #b #bb ,triangle ,small #a #b #g #c #c ,= #cb p\nd] g>rison c>riage #j #bf #f #j #ab ,fir4 ,madras ,= trav]s+ ,plat=m4 c>riage ) tail-piece #a #bc #ad #b #j ,teak4 ,mort>1 ,ald]son's patt]n #j #cj #h #a #d ,portable =ge1 & pack saddle1 9 wood5 case #j #ag #b #a #c ,fl&]s #e #j #af #a #be ,waggons ,plat=m #c #af #ba #c #ah ,sl+ #h #aa #ca #c #bf ,waggons1 hospital1 ,mr4 ,holmes' ,l>ge #i #aj #ba #j #j patt]n ,small4 #f #cj #ah #j #d ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,! calculation ( tonnage = baggage1 /ores1 c41 is by measurem5t3 a ,ton1 consi/+ ( #dj cubic feet2 b metals1 & v heavy articles are e/imat$ by actual weight1 )\t ref]5ce to bulk4 ,to asc]ta9 ! tonnage ( sail+ vessels1 ! hold be+ cle>4 ,rule4--,divide ! l5g? ( ! upp] deck betwe5 ! aft]p>t ( ! /em1 & ! =ep>t ( ! /]n-po/1 into six equal p>ts4 ,dep?s4--,at ! =emo/1 ! middle1 & ! aft]mo/ ( ^? po9ts ( division1 measure 9 feet1 & decimal p>ts ( a foot1 ! dep? f ! "u side ( ! upp] deck to ! ceil+ at ! limb] /rake4 ,9 ! case ( a break 9 ! upp] deck ! dep?s are to be measur$ f a l9e /ret*$ 9 a cont9uation ( ! deck4 ,bread?s4--,divide ea* ( ^? ?ree dep?s into five equal p>ts1 & measure ! inside bread?s at ! foll[+ po9ts--viz41 at "o-fif?1 & at f\r-fif?s f ! upp] deck ( ! =emo/1 & aft]mo/ dep?s1 & at two-fif?s1 & f\r-fif?s f ! upp] deck ( ! mid%ip dep?4 ,l5g?4--,at half ! mid%ip dep? measure ! l5g? ( ! vessel f ! aft]p>t ( ! /em to ! =ep>t ( ! /]n-po/2 !n to twice ! mid%ip dep? add ! =emo/1 & ! aft]mo/ dep?s = ! sum ( ! dep?s2 add toge!r ! upp]1 & l[] bread?s at ! =emo/ division1 ?ree times ! upp] bread?1 & ! l[] bread? at ! mid%ip division1 & ! upp]1 & twice ! l[] bread? at ! aft] division1 = ! sum ( ! bread?s3 !n multiply ! sum ( ! dep?s by ! sum ( ! bread?s1 & ?is product by ! l5g?1 & divide ! f9al product by #cejj1 :i* w give ! numb] ( tons = regi/]4 ,if ! vessel h a poop1 or half deck1 or a break 9 ! upp] deck1 measure ! inside mean l5g?1 bread?1 & height ( su* "p !re( z may be includ$ )9 ! bulkhead2 multiply ^! ?ree measurem5ts toge!r1 & divid+ ! product by #ibd1 ! quoti5t w be ! numb] ( tons to be add$ to ! result z above f\nd4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! tonnage ( op5 vessels1 ! dep?s are to be measur$ f ! upp] edge ( ! upp] /rake4 ,to asc]ta9 ! tonnage ( /eam vessels4 ,rule4--,9 addition to ! =ego+ rules1 :5 appli$ = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! tonnage ( any %ip or vessel propell$ by /eam1 ! tonnage due to ! cubical cont5t ( ! eng9e-room mu/ be d$uct$ f ! total tonnage ( ! vessel1 z det]m9$ by ei!r ( ! rules a=esaid1 & ! rema9d] w be ! true regi/] tonnage ( ! said %ip or vessel4 ,to det]m9e ! tonnage due to ! cubical cont5t ( ! eng9e-room4 ,rule4--,measure ! inside l5g? ( ! eng9e-room 9 feet & decimal p>ts ( a foot1 f ! =emo/ to ! aft]mo/ bulkhead1 !n multiply ! said l5g? by ! dep? ( ! %ip or vessel at ! mid%ip division z a=esaid1 & ! product by ! inside bread? ( ! same division at two-fif?s ( ! dep? f ! deck1 tak5 a=esaid1 & divide ! la/ product by #ibd1 & ! quoti5t w be ! tonnage due to ! cubical cont5t ( ! eng9e-room4 ,to asc]ta9 ! tonnage ( vessels :5 lad54 ,rule4--,measure1 fir/1 ! l5g? on ! upp] deck betwe5 ! aft]p>t ( ! /em1 & ! =ep>t ( ! /]n-po/2 secondly1 ! inside bread? on ! "u side ( ! upp] deck1 at ! middle po9t ( ! l5g?2 &1 ?irdly1 ! dep? f ! "u side ( ! upp] deck d[n ! pump-well to ! s9k2 multiply ^! ?ree dim5sions toge!r1 & divide ! product by #acj1 & ! quoti5t w be ! am\nt ( ! regi/] tonnage ( su* %ips4 ,,me*anics4 ,me*anics is ! sci5ce ( =ces1 & ! effects !y produce :5 appli$ to ma*9es 9 ! motion ( bodies4 ,ma*9e1 or eng9e1 is any me*anical in/rum5t contriv$ to move bodies4 ,equilibrium is an equality ( action1 or =ce1 betwe5 two or m p[]s1 or weights1 act+ aga9/ ea* o!r1 by :i* !y de/roy ea* o!r's effects1 & rema9 at re/4 ,! c5tre ( motion is ! fix$ po9t ab\t :i* a body moves4 ,! axis ( motion is ! fix$ l9e ab\t :i* x moves4 ,! c5tre ( gravity is a c]ta9 po9t on :i* a body 7be+ freely susp5d$7 w re/1 9 any position4 ,! :ole mom5tum or quantity ( =ce ( a mov+ body1 is ! result ( ! quantity ( matt] multipli$ by ! velocity ) :i* x is mov$4 ,,! ,,me*anical ,,p[]s4 ,p[] is comp\nd$ ( ! weight1 or expansive =ce ( a mov+ body multipli$ into its velocity4 ,! p[] ( a body1 :i* weighs #dj lb41 & moves ) ! velocity ( #ej feet 9 a second1 is ! same z t ( ano!r body :i* weighs #hj lb41 & moves ) ! velocity ( #be feet 9 a second3 = ! products ( ! respective weights1 & velocities are ! same4 #dj #ej #bjjj2 & #hj #be #bjjj4 ,p[] _c be increas$ by me*anical means4 ,p[] is appli$ to me*anical purposes-- #a4 ,by ! lev]2 #d4 ,by ! incl9$ plane2 #b4 ,by ! :eel1 & axle2 #e4 ,by ! w$ge2 #c4 ,by ! pulley2 #f4 ,by ! screw2 :i* are ! simple elem5ts ( all ma*9es4 ,! :ole !ory ( ^! elem5ts consi/s simply 9 caus+ ! weight1 :i* is to be rais$1 to pass ?r\gh a great] or a less space ?an ! p[] :i* raises x2 =1 z p[] is comp\nd$ ( ! weight1 or mass ( a mov+ body1 multipli$ into its velocity1 a weight pass+ ?r\gh a c]ta9 space may be made to raise1 ?r\gh a less space1 a weight heavi] ?an itself4 ,,! ,,lev]4 ,! lev] is ! mo/ simple ( all ma*9es1 be+ only a /raight b> ( iron1 wood1 c41 support$ on1 & moveable r\nd a prop1 call$ ! fulcrum4 ,case #a4--,:5 ! fulcrum ( ! lev] is betwe5 ! p[]1 & ! weight4 ,rule4--,divide ! weight to be rais$ by ! p[] to be appli$2 ! quoti5t w give ! diff]5ce ( lev]age necess>y to support ! weight 9 equilibrio4 ,h5ce1 a small addition ei!r ( lev]age1 or weight1 w cause ! p[] to prepond]ate4 ,example #a4--;,a ball weigh+ #c tons is to be rais$ by #d m51 :o c ex]t a =ce ( #ab cwt42 requir$ ! proportionate l5g? ( lev]8 #c tons #fj cwt42 & #fj_/ab #e ,9 ?is example1 ! proportionate l5g?s ( ! lev] to ma9ta9 ! weight 9 equilibrio1 are z #e to #a4 ,if1 !re=e1 an additional p\nd be add$ to ! p[]1 ! p[] side ( ! lev] w prepond]ate1 & ! weight w be rais$4 ,b1 al?\gh ! ball is rais$ by a =ce ( only "o-fif? ( its weight1 no p[] is ga9$1 = ! weight passes ?r\gh only "o-fif? ( ! space4 ,! products1 !re=e1 aris+ f ! multiplication ( ! respective weights1 & velocities are ! same4 ,example #b4--;,a weight ( #a ton is to be rais$ ) a lev] #h feet 9 l5g?1 by a man :o c ex]t1 = a %ort "t1 a =ce ( r m ?an #d cwt42 requir$ at :at "p ( ! lev] ! fulcrum mu/ be plac$8 7#bj cwt47 _/ 7#d cwt47 #e2 t is1 ! weight is to ! p[] z #e to #a1 !re=e1 #h _/ 7#e #a7 #a foot & a ?ird1 f ! weight4 ,example #c4--;,a weight ( #dj lb4 is plac$ #a foot f ! fulcrum ( a lev]2 requir$ ! p[] to raise ! same1 :5 ! l5g? ( ! lev] on ! o!r side ( ! fulcrum is #e feet8 7#dj #a7 _/ #e #h lb4 ,ans4 ,case #b4--,:5 ! fulcrum is at "o extremity ( ! lev]1 & ! p[] at ! o!r4 ,rule4--,z ! di/ance betwe5 ! p[]1 & ! fulcrum is to ! di/ance betwe5 ! weight1 & ! fulcrum1 s is ! effect to ! p[]4 ,example #a4--,requir$ ! p[] necess>y to raise #abj lb41 :5 ! weight is plac$ #f feet f ! p[]1 & #b feet f ! fulcrum8 ,z #h 3 #b 33 #abj 3 #cj lb4 ,ans4 ,example #b4--;,a beam1 #bj feet 9 l5g?1 & support$ at bo? ends1 be>s a weight ( #b tons at ! di/ance ( eight feet f "o end2 requir$ ! weight on ea* support8 7#dj cwt4 #h feet7 _/ 7#bj feet7 #af cwt4 on ! support t is fur!/ f ! weight2 & 7#dj #ab7 _/ 7#bj feet7 #bd cwt4 on ! support ne>e/ to ! weight4 ,case #c4--,:5 ! weight to be rais$ is at "o end ( ! lev]1 ! fulcrum at ! o!r1 & ! p[] is appli$ betwe5 !m4 ,rule4--,z ! di/ance betwe5 ! p[]1 & ! fulcrum1 is to ! l5g? ( ! lev]1 s is ! weight1 to ! p[]4 ,example4--,! l5g? ( ! lev] be+ #h feet1 & ! weight at its extremity #fj lb41 requir$ ! p[] to be appli$ #f feet f ! fulcrum to raise x8 ,z #f 3 #h 33 #fj 3 #hj lb4 ,ans4 ,velocity is ga9$ at ! exp5se ( p[] by ! lev]1 & :eel1 & axle4 ,note #a4--,:5 two m5 are c>ry+ a load on a pole betwe5 !m1 ! /ronge/ man %\ld h ! weight plac$ ne>] to him ?an ! o!r man4 ,note #b4--,to c>ry guns1 c4--,if ! burd5 c be c>ri$ by f\r m52 aft] hav+ made x fa/ to ! middle ( a l>ge lev]1 fix ! extremities ( ?is lev] on two %ort] lev]s1 & place a man at ea* ( ! po9ts1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f4 ,vide plate1 ,me*anics1 ,fig4 #a4 ,9 ,fig4 #b1 ! weight is equally divid$ betwe5 eight m51 & 9 ,fig4 #c1 betwe5 sixte5 m54 ,,! ,,:eel1 ,,& ,,axle4 ,! advantage ga9$ is 9 proportion z ! circumf]5ce ( ! :eel exce$s t ( ! axle2 !re=e1 ! l>g] ! :eel1 & ! small] ! axle1 ! /rong] is ! p[] ( ?is ma*9e1 b !n ! weight w rise proportionally sl[]4 ,a w9* may be us$ in/ead ( a :eel1 = 9 turn+ ! w9* ! h& w describe a circle1 & !re is no diff]5ce 9 ! result1 :e!r an entire :eel be turn$1 or a s+le spoke :i* ! w9* z a lev] repres5ts4 ,rule4--,z ! radius ( ! :eel is to ! radius ( ! axle1 s is ! effect1 to ! p[]4 ,example4--,a weight ( #ej lb4 is ex]t$ on ! p]iph]y ( a :eel1 ^: radius is #aj feet2 requir$ ! weight rais$ at ! extremity ( a cord w\nd r\nd ! axle1 ! radius be+ #bj in*es4 7#ej lb4 #aj feet #ab in*es7 _/ 7#bj in*es7 #cjj lb4 ,ans4 ,,! ,,pulley4 ,! pulley consi/s ( a groov$ :eel1 call$ a %eave1 moveable on an axis1 or gudgeon1 & enclos$ 9 a frame1 or case1 call$ a block4 ,by pass+ a cord ov] ! pulley1 a man w be enabl$ to draw up a weight equal to t :i* 8 own body supplies 9 pull+ d[nw>ds4 ,by comb9+ a numb] ( pulleys1 z _m assi/ants are obta9$ z !re are :eels3 ?us1 two pulleys w h d\ble ! p[] ( "o1 because half ! weight is su/a9$ by ! frame to :i* "o end ( ! cord is atta*$2 b !n x requires d\ble ! "t to d ! "w4 ,z ! friction ( ! pulley is v great1 p>ticul> att5tion mu/ be paid t all ! turns or k9ks ( a rope be tak5 out1 be=e x is made use (1 & x %\ld ent] easily into ! grooves ( ! %eaves4 ,rule4--,divide ! weight to be rais$ by twice ! numb] ( pulleys 9 ! l[] block2 ! quoti5t w give ! p[] necess>y to raise ! weight4 ,example4--,:at p[] is requir$ to raise #fjj lb41 :5 ! l[] block conta9s six pulleys8 #fjj _/ 7#f #b7 #ej lb4 ,ans4 ,,tackles4 ,tackles are indisp5sable 9 ! s]vice ( ! artill]y4 ,! fall is ! rope ( :i* ! tackle is compos$2 t end ( x :i* is fix$ to ! block is call$ ! /&+ "p1 or end2 ! o!r1 :i* is pull$1 or haul$ on by ! m51 is call$ ! runn+ "p1 or end2 & ! p>ts :i* pass f "o block to ! o!r are call$ ! returns ( ! fall4 ,9 all op]ations ) tackles1 ! foll[+ directions %\ld be att5d$ to3-- #a/4 ,make fa/5+s /rong] ?an appe>s actually necess>y4 #bnd4 ,exam9e ! /raps1 & hooks ( ! blocks c>efully4 #crd4 ,consid] :e!r ! cordage is new1 half-worn1 or almo/ worn out4 #d?4 ,att5d to ! seiz+s ( ! cl9*es1 ! %eet b5ds1 ! prop] /opp]+ ( ! fall1 ! belay+ ! fall ) two half hit*es4 #e?4 ,be v di/ru/ful ( selvages appli$ on smoo? worn rope4 #f?4 ,d n all[ ropes to be /ruck1 or trampl$ on1 :5 ! weight is susp5d$4 #g?4 ,! m5 %\ld /& z safe z ! prop] p]=mance ( ! v>i\s duties w p]mit4 #h?4 ,9 pull+ a rope1 ! m5 ought to place !mselves 9 a "r l9e1 & haul toge!r4 ,! mo/ advantage\s position = pull+ is d[n a slope1 or 9 a desc5d+ position4 ,,comb9ation ,,( ,,pulleys4 ,a lead+ block is a fix$ pulley1 :i* alt]s ! direction ( ! p[]1 b does n increase x3 ,p[] ,weight4 ,on acc\nt ( friction ! p[] mu/ exce$ ! weight a little1 9 ord] to raise x4 ,vide plate1 ,me*anics1 ,fig4 #a4 ,a :ip is "o moveable pulley1 :i* increases ! p[] )\t alt]+ ! direction4 ,p[] weight 7or #b to #a74--,vide ,fig4 #b4 ,a :ip ^u :ip w af=d ! same pur*ase z a tackle hav+ a s+le & d\ble block1 & ) mu* less friction4 ,a gun tackle consi/s ( two s+le blocks ) fall fix$ to ! "o1 !n rove ?r\gh ! o!r1 & !n ?r\gh ! fir/4 ,p[] weight 7or #b to #a73 or ,p[] weight 7or #c to #a74 ,vide ,fig4 #c1 & #d4 ,two d\ble blocks are g5]ally us$ = v heavy guns4 ,a luff tackle1 or half wat* tackle1 consi/s ( "o d\ble & "o s+le block3 ! fall is fix$ to ! s+le1 !n rove ?r\gh fir/ %eave ( ! d\ble1 !n ?r\gh %eave ( s+le1 & la/ly ?r\gh second %eave ( d\ble block4 ,p[] weight 7#c to #a73 or ,p[] weight 7#d to #a74 ,vide ,fig4 #e1 & #f4 ,a runn] tackle is ! same z a luff tackle1 appli$ to ! end ( a l>ge rope1 call$ a runn]1 :i* is rove ?r\gh a s+le block atta*$ to a fix$ po9t1 or to a body t is to be mov$1 or rais$2 ! /&+ end ( ! runn] be+ secur$ to ano!r po9t4 ,p[] is ei!r #f to #a1 or #g to #a1 or #h to #a4 ,a gyn tackle consi/s ( "o triple & "o d\ble block3 ! fall is fix$ to ! d\ble1 !n rove ?r\gh fir/ %eave ( triple1 !n ?r\gh fir/ %eave ( d\ble1 !n ?r\gh second %eave ( triple1 !n ?r\gh second %eave ( d\ble1 & la/ly ?r\gh ?ird %eave ( triple block4 ,p[] weight 7#e to #a73 or ,p[] weight 7#f to #a74 ,vide ,fig4 #g4 ,if ! moveable block ( a tackle be /rapp$ ) a tail1 x is call$ a tail1 or jigg] block3 & ! tackle a tail1 or jigg] tackle3 a block ) a hook /rapp$ to x1 & atta*$ to a selvage1 answ]s ! same purpose4 ,two d\ble blocks1 ) fall fix$ to "o ( !m1 & !n rove ?r\gh ! %eaves ( bo? blocks1 w ei!r give ,p[] weight 7#d to #a73 or ,p[] weight 7#e to #a74 ,fig4 #h4 ,two triple blocks1 ) fall fix$ to "o ( !m1 !n rove ?r\gh %eaves ( bo? blocks1 w ei!r give p[] weight 7#f to #a73 or ,p[] weight 7#g to #a74 ,fig4 #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,sy/em ( ,pullies4 ,fig4 #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i ,illu/ration3 ,to c>ry ,guns c4 ,fig4 #a #b #c ,illu/ration3 ,,heights ,,& ,,di/ances4 ,9 ! sy/em ( pulleys 7vide plate1 ,me*anics7 ! ,p[] is %[n at ! hooks ( ! moveable blocks1 :i* are to be appli$ to ! bodies1 or weights1 requir+ to be mov$ or rais$4 ,! /ra9 is also %[n at ! fix$ blocks4 ,9 ,fig4 #c1 !re are ?ree p>ts ( ! rope engag$ 9 support+ ! weight--viz41 ! p>ts m>k$ #a1 #a1 #a4 ,ea* ( !m1 h5ce1 su/a9s "o-?ird ( x1 & ! fall ( ! rope to :i* ! p[] is to be atta*$ requires ! ,p[] #a1 if weight #c4 ,! same pr9ciple ( calculation is applicable to all sy/ems ( pulleys hav+ "o fix$ block1 any numb] ( moveable :eels1 & a s+le rope ov] all ! :eels4 ,h5ce1 9 su* a sy/em ( pulleys1 gravity be+ appli$1 !re w be an equilibrium1 :5 ! weight is z _m times ! p[] z !re are portions ( ! rope employ$ 9 su/a9+ ! weight4 ,= example1 9 a sy/em consi/+ ( six moveable %eaves1 ! same rope go+ ov] !m all1 !re w be #ab portions ( ! rope engag$2 & to produce an equilibrium ! p[] mu/ be equival5t to #a_/ab ! weight1 no all[ance be+ made = friction4 ,f ! =ego+ obs]vations1 & by ref]r+ to ! plate1 x w be se5 t ea* tackle has two applications1 diff]+ 9 p[] "o f ! o!r2 = example1 if ! d\ble block ( a luff tackle is fix$ to a weight to be mov$1 & ! s+le block to a picket1 or o!r fa/5+1 ,fig4 #f1 !n1 if "o man haul on ! fall1 ! p[] ( f\r m5 w be appli$ to ! weight 7#d to #a71 & ! p[] ( ?ree m5 to ! picket2 b if ! d\ble block be fix$ to ! picket1 ,fig4 #e1 & ! s+le1 block to ! weight1 !n ! =ce ( only ?ree m5 w be appli$ to ! weight 7#c to #a71 & a p[] ( f\r m5 to ! picket1 or fa/5+4 ,:5 ! moveable block ( "o tackle is fix$ to ! fall ( ano!r tackle1 _! respective p[]s are to be multipli$ into ea* o!r = ! p[] ( ! comb9ation3 ?us1 if "o luff tackle is fix$ to ! fall ( ano!r luff tackle 7! d\ble blocks ( bo? tackles be+ moveable71 ! p[] w be #d #d #af 7#af to #a73 9 ?is1 ! m5 haul ?r\gh #af feet to move ! weight "o foot2 !re=e if ! comb9ation be increas$ until ! m5 haul ?r\gh #ajj feet to move ! weight "o foot1 !n ! p[] w\ld be #ajj to #a4 ,! =ego+ p[]s are1 h[ev]1 only true 9 !ory1 & are1 !re=e1 call$ !oretical p[]s3 = ow+ to ! great friction ( ! pulleys1 ! /iffness ( ! ropes1 c41 ! actual practical p[]s are f> less2 s mu* s1 t ) a comb9ation giv+ a p[] ( #dh to #a1 a #bd-pr4 7#b tons weight7 susp5d$1 c sc>cely ov]haul ! fall1 ! friction be+ s v great4 ,,! ,,incl9$ ,,plane4 ,! incl9$ plane =ms simply a gradual & slop+ in/ead ( a sudd5 & p]p5dicul> asc5t1 by :i* heavy bodies may be rais$ to c]ta9 heights4 ,! p[] necess>y = rais+ a weight dep5ds on ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! l5g? ( ! plane & ! height to be asc5d$4 ,if ! height be "o-?ird ( ! l5g?1 !n "o p\nd w lift ?ree p\nds4 ,! =ce ) :i* a roll+ body desc5ds on an incl9$ plane is to ! =ce ( its absolute gravity1 z ! height ( ! plane is to its l5g?4 ,p>buckl+ a gun on skids unites ! advantage ( "o moveable pulley ) t ( ! incl9$ plane4 ,rule4--,z ! l5g? ( ! plane is to its height1 s is ! weight to ! p[]4 ,example4--,requir$ ! p[] necess>y to raise #edj lb4 up an incl9$ plane1 five feet long1 & two feet high4 ,z #e 3 #b 33 #edj 3 #baf lb4 ,ans4 ,,! ,,w$ge4 ,! w$ge may be consid]$ z two equally incl9$ planes jo9$ toge!r at _! bases4 ,x has a great advantage ov] all ! o!r p[]s1 aris+ f ! =ce ( p]cussion1 or bl[1 ) :i* ! back is /ruck2 :i* is a =ce incomp>ably great] ?an any dead weight1 or pressure1 su* z is employ$ 9 o!r ma*9es4 ,! l>ge/ masses ( timb] may by ?is means be riv51 & vessels ( w>1 weigh+ _m ?