,,transcriber',s ,,note ,italic text is denoted by underscores4 ,footnote anchors are denoted by number1 and the footnotes have been placed at the end of the book4 ,notes specific to a table have not been treated as footnotes1 and remain at the bottom of the table with an 99 or or marker4 ,many wide tables have been split into two and sometimes three parts4 ,the tables in this book are best viewed using a monospace font4 ,a superscript is denoted by x or xx1 for example ,no or #ast4 ,basic fractions are displayed as etc2 other fractions are shown in the form a-b_/c1 for example #ge_/if or #af-a_/ab4 ,some minor changes to the text are noted at the end of the book4 ,,the ,,artillerist',s ,,manual1 ,,and ,,british ,,soldier',s ,,compendium4 ,,by ,,major ,f4 ,a4 ,,griffiths1 ,r4 ,f4 ,p4 ,,royal ,,artillery4 ,si quid novisti rectius istis1 ,candidus imperti3 si non1 his utere mecum4 ,,seventh ,,edition4 ,published by ,authority4 ,,london3 ,,sold ,,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,allen ,,and ,,co41 ,,leadenhall ,,street2 ,,parker ,,and ,,son1 #dde1 ,,west ,,strand2 ,,clowes ,,and ,,sons1 ,,charing ,,cross2 ,,simpkin1 ,,marshall ,,and ,,co41 ,,stationers' ,,hall ,,court2 ,j4 ,,boddy ,,and ,,son1 ,,and ,w4 ,p4 ,,jackson1 ,,woolwich2 ,c4 ,c4 ,c4 #ahef4 ,entered at ,stationers' ,hall4 ,,printed ,,by ,w4 ,,clowes ,,and ,,sons1 ,,stamford ,,street1 ,,and ,,charing ,,cross4 ,,preface4 ,,seventh ,,edition4 ,similar to each of the preceding editions of 8,,the ,,artillerist',s ,,manual1 ,,and ,,british ,,soldier',s ,,compendium10 the present work contains much additional matter2 and notice has been taken of the subjects in which improvements1 or alterations have been adopted4 ,to those ,officers1 and ,non-commissioned ,officers1 who are in possession of the #fth edition of ,the ,manual1 it is advisable that ,i should specify the chief additions1 c41 in the present edition1 viz43-- ,,alterations3 ,percussion small arms4 ,manufacture of cartridges4 ,ball cartridge barrels1 and boxes4 ,carcasses4 ,quick match4 ,shells1 weight1 c4 ,ordnance1 length1 weight1 c4 ,service1 and management of heavy ordnance4 ,wads for heavy ordnance4 ,charges for the ,royal ,navy4 ,,additions3 ,manual1 and platoon exercise of ,riflemen4 ,instructions for aiming with the rifle musket4 ,light infantry signals1 and sounds4 ,fusil exercise4 ,instructions for pitching1 and striking tents4 ,lights1 long4 ,lights1 signal4 ,parachute light ball4 ,water fuze4 ,to extricate a shot when jammed in a gun4 ,to ascertain if a magazine is damp4 ,detail for active service of #i-,pounder ,troop of ,royal ,horse ,artillery4 ,reserve of gun1 and small arm ammunition4 ,detail for active service--#ah-,pounder ,field battery4 0 0 0 #i-,pounder ,ditto4 0 0 0 #cb-,pounder ,howitzer ,ditto4 ,small arm ammunition reserve4 ,exercise of rockets4 ,to estimate distances in the field4 ,to find the distance from an object1 height known4 ,instructions for the exercise1 and service of great guns1 and shells1 on board ,her ,majesty's ships4 ,instructions for landing seamen1 and marines1 with ,field pieces4 ,charges for the ,royal ,navy1 for boats4 ,proportion of charges1 for a #ea-screw steam frigate4 ,ditto ,ditto #ej-;gun frigate4 ,also--#a ,new ,plate4 #b 0 woodcuts4 #a 0 diagram4 ,in the publication of each edition my object has been the same--to render ,the ,manual a ,compendium of all that can be required by ,officers in the ,field2 and if ,i may be allowed to judge by the gratifying manner in which the work has been received by the ,officers of the ,united ,services1 my humble exertions have indeed been successful1 ten thousand copies of ,the ,manual1 including the present edition1 having been printed4 ,the extensive circulation of 8,the ,artillerist's ,manual1 and ,british ,soldier's ,compendium10 is no doubt1 however1 chiefly to be attributed1-- #ast4 ,to the highly favourable notice of the ,military ,authorities1 as evinced by the ,,general ,,order of the ,master-,general of the ,ordnance1 dated #beth ,april #ahdj1 and by the ,,memorandum1 dated ,horse ,guards1 #ajth ,december #ahdj4 #bnd4 ,to the considerate notice of ,the ,lords ,commissioners of the ,admiralty1 a copy of the work having been ordered to be included in the libraries of all ,vessels of war4 #crd4 ,to the liberal distribution1 by the ,honourable ,court of ,directors of the ,east ,india ,company1 of copies of each edition to the military authorities at the several ,presidencies in ,india4 ,in conclusion1 ,i have to express my grateful feelings to ,his ,royal ,highness the ,general ,commanding in ,chief1 who has been graciously pleased to promulgate the ,,memorandum1 dated ,horse ,guards1 #acth ,october #ahef2a and my warm thanks are also due to the ,officers of the various ,departments at ,head ,quarters1 for the kind manner in which they have invariably assisted me in the revision of the work1 in order that each succeeding edition may keep pace with the improvements1 alterations1 or requirements of the ,united ,services4 ,f4 ,a4 ,,griffiths4 ,putney1 ,october #acth1 #ahef4 7,copy47 ,horse ,guards1 ,memorandum4 #acth ,october #ahef4 ,his ,royal ,highness1 the ,general ,commanding in ,chief1 strongly recommends to the ,officers1 and ,non-commissioned ,officers of the ,army1 the ,revised edition of a ,work1 entitled 8,the ,artillerist's ,manual1 and ,british ,soldier's ,compendium10 a work replete with the most useful ,military information1 and of which ,major ,griffiths1 ,r4,f4,p41 ,royal ,artillery1 is the author4 ,by command of ,his ,royal ,highness1 ,the ,general ,commanding in ,chief1 7,signed7 ,g4 ,a4 ,,wetherall1 ,adj4-,general4 ,,general ,,index ,,to ,,the ,,subjects4 ,,page ,preface iii ,memorandum1 dated ,horse ,guards1 #acth ,october #ahef vi ,general ,index to the subjects vii ,plates viii ,detailed ,index to the subjects ix ,,part4 ,i4 ,infantry ,exercise1 ,movements1 c4 ,sword exercise4 ,pitching1 and striking tents #a ,,ii4 ,carbine exercise4 ,cavalry sword exercise #dc ,,iii4 ,ordnance4 ,carriages1 c4 #dh ,,iv4 ,ranges4 ,charges4 ,elevations4 c4 #gj ,v4 ,stores4 ,implements4 ,combustibles4 c4 #hc ,,vi4 ,field battery ,exercise4 ,detail for active service of a ,troop of ,horse ,artillery2 ,field batteries1 c4 ,interior management of a ,battery4 ,embarking1 and disembarking4 ,application of ,field artillery4 ,encamping1 and picketing4 ,tents4 ,horses4 ,forage4 ,veterinary directions4 ,congreve rocket exercise #ajj ,,vii4 ,serving1 and working heavy ,ordnance #agc ,,viii4 ,gunnery #aie ,,ix4 ,batteries4 ,fortification #bbc ,x4 ,bridges1 and ,pontoons #bej ,,xi4 ,fireworks #bed ,,xii4 ,mathematics #bfe ,,plates4 ,,page #a4 ,brass ,gun1 with ,names of principal parts #dh #b4 ,field ,gun ,carriage4 ,elevation #ajb #c4 0 ,plan #ajc #d4 ,horse with harness #acd #e4 ,harness4 ,description #acd #f4 ,garrison ,gun ,carriage #agc #g4 ,loading1 c4 ,naval ,service #bab #h4 ,vauban's ,first system 7,plan7 #bdj #i4 ,do4 do4 7,profile7 #bdb #aj4 ,modern system of ,fortification #bdc #aa4 ,field ,fortification #bdf ,mechanics #ab4 #bid ,heights1 and ,distances #ac4 ,surveying1 and ,reconnoitring #cjg ,heights1 and ,distances #ad4 #caj ,practical ,geometry #ae4 ,practical ,geometry #cbd #af4 ,do4 #cbe #ag4 ,do4 #cbg ,,index ,,to ,,the ,,subjects1 ,,etc4 ,,part ,i4 ,,infantry ,,exercise1 ,,movements1 c4 ,,sword ,,exercise4 ,,pitching1 ,,and ,,striking1 ,,tents4 ,,page ,musket1 ,flint lock #a ,percussion ,small arms1 length1 weight1 bore1 charge1 c4 #a ,blank cartridges #c ,manufacture of cartridges #c ,small arm ammunition1 boxes1 and barrels #e ,instructions for browning ,gun barrels #e ,percussion firelocks1 ,instructions relative thereto #f ,,infantry ,,exercise1 ,,and ,,movements2 ,extracted from 8,,field ,,exercise1 ,,and ,,evolutions ,,of ,,the ,,army40 ,paces1 ,length of1 c4 #f ,flint firelocks1 ,manual1 and ,platoon exercise #g ,inspection1 and ,dismissal of a ,company #h ,percussion firelocks1 ,manual1 and ,platoon exercise #h ,fusil exercise #i ,the ,manual1 and ,platoon exercise of ,riflemen #aj ,instructions for aiming with the ,rifle musket #aj ,words of command1 for ,funeral parties #aa ,,company ,,drill4 ,,sect4 ,,page #a4 ,formation of the ,company #aa #b4 ,marching to the front #ab #c4 ,the ,side1 or closing step #ab #d4 ,the ,back step #ab #e4 ,to form four deep #ab #f4 ,file marching #ab #g4 ,wheeling from a halt #ab #h4 ,wheeling forward by sub-divisions #ab #i4 ,wheeling backward by sub-divisions #ac #aj4 ,marching on an alignement #ac #aa4 ,wheeling into line #ac #ab4 ,entering into a new direction #ac #ac4 ,counter-marching #ac #ad4 ,wheeling on the centre #ac #ae4 ,diagonal march #ac #af4 ,increasing front of open ,column halted #ac #ag4 ,increasing front of open ,column on the march #ac #ah4 ,to pass a ,defile1 by breaking off files #ad #ai4 ,to move to a flank1 in ,sections #ad #bj4 ,forming ,company1 c41 from file marching #ad #ba4 ,to form to either ,flank1 from open ,column #ae #bb4 ,to gain ground to a flank1 by marching in echellon #ae #bc4 ,to form the rallying square #ae ,,dismissing ,a ,,company ,,off ,,parade #ae ,,inspecting ,a ,,company ,,on ,,parade #ae ,,movements ,,of ,a ,,battalion4 #a4 ,commands #af #b4 ,degrees of march #af #c4 ,marching in line #af #d4 ,wheeling #af #e4 ,movements #af #f4 ,the ,alignement #ag #g4 ,points of formation #ag #h4 ,dressing #ag #i4 ,open column #ag #aj4 ,quarter distance1 and close column #ag #aa4 ,echellon #ah #ab4 ,squares #ai #ac4 ,firings #ai ,street firing #bj ,,formation ,,of ,,the ,,battalion #bj ,,evolutions ,,of ,,the ,,battalion #ba ,,movements ,,of ,,the ,,battalion ,,from ,,line #ba #ad4 ,the ,battalion1 halted1 is to advance in ,line #ba #ae4 ,when a ,battalion1 advancing in line1 is to charge #bb #af4 ,when the ,battalion moving in ,line passes a wood1 c41 by the flank march of ,companies #bb #ag4 ,when the ,battalion advances1 or retires by half battalion1 and fires #bb #ah4 ,a ,battalion in line1 to move to attack1 c41 to the front1 c4 #bc #ai4 ,a ,battalion in line to retire over a bridge1 c41 or retreat from the flank in the rear of the centre #bd #bj4 ,a ,battalion in line to march off in ,column of ,divisions1 successively to a flank #bd #ba4 ,when the ,battalion1 halted in line1 is to form square #be #bb4 ,when the ,battalion forms a square1 c41 to protect baggage against ,infantry #bg #bc4 ,a ,battalion halted1 in line1 to change front to the rear upon the centre #bg ,,changes ,,of ,,position ,,of ,,the ,,battalion ,,from ,,line1 ,,by ,,movements ,,of ,,the ,,open ,,column4 ,on a fixed point4 #bd4 ,the ,battalion to change position to the front on the right halted ,company1 by throwing forward the whole left #bh ,on a distant point4 #be4 ,the ,battalion in line changes position by breaking into open column1 marching up in column to the point where its head is to remain1 and entering the line by the flank march of ,companies #bh #bf4 ,the ,battalion in line changes position by breaking into open column1 marching to a point where its head is to rest1 and to which its rear divisions form by passing each other1 and wheeling up #bi ,,open ,,column ,,movements4 #bg4 ,when the leading flank of the column is changed by the successive march of divisions from the rear to the front #bi #bh4 ,to change the wings of a column formed where the space does not admit of the flank movement #bi #bi4 ,when the column is required to form a square #bi ,,quarter ,,distance1 ,,and ,,close ,,column4 #cj4 ,when a ,battalion forms a close1 or quarter distance column from line #cj #ca4 ,when the column marches to a flank #ca #cb4 ,when the column at quarter distance1 moving1 takes ground to right1 or left1 by the echellon march of sections #ca #cc4 ,when a column1 halted1 is to wheel #ca #cd4 ,when a column is to change its front by the wheel1 and countermarch of sub-divisions round the centre #cb #ce4 ,when a column is to open out to full1 or half distance #cb ,,deployments4 #cf4 ,when the ,battalion1 in column of ,companies1 deploys into line #cc ,,echellon ,,formations1 ,,and ,,movements4 #cg4 ,when a ,battalion1 from line1 wheels forward by ,companies into echellon #cd #ch4 ,when the ,battalion1 having wheeled from line into echellon1 has marched1 and halted1 and is to form back parallel to the line it quitted #cd #ci4 ,when the ,battalion1 having wheeled from line into echellon1 has marched1 and halted1 and is to form up oblique to the line it quitted #cd #dj4 ,when the ,battalion formed in line1 changes front1 on a fixed flank ,company by throwing forward the rest of the ,battalion #ce #da4 ,when the ,battalion changes front on a fixed flank ,company by throwing back the rest of the ,battalion #ce #db4 ,when the ,battalion changes front on a central ,company1 by advancing one wing1 and retiring the other #ce #dc4 ,when1 from ,open column1 the ,companies wheel backward into echellon1 to form line on the front ,company #cf #dd4 ,when from line the ,companies of a battalion march off in echellon to the front1 and again form line #cg #de4 ,when a ,battalion in echellon of ,companies is required to form square #cg #df4 ,when a ,battalion marching in line is to take ground to a flank by the echellon movement #cg ,,light ,,infantry4 ,,signals1 ,,and ,,sounds #ch ,,infantry ,,sword ,,exercise #ch ,extension motions1 and positions #ch ,preparatory instruction with the sword #ci ,review1 or inspection exercise #dj ,attack1 and defence #dj ,stick drill #dj ,,instructions ,,for ,,pitching1 ,,and ,,striking ,,tents #da ,,part ,,ii4 ,,carbine ,,exercise2 ,,sword ,,exercise1 ,,cavalry4 ,,royal ,,artillery4 ,,carbine ,,exercise #dc ,inspection1 and dismissal of a ,company #dc ,to fire a ,feu-de-joie #dd ,funeral exercise #dd ,sword4 ,royal ,artillery #dd ,,cavalry1 ,,sword ,,exercise #de ,formation for ,sword exercise1 on foot #df ,formation for ,sword exercise1 mounted #df ,,officers' ,,salute #df ,,part ,,iii4 ,,ordnance1 ,,carriages1 etc4 ,names of parts4 ,the ,dispart4 ,point blank range #dh ,the ,tangent scale4 ,the sights4 ,the ,line of metal #di ,the ,centre of metal4 ,windage #di ,the ,vent4 ,bouching4 ,tertiating4 ,quadrating4 ,honey comb4 ,length4 ,calibre4 ,gun metal #ej ,brass1 and ,iron guns #ej ,service charges of powder4 ,point blank range of guns #ea ,description of ,howitzers1 and ,carronades #ea ,description of ,mortars1 charges1 ranges1 c4 #eb ,value of ,brass1 and ,iron ,ordnance #eb ,proof of iron ,guns1 brass ,guns #ec 0 ,mortars1 ,howitzers1 ,carronades #ed ,water proof of ,ordnance #ed ,marks on condemned ,ordnance1 and ,shells #ed ,instructions for the care1 and preservation of iron ,ordnance #ee ,ingredients for coating1 and lacquering iron ,ordnance #ef ,instructions for lacquering ,shot1 and ,shells #ef ,to render ,ordnance unserviceable1 by ,spiking1 c4 #eg ,unspiking ,ordnance #eh ,length1 ,weight1 ,calibre1 and ,charge of ,ordnance generally used in the service #ei1 #fj ,,carriages4 ,garrison1 ,ship1 ,field gun carriages4 ,sleighs1 equipment1 c4 #fa ,depression carriages #fb ,weight of ,field carriages1 ,limbers1 c4 #fc to #fg ,weight1 and diameter of ,wheels #fg ,weight of ,carriages for iron ,guns1 ,howitzers1 ,carronades #fh ,weight of ,traversing platforms #fh ,weight1 and dimensions of ,trucks #fi ,weight1 and dimensions of ,mortar beds #fi ,,part ,,iv4 ,,ranges1 ,,charges1 ,,elevations1 c4 ,,brass ,,ordnance4 ,medium #ab ,pr4 ,light #ab ,pr4 #i ,pr4 ,long #f ,pr4 ,light #f ,pr4 ,heavy #c ,pr4 #gj #bd ,pr4 ,howitzer4 #ab ,pr4 ,howitzer #e-;inch heavy ,howitzer #h-;inch ,howitzer #cb ,pr4 ,howitzer #ga ,,shrapnell ,,shells #gb ,,ricochet ,,practice with brass ,ordnance #gc ,,charges ,,for ,,the ,,royal ,,navy4 ,for boats #gc ,high1 medium1 low #gd ,,range1 ,,elevation1 c4 ,,iron ,,ordnance4 ,guns #db1 #cb1 #bd1 #ah1 #ab1 #i1 #f ,prs4 #ge ,carronades #fh1 #db1 #cb1 #bd1 #ah1 #ab ,prs4 ,,shrapnell ,,shells #fh ,pr4 ,carronade1 #h-;inch ,howitzer1 #gf #bd ,pr4 ,gun1 #ah ,pr4 ,gun ,guns #ab1 #aj1 #h-;inch #gg ,carronade gun #cb ,pr4 ,howitzers4 #h and #aj-;inch ,guns #ef1 #fh ,pr4 #gh ,gun #h-;inch #gi ,,ricochet1 ,,firing #gi 0 ,,practice #hj ,,mortars4 ,practical rules for charge1 range1 c4 #hj ,practice1 #ac1 #aj1 #h1 #e1 #d-;inch mortars #ha ,greatest charges1 and ranges #hb ,,part ,v4 ,,stores1 ,,implements1 ,,combustibles1 c4 ,balls1 light1 smoke4 ,carcasses #hc ,cartridges for guns1 howitzers1 carronades #he ,fuzes1 old pattern1 ,boxer's1 metal #hf ,grease4 ,grenades1 hand #hg ,gun cotton #hh ,gunpowder1 manufacture1 proof1 marks #hi 0 ,magazines4 ,barrels4 ,boxes #ij ,handbarrows4 ,handspikes4 ,levers4 ,lights1 blue #ia ,lights1 long1 signal4 ,match1 quick1 slow #ib ,parachute light ball1 ,boxer's4 ,pendulums #ic ,portfires1 common1 percussion1 miners'1 slow1 coast guard #id ,quoins4 ,rockets1 signal #ie ,shells1 common1 naval1 ,shrapnell diaphragm #if ,shot1 case1 or canister1 grape #if ,stool beds4 ,tubes1 common1 detonating1 friction #ih ,wadmiltilt4 ,wooden bottoms #ii ,,part ,,vi4 ,,field ,,battery ,,exercise4 ,,detail ,,for ,,active ,,service ,,of #i ,,pr4 ,,troop ,,of ,,horse ,,artillery1 #i ,,pr4 ,,field ,,battery1 #ah ,,pr4 ,,field ,,battery1 #cb ,,pr4 ,,howitzer ,,field ,,battery1 ,,gun ,,and ,,small ,,arm ,,ammunition ,,reserve4 ,,interior ,,management ,,of ,a ,,battery4 ,,embarking1 ,,and ,,disembarking4 ,,application ,,of ,,field ,,artillery4 ,,encamping1 ,,and ,,picketing4 ,,tents4 ,,horses4 ,,forage4 ,,veterinary ,,directions4 ,,congreve ,,rocket ,,exercise4 ,telling off the ,detachment4 ,posts of the ,detachment #ajj ,change of position4 ,detail of duties4 ,changing round #aja ,exercise with reduced numbers4 ,distances required #ajb ,names of parts of a ,field gun carriage #ajb ,limbering up4 ,unlimbering4 ,moving with the ,prolonge #ajc ,exercise with ,drag-ropes #ajc ,formation of a ,battery4 ,posts1 and duties of ,officers1 c4 #ajd ,,man,,uvres ,,of ,a ,,battery ,,of ,,six ,,pieces ,,of ,,ordnance4 #a4 ,to advance4 #b4 ,to retire4 #c4 ,to come into action4 #d4 ,to diminish1 or increase intervals on the march #ajf #e4 ,to take ground to a flank4 #f4 ,to make a half turn on the march4 #g4 ,to form column of divisions in rear of a flank4 #h4 ,to form column of divisions in front of a flank #ajg #i4 ,to form column of divisions on the centre division #ajg #aj4 ,to change front to the rear #ajg #aa4 ,to change front to a flank #ajh #ab4 ,to advance from a flank1 in column #aji #ac4 ,to advance from the centre in double column of sub-divisions4 #ad4 ,to move from a flank along the front in a column of divisions4 #ae4 ,to advance from a flank in echellon of sub-divisions4 #af4 ,to advance from a flank in echellon of divisions #aaj #ag4 ,to retire from a flank in column4 #ah4 ,to retire from the centre1 in a double column of sub-divisions4 #ai4 ,to retire from a flank by alternate half batteries in action #aaa #bj4 ,to break into column to a flank #aaa #ba4 ,to increase1 and diminish the front #aab #bb4 ,to bring the rear to the front1 in succession on the march4 #bc4 ,to form line on the leading division #aac #bd4 ,to form line on the rear division4 #be4 ,to form line on the centre division #aad #bf4 ,to form line to the rear on the leading division #aad #bg4 ,to form line to the rear of the rear division4 #bh4 ,to form line to the rear1 on the centre division4 #bi4 ,to form line to the reverse flank on the leading division #aae #cj4 ,to wheel into line #aae #ca4 ,to deploy on the rear division4 #cb4 ,to deploy on the centre division4 #cc4 ,to countermarch #aaf #cd4 ,from double column of sub-divisions1 to form line to the front4 #ce4 ,from double column of sub-divisions to form line to a flank #aag ,,inspection1 ,,and ,,review #aag ,,equipment ,,of ,a ,,battery4 ,packing the entrenching tools1 camp equipage1 c4 #aai #ah ,pr4 ,gun #abj #ab ,pr4 medium1 ,gun #aba1 #abb #i ,pr4 ,gun #abc1 #abd ,light #f ,pr4 ,gun #abe1 #abf #h-;inch ,howitzer #abg #cb ,pr4 ,howitzer #abh1 #abi #bd ,pr4 ,howitzer #acj1 #aca #ab ,pr4 ,howitzer #acb1 #acc ,weight of ,riders1 ,harness1 ,ordnance1 ,carriages1 c41 of a ,field battery equipped #acd #i ,pr4 ,troop of ,horse ,artillery4 ,detail for active service #ace ,reserve of ,gun1 and ,small arm ammunition4 ,horse ,artillery #acf #i ,pr4 ,field battery4 ,detail for active service #acg to #adj #ah ,pr4 ,field battery4 ,detail for active service #ada #cb ,pr4 ,howitzer ,field battery4 ,detail for active service #adb ,reserve of ,gun1 and ,small arm ammunition4 ,detail #adc ,gun ammunition reserve4 ,detail for ,reserve ,artillery #add ,small arm ammunition1 reserve4 ,detail for ,reserve ,artillery #ade ,,on ,,the ,,interior ,,management ,,of ,a ,,battery #adf ,,embarking1 ,,and ,,disembarking #adi ,embarking guns1 and carriages #adi ,embarking the horses #aej ,,application ,,of ,,field ,,artillery4 ,general remarks4 ,ammunition waggons #aea ,on the march4 ,advanced guard #aeb ,crossing fords4 ,passage of bridges #aec ,crossing a bridge1 passing a defile1 c4 #aed ,artillery1 acting with other troops #aee ,,encamping1 ,,and ,,picketing4 ,first method #aee ,second method4 ,to strike the encampment #aeg ,weight1 dimensions1 c4 of tents #aeh ,,horses4 ,power in draught1 c4 #aeh ,management of draught horses4 ,horse-shoes #afj ,,forage4 ,method of carrying1 c4 #afa ,,veterinary ,,directions4 ,cathartic mass #afb ,febrifuge mass #afc ,sedative mass #afd ,diuretic mass #afd ,alterative mass #afd ,tonic mass #afe ,anti-spasmodic draught #afe ,vermifuge powder #aff ,anti-purgation powder #aff ,discutient powder #aff ,astringent powder #afg ,ophthalmic powder #afg ,blistering liquid #afh ,turpentine liniment #afh ,turpentine ointment #afh ,black oil #afh ,hoof ointment #afi ,,congreve ,,rockets4 ,on firing rockets #afi ,exercise of rockets #aga ,,part ,,vii4 ,,repository ,,course4--,,serving1 ,,and ,,working ,,heavy ,,ordnance4#b ,part #a4--;,art4 #a4 ,telling off the detachments #agc ,art4 #c4 ,to shift a gun from the firing to the travelling holes1 or vice vers #agf ,art4 #d4 ,exercise of guns on siege carriages #agf ,art4 #e4 ,exercise of guns on dwarf1 and casemate traversing platforms #agg ,art4 #f4 0 0 on common traversing platforms #agg ,art4 #g4 ,disposition1 and duties1 ,firing hot shot #agg ,art4 #h4 ,exercise of carronades #agi ,art4 #i4 0 of guns1 and carronades1 on ship carriages #agi ,art4 #aj4 0 of 0 on depressing carriages #ahj ,art4 #aa4 0 of #aj and #h inch howitzers #ahj ,art4 #ab4 0 of mortars #ahj ,art4 #ac4 ,firing by night #ahb ,art4 #ad4 ,firing at moving objects #ahc ,part #b4--;,art4 #a4 ,lever1 and handspike #ahc ,art4 #b4 ,fulcrums1 and props #ahd ,art4 #c4 ,lifting jack #ahe ,art4 #d4 ,rollers #ahe ,art4 #e4 ,crab capstan #ahf ,art4 #ab4 ,sling cart #ahg ,art4 #ac4 ,sling waggon #ahi ,art4 #ae4 ,triangle gyns #aij ,art4 #af4 ,gibraltar gyn #aic ,,part ,,viii4 ,,gunnery4 ,practical rules #aie ,results from experiments on the velocities of ,shot1 c4 #aif ,theory1 and practice of ,gunnery #aih ,double shotting4 ,the effects of ,wads #aih ,penetration of ,shot #aii ,eccentric spherical ,shot #bja ,resistance of ,iron plates1 ,oak plank1 c41 against musketry1 canister1 grape-shot1 hollow1 and solid shot #bjc ,,naval ,,gunnery #bje ,to estimate the distance between ,vessels #bjf ,table ,a4--,heights of the different parts of ,ships of war #bjg ,table ,b4--,angles subtended by the masts of ,ships of war #bjh ,table ,c4--,tangent practice with #h-;inch ,gun3 #cb-,pr4 ,gun #bji ,table ,d4 0 with long #bd-,pr41 and long #ah-,pr4 ,guns #baj ,table ,e4 0 with short #bd-,pr41 and short #ah-,pr4 ,guns #baa ,instructions for the exercise1 and service of great guns1 and shells on board ,her ,majesty's ships #bab ,arrangement for fighting both sides #bad ,exercise for the #aj-;inch1 or other revolving gun #baf ,mortar exercise #bag ,instructions for landing seamen1 and marines with field pieces #bah ,proportion of charges1 spare powder1 c41 for a #ea-;gun screw steam frigate1 and #ej-;gun frigate #bbj ,on naval bombardments #bba ,,part ,,ix4 ,,batteries4--,,permanent1 ,,and ,,field ,,fortification4 ,description of ,batteries1 ,embrazures1 c4 #bbc ,dimensions of parapet requisite to be proof #bbd ,dimensions of an elevated ,gun battery #bbd ,directions for tracing a battery #bbd ,shelter from an enemy's fire #bbe ,epaulments4 ,elevated sand-bag batteries #bbf ,half-sunken batteries4 ,sunken gun batteries #bbg ,ricochet batteries #bbg ,fascines #bbh ,gabions #bbi ,sod1 or turf4 ,platforms #bcj ,alderson's platform #bca ,dimensions1 and weight of platforms for guns1 c4 #bcb ,carrying1 and laying down1 ,gun1 ,howitzer1 ,mortar1 and ,madras platforms #bcc ,breach4 ,to burst open gates of fortresses1 c4 #bcc ,,fortification1 description of #bcd ,command4 ,rampart4 ,interior slope4 ,terreplein4 ,parapet4 ,banquette4 ,revetment4 ,berm #bcd ,tablette4 ,cordon4 ,escarp #bce ,counterscarp4 ,faces4 ,flank4 ,bastions4 ,curtain4 ,front of fortification4 ,ditch4 ,covered way4 ,glacis4 ,places of arms4 ,sally-ports4 ,traverses #bce ,citadel #bcf ,esplanade4 ,body of the place4 ,outworks4 ,tenaille4 ,ravelin ,horn work4 ,crown-work4 ,lunettes4 ,tenaillons4 ,flche4 ,caponiere4 ,cunette4 ,batardeau4 ,ramp4 ,cavalier #bcf ,parallels4 ,zig-zags1 or roads of communication4 ,redan4 ,redoubt4 ,star ,fort4 ,ttes de pont4 ,lines4 ,epaulment4 ,loop holes4 ,palisades4 ,fraises4 ,chevaux de frise4 ,abattis4 ,hurdles4 ,trous de loup #bcg ,,permanent ,,fortification #bch ,remarks1 and general rules #bch ,vauban's first system4--,construction #bdj ,profile1 or section of ,vauban's first system #bdb ,modern system1 names of parts #bdc ,,field ,,fortification #bdd ,remarks1 and general rules #bdd ,capacity of field works #bde ,to find the quantity of earth for parapets1 and banquettes #bde ,to find1 rapidly1 ditto1 ditto #bde ,to compute the content of the ditch #bde ,to find the breadth of the ditch #bde ,construction of field works #bdf ,the redan4 ,the lunette4 ,the square redoubt4 ,the pentagonal redoubt4 ,the hexagonal redoubt4 ,the circular redoubt4 ,the star fort4 ,the field fort with bastions1 and half bastions #bdf ,the bridge head1 or tte du pont #bdg ,lines4 ,bridges4 ,passages4 ,traverses #bdg ,table--,dimensions of parapets1 ditches1 c41 of field works #bdh ,simple methods of tracing field works on the ground4 ,square redoubt4 ,pentagonal redoubt4 ,hexagonal redoubt4 ,octagonal redoubt4 ,front of fortification #bdi ,,part ,x4 ,,bridges1 ,,and ,,pontoons4--,,scaling ,,ladders4 ,,bridges4--,to find number of planks to form a float #bej ,to find number of casks to form a raft #bej ,to find the number of ,boats1 or ,pontoons required to support a given weight #bej ,,pontoons4--,large pontoons #bea ,small pontoons #beb ,,scaling ,,ladders #bec ,,part ,,xi4 ,,fireworks4 ,candles1 ,roman1 ,blue4 ,crackers #bed ,earthquake1 artificial4 ,fires of various colours4 ,wildfire4 ,gerbes #bee ,iron filings4 ,iron sand #bef ,leaders4 ,marroons4 ,mealing gunpowder4 ,paste for representing animals #beg ,portfires for illuminations4 ,rain1 gold1 or silver4 ,rockets1 line #beh ,rockets1 signal #bei ,saltpetre pulverized #bfj ,serpents1 or squibs4 ,shells4 ,showers of fire #bfa ,speckie4 ,spur fire4 ,suns1 or wheels #bfb ,touch paper4 ,wheels1 pin1 or ,catherine #bfd ,,part ,,xii4 ,,mathematics4 ,characters1 ,marks1 or ,signs #bfe ,,reduction #bfe ,,rule ,,of ,,three1 ,,or ,,simple ,,proportion #bff ,,fractions #bfg ,reduction #bfh ,addition4 ,subtraction4 ,multiplication4 ,division #bfi ,rule of ,three #bgj ,,decimals4--,addition #bgj ,subtraction4 ,multiplication4 ,division #bga ,reduction #bgb ,rule of ,three #bgc ,,duodecimals #bgc ,,tables ,,of ,,weights1 ,,and ,,measures2 ,english1 and ,french #bgd ,,involution1 or ,raising of powers #bgg ,,evolution1 or ,extracting roots #bgg ,,table ,,of ,,squares1 ,,cubes1 ,,and ,,roots #bhj ,,piling ,,of ,,shot1 ,,and ,,shells #bha ,to find the number of balls in a complete pile #bha number of balls in any pile1 base not exceeding #ba #bhb in an incomplete pile #bhc ,table for computing the content of piles #bhd ,,cordage4--,to find weight1 and strength of a rope #bhe ,,chains4--,to find the weight of chains #bhe ,to find the weight that may be lifted by a chain #bhf ,,iron ,,rods4--,to find the weight of round1 and square iron rods #bhf ,to find the weight that may be sustained1 or lifted1 by round iron rods #bhf ,,timber4--,to find the area of a plank #bhg content of timber #bhg weight of a tree #bhg ,,tonnage4--,table of tonnage1 and weight of carriages #bhh ,to ascertain the tonnage of ,sailing vessels #bhi of ,steam vessels #bhi ,,mechanics4--,mechanical powers #bij ,the ,lever #bia ,the ,wheel1 and ,axle #bib ,the ,pulley4 ,tackles #bic ,combination of pulleys #bid ,the inclined plane #bie ,the ,wedge4 ,the ,screw #bif ,compound machines #big ,friction4 ,unguents #bih ,transverse strength of materials #bii ,adhesion of ,nails1 and ,screws #cjj ,,trigonometry4--,definitions #cja ,methods of resolving ,triangles #cja ,useful theorems1 and corollaries #cjb ,,trigonometry ,,without ,,logarithms #cjc ,trigonometric ratios4 ,natural sines1 and cosines #cjd ,application of trigonometry without logarithms #cje ,table1--showing the reduction in feet1 c41 upon #ajj feet1 at angles of elevation1 and depression #cjf ,table1 showing the rate of inclination of inclined planes1 for angles of elevation #cjg ,,surveying1 ,,and ,,reconnoitring4--,,heights1 ,,and ,,distances #cjg ,methods of ascertaining ,heights #cjg #a4 ,by means of a pocket sextant #cjg #b4 0 a portable barometer1 and thermometer #cjh #c4 0 the ,reconnoitring protractor #cjh #d4 ,by the shadow of the object #caj #e4 ,where there is no shadow #caj #f4 ,by the tangent scale of a gun #caj #g4 ,by means of two pickets #caj ,methods of ascertaining ,distances #caa #a4 ,by means of the sextant #caa #b4 0 a pocket sextant #caa #c4 0 the prismatic compass #cab #d4 0 the ,reconnoitring protractor #cab #e4 #f1 #g1 #h4 ,pickets #cab-d #i4 0 the tangent scale of a gun #cad #aj4 0 the peak of a cap #cad #aa4 0 the report of fire-arms #cad ,to traverse ,roads-- ,by means of the ,reconnoitring protractor1 or other instrument #cae ,,sound4--,velocity of1 c4 #cae ,to ascertain the distance1 by the report of fire-arms #caf ,,gravity #caf ,specific gravities of bodies #cag ,to find the magnitude1 weight1 or specific gravity of a body1 or a fluid #cah ,quantities of two ingredients in a compound #cai ,diameter of a sphere1 or globule #cai ,table showing the weight of a cubic foot of materials #cai ,,motion1 ,,forces1 ,,etc4 ,body #cai ,density4 ,velocity4 ,momentum4 ,force4 ,gravity #cbj ,momentum4 ,amplitude4 ,time of flight4 ,time of descent #cba ,,practical ,,geometry4 ,definitions #cbb ,to divide a line into two equal parts4 ,to bisect an angle #cbd ,to erect a perpendicular4 ,to let fall a perpendicular #cbd ,to draw a line parallel to a given line #cbd ,to divide an angle #cbd ,to find the centre of a circle #cbe ,to describe an equilateral triangle1 a square #cbe ,to inscribe a square in a circle #cbe 0 an octagon in a circle #cbe ,on a line to describe all the polygons #cbe ,to inscribe in a circle an equilateral triangle #cbe 0 a hexagon1 or a dodecagon #cbf ,to inscribe a pentagon1 hexagon1 or decagon1 in a circle #cbf ,to find the angles at the centre1 and circumference of a polygon #cbf ,to inscribe a polygon in a circle #cbf ,to circumscribe a circle about a triangle1 or a square #cbg 0 a square about a circle #cbg ,to reduce a ,map1 or ,plan #cbg ,,mensuration ,,of ,,planes #cbg ,to find the area of a parallelogram #cbg 0 of a triangle #cbh 0 of a trapezium1 or of a trapezoid #cbi 0 of an irregular figure #cbi 0 of a figure1 having a part bounded by a curve #cbi ,to measure long irregular figures #ccj ,to find the number of square acres1 c4 in preceding figures #ccj 0 the area of a regular polygon #ccj 0 diameter1 and circumference of a circle #cca 0 the area of a circle #cca 0 the area of a circular ring #ccb 0 the length of any arc #ccb 0 the area of a sector #ccb 0 of a segment1 of a semicircle #ccc 0 of an ellipsis1 of a parabola1 c4 #ccc ,,mensuration ,,of ,,solids4--,definitions #ccd ,to find the superficies of a prism1 or cylinder #ccd 0 surface of a pyramid1 or cone #cce 0 surface of the frustrum of a pyramid1 or cone #cce 0 solid content of a prism1 or cylinder #cce 0 content of the solid part of a hollow cylinder #ccf 0 solidity of the frustrum of a cylinder #ccf 0 content of a pyramid1 or cone #ccf 0 solidity of the frustrum of a cone1 or pyramid #ccf 0 surface of a sphere1 or any segment #ccg 0 solidity of a sphere1 or globe #ccg 0 0 hemisphere #ccg 0 solid content of a spherical segment #ccg 0 diameter of a sphere #cch 0 weight of an iron shot #cch 0 weight of a leaden ball #cch 0 diameter of an iron shot #cch 0 diameter of a leaden ball #cci 0 weight of an iron shell #cci 0 quantity of powder a shell will contain #cci 0 size of a cubical box to contain powder #cdj 0 quantity of powder to fill the chamber of a mortar1 or howitzer #cdj 0 quantity of powder to fill a rectangular box #cdj 0 quantity of powder to fill a cylinder #cdj 0 size of a shell to contain a given weight of powder #cda 0 length of a cylinder1 or bore of a gun to be filled by a given weight of powder #cda ,to find the content1 and weight of a piece of ordnance #cda 0 content of a cask #cda ,,epitome ,,of ,,mensuration #cdb ,of the ,circle2 ,cylinder2 ,sphere1 c4 #cdb ,of the ,square2 ,rectangle2 ,cube1 c4 #cdc ,table of the ,surfaces1 and ,solidities of bodies #cdd ,of ,triangles2 ,polygons1 c4 #cdd ,table of the ,areas of regular ,polygons #cde ,of ,ellipses2 ,cones2 ,frustrums1 c4 #cde ,,publications1 ,,referred ,,to1 ,,or ,,extracted ,,from4 ,the ,infantry ,manual4 ,field ,exercise1 and ,evolutions of the ,army4 ,instruction of ,musketry4 ,bombardier1 and ,pocket ,gunner ,captain ,adye4 ,major ,elliott4 ,british ,gunner ,captain ,spearman4 ,artillery ,mr4 ,j4 ,landmann4 ,lieut4-,general ,sir ,h4 ,douglas1 ,bart4 ,naval ,gunnery ,captain ,stephens4 ,lieut4 ,beauchant4 ,instructions for the ,exercise1 and ,service of ,great guns1 and ,shells1 on board ,her ,majesty's ships4 ,field battery ,exercise1 and ,movements4 ,the ,horse1 with a treatise on draught4 ,directions for the guidance of the ,farriers of the ,royal ,artillery ,mr4 ,c4 ,percivall4 ,instructions1 and ,regulations for the ,service1 and ,management of ,heavy ,ordnance1 c4 ,fortification ,lieut4-,general ,pasley4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,landmann4 ,mr4 ,loche4 ,field fortification ,captain ,malorti4 ,captain ,macaulay4 ,military ,surveying ,lt4-,col4 ,basil ,jackson4 ,treatises on ,attack1 and ,defence ,lt4-,colonel ,jebb4 ,artificial fireworks ,mr4 ,g4 ,mortimer4 ,dr4 ,hutton4 ,mathematics ,dr4 ,o4 ,gregory4 ,mr4 ,trotter4 ,practical ,geometry ,mr4 ,j4 ,landmann4 ,natural ,philosophy ,dr4 ,fergusson4 ,the practical ,mechanic's guide4 ,the practical ,engineer's guide4 ,the ,engineer's1 and ,contractor's pocket-book ,tables ,mr4 ,beardmore4 c4 c4 c4 ,,the ,,artillerist',s ,,manual1 ,,and ,,british ,,soldier',s ,,compendium4 ,,part ,i4 ,,infantry ,,exercise1 ,,movements1 c4 ,,musket--,,flint ,,lock4 lb4 lb4 ,weight of ,musket #aj #aa ,do4 of ,bayonet #a ,charge1 ,ball cartridge #f drams4 ,blank cartridge #e drams4 ,,percussion ,,small ,,arms4 #a4 ,percussion ,musket1 ,smooth-bore3 #ahdb ,pattern4 ,barrel ,length #c ft4 #c in4 ,diameter of bore #gec inch4 ,musket ,length #d ft4 #g in4 ,weight #aj lb4 #b oz4 ,bayonet ,length beyond muzzle #a ft4 #e in4 ,weight #a lb4 #a oz4 ,arm complete ,length #f ft4 in4 with bayonet ,weight #aa lb4 #c oz4 ,bullet 7,spherical7 #fhi inch diameter1 weight #dij grains4 ,charge1 #d drams ,f4 ,g4 ,sixty rounds with #ge ,caps #f lb4 #aj oz4 #b4 ,artillery ,carbine3 #ahec ,pattern4 ,barrel ,length #b feet4 ,diameter of bore #egg in4 ,carbine ,length #c ft4 #d in4 ,weight #f lb4 #g oz4 ,sword ,bayonet ,length #a ft4 #aj in4 beyond muzzle ,weight #a lb4 #ab oz4 ,arm ,complete ,length #e ft4 #c in4 with bayonet ,weight #h lb4 #c oz4 ,the ,rifling is #c grooves and one turn1 #f ft4 #f in4 ,bullet ,weight #ecj gr4 ,diameter #efh in4 ,charge of ,powder1 #b drams ,f4 ,g4 ,weight of #bj ,rounds1 with #be ,caps #a lb4 #aa oz4 #b drams4 #c4 ,regulation ,rifle--,musket3 #ahea ,pattern4 ,barrel ,length #c ft4 #c in4 ,bore #gjb in4 ,rifling1 #d ,grooves1 one turn in #f ft4 #f in4 ,musket ,length #d ft4 #g in4 ,weight #i lb4 #i oz4 ,bayonet ,length beyond muzzle #a ft4 #e in4 ,weight #ae oz4 ,arm complete ,length #f ft4 #j in4 with bayonet ,weight #aj lb4 #h oz4 ,bullet 7,minie7 ,weight #fif gr4 ,diameter #fia in4 ,sixty rounds and #ge ,caps #g lb4 #j oz4 #h drs4 ,charge1 #b drs4 ,f4 ,g4 #d4 ,enfield ,rifle--,musket3 #ahec ,pattern4 ,barrel ,length #c ft4 #c in4 ,bore #egg in4 ,three grooves1 one turn in #f ft4 #f in4 ,musket ,length #d ft4 #g in4 ,weight #h lb4 #h oz4 ,bayonet ,length beyond muzzle #a ft4 #e in4 ,weight #aa oz4 ,complete with ,length #f ft4 #j in4 ,bayonet ,weight #i lb4 #c oz4 ,bullet ,weight #ecj gr4 ,diameter #efg in4 ,charge1 #b drams ,f4 ,g4 ,sixty rounds and #ge ,caps #e lb4 #h oz4 #d drams4 #e4 ,victoria ,carbine3 7,for ,cavalry47 ,barrel ,length #b ft4 #b in4 ,bore #gcc in4 ,bullet ,weight #dij gr4 7,spherical7 ,diameter #fhi in4 ,charge1 #b drams ,f4 ,g4 ,arm complete ,length #c ft4 #f in4 ,weight #g lb4 #i oz4 #f4 ,naval ,rifle4 #ahdb ,pattern4 ,percussion musket1 ,rifled with #c or #d grooves4 ,bullet 7,minie71 ,weight #hdh gr4 with iron cup ,diameter #gdf in4 ,charge1 #c drams ,f4 ,g4 #g4 ,pistol3 ,army pattern4 ,barrel ,length #i inches ,weight #a lb4 #f oz4 ,diameter of bore #gcc in4 ,arm complete ,weight #c lb4 #d oz4 ,length #a ft4 #c in4 ,charge of ,powder for ,ball cartridges1 #b drams4 ,ball1 ,lead1 the same as for the ,line-pattern ,musket4 ,,blank ,,cartridges4 ,the charge of powder for ,blank cartridges1 for all the above-mentioned ,small arms1 is the same2 viz41 #c drams4 ,the cartridges are made with blue paper4 ,,manufacture ,,of ,,cartridges4 ,the following articles are required for the manufacture of ,cartridges3 ,five tin measures1 containing two and a half drams4 ,five tin funnels4 ,a large knife4 ,an iron straight edge for cutting the paper4 ,five cylindrical mandrels of hard wood1 to roll the cartridge4 ,a former1 to make the hollow in the inner case1 to receive the point of the bullet4 ,a set of tin patterns for shaping the paper4 ,cartridge paper and fine white paper4 ,bullets and gunpowder4 ,to construct the ,cartridge4--,cut the paper according to the patterns1 place the rectangle 7fig4 #i7 on the little trapezium 7fig4 #aj71 the sides ,a ,b ,c of the rectangle coinciding with the sides ,a ,b ,c of the trapezium1 lay the mandrel on the rectangle1 parallel to the side ,b ,c1 the base of the mandrel even with the side ,c ,d of the rectangle2 roll the whole tightly on the mandrel2 place it vertically1 and fold the remainder of the trapezium paper into the hollow in the base of the mandrel2 commencing with the acute angle of the trapezium1 make use of the point of the former to close the folds2 examine the bottom of the inner case thus formed1 to see that there remains no hole for the escape of the powder when charged2 introduce the point of the bullet into the aperture at the base of the mandrel2 take the trapezium envelope 7fig4 #aa71 place the mandrel and bullet parallel to the side ,f ,g1 the base of the bullet at half an inch from the base ,f ,h1 of the envelope2 press up the point of the bullet into the cavity2 roll the envelope tightly on the bullet and on the mandrel2 fold the remainder of the envelope on the base of the bullet1 commencing with the acute angle2 place the base of the cartridge on the table2 withdraw the mandrel1 squeezing the case of the cartridge with the left hand1 and raising up the mandrel with the right hand4 ,to charge the cartridge1 introduce the point of the copper funnel into the bottom of the case of the cartridge2 pour in #b drams of fine grain powder from the powder-flask2 withdraw the funnel1 taking care that none of the powder escapes between the case and the envelope2 squeeze the top of the cartridge1 and twist it round4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,fig4 #aj4 #a inch4 #d inches4 ,rectangle4 #b inches4 #d inches4 #e inches4 ,little ,trapezium4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4 #e inches4 #d inches4 #c inches4 ,trapezium ,envelope4 ,when completed1 the base of the cartridge must be dipped up to the shoulder of the bullet in a pot of grease1 consisting of six parts tallow to one of bees-wax4 ,,small ,,arm ,,ammunition4 ,dimensions of ,boxes4 ,length1 #a ft4 #d in4 ,depth1 #h in4 ,breadth1 #g in4 including the cleat4 ,weight of ,boxes4 ,empty1 #g lb4 #f oz4 ,contents and ,weight of ,barrels and ,boxes4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,barrel4 ,box4 ---------------------------------------- - ,no4 ,no4 ,weight ,no4 ,no4 ,weight of ,car- of filled4of ,car- of filled4 tridges4,caps4 tridges4,caps4 ---------------------------------------- - lb4 oz4 lb4 oz4 ,rifle ,musket1 ,pattern #ahdb #ejj #fbe #gi #j 44 44 44 ,rifle ,musket1 0 #ahea #gjj #hge #ff #d #ejj #fbe #fe #d ,rifle ,musket1 0 #ahec #gjj #hge #gc #h #efj #gjj #fj #f ,artillery ,carbine #hjj #ajjj #ha #h #ffj #hbe #fc #j ,victoria ,carbine #gjj #hge #fi #j #fjj #gej #fj #h ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,instructions ,,for ,,browning ,,gun ,,barrels4 ,the following ingredients1 viz43-- #a oz4 of ,spirits of wine1 #a oz4 ,tincture of steel1 oz4 of ,corrosive sublimate1 #a oz4 of ,sweet spirit of ,nitre1 #a oz4 of ,blue vitriol1 oz4 of ,nitric acid4 are to be mixed and dissolved in one quart of soft water4 ,previous to commencing the operation of browning1 it is necessary that the barrel should be made quite bright with emery or a fine smooth file 7but not burnished71 after which it must be carefully cleaned from all greasiness2 a small quantity of pounded lime rubbed well over every part of the barrel is best for this purpose3 a plug of wood is then to be put into the nose of the barrel1 and the mixture applied to every part with a clean sponge or rag4 ,the barrel is then to be exposed to the air for twenty-four hours2 after which it is to be well rubbed over with a ,steel scratch-card or ,scratch-brush1 until the rust is entirely removed2 the mixture may then be applied again1 as before1 and in a few hours the barrel will be sufficiently corroded for the operation of scratch-brushing to be repeated4 ,the same process of scratching off the rust and applying the mixture is to be repeated twice or three times a day for four or five days1 by which the barrel will be made of a very dark-brown colour4 ,when the barrel is sufficiently brown1 and the rust has been carefully removed from every part1 about a quart of boiling water should be poured over every part of the barrel1 in order that the action of the acid mixture upon the barrel may be destroyed1 and the rust thereby prevented from rising again4 ,the barrel1 when cold1 should afterwards be rubbed over with linseed oil1 or common oil4 ,it is particularly directed that the use of the hard hair-brush be discontinued in browning1 and the steel scratch-card or scratch-brush used in place of it1 otherwise the browning will not be durable1 nor have a good appearance4 ,the browning mixture must be kept in glass bottles1 as it will soon lose its virtue if kept in earthenware4 ,the locks are on no account to be made of the hardening colour1 as the repetition of the operation of hardening has a very injurious tendency4 ,,percussion ,,firelocks4 ,muskets with ,percussion locks require to be carefully handled1 to prevent the cocks being made loose1 by which their direct fall on the nipples would be rendered uncertain4 ,they will1 at all times1 when unloaded1 be used with the cocks down upon the nipples2 but1 when they are loaded1 the caps1 or primers1 will be put on1 and the muskets carried at half-cock for safety1 there being then less risk of accidental explosion than with the cocks resting on the caps4 ,when marching with the cap on1 the cock will be brought up under the arm-pit1 the sling resting on the arm2 but at other times the firelock may be carried with the barrel downwards1 the right hand grasping the piece between the loop and swell2 and the left the right arm just below the elbow4 ,,infantry ,,exercise1 ,,and ,,movements1 ,extracted from 8,,field ,,exercises ,,and ,,evolutions ,,of ,,the ,,army10 the ,parts and ,sections being numbered according thereto4#c ,,paces4 ,slow time1 each step1 #cj inches1 and #ge paces in a minute4 ,quick time1 each step1 #cj inches1 and #ajh paces in a minute4 ,double time1 each step1 #cf inches1 and #aej paces in a minute4 ,back step1 each #cj inches4 ,side or ,closing step1 #aj inches4 ,to calculate the number of ,paces 7each #cj inches7 required for a given number of ,files4 ,as a soldier occupies #ba inches1 take two-thirds of the number of ,files in the division1 and add an inch for each ,file4 ,table of the number of ,paces corresponding to a given number of ,files4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,number of ,files in a ,division1 each occupying #e #ae #af #ah #bj #cj #dj #ej #ba inches4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,front of ,divisions in ,paces ,p4 ,i4 ,p4 ,i4 ,p4 ,i4 ,p4 ,i4 ,p4 ,p4 ,p4 ,p4 of #cj inches4 #c #ae #aj #ae #aa #f #ab #ah #ad #ba #bh #ce ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,flint ,,firelocks4 ,,manual ,,exercise4 #a4 ,secure arms4 #b4 ,shoulder arms4 #c4 ,order arms4 #d4 ,fix bayonets4 #e4 ,shoulder arms4 #f4 ,present arms4 #g4 ,shoulder arms4 #h4 ,port arms4 #i4 ,charge bayonets4 #aj4 ,shoulder arms4 #aa4 ,advance arms4 #ab4 ,order arms4 #ac4 ,advance arms4 #ad4 ,shoulder arms4 #ae4 ,support arms4 #af4 ,stand at ease4 #ag4 ,attention4 #ah4 ,carry arms4 #ai4 ,slope arms4 #bj4 ,stand at ease4 #ba4 ,attention4 #bb4 ,carry arms4 #bc4 ,order arms4 #bd4 ,unfix bayonets4 #be4 ,stand at ease4 ,,platoon ,,exercise4 ,as front rank standing4 or1 ,as rear rank standing4 -- ,as front rank kneeling4 -- ,as rear rank kneeling4 #a4 ,prime1 and ,load4 #b4 ,handle cartridge4 #c4 ,prime4 #d4 ',bout4 #e4 ,draw ramrods4 #f4 ,ram down cartridge4 #g4 ,return ramrods4 #h4 ,as front rank1 ,ready4 #i4 ,present4 #aj4 ,load4 #aa4 ,shoulder arms4 ,as rear rank1 ,ready1 c4 ,,as ,a ,,company4 ,prime and ,load4 ,company ,ready4 ,present4 ,at the word 8,cease firing10 the ,company1 if made ready1 receives the words1 ,half-cock arms4 ,shoulder arms4 ,or the word will be given to 8,fire a volley2 and half-cock10 7at priming position17 ,shoulder arms4 ,shut pans4 ,,inspection ,,of ,a ,,company4 #a4 ,attention4 #b4 ,fix bayonets4 #c4 ,shoulder arms4 #d4 ,rear rank take open order--,march4 #e4 ,open pans4 #f4 ,slope arms4 #g4 ,carry arms4 #h4 ,shut pans4 #i4 ,order arms4 #aj4 ,examine arms4 #aa4 ,return ramrods4 #ab4 ,unfix bayonets4 #ac4 ,rear rank take close order--,march4 #ad4 ,stand at ease4 ,,dismissal ,,of ,a ,,company4 ,attention4 ,shoulder arms4 ,recover arms4 ,ease springs4 ,right face4 ,lodge arms4 ,,percussion ,,firelocks4 ,,manual ,,exercise4 ,words of ,command similar to those for ,muskets with ,flint locks4 ,,the ,,platoon ,,exercise1 ,,and ,,different ,,firings ,,for ,,the ,,ordinary ,,or ,,rifle ,,musket4 ,to load from the shoulder1 standing ,prepare to load4 0 from the ,advance1 standing ,prepare to load4 0 from the ,order1 standing ,prepare to load4 ,load4 ,rod4 ,home4 ,return4 ,cap4 ,as ,front1 or ,rear rank --,yards1 ,ready1 ,present4 ,load1 c41 as above4 ,to shoulder1 when at the ,capping position ,shoulder arms4 ,to advance arms1 from the ,capping position ,advance arms4 ,to make ready from the shoulder --,yards--,ready4 0 from the ,advance --,yards--,ready4 ,to fire kneeling ,as front rank kneeling4 --,yards--,ready4 ,present4 ,load1 c41 as above4 ,cap4 ,shoulder arms4 ,advance arms4 ,to load from the shoulder1 ,as front rank1 kneeling4 as ,front ,rank1 kneeling ,prepare to load4 ,to load from the ,advance1 ,as front rank1 kneeling4 as ,front ,rank1 kneeling ,prepare to load4 ,shoulder1 or as before ,advance arms1 directed4 ,as rear rank1 kneeling1 ,yards--,ready4 ,present4 ,load1 c41 as above4 ,cap4 ,shoulder1 or as before ,advance arms1 directed4 ,to load from the shoulder1 ,as rear rank1 kneeling1 as ,rear ,rank1 kneeling ,prepare to load4 ,to load from the ,advance4 ,as rear rank1 kneeling1 as ,rear ,rank1 kneeling ,prepare to load4 ,as a ,company1 ,load ,company1 at yards1 ,ready4 ,present4 ,half-cock arms4 ,shoulder arms4 ,firing as a wing1 or as a ,battalion1 is performed precisely as laid down for a ,company4 ,a ,company1 ,wing1 or a ,battalion can load1 or make ready from the ,order with the same ease1 as from the shoulder4 ,trailing arms ,trail arms4 ,change arms4 ,to resist ,cavalry ,prepare to resist ,cavalry4 ,ready1 c4 ,,fusil ,,exercise4 #a4 ,secure arms4 #b4 ,shoulder arms4 #c4 ,order arms4 #d4 ,fix bayonets4 #e4 ,shoulder arms4 #f4 ,port arms4 #g4 ,charge bayonets4 #h4 ,shoulder arms4 #i4 ,support arms4 #aj4 ,stand at ease4 #aa4 ,attention4 #ab4 ,carry arms4 #ac4 ,slope arms4 #ad4 ,stand at ease4 #ae4 ,attention4 #af4 ,carry arms4 #ag4 ,trail arms4 #ah4 ,shoulder arms4 #ai4 ,order arms4 #bj4 ,unfix bayonets4 #ba4 ,stand at ease4 #bb4 ,attention4 ,,the ,,manual ,,and ,,platoon ,,exercises ,,of ,,riflemen4 ,,the ,,manual ,,exercise4 ,present arms4 ,shoulder arms4 ,order arms4 ,shoulder arms4 ,support arms4 ,carry arms4 ,trail arms4 ,shoulder arms4 ,from the ,order1 to ,trail arms4 ,trail arms4 ,from the ,trail1 to ,order arms4 ,order arms4 ,fix swords4 ,shoulder arms4 ,charge bayonets4 ,shoulder arms4 ,order arms4 ,unfix swords4 ,stand at ease4 ,,the ,,platoon ,,exercise4 ,prepare to load4 ,load4 ,rod4 ,home4 ,return4 ,cap4 ,shoulder4 ,make ready4 ,present4 ,after firing1 the rifle to be brought immediately to the position of-- ,prepare to load4 ,,instructions ,,for ,,aiming ,,with ,,the ,,rifle ,,musket4 ,firing at a ,human figure4 ,firing at the ,target4 ,at #ajj yards4--,aim at the waist4 ,aim with the sight down1 straight at the bull's-eye4 ,at #aej yards4--,raise the sliding-bar1 ,raise the sliding-bar1 raise the raise the sight1 and aim sight1 aim with the #bjj yards' with the #bjj yards' point at the point at the bottom of the thigh4 black ring4 ,at #bjj yards4--,aim at the waist ,aim at the bull's-eye with the with the #bjj yards' point4 #bjj yards' point4 ,at #bej yards4--,press down the ,press down the sliding-bar1 aim sliding-bar1 aim with the #cjj with the #cjj yards' point six yards' point at the knees4 inches below the black ring4 ,at #cjj yards4--,aim with the #cjj ,aim with the #cjj yards' point at yards' point at the waist4 the bull's-eye4 ,at #cej yards4--,raise the sliding-bar ,raise the sliding-bar to half at half distance between the distance between the #cjj and #cjj and #djj yards' point1 and #djj yards' point1 and aim at aim at the waist4 the bull's-eye4 ,from #djj yards to #hjj yards4--,make use of the sliding-bar1 by raising it to the respective distances1 as marked on the back sight4 ,,words ,,of ,,command ,,for ,,funeral ,,parties4 ,ranks open--,arms shouldered--,bayonets unfixed1 facing the quarters of the ,deceased4 ,when the ,corpse is brought out3 ,present arms--,reverse arms--,rear rank take close order--,march4 ,divisions1 ,sub-divisions1 or ,sections are wheeled forwards 7or backwards7 to form ,column left in front4 ,rear rank take open order--,march4 ,when arrived at the ,burial-ground3 ,halt--,ranks1 left and right wheel--,quick march--,halt--,inwards face--,rest upon your arms reversed--,stand at ease4 ,when the ,corpse has passed through3 ,attention--,reverse arms--,re-form ,column--,ranks1 right and left wheel--,quick march--,halt1 front--,march4 ,when facing the grave3 ,rest upon your arms reversed--,stand at ease4 ,after funeral service3 ,attention--,present arms--,shoulder arms--,load with blank cartridge--,fire three volleys in the air--,order arms--,fix bayonets--,shoulder arms--,rear rank take close order--,march4 ,march back to barracks1 right in front4 ,,company ,,drill4 ,part #b4--,section #a4--;,formation of the ,company4 ,the ,company is ordered to 8,,fall ,,in0 at close order2 is then sized from flanks to centre2 and told off in ,sub-divisions1 and four sections4 ,in ,column of ,sections1 the ,senior officer takes the ,leading1 the second senior the ,third1 the third ,senior the ,fourth1 and the junior the ,second section4 ,the ,company is also told off by 8,threes from the right10 numbered #a1 #b1 #c4 ,should there be a blank file in telling off the company in line1 it will invariably be the fourth file from the left4 ,the ,company is also told off from the right by alternate files1 right1 and left4 ,in ,close order the ,rear rank is one pace1 in ,open order two paces1 and for inspection three paces1 from the front rank4 ,s4 #b4 ,marching to the ,front4 ,,by ,,the ,,right 7,,left1 ,,or ,the ,company will occasionally ,,centre7--,,march4 be ordered1 to ,step out--,mark time--,step short--,open1 and close ranks--,oblique--,diagonal march4 ,s4 #c4 ,the ,side1 or ,closing step4 ,,to ,,the ,,right 7,,or ,,left7 ,,close--,,quick ,,march--,,halt4 ,s4 #d4 ,the ,back step4 ,,step ,,back--,,march4 ,s4 #e4 ,to form four deep499 ,,form ,,four ,,deep--,,march4 99 ,in telling off the files1 should the ,,rear ,,form ,,four ,,deep--,,march4 last file be a right file1 the left ,,right ,,form ,,four ,,deep--,,march4 file on its right will double in the ,,left ,,form ,,four ,,deep--,,march4 rear of it1 completing it to four deep1 and leaving the other ,section only two deep ,to re-form two deep1 from each of these formations4 ,,front4 7,,or ,,halt--,,front47 ,if the ,company is in movement4 ,s4 #f4 ,file marching4 ,,to ,,the ,,left ,,face--,,quick ,,march4 ,halt1 ,front4 ,from the ,halt4 ,,advance ,,in ,,double ,,files ,,from ,,the ,after facing1 the leading files ,,centre--,,sub-,,divisions ,,inwards disengage4 ,,face--,,quick ,,march4 ,,front ,,form ,,company--7,,or1 ,,to ,,the ,forward4 ,,right ,,form ,,company47 ,right ,sub-division--,halt1 ,front1 ,dress4 ,the remainder of the ,company march on in file1 and form in succession on left of halted ,sub-division4 ,on the ,march4 ,,advance ,,in ,,double ,,files ,,from ,,the ,sub-divisions1 inwards turn--,right ,,centre4 and left wheel4 ,s4 #g4 ,wheeling from a ,halt4 ,,right 7,,or ,,left7 ,,wheel--,,quick ,,march4 ,halt1 ,dress4 ,s4 #h4 ,wheeling forward by ,sub-divisions1 from ,line4 ,,by ,,sub-,,divisions ,,right ,,wheel--,,quick ,,march4 ,halt1 ,dress4 ,s4 #i4 ,wheeling backward by ,sub-divisions1 from ,line4 ,,by ,,sub-,,divisions ,,on ,,the ,,left ,,backward ,halt1 ,dress4 ,,wheel--,,quick ,,march4 ,s4 #aj4 ,marching on an ,alignement1 in ,open column of ,sub-divisions4 ,,march--7,,or1 ,,quick ,,march74 ,s4 #aa4 ,wheeling into ,line1 from ,open column of ,sub-divisions4 #a4 ,,halt--,,left ,,wheel ,,into ,,line--,,quick ,,march4 ,halt1 ,dress1 ,eyes front4 #b4 ,on the ,moveable pivot4 ,,shoulders ,,forward--,,forward 7,,or1 ,,halt1 ,,dress47 ,s4 #ab4 ,in ,open column of ,sub-divisions entering into a new direction on a moveable pivot4 ,right 7or left7 shoulders forward--,forward4 ,s4 #ac4 ,counter-marching4 ,counter-march by files4 ,,right 7,,or ,,left7 ,,face--,,quick ,,march4 ,halt1 ,front1 ,dress4 ,counter-march by ranks4 ,,right ,,and ,,left ,,face--,,right ,halt1 ,front1 ,dress4 ,,countermarch--,,quick ,,march4 ,s4 #ad4 ,wheeling on the centre of the ,company4 ,,company ,,right ,,on ,,the ,,left ,,wheel ,,centre--,,march4 ,,right ,,about ,,left ,,about ,halt1 ,dress4 ,s4 #ae4 ,diagonal march4 ,the pivots1 or outward ,files1 march in the direct line to which they have faced1 the others conforming to them4 ,s4 #af4 ,increasing the ,front of an ,open column halted ,right in front4 ,,form ,,company4 ,left ,sub-division1 ,left half face--,quick march--,halt1 ,front1 ,dress up4 ,diminishing the front of an ,open column1 halted4 ,,form ,,sub-,,divisions4 ,left ,sub-division--,right about three-quarters face--,quick march4 #bnd ,senior4 ,halt1 ,front1 ,dress4 ,s4 #ag4 ,increasing the front of an ,open column1 on the march4 ,,form ,,company4 ,left ,sub-division1 ,left half turn1 ,double--,front turn1 ,quick4 ,diminishing the front of an ,open column1 on the march4 ,,form ,,sub-,,divisions4 ,left ,sub-division1 ,mark time--,right half turn-- #bnd ,senior1 ,front turn4 ,when the above movements1 #af and #ag1 are performed ,left in front1 the ,words ,,right will be altered to ,,left1 and ,,left to ,,right4 ,the same directions apply to sections4 ,s4 #ah4 ,in ,open column of ,sub-divisions to pass a short defile1 by breaking off files4 ,,break ,,off ---- ,,files4 ---- ,files on the left1 ,right turn--,left wheel4 ,after passing the defile4--,files to the front4 ,s4 #ai4 ,the ,company in line halted1 or on the march1 moves to a flank in ,column of sections1 or ,sections of threes4 ,,sections 7,,or ,,threes7 ,,right 7,,or ,,left7 ,,shoulders ,,forward 7if halted1 ,,quick ,,march--,,forward47 ,when ,pivots are required to be accurately dressed1 or when the alignement of the ,company is to be preserved4 ,,sections 7,,or ,,threes7 ,,on ,,the ,,right 7,,or ,,left7 ,,backwards ,,wheel--,,quick ,,march4 ,halt1 ,dress4 ,to re-form ,company on the march4 ,,sections 7,,or ,,threes7 ,,right 7,,or ,,left7 ,,shoulders 99 ,if the march is to ,,forward-- be continued4 99,,forward--7,,or ,,halt1 ,,dress47 ,for accurate dressing1 or when the alignement is to be preserved4 ,,right 7,,or ,,left7 ,,wheel ,,into ,,line--,,quick ,,march4 ,halt1 ,dress4 ,s4 #bj4 ,forming ,company1 ,sub-divisions1 ,sections1 or ,sections of threes1 from file marching4 ,,front ,,form ,,company 7,,sub-,,divisions1 ,,or 99 ,if the march is to ,,sections7--99,,forward4 be continued4 ,marching in file from the right1 to form the ,company to the ,left flank4 ,,halt--,,front4 ,marching in file from the right1 to form the ,company to the ,right flank4 ,,on ,,the ,,leading ,,file ,,to ,,the ,,right ,,form ,,company4 ,to form to the ,right about4 ,,on ,,the ,,leading ,,file ,,to ,,the ,,right ,,about ,,form ,,company4 ,s4 #ba4 ,to form to either flank1 from ,open column of ,sub-divisions4 ,to the ,left flank4 ,,halt--,,left ,,wheel ,,into ,,line--,,quick ,,march4 ,halt1 ,dress1 ,eyes front4 ,to form the ,company to its ,right flank4 ,,to ,,the ,,right ,,forward ,,form ,,company4 ,leading sub-division ,left shoulders forward--,forward1 ,halt1 ,dress4 #bnd ,sub-division 7,left oblique till clear of the right ,sub-division7--,left shoulders forward--,forward1 ,halt1 ,dress up4 ,s4 #bb4 ,company moving to the front1 to gain ground to a flank1 by march in echellon1 by sections4 ,,sections ,,right--,,forward4 ,to form ,company-- ,,form ,,company--,,forward4 ,s4 #bc4 ,to form the ,rallying square4 ,,form ,,the ,,rallying ,,square4 ,when the ,square is to march--,,the ,,square ,,will ,,move ,,to ,,the ,,front1 7,,rear1 99 ,if ordered to fire1 the ,,right1 ,,or ,,left17 ,,inwards ,,face--,,quick ,standing ranks only will ,,march--,,halt--,,prepare ,,to ,,resist commence an independent fire4 ,,cavalry--,,ready499 ,,reduce ,,the ,,square--,,quick ,,march4 ,,mode ,,to ,,be ,,observed ,,in ,,dismissing ,a ,,company ,,off ,,parade4 ,recover arms4 ,right face4 ,lodge arms4 ,in turning in a ,guard1 or ,piquet1 the same mode is to be observed4 ,,manner ,,of ,,inspecting ,a ,,company ,,on ,,parade4 ,attention4 ,fix bayonets4 ,shoulder arms4 ,rear rank take open order--,march4 ,slope arms4 ,the inspection of ,arms will now take place ,carry arms4 ,order arms4 ,examine arms4 ,return ramrods4 ,an inspection of the ,appointments1 ,clothing1 c41 is now to be made4 ,unfix bayonets4 ,rear rank take close order--,march4 ,stand at ease4 ,,movements ,,of ,a ,,battalion4 ,part #c4--,section #a4 ,commands4 ,all words of command must be given short1 quick1 and loud4 ,s4 #b4 ,degrees of march4 ,the ,slow step is particularly applicable to purposes of parade1 and occasionally to the march of extended lines4 ,the ,quick march is the usual pace to be applied to all general movements of ,battalions1 or greater bodies1 in ,column1 or ,line4 ,the ,double march is only to be applied to the movements of the ,divisions of a battalion1 except upon peculiar occasions for short distances4 ,s4 #c4 ,marching in line4 ,the ,march in line is generally adopted where the country is open4 ,s4 #d4 ,wheeling4 ,wheels are made on a ,halted pivot from ,line into ,column1 and from ,column into ,line4 ,the principle of the ,moveable pivot must always be applied to the wheel of divisions marching in column4 ,wheels of divisions may be either made forward1 or backward4 ,in progressive movements they are to be made ,forward1 but particular occasions require that they should be made ,backward on the pivot flank4 ,the ,backwards wheel need not1 however1 be practised where the ground is uneven1 and the ,divisions stronger than #ae or #af files3 where this is the case1 the ,command will be ,,form ,,open ,,column1 ,,right 7,,or ,,left7 ,,in ,,front--,,right ,,about ,,face--,,right 7,,or ,,left7 ,,wheel--,,quick ,,march4 ,halt1 ,front4 ,s4 #e4 ,movements4 ,every movement must be divided into its distinct parts1 and each part executed by its cautionary and executive words of command4 ,all field movements and firings are to be performed with fixed bayonets1 except when troops are acting as ,light infantry4 ,s4 #f4 ,the ,alignement4 ,to march in an ,alignement is to make troops march in any straight line1 which joins two given points--or to form upon any such given line4 ,when troops are to form in a straight line1 two necessary points in it must always be previously ascertained4 ,one1 the point of ,appui at which one flank of the ,body is to be placed1 and the other the distant point of formation or dressing1 on which the front of the body is directed4 ,s4 #g4 ,points of formation4 ,the line on which troops move1 or are successively to form1 may be taken up to any extent by the prolongation of an original short base1 given in the direction which the ,commander of a line will point out4 ,s4 #h4 ,dressing4 ,the ,officer in dressing is placed on that flank of his division to which the men's eyes are turned on the word 8,,dress10 and from the second file from the flank of the ,company towards which his wheeling flank moves from column1 or his inward flank from echellon3 he makes his corrections on his intermediate point4 ,in all wheelings into line the word 8,,eyes ,,front0 will be given as soon as the dressing is completed4 ,when ,officers change from one flank to the other in order to close1 they will pass by the front1 and repass by the rear of their ,companies4 ,on all other occasions1 when it is necessary to change their flanks in line1 they will pass and repass by the rear4 ,s4 #i4 ,open column4 ,all changes of position1 by means of the ,open column1 will be effected by the formation of a column1 right or left1 in front1 on the named division4 ,if on a flank division1 the caution will specify whether the other flank is to be thrown back1 or forward3 if on a central division1 the caution will in like manner specify which wing is to be thrown forward4 ,an open column may effect a change of position upon its front1 rear1 or any central division by the named division wheeling up according to the front to which it is intended to change2 and the other divisions facing1 and filing into the new alignement4 ,s4 #aj4 ,column at ,quarter distance1 and ,close column4 ,when ,close columns are formed1 the ,companies or ,divisions must be at one pace distance4 ,in the wheel of a ,column at quarter or close distance1 the leading division acts as a moving base for the rear ,companies to follow2 its length of step is regulated according to the depth of the column1 and when at quarter distance must be very short to enable the rear to circle simultaneously round at the usual pace4 ,upon the wheel being ordered1 all the rear divisions make a half face to the wheeling flank2 but at a quarter distance1 the leading division will advance six paces on the word 8,,quick 7,,or ,,double7 ,,march10 and will wheel round the pivot file at a shortened pace1 while each succeeding division will advance1 in circling round1 to quarter distance1 which will leave room for the rear divisions to circle into their relative positions at that distance4 ,in wheeling on the ,moveable pivot1 the rear divisions make a half turn towards the shoulder brought forward1 and the front division wheels and advances at a shortened pace in the new direction1 the rear divisions circling round4 ,in ,close column1 the supernumeraries will form on the reverse flanks of companies2 and when the column marches to a flank1 they will move with their companies2 when the ,close column is to countermarch they will remain on the reverse flank1 and countermarch on their own ground4 ,when a ,column deploys on a rear division1 the named division when uncovered will move up to the front 7which its covering ,serjeant will mark72 the points1 therefore1 necessary for the formation of the ,battalion will be taken in prolongation of these points1 and the ,divisions which successively move up must ,halt1 ,front1 until their front is clear4 ,s4 #aa4 ,echellon4 ,the ,echellon position and movements are applicable to the oblique or direct changes of situation1 which a ,battalion may be obliged to make to the front or rear1 or on a particular fixed division of the line4 ,the oblique changes are produced by the wheel 7less than the quarter circle7 of divisions1 which places them in the echellon situation4 ,the direct changes are produced by the perpendicular and successive march of divisions from line to front or rear4 ,in ,echellon1 the inner flank1 7or that which first joins its preceding division when the line is to be formed forward17 is the directing one2 and in ,oblique echellon the wheels are made on it1 into echellon--forward1 and into line--backward4 ,practical rule for the ,battalion and ,line on all occasions of ,wheeling by ,companies into echellon4 8,each covering ,serjeant having previously placed himself before or behind a given file 7the #hth7 from the standing flank1 will take the named number of paces from the centre of that file on the arc of the circle1 and thereby become a direction for the ,company to wheel up to1 and halt40 ,as eight paces from the eighth file complete the ,quarter circle1 so four paces give the ,one-eighth1 and two paces the ,one-sixteenth of the circle4 ,all changes of front by the ,echellon march are performed by the forming divisions wheeling half the angle wheeled by the division to be formed upon4 ,in all changes of position by echellon1 whether direct or oblique1 the leaders of companies will invariably be on that flank towards which the change of position is to be made4 ,but in taking ground to a flank on the march1 in echellon of ,sub-divisions or ,sections1 ,companies' leaders remain in their places as when in line4 ,s4 #ab4 ,squares4 ,squares are formed either from ,line1 or from ,column at full1 half1 or quarter distance4 ,the ,hollow square1 four deep1 is sufficiently solid to oppose an attack of ,cavalry3 it possesses1 at the same time the advantage of rendering the fire of all the men available to the resistance of the enemy4 ,the ,solid square should seldom be adopted1 because a proportion of the men cannot give their fire4 ,close columns should in all cases when practicable1 open therefore to quarter distance1 and form ,square 7as in ,sec4 #ba1 ,no4 #a1 ,part ,,iii474 ,but as every position in which a ,battalion may be placed should be susceptible of ready resistance against ,cavalry1 the ,close column can always assume an efficient posture of defence1 by the six centre ,companies wheeling outwards by ,threes1 and closing to the front1 and the two rear ,companies facing to the right about3 the ,officers and ,serjeants taking post in the centre4 ,the wing of a battalion can in like manner form the solid square from a ,close column of ,sub-divisions4 ,when ,cavalry is not to be resisted1 it will be sufficient to form the ,square two deep to the rear4 ,the formation of ,battalion squares1 either from ,line or ,column1 is to be completed as expeditiously as possible2 and the ,squares may afterwards be placed in direct echellon for mutual defence4 ,s4 #ac4 ,firings4 ,in all movements1 ,firing should commence after a formation4 ,in firing by ,companies1 the ,leaders will give the ,word 8,ready0 when the previous division fires1 preserving the pause of slow time between this and 8,present10 the men firing when they have covered their objects4 ,in firing by wings1 one wing will receive the word 8,ready10 the instant the other has completed its loading4 ,great care must be taken in file firing that it is not hurried1 and that the men 8,present0 deliberately4 ,the value of a soldier's ammunition1 and a jealousy of its expenditure without effect1 must be carefully inculcated2 for in proportion as a cool and well-directed fire serves to distract and throw an enemy into disorder1 so is a wild1 confused1 and hurried fire 7which is always without effect7 calculated to give him confidence1 and a contempt for his opponent4 ,soldiers should1 therefore1 bear in mind that nothing makes so strong an impression on an enemy1 as the thinning of his ranks by a well-directed fire2 and that nothing tends more to animate and encourage troops than the diminished fire from ranks so thinned2 affording also the most favourable opportunity for a successful charge4 ,in firing in square1 the two front ranks are to come to the kneeling position without cocking1 on preparing to receive cavalry4 ,the standing ranks in square will fire independently from the right of faces4 ,street firing4 ,a ,column at open1 half1 or quarter distance1 formed in a street or narrow ground where deployment is impracticable1 may be required to fire previous to charging forward1 or by successive divisions in retiring4 ,it will be performed in the following manner3-- ,if advancing1 the two front ,companies only will fire in succession2 the leading ,company firing and loading kneeling1 the second ,company closing to the front1 and firing standing4 ,when the enemy's fire has been overcome1 or at any favourable moment that may present itself1 the column will charge briskly forward1 and make good the ground it is contending for4 ,in retiring1 the leading division will give its fire2 ,slope arms2 ,face outwards by sub-divisions2 ,file to the rear2 ,re-form ,company2 ,load2 and remain halted1 until its front is again clear1 or the whole column is put in motion4 ,the moment the front of the second company is clear1 it will give its fire2 ,face outwards by sub-divisions2 and file to the rear as above directed3 and so on by companies in succession3 the companies thus follow each other1 and when the front of the column occupies the whole breadth of the street1 the outward files of companies will double in the rear1 to give the companies which have fired room to pass4 ,it must never be forgotten1 in entering towns or villages occupied by the enemy1 that the first thing to be done1 on gaining a footing in the place1 is to clear the houses on both flanks1 and the column should on no account proceed through the streets without previously occupying the houses on either side2 the troops employed for that purpose breaking through partition walls1 or pushing on from house to house1 so as to accompany the march of the main body1 and protect its flanks4 ,,formation ,,of ,,the ,,battalion4 ,when the ,battalion is formed1 there is to be no interval between any of the ,companies1 and every part of the front of the ,battalion should be equally strong4 ,the ,grenadiers will be on the right1 ,light company on the left1 the other companies from right to left4 ,the ,battalion will be told off into ,right1 and ,left wings4 ,,formation ,,of ,,the ,,battalion1 ,,at ,,close ,,order4 ,the ,commanding officer is advanced in front for the general purpose of exercise when the ,battalion is single2 but in the ,march in line1 and in the firings1 he is in the rear of the ,colours4 ,the ,lieutenant-colonel is behind the colours1 twelve paces from the supernumerary rank4 ,the #ast ,major is six paces in the rear of the second ,battalion company from the right flank2 #bnd ,major at the same distance in the rear of the second ,battalion company from the left2 the ,adjutant at the same distance in rear of the colours4 ,one ,officer is on the right of the front rank of each company1 and ,one on the left of the ,battalion2 all these are covered in the rear rank by their respective ,serjeants2 and the remaining ,officers and ,serjeants are in a third rank behind their companies4 ,the colours are placed 7both in the front rank7 between the two ,centre companies4 ,the supernumerary rank is at three paces distance when in ,line2 and when in ,column1 it is at the distance of one pace4 ,when the ,battalion takes ,open order4 ,,rear ,,rank ,,take ,,open ,officers of ,companies and those with ,,order--,,march4 the ,colours dress three paces in front of the ,line4 ,the #ast ,major is on the right of the ,officers1 the #bnd ,major on the left4 ,the ,adjutant on the left of the front rank4 ,the ,colonel ten paces1 and the ,lieutenant-colonel six paces1 in front of the ,colours4 ,when the ,battalion resumes ,close order4 ,,rear ,,rank ,,take ,,close ,,order--,,march4 ,,evolutions ,,of ,,the ,,battalion4 ,,movements ,,of ,,the ,,battalion ,,from ,,line4 ,s4 #ad4 #a4 ,the ,battalion halted1 and correctly dressed1 is to advance in ,line4 ,commander's ,executive ,words of command4 ,words of command1 ,directions1 c4 ,,the ,,battalion ,,will ,,advance--,,march 7,,or ,,quick ,,march7--,,halt4 #b4 ,when the ,battalion is to retire4 ,,the ,,battalion ,,will ,,retire--,,right ,,about ,,face--,,quick ,,march4 #c4 ,while advancing in ,line1 the ,battalion may form to either flank by the ,divisions wheeling to the ,bight 7or ,left7 on the ,moveable pivot1 and forming on the flank ,company 7which will be halted in the direction of the new front7 by the ,echellon march of divisions4 ,s4 #ae4 ,when a ,battalion advancing in ,line is to charge4 ,,prepare ,,to ,,charge--,,charge--,,halt4 ,s4 #af4 ,when a ,battalion moving in ,line passes a wood1 c41 to ,front or ,rear1 by the flank march of ,companies in file4 #a4 ,if to pass to the ,front4 ,,from ,,the ,,right 7,,or ,,left7 ,,of ,,companies ,,pass ,,by ,,files ,,to ,,the ,,front4 ,,companies1 ,,right 7,,or ,,left7 ,,turn--,,right 7,,or ,,left7 ,,wheel4 #b4 ,if to pass to the ,rear499 ,,from ,,the ,,proper ,,right 7,,or ,,left7 ,,of 99 ,,the ,,battalion ,,in ,,companies ,,pass ,,by ,,files ,,to ,,the ,,line ,,having ,,arrived ,,at ,,rear--,,left 7,,or ,,right7 ,,turn--,,right ,,the ,,point ,,where ,,it ,,must 7,,or ,,left7 ,,wheel--,,halt--,,front4 break4 ,companies may also pass to the front or rear by ,sections of ,threes4 #c4 ,if a ,battalion in first ,line passes through a second1 which advances and relieves it4 ,,pass ,,by ,,files ,,to ,,the ,,rear--,,right ,,the ,,relieving ,,battalion ,,face--,,right ,,wheel--,,quick ,,marches ,,up ,,within ,,march--,,halt--,,front4 twelve ,paces of the front ,line1 the ,companies of which proceed to the rear through the second ,line4 #d4 ,when the second ,line does not advance to relieve the first4 ,,pass ,,by ,,files ,,to ,,the ,,rear--,,left ,,the ,,first ,,line ,,retires1 ,,turn--,,right ,,wheel4 and when within twelve paces passes through the second4 ,s4 #ag4 ,when the ,battalion advances1 or retires1 by half ,battalion1 and fires4 #a4 ,if the ,battalion is in march1 and advancing4 ,,the ,,battalion ,,will ,,advance ,,by ,,wings4 7#bnd ,major7 ,,left ,,wing1 ,,halt--,,march 7,,or ,,quick ,,march74 7,senior ,major799 ,,right ,,wing1 99 ,,after ,,having ,,advanced ,,halt--,,ready--,,present--,,load--,,ma rch #ae ,,paces4 7,,or ,,quick ,,march74 7#bnd ,major7 ,,left ,,wing1 ,,halt--,,ready1 ,c4 #b4 ,if the ,battalion is in march1 and retiring4 ,,the ,,battalion ,,will ,,retire ,,by ,,wings4 7,senior ,major7 ,,right ,,wing1 ,,halt--,,front4 7#bnd ,major799 ,,left 99 ,after retiring #ae ,,wing1 ,,halt--,,front4 7,senior ,major7 paces4 ,,right ,,wing1 ,,ready--,,present--,,load--,,right ,,about ,,face--,,march 7,,or ,,quick ,,march74 7#bnd ,major7 ,left ,,wing1 ,,halt--,,front4 ,,left ,,wing1 ,when ,right wing ,,ready--,,present--,,load1 ,c4 has retired #ae paces4 ,s4 #ah4 ,a ,battalion in ,line to move to attack1 or pass a bridge1 c41 to the front1 from either flank1 or from the centre4 #a4 ,if from a ,flank1 by ,companies1 or ,sub-divisions4 ,,right 7,,or ,,left7 ,,division ,,to ,,the ,rear ,divisions ,,front4--,,remaining ,,divisions1 ,,right successively--,right 7,,or ,,left7 ,,shoulders ,,forward--,,quick 7or left7 ,,march--,,forward4 shoulders forward--,forward4 #b4 ,when the ,column arrives near the point where the ,line is to re-form4 ,,form ,,line ,,on ,,the ,,first ,leading ,division1 ,halt1 ,,division--,,remaining ,dress up4 ,,divisions1 ,,right 7,,or ,remaining ,divisions ,,left7 ,,shoulders ,,forward--,,forward4 successively--,right 7or left7 shoulders forward--,forward4--,halt--,dress up--,eyes front4 #c4 ,if the advance is from the ,centre4 ,,two ,,centre ,,sub-,,divisions ,,to ,,the ,right wing ,sub-divisions ,,front4 first throw ,right ,,remaining ,,sub-,,divisions1 ,,right ,,and shoulders1 and afterwards ,,left ,,shoulders ,,forward--,,quick ,left shoulders forward4 ,,march--,,forward4 ,left wing ,sub-divisions first throw ,left shoulders1 and afterwards ,right shoulders forward1 ,sub-divisions successively--,forward4 #d4 ,when the ,double column arrives near the point where the ,line is to be formed4 ,,form ,,line ,,on ,,two ,,centre ,remaining ,sub-divisions ,,sub-,,divisions4--,,remaining successively--,right ,,sub-,,divisions1 ,,right ,,and ,,left 7or left7 shoulders ,,shoulders ,,forward--,,forward4 forward--,forward--,halt--,dress up--,eyes front4 #e4 ,to form ,line to the right1 from the ,double column4 ,,form ,,line ,,to ,,the ,right wing ,sub-divisions--,halt1 ,dress4 ,,right--,,right ,,wing ,left wing ,sub-divisions successively--,left ,,left ,,shoulders ,,forward4 shoulders forward--,forward--,halt1 ,dress up--,eyes front4 ,s4 #ai4 ,a ,battalion in ,line to retire over a bridge1 or defile1 or retreat from a ,flank or ,flanks1 in rear of the ,centre4 #a4 ,if from a flank4 ,,retire ,,by ,,companies ,left 7or ,right7 ,company--,company 7,,or ,,sub-,,divisions7 7or ,sub-division7--,right about face--,quick ,,from ,,the ,,left 7,,or march--,right 7or ,left7 shoulders ,,right7 ,,in ,,rear ,,of forward--,forward4 ,when at inward ,,the ,,right 7,,or ,,left74 flank of right 7or left7 ,division--,right 7or left7 shoulders forward--,forward4 ,the other ,divisions follow in succession4 #b4 ,if the ,retreat is from both flanks4 ,,retire ,,from ,,both ,right 7or left7 ,sub-division--,right ,,flanks ,,by ,,sub-,,divisions about face--,quick march--,right 7or left7 ,,in ,,rear ,,of ,,the ,,centre4 shoulders forward--,forward4 ,when arrived at the proper points--,right 7or left7 shoulders forward--,forward4 ,remaining right1 and left ,sub-divisions follow in succession4 ,two centre ,sub-divisions1 when the ,divisions next to them have commenced their second wheel--,right about face--,quick march4 ,s4 #bj4 ,a ,battalion in ,line to march off in ,column of divisions1 successively to a flank4 #a4 ,if the ,movement is along the rear1 and from the right flank4 ,,the ,,battalion ,,will ,right ,division 7or ,section7--,left face--,left ,,move ,,in ,,column ,,of wheel--,quick march--,front turn4 ,,divisions 7,,or ,,sections7 ,,from ,,the ,,right ,,along ,,the ,,rear4 #b4 ,when the ,movement is from the left flank4 ,left ,division 7or ,section7--,right face--,right wheel--,quick march--,front turn4 ,in both movements the ,divisions follow in succession the leading division4 ,s4 #ba4 ,when the ,battalion1 halted in ,line1 is to form ,square on a named ,company1 or on two centre ,sub-divisions4 #a4 ,if on a ,central company4 ,,column ,,at ,,quarter ,,distance ,when the ,companies reach their places ,,on ,,the ,,right 7,,or ,,left7 in ,column1 they receive successively ,,centre ,,company--,,threes1 ,threes right 7or left7 shoulders ,,right ,,and ,,left ,,shoulders forward--,halt1 ,dress4 ,,forward--,,double ,,march1 ,,form ,,square--,,quick ,,march4 ,the two rear ,companies close up1 and ,when the ,second ,company form the rear face of the ,square1 has closed upon the front receiving ,halt--,right about face4 ,company1 which stands ,the remaining ,companies wheel outwards fast-- by ,sections1 the rear ,sections closing ,,sections ,,outwards4 to the front1 after the wheel4 #b4 ,if on a ,flank ,company1 and to a flank4 ,,square ,,on ,,the ,,right 7,,or ,leading ,company--,halt4 ,,left7 ,,company--,,companies ,second ,company closes on it--,halt4 ,,right 7,,or ,,left7 ,remainder 7except the two last ,,shoulders ,,forward--,,double ,companies71 as they successively arrive ,,march--,,forward4 at ,quarter distance--,sections outwards4 ,two last ,companies when closed up --,halt--,right about face4 #c4 ,when the ,square is to resist ,cavalry4 ,,prepare ,,for ,,cavalry ,the ,kneeling ranks do not cock until --,,ready4 required to fire4 99,,kneeling ,,ranks--,,ready-- ,the ,standing ranks fire by ,files4 ,,present--,,load4 99 ,the ,kneeling ranks1 when required to ,,prepare ,,for ,,cavalry fire a volley4 7,,or ,,shoulder ,,arms74 #d4 ,to reduce the ,square4 ,,re-,,form ,,column4 ,rear sections of side ,faces step back to wheeling distance1 pivot men facing to their ,,quick ,,march4 proper front1 and at ,,quick ,,march wheel backwards--,halt1 ,dress4 ,front ,company advances to quarter distance--,halt1 ,dress4 ,two rear ,companies retire--,halt1 ,front1 ,dress4 #e4 ,if the ,square is to be formed on the two centre ,sub-divisions4 ,,on ,,the ,,two ,,centre ,the outer ,sub-divisions of the two centre ,,sub-,,divisions ,,form ,companies face inwards1 and leading files ,,square4 disengage2 the two flank ,companies face inwards1 and the remaining ,companies of the ,battalion face to the right about4 ,,right ,,and ,,left ,no4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #f1 #g1 #h ,companies1 ,sections ,,shoulders ,,forward4 successively1 ,halt1 ,front4 ,the two centre ,sub-divisions close by the side step1 upon the interval left by the ,colours4 ,the ,,quick ,,march4 ,sub-divisions of the two flank ,companies are conducted to form the rear ,face1 the right ,sub-division of the ,grenadiers covering its left ,sub-division1 and the left ,sub-division of the ,light ,company covering its right ,sub-division1 each receiving ,halt1 ,right 7or ,left7 face4 #f4 ,to reduce the ,square and form ,line4 ,,re-,,form ,,line--,,quick ,the flank ,companies face outwards2 7,,or ,,double7 ,,march4 and the rear ,sub-divisions of the centre face outwards1 and file into line at ,,quick 7,,or ,,double7 ,,march--,halt1 ,front1 ,dress4 ,the two centre ,sub-divisions open by the side step to right1 and left4 ,the flank ,companies move in file to their respective places4 ,the other ,companies deploy by ,sections and 7when at their places7 receive ,right 7or left7 shoulders forward--,forward--,halt1 ,dress up4 #g4 ,but should it have been previously necessary to move the ,square4 ,,form ,,double ,,column ,the rear ,sub-divisions of the side faces ,,of ,,sub-,,divisions-- fall back to ,section distance1 and the ,pivot ,,quick ,,march4 men face to their proper front1 and at ,,quick ,,march1 the ,sections which formed the side faces wheel backwards2 and the two ,sub-divisions of the front face1 and four ,sub-divisions of the rear face1 advance to quarter distance4 ,the ,sub-divisions of front face receive--,halt4 ,sub-divisions of the rear face receive--,halt--,front4 #h4 ,when the ,line is retiring1 the ,square may be formed at once without halting4 ,,on ,,two ,,centre ,the two centre ,sub-divisions ,halt--,front4 ,,sub-,,divisions ,,form ,the outer ,sub-divisions of centre ,,square4 ,companies 8,inwards turn10 and the formation will proceed 7as directed in ,no4 #e1 ,section #ba7 at the ,double march4 ,s4 #bb4 ,when the ,battalion forms a ,square1 or ,oblong two deep1 to protect baggage1 c41 against ,infantry4 #a4 ,,form ,,square1 ,,two ,the two centre ,companies stand fast1 ,,deep1 ,,on ,,the ,,two remaining ,companies face to the right ,,centre ,,companies4 about1 and at ,,quick ,,march the two centre ,companies 7#d and #e7 close inwards3 ,,remaining ,,companies1 the remainder right1 and left shoulders ,,right ,,and ,,left forward1 and move into ,square4 ,nos4 #a1 ,,shoulders ,,forward-- #b1 and #c1 form the right face1 #f1 #g1 and #h ,,quick ,,march4 the left face1 the ,grenadier1 and ,light ,infantry the rear face of the ,square1 respectively receiving ,halt1 ,front1 ,dress4 #b4 ,when the ,square or ,oblong is to march by any one face4 ,,the ,,square ,,will ,,march ,,to ,,the ,,front 7,,rear1 ,,right1 ,,or ,,left7 ,,face4 ,flank ,faces--,,by ,,sub-,,divisions ,,on ,,the ,,right ,,and ,,left ,,backwards ,,wheel-- ,the rear face advances two paces and ,,quick ,,march4 faces about--,halt1 ,dress4 ,,quick ,,march4 ,the ,square marches two faces in ,line1 7by their centre17 and two faces in ,open column of ,sub-divisions4 ,,halt--,,re-,,form ,the ,sub-divisions in column wheel up ,,square--,,quick and form their faces1 and the rear face ,,march4 will close up and then face about4 #c4 ,to reduce the ,square4 ,,form ,,line--,,right ,the two centre ,companies open out by ,,and ,,left ,,shoulders the side step1 to leave room for the ,colours4 ,,forward--,,quick ,remaining ,companies1 ,right 7or left7 ,,march4 shoulders forward--,forward--,halt1 ,dress up4 ,s4 #bc4 ,a ,battalion halted in ,line1 to change front to the rear upon the centre4 ,,change ,,front ,,to ,,the ,centre ,companies--,right 7or left7 face--,right ,,rear ,,upon ,,the ,counter-march--,quick march--,halt1 ,,centre4 ,front1 ,dress up--,eyes front4 ,remaining ,companies1 ,the ,companies pass each other by the ,,threes ,,right1 and left1 those of the ,right wing describing a ,,left ,,shoulders circle to allow room for the others to pass1 ,,forward--,,right ,,and and when in their proper position--,right ,,left ,,counter-,,march-- 7or left7 shoulders forward--,forward--,halt1 ,,quick ,,march4 ,dress up--,eyes front4 ,,changes ,,of ,,position ,,of ,,the ,,battalion ,,from ,,line ,,by ,,movements ,,of ,,the ,,open ,,column ,,on ,a ,,fixed ,,point4 ,s4 #bd4 ,the ,battalion to change position to the front on the right halted ,company1 by throwing forward the whole ,left1 and by the flank march of ,companies4 #a4 ,,form ,,open ,,column ,if the change of front is to be at ,,in ,,front ,,of ,,the right angles with the old line1 the ,,right ,,company--,,remaining right ,company stands fast2 if oblique ,,companies--,,right to it1 that ,company will wheel ,,face--,,quick ,,march4 back on the right flank as many paces as will make it perpendicular to the new direction4 ,remaining ,companies face to the right1 and disengage to the left--,halt1 ,front1 ,dress4 ,,right ,,wheel ,,into ,halt1 ,dress--,eyes front4 ,,line4 #b4 ,the ,battalion may change its position to the ,left1 ,right thrown forward1 by the formation of the ,open column in front of the left halted ,company4 #c4 ,if the ,change of position is effected by the formation of the ,open column on a central ,company1 the caution will specify which flank is to be thrown forward4 ,the ,companies face inwards1 and disengage4 #d4 ,when a ,battalion is to change position on a flank halted ,company1 by throwing back the other flank4 ,,form ,,open ,,column ,,in ,,rear ,,of ,,the ,,right 7,,or ,,left7 ,,company-- ,,remaining ,,companies-- ,,right 7,,or ,,left7 ,,face-- ,,quick ,,march4 ,remaining ,companies--,halt1 ,front1 ,dress4 ,,right 7,,or ,,left7 ,,wheel ,,into ,,line--,,quick ,,march4 ,halt1 ,dress--,eyes front4 ,,on ,a ,,distant ,,point4 ,s4 #be4 ,the ,battalion in line changes position by breaking into ,open column1 marching up in column to the point where its head is to remain1 and entering the line by the flank march of ,companies4 ,,right 7,,or ,,left7 ,,face--,,quick ,the ,battalion in ,open column to form ,,march4 at a point where its leading flank is ,,halt4 to be placed1 receives--,,halt-- when its leading division is at wheeling distance short of that point4 ,s4 #bf4 ,the ,battalion formed in line1 changes position by breaking into ,open column1 marching to a point where its head is to rest1 and to which its rear divisions form1 by successively passing each other1 and wheeling up4 ,,form ,,line ,,to ,,the ,leading division--,right 7or left7 ,,reverse ,,flank4 shoulders forward--,forward--,halt1 ,dress4 ,remaining divisions successively--,right 7or left7 shoulders forward--,forward--,halt1 ,dress up4 ,,open ,,column ,,movements4 ,s4 #bg4 ,when the leading flank of the ,column is changed by the successive march of ,divisions from the rear to the front4 ,,halt-- ,if ,right in front2 ,rear ,company--,right ,,by ,,successive ,,divisions face--,quick march--,front turn4 --,,rear ,,wing ,remaining ,divisions in succession1 when ,,to ,,the ,,front4 their rear ,division passes them--,right face--,quick march--,front turn4 ,if left in front1 the rear ,divisions are faced to the left4 ,s4 #bh4 ,to change the ,wings of a column formed upon a road1 where the space does not admit of the ,flank movement4 ,,by ,,double ,,files ,,from ,rear ,company--,inwards face1 by ,files ,,the ,,centre1 ,,rear ,,wing from the centre4 ,remaining ,,to ,,the ,,front4 ,,two ,,centre ,companies99--,halt1 ,dress4 ,rear ,,sections ,,outwards ,division when clear of the column--,form ,,wheel--,,quick ,,march499 ,company--,forward4 ,remaining ,divisions in succession when clear--,inwards face--,quick march--,form ,company--,forward4 ,s4 #bi4 ,when the ,column1 at open1 or half distance1 is required to form a ,square4 #a4 ,if the ,square is to be formed on the front ,company4 ,,form ,,square ,,upon 7,vide ,s4 #ba1 ,no4 #b47 ,,the ,,front ,,company--,,quick ,,march4 #b4 ,if upon a central ,company4 ,,form ,,square ,,on ,,the ,,right ,the ,officer commanding the named ,division1 7,,or ,,left7 ,,centre gives--,sections outwards2 the rear ,,company--,,right 7,,or ,,left7 ,sections closing on the front ,sections4 ,,wing--,,right ,,about ,the ,left wing will close to ,section ,,face--,,quick 7,,or ,,double7 distance1 and the ,companies receive1 ,,march4 in succession--,sections outwards2 the ,right ,wing will move to the ,centre1 rear ,rank in front1 and when each ,company shall close up to the one preceding it1 ,companies #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 ,front turn1 ,sections outwards1 and the rear ,sections close to the front4 ,nos4 #a and #b--;,halt1 ,front1--,nos4 #g and #h--;,halt1 ,right about face4 #c4 ,if an ,open column1 moving to front1 or rear in ,file1 or ,sections of ,threes1 be attacked by ,cavalry4 ,if in ,file4 ,,form ,,square ,,on ,,the ,the ,divisions turn to the right1 and ,,centre--,,wings left2 and if the ,column be right in front1 ,,inward ,,turn--,,double when the left centre ,company has turned ,,march4 it receives--,sections outwards2 the ,wings close on the centre1 at the double march1 and each ,company wheels outwards into ,square2 as in ,no4 #b4 ,if the ,column is moving in ,sections of ,threes4 ,,right 7,,or ,,left7 ,,shoulders ,,forward4 ,the ,formation proceeds as before4 ,,forward--,,square ,,on ,the ,column is re-formed as directed in ,,the ,,centre--,,right ,s4 #ba1 ,no4 #d4 ,,wing1 ,,right ,,about ,,turn--,,double4 ,,quarter ,,distance1 ,,and ,,close ,,column4 ,s4 #cj4 ,when a ,battalion forms a close1 or quarter distance ,column1 from ,line4 #a4 ,if a ,close ,column before1 or behind1 either of the flank ,companies4 ,,form ,,close 7,,or ,,quarter ,,distance7 ,,column ,,on ---- ,,company1 ,,right 7,,or ,,left7 ,,in ,,front--,,right 7,,or ,,left7 ,,face--,,quick ,all except the named ,company--,halt1 ,,march4 ,front1 ,dress4 #b4 ,on a central ,company4 ,,inwards ,,face--,,quick ,all except the named ,company--,halt1 ,,march4 ,front1 ,dress4 ,in the same manner1 ,column may be formed from ,line upon any ,company facing to the rear2 that ,company countermarching by files1 and the ,wings facing outwards1 and countermarching to the right1 or left2 and forming as before4 ,in all ,counter-marches from ,line1 the ,company of formation will be faced by the command of its own ,officer4 #c4 ,if a ,quarter distance ,column upon any named ,company4 ,,form ,,column ,,at ,,quarter ,,distance1 ,,right 7,,or ,,left7 ,,in ,,front1 ---- ,shoulders forward--,halt1 ,dress1 as in ,,on ,,company--,,remaining ,nos4 #a and #b4 ,,companies1 ,,threes-- ,,shoulders ,,forward-- ,the leading threes of the ,company next ,,quick 7,,or ,,double7 the one of formation must wheel upon its ,,march--,,forward4 centre file in disengaging to the rear4 #d4 ,the ,close column may be formed from ,open column4 ,,close ,,to ,,the ,,front--,,quick ,if on the ,march1 ,leading division--,halt4 7,,or ,,double7 ,,march4 ,remaining divisions successively--,halt3 ,or without halting--,,close ,when on the ,double march--,quick4 ,,to ,,the ,,front--,,double4 ,s4 #ca4 ,when the ,column1 at close1 or quarter distance1 marches to a flank4 ,,column ,,will ,,march ,,to ,,the ,,right 7,,or ,,left7 ,,flank--,,right 7,,or ,,left7 ,,face--,,quick ,,march--,,halt1 ,,front4 ,if the ,column is at quarter distance1 it may be marched to a flank in ,sections of threes4 ,,threes ,,right 7,,or ,,left7 ,,shoulders ,,forward--,,quick ,,march--,,forward4 ,s4 #cb4 ,when the ,column at quarter distance1 moving to front1 or rear1 takes ground to the ,right1 or ,left1 by the ,echellon march of ,sections4 #a4 ,,sections ,,right 7,,or ,officers remain on their proper pivot ,,left7--,,forward4 flank4 #b4 ,,re-,,form ,,column-- ,,forward4 ,ground may be taken to a flank by the diagonal march4 ,,right 7,,or ,,left7 ,,half ,,turn4 ,s4 #cc4 ,when a ,column halted1 at ,close1 or ,quarter distance1 is to wheel on a fixed1 or moveable pivot4 #a4 ,at close distance on a fixed pivot4 ,,column ,,to ,,the ,,right ,the flank file of front ,company will 7,,or ,,left7 ,,wheel--,,quick face4 ,remaining ,companies make a half 7,,or ,,double7 face4 ,,march--,,halt4 ,vide ,s4 #aj4 ,no4 #f4 #b4 ,at close distance on a moveable pivot4 ,,right 7,,or ,,left7 ,,shoulders ,,forward--,,halt ,rear ,divisions will make a half turn to 7,,or ,,forward74 the outward flank1 and circle round4 ,if the ,column is to wheel in double time4 ,,double--,,forward--,,quick4 #c4 ,at ,quarter distance on a fixed pivot4 ,,right 7,,or ,,left7 ,,wheel-- ,rear ,divisions half face to the wheeling ,,quick 7,,or ,,double7 flank4 ,the front ,division will advance ,,march--,,halt4 six paces1 and wheel at shortened pace round the ,pivot1 the rear ,divisions circling round4 #d4 ,at ,quarter distance on a moveable pivot4 ,,right 7,,or ,,left7 ,,shoulders ,the ,front division moves round at a short ,,forward--,,double-- pace1 the pivot-man gradually advancing ,,forward--,,quick4 in the new direction4 ,s4 #cd4 ,when a ,close1 or ,quarter distance ,column is to change its front by the wheel and countermarch of ,sub-divisions round the centre4 #a4 ,if at the halt4 ,,counter-,,march ,,by ,,sub-,,divisions ,,round ,,the ,the ,reverse sub-divisions face about4 ,,centre--,,right 7,,or ,,left7 ,the whole wheel round in succession4 ,,sub-,,divisions--,,right ,,about ,,face--,,quick 7,,or 99 ,when the leading ,sub-division is in a ,,double7 ,,march--99,,halt1 line upon the new front of the ,column4 ,,front1 ,,dress4 ,,front applies to the ,reverse sub-divisions only4 #b4 ,if the ,column at ,quarter distance is on the march4 ,,right 7,,or ,,left7 ,,sub-,,divisions--,,right ,,about ,,turn--,,front ,,turn--,,forward4 ,s4 #ce4 ,when a ,column at close1 or quarter distance1 is to open out to full1 or half distance1 from front1 or rear4 #a4 ,if from the front4 ,,column ,,will ,,open ,the requisite number of paces are ,,from ,,the ,,front--,,right counted by the leaders of each ,division4 ,,about ,,face--,,quick ,halt1 ,front4 ,,march4 #b4 ,if from the rear4 ,,column ,,will ,,open ,each ,division leader gives ,halt to the ,,from ,,the ,,rear--,,quick ,company in his front1 when at the ordered ,,march4 distance4 ,,deployments4 ,deployments are made from ,column invariably on the base of the front ,company2 ,close columns deploy in ,file4 ,s4 #cf4 ,when the ,battalion in column of ,companies1 at ,close1 or ,quarter distance 7right in front71 deploys into ,line4 ,,from ,,close ,,column4 #a4 ,on the ,front ,company4 ,,deploy ,,on ,,the ,,front ,each ,company1 in succession--,front ,,company--,,remaining turn--,halt1 ,dress up--,eyes front4 ,,companies1 ,,left ,,face--,,quick ,,march4 #b4 ,on the ,rear ,company4 ,,deploy ,,on ,,the ,,rear ,when the front of the named ,company ,,company--,,remaining is clear1 the ,officer commanding it gives-- ,,companies1 ,double march--,halt1 ,dress up--,eyes ,,right ,,face--,,quick front--,remaining ,companies successively ,,march4 --,halt1 ,front4 ,when uncovered1 ,quick march1 and when in the alignement1 ,halt1 ,dress up--,eyes front4 ,deployments on a central ,company are performed in a similar manner4 ,in deploying on a rear1 or central ,company1 the ,company of formation will be moved up in ,double time4 ,,from ,,quarter ,,distance ,,column4 #c4 ,when a ,battalion in ,column of ,companies at quarter distance1 right in front1 deploys upon its ,front division4 ,,deploy ,,on ,,the ,,front ,,company--,,remaining ,,companies1 ,,threes-- ,,right ,,shoulders ,,forward --,,quick 7,,or ,,double7 ,left shoulders forward--,forward-- ,,march--,,forward4 ,halt1 ,dress up--,eyes front4 #d4 ,on a ,rear ,company4 ,,deploy ,,on ,,the ,,rear ,when the ,front is clear1 ,rear ,company ,,company--,,remaining --,double march--,halt1 ,dress up--,eyes ,,companies1 ,,threes-- front4 ,the other ,companies successively ,,left ,,shoulders ,,forward --shoulders forward--,halt4 ,when uncovered --,,quick ,,march-- --,quick march--,halt1 ,dress up--,eyes front4 ,,forward4 ,the ,base points are three paces in advance of the ,front ,company of the ,column4 ,,echellon ,,formations ,,and ,,movements4 ,s4 #cg4 ,when a ,battalion from ,line wheels forward by ,companies1 to either flank1 into ,echellon4 #a4 ,,companies ---- ,,paces ,,to ,,the ---- ,,wheel--,,quick ,,march4 ,halt1 ,dress4 #b4 ,when the ,echellon thus formed marches forward1 and halts4 ,,quick ,,march--,,halt4 ,s4 #ch4 ,when the ,battalion having wheeled from ,line into ,echellon1 has marched1 and halted1 and is to form back parallel to the ,line it quitted4 ,,wheel ,,back ,,into ,,line--,,quick ,,march4 ,halt1 ,dress--,eyes front4 ,s4 #ci4 ,when the ,battalion having wheeled from ,line into ,echellon1 has marched and halted1 and is to form up oblique to the ,line it quitted4 #a4 ,if the ,formation is made forward4 ,,leading ,,division1 ,leading ,division--,halt1 ,dress--,eyes ---- ,,paces ,,right front4 ,remaining ,divisions--shoulders 7,,or ,,left7 ,,wheel-- forward--,halt1 ,dress up--,eyes front4 ,,quick ,,march4 ,,form ,,line--,,quick ,,march4 #b4 ,if the wheel of the leading ,division exceed the number of paces which it before wheeled from ,line into ,echellon1 the others wheel up one-half of that excess1 move on1 and successively dress up with it4 #c4 ,if the formation is to be on the prolongation of the front ,division as it stands1 the others wheel back one-half of what they originally wheeled forward1 then move on1 and dress up with it4 ,s4 #dj4 ,when the ,battalion formed in ,line changes front on a fixed flank ,company1 by throwing forward the rest of the ,battalion4 ,,change ,,front ,,on ---- ,,company1 ,,right 7,,or ,,left7 ,,thrown ,,forward1 ---- ,,company ---- ,,paces ,,right ,company of formation--,halt1 ,dress4 7,,or ,,left7 ,,wheel4 ,,remaining ,,companies1 ,remaining ,companies-- ---- ,,paces ,,to ,,the ---- ,,wheel--,,quick 99 ,halt1 ,dress4 ,,march499 ---- shoulders forward--,halt1 ,dress up--,eyes front4 ,,quick ,,march4 ,s4 #da4 ,when the ,battalion changes front on a fixed flank ,company1 by throwing back the rest of the ,battalion4 ,,change ,,front ,,on ---- ---- ,company on the ---- backwards ,,company1 ,,right 7,,or wheel--,quick march--,halt1 ,dress4 ,,left7 ,,thrown ,,back4 ,,remaining ,,companies1 ,,right ,,about ,,face1 ---- ,,paces ,,to ,,the ---- ,,wheel--,,quick ,,march4 ,halt1 ,dress4 ,,quick ,,march 7,,or ---- shoulders forward--,halt1 ,front1 ,,march74 ,dress up--,eyes front4 ,s4 #db4 ,when the ,battalion changes front on a central ,company1 by advancing one ,wing1 and retiring the other4 ,the ,company of the ,wing to be thrown back is wheeled backward1 and the ,company of the wing to be brought forward is wheeled forward2 or a ,central ,company is wheeled upon its centre into the new direction4 ---- ,,wing1 ,,right ,,about ,,face--,,companies ---- ,,paces ,,inwards ,,wheel--,,quick ,,march4 ,halt1 ,dress4 ,,quick ,,march4 ,companies successively--shoulders forward-- and when in ,line1 those of the advancing ,wing receive--,halt1 ,dress up3 the retiring ,wing--,halt1 ,front1 ,dress up4 ,s4 #dc4 ,when1 from ,open column1 the ,companies wheel backward into ,echellon1 in order to form in ,line on the front ,company4 #a4 ,,form ,,line ,,on ,,the ,the front ,company remains square to ,,leading ,,division4 the ,column1 or is wheeled backward into ,,remaining ,,divisions the intended direction of the ,line by its ---- ,,paces ,,on ,,the ,officer4 ---- ,,backward ,if the front ,company remains square1 ,,wheel--,,quick the remaining ,companies wheel back four ,,march4 paces1 or the eighth of a circle2 but if the direction be ,oblique1 then the remaining ,companies wheel one-half the number wheeled by the front ,company1 in addition to the eighth of a circle--,halt1 ,,quick ,,march4 ,dress4 ---- shoulders forward--,halt1 ,dress up --,eyes front4 #b4 ,if the ,line be formed on the rear ,company of the ,column1 that ,company will stand fast1 the others will receive4 ,,right ,,about ,,face1 ---- ,,paces ,,on ,,the ---- ,,backwards ,,wheel--,,quick ,halt1 ,dress4 ,,march4 ---- shoulders forward--,halt1 ,front1 ,,quick ,,march4 ,dress up--,eyes front4 #c4 ,if the ,line is to be formed on a rear ,company1 but facing to the ,rear4 ,,form ,,line ,,on ,,rear ,,company1 ,,facing ,,to ,,the ,,rear4 ,,the ,,column ,,will ,,counter-,,march4 --,,face--,,quick ,,march4 ,halt1 ,front1 ,dress--,eyes front4 ,,form ,,line ,,on ,,the ,,leading ,,division4 ,,remaining ,,divisions1 ,,four ,,paces ,,on ,,the ---- ,,backward ,,wheel--,,quick 99 ,halt1 ,dress4 ,,march499 ---- shoulders forward--,halt1 ,dress ,,quick ,,march4 up--,eyes front4 #d4 ,if the ,line be formed on a ,central ,company of the ,column4 ,,form ,,line ,,on ,,the ,,right 7,,or ,,left7 ,,centre ,,company1 ---- ,,wing ,,right ,,about ,,face--,,four ,,paces ,,on ,,the ,,right 7,,or ,,left7 ,,backwards ,,wheel--,,quick ,all except the central ,company ,halt1 ,,march4 ,dress4 ,,quick ,,march4 ,companies of ,wings 7except ,company formed on7---- shoulders forward--,halt1 ,dress up--,eyes front4 ,or ---- shoulders forward--,halt1 ,front1 ,dress up--,eyes front4 ,s4 #dd4 ,when from ,line the ,companies of a ,battalion march off in ,echellon1 successively and directly to the front2 and again form ,line to the front1 or flank4 #a4 ,when the intention is to form ,line to the front4 ,,advance ,,in ,,direct ,,echellon ,,of ,,companies ,when the leading ,division receives--,halt1 ,,from ,,the the others move on1 and ,halt1 ,dress ,,right 7,,or ,,left74 up1 in line with it4 #b4 ,when the intention is to form ,line to the flank4 ,,form ,,line ,,to ,,the ,,right 7,,or ,,left7 ,leading ,division--,halt1 ,dress--,eyes ,,flank4 front4 ,,by ,,divisions1 ,,shoulders ,remaining divisions--,halt1 ,dress up-- ,,forward--,,forward4 ,eyes front4 #c4 ,if a ,column is to be formed to the flank1 from a direct ,echellon4 ,,form ,,column ,,in ,,rear ,,of ,,the ,,leading ,,division--,,threes-- ,,shoulders ,,forward-- ,,forward4 ---- shoulders forward--,halt1 ,dress4 ,s4 #de4 ,when a ,battalion1 in ,echellon of ,companies1 halted1 or in motion1 is required to form square4 ,,companies ,,right 7,,or ,the formation will proceed as directed ,,left7 ,,shoulders in ,section #bi4 ,,forward--,,forward--,,form ,,square4 ,s4 #df4 ,when a ,battalion marching in ,line is to take ground to a flank by the ,echellon movement of ,sub-divisions1 or ,sections4 #a4 ,,sub-,,divisions 7,,or ,,sections7 ,,right 7,,or ,,left7--,,forward4 #b4 ,when sufficient ground has been taken to the flank4 ,,re-,,form ,,line--,,forward-- ,,halt4 #c4 ,when sufficient ground has been taken in ,echellon to a flank1 and a forward formation of the ,line is to be made4 ,,form ,,line ,,on ,,the ,the head ,division is wheeled up two ,,leading ,,division4 paces more and