\s& tons1 are lift$ f _! supports by ! p[] ( a few m51 ex]t$ by bl[s ( mallets on w$ges ins]t$ = t purpose4 ,! p[] ( ! w$ge increases 9 proportion z its angle is acute4 ,9 tools int5d$ = cutt+ wood ! angle is commonly ab\t #cj2 = iron f #ej to #fj2 & = brass f #hj to #ij4 ,case #a4--,:5 two bodies are =c$ f "o ano!r1 by means ( a w$ge1 9 a direction p>allel to its back4 ,rule4--,z ! l5g? ( ! w$ge is to half its back1 or head1 s is ! resi/ance1 to ! p[]4 ,example4--,! bread? ( ! back1 or head ( ! w$ge1 be+ ?ree in*es1 & ! l5g? ( ei!r ( its incl9$ sides #aj in*es1 requir$ ! p[] necess>y to sep>ate two sub/ances1 ) a =ce ( #aej lb4 ,z #aj 3 #a 33 #aej 3 #bb lb4 ,ans4 ,case #b4--,:5 only "o ( ! bodies is moveable4 ,rule4--,z ! l5g? ( ! w$ge1 is to its back1 or head1 s is ! resi/ance1 to ! p[]4 ,example4--,! bread?1 l5g?1 & =ce1 ! same z 9 ! la/ example4 ,z #aj 3 #c 33 #aej 3 #de lb4 ,ans4 ,,! ,,screw4 ,! screw is a spiral ?read or groove cut r\nd a cyl9d]1 & ev]y:]e mak+ ! same angle ) ! l5g? ( x4 ,! =ce ( a p[] appli$ to turn a screw r\nd is to ! =ce ) :i* x presses upw>d1 or d[nw>d1 sett+ aside ! friction1 z ! di/ance betwe5 two ?reads is to ! circumf]5ce :]e ! p[] is appli$2 or ! advantage ga9$ is z mu* z ! circumf]5ce ( a circle describ$ by ! h&le ( ! w9* exce$s ! int]val1 or di/ance1 betwe5 ! spirals ( ! screw4 ,h5ce ! =ce ( any ma*9e turn$ by a screw c readily be comput$2 = in/ance1 9 a press driv5 by a screw1 ^: ?reads are ea* a qu>t] ( an in* asund]1 & ) a h&le1 to turn ! screw1 f\r feet long2 !n1 if ! natural =ce ( a man1 by :i* he c lift1 pull1 or draw1 be #aej lb41 & x is requir$ to det]m9e ) :at =ce ! screw w press :5 ! man turns ! h&le ) 8 :ole =ce2 ! diamet] ( ! h&le 7p[]7 be+ #d feet1 or #dh in*es1 its circumf]5ce is #dh #cadaf1 or #aej ne>ly2 & ! di/ance ( ! ?reads be+ "o-f\r? ( an in*1 !re=e ! p[] is to ! pressure z #a to 7#aej #d7 #fjc1 b ! p[] is equal to #aej lb41 !re=e z #a 3 #fjc 33 #aej 3 #ijdhj1 & consequ5tly ! pressure is equal to a weight ( #ijdhj lb4 indep5d5t ( friction4 ,,comp\nd ,,ma*9es4 ,?\gh ea* ( ! me*anical p[]s is capable ( ov]com+ ! greate/ possible resi/ance 9 !ory1 yet 9 practice1 if us$ s+ly = produc+ v great effects1 !y w\ld frequ5tly be s unwieldy & unmanageable z to r5d] x impossible to apply !m4 ,= ?is reason x is g5]ally f\nd m advantage\s to comb9e !m toge!r1 by :i* means ! p[] is m easily appli$1 & _m o!r advantages are obta9$4 ,9 all ! me*anical p[]s1 & _! comb9ations1 & 9 all ma*9es1 simple z well z comp\nd1 :at is ga9$ 9 p[] is lo/ 9 "t or velocity2 & vice v]s1 or 9 o!r words1 ! product ( ! p[]1 & ! space ?r\gh :i* x moves1 is equal to ! product ( ! weight1 & ! space ?r\gh :i* x moves 9 ! same plane4 ,suppose t a man1 by means ( a fix$ pulley1 raises a beam to ! top ( a h\se 9 two m9utes1 x is cle> t he w be able to raise six beams 9 twelve m9utes2 b by means ( a tackle ) ?ree l[] pulleys1 he w raise ! six beams at once ) ! same ease z he be=e rais$ "o1 b !n he w be six times z long ab\t x1 t is1 twelve m9utes2 ?us ! "w is p]=m$ 9 ! same "t :e!r ! me*anical p[] is us$1 or n4 ,b ! conv5i5ce ga9$ by ! p[] is v great2 = if ! six beams are jo9$ 9 "o1 !y may be rais$ by ! tackle1 ?\gh x w\ld be impossible to move !m by ! unassi/$ /r5g? ( "o man4 ,no real ga9 ( =ce is obta9$ by me*anical contrivances2 on ! contr>y1 f friction & o!r causes1 =ce is always lo/2 b by ma*9es a m conv5i5t direction c be giv5 to ! mov+ p[]1 & s modify its en]gy z to obta9 effects :i* x c\ld n o!rwise produce4 ,,friction4 ,friction arises f ! irregul>ities ( ! surfaces :i* move ^u "o ano!r4 ,! surfaces ( bodies ( ! same nature are mov$ ) m facility ov] ea* o!r ?an ^? ( a dissimil> nature4 ,9 proportion z ! surfaces :i* are to be mov$ ^u "o ano!r are r\gh1 a great] =ce is requisite to produce motion4 ,! same surfaces :5 "u a great] pressure1 are subject to /ill fur!r friction4 ,a d\ble pressure d\bles ! am\nt ( friction1 a treble pressure trebles1 & s on 9 ne>ly ! same proportion4 ,:5 surfaces are mov+ along ea* o!r 9 ! direction ( _! gra9s1 ! friction is great] ?an :5 ! direction ( ! gra9s is at "r angles4 ,friction is little influ5c$ by ! velocity ) :i* bodies move ^u "o ano!r4 ,friction may be dim9i%$ 9 v>i\s ways1 z w appe> by ! result ( ! foll[+ exp]im5t ) a block ( squ>e /one weigh+ #ajhj lb43-- #a4 ,9 ord] to drag ?is /one along ! floor ( a qu>ry lb4 r\ghly *isell$1 x requir$ a =ce equal to #geh #b4 ,ov] a floor ( planks1 ditto #feb #c4 ,plac$ on a plat=m ( wood1 & dragg$ ov] a floor ( planks #fjf #d4 ,aft] soap+ ! two surfaces ( wood1 :i* slide ov] ea* o!r #ahb #e4 ,plac$ on roll]s ( ?ree in*es diamet]1 & mov$ along ! floor ( ! qu>ry #cd #f4 ,to drag x on ^! roll]s ov] a wood5 floor #bh #g4 ,m\nt$ on a wood5 plat=m1 & ! same roll]s plac$ betwe5 ! plat=m1 & a plank floor #bb ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable in/ances ( ! application ( roll]s is ! transport ( ! rock :i* n[ s]ves z ! p$e/al ( ! eque/rian /atue ( ,pet] ! ,great at ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,?is rock is a s+le block ( granite weigh+ #abag tons4 ,a railway 0 =m$1 consi/+ ( two l9es ( timb]1 furni%$ ) h>d metal grooves2 simil>1 & correspond+ metal grooves 7 fix$ to ! "u side ( ! sl$ge1 or frame1 on :i* ! /one 0 laid1 & betwe5 ^! grooves 7 plac$ sph]es ( h>d brass1 ab\t six in*es 9 diamet]4 ,on ^! sph]es ! frame ) its enorm\s load 0 easily mov$ by sixty m5 work+ at cap/ans ) triple pur*ase blocks4 ,,ungu5ts4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,r5nie f\nd1 f a mean ( exp]im5ts1 ) diff]5t ungu5ts1 on axles 9 motion1 & "u diff]5t pressures1 t1 ) ! ungu5t tall[ "u a pressure ( f #a to #e cwt41 ! friction did n exce$ #a_/ci? ( ! :ole pressure2 :5 s(t soap 0 appli$1 x became #a_/cd?2 & ) ! s(t] ungu5ts appli$1 su* z oil1 hogs' l>d1 c41 ! ratio ( ! friction to ! pressure increas$2 b ) ! h>d] ungu5ts1 z s(t soap1 tall[1 & anti-attrition composition1 ! friction consid]ably dim9i%$2 consequ5tly1 to r5d] an ungu5t ( prop] effici5cy1 ! nature ( ! ungu5t mu/ be measur$ by ! pressure1 or weight1 t5d+ to =ce ! surfaces toge!r4 ,,transv]se ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,mat]ials4 ,:5 a beam1 ( any mat]ial1 is load$1 ! surface 9 contact ) ! load is compress$1 & ! opposite surface ext5d$2 & !re is a l9e betwe5 ^!1 :i* is nei!r compress$1 nor ext5d$1 call$ ! neutral l9e4 ,if ! dep? ( a beam be d\bl$1 ! bread?1 & l5g? betwe5 supports rema9+ ! same1 its /r5g? w be increas$ f\r times4 ,if its bread? be d\bl$1 ! o!r dim5sions be+ z above1 its /r5g? w be d\bl$4 ,by increas+ ! di/ance betwe5 ! supports ( any beam1 its /r5g? is decreas$ 9 ! same ratio2 twice ! di/ance betwe5 ! supports w weak5 ! beam "o-half2 half ! di/ance betwe5 ! supports w enable x to be> twice ! load4#dh ,! same beam w be> twice ! load1 if1 in/ead ( be+ conc5trat$ 9 ! middle1 x be equally di/ribut$ ov] ! :ole l5g? ( ! beam4 ,if ! load on a beam be plac$ ne> to "o ( ! supports1 in/ead ( 9 ! middle1 its effect w decrease 9 ! ratio ( its proximity to ! support4 ,let ,s s repres5t ! beam1 ,w ! load or weight 9 ! middle1 w ! weight ne> s2 !n ! load :i* ! beam w c>ry at ! po9t :]e w is plac$ w be f\nd by ! foll[+ proportion3-- ,z ,s w w s 3 ,s ,w ,w s 33 ,w 3 w4 ,a beam1 fix$ at "o end1 & load$ at ! o!r1 w be> half ! weight ( "o ( ! same l5g? support$ at ea* end4 ,if ! end ( a beam1 in/ead ( be+ only support$1 be fix$1 its /r5g? w be 9 ! proportion ( #c to #b4 ,f ! =ego+ results x w be se5 t ! /r5g? ( a rectangul> beam v>ies1 z ! bread? multipli$ by ! dep? squ>$1 divid$ by ! l5g?1 7b d#b7_/l & if ! break+ weight ( any mat]ial1 #a in* squ>e1 & #a foot long1 be f\nd1 x w repres5t a con/ant multipli] = ! above equation4 ,?us ! break+ weight ( a beam ( ,riga fir1 #a in* squ>e1 & #a foot long 7vide foll[+ ,,table71 is #afd ( a ton2 & to f9d ! break+ weight ( a beam ( any o!r dim5sions1 ! rule is simply ,w 7b d#b7_/l #afd4 ,example4--,:at w be ! break+ weight ( a beam ( ,riga fir1 #h in*es broad1 #ab in*es deep1 & #bj feet long8 7#h #abb7_/bj #egf #egf #afd #idd tons1 break+ weight4 ,table ( con/ants1 = beams ( diff]5t mat]ials1 be+ ! break+ weights ( su* beams1 #a in* squ>e1 & #a foot long4 ,riga fir #afd ( a ton4 ,engli% oak #bdh ( a ton4 ,r$ p9e #aii 0 ,canadian d4 #bfa 0 ,pit* p9e #bdb 0 ,dantzic d4 #bai 0 ,bee* #bca 0 ,teak #cff 0 ,elm #aej 0 ,ca/ iron1 mean4 #ajjj 0 ,a% #cja 0 ,wr\ght d4 #ajhc 0 ,f ! =ego+ rules ,l5g? 7b d#b7_/,w con/ant4 ,bread? 7l ,w7_/d#b con/ant4 ,dep? 77l ,w7_/b7 con/ant4 ,! practical weight t a beam w c>ry ) safety1 p]man5tly1 %\ld only be tak5 at "o-f\r? ( ! above computations4 ,,adhesion ,,( ,,nails1 ,,& ,,screws4 ,! p]cussive =ce requir$ to drive ! common sixp5ny nail 7#gc to ! p\nd7 to ! dep? ( an in* & a half into deal1 ) a weight ( six p\nds & a qu>t]1 is f\r bl[s1 or /rokes1 fall+ freely ! space ( "o foot2 & ! /eady pressure to produce ! same effect is f\r hundr$ p\nds4 ,a sixp5ny nail driv5 into dry elm to ! dep? ( "o in* across ! gra9 requires a =ce ( #cbg p\nds to extract x2 & ! same nail1 driv5 into ! same wood endways1 or longitud9ally1 c be extract$ ) a =ce ( #beg p\nds4 ,to extract a sixp5ny nail f a dep? ( "o in* out ( dry oak requires #ejg p\nds1 & out ( dry bee* #ffg p\nds4 ,a sixp5ny nail driv5 two in*es into dry oak w\ld require a /eady =ce ( m ?an half a ton to extract x4 ,a common screw ( "o-fif? ( an in* diamet] has an adhesive =ce ( ab\t ?ree times t ( a sixp5ny nail4 ,,trigonometry4 ,plane trigonometry treats ( ! relations1 & calculations ( ! sides1 & angles ( plane triangles4 ,! measure ( an angle is an arc ( any circle conta9$ betwe5 ! two l9es :i* =m t angle1 ! angul> po9t be+ ! c5tre2 & x is e/imat$ by ! numb] ( degrees conta9$ 9 t arc4 ,h5ce a "r angle be+ measur$ by a quadrant1 or qu>t] ( a circle1 is an angle ( #ij degrees4 ,! sum ( ! ?ree angles ( e triangle is equal to #ahj degrees1 or two "r angles2 !re=e1 9 a "r-angl$ triangle1 tak+ "o ( ! acute angles f #ij degrees1 leaves ! o!r acute angle2 & ! sum ( ! two angles 9 any triangle1 tak5 f #ahj degrees1 leaves ! ?ird angle2 or "o angle be+ tak5 f #ahj degrees leaves ! sum ( ! o!r two angles4 ,def9itions4 ,! s9e ( an arc is ! l9e drawn f "o extremity ( ! arc p]p5dicul> to ! diamet] ( ! circle :i* passes ?r\gh ! o!r extremity4 ,! supplem5t ( an arc is ! diff]5ce1 9 degrees1 betwe5 ! arc1 & a semicircle1 or #ahj degrees4 ,! complem5t ( an arc is ! diff]5ce1 9 degrees1 betwe5 ! arc1 & a quadrant1 or #ij degrees4 ,! tang5t ( an arc is a l9e t\*+ ! circle 9 "o extremity ( t arc1 cont9u$ f !nce to meet a l9e drawn f ! c5tre ?r\gh ! o!r extremity2 :i* la/ l9e is call$ ! secant ( ! same arc4 ,! cos9e1 cotang5t1 & cosecant ( an arc are ! s9e1 tang5t1 & secant ( ! complem5t ( t arc1 ! co be+ only a contraction ( ! ^w complem5t4 ,! s9e1 tang5t1 or secant ( an angle is ! s9e1 tang5t1 or secant ( ! arc by :i* ! angle is measur$1 or ( ! degrees1 c41 9 ! same arc1 or angle4 ,vide also ,def9itions1 ,,practical ,,geometry4 ,!re are two ,me?ods ( resolv+ triangles1 or ! cases ( trigonometry--viz41 ,con/ruction1 & ,computation4 #a/ me?od4--,! triangle is con/ruct$ by mak+ ! sides f a scale ( equal p>ts1 & lay+ d[n ! angles f ! protractor4 ,!n1 by measur+ ! unkn[n p>ts by ! same scale1 ! solution w be obta9$4 #bnd me?od4--,hav+ /at$ ! t]ms ( ! proposition1 resolve x l any o!r proportion1 9 :i* a f\r? t]m is to be f\nd f ?ree giv5 t]ms1 by multiply+ ! second & ?ird t]ms toge!r1 & divid+ ! product by ! fir/4 ,note4--,e triangle has six p>ts--viz41 ?ree sides1 & ?ree angles2 &1 9 e case 9 trigonometry1 !re mu/ be giv5 ?ree ( ^! p>ts to f9d ! o!r ?ree4 ,also ( ! ?ree p>ts t are giv51 "o ( !m at lea/ mu/ be a side2 because1 ) ! same angles1 ! sides may be great]1 or less1 9 any proportion4 ,computation4 ,case #a4--,:5 a side & its opposite angle are two ( ! giv5 p>ts4 ,! sides ( any triangle hav+ ! same proportion to ea* o!r1 z ! s9es ( _! opposite angles2 !n-- ,z any "o side1 is to ! s9e ( its opposite angle2 s is any o!r side1 to ! s9e ( its opposite angle4 ,to f9d an angle1 beg9 ! proportion ) a side1 opposite to a giv5 angle2 &1 to f9d a side1 beg9 ) an angle opposite to a giv5 side4 ,case #b4--,:5 ! ?ree sides ( a triangle are giv51 to f9d ! angles4 ,let fall a p]p5dicul> f ! greate/ angle1 on ! opposite side1 or base1 divid+ x into two segm5ts2 & ! :ole triangle into two "r-angl$ triangles3 !n ! proportion w be-- ,z ! base or sum ( ! segm5ts1 is to ! sum ( ! o!r two sides2 s is ! diff]5ce ( ^? sides1 to ! diff]5ce ( ! segm5t ( ! bases3 !n add half ! diff]5ce ( ! segm5ts to ! half sum1 or ! half base1 = ! great] segm5t2 & subtract ! same = ! less segm5t4 ,h5ce1 9 ea* ( ! two "r-angl$ triangles1 !re w be kn[n two sides1 & ! "r angle opposite to "o ( !m1 consequ5tly ! o!r angle w be f\nd by ! me?od 9 ,case #a4 ,,useful ,,!orems1 ,,& ,,coroll>ies4 #a4 ,:5 "o l9e meets ano!r1 ! angles1 :i* x makes on ! same side ( ! o!r1 are toge!r equal to two "r angles4 #b4 ,all ! angles1 :i* c be made at any po9t 7by any numb] ( l9es71 on ! same side ( a "r l9e1 are1 :5 tak5 all toge!r1 equal to two "r angles3 &1 z all ! angles t c be made1 on ! o!r side ( ! l9e1 are also equal to two "r angles2 !re=e all ! angles t c be made q r\nd a po9t1 by any numb] ( l9es1 are equal to f\r "r angles4 ,h5ce also ! :ole circumf]5ce ( a circle1 be+ ! sum ( all ! angles t c be made ab\t ! c5tre1 is ! measure ( f\r "r angles4 #c4 ,:5 two l9es int]sect ea* o!r1 ! opposite angles are equal4 #d4 ,:5 "o side ( a triangle is produc$1 or ext5d$1 ! outw>d angle is equal to ! sum ( ! two inw>d opposite angles4 #e4 ,9 any triangle1 ! sum ( all ! ?ree angles is equal to two "r angles 7#ahj74 ,h5ce1 if "o angle ( a triangle be a "r angle1 ! sum ( ! o!r two angles w be equal to a "r angle 7#ij74 #f4 ,9 any quadrilat]al1 ! sum ( all ! f\r inw>d angles is equal to f\r "r angles4 #g4 ,9 any "r-angl$ triangle1 ! squ>e ( ! hypo!nuse 7or side opposite to ! "r angle7 is equal to ! sum ( ! squ>es ( ! o!r two sides4 ,!re=e1 to f9d ! hypo!nuse1 add toge!r ! squ>es ( ! o!r two sides1 & extract ! squ>e root ( t sum3 & to f9d "o ( ! o!r sides1 subtract f ! squ>e ( ! hypo!nuse ! squ>e ( ! o!r giv5 side1 & extract ! squ>e root ( ! rema9d] = ! side requir$4 ,or hypo!nuse 7base#b p]p5dicul>#b7 ,base 77hypo?4 p]p5d47 7hypo?4 - p]p5d477 ,p]p5dicul> 77hypo?4 base7 7hypo?4 - base477 ,,trigonometry1 ,,)\t ,,log>i?ms4#di 8,9 all ! m elaborate1 & ref9$ op]ations ( trigonometry1 x is n only desirable1 b necess>y to employ "s ( ! l>g] log>i?mic tables1 bo? to save "t1 & to ensure ! requisite accuracy 9 ! results4 ,b 9 ! m ord9>y op]ations1 z 9 ^? ( common survey+1 asc]ta9+ inaccessible heights1 & di/ances1 reconnoitr+1 c41 :]e x is n v usual to measure a di/ance ne>] ?an )9 ab\t its ?