halted4 ,divisions successively ---- shoulders forward4 ,halt1 ,dress up--,eyes front4 ,in taking ground to a flank1 if a small degree of obliquity from the former position is to be taken1 the ,line may wheel forward by ,companies2 if a greater1 by ,sub-divisions2 and if a greater still1 by ,sections4 ,,light ,,infantry4 ,,signals ,,and ,,sounds ,,for ,,regulating ,,movements4 ,the ,officers' call--as established1 and therefore not numbered4 #a4 ,to extend4 #b4 ,to close4 #c4 ,to advance4 #d4 ,to halt4 #e4 ,to fire4 #f4 ,cease firing4 #g4 ,to retreat4 #h4 ,assembly4 #i4 ,incline to the right4 #aj4 ,incline to the left4 #aa4 ,the alarm4 ,,infantry ,,sword ,,exercise4 ,words of command throughout ,,the ,,progressive ,,instructions ,,of ,,the ,,drill4 ,the words in ,italics are to serve as a caution only4 ,,section ,i4 ,,extension ,,motions1 ,,and ,,positions4 ,attention4 ,first extension motions4--,one--,two--,three--,four--,fi ve4 ,first position in three motions4--,one--,two--,three4 ,second position in two motions4--,one--,two4 ,balance motions4--,one--,two--,three--,four4 ,first position4 ,third position in two motions4--,one--,two4 ,second extension motions4--,one--,two--,three4 ,first position4 ,front4 ,stand at ease4 ,attention4 ,positions4 ,first--,second--,first--,third4 ,first--,second--,third--,second4 ,single attack--,double attack4 ,advance--,single attack--,retire--,double attack4 ,front--,stand at ease4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,preparatory ,,instruction ,,with ,,the ,,sword4 ,attention4 ,draw swords--,return swords--,draw swords--,slope swords4 ,stand at ease4 ,attention4 ,prepare for ,sword exercise4 ,right prove distance--,slope swords4 ,front prove distance--,slope swords4 ,assault4 ,one--,two--,three--,four--,five--,six-- ,seven4 ,first ,point--,two--,second ,point--,two--,third ,point--,two4 ,defend4 ,second--,third--,fourth--,fifth--,sixth --,seventh4 ,parry--,two4 ,slope swords4 ,stand at ease4 ,attention4 ,guard--,inside guard--,outside guard4 ,cut one4 ,first guard4 ,cut two4 ,second guard4 ,cut three4 ,third guard4 ,cut four4 ,fourth guard4 ,cut five4 ,fifth guard4 ,cut six4 ,sixth guard4 ,cut seven4 ,seventh guard4 ,first point4 ,two4 ,second point4 ,two4 ,third point4 ,two4 ,parry4 ,two4 ,guard4 ,slope swords4 ,stand at ease4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,,review1 ,,or ,,inspection ,,exercise4 ,attention4 ,prepare for ,sword exercise4 ,right prove distance--,slope swords4 ,front prove distance--,slope swords4 ,guard--,inside ,guard--,outside guard4 ,one--,two--,three--,four--,five--,six-- ,seven4 ,points--,first--,second--,third--,parry 4 ,guard--,slope swords4 ,,sword ,,practice4 ,guard4 ,inside1 and outside ,cuts4--,one--,two--,three--,four--,five --,six4 ,inside guard4 ,outside ,cuts4--,two--,four--,six4 ,outside guard4 ,inside ,cuts4--,one--,three--,five4 ,guard--,slope swords--,stand at ease4 ,,section ,,iv4 ,,attack ,,and ,,defence4 ,attention4 ,front rank1 ,right about face--,prepare for ,attack1 and ,defence4 ,prove distance--,slope swords4 ,guard--,inside guard--,outside guard4 ,left cheek--,right cheek--,wrist--,leg4 ,left side--,right side--,head4 ,first point--,two--,third point--,two4 ,guard--,slope swords4 ,point1 and ,parry4--,guard--,third point--,point4 ,point 7continuing as long as requisite74 ,guard--,slope swords--,stand at ease4 ,,section ,v4 ,,stick ,,drill4 ,first ,practice4 ,guard--,continuing the same words of command and movements as in the 8,attack and ,defence0 in ,section #dth1 omitting the word 8,two0 in the delivery of each point4 ,second ,practice4 ,guard--,continuing1 c41 as the 8,point and ,parry10 but not exceeding ,six points4 ,third ,practice4 ,guard--,leg--,inside guard--,leg4 ,outside guard--,leg--,guard--,slope swords4 ,fourth ,practice4 ,guard--,head--,head--,leg--,leg--,head- -,head--,guard4 ,slope swords4 ,fifth ,practice4 ,head--,head--,arm--,head--,head--,arm4 ,head--,head--,right side--,head--,head--,right side4 ,slope swords4 ,when perfect1 by ,word of command1 the whole of this ,section is to be performed in ,quick time1 by the drill officer naming only the practice required1 but first giving the caution--,stick drill by practice divisions4 ,,instructions ,,for ,,pitching1 ,,and ,,striking ,,tents4 #a4 ,whenever possible1 the quartermaster1 or an officer acting for him1 with a non-commissioned officer and a camp colourman per company1 will precede the corps to be encamped4 #b4 ,this officer will take up ground for the companies' and the officers' and other tents1 c41 according to the directions he may have received1 to conform to one or other of the methods laid down in the 8,regulations for ,encampments10 marking by a picket the spot to be occupied by each tent-pole1 and taking care that the lines of tents are perpendicular and correctly covered4 #c4 ,before arriving in camp the men will be told off for their several functions as pole-men1 peg-men1 and unpackers of tents1 two men being allotted for each of these duties1 and six in all for every tent4 ,more than this number only impede each other4 ,each tent requires1 therefore1 one section of threes to pitch1 or strike it4 #d4 ,from the remainder of the company the parties will be told off for provisions1 wood1 water1 fire1 guards and pickets1 and for the pitching of the officers' orderly-room1 store-room1 guard-tents1 c4 ,to each tent1 as far as possible1 a non-commissioned officer will be told off4 #e4 ,it is known that the soldiers' tent1 with its cords1 occupies a space of nearly #f yards--that is1 between #g and #h paces from pole to pole4 #f4 ,the pole-men1 being stationed at the spots indicated by the pickets1 the pole is lowered1 and the cap of the tent fixed on1 and all things prepared for the raising of the tent4 ,on the signal1 or word of command1 the whole of the poles are raised together1 the skirt of the tent being lifted over the poleman's head4 #g4 ,it will be remembered1 that1 to insure stability1 four of the cords which divide the circumference accurately into quarters1 must be first made fast before any of the others4 #h4 ,each cord must be stretched on the true prolongation of the tent seam4 #i4 ,the slides must be made fast at an equal distance from the tent and the ground peg1 so as to permit shifting1 as expansion or contraction of the cord ensues on atmospheric changes4 #aj4 ,the non-commissioned officer sees that the door is properly placed1 and attends especially to the fastenings of the first four pegs1 with a view to the general uprightness of the pole and security of the tent1 under the general superintendence of the company's officers2 one being stationed at the flank1 the more easily to detect and correct errors4 #aa4 ,in order to strike the tents1 all the pegs are drawn except the four first driven1 and four men place themselves at these in readiness for the signal2 they draw these pegs1 and hold down the tent till the signal be given4 #ab4 ,on the signal1 the pole-men lower the poles to the rear1 and come out by the door1 bringing the poles with them4 #ac4 ,in rolling up the tent1 the cap is turned on one side1 in such a manner as shall make it visible at one end when the tent is rolled4 ,this prevents the cap from cutting the tent4 ,,part ,,ii4 ,,royal ,,artillery4 ,,carbine ,,exercise4 ,,manual ,,exercise4 ,present arms4 ,shoulder arms4 ,order arms4 ,shoulder arms4 ,slope arms4 ,stand at ease4 ,attention4 ,carry arms4 ,trail arms4 ,shoulder arms4 ,order arms4 ,trail arms4 ,order arms4 ,fix bayonets4 ,shoulder arms4 ,charge bayonets4 ,shoulder arms4 ,order arms4 ,unfix bayonets4 ,stand at ease4 ,,platoon ,,exercise4 #a4 ,as a front rank standing4 #b4 ,as a rear rank standing4 #c4 ,as a front rank kneeling4 #d4 ,as a rear rank kneeling4 ,as front rank standing1 ,load4 ,handle cartridge4 ,draw ramrods4 ,ram down cartridge4 ,return ramrods4 ',bout4 ,prime4 ,as front rank--,ready4 ,present4 ,load1 as before directed4 ',bout4 ,prime4 ,shoulder arms4 ,as rear rank standing--,ready4 ,present4 ,load4 c41 c4 ,,to ,,fire ,,kneeling4 ,as front rank kneeling--,ready4 ,present4 ,load1 as before directed4 ',bout4 ,prime4 ,order1 or ,shoulder arms4 ,as rear rank kneeling--,ready4 ,present4 ,load1 as before directed4 ',bout4 ,prime4 ,order1 or ,shoulder arms4 ,wing or ,battalion3 ,company1 prepare to load4 ,load4 ,company1 ,wing1 ,ready4 or ,battalion4 ,present4 ,half-cock arms4 ,shoulder arms4 ,to fire a volley1 and half-cock4 ,ready4 ,present4 ,shoulder arms4 ,,inspection ,,of ,a ,,company4 ,double distance--,rear rank take open order--,march4 ,port arms4 ,half-cock arms4 ,ease springs4 ,shoulder arms4 ,order arms4 ,examine arms4 ,return ramrods4 ,fix bayonets4 ,,dismissal ,,of ,a ,,company4 ,recover arms4 ,right face4 ,lodge arms4 ,,to ,,fire ,a ,,feu-,,de-,,joie4 ,with blank cartridge--,load4 ,ready4 ,present4 ,commence firing from the right1 and then reload4 ,after the third fire4 ,shoulder arms4 ,present arms4 ,shoulder arms4 ,order arms4 ,three cheers4 ,,funeral ,,exercise4 ,present arms4 ,reverse arms4 ,rest upon your arms reversed4 ,stand at ease4 ,attention4 ,reverse arms4 ,rest upon your arms reversed4 ,present arms4 ,shoulder arms4 ,with blank cartridge--,load4 ,ready4 ,present4 ,after the third round4 ,shoulder arms4 ,rear rank take close order--,march4 ,on all occasions the percussion ,carbine1 when capped1 or having the snap-cap on1 is to be kept at the half-cock1 either when the soldier is on duty1 or at drill1 or when the carbine is lodged in the arm-rack of the guard-room or barrack-room2 and on no account whatever is the cock to be allowed to remain down upon the cap at any time1 except during the interval between the words of command1 8,fire10 and 8,load10 in the ,platoon exercise4 ,,sword1 ,,royal ,,artillery4 lb4 oz4 ,weight ,sword #b #g #d lb4 ,scabbard1 steel #a #h inches4 ,length ,blade #bh #cc inches4 ,handle #e ,light ,cavalry pattern of #ahbb1 for ,royal ,horse ,artillery4 lb4 oz4 ,weight ,sword #b #e #d lb4 #f oz4 ,scabbard1 steel #b #a inches4 ,length ,blade #ce #dj inches4 ,handle #e ,,cavalry1 ,,sword ,,exercise4 ,review1 or ,inspection exercise4 ,right prove distance--,slope swords4 ,front prove distance--,slope swords4 ,perform ,sword exercise--,first division--,second division4 ,the time to be taken from the ,flugleman as follows3-- ,words of ,command4 ,flugleman4 ,right prove distance ,right4 ,slope swords ,right4 ,front prove distance ,right4 ,slope swords ,right4 ,perform sword exercise4 ,engage ,right4 ,right guard ,right4 ,left guard ,right4 ,assault #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #ast1 #bnd1 #crd1 ,left and ,right4 ,right defend1 #bnd1 #crd1 #dth1 #eth1 #fth1 #gth1 ,parry ,right4 ,left defend1 #bnd1 #crd1 #dth1 #eth1 #fth1 #gth4 ,parry ,right and ,left4 ,slope swords ,left4 ,,first ,,division4 ,,second ,,division4 ,assault ,left4 ,assault ,left4 ,one ,left4 ,one ,left4 ,point ,left4 ,point ,right4 ,two ,right4 ,two ,right4 ,point ,right4 ,point ,left4 ,three ,right4 ,three ,right4 ,point ,right4 ,point ,left4 ,four ,left4 ,four ,left4 ,point ,left4 ,point ,right4 ,five ,left4 ,five ,left4 ,point ,left4 ,point ,right4 ,six ,right4 ,six ,right4 ,point ,right4 ,point ,left4 ,seven ,right4 ,seven ,right4 ,point ,right4 ,point ,right rear4 ,slope swords ,right4 ,slope swords ,right rear4 ,,formation ,,for ,,sword ,,exercise ,,on ,,foot4 ,officers take post in front4 ,right prove distance4 ,quick march4 ,slope swords4 ,from the inward flanks of wings ,front prove distance4 tell off by ,threes4 ,slope swords4 ,from the right of the left wing ,sword exercise4 open your files4 ,first division4 ,quick march4 ,second division4 ,from the right of threes to the ,eyes right4 front1 ,file4 ,return swords4 ,quick march4 ,front form line4 ,halt4 ,quick march4 ,prepare for sword exercise4 ,close to the right of the ,eyes right4 left wing4 ,draw swords4 ,inwards face4 ,slope swords4 ,quick march4 ,,formation ,,for ,,sword ,,exercise ,,mounted4 ,from the right of threes to the ,slope swords4 front1 ,file4 ,sword exercise4 ,march4 ,first division4 ,halt4 ,second division4 ,right prove distance4 ,front form ranks4 ,slope swords4 ,march4 ,front prove distance4 ,,officers' ,,salute4 ,the ,officers to be formed in line at four paces distant from each other1 8,standing at ease0 with the point of the sword lowered between the feet1 the edge to the right1 and left hand covering the right4 ,,attention--,carry swords4 ,,rear ,,rank ,,take ,,open ,,order--8,recover swords0 and move forward an oblique pace to the left1 so as to be placed in front1 and just clear of the second ,file4 ,,march--,advance three paces to the front1 and bring the sword to the 8,port10 the blade being diagonally across the body1 the edge upwards1 and arms nearly extended2 the left elbow bent with the hand as high1 and in front of the shoulder2 holding the blade between the forefinger and thumb1 the knuckles to the front1 and elbows close to the side4 ,,present ,,arms--8,recover swords0 at the second motion of the carbine2 and at the third motion lower the sword 7to the full extent of the arm7 to the right1 with the edge to the left1 and point in the direction of the right foot1 the elbow close to the side1 at the same time raising the left arm as high as the shoulder1 and bringing the hand round by a circular motion over the peak of the cap1 the knuckles uppermost1 and fingers extended4 ,,shoulder ,,arms--8,recover swords0 at the first motion of the carbine2 and at the second motion 8,port swords40 ,,rear ,,rank ,,take ,,close ,,order--8,right face20 and as the right foot is drawn to the rear1 8,recover swords40 ,,march--,move back into the front ,rank4 8,front0 and 8,carry swords40 ,the ,salute on the march is to commence when at ten paces from the ,reviewing officer1 the ,officer on the right giving the signal to prepare the other ,officers by raising the fingers of the left hand two paces1 previous to saluting2 the sword is then raised by extending the arm to the right1 and by a circular motion brought to the 8,recover20 and continuing the motion to the right shoulder1 from whence the sword is lowered1 and the left hand is then gradually raised over the peak of the cap in the manner before directed4 ,the time for completing the salute is six paces1 commencing with the left foot1 and may be divided 7for ,drill practice7 as follows3--,first pace1 the sword raised to the right2 ,second pace1 to the 8,recover20 ,third pace1 to the right shoulder2 ,fourth pace1 the sword lowered to the right2 ,fifth pace1 the left arm raised2 ,sixth pace1 hand brought to the peak of the cap4 ,the head should be slightly turned towards the ,reviewing ,officer1 whilst passing him1 and having done so six paces1 and given the signal 7as before7 8,recover swords0 at one pace1 and in 8,port0 the following pace4 ,the same time is given for the ,salute when mounted 7which is to be completed in four motions71 but the sword should then be kept in a line with the knee4 ,on the march1 or when manuvring1 the sword may be carried to the full extent of the arm1 the guard of the hilt resting upon the inside of the fingers1 the back of the blade being against the hollow of the shoulder4 ,,part ,,iii4 ,,ordnance1 ,,carriages1 ,,etc4 ,,ordnance4 ,,guns4 ,guns are distinguished from each other by their metal1 and weight of their shot4 ,a ,gun is divided into five parts1 which are named ,cascable1 ,first reinforce1 ,second reinforce1 ,chase1 ,muzzle4 ,the metal is made thicker towards the breech than at the muzzle1 to strengthen the piece1 for the elastic force of the ,gunpowder is there greatest1 and diminishes in power as the space it occupies is extended4 ,the metal is made thinner towards the muzzle to make the gun lighter4 ,the ,dispart is half the difference between the diameter of the ,gun at the base ring and at the swell of the muzzle4 ,by affixing on the muzzle a piece of metal equal to the height of the dispart1 the line of sight will be made parallel to the axis of the bore1 and therefore an object within point blank range can be seen4 ,howitzers1 and some guns which have a patch or projection on the upper part of the muzzle1 have no dispart1 the semi-diameter of the muzzle with the patch added to it being equal to the semi-diameter of the base ring4 ,iron ordnance 7,bloomfield's7 are intended to have a degree and a half dispart1 but the founder is allowed two-tenths of an inch variation in casting ,iron ordnance1 for any difference which there may be between the intended and actual diameter of the base ring and muzzle4 ,light ,brass ,field ,guns #ab1 #f1 and #c-pounders have a dispart of one degree1 and ,medium #ab-pounders and #i-pounders have one degree and a quarter4 ,the ,angle of dispart is the number of degrees the axis of the bore would point above the object aimed at1 when laid by the surface of the gun4 ,point blank range is when the piece is laid at the object without any elevation2 the plane and the axis of the bore being parallel to each other4 ,its distance is measured from the muzzle of the piece 7fired with the service charge of powder7 to the first graze of the shot1 or point at which it first touches the ground4 ,when a ,shot is fired from a gun1 it is acted upon by three forces3-- #ast4 ,the explosion of the ,powder1 which urges it forward4 #bnd4 ,the resistance of the ,air1 which tends to stop it4 #crd4 ,the force of gravity1 which causes it to descend4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,brass ,,gun4 ,,names ,,of ,,the ,,several ,,parts ,,of ,a ,,gun4 ,,ab ,length of the ,gun ,,ac ,first ,reinforce ,,cd ,second ,reinforce ,,de ,chase ,,eb ,muzzle ,,fa ,cascable ,,gh ,bore ,,rh ,axis of the ,piece ,i ,trunnions ,l ,vent ,field ,n ,vent ,o ,swell of the ,muzzle ,,vak ,breech ,s ,button ab ,button ,astragal cd ,neck ef ,neck ,fillet g ,breech ,ogee h ,base ,ring i ,base ,ring ,ogee k ,vent ,field ,astragal ,fillets l ,first ,reinforce ,ring m ,second ,reinforce ,ring ,ogee n ,muzzle ,astragal ,fillets o ,muzzle ,mouldings s ,shoulder of the ,trunnion tu ,diameter of the ,bore or ,calibre ,when a ,shot has been fired from a gun one second of time1 it has fallen #af-a_/ab feet2 in two seconds1 #fd feet2 in three seconds1 #add feet2 and proportionally for every additional second4#d ,for this reason1 it is necessary to give a certain degree of elevation to a gun3 as1 for instance1 should the time of flight of a shot be two seconds1 the gun must be pointed #fd feet above the object intended to be struck1 because in that time it will have fallen through that space2 therefore1 the more distant the object is1 the greater must be the elevation given to enable the shot to reach it4 ,there are three modes of extending the range of a ,shot without increasing the charge of powder1 viz43-- #ast4 ,by raising the piece to a higher level4 #bnd4 ,by giving its axis greater elevation4 #crd4 ,by excentric projectiles2 recent experiments having shown that if the centre of gravity is placed directly above the centre of figure the range is greatly increased4#e ,a ,tangent scale is affixed to the breech of ,guns and ,howitzers1 by means of which the requisite elevation may be given1 and the object seen at the same time4 ,this scale has divisions1 called degrees1 marked on it1 and it is placed in a groove at the breech1 from which it can be raised 7being fastened by a screw7 to give the necessary elevation4 ,the divisions on the ,tangent scale are found by multiplying the length of the piece in inches1 from the base ring to the swell of the muzzle1 by #jagdee1 and the product will give the length nearly of each degree or division on the tangent scale4 ,by subtracting the dispart from this product1 the length of the tangent scale above the base ring for one degree of elevation will be obtained4 ,the ,sights of a gun are two small notches marked on the upper part of the base ring 7or on the top of the tangent scale7 and swell of the muzzle4 ,their situation is ascertained by means of a spirit level4 ,the line of metal is an imaginary line drawn along the surface of the metal between the two sights4 ,the line of metal ,elevation is obtained by laying a ,gun at an object by means of the sights1 without giving any elevation2 from the thickness of metal at the breech1 the line of metal elevation varies from one to two degrees4 ,the ,centre of metal is indicated by a line drawn through the uppermost point of the base ring and swell of the muzzle2 and is ascertained by means of a spirit level4 ,windage is the difference between the diameter of the bore1 and that of the shot4 ,the windage formerly allowed was one-twentieth the diameter of the shot1 but it is now reduced considerably3 7,field ,guns having only one-tenth of an inch7 and this diminution of windage is very beneficial1 longer ranges being obtained with the same charges of powder1 and also greater precision of fire4 ,the ,vent1 for every nature of ,ordnance1 is two-ninths of an inch in diameter4 ,bouching a gun is fixing a pure copper vent into it2 which is done by drilling a hole in the piece1 where the vent is usually placed1 about one inch in diameter1 and screwing therein a piece of wrought copper with a vent of two-ninths of an inch through the centre of it4 ,tertiating a gun is examining the thickness of metal1 whether the bore is perfectly straight1 the trunnions properly placed1 c4 ,it is performed by means of calliper compasses1 and other instruments4 ,quadrating a gun is ascertaining if it is properly placed on its carriage1 and if the wheels are of an equal height4 ,a ,gun is honeycombed when the surface of the bore has cavities1 or holes in it4 ,the ,length of a gun is ascertained by measuring it from the rear of the base ring to the face of the muzzle4 ,the ,calibre of a gun is the diameter of the bore4 ,to find the length of a gun1 in feet and inches1 its length in ,calibres being known-- ,divide the product of the number of ,calibres and the diameter of the bore1 in inches1 by #ab1 and the quotient will be the length in feet and inches4 ,to find the ,number of calibres in the ,length of a gun4 ,divide the length of the gun in inches by the number of inches in the calibre4 ,gun metal is a compound of #h lb4 or #aj lb4 of tin1 to #ajj lb4 of copper4 ,the property of tin being to harden1 the largest proportion 7#aj lb47 is used for mortars1 they requiring a greater degree of hardness than guns4 ,ordnance cast of gun metal are generally designated ,brass ,ordnance4 ,brass guns are used for field batteries1 they having been considered preferable to iron for the service1 being lighter than iron guns could be cast of the same calibre1 without risking their bursting4 ,brass guns are1 however1 soon rendered unserviceable by repeated and quick firing4 ,iron guns are better adapted for batteries in the attack or defence of towns or fortresses1 and also for service on board ship2 being less expensive than brass1 and better able to sustain long-continued and rapid firing4 ,at the siege of ,badajoz the firing continued for #ajd hours1 and the number of rounds fired from each #bd-pounder averaged #abdi2 at the siege of ,st4 ,sebastian1 each piece fired about #cej rounds in #ae hours4 ,none of these guns were rendered unserviceable2 but three times the number of brass guns would have been required to produce the same effect1 or maintain such long and rapid firing4 ,service ,charges of powder4 ,for heavy guns the weight of the shot4 ,for light do4 do4 do4 ,the ,point blank range of ,iron #cb1 #bd1 #ah1 and #ab-pounders with solid shot varies from #chj to #bfj yards2 from which to #abjj yards1 every degree increases the range about #ajj yards2 and from #abjj to #aejj yards1 every degree increases the range about #ej yards4 ,the ,point blank range of ,brass1 ,medium #ab1 #i1 and ,heavy #f-pounders1 with solid shot1 is #cjj yards1 and from which to #gjj yards1 every degree elevation increases the range #ajj yards2 from #gjj to #ajjj1 every degree increases it #ge yards1 and from #ajjj to #abjj1 every degree increases it #ej yards4 ,the ,point blank range of ,brass1 ,light #ab1 #f1 and #c-pounders is #bjj yards1 from which to #fjj yards1 each degree increases the range #ajj yards1 and from #fjj to #ajjj1 each degree increases it #ej yards4 ,note4--,for ,weights1 ,dimensions1 ,ranges1 ,charges1 c41 vide ,tables4 ,,howitzers4 ,howitzers are a short description of ,ordnance1 either ,brass or ,iron1 and are used for projecting ,shells4 ,their principal advantages are that they can be more easily loaded1 and are considerably lighter1 in proportion to their calibre1 than ,guns2 and they also may be used as ,mortars4 ,they have no dispart1 the diameter of the base ring and swell of the muzzle being equal1 except in the #bd and #ab-pounders2 which1 however1 are provided with a patch to make up the difference4 ,millar's howitzers differ from the old pattern in the increased length1 being from six to ten calibres2 and in the conical form given to their ,chambers 7called ,gomer7 which are the frustrum of a cone1 terminating in an hemisphere4 ,note4--,vide ,tables for ,weights1 ,dimensions1 ,ranges1 ,charges1 c4 ,,carronades4 ,a ,carronade is a short piece of ,iron ,ordnance1 with a loop under the reinforce instead of trunnions4 ,its construction is materially different to that of guns2 having a chamber2 a part scooped out inside the muzzle forming a cup2 also a patch on the reinforce4 ,they take their name from the ,carron ,foundry 7where they were first cast for the ,navy in #aggi71 are considerably lighter than ,guns of similar calibres1 and are fired with charges of about one-twelfth the weight of the shot4 ,carronades are chiefly used on board ship1 but occasionally in casemates1 and retired flanks of fortresses4 ,the highest charge is one-eighth the weight of the shot4 ,the lowest charge one-sixteenth do4 do4 ,note4--,for ,weights1 ,dimensions1 ,ranges1 c41 vide ,tables4 ,,mortars4 ,mortars differ from ,guns in the construction of their bore1 and also in their form1 which is considerably shorter1 the metal being much thicker1 and the trunnions being at the extremity of the breech4 ,they are used for throwing ,shells into a town1 or battery1 setting fire to and overthrowing works1 blowing up magazines1 and breaking through the roofs of barracks1 casemates1 magazines1 c4 ,they are distinguished from each other by the diameter of their bore4 ,their chambers are in the form of a frustrum of a cone1 in which the powder is more concentrated2 the ,shell fits close to the sides of the piece1 and thereby receives the whole force of the expansion of the powder4 ,the greatest charges their chambers will contain1 and the corresponding ,ranges1 are as follows3-- #ac-;inch4 #aj-;inch4 #ah-;inch4 ,land ,service4 ,land ,service4 ,land ,service4 ,greatest charge #i pounds4 #d pounds4 #b pounds4 ,greatest range #bgjf yards4 #becf yards4 #agbf yards4 ,when ,mortars are used in firing on ,inclined planes1 up or down hill1 should the inclination be considerable1 take half the angle it makes with the horizon1 and add it to1 or subtract it from #de degrees 7which is for a medium plane71 and it will give the greatest range upon the required plane4 ,note4--,vide ,tables of ,dimensions1 ,weight1 ,charges1 ,ranges1 c4 ,,value ,,of ,,ordnance4 ,,brass ,,ordnance4 ,dependent on the market price of metals2 at #ajj per ton1 after their combination1 the value of gun metal is from #d pence to #d pence per lb4 ,,iron ,,ordnance4 ,the value is variable according to the market price4 ,average from #ad to #af per ton1 according to the nature of the ordnance1 the higher price being the value of the smaller pieces4 ,,proof ,,of ,,ordnance4 ,all natures of ,ordnance undergo several kinds of proof before they are received into the service3-- #ast4 ,they are gauged as to their several dimensions1 internal and external2 as to the justness and position of the bore1 the chamber1 vent1 and trunnions1 c4 #bnd4 ,they are fired with a regulated charge of powder and shot1 being afterwards searched to discover irregularities1 or holes produced by the firing4 #crd4 ,by means of engines1 an endeavour is made to force water through them4 #dth4 ,they are examined internally by means of light1 reflected from a mirror4 ,,iron ,,guns4 ,the guns are first examined as to their proper dimensions1 in which no more than #c of an inch variation is allowed2 and in the diameters of the bore only #jcc from #db to #ah pounders1 and #jbe from #ab to #f pounders2 but in the position of the bore #e of an inch out of the axis of a piece from a #db to an #ah pounder1 and #ccd of an inch from a #ab to a #f pounder is allowed4 ,they are then fired twice with the charge in the following table1 with one shot and two high junk wads1 and examined with a searcher after each round4 ,in this examination they must not have any hole or cavity in the bore of two-tenths of an inch in depth behind the first reinforce ring1 or one-fourth of an inch in depth before this ring4 ,,proof ,,charges4 ,nature #db ,pr4 #cb ,pr4 #bd ,pr4 #ah ,pr4 #ab ,pr4 #i ,pr4 #f ,pr4 #c ,pr4 ,charge1 in pounds #be #ba #ah #ae #ab #i #f #c ,,brass ,,guns4 ,from #c to #ab pounders the diameter of the bore must not vary more than #jbe of an inch1 nor in any dimensions more than #b4 ,,proof ,,charges4 ,nature #ab ,pr4 medium4 #ab ,pr4 light4 #i ,pr4 #f ,pr4 #c ,pr4 ,charge #d lb4 #d lb4 #c lb4 #b lb4 #a lb4 ,the #ab pounders are fired twice1 the remainder three times4 ,any hole #ae of an inch upwards1 or sideways in the bore1 or #a in the bottom1 between the breech and first reinforce2 or #b of an inch upwards1 or sideways1 or #ae in the bottom of the bore before the first reinforce ring1 will be sufficient to condemn them4 ,,mortars1 ,,and ,,howitzers4 ,the exterior dimensions are in no respect to deviate more than #a of an inch in the #aj1 and #h inch ,howitzers1 and #je of an inch in the #bd1 and #ab pounder ,howitzers1 and ,royal and ,coehorn ,mortars1 and ,howitzers4 ,their bores and chambers must not deviate from their true diameters1 or positions more than #jbe of an inch4 ,,proof ,,charges4 ,the ,brass ,mortars1 and ,howitzers are fired twice with their chambers full of powder1 and an iron shell4 ,the ,mortars on their own beds at an elevation of about #ge degrees1 and the ,howitzers on their carriages at an elevation of about #ab degrees4 ,the ,iron ,mortars are proved with a charge equal to the full chamber1 and a solid shot equal in diameter to the shell4 ,royal or ,coehorn ,mortars1 and also #bd1 and #ab pounders1 or ,royal ,howitzers1 having a hole of #a of an inch in depth in the chamber1 or #ae of an inch in the chase are rejected4 ,a hole #ae of an inch in depth in the chamber1 or #b of an inch in the chase is sufficient to condemn the #aj and #h inch ,howitzers4 ,,carronades4 ,the bores1 and chambers of ,carronades must not deviate more than #je of an inch from their true dimensions1 and positions4 ,,proof ,,charges4 ,they are proved with two rounds1 with their chambers full of powder1 and one shot and wad4 ,a hole of #b of an inch in depth in the bore1 or #a in the chamber condemns the piece4 ,,water ,,proof4 ,all ,ordnance1 after having undergone the before-mentioned proofs1 and the subsequent searchings1 are subject to the ,water proof4 ,this is done by means of a forcing pump1 having a pipe or hose fitted and secured to the mouth of the piece1 and a plug to stop up the vent4 ,after two or three efforts to force the water through any honeycombs or flaws1 which there may be in the bore1 they are left to dry1 and generally the next day examined by light reflected from a mirror4 ,if the bore should contain any small holes or flaws1 which have not been discovered by the former proofs1 they are very readily found by this1 as the water will continue to weep or run from the holes1 after the solid parts of the bore are perfectly dry4 ,when a gun bursts in proving1 the remainder in proof at the same time are subjected to another proof round4 ,ordnance condemned1 for any of the foregoing reasons as unserviceable1 is marked as follows3-- ,d for faulty in dimensions4 ,s by ,searcher4 ,w by ,water proof4 ,condemned ,shells are thus marked3-- ,f -- for ,fuze hole faulty4 ,n for ,non-concentric4 ,w for ,water proof4 ,,instructions ,,for ,,the ,,care ,,and ,,preservation ,,of ,,iron ,,ordnance4 ,great attention should be paid to the care and preservation of iron ,ordnance when in ,dept or on ,service1 to prevent the irreparable injury ,guns sustain from rust and corrosion4 ,with this view the first step to be taken is to clear their bores and exterior surfaces from all rust and dirt1 which is done on the inside with circular ,spring ,scrapers1 fixed on the end of a long shaft or handle1 these scrapers are made to press strongly on the sides of the cylinder1 and by being drawn backwards and forwards by two or three efficient labourers1 will remove the rust1 and if not in a very bad state1 will restore a regular smooth surface2 the bottom or end of the bore is also scraped with a tool for that purpose1 and the vent is opened by passing a square steel rimer of its diameter through it1 gently turning the tool round until the vent is clear2 after which the bore must be well brushed out1 first with a hard round brush1 and then with a ,turk's-head brush1 so that not the least dirt remains in it4 ,this being performed1 the first coat of lacquer may be laid on1 to which when dry1 a second is to be added4 ,this is done with a common painter's brush1 fixed vertically on the end of a staff sufficiently long to reach down the cylinder2 and the bottom of the bore is lacquered by another brush fixed horizontally at the end of the staff2 the outside or exterior parts of the pieces are also to be well scraped with an old sea-service sword1 or steel tool of that nature1 tolerably sharp1 especially about the mouldings1 where former coatings and dirt have accumulated1 and when the rust will not give way1 it should be slightly hammered1 so as to loosen it4 ,these operations must be continued until the whole coat of old paint1 rust1 or dirt1 is completely removed1 after which the dust must be well brushed or rubbed off1 and the piece will then be fit to receive its first coat of anticorrosion1 to which1 when dry1 a second is to be added4 ,before the work is commenced the pieces should be arranged as nearly as possible in the places where they are to remain1 as too much rolling is apt to disturb the coating of paint1 especially before it has gained sufficient hardness to be durable4 ,the following objects also require to be particularly attended to--viz43 ,in skidding ,guns1 c41 care must be taken that they are laid under metal1 so that their muzzles may be sufficiently inclined downwards to prevent rain or any moisture lodging1 and the bores from time to time should be swept out1 as dust or sand blowing into them and being suffered to remain1 would be very destructive2 nor should the ,guns be ever stacked one over the other1 if the space where they are kept is sufficiently large to admit of their being laid in single tiers4 ,after the ,ordnance is once got into a complete state of preservation1 by following these instructions1 very little trouble or expense will attend their being kept so1 for a slight coat of anticorrosion on the exterior1 and a thin coat of lacquer in the cylinder every three or four years1 is all they will require1 provided they are every now and then brushed out as before stated4 ,on coating the ,guns1 it may be found useful to let the painter mark on them the date1 which will show how long it lasts1 as this may differ at different stations1 especially such as are exposed to much damp air1 and it will afford the means of calculating the necessary demands of articles for this purpose at stated periods4 ,the same rules are to be observed in the preservation of all iron ,ordnance mounted on works1 with regard to the application of lacquer and anticorrosion1 and the precautions of keeping the pieces laid under metal1 and frequently brushing out their bores1 c41 as recommended in the foregoing instructions4 ,,mixture ,,of ,,ingredients ,,for ,,coating ,,and ,,lacquering ,,iron ,,ordnance4 lb4 ,anticorrosion #dj ,black 7,grant's7 ground in oil #d ,red lead1 as a drier #c ,linseed oil1 gallons #d ,turpentine 7spirits of7 pint #a ,this mixture1 when well stirred and incorporated1 will be fit for use1 but1 as by long keeping in this state it becomes hard1 no more should be mixed than is required for present use4 ,,black ,,lead ,,lacquer1 ,,for ,,the ,,bore ,,or ,,cylinder4 lb4 oz4 ,black lead 7,cumberland7 #i ,linseed oil1 gallons #d ,red lead #b #h ,lamp black1 or wad #j #d ,the oil to be boiled1 and the paint to be well ground4 ,this will keep4 ,great care should be taken in boiling the oil1 as any damp falling in would cause an explosion4 ,,instructions ,,for ,,lacquering ,,shot1 ,,and ,,shells4 ,all ,shot and ,shells 7including ,shrapnell7 are first to be cleaned exteriorly by the machine or otherwise1 and then such as are found sufficiently correct and up to their proper gauge are to be twice lacquered with the following composition1 leaving sufficient time between for the coats to become perfectly dry and hard4 ,the warmest weather is the proper time for this operation4 ,ten labourers can examine1 clean1 and lacquer with two coats one thousand shot in a day1 provided the weather be favourable4 ,,composition4 ,grant's black #dj lb4 ,red lead #e lb4 ,raw linseed oil #e gallons4 ,the red lead is to be ground into a part of the oil1 in order that the whole of the ingredients may be thoroughly incorporated4 ,,to ,,render ,,ordnance ,,unserviceable ,,by ,,spiking1 ,,etc4 ,the most effectual method of rendering ,guns unserviceable1 or of no further use1 is by removing one or both of the trunnions1 which may be done by striking it near its end with a sledge hammer2 or by firing a shot against it from a carronade1 or howitzer1 the muzzle of the piece being placed near the trunnion4 ,brass ,ordnance may also be rendered unserviceable by firing whole or broken shot into the bore from another piece2 or by filing a shot against the chase1 which generally bulges the metal within the bore4#f ,for spiking ,ordnance1 two kinds of spikes are used3-- #ast4 ,the ,common spike1 which is #d inches long1 #bg inches in diameter at the head1 and about #a at the point4 ,it is driven as far as it will go into the vent1 and afterwards broken off close to the gun4 #bnd4 ,the ,spring or temporary spike1 which is #ag in diameter1 and varies in length from #cbe to #ebe inches4 ,it has a flat head to prevent its falling through the vent into the bore1 and also a spring about two inches in length1 which extends from the point towards the head4 ,in passing through the vent1 this is compressed1 but as soon as it is clear of the metal1 it expands and cannot be withdrawn1 unless it is again compressed sufficiently to allow its being again drawn into the vent1 which may be done by pressing a rammer head against it1 provided the spring is towards the muzzle1 which may be known by a small notch cut in the head of the spike to point out its direction4 ,a long spike with a soft point may be driven into the vent1 and the end projecting into the bore clenched2 which1 as well as either a common nail or even a wooden peg would answer as a temporary expedient if a proper spike were not at hand4 ,should a momentary abandonment of the guns become unavoidable1 by taking away the cap-squares1 elevating screws1 quoins1 linch-pins1 or side-arms1 the ,enemy will be prevented using them for some time4 ,an artilleryman should1 however1 never forget that the guns are his ,standard1 which it should be his pride and glory to defend to the last moment1 never deserting them without positive orders to do so1 or until the last glimmering hope of saving them is destroyed4 ,but should the necessity of abandoning the guns appear imperative1 then let the ,artillerist remember that a parting shot 7especially canister7 at the advancing columns of the enemy1 may insure not only his own safety1 but also that of a large portion of the army4 ,,unspiking ,,ordnance4 ,if a gun has been spiked with a ,common steel spike1 load with a charge of powder equal to half the shot's weight3 lay a leader of quick match along the bore1 and double shot the gun1 introducing the shot1 however1 very carefully4 ,by affixing a piece of slow match to the end of the quick match which reaches to the muzzle1 the gun may be easily and safely fired4 ,should the spike not be removed1 the operation may be repeated4 ,when ,brass guns have been spiked1 it would be advisable1 a day or two before making the above experiment1 to scratch round the spike with a graver1 and pour a few drops of ,sulphuric1 or ,nitric acid into the circle1 which1 being repeated1 will find its way down between the spike and the metal1 particularly if the former is not perfectly round4 ,when the gun cannot be unspiked by the above-mentioned operations1 make a large fire round the breech to soften the spike1 and after the gun has been gradually cooled1 the spike may generally be removed by using the drill4 ,when a gun cannot be unspiked1 the only means of rendering it serviceable is to drill another vent1 about half an inch from the original one4 ,to drill a new ,vent will require about an hour per inch4 ,care must be taken that a very small drill is first used1 and afterwards one rather less than the diameter of the vent1 otherwise the vent will run the risk of being too much enlarged4 ,length1 ,weight1 ,calibre1 ,charge1 c41 of ,ordnance4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,length4 -------------------- ,nature of ,in feet and ,in ,weight4,calibre4 piece4 inches4 ,calibres4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ft4 in4 cwt4 inches4 #aj-;,inch #i #d #aa #he #aj #h #i #acc #fe #hje #h #aj #acje #fj #hje #h #aahb #eb #hje #f #h #iic #ej #hje #fh ,pr4 #aj #aj #afae #aab #hab #aj #adgh #ie #hab #i #f #ad #hg #hab #ef ,pr4 #aa #agf #ih #gfe #aj #af #hg #gfe #db ,pr4 #aj #agba #hd #fig #aj #agba #ge #fig #i #f #afdc #fg #fic #cb ,pr4 #i #g #agie #fd #fda #i #f #aggh #ef #fda #i #afce #df #fce #h #f #af #de #fce #h #adi #dh #fda #h #aea #db #fce 99 #g #f #ada #dj #fce 99 #f #f #abch #cb #fc 99 #f #aad #be #fc #bd ,pr4 #i #f #aieg #ej #ehb #i #ahed #dh #ehb #f #f #acci #cc #ehb #ah ,pr4 #i #aheb #db #ebi #h #ahad #ch #ebi 99 #g #afbd #bb #eag 99 #f #acib #bj #eag 99 #e #f #abgf #ae #eag #ab ,pr4 #i #bcad #cd #dfb #h #f #bb #cc #dfb #g #f #aidf #bi #dfb #f #aeeg #ba #dfb #i ,pr4 #h #f #bdbh #bh #db #g #f #bad #bf #db #g #bj #be #db #e #f #aega #ag #db #f ,pr4 #g #f #bdec #ba #cff #f #aif #ag #cff ---------------------------------------- ---------------- 99 ,bored-up guns4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,charges1 ,shot4 ,land ,service4 ------------------------------ ,nature of ,service4 ,proof4 ,high ,low piece4 gauge4 gauge4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- lb4 oz4 lb4 oz4inches4inches4 #aj-;,inch #ab #bj #h #aj #bj #gie #gi #aj #bj 0 0 #h #af 0 0 #h #ad 0 0 #fh ,pr4 #ah #cj 0 0 #ad #bh 0 0 #ad #be 0 0 #ef ,pr4 #ad #bh #gea #gde #ad #be 0 0 #db ,pr4 #ad #be 0 0 #ad #be #fgi #fgc #aj #bc 0 0 #cb ,pr4 #aj #ba #e #fb #fad #aj #ba #e 0 0 #f #ab 0 0 #g #af 0 0 #h #ba #h 0 0 #f #ad 0 0 99 #f #ab 0 0 99 #e #aj 0 0 99 #d #i 0 0 #bd ,pr4 #h #ah #efc #eeh #h #ah 0 0 #f #ab 0 0 #ah ,pr4 #f #ae #eab #ejg #f #ae 0 0 99 #c #g 0 0 99 #c #g 0 0 99 #b #e 0 0 #ab ,pr4 #d #ab #ded #dej #d #ab #ded #dej #d #ab 0 0 #d #aj #dej #dej #i ,pr4 #c #i #daa #djh #c #i 0 0 #c #i 0 0 #b #h #daa #djh #f ,pr4 #b #f #ceh #cee #b #f #cef #cee ---------------------------------------- ----------- 99 ,bored-up guns4 ,hollow shot4 ,length1 ,weight1 ,calibre1 ,charge1 c41 continued ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,length4 -------------------- ,nature of ,in feet and ,in ,weight4,calibre4 piece4 inches4 ,calibres4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ft4 in4 cwt4 inches4 ,,carronades4 #fh ,pr4 #e #d #gi #cf #hje #db #d #f #gh #bb #fhd #cb #d #gf #ag #fbe #bd #c #i #gi #ac #efh #ah #c #d #gg #aj #eaf #ab #b #h #g #f #deb ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,iron #aj-;inch #e #f #dj #aj ,,howitzers4 #h #d #f #bj #h ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,iron #ac-;inch #d #e #d #ajj #ac ,,mortars4 #ac #c #e #bh #cf #ac #aj #c #i #de #eb #aj #aj #c #i #de #da #aj #aj #b #d #bh #af #aj #h #a #aj #bg #h #h ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,brass ,,guns4 #ab ,pr4 #f #f #ag #ah #dfb #i ,pr4 #f #ag #ac #db #f #e #afc #f #cff #c #d #afd #c #bia #c #c #abc #b #bia #a #e #bih #b #bja ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,brass #cb ,pr4 #e #c #aje #ah #fc ,,howitzers4 #bd #d #hf #ih #ac #egb #ab #c #ib #ih #f #deh #d #a #aj #dh #b #deb ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,brass #aj-;inch #b #c #bg #ab #aj ,,mortars4 #h #a #i #bf #f #h #e #a #c #bf #a #efb #d #a #j #bf #deb ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,medium4 ,long4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,charge4 ,shot99 ,shell4 ------------------------------ ,nature of ,service4 ,proof4 ,high ,low piece4 gauge4 gauge4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- lb4 oz4 lb4 oz4inches4inches4 ,,carronades4 #fh ,pr4 #e #ac #gie #gi #db #c #h #i #fgi #fgb #cb #b #aj #h #fb #fad #bd #b #f #efc #eeh #ah #a #h #d #eab #ejg #ab #a #c #ddg #ddc ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,iron #aj-;inch #g #g #ihh #ih ,,howitzers4 #h #d #d #gi #ghb ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,iron #ac-;inch #bj #aa #abhh #abh ,,mortars4 #ac #i #abhh #abh #aj #i #h #ihh #ih #aj #i #h #ihh #ih #aj #d #ihh #ih #h #b #gi #ghb ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,brass ,,guns4 #ab ,pr4 #d #e #ddg #ddc #i ,pr4 #b #h #c #h #da #djf #f #a #h #b #cef #cec #c #ab #a #bhc #bh #c #aj #a #bhc #bh #a #f #ab #aii #aib ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,brass #cb ,pr4 #c #j #c #j #fb #fa ,,howitzers4 #bd #b #h #b #h #efb #eeg #ab #a #d #a #d #ddg #ddc #d #h #h #ddg #ddc ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,brass #aj-;inch #d #ihh #ih ,,mortars4 #h #b #gi #ghb #e #g #efb #eeg #d #e #ddg #ddc ---------------------------------------- ----------- 99 ,shot for guns3 ,shells for howitzers and mortars4 ,medium4 ,long4 ,,carriages4 ,garrison carriages are made of oak and other hard wood4 ,trucks iron2 but in those situations which are not exposed to enfilade1 the carriages are cast iron4 ,ship carriages4--,the ,brackets and ,transoms are elm1 ,axletrees oak1 ,trucks elm4 ,field gun carriages4--,all ,travelling carriages are now made entirely of oak4 ,the ,carriages1 for the heavy iron #ab and #i-pounders with bracket-trail1 and also for all heavy battering ordnance1 are made of oak4 ,limbers have the axletree beds of oak2 ,futchells1 ,splinter1 or ,sweeping-bar1 of ash2 ,foot-boards1 fir or elm4 ,limber boxes have the sides elm1 and the rest fir4 ,ring-tires are used for light #c-pounders and hand-cart wheels4 ,shafts are always made of ash4 ,wheels have the ,nave of elm1 ,spokes 7#ab7 of oak1 ,felloes 7#f7 of ash4 ,sleighs are used for the conveyance of artillery1 during the winter1 in ,canada4#g ,the sleigh consists of a platform six feet ten inches long1 and three feet ten inches wide1 placed on runners sixteen inches high2 upon this rest two strong transoms1 to which the brackets supporting the gun are secured4 ,a box1 distinct from the ammunition boxes1 is placed on each side of the gun1 together capable of containing about thirty rounds of ammunition1 and which serve as seats for ,nos4 #a and #f4 ,these boxes usually contain the shot1 and small stores carried in the axletree boxes1 as well as long reins for driving1 when in single draught4 ,the extreme breadth of the runners is three feet4 ,packing the ,intrenching tools1 c4 ,marching order4--,in marching order1 the following stores and intrenching tools are on the gun sleighs2 two fitting ropes1 one spare swingletree2 swords of ,nos4 #a and #f on front platform under breast of gun1 claw hammer1 wrench1 and pincers2 in sockets1 two portfire sticks on right rear of platform4 ,on ,no4 #a ammunition sleigh2 two fitting ropes1 prolonge1 two spare swingletrees1 and sword of ,no4 #c1 on front part of platform2 carbines of ,no4 #a and #f1 on front box2 spare sponge1 and worm on platform right of boxes2 spare handspike on left side2 #d spare traces between front and rear boxes2 swords of ,nos4 #d and #e on platform in rear of boxes1 covered by knapsacks of ,nos4 #a1 #f1 #e1 and #d4 ,the knapsacks are strapped from off-handle of off-box to rear handle of rear box4 ,on ,no4 #b sleigh2 felling axe1 and two camp kettles1 on front of platform2 sword of ,no4 #b on front box2 pickaxe in rear of front box2 four spades strapped to front of rear boxes2 four water buckets strapped to guard irons of front box1 two at each side2 swords of ,nos4 #g and #h in rear of boxes1 covered by knapsacks of ,nos4 #b1 #c1 #g1 and #h4 ,,depression ,,carriages4 ,of these there are two descriptions-- #ast4 ,those in the batteries at ,gibraltar4 #bnd4 ,those constructed for general service4 ,these latter carriages are similar to common standing carriages1 excepting that they are about a foot longer1 and the front transom is hollowed so as to allow of a greater depression1 and has a bolt behind it for the end of the stool bed4 ,there is also a skid1 or transom1 placed across the last step of the carriage1 which has a thread in it for the elevating screw that supports one end of the stool bed4 ,these carriages admit of a depression of #cj1 but after every round the piece must be brought horizontal to load1 which is done by taking out altogether the rear transom4 ,depression ,carronade carriages differ from the common carriages in having their trucks in rear instead of in front4 ,they are depressed by an iron segment of a circle1 which is moveable in a slit in the trail1 and which has holes in it about an inch apart1 through which a bolt is to be placed to support it at any height1 the intermediate depression being given by a screw4 ,weight of ,field ,carriages1 ,limbers1 c4 ,spare wheels are not included in the following ,table of weights4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,no4 of ,weight4 ,total4 ,nature of ,carriage4 ,rounds4--------------------------- cwt4 qrs4 lb4 cwt4 qrs4 lb4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,gun #ch #b ,carriage #ah #a #bf #ah ,pr4 ,iron ,limber #g #a #aj #ff #b #ah ,side-arms #bd ,stores #b #ad ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,limber #h #b #aj ,ammunition #bd #e #f #ah ,pr4 ,waggon ,stores #a #ab #cg #b ,body #aj #c #bd ,ammunition #cf #g #b #ag ,stores #c #b #ag ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,gun #ah ,carriage #ab #b #h ,brass ,limber #bd #h #c #f #dd #ag #ab ,pr4 ,medium ,ammunition #c #b #bb ,side-arms #a #ad ,stores #b #bc ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,limber #i #b #b #ab ,pr4 ,medium ,ammunition #cb #d #c #b ,ammunition ,stores #b #bg #cf #a #i ,waggon ,body #aj #c #bd ,ammunition #dh #f #c #bd ,stores1 ,tent1 #c #b #h c4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #ab ,pr4 ,medium ,carriage #ac #a #ba ,spare wheel ,limber #h #b #aa #cj #a #ae ,carriage ,stores #h #a #aa ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,gun #ac #b ,carriage #ab #a #h #i ,pounder ,limber #h #ag #ch #b #i ,ammunition #cb #c #b #be ,side-arms #a #aj ,stores #b #bc ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,limber #h #a #bd #i ,pounder ,ammunition #cb #c #b #be ,ammunition ,stores #b #bg #cd #a #ag ,waggon ,body #aj #c #bd ,ammunition #fd #f #c #bb ,stores1 c4 #c #b #e ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #i ,pounder ,carriage #ab #b ,spare wheel ,limber #g #c #aa #bi #b #ae ,carriage ,stores #i #a #d ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,no4 of ,weight4 ,total4 ,nature of ,carriage4 ,rounds4--------------------------- cwt4 qrs4 lb4 cwt4 qrs4 lb4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,gun #ab #a ,carriage #aa #bf #f ,pr4 ,heavy ,limber #h #bd ,ammunition #ej #c #c #ah #cf #b #aa ,side-arms #a #d ,stores #b #bc ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,limber #h #bd #f ,pr4 ,heavy ,ammunition #ej #c #c #ah #cc #ai ,ammunition ,stores #b #bg ,waggon ,body #h #c #ba ,ammunition #ajj #g #c #h ,stores #c #b #e ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #f ,pr4 ,heavy ,carriage #aa #b #ad ,spare wheel ,limber #g #c #aa #bh #b #bj ,carriage ,stores #i #bc ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,gun #f ,carriage #i #a #ae ,shot1 ,axletree #f #a #bg #f ,pr4 ,light ,side-arms #a #b #bh #bc ,limber #h #a #ah ,ammunition #dj #b #c #bb ,stores #b #bc ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,limber #h #a #ah #f ,pr4 ,light ,ammunition #dh #c #b ,ammunition ,stores #b #bg #cc #c #h ,waggon ,body #aj #c #c ,ammunition #ajj #f #c #aa ,stores #c #b #e ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #f ,pr4 ,light ,carriage #i #b #aa ,spare wheel ,limber #g #c #aa #bf #b #bf ,carriage ,spare ,stores #i #a #d ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,gun #f ,carriage #h #a #bd ,shot1 ,axletree #h #a #aj #c ,pr4 ,heavy ,side-arms #bd #bf #b #ae ,limber #h #f ,ammunition #gj #b #c #ad ,stores #b #ba ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,limber #h #f #c ,pr4 ,heavy ,ammunition #gj #b #c #ad ,ammunition ,stores #b #bg #cj #a #be ,waggon ,body #h #c #ah ,ammunition #afh #f #a #ad ,stores #c #b #b ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,no4 of ,weight4 ,total4 ,nature of ,carriage4 ,rounds4--------------------------- cwt4 qrs4 lb4 cwt4 qrs4 lb4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #c ,pr4 ,heavy ,carriage #i #ae ,spare wheel ,limber #g #c #aa #bd #c #a ,carriage ,stores #g #c #c ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #c ,pounder ,gun #c ,light ,carriage #d #a #h ,shot1 ,axletree #af #ab #c #aa ,limber #c #c #d ,ammunition #cd #a #h ,side-arms #b #c ,stores ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #c ,pounder ,light ,car ,stores1 c4 #fj #f #a #bd #f #a #bd ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #e in4 ,howitzer ,howitzer #aj ,heavy ,carriage #ac #c #ae #cg #b #a ,limber #h #a #c ,side-arms #bd #e #a #aa ,stores ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #e in4 ,howitzer ,limber #h #a #c ,heavy1,ammunition ,body1 c4 #cb #b #ba ,waggon ,ammunition #fj #bd #a #ah ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #e in4 ,howitzer ,howitzer #d #c ,light ,carriage #aj #a #bc ,limber #h #a #af #bf #c #ba ,ammunition #bb #c #a #aj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #e in4 ,howitzer ,limber #h #af ,light1,ammunition ,body1 c4 #aj #c #c #bh #a #i ,waggon ,ammunition #fb #i #a #ah ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #d in4 ,howitzer ,howitzer #b #b ,carriage #e #a #b ,limber #c #a #af #ac #aa ,ammunition1 c4 #af #a #c #ba ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,limber #d in4 ,carriage #c #c #bj ,howitzer ,ammunition1 c4 #cb #c #a #f #g #bf ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #cb ,pounder ,brass ,carriage #ac #c #b ,limber #aj #aa #bc #c #ac ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #bd ,pounder ,brass,howitzer #ab #b ,howitzer ,carriage #ab #b #ac ,gen4 ,millar's ,side-arms #be #ci #a #aa ,limber #h #b #d ,ammunition #bd #d #c #b ,stores #b #bc ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,limber #h #b #d #bd ,pounder ,brass,ammunition #bd #d #c #b ,howitzer ,stores #b #bg #ce #a #bj ,ammunition ,body #aj #c #d ,waggon ,ammunition #cf #f #c #bd ,stores #c #b #ae ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,no4 of ,weight4 ,total4 ,nature of ,carriage4 ,rounds4--------------------------- cwt4 qrs4 lb4 cwt4 qrs4 lb4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,howitzer #f #b #ab ,pr4 ,brass ,carriage #i #c #ad ,howitzer ,side-arms #bc #bi #ag ,gen4 ,millar's ,limber #h #ba ,ammunition #cf #c #b #bj ,stores #b #bc ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,limber #h #a #c #ab ,pr4 ,brass ,ammunition #cf #c #b #bj ,howitzer ,stores #b #bg #ca #b #ac ,ammunition ,body #h #c #bb ,waggon4 ,ammunition #fd #f #a #ab ,stores #c #b #ac ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #c ,pr4 ,colonial ,gun #c service ,gun ,carriage #d #c #ab #ae #d feet ,limber1 ,stores1 #cd #e #ab c4 ,car #c #c #ad #f #a #bd ,stores1 c4 #fj #b #b #aj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #a ,pr4 ,mountain ,gun #b #b service ,gun ,carriage #b #c #b #h #a #bb drawn by two ,four small boxes #b #bj mules ,stores1 c4 #gb #b #b ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,carried on the ,two large boxes #b #d #b #b #a backs of #b mules ,ammunition1 c4 #aab #a #c #be ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,limber #h #i ,forge ,waggon ,body #i #b #be with lockers1 ,bellows #b #ae #bd #aa c4 ,anvil #a #b #ah ,smith's tools1 #d c4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,forge cart1 ,cavalry1 complete2 including frame1 c4 #aa #b #af #aa #b #af ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,flanders waggon ,ammunition #ae #b #ae #b ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,store ,limber ,limber #h #i #ah #c #af ,carriage ,body1 c4 #aj #c #g ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,limber #g #b #d ,ball cartridge ,body lb4oz4 #g #bf ,waggon #bj ,boxes at #ab #d #b #ba #cd #b #g ,gen4 ,millar's #bj1jjj ,rounds #af #b #bg #b1jjj ,flints #c #ac ,boxes ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,sling ,cart #af #a #ag #af #a #ag ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,large ,gyn ,gyn #i #b #bb #ab #b #ai ,blocks and ,tackles #b #c #be ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,common ,gyn ,gyn #g #c #c #aj #b #d ,blocks and ,tackles #b #c #a ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,traversing ,platform 7,iron7 #ea #gb #b #ah ,platform ,carriage #ba #b #ah 7#bd ,pounder7 ,iron ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,no4 of ,weight4 ,total4 ,nature of ,carriage4 ,rounds4--------------------------- cwt4 qrs4 lb4 cwt4 qrs4 lb4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,devil ,carriage ,large carriage #bh #b #g #cf #ae complete ,small ,ditto #g #b #h ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,sling ,waggon ,carriage #ah #j #bf #bg #a #bg ,limber #i #a #a ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,large ,pontoon ,carriage #ac #c #bj ,carriage ,two pontoons #i #a #i #de #bj ,blanshard's ,appurtenances #ba #c #ai ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,small ,pontoon ,carriage #i ,carriage ,five pontoons #e #ba #a #bc ,blanshard's ,appurtenances #g #a #bc ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,small boat for ,carriage #g #e #aj #b #e ,pontoon bridge ,wooden boat #c #b ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,baggage cart #i #j #g ,hand cart #d #c #d ,french cart #e #b #ac ,ball ,cartridge cart #g #c #d ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,class4 ,,wheels4 ,diameter4 ,weight4 ,guns1 ,howitzers1 c4 -------------------------- feet4 inches4cwt4 qrs4 lb4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #a or ,heavy #f-,pounder ,wheel1 per pair4 used by #ab-,pr4 ,gun and ,limber1 by #i-,pr4 and heavy #f-,pr4 ,gun carriage1 and by heavy #e inch1 and #bd-,pr4 ,howitzer ,carriage #e #d #b #d #b or ,light #f-,pr4 ,wheel1 used by ,limbers of the above1 and by light #f-,pr4 heavy #c-,pr41 light #e inch and #ab-,pr4 ,howitzer carriage and ,limber1 and by ,body and ,limber of ammunition ,waggon #e #c #c #ah #c used by ,light #c-,pr4 #d #d #b #a #d used by mountain ,guns1 c4 #c #c #bb #bd-,pr4 ,gun and #aj-;inch ,howitzer #e #h #a #ab #ah ,ditto #h-;inch ditto #e #g ,limber to the above #c #aj #c #b #aj ,platform ,waggon1 hind #e #e #a #bf ,ditto ditto fore #d #d #b ,devil ,carriage1 hind #g #ab #a #ah ,ditto ditto fore #e #e #a #bf ,sling cart1 ,gun or ,mortar #e #f #h #c #aj ,flanders ,waggon1 hind #e #c #c #ah ,ditto ditto fore #d #b #b #c #bj ,hand cart #d #d #b #a ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,weight of ,carriages for ,iron guns1 ,heavy howitzers1 c41 also ,weight of ,traversing platforms4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,travelling4 ,garrison1 with ,traversing ,nature of trucks1 c41 complete4 ,platforms4 ,ordnance4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,gun ,limber4 ,wood4 ,iron4 ,wood4,iron4 ,carriage4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- cwt4qrs4lb4cwt4qrs4lb4cwt4qrs4lb4cwt4qrs 4lb4 cwt4 cwt4 ,guns4 #db ,pr4 #af #c #ac #bf #a #bc #ea #cb #ae #a #b #bc #b #bc #bd #bc #c #be #g #a #bg #ac #b #bc #ba #b #ai #ah #ah #a #bf #g #a #bg #ab #c #a #ah #c #ai #ai #ab #ab #bb #f #aa #aa #b #g #ag #af #ai #i #aa #b #f #f #aa #aj #a #ac #ae #a #g #f #i #bj #ad #ai #c #f #a #bd ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,millar's ,howitzers4 #aj in4 #ca #b #i #g #a #bg #af #be #a #e #h #bd #a #ac #g #a #bg #ad #ah #a #ah #e #aa #b #bc #f #aj #ae #a #bd ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,carronades4 ,block ,trail4 #fh ,pr4 #ag #b #be #db #aj #a #ba #cb #h #c #bd #aa #c #bd #g #c #ba #aj #c #bj #ah #f #c #bj #i #b #aj #ab #f #a #h #a #ab ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,nature ,carriages1 ,dwarf traversing ,carriages1 ,traversing of ,garrison1 ,platforms4 ,garrison1 ,platforms1 ,ordn- ,wei- ,wood1 ----------------------- ,common common4 ance4 ght4 ,sliding4 ,wood4 ,iron4 ,wood4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- cwt4cwt4qrs4lb4cwt4qrs4lb4cwt4qrs4lb4cwt 4qrs4lb4cwt4qrs4lb4 ,guns4 #fh ,pr4#aab #af #j #bf #ef ,pr4 #ih #ah #b #bb #ca #a #bf #h in4 #fe #ac #a #j #bf #j #ba #eb #j #e #ac #c #aa #be #a #b #cb ,pr4 #ef #ab #a #bc #bf #j #ba #eb #j #e #ac #c #j #be #a ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,weight and ,dimensions of ,trucks1 for ,land ,service4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,fore4 ,nature ---------------------------------- of ,diameter4 ,width ,weight of ,trucks4 ------------- of a pair4 ,truck4 ,hole4 sole4 ---------------------------------------- -- ft4 in4 in4 in4 cwt4 qrs4 lb4 #db ,pr4 #a #g #ge #ffb #c #j #bj #cb #a #g #ge #ffb #c #j #bj #bd #a #g #fe #e #b #a #bf #ah #a #g #fe #e #b #a #bf #ab #a #g #fe #e #b #a #bf #i #a #g #fe #e #b #a #bf #f #a #f #ee #dbe #a #c #d #c #a #f #ee #dbe #a #c #d ---------------------------------------- -- ---------------------------------------- ----- ,hind4 ,nature ---------------------------------- of ,diameter4 ,width ,weight of ,trucks4 -------------- of a pair4 ,truck4 ,hole4 sole4 ---------------------------------------- -- ft4 in4 in4 in4 cwt4 qrs4 lb4 #db ,pr4 #a #d #ge #e #b #j #d #cb #a #d #ge #ee #b #j #d #bd #a #d #fe #de #a #b #e #ah #a #d #fe #de #a #b #e #ab #a #d #fe #de #a #b #e #i #a #d #fe #de #a #b #e #f #a #d #fe #ce #a #a #f #c #a #d #fe #c #a #a #f ---------------------------------------- -- ,weight and ,dimensions of ,mortar beds4 ,,old ,,pattern4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,nature of ,bed ,dimensions4 ,land service4 ,weight4 ---------------------------- ,length4 ,breadth4 ,height4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- cwt4 qrs4 lb4 ft4 in4 ft4 in4 ft4 in4 #ac ,inch ,iron #ce #b #bb #e #e #c #a #b #a #aj ,inch ,iron #af #a #af #d #d #c #a #a #g #h ,inch ,iron #g #b #bg #c #c #c #a #a #c #e ,inch ,wood #a #aj #b #g #a #c #i #d ,inch ,wood #c #e #b #e #a #c ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,new ,,pattern4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,nature of ,bed ,dimensions4 ,land service4 ,weight4 ---------------------------- ,length4 ,breadth4 ,height4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- cwt4 qrs4 lb4 ft4 in4 ft4 in4 ft4 in4 #ac ,inch ,iron #ce #b #bj #f #a #c #b #b #aj ,inch ,iron #ag #c #af #d #d #c #a #a #g #h ,inch ,iron #h #c #c #c #c #c #a #a #c ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,the ,breadth and ,length of each ,bed are measured from the extremities of the traversing bolts4 ,,part ,,iv4 ,,range1 ,,elevation1 ,,etc41 ,,of ,,brass ,,ordnance4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,solid ,,shot4 ,,common ,,case ,,shot4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,med4 #ab ,pr4,light #ab ,pr4 ,med4 #ab ,pr4,light #ab ,pr4 ,eleva- #i ,pr4 ,ditto #f ,pr4 ,eleva- #i ,pr4 ,ditto #f ,pr4 tion4 ,long #f ,pr4 ,heavy #c ,pr4 tion4 ,long #f ,pr4 ,heavy #c ,pr4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ degrees4 yards4 yards4 degrees4 yards4 yards4 ,p4 ,b4 #cjj #bjj ,p4 ,b4 #aej #ajj #djj #cjj #age #abe #ejj #djj #bjj #aej #fjj #ejj #bbe #age #a #gjj #fjj #a #bej #bjj #a #gge #fej #a #bge #bbe #a #hej #gjj #a #cjj #bej #a #ibe #gej #a #cbe #bge #b #ajjj #hjj #b #cej #cjj #b #ajej #hej #b #aajj #ijj #b #aaej #iej #c #abjj #ajjj #c #abej #ajej #c #acjj #aajj #c #acej #aaej #d #adjj #abjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------- #bd ,pr4 ,howitzer4 ,charge #b lb4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,com4 ,shells4 ,c4 ,case4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,elevation4 ,fuze499 ,range4 ,elevation4 ,range4 ---------------------------------------- --------- deg4 #ajths yds4 deg4 yds4 ,p4 ,b4 #bej ,p4 ,b4 #aej #cjj #age #cej #bjj #djj #bbe #a #a #dej #a #bej #a #a #ejj #a #bge #a #b #eej #a #cjj #a #b #fjj #a #cbe #b #c #fej #b #cej #b #c #gjj #b #cge #b #d #gej #b #djj #b #d #hjj #c #e #hej #c #e #ijj #c #f #iej #c #f #ajjj #d #g #ajbe ---------------------------------------- --------- 99 ,fuze--,old pattern4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #ab ,pr4 ,howitzer4 ,charge #a lb4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,com4 ,shells4 ,c4 ,case4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,elevation4 ,fuze499 ,range4 ,elevation4 ,range4 ---------------------------------------- --------- deg4 #ajths yds4 deg4 yds4 #a #a #djj ,p4 ,b4 #ajj #a #a #dej #abe #a #b #ejj #aej #a #b #eej #age #b #c #fjj #a #bjj #b #c #fej #a #bbe #b #d #gjj #a #bej #b #d #gej #a #bge #c #e #hjj #b #cjj #c #e #hej #c #f #ijj #c #f #iej #d #g #ajjj #d #g #ajbe #d #g #ajej #d #h #ajge #e #h #aajj #e #h #aabe #e #h #aaej ---------------------------------------- --------- 99 ,fuze--,old pattern4 -------------------------------- #e in4 ,howitzer4 ,heavy ,light #b lb4 ,charge #a lb4 -------------------------------- ,com4 ,shells4 ------------------------------ ,elevation4 ,range4 ,range4 ------------------------------ deg4 yds4 yds4 ,p4 ,b4 #bej #aej #a #djj #cjj #b #eej #dej #c #gjj #fjj #d #hej #gej #e #ige #hej #f #aajj #iej #g #abbe #ajej #h #acej #aaej #i #adej #abjj #aj #aeej #abej #aa #afej #acjj #ab #agej #acej ------------------------------ ,ranges1 ,elevation1 c41 of #h-;inch ,howitzer4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,shrapnell ,common ,shells4 ,shells4 ,ricochet firing4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,cha- ,fuze4,eleva-,range4 ,fuze4,eleva- ,cha-,eleva-,range4 ,fuze4 rge4 tion4 tion4 rge4 tion4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- lb4 inches deg4 yards4inches deg4 lb4 deg4 yards4inches ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #d #c #b #dej 44 44 44 44 44 44 #d #b #fjj #c #b #a #ie #djj #he #eb #c #gej #e #c #ae #f #djj #h #fe #c #ijj #g #d #ae #i #fjj #a #h #d #ajej #i #e #b #fbe #fjj #i #ie #e #abjj #aa #f #be #ee #fjj #ge #aa #f #acej #ace #h #b #he #hjj #ab #ac #g #aejj #af #i #be #fbe #hjj #a #ae #h #afej ----------------------------------- #age #i #ahjj #a #cde #aagj #b #aj #aiej #b #cde #bjaj #bc #aa #bajj ----------------------------------- #bf #ac #bbej #c #e #ijj #c #ad #bdjj #c #aj #abjj #cd #ae #beej #c #ae #aicj #ci #ag #bgjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #cb ,pr4 ,brass ,howitzer4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,ran-,com- ,common ,shrapnell ,ran-,com- ,common ,shrapnell ge4 mon ,shell4 ,shell4 ge4 mon ,shell4 ,shell4 ,case ,case ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,yar-,ele- ,ele-,fuze4 ,ele-,fuze4 ,yar-,ele- ,ele-,fuze4 ,ele-,fuze4 ds4vat- vat- vat- ds4vat- vat- vat- ion4 ion4 ion4 ion4 ion4 ion4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #bjj ,p ,b #aaej #d #h #d #cjj #a #abjj #d #i #d #h #djj #b #b ,p ,b #abej #e #i #e #dej---- #b #b #acjj 44 44 #i #e #i #ejj #a #b #acej 44 44 #aj #e #eej #a #c #a #adjj 44 44 #aj #f #aj #fjj #a #c #a #adej 44 44 #aa #f #fej #a #c #a #c #aejj -- #g #aa #f #gjj #a #d #b #aeej #ab #g #gej #b #d #b #afjj #ac #g #hjj #b #e #b #d #afej #ad #g #hej #b #e #b #agjj #ae #h #ijj #b #f #c #e #agej #af #iej #c #f #c #ahjj -- #i #ag #ajjj #c #g #c #f #ahej #ah #ajej #c #g #c #aijj #ai #aajj #d #h #d #g #bjjj #bj ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,range1 ,elevation1 c41 of ,brass ,ordnance4 ,,shrapnell ,,shells4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #ab ,pr4 ,medium4 #i ,pr4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,shell filled #aj lb4 #ac oz4 ,shell filled #h lb4 #a oz4 ,shell empty #e lb4 #aj oz4 ,shell empty #d lb4 #i oz4 ,number of ,balls #fc ,number of ,balls #da ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,letter ,eleva- ,range4 ,letter ,eleva- ,range4 ,length tion4 ,length tion4 of ,fuze4 from to of ,fuze4 from to ---------------------------------------- -------------------- in4 deg4 yds4 yds4 in4 deg4 yds4 yds4 #ajths4 #ajths4 ,b #b #a #ffj #ifj ,b #b #a #fdj #ibj ,c #c #a #hbj #aaaj ,c #c #a #hjj #ajfj ,d #d #b #ifj #abcj ,d #d #b #icj #aahj ,e #e #b #ajhj #acdj ,e #e #b #ajej #abij #f #c #aaie #adde #f #c #aafj #acij #g #c #acja #aede #g #c #abfj #adhj #h #d #adae #afde #h #d #acfj #aegj #i #e #aebj #agdj #i #e #adee #afee #a #e #afbj #ahcj #a #e #aeej #agdj #a #a #f #agbj #aibj #a #a #f #afdj #ahbj #a #b #g #ahae #bjje #a #b #g #agbe #ahie #a #c #g #aije #bjhe #a #c #g #ahje #aife #a #d #h #aiij #bafj #a #d #h #ahhe #bjce #a #e #h #bjgj #bbcj #a #e #h #aifj #bajj #a #f #i #badj #bbij #a #f #i #bjcj #bafj #a #g #aj #bbjj #bcdj #a #g #aj #bjie #bbae #a #h #aj #bafe #bbge ---------------------------------------- -------------------- --------------------------------- ,light #f ,pr4 --------------------------------- ,shell filled #e lb4 #g oz4 ,shell empty #c lb4 #b oz4 ,number of ,balls #bg ------------------------------- ,letter ,eleva- ,range4 ,length tion4 of ,fuze4 from to ------------------------------ in4 deg4 yds4 yds4 #ajths4 #a #chj #fdj ,b #b #a #egj #hjj ,c #c #a #gbj #icj ,d #d #b #hde #ajde ,e #e #b #iee #aade #f #c #ajfj #abdj #g #d #aafj #accj #h #d #abee #adae #i #e #acde #aejj #a #e #adcj #aehj #a #a #f #aeaj #afee #a #b #g #aehe #agbe #a #c #g #afee #aghe #a #d #h #agbj #ahdj #a #e #h #aghj #ahij #a #f #i #ahce #aidj #a #g #aj #ahhe #aihj #a #h #aa #aiec #bjbj ------------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #bd ,pr4 ,howitzer4 #ab ,pr4 ,howitzer4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,s4 filled #ba lb4 #d oz4 ,s4 filled #aj lb4 #ac oz4 ,s4 empty #aa lb4 #a oz4 ,s4 empty #e lb4 #aj oz4 ,no4 of ,balls #abi ,no4 of ,balls #fc ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,letter ,eleva- ,range4 ,letter ,eleva- ,range4 ,length tion4 ,length tion4 of ,fuze4 of ,fuze4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ in4 deg4 yds4 in4 deg4 yds4 #ajths4 #ajths4 #a #a #dej #a #a #dej #a #a #ejj #a #a #ejj ,b #b #a #eej ,b #b #a #eej #b #a #fjj #b #b #fjj ,c #c #b #fej ,c #c #b #fej #c #b #gjj #c #b #gjj ,d #d #b #gej ,d #d #b #gej #d #b #hjj #d #c #hjj ,e #e #c #hej ,e #e #c #hej #e #c #ijj #e #c #ijj #f #c #iej #f #c #iej #f #c #ajjj #f #d #ajjj #g #d #ajej #g #d #ajbe #g #d #aajj #g #d #ajej #h #d #aabe #g #d #ajge #h #d #aaej #h #e #aajj #i #e #aage #h #e #aabe #i #e #abjj #h #e #aaej #h #e #aage #i #f #abjj ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,ricochet ,practice with ,brass ,ordnance4 yds4 yards4 ,chg4 ,charge4 ,ele4 ,elevation4 ----------------------------- ,solid ,shot4 ----------------------- #ab ,pr4 #i ,pr4 ,gun4 ,medium ,range ,gun4 in --------------------- yds4 ,chg4 ,ele4 ,chg4 ,ele4 --------------------- oz4 deg4 oz4 deg4 -------------------------- #djj #h #d #f #f #g #e #e #g #f #f #e #f #ejj #g #f #fjj #f #g #e #i -------------------------- yds4 yards4 ,chg4 ,charge4 ,ele4 ,elevation4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,common ,shells4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #bd ,pr4 #ab ,pr4 #e in4 #e in4 #d in4 ,howitzer ,howitzer ,howitzer heavy ,mortar ,mortar ,range,shell1 #aflb4,shell1 #hlb4 ,shell1 #aflb4 ,shell1 #aflb4 ,shell1 #hlb4 in ---------------------------------------- ---------------- yds4 ,chg4 ,ele4,chg4 ,ele4 ,chg4 ,ele4 ,chg4 ,ele4 ,chg4 ,ele4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- lb4oz4 deg4 oz4 deg4lb4oz4 deg4 oz4 deg4 oz4 deg4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #f #g #djj #i #d #ab #e #h #ad #e #ad #h #h #h #i #ab #g #aj #g #aa #f #aj #i #ejj #ab #e #h #aa #ad #e #i #g #f #g #fjj #ab #f #h #f #a #f #a #d #aj #e #ab #i ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,note4--,when ,shot are fired from the #bd ,pounder and #ab ,pounder ,howitzers1 the ,elevation must be about half a degree more than when ,shells are used4 ,,charges ,,for ,,the ,,royal ,,navy4 ,for ,boats4 lb4 oz4 #bd ,pounder #b #h ,howitzer #ab ,pounder ,heavy #b #j ,cartridges ,light #a #d filled with ,gun #f ,pr4 ,light #a #h ,powder #j #d ,carronade #ab ,pounder #a #j ,,charges ,,for ,,the ,,royal ,,navy4 ,high2 ,medium2 ,low3 equivalent to ,distant2 ,full2 ,reduced4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,gun4 ,high4 ,medium4 ,low4 ,proof4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- cwt4 lb4 lb4 lb4 lb4 #ah-,pounder4 #db #f #d #c #ae 0 0 #ch #f #d #c #ae 0 0 #bb #c #b #g 0 0 #bj #c #b #g 0 0 #ae #b #e ---------------------------------------- -------------- #bd-,pounder4 #ej #h #f #d #ah 0 0 #dh #h #f #d #ah 0 0 #cc #f #d #ab 0 0 #bj #b #f ---------------------------------------- -------------- #cb-,pounder994 #fd #aj #h #f #ba 0 0 #eh #aj #h #f #ba 0 0 #ef #aj #h #f #ba 0 0 #df #h #f #ba 0 0 #dh 0 0 #ej #h #f #e #ba 0 0 #ej ,a #h #f #d #ah 0 0 #de ,b #h #g #e #af 0 0 #db ,c #f #d #b #ad 0 0 #da #f #d #b #ab 0 0 #dj #f #d #b #ab 0 0 #cb #e #c and #d #b #aj 0 0 #be #d #b #i 0 0 #be #d #b #i ---------------------------------------- -------------- #db-,pounder4 #hd #ad #aj #e #be 0 0 #ge #ad #aj #e #be 0 0 #fg #aj #f #bc ---------------------------------------- -------------- #ef-,pounder4 #ih #af #aj #e #bh 0 0 #hg #ad #aj #e #be ---------------------------------------- -------------- #fh-,pounder4 #aab #bj #aj #e #cj 0 0 #ie #af #ab #h #bh 0 0 #hg #ad #aj #f #be ---------------------------------------- -------------- #h-;,inch ,gun4 #fe #aj #h #e #bj 0 0 #fj #aj #h #e #bj 0 0 #eb #h #e #af 0 0 #ej #h #e #ad ---------------------------------------- -------------- #aj-;,inch ,gun4 #aab #af #be 0 0 #hf #ab #f #bj ---------------------------------------- -------------- 99 ,charge of powder1 for firing #cb-pounder shells1 #h lb4 ,in changing the charge from ,distant to ,full1 add degree elevation as far as #ajjj yards1 and half a degree beyond that range4 ,double ,shotting4--,double shotting may be employed with #cb-pounder guns of #ef cwt4 charge #f lb4 up to #djj yards4 #db 0 0 #d lb4 0 #cjj 0 #be 0 0 #b lb4 0 #bjj 0 ,with double shot and reduced charge1 give double the elevation1 and half a degree additional1 for the reduced charge4 ,range1 ,charge1 ,elevation1 c41 of ,iron ,ordnance4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,nature4 ,weight4 ,length4 ,diameter ,charge of the of bore4 powder4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- cwt4 ft4 in4 in4 lb4 oz4 ,,guns4 #db ,pr4 #he #aj #ifj #ad #cb ,pr4 #fc #i #g #fda #aj #aj #ef #i #f #fda #aj #aj #dh #h #fda #h #dj #g #f #fce #f 99 #cb #f #f #f #c #e 99 #be #f #f #c #d #be #e #d #f #c #d #bd ,pr4 #ej #i #f #ehb #h #dh #i #ehb #h #dj #g #f #ehb #h #cc #f #f #ehb #f #ah ,pr4 #db #i #ebi #f #ch #h #ebi #f #ab ,pr4 #cd #i #dfb #d #bi #g #f #dfb #d #i ,pr4 #bf #g #f #d #b #c #f ,pr4 #ag #f #cff #b ,,carronades4 #fh ,pr4 #cf #f #d #hje #e #aj #db #bb #d #f #fhd #c #h #cb #ag #d #fbe #b #aj #bd #ac #c #i #efh #b #ah #aj #c #d #faf #a #h #ab #f #b #h #dfb #a ---------------------------------------- ----------- 99 ,bored-up guns4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,nature4 ,range in yards4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,point #a #b #c #d #e #f blank4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,guns4 #db ,pr4 #djj #idj #acdj #afbj #ahdj #bjej #bbej #cb ,pr4 #chj #gfj #aacj #adee #agcj #aiej #bafj #chj #gfj #aacj #adee #agcj #aiej #bafj #ccj #fhj #ajae #acjj #aedj #agdj #ahdj #cdj #fge #ihe #abfj #aejj #agjj #ahjj 99 #ccj #fgj #ide #abaj #adej #afdj #agcj 99 #bbe #dhe #gce #iie #abfj #aejj #afcj #bbe #dhe #gce #iie #abfj #aejj #afcj #bd ,pr4 #cfj #gee #aabe #adag #afgj #ahej #bjjj #cfj #gee #aabe #adag #afgj #ahej #bjjj #cdj #gcj #ajhj #acgg #afbj #ahjj #aiej #bfj #ecj #hje #ajhb #acej #aefj #agfj #ah ,pr4 #cfj #gcj #ajhj #acgg #afjj #aghj #aifj #cdj #gaj #ajge #acdg #aefj #agcj #aijj #ab ,pr4 #cfj #gbj #ajge #accg #aedj #agjj #ahej #cdj #gaj #ajdj #acjg #aejj #afej #ahjj #i ,pr4 #ccj #fhe #ajae #abgh #adfj #afjj #agcj #f ,pr4 #cbj #fee #ihe #abch #adjj #aebj #afaj ,,carronades4 #fh ,pr4 #bgj #edj #hab #ajdb #abdj #adbj #aegj #db #bdj #eae #haj #ihc #aahj #acej #ahhj #cb #bce #dhe #gje #ije #aajj #abfj #adjj #bd #bbe #dce #fej #hbf #ajjj #aaej #acjj #ah #bbj #dcj #fbj #ghg #iej #aajj #abej #ab #bje #cge #ehj #gch #hhj #ajjj #aajj ---------------------------------------- ---------------- 99 ,bored-up guns4 ,carronades4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,nature #fh ,pr4 #db #cb #bd #ah #ab ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,charge lb4 oz4 lb4 oz4 lb4 oz4 lb4 lb4 oz4 lb4 #e #h #c #h #b #aj #b #a #h #a ---------------------------------------- ----------------- yards4 ,p4 ,b4 #dej #djj #ccj #cjj #bgj #bcj #a ,degree #fej #fjj #efj #ejj #dgj #djj #b 0 0 #hij #hfj #hcj #ghj #gcj #ehj #c 0 0 #ajjj #ihj #ijj #hgj #hjj #gdj #d 0 0 #aajj #ajbj #igj #ibj #hgj #haj #e 0 0 #abhj #aagj #ajhj #ajej #ajjj #hgj ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,range1 c41 of ,iron ,ordnance4 ,,shrapnell ,,shells4 -------------------------------------- #fh ,pr4,carronade4 #h in4 ,howitzer4 -------------------------------------- lb4oz4 lb4oz4 ,charge #d #j ,charge #d #j ,s4 filled #fa #d ,s4 filled #fa #ac ,s4 empty #cb #b ,s4 empty #cb #b ,no4 of ,balls #ccg,no4 of ,balls #ccg ------------------------------ ,eleva- ,fuze4 ,eleva- ,fuze4 ,range4 tion4 tion4 ------------------------------------ deg4 tenths4 deg4 tenths4yards4 #b #d #b #c #fej #c #f #c #f #ijj #e #h #f #aj #aajj ------------------------------------ -------------------------------------- #bd ,pr4 ,gun4 #ah ,pr4 ,gun4 -------------------------------------- lb4oz4 lb4oz4 ,charge #e #j ,charge #d #h ,s4 filled #ba #e ,s4 filled #ae #aa ,s4 empty #aa #j ,s4 empty #h #f ,no4 of ,balls #abh,no4 of ,balls #ij ------------------------------ ,eleva- ,fuze4 ,eleva- ,fuze4 ,range4 tion4 tion4 ------------------------------------ deg4 tenths4 deg4 tenths4yards4 #a #b #a #b #fej #a #c #b #d #ijj #b #e #c #e #aajj ------------------------------------ ,range1 ,elevation1 c41 of #ab1 #aj1 and #h inch ,guns1 #cb ,pr4 ,carronade ,gun1 and #aj1 and #h inch ,iron ,howitzers4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,elevation in degrees2 ,range in yards2 ,flight in seconds4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,nature of ,ordnance4 ,length4 ,weight4,charge4 ,point #a #b blank4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- feet4in4cwt4qrs4 lb4oz4 #ab in4 ,gun #h #d #ij #c #ab #bdj #edj #gij 7,hollow shot7 #g #f #eg #c #g #baj #dfj #gbj #aj ,do4 7,h4 ,s47 #h #d #fb #a #h #bej #egj #haj #i #d #hd #ab #cbe #fcj #icj #h ,do4 7,h4 ,s47 #f #h #ej #g #baj #cbj #egj #h ,do4 7,solid shot7 #h #f #fj #i #g #cdj #fdj #ifj #h ,do4 #i #fe #aj #cjj #ehj #idj ,time of ,flight 0 #b0 #c0 ,do4 7,hollow shot7 #i #fe #ab #cgj #gjj #ajej ,time of ,flight #a0 #b0 #c0 #cb ,pounder #e #be #d #bjj #dgj #gcj ,carronade ,gun #aj inch iron #e #dj #g #fjj ,howitzer #h inch ,do4 #d #ba #d #dej ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,elevation in degrees2 ,range in yards2 ,flight in seconds4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,nature of ,ordnance4 #c #d #e #f #g #h #i ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #ab in4 ,gun #ajbj #abej #adjj #aeej 7,hollow shot7 #ice #aafj #acej #aejj #aj ,do4 7,h4 ,s47 #ajcj #abcj #adjj #abjj #adfj #agjj #h ,do4 7,h4 ,s47 #hcj #aacj #acjj #h ,do4 7,solid shot7 #aaij #acjj #aejj #h ,do4 #abbj #adhj #agjj #ahhj #babj #bbij #bdcj ,time of ,flight #d0 #e0 #g0 #h0 #h0 #i0 #aj0 ,do4 7,hollow shot7 #abcj #aedj #agjj #ahca #aihj #bjij #bcaj ,time of ,flight #d0 #f0 #f0 #g0 #h0 #h0 #aj0 #cb ,pounder #ifj ,carronade ,gun #aj inch iron #abjj #acbj #aejj ,howitzer #h inch ,do4 #gcj #ige #abbg ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,elevation in degrees2 ,range in yards2 ,flight in seconds4 ------------------------------------ ,nature of ,ordnance4 #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #ab in4 ,gun 7,hollow shot7 #aj ,do4 7,h4 ,s47 #h ,do4 7,h4 ,s47 #h ,do4 7,solid shot7 #h ,do4 #beaj #bgaj #bicj #biij #cadj #cbej ,time of ,flight #aa0 #ab0 #ab0 #ac0 #ac0 #ad0 ,do4 7,hollow shot7 #bdjj #beaj #bgbj #bhcj #bhgj #bbbj ,time of ,flight #aj0 #aa0 #ab0 #ac0 #ad0 #ae0 #cb ,pounder ,carronade ,gun #aj inch iron #aibf #bjgh ,howitzer #h inch ,do4 #aejf #agbe ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,the above ,ranges for the #ab and #aj inch ,guns are with hollow shot1 weighing respectively #aab lb4 and #hd lb4 ,the #h inch ,gun carries either hollow shot1 plugged1 #dh lb42 or shell1 #df lb4 ,vide also ,,naval ,,gunnery4 ,table of ,tangent ,practice1 #h inch ,gun4 #ef ,pounder ,gun1 and #fh ,pounder ,gun4 ,weight1 ,ranges1 c4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,gun4 ,shot4 ,charge4 ,p ,b #a #b #c #d #e ---------------------------------------- ------------- cwt4 lb4 lb4 yds4 yds4 yds4 yds4 yds4 yds4 #ef ,pr4 #ih ,s ,s #af #dij #icj #acdj #agbj #bjjj #bbjj #hg ,s ,s #ad #chj #ijj #acaj #affj #aidj #bajj ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #fh ,pr4 #aab ,s ,s #bj #djj #ihj #adjj #agfj #aihj #bbdj #ie ,s ,s #ae #caj #gjj #ajgj #adcj #agaj #aicj #ie ,shell #af #cej #hej #abej #aefj #ahdj #bajj #hg ,s ,s #ad #cjj #fhj #ajej #acfj #afej #aijj #hg ,shell #ad #caj #gaj #ajhj #acej #afaj #ahej ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,gun4 ,shot4 ,charge4 #f #h #aj #ab ,above ,plane4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- cwt4 lb4 lb4 yds4 yds4 yds4 yds4 feet4in4 #ef ,pr4 #ih ,s ,s #af #bdjj #bgdj #cjdj #ccbj #e #hg ,s ,s #ad #bcaj #behj #bidj #cbgj #h ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #fh ,pr4 #aab ,s ,s #bj #bdhj #bhdj #cacj #cdjj #h #ie ,s ,s #ae #bacj #bebj #bhij #cahj #e #d #ie ,shell #af #bcej #bfij #cjjj #ccjj #e #d #hg ,s ,s #ad #badj #bdij #bhbj #caej #h #hg ,shell #ad #bjhj #bdej #bhjj #cadj #h ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #h ,inch ,gun4 ,length1 #i feet2 ,weight1 #fe cwt42 ,height of gun above the plane1 #e feet #g inches4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,nature ,charge4 ,eleva- ,first ,flight4,second,extreme,time of,number of tion4 graze4 graze4range4 flight4 of shot4 grazes4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- lb4 ,degrees4,yards4 ,sec4 ,yards4 ,yards4 ,sec4 ,solid #aj ,p4 ,b4 #cae #a0 #ija #cbjg #bj0 #bc #aj #a #ffj #b0 #ajjf #bhjc #ai0 #ah #aj #a #hah #c0 #abdj #bdcc #af0 #ac #i ,p4 ,b4 #cdc #a0 #ggf #bfhc #ag0 #ab #i #a #fae #b0 #igj #bdhc #ae0 #aj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,ricochet ,,firing4 #a4 ,when adopted in the field1 the guns should seldom be elevated above #c degrees1 as the objects fired at are generally cavalry and infantry1 and the lower the angle the longer will the shot preserve its force1 and have effect4 #b4 ,in the ricochet of a fortification of any kind1 the elevation should seldom exceed #aj degrees to throw the shot over the parapet a little higher than the level of the battery2 and1 on the whole1 the best elevation to enfilade a work is from #f to #i degrees1 measured above the crest of the parapet with corresponding charges4 #c4 ,the charge1 and elevation being known for any range1 when the gun and parapet are on the same level1 the same charge1 and elevation may be used so long as the difference of level does not exceed one-twentieth of the horizontal distance between them1 the elevation being given by the tangent scale1 and the gun laid at the parapet1 whether above or below its own level4 ,ricochet ,practice with ,iron ,ordnance4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,round ,shot4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,range #fh ,pr4 #bd ,pr4 ,gun1 #ah ,pr4 ,gun1 #ab ,pr4 ,gun1 ,carronade499 #i ,feet4 #h ,feet4 #h ,feet4 in ---------------------------------------- ------------ yards4,charge4,eleva-,charge4,eleva-,cha rge4,eleva-,charge4,eleva- tion4 tion4 tion4 tion4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- lb4oz4 deg4 lb4oz4 deg4 lb4oz4 deg4 lb4oz4 deg4 #djj #ab #f #i #f #h #d #aj #g #f #f #h #aa #fjj #a #ab #g #f #f #a #e #ab #d #a #h #h #a #h #d #ab #g #aj #f #a #f #h #g #hjj #b #c #a #h #d #a #d #a #h #e #a #g #ab #f ---------------------------------------- ------------------- 99 ,,note4--,when ,shells are fired from the #fh ,pounder ,carronade1 the ,elevation must be decreased about half a degree4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,common ,shell4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,range #aj-;inch #h-;inch #bd ,pr4 ,howitzer ,howitzer ,howitzer in ,shell1 #ib lb4 ,shell1 #df lb4 ,shell1 #af lb4 --------------------------------------- yards4,charge4,eleva-,charge4,eleva-,cha rge4,eleva- tion4 tion4 tion4 ---------------------------------------- ------ lb4oz4 deg4 lb4oz4 deg4 lb4oz4 deg4 #djj #b #h #f #a #h #f #i #d #b #h #a #i #f #g #fjj #c #f #a #h #h #a #d #b #h #h #a #d #aj #ab #e #i #g #hjj #d #f #b #h #f #c #h #g #b #f ---------------------------------------- ------ ,,mortars4 ,practical rules4 ,to find the ,charge for a given ,range at #de elevation4 #ac inch ,mortar4--,to the range1 in yards1 add half the range1 multiply the sum by #jc for the charge1 in ounces4 #aj inch ,mortar4--,when the range is under #acej yards1 add to the range #afj1 and multiply by #jb2 and if the range is over #acej yards1 add one-fifth of the range1 and multiply by #jb for the charge1 in ounces4 #h inch ,mortar4--,to the range1 in yards1 add #bj1 and the sum multiplied by #jae will give the charge1 in ounces4 #e inch ,mortar4--,to the range in yards1 add #aej1 and multiply by #jh1 for the charge1 in ounces4 #d inch ,mortar4--,to the range in yards add #cjj1 and multiply by #jf1 for the charge1 in drams4 ,to find the ,time of flight1 the range being given4 ,divide the square root of the range1 in feet1 by #de for the time of flight1 in seconds4 ,to find the ,range1 the ,time of flight being given4 ,multiply the time of flight1 in seconds1 by #de1 and square the product for the range1 in feet4 ,to find the length of ,fuze1#h for a given range4 ,multiply the time of flight1 in seconds1 by #bb1 for the #ac1 and #aj inch mortars1 and by #bd for #h1 #e1 and #d inch mortars1 for the length of fuze1 in tenths4 ,mortar ,practice at #ae1 #be1 and #de ,elevation4 #ahch4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ac ,,inch ,,iron4 #aj ,,inch ,,iron4 ,weight #cf cwt4 ,weight #af cwt4 #b qrs4 99,shell filled #bjj lb4 ,shell filled #ib lb4 ,burst4 powder #f lb4 #ab oz4 ,burst4 powder #b lb4 #aj oz4 ,blowing powder #b oz4 ,blowing powder #a oz4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,eleva- ,charge4 ,fuze4 ,range4 ,eleva- ,charge4 ,fuze4 ,range4 tion4 tion4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ degs4 lb4 oz4 in4 yds4 degs4 lb4 oz4 in4 yds4 #de #b #a #ai #dej #de #a #ai #dej #b #c #b #ejj #a #b #b #ejj #b #d #ba #eej #a #c #ba #eej #b #f #bb #fjj #a #d #bb #fjj #b #g #bc #fej #a #f #bc #fej #b #i #bd #gjj #a #g #bd #gjj #b #aa #bde #gej #a #i #bde #gej #b #ad #be #hjj #a #aj #be #hjj #c #bee #hej #a #aa #bee #hej #c #c #bf #ijj #a #ab #bf #ijj #c #e #bfe #iej #a #ac #bfe #iej #c #h #bg #ajjj #a #ad #bg #ajjj #c #aj #bge #ajej #a #ae #bge #ajej #c #ab #bh #aajj #b #bh #aajj #c #ad #bhe #aaej #b #a #bhe #aaej #d #bi #abjj #b #c #bi #abjj #d #e #c #acjj #d #ae #cb #aejj #e #aj #cd #agjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------ 99 ,the ,shells were filled with sand4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #h ,,inch ,,iron4 #e ,,inch ,,brass4 ,weight #h cwt4 #a qr4 ,weight #a cwt4 #a qr4 #aj lb4 ,shell filled #df lb4 ,shell filled #af lb4 ,burst4 powder #a lb4 #ad oz4 ,burst4 powder #aj oz4 ,blowing powder #a oz4 ,blowing powder oz4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,eleva- ,charge4 ,fuze4 ,range4 ,eleva- ,charge4 ,fuze4 ,range4 tion4 tion4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ degs4 lb4 oz4 in4 yds4 degs4 lb4 oz4 in4 yds4 #ae #ad #h #ejj #ae #f #g #cej #a #a #eej #g #ge #djj #a #b #aa #fjj #g #h #h #dej #de #i #ai #dej #h #he #ejj #aj #b #ejj #be #e #h #aa #dhj #ab #ba #eej #de #d #h #cjj #ac #bb #fjj #d #ab #cej #ad #bc #fej #e #age #djj #ae #bd #gjj #e #d #ah #dej #a #bde #gej #e #h #ahe #ejj #a #be #hjj #e #ab #ai #eej #a #a #bee #hej #f #aie #fjj #a #b #bf #ijj #a #b #bfe #iej #a #c #bg #ajjj #a #d #bge #ajej #a #d #bh #aajj #a #e #bhe #aaej #a #f #bi #abjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ------------------------------- #d ,,inch ,,brass4 ,weight #c qrs4 #ai lb4 ,shell filled #h lb4 ,burst4 powder #e oz4 ,blowing powder oz4 ---------------------------- ,eleva- ,charge4 ,fuze4 ,range4 tion4 ---------------------------- degs4 lb4 oz4 in4 yds4 #ae #d #h #h #dej #d #ab #he #ejj #be #d #aa #edj #de #b #f #afe #cjj #b #i #ag #cej #b #ab #age #djj #c #ah #dej #c #d #ahe #ejj #c #h #ai #eej #c #ab #aie #fjj ---------------------------- ,greatest ,charges1 and ,ranges4 lb4 oz4 yds4 #ac ,inch1 ,sea #bj #j #dbjj #aj 0 #aj #h #djjj #ac ,inch1 ,land #i #j #bijj #aj 0 #d #j #bdjj #h 0 #b #j #bjjj #e 0 #i #abjj #d 0 #de #ajjj ,distance from the parapet of a battery1 the parapet being #h feet high1 for ,mortars at the following elevations3-- ,elevation #de #cj #bj #ae #aj degrees4 ,distance #ab #ac #ba #cj #dj feet4 ,,part ,v4 ,,stores1 ,,implements1 ,,combustibles1 ,,etc41 ,,required ,,in ,,batteries4#i ,,balls1 ,,light4 ,light ,balls are thrown from mortars at night1 to discover the operations of the enemy's working parties1 c4 ,light balls burn from #aj to #bj minutes4 ,composition4 lb4 oz4 ,saltpetre1 pulverized #f #d ,sulphur1 ground #b #h ,rosin1 pounded #a #ad ,linseed oil1 boiled #j #g ,,balls1 ,,smoke4 ,smoke balls are fired from mortars to suffocate the men in mines1 c41 or to prevent them continuing their work4 ,they are also used to conceal manuvres1 c41 from an enemy4 ,smoke balls burn from #be to #cj minutes4 ,composition4 lb4 oz4 ,corned mealed powder #e #j ,saltpetre1 pulverized #a #j ,sea coal #a #h ,swedish pitch #b #j ,tallow #j #h ,to construct hollow ,globes1 or ,cases for ,light ,balls1 c4 ,the canvas1 or paper1 may be formed in the following manner1 viz43--,with radius of half the intended calibre1 describe the circle ,a ,b ,c ,d 7vide ,figure #bj1 ,practical ,geometry71 and divide the same into four equal parts4 ,from ,b with radius ,a ,b describe arc ,a ,e1 from ,a with radius ,a ,b describe arc ,b ,e1 and from ,e with radius ,e ,a describe arc ,a ,b4 ,eight pieces1 as ,e ,a ,b1 will form a ball nearly1 the edges being brought close together4 ,,carcasses4 ,carcasses1 a species of shell1 are filled with composition1 the flame from which is extremely powerful1 and nearly unextinguishable4 ,they are much used in bombardments of towns1 setting fire to shipping1 c41 and are discharged from guns1 mortars1 and howitzers1 similarly to common shells2 from which1 however1 they differ1 in being made thicker1 to enable them to withstand the intensity of fire2 and in having three fuze holes instead of one4 ,carcasses burn from #h to #aj minutes4 ,common shells may be made to produce effects similar to carcasses1 by filling them with a proportion of ,valenciennes composition1 and bursting powder4 ,all carcasses have three holes2 and1 from guns and howitzers1 are fired with sabots4 ,carcass ,composition4 lb4 oz4 ,saltpetre1 pulverized #f #d ,sulphur1 sublimated #b #h ,rosin1 pounded #a #ad ,antimony1 pounded #j #aj ,tallow #j #aj ,turpentine #j #aj ,valenciennes ,composition4 lb4 oz4 ,saltpetre1 pulverized #f #d ,sulphur1 sublimated #b #h ,rosin1 pounded #a #d ,antimony1 pounded #j #aj ,linseed oil1 #f oz4 #ad drams4 ,weight1 and ,dimensions of ,carcasses4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,nature of ,carcass4 ,exterior ,weight1 ,weight1 ,land ,service4 ,diameter4 empty4 filled4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ inches4 lb4 oz4 lb4 oz4 #ac ,inch #abhd #bbj #j #bcd #h #aj ,inch #ihd #ig #j #ajd #j #h ,inch #ghf #eb #d #eg #j #e ,inch #eei #ae #h #ag #a #d ,inch #dde #h #d #i #a #db ,pr4 #fhe #bh #ad #cj #aj #cb ,pr4 #fa #bc #c #bd #h #bd ,pr4 #eed #ae #f #af #i #ah ,pr4 #ejd #ac #ab #ad #g #ab ,pr4 #dd #h #f #h #ac ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,cartridges ,,for ,,guns1 ,,howitzers1 ,,etc4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,dimensions4 ,nature of ,charge ---------------------------- ,ordnance4 of ,circumference4 powder4 ,length4 ------------------ ,superior4,inferior4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,guns1 ,,iron4 lb4 oz4 ft4 in4 ft4 in4 ft4 in4 #fh ,pounder #ah #a #hf #a #a #ef #bj #a #aj #a #c #a #c 0 #af #a #aj #a #a 0 #ad #a #aj #aac #aac 0 #aj #a #aj #i #i 0 #f #a #aj #gb #gb #db #ad #a #aaa #a #id #a #id #cb #aj #a #ih #a #gi #a #gi #bd #h #a #fc #a #ef #a #ef #ah #f #a #g #a #de #a #de #ab #d #a #de #a #be #a #be #i #c #a #bb #a #a #a #a #f #b #a #aa #a #ae #a #ae #ab ,inch #ab #a #fe #a #fe #a #b #aj #ab #a #ee #a #c #a #h #aj #a #g #a #ae #aj ,,guns1 ,,brass4 #ab ,pr4 ,medium #d #a #de #a #be #a #be ,light #c #a #ae #a #be #a #be #i #b #h #a #aa #a #a #a #a #f ,heavy #b #a #bb #aae #aae ,light #a #h #aab #aae #aae #c ,heavy #a #ig #i #i ,light #ab #i #i #i ,,howitzers4 ,iron4 #aj ,inch #g #a #ah #a #ch #ig #h #d #a #ag #a #ab #g ,brass4 #bd ,pr4 #b #h #a #jb #aj #fc #ab #a #d #ajh #he #eh #e inch #b #ajc #ei #ch #d #h #gf #e #c ,,carronades4 #fh ,pr4 #e #aj #a #hc #a #i #a #i #db #c #h #a #e #a #ga #a #ga #cb #b #aj #a #f #a #ee l #ee #bd #b #aa #a #ci #a #ci #ah #a #h #aj #a #ah #a #ah #ab #a #hh #a #ab #a #ab #f #ab #ge #aja #aja ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,when the circumference of the ,cartridge is not uniform1 each ,cartridge is made of two pieces1 and the dimensions given are for one piece only4 ,,fuzes1 ,,old ,,pattern4 ,the wooden cases for holding the ,fuze composition are made of well-seasoned beech4 ,the interior diameter of the cup is equal to three times that of the bore1 and its depth is equal to #a of the said diameter4 ,the thickness of wood at the bottom of the bore is equal to two diameters4 ,fuze composition4 lb4 oz4 ,saltpetre1 pulverized #c #d ,sulphur1 sublimated #a #j ,pit-mealed powder #b #ab ,blind fire for ,night4 lb4 ,mealed powder #af ,wood ashes #i ,fuzes1 being bored for ,field guns1 or cut to the length required for the range of ,garrison guns1 are made to fit the ,shell correctly by means of a rasp and cutter2 after which they are carefully driven into the ,shell with a mallet and setter1 leaving only the cup of the ,fuze out of it4 ,the ,fuze is uncapped when placed in the piece4 #ac inch ,fuze burns #dj ,seconds4 #aj do4 do4 #ce do4 #h do4 do4 #cj do4 #e inch ,fuze burns #bj ,seconds4 #d do4 do4 #ae do4 ,all natures of ,fuzes1 when driven with the above composition1 burn one inch in five seconds2 but when driven with mealed powder1 they burn two inches in the same time4 ,,boxer',s ,,fuze4 ,the composition bore is made excentric with regard to the exterior1 and two powder channels are bored upon that side in which there is the greatest thickness of wood4 ,a hole is bored through the mealed powder at the top1 and into the fuze composition1 to insure the ignition of the fuze composition from the priming4 ,two rows of holes1 two inches apart1 are made into the powder channels1 and the bottom hole in each row is continued to the axis of the composition bore4 ,the small side holes1 with the exception of the bottom ones1 are filled with pressed powder1 and a small portion of clay4 ,the powder channels contain rifle powder1 and the bottom side holes have a piece of quick match placed in them4 ,beyond this quick match1 the powder channels in the fuze for common shells are filled with putty2 but in the ,shrapnell fuze the corresponding portion contains quick match1 which is continued from one channel to the other through a groove made in the bottom4 ,a piece of quick match is tied into the cup1 and it is recommended that this quick match is laid over the side before the shell is set home4 ,the bursting powder is contained in a tin cylinder1#aj and is admitted through a hole at the bottom of the socket4 ,there is a small hole in the side of the shell1 through which the balls1 and composition1 which is run between them1 are admitted4 ,it is recommended that the bursting powder be placed in the tin cylinder before going into action1 and the plug covered with serge1 inserted in the fuze hole4 ,the bursting powder can be speedily removed from the shell1 if necessary2 and1 from its being separated from the balls1 it will not be liable to injury1 even when subjected to the action of travelling4 ,a simple boring-bit is supplied to each gun1 in case the borer1 specially made for the fuze1 is lost1 or damaged4 ,captain ,boxer's #e inch fuzes are to be adopted for all natures of guns and howitzers1 one inch in length for ,shrapnell shells1 and two inches in length for common shells4 ,,fuzes1 ,,metal4 ,fuzes1 for the ,naval service specially1 are formed of gun metal1 and are screwed into a gun metal bouched screw hole in the shell4 ,metal fuzes are of three natures1 viz41 #c-;inch1 #d-;inch1 and short-range ,fuzes4 ,the first is driven with mealed powder1 and will burn seven seconds2 the second is driven with fuze composition1 and will burn twenty seconds2 and the short-range fuze is also driven with the composition1 and will burn two seconds4 ,these fuzes are driven and primed precisely the same as wooden fuzes2 but instead of being capped with canvas1 have a screw metal cap4 ,the fuzes are screwed into the shells1 the holes of which are bouched with metal to receive them2 they are screwed into the left hand1 so that unscrewing the cap in the same direction prevents the possibility of the fuze being loosened by that operation4 ,the diameter of the fuze holes for all natures of shells1 fitted to receive metal fuzes1 is exactly the same4 ,a #c-;inch metal fuze will burn seven seconds1 and is calculated for ranges not exceeding #a1ijj yards4 ,a #d-;inch metal fuze will burn ten seconds1 and is not to be used at a greater distance than #b1djj yards4 ,bickford's ,water ,fuze1 which burns about two or three feet in a minute1 may be advantageously used for exploding gunpowder under water1 for the destruction of booms1 vessels1 c4 ,,grease4 ,the composition used for greasing wheels is composed of equal parts of tallow and coarse sweet oil melted together1 and it is made up in kegs of #bh lb4 each4 ,in warm weather the proportion of tallow must be increased4 ,,grenades1 ,,hand4 ,a ,land service ,hand grenade weighs #a lb4 #ac oz41 and may be thrown from #dj to #fj feet4 ,the diameter of the ,fuze composition is #b of an inch1 length #bbe inches1 and weight #c drams4 ,fuze ,composition4 ,saltpetre1 #c lb4 #d oz42 ,sulphur1 #a lb42 ,mealed powder1 #b lb4 #ab oz4 ,on service the ,grenades are charged with #a oz4 of powder4 ,,gun ,,cotton4 ,although there appears no prospect of ,gun cotton being used in the ,british service as a substitute for gunpowder1 it is advisable that every ,artillerist should be cognizant of its merits and demerits2 for circumstances may arise when this new impulsive power may be advantageously employed4 ,the exploding cotton is thus prepared3--,common well-cleaned cotton is dipped for about half a minute in highly-concentrated nitric acid 7made by the distillation of ten parts of dried saltpetre1 and six of oil of vitriol71 and then instantly placed in water1 which must be often renewed1 in order to free the cotton from the acid with which it is impregnated4 ,care must then be taken that all the knotty particles of the cotton are properly disentangled1 and that it is thoroughly dried4 ,after the explosive preparation is ready for use1 the smallest portion explodes when struck on an anvil with a hammer1 like fulminating-powder2 when kindled with a glowing body1 it takes fire just like gunpowder2 and1 when used in a gun1 its operation1 though in a far greater proportion to its weight1 is similar to that of gunpowder4 ,gun cotton is employed in the same manner as gunpowder3 a piece of it is rammed down the barrel1 then a bit of wadding1 and after that a ball2 a copper cap ignites and explodes the cotton4 ,to ,dr4 ,otto1 professor of chemistry in ,brunswick1 we are indebted for the foregoing description of the preparation of the explosive cotton2 and the intrinsic value of this impulsive agent has been ascertained by ,colonel ,mordecai1 at ,washington1 in #ahde1 #ahdg1 #ahdh4 ,the following are the results of this scientific officer's experiments for the purpose of determining the fitness of ,gun cotton1 as a substitute for gunpowder in the military service3-- #a4 ,explosive cotton burns at #chj ,fahrenheit1 therefore it will not set fire to gunpowder when burnt in a loose state over it4 #b4 ,the projectile force of explosive cotton1 with moderate charges1 in a musket or cannon1 is equal to that of about twice its weight of the best gunpowder4 #c4 ,when compressed by hard ramming1 as in filling a fuze1 it burns slowly4 #d4 ,by the absorption of moisture1 its force is rapidly diminished1 but the force is restored by drying4 #e4 ,its bursting effect is much greater than that of gunpowder1 on which account it is well adapted for mining operations4 #f4 ,the principal residua of its combustion are water and nitrous acid2 therefore the barrel of a gun would be soon corroded1 if not cleaned after firing4 #g4 ,in consequence of the quickness and intensity of its action1 when ignited1 it cannot be used with safety in the present fire-arms4 #h4 ,an accident on service1 such as the insertion of two charges before firing1 would cause the bursting of the barrel2 and it is probable that the like effect would take place with the regular service charges1 if several times repeated4 ,,gunpowder4 ,the component parts of ,powder are #ge parts of nitre1 #aj of sulphur1 and #ae of charcoal4 ,cylinder powder is made from charcoal that has been burnt in iron cylinders2 and ,pit powder from charcoal burnt in common pits4 ,gunpowder1 when ignited1 expands with a velocity of about #e1jjj feet per second2 and the pressure of the fluid is about #b1jjj times that of common air4 ,one pound of ,powder measures #cb solid inches4 ,a cubic foot of ,government powder weighs about #eh pounds4 ,gunpowder is manufactured by reducing the nitre1 sulphur1 and charcoal to powder2 they are then mixed1 moistened with water1 and again mixed in a mill for five or six hours1 or until the mixture is as intimate as possible1 for upon this the strength of the powder chiefly depends4 ,when taken from the mill1 the composition is put in a press1 and formed into hard cakes about a quarter of an inch thick2 these1 when dry1 or nearly so1 are broken by wooden mallets into small pieces1 and reduced into grains by being put into sieves1 and forced by means of a wooden roller through circular holes of the proper diameter4 ,good powder should be devoid of smell1 and of uniform colour1 approaching to that of a slate4 ,the particles should be perfectly granulated1 and free from cohesion4 ,it should admit of being readily poured from one vessel to another4 ,in powder that has become damp1 large lumps are formed3 should the damage1 however1 not be very considerable1 these concretions may be reduced by drying the powder in a hot-air stove1 rubbing and loosening the grains2 but powder thus affected never thoroughly regains its lost strength4 ,to test the purity of powder4--,lay a dram of it on a piece of clean writing-paper1 and fire the heap by means of a red-hot iron wire3 if the flame ascend quickly with a good report1 leaving the paper free from white specks1 and without burning holes in it1 the goodness of the ingredients and proper manufacture of the powder may be safely inferred4 ,good powder blasted upon a clean plate of copper should leave no track or mark of foulness4 ,powder exposed for #ag or #ah days to the influence of the atmosphere ought not to increase materially in weight4 ,one hundred pounds of powder should not absorb more than twelve ounces3 if it increase in weight more than one per cent41 the powder should be condemned4 ,proof of ,gunpowder4 ,to prove the strength of large grain or common powder1 #b ounces are fired from #h-;inch ,gomer mortars 7at an angle of #de71 placed on stone beds1 and so fixed as not to recoil4 ,these mortars are loaded with shot weighing #fh pounds1 and the average of the ranges1 with ,government powder of ,waltham ,abbey1 is #bej feet4 ,powder made of common pit charcoal will only project such a ball1 under the same circumstances1 about #bbj feet2 and powder that has been re-stoved will only produce a range of from #ajg to #aag feet4 ,a musket1 charged with two drams of fine grained or musket powder1 should drive a steel bullet through #ae or #af half-inch elm boards1 placed three quarters of an inch from each other1 the first board being set at #dj inches from the muzzle of the musket3 with re-stoved powder1 the bullet will only perforate from #i to #ab of the boards4 ,the quality of large grain powder is ascertained by its general appearance1 its firmness1 glazing1 uniformity of grain1 and density4 ,,powder ,,marks4 ,the various sorts of ,powder are distinguished by the following marks on the heads of the barrels3-- ,l ,g ,large grain4 ,f ,g ,fine grain4 ,r ,a ,for rifle arms4 ,l ,g ,large grain4 ,f ,g ,fine grain4 ,r ,s ,re-stoved4 ,red ,l ,g1 or ,f ,g1 denotes powder of the best quality4 ,white ,l ,g1 or ,f ,g1 is an inferior ,powder for salutes1 c4 ,,powder ,,magazines4 ,to ascertain if a ,magazine is damp4--,soak a piece of sponge in a solution of salt of tartar1 or common salt and water3 let it be well dried and weighed1 and then be placed in the magazine1 which1 if damp1 will cause the sponge to become heavier4 ,a small weight1 suspended by a piece of catgut1 or hair1 will also discover moisture1 causing the former to contract and the latter to lengthen4 ,,powder ,,barrels4 ,whole ,barrels contain #ajj lb41 and ,half ,barrels #ej lb41 of powder1 whether fine or coarse4 ,dimensions of ,powder barrels4 ,whole barrels4 ,half barrels4 ,quarter barrels4 inches4 inches4 inches4 ,depth #bj #af #ad ,diameter at top #ae #ab #i ,do4 at bulge #af #ac #aj ,do4 at bottom #ae #ab #i ,,budge ,,barrels4 ,weight of ,barrel1 copper-hooped1 #aj lb41 hazel-hooped1 #f lb4 ,length of barrel #aj inches each barrel will contain #ch lb4 ,diameter 0 #ac 0 ,,boxes ,,to ,,contain ,,powder1 ,,corresponding ,,to ,,the ,,barrels4 ,external ,whole boxes4 ,half boxes4 ,quarter boxes4 dimensions4 inches4 inches4 inches4 ,length #af #ac #aj ,breadth #af #ac #aj ,depth #bj #af #ad ,these boxes are lined with copper1 tinned4 ,,handbarrows4 ,length1 #e ft4 #c in4 ,breadth1 #b ft4 ,weight1 #ai lb4 ,,handspikes4 ,length1 #e ft4 ,diameter at top1 #abe2 ,diameter at bottom1 #bge inches4 ,length of square1 #a foot #i inches4 ,weight of ten1 #fd lb4 ,there is a larger kind1 #f feet in length2 weight of ten1 #ajj lb4 ,,levers4 ft4 in4 lb4 ,iron shod1 length #d #j ,weight of #e #cf ,common #f #f ,do4 #ed ,,lights1 ,,blue4 ,blue lights are used for signals1 c41 and will burn half a minute4 ,composition4 lb4 oz4 ,saltpetre1 ground #a #ab ,sulphur1 sublimated #j #g ,red orpiment #j #b ,,lights1 ,,long 7,,boxer',s74 ,the paper case is #aj inches long1 #f inches of which are filled with composition2 one end is left open to fix on a wooden holder2 the other end is fitted with a nipple1 on which a percussion cap is to be placed4 ,by giving the cap a smart blow on some hard substance1 it ignites the composition1 which will burn for six minutes4 ,composition4 lb4 oz4 ,saltpetre1 ground #g #j ,sulphur1 sublimated #a #ab ,red orpiment #j #h ,,lights1 ,,long 7,,or ,,stevens'74 ,the composition is similar to that for blue lights4 ,the cases are made of brown paper1 and are of the same diameter as the one-pound signal rocket4 ,the case is cut to the length of #ige inches1 one end being perforated at an inch from the bottom to allow a wooden pin to pass through it1 for the purpose of attaching the handle to the case4 ,two coats of paint are given to the cases4 ,a long light will burn five minutes4 ,,lights1 ,,signal 7,,boxer',s7 ,this is similar to the ,,light1 ,,long1 but has only one inch of composition4 ,,match1 ,,quick4 ,composition4 lb4 oz4 ,cotton wick #b #b ,gum arabic #j #h ,gunpowder #ab lb4 ,water #d quarts4 ,four pounds of the gunpowder are mixed into a thin paste with a portion of the gum-water boiling1 in this the cotton is then immersed4 ,six pounds of gunpowder made into a stiff paste1 with the remainder of the gum-water1 is spread on the top of the match1 which is afterwards reeled off1 the remaining two pounds of powder being sifted on the match while on the reel1 and some of the stiff paste being held in the hand through which the match passes4 ,,match1 ,,slow4 ,slow match is prepared from slightly-twisted hemp rope1 which is dipped in a solution of lime water and saltpetre4 ,one yard burns about three hours4 ,one skein1 #ce yards1 weighs seven pounds4 ,during the ,siege of ,gibraltar1 ,slow match was thus made3--,eight ounces of saltpetre were put in a gallon of water1 and just made to boil over a slow fire1 strong blue paper was then wetted with the liquor1 and hung to dry4 ,when dry1 each sheet was divided into two parts1 which were rolled up tight1 and the outward edges pasted down4 ,each half sheet would burn three hours4 ,french slow match is made by soaking light twisted white rope in a solution of one pint of rain water1 and three quarters of an ounce of sugar of lead4 ,,parachute1 ,,light ,,ball 7,,boxer',s74 ,this light ball consists of a paper shell1 enclosing two tin hemispheres1 one containing the composition1 the other the parachute4 ,the shell is fired from a mortar1 having a fuze1 fixed in the usual manner1 which communicates with the bursting powder1 opens the shell1 and lights the composition in the hemisphere attached to the parachute1 which1 suspended in the air1 renders conspicuous the objects required to be illuminated4 ,composition4 lbs4 oz4 ,saltpetre1 ground #g #j ,sulphur1 sublimated #a #ab ,red orpiment #j #h ,,pendulums4 ,a ,pendulum is readily made with a musket ball1 and a piece of silk4 ,the length of a ,pendulum is measured from the centre of the ball to the end of the loop on which it swings4 #a ,seconds #ciad inches ,length of ,pendulums to vibrate ,seconds #ih 0 ,seconds #bde 0 ,to find the length of a pendulum to make a given number of vibrations4 ,rule4--,as the square of the given number of vibrations is to the square of #fj1 so is the length of the standard 7#ciad length for one second7 to the length sought4 ,or1 multiply #ciad by the square of the time required for the ,pendulum to vibrate--viz41 by the square of 1 for second2 and by the square of #b #d for two seconds4 ,to find the number of vibrations1 the length of pendulum being given4 ,rule4--,multiply #fj seconds by the square root of #ciad1 divided by the length of the given pendulum4 ,or say1 ,as the given length is to the standard length1 so is the square of #fj 7its vibrations per minute7 to the square of the number required4 ,,portfires4 ,portfires are of four different natures--viz41 ,common portfires1 ,percussion portfires1 ,miners' portfires1 and ,slow portfires4 ,a common portfire is #af inches long1 and will burn #ae minutes4 ,composition4 lb4 ,brimstone1 sublimed #b ,powder1 cylinder mealed #a ,saltpetre1 pulverized #f ,,portfires1 ,,percussion4 ,composition4 ,brimstone1 sublimed #d ,powder1 cylinder mealed #a ,saltpetre1 pulverized #h ,the percussion priming is added to these portfires at the stations where they are used 7principally for the ,coast ,guard71 and is simply a small glass globule1 containing sulphuric acid4 ,this is embedded in loose composition1 which ignites on the globule being broken4 ,a percussion portfire will burn #e minutes4 ,,portfires1 ,,miners4 ,composition4 lb4 oz4 ,saltpetre1 pulverized #j #h ,sulphur1 sublimed #j #h ,powder1 cylinder mealed #a #j ,,portfires1 ,,slow4 ,the paper1 which is called blue sugar-loaf paper1 is wetted by dissolving #ab ounces of saltpetre in one gallon of water1 wetting each sheet separately on both sides with a brush1 one side being dried before the other is made wet4 ,slow portfires burn from three to four hours4 ,portfires were made during the ,siege of ,gibraltar in the following manner3 ,two ounces of nitre were dissolved in a gallon of water1 and sheets of soft brown paper dipped in the solution2 these1 when dry1 were rolled up to about the size of common portfires4 ,portfires may be made by boiling square rods of lime1 birch1 or poplar1 in a solution of nitrate of lead for six hours 7a quart of water to every pound of the nitrate72 the matches are then dried1 and afterwards boiled in spirits of turpentine2 they are then wiped and dried4 ,a yard of this match will burn three hours4 ,,coast ,,guard ,,portfires4 ,composition4 ,saltpetre #h lb4 ,sulphur #d lb4 ,cylinder mealed powder #a lb4 ,,quoins4 ,nature4 ,length4 ,width4 ,thickness4 ft4 in4 inches4 inches4 #db ,pr4 #b #c #ajge #fge #cb 0 #b #c #ajge #fge #bd 0 #b #i #ie #fge #ah 0 #b #i #ie #fge #ab 0 #a #aa #ibe #fbe #i 0 #a #aa #iae #f ,,rockets4 ,there are two descriptions of ,rockets3-- #ast4--,signal ,rockets4 #bnd4--,congreve ,rockets4 7,vide ,,part ,,vi47 ,,signal ,,rockets4 ,signal rockets are of two natures--viz41 #a lb4 and lb4 ,rockets4 ,they are fired from a tube1 the ignition being effected by means of a percussion tube4 ,composition4 lb4 ,saltpetre1 pulverized #d ,sulphur1 sublimed #a ,dog-wood charcoal #a ,composition for ,stars of ,rockets4 lb4 ,saltpetre1 pulverized #h ,antimony1 pounded #b ,cylinder mealed powder #a ,sulphur1 sublimed #b ,isinglass #c oz4 #h drs4 ,vinegar #a quart4 ,spirits of ,wine #a pint4 ,the head of a #a lb4 rocket contains #cf stars1 and that of the lb4 rocket #bd stars4 ,,shells4 ,shells are hollow iron ,shot1 and are of various descriptions1 viz43-- #ast4--,the ,common shell1 with one fuze hole1 used in the attack and defence of fortresses1 c41 against shipping1 and troops4 #bnd4--,the ,carcass1 which has three fuze holes1 is filled with burning composition1 and is used to set fire to towns1 c4 #crd4--,the ,compound-shot1 which is filled with lead to increase the impetus of the shot1 and the extent of the range4 #dth4--,the ,shrapnell shell1 which is very destructive when used against bodies of ,cavalry or ,infantry1 as it produces the same effect as common ,case or ,canister shot from guns or howitzers1 but at a much greater range4#aa ,diameter and thickness of each ,shell now in the ,service4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,nature of ,shell4 ,mean ,thickness4 ,bursting ,diameter4 ,powder4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- inches4 inches4 lb4 oz4 dr4 #ac ,inch #abhd #badf #f #h #aj 0 #ihd #afdf #e #h ,,common #h 0 #ghf #aci #b #d #e 0 #eeie #jicf #j #aj #d 0 #dded #jgdf #j #e #cb ,pr4 #fagg #ajcd #a #j #aj ,inch #ihe #ace #e #h ,,naval #h 0 #gibe #ace #b #d #cb ,pr4 #fagg #ajcd #a #j #h ,inch #ghf #jhb #aj #cb ,pr4 #fagg #jfd #f #bd 0 #eeie #jeh #c ,,shrapnell #ah 0 #ejii #jec ,,diaphragm #ab 0 #dded #jdgg #a #ab #i 0 #djh #jda #a #h #f 0 #cee #jcef #j #j #ab ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,all shells are now issued in the ,field ,service1 loaded1 and secured with a metal plug4 ,,shot1 ,,case ,,or ,,canister4 ,the common ,case or ,canister shot consists of a number of balls packed in tin canisters of a cylindrical form3 the balls being of different weights according to the size of the gun4 ,for field service the balls are counted into the case1 and laid in tiers1 but for other purposes they are loosely thrown in till the case is filled4 ,the top being soldered on1 the bottom of the tin case is nailed on to the wooden bottom1 and the heads of the nails are soldered4 ,these shot should seldom be used at a greater distance than #cjj yards1 and even at that range they scatter so much as to be nearly unserviceable2 but at from #ajj to #bjj yards they are very destructive4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,shot1 ,,common ,,case1 ,,or ,,canister4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,nature of ,ordnance4 ,weight ,number in ,weight of of ball4 each case4 case filled4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- lb4 oz4 lb4 oz4 dr4 ,,iron ,,guns4 #aj ,inch99 #a #cd #hb #g #ac #ej #h ,inch99 #h #ij #dh #ab #h ,inch99 #h #ij #dh #ab #fh ,pr499 #h #ij #ej #d #ef ,pr499 #a #ej #eb #aa #db ,pr4 #h #he #de #ae #cb ,pr4 #h #ff #cd #ac #bd ,pr4 #h #df #aj #g #ah ,pr4 #f #df #aj #g #ab ,pr4 #d #df #ab #b #i ,pr4 #c #dd #i #aa #f ,pr4 #b #dj #e #aj #c ,pr4 #a #cd #c #i #h ,,brass ,,guns4 #ab ,pr4 #b #abf #ag #d #f #da #af #ad #i ,pr4 #a #abf #ab #ae #e #da #ac #b #h #f ,pr4 #a #he #h #ac #c #da #h #ae #h #c ,pr4 #a #da #d #c #h ,,howitzers4 #aj ,inch99 #h #agj #he #f #h ,inch99 #b #beh #ce #ae #h #e ,inch #b #ajj #ad #aa #h #d ,inch #b #ee #g #ad #h #bd ,pr499 #b #adj #ai #j #h #ab ,pr499 #b #hd #aa #i ,,carronades4 #fh ,pr4 #h #ij #dg #e #h #db ,pr4 #h #ff #cc #aa #cb ,pr4 #h #dj #bj #ac #bd ,pr4 #h #cb #af #ab #h #ah ,pr4 #f #ca #ab #ad #ab ,pr4 #d #cb #h #c #h #i ,pr4 #c #cj #f #g #h #f ,pr4 #b #cj #d #i ---------------------------------------- --------------------- 99 ,iron ,tampeon4 ,wood ,tampeon4 ,tier ,shot4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,shot1 ,,grape4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,nature of ,ordnance4 ,weight ,number in ,weight of of ball4 each case4 ,grapeshot4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- lb4 oz4 lb4 oz4 dr4 ,,guns4 #aj ,inch #c #bd #ha ,shot ,quilted4 #fh ,pr4 #c #ae #ej #g #h ,inch #ef ,pr4 #d #ab #ef #ad #db ,pr4 #d #i #da #f #cb ,pr4 #c #i #bi #aa #bd ,pr4 #b #i #bj #aj #ah ,pr4 #a #h #i #af #ab #ab ,pr4 #a #i #aa #b #i ,pr4 #ac #i #h #ab #f ,pr4 #h #i #h #g #c ,pr4 #h #i #b #i ,,carronades4 #fh ,pr4 #c #ae #eb #h ,tin ,case ,shot4 #db ,pr4 #d #i #cg #ae #cb ,pr4 #c #i #cj #f #bd ,pr4 #b #i #bj #i #ah ,pr4 #a #h #i #ae #aj #ab ,pr4 #a #i #aa #j #h #i ,pr4 #ac #i #i #a #f ,pr4 #h #i #e #b ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,wood ,tampeon4 ,,stool ,,beds4 ,,nature4 ,,beds4 ,,blocks4 ,length4 ,breadth4 ,thickness4 ,length4 ,breadth4 ,depth4 ft4 in4 in4 ft4 in4 in4 in4 #db ,pr4 #bia #aa #de #a #e #dge #i #cb 0 #bia #aj #dbe #a #e #dge #i #bd 0 #bhc #aj #dbe #a #d #de #h #ah 0 #bhe #ie #dbe #a #c #de #h #ab 0 #bhe #ie #d #a #c #de #h #i 0 #bhe #ie #d #a #a #de #h ,,tubes4 ,tubes are of five different natures--viz41 ,common quill1 and ,dutch or ,paper tubes for exercise1 and ,detonating quill1 and ,brass tubes2 and ,friction tubes for service4 ,all tubes are gauged to two-tenths of an inch diameter4 ,the pipes for the ,quill tubes are #b inches long2 and the barrels of ,dutch tubes are #a inch in length4#ab ,composition for ,common tubes4 ,mealed powder1 mixed with spirits of wine into a stiff paste4 ,,detonating ,,tubes4 ,the quills of these tubes are cut to #b inches in length4 ,small1 or pigeon quills1 are also prepared for the arms to receive the detonating composition2 these are cut to of an inch in length2 and a small hole is bored in the centre to communicate the composition to the body of the tube4 ,the body of the tube is filled precisely in the same way as common tubes4 ,composition for the ,crosses1 or ,arms1 of ,detonating tubes4 grains4 ,chlorate of potassa #bcj ,antimony #bcj ,glass1 finely pounded #gc ,brass tubes1 common1 are #c inches long1 and the cups1 previous to being stamped1 are one inch in diameter4 ,they are filled similarly to common quill tubes4 ,,friction ,,tubes4 ,these tubes are of copper1 and are three inches in length4 ,the detonating composition is inserted in a tin arm1 into which is introduced and pressed down tight1 by the sides of the aim1 a piece of copper1 grooved2 with a small ring to receive the cord for firing the tube1 and gun4 ,,wadmiltilt4 ,length1 #ad ft4 #f in4 ,breadth1 #aa ft4 #f in4 ,weight1 #ej lb4 ,,wooden ,,bottoms4 ,they are riveted to shot for brass guns to prevent the bore being indented in front of the seat of the shot by the first impulse of the powder3 and to ,shells1 to keep the fuze in the centre of the bore4 ,,part ,,vi4 ,,field ,,battery ,,exercise4#ac ,,standing ,,drill4 ,section4 #a4 ,telling off the ,detachments4#ad ,section #b4 ,posts of the ,detachment4 ,art4 #a4--;,in ,action4 ,no4 #a4 ,at the handspike4 ,nos4 #b1 #c4 ,outside the wheels3 with ,howitzers rather in rear of the muzzle2 with ,guns in line with the front of the wheels4 ,nos4 #d1 #e4 ,in line with the breech4 ,no4 #f4 ,five yards in rear of the left wheel4 ,no4 #g4 ,in rear of the ,limber4 ,no4 #h4 ,ten yards in rear of ,no4 #f4 ,no4 #i4 ,four yards in rear of the ,limber4 ,art4 #b4--;,in ,order of ,march4 ,no4 #a4 ,on the off-side at the wheel horses' heads4 ,nos4 #b1 #c4 ,in line with the muzzle4 ,nos4 #d1 #e4 ,in line with the breech4 ,nos4 #f1 #g4 ,in line with the axletree of the ,limber4 ,nos4 #h1 #i4 ,in line with the splinter bar4 ,art4 #c4--;,in ,front4 ,in line1 ten yards in front of the leading horses4 ,art4 #d4--;,in ,rear4 ,in line1 two yards in rear of the muzzle of the ,gun4 ,art4 #e4--;,in line with the gun axletree1 one yard to the right or left of the wheel4 ,art4 #f4--,mounted4 ,no4 #a4 ,on the right4 ,on the ,gun limber4 ,no4 #f4 ,on the left4 ,no4 #c4 ,on the right4 ,on the ,waggon limber4 ,no4 #b4 ,on the left4 ,no4 #c4 ,on the right4 ,on the front of the ,waggon body4 ,no4 #b4 ,on the left4 ,no4 #g4 ,on the right4 ,on the rear of the ,waggon body4 ,no4 #h4 ,on the left4 ,when there are #i men1 ,no4 #i between ,nos4 #e and #d4 ,section #c4 ,change of ,position of ,detachments4 #a4 ,,form ,,the ,,order ,,of ,,march4 ,nos4 #a4 ,right face4 ,double march4 #b4 ,,form ,,the ,,order ,,of ,,march4 ,nos4 #a4 ,left face4 ,double march4 #c4 ,,detachments ,,rear4 ,nos4 #a4 ,right about face4 ,double march4 ,halt4 ,front4 #d4 ,,detachments ,,front4 ,nos4 #a4 ,double march4 ,halt4 #e4 ,,detachments ,,right4 ,nos4 #a4 ,right 7or left7 face4 ,double march1 front turn4 ,halt4 #f4 ,,detachments ,,rear4 ,nos4 #a4 ,right about face4 ,double march4 ,halt1 front4 #g4 ,,detachments ,,front4 ,nos4 #a4 ,double march4 ,halt4 ,front4 ,section #d4 ,detail of ,duties in the service of ,ordnance4 ,no4 #a ,commands1 and lays the ,gun4 ,no4 #b ,sponges4 ,no4 #c ,loads1 and serves ammunition4 ,no4 #d ,serves the vent1 and primes4 ,after the discharge he clears the vent with the drift1 previous to reloading4 ,no4 #e ,fires4#ae ,no4 #f ,serves ammunition4 ,no4 #g ,attends the ,limber1 and serves ammunition to ,no4 #h4 ,no4 #h ,assists ,no4 #g4 ,no4 #i ,attends the ammunition ,waggon4 99_/ ,,changing ,,round4 ,no4 #b becomes ,no4 #d4 ,no4 #d 0 ,no4 #i4 ,no4 #i 0 ,no4 #g4 ,no4 #g 0 ,no4 #h4 ,no4 #h 0 ,no4 #f4 ,no4 #f 0 ,no4 #a4 ,no4 #a 0 ,no4 #e4 ,no4 #e 0 ,no4 #c4 ,no4 #c 0 ,no4 #b4 ,exercise1 with ,reduced ,numbers4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,nos4 ,retained4 ,distribution of duties4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h -------------------------------------- #a1 #b #a1 #d1 #eb1 #c1 #f #a1 #b1 #c #d1 #e #b #c1 #f #a1 #b1 #c1 #d #a #b #c1 #f #d1 #e #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e #a #b #c1 #f #d #e #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f #a #b #c #d #e #f #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,distances ,,required for a ,battery of #f ,guns 7#d horses to each ,carriage74 ,in ,line1 from muzzle to muzzle #ae yards4 ,in ,column of ,route #agg 0 0 ,sub-divisions #hg 0 0 ,divisions #hg 0 0 ,half battery #gb 0 ,a ,gun1 or ,waggon1 with #d ,horses covers #aa yards of ground1 from front to rear4 ,for every additional pair of ,horses #d yards should be added4 ,a ,battery of #f ,guns1 when limbered up at full intervals1 occupies from ,right to left #gh yards4 ,front to rear #bf yards4 ,on each flank1 #bb additional yards should be allowed4 ,a battery of #f ,guns1 when unlimbered for ,action1 at full intervals1 occupies from ,right to left #gh yards4 ,front to rear #cg yards4 ,the space required for reversing a ,gun with #d ,horses is #i yards1 and for a ,waggon about #h yards4 ,illustration3 ,,elevation ,,of ,a #i ,p,r ,,brass ,,field ,,carriage4 ,,names ,,of ,,the ,,principal ,,parts ,,of ,a ,,field ,,gun ,,carriage4 ,a ,block1 or ,trail4 g ,portfire clipper4 ,b ,cheeks1 or ,brackets4 h ,locking plate4 ,c ,axletree4 i ,trail plate bolt4 ,d ,ogee4 k ,trail plate4 ,e ,trunnion holes4 l ,trail plate eye4 ,f ,wheel4 m ,chain eye bolt4 ,g ,felly4 n ,locking chain4 ,h ,spokes4 o ,breast1 or advancing chain4 ,i ,nave4 p ,trail handles4 ,j ,tire1 or ,streak4 q ,handspike shoe4 ,k ,rivets4 r ,handspike pin4 ,l ,tire1 or ,streak bolts4 s ,handspike ring4 a ,eye1 or ,capsquare bolts4 t ,axletree arms4 b ,capsquares4 u ,dragwashers4 c ,axletree bands4 v ,nave hoops4 d ,bracket bolts4 w ,elevating screw4 e ,transom bolts4 x ,handles of elevating screw4 f ,trunnion plates4 y ,elevating screw box4 ,illustration3 ,,plan ,,of ,a #i ,p,r ,,brass ,,field ,,carriage4 ,section #e4 ,method of performing the duties of serving ordnance4 ,section #f4 ,ranges4 ,section #g4 ,method of laying a piece of ordnance4 ,section #h4 ,limbering up4 ,,front 7,,rear1 ,,right1 ,,or ,,left7 ,,limber ,,up4 ,halt3 ,limber up4 ,section #i4 ,unlimbering1 or coming into action4 ,to the front1 rear1 right or left4 ,the reverse of limbering up4 ,section #aj4 ,moving with the ,prolonge4 ,,prepare ,,to ,,retreat ,,with ,,the ,,prolonge4 ,nos4 #a ,,the ,,battery ,,will ,,retire4 ,right about ,,halt4 face4 ,,unhook ,,prolonge4 ,front4 ,,prepare ,,to ,,advance ,,with ,,the ,,prolonge4 ,nos4 #c ,,action4 ,drive on4 ,section #aa4 ,mounting field ordnance1 with the materials belonging to the battery4 ,section #ab4 ,dismounting field ordnance1 with the materials belonging to the battery4 ,section #ac4 ,shifting shafts4 ,section #ad4 ,disengaging a shaft horse1 when he falls1 or is disabled in action4 ,section #ae4 ,changing wheels1 when the lifting jack is not at hand4 ,section #af4 ,shifting the medium #ab pounder4 ,section #ag4 ,to remove disabled field artillery4 ,section #ah4 ,exercise with ,drag-ropes4 #a4 ,a light #f pounder with its limber requires #ae men1 six of whom are told off entirely for the drag-ropes1 the other men at the gun also assisting in manning them3 ,no4 #i is always in the shafts1 and ,no4 #h at the point of the shaft1 near side4 ,a #i pounder requires additional men1 and a double set of drag-ropes4 #b4 ,the drag-rope men are numbered off from #aj upward4 ,nos4 #aj1 #ab1 #ad1 are with the left drag-rope2 #aa1 #ac1 #ae1 with the right2 #aj1 #aa1 carry the drag-ropes4 #c4 ,the gun being limbered up1 and the detachment and drag-rope men in the order of march1 at the word 8,,hook ,,on10 ,nos4 #h and #i get into their places2 #aj and #aa move outside the gun detachments to the rear1 and hook on to the gun drag-washers1 passing the end of the drag-ropes at once to the front4 ,the ,nos4 then man the drag-ropes as follows3--,nos4 #aj and #aa outside1 close to the drag-washer2 #b1 #ab1 #c1 and #ac the centre of the drag-rope2 #d1 #ad1 #e1 and #ae the front2 #f and #g the ends4 ,the gun detachments inside1 and the drag-rope men outside4 ,no4 #a at the point of the shafts1 off-side4 ,at the word 8,,unhook10 ,nos4 #aj and #aa unhook1 coil up the drag-ropes2 and the whole then form the order of march4 #d4 ,at the word 8,,action10 whether to the 8,,front10 8,,rear10 8,,right10 or 8,,left10 the drag-ropes are at once quitted2 ,nos4 #aj and #aa unhook1 and coil them up2 and the whole of the drag-rope men retire with the limber1 forming in front of it two deep1 as they were numbered off4 ,in limbering up1 the drag-rope men form the order of march1 and wait for the word to hook on4 ,,formation ,,of ,a ,,battery4 ,a battery of ,artillery is generally composed of six pieces of ordnance1 to which a ,company of ,artillery is attached4 ,the number of ammunition1 forge1 and store waggons varies according to the nature of the ordnance4 ,section #ai4 ,fitting of saddles1 bridles1 harness1 c4 ,section #bj4 ,harnessing4 ,section #ba4 ,carrying forage4 ,section #bb4 ,instruction for ,drivers4 ,section #bc4 ,parade1 and inspection4 ,the ,battery1 limbered up1 is told off by sub-divisions1 divisions1 and half batteries4 ,one gun and its waggon constitute a sub-division4 ,two sub-divisions 0 a division4 ,three sub-divisions 0 a half battery4 ,the battery is numbered from right to left by sub-divisions4 ,it is then told off into three divisions4 ,no4 #a the right2 ,no4 #b the centre2 ,no4 #c the left4 ,sub-divisions ,nos4 #a1 #c1 and #e are also distinguished as right sub-divisions of divisions2 and ,nos4 #b1 #d1 and #f the left2 the two centre sub-divisions are also to be named4 ,it is also told off into half batteries1 and these are distinguished by right1 centre1 and left sub-divisions of half batteries4 ,the gun of direction should always be named4 ,a flank gun is generally named with a battery of four guns1 and the right centre gun with a battery of six guns4 ,spare carriages1 with the battery1 form a third1 and1 if necessary1 a fourth line1 in rear4 ,the forge and store-waggon always in the centre1 and the ammunition waggons on the flanks1 covering those in the front line4 ,section #bd4 ,posts1 and duties of ,officers1 and mounted ,non-commissioned officers1 c41 at exercise4 ,second ,captain4 ,in line1 limbered up4--,one horse's length in rear of the centre4 ,in column4--,two horses' length from the centre on the reverse flank4 ,in action4--,he assists the ,captain in general superintendence4 ,he dresses all points of formation1 gives the word 8,steady10 when they have been correctly taken up1 and the formation completed4 ,when required he commands a division4 ,subalterns4 ,in line1 limbered up4--,the senior on the right of the right division2 the second on the left of the left division2 the junior on the right of the centre division4 ,in column of route4--,on the pivot flanks of their leading sub-divisions4 ,in column of divisions4--,on the pivot flanks of their respective divisions4 ,in column of half-batteries4--,the subaltern of the centre division1 on the pivot flank of the leading half battery4 ,the others continue on the same flank of their sub-divisions as when in line4 ,in action4--,between the guns of their divisions1 a little in rear4 ,they command the divisions to which they are attached1 dressing in line with1 and close to the leaders1 and always with the guns4 ,in shifting from one flank to the other4--,it is always along the front1 and at a canter2 and in joining the new sub-division1 the officer always turns his horse's head inwards4 ,staff ,serjeants4 ,in line1 limbered up4--,the senior on the right of the marker of the right division4 ,the junior on the left of the marker of the left division4 ,in column of route4--,one on the reverse flank of the leading gun2 the other on the pivot flank of the rear carriage4 ,in column of divisions4--,one between the guns of the leading1 the other between the guns of the rear division4 ,in column of half-batteries4--,on the reverse flank of the waggons of each half battery4 ,they take up points in changes of position4 ,in line formations1 #aj yards from the flank sub-divisions2 in column formations1 #aj yards in front and rear4 ,they dress the markers when there is no staff officer2 and the limbers and waggons in action4 ,markers4 ,in line1 limbered up4--,in line with the leaders of the waggons1 and covering their officers4 ,in column of route4--,with their leading waggons covering their officers4 7,without waggons1 covering their officers1 and in line with the centre horses of the gun47 ,in column of divisions1 and half-batteries4--,they cover their officers4 7,without waggons1 on the reverse flank of their divisions47 ,in action4--,those of the right1 and centre divisions on the right of the leaders of the limbers of their right sub-divisions4 ,the marker of the left division1 on the left of the leaders of the limber of the left sub-division4 ,they take up points in changes of position2 in line formations1 for the sub-division nearest the one of formation2 in column formations1 for the pivot sub-division4 ,farriers1 and ,artificers4 ,the farrier is generally attached to the forge2 but when the battery is limbered up he is in the centre1 in rear of the second captain4 ,the other artificers are told off in the gun detachments when not mounted4 ,trumpeters4 ,in line1 limbered up4--,on the right of the battery1 in line with it1 one horse's length distant4 ,in column4--,one horse's length in front4 ,during manuvres4--,one with the commander2 the other in rear of the battery4 ,,man,,uvres ,,of ,a ,,battery ,,of ,,six ,,pieces4 ,section #be4 ,,battery ,,in ,,line4 #a4 ,to advance4 ,commanding officer's word of command repeated by officers4 #af,,the ,,battery ,,will ,the officer1 and marker of the ,,advance--,,march4 sub-division of direction take up points4 #b4 ,to retire4 ,,right 7,,or ,,left7 ,,reverse--,,march4 #c4 ,to come into action4 ,,action ,,front4 ,senior staff-serjeants4--,left reverse4 #d4 ,to diminish 7or increase7 intervals on the march4 ,to diminish4 ,nos4 #a4 ,right 7or left7 half ,,half1 ,,or ,,quarter1 ,,intervals turn--,trot--,front turn--,trot--7except ,no4 #a ,,on--,,sub-,,division4 of the named sub-division74 ,to increase4 ,,full ,,intervals ,,on--,,sub-,,division4 #e4 ,to take ground to a flank4 ,,right 7,,or ,,left7 ,,take ,the officers shift to the pivot flank ,,ground-- of what will become their leading ,,march4 sub-divisions4 #f4 ,to make a half turn on the march4 ,,right 7,,or ,,left7 ,,half ,,turn--,,march4 #g4 ,to form ,column of divisions in rear of a flank4 ,,form ,,column ,,of ,,divisions ,,in ,centre division--,right ,,rear ,,of ,,the ,,right4 reverse--,march--,by the left--,left take ground--,halt--,dress4 ,,march4 ,left division--,right reverse--,march--,by the left--,left half turn--,left take ground--,halt--,dress4 ,,form ,,column ,,of ,,divisions ,,in ,centre division--,left ,,rear ,,of ,,the ,,left4 reverse--,march--,by the right--,right take ground--,right take ground--,halt--,dress4 ,,march4 ,right division--,left reverse--,march--,by the right--,right half turn--,right take ground--,halt--,dress4 #h4 ,to form ,column of divisions in front of a flank4 ,,form ,,column ,,of ,,divisions ,,in ,centre division--,forward--,march--,left ,,front ,,of take ground--,waggons close intervals--,right ,,the ,,left-- take ground--,halt--,dress4 ,,march4 ,right division--,forward--,march--,left half turn--,left half turn--,waggons close intervals--,right take ground--,halt--,dress4 ,,form ,,column ,,of ,,divisions ,centre division--,forward--,march--,right ,,in ,,front ,,of take ground--,waggons close intervals--,left ,,the ,,right-- take ground--,halt--,dress4 ,,march4 ,left division--,forward--,march--,right half turn--,right half turn--,waggons close intervals--,left take ground--,halt--,dress4 #i4 ,to form ,column of divisions on the centre division4 ,this manuvre is a combination of ,nos4 #g and #h4 #aj4 ,to change front to the rear4 ,first method4 ,by a countermarch4 ,,the ,,battery ,,will ,,change ,the officers shift to the pivot flank ,,front ,,to ,,the ,,rear--,,guns of their leading guns--viz41 to the left ,,right1 ,,waggons ,,left of #a1 #c1 and #e guns4 ,,take ,,ground--,,march-- ,,right ,,countermarch--,,front ,,turn--,,halt--,,dress4 ,second method4 ,on the centre4 ,,change ,,front ,,to ,,the ,,rear ,,on ,,centre ,,division--,,sub-,,divisions ,,inwards ,,the ,,centre--,,march4 about wheel--,march--,halt--,dress4 ,right division--,march--,left wheel--,left wheel--,halt--,dress4 ,left division--,march--,right wheel--,right wheel--,halt--,dress4 ,third method4 ,when at diminished intervals2 on the march4 ,,the ,,battery ,,will ,,change ,,front ,,to ,,the ,,rear2 ,,on ,,the ,,centre4 ,,left ,,half ,,battery--,,halt--,,half ,,batteries ,,inwards ,,about ,,wheel--,,forward4 #aa4 ,to change front to a flank4 ,first method4 ,right 7or left7 back1 on a flank sub-division4 ,nos4 #a4 ,,change ,,front ,,to ,,the ,,right #f4 ,left wheel--,left about ,,on ,,no4 #f4 ,,march4 wheel--,halt--,dress4 #e4 ,right reverse4 #d4 ,left shoulders4 #c4 ,right reverse4 #b4 ,halt--,dress4 #a4 ,nos4 #a4 ,,change ,,front ,,to ,,the ,,left #a4 ,right wheel--,right about ,,on ,,no4 #a4 ,,march4 wheel--,halt--,dress4 #b4 ,left reverse4 #c4 ,right shoulders4 #d4 ,left reverse4 #e4 ,halt4 #f4 ,dress4 ,for ,action4 ,,change ,,front ,,to ,,the ,,right1 ,,on ,,no4 #f1 ,the named sub-division ,,for ,,action4 ,,march 7,,or ,,change ,,front comes into action in the new ,,to ,,the ,,left ,,on ,,no4 #a1 ,,for ,,action4 direction2 the others ,,march74 proceed as before1 and come into action to the rear4 ,second method4 ,right 7or left7 forward1 on a flank sub-division4 ,nos4 #a4 ,,change ,,front ,,to ,,the ,,left ,,on #f4 ,right wheel--,right about ,,no4 #f4 ,,march4 wheel--,halt--,dress4 #e4 #d4 #c4 ,right shoulders4 #b4 ,halt--,dress4 #a4 ,nos4 #a4 ,,change ,,front ,,to ,,the ,,right #a4 ,left wheel--,left about ,,on ,no4 #a--,,march4 wheel--,halt--,dress4 #b4 #c4 ,left shoulders4 #d4 ,halt4 #e4 ,dress4 #f4 ,for ,action4 ,,change ,,front ,,to ,,the ,,right ,the named sub-division comes into ,,on ,,no4 #a ,,for ,,action-- action in the new direction2 the ,,march--7,,or ,,change ,,front others proceed as before1 and come ,,to ,,the ,,left ,,on ,,no4 #f1 ,,for into action to the front4 ,,action--,,march74 ,third method4 ,to the right 7or left7 on a central sub-division1 one flank thrown forward1 the other back4 ,this is a combination of the ,first and ,second methods4 ,note4--,a battery may change its front1 ,half right1 or ,half left1 on the same principle as already detailed4 ,the commanding officer's word would be 8,,change ,,front1 ,,half ,,right 7,,or ,,half ,,left7 ,,on--,,sub-,,division40 ,these manuvres can be executed on the same principle1 by divisions1 or half batteries4 ,a ,battery can also change front on a moveable pivot by a simple wheel4 #ab4 ,to advance from a flank1 in column4 ,,advance ,,from ,,the ,,right1 ,right division4 ,forward by the left4 ,,in ,,column ,,of ,march4 ,,divisions--,,march4 ,right take ground4 ,centre1 and left ,march--,left take divisions ground4 ,nos4 #a4 #b4 ,waggon right4 ,waggon rear4 #d4 ,,advance ,,from ,,the ,,left1 ,left division ,forward by the ,,in ,,column ,,of right--,march4 ,,divisions--,,march4 ,centre1 and right ,left take divisions ground--,march4 ,right take ground4 ,nos4 #a4 #e4 ,waggon left4 ,waggon rear4 #c4 #ac4 ,to advance from the centre1 in double column of sub-divisions4 ,,advance ,,from ,,the ,,centre1 ,centre division--,forward4--,trot--,march4 ,,in ,a ,,double ,,column ,,of ,right division--,left take ground--,march4 ,,sub-,,divisions--,,march4 ,left division--,right take ground--,march4 ,nos4 #a4 #b4 ,right take ground--,trot4 #a4 ,right take ground4 #e4 ,left take ground--,trot4 #f4 ,left take ground4 #ad4 ,to move from a flank along the front in a column of divisions4 ,,move ,,from ,,the ,,right1 ,,along ,forward--,march4 ,,the ,,front1 ,,in ,,column ,,of ,left wheel4 ,,divisions4 ,,march4 ,note4--,to advance from the left1 along the front1 is done in the same manner4 #ae4 ,to advance from a flank1 in echellon of sub-divisions4 ,,advance ,,from ,,the ,,right1 ,,in ,,echellon ,,of ,,sub-,,divisions--,,march4 ,advancing from the ,left is done on the same principle4 ,note4--,a ,battery in echellon of ,sub-divisions1 if required to change its front when in action1 can do so at the word 8,,action ,,left0 7,,or ,,right71 by merely throwing the trails round1 and bringing the guns into the new direction1 the limbers and waggons forming in rear of their guns4 #af4 ,to advance from a flank in echellon of divisions4 ,,advance ,,from ,,the ,,right1 ,the right division advances1 the centre ,,in ,,echellon ,,of moves off in succession1 when at its ,,divisions--,,march4 wheeling distance1 in rear of the leading one4 ,the left division follows in the same manner4 ,advancing from the ,left is done on the same principle4 ,note4--,a ,battery in echellon of ,divisions1 if required to change its front when in action1 does so as follows3-- ,,change ,,front ,,to ,,the ,,left1 ,nos4 #a4 ,,on ,,the ,,left ,,guns ,,of #b4 ,,divisions--,,march4 #d4 ,action left4 #f4 #a4 ,front limber up4 #c4 ,left wheel--,halt4 #e4 ,action front4 ,an echellon of ,half batteries is formed in the same manner as that of divisions2 the rear half battery must1 however1 keep its wheeling distance from the leading one4 ,when in action1 if the front is to be changed1 it is better to do it on a centre gun4 ,retirements in echellon1 are done on the same principle as the advance4 #ag4 ,to retire from a flank in column4 ,first ,method4 ,,right ,,division ,,to ,,the ,right division--,sub-divisions ,,rear--,,march4 inwards about wheel--,march4 ,centre and left divisions--,forward--,right wheel--,march--,right wheel4 ,to retire with the ,left division is done on the same principle4 ,second method4 ,,retire ,,from ,,the ,,right1 ,right division--,right reverse--,march4 ,,in ,,column ,,of ,centre1 and left divisions--,right ,,divisions--,,march4 take ground--,march--,right take ground4 ,nos4 #a4 #b4 ,gun left4 #d4 ,gun rear4 #ah4 ,to retire from the centre in a double column of sub-divisions4 ,in order to perform this manuvre1 the battery should be reversed1 and then 7with waggons leading7 it is performed in the same manner as the advance from the centre1 in a double column4 #ai4 ,to retire from a flank by alternate ,half batteries1 in action4 ,when a battery in line1 in action1 is ordered to retire from a flank by alternate ,half batteries1 the named half battery at once limbers up to the rear1 retires to its distance in echellon1 and comes into action4 ,as soon as this half battery is in action1 the other limbers up to the rear1 retires1 passes the half battery in action1 and so on4 ,the senior officer of each half battery gives the word of command4 ,note4--,this manuvre would generally be practised with the prolonge4 #bj4 ,to break into column to a flank4 ,,break ,,into ,,column ,,of ,nos4 #a4 ,,divisions ,,to ,,the #a4 ,right take ground4 ,,right4 ,,march4 #c4 ,guns front4 #e4 #b4 #d4 ,right wheel4 #f4 ,breaking into ,column to the ,left can be done on the same principle4 ,a ,column of ,half batteries can be formed in the same manner2 the pivot sub-divisions wheeling as before1 but the others after taking ground1 must incline away to gain their required intervals4 ,note4--,this movement would generally be employed in breaking into column from line1 to march past with other troops2 and with half batteries it would be done at reduced intervals4 #ba4 ,to increase1 and diminish the front4 ,first method4 ,from ,column of route1 to form ,column of divisions1 on the march4 ,column1 right in front4 ,,form ,,column ,,of ,,divisions4 ,right division--,forward by the left4 ,centre and left divisions4--,forward by the left4 ,trot--,walk4 ,nos4 #a4 #b4 #d4 ,left half turn--,trot--,front turn4 #f4 ,column1 left in front4 ,,form ,,column ,,of ,,divisions4 ,left division--,forward by the right4 ,centre and right divisions4--,forward by the right--,trot--,walk4 ,nos4 #a4 #e4 #c4 ,right half turn--,trot4 #a4 ,front turn4 ,second method4 ,from ,column of route1 to form ,column of divisions1 in succession4 ,column1 right in front4 ,,in ,,succession ,,form ,nos4 #a4 ,,column ,,of ,,divisions4 #a4 #c4 ,halt4 #e4 #b4 ,left half turn4 #d4 ,front turn4 #f4 ,halt--,dress4 ,column1 left in front4 ,,in ,,succession ,,form ,nos4 #a4 ,,column ,,of ,,divisions4 #f4 #d4 ,halt4 #b4 #e4 ,right half turn4 #c4 ,front turn4 #a4 ,halt--,dress4 ,third method4 ,from ,column of divisions1 to form ,column of route1 on the march4 ,column right in front4 ,,form ,,column ,,of ,,route4 ,centre and left divisions--,halt4 ,nos4 #a4 #a4 ,forward4 #c4 ,forward--,march4 #e4 #b4 ,halt--,right half turn--,march4 #d4 ,front turn4 #f4 ,column left in front4 ,,form ,,column ,,of ,,route4 ,centre and right divisions--,halt4 ,nos4 #a4 #f4 ,forward4 #d4 ,forward--,march4 #b4 #e4 ,halt--,left half turn4 #c4 ,march--,front turn4 #a4 #bb4 ,to bring the ,rear to the front1 in succession1 on the march4 ,first method4 ,in ,column of route4 ,,rear ,,sub-,,division ,,to ,nos4 #a4 ,,the ,,front4 #f4 #e4 #d4 ,in succession ,right half turn4 #c4 ,front turn4 #b4 ,second method4 ,in ,column of divisions4 ,,rear ,,division ,,to ,,the ,,front ,centre and rear divisions in succession4 ,,through ,,the ,,intervals4 ,inwards close--,forward--,full intervals4 #bc4 ,to form ,line on the leading division4 ,divisions right in front4 ,,left ,,of ,,the ,,front ,,form ,centre division--,left take ,,line--,,march4 ground--,march--,right take ground--,halt--,dress4 ,left division--,left take ground--,march--,right half turn--,right half turn--,halt--,dress4 ,divisions left in front4 ,,right ,,of ,,the ,,front ,,form ,centre division--,right take ,,line--,,march4 ground--,march--,left take ground--,halt--,dress4 ,right division--,right take ground--,march--,left half turn--,left half turn--,halt--,dress4 ,on the ,march4 ,the centre and rear divisions make a half turn towards the intended line1 and come up at an increased pace4 ,for ,action4 ,,right 7,,or ,,left7 ,,of ,,the ,halt--,action front4 ,,front ,,form ,,line ,,for ,,action--,,march4 #bd4 ,to form ,line on the rear division4 ,divisions right in front4 ,,right ,,of ,,the ,,rear ,,form ,centre division--,right take ,,line--,,march4 ground--,march--,right take ground--,right reverse--,halt--,dress4 ,right division--,right take ground--,march--,right half turn--,right half turn--,right reverse--,halt--,dress4 ,divisions left in front4 ,,left ,,of ,,the ,,rear ,,form ,centre division--,left take ,,line--,,march4 ground--,march--,left take ground--,left reverse--,halt--,dress4 ,left division--,left take ground--,march--,left half turn--,left half turn--,left reverse--,halt--,dress4 ,for ,action4 ,,right 7,,or ,,left7 ,,of ,,the ,the standing division comes into action ,,rear1 ,,form ,,line ,,for to the front3 the others1 as they arrive ,,action1 ,,front--,,march4 in line1 come into action to the rear4 #be4 ,to form ,line on the centre division4 ,this manuvre is a combination of ,nos4 #bc and #bd4 #bf4 ,to form ,line to the rear on the leading division4 ,divisions right in front4 ,,form ,,line ,,to ,,the ,,rear1 ,right division--,sub-divisions inwards ,,on ,,the ,,leading about wheel--,march--,halt--,dress4 ,,division--,,march4 ,centre division--,right take ground--,march--,left take ground--,sub-divisions inwards about wheel--,halt--,dress4 ,left division--,right take ground--,march--,left half turn--,left half turn--,sub-divisions inwards about wheel--,halt--,dress4 ,divisions left in front4 ,,form ,,line ,,to ,,the ,,rear1 ,left division--,sub-divisions inwards ,,on ,,the ,,leading about wheel--,march--,halt--,dress4 ,,division--,,march4 ,centre division--,left take ground--,march--,right take ground--,sub-divisions inwards about wheel--,halt--,dress4 ,right division--,left take ground--,march--,right half turn--,right half turn--,sub-divisions inwards about wheel--,halt--,dress4 #bg4 ,to form ,line to the rear of the rear division4 ,divisions right in front4 ,,form ,,line ,,to ,,the ,,rear1 ,right division--,left ,,on ,,the ,,rear wheel--,march--,right shoulders--,right ,,division--,,march4 shoulders--,halt--,dress4 ,centre division--,left wheel--,march--,left wheel--,halt--,dress4 ,left division--,sub-divisions inwards about wheel--,march--,halt--,dress4 ,divisions left in front4 ,,form ,,line ,,to ,,the ,,rear1 ,left division--,right wheel--,march--,left ,,on ,,the ,,rear shoulders--,left shoulders--,halt--,dress4 ,,division--,,march4 ,centre division--,right wheel--,march--,right wheel--,halt--,dress4 ,right division--,sub-divisions inwards about wheel--,march--,halt--,dress4 #bh4 ,to form ,line to the rear on the centre division4 ,this is a combination of ,nos4 #bf and #bg4 #bi4 ,to form ,line to the reverse flank on the leading division4 ,divisions right in front4 ,,form ,,line ,,to ,,the ,,right ,right division--,right ,,flank ,,on ,,the ,,leading wheel--,march--,halt--,dress4 ,,division--,,march4 ,centre1 and left divisions--,left half turn--,march--,front turn--,right wheel--,halt--,dress4 ,divisions left in front4 ,,form ,,line ,,to ,,the ,,left ,left division--,left ,,flank ,,on ,,the ,,leading wheel--,march--,halt--,dress4 ,,division--,,march4 ,centre1 and right divisions--,right half turn--,march--,front turn--,left wheel--,halt--,dress4 #cj4 ,to wheel into ,line4 ,divisions right in front4 ,,left ,,wheel ,,into ,nos4 #a4 ,,line--,,march4 #a4 ,sub-divisions1 left #c4 wheel--,halt--,dress4 #e4 #b4 ,sub-divisions1 right wheel--,right #d4 about wheel--,halt--,dress4 #f4 ,divisions left in front4 ,,right ,,wheel ,,into ,nos4 #a4 ,,line--,,march4 #b4 ,right wheel4 #d4 ,halt--,dress4 #f4 #a4 ,left wheel--,left about wheel4 #c4 ,halt--,dress4 #e4 #ca4 ,to deploy on the rear division4 ,note4--,all deployments are on the front base4 ,divisions right in front4 ,,deploy ,,on ,,the ,,rear ,right division--,right take ,,division--,,march4 ground--,march--,right take ground--,right reverse--,halt--,dress4 ,centre division--,right take ground--,march--,left take ground--,halt--,march--,halt--,dress4 ,left ,division--,forward--,march--,trot-- ,halt--,dress4 ,divisions left in front4 ,,deploy ,,on ,,the ,,rear ,left division--,left take ,,division--,,march4 ground--,march--,left take ground--,left reverse--,halt--,dress4 ,centre division--,left take ground--,march--,right take ground--,halt--,march--,halt--,dress4 ,right division--,forward--,trot--,march-- ,halt--,dress4 ,for ,action4 ,,deploy ,,on ,,the ,,rear ,the ,divisions all proceed ,,division1 ,,for ,,action as before1 except that the ,,front--,,march4 leading division1 instead of going to the rear and reversing1 comes into action to the right1 or left1 when in its place2 the other divisions come into action to the front4 #cb4 ,to deploy on the ,centre division4 ,,deploy ,,on ,,the ,,centre ,right division--,right take ,,division--,,march4 ground--,march--,right take ground--,right reverse--,halt--,dress4 ,centre division--,forward--,trot--,march-- ,halt--,dress4 ,left division--,left take ground--,march--,right take ground--,halt--,dress4 #cc4 ,to countermarch4 ,,the ,,column ,,will ,the ,sub-divisions wheel about ,,countermarch--,,divisions inwards1 and halt on their markers4 ,,by ,,sub-,,divisions ,the officers moving up with their ,,inwards ,,about ,,sub-,,divisions4 ,,wheel--,,march--,,halt--,,dress4 ,on the ,march4--,the markers fall in rear of their officers4 #cd4 ,from ,double column of sub-divisions to form ,line to the front4 ,,right ,,and ,,left ,,of ,,the ,nos4 #a4 ,,front1 ,,form ,,line--,,march4 #b4 ,right half turn--,front turn4 #a4 ,halt--,dress4 #e4 ,left half turn--,front turn4 #f4 ,halt--,dress4 ,on the ,march4--,the rear sub-divisions move up at an increased pace4 ,for ,action4--,at the word 8,,march10 the two leading sub-divisions come into action to the front3 the other sub-divisions come into action in succession as they arrive in line4 #ce4 ,from ,double column of sub-divisions1 to form line to a flank4 ,,form ,,line ,,to ,,the ,,right1 ,nos4 #a4 ,,on ,,the ,,right ,,half #c4 ,right wheel--,halt--,dress4 ,,battery--,,march4 #b4 ,forward--,right wheel4 #a4 ,halt--,dress4 #d4 ,forward--,right wheel4 #e4 ,halt--,dress4 #f4 ,to form ,line to the left is done on the same principle4 ,,inspection1 ,,and ,,review4 ,a single ,battery4 ,the ,battery is formed in line limbered up2 the detachments in the order of march4 ,the waggons at order--viz41 ten yards in rear of their guns4 ,the ,officers at order--viz41 the ,subalterns one horse's length in front of1 and in the centre of their divisions4 ,the second ,captain on the right of the battery1 in line with the ,subalterns4 ,the ,staff serjeants on the outer flanks of the waggons4 ,the ,markers move up into the places of their officers4 ,the ,commanding officer in the centre of the battery1 one horse's length in front of the ,subalterns4 ,as the ,inspecting ,officer arrives1 the ,officers draw swords and salute2 taking the time from the ,commanding officer1 whose word of command is 8,,general ,,salute1 ,,draw ,,swords40 ,the officers then recover their swords in like manner4 ,as soon as the inspection has been made1 the ,commanding officer gives the word1 8,,take ,,close ,,order--,,march10 when the officers and markers return to their places in line1 the officers sloping their swords2 and the waggons move up4 ,marching past4 ,this may be done either by ,divisions1 or by ,half batteries2 in the latter case usually at half intervals4 ,,the ,,battery ,,will ,,march ,,past4 ,,break ,,into ,,column ,,of ,,divisions 7,,or ,,half ,,batteries ,,at ,,half ,,intervals7 ,,to ,,the ,,right--,,march4 ,at thirty yards from the ,inspecting officer1 the ,subaltern officers in command of divisions1 or half batteries1 give the word1 8,,take ,,order--,,eyes ,,right10 and move out one horse's length in the front of1 and in the centre of their divisions4 ,in ,half batteries1 the two officers of the leading half battery between the guns of it2 the officer of the rear half battery in front of his centre gun4 ,the ,commanding ,officer two horses' length in front of the battery1 and the ,second ,captain in rear of the battery4 ,the officers salute at six yards distance from the ,inspecting officer1 and recover their swords at ten yards past him4 ,at twenty yards past1 the ,subaltern officers in command of divisions 7or half batteries7 give the word1 8,,take ,,close ,,order40 ,in trotting past the detachments are mounted2 the officers remain on the flanks1 and carry swords as they pass the ,inspecting officer1 giving the word1 8,,eyes ,,right40 ,should a battery be required to rank past1 it wheels as before1 until it arrives on the line of the ,inspecting officer1 when it halts4 ,,the ,,battery ,,will ,,rank ,,past--,,march4 ,the battery advances in a column of route1 the officers in front of the guns1 the markers1 staff-serjeants1 and farrier in front of the waggons4 ,the officers and drivers salute1 as before4 ,the spare carriages in rear of the divisions to which they belong3 the second ,captain in rear of the whole4 ,,equipment ,,of ,a ,,battery4 ,sec4 #cb4 ,packing the ,intrenching tools1 ,camp equipage1 c41 c4 #a4--;,in equipping a battery for the march1 the stores1 intrenching tools1 camp equipage1 c41 are packed as follows3-- ,on gun limber4 ,two carbines on the front of the boxes1 barrels up4 ,two fitting ropes on the foot board4 ,one swingletree between the foot board and the splinter bar4 ,one felling axe on the splinter bar1 edge inwards4 ,one bill-hook under the foot board4 ,two spades on the sides of the boxes1 and fastened to the splinter bar4 ,one grease tin on the front of the axletree4 ,one pickaxe under the axletree4 ,one prolonge between the boxes1 above the washer box4 ,two water buckets on the back of the axletree4 ,two corn sacks2 two blankets folded 7#ba inches by #af71 on the box lids1 the blankets uppermost4 ,on gun carriage4 ,one claw hammer ,on each cheek4 ,one wrench hammer ,one pair of pinchers on the cheek4 ,one spare sponge1 wadhook1 and handspike1 under the trail4 ,two camp kettles in rear of axletree4 ,the whole of these stores1 c41 are buckled on by ,nos4 #a1 and #f4 ,on waggon limber4 ,one picket line on the foot board4 ,one lifting jack on the foot board4 ,one grease tin on the front of the axletree4 ,two corn sacks1 two blankets folded1 on the box lids4 ,these stores are buckled on by ,nos4 #d1 