\s&? "p1 or to asc]ta9 an angle ne>] ?an )9 two or ?ree m9utes1 x is q a useless lab\r to aim at great] accuracy 9 a num]ical result4 ,:y compute ! l5g? ( a l9e to ! f\r?1 or fif? place ( decimals1 :5 x mu/ dep5d ^u ano!r l9e1 ^: accuracy _c be ensur$ beyond ! unit's place8 ,or1 :y compute an angle to seconds1 :5 ! in/rum5t employ$ does n ensure ! angles 9 ! data beyond ! ne>e/ m9ute8 ,9 ! foll[+ ,table are br\ght toge!r ! natural s9es1 & cos9es1 to e degree 9 ! quadrant1 & ?is table w be f\nd suffici5tly ext5sive1 & correct = ! v>i\s practical purposes above allud$ to4 ,! requisite proportions mu/1 x is true1 be work$ by multiplication1 & division1 in/ead ( by log>i?ms4 ,yet ?is by no means involves su* a disadvantage z might seem1 at fir/ sight4 ,= :5 ! measur$ l9es are express$ by ?ree1 or at mo/1 f\r figures1 ! multiplications1 & divisions are p]=m$ ne>ly z quick1 & 9 "s cases quick]1 ?an by log>i?ms4 ,!n z to accuracy1 ev5 9 cases :]e ! comput] w h to take proportional p>ts = ! m9utes ( a degree1 ! result may usually1 if n always1 be reli$ ^u to )9 ab\t a m9ute40 ,,trigonometric ,,ratios4 ,natural s9es1 & cos9es to e degree 9 ! quadrant1 radius be+ #ajjjjjj4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,deg4 ,s9es4 ,cos9es4 ,deg4 ,s9es4 ,cos9es4 ---------------------------------------- -------- #j #jjjjj #ajjjjj #ij #a #jagde #iiihe #hi #bf #dchcg #hihgi #fd #b #jcdij #iiici #hh #bg #decii #hiaja #fc #c #jebcd #iihfc #hg #bh #dfidg #hhbie #fb #d #jfigf #iigef #hf #bi #dhdha #hgdfb #fa #e #jhgaf #iifai #he #cj #ejjjj #hffjc #fj ---------------------------------------- ------------ #f #ajdec #iideb #hd #ca #eaejd #hegag #ei #g #abahg #iibee #hc #cb #ebiib #hdhje #eh #h #aciag #iijbg #hb #cc #eddfd #hchfg #eg #i #aefdc #ihgfi #ha #cd #eeiai #hbijd #ef #aj #agcfe #ihdha #hj #ce #egceh #haiae #ee ---------------------------------------- -------- #aa #aijha #ihafc #gi #cf #ehggh #hjijb #ed #ab #bjgia #ighae #gh #cg #fjaha #gihfc #ec #ac #bbdie #igdcg #gg #ch #faeff #ghhja #eb #ad #bdaib #igjcj #gf #ci #fbicb #gggae #ea #ae #behhb #ifeic #ge #dj #fdbgi #gffjd #ej ---------------------------------------- -------- #af #bgefd #ifabf #gd #da #fefjf #gedga #di #ag #bibcg #iefcj #gc #db #ffiac #gdcad #dh #ah #cjijb #ieajf #gb #dc #fhbjj #gcace #dg #ai #cbeeg #ideeb #ga #dd #fidff #gaicd #df #bj #cdbjb #icifi #gj #de #gjgaa #gjgaa #de ---------------------------------------- -------- #ba #cehcg #icceh #fi #bb #cgdfa #ibgah #fh #bc #cijgc #ibjej #fg #bd #djfgd #iacee #ff #be #dbbfb #ijfca #fe ---------------------------------------- -------- ,cos9es4 ,s9es4 ,deg4 ,cos9es4 ,s9es4 ,deg4 ---------------------------------------- -------- 8,! prec$+ table is s arrang$ t = angles n exce$+ #de degrees1 ! s9e1 & cos9e = any numb] ( degrees w be f\nd opposite to ! propos$ numb] 9 ! left h& column1 & 9 ! column "u ! appropriate ^w4 ,:5 ! numb] ( degrees 9 ! arc1 or angle1 exce$s #de degrees1 t numb] mu/ be f\nd 9 ! "r h& column1 & opposite to x 9 ! column indicat$ by ! appropriate ^w at ! bottom ( ! table4 ,?us1 ! s9e1 & cos9e ( #cf degrees are #ehggh & #hjijb respectively1 ! radius ( ! table be+ unity1 or #a4 ,! tak+ ( proportional p>ts = m9utes c only be done correctly 9 ^? p>ts ( ! table :]e ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! successive s9es1 c41 run pretty uni=mly4 ,suppose we want ! natural s9e ( #bj #af4 ,! s9e ( #ba degrees is #cehcg1 t ( #bj degrees is #cdbjb2 _! diff]5ce is #afce4 ,?is divid$ by #fj gives #bgbe = ! proportional "p due to #a m9ute1 & t aga9 multipli$ by #af gives #dcf = ! proportional "p = #af m9utes4 ,h5ce ! sum ( #cdbjb & #dcf1 or #cdfch1 is v ne>ly ! s9e ( #bj #af4 ,b ! op]ation may (t5 be contract$ by recollect+ t #aj m9utes are 1 #ae m9utes are 1 #dj m9utes are ( a degree1 & s on4 ,obs]ve1 also1 t = cos9es ! results ( ! op]ations = proportional p>ts are to be d$uct$ f ! value ( ! requir$ trigonometrical quantity 9 ! prec$+ degree40 ,,application ,,( ,,trigonometry1 ,,)\t ,,log>i?ms1 to ! det]m9ation ( ,heights1 & ,di/ances4 ,example #a4--;,hav+ measur$ a di/ance ( #bjj feet 9 a direct horizontal l9e f ! bottom ( a /eeple1 ! angle ( elevation ( its top1 tak5 at t di/ance1 0 f\nd to be #dg #cj1 f h5ce x is requir$ to f9d ! height ( ! /eeple8 ,by d$uct+ #dg #cj f #ij1 ! angle opposite ! giv5 side w be f\nd 7#db #cj74 ,!n by ,case #a4 ,,trigonometry3-- ,z s9e #db #cj 3 #bjj 33 s9e #dg #cj3 ,or #fgeef 3 #bjj 33 #gcgbc 3 #bjhb1 c41 height requir$4 ,by con/ruction-- ,! triangle is con/ruct$ by mak+ ! side f a scale ( equal p>ts1 & lay+ d[n ! angles f ! protractor4 ,!n by measur+ ! unkn[n p>ts by ! same scale1 ! solution w be obta9$4 ,example #b4--;,be+ on ! side ( a riv]1 & requir+ ! di/ance to a h\se on ! o!r side1 #bjj y>ds 7 measur$ 9 a /raight l9e by ! side ( ! riv]1 & at ea* end ( ?is base l9e ! angles ) ! h\se 7 #fh #b1 & #gc #ae--requir$ ! di/ance f ea* end ( ! base l9e to ! h\se8 ,! sum ( ! giv5 angles 7#fh #b #gc #ae7 subtract$ f #ahj w give ! ?ird angle 7#ch #dc74 ,!n by ,case #a4 ,,trigonometry3-- ,z s9e #ch #dc 3 #bjj 33 s9e #fh #b #fbedd 3 #bjj 33 #ibgci 3 #bife fir/ di/ance requir$4 ,z s9e #ch #dc 3 #bjj 33 s9e #gc #ae #fbedd 3 #bjj 33 #iegec 3 #cjfa second di/ance requir$4 ,simil>ly to ! prec$+ examples1 ,,heights1 ,,& ,,di/ances may be rapidly 7& = milit>y purposes1 suffici5tly accurately7 comput$ 9 ! field1 by means ( ! =ego+ trigonometrical table1 if prop] att5tion is paid to ! pr9ciples by :i* ! unkn[n angles ( triangles may be asc]ta9$3 a base l9e1 & requisite angle1 or angles1 hav+ be5 giv54 ,x w1 h[ev]1 be necess>y to use advantage\sly ! me?ods 9 ,cases #a1 #b 7vide ,trigonometry71 & also ! prop]ties 9 ! subsequ5t !orems1 & coroll>ies4#ej ,,table1 ,%[+ ! r$uction 9 feet1 & decimals ^u #ajj feet1 = ! foll[+ angles ( elevation1 & depression4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,angle4 ,r$uction4 ,angle4 ,r$uction4 ,angle4 ,r$uction4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- #c #j #ad #i #j #abb #ae #j #cdj #i #cj #ach #ae #cj #cfd #d #j #be #aj #j #aeb #af #j #chh #aj #cj #afh #af #cj #dab #e #j #ch #aa #j #ahd #ag #j #dcg #aa #cj #bja #ag #cj #dfc #f #j #ee #ab #j #bai #ah #j #dij #f #cj #fe #ab #cj #bcg #ah #cj #eag #g #j #gf #ac #j #bef #ai #j #edd #g #cj #hf #ac #cj #bgg #ai #cj #egd #h #j 4#ih #ad #j #big #bj #j #fjh #h #cj #aaj #ad #cj #cah #bj #cj #fcc ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,! r$uction = #ajj feet 7f ! above table7 multipli$ by ! numb] ( times #ajj feet measur$1 w give ! quantity to be subtract$ f ! measur$ l5g? ( an incl9ation1 to r$uce x to a horizontal position4 ,illu/ration3 ,survey+1 & ,reconnoitr+4 ,fig4 #a4 ,fig4 #b4 ,fig4 #c4 ,fig4 #d4 ,fig4 #e4 ,fig4 #f4 ,j4 ,w4 ,l[ry1 sc4 ,,table1 %[+ ! rate ( incl9ation ( incl9$ planes1 = ! foll[+ angles ( elevation4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,angle4 ,"o 9 ,angle4 ,"o 9 ,angle4 ,"o 9 ---------------------------------------- -------- #j #ae #bbh #c #cj #ag #g #j #h #j #cj #aad #c #de #af #g #cj #g #j #de #gf #d #j #ae #h #j #g #a #j #ef #d #ae #ad #i #j #f #a #ae #df #d #cj #ac #aj #j #f #a #cj #ch #d #de #ab #aa #j #e #a #de #cb #e #j #aa #ab #j #e #b #j #bh #e #ae #aa #ac #j #e #b #ae #bf #e #cj #aj #ad #j #d #b #cj #bc #e #de #aj #ae #j #d #b #de #ba #f #j #i #af #j #c #c #j #ai #f #cj #i #ag #j #c #c #ae #ah #f #de #h #ah #j #c ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,survey+1 ,,& ,,reconnoitr+4 ,,heights1 ,,& ,,di/ances4 ,! accurate det]m9ation ( heights1 & di/ances ( objects be+ requir$ 9 v>i\s milit>y op]ations1 especially = ! position ( batt]ies1 ! foll[+ me?ods = _! atta9m5t w be f\nd useful :5 ! requisite in/rum5ts are at h&2 by frequ5t practice1 ! eye %\ld1 h[ev]1 be enabl$ to det]m9e1 ne>ly1 ei!r ! height (1 or di/ance f any object4 ,,heights4 #a4--;,,by ,,means ,,( ,a 8,,pocket ,,sextant10 to asc]ta9 ! height ( an object4 ,:5 ! sextant is us$ = tak+ ! height ( objects1 x is to be held v]tically1 & ! quicksilv]$ "p ( ! horizon glass w be on ! left h& ( ! obs]v]1 or on ! left "p ( ! transp>5t glass4 ,altitudes are measur$ 9 ! same mann] z horizontal angles1 = if we conceive ! horizontal triangle ,a ,b ,c 7vide ,plate #b1 ,fig4 #b71 to be rais$ on its base ,a ,c ) ! angle ,c next to ! obs]v]1 !n ! p]p5dicul> ,a ,b becomes ! height ( ! object ,b2 & suppos+ ! object to /& on a horizontal plane1 !n ! gr\nd & ! object =m ! "r angle at ,a2 !re=e1 if ! object is accessible1 ! sextant ne$ only be set at any ( ! angles m5tion$ = di/ances 7vide ,art4 ,,di/ances71 & walk+ backw>d on ! l9e ,a ,c until ! top ( ! object is br\ght d[n to ! height ( ! obs]v]'s eye f ! gr\nd1 !n ! di/ance f :]e ! obs]v] /&s to ! object w be 9 ! same proportion to its height z ! base 0 to ! di/ance4 ,!n add ! height ( ! eye f ! gr\nd1 & ! height ( ! object w be asc]ta9$4 ,if ! object is n accessible1 ! angle mu/ be tak51 & calculat$ by trigonometry4 #b4--;,,by ,,means ,,( ,a ,,portable ,,b>omet]1 ,,& ,,!rmomet]1 to asc]ta9 ! height ( an object4 ,obs]ve ! altitude 7,b7 ( ! m]curial column 9 in*es1 t5?s1 & hundr$?s1 at ! bottom ( ! hill1 or o!r object1 ! height ( :i* is requir$4 ,obs]ve1 also1 ! altitude 7b7 ( ! m]curial column at ! top ( ! object4 ,obs]ve ! temp]ature on ,fahr5heit's !rmomet] at ! times ( ! two b>ometrical obs]vations1 & take ! mean betwe5 !m4 ,!n #eejjj 7,b - b7_/7,b b7 ! height ( ! hill 9 feet1 = ! temp]ature ( #ee degrees on ,fahr5heit4 ,add #a_/ddj ( ?is result = e degree :i* ! mean temp]ature exce$s #ee degrees1 & subtract z mu* = e degree bel[ #ee degrees4 ,?is w be a good approximation :5 ! height ( ! hill is bel[ #bjjj feet4 #c4--;,,by ,,means ,,( ,,! ,,reconnoitr+ ,,protractor1#ea to measure ! height ( an inaccessible object4 ,plate1 ,,survey+1 ,,& ,,reconnoitr+1 ,fig4 #a4 ,place y\rself at a conv5i5t di/ance f ! object ^: height is requir$1 tak+ c>e to h a good base l9e to ! second /ation4 ,hold ! protractor v]tically1 ) a /eady h&1 ! tube side upp]mo/1 & br+ ! top ( ! object 9 a l9e ) ! c5tre ( ! tube4 ,all[ ! arm 7or index7 to vibrate freely1 &1 :5 /eady1 note ! angul> height ( ! object 7%[n by ! edge ( ! index on ! m>g9al scale ( degrees74 ,by ! aid ( po9ts tak5 ?r\gh ! tube1 or by pickets1 !n pace1 or measure a base 9 a direct l9e f ! object2 &1 :5 arriv$ at ! second /ation1 aga9 note ! angul> height ( ! object4 ,con/ruction-- ,set (f ! angles1 & draw ! respective l9es1 :i*1 by _! int]section1 w det]m9e ! height ( ! p]p5dicul>1 to :i* ! height ( ! protractor above ! gr\nd mu/ be add$ = ! altitude ( ! object4 ,by us+ ! scale ( ! measur$ base l9e1 ! height requir$ w be asc]ta9$1 or x may be calculat$ by 8,,trigonometry1 ,,)\t ,,log>i?ms40--,page #cjc4 ,to measure ! height ( an accessible object4 ,plate1 ,,survey+1 ,,& ,,reconnoitr+1 ,fig4 #b4 ,at an appropriate di/ance f ! object1 take its angul> height & measure ! di/ance to its base4 ,con/ruction-- ,draw a l9e repres5t+ ?is di/ance1 at "o end ( :i* draw ano!r l9e at ! angle f\nd1 & at ! o!r erect a p]p5dicul>2 ! int]section ( ^! l9es w det]m9e ! altitude ( ! object4 ,to measure ! v]tical height ( a hill1 or m\nta94 ,fig4 #c1 ,plate1 ,,survey+1 ,,& ,,reconnoitr+4 ,f a /ation a %ort di/ance f ! hill1 take1 & note d[n its angul> height2 !n select a re> position = a base l9e1 us+ ! tube ( ! protractor to insure a /raight direction2 proce$ to ! requisite di/ance on ! base1 & aga9 note ! altitude ( ! hill4 ,con/ruction-- ,! int]section ( l9es drawn f ea* end ( ! base l9e1 at ! angles f\nd1 w det]m9e ! altitude2 ! p]p5dicul> height ( :i*1 add$ to t ( ! protractor above ! gr\nd1 w give ! altitude requir$4 ,to measure ! altitude ( a t[]1 c41 on a height4 ,fig4 #d1 ,plate1 ,,survey+1 ,,& ,,reconnoitr+4 ,f ! fir/ /ation1 ne> ! base1 take ! altitude ( ! hill1 & also t ( ! t[] above x1 & note d[n ^! angles2 proce$ to ano!r /ation 9 a /raight l9e ) ! =m] "o1 measur+ its l5g?1 & aga9 obs]ve ! angul> height ( ! hill1 & also t ( ! top ( ! t[]4 ,simil>ly to ! previ\sly describ$ mode1 asc]ta91 fir/1 ! height ( ! hill2 second1 ! height ( ! hill1 & t[]2 d$uct ! fir/ calculation f ! second1 :i* w leave ! height ( ! t[]4 ,9 all ! =ego+ cases ! heights may be correctly asc]ta9$ by trigonometrical calculations 7vide ,,trigonometry1 ,,)\t ,,log>i?ms1 page #cjc74 #d4--;,,by ,,! ,,%ad[ ,,( ,,! ,,object1 to asc]ta9 ! height4 ,set up v]tically a /aff ( kn[n l5g?1 & measure ! l5g? ( its %ad[ ^u a horizontal1 or o!r plane2 measure also ! l5g? ( ! %ad[ ( ! object ( :i* ! altitude is requir$4 ,!n1 by ! prop]ty ( simil> triangles1 ,z ! l5g? ( ! %ad[ ( ! /aff is to ! altitude ( ! /aff1 s is ! l5g? ( ! %ad[ ( ! object to ! altitude ( ! object4 #e4--,,:5 ,,!re ,,is ,,no ,,%ad[1 to asc]ta9 ! height4 ,place a /aff 7equal 9 l5g? to ! height ( ! obs]v]'s eye7 v]tically at su* a di/ance f ! foot ( ! requir$ altitude1 t ! obs]v]1 hav+ laid himself ^u 8 back1 ) 8 feet aga9/ ! bottom ( ! /ick1 may see ! top ( ! /aff1 & object 9 ! same l9e4 ,!n1 by simil> triangles1 ! height may be readily asc]ta9$4 #f4--;,,by ,,means ,,( ,,! ,,tang5t ,,scale ,,( ,a ,,gun1 to asc]ta9 ! height ( an object1 ! di/ance be+ kn[n4 ,lay ! gun = ! top ( ! object ! height ( :i* is requir$1 !n raise ! tang5t scale until ! top ( x1 & ! not* on ! muzzle are 9 l9e ) ! bottom ( ! object3 !n1 by simil> triangles1 ,z ! l5g? ( ! gun is to ! l5g? ( ! rais$ "p ( ! tang5t scale1 s is ! di/ance f ! gun to ! object1 to ! height requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #b4 ,,heights4 ,fig4 #a4 ,fig4 #b4 ,,di/ances4 ,fig4 #c4 ,fig4 #d4 ,fig4 #e4 ,,practical ,,geometry4 ,fig4 4 ,fig4 #ba4 ,fig4 #bb4 #g4--;,,by ,,means ,,( ,,two ,,pickets1 to asc]ta9 ! height ( an object4 ,vide #bnd ,plate1 ,,heights1 ,,& ,,di/ances1 ,fig4 #a4 ,let two pickets ,c ,d 7#d feet71 ,e ,f 7#f feet71 be plac$ ) _! bases 9 ! l9e ,c ,a pass+ ?r\gh ,a ! height requir$1 & move !m ne>] to1 or f>!r f ea* o!r1 until ! summit ,b ( ! object is se5 9 ! same l9e z ,d1 & ,f1 ! tops ( ! rods4 ,!n1 by ! pr9ciples ( simil> triangles1 ,z ,d ,h 7 ,c ,e7 3 ,f ,h 33 ,d ,g 7 ,c ,a7 3 ,b ,g4 ,to :i* add ,a ,g ,c ,d = ! :ole height ,a ,b4 ,?us1 suppos+ ,c ,e to be #f feet1 ,f ,h #b feet1 & ,c ,a #aej feet1 ! proportion w be1 ,z #f 3 #b 33 #aej 3 #ej feet4 ,!n #ej ,c ,d w be ! altitude requir$4 ,,di/ances4 #a4--;,,by ,,means ,,( ,,! ,,sextant1#eb to f9d ! di/ance f an object1 ^: height is kn[n4 ,let ,a ,b repres5t ! height ( ! object2 ,c y\r /ation2 & ,c ,b ! di/ance to be f\nd4 ,illu/ration3 7"r angle triangle ,a ,b ,c7 ,take ! angle ,b ,c ,a ) ! sextant1#eb & note x 9 m9utes2 !n ,a ,b1 9 feet #egc ,b ,c ,a1 9 m9utes ,a ,c 9 fa?oms4 ,or ,a ,b 9 feet #egc ,b ,c ,a1 9 m9utes #b ,a ,c 9 y>ds4 #egc is a con/ant multiple4 ,?is me?od requires no table ( s9es1 c41 ! numb] ( m9utes 9 ! angle be+ us$ in/ead ( ! s9e4 #b4--;,,by ,,means ,,( ,a ,,pocket ,,sextant1 to measure inaccessible di/ances4 ,:5 us$ = tak+ ! di/ance ( objects1 ! sextant is to be held horizontally1 & ! quicksilv]$ "p ( ! glass w be upp]mo/1 or above ! transp>5t "p4 ,to asc]ta9 ! di/ance ,a ,b 7vide ,plate #b1 ,fig4 #b71 obta91 by obs]vation1 ! direction ,a ,c p]p5dicul> to ,a ,b1 :i* is ?us p]=m$3--,set ! in/rum5t at #ij1 & place y\rself at ! po9t ,a1 ) y\r "r t[>ds ! po9t ,b2 !n look ?r\gh ! sextant1 & direct a picket to be plac$ 9 ! l9e ,a ,c at #ajj y>ds1 or feet1 f y1 s t ! po9t ,b w appe> "r above x4 ,!n set ! sextant at #de1 & walk along ! l9e t[>ds ,c until y br+ ! po9ts ,a1 & ,b to co9cide2 ! base & p]p5dicul> w !n be ( equal l5g?1 & ,a ,c be+ kn[n1 or measur$1 ! di/ance ,a ,b w also be asc]ta9$4 ,b if y _c walk f> en\gh to f9d angle ,c #de1 f9d x equal to #fc #bf1 & !n ,a ,c ,a ,b2 at #ga #cd ,a ,b2 at #ge #eh ,a ,b2 at #gh #da ,a ,b2 at #hj #cb ,a ,b2 at #hb #eb ,a ,b2 & at #hd #ag ! di/ance w be ,a ,b4 ,%\ld ! object be f> di/ant1 x w be necess>y to take a long base1 & ! side ,a ,b mu/ be calculat$1 !re=e1 by trigonometry4 #c4--;,,by ,,means ,,( ,,! ,,prismatic ,,compass1 to measure inaccessible di/ances4 ,hav+ fix$ ! in/rum5t to ! /&1 place x ov] ! /ation-po9t1 spread+ ! legs s z to give suffici5t firmness1 & obs]v+ t ! c>d is level en\gh to all[ x to play freely2 raise ! prism by means ( ! slide1 until ! divisions ( ! compass-c>d are di/9ctly se52 !n look ?r\gh ! slit1 & turn ! box r\nd until ! ?read bisects ! object ^: di/ance is requir$2 all[ ! c>d to settle1 & ! division on x1 :i* co9cides ) ! ?read ( ! vane1 w be ! azimu?1 or be>+ ( ! object1 reckon$ f ! nor?1 or s\? po9t ( ! ne$le1 :5 ! c>d is divid$ into twice #ahj degrees4 ,! angul> di/ance betwe5 any two objects w1 ( c\rse1 be ! diff]5ce ( _! be>+s2 ?us1 suppose "o to be> #ae ,n4,e41 & ! o!r #afe ,s4,e41 ! angul> di/ance betwe5 !m w be #aej4 ,9 milit>y sket*+1 ! compass is (t5 support$ m]ely by ! h&s1 us+ ! little spr+ to *eck ! vibrations ( ! c>d4 ,9 w9dy wea!r1 ! mean ( ^! vibrations mu/ be tak5 = ! be>+ s\ght4 ,! directions = survey+1 c41 c41 by means ( 8,! ,reconnoitr+ ,protractor10 apply simil>ly to ! 