and #e4 ,on waggon body4 ,four picket posts1 two on each side of the boxes4 ,one maul under off end of rear foot board4 ,spare horse-shoe box1 under the front foot board4 ,grease magazine under near end of rear foot board4 ,four blankets on the box lids4 ,one camp kettle on the rear of the axletree4 ,these stores are buckled on by ,nos4 #b1 #c1 #g1 and #h4 #ah ,,pounder ,,gun4 ,,limber4 ,,near ,,box4 ,,off ,,box4 --------------------------------- -------------------------------- #c solid shot1 #f solid shot4 #c solid shot1 under4 under4 #c common #ab #f lb4 #c common case1 over4 #f shrapnell4 case1 over4 #a auger4 #f #flb4cartridges4 #a hammer4 #a corkscrew4 #f #d #f portfires on #a set irons #a clipper #f #e oz4 bursters4 slow match lid4 priming4 portfire4 #b fuze boxes4 #a lock4 #b files4 #b fuze bags4 #a powder #a funnel4 #bd fuzes in four horn4 #a knife4 bundles4 #a punch4 #a mallet4 #a powder horn4 #b common #a pincers4 quick match4 spikes4 #a rasp4 needles4 #a spike- #a saw4 worsted4 spring4 #a scissors4 #f portfires on #b setters4 #a saw4 lid4 #a shrapnell scraper4 --------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,middle ,,box4 ------------ #d couples4 #b linchpins4 #b washers4 ------------ ----------- ,,fore ,,box4 #aj sets of horse-shoes4 #aj sets of horse-shoes4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #f shrapnell in two tiers4 #ab solid shot4 #bd fuzes in four bundles4 #ab #f lb4 cartridges4 #ajj tubes4 #e #d lb4 #a spunge4 #f #e oz4 bursters4 #a rammer head4 #a skein slow match4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,,hind ,,box4 ---------------------------------------- ------ #ab solid shot4 #ah #f lb4 cartridges4 #b tube boxes4 #b thumb-stalls4 #b portfire sticks4 #f solid shot in two #a skein slow match4 tiers4 #a ditto ,hambro' line4 #a ditto marline4 #ej cartridges flannel1 empty4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,grease magazine4 #aj sets of horse-shoes4 #ab ,,pounder ,,medium ,,gun4 ,,limber4 ,,near ,,box4 ,,middle ,,box4 ,,off ,,box4 ------------------------ -------------------- -------------------- #i #d lb4 cartridges4 #b fuze bags1 #f in each4 #f shrapnell shells4 #i #d lb4 cartridges4 ,quick match4 #f #d lb4 cartridges4 #e portfires #f #d oz4 bursters4 #g portfires on lid4 ,on lid4 ,quick match4 #a saw ------------------------ ------------------- -------------------- #c common case4 #c common case4 #a set irons priming4 #b fuze boxes1 #f in #a punch4 each4 #ajj tubes2 #a tube pocket4 ------------------------ -------------------- #f solid shot1 in #b tiers4 #f solid shot1 in #a auger1 #a corkscrew1 two tiers4 #b files1 #a funnel1 #a #a hammer4 knife1 #a mallet1 #b #a tin primer4 needles1 #a pincers1 #a #a skein1 slow scissors1 #a setter1 #a match4 oz4 worsted4 ------------------------ -------------------- #b portfire sticks on trail4 ,,off ,,axletree ,,box4 ,,near ,,axletree ,,box4 ------------------- -------------------- #a washer4 #a linchpin4 ,slow match4 #b covers4 --------------------- #a gun lock4 #a set irons #aj flints4 ,slow priming4 #b couples4 match4 #b th4 stalls4 #a tin primer4 #b punches4 #b spikes com4 #a do4 sprg4 ------------------- -------------------- 99_/ ,,medium #ab ,,pounder ,,ammunition ,,waggon4 ,,limber4 ,,near ,,box4 ,,off ,,box4 ---------------------------- ---------------------------- #f solid shot4 #f solid shot4 #d shrapnell4 #h #d lb4 #h #d lb4 cartridges4 cartridges4 #dj fuzes1 in #f portfires1 #f portfires1 #d common #d bundles4 on lid4 on lid4 case4 -------------- #f shrapnell4 #a tube pocket4 #a sk4 ,hambro' line4 #h #d lb4 #ajj tubes4 #a skein of cartridges4 --------------- slow match4 #f solid shot4 #a sk4 #aj #doz4 marline4 bursters4 #h #d lb4 cartridges4 quick match4 ---------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,middle ,,box4 ------------- #b washers4 #b linchpins4 #b couples4 ------------ ,,fore ,,box4 #ae sets of horse-shoes4 #ae sets of horse-shoes4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #d solid shot1 under4 #h shrapnell4 #h solid shot4 #ab #d lb4 cartridges4 #d shrapnell1 over4 #ab #d lb4 cartridges4 #ab #doz4 bursters4 #dh fuzes1 in ,quick match 7#bd #a skein slow match4 #d bundles4 lengths74 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,hind ,,box4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #h solid shot4 #h solid shot4 #h solid shot1 in #b tiers4 #ab #d lb4 cartridges4 #ab #d lb4 cartridges4 #a spunge head4 #ej empty flannel cartridges4 #a rammer head4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #i ,,pounder ,,gun4 ,,limber4 ,,near ,,box4 ,,off ,,box4 --------------------------------- --------------------------- #d com4 case4 #f solid shot4 #f solid shot4 #d com4 case4 #a auger4 #a corkscrew4 #h #blb4 #h #blb4 #b files4 cartridges4 cartridges4 #a tube #a funnel4 pocket4 #b fuze boxes #f portfires ,on #f portfires1 #f in each4 #a saw lid4 on lid4 #a knife4 ------------------- #ajj tubes4 #a mallet4 #f shrapnell4 ,slow match4 #b needles4 #h #blb4 #a pincers4 cartridges4 -------------- #a tin #a saw set4 #f #coz4 #f solid shot4 primer4 #a scissors4 bursters4 #a setter4 ,quick match4 #h #blb4 #a oz4worsted4 #b fuze bags1 #f in cartridges4 #a hammer4 each4 --------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,middle ,,box4 ------------------ #a heavy washer4 #a light washer4 #a heavy linchpin4 #a light linchpin4 #b couples4 ------------------ #a rammer head4 ----------------- #b portfire sticks on trail4 ,,off ,,axletree ,,box4 ,,near ,,axletree ,,box4 ---------------------- -------------------------- #b covers4 ,slow match4 #a gun lock4 -------- #aj flints4 #a prim4 irons ,slow match1 #a set priming irons4 #b punches4 #c lb4 #b spikes4 #a do4 spring4 #a tin primer4 #a spunge hd4 #b th4 stalls4 ---------------------- -------------------------- #i ,,pounder ,,ammunition ,,waggon4 ,,limber4 ,,near ,,box4 ,,off ,,box4 -------------------------- ------------------------- #f solid shot4 #f solid shot4 #h #b lb4 #d common cartridges4 #h #b lb4 case4 #d common #f portfires1 cartridges4 case4 on lid4 ,,middle ,,box4 slow match4 ------------ #f portfires1 -------------- #a washer4 on lid4 #a tube #f shrapnell4 -------------- pocket4 #ej empty #h #b lb4 #a linchpin4 #f solid shot4 flannel cartridges4 cartridges4 #f #c oz4 #b couples4 #h #b lb4 bursters4 ------------ cartridges4 #ajj tubes4 #bd fuzes4 quick match4 slow match4 -------------------------- ----------- ------------------------- ,,fore ,,box4 #ae sets of horse-shoes4 #ae sets of horse-shoes4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #h shrapnell4 #h solid shot4 #af solid shot4 #ac #b lb4 cartridges4 #ad #b lb4 cartridges4 #i #c lb4 cartridges4 #h #c oz4 bursters4 #cb fuzes1 in #d quick match4 bundles4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,hind ,,box4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- #h solid shot4 #h solid shot4 #af solid shot1 #ad #b lb4 #ad #b lb4 in #b tiers4 cartridges4 cartridges4 #ej empty flannel cartridges4 #a skein marline4 #a ditto ,hambro' line4 slow match4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,light #f ,,pounder ,,gun4 ,,near ,,box4 ---------------------------------------- ------ #d com4 case4 #a auger4 #h solid shot4 #h shrapnell4 #a corkscrew4 #b files4 #i #a lb4 #a funnel4 #ac #a lb4 cartridges4 #b fuze boxes1 cartridges4 #h in each1 #h #b oz4 ,c4 and ,d4 bursters4 #a knife4 #a mallet4 #b fuze bags1 #b needles4 #h in each1 #a pincers4 ,e4 and #a #a saw set4 inch4 #a scissors4 #f portfires on #a setter4 #a saw lid4 ,quick match4 #a oz4 worsted4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,,off ,,box4 ------------------------------------ #h solid #h solid #d common shot4 shot4 case4 #aa #a lb4 #ac #a lb4 #a tin ,,middle ,,box4 cartridges4 cartridges4 primer4 ------------ #a washer4 #a tube #a linchpin4 #ajj tubes4 pocket4 #f portfires #b couples4 on lid4 ------------ ,slow match4 #a hammer4 #a rammer head4 ----------- ------------------------------------ ------------ #b portfire sticks on trail4 ,,off ,,axletree ,,box4 ,,near ,,axletree ,,box4 ------------------------ ----------------------------- #b covers4 #a com4 #a com4 #a com4 #aj flints4 case4 case4 case4 #a gunlock4 #a prim4 irons4 ,slow match1 ---------------------------------- #b punches4 #c lb4 #b spikes cm4 #c solid shot4 #a do4 spring4 #a spunge hd4 #b th4 stalls4 -------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,light #f ,,pounder ,,ammunition ,,waggon4 ,,limber4 ,,near ,,box4 ------------------------------------ #h shrapnell4 #h solid shot4 #aa #a lb4 #d common cartridges4 case1 #ab #a lb4 under4 cartridges4 #h #b oz4 bursters4 #d solid #cb fuzes1 in shot1 slow match4 #d bundles4 over4 quick match4 #f portfires1 on lid4 ------------------------------------ ,,off ,,box4 ------------------------------------- #h solid shot4 #h solid shot4 #d common #ab #a lb4 #ac #a lb4 case1 ,,middle ,,box4 cartridges4 cartridges4 under4 ------------ #a washer4 #d solid #a linchpin4 shot1 #ajj tubes4 over4 #b couples4 #f portfires1 ------------ slow match4 on lid4 ----------- ------------------------------------- --------------- ,,fore ,,box3 #ae sets of horse-shoes4 #ae sets of horse-shoes4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #aj shrapnell4 #ae solid shot4 #af #a lb4 cartridges4 #bj solid shot1 in #aj #b oz4 bursters4 #bg #a lb4 cartridges4 #b tiers4 #dj fuzes1 in #d bundles4 #ajj tubes4 #a tube pocket4 #ab #a lb4 cartridges4 quick match4 #f portfires4 #a skein marline4 slow match4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,hind ,,box4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #ae solid shot4 #aj solid shot4 #cj solid shot1 in #c tiers4 #bg #a lb4 cartridges4 #ah #a lb4 cartridges4 #e lb4 slow match4 #ajj empty flannel #a skein ,hambro' line4 cartridges4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #h ,,inch ,,howitzer4 ,,limber4 ,,near ,,box4 ,,off ,,box4 ------------------------- ---------------------------- #b shrapnell4 #b common shells1 in #a tier4 #f #d lb4 cartridges4 #f #d lb4 cartridges4 #f #ae oz4 bursters4 #f #a lb4 #ad oz4 bursters4 #fd shrapnell fuzes1 #b tube pockets4 in #d bundles4 ,,middle ,,box4 #b thumb-stalls4 #b fuze bags4 ------------ #ajj tubes4 #f fuze boxes4 #b couples4 #f portfires1 on lid4 #f portfires1 on lid4 ------------------------ #a linchpin4 --------------------------- #b common #b common #b shrapnell1#b shrapnell1 #a washer4 shells1 in shells1 in in #b tiers4 in #b tiers4 #b tiers4 #b tiers4 ------------ #a skein slow #ae common match4 fuzes4 ------------------------ ----------- --------------------------- ,,waggon ,,body4 ,,fore ,,box4 #aj sets of horse-shoes4 #aj sets of horse-shoes4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #a shrapnell1 #b shrapnell1 in under4 #b tiers4 #h #d lb4 cartridges4 #a common case1 over4 ------------------- #g #ae oz4 bursters4 ------------------- #b shrapnell1 in #b shrapnell1 in #bh shrapnell fuzes1 #b tiers4 #b tiers4 in #d bundles4 #a skein--match4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,hind ,,box4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a common shell1 under4 #b common shells1 #a common case1 #h #d lb4 cartridges4 in #b tiers4 over4 ------------------- #f #a lb4 #ad oz4 ------------------- #a common shell1 bursters4 under4 #b common shells1 #a common case1 #ej empty flannel in #b tiers4 over4 cartridges4 #a skein ,hambro' #a skein marline4 line4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #cb ,,pounder ,,howitzer4 ,,limber4 ,,near ,,box4 ,,off ,,box4 --------------------- --------------------- #b shrapnell4 #b common shells4 #b #c lb4 cartridges4 #b #c lb4 cartridges4 #b #g oz4 bursters4 #b #ab oz4 bursters4 ,,middle ,,box4 --------------------- ------------- --------------------- #b common #d shrapnell4 case4 #d common shells4 #d #c lb4 cartridges4 #b #c lb4 #d #c lb4 cartridges4 cartridges4 #d #g oz4 bursters4 ------------- #d #ab oz4 bursters4 --------------------- ------------ --------------------- #b portfire sticks on trail4 ,,off ,,axletree ,,box4 ,,near ,,axletree ,,box4 ----------------- ------------------ ,slow match4 -------------- ------------------ ----------------- ------------------ #cb-,,pounder ,,howitzer ,,ammunition ,,waggon4 ,,near ,,box4 --------------------------------------- #ab #c lb4 #d shrapnell4 #b shrapnell1 cartridges4 in #b tiers4 #aj #g oz4 #b common bursters4 case4 --------------------------------------- ,,off ,,box4 ------------------------------- #f common #ab #c lb4 #f common ,,middle ,,box4 shells1 cartridges4 shells1 --------- in #b in #b tiers4 #ab #ab oz4 tiers4 bursters4 -------- ------------------------------- ------ ,,fore ,,box4 #aj sets of horse-shoes4 #aj sets of horse-shoes4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #f shrapnell4 #c common shells4 #f shrapnell1 in #b tiers4 #i #c lb4 cartridges4 #f #c lb4 cartridges4 #ab #g oz4 bursters4 #c #ab oz4 bursters4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,hind ,,box4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #c common shells4 #f common shells4 #f common shells1 #f #c lb4 cartridges4 #i #c lb4 cartridges4 in #b tiers4 #f #ab oz4 bursters4 #i #ab oz4 bursters4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- grease magazine4 #aj sets of horse-shoes4 #bd-,,pounder ,,howitzer4 ,,limber4 ,,near ,,box4 ,,off ,,box4 ---------------------------- ------------------------- #ab #b lb4 cartridges2 #ab #ab #b lb4 cartridges2 #f oz4 bursters2 #a auger2 #a #h #aj oz4 bursters2 #aj corkscrew2 #a funnel2 #b fuze common fuzes2 #a pr4 boxes2 #b fuze bags1 #ab compasses2 #b files2 #a fuzes in each2 #ej empty rasp2 #a rule2 #a scraper2 flannel cartridges2 #a #a tube pocket2 #ajj knife2 #a mallet2 #b needles2 tubes2 #a tin primer4 #a pr4 pincers2 #a saw set2 #a ,,middle ,,box4 ------------------------- pr4 scissors2 #b setters2 #a ------------- #d common shells lower oz4 worsted2 quick match4 #b washers4 #b common case tier4 ---------------------------- #b linchpins4 #d common shells upper #ab shrapnell1 in #b tiers4 #b common case tier4 #b couples4 #f portfires ------------- #f portfires on lid4 #a saw on lid4 slow match4 #a hammer4 ---------------------------- ------------ ------------------------- #b portfire sticks on trail4 ,,off ,,axletree ,,box4 ,,near ,,axletree ,,box4 ---------------------- ------------------------ ,slow match4 ,slow match4 ------------------------ #a set priming irons2 #a set priming irons4 ---------------- #b covers2 #aj flints2 #a gunlock2 #b punches2 #a tin primer4 #a spring spike2 #b com4 spikes2 #b thumb-stalls4 ---------------------- ------------------------ #bd-,,pounder ,,howitzer ,,ammunition ,,waggon4 ,,limber4 ,,near ,,box4 ,,off ,,box4 -------------------------- -------------------------- #ab #b lb4 cartridges4 #ab #b lb4 cartridges4 #ab #f oz4 bursters4 #h #aj oz4 bursters4 #dh shrapnell fuzes1 in #d #aj common fuzes4 bundles4 ,,middle ,,box4 #a tube pocket4 #ajj tubes4 quick match4 ------------ -------------------------- #a washer4 #d common shells lower -------------------------- #a linchpin4 #b common case tier4 #b couples4 #d common shells upper #ab shrapnell1 in #b tiers4 ------------ #b common case tier4 #f portfires1 on lid4 #f portfires on lid4 slow match4 -------------------------- ----------- -------------------------- ,,fore ,,box4 #ae sets of horse-shoes4 #ae sets of horse-shoes4 ---------------------------------------- ----- #ah #b lb4 cartridges4 #ah #f oz4 #ah shrapnell in #b tiers4 bursters4 #gb shrapnell fuzes1 in #d #a skein of slow match4 bundles4 ,quick match4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,,hind ,,box4 ---------------------------------------- ------ #g common shells #b carcasses lower tier4 #i common shells1 upper tier4 #ah #b lb4 #a skein marline4 cartridges4 #a skein ,hambro' line4 #a spunge head4 #af #aj oz4 #a rammer head4 bursters4 #ej empty flannel cartridges4 #bj common fuzes4 ---------------------------------------- ------ #ab-,,pounder ,,howitzer4 ,,limber4 ,,near ,,box4 ------------------------------- #ab shrapnell1 #f shrapnell4 in #b tiers4 #ah #a lb4 #a auger4 cartridges4 #a corkscrew4 #ah #d oz4 #a funnel4 bursters4 #a knife4 #b fuze boxes4 #a mallet4 7,c and ,d71 #b needles4 #af in each4 #a pr4 pincers4 #b fuze bags1 #a saw set4 7,e and #a #a pr4 scissors4 inch17 #ah #b setters4 in each4 #a oz4 worsted4 quick match4 #gb fuzes4 #f portfires1 on lid4 ------------------------------- ,,off ,,box4 -------------------------------- #b common #ab common shells shells1 in #b #d common tiers4 case4 #a compasses4 #ah #a lb4 #ag common fuzes4 cartridges4 #b files4 #ad #e oz4 #a hammer4 ,,middle ,,box4 bursters4 #a rasp4 ------------- #a rule4 #a washer4 #a shell scraper4 #a linchpin4 #f portfires1 slow match4 #b couples4 on lid4 #a tin primer4 ------------- #a saw1 #ajj tubes4 on lid4 #a tube pocket4 ------------ -------------------------------- -------- #b portfire sticks on trail4 ,,off ,,axletree ,,box4 ,,near ,,axletree ,,box4 -------------------- ------------------------ #b covers4 #aj flints4 slow match4 #a gun lock4 #a set priming -------------- #a prim4 irons4 ,slow irons4 #b punches4 match4 #a tin primer4 #b com4 spikes4 #a spg4 spike4 #b thb4 stalls4 -------------------- ------------------------ #ab-,,pounder ,,howitzer ,,ammunition ,,waggon4 ,,limber4 ,,near ,,box4 ---------------------------- #ab shrapnell1 #f shrapnell4 in #b tiers4 #ah #a lb4 #gb fuzes1 in cartridges4 #d bundles4 #ah #d oz4 ,slow match4 bursters4 #f portfires1 quick match4 on lid4 ---------------------------- ,,off ,,box4 ----------------------------- #b common #ab common shells4 shells1 in #b ,,middle ,,box4 #d common tiers4 ------------- case4 #ag common #a washer4 #ah #a lb4 fuzes4 #a linchpin4 cartridges4 slow match4 #b couples4 #ad #d oz4 #a shell ------------- bursters4 scraper4 #f portfires4 #ajj tubes4 #a tube pocket4 ------------ ----------------------------- ----- ,,fore ,,box4 #ae sets of horse-shoes4 #ae sets of horse-shoes4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- #af shrapnell1 #bh #a #af shrapnell1 in #b tiers4 cartridges4 in #b tiers4 #h #a lb4 cartridges1 #cb #d oz4 #fd fuzes in #b over4 bursters4 bundles4 #fd fuzes in #b bundles4 quick match4 slow match4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,hind ,,box4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- #af common #d com4 shells shells1 in #bh #a lb4 #d carcasses under4 #b tiers4 cartridges4 #h common shells1 #cd common above4 fuzes4 #a skein ,hambro' line4 #ajj flannel #bh #e oz4 #a skein marline4 cartridges1 bursters4 #a rammer head4 empty4 #a spunge head4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,sec4 #cd4 ,weight of ,riders1 ,harness1 ,ordnance1 ,carriages1 c41 of a ,field battery equipped4 st4 lb4 ,riding set of harness1 with head-collar and chain #d #h ,driver1 in marching order 7including greatcoat and apron7 #ab #c ------ ,lead ,total weight carried by riding horse #af #aa ------ ,off set1 with head-collar1 chain1 c41 and man's kitt #e #d ,riding set of harness1 with head-collar and chain #e #j ,driver1 in marching order 7including greatcoat and apron7 #ab #c ------ ,wheel ,total weight carried by riding horse #ag #c ------ ,off set of harness1 with head-collar1 chain1 c41 and man's kitt #f #b ,mounted ,n4 ,c4 officer's appointments1 including greatcoat1 apron1 and kitt #e #b ,non-commissioned officer #ab #aj ------ ,total weight carried by horse #ag #ab ------ ,the average weight of an ,artillery horse is #aj cwt4 #b qrs4 ,,ordnance1 ,,carriages1 ,,and ,,stores4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #ab-pounder4 #i-pounder4 #bd-pounder #ab-pounder ,light howitzer4 howitzer4 #f-pounder4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- cwt4qrs4lb4cwt4qrs4lb4cwt4qrs4lb4cwt4qrs 4lb4cwt4qrs4lb4 ,gun1 carriage1 and limber #ci #b #ae #cc #a #bc #cb #c #c #bd #b #g #bc #c #aa ,side arms1 intrenching tools1 c4 #c #ad #c #aj #b #be #b #bc #c #b ,ammunition1 c4 #c #c #ag #c #c #bj #d #c #be #c #c #ae #c #b #af ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,total #dd #a #ah #ch #j #be #ch #a #be #bi #j #ag #bg #a #a ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,waggon limber body1 including spare wheel #ai #a #ad #ai #j #bf #ag #j #be #ag #j #be #ah #b #bf ,stores1 intrenching tools1 spare horse-shoes1 c4 #d #j #g #d #j #g #d #j #g #d #j #g #d #j #g ,ammunition #aa #c #bf #aj #c #af #ab #j #e #aj #a #i #aj #b #h ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,total #ce #a #ai #cd #j #ba #cc #a #i #ca #b #ac #cc #a #ac ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,off ,,leader4 ,,shaft ,,harness4 ,,off ,,leader ,a ,pad or ,off ,saddle ,b ,surcingle ,c ,girth of the ,pad ,d ,pannel of ,do ,e ,pad ,staples ,f ,trace ,g ,pipe of ,do ,h ,hook of ,do ,i ,belly ,band of ,do ,j ,trace ,lines ,k ,bearing ,strap ,l ,buckling ,piece of ,do ,m ,hip ,strap ,n ,buckling ,piece of ,do ,o ,crupper ,p ,crupper ,ring ,q ,buckling ,piece of ,crupper ,r ,collar ,s ,the ,hames ,t ,the ,housing ,u ,the ,housing ,strap ,v ,shoulder ,link ,hook ,w ,breast ,chains or ,links ,x ,wither ,strap ,y ,bearing ,hook ,z ,cantle of ,pad a ,sheepskin b ,valise c ,baggage ,strap d ,mess ,tin e ,do4 ,strap f ,buckle of ,do g ,wooden ,canteen h ,forage ,cord i ,nose ,bag ,,the ,,bridle4 #a ,winker #b ,front or ,brow ,band #c ,cheek #d ,cheek ,billets #e ,throat ,lash #f ,bearing ,rein #g ,bit #h ,cheek of ,do #i ,leading ,rein #aj ,bar of the ,bit #aa ,head-,collar #ab ,nose ,band #ac ,collar ,chain #ad ,jowl ,strap #ae ,side ,rein ,,shaft ,,harness4 k ,pad or off ,saddle l ,back ,band m ,shaft ,tugs n ,bearing ,strap o ,breeching r ,strap of ,breeching s ,loin ,strap t ,hip ,strap ,,detail ,,of ,a #i-,,pounder ,,troop ,,of ,,royal ,,horse ,,artillery ,,for ,,active ,,service1 ,,with ,,the ,,army ,,in ,,the ,,east4 ,key3 ,a ,number of ,carriages4 ,c ,gunners4 ,d ,drivers4 ,e ,riding4 ,f ,draught4 ,g ,total4 ,k ,sets of ,appointments ,n4 ,c4 ,officers and ,men4 ,l ,harness ,sets ,double4 ,m ,lead4 ,n ,wheel4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,men4 ,horses4 ,l ,,equipment4 ------------------------ -------- ,a ,c ,d ,g ,e ,f ,g ,k ,m ,n ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #d #i-,pounder ,guns #dj #af #ef #dj #cb #gb #dj #ab #d #b #bd-,pounder ,howitzers #bj #h #bh #bj #af #cf #bj #f #b #f ,gun ,ammunition ,waggons #ab #ah #cj #d #cf #dj #d #ab #f #e ,howitzer ,ammunition ,waggons #aj #ae #be #b #cj #cb #b #aj #e #a ,store ,limber ,waggon 4 #c #c 4 #f #f 4 #b #a #a ,spare ,gun ,carriage 4 #c #c 4 #f #f 4 #b #a #a ,forge 4 #c #c 4 #f #f 4 #b #a #a ,rocket ,carriage 4 #d #d 4 #h #h 4 #c #a #a ,store ,cart 4 #a #a 4 #b #b 4 4 #a #a ,medicine ,cart 4 #a #a 4 #b #b 4 4 #a #b ,light ,forage ,waggons 4 #d #d 4 #h #h 4 #b #b #c ,water ,carts 4 #c #c 4 #f #f 4 4 #c 4 ,for #b ,staff ,serjeants1 #b ,trumpeters1 #a ,farrier1 #c ,shoeing-,smiths 4 4 4 #h 4 #h #h 4 4 4 ,spare ,men1 ,officers' ,servants and ,btmen1 c41 and ,spare ,horses #ae #dd #ei #f #af #bb 4 #d #d 4 ,officers' ,horses 4 4 4 #ab 4 #ab 4 4 4 4 ,bt ,horses 4 4 4 4 #f #f 4 4 4 --- ------------------------------------ #bh ,total ,carriages4 ,total #ig #abc #bbj #ib #ahj #bgb #gd #ee #cb ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,captain #a ,officers4 ,second ,captain #a ,lieutenants #c ,assist4-,surgeon #a ,staff ,serjeants #b ,serjeants #h ,non-,commissioned ,corporals #d ,officers and ,bombardiers #f ,men4 ,gunners #ig ,drivers #abc ,trumpeter #a ,farrier #a ,artificers4 ,shoeing-smiths #f ,collar-makers #c ,wheelers #b ----- ,total #bei ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,detail ,,of ,,the ,,reserve ,,of ,,gun ,,and ,,small ,,arm ,,ammunition1 ,,royal ,,horse ,,artillery1 ,,for ,,active ,,service ,,with ,,the ,,cavalry ,,of ,,the ,,army ,,in ,,the ,,east4 ,key3 ,a ,number of ,carriages4 ,c ,gunners4 ,d ,drivers4 ,e ,riding4 ,f ,draught4 ,g ,total4 ,k ,sets of ,appointments ,n4 ,c4 ,officers and ,men4 ,l ,harness ,sets ,double4 ,m ,lead4 ,n ,wheel4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,men4 ,horses4 ,l ,,distribution4 ------------------------ -------- ,a ,c ,d ,g ,e ,f ,g ,k ,m ,n ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #ab ,gun ,ammunition ,waggons 4 #cf #cf 4 #gb #gb 4 #bd #ab #f ,howitzer ,ammunition ,waggons 4 #ah #ah 4 #cf #cf 4 #ab #f #f ,carbine ,ammunition ,waggons 4 #ah #ah 4 #cf #cf 4 #ab #f #a ,store ,limber ,waggon 4 #c #c 4 #f #f 4 #b #a #a ,forge 4 #c #c 4 #f #f 4 #b #a 4 #b ,portable ,forges #b 4 #b #b 4 #b 4 4 4 #c ,light ,forage ,waggons 4 #f #f 4 #ab #ab 4 #c #c #c ,water ,carts 4 #c #c 4 #f #f 4 4 #c #a ,store ,cart 4 #a #a 4 #b #b 4 4 #a #a ,medicine ,cart 4 #a #a 4 #b #b 4 4 #a #b ,staff ,serjeants1 #i ,serjeants1 #f ,corporals1 4 #f ,bombardiers1 4 4 4 #cj 4 #cj #cj 4 4 #c ,trumpeters1 #a ,farrier1 #c ,shoeing-,smiths 4 ,servants and ,btmen #g #g #ad 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,mounted ,gunners #dh 4 #dh #dh 4 #dh #dh 4 4 4 ,spare ,men #di #ej #ii 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,spare ,horses 4 4 4 #ab #db #ed #h #aj #aj --- ------------------------------------ #cd ,total ,carriages4 ,total#ajf #adf #beb #ib #bbj #cab #hf #fe #dd ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,captain #a ,officers4 ,second ,captain #a ,lieutenants #d ,assist4-,surgeon #a ,staff ,serjeants #b ,serjeants #i ,non-,commissioned ,corporals #f ,officers and ,bombardiers #f ,men4 ,gunners #ajf ,drivers #adf ,trumpeter #a ,farrier #a ,artificers4 ,shoeing-smiths #h ,collar-makers #d ,wheelers #d --- ,total #cjj ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,detail ,,of ,a #i-,,pounder ,,field ,,battery1 ,,royal ,,artillery1 ,,for ,,active ,,service ,,with ,,the ,,army ,,in ,,the ,,east4 ,key3 ,a ,number of ,carriages4 ,c ,gunners4 ,d ,drivers4 ,e ,riding4 ,f ,draught4 ,g ,total4 ,h ,sets of ,appointments4 ,i ,officers4 ,j ,n4 ,c4 ,officers4 ,l ,harness ,sets ,double4 ,m ,lead4 ,n ,wheel4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,men4 ,horses4 ,h ,l ,,equipment4 --------------------------------- ,a ,c and ,d ,g ,e ,f ,g ,i ,j ,m ,n ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #d #i-,pounder ,guns #dj #af #ef 4 #cb #cb 4 4 #ab #d #b #bd-,pounder ,howitzers #bj #h #bh 4 #af #af 4 4 #f #b #f ,gun ,ammunition ,waggons #ab #ah #cj 4 #cf #cf 4 4 #ab #f #e ,howitzer ,ammunition ,waggons #aj #ae #be 4 #cj #cj 4 4 #aj #e #a ,store ,limber ,waggon 4 #c #c 4 #f #f 4 4 #b #a #a ,spare ,gun ,carriage 4 #c #c 4 #f #f 4 4 #b #a #a ,forge 4 #c #c 4 #f #f 4 4 #b #a #a ,rocket ,carriage 4 #d #d 4 #h #h 4 4 #c #a #a ,store ,cart 4 #a #a 4 #b #b 4 4 4 #a #a ,medicine ,cart 4 #a #a 4 #b #b 4 4 4 #a #b ,light ,forage ,waggons 4 #d #d 4 #h #h 4 4 #b #b #c ,water ,carts 4 #c #c 4 #f #f 4 4 4 #c 4 ,for ,staff-,serjeants and mounted ,non-,com4 4 4 4 #ad 4 #ad 4 #ad 4 4 ,officers ,for ,trumpeters 4 4 4 #b 4 #b 4 #b 4 4 ,for ,farrier 4 4 4 #a 4 #a 4 #a 4 4 ,for ,shoeing-smiths 4 4 4 #a 4 #a 4 #a 4 4 4 ,spare ,men1 ,officers' ,servants and ,btmen1 c41 and ,spare #ae #bd #ci #b #bj #bb 4 #a #c #c ,horses 4 ,officers' ,horses 4 4 4 #f 4 #f #f 4 4 4 4 ,bt ,horses 4 4 4 4 #f #f 4 4 4 4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #bh ,total ,carriages4 ,total #ig #ajc #bjj #bfahdbaj #f #ai #ed #ca ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,captain #a ,officers4 ,second ,captain #a ,lieutenants #c ,assist4-,surgeon #a ,staff-,serjeants #b ,serjeants #h ,non-,commissioned ,corporals #e ,officers and ,bombardiers #g ,men4 ,gunners #bjj ,drivers ,trumpeters #b ,farrier #a ,shoeing-smiths #f ,artificers4 ,collar-makers #c ,wheelers #b --- ,total #bdb ---------------------------------------- --------- #i-,,pounder ,,field ,,battery1 ,,royal ,,artillery4--,,detail ,,of ,,the ,,right ,,division4 ,key3 ,a ,number of ,carriages4 ,b ,n4 ,c4 ,officers and ,artificers4 ,c ,gunners4 ,d ,drivers4 ,e ,riding4 ,f ,draught4 ,h ,sets of ,appointments4 ,i ,officers4 ,j ,n4 ,c4 ,officers4 ,l ,harness ,sets ,double4 ,m ,lead4 ,n ,wheel4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,no4 #a ,,sub-,,division4 ------------------------------- ,,equipment4 ,men4 ,horses4 ,h ,l ------------------------ ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,i ,j ,n ,m ---------------------------------------- ---------- #b #i-,pounder ,gun 4 #aj #d 4 #h 4 4 #a #c #c ,gun ,amm4 ,wag4 4 #b #c 4 #f 4 4 #a #b #a ,forge 4 4 #c 4 #f 4 4 #a #b #a ,forage ,waggon 4 4 #b 4 #d 4 4 #a #a #a ,store ,cart 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #a ,water ,cart 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,staff ,serjeants 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,serjeants #a 4 4 #a 4 4 #a 4 4 4 ,corporals 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,bombardiers #b 4 4 #a 4 4 #a 4 4 4 ,trumpeters #a 4 4 #a 4 4 #a 4 4 4 ,farriers #a 4 4 #a 4 4 #a 4 4 4 ,shoeing-smiths #a 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,collar-maker 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,for ,officers 4 4 4 #a #a #a 4 4 4 4 ,spare 4 #d #d 4 #d 4 4 #a 4 --- --------------------------- #i ,total4 #f #af #af #e #bi #a #d #e #h ---------------------------------------- ---------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,no4 #b ,,sub-,,division4 ------------------------------- ,,equipment4 ,men4 ,horses4 ,h ,l ------------------------ ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,i ,j ,n ,m ---------------------------------------- ---------- #b #i-,pounder ,gun 4 #aj #d 4 #h 4 4 #a #c #c ,gun ,amm4 ,wag4 4 #d #f 4 #ab 4 4 #b #d #a ,forge 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #a ,forage ,waggon 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #a ,store ,cart 4 4 #a 4 #b 4 4 #a 4 #a ,water ,cart 4 4 #a 4 #b 4 4 #a 4 4 ,staff ,serjeants #a 4 4 #a 4 4 #a 4 4 4 ,serjeants #a 4 4 #a 4 4 #a 4 4 4 ,corporals #a 4 4 #a 4 4 #a 4 4 4 ,bombardiers #a 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,trumpeters 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,farriers 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,shoeing-smiths #a 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,collar-maker #a 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,for ,officers 4 4 4 #a #a #a 4 4 4 4 ,spare 4 #b #d 4 #d 4 4 4 #a --- --------------------------- #i ,total4 #f #af #af #d #bi #a #c #e #h ---------------------------------------- ---------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,officers4 #ast ,captain 7,no4 #b47 #a ,senior ,lieut4 7,no4 #a47 #a ,staff ,serjeant #a ,serjeants #b ,non-,commissioned ,corporal #a ,officers and ,bombardiers #c ,men4 ,gunners #cb ,drivers #cb ,trumpeter #a ,farrier #a ,artificers4 ,shoeing-smiths #b ,collar-maker #a ,horses4 ,riding #i ,draught #eh ,appointments4 ,officers #b ,n4 ,c4 ,officers #g ,harness4 ,wheel #aj ,lead #af ---------------------------------------- --------- ,n4 ,b4--,the ,gunners attached to first line of waggons are the ,officers' ,servants and ,btmen1 viz4--#b to each sub-division4 ,the mounted ,coverers or ,horseholders may be taken from either full ,non-,commissioned ,officers or the acting ,bombardiers1 of whom #ab are allowed to be made1 at the discretion of the officer commanding4 #i-,,pounder ,,field ,,battery1 ,,royal ,,artillery4--,,detail ,,of ,,centre ,,division4 ,key3 ,a ,number of ,carriages4 ,b ,n4 ,c4 ,officers and ,artificers4 ,c ,gunners4 ,d ,drivers4 ,e ,riding4 ,f ,draught4 ,h ,sets of ,appointments4 ,i ,officers4 ,j ,n4 ,c4 ,officers4 ,l ,harness ,sets ,double4 ,m ,lead4 ,n ,wheel4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,no4 #c ,,sub-,,division4 ------------------------------- ,,equipment4 ,men4 ,horses4 ,h ,l ------------------------ ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,i ,j ,n ,m ---------------------------------------- ---------- #b #bd-,pr4 ,howitzers 4 #aj #d 4 #h 4 4 #a #c #e ,how4 ,amm4 ,wag4 4 #d #f 4 #ab 4 4 #b #d #a ,spare ,gun ,carriage 4 4 #c 4 #f 4 4 #a #b #a ,medicine ,cart 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #a 4 #a ,water ,cart 4 4 #a 4 #b 4 #a 4 4 4 ,serjeants #b 4 4 #a 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,corporals #a 4 4 #a 4 4 #a 4 4 4 ,bombardiers #a 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,wheeler 7senior7 #a 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,collar-maker 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,shoeing-smith #a 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,for ,officers 4 4 4 #a #a #a 4 4 4 4 ,spare 4 #b #d #a #c 4 #a #a 4 --- --------------------------- #aj ,total4 #f #af #ah #d #cb #a #c #f #i ---------------------------------------- ---------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,no4 #d ,,sub-,,division4 ------------------------------- ,,equipment4 ,men4 ,horses4 ,h ,l ------------------------ ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,i ,j ,n ,m ---------------------------------------- ---------- #b #bd-,pr4 ,howitzers 4 #aj #d 4 #h 4 4 #a #c #e ,how4 ,amm4 ,wag4 4 #f #i 4 #ah 4 4 #c #f #a ,spare ,gun ,carriage 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #a ,medicine ,cart 4 4 #a 4 #b 4 4 #a 4 #a ,water ,cart 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,serjeants #b 4 4 #a 4 4 #a 4 4 4 ,corporals #a 4 4 #a 4 4 #a 4 4 4 ,bombardiers #a 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,wheeler 7senior7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,collar-maker #a 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,shoeing-smith #a 4 4 #a 4 4 #a 4 4 4 ,for ,officers 4 4 4 #a #a #a 4 4 4 4 ,spare 4 #a #d 4 #c 4 4 4 #a --- --------------------------- #aj ,total4 #f #ag #ah #d #cj #a #c #e #aj ---------------------------------------- ---------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,officers4 ,junior ,lieut4 7,no4 #c47 #a ,assist4-,surgeon 7,no4 #d47 #a ,serjeants #d ,non-,commissioned ,corporals #b ,officers and ,bombardiers #b ,men4 ,gunners #cc ,drivers #cf ,wheeler 7senior7 #a ,artificers4 ,collar-maker #a ,shoeing-smiths #b ,horses4 ,riding #h ,draught #fb ,appointments4 ,officers #b ,n4 ,c4 ,officers #f ,harness4 ,wheel #aa ,lead #ai ---------------------------------------- --------- #i-,,pounder ,,field ,,battery1 ,,royal ,,artillery4--,,detail ,,of ,,the ,,left ,,division4 ,key3 ,a ,number of ,carriages4 ,b ,n4 ,c4 ,officers and ,artificers4 ,c ,gunners4 ,d ,drivers4 ,e ,riding4 ,f ,draught4 ,h ,sets of ,appointments4 ,i ,officers4 ,j ,n4 ,c4 ,officers4 ,l ,harness ,sets ,double4 ,m ,lead4 ,n ,wheel4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,no4 #e ,,sub-,,division4 ------------------------------- ,,equipment4 ,men4 ,horses4 ,h ,l ------------------------ ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,i ,j ,n ,m ---------------------------------------- ---------- #b #i-,pounder ,guns 4 #aj #d 4 #h 4 4 #a #c #c ,gun ,amm4 ,wag4 4 #d #f 4 #ab 4 4 #b #d #a ,store ,limber ,wag4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #a ,forage ,waggon 4 4 #b 4 #d 4 4 #a #a #a ,rocket ,carriage 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #a ,water ,cart 4 4 #a 4 #b 4 4 #a 4 4 ,staff ,serjeant #a 4 4 #a 4 4 #a 4 4 4 ,serjeant #a 4 4 #a 4 4 #a 4 4 4 ,corporal #a 4 4 #a 4 4 #a 4 4 4 ,bombardier #a 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,wheeler 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,collar-maker #a 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,shoeing-smith #a 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,trumpeters 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,for ,officers 4 4 4 #a #a #a 4 4 4 4 ,spare 4 #b #d #a #c 4 4 4 #a --- --------------------------- #i ,total4 #f #af #ag #e #cj #a #c #e #i ---------------------------------------- ---------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,no4 #f ,,sub-,,division4 ------------------------------- ,,equipment4 ,men4 ,horses4 ,h ,l ------------------------ ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,i ,j ,n ,m ---------------------------------------- ---------- #b #i-,pounder ,guns 4 #aj #d 4 #h 4 4 #a #c #c ,gun ,amm4 ,wag4 4 #b #c 4 #f 4 4 #a #b #a ,store ,limber ,wag4 4 4 #c 4 #f 4 4 #a #b #a ,forage ,waggon 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #a ,rocket ,carriage 4 #c #d 4 #h 4 4 #a #c #a ,water ,cart 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,staff ,serjeant 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,serjeant #a 4 4 #a 4 4 #a 4 4 4 ,corporal #a 4 4 #a 4 4 #a 4 4 4 ,bombardier #a 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,wheeler #a 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,collar-maker 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,shoeing-smith #a 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,trumpeters #a 4 4 #a 4 4 #a 4 4 4 ,for ,officers 4 4 4 #a #a #a 4 4 4 4 ,spare 4 #a #d 4 #c 4 4 #a 4 --- --------------------------- #i ,total4 #f #af #ah #d #cb #a #c #e #aj ---------------------------------------- ---------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,officers4 #bnd ,capt4 7,no4 #e7 #a #bnd ,sen4 ,lieut4 7#f7 #a ,staff ,serjeant #a ,serjeants #b ,non-,commissioned ,corporals #b ,officers and ,bombardiers #b ,men4 ,gunners #ce ,drivers #cb ,trumpeter #a ,wheeler #a ,artificers4 ,col4-maker 7sen47 #a ,shoeing-smith #a ,horses4 ,riding #i ,draught #fb ,appointments4 ,officers #b ,n4 ,c4 ,officers #f ,harness4 ,wheel #aj ,lead #ai ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,detail ,,of ,,an #ah-,,pounder ,,field ,,battery1 ,,royal ,,artillery1 ,,for ,,active ,,service ,,with ,,the ,,army ,,in ,,the ,,east4 ,key3 ,a ,number of ,carriages4 ,c ,gunners4 ,d ,drivers4 ,e ,riding4 ,f ,draught4 ,g ,total4 ,h ,sets of ,appointments4 ,i ,officers4 ,j ,n4 ,c4 ,officers4 ,l ,harness ,sets ,double4 ,m ,lead4 ,n ,wheel4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,men4 ,horses4 ,,equipment4 ------------------------ ,a ,c and ,d ,g ,e ,f ,g ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #d #ah-,pounder ,guns #ef #bd #hj 4 #dh #dh #ab ,gun ,ammunition ,waggons #bd #cf #fj 4 #gb #gb #b ,store ,limber ,waggons 4 #f #f 4 #ab #ab #a ,spare ,gun ,carriage 4 #d #d 4 #h #h #a ,platform ,waggon 4 #d #d 4 #h #h #a ,forge 4 #c #c 4 #f #f #a ,store ,cart 4 #a #a 4 #b #b #a ,medicine ,cart 4 #a #a 4 #b #b #b ,light ,forage ,waggons 4 #d #d 4 #h #h #c ,water ,carts 4 #c #c 4 #f #f 4 ,for ,staff-,serjeants and 4 4 4 #aj 4 #aj ,non-,commissioned ,officers ,trumpeters 4 4 4 #b 4 #b ,farrier 4 4 4 #a 4 #a ,shoeing-,smith 4 4 4 #a 4 #a 4 ,spare ,men1 ,officers' #ae #bd #ci #b #bj #bb ,servants and ,btmen1 c41 and ,spare ,horses 4 ,officers' ,horses 4 4 4 #f 4 #f 4 ,bt ,horses 4 4 4 4 #f #f --- ------------------------ #bh ,total ,carriages4 ,total #ie #aaj #bje #bb #aih #bbj ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,h ,l ,,equipment4 ---------------- ,a ,i ,j ,m ,n ---------------------------------------- ---------- #d #ah-,pounder ,guns 4 4 #af #h #ab ,gun ,ammunition ,waggons 4 4 #bd #ab #b ,store ,limber ,waggons 4 4 #d #b #a ,spare ,gun ,carriage 4 4 #b #b #a ,platform ,waggon 4 4 #b #b #a ,forge 4 4 #b #a #a ,store ,cart 4 4 4 #a #a ,medicine ,cart 4 4 4 #a #b ,light ,forage ,waggons 4 4 #b #b #c ,water ,carts 4 4 4 #c 4 ,for ,staff-,serjeants and 4 #aj 4 4 ,non-,commissioned ,officers ,trumpeters 4 #b 4 4 ,farrier 4 #a 4 4 ,shoeing-,smith 4 #a 4 4 4 ,spare ,men1 ,officers' 4 #a #c #c ,servants and ,btmen1 c41 and ,spare ,horses 4 ,officers' ,horses #f 4 4 4 4 ,bt ,horses 4 4 4 4 --- ---------------- #bh ,total ,carriages4 ,total #f #ae #ee #cg ---------------------------------------- ---------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,captain #a ,officers4 ,second ,captain #a ,lieutenants #c ,assist4-,surgeon #a ,staff-,serjeants #b ,serjeants #g ,non-,commissioned ,corporals #e ,officers and ,bombardiers #f ,men4 ,gunners #bje ,drivers ,trumpeters #b ,farrier #a ,artificers4 ,shoeing-smiths #f ,collar-makers #c ,wheelers #b --- ,total #bde ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,detail ,,of ,a #cb-,,pounder ,,howitzer ,,field ,,battery1 ,,royal ,,artillery1 ,,for ,,active ,,service ,,with ,,the ,,army ,,in ,,the ,,east4 ,key3 ,a ,number of ,carriages4 ,c ,gunners4 ,d ,drivers4 ,e ,riding4 ,f ,draught4 ,g ,total4 ,h ,sets of ,appointments4 ,i ,officers4 ,j ,n4 ,c4 ,officers4 ,l ,harness ,sets ,double4 ,m ,lead4 ,n ,wheel4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,men4 ,horses4 ,,equipment4 ------------------------ ,a ,c and ,d ,g ,e ,f ,g ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #d #cb ,pounder ,howitzers #dh #af #fd 4 #cb #cb #ab ,howitzer ,ammunition ,waggons #bd #cf #fj 4 #gb #gb #a ,store ,limber ,waggon 4 #c #c 4 #f #f #a ,spare ,howitzer ,carriage 4 #d #d 4 #h #h #a ,forge 4 #c #c 4 #f #f #a ,store ,cart 4 #a #a 4 #b #b #a ,medicine ,cart 4 #a #a 4 #b #b #b ,flanders ,waggons 4 #d #d 4 #h #h #c ,water ,carts 4 #c #c 4 #f #f 4 ,for ,staff ,serjeants1 and 4 4 4 #aj 4 #aj ,mounted ,non-,com4 ,officers ,trumpeters 4 4 4 #b 4 #b ,farrier 4 4 4 #a 4 #a ,shoeing-smith 4 4 4 #a 4 #a 4 ,spare ,men1 ,officers' #ae #bd #ci #b #bj #bb ,servants and ,btmen1 c41 and ,spare ,horses 4 ,officers' ,horses 4 4 4 #f 4 #f 4 ,bt ,horses 4 4 4 4 #f #f --- ------------------------ #bf ,total ,carriages4 ,total #hg #ie #ahb #bb #afh #aij ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,h ,l ,,equipment4 ---------------- ,a ,i ,j ,m ,n ---------------------------------------- ---------- #d #cb ,pounder ,howitzers 4 4 #ab #d #ab ,howitzer ,ammunition ,waggons 4 4 #bd #ab #a ,store ,limber ,waggon 4 4 #b #a #a ,spare ,howitzer ,carriage 4 4 #c #a #a ,forge 4 4 #b #a #a ,store ,cart 4 4 4 #a #a ,medicine ,cart 4 4 4 #a #b ,flanders ,waggons 4 4 #b #b #c ,water ,carts 4 4 4 #c 4 ,for ,staff ,serjeants1 and 4 #aj 4 4 ,mounted ,non-,com4 ,officers ,trumpeters 4 #b 4 4 ,farrier 4 #a 4 4 ,shoeing-smith 4 #a 4 4 4 ,spare ,men1 ,officers' 4 #a #c #c ,servants and ,btmen1 c41 and ,spare ,horses 4 ,officers' ,horses #f 4 4 4 4 ,bt ,horses 4 4 4 4 --- ---------------- #bf ,total ,carriages4 ,total #f #ae #dh #bi ---------------------------------------- ---------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,captain #a ,officers4 ,second ,captain ,lieutenants #c ,assist4-,surgeon #a ,staff ,serjeants #b ,serjeants #f ,non-,commissioned ,corporals #e ,officers and ,bombardiers #f ,men4 ,gunners #ahb ,drivers ,trumpeters #b ,farrier #a ,artificers4 ,shoeing-smiths #e ,collar-makers #b ,wheelers #b --- ,total #bai ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,detail ,,of ,a ,,reserve ,,of ,,gun ,,and ,,small ,,arm ,,ammunition ,,for ,,active ,,service ,,with ,,the ,,army ,,in ,,the ,,east4 ,key3 ,a ,number of ,carriages4 ,c ,gunners4 ,d ,drivers4 ,e ,riding4 ,f ,draught4 ,g ,total4 ,h ,sets of ,appointments4 ,i ,officers4 ,j ,n4 ,c4 ,officers4 ,l ,harness ,sets ,double4 ,m ,lead4 ,n ,wheel4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,men4 ,horses4 ,,equipment4 ------------------------ ,a ,c and ,d ,g ,e ,f ,g ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #cj ,ammunition ,gun #d #h #ab #bj 4 #bd #bd ,waggons ,howitzer #b #d #f #aj 4 #ab #ab ,small arm #bd #bd #gb #if 4 #add #add #a ,store ,limber ,waggon 4 #c #c 4 #f #f #a ,forge 4 #c #c 4 #f #f #a ,store ,cart 4 #a #a 4 #b #b #a ,medicine ,cart 4 #a #a 4 #b #b #b ,light ,forage ,waggons 4 #d #d 4 #h #h #c ,water ,carts 4 #c #c 4 #f #f 4 ,for ,staff-,serjeants and 4 4 4 #aj 4 #aj ,mounted ,non-,com4 ,officers ,trumpeters 4 4 4 #b 4 #b ,farrier 4 4 4 #a 4 #a ,shoeing-smith 4 4 4 #a 4 #a 4 ,spare ,men1 ,officers' #ab #bg #ci #b #ah #bj ,servants and ,btmen1 c41 and ,spare ,horses 4 ,officers' ,horses 4 4 4 #f 4 #f 4 ,bt ,horses 4 4 4 4 #f #f --- ------------------------ #ci ,total ,carriages4 ,total #dh #acb #ahj #bb #bcd #bef ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,h ,l ,,equipment4 ---------------- ,a ,i ,j ,m ,n ---------------------------------------- ---------- #cj ,ammunition ,gun #d 4 4 #h #d ,waggons ,howitzer #b 4 4 #d #b ,small arm #bd 4 4 #dh #bd #a ,store ,limber ,waggon 4 4 #b #a #a ,forge 4 4 #b #a #a ,store ,cart 4 4 4 #a #a ,medicine ,cart 4 4 4 #a #b ,light ,forage ,waggons 4 4 #b #b #c ,water ,carts 4 4 4 #c 4 ,for ,staff-,serjeants and 4 #aj 4 4 ,mounted ,non-,com4 ,officers ,trumpeters 4 #b 4 4 ,farrier 4 #a 4 4 ,shoeing-smith 4 #a 4 4 4 ,spare ,men1 ,officers' 4 #a #b #a ,servants and ,btmen1 c41 and ,spare ,horses 4 ,officers' ,horses #f 4 4 4 4 ,bt ,horses 4 4 4 4 --- ---------------- #ci ,total ,carriages4 ,total #f #ae #fh #dj ---------------------------------------- ---------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,captain #a ,officers4 ,second ,captain #a ,lieutenants #c ,assist4-,surgeon #a ,staff-,serjeants #b ,serjeants #f ,non-,commissioned ,corporals #e ,officers and ,bombardiers #g ,men4 ,gunners #ahj ,drivers ,trumpeters #b ,farrier #a ,artificers4 ,shoeing-smiths #f ,collar-makers #c ,wheelers #b --- ,total #bbj ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,detail ,,of ,a ,,gun ,,ammunition ,,reserve ,,for ,,active ,,service1 ,,and ,,to ,,be ,,attached ,,to ,,the ,,reserve ,,artillery ,,with ,,the ,,army ,,in ,,the ,,east4 ,key3 ,a ,number of ,carriages4 ,c ,gunners4 ,d ,drivers4 ,e ,riding4 ,f ,draught4 ,g ,total4 ,h ,sets of ,appointments4 ,i ,officers4 ,j ,n4 ,c4 ,officers4 ,l ,harness ,sets ,double4 ,m ,lead4 ,n ,wheel4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,men4 ,horses4 ,,equipment4 ------------------------ ,a ,c and ,d ,g ,e ,f ,g ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #bd ,ammunition ,gun #af #cb #dh #hj 4 #if #if ,waggons ,howitzer #h #af #bd #dj 4 #dh #dh #a ,store ,limber ,waggon 4 #c #c 4 #f #f #a ,forge 4 #c #c 4 #f #f #a ,store ,cart 4 #a #a 4 #b #b #a ,medicine ,cart 4 #a #a 4 #b #b #b ,light ,forage ,waggons 4 #d #d 4 #h #h #c ,water ,carts 4 #c #c 4 #f #f #b ,spare ,gun ,carriages--#a 4 #f #f 4 #ab #ab ,gun and #a ,howitzer 4 ,for ,staff-,serjeants and 4 4 4 #ad 4 #ad ,mounted ,non-,com4 ,officers ,trumpeters 4 4 4 #b 4 #b ,farrier 4 4 4 #a 4 #a ,shoeing-smiths 4 4 4 #b 4 #b 4 ,spare ,men1 ,officers' #ae #cj #de #b #bj #bb ,servants and ,btmen1 c41 and ,spare ,horses 4 ,officers' ,horses 4 4 4 #f 4 #f 4 ,bt ,horses 4 4 4 #f #f 4 --- ------------------------ #ce ,total ,carriages4 ,total #fc #abc #ahf #bg #bab #bci ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,h ,l ,,equipment4 ---------------- ,a ,i ,j ,m ,n ---------------------------------------- ---------- #bd ,ammunition ,gun #af 4 4 #cb #af ,waggons ,howitzer #h 4 4 #af #h #a ,store ,limber ,waggon 4 4 #b #a #a ,forge 4 4 #b #a #a ,store ,cart 4 4 4 #a #a ,medicine ,cart 4 4 4 #a #b ,light ,forage ,waggons 4 4 #b #b #c ,water ,carts 4 4 4 #c #b ,spare ,gun ,carriages--#a 4 4 #d #b ,gun and #a ,howitzer 4 ,for ,staff-,serjeants and 4 #aj 4 4 ,mounted ,non-,com4 ,officers ,trumpeters 4 #b 4 4 ,farrier 4 #a 4 4 ,shoeing-smiths 4 #b 4 4 4 ,spare ,men1 ,officers' 4 #a #b #a ,servants and ,btmen1 c41 and ,spare ,horses 4 ,officers' ,horses #f 4 4 4 4 ,bt ,horses 4 4 4 4 --- ---------------- #ce ,total ,carriages4 ,total #f #af #fj #cf ---------------------------------------- ---------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,captain #a ,officers4 ,second ,captain #a ,lieutenants #c ,assist4-,surgeon #a ,staff-,serjeants #b ,serjeants #f ,non-,commissioned ,corporals #e ,officers and ,bombardiers #g ,men4 ,gunners #ahf ,drivers ,trumpeters #b ,farrier #a ,artificers4 ,shoeing-smiths #g ,collar-makers #c ,wheelers #d --- ,total #bbi ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,detail ,,of ,a ,,small ,,arm ,,ammunition ,,reserve ,,for ,,active ,,service1 ,,to ,,be ,,attached ,,to ,,the ,,reserve ,,artillery ,,with ,,the ,,army ,,in ,,the ,,east4 ,key3 ,a ,number of ,carriages4 ,c ,gunners4 ,d ,drivers4 ,e ,riding4 ,f ,draught4 ,g ,total4 ,h ,sets of ,appointments4 ,i ,officers4 ,j ,n4 ,c4 ,officers4 ,l ,harness ,sets ,double4 ,m ,lead4 ,n ,wheel4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,men4 ,horses4 ,,equipment4 ------------------------ ,a ,c and ,d ,g ,e ,f ,g ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #cf ,small ,arm ,ammunition ,waggons #cf #ajh #add 4 #baf #baf #a ,store ,limber ,waggon 4 #c #c 4 #f #f #a ,forge 4 #c #c 4 #f #f #a ,store ,cart 4 #a #a 4 #b #b #a ,medicine ,cart 4 #a #a 4 #b #b #b ,light ,forage ,waggons 4 #d #d 4 #h #h #c ,water ,carts 4 #c #c 4 #f #f 4 ,for ,staff-,serjeants and 4 4 4 #aj 4 #aj mounted ,non-,com4 ,officers ,trumpeters 4 4 4 #b 4 #b ,farrier 4 4 4 #a 4 #a ,shoeing-smith 4 4 4 #a 4 #a 4 ,spare ,men1 ,officers' #cj #ca #fa #d #bj #bd ,servants and ,btmen1 c41 and ,spare ,horses 4 ,officers' ,horses 4 4 4 #f 4 #f 4 ,bt ,horses 4 4 4 4 #f #f --- ------------------------ #de ,total ,carriages4 ,total #ff #aed #bbj #bd #bgb #bif ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,h ,l ,,equipment4 ---------------- ,a ,i ,j ,m ,n ---------------------------------------- ---------- #cf ,small ,arm ,ammunition ,waggons 4 4 #gb #cf #a ,store ,limber ,waggon 4 4 #b #a #a ,forge 4 4 #b #a #a ,store ,cart 4 4 4 #a #a ,medicine ,cart 4 4 4 #a #b ,light ,forage ,waggons 4 4 #b #b #c ,water ,carts 4 4 4 #c 4 ,for ,staff-,serjeants and 4 #aj 4 4 mounted ,non-,com4 ,officers ,trumpeters 4 #b 4 4 ,farrier 4 #a 4 4 ,shoeing-smith 4 #a 4 4 4 ,spare ,men1 ,officers' 4 #b #d #b ,servants and ,btmen1 c41 and ,spare ,horses 4 ,officers' ,horses #f 4 4 4 4 ,bt ,horses 4 4 4 4 --- ---------------- #de ,total ,carriages4 ,total #f #af #hb #dg ---------------------------------------- ---------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,captain #a ,officers4 ,second ,captain #a ,lieutenants #c ,assist4-,surgeon #a ,staff-,serjeants #b ,serjeants #f ,non-,commissioned ,corporals #e ,officers and ,bombardiers #g ,men4 ,gunners #bbj ,drivers ,trumpeters #b ,farrier #a ,artificers4 ,shoeing-smiths #g ,collar-makers #c ,wheelers #b --- ,total #bfa ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,on ,,the ,,interior ,,management ,,of ,a ,,battery4 #a4 ,the greatest care should be paid to the fittings of the saddles and collars2 extensive sore backs and galled shoulders arise chiefly from neglect on the march3 and by prompt attention on the part of the officers1 many horses may be preserved to the service1 which would otherwise be disabled for months4 ,the drivers should never be suffered to lounge in their saddles1 or to sit uneven4 ,a folded blanket under the saddle is found to be the best preventive of sore backs1 as it adapts the shape of the saddle to any loss of flesh in the animal4 ,on long marches1 the shaft horse should invariably be provided with a half blanket under the pad saddle2 every driver should also have attached to his harness a pair of pads of basil leather1 about six inches by four1 stuffed with hair2 and the moment any tenderness is perceived in a horse's shoulder1 the pressure should be relieved by placing the pads above and below the tender part4 #b4 ,on a march1 there will always be an advanced and rear guard2 the advanced guard of one day becoming the rear guard of the next4 ,on arriving on the ground where the battery is to be parked1 the advanced guard will immediately pitch their tent1 and post sentinels4 ,when the battery quits its ground1 the non-commissioned officer of the guard is responsible that nothing be left behind4 #c4 ,when a battery is to march1 the camp kettles1 and everything that will not be required before morning1 should be lashed on the carriages at sunset4 #d4 ,in parking guns1 the usual interval is ten or twelve paces2 but on a march1 that everything may be better under the eye of the sentinels1 the intervals may be diminished to three or four paces4 ,the guns are to be in the first line1 covered by their respective waggons2 the spare ammunition and store carriages in the third line4 ,the tents of the detachment are sometimes on the flanks of the battery1 and sometimes in rear of their respective sub-divisions3 the officers in rear of the battery4 ,the horses are sometimes picketed in rear of the whole1 and parallel to the line of guns1 and sometimes perpendicular to this line1 and on the flanks between the detachments1 tents1 and the carriages2 but in general1 the form of encamping will depend on the nature of the ground and local circumstances4 ,in every situation