8,prismatic ,compass40 #d4--;,,by ,,means ,,( 8,,! ,,reconnoitr+ ,,protractor10 to asc]ta9 ! di/ance f inacessible objects4 ,plate1 ,,survey+1 ,,& ,,reconnoitr+1 ,fig4 #f4 ,select a good position = a base l9e2 fix ! protractor on ! tripod at ! fir/ /ation1 plac+ ! in/rum5t 9 a direct l9e betwe5 ! fir/ /ation & ! po9t select$ = ! second /ation4 ,direct ! index consecutively at ! objects1 ! relative di/ances ( :i* are to be asc]ta9$1 & note correctly _! respective angles4 ,:5 ! object is above ! horizontal l9e1 ! slid+-sight mu/ be suffici5tly rais$ to take its be>+2 &1 %\ld ! object be bel[ ! level ( ! protractor1 its angle may be tak5 by obs]vation ?r\gh ! upp] holes ( ! ne> sight2 or ! feet ( ! tripod may be adju/$1 by rais+1 or s9k+ !m 9 ! gr\nd1 s t ! index may be correctly direct$ to ! object4 ,!n proce$ to ! second /ation1 measur+1 or c>efully pac+ ! base l9e1 at ! end ( :i* fix ! protractor 9 a /raight l9e betwe5 ! two /ations2 direct ! index at ! objects previ\sly not$ at ! fir/ /ation1 tak+ _! respective angles z be=e4 ,con/ruction-- ,draw ! base ( ! l5g? requir$1 accord+ to ! scale2 f ea* end ( :i* set (f ! angles f\nd1 & draw ! l9es requir$2 ! int]section ( ^! w det]m9e ! position ( ! sev]al objects1 & _! relative di/ances may be asc]ta9$ by measurem5t on ! scale ( ! base l9e2 or !y may be calculat$ trigonometrically4 #e4--;,,by ,,means ,,( ,,two ,,pickets1 to asc]ta9 ! di/ance f an object4 ,take two pickets ( unequal l5g?s1 drive ! %orte/ into ! gr\nd1 say close to ! edge ( a riv]2 measure "s paces back f x1 & drive 9 ! o!r1 till y f9d1 by look+ ov] ! tops ( bo?1 t y\r sight cuts ! opposite bank4 ,pull up ! fir/ picket1 measure ! same di/ance f ! second 9 any direction ! mo/ horizontal1 & drive x z deep 9 ! gr\nd z be=e4 ,!n1 if y look ov] !m aga91 & obs]ve :]e ! l9e ( sight falls1 or t]m9ates1 y w h ! di/ance requir$4 ,?is me?od is only applicable to %ort di/ances4 #f4--,to asc]ta9 ! di/ance ( ! object ,a f ,b4 ,vide ,plate #b1 ,fig4 #c4 ,place a picket at ,b1 & ano!r at ,c at a few y>ds' di/ance1 mak+ ,a ,b ,c a "r angle1 or ,b ,c p]p5dicul> to ,a ,b4#ec ,divide ,b ,c into #d1 #e1 or any numb] ( equal p>ts1 make ano!r simil> angle at ,c 9 a direction f ! object1 & walk along ! l9e ,c ,d until y br+ y\rself 9 a l9e ) ! object ,a1 & any ( ! divisions 7say ,o7 ( ! l9e ,b ,c4 ,!n 7hav+ measur$ ,c ,d7 z ,c ,o 3 ,c ,d 33 ,b ,o 3 ,b ,a4 ,or1 z #aj 3 #ec 33 #cj 3 #aei y>ds4 #g4--,to f9d ! di/ance betwe5 two objects1 ,c1 & ,d4 ,vide ,plate #b1 ,fig4 #d4 ,f any po9t ,a1 tak5 9 ! l9e ,c ,d1 erect ! p]p5dicul> ,a ,e1 9 :i* set (f f ,a to ,e #dj y>ds1 set (f f ,e to ,g1 9 ! prolongation ( ,a ,e1 #aj y>ds1 at ,g raise ! p]p5dicul> ,g ,f1 & produce x t[>ds ,i1 plant pickets at ,e1 & ,g1 !n move ) ano!r picket on ,g ,f1 till ,f is 9 a l9e ) ,e1 & ,d2 & on ! prolongation ( ! p]p5dicul> ,f ,g place ano!r picket at ,i 9 ! l9e ) ,e1 & ,c3 measure ,f ,i 7#ed y>ds71 !n-- z ,g ,e 3 ,a ,e 33 ,f ,i 3 ,c ,d2 ,or1 z #aj 3 #dj 33 #ed 3 #baf y>ds4 #h4--,to f9d ! inaccessible l5g?1 ,a1 ,b1 ( ! front ( a =tification4 ,plate #b1 ,fig4 #e4 ,plant a picket at ,c1 f :5ce bo? po9ts may be se52 f9d ! l5g?s ,c ,a1 ,c ,b 7by ! me?od 9 ,no4 #e72 make ,c ,e "o-f\r?1 or any "p ( ,c ,b1 & make ,c ,d be> ! same proportion to ,c ,a3 measure ,d ,e2 !n z ,c ,d 3 ,d ,e 33 ,c ,a 3 ,a ,b4 ,ne>ly 9 ! same mann] ! di/ance f ,b to ,a may be asc]ta9$1 :5 ! po9t ,b is accessible2 = hav+ measur$ ! l9e ,c ,b1 & made ! angle ,c ,e ,d equal to ,c ,b ,a1 ! proportion w be z ,c ,e 3 ,d ,e 33 ,c ,b 3 ,b ,a4 #i4--;,,by ,,means ,,( ,,! ,,tang5t ,,scale ,,( ,a ,,gun1 to asc]ta9 ! di/ance1 ! height ( ! object at ! requir$ di/ance be+ kn[n4 ,lay ! gun by ! l9e ( metal = ! top ( ! object2 !n raise ! tang5t scale till ! top ( x & ! not* on ! muzzle are 9 l9e ) ! foot ( ! object1 & note :at l5g? ( scale is requir$4 ,!n1--by simil> triangles-- ,z ! l5g? ( ! rais$ "p ( ! tang5t scale is to ! l5g? ( ! gun2 s is ! height ( ! di/ant object to ! di/ance requir$4 ,?us1 suppos+ ! height ( ! object to be #i feet1 ! l5g? ( t "p ( ! tang5t scale :i* is rais$1 #c in*es1 & ( ! gun #f feet1 ! proportion w be-- ,z #c 3 #gb 33 #ajh 3 #beib in*es1 or #baf feet4 #aj4--;,,by ,,means ,,( ,,! ,,peak ,,( ,a ,,cap1 to measure ! bread? ( a riv]4 ,place y\rself at ! edge ( "o bank1 & l[] ! peak ( y\r cap till y f9d ! edge ( x cut ! o!r bank1 !n /eady y\r head by plac+ y\r h& "u y\r *91 & turn r\nd g5tly to "s level spot ( gr\nd on y\r side ( ! riv]1 & obs]ve :]e y\r eyes1 & ! edge ( ! peak aga9 meet ! gr\nd2 measure ! di/ance1 :i* w be ne>ly ! bread? ( ! riv]4 #aa4--;,,by ,,! ,,report ,,( ,,fire-,,arms1 ,,to ,,asc]ta9 ,,! ,,di/ance ,,( ,,any ,,object1 vide ,,s\nd1 page #caf4 ,to e/imate di/ances1 9 ! field4 ,good eyesight recognises masses ( troops at #agjj y>ds2 beyond ?is di/ance ! glitt] ( arms may be obs]v$4 ,at #acjj y>ds infantry may be di/+ui%$ f cavalry1 & ! movem5t ( troops may be se52 ! horses ( cavalry are n1 h[ev] q di/9ct1 b t ! m5 are on horseback is cle>4 ,a s+le individual deta*$ f ! re/ ( ! corps may be se5 at #ajjj y>ds1 b 8 head does n appe> z a r\nd ball until he has approa*$ up to #gjj y>ds2 at :i* di/ance :ite cross-belts1 & :ite tr\s]s may be se54 ,at #ejj y>ds ! face may be obs]v$ z a light col\r$ spot2 ! head1 body1 arms1 & _! movem5ts1 z well z ! uni=m1 & ! firelocks 7:5 bright b>rels7 c be made out4 ,at betwe5 #bjj & #bej y>ds all p>ts ( ! body are cle>ly visible1 ! details ( ! uni=m are tol]ably cle>1 & ! (fic]s may be di/+ui%$ f ! m54 ,vide 8,,unit$ ,,s]vice ,,magaz9e40--,no4 ,,cccxxxi4 ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,! ,,reconnoitr+ ,,protractor1 to trav]se roads4 ,plate1 ,,survey+1 ,,& ,,reconnoitr+1 ,fig4 #e4 ,fix ! protractor on ! tripod at ! fir/ /ation1 plac+ x s t ! side tube may be 9 a direct l9e ) ! int5d$ second /ation4 ,f ea* end ( ! tube obs]ve ! objects 9 sight 7or place pickets7 9 ord] to secure a /raight l9e 9 pac+1 or measur+1 f ! fir/ to ! second /ation4 ,m>k ! di/ance betwe5 ! /ations1 & place ! protractor1 by means ( ! tube1 9 a direct l9e ) ! fir/ /ation4 ,!n select ! ?ird /ation1 & direct ! arm or index correctly to x 7us+ ! upp] holes ( ! ne> sight = a declivity1 or rais+ ! slid+-sight = an asc5t72 note ! angle ?us f\nd1 & notice ! objects 9 front1 & re> 7if any1 if n1 place pickets7 = po9ts to enable y to pace t[>ds1 & "w ) accuracy at ! ?ird /ation4 ,select /ation #d1 place ! tube 9 l9e ) ! ?ird1 & second /ations2 note ! be>+ ( ,no4 #d1 & pace ! di/ance to x4 ,proce$ ?us f /ation to /ation1 ent]+ ! angles1 & di/ances 9 y\r note-book1 z well z ! (fsets 7:i* mu/ also be c>efully measur$7 f ! l9es tak51 until ! survey is complet$4 ,con/ruction-- ,! day's "w w be easily plott$ on pap]1 by sett+ (f ! angles f\nd1 & draw+ l9es = ! measur$ di/ances1 accord+ to scale4 ,,s\nd4 ,! movem5t communicat$ to ! p>ticles ( air by ! vibrations ( a sonor\s body is ! cause ( ! s5sation ( s\nd2 & x is because ! p>ticles are driv5 f ! po9t ( vibration 9 e direction1 z f a c5tre1 t ! s\nd is p]ceiv$ at once1 ev]y:]e )9 ! surface ( a sph]e ( a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,! velocity ( s\nd2 or ! space ?r\gh :i* x is propagat$ 9 a giv5 "t1 has be5 diff]5tly e/imat$ by au?ors :o h writt5 on ?is subject4 ,rob]val /ates x to be at ! rate ( #efj feet 9 a second2 ,gass5dus at #adgc2 ,m]s5ne at #adgd2 ,duhamel at #acch2 ,newton at #ifj2 ,d]ham1 9 ^: measure ,flam/e$ & ,halley acquiesce1 at #aadb4 ,by acc\nts 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 at ,p>is1 #agch1 :]e cannon 7 fir$ at v>i\s di/ances1 "u _m v>ieties ( wea!r1 w9d1 & o!r circum/ances1 & :]e ! measures ( ! diff]5t places _h be5 settl$ ) ! utmo/ exactness1 x 0 f\nd t s\nd 0 propagat$1 on a m$ium1 at ! rate ( #ajch ,fr5* feet 9 a second ( "t1 :i* is equival5t to #aajg ,engli% feet1 ! ,fr5* foot be+ 9 proportion to ! ,engli% z #ae to #af4 ,f v>i\s exp]im5ts made ) great c>e by ,dr4 ,o4 ,gregory1 x has be5 f\nd t s\nd flies ?r\gh ! air uni=mly at ! rate ( ab\t #aajj feet p] second1 :5 ! air is quiesc5t1 & at a m$ium temp]ature4 ,at ! temp]ature ( freez+1 or a little bel[1 ! velocity is ab\t #aabj4 ,! approximate velocities "u diff]5t temp]atures may be f\nd by add+ to #aajj half a foot = e degree on ,fahr5heit's !rmomet] above ! freez+ po9t4 ,! mean velocity may be tak5 at #cgj y>ds p] second1 or a mile 9 #d-g_/i second4 ,h5ce1 multiply+ any "t employ$ by s\nd 9 mov+ by #cgj1 w give ! correspond+ space 9 y>ds1 or divid+ any space 9 y>ds by #cgj w give ! "t :i* s\nd w occupy 9 pass+ uni=mly ov] t space4 ,if ! w9d bl[ briskly1 z at ! rate ( #bj to #fj feet p] second1 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! s\nd moves1 ! velocity ( ! s\nd w be proportionally augm5t$2 if ! direction ( ! w9d is oppos$ to t ( ! s\nd1 ! diff]5ce ( _! velocities mu/ be employ$4 ,! velocity ( s\nd is n affect$ by its int5sity1 ! smalle/ s\nd mov+ z rapidly z ! l\de/4 ,to asc]ta9 ! di/ance ( any object by ! report ( fire-arms4 7,vide #aa4 ,page #cad47 ,multiply ! numb] ( seconds :i* elapse betwe5 ! "t ( see+ ! fla%1 & he>+ ! report by #aajj1 & ! product w be ! di/ance 9 feet1 ) suffici5t accuracy = ord9>y purposes4 ,if great] accuracy be requir$1 ?is rule mu/ be modifi$1 on acc\nt ( ! velocity1 & direction ( ! w9d1 & /ate ( ! !rmomet]4 ,s\nd w be l\d] 9 proportion to ! cond5sation ( ! air4 ,wat] is "o ( ! greate/ conductors ( s\nd2 x c be he>d on wat] ne>ly twice z f> z ^u l&4 ,,gravity4 ,gravity is d[nw>d pressure1 or weight1 be+ ! natural t5d5cy ( all bodies t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! e>?4 7,vide ,gravity1 ,,motion1 ,,=ces4 ,page #cbj47 ,absolute gravity d5otes ! :ole =ce ) :i* a body t5ds d[nw>ds1 z :5 ! body is 9 empty space4 ,specific gravity d5otes ! relative or comp>ative gravity ( any body1 9 respect to t ( ano!r body ( equal bulk1 or magnitude4 ,c5tre ( gravity is t po9t 9 a body1 or sy/em ( bodies1 on :i*1 if re/$1 or susp5d$1 ! :ole w\ld rema9 9 a /ate ( equilibrium ab\t t po9t4 ,! c5tre ( gravity ( a circle1 regul> polygon1 prism1 cyl9d]1 or sph]e1 is 9 its c5tre4 ,! c5tre ( gravity ( a triangle is f\nd by bisect+ any two ( its sides1 & draw+ l9es f ! po9ts ( bisection to ! opposite angles2 ! int]section ( ^! l9es w be ! c5tre ( gravity4 ,=ce ( gravity1 or gravitation1 is an accel]at$ velocity1 :i* bodies acquire 9 fall+ freely f a /ate ( re/4 #a4 ,! space ?r\gh :i* a body w fall 9 feet1 9 any giv5 "t equals ! product ( ! squ>e ( ! "t multipli$ by #afjhcc4 ,example4--,requir$ ! space a fall+ body w pass ?r\gh 9 five seconds8 #afjhcc #be #dabjhbe feet4 #b4 ,! velocity 9 feet1 :i* a body 9 desc5d+ freely w acquire 9 a giv5 "t1 equals ! product ( ! "t 9 seconds multipli$ by #cbafff4 ,example4--,:at is ! velocity acquir$ at ! end ( sev5 seconds8 #cbafff #g #bbeaffb feet4 #c4 ,! velocity 9 feet p] second t a body w acquire1 9 fall+ ?r\gh a giv5 space1 equals ! squ>e root ( ! product ( ! "t multipli$ by #fdcccc4 ,example4--,! space ?r\gh :i* a body has fall5 is #bja feet2 requir$ its velocity at ! end ( ! fall8 7#fdcccc #bja7 7#abica7 #aacg feet4 ,,specific ,,gravities ,,( ,,sev]al ,,solid1 ,,& ,,fluid ,,bodies4 ,air1#ed 9 a mean /ate #abcb ,brass1 ca/ #hjjj ,brick #bjjj ,coal#ed #abej ,copp] #ijjj ,cork #bdj ,clay #bafj ,e>?1 common #aihd ,fl9t #begj ,gold1 /&>d #ahhhh ,gun metal #hghd ,gunp[d]--solid #agde 0 loose #hfh ,granite #cjjj ,iron1 ca/ #gdbe ,lead #aacbe ,pit* #aaej ,s&#ed #aebj ,silv]1 /&>d #ajece ,/eel #ghej ,/one1 common #bebj ,t9 #gcbj ,wat]1 ra9 #ajjj #ed sea #ajcj ,wood--ald] #hjj a%1 ! trunk #hde bee* #heb elm1 & l>* #edj fir1 ,riga1 maple #gej p9e1 pit* r$ #ffj oak #iej walnut #fga ,^! numb]s repres5t ! weight ( a cubic foot 7or #agbh cubic in*es7 ( ea* ( ! bodies 9 ounces 7avoirdupois74 ,to f9d ! magnitude ( any body f its weight4 ,z ! tabul> specific gravity ( ! body is to its weight 9 avoirdupois ounces2 s is "o cubic foot 7or #agbh cubic in*es7 to its cont5t 9 feet1 or in*es1 respectively4 ,to f9d ! weight ( a body1 f its magnitude4 ,z "o cubic foot 7#agbh cubic in*es7 is to ! cont5t ( ! body2 s is its tabul> specific gravity to ! weight ( ! body4 ,to f9d ! specific gravity ( a body4 #a4--,:5 ! body is heavi] ?an wat]4 ,weigh x bo? 9 wat]1 & out ( wat]1 & take ! diff]5ce3 ,!n1--,z ! weight lo/ 9 wat] is to ! :ole or absolute weight2 s is ! specific gravity ( wat] to ! specific gravity ( ! body4 #b4--,:5 ! body is light] ?an wat]1 s t x w n s9k1 annex to x ano!r body heavi] ?an wat]1 s t ! mass comp\nd$ ( ! two may s9k toge!r4 ,weigh ! d5s] body1 & ! comp\nd mass sep>ately1 bo? 9 wat]1 & out ( x2 !n f9d h[ mu* ea* loses 9 wat]1 by subtract+ its weight 9 wat] f its weight 9 air2 & subtract ! less ( ^! rema9d]s f ! great]4 ,!n1--,z ! la/ rema9d] is to ! weight ( ! light body 9 air2 s is ! specific gravity ( wat] to ! specific gravity ( ! body4 #c4--;,= a fluid ( any sort4 ,take a piece ( a body ( kn[n specific gravity1 weigh x bo? 91 & out ( ! fluid1 f9d+ ! loss ( weight by tak+ ! diff]5ce ( ! two3 ,!n1--,z ! :ole or absolute weight is to ! loss ( weight2 s is ! specific gravity ( ! solid to ! specific gravity ( ! fluid4 ,to f9d ! quantities ( two +r$i5ts 9 a giv5 comp\nd4 ,take ! ?ree diff]5ces ( e pair ( ! ?ree specific gravities1 namely1 ! specific gravities ( ! comp\nd1 & ea* +r$i5t1 & multiply ea* specific gravity by ! diff]5ce ( ! o!r two3 ,!n1--,z ! greate/ product is to ! :ole weight ( ! comp\nd2 s is ea* ( ! o!r two products to ! weights ( ! two +r$i5ts4 ,to f9d ! diamet] ( any small sph]e1 or globule1 ^: specific gravity is giv5 7or c be f\nd 9 ! ,table7 & weight kn[n4 ,divide its weight 9 gra9s by ! numb] express+ its specific gravity2 extract ! cube root ( ?is quoti5t1 & multiply x by #aifab = ! diamet]4 ,,weight ,,( ,a ,,cubic ,,foot ,,( ,,! ,,foll[+ ,,mat]ials1 9 p\nds4 ,a% #di ,bee* #dc ,bir* #di ,box #fj ,cork #ae ,elm #cf ,fir #cj ,mahogany1 ,spani% #ej ,p9e1 r$ #da ,teak #da ,walnut #da ,coke #df ,clay #abe ,e>?1 loose #ie ,gravel #abj ,granite #aff ,brick1 common #ih ,*alk #ade ,coal1 ,newca/le #gh ,antimony #dah ,brass1 ca/ #ebe ,copp] #ech ,gold1 pure #abjc ,iron1 ca/1 v>iable #ddd ,lead #gag ,silv]1 /&>d #fdd ,t9 #dee ,by means ( ! =ego+ table1 ! weight ( any quantity ( ! mat]ials specifi$ 79 cubic feet7 may readily be f\nd4 ,,motion1 ,,=ces1 c4 ,body is ! mass or quantity ( matt] 9 any mat]ial sub/ance1 & x is always proportional to its weight1 or gravity1 :atev] its figure may be4 ,d5sity is ! proportional weight1 or quantity ( matt] 9 any body4 ,velocity1 or cel]ity1 is an affection ( motion by :i* a body passes ov] a c]ta9 space 9 a c]ta9 "t4 ,mom5tum1 or quantity ( motion1 is ! p[]1 or =ce1 9 mov+ bodies4 ,=ce is a p[] ex]t$ on a body to move x1 or to /op x4 ,if ! =ce act con/antly1 x is a p]man5t =ce1 l pressure1 or ! =ce or gravity2 b if x act in/antane\sly1 or = an imp]ceptibly %ort "t1 x is call$ impulse1 or p]cussion1 l ! sm>t bl[ ( a hamm]4 ,a motive1 or mov+ =ce1 is ! p[] ( an ag5t to produce motion4 ,accel]ative1 or ret>dative =ce1 is t :i* affects ! velocity only1 or x is t by :i* ! velocity is accel]at$1 or ret>d$4 ,! *ange1 or alt]ation ( motion by any ext]nal =ce1 is always proportional to t =ce1 & 9 ! direction ( ! "r l9e 9 :i* x acts4 ,if a body be project$ 9 free space1 ei!r p>allel to ! horizon1 or 9 an oblique direction1 by ! =ce ( gunp[d]1 or any o!r impulse3 x w1 by ?is motion1 9 conjunction ) ! action ( gravity1 describe ! curve l9e ( a p>abola4 ,a p>abola is ! section =m$ by cutt+ a cone1 ) a plane1 p>allel to ! side ( ! cone4 ,gravity 7vide page #caf7 is a =ce ( su* a nature t all bodies1 :e!r light or heavy1 fall p]p5dicul>ly ?r\gh equal spaces 9 ! same "t1 ab/ract+ ! resi/ance ( ! air2 z lead1 & a fea!r1 :i*1 9 an exhau/$ receiv]1 fall f ! top to ! bottom 9 ! same "t4 ,! velocities acquir$ by desc5d+1 are 9 ! exact proportion ( ! times ( desc5t1 & ! spaces desc5d$ are proportional to ! squ>es ( ! times1 &1 !re=e1 to ! squ>es ( ! velocities4 ,h5ce1 !n1 x foll[s t ! weights1 or gravities ( bodies ne> ! surface ( ! e>? are proportional to ! quantities ( matt] conta9$ 9 !m2 & t ! spaces1 times1 & velocities g5]at$ by gravity1 h ! relations conta9$ 9 ! ?ree g5]al proportions be=e laid d[n4 ,a body 9 ! latitude ( ,london falls ne>ly #af-a_/ab feet 9 ! fir/ second ( "t1 & consequ5tly1 at ! end ( t "t1 x has acquir$ a velocity d\ble1 or ( #cb feet4 ,! times be+ z ! velocities1 & ! spaces z ! squ>es ( ei!r2 !re=e1 if ! times be z ! ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj2 ! velocities w also be z #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj2 & ! spaces z _! squ>es #a1 #d1 #i1 #af1 #be1 #cf1 #di1 #fd1 #ha1 #ajj2 & ! spaces = ea* "t1 #a1 #c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 #aa1 #ac1 #ae1 #ag1 #ai4 ,namely1 z ! s]ies ( ! odd numb]s1 :i* are ! diff]5ces ( ! squ>es d5ot+ ! :ole spaces4 ,s t if ! fir/ s]ies ( natural numb]s be seconds ( "t1 namely3 ! times 9 seconds #a #b #c #d c4 ! velocities 9 feet w be #cb #fd #if #abh1 c4 ! spaces 9 ! :ole times #af-a_/ab #fd #add #beg1 c4 & ! space = ea* second #af-a_/ab #dh #hj-e_/ab #aab-g_/ab1 c4 ( :i* spaces ! common diff]5ce is #cb feet1 ! natural & obvi\s measure ( ! =ce ( gravity4 ,?us1 a body fall+ f a /ate ( re/ acquires a velocity to pass ?r\gh #i spaces 9 ! fif? second ( "t2 #g 9 ! f\r?2 #e 9 ! ?ird2 #c 9 ! second2 & #a 9 ! fir/4 ,?us x is #i #g #e #c #a #be1 :i* %[s t ! :ole spaces pass$ ?r\gh 9 #e seconds equal ! squ>e ( #e4 ,! mom5tum1 or =ce1 ( a body fall+ ?r\gh ! atmosph]e is ! mass or weight1 multipli$ by ! squ>e root ( ! height x has fall5 ?r\gh1 multipli$ by #hjba4 ,suppose a weight ( #aj tons to be rais$ #i feet1 & to drop !nce sudd5ly on a bridge2 ! mom5tum is #aj 7#c #hjba7 #bdjfc tons4 ,t is1 a weight ( #aj tons1 s fall+1 w\ld ex]t z great a /ra9 to break d[n ! bridge1 z ! pressure ( #bdjfc tons ( dead weight4 ,?us1 a "o-ounce ball fall+ f a height ( #djj feet1 w\ld /rike ! e>? ) a mom5tum ( oz4 feet4 oz4 lb4 #a 7#bj #hjba7 #afjdb #ajjbf4 ,by exp]im5ts to asc]ta9 ! effect ( ,c>not's v]tical fire1 x 0 f\nd t #d-oz4 balls only p5etrat$ #j ( an in* into deal bo>d1 & f #b to #c in*es into mead[ gr\nd4 ,amplitude signifies ! range ( a projectile1 or ! "r l9e ^u ! gr\nd1 subt5d+ ! curvil9e> pa? 9 :i* x moves4 ,! "t ( flight ( diff]5t %ot1 & %ells is equal to ! "t a heavy body takes to desc5d freely f ! highe/ po9t describ$ by ! curve ( ! projectile4 ,to f9d ! "t ( desc5t3 ,divide ! giv5 height1 or altitude1 by #af-a_/ab1 & ! squ>e root ( ! quoti5t w be ! "t requir$4 ,?us1 if ! altitude is #abjj feet1 & ! "t ( desc5t is requir$1 #abjj #af-a_/ab #gdfa1 ! squ>e root ( :i* is #hfcg1 ! "t requir$4 ,:5 a body is project$ v]tically d[nw>ds ) a giv5 velocity1 ! space describ$ is equal to ! "t multipli$ by ! velocity1 toge!r ) ! product ( #af-a_/ab by ! squ>e ( ! "t2 b1 if ! body is project$ upw>ds1 ! latt] product mu/ be subtract$ f ! =m]4 ,,practical ,,geometry4 ,,def9itions4#ee ,a l9e is p]p5dicul> to ano!r :5 x incl9es n m on ! "o side ?an on ! o!r1 ! angles on bo? sides be+ equal4 ,p>allel l9es are ^? :i* h no incl9ation to ea* o!r1 be+ ev]y:]e equi-di/ant1 h[ev] f> produc$1 or ext5d$4 ,an angle is ! incl9ation1 or op5+ ( two l9es1 :i* meet 9 a po9t call$ ! v]tex1 or angul> po9t3 & ! two l9es are call$ ! legs1 or sides ( ! angle4 ,! measure ( an angle is e/imat$ by ! numb] ( degrees conta9$ 9 ! arc betwe5 its two legs4 ,a rectil9e> angle has its legs or sides1 "r1 or /raight l9es4 ,a curvil9e> angle has its legs curves4 ,a "r angle is =m$ by "o l9e p]p5dicul> to ano!r2 ! measure ( :i* is an arc ( #ij4 ,an acute angle is less ?an a "r angle1 or ?an #ij4 ,an obtuse angle is great] ?an a "r angle4 ,an oblique angle may be ei!r acute1 or obtuse4 ,! circumf]5ce1 or p]iph]y ( a circle is ! curv$ l9e :i* b\nds x1 be+ ev]y:]e equally di/ant f ! c5tre4 ,! circumf]5ce is suppos$ to be divid$ into #cfj degrees 7m>k$ ?us 72 ea* degree into #fj m9utes1 ea* m9ute 77 into #fj seconds 774 ,an arc is any "p ( ! circumf]5ce ( a circle4 ,a *ord1 or subt5se1 is a "r l9e jo9+ ! extremities ( an arc4 ,! radius ( a circle is a "r l9e drawn f ! c5tre to ! circumf]5ce4 ,! diamet] ( a circle is a "r l9e drawn ?r\gh ! c5tre1 & t]m9at$ by ! circumf]5ce4 ,a semicircle 7#ahj7 is t "p ( a circle :i* is conta9$ betwe5 ! diamet]1 & half ! circumf]5ce4 ,a quadrant is ! f\r? "p ( a circle1 be+ conta9$ betwe5 two radii1 & an arc ( #ij4 ,a segm5t is t "p ( a circle :i* is cut (f by a *ord4 ,a sector is t "p ( a circle conta9$ betwe5 two radii1 & an arc4 ,a secant is a l9e :i* cuts a circle1 ly+ p>tly )91 & p>tly )\t x4 ,a tang5t is a l9e :i* t\*es a circle1 or curve1 )\t cutt+ x4 ,! po9t ( contact is :]e a tang5t t\*es an arc4 ,triangles are figures hav+ ?ree sides1 & ?ree angles4 ,an equilat]al triangle has its ?ree sides equal4 ,an isosceles triangle has only two equal sides4 ,a scal5e triangle has all its sides unequal4 ,a rectangul>1 or "r-angl$ triangle has "o ( its angles a "r "o1 or #ij2 & ! squ>e ( ! side opposite ! "r angle is equal to ! sum ( ! squ>es ( ! sides conta9+ t angle2 h5ce a triangle1 hav+ its sides proportional to ! numb]s #c1 #d1 #e1 w be "r-angl$4 ,! hypo!nuse is ! side opposite ! "r angle 9 a rectangul> triangle4 ,an obtuse-angl$ triangle has "o ( its angles obtuse4 ,an acute-angl$ triangle has all its angles acute4 ,! ?ree angles ( any triangle1 tak5 toge!r1 are equal to two "r angles1 or #ahj4 ,! diff]5ce ( ! squ>es ( two sides ( a triangle is equal to ! product ( _! sum & diff]5ce4 ,! sides ( a triangle are proportional to ! s9es ( _! opposite angles4 ,quadrangles1 or quadrilat]als1 are plane figures b\nd$ by f\r "r l9es4 ,a squ>e is a quadrilat]al hav+ all its sides equal1 & all its angles "r angles4 ,! diagonal ( a squ>e is equal to ! squ>e root ( twice ! squ>e ( its sides3 & ! side ( ! squ>e is equal to ! squ>e root ( half ! squ>e ( its diagonal4 ,! diagonal is a "r l9e drawn across a quadrilat]al figure1 f "o angle to ano!r4 ,! sum ( ! squ>es ( ! two diagonals ( e p>allelogram is equal to ! sum ( ! squ>es ( ! f\r sides4 ,a p>allelogram is a quadrilat]al1 ^: opposite sides are p>allel4 ,a rectangle is a p>allelogram hav+ f\r "r angles4 ,a rhomboid is an oblique-angl$ p>allelogram4 ,a rhombus1 or loz5ge1 is a quadrilat]al1 ^: sides are all equal b its angles oblique4 ,a trapezium is a quadrilat]al1 :i* has none ( its sides p>allel to ea* o!r4 ,a trapezoid is a quadrilat]al1 :i* has only two ( its sides p>allel4 ,polygons are plane figures b\nd$ by m ?an f\r sides4 ,a regul> polygon has all its sides1 & angles equal4 ,! p]imet] ( a figure is ! sum ( all its sides4 ,to bisect--is to divide into two equal p>ts4 ,to trisect--is to divide into ?ree equal p>ts4 ,to inscribe--is to draw "o figure )9 ano!r1 s t all ! angles ( ! inn] figure t\* ei!r ! angles1 sides1 or planes ( ! ext]nal figure4 ,to circumscribe--is to draw a figure r\nd ano!r1 s t ei!r ! angles1 sides1 or planes ( ! circumscrib+ figure t\* all ! angles ( ! figure )9 x4 ,,l9es1 ,,angles1 ,,& ,,figures4 ,to divide a giv5 "r l9e into two equal p>ts4 ,f ! extremities ( ! l9e z c5tres1 & ) any op5+ 9 ! compasses1 great] ?an half ! giv5 l9e1 z a radius1 describe arcs int]sect+ ea* o!r above1 & bel[ ! giv5 l9e4 ,a l9e be+ drawn ?r\gh ^! int]sections w divide ! giv5 l9e into two equal p>ts4 ,an arc ( a circle is bisect$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,to bisect an angle4 ,f ! angul> po9t1 measure equal di/ances on ! two l9es 7=m+ ! angle71 & f ^! po9ts1 ) ! same di/ance z radius1 describe arcs int]sect+ ea* o!r4 ,a l9e drawn f _! int]sections to ! angul> po9t w bisect ! angle4 ,to erect a p]p5dicul>4 ,f ! po9t ,a set (f any l5g? #d times to ,c2 f ,a z a c5tre ) #c ( ^? p>ts describe an arc at ,b1 & f ,c ) #e ( !m cut ! arc at ,b4 ,draw ,a ,b1 :i* w be ! p]p5dicul> requir$4 ,any equimultiples ( ^! numb]s1 #c1 #d1 #e1 may be us$ = erect+ a p]p5dicul>4 ,plate #b1 ,,heights ,,& ,,di/ances1 & ,,practical ,,geometry1 ,fig4 4 ,to erect a p]p5dicul>4 ,set (f on ea* side ( ! po9t ,a1 any two equal di/ances1 ,a ,d1 ,a ,e4 ,f ,d & ,e z c5tres1 & ) any radius great] ?an half ,d ,e1 describe two arcs int]sect+ ea* o!r 9 ,f4 ,?r\gh ,a1 & ,f draw ! l9e ,a ,f1 & x w be ! p]p5dicul> requir$4 ,fig4 #a4--,plate1 ,,practical ,,geometry4 ,to let fall a p]p5dicul>4 ,f ,d z a c5tre1 & ) any radius1 describe an arc int]sect+ ! giv5 l9e4 ,f ! po9ts ( int]section ,c1 & ,e1 ) any radius great] ?an half1 describe two arcs1 cutt+ ea* o!r at ,f4 ,?r\gh ,d1 & ,f draw a l9e1 & ,d ,f w be ! p]p5dicul> requir$4 ,fig4 #b4 ,to draw a l9e p>allel to a giv5 l9e4 ,f any po9t ,d 9 ! giv5 l9e ) ! radius ,d ,c1 describe ! arc ,c ,e1 & f ,c ) ! same radius describe ! arc ,d ,f4 ,take ,e ,c1 & set x (f f ,d to ,f4 ,?r\gh ,c1 & ,f draw ,c ,f = ! p>allel requir$4 ,fig4 #c4 ,to divide an angle into two equal p>ts4 ,f ,b z a c5tre ) any radius describe an arc ,a ,c4 ,f ,a1 & ,c ) any radius describe arcs int]sect+ ea* o!r 9 ,d4 ,!n draw ,b ,d1 & x w bisect ! angle4 ,fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,practical ,,geometry4 ,fig4 #a-i4 ,illu/ration3,fig4 #aj-ad4 ,to divide a "r angle into ?ree equal p>ts4 ,f ,b z a c5tre ) any radius describe ! arc ,a ,c4 ,f ,a ) ! radius ,a ,b cut ! arc ,a ,c 9 ,d1 & ) ! same radius f ,c cut x 9 ,e4 ,!n ?r\gh ! int]sections ,d1 & ,e draw ! l9es ,b ,d1 ,b ,e1 & !y w trisect1 or divide ! angle into ?ree equal p>ts4 ,fig4 #e4 ,to f9d ! c5tre ( a circle4 ,draw any *ord ,a ,b1 & bisect x by ! p]p5dicul> ,c ,d4 ,divide ,c ,d into two equal p>ts1 & ! po9t ( bisection ,o w be ! c5tre requir$4 ,fig4 #f4 ,to describe an equilat]al triangle4 ,f ! po9ts ,a1 ,b1 z c5tres1 & ) ,a ,b z radius1 describe arcs int]sect+ ea* o!r 9 ,c4 ,draw ,c ,a1 ,c ,b1 & ! figure ,a ,b ,c w be ! triangle requir$4 ,fig4 #g4 ,to describe a squ>e4 ,f ! po9t ,b1 draw ,b ,c p]p5dicul>1 & equal to ,a ,b4 ,on ,a1 & ,c1 ) ! radius ,a ,b1 describe arcs cutt+ ea* o!r 9 ,d4 ,draw ! l9es ,d ,a1 ,d ,c1 & ! figure ,a ,b ,c ,d w be ! squ>e requir$4 ,fig4 #h4 ,to inscribe a squ>e 9 a circle4 ,draw ! diamet]s ,a ,b1 ,c ,d p]p5dicul> to ea* o!r4 ,!n draw ! l9es ,a ,d1 ,a ,c1 ,b ,d1 ,b ,c2 & ,a ,b ,c ,d w be ! squ>e requir$4 ,fig4 #i4 ,to inscribe an octagon 9 a circle4 ,bisect any two arcs ,a ,c1 ,b ,c ( ! squ>e ,a ,b ,c ,d 9 ,g1 & ,e4 ,?r\gh ! po9ts ,g1 & ,e1 & ! c5tre ,o draw l9es1 :i* produce to ,f1 & ,h4 ,jo9 ,a ,f1 ,f ,d1 ,d ,h1 c4 & !y w =m ! octagon requir$4 ,fig4 #i4 ,on a l9e to describe all ! sev]al polygons1 f ! hexagon to ! dodecagon4 ,bisect ,a ,b by ! p]p5dicul> ,c ,d4 ,f ,a z a c5tre1 & ) ,a ,b z a radius1 describe ! arc ,b ,e1 :i* divide into six equal p>ts2 & f ,e z a c5tre describe ! arcs #e ,f1 #d ,g1 #c ,h1 c4 ,!n f ! int]section ,e z a c5tre1 & ) ,e ,a z a radius1 describe ! circle ,a ,i ,d ,b1 :i* w conta9 ,a ,b six times4 ,f ,f 9 l mann] z a c5tre1 & ) ,f ,a z radius1 describe ! circle ,a ,k ,l ,b1 :i* w conta9 ,a ,b sev5 times2 & s on = ! o!r polygons4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,to inscribe 9 a circle an equilat]al triangle4 ,f any po9t ,d 9 ! circumf]5ce z a c5tre1 & ) ! radius ,d ,o ( ! giv5 circle1 describe an arc ,a ,o ,b cutt+ ! circumf]5ce 9 ,a1 & ,b4 ,?r\gh ,d1 & ,o draw ,d ,c4 ,!n1 jo9 ,a ,b1 ,a ,c1 ,b ,c2 & ! figure ,a ,b ,c w be ! triangle requir$4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,to inscribe a hexagon 9 a circle4 ,bisect ! arcs ,a ,c1 ,b ,c 9 ,e1 & ,f1 & jo9 ,a ,d1 ,d ,b1 ,b ,f1 c41 :i* w =m ! hexagon4 ,or c>ry ! radius six times r\nd ! circumf]5ce1 & ! hexagon w be obta9$4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,to inscribe a dodecagon 9 a circle4 ,bisect ! arc ,a ,d ( ! hexagon 9 ,g1 & ,a ,g be+ c>ri$ twelve times r\nd ! circumf]5ce1 w =m ! dodecagon4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,to inscribe a p5tagon1 hexagon1 or decagon1 9 a circle4 ,draw ! diamet] ,a ,b1 & make ! radius ,d ,c p]p5dicul> to ,a ,b4 ,bisect ,d ,b 9 ,e4 ,f ,e z a c5tre1 & ) ,e ,c z radius1 describe an arc cutt+ ,a ,d 9 ,f4 ,jo9 ,c ,f1 :i* w be ! side ( ! p5tagon1 ,c ,d t ( ! hexagon1 & ,d ,f t ( ! decagon4 ,fig4 #ab4 ,to f9d ! angles at ! c5tre1 & circumf]5ce ( a regul> polygon4 ,divide #cfj by ! numb] ( ! sides ( ! giv5 polygon1 & ! quoti5t w be ! angle at ! c5tre2 & ?is angle be+ subtract$ f #ahj1 ! diff]5ce w be ! angle1 at ! circumf]5ce1 requir$4 ,table1 %[+ ! angles at ! c5tre1 & circumf]5ce4 ,names4 ,no4 ( ,angles ,angles at sides4 at c5tre4 circumf]5ce4 ,trigon #c #abj #fj ,tetragon #d #ij #ij ,p5tagon #e #gb #ajh ,hexagon #f #fj #abj ,heptagon #g #ea #be-e_/g #abh #cd-b_/g ,octagon #h #de #ace ,nonagon #i #dj #adj ,decagon #aj #cf #add ,to inscribe any regul> polygon 9 a circle4 ,f ! c5tre ,c draw ! radii ,c ,a1 ,c ,b1 mak+ an angle equal to t at ! c5tre ( ! propos$ polygon1 z conta9$ 9 ! prec$+ table4 ,!n ! di/ance ,a ,b w be "o side ( ! polygon1 :i*1 be+ c>ri$ r\nd ! circumf]5ce ! prop] numb] ( times1 w complete ! polygon requir$4 ,fig4 #ac4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae-bj4 ,to circumscribe a circle ab\t a triangle4 ,bisect any two ( ! giv5 sides1 ,a ,b1 ,b ,c by ! p]p5dicul>s ,e ,f1 ,d ,f4 ,f ! int]section ,f z a c5tre1 & ) ! di/ance ( any ( ! angles1 z a radius1 describe ! circle requir$4 ,fig4 #ad4 ,to circumscribe a circle ab\t a squ>e4 ,draw ! two diagonals ,a ,c1 ,b ,d int]sect+ ea* o!r 9 ,o4 ,f ,o z a c5tre1 & ) ,o ,a1 or ,o ,b1 z a radius1 describe ! requir$ circle4 ,fig4 #ae4 ,to circumscribe a squ>e ab\t a circle4 ,draw ! two diamet]s ,a ,b1 ,c ,d p]p5dicul> to ea* o!r1 ?r\gh ! po9ts ,a1 ,c1 ,b1 ,d1 draw ! tang5ts ,e ,f1 ,e ,g1 ,g ,h1 ,f ,h1 & ,e ,g ,h ,f w be ! squ>e requir$4 ,fig4 #af4 ,to r$uce a map1 or plan1 f "o scale to ano!r4 ,divide ! giv5 figure ,a ,c by cross l9es1 =m+ z _m squ>es z may be ?