the approach to the park1 and the road by which the guns are brought out1 should be kept clear and open4 #e4 ,if the battery is parked in hot weather1 the naves of the wheels must be defended as much as possible from the effect of the sun1 by sods or other covering4 #f4 ,when a battery arrives in camp1 quarters1 or cantonments1 each non-commissioned officer will immediately examine every part of the carriages of his sub-division1 especially the wheels1 to the greasing of which he will attend4 ,any damages1 to be repaired without delay1 he will report to the officer of his division1 who will report to the commander of the battery4 #g4 ,when a battery is in stationary quarters1 there must be a weekly inspection of every part of the battery1 and a parade in marching order1 when circumstances will permit2 at which parade1 every part of the harness and appointments of gunners and drivers is expected to be in the best order4 ,particular attention should be paid to the state of the ammunition1 which should be frequently aired2 and no fresh ammunition should ever be received without being gauged to the guns4 #h4 ,the drivers must immediately report any loss or breakage of their harness2 and1 on the instant1 make known to the non-commissioned officer of the sub-division1 any gall or other hurt which may have happened to the horses committed to their charge3 any neglect on this point must be punished4 ,airing and beating with a knotted rope the stuffing of the collars and saddles is an important part of the driver's duty1 which should never be omitted on continued marches4 ,in camp1 greasy heels are the most common disability which horses labour under2 and as they proceed from cold1 occasioning humours to settle1 the best preventive is hand-rubbing and exercise1 to keep up a circulation4 #i4 ,unless for some particular purpose1 the elevating screws should never be raised higher than the half of their length2 on a march1 they should be covered with a piece of canvas1 or an old flannel cartridge1 which will prevent their being clogged with dirt2 and the travelling chain should be always applied4 ,the pintail1 and the trail plate eye1 should be greased previous to marching4 #aj4 ,after a field day1 or an action1 the bores of the guns should be washed1 and then laid under metal4 #aa4 ,if a wheel be so disabled as not to be worth repairing1 the nave1 if not damaged1 should be at any rate saved4 ,if the nave be good1 a new wheel can easily be made from materials perhaps found on the spot1 but it is very difficult to find a nave4 #ab4 ,in marching in ordinary circumstances1 the officer next for duty will always proceed in advance1 to take up quarters1 and to choose ground for parking1 or encamping on2 and the officer on duty for the day will always march in1 and bring up the rear4 #ac4 ,when a battery is to march1 and 8,boot and saddle0 has been sounded1 the officer of the day1 the non-commissioned officers1 drivers1 and horses will turn out1 and immediately proceed to the park and put-to2 if encamped1 tents to be struck1 and lashed to the carriages4 ,at the sound 8,turn out10 the whole of the officers1 non-commissioned officers1 and gunners1 repair to the park2 and when the usual inspections have been made1 and the regular reports delivered to the commander1 the battery will be marched off4 #ad4 ,feeding will always take place three times a day at the park1 under the inspection of the officer of the day2 when the nose-bags have been filled by the non-commissioned officer in charge of the forage1 the trumpeter is to sound 8,feed10 the nose-bags are put on1 and the drivers fall in1 in front2 after the feed1 the nose-bags are rolled up and buckled on4 #ae4 ,a non-commissioned officer is to have charge of and serve out the corn and forage1 which for security will be deposited at the park guard2 but on a march1 when the corn is carried on the ammunition waggons1 no more corn should be taken off the carriages than is likely to be wanted4 #af4 ,buckets are provided for watering the horses on a march2 by this means they can be watered from wells or places inaccessible to the animals1 or at least to more than one or two of them at a time3 but the operation is a long one4 ,if on a march a small river or stream of water is to be forded1 this opportunity of watering them1 or at any rate of giving them a mouthful of water in crossing it1 should be seized3 it saves much time4 ,should the stream1 however1 be very rapid1 or deep1 or should there be troops immediately in the rear1 no halt should be made in fording it4 #ag4 ,the ,serjeant-major is to superintend all parades and drills1 under the inspection of the officer on duty4 ,the ,quartermaster serjeant is to draw provisions and forage2 he is to make out returns1 and have charge of the spare stores4 #ah4 ,the ,trumpeter is always to be quartered in the nearest billet to the commanding officer2 and the men and horses of each sub-division and division to be as near together as possible4 ,a gunner from each sub-division1 or a gunner of the guard1 is to be made acquainted with the quarters of the commander of the battery1 that in any emergency there may be no delay in finding him out3 the same applies to the officers of divisions as far as their divisions are concerned4 #ai4 ,the ,farrier is to report every evening to the commanding officer the state of the sick animals2 and on the ----1 7the particular days to be mentioned7 a return1 in writing1 of the number of horse 7and mule1 if any7 shoes1 and quantity of horse medicines expended4 #bj4 ,the senior ,collar-maker1 the ,jobbing-smith1 and the ,wheeler1 to make similar reports of the stores expended in their several departments3 these reports to be delivered to the serjeant-major1 to be laid by him before the commander of the battery4 #ba4 ,the ,artificers are to work as near as possible to the park guard1 the non-commissioned officer of which is responsible that no work is done1 or horse shod1 except for the battery1 without written permission from the commander4 #bb4 ,the ,forge1 when employed1 should be removed to a proper distance from the park4 ,it should1 at night1 be brought back to its place1 and everything arranged on it1 so that1 should the battery be suddenly ordered to march1 there may be no delay4 ,,lasso4 ,lasso harness consists of a brown leather surcingle1 and one trace4 ,the surcingle is rather wider than a common girth1 and is composed of two pieces 7joined together by rings71 one of which is placed over the saddle1 and the other round the belly of the horse4 ,there are also rings at the end of the surcingle1 which is drawn very firmly round the horse1 and fastened tight by lapping a white leather thong 7fixed at one end of the surcingle7 through these rings4 ,there are two descriptions of traces1 one being #h1 and the other #ab feet long4 ,they have hooks at each end1 and1 when the lasso harness is made use of by cavalry1 c41 to assist draught horses in moving very heavy carriages1 or in dragging guns1 c41 up steep hills1 one of these hooks is fastened to a ring in the surcingle1 and the other to the carriage1 c4 ,lasso harness may be advantageously employed with all horses2 even those unaccustomed to draught having been found perfectly tractable and efficient the first time they were required to draw by means of the lasso4 ,when two horses are in draught1 the traces must be inside1 and each rider should keep his horse's croup a little outwards4 ,,embarking1 ,,and ,,disembarking4 ,the following directions will be found applicable to nearly all the cases likely to occur3 such as embarking1 or disembarking from a beach2 from a wharf2 with1 or without boats2 in presence of an enemy1 c41 c4 ,sec4 #ci4ag ,embarking ,guns1 and ,carriages4 ,preparations4 #a4 ,on the arrival of the battery at the place of embarkation1 it is to be drawn up in as compact order as is consistent with the performance of the operations required4 ,the horses are to be taken out2 the harness taken off and packed in vats1 and the stores in cases4 ,when there are no vats and cases1 the stores must be secured to the carriages or tied together3 the intrenching tools may remain with the carriages4 ,the non-commissioned officers in charge of sub-divisions will attach to their harness and stores1 pieces of basil having the number of their sub-divisions written upon them4 ,the harness for each carriage should be embarked with it4 #b4 ,the gun detachments will prepare the carriages for embarkation4 ,they will take off the side arms and secure them together1 take out the elevating screws1 unkey the cap-squares1 unlash the ammunition boxes1 and coil up the lashing ropes4 ,each carriage1 when called for1 is to be run forward to the boat or crane2 the gun is to be unlimbered and dismounted2 the ammunition boxes1 shafts1 wheels1 c41 to be taken off2 the washers and linch-pins must be carefully put away in the slow match box1 and in the small box between the limber boxes4 ,every article must be stowed away with the greatest care1 and arranged so as to be got at without delay4 #c4 ,those articles which will be the last required when disembarking are the first to be embarked4 ,the divisions1 and everything belonging to them1 should be kept together as much as possible4 ,the first to be embarked are the spare carriages and forge1 which are to be stowed forward1 the left division next to them1 and before the main hatchway2 the centre abaft the hatchway2 the right under the hatchway4 ,the whole of the guns are put together1 generally in the bottom of the hold1 vents turned downwards1 and a fid in them1 to prevent their being choked4 #d4 ,when a battery is embarked in different vessels1 every part should be complete1 and a proportion of general stores be on board of each4 ,if the voyage is likely to last some days1 the cartouches with the ammunition must be taken out of the boxes1 and stowed in the magazine4 ,the ammunition must be so placed that whatever part belongs to any particular carriage may be got at without difficulty4 ,when the cartouches are not taken out1 the boxes must be stowed well aft in the hold1 or between decks1 and they should be well covered with wadmilltilts1 or hair cloths4 #e4 ,in embarking from a beach1 it may be necessary to erect small sheers1 made of a couple of topgallant masts1 previously prepared for the purpose4 ,in embarking from a wharf1 if there are cranes1 they should be made use of4 ,if boats are employed1 the loads must be regulated by the state of the weather1 and distance of the vessels4 ,embarking the horses4 #f4 ,when the vessels can come alongside a wharf1 the horses are hoisted in by means of tackle4 ,the slings1 made of canvas1 should be minutely inspected1 to see that they are secure4 ,there must be a double guy made fast to the horse's head1 one end on shore1 the other on board1 to keep his head steady4 ,a shoeing-smith should be in each ship1 to receive the horses4 #g4 ,a horse requires at least four men besides the driver to sling him1 one on each side1 one at his breast1 and one behind4 ,one end of the sling is passed under his belly1 and both ends made to meet over his back2 one man passes his loop through the other1 it is received by the man on the other side1 who hauls it through1 hooking the tackle to it1 both men holding up the ends of the sling4 ,the men at the breast and behind bring their ropes round1 and make them fast to the grummets4 ,the driver holds the horse's head1 and makes fast the guys to it4 ,the horse being previously blindfolded1 the word 8,,hoist ,,away0 is given1 and he is hoisted on board4 ,the sling is then taken off1 and he is led to his place2 the first horses being always placed forward or aft1 as the ship fills2 the stalls nearest the hatchway being reserved for the horses which are to be first landed4 #h4 ,the horses are to be embarked in the same order as the carriages1 taking care that the officers' and non-commissioned officers' horses are on board with the divisions to which they belong4 ,the farriers and shoeing-smiths should be distributed in different ships4 #i4 ,when horses are embarked in boats2 sheers1 or a derrick1 are necessary4 ,the head of the derrick must incline inwards when the horse is rising1 but when he is high enough the head of the derrick or sheers must be forced out1 to bring the horse over the boat4 ,this applies to a beach1 or wharf4 ,sand or straw should be put in the boats1 to prevent the horses slipping4 ,they should stand athwart1 the head of one horse being on the starboard1 and the head of the next on the larboard side4 ,the drivers sit on the gunwale1 or stand between the horses4 #aj4 ,when horses are embarked from an open beach without any appliances1 they are to be led to the boat1 and the halter given to one of the men in it4 ,the horse must then be made to walk or leap into it1 the gunwale of the boat being inclined towards the shore4 ,a quiet horse should first be embarked1 and the others will more readily follow4 #aa4 ,in embarking in presence of an enemy1 the horses and carriages1 should first be embarked1 the guns being retained to the last1 to repel any attack4 ,if the position be a mile or two from the place of embarkation1 it may be necessary to retain a portion of the horses4 ,,application ,,of ,,field ,,artillery4#ah ,general remarks4 #a4 ,in a defensive position1 the guns of the largest calibre should be posted on the weakest points of the line1 and on those from whence the enemy can be discovered at the greatest distance4 ,those heights on which the enemy in advancing may rest his flanks1 and those from whence he may be fired upon obliquely1 must also be occupied by the largest calibres4 #b4 ,in an offensive position1 the guns of the heaviest calibre should be placed in such situations as will render them available1 without difficulty1 for any operations in advance4 ,in heavy ground1 a nine or twelve pounder battery1 when coming into action1 should reverse1 when it will be only necessary to drop the trail1 instead of carrying it round by hand4 #c4 ,the guns should be placed as much as possible under cover2 this is easily done on heights1 by keeping them so far back that the muzzles are only to be seen over them4 ,by proper attention1 advantage may be taken of many situations1 such as banks1 ditches1 c4 #d4 ,artillery in the field should be concealed from the enemy till the very moment it is to open2 the guns may be masked by being a little retired1 or by being covered with troops1 particularly by cavalry4 ,ammunition waggons4 #e4 ,no positive rule can be laid down for all cases1 with respect to the ammunition waggons in presence of an enemy3 this must depend on a variety of circumstances2 but in general it will be found expedient to place them under charge of an officer1 who will conform to the movements of the main body1 in such a manner and at such distance1 as to enable him to supply the guns with ammunition1 before that which is in the limbers is expended4 #f4 ,the spot selected for a battery should be one which does not present any obstacles to the ulterior movements4 #g4 ,the most elevated situations are not the best2 the greatest effect may be produced at a distance of six hundred yards1 from a height of thirty or forty yards2 and at two hundred yards distance from a height of sixteen4 #h4 ,round shot should be used from three hundred yards1 upwards4 ,the use of case should begin at three hundred1 and the quickness of fire increase as the range diminishes4 #i4 ,double charges of case may be used at one hundred and fifty or one hundred and sixty yards4 ,shrapnell shells should not be used at a less range than six hundred and fifty yards4 #aj4 ,the guns should never be abandoned till the last extremity2 the last discharges are the most destructive4 ,on the march4 #a4 ,intelligent non-commissioned officers should be sent to reconnoitre a road or ground that artillery is to pass over1 and1 when necessary1 to report the state of it4 ,when the march is connected with military operations1 an officer should always be employed for this duty4 #b4 ,the officers of divisions should frequently halt1 to see that their carriages are marching in proper order1 and are well up4 #c4 ,the strictest attention should constantly be paid to the correct preservation of distances1 the loss of which may be made up by small bodies of artillery2 but when in large bodies1 or when acting with infantry1 the operation is attended with serious disadvantage1 particularly to the latter2 it is a point1 therefore1 which cannot be too strongly insisted upon1 being one of most essential consequence4 ,advanced ,guard4 #d4 ,a battery marching by itself should always have an advanced guard4 ,in a narrow road it should be considerably in front1 to stop all carriages which might cause obstruction4 ,in a hilly road1 it should reconnoitre the top of every hill1 and see that it is all clear before the guns come up4 #e4 ,parties should always be sent out on each flank4 #f4 ,when an accident happens to a carriage1 either on the march1 or manuvring1 those in its rear should pass it on the most convenient flank1 and fill up its interval4 ,it will resume its place as soon as the damage is repaired4 ,a waggon belonging to a disabled gun should always remain with it2 but a gun must not wait for its disabled waggon1 but leave only a sufficient number of men to put it into a proper state4 ,crossing fords4 #a4 ,artillery can cross a river about three and a half feet deep1 though much depends on the strength of the current4 ,the ammunition boxes are so well made that the water will seldom penetrate through them1 particularly if the river be narrow1 and the guns pass quickly4 ,the canvas cartouches afford additional protection1 and they may be taken out if necessary4 #b4 ,when the water is deep1 and the current strong1 great attention must be paid in fording4 ,the person conducting the column over a direct ford1 should keep his eye steadily on an object on the opposite bank1 which points out where the ford is3 he must never look at the stream1 which would deceive him1 and would appear to carry him down1 and he would endeavour to keep too high up the stream1 and miss the ford4 #c4 ,all those in the rear should keep their eyes on those in front2 every individual should wade rather against the stream1 in order to resist its power4 #d4 ,troops should always cross a ford with the largest possible front1 for the same reason4 #e4 ,if the ford is not well known1 and there is no guide1 it should be previously examined1 and the dangerous places marked4 ,in fording1 the horses should neither be allowed to trot1 halt1 or drink4 ,passage of military bridges4 #a4 ,great attention and caution are required in passing over pontoon bridges1 the vibratory motion of which is very dangerous1 and should be lessened by every possible means4 #b4 ,the troops1 in passing1 should not preserve an equal pace4 ,there should be no halt on the bridge4 ,as soon as the bridge is perceived to rock1 the passage of the troops must be stopped4 #c4 ,the greatest precaution is necessary to prevent accidents in tide rivers at low water4 ,unless battens are nailed across the chesses on the slopes1 the horses will have the greatest difficulty in keeping their feet1 indeed if the chesses be wet it will be impossible2 the men must therefore always assist2 holding on when going down1 and manning the wheels when going up4 #d4 ,the drivers must in some cases dismount1 and an interval must be left between the carriages equal to their own length2 they must be passed over gently4 ,in wet weather over chesses1 great care must be taken to prevent the horses slipping4 ,it may sometimes be necessary1 unless the bridge be strong1 to pass the carriages and horses over separately4 #e4 ,in passing over a flying bridge1 it may occasionally be advisable to take the horses out2 and in boisterous weather1 or at night1 the wheels should be locked4 ,crossing a bridge1 and passing a defile4 #a4 ,the battery should always pass with the largest front possible4 #b4 ,the artillery must be previously posted to the right and left of the bridge2 if it be flat1 and that the other side can be seen1 a gun or two should be placed on each side1 and close to the road leading to it2 these guns should cross first and come into action on the other side1 the remaining guns continue in action and follow by degrees2 they should be posted at such a distance from the bridge1 that they may keep up a fire while the others are crossing and forming4 ,advancing through a defile4 #c4 ,a defile should be passed as quickly as possible1 as it is a much more hazardous operation than crossing a bridge4 ,artillery can seldom be made available till it has passed the defile2 whereas it can generally be employed in clearing the opposite bank of a river1 previous to the troops pushing across4 ,over a bridge4 #d4 ,in retreating over a bridge1 the artillery will gradually close in from the flanks of the troops1 till all the guns are in line in front of the bridge4 ,they will cross by degrees2 the flank guns will generally cross under the protection of the centre ones2 they may retire limbered up1 taking up their position and coming into action to the right and left of the bridge1 to protect the centre guns1 which will retire with the prolonge and with the largest front possible4 ,they may halt on the highest part1 or middle of the bridge1 and keep the enemy in check4 ,retiring through a defile4 #e4 ,a battery should retire from one of its flanks under the protection of the other2 the covering guns retiring with the largest front possible4 #f4 ,should the defile be wide1 and there are any favourable situations in it1 they should be taken advantage of1 and guns posted to protect the retreat of the others4 ,the situations must be such as the guns can retire from1 and continue the retreat without difficulty4 #g4 ,when artillery is retiring along a road1 or through a defile which is hilly1 some of the guns should halt on the tops of the hills1 and protect the retreat of those in the hollow4 ,in these cases1 round shot may be fired with safety to the troops retreating1 and perhaps with good effect against an enemy4 #h4 ,the guns which are retreating1 may pass those in position without halting2 they will take up other positions1 the whole retreating alternately4 #i4 ,in retreating towards a defile1 the artillery may retire in line1 or by half batteries1 or by divisions2 forming new lines and retreating again2 or it may retreat alternately2 or in echellon from either flank4 ,this must depend on the nature of the ground1 and the flank on which the enemy may be4 #aj4 ,in these retrograde movements1 the ammunition waggons must be sent to the rear4 ,one or two may be kept nearer than the others1 to supply ammunition4 ,artillery1 acting with other troops4 #a4 ,the artillery should always cover the troops when advancing1 retiring1 or deploying into line4 #b4 ,when the line retires by alternate companies1 wings1 or battalions1 the artillery must remain with that part of it which is nearest the enemy2 retiring with the prolonge1 and halting when it arrives at the halted part of the line4 ,in column4 #c4 ,when the troops are in column1 the artillery should be on the flank4 #d4 ,when a line of troops wheels backward into column1 the artillery break into column1 and close to the reverse flank1 so as not to interrupt the line of pivots4 ,,encamping1 ,,and ,,picketing4 #ai,sec4 #bi4 ,first method4 ,the battery being formed in line1 at full intervals1 the horses are picketed1 and the tents pitched in rear4 ,prepare to encamp1 and picket4 ,at the word ,,prepare ,,to ,,encamp1 ,,and ,,picket1 the drivers dismount and unhook2 the markers take up an alignment twelve yards in rear of the battery1 and facing it1 for the line of pickets2 the marker of the centre division in the centre2 the others extend from him the number of yards there are horses in each half battery4 ,one staff serjeant ten yards in rear of the centre marker indicates the alignment for the men's tents4 ,the second staff serjeant twenty yards in rear of the other1 to mark the spot for the captain's marquee4 ,nos4 #a and #f unlash tents2 #d and #e of each sub-division are told off for the marquee2 #b1 #c1 #g1 and #h take a picket each1 #i a maul1 and the wheel drivers a picket line4 ,encamp1 and picket4 ,at the word ,,encamp1 ,,and ,,picket1 the numbers with the pickets form on the centre marker1 facing to the front1 the numbers with the mauls in front of and facing them4 ,the start' officer gives ,,outwards ,,face--,,quick ,,march1 when the men with pickets extend outwards1 dividing themselves at equal distance along the alignment taken up by the markers4 ,the staff officer dresses them1 and gives the word ,,steady1 when the numbers with the mauls commence to drive the pickets4 ,the markers dismount1 and assist the wheel drivers in making fast the line from centre to flanks1 taking two half hitches round each picket1 above and below the hook4 ,the horses are then brought up1 the marker's horse of the centre division in the centre1 the spare horses on each side of him1 the wheelers1 centre horses1 and the leaders of the centre waggon next1 and the rest in succession2 the officers' and ,n4,c4 officers' horses on the flanks of their respective divisions4 ,fastening the horses4 ,the horses are fastened by the centre of the collar chains to the line1 taking two half hitches round it2 the ,t end being also passed through the diamond link4 ,nos4 #a take up an alignment ten yards in rear of the pickets1 for the men's tents4 ,they are dressed by the staff serjeant4 ,the centre of the tent is indicated by a peg2 they then drive four guy pegs to the front1 rear1 right1 and left1 at three yards distance from the centre one4 ,nos4 #f spread out the tents1 and fix the second cord from each side of the door to the front peg1 the fifth cord on each side to the side pegs1 and the rear cord to the rear peg4 ,they then put the tent-pole into the canvas1 lying on the ground4 ,raising the tents4 ,as soon as all is ready1 the commanding officer gives the word ,,raise ,,the ,,tents1 which is done by ,nos4 #f4 ,nos4 #a and #f then drive in their pegs1 and fasten the remaining cords4 ,preparing the marquee4 ,the second staff serjeant dismounts1 and the position of the marquee is indicated by two pegs1 driven at a distance equal to the length of the ridge pole1 on the spot where his horse stood4 ,nos4 #d and #e of each sub-division 7being detailed for the marquee71 fall in1 and are told off by the second staff serjeant1 from #a to #ab2 as eight men only are required1 the remainder are spare4 #a1 #b1 #c1 and #d spread out the roof1 the outside on the ground1 the door to the rear2 #e and #g double the lining1 lay it on the roof1 and put in the ridge pole2 #f and #h put the standards together1 and pass them through the lining2 #e and #g fix the girthing and ridge pole on the spikes4 ,the inside being thus arranged1 half of the roof is turned over in order to prepare the outside4 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #c and #d fix the vases on the spikes1 and take two half hitches round them with the centre of each guy4 ,the marquee is raised by #e1 #f1 #g and #h1 at the same time as the tents4 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #c and #d take a guy peg and a mallet each1 stretch the guys1 and fasten them to the pegs in such a manner that they cross each other at each side1 at the point of the dirk1 which is painted on the roof2 they then drive in the roof pegs1 working round to their left1 with their backs to the marquee2 the pegs on the sides to be driven in a line parallel to the marquee1 but at the ends in a half circle2 #e and #f then hook on the wall from rear to front1 overlapping two hooks at the rear1 and peg it down2 #g and #h hook on the lining1 and peg it down2 #e1 #f1 #g and #h also arrange the door4 ,if there is a second marquee1 it is fixed in the same manner4 ,as soon as the pickets are driven1 ,nos4 #b and #c of each sub-division pitch the subalterns' tents1 directed by the staff serjeant1 ten yards in rear of the men's tents1 in the centre of their division1 the doors to the front2 ,nos4 #g pitch the guard tent1 twenty yards in front of the centre of the battery1 the door to the front4 ,sec4 #cj4 ,second method4 ,the battery being formed in line1 at half intervals1 the horses are picketed1 and the men's tents pitched on each flank2 the officers' tents in rear4 ,at the word ,,prepare ,,to ,,encamp1 ,,and ,,picket1 the markers of the flank divisions mark twelve yards from the flanks of the battery for the line of pickets1 facing to the rear4 ,at the word ,,encamp1 ,,and ,,picket1 the picket numbers of each half battery form on the markers facing the battery2 the numbers of the centre sub-divisions next the markers2 they are faced to the rear1 extended at equal distances1 and dressed by the officers of the flank divisions2 the distance they extend must be regulated by the number of horses in each half battery1 allowing one yard for each horse4 ,the men's tents are ten yards outside of the line of pickets1 facing the horses of their own sub-divisions1 dressed by the staff serjeants4 ,the subalterns' tents ten yards in rear of the last line of carriages1 and the commanding officer's marquee ten yards in rear of them4 ,the guard tent as in the first method4 ,all the duties of picketing the horses1 pitching the tents and marquees1 are performed by the same numbers as detailed in the first method4 ,arrangement of the harness4 ,if the harness is to be taken off1 it is placed in line1 ten yards behind the horses4 ,the traces1 breeching1 and collars are put inside the pad1 which is laid inside the saddle2 and the whole is kept compact by buckling the surcingle of the saddle tight round it2 the bridles are laid over the cantles1 which are towards the horses4 ,sec4 #ca4 ,to strike the ,encampment4 ,the horses being harnessed and hooked in1 at the word ,,strike ,,tents1 ,,and ,,pickets1 the pickets are struck at once2 the tents and marquees prepared for striking by pulling up all the pegs except the guy ones4 ,at the word ,,down1 the whole are lowered together1 and packed up as quick as possible4 ,with a brigade of batteries1 the commanding officer's marquee would be pitched fifteen yards in centre1 and in rear of the whole1 door to the rear1 by the spare marquee men of each battery4 ,the pickets and tents of the whole brigade would be pitched in line1 dressed by the adjutant1 and serjeant-major4 ,,weight1 ,,dimensions1 ,,etc41 ,,of ,,tents4 ,,captain',s ,,marquee4 ft4 in4 in4 ,ridge pole1 length #f #aa #b ,standards1 each #h #b in two pieces diameter #b ,door standards #f #c #a ,mallets1 #b4 ,pins--,large1 #d2 ,small1 #if4 ,weight of ,marquee complete1 #adb lb4 ,,subaltern',s ,,marquee4 ft4 in4 in4 ,ridge pole1 length #f #c #b ,standards1 each #h #j in two pieces diameter #b ,door standards #f #a #a ,mallets1 #b4 ,pins--,large1 #d2 ,small1 #gf4 ,weight of ,marquee complete1 #acb lb4 ,,bell ,,tent1 ,,circular4 ft4 in4 in4 ,standards1 length #aj #c in two pieces diameter #b ,pins1 #dj ,mallets1 #b4 ,weight of ,tent complete1 #fj lb4 ,,laboratory ,,tent1 ,,circular4 ft4 in4 in4 ,standards1 length #af #c in two diameter ,top #c pieces ,bottom #e ,mallets1 #b4 ,pins--,large1 #d2 ,small1 #ajj4 ,weight of ,tent complete1 #b cwt4 #aj lb4 ,,horses4 ,the average weight of artillery horses is #aj cwt4 #b qrs4 ,an allowance of #bg square feet is generally made for each horse standing at picket1 or three feet in breadth1 and nine feet in depth4#bj ,a horse should seldom be made to draw more than three cwt4 besides the weight of the carriage4 ,with great burthens1 less weight must be allowed for each horse to draw than with medium burthens2 as with a team of horses1 the leaders cannot draw so much as the horses nearer the carriage1 and the disadvantage must increase in proportion to the lengthening of the team4 #d horses may each draw #f cwt4 ,total1 #bd cwt4 ,a ,team of #f do4 do4 #e do4 #cj do4 #h do4 do4 #d do4 #cf do4 #ab do4 do4 #d do4 #dh do4 ,these weights include the carriages4 ,it is usual1 however1 in heavy carriages1 to reckon all their weight exceeding twelve cwt4 as part of the load4 ,the most useful mode of applying a horse's power is in draught1 and the worst is in carrying a load4 ,this is owing to the structure of the animal4 ,it has been found that three men1 carrying each #ajj lb41 will ascend a hill with greater rapidity than one horse carrying #cjj lb4 ,when a horse has a large draught in a waggon1 however1 it is found useful to load his back to a certain extent1 this prevents him from inclining so much forward as he would otherwise do1 and consequently frees him from the fatigue of great muscular action4 ,the best disposition of the traces in draught is when they are perpendicular to the collar2 when the horse stands at ease1 the traces are then inclined to the horizon1 at an angle of about #ae2 but when he leans forward to draw1 the traces should then become nearly parallel to the road4 ,the most proper inclination1 however1 is determined from the relation which subsists between the friction1 and the pressure1 in every particular case4 ,when a horse is employed in moving a machine1 by travelling in a circular path1 the diameter of the path ought not to be less than twenty-five or thirty feet1 and in most cases forty feet should be preferred3 at all events1 it must not be less than eighteen feet4 ,the following table shows the maximum quantity of labour1 which a horse of average strength is capable of performing at different velocities1 on canals1 railways1 and turnpike roads2 but in comparing this table with practice at the higher velocities1 it is reckoned necessary to add one-third more than the useful effect for the total mass moved4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,useful effect per ,day for a distance of one ,mile on a ,velocities ,day's ,force of per hour4 work4 traction4 ,level ,level ,canal4 railway4 road4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,miles4 ,hours4 lb4 ,tons4 ,tons4 ,tons4 #b #aae #ebj #aae #ad #c #h #bdc #ib #ab #c #ei #aec #hb #aj #d #de #ajb #gb #i #e #bi #hc #eb #eg #gb #f #b #cj #dh #f #g #ae #ai #da #ea #h #ah #abh #cf #de #i #i #i #cb #d #aj #ge #ff #bhh #cf ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,result of experiments with a light four-wheeled cart1 weighing with its load #ajjj lb41 drawn upon different sorts of roads1 7#ab lb4 having been deducted from the force of traction for the friction at the axles1 which were of wood74 ,turnpike-road1 hard1 dry #ah ,force of traction ,do4 dirty #bf required to move the ,do4 new gravelled #acj carriage1 independent of ,loose sandy road #aia the friction at the axles4 ,note4--,an ox can draw about #d cwt41 and a pair of oxen #i cwt41 on a level road4 ,,management ,,of ,,draught ,,horses4 ,whatever the difficulties of a road or ground may be1 ten horses are as many as can be harnessed with effect to one carriage4 ,it is difficult for a greater number to act at the same instant1 even if the pull be straight4 ,before a carriage moves1 the traces should be equally stretched out1 that at the word 8,,march0 every horse may act steadily at the same instant on the carriage1 and not by jerks4 ,the distance of one horse's length between the carriages is always to be maintained on the best road1 to prevent fatigue and unnecessary stoppage to the horses4 ,in bad or difficult roads it may be necessary to increase the distance to double1 or perhaps more1 according to the nature of the ground4 ,after going up a short steep hill1 the horses should be halted1 but when that cannot be done1 they ought to move slowly to recover their wind4 ,should the ascent be long1 and steep1 the road in a bad state1 or when from any other cause the exertion is likely to be very great for the horses1 a part of the carriages should halt1 the leaders of them be hooked on to those in front1 and when they arrive at the top1 as many leaders sent back as may be necessary4 ,in going up a hill1 a carriage may be halted to rest the horses1 by bringing them across it1 and locking the limber4 ,whenever the ruts are very deep1 the carriages must quarter the road1 and if the road is narrow1 and sunk between banks1 the horses should be left to themselves1 and not be hurried4 ,in passing over deep furrows1 or small ditches or drains1 the carriages should cross them obliquely3 when they are crossed perpendicularly1 the horses not only encounter greater difficulty1 but they1 as well as the harness1 suffer much from the jerks4 ,the former line of march should be resumed as soon as they are passed4 ,,horse-,,shoes4 ,,new ,,pattern4 ,there are three sizes of horse-shoes in the service1 and also a smaller size made for mules4 ,size4 lb4 oz4 ,weight #ast 7not including the weight of nails7 #g #j of #bnd do4 do4 #f #d set4 #crd do4 do4 #d #h ,mules do4 do4 #b #ad ,,nails4 ,,length1 ,,weight1 ,,number1 ,,etc4 #ast size4 ,no4 of nails99 #h #i #aj #e oz4 ,largest4 ,no4 of each required #af #h #h ,weight #bnd size4 ,no4 of nails99 #g #h #i #d oz4 of set4 ,no4 of each required #h #ab #ab #cb ,nails4 #crd size4 ,no4 of nails99 #e #f #g #c oz4 ,no4 of each required #h #h #af ,no4 of ,nails4 ,length of ,nails4 ,weight of #ajjj ,nails4 #ahh #b inches4 #aj lb4 #ahg #b -- #i -- #ahf #b -- #h -- #ahe #b -- #g -- #ahd #b -- #f -- #ahc #b -- #e -- 99,note4--,these several nails are known by farriers according to their ,no4--viz41 when they say shoes require nails1 ,nos4 #h1 #i1 #aj1 this implies nails of #h1 #i1 and #aj pounds per thousand nails4 ,,forage4 ,method observed in carrying one day's forage4 ,,non-,,commissioned ,,officers1 ,,and ,,trumpeters4--,one feed of oats in the nose bag1 and buckled to the near-ring of the saddle4 ,three feeds in the corn bag1 and carried across the saddle4 ,twelve pounds of hay twisted1 and rolled up into two bundles1 each nine inches long1 carried at the ends of the kitt1 and made fast with the forage cord1 one end to pass in front1 and the other in the rear of the kitt1 making it fast by two hitches4 ,,drivers4--,one feed of oats for each horse1 carried in the nose-bags1 and made fast to the rear staples of the off-horses' saddles4 ,three feeds for each horse 7six feeds7 in the corn bag1 carried across the saddle of the near horse4 ,the hay is twisted and rolled up into two bundles of twelve pounds1 each eighteen inches long2 carried on the off-horse at the ends of the kitt2 the end of one forage cord passing in front of the kitt1 the end of the other forage cord passing in rear of the kitt1 both ends being made fast by two half hitches4 ,if a waggon accompanies the battery1 the officers' horses' forage will be carried in it2 if not1 the oats are to be divided between the sub-divisions1 and the hay carried on the foot board in front of the body of the waggon4 ,in heavy marching order1 when forage is not ordered to be carried4 ,,non-,,commissioned ,,officers1 ,,and ,,trumpeters4--,the nose bags are rolled up and buckled to the near-ring of the saddle4 ,forage cord1 currycomb and brush1 mane-comb1 picker1 and sponge1 are made fast to the off-ring4 ,,daily ,,ration ,,for ,,one ,,horse4 ,oats4 ,hay or ,grass4 ,straw4 lb4 lb4 lb4 lb4 ,in ,quarters #h #ah 44 #f ,in ,barracks #aj #ab or #cf #h ,a load of ,hay1 or ,straw #cf trusses4 ,a truss of ,hay #ef lb4 ,ditto ,straw #cf lb4 ,,veterinary ,,directions4#ba ,,masses4 ,the ordinary dose of every ,mass is ,one ounce 7,avoirdupois74 ,,no4 ,i4--,,cathartic ,,mass4 ,one ounce of this ,mass made into a ball is a ,dose of physic4 ,a ,ball contains seven drams of ,aloes1 the remaining dram being made up with ,ol4 olivar1 ,ol4 carui1 and water4 ,any horse to which a dose of physic is given1 should be fed on bran mashes1 in lieu of corn1 until its operation has ceased4 ,if there be no cause for its immediate administration1 let ample bran mashes be given1 by way of preparation1 in lieu both of hay and corn1 during one day1 and the ball administered the following morning1 after the horse is sufficiently watered1 and a couple of hours at least before his bran mash be given him4 ,exercise also1 during the day1 is advisable4 ,the following day1 early in the morning1 after the horse has had water1 with the chill taken off1 offered him1 till he refuses to drink more1 let him be walked out briskly for one hour1 unless he purge2 in which case let him be returned to the stable1 littered down1 frequently watered1 and plentifully supplied with bran mashes4 ,but should the physic not operate at the expiration of his exercise1 nor after he has remained four succeeding hours in the stable1 let him be exercised for another hour2 and he may be gently trotted at this time should he still show no signs of purging2 let it be here understood1 however1 that in no case is a horse in physic to be galloped4 ,to insure purgation1 water is no less requisite than exercise4 ,should the animal continue to purge on the third day1 let his bran be eaten dry1 and let him be kept short of water1 and without exercise1 until the physic be set4 ,as soon as his dung shall have put on its natural appearance and consistence1 the usual ration of provender may be restored1 and he may return to duty4 ,if the horse has been lately taken up from grass1 or be low in condition1 or light-carcassed1 six drams of the mass is generally a sufficient dose2 but if he be of large size1 and in high condition1 even nine drams may be occasionally required4 ,horses of a costive habit1 whose dung-balls are small and not of their natural colour--whose coats are rough and skins tight upon their ribs1 and who do not thrive1 require physic4 ,purging balls are also given with benefit to horses that have mange1 or itchy skins--swelled legs1 or grease--fever in the feet--inflamed eyes--staggers--locked jaw--any swellings from blows or wounds1 c4 ,when a sick or lame horse requires physic1 to whom exercise would be injurious1 let the dose be increased by one or two drams2 and to him the ball may be given at any time--either day1 or night--he may stand in need of it2 in order that its operation may be as speedy as possible4 ,to a horse not labouring under active disease1 a second dose of physic is not to be administered prior to the seventh day2 but to a sick one1 should the case be urgent1 the dose may be repeated at the expiration of twenty-four hours4 ,horses suffering from coughs1 discharges from the nose1 or inflammation of the lungs1 are not to have full doses of purgative medicine given them1 but the febrifuge1 or sedative mass should be given4 ,,no4 ,,ii4--,,febrifuge ,,mass4 ,a ball contains--,aloes one dram1 ,antim4 tart4 one dram1 ,nitre two drams1 and ,common ,turpentine three drams4 ,in fever1 also in cough or discharge from the nose in which fever is present1 this mass is especially useful2 and if the fever be violent1 the horse ought to lose three or four quarts of blood before the ball is given4 ,let the animal be warmly clothed--a hood be worn in catarrh--be littered down1 have bran mashes in lieu of corn1 and be kept still and quiet in a well-ventilated box4 ,the ball may be administered once or twice a day according to the symptoms2 but it must be discontinued whenever it seems to affect the appetite1 or should purging appear to be coming on4 ,the appetite being restored1 and the dung in balls again1 should it be required1 the ball may be repeated4 ,,no4 ,,iii4--,,sedative ,,mass4 ,a ball contains--,digitalis one scruple1 ,antim4 tart4 one dram1 ,nitre two drams1 ,linseed meal three drams1 and ,treacle three drams4 ,in case of inflammation of the lungs1 these balls are especially beneficial--a disease in which colds and coughs not unfrequently terminate4 ,after having drawn four or five1 or even six quarts of blood1 according to the violence of the symptoms and the apparent strength of the animal1 give a sedative ball three times a day at regular intervals4 ,let the sides of the chest be well rubbed with some of the blistering liquid1 clothe warmly and hand-rub the legs1 making use of the turpentine liniment from time to time until they become warm2 and bandage them with flannel4 ,keep the stable well ventilated4 ,should the symptoms continue unabated1 four or five quarts more blood must be taken away at the expiration of four or five hours from the first bleeding1 and the operation may be repeated again in six should the animal continue unrelieved4 ,let the horse be littered down1 and have bran mashes4 ,no exercise4 ,,no4 ,,iv4--,,diuretic ,,mass4 ,a ball contains--,common ,turpentine half an ounce1 ,nitre two drams1 and ,sulphur two drams4 ,diuretic or urine balls may be given in all cases in which they may be required1 one every third night3 seldom is it necessary to administer one every other night1 and still more rarely every night4 ,should the flow of urine prove abundant--the horse frequently making efforts to stale1 and groaning in so doing2 or if he cannot stale1 but appear to experience pain about the loins and hips1 and to be stiff in moving those parts1 diuretic balls must on no account be given4 ,diuretics are beneficial in recent swelled legs2 linen bandages and walking exercise being had recourse to at the same time4 ,they are also useful in watery farcy1 dropsy1 and puffy or watery swelling of all kinds4 ,,no4 ,v4--,,alterative ,,mass4 ,a ball contains--,aloes one dram1 ,calomel a scruple1 ,sulphur half an ounce1 and ,treacle three drams4 ,to ill-conditioned horses that do not thrive1 notwithstanding they eat and appear otherwise in health--to horses that rub themselves1 or that have small lumps or bare places upon the skin 7not mange71 balls made up of this mass are serviceable2 one may be given every day for a week1 or every other day for a fortnight1 unless the horse should purge1 when they are to be omitted1 and had recourse to again in the course of a week or ten days4 ,bruised corn1 hay cut into chaff1 and frequent and full supplies of water1 contribute to restore such horses to condition4 ,walking exercise once or twice a day1 according to the strength and thrift of the horse1 is also recommended4 ,,no4 ,,vi4--,,tonic ,,mass4 ,a ball contains--,blue ,vitriol one dram1 ,verdigris half a dram1 ,linseed meal four drams1 and ,treacle two drams4 ,these balls may be administered with advantage to horses affected with farcy1 or under suspicion of glanders1 after the swelling and inflammation attendant upon those diseases have been abated by bleeding1 purging1 and diuretic medicines4 ,not more than one ought to be given in the space of twenty-four hours2 nor on any account should the dose be continued unless the horse's appetite is good2 as soon as he refuses any part of his provender1 or appears to be in any manner affected by the medicine1 let the ball be omitted4 ,,no4 ,,vii4--,,anti-,,spasmodic ,,draught4 ,this draught is prepared for horses that become griped1 after the following manner3-- ,mix together two ounces of ,spirits of ,turpentine1 and one ounce of ,tincture of ,opium1 and add a pint and a half of warm water4 ,in mild cases of gripes this single draught will generally suffice2 but in violent attacks1 four or five quarts of blood ought to be immediately taken away1 and the draught1 after an interval of a couple of hours1 repeated2 also two or three ounces of the turpentine liniment should be well rubbed upon the surface of the belly4 ,if no dung is passed1 let the horse be raked1 and have clysters of salt and water 7about four ounces of salt dissolved in four quarts of water7 thrown up every hour until the bowels be relaxed4 ,when the horse continues to lie down and rise in the stall1 and to roll upon his back1 relief will frequently be given by walking exercise for ten minutes4 ,those cases1 in which the symptoms do not intermit1 and in which the pulse and breathing are much quickened1 are not gripes1 but inflammation of the bowels4 ,take away five or six quarts of blood without loss of time1 and give a draught composed of eight or ten drams of aloes dissolved in a pint and a half of hot water1#bb with the addition of an ounce of tincture of opium1 inject clysters frequently1 rub a blister upon the belly1 composed of equal parts of oil of turpentine and blistering liquid1 wrap the legs in flannel bandages1 making use of the turpentine liniment to the legs if cold1 and clothe warmly4 ,water1 with the chill taken off1 should be plentifully given2 or1 what is better1 water-gruel4 ,if the symptoms do not speedily subside1 draw three or four quarts of blood again1 and repeat the blister to the belly1 and clysters and turpentine liniment to the legs if not warm4 ,,no4 ,,viii4--,,vermifuge ,,powder4 ,three drams of this powder1 containing one dram of ,calomel and two drams of ,tartarized antimony1 form a dose4 ,to be given in a bran mash at night to a horse having worms1 and to be followed up by the administration of a dose of physic the following morning--paying attention to the directions already laid down under the head--,,cathartic ,,mass4 ,the powder and physic may be repeated in the course of a week or ten days4 ,,no4 ,,ix4--,,anti-,,purgation ,,powder4 ,this powder is composed of prepared ,chalk half a pound1 ,cinnamon four ounces1 ,tormentil three ounces1 ,gum arabic three ounces1 and ,long pepper half an ounce1 reduced to a fine powder1 and mixed together1 with the addition of ,gum opium4 ,an ounce of the powder1 which contains only a scruple of gum opium1 may be administered in a quart of gruel1 in cases of continued purging or scouring1 every four or five hours1 or as circumstances may require1 but its use is to be discontinued when the purging is checked4 ,,no4 ,x4--,,discutient ,,powders4 ,this powder is composed of ,zinc vitriol three drams1 and ,bole armen4 one dram4 ,a lotion1 composed of half an ounce of this powder1 and one quart of water1 is a proper application to sore backs1 and to recent swellings from blows or injuries of any kind4 ,bandages may be used1 wetted with this lotion1 in sprains of the back sinews4 ,,no4 ,,xi4--,,astringent ,,powder4 ,this powder is composed of ,linseed meal half an ounce1 ,powdered alum half an ounce1 ,blue vitriol half a dram1 and ,bole armen4 two drams4 ,this powder is prepared principally for grease and thrushes1 but it is also a good dressing for unhealthy sores--or sores in which there is proud flesh4 ,in cases of grease1 when the discharge is but little1 and not very offensive1 besprinkle the affected parts with this powder2 let the horse be exercised in the morning and afternoon2 and1 if the legs be swollen1 let a diuretic ball be occasionally administered4 ,but should the discharge be copious and fetid1 apply to the heels1 by means of pledgets of tow and linen bandages1 a liniment composed of this powder and oil4 ,this dressing ought to continue undisturbed for two or three days2 during which time a dose of physic may be administered with considerable benefit4 ,let his food consist of bran mashes4 ,as soon as the dressings shall have been removed1 the animal ought to be exercised for two hours1 the heels afterwards wiped dry1 and the liniment again applied1 unless the discharge have ceased2 in which case the powder sprinkled upon the part1 as above recommended1 and a diuretic or two will complete the cure4 ,should the case require a repetition of the liniment1 purging balls are preferable to diuretics4 ,of horses that have thrushes1 lower the heels1 that the frog may be upon a level with the heels of the shoe1 pare out the cleft with a small drawing-knife1 so as to cut away the ragged parts of it1 and introduce a little of the astringent powder daily1 at the evening stable hour4 ,if heat be perceptible in the foot1 a dose of physic may be given at the same time4 ,,no4 ,,xii4--,,ophthalmic ,,powder4 ,this powder is composed of ,sugar of lead two drams1 ,turmeric half a dram4 ,so long as the eyes appear red and angry1 nothing but cold water should be made use of to them1 with which they ought to be continually wet4 ,at the same time1 if there be much inflammation1 take four or five quarts of blood from that side of the neck corresponding to the affected eye1 or from both sides1 should both eyes be bad4 ,when the inflammation is abated1 sponge the eyes and eyelids with a lotion1 made by dissolving a quarter of an ounce of this powder in a quart of cold spring water1 several times in the course of