\ght necess>y4 ,draw a l9e ,e ,f1 on :i* set (f z _m p>ts f ! scale ,m1 z ,a ,b conta9s p>ts ( ! scale ,n4 ,draw ,e ,h1 & ,f ,g p]p5dicul> to ,e ,f1 & ea* equal to ! proportional p>ts conta9$ 9 ,a ,d1 or ,b ,c4 ,jo9 ,h ,g1 & divide ! figure ,e ,g into ! same numb] ( squ>es z ! orig9al ,a ,c4 ,describe 9 e squ>e :at is conta9$ 9 ! correspond+ squ>e ( ! giv5 figure2 & ,e ,f ,g ,h w be ! r$uc$ plan requir$4 ,! same op]ation w s]ve ei!r to r$uce1 or enl>ge any map1 plan1 draw+1 or pa9t+4 ,fig4 #ag4 ,,m5suration ,,( ,,planes1 ,,& ,,solids4 ,m5suration is ( ?ree k9ds1 viz41 l9eal1 sup]ficial1 & solid4 ,l9eal measure has ref]5ce to l5g? only4 ,sup]ficial measure 7or ! surface7 includes l5g?1 & bread?4 ,solid measure 7or ! cont5t7 compreh5ds l5g?1 bread?1 & ?ickness4 ,,m5suration ,,( ,,planes4 ,! area ( any plane figure is ! sup]ficial measure conta9$ )9 its extremes1 or b\nds4 ,?is area is e/imat$ by ! numb] ( small squ>es t may be conta9$ 9 x1 ! side ( ^! measur+ squ>es be+ an in*1 a foot1 or any o!r fix$ quantity1 & h5ce ! area is said to be s _m squ>e in*es1 squ>e feet1 c4 ,vide ,table1 ,squ>e measure4 ,page #bge4 ,to f9d ! area ( a p>allelogram1 :e!r a squ>e1 rectangle1 c4 ,multiply ! l5g? by ! bread?1 or p]p5dicul> height1 = ! area requir$4 ,example4--,requir$ ! area ( a rectangle1 ^: l5g? is #i feet1 & bread? #d feet4 #i #d #cf feet4 ,! requir$ area1 or surface4 ,to f9d ! area ( a triangle1 its base1 & p]p5dicul> height be+ giv54 ,multiply ! base by ! p]p5dicul> height1 & half ! product w be ! area4 ,example4--,requir$ ! numb] ( squ>e y>ds conta9$ 9 a triangle1 ^: base is #bj y>ds1 & p]p5dicul> height #ad y>ds4 7#bj #ad7 _/ #b #adj squ>e y>ds4 ,area requir$4 ,to f9d ! area ( a triangle1 ^: ?ree sides are giv54 ,f half ! sum ( ! ?ree sides1 subtract ea* side sev]ally2 multiply ! half sum1 & ! ?ree rema9d]s toge!r1 & ! squ>e root ( ! product w be ! area requir$4 ,example4--,requir$ ! area ( a triangle1 ^: sides are #ej1 #dj1 & #cj feet4 7#ej #dj #cj7 _/ #b #fj1 half ! sum ( ! ?ree sides4 #fj - #cj #cj ,fir/ diff]5ce4 #fj - #dj #bj ,second diff]5ce4 #fj - #ej #aj ,?ird diff]5ce4 #cj #bj #aj #fj #cfjjjj4 ,squ>e root ( #cfjjjj #fjj4 ,area requir$4 ,two sides ( a "r-angl$ triangle be+ giv51 to f9d ! ?ird side4 #a4 ,:5 ! two sides =m+ ! "r angle are giv51 to f9d ! hypo!nuse1 or side opposite ! "r angle4 ,take ! squ>e root ( ! sum ( ! two sides squ>$ = ! side requir$4 ,example4--,requir$ ! l5g? ( ! int]ior slope ( a ramp>t1 ^: p]p5dicul> height is #ag feet1 & ! base ( ! slope #bj feet4 #ag #ag #bhi #bj #bj #djj ----- ,! squ>e root ( #fhi #bfbd4 ,! l5g? requir$4 #b4 ,:5 ! hypo!nuse1 & "o ( ! p]p5dicul> sides are giv54 ,f ! squ>e ( ! hypo!nuse1 subtract ! squ>e ( ! giv5 side1 & ! squ>e root ( ! rema9d] w be ! side requir$4 ,example4--,! hypo!nuse be+ #e y>ds1 & ! base #d y>ds1 requir$ ! o!r side4 #e #e #be #d #d #af ------------ ,! squ>e root ( #i #c y>ds4 ,! side requir$4 ,to f9d ! area ( a trapezium1 ,a ,b ,c ,d4 ,draw ! diagonal ,a ,c1 ^u :i* let fall f its opposite angles ,b1 & ,d1 ! p]p5dicul>s ,b ,f1 ,d ,e4 ,f9d by measurem5t ! diagonal ,a ,c1 & ! p]p5dicul>s ,b ,f1 ,d ,e1 !n multiply ! sum ( ! p]p5dicul>s by ! diagonal1 & half ! product w be ! area ( ! trapezium4 ,fig4 #ah4 ,example4--,requir$ ! area ( ! trapezium1 ^: diagonal ,a ,c is #ajj feet1 & p]p5dicul>s ,b ,f #cj feet1 & ,d ,e #dj feet4 77#cj #dj7 #ajj7 _/ #b #cejj squ>e feet4 ,area requir$4 ,or1 divide ! trapezium into two triangles by a diagonal1 !n f9d ! areas ( ^! triangles1 & add !m toge!r4 ,to f9d ! area ( a trapezoid1 ,a ,b ,c ,d4 ,multiply ! sum ( ! p>allel sides ,a ,b1 ,d ,c by ! p]p5dicul> di/ance ,e ,c1 & half ! product w be ! area4 ,fig4 #ai4 ,example4--,requir$ ! area ( ! trapezoid ,a ,b ,c ,d1 ( :i* ! p>allel sides ,a ,b1 ,d ,c are #abj feet1 & #ij feet1 & ! p]p5dicul> di/ance ,e ,c #dj feet4 77#abj #ij7 #dj7 _/ #b #dbjj squ>e feet4 ,area requir$4 ,to f9d ! area ( an irregul> figure1 or polygon4 ,draw diagonals divid+ ! figure into trapeziums1 & triangles2 !n1 hav+ f\nd ! area ( ea*1 add !m toge!r1 & ! sum w be ! area requir$4 ,to f9d ! area ( a figure1 hav+ a "p b\nd$ by a curve4 ,draw a "r l9e jo9+ ! extremities ( ! curve1 !n f9d ! area ( ! trapezium4 ,on ! "r l9e let fall z _m p]p5dicul>s z ! sev]al w9d+s ( ! curve may require4 ,f9d _! l5g?s1 & divide _! sum by ! numb] ( p]p5dicul>s1 & ! quoti5t w be ! mean bread?2 :i* be+ multipli$ by ! l5g? ( ! "r l9e1 w give ! area ( ! curv$ "p4 ,?is area be+ add$ to t ( ! trapezium w give ! area ( ! requir$ figure4 ,to measure long irregul> figures4 ,measure ! bread? at bo? ends1 & at sev]al places at equal di/ances4 ,add toge!r all ^! int]m$iate bread?s1 & half ! two extremes1 :i* sum multiply by ! l5g?1 & divide by ! numb] ( p>ts = ! area4 ,if ! p]p5dicul>s1 or bread?s1 be n at equal di/ances1 compute all ! p>ts sep>ately1 z s _m trapezoids1 & add !m all toge!r = ! :ole area4 ,example4--,! bread?s ( an irregul> figure at five equi-di/ant places be+ #h1 #b1 #g1 #i1 #d1 & ! :ole l5g? #dj1 requir$ ! area4 #h #d #ab #ab #b #f #f #b #g #i #bd 7#bd #dj7 _/ #d #bdj4 ,area requir$4 ,to f9d ! numb] ( squ>e acres 9 any ( ! prec$+ figures4#ef ,divide ! sup]ficial cont5t 9 feet by #dcefj1 & ! quoti5t w be ! numb] requir$4 ,to br+ squ>e *a9s to acres4 ,( squ>e *a9s /rike (f two decimal places to ! "r1 & ! re/ ( ! figures w be acres4 ,to br+ squ>e l9ks to acres4 ,( squ>e l9ks cut (f five ( ! figures on ! "r h&1 = decimals1 & ! re/ w be acres2 !n multiply ^! decimals by #d1 = roods1 cutt+ (f five figures z be=e2 & ! decimals ( ^! aga9 by #dj1 = p]*es1 :5 five figures are aga9 to be /ruck (f4 ,to f9d ! area ( a regul> polygon4 ,multiply ! p]imet] 7or sum ( ! sides7 ( ! polygon by ! p]p5dicul> drawn f its c5tre on "o ( its sides1 & take half ! product = ! area4 ,or1 multiply ! area ( "o ( ! triangles by ! numb] ( sides ( ! polygon1 & ! product w be ! area ( x4 ,example4--,requir$1 ! area ( a regul> hexagon1 ^: side is #dj feet1 & ! p]p5dicul> #cdfd feet4 #dj #f #bdj ! p]imet]4 7#bdj #cdfd7 _/ #b #daefh squ>e feet4 ,area requir$4 ,to f9d ! diamet]1 & circumf]5ce ( any circle1 ! "o f ! o!r4 ,use ei!r ( ! foll[+ proportions3 z #g is to #bb s is ! diamet] or z #a is to #cadaf to ! circumf]5ce4 z #bb is to #g s is ! circumf]5ce or1 z #cadaf is to #a to ! diamet]4 or1 in/ead ( divid+ ! diamet] by #cadaf1 multiply x by #cahc1 = ! circumf]5ce4 ,example #a4--,requir$1 ! circumf]5ce ( a circle1 ^: diamet] is #bj feet4 ,z #g 3 #bb 33 #bj 3 #fbheg feet4 ,circumf]5ce requir$4 ,example #b4--,requir$1 ! diamet] ( a circle1 ^: circumf]5ce is #cf in*es4 ,z #bb 3 #g 33 #cf 3 #aade in*es4 ,diamet] requir$4 ,to f9d ! diamet] ( a circle1 ! area be+ giv54 ,divide ! area by #ghed1 & ! squ>e root ( ! quoti5t w be ! diamet] requir$4 ,example4--,requir$1 ! diamet] ( a circle1 ^: area is #agfgae squ>e feet4 #agfgae #ghed #bbe4 ,squ>e root ( #bbe #ae feet4 ,diamet] requir$4 ,to f9d ! area ( a circle4 #a4 ,multiply half ! circumf]5ce by half ! diamet]1 or multiply ! :ole circumf]5ce by ! :ole diamet]1 & take ( ! product4 #b4 ,or1 squ>e ! diamet]1 & multiply t squ>e by #ghed = ! area4 #c4 ,or1 squ>e ! circumf]5ce1 & multiply t squ>e by #jgieh4 ,example #a4--,requir$ ! area ( a circle1 ^: circumf]5ce is #eeedh in*es1 & its diamet] #ah in*es4 #eeedh _/ #b #bgggd half circumf]5ce4 #ah _/ #b #i half diamet]4 #bgggd #i #bdiiff1 squ>e in*es4 ,area requir$4 ,example #b4--,requir$ ! area ( a circle ^: diamet] is #ab feet4 #ab #ab #add1 squ>e ( ! diamet]4 #ghed #add #aacjigf squ>e feet4 ,area requir$4 ,example #c4--,requir$ ! area ( a circle1 ^: circumf]5ce is #bb feet4 #bb #bb #dhd4 #dhd #jgieh #cheafgb squ>e feet4 ,area requir$4 ,to f9d ! area ( a circul> r+1 or space includ$ betwe5 ! circumf]5ces ( two circles1 ! "o )9 ! o!r4 #a4 ,subtract ! squ>e ( ! less diamet] f ! squ>e ( ! great]1 & multiply _! diff]5ce by #ghed4 #b4 ,or1 f9d ! area ( ea* circle sep>ately1 & subtract "o f ! o!r1 = ! area requir$4 #c4 ,or1 multiply ! sum ( ! diamet]s by ! diff]5ce ( ! same1 & t product by #ghed = ! area4 ,example4--,requir$ ! area ( a r+1 ! diamet]s ( ^: b\nd+ circles are #aj1 & #bj4 ,by ,rule #c4 #bj #aj #cj1 sum ( diamet]s4 #bj - #aj #aj1 diff]5ce ( diamet]s4 #cj #aj #ghed #bcefb4 ,! area4 ,to f9d ! l5g? ( any arc ( a circle4 #a4 ,z #cfj is to ! numb] ( degrees 9 ! arc1 s is ! circumf]5ce to ! l5g? ( ! arc4 #b4 ,or1 multiply ! degrees 9 ! giv5 arc by ! radius ( ! circle1 & ! product by #jagde = ! l5g? ( ! arc4 ,example4--,rule #b4--,requir$ ! l5g? ( an arc ( #cj1 ! radius be+ #i feet4 #cj #i #jagde #dgaae4 ,l5g? ( arc4 ,to f9d ! area ( ! sector ( a circle4 ,multiply ! radius by ! arc1 & half ! product w be ! area4 ,example4--,requir$ ! area ( ! sector1 ^: radius is #cj in*es1 & ! l5g? ( ! arc #cff in*es4 7#cff #cj7 _/ #b #edi squ>e in*es4 ,area requir$4 ,to f9d ! area ( ! segm5t ( a circle4 ,f9d ! area ( ! sector1 by ! prec$+ rule4 ,!n f9d ! area ( ! triangle =m$ by ! *ord ( ! segm5ts1 & ! radii ( ! sector4 ,!n1 if ! segm5t be less ?an a semicircle1 subtract ! area ( ! triangle f x2 or1 if ! segm5t be great] ?an a semicircle1 add ! area ( ! triangle to x2 = ! area ( ! segm5t4 ,example4--,requir$ ! area ( a segm5t less ?an a semicircle1 ! radius be+ #bj in*es1 ! *ord #bbdb in*es1 ! l5g? ( ! arc #bddc in*es1 & ! p]p5dicul> #afef in*es4 7#bddc #bj7 _/ #b #bddc squ>e in*es4 ,area ( ! sector4 7#bbdb #afef7 _/ #b #ahefcgf squ>e in*es4 ,area ( ! triangle4 #bddc - #ahefcgf #ehffbd squ>e in*es4 ,area requir$4 ,to f9d ! area ( a semicircle4 #a4 ,multiply ( ! circumf]5ce by ! radius1 & ! product w be ! area4 #b4 ,or1 multiply ! squ>e ( ! diamet] by #ghed1 & half ! product w be ! area4 ,example4--,rule #b4--,requir$ ! area ( a semicircle1 ! diamet] be+ #ej in*es4 7#ej #ej #ghed7 _/ #b #ihage squ>e in*es4 ,area requir$4 ,to f9d ! area ( an ellipsis1 or oval4 ,multiply ! longe/ diamet]1 or axis1 by ! %orte/1 !n multiply ! product by #ghed = ! area4 ,example4--,requir$ ! area ( ! ellipse1 ^: diamet]s are #be in*es1 & #ah in*es4 #be #ah #ghed #cecdc squ>e in*es4 ,area requir$4 ,to f9d ! area ( a p>abola1 or its segm5t4 ,multiply ! base by ! p]p5dicul> height1 & take two-?irds ( ! product = ! area4 ,example4--,requir$ ! area ( a p>abola1 ^: base is #bj feet1 & height #ab feet4 #bj #ab #bdj ( #bdj #afj squ>e feet4 ,area requir$4 ,,m5suration ,,( ,,solids4 ,a solid is a body conta9+ l5g?1 bread?1 & ?ickness4 ,solids are measur$ by cubes1 ^: sides are ea* an in*1 a foot1 a y>d1 c41 & ! solidity1 capacity1 or cont5t ( any figure is comput$ by ! numb] ( su* cubes z are conta9$ 9 x4--,vide ,cubic measure1 page #bgf4 ,a cube is a solid conta9$ by six equal squ>e sides4 ,a pyramid is a solid ^: sides are all triangles meet+ toge!r 9 a po9t1 ! base be+ any plane figure :atev]4 ,x is call$ a triangul> pyramid :5 its base is a triangle2 a squ>e pyramid :5 its base is a squ>e1 c4 ,! segm5t ( a pyramid1 cone1 or any o!r solid is a "p ( ,d ,e ,f ,g cut (f f ! top by a plane ,d ,e ,f1 p>allel to ! base ,a ,b ,c4--,vide ,fig4 #ba1 ,plate #b1 ,,heights1 ,,di/ances1 & ,,practical ,,geometry4 ,a fru/rum1 or trunk1 is a "p ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f1 t rema9s at ! bottom aft] ! segm5t is cut (f4 ,a cone is a r\nd pyramid1 ( :i* ! base is a circle4 ,! axis ( a solid is a l9e f ! v]tex 7or po9t7 to ! c5tre ( ! base1 or ?r\gh ! c5tres ( ! two ends4 ,:5 ! axis is p]p5dicul> to ! base1 x is a "r prism1 pyramid1 or cone2 o!rwise x is oblique4 ,a sph]e is a solid conta9$ "u "o convex surface1 & is describ$ by ! revolution ( a semicircle ab\t its diamet]1 :i* rema9s fix$4 ,! c5tre ( ! sph]e is su* a po9t )9 ! solid z is ev]y:]e equally di/ant f ! convex surface1 or circumf]5ce ( x4 ,! diamet] 7or axis7 ( a sph]e is a /raight l9e1 :i* passes ?r\gh ! c5tre1 & is t]m9at$ by ! convex surface4 ,a segm5t ( a sph]e is a "p cut (f by a plane1 ! section ( :i* is always a circle1 call$ ! base ( ! segm5t4 ,a sector ( a sph]e is t :i* is compos$ ( a segm5t 7less ?an an hemisph]e7 & ( a cone4 ,a prism is a solid1 ! sides ( :i* are p>allelograms1 hav+ its ends equal1 & simil> plane figures4 ,prisms are nam$ accord+ to ! numb] ( angles 9 ! base4 ,a cyl9d] is a solid1 ! two ends ( :i* are circul>2 & x is describ$1 or =m$1 by ! revolution ( a "r-angl$ p>allelogram ab\t "o ( its sides1 :i* rema9s fix$4 ,to f9d ! sup]ficies ( a prism1 or cyl9d]4 ,multiply ! p]imet] ( "o end ( ! prism by ! l5g?1 or height ( ! solid1 & ! product w be ! surface ( all its sides4 ,to :i* add also ! area ( ! two ends ( ! prism1 :5 requir$4 ,or1 compute ! areas ( all ! sides1 & ends sep>ately1 & add !m all toge!r4 ,example4--,requir$ ! surface ( a cube1 ^: sides are ea* #e in*es4 #e #e #e #e #bj1 p]imet] ( "o end4 #bj #e #ajj1 surface ( sides4 #e #e #be1 area ( "o end4 #ajj #be #be #aej squ>e in*es4 ,surface ( cube4 ,to f9d ! surface ( a pyramid1 or cone4 ,multiply ! p]imet] ( ! base by ! slant height1 or l5g? ( ! side1 & half ! product w be ! surface ( ! sides2 to :i* add ! area ( ! base :5 requir$4 ,example4--,requir$ ! upright surface ( a triangul> pyramid1 ! slant height be+ #bj feet1 & ea* side ( ! base #c feet4 #c #c #c #i1 p]imet] ( base4 7#i #bj7 _/ #b #ij feet4 ,surface requir$4 ,to f9d ! surface ( ! fru/rum ( a pyramid1 or cone4 ,add toge!r ! p]imet]s ( ! two ends1 multiply _! sum by ! slant height1 & take half ! product4 ,example4--,h[ _m squ>e feet are 9 ! surface ( ! fru/rum ( a squ>e pyramid1 ^: slant height is #aj feet1 ea* side ( ! base #c feet1 & ea* side ( ! less end #b feet4 #c #c #c #c #ab1 p]imet] ( base4 #b #b #b #b #h1 p]imet] ( less end4 77#ab #h7 #aj7 _/ #b #ajj feet4 ,surface requir$4 ,to f9d ! solid cont5t ( a prism or cyl9d]4 ,f9d ! area ( ! base1 or end1 & multiply x by ! l5g? ( ! prism1 or cyl9d]4 ,=a cube1 multiply its side twice by itself2 & = a p>allelopip$on1 multiply ! l5g?1 bread?1 & dep? toge!r = ! cont5t4 ,example4--,requir$ ! solid cont5t ( a cube1 ^: side is #bd in*es4 #bd #bd #bd #achbd squ>e in*es4 ,cont5t requir$4 ,to f9d ! cont5t ( ! solid "p ( a holl[ cyl9d]4 ,f ! cont5t ( ! :ole cyl9d] consid]$ z a solid1 subtract ! cont5t ( ! holl[ "p1 also consid]$ z a solid1 & ! diff]5ce w be ! solidity requir$4 ,example4--,requir$ ! cont5t ( ! solid "p ( ! holl[ cyl9d] ^: ext]ior diamet] is #ab in*es1 ! int]ior diamet] #h in*es1 & height #bj in*es4 #ab #ab #ghed #aacjigf1 area ( base ( cyl9d]4 #aacjigf #bj #bbfaieb1 solidity ( :ole cyl9d]4 #h #h #ghed #ejbfef1 area ( base ( holl[ cyl9d]4 #ejbfef #bj #ajjecab1 cont5t ( holl[ "p4 #bbfaieb - #ajjecab #abeffd cubic in*es4 ,solidity requir$4 ,to f9d ! solidity ( ! fru/rum ( a cyl9d]4 ,multiply ! area ( ! base by half ! greate/1 & ! lea/ l5g?s1 & ! product w be ! solidity4 ,example4--,requir$ ! solidity ( a fru/rum1 ^: diamet] is #bd in*es1 ! greate/ l5g? #cf in*es1 & ! lea/ l5g? #bj in*es4 #bd #bd #egf4 ,squ>e ( ! diamet]4 #egf #ghed #debcijd4 ,area ( ! base4 #debcijd 7#cf #bj7 _/ #b #abffficab ,cubic in*es4 ,solidity requir$4 ,to f9d ! cont5t ( a pyramid1 or cone4 ,f9d ! area ( ! base1 & multiply t area by ! p]p5dicul> height1 & take ( ! product4 ,example4--,requir$ ! solidity ( a squ>e pyramid1 ea* side ( its base be+ #cj1 & its p]p5dicul> height #be4 #cj #cj #ijj1 area ( base4 7#ijj #be7 _/ #c #gejj1 solidity requir$4 ,to f9d ! solidity ( ! fru/rum ( a cone1 or pyramid4 ,add into "o sum ! areas ( ! two ends1 & ! mean proportional betwe5 !m3 take ( t sum = ! mean area1 :i* multiply by ! p]p5dicul> height1 or l5g? ( ! fru/rum4 ,note4--,to f9d a mean proportional4 ,z "o ( ! sides ( ! base is to ! homolog\s1 or correspond+ side ( ! o!r end1 s is ! area ( ! base to ! mean proportional requir$4 ,example4--,requir$ ! numb] ( solid feet 9 a piece ( timb]1 ^: bases are squ>es1 ea* side ( ! great] end be+ #ae in*es1 & ea* side ( ! less end #f in*es2 also ! l5g? ( ! p]p5dicul> altitude #bd feet4 #ae #ae #bbe1 area ( ! base4 #f #f #cf1 area ( ! top4 ,z #ae3 #f 33 #bbe3 #ij1 mean proportional4 #bd feet #bhh in*es4 77#bbe #cf #ij7 #bhh7 _/ #c #ccfif cubic in*es #ai cubic feet4 ,to f9d ! surface ( a sph]e1 or any segm5t4 ,multiply ! circumf]5ce ( ! sph]e by its diamet]1 :i* w give ! :ole surface4 ,or1 squ>e ! diamet]1 & multiply by #cadaf4 ,or1 squ>e ! circumf]5ce1 & multiply by #cahc2 or divide by #cadaf4 ,note4--,= ! surface ( ! segm5t1 or fru/rum1 multiply ! :ole circumf]5ce ( ! sph]e by ! height ( ! "p requir$4 ,example4--,requir$ ! sup]ficies ( a globe ^: diamet] is #bd in*es4 #bd #bd #cadaf #ahjiefaf squ>e in*es4 ,to f9d ! solidity ( a sph]e1 or globe4 #a4 ,multiply ! surface by ! diamet]1 & take ( ! product4 ,or1 multiply ! squ>e ( ! diamet] by ! circumf]5ce1 & take ( ! product4 #b4 ,cube ! diamet]1 & multiply by #ebcf4 #c4 ,cube ! circumf]5ce1 & multiply by #jafhh4 ,example4--,requir$ ! cont5t ( a sph]e1 ^: axis is #ab4 #ab #ab #ab #ebcf #ijdghjh4 ,cont5t requir$4 ,to f9d ! solidity ( an hemisph]e4 ,f9d ! solidity ( ! sph]e1 & half ! cont5t w be t ( ! hemisph]e4 ,note #a4--;,any sph]e1 or globe twice ! diamet] ( ano!r conta9s f\r times ! sup]ficies1 or area ( ! o!r1 & eight times ! solid cont5t4 ,h5ce ! sup]ficies ( sph]es are z ! squ>es1 & ! solidity z ! cubes ( _! diamet]s4 ,note #b4--,! cube ( ! diamet] ( a sph]e 9 in*es1 multipli$ by #jjahh1 w give ! numb] ( imp]ial gallons x w conta94 ,to f9d ! solid cont5t ( a sph]ical segm5t4 #a4 ,f ?ree times ! diamet] ( ! sph]e1 take d\ble ! height ( ! segm5t2 !n multiply ! rema9d] by ! squ>e ( ! height1 & ?is product by #ebcf4 #b4 ,or1 to ?ree times ! squ>e ( ! radius ( ! segm5t's base add ! squ>e ( its height2 !n multiply ! sum by ! height1 & ! product by #ebcf4 ,example4--,requir$ ! cont5t ( a sph]ical segm5t #b feet 9 height1 cut f a sph]e ( #h feet diamet]4 7#c #h7 - 7#b #b7 #bj #bj #bb #ebcf #dahhh cubic feet4 ,cont5t requir$4 ,to f9d ! diamet] ( a sph]e1 its solidity be+ giv54 ,divide ! solidity by #ebcf1 & take ! cube root ( ! quoti5t4 ,example4--,! solidity ( a sph]e be+ #aacjigf solid in*es1 :at w be its diamet]8 #aacjigf _/ #ebcf #baf1 ! cube root ( :i* is #f in*es1 ! diamet] requir$4 ,to f9d ! weight ( an iron %ot1 its diamet] be+ giv54 ,take ( ! cube ( ! diamet]1 & ( t eigh?1 & ! sum ( ^! two quoti5ts w be ! weight 9 p\nds4 ,or1 z #fd is to #i lb4 s is ! diamet] cub$ to its weight4 ,example4--,requir$ ! weight ( an iron %ot ^: diamet] is #ce in*es8 #ce cub$ #dbhge1 cube ( diamet]4 #dbhge _/ #h #ecei #ecei _/ #h #ffi #ecei #ffi #fjbh p\nds4 ,weight requir$4 ,to f9d ! weight ( a lead5 ball1 its diamet] be+ giv54 ,take ( ! cube ( ! diamet]1 & f x subtract ( ?is ?ird1 & ! rema9d] w be ! weight1 ne>ly4 ,or1 take #c_/ad ( ! cube ( ! diamet]4 ,example4--,:at is ! weight ( a lead5 ball ^: diamet] is #cc in*es8 #cc cub$ #ceicg1 cube ( diamet]4 #ceicg _/ #c #aaigi #aaigi _/ #c #ciic #aaigi - #ciic #gihf p\nds4 ,weight requir$4 ,to f9d ! diamet] ( an iron %ot1 its weight be+ giv54 ,multiply ! cube root ( ! %ot's weight by #aibc = ! diamet]4 ,pr4 ,cube root4 ,diamet]4 #db #cdgfj1 c4 ,multipli$ #ffhd1 c4 #cb #cagdh by #aibc1 #fajc 0 #bd #bhhdd diamet] #eede 0 #ah #bfbjg ( a #ejch 0 #ab #bbhid #a lb4 #ddja 0 #i #bjhjj %ot4 #ciii 0 #f #ahaga #cdid 0 #c #addbb #bggb 0 ,to f9d ! diamet] ( a lead5 ball1 its weight be+ giv54 ,to #d times ! weight add half ! weight1 & #c_/ajj ( half ! weight2 & ! cube root ( ?is sum w be ! diamet] 9 in*es1 ne>ly4 ,example4--,:at is ! diamet] ( a lead5 ball1 ^: weight is #h p\nds8 #h x #d #cb #h _/ #b #d #c _/ #ajj ( #d #ab4 #cb #d #ab #cfab1 ( :i* ! cube root is #cc in*es1 ne>ly4 ,diamet] requir$4 ,to f9d ! weight ( an iron %ell1 its int]ior & ext]ior diamet] be+ giv54 ,take #i_/fd ( ! diff]5ce ( ! cubes ( ! ext]nal & int]nal diamet]s1 = ! weight ( ! %ell 9 p\nds4 ,example4--,:at is ! weight ( a %ell ^: ext]ior diamet] is #abhe in*es1 & int]ior diamet] #hge in*es8 #abhe cub$ #babahbda1 #hge cub$ #ffiibah4 #babahbda - #ffiibah #adeaijbb4 #i_/fd ( #adeaijbb #bjdagcg p\nds4 ,weight requir$4 ,to f9d ! quantity ( p[d] a %ell w conta94 ,divide ! cube ( ! int]ior diamet] 9 in*es by #egc1 & ! quoti5t w be ! weight 9 p\nds4 ,or1 multiply ! cube ( ! diamet] by #aa1 & divide by #ba = ! quantity 9 half ounces4 ,example4--,h[ mu* p[d] w fill a %ell1 ^: int]nal diamet] is #g in*es8 #g cub$ #cdc4 #cdc _/ #egc #f p\nds ne>ly4 ,p[d] requir$4 ,to f9d ! side ( a cubical box to conta9 a giv5 quantity ( p[d]4#eg ,multiply ! weight 9 p\nds by #cj1 & ! cube root ( ! product w be ! side ( ! box 9 in*es4 ,example4--,requir$ ! side ( a cubical box to hold #ej p\nds ( p[d]8 #ej #cj #aejj1 ! cube root ( :i* is #aadd1 :i* w be ! side ( ! box 9 in*es4 ,to f9d ! quantity ( p[d] to fill ! *amb] ( a mort>1 or h[itz]4 ,multiply ! cont5t ( ! *amb] 9 in*es by #ee1 & divide ! product by #agbh1 & ! quoti5t w be ! quantity ( p[d] 9 p\nds4 ,note4--,! *amb] ( a mort>1 or h[itz]1 is =m$ ( a holl[ fru/rum ( a "r cone1 & ( a holl[ hemisph]e4 ,example4--,requir$ ! quantity ( p[d] to fill ! *amb] ( a #ac-;in* mort> 9 :i* ! diamet] ,a ,b is #ie in*es1 ! diamet] ,c ,e #fe in*es1 & ! l5g? ,d ,g #bae in*es4 ,vide ,fig4 #bb4 ,plate #b4 ,,heights ,,& ,,di/ances1 & ,,practical ,,geometry4 ,! cont5t ( ! *amb] mu/ be f\nd by f9d+ ! cont5t ( ! holl[ fru/rum ( ! cone1 & t ( ! hemisph]e 7vide prec$+ rules73 :i* 9 ?is example w be #iiiigdahge4 ,!n 7#iiiigdahge #ee7 _/ #agbh #ca p\nds1 ne>ly4 ,to f9d ! quantity ( p[d] to fill a rectangul> box4 ,divide ! cont5t 7viz41 l5g? bread? dep?7 ( ! box 9 in*es by #cj = ! p\nds ( p[d]4 ,example4--,h[ mu* p[d] w fill a box1 ! l5g? be+ #ae in*es1 ! bread? #ab1 & ! dep? #aj in*es4 #ae #ab #aj _/ #cj #ahjj _/ #cj #fj p\nds4 ,numb] requir$4 ,to f9d ! quantity ( p[d] to fill a cyl9d]4 ,multiply ! squ>e ( ! diamet] by ! l5g?1 !n divide by #chb = ! p\nds ( p[d]4 ,example4--,h[ mu* p[d] w ! cyl9d] conta91 ^: diamet] is #aj in*es1 & l5g? #bj in*es8 7#aj #aj #bj7 _/ #chb #eb p\nds1 ne>ly4 ,to f9d ! size ( a %ell1 to conta9 a giv5 weight ( p[d]4 ,multiply ! p\nds ( p[d] by #egc1 & ! cube root ( ! product w be ! diamet] 9 in*es4 ,example4--,requir$ ! diamet] ( a %ell to conta9 #f lb4 ( p[d]8 #f #egc #cdch1 ! cube root ( :i* is #g1 ! diamet] requir$1 9 in*es4 ,to f9d :at l5g? ( a cyl9d] 7or bore ( a gun7 w be fill$ by a giv5 weight ( p[d]4 ,multiply ! weight 9 p\nds by #chb1 & divide ! product by ! squ>e ( ! diamet] 9 in*es1 = ! l5g?4 ,example4--,:at l5g? ( a cyl9d] #h in*es 9 diamet] w be fill$ ) #bj lb4 ( p[d]8 7#bj #chb7 _/ 7#h #h7 #aa-ae_/af in*es4 ,to f9d ! cont5t1 & weight ( a piece ( ordnance4 ,divide ! l5g? ( ! gun into z _m sections z may be f\nd necess>y4 ,f9d ! cont5t ( ea* 7by prec$+ rules7 & f _! sum subtract ! cont5t ( a cyl9d]1 ^: l5g? is equal to t ( ! bore1 & its diamet] equal to t ( ! calibre ( ! piece2 multiply ! diff]5ce 7if x be a brass gun7 by #ejhcc1 7if an iron gun7 by #dbifh1 & ! product w be ! weight 9 ounces4 ,note4--,a cubic in* ( gun metal weighs #ejhcc ounces4 ,ditto ( ca/ iron #dbifh ounces4 ,to f9d ! cont5t ( a cask4 ,multiply half ! sum ( ! areas ( ! two int]ior circles1 viz4 at ! head1 & bung1 by ! int]ior l5g?1 = ! cont5t4 ,or1 to ! area ( ! head add twice ! area at ! bung1 multiply t sum by ! l5g?1 & take "o-?ird ( ! product4 ,example4--,requir$ ! cont5t ( a cask1 its greate/ int]ior diamet] be+ #bd in*es1 its lea/ int]ior diamet] #bj in*es1 & ! int]ior l5g? #cj in*es4 #bd #bd #ghed #debcijd1 area ( l>ge circle4 #bj #bj #ghed #cadafjj1 area ( small circle4 7#debcijd #cadafjj7 _/ #b #chcbgeb1 half sum4 ,!n #chcbgeb #cj #aadihbef1 ! cont5t2 :i* be+ divid$ by #bgg 7! numb] ( cubic in*es 9 a gallon7 w give ! numb] ( gallons conta9$ 9 ! cask4 ,?us #aadihbef _/ #bggbe #dadgbe1 c4 ,numb] ( gallons requir$4 ,note4-,! cont5t ( any vessel 9 cubic feet1 multipli$ by #fbcb 7or if 9 in*es by #jjcfjg7 w give ! numb] ( imp]ial gallons x w conta94 ,,epitome ,,( ,,m5suration4 ,,( ,,! ,,circle1 ,,cyl9d]1 ,,sph]e1 ,,etc4 #a4 ,! circle conta9s a great] area ?an any o!r plane figure1 b\nd$ by an equal p]imet]1 or outl9e4 #b4 ,! areas ( circles are to ea* o!r z ! squ>es ( _! diamet]s2 any circle twice ! diamet] ( ano!r conta9s f\r times ! area ( ! o!r4 #c4 ,! diamet] ( a circle be+ #a1 its circumf]5ce equals #cadaf4 #d4 ,! diamet] ( a circle is equal to #cahca ( its circumf]5ce4 #e4 ,! squ>e ( ! diamet] ( a circle be+ #a1 its area equals #ghed4 #f4 ,! squ>e root ( ! area ( a circle1 multipli$ by #aabhcg1 equals its diamet]4 #g4 ,! diamet] ( a circle1 multipli$ by #hhfb1 or ! circumf]5ce multipli$ by #bhba1 equals ! side ( a squ>e ( equal area4 #h4 ,! sum ( ! squ>es ( half ! *ord1 & v]s$ s9e1 divid$ by ! v]s$ s9e1 ! quoti5t equals ! diamet] ( ! correspond+ circle4 #i4 ,! *ord ( ! :ole arc ( a circle tak5 f eight times ! *ord ( half ! arc1 "o-?ird ( ! rema9d] equals ! l5g? ( ! arc4 #aj4 ,or1 ! numb] ( degrees conta9$ 9 ! arc ( a circle1 multipli$ by ! diamet] ( ! circle1 & by #jjhgbg1 ! product equals ! l5g? ( ! arc 9 equal t]ms ( unity4 #aa4 ,! l5g? ( ! arc ( ! sector ( a circle multipli$ by its radius1 half ! product is ! area4 #ab4 ,! area ( ! segm5t ( a circle equals ! area ( ! sector1 m9us ! area ( a triangle ^: v]tex is ! c5tre2 & base equals ! *ord ( ! segm5t4 #ac4 ,! sum ( ! diamet]s ( two conc5tric circles multipli$ by _! diff]5ce1 & by #ghed1 equals ! area ( ! r+1 or space conta9$ betwe5 !m4 #ad4 ,! sum ( ! ?ickness1 & int]nal diamet] ( a cyl9dric r+ multipli$ by ! squ>e ( its ?ickness1 & by #bdfgd1 equals its solidity4 #ae4 ,! circumf]5ce ( a cyl9d] multipli$ by its l5g?1 or height1 equals its convex surface4 #af4 ,! area ( ! end ( a cyl9d] multipli$ by its l5g?1 equals its solid cont5t4 #ag4 ,! area ( ! int]nal diamet] ( a cyl9d] multipli$ by its dep?1 equals its cubical capacity4 #ah4 ,! squ>e ( ! diamet] ( a cyl9d] multipli$ by its l5g?1 & divid$ by any o!r requir$ l5g?1 ! squ>e root ( ! quoti5t equals ! diamet] ( ! o!r cyl9d] ( equal solidity1 or capacity4 #ai4 ,! squ>e ( ! diamet] ( a sph]e multipli$ by #cadaf equals its convex surface4 #bj4 ,! cube ( ! diamet] ( a sph]e multipli$ by #ebcf1 equals its solid cont5t4 #ba4 ,! height ( any sph]ical segm5t1 or zone1 multipli$ by ! diamet] ( ! sph]e1 ( :i* x is a "p1 & by #cadaf1 equals ! area1 or convex surface ( ! segm5t2 #bb4 ,or1 ! height ( ! segm5t multipli$ by ! circumf]5ce ( ! sph]e ( :i* x is a "p1 equals ! area4 #bc4 ,! solidity ( any sph]ical segm5t is equal to ?ree times ! squ>e ( ! radius ( its base1 plus ! squ>e ( its height1 & multipli$ by its height1 & by #ebcf4 #bd4 ,! solidity ( a sph]ical zone equals ! sum ( ! squ>es ( ! radii ( its two ends1 & "o-?ird ! squ>e ( its height1 multipli$ by ! height1 & by #aegjh4 #be4 ,! solidity ( ! middle zone ( a sph]e equals ! sum ( ! squ>e ( ei!r end1 & two-?irds ! squ>e ( ! height1 multipli$ by ! height1 & by #ghed4 #bf4 ,! capacity ( a cyl9d] #a foot 9 diamet]1 & #a foot 9 l5g?1 equals #dhie imp]ial gallons4 #bg4 ,! capacity ( a cyl9d] #a in* 9 diamet]1 & #a foot 9 l5g?1 equals #jcd ( an imp]ial gallon4 #bh4 ,! capacity ( a cyl9d] #a in* 9 diamet]1 & #a in* 9 l5g?1 equals #jjbhcb ( an imp]ial gallon4 #bi4 ,! capacity ( a sph]e #a foot 9 diamet]1 equals #cbfc imp]ial gallons4 #cj4 ,! capacity ( a sph]e #a in* 9 diamet]1 equals #jjahhh ( an imp]ial gallon4 #ca4 ,h5ce ! capacity ( any o!r cyl9d] 9 imp]ial gallons is obta9$ by multiply+ ! squ>e ( its diamet] by its l5g?2 or ! capacity ( any o!r sph]e by ! cube ( its diamet]1 & by ! numb] ( imp]ial gallons conta9$ z above 9 ! unity ( its measurem5t4 ,,( ,,! ,,squ>e1 ,,rectangle1 ,,cube1 ,,etc4 #a4 ,! side ( a squ>e equals ! squ>e root ( its area4 #b4 ,! area ( a squ>e equals ! squ>e ( "o ( its sides4 #c4 ,! diagonal ( a squ>e equals ! squ>e root ( twice ! squ>e ( its side4 #d4 ,! side ( a squ>e is equal to ! squ>e root ( half ! squ>e ( its diagonal4 #e4 ,! side ( a squ>e1 equal to ! diagonal ( a giv5 squ>e1 conta9s d\ble ! area ( ! giv5 squ>e4 #f4 ,! area ( a rectangle equals its l5g? multipli$ by its bread?4 #g4 ,! l5g? ( a rectangle equals ! area divid$ by ! bread?2 or ! bread? equals ! area divid$ by ! l5g?4 #h4 ,! side1 or end ( a rectangle1 equals ! squ>e root ( ! sum ( ! diagonal1 & opposite side to t requir$1 multipli$ by _! diff]5ce4 #i4 ,! diagonal 9 a rectangle equals ! squ>e root ( ! sum ( ! squ>es ( ! base1 & p]p5dicul>4 #aj4 ,! solidity ( a cube equals ! area ( "o ( its sides multipli$ by ! l5g? ( "o ( its edges4 #aa4 ,! edge ( a cube equals ! cube root ( its solidity4 #ab4 ,! capacity ( a #ab-;in* cube equals #fbcb gallons4 ,surfaces1 & solidities ( ! regul> bodies1 :5 ! l9e> edge is #a4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,no4 ( ,sides4 ,names4 ,surfaces4 ,solids4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- #d ,tetrah$ron #agcbjejh #jaagheac #f ,hexah$ron #f #a #h ,octah$ron #cdfdajaf #jdgadjde #ab ,dodecah$ron #bjfdegghh #gffcaahi #bj ,icosah$ron #hffjbedj #bahafiej ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,! tabul> surface multipli$ by ! squ>e ( ! l9e> edge1 ! product equals ! surface requir$3 ,or1 ! tabul> solidity1 multipli$ by ! cube ( ! l9e> edge1 ! product is ! solidity requir$4 ,,( ,,triangles1 ,,polygons1 ,,etc4 #a4 ,! complem5t ( an angle is its defect f a "r angle4 #b4 ,! supplem5t ( an angle is its defect f two "r angles4 #c4 ,! s9e1 tang5t1 & secant ( an angle1 are ! cos9e1 cotang5t & cosecant ( ! complem5t ( t angle4 #d4 ,! hypo!nuse ( a "r-angl$ triangle be+ made radii1 its sides become ! s9es ( ! opposite angles1 or ! cos9es ( ! adjac5t angles4 #e4 ,! ?ree angles ( e triangle are equal to two "r angles2 h5ce ! oblique angles ( a "r-angl$ triangle are ea* o!r's complem5ts4 #f4 ,! sum ( ! squ>es ( ! two giv5 sides ( a "r-angl$ triangle is equal to ! squ>e ( ! hypo!nuse4 #g4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! squ>e ( ! hypo!nuse1 & giv5 side ( a "r-angl$ triangle is equal to ! squ>e ( ! requir$ side4 #h4 ,! area ( a triangle equals half ! product ( ! base multipli$ by ! p]p5dicul> height2 #i4 ,or1 ! area ( a triangle equals half ! product ( ! two sides1 & ! natural s9e ( ! conta9$ angle4 #aj4 ,! side ( any regul> polygon multipli$ by its apo!m1 or p]p5dicul>1 & by ! numb] ( its sides1 half ! product is ! area4 ,table ( ! areas ( regul> polygons ^: sides are unity4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,"n ( ,no4 ( ,apo!m1 ,area1 :5 ,int]ior ,c5tral polygon4 sides4 or p]p5-side is "o angle4 angle4 dicul>4 or unity4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,triangle #c #jbhhfgea #jdccjabg #fj #j #abj #j ,squ>e #d #je #a #ij #j #ij #j ,p5tagon #e #jfhhaiaj #agbjdggd #ajh #j #gb #j ,hexagon #f #jhffjbed #beihjgfb #abj #j #fj #j ,heptagon #g #ajchbfjg #cfcciabd #abh #cd-b_/g #ea #be-e_/g ,octagon #h #abjgajfh #dhbhdbga #ace #j #de #j ,nonagon #i #acgcgchg #fahahbdb #adj #j #dj #j ,decagon #aj #aechhdah #gfidbjhh #add #j #cf #j ,undecagon #aa #agjbhdcf #icfefcii #adg #af-d_/aa #cb #dc-g_/aa ,dodecagon #ab #ahffjbed #aaaifaebd #aej #j #cj #j ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,! tabul> area ( ! correspond+ polygon multipli$ by ! squ>e ( ! side ( ! giv5 polygon1 equals ! area ( ! giv5 polygon4 ,,( ,,ellipses1 ,,cones1 ,,fru/rums1 ,,etc4 #a4 ,! squ>e root ( half ! sum ( ! squ>es ( ! two diamet]s ( an ellipse multipli$ by #cadaf equals its circumf]5ce4 #b4 ,! product ( ! two axes ( an ellipse multipli$ by #ghed equals its area4 #c4 ,! curve surface ( a cone is equal to half ! product ( ! circumf]5ce ( its base multipli$ by its slant side1 to :i*1 if ! area ( ! base be add$1 ! sum is ! :ole surface4 #d4 ,! solidity ( a cone equals "o-?ird ( ! product ( its base multipli$ by its altitude1 or height4 #e4 ,! squ>es ( ! diamet]s ( ! two ends ( ! fru/rum ( a cone add$ to ! product ( ! two diamet]s1 & t sum multipli$ by its height1 & by #bfah1 equals its solidity4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,w4 ,,cl[es ,,& ,,sons1 ,,/am=d ,,/reet ,,& ,,*>+ ,,cross4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,vide page vi4 #b ,! ,articles omitt$ consi/ *iefly ( directions1 c41 or are n g5]ally requir$4 #c ,,note4 ,9 ! 8,ex]cise & ,movem5ts40 ,comm&]'s ,words are pr9t$ 9 ,,small ,,capitals4 ,executive ,small pr9t4 ,directions1 c4 ,italics4 #d ,note4--,vide 8,motion10 8,=ces10 c41 ,velocity1 ,gravity1 & ,amplitude4 #e ,vide 8,tables10 8,exc5tric ,%ot1 ,exp]im5ts40 #f ,:5 a %ot is jamm$ 9 a gun1 & _c be ramm$ home to ! c>tridge1 de/roy ! *>ge by p\r+ wat] d[n ! v5t1 & muzzle until ! +r$i5ts are dissolv$1 & cle>$ out ( ! bore2 !n introduce a small quantity ( p[d] ?r\gh ! v5t1 & bl[ out ! %ot4 #g ,! recoil ( guns on sleighs v>ies f f\r to five feet :5 on r\gh gr\nd or 9 deep sn[2 to tw5ty or ?irty y>ds :5 on gl>e ice4 ,9 ! latt] case x is ( c\rse necess>y to s5d ! ammunition sleighs fur!r to ! re>2 b ! recoil may be consid]ably less5$ by plac+ a small *a9 r\nd ea* ( ! runn]s4 ,ice ( eight in*es ?ick w be> ) safety a weight ( #aaae lb4 7or ne>ly half a ton7 on ! squ>e foot4 #h ,old patt]n4 #i ,fur!r in=mation relative to mix+ ! composition1 & fill+ combu/ibles1 c41 c41 may be obta9$ f ! 8,aide ,mmoire10 "u ! head1 8,pyrote*ny1 ,milit>y40 #aj ,?is w be discont9u$ :5 ,%rapnell ,diaphragm %ells are g5]ally introduc$ into ! ,s]vice4 #aa ,vide ,practice ,tables = ,ranges1 ,elevations1 c4 #ab ,! composition = ,fr5* cannon tubes is two p>ts ( fulm9ate ( m]cury & two ( meal$ p[d]1 mix$ toge!r3 !n =m$ into a pa/e ) di/ill$ wat]1 slightly impregnat$ ) gum arabic4 #ac ,extract$ f 8,in/ructions & ,regulations = ,field ,batt]y ,ex]cise & ,movem5ts0 = ! ,royal ,regim5t ( ,artill]y3 ! ,sections1 c41 be+ simil>ly numb]$4 ,comm&]'s ,words are pr9t$ 9 ,,small ,,capitals4 ,executive ,common type4 ,directions1 c4 ,italics4 #ad ,! ,sections1 ( :i* m]ely ! heads are giv51 consi/ *iefly ( details too long = ! limit$ size ( ! ,manual1 & !y are !re=e necess>ily omitt$4 #ae ,:5 ,guns are 9 action1 & 8,,cease ,,fir+0 is giv51 all ,guns !n load$ are to be fir$ (f1 & on no acc\nt is a ,gun to be limb]$ up1 or to move :il/ load$4 #af ,! ,comm&+ (fic]'s ,^w ( comm& is always to be repeat$ by ! (fic]s4 #ag ,f 8,field ,batt]y ,ex]cise40 #ah ,f 8,field ,batt]y ,ex]cise10 c4 #ai ,f 8,field ,batt]y ,ex]cise10 c4 #bj ,9 ! transport ( horses to ,turkey 7,july1 #ahed17 9 ! ,himalaya & ,simla /eam]s1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! upright po/s 0 #b feet #a in* 9 ! cle> p] horse1 & ! l5g? #i feet4 #ba 8,= ! guidance ( ! ,f>ri]s ( ! ,royal ,artill]y4 ,sugge/$ by ,*>les ,p]cival1 ,vet]9>y ,surgeon2 & approv$ ( by ! ,"r ,hon\rable ! ,ma/]-,g5]al1 & ,hon\rable ,bo>d ( ,ordnance40 #bb ,9 adm9i/]+ draughts to horses1 ! greate/ possible c>e & att5tion are requir$2 %\ld ! horse c\gh1 or make an attempt to d s1 8 head mu/ be in/antly l[]$1 o!rwise a portion ( ! dr9k w be apt to f9d its way into ! tra*ea or w9dpipe1 :i* w produce mo/ di/ress+ symptoms1 & (t5 be foll[$ by dea?4 ,9 l[]+ ! head1 a c or vessel ( any k9d %\ld be held "u ! m\? to cat* ! dr9k z x escapes4 #bc ,f 8,,in/ructions ,,= ,,! ,,s]vice ,,( ,,heavy ,,ordnance40--,article #ae4 #bd ,words ( comm&--,,small ,,capitals4 #be ,f 8,in/ructions1 & ,regulations = ! ,s]vice1 & ,managem5t ( ,heavy ,ordnance1 = ! ,royal ,regim5t ( ,artill]y40 ,f\r? edition4 ,! ,p>ts1 & ,articles are numb]$ 9 con=mity !reto4 #bf ,words ( comm&--,,small ,,capitals4 #bg ,vide ,,"p #ab1 8,,artill]i/',s ,,manual10 etc41 ,! ,me*anical p[]s4 ,! ,lev]4 #bh ,by ! balli/ic exp]im5t1 conduct$ 9 ,may1 #ahcg1 x 0 f\nd t1 ) a heavy #f-p\nd] gun1 a *>ge ( #a lb4 gave a velocity ( #agdj feet1 & a *>ge ( #b lb4 a velocity ( #ahib feet p] second4 ,! %ot employ$ 7 ( a high gauge1 w9dage only #jgh in*1 & ! p[d] 0 ( ! /ronge/ quality2 ! weight ( ! p5dulum fir$ into 0 #eh cwt4 #c qrs4 #af lb4 ,a light #f-p\nd]1 two feet %ort] ?an ! heavy #f-p\nd]1 ) simil> *>ges1 gave velocities ( ab\t #aij feet less4 #bi ,extract$ f ,,"p #b1 & ,,app5dix ( ,g5]al ,sir ,h[>d ,d\glas' highly valu$ "w1 entitl$ 8,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,naval ,,gunn]y40 #crd edition4 #cj ,on wads = ,heavy ,ordnance4 ,! pres5ce ( a compressible body1 betwe5 ! p[d] & ! ball1 is necess>y = ! pres]vation ( ! gun4 ,! results ( ! exp]im5ts at ,f]e1 9 #ahdd2 at ,ruelle 9 #ahdd1 & #ahdf2 & at ,gavres 9 #ahdh2 ) ca/ iron #cj1 & #bd-p\nd]s1 prov$ t all ! pieces1 fir$ )\t a ?9 piece ( cork int]pos$ betwe5 ! p[d] & ! ball1 bur/ be=e #ejj dis*>ges 7 made2 :il/ ^?1 ) :i* ?is precaution 0 tak51 su/a9$ #ahjj & #bjjj dis*>ges )\t any damage1 except an enl>gem5t ( ! v5t4 ,vide ,unit$ ,s]vice ,magaz9e1 ,septemb]1 #ahee4 #ca ,vide 8,,treatise ,,on ,,naval ,,gunn]y40 #crd ,edition4 ,by ,g5]al ,sir ,h4 ,d\glas4 #cb ,9 ,extreme tra9+ ( a gun to ! ,"r3 ,nos4 #c1 #e1 #g1 #aa1 #ac1 are plac$ outside2 ,nos4 #h1 #f1 inside ! tackle4 ,no4 #ac keeps ! end ( ! fall coil$ up4 ,9 ,extreme tra9+ to ! ,left3 ,nos #d1 #f1 #h1 #b1 are plac$ outside2 ,nos4 #ac1 #g1 #e1 inside ! tackle4 ,no4 #b keeps ! end ( ! fall coil$ up4 #cc ,9 runn+ out ! "r guns1 ,nos4 #c1 #e1 #e1 #g1 man ! left tackle2 ,nos4 #d1 #f1 #f1 #b1 man ! "r tackle4 ,9 runn+ out ! left guns1 ,nos4 #c1 #e1 #g1 #e1 man ! left tackle2 ,nos4 #d1 #f1 #f1 #b1 man ! "r tackle4 #cd ,note4--,:5 ! direction ( ! gun is to be alt]$1 ! ^w 8,trav]se0 is to be giv51 if ! gun is 91 & 8,po9t10 :5 ! gun is out4 #ce ,vide ,sir ,h[>d ,d\glas's highly-valu$ publication1 entitl$ 8,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,naval ,,gunn]y40 ,f\r? edition4 #cf ,vide--8,unit$ ,s]vice ,magaz9e10 ,no4 ,,cccviii4 #cg ,vide ,,field ,,=tification1 pages #bdf1 #bdg4 #ch ,vide ,preface4 #ci ,= a squ>e1 ! l5g? ( ! p]p5dicul> is ? ! ext]ior side2 = a p5tagon ?2 = ! hexagon1 & o!r polygons1 ?4 #dj ,vide ,tables ( ,weights1 & ,measures4 #da ,vide ,tables ( ,weights1 & ,measures4 #db ,9 r$uc+ fractions to a common d5om9ator1 & 9 multiplication ( fractions1 ! "w may be consid]ably dim9i%$ by cancell+ any figures1 :i* are 9 all ! multiples2 or by divid+ a figure 9 ea* ( !m by any figure :i* c divide all )\t any rema9d]4 #dc ,see ,note1 page #bfh4 #dd ,to multiply decimals by #a1 ) any numb] ( ciph]s1 z #aj1 #ajj1 c4--,?is is done by only remov+ ! decimal po9t s _m places f>!r to ! "r h&1 z !re are ciph]s 9 ! multipli]1 & subjo9+ ciph]s1 if ne$ be4 #de ,! be/ way ( d\bl+ ! root1 to =m ! new divisor1 is by add+ ! la/ figure always to ! la/ divisor1 z appe>s 9 ! foll[+ example4 ,aft] ! figures belong+ to ! giv5 numb] are all exhau/$1 ! op]ation may be cont9u$ into decimals1 by add+ any numb] ( p]iods ( ciph]s1 two 9 ea* p]iod4 #df ,?is rule is only applicable to ! v be/-made new cordage4 ,! circumf]5ce squ>$ %\ld be divid$ by #f in/ead ( #e = ! description ( rope g5]ally employ$4 #dg ,:5 ! bo>d is tap]+1 add ! bread?s at ! two ends toge!r1 & take half ! sum = ! mean bread?4 ,or else1 take ! mean bread? 9 ! middle4 #dh ,to /r5g!n a beam1 c4 :i* is requir$ to support a great weight ov] a cavity1 or dit*4--,place a prop1 or %ort skid1 "u ! c5tre ( ! beam1 & pass a /rong rope1 or *a91 ov] ! beam l5g?ways1 & "u ! skid1 haul+ x v tight1 & mak+ fa/4 #di ,9 ,lieut4-,colonel ,b4 ,jackson's sci5tific 8,treatise on ,milit>y ,survey+1 c41 c41 c410 ,portable trigonometry )\t log>i?ms1 is ?us introduc$-- 8,! foll[+ useful application ( ,trigonometry1 by means ( ! natural s9es1 tang5ts1 c41 is tak5 f an e>ly numb] ( t valuable p]iodical1 #8,! ,me*anics' ,magaz9e1' & w be f\nd p>ticul>ly suit$ to ! purposes ( ! milit>y surveyor40 #ej ,= fur!r in=mation on ,survey+1 & ,reconnoitr+1 ref]5ce %\ld be made to ! highly-valu$ publication1 entitl$ 8,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,milit>y ,,survey+1 ,,includ+ ,,sket*+ ,,9 ,,! ,,field1 ,,plan ,,draw+1 ,,levell+1 ,,milit>y ,,reconnoissance1 c410 by ,lieut4-,colonel ,basil ,jackson1 conta9+ a full acc\nt ( e survey+ in/rum5t1 & ! "r adaptation ( !m4 #ea #a4 ,! ,reconnoitr+ protractor is n int5d$ to supply ! place ( ! ,!odolite1 or o!r exp5sive in/rum5ts1 :5 v great accuracy is requir$ 9 survey+1 or 9 trigonometrical obs]vations2 b1 9 ! h&s ( (fic]s accu/om$ to ! use ( x1 be>+s may be rapidly tak51 heights & di/ances asc]ta9$1 roads trav]s$1 c41 c41 ) suffici5t accuracy = a milit>y survey1 or reconnoissance4 ,! protractor has a tripod1 on :i* x is to be /eadily fix$ = tak+ angles1 c42 b ! in/rum5t c nev]!less be us$ )\t ! tripod2 & m\nt$ (fic]s may1 aft] a little practice1 make a reconnoissance ) ! protractor alone1 especially if !y are able to measure1 or calculate ! di/ance ( base l9es1 by ! l5g? ( ! paces ( _! horses4 #b4 ,a survey1 c41 may be v rapidly tak5 9 ! field1 by lay+ draw+-pap] on ! face ( ! protractor1 "u ! m>g9al scale1 fix+ x firmly by means ( draw+-p9s 9 ! sides1 & us+1 at ! fir/ /ation1 ! edge ( ! index z a rul] to set (f on ! pap]1 at once1 by obs]vation ?r\gh ! sights1 ! angles ( ! objects ^: di/ance is requir$2 draw+ a base l9e p>allel to ! tube side ( ! in/rum5t1 & also l9es at ! angles f\nd4 ,at ! second /ation1 ! pap] mu/ be mov$ a few in*es1 = a base l9e to be drawn2 at ! t]m9ation ( :i* 7! second /ation7 ! index is to be direct$ to ! objects1 z be=e1 & l9es are to be produc$ until !y int]sect ^? drawn at ! fir/ /ation3 ?us ! position ( ! objects w be obta9$2 &1 by us+ ! scale on ! index = ! l5g? drawn = ! measur$ base l9e1 z well z = ! l9es direct$ to ! objects1 _! respective di/ances w be asc]ta9$4 #c4 ,! reconnoitr+ protractor1 & all o!r in/rum5ts = survey+1 c41 c4 c be readily obta9$ f ,messrs4 ,elliott1 #ef1 ,/r&1 ,london4 #eb ,or ,reconnoitr+ protractor4 #ec ,to erect a p]p5dicul>1 vide 8,practical ,geometry40 #ed #c in* cube full ( air floats #a lb4 9 wat]4 #c in* cube ( wat] weighs #a lb4 9 air4 #a cubic foot ( wat] weighs #fd lb4 9 air4 #a ditto coal ditto #hj - #fd #af 9 wat]4 #a ditto s& ditto #ie - #fd #ca 9 wat]4 ,a suit ( clo!s & a pair ( boots1 :i* weigh #g lb4 9 air1 :5 well saturat$ ) wat]1 only weigh 9 wat] #a lb4 #ee ,vide also ,def9itions--,,trigonometry1 page #cja4 #ef ,gunt]'s *a9 is 9 l5g? #d poles #bb y>ds #ff feet1 & is divid$ into #ajj l9ks4 ,ea* l9k is !re=e #bb_/ajj ( a y>d1 or #ff_/ajj ( a foot1 or #gib in*es4 ,l& is e/imat$ 9 acres1 roods1 & p]*es4 ,an acre conta9s #aj squ>e *a9s1 or z mu* z #aj *a9s 9 l5g? & #a *a9 9 bread?2 or 9 y>ds x is #bbj #bb #dhdj2 or 9 poles x is #dj #d #afj squ>e poles2 or 9 l9ks x is #ajjj ,x #ajj #ajj1jjj squ>e l9ks4 ,an acre is divid$ into #d p>ts call$ roods1 & a rood into #dj p>ts call$ p]*es1 :i* are squ>e poles1 or ! squ>e ( a pole ( #e y>ds long1 or ! squ>e ( a qu>t] ( a *a91 or ( #be l9ks1 :i* is #fbe l9ks4 ,?us ! divisions ( l& measure are-- #fbe squ>e l9ks #a pole1 or p]*4 #dj p]*es #a rood4 #d roods #a acre4 ,! l5g? ( l9es1 measur$ ) a *a91 %\ld be set d[n 9 l9ks z integ]s1 in/ead ( 9 *a9s1 & decimals4 ,!re=e1 aft] ! cont5t is f\nd1 x w be 9 squ>e l9ks4 #eg #egc is ! numb] ( p\nds ( p[d] conta9$ 9 a cubic foot1 :5 %ak52 & #ee p\nds :5 n %ak54 ,accord+ to ! fir/ case1 "o p\nd ( p[d] w occupy #cj cubic in*es2 & accord+ to ! second case "o p\nd w occupy #cadahb cubic in*es4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,footnote #cg is ref]5c$ six times f page #bcg2 footnote #eb is ref]5c$ twice f page #caa2 footnote #ed is ref]5c$ f\r times f pages #cag & page #cah4 ,obvi\s typographical errors & punctuation errors h be5 correct$ aft] c>eful comp>ison ) o!r occurr5ces )9 ! text & consultation ( ext]nal s\rces4 ,"s hyph5s 9 words h be5 sil5tly remov$1 "s add$1 :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ! orig9al book4 ,"s bracket+ 9 "s tables has be5 adju/$ or remov$ = readability4 ,except = ^? *anges not$ bel[1 all misspell+s 9 ! text1 & inconsi/5t or ar*aic usage1 h be5 reta9$4 ,pg viii3 page numb] #8#h' replac$ by #8#dh'4 ,pg xvi3 ,add$ new section #8,,congreve ,,rockets4' to ! ,to,c4 ,pg xviii3 #8,embrasures' replac$ by #8,embrazures'4 ,pg xxi3 #8#cab1 #cac1 #cad' replac$ by #8#cab-d'4 ,pg #fa3 #8?irty ronnds (' replac$ by #8?irty r\nds ('4 ,pg #fi3 9 ! table head] #8,=e 444 ,diamet]' replac$ by #8,=e 444 ,h9d'4 ,pg #gb3 9 second column ( ! table #8#c' replac$ by #8#b'4 ,pg #hj3 #8#d in* ,mort>' replac$ by #8#d in* ,mort>'4 ,pg #he3 9 ! table #8#e 9 c' replac$ by #8#e in*'4 ,pg #ia3 9 ,,lev]s section #8lb4 oz4' replac$ by #8ft4 94' ,pg #aga3 9 ! table #8#a' replac$ by #8#aj'4 ,pg #aga3 9 ! table #8#abji' replac$ by #8#abjj'4 ,pg #agf3 #8to facilite !' replac$ by #8to facilitate !'4 ,pg #ahg3 #8assi/ #b at' replac$ by #8assi/s #b at'4 ,pg #aie3 #8at an elevavation' replac$ by #8at an elevation'4 ,pg #bbj3 ! ,rem>ks column has be5 mov$ "u ! table to cons]ve table space4 ,pg #bbb3 #8a longe range' replac$ by #8a long range'4 ,pg #bbf3 #8!y rico*$ &' replac$ by #8!y rico*et$ &'4 ,pg #bbf3 ! italic m>kup on ! small table has be5 remov$4 ,pg #bbg3 #8! same is 9' replac$ by #8! same z 9'4 ,pg #bcd3 #8left betwee5 !' replac$ by #8left betwe5 !'4 ,pg #bce3 #8plac$ at ?o top' replac$ by #8plac$ at ! top'4 ,pg #bch3 #8embrasures %\ld be' replac$ by #8embrazures %\ld be'4 ,pg #bia3 #87#e #a7' replac$ by #87#e #a7'4 ,pg #cah3 ! footnote 9 ! orig9al book #8,see note1 p4 #cag' 0 r$undant & has be5 remov$4 ,pg #cbj3 #8is is a' replac$ by #8x is a'4 ,footnote #g3 #8to five eet' replac$ by #8to five feet'4