the day4 ,in every case in which it is found advisable to draw blood1 a dose of physic is recommended4 ,,no4 ,,xiii4--,,blistering ,,liquid4 ,this liquid is composed of ,cantharides four ounces1 and ,linseed oil a pint and a half4 ,for sore throat and jugged swellings1 in glanders1 or farcy--for inflammation of the lungs1 and inflammation of the bowels1 the blistering liquid is a proper application4 ,for spavins1 splints1 old strains1 curbs1 ringbones1 windgalls1 thoroughpins1 and other enlargements of joints that have no heat in them1 and swellings in general which will not yield to simple remedies1 this liquid may likewise be used4 ,let a small quantity of it be well rubbed in with the hand--without the hair being cut off--and let the same be repeated at the expiration of six hours1 should it not have taken effect4 ,about one table spoonful of this mixture is sufficient for the throat1 two for the leg1 three for the side or the chest1 and so on4 ,,no4 ,,xiv4--,,turpentine ,,liniment4 ,this liniment is composed of equal parts of ,spirits of turpentine1 and ,linseed oil4 ,in cases of sore throat and cough1 this liniment will be found very useful1 as well as in cases of inflammation of the lungs1 and fever1 where the legs are cold1 making use at the same time of flannel bandages1 and repeating the liniment every two or three hours1 until they become warm4 ,half an ounce will be found sufficient for a leg1 or for the throat1 and requires to be well rubbed in4 ,,no4 ,,xv4--,,turpentine ,,ointment4 ,it is composed of equal parts of ,common turpentine1 and ,hog's lard4 ,this ointment is the best application that can be made use of in case of treads or wounds on the coronet1 between hair and hoof2 a small quantity is to be spread upon a pledget of tow1 and bound on with a bandage4 ,it is likewise a good dressing for broken knees1 or cuts1 and to promote the action of rowels4 ,,no4 ,,xvi4--,,black ,,oil4 ,it is composed of ,olive oil one pint1 ,spirits of turpentine half a pint1 and ,acid vitriol two drams4 ,in recent wounds1 such as broken knees1 or other lacerated wounds1 this will be found a good dressing to promote healthy and speedy granulation4 ,it may be applied to extensive wounds by means of a feather2 and in cases of broken knees1 a pledget of tow is to be bound on with a tail bandage4 ,it is likewise a good application for sitfasts1 produced by the pressure of the saddle4 ,,no4 ,,xvii4--,,hoof ,,ointment4 ,this ointment is composed of ,tar1 and ,train oil1 equal parts4 ,this ointment is intended for brittle feet1 or such as have sand cracks4 ,by mixing one part of the ointment with two of train oil1 it forms a good application for mange4 ,,congreve ,,rockets4 ,rockets may be of great use when a disembarkation of troops takes place in presence of an enemy1 since ,rocket men can land with the first party of ,infantry1 and commence firing before any guns can be brought into position4 ,rockets will not only be useful against masses of ,cavalry1 and squares of ,infantry1 but1 when guns cannot be brought up1 may be of material benefit in dislodging an enemy from villages or houses1 which could not be approached by ,infantry alone without a considerable loss of men1 and chance of failure4 ,the larger rockets are of great service in bombardments and sieges4 ,congreve ,rockets are of four different natures--viz41 #bd pounders1 #ab pounders1 #f pounders1 and #c pounders4 ,the cases are of wrought iron1 and the rockets are driven upon the same principle as ,signal rockets4 ,congreve rockets may be used either as shot or shell-rockets1 and the shell may be made to burst either at long or short ranges4 ,each rocket is fitted with a fuze screwed into the base of the shell2 this fuze is as long as the size of the shell will admit of1 so as to leave sufficient space between the end of it and the inner surface of the shell1 for putting in the bursting powder1 and the end of the fuze is capped to serve as a guide in the insertion of the boring-bit4 ,there is a hole in the apex of the shell1 secured by a screw metal plug1 for putting in the bursting powder1 and for boring1 according to the different ranges at which it may be required to burst the shell4 ,,on ,,firing ,,rockets4 ,if the ,rocket is to be used as a ,shot-rocket1 the only thing to be attended to1 is to take care that there is no powder in the shells1 and that the plug is secured in the plug-hole4 ,if the rocket is to be used as a shell-rocket at the longest range1 the plug is to be taken out1 and the shell filled1 the fuze left at its full length1 and the plug replaced4 ,if at the shortest range1 the fuze is to be entirely bored through1 and the rocket composition bored to within an inch and a half of the top of the cone in the #bd pounder rocket1 and to within one inch in the #ab1 #f1 and #c pounder rockets4 ,the distances from the surface of the shell to the top of the cone1 and from the surface of the shell to the end of the fuze1 and also1 the length of the fuze being fixed and known1 the place on the boring-bit at which to screw the stopper1 whether for various lengths of fuzes1 or lengths of rocket composition to be left over the cone1 is easily determined2 these distances are marked on the brass scales for each nature of rocket1 and the length of rocket composition available for boring into1 and the lengths of fuze1 are also set off and subdivided into tenths of an inch4 ,,elevations1 ,,ranges1 ,,and ,,lengths ,,of ,,fuze4 ,the #bd pounder and #ab pounder rockets are very destructive against troops from #hjj to #ajjj yards2 against buildings1 c41 from #ejj to #fjj yards3 with #f pounders about #cjj yards1 and never at a greater range than #fjj or #gjj yards4 ,the range and elevation of a #ab pounder rocket is #aj degrees of elevation for #fjj yards1 and #a degree more is given for each additional #ajj yards1 as far as #abej yards1 the elevation for which will be #af degrees4 ,the range and elevation of a #f pounder rocket is #g degrees for #djj yards1 and as far as #gjj yards #a degree for each #ajj yards2 and from #gjj to #abej yards1 half a degree increases the range about #ajj yards4 #bd pounders4--,if the whole length of fuze is left in the shell1 the rocket may be expected to burst at from #ccjj to #cgjj yards2 elevation1 #dg degrees4 ,if the whole of the fuze composition is bored out1 and the rocket composition left entire1 the shell may be expected to burst at about #bjjj yards2 elevation1 #bg degrees4 ,if the rocket composition be bored to within #ae inch of the top of the cone1 the shell may be expected to burst at about #gjj yards2 elevation1 #ag degrees4 #ab pounders4--,if the whole length of fuze be left in the shell1 the rocket may be expected to burst at about #cjjj yards2 elevation1 #dj degrees4 ,if the whole of the fuze composition is bored out1 and the rocket composition left entire1 the shell may be expected to burst at about #acjj yards2 elevation1 #ae degrees4 ,if the rocket composition be bored to within one inch of the top of the cone1 the shell may be expected to burst at about #ejj yards2 elevation1 #i degrees4 #f pounders4--,if the whole length of the fuze be left in the shell1 the rocket may be expected to burst at about #bcjj yards2 elevation1 #cg degrees4 ,if the whole of the fuze composition be bored out1 and the rocket composition be left entire1 the shell may be expected to burst at about #iej yards2 elevation1 #ac degrees4 ,if the rocket composition be bored to within one inch of the top of the cone1 the shell may be expected to burst at about #ejj yards2 elevation #i degrees4 #c pounders4--,if the whole length of the fuze be left in the shell1 the rocket may be expected to burst at about #ahej yards2 elevation1 #be degrees4 ,if the whole of the fuze composition be bored out1 and the rocket composition be left entire1 the shell may be expected to burst at about #gej yards2 elevation1 #aj degrees4 ,if the rocket composition be bored to within one inch of the top of the cone1 the shell may be expected to burst at about #ejj yards2 elevation1 #h degrees4 ,ranges1 and ,elevation of ,congreve rockets4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,elevation4 ,ranges4 ---------------------------------------- -- #ab ,pounder4 #f ,pounder4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,yards4 ,degrees4 ,minutes4 ,degrees4 ,minutes4 #djj #g #de #ejj #h #de #fjj #aj #j #i #de #gjj #aa #cj #aj #cj #hjj #ab #de #aa #ae #ijj #ac #cj #aa #de #ajjj #ad #j #ab #cj #aajj #ad #de #ac #ae #abjj #ae #ad #j #abej #af #ad #cj ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,exercise ,,of ,,rockets4#bc ,the #bd pounder is used for siege purposes4 ,the #ab and #f pounders are for service in the field4 ,,exercise ,,of #ab ,,and #f ,,pounder1 ,,or ,,field ,,rockets4 ,telling off the ,detachment4 ,the detachment falls in1 in rear of and facing the carriage1 and is told off as for gun exercise4 8,,form ,,the ,,order ,,of ,,march1 ,,left ,,face--,,quick ,,march40 ,disposition and ,duties of a ,detachment of ,seven ,men1 with a #ab and #f pounder ,rocket4 ,no4 #a stands one yard in rear of the tube1 points1 and commands4 #c stands on the left of the tube1 #b stands on the right of the tube1 in line with its centre1 in line with its centre1 elevates1and traverses4 elevates1 and traverses4 #e stands on the left of the tube1 #d stands on the right of the tube1 in line with the rear of it1 in line with the rear of it1 primes1 and fires4 brings up rockets1 arranges the priming1 and loads4 #g stands in rear of the carriage #f stands in rear of the carriage1 and prepares rockets4 ,when assists ,no4 #g in preparing firing shell-rockets1 he bores rockets4 ,when firing shell out the composition1 assisted rockets he puts in the by ,no4 #f4 bursting powder1 c4 ,the following is the proportion of ,stores furnished with ,field ,carriages4 ,two hundred and sixteen rockets with sticks4 with ,two hundred and sixteen bursters4 #f pounder4 ,one hundred rockets with sticks4 with ,one hundred bursters4 #ab pounder4 ,one rocket tube4 ,one rocket frame1 comprising two cheeks1 a prypole1 elevating bar1 and tangent scale4 ,two funnels4 ,one boring stock4 ,two boring bits4 with both ,one brass scale fitted to bits4 ,two turnscrew bits4 natures4 ,one grease box4 ,one tube pocket with tubes4 ,one lanyard with hook for friction tubes4 ,to every other equipment not exceeding #add ,rockets4 ,one rocket tube with frame4 ,one stick for each rocket4 ,one burster ditto4 ,two funnels4 ,one boring stock4 ,two boring bits4 ,one brass scale fitted to bits4 ,two turnscrew bits4 ,one grease box4 ,one tube pocket with tubes4 ,one lanyard with hook for friction tubes4 ,one angle4 ,one plummet with line4 ,one elevating with chain4 ,two guy ropes4 ,two additional pieces for #bd pounder4 the cheeks4 ,on field service the bursters are carried in the limber boxes1 in canvas cartouches1 similar to those in which the field ammunition is carried4 ,the #ab pounder rocket carriage takes #ej bursters in each limber box1 and the small stores in a box on the body of the carriage corresponding to the slow match box4 ,the #f pounder carriage takes #ajh bursters in each limber box1 and the small stores in a box which is between the limber boxes4 ,in mountain equipments the bursters and small stores are carried in a box fitted to the pack saddle4 #bd;,,action ,,front1 ,,rear1 ,,right1 ,,or ,,left4 ,,drive ,,on4 ,,load4 ,,elevate4 ,,lower4 ,,halt4 ,,muzzle ,,right1 ,,or ,,left4 ,,halt4 ,priming1 and ,firing1 as at ,field guns4 ,illustration3 ,,plan ,,of ,a ,,garrison ,,carriage4 ,a ,sides or brackets ,k ,stool bed ,b ,transom ,l ,quoin ,c ,fore axletree a ,transom bolt ,d ,hind axletree b ,bed bolt ,e ,steps c ,bracket bolts ,f ,quarter round or ovolo d ,linch-pins ,g ,fore truck e ,axletree hoops ,h ,hind truck f ,stool bed bolts ,i ,trunnion hole g ,eye or loop bolts ,j ,axletree arm ,illustration3 ,,elevation ,,of ,a ,,garrison ,,carriage4 ,,exercise ,,of #bd ,,pounder1 ,,or ,,siege ,,rocket4 ,disposition1 and duties with seven men4 ,when the detachment is in action1 the disposition and duties of the numbers are the same as at the lighter natures4 ,,put ,,the ,,frame ,,together ,,at ,,low ,,order4 ,,raise ,,the ,,frame4 ,,reeve ,,the ,,guys4 ,,sling ,,the ,,rocket ,,tube1 ,,and ,,fix ,,the ,,angle4 ,,adjust ,,the ,,frame4 ,,load4 ,,traverse1 when necessary1 ,,muzzle ,,right1 ,,muzzle ,,left4 ,if greater alteration be required1 than can be given by means of the guys1 the cheeks of the rocket frame are moved in the named direction1 ,,cheeks ,,to ,,the ,,right1 ,,or ,,left4 ,,elevate1 when necessary4 ,priming1 and ,firing1 as directed for ,field guns4 ,when the frame is fixed at ,low order1 the prypole forms an angle of #cj degrees with the horizon4 ,if greater elevation than this be required1 the frame must be raised to ,high order--#de degrees elevation2 or higher still--#ej degrees elevation4 ,,prepare ,,to ,,raise ,,the ,,frame ,,to ,,high ,,order4 ,,join ,,the ,,cheeks4 ,,raise ,,the ,,frame4 ,,adjust ,,the ,,frame4 ,,load1 ,,etc4 ,,prepare ,,to ,,strike ,,the ,,frame4 ,,strike ,,the ,,frame4 ,,part ,,vii4 ,,repository ,,course4 ,,serving1 ,,and ,,working ,,heavy ,,ordnance4#be ,,part ,i4--,article #a4--,telling off the ,detachments4 ,the men fall in two deep1 and are told off on the same principle as for field guns4 ,no4 #a always commands his detachment4 ,a gun detachment being drawn up in line1 two deep1 ,no4 #a is the right hand man of the front rank2 ,no4 #b is the right hand man of the rear rank2 and ,no4 #c his front rank man2 and so on4 ,the men must go through every part of the exercise in turn4 ,at the word 8,change round0 when there are seven men in a detachment1 ,no4 #b becomes #d ,no4 #a becomes #g #d 0 #f #g 0 #e #f 0 #a #e 0 #c #c 0 #b ,no4 #c shifting in front of the muzzle4 ,when there are only six men in a detachment1 ,no4 #d becomes #a #a 0 #f #f 0 #e the rest as above4 ,the detachments are told off on their private parades1 and marched to the battery4 ,arrived there1 they are halted a few paces in rear of the platforms1 to the left of their respective guns1 so as to be covered by the merlons1 and facing the parapet4 ,the commander then gives the caution1 8,take post under cover of the merlon20 and immediately afterwards the executive word1 8,to the right face10 ,no4 #a after facing takes an oblique pace to the rear1 on the left of #c4 ,at the word quick march1 the detachments step off except ,no4 #a1 who at first marks time until the detachment has past him1 and then follows in rear of #f4 ,when the detachments are opposite to the left corner of the platforms1 the ranks open out on each side of the guns1 the rear ranks on the right1 the front ranks on the left--the whole outside of the platforms4 ,nos4 #b and #c halt next to the embrasure1 as soon as they arrive at the parapet2 #d1 #f1 and #a halt in succession on the right of #b2 #e and #g on the left of #c4 ,when all the numbers have arrived at the parapet in the order here detailed1 the commander gives the word1 8,right about face40 ,the detachments are now in the position1 which they should always occupy in action1 in a battery1 unless actively employed in their duties at the guns4 ,when there is no parapet1 the command is given to 8,take post at the guns20 ,nos4 #b and #c halt in line with the muzzle of the piece2 #d and #e in line with the trunnions2 #f and #g with the vent2 #a the trail3 the whole outside of the platform and in echellon4 ,the numbers should never cover if they can avoid doing so4 ,the following general detail of duties for a detachment of seven men is applicable to all natures of guns1 from #ah-pounders and upwards1 on any description of carriage whatever4 ,no4 #a commands1 points1 and primes4 #c loads1 assists to ram home shot #b searches1 spunges1 rams home1 and wad1 runs up1 and elevates4 runs up1 and elevates4 #e supplies #c with shot and wad1 #d clears the vent1 serves it1 runs up1 and traverses4 pricks the cartridge1 runs up1 and traverses4 #g supplies #c with cartridge1 #f supplies #b with side arms1 double-man's his handspike1 double-man's his handspike1 serves #a with tubes1 and fires4 replaces #a's handspike1 and supplies #g with cartridges1 7and #c with shell when required47 ,the following general detail of duties for a detachment of six men1 is applicable to all natures of guns below #ah-pounder1 on any description of carriage whatever4 ,no4 #a commands1 supplies #b with side arms1 points1 and primes4 #c loads1 assists to ram home shot #b searches1 spunges1 rams home1 and wad1 runs up1 and elevates4 runs up1 and elevates4 #e supplies #c with cartridge1 shot1 #d clears the vent1 serves it1 and wad1 runs up1 and traverses4 pricks the cartridge1 runs up1 #f supplies #e with cartridge1 and traverses4 replaces #a's handspike1 serves him with tubes1 and fires4 ,besides the men told off to each gun1 there must be some at the magazine1 to fill and issue cartridges4 ,when shells are fired1 some men must be appointed to fill them1 and to cut and fix fuzes2 ,no4 #f brings up shells to #c1 who uncaps the fuze4 ,guns are always laid under metal1 i4 e41 at an angle of depression1 after exercise4 ,the following is a list of stores required for the service of heavy ordnance in batteries3-- ,one spunge to be placed on the right of the gun outside of #d1 ,one rammer resting against the parapet2 the spunge head1 rammer ,one wadhook head1 and the worm uppermost1 and just below the interior crest4 ,when there is no parapet the side arms must be laid on the ground in the order above detailed1 about two paces from the gun1 and parallel to it2 the spunge and rammer heads to the front1 and supported to keep them free from gravel4 ,five handspikes4--,two of these are placed on each side of the platform close to the edge of it1 the points towards the parapet2 the points of the front handspikes about two feet from the hurter1 the points of the rear ones overlapping inside to about the middle of the front ones2 the front handspikes for the use of #b and #c1 the rear ones for the use of #d and #e4 ,the fifth handspike is placed close to the rear of the middle of the platform1 small end to the right1 for the use of #a4 ,all bevelled handspikes are to be laid bevelled side upwards4 ,one set of priming irons ,for the use of ,no4 #d4 ,the priming ,one thumbstall irons to be placed in the loop on the right of the carriage4 ,one leather pocket with tubes4--,the tube pocket must be strapped on the left side of ,no4 #g1 who will keep it close shut4 ,one lanyard with hook for friction tubes in charge of ,no4 #g1 who attaches it to the waist belt of the tube pocket2 or1 one hammer with lanyard likewise in charge of #g1 who fixes it to the gun1 assisted by #a4 ,shot1 piled on the left of the gun1 close to the front of the platform4 ,wads1 7if necessary17 close to the shot4 ,broom1 shovel1 one or two for each battery4 ,spade1 pick1 one per battery if thought necessary4 ,guns on dwarf and casemate traversing platforms require nearly the same stores4 ,two shod levers1 in place of three common handspikes1 and in addition1 ,two truck levers4 ,two scotches4 ,one preventive rope4 ,two luff tackles4 ,with #h-;inch guns and all above that calibre1 the tackles should consist of double blocks4 ,guns on common traversing platforms require nearly the same stores as those on dwarf platforms4 ,when the four trucks are on1 two shod levers to be substituted for two truck levers4 ,article #c4 ,,to ,,shift ,a ,,gun ,,from ,,the ,,firing ,,to ,,the ,,travelling1 ,,or ,,from ,,the ,,travelling ,,to ,,the ,,firing ,,trunnion ,,holes4 ,the wheels of the gun carriage and those of the limber should1 if possible1 always be on a level and scotched4 ,in shifting the gun either way1 it should only be lifted so high1 as to keep the under side of the trunnions clear of the cheeks of the carriage4 ,when the gun is in the travelling holes1 the screw must be taken out to prevent its being damaged2 it is lodged in a place for it between the cheeks4 ,the gun roller is strapped to the hind part of the centre transom4 ,heavy guns on travelling carriages require the following number of men for their service in the field3-- #bd-pounder #ah men besides non-commissioned #ah 0 #ad 0 officers1 #ab 0 #ab 0 being necessary on the march for extricating them out of difficulties1 taking up positions1 laying temporary platforms1 placing planks under the wheels and trail1 to facilitate the working of the gun1 c41 c4 ,,prepare ,,to ,,shift ,,the ,,gun4 ,,bear ,,down4 ,,lower4 ,,lift1 ,,and ,,heave4 ,,halt1 ,,lower ,,the ,,muzzle4 ,,bear ,,down4 ,,lower4 ,,strap ,,on ,,the ,,side ,,arms ,,and ,,handspikes4 ,article #d4 ,,exercise ,,of ,,guns1 ,,on ,,siege ,,carriages4 ,the disposition1 and duties of the detachments are the same as detailed for guns on standing carriages2 with the exception of the application of the handspikes4 ,in addition to the stores1 and side arms for the service of the gun1 a heavy gun in the field requires men's harness1 and dragropes1 a lifting jack1 a set of intrenching tools1 and three planks of a foot wide1 and ten or twelve feet long4 ,there should be a lever1 and fulcrums1 and prop1 for every two guns2 besides a gyn1 rollers1 tackles1 and ropes for every four guns4 ,the side arms1 handspikes1 and planks are strapped on the cheek2 the gyn1 rollers1 tackles1 c41 are carried on a platform waggon4 ,planks for temporary platform4 ,when the ground is not very hard1 it will be found very necessary to lay planks under the wheels and trail for the carriage to recoil on4 ,article #e4 ,,exercise ,,of ,,guns ,,on ,,dwarf1 ,,and ,,casemate ,,traversing ,,platforms4 ,the disposition1 and duties of the detachments are the same as at page #agd1 with the following additions1 viz41 ,no4 #a guides the levers whilst the gun is running back2 ,nos4 #a1 and #g hold on the preventer rope1 and #d1 and #e guide the levers1 whilst it is running up2 ,nos4 #b1 #c1 #d1 and #e manage the truck levers1 reeve the tackles1 hook1 and unhook them4 #bf,,prepare ,,for ,,action4 ,,reeve ,,the ,,tackle1 ,,and ,,fix ,,the ,,preventer ,,rope4 ,,hook ,,the ,,tackles4 ,,load4 ,,run ,,the ,,gun ,,up4 ,,ease ,,off4 ,,halt4 ,after ,pointing1 ,laying1 ,priming1 and ,firing----,,run ,,the ,,gun ,,back4 ,,heave4 ,,halt4 ,,unreeve ,,the ,,tackle1 ,,and ,,take ,,off ,,the ,,preventer ,,rope4 ,article #f4 ,,exercise ,,of ,,guns ,,on ,,common ,,traversing ,,platforms4 ,the disposition1 and duties of the detachments1 as at page #agd4 ,,load4 ,,run ,,the ,,gun ,,up4 ,,heave4 ,elevating1 ,traversing1 ,priming1 ,firing1 and ,running back1 as detailed for guns on dwarf1 and casemate traversing platforms4 ,article #g4 ,,disposition1 ,,and ,,duties ,,of ,,firing ,,hot ,,shot1 ,,with ,,seven ,,men4 ,no4 #a4 commands1 supplies #b with side arms1 points1 and primes4 #c loads1 puts a dry wad over the #b searches1 spunges1 rams home1 cartridge1 then a damp one1 assists to put in the shot1 7and a dry wad over the shot runs up1 and elevates4 if necessary17 assists ,no4 #b to ram home the dry wads1 runs up1 and elevates4 #d clears the vent1 serves it1 #e supplies #c with cartridges and pricks the cartridge1 runs up1 wads1 runs up1 and traverses4 and traverses4 #g brings shot from the furnace1 #f assists #g to bring shot from and assists to put them in1 the furnace1 double-mans #b's double-mans #c's handspike1 handspike1 and supplies #e with supplies #a with tubes1 and cartridge1 and wads4 fires4 ,with all kinds of traversing platforms1 ,no4 #c receives the bearer from #f and #g1 and assists #b to put in the shot4 ,the gun is spunged in the ordinary manner1 but the spunge must be wetted1 and the gun frequently cooled with it4 ,the same stores are required as for the service of heavy guns with cold shot4 ,junk wads are indispensable1 and those which are used wet should be made of a low gauge4 ,utensils required for the ,shot4 ,one furnace or grate4 ,one moving tool4 ,one scraper4 ,one pair of tongs4 ,one poker4 ,one rake4 ,one shovel4 ,one stand on which to place the shot1 in order to scrape them4 ,one shot bearer per gun4 ,two tubs full of water1 to soak wads1 cool tongs1 c4 ,two or three water buckets4 ,the furnace may be heated either with wood1 or coals1 or a mixture of coal and coke1 according to circumstances4 ,there should never be less than three men to attend the furnace1 even when the shot and wood are close at hand1 and four will generally be required1 viz41 one non-commissioned officer1 or steady man in charge to see that the reddest shot are served out and replaced by cold ones1 and to keep up such a fire as he may judge necessary4 ,one man to light and attend the fire1 and supply fresh fuel when required4 ,one to take out shot1 lay them on the stand1 scrape them1 and afterwards place them on a bearer4 ,one to supply the furnace with cold shot1 and to bring fuel4 ,loading4 ,the powder must be in a good flannel cartridge1 which must undergo the strictest examination1 to see that there are no holes in it1 lest in setting it home any grains should fall out4 ,the gun must be elevated1 in order that the shot may roll freely along the bore4 ,,load4 ,,prepare ,,to ,,load4 ,,load4 ,,addison',s ,,shot ,,furnace4 ,this furnace will contain in three rows1 alongside of each other1 fifteen #cb-pounder1 or eighteen #bd-pounder1 or twenty-one #ah-pounder shot4 ,to heat the furnace4 ,to heat the furnace1 it takes of coals a bushel1 of coke #b bushels1 and shavings for lighting it4 ,it should be allowed twenty minutes to light properly4 ,to heat the shot4 ,fifteen #cb-pounder shot being then put in1 are heated in forty minutes4 ,order of using the shot4 ,the shot should be taken equally out of each row from the rear of the furnace1 and replaced by cold ones from the front4 ,after the furnace has been thoroughly heated1 it will supply a new batch of shot every twenty minutes4 ,the furnace should be placed to leeward1 and as near the battery as may be convenient1 carefully selecting an open space1 with as great a draught as can be found4 ,the draught-hole should be to windward1 and the furnace perfectly horizontal4 ,article #h4 ,,exercise ,,of ,,carronades1 #fh-,,pounder1 ,,seven ,,men4 ,the disposition and duties are the same as detailed for the service of heavy guns with seven men1 in ,articles #a and #b4 ,but as the spunge stave is short1 ,no4 #b receives it with his right hand at the rammer head1 and left near the spunge head1 pushes it up to the bottom of the chamber at once1 spunges out1 and proceeds as directed for guns4 ,the shot weighing above cwt4 ,no4 #b assists #c to put it into the bore by means of a shot bearer1 which they raise to the muzzle with their outward hands1 backs down1 and their inward hands1 backs up4 #bd and #ab-,pounders1 ,six men4 ,the disposition1 and duties are the same as detailed for the service of heavy guns with six men4 ,see ,articles #a1 and #b4 ,article #i4 ,,exercise ,,of ,,guns1 ,,and ,,carronades ,,on ,,ship ,,carriages1 ,,with ,,seven ,,men4 ,the disposition1 and duties are the same as in the gun and carronade exercises1 but a few additional men are necessary for manning the tackles4 ,the same stores as for guns on common traversing platforms1 with the exception of the four levers1 and in addition1 three handspikes1 and a breeching4 ,,fix ,,the ,,breeching4 ,,hook ,,the ,,tackles4 ,,run ,,the ,,gun ,,in4 ,,heave4 ,,halt4 ,spunge1 and load1 as detailed for guns on standing carriages4 ,,run ,,the ,,gun ,,out4 ,,heave4 ,,halt4 ,elevating1 ,traversing1 ,priming and ,firing1 as directed in ,article #b4 ,article #aj4 ,,guns1 ,,and ,,carronades ,,on ,,depressing ,,carriages4 ,when1 after being fired1 the piece is to be loaded1 it must be brought to such a position that the spunge may be clear of the ground1 or sill of the embrasure4 ,short pieces1 such as carronades1 and howitzers1 are superior to guns for great depression1 as they are easily managed and quickly loaded4 ,article #aa4 ,,exercise ,,of #aj ,,and #h-;,,inch ,,howitzers1 ,,on ,,standing ,,and ,,siege ,,carriages1 ,,with ,,seven ,,men4 ,no4 #a commands1 supplies #b with side arms1 points1 and primes4 #c loads1 runs up1 and elevates4 #b spunges1 wipes the shell1 uncaps the fuze1 puts the shell up1 runs up1 and elevates4 #e supplies #c with cartridge1 #d clears the vent1 serves it1 runs up1 and traverses4 pricks the cartridge1 runs up1 and traverses4 #g prepares and brings up shells1 #f prepares and brings up shells1 assists to put them in1 assists to put them in1 double-mans #c's handspike1 double-mans #b's handspike1 supplies #a with tubes1 cuts replaces #a's handspike1 supplies and fixes fuzes1 and fires4 #e with cartridges1 cuts and fixes fuzes4 ,the same stores are required for the service of howitzers as for that of guns1 7substituting shells for shot17 and1 in addition1 a shell bearer1 a sheepskin1 and a pair of setting up pincers4 ,the detachments take post as directed for guns4 ,,load4 ,,shell4 ,the howitzers are run up1 elevated1 traversed1 primed1 and fired1 as detailed for guns4 ,article #ab4 ,,exercise ,,of ,,mortars4 ,the detachments are told off and numbered as detailed in ,article #a4 ,when they are to take post the commander gives the word1 8,take post at the mortars1 to the right face40 ,no4 #a1 after facing1 takes an oblique pace to the rear on the left of ,no4 #c4 ,at the word 8,quick march10 the ranks open out and march on each side of the mortars1 as directed for guns4 ,nos4 #b and #c halt in line with the muzzle2 #d and #e with the trunnions2 #f and #g with the rear of the bed2 the whole outside of the platform1 and in echellon1 except ,no4 #a1 who takes post in rear of the platform4 ,disposition1 and ,duties of ,detachments1 for #ac and #aj-;inch ,mortars1 with ,seven men4 ,no4 #a commands1 hands the spunge to #b1 points1 and primes4 #c runs up1 puts in the cartridge1 #b runs up1 spunges1 wipes the assists to put in the shell1 bottom of the shell1 uncaps and traverses4 the fuze1 assists to put the shell in1 and traverses4 #e runs up1 supplies #c with #d runs up1 clears the vent1 serves cartridge1 and traverses4 it1 pricks the cartridge1 and traverses4 #g double-mans #c's handspike1 #f double-mans #b's handspike1 prepares and brings up shells1 prepares and brings up shells1 assists to put them in1 cuts assists to put them in1 supplies and fixes fuzes1 supplies #a #e with cartridges1 cuts with tubes1 and fires4 and fixes fuzes4 ,at #aj-;inch mortars1 ,nos4 #b and #c are sufficient to put in the shell4 ,disposition1 and ,duties of ,detachments1 for #h1 #e1 and #d-;inch ,mortars1 with ,five men4 ,no4 #a commands1 hands the spunge to #b1 points1 and primes4 #c runs up1 puts in the cartridge1 #b runs up1 spunges1 wipes the puts in shell1 and traverses4 bottom of the shell1 uncaps the fuze1 and traverses4 #e prepares and brings up shells1 #d clears the vent1 serves it1 cuts and fixes fuzes1 supplies pricks the cartridge1 supplies #a with tubes1 and fires4 #c with cartridges1 cuts and fixes fuzes4 ,the shells ought always to be deposited behind traverses raised for the purpose1 or in other sheltered places1 and one or two men1 according to circumstances1 should be appointed to scrape and clean the inside of them1 and prepare them for the powder and fuzes4 ,there must also be men to weigh or measure out the charges of powder1 according to the directions of ,no4 #a4 ,the following stores are required for the service of mortars3-- ,one spunge to be placed on the right of the mortar1 the spunge head to the front1 and supported to keep it free from gravel4 ,one scraper for two mortars4 ,one cartridge case1 for bringing up the cartridge2 or a paper or leather case1 for loading when the powder is loose4 ,one beam hook1 for #ac-;inch2 ,one pair of hand hooks1 for #aj-;inch4 ,one new pattern hand hook1 or piece of cord1 for #h-;inch4 ,four handspikes4 ,two on each side of the platform1 as directed for guns4 ,two pointing rods1 or pickets4 ,one plummet with line1 in charge of ,no4 #a4 ,a piece of sheepskin1 or an empty sand-bag for wiping the bottom of the shell2 to be placed on the right of the spunge4 ,one quadrant1 ,one perpendicular1 ,one fuze engine1 for every four or five mortars4 ,one tube pocket4 ,one lanyard with hook1 for friction tubes4 ,one set of priming irons4 ,one filling funnel4 ,one cork screw4 ,one mallet4 ,two setters4 ,tow1 or flax4 ,shells4 ,pound shot1 or stones4 ,bottoms for ditto4 ,valenciennes composition4 ,fuzes4 ,carcasses4 ,light balls4 ,at the ,magazine4 ,one budge barrel4 ,one set of weights and scales4 ,one set of powder measures4 ,,prepare ,,for ,,action4 ,,plant ,,the ,,pointing ,,rods4 ,,halt4 ,,plant ,,the ,,rod4 ,pointing rods are sometimes fixed in two and a half or three inch planks1 about seven or eight feet in length1 prepared for this purpose4 ,mortars are run up by the same numbers1 and in the same manner1 as guns on standing carriages1 the handspikes being applied under the running up bolts4 ,,load4 ,,put ,,in ,,the ,,shell4 ,,traverse4 ,,muzzle ,,right4 ,,heave4 ,,halt4 ,,muzzle ,,left4 ,,heave4 ,,halt4 ,if necessary--,,cross ,,lift ,,the ,,mortar ,,to ,,the ,,right1 7or ,,left74 ,,heave4 ,,down4 ,priming1 and ,firing1 as detailed for guns1 except that ,no4 #b1 at the word 8,,ready10 takes the sheepskin out of the mortar1 and as well as ,no4 #c takes an oblique pace to the rear1 to be clear of the explosion4 ,article #ac4 ,,firing ,,by ,,night4 ,to insure as accurate a fire as possible during the night1 the following expedients have been adopted3-- ,for guns on standing carriages4--,a directing bar1 or piece of timber1 about a foot or eighteen inches longer than the platform and four inches by six in thickness1 is used4 ,it has a hole at one end1 through which a bolt is passed into the platform close to the hurter1 and in the object line4 ,on this bolt the bar traverses4 ,at equal distances from the axis or middle line of the carriage1 two cleats are bolted under each axletree1 at a distance from each other equal to the breadth of the bar1 and the bar is passed under the carriage and fitted between these cleats4 ,holes are bored at the tail of the platform1 for the reception of bolts1 at distances from each other to suit the size of the bar4 ,the gun is laid for the object during the day1 and should the bar fall exactly between two holes1 the bolts are put in1 and the bar remains fixed4 ,when however the bar covers a hole1 the bolts are put into the nearest holes on each side1 and small wedges driven in between them and the bar1 in order to keep it in its place4 ,the gun now requires nothing more after each round than to be loaded1 run up1 and fired2 operations which are as easily performed by night as by day4 ,for guns on travelling carriages4--,the gun having been properly laid during the day1 a bead or piece of timber of a proper scantling is nailed or screwed to the platform1 inside the felloe of each wheel1 and parallel to the object line1 and two shorter pieces are fastened in like manner outside of the cheeks of the carriage1 at the trail4 ,by a proper application of scotches1 the ,madras and every description of traversing platform can be made available for night firing4 ,when the foregoing expedients cannot be resorted to1 the platform and the carriage should be chalked in different places1 and when the gun is run up1 these chalk-marks should be made to correspond4 ,a lantern1 in this case1 is always required4 ,for ,mortars4 ,after the mortar has been accurately laid1 a plank1 thin enough to go under the running-up bolts without touching them1 is placed against the outside of one of the cheeks of the bed1 and nailed or screwed to the platform1 and the mortar after every round1 run up to it4 ,if a suitable piece of plank cannot be procured the platform must be chalked close to the mortar bed4 ,article #ad4 ,,firing ,,at ,,moving ,,objects4 ,for firing at moving objects a garrison carriage may be fitted with a directing bar1 as for night firing1 and traversed by means of tackles hooked to eye-bolts in the rear end of the bar4 ,if the rear end be shaped for about ten inches like an axletree arm1 and fitted with a truck1 the operation of traversing will be greatly facilitated4 ,this method is peculiarly applicable to coast batteries1 where the guns are mounted en barbette and where vessels under sail are the objects to be fired at4 ,the gun is elevated and primed1 and the proper tackle being then hauled upon1 ,no4 #a gives the word 8,fire10 without any caution to the traversing numbers4 ,,part #b4--;,article #a4 ,,lever1 ,,and ,,handspike4 ,the lever is of essential use in the service of artillery4 ,when it is #f feet long1 and #c inches square at the large end1 called the point1 it is termed a handspike4 ,the greater the length of the lever the greater is its power4#bg ,slewing4 ,to slew a gun1 or mortar1 strictly speaking1 is to turn it on its axis without moving it from the spot on which it rests4 ,pinching4 ,pinching is the operation of moving a gun1 or mortar1 by small heaves of the handspike1 without allowing it to turn on its axis4 ,it is moved little by little1 and never raised in its progress1 but rubs against the skid on which it rests4 ,cross-lifting4 ,to cross-lift a gun1 or carriage1 is to move it in a direction nearly perpendicular to its axis4 ,heavy guns1 mounted1 or dismounted1 require a long lever1 and a fulcrum1 for cross-lifting4 ,guns of medium weight may be cross-lifted by means of handspikes4 ,article #b4 ,,fulcrums1 ,,and ,,props4 ,any piece of strong timber of suitable dimensions may serve for a fulcrum1 or a prop4 ,it is called a fulcrum when used to support a lever1 and a prop when used as a temporary support for anything else4 ,fulcrums4 ,the distance of the fulcrum from the weight which is to be raised should be such that1 when the lever rests upon the top of it1 the point may be put under the weight1 and the lever form such an angle with the horizon that1 when it is heaved down1 and the small end nearly touches the ground1 the weight may be raised to the required height4 ,except with very heavy bodies1 care must be taken1 in placing a fulcrum1 that it is inclined in a small degree towards the body1 so that when the lever acts it may bring the fulcrum into a vertical position4 ,props4 ,there cannot be a better prop than a quoin1 when it is long enough1 or a piece of wood of that shape1 of proportionate size4 ,if the wheels of a carriage are to be taken off1 and the carriage propped1 the trail should be first secured from slipping4 ,the props are placed under each cheek1 or under the shoulder of the axletree1 with a slight inclination towards the carriage4 ,when one wheel only is to be taken off1 and the other scotched1 the props may be placed vertically2 but practice alone will point out the proper position of props in all situations4 ,the point of the lever must not be withdrawn1 until it is evident that the prop is well placed4 ,article #c4 ,,lifting ,,jack4 ,the lifting jack forms part of the equipment of every battery1 and battering train4 ,it may be applied to many of the purposes for which a long lever is used2 but it is commonly employed to raise the wheels of carriages from the ground when they are to be greased1 or exchanged1 and to extricate them from ruts and holes4 ,the wheel opposite to that which is to be raised must be scotched4 ,on soft ground a piece of board must be placed under the foot of the jack1 to prevent its sinking4 ,there are three kinds of lifting jacks in the service-- #ast4 ,the common lifting jack is used for field carriages only4 ,the arm1 which may be adjusted1 within certain limits1 to any required height1 is a lever of the first kind1 and is applied accordingly4 ,the body of the jack is the support on which it works4 #bnd4 ,the tooth and pinion jack is of greater power than the common jack1 and is used for heavy carriages4 ,it is applied vertically under the carriage1 which is raised by turning the winch of the jack4 #crd4 ,the screw jack is an elevating screw of large dimensions1 and is of greater power than either of the other two4 ,like the tooth and pinion jack1 it is applied vertically under the body1 which is raised1 like the breech of a gun1 by turning up the screw4 ,the foot of it is furnished with three spikes1 to prevent its slipping when the screw is turned4 ,if a wheel is to be extricated from a rut1 into which it has sunk so far that the lifting jack cannot be applied in the ordinary manner1 the jack is placed as close to the wheel as possible1 on the outside of it4 ,a piece of rope1 passed under the nave1 is made fast to the extremity of the arm1 if the common jack is used1 or to the fork1 if either of the other kinds be employed4 ,the jack is then worked as usual1 and stones or other hard substances are thrown under the wheel1 to prevent its sinking1 as often as it may be necessary to take fresh purchases4 ,the tooth and pinion and screw jacks may be employed to move bodies horizontally a few inches1 provided a good abutment or support can be found for the foot of the stock4 ,by the application of two jacks1 in opposite directions1 bodies may be brought together to be spliced1 riveted1 c4 ,article #d4 ,,rollers4 ,rollers are solid cylinders of wood1 used in mounting guns upon their carriages1 in shifting them from carriage to carriage1 and in moving them through passages too narrow to admit of the use of the ordinary means of transport4 ,their dimensions vary1 according to the nature of the service for which they are intended4 ,they can be used with advantage1 only on a perfectly level plane surface4 ,when a cylindrical body is moved on rollers1 they must be perfectly horizontal1 or it will roll off them2 and even when the rollers are horizontal1 steadying handspikes should1 if possible1 be applied1 to guard still further against such an accident4 ,the rollers must be placed at right angles to the direction in which they are intended to move1 projecting equally on each side of the axis of the gun1 or other body1 which they support4 ,a gun laid upon rollers may be moved1 either by hauling upon it with ropes1 or by means of levers4 ,in the last case1 two holes crossing each other at right angles1 are pierced near each end of the several rollers1 and in them are inserted the points of iron levers1 by means of which the rollers are turned in the required direction4 ,in order that rollers may be used with the greatest effect1 and that there may be as little necessity as possible for shifting them during the course of an operation1 it must be borne in mind1-- #ast4 ,that a roller moves in a direction perpendicular to its own axis4 #bnd4 ,that it moves over half the space only which is traversed by the body it supports4 ,article #e4 ,,crab ,,capstan4 ,a crab capstan consists of a barrel1 7in shape1 a frustum of a cone17 and of a framework of wood and iron by which the barrel is supported in a vertical position with its largest diameter next the ground4 ,it is furnished with two levers1 called capstan bars1 which are passed through mortices in the upper part of the barrel1 and by means of which the barrel may be turned about on its axis4 ,by means of the crab capstan1 a few men1 acting at the levers1 can move weights which would be far beyond their strength1 if applied in the ordinary manner2 and it may1 therefore1 be used with advantage in many situations1 in which it may be either difficult to command labour1 or desirable to economise it4 ,one end of a rope is made fast to the weight which is to be moved1 and is called the standing end4 ,the other1 called the running end1 is passed two or three times round the lower part of the barrel1 the loose or running end being kept above the turns1 and stretched taught by the man who passed it round4 ,as the barrel is turned1 the standing end of the rope winds round it1 forces the turns up the barrel1 and clears itself4 ,as fast as the running end comes off the barrel1 it is coiled by a man appointed to that duty4 ,the capstan1 when used1 is secured by ropes to pickets1 driven on the opposite side of it to that on which the strain acts upon it4 ,three men at each end of both bars--i4 e41 twelve men in all--is the greatest number that can be employed at the capstan with advantage2 and two men are required for the running end of the fall1 as previously described4 ,the levers are twelve feet in length1 and the power of twelve men1 acting upon them1 is about equivalent to that of #acb men acting at the end of a taught rope4 ,if a crab capstan cannot be procured1 the windlass of a gyn may be used as a substitute1 the cheeks being laid on the ground and secured with pickets2 or a temporary capstan may be rigged1 by lashing four handspikes to the spokes and felloe of a limber wheel1 which is turned upon the pintail of the dismounted limber4 ,article #ab4 ,,sling ,,cart4 ,the sling cart weighs about #ae cwt41 and is employed for moving heavy ordnance4 ,it is capable of carrying #fe cwt4 ,one non-commissioned officer and six men are required1 numbered as usual2 but it can be worked by one non-commissioned officer and four men4 ,articles required3-- ,one sling of six-inch white rope1 two fathoms long1 with an eye-splice at each end4 ,one sling tye1 of one-inch tarred rope1 two feet long4 ,one prypole4 ,one prypole rope1 #b-;inch1 three fathoms long4 ,two levers1 six feet nine inches long4 ,two lever ropes1 of two-inch tarred rope1 each two fathoms4 ,two pawls4 ,two common handspikes4 ,two pieces of short skidding1 about #d feet long1 and five or six inches square4 ,the detachment is drawn up in rear of and facing the cart1 the command is given1 8,form the order of exercise--to the right face--quick march40 ,the detachment wheels to the left1 and the ranks open out4 ,nos4 #b and #c halt one pace in rear of and covering the wheels4 ,the whole one pace from each other1 and covering4 ,disposition1 and duties of the ,men4 ,no4 #a attends to the pawl1 and commands4 ,left side4 ,right side4 #c has charge of the left lever1 #b has charge of the right lever1 and skids the gun when and skids the gun when necessary4 necessary4 #e has charge of a handspike1 #d has charge of a handspike1 assists #c at the lever1 and assists #b at the lever1 and skidding1 and raises the weight skidding1 and raises the weight when it is to be lashed4 when it is to be lashed4 #g assists #c at the lever1 slings1 #f assists #b at the lever1 slings1 and unslings the gun1 and and unslings the gun1 and lashes it to the prypole4 lashes it to the prypole4 ,,form ,,the ,,order ,,of ,,march4 ,,quick ,,march4 ,if the gun be not on skids1 a piece of skidding is placed under it1 a little in front of the trunnions1 to make room for the sling to be passed under the piece4 ,before the piece is slung1 the trunnions are brought vertical1 or nearly so1 either by the ordinary method of slewing1 or by means of the sling cart1 as follows3-- ,,back ,,the ,,cart ,,over ,,the ,,gun4 ,,scotch ,,the ,,wheels4 ,,form ,,the ,,order ,,of ,,exercise4 ,,quick ,,march4 ,,unlash ,,the ,,prypole1 ,,levers1 ,,and ,,handspikes4 ,,fix ,,the ,,sling ,,to ,,the ,,right ,,of ,,the ,,windlass4 ,,overhaul ,,the ,,sling4 ,,prepare ,,to ,,raise ,,the ,,right ,,trunnion4 ,,heave ,,in ,,the ,,slack4 ,,take ,,up ,,levers4 ,,right ,,lever ,,take ,,purchase4 ,,heave4 ,,left ,,lever ,,take ,,purchase4 ,,right ,,lever ,,fetch4 ,,left ,,lever ,,heave4 ,,right ,,lever ,,take ,,purchase4 ,,left ,,lever ,,fetch4 ,,halt4 ,,out ,,levers4 ,,sling ,,the ,,gun4 ,,heave ,,in ,,the ,,slack4 ,,man ,,the ,,levers4 ,,heave4 ,,left ,,lever ,,hold ,,on4 ,,right ,,lever ,,fetch4 ,alternately to the lever numbers--,,hold ,,on1 and ,,fetch1 until the gun is close to the axletree1 ,,halt4 ,,prepare ,,to ,,raise ,,the ,,breech4 ,,raise ,,the ,,breech4 7,if necessary1 ,,take ,a ,,fresh ,,purchase4 ,,heave47 ,,halt1 ,,lash ,,the ,,breech4 ,,lash ,,levers1 ,,and ,,handspikes4 ,unslinging the ,gun4 ,,unlash ,,levers1 ,,and ,,handspikes4 ,,unlash ,,the ,,prypole4 ,,man ,,the ,,levers4 ,,ease ,,off4 ,,left ,,lever ,,hold ,,on4 ,,right ,,lever ,,fetch4 ,,right ,,lever ,,hold ,,on4 ,,left ,,lever ,,fetch4 ,,out ,,levers4 ,slinging a ,howitzer4 ,a howitzer is slung1 and unslung according to the foregoing details4 ,slinging a ,mortar4 ,a mortar is slung with the muzzle towards the rear4 ,for a #ac-;inch mortar1 the wheels of the sling waggon ought to be used for the sling cart1 and a double-barrelled windlass1 if procurable4 ,unslinging a ,mortar4 ,see 8,unslinging a ,gun40 ,slinging a ,mortar bed4 ,the windlass for raising ,mortar beds is of a different construction from that of guns1 being square in the middle1 and cylindrical at each end4 ,the bed is slung with the front part towards the rear of the cart4 ,,sling ,,the ,,bed4 ,,lash ,,the ,,bed4 ,unslinging a ,mortar bed4 ,unslinging a mortar bed is just the reverse of slinging1 each number undoing what he had previously done4 ,article #ac4 ,,sling ,,waggon4 ,the sling waggon weighs about #bi cwt41 and is employed for moving heavy ordnance1 and their standing carriages4 ,it requires a detachment of #a non-commissioned officer and #h men2 but #a non-commissioned officer and #f men can sling any weight below a #bd-pounder4 ,the following articles are required3-- ,one sling of five-inch white rope1 #b fathoms long1 and having an eye-splice at each end4 ,one sling tye of one-inch tarred rope1 two feet long4 ,one breech rope1 or carriage sling1 of #b-;inch tarred rope1 #f fathoms long4 ,two levers1 six feet nine inches long4 ,two lever ropes1 of two-inch tarred rope1 #b fathoms each4 ,two pawls4 ,four common handspikes4 ,two pieces of skidding1 about four feet long1 and six or seven inches square4 ,one pair of strong dragropes4 ,the detachment is numbered in the usual manner1 and takes post for exercise1 as at the sling cart4 ,disposition1 and duties of the men4 ,no4 #a attends to the pawls1 and commands4 ,left side4 ,right side4 #c has charge of the left lever1 #b has charge of the right lever1 and skidding1 scotches the and skidding1 scotches the wheels in rear1 assists in wheels in rear1 assists in unlimbering1 and limbering up4 unlimbering1 and limbering up4 #e has charge of a handspike1 #d has charge of a handspike1 assists #c at the lever1 scotches assists #b at the lever1 scotches the wheels in front1 fixes the the wheels in front1 fixes the carriage sling1 and assists in carriage sling1 and assists in unlimbering1 and limbering up4 unlimbering1 and limbering up4 #g assists #c at the lever1 slings1 #f assists #b at the lever1 slings1 and unslings the gun1 lashes the and unslings the gun1 lashes the breech1 handspikes1 and levers1 breech1 handspikes1 and levers1 and assists in unlimbering1 and and assists in unlimbering1 limbering up4 and limbering up4 #i assists in unlimbering1 and #h assists in unlimbering1 and limbering up1 keys1 and unkeys limbering up1 keys1 and unkeys the limber chain1 and fixes the the draught chain1 and fixes breech rope4 the breech rope4 ,bringing the stores4--,if the stores are not with the waggon1 ,nos4 #b and #c bring a lever each1 and #d and #e two handspikes each2 #f the gun sling1 and #g the carriage sling or breech rope2 #h and #i the skids and drag ropes4 ,the gun is supposed to be lying on skids1 and its carriage on one side1 with its breast nearly in line with the breech4 ,,form ,,the ,,order ,,of ,,march4 ,,quick ,,march4 ,,back ,,the ,,waggon ,,over ,,the ,,gun4 ,,prepare ,,to ,,unlimber4 ,,unlimber4 ,,out ,,levers4 ,,prepare ,,to ,,turn ,,the ,,gun ,,carriage ,,over4 ,,turn ,,the ,,gun ,,carriage ,,over--,,heave4 ,,take ,,off ,,the ,,trucks4 ,,prepare ,,to ,,lift ,,the ,,carriage ,,to ,,the ,,cross-,,bar4 ,,lift ,,the ,,carriage ,,to ,,the ,,cross-,,bar4 ,,fix ,,the ,,carriage ,,sling4 ,,take ,,up ,,levers4 ,,right ,,lever ,,take ,a ,,purchase--,,heave4 ,,out ,,levers--,,off ,,sling4 ,,prepare ,,to ,,limber ,,up4 ,,limber ,,up4 ,,prepare ,,to ,,back ,,the ,,waggon4 ,,back ,,the ,,waggon4 ,,scotch ,,the ,,hind ,,wheels4 ,,put ,,on ,,the ,,trucks4 ,,form ,,the ,,order ,,of ,,exercise4 ,,quick ,,march4 ,,prepare ,,to ,,raise ,,the ,,trunnion ,,on ,,the ,,right4 ,,heave ,,in ,,the ,,slack4 ,,take ,,up ,,levers4 ,,right ,,lever ,,take ,a ,,purchase--,,heave4 ,,left ,,lever ,,take ,a ,,purchase4 ,,right ,,lever ,,fetch4 ,,left ,,lever ,,heave4 ,,out ,,levers4 ,,sling ,,the ,,gun4 ,,man ,,the ,,levers4 ,,left ,,lever ,,hold ,,on--,,right ,,lever ,,fetch4 ,,prepare ,,to ,,raise ,,the ,,breech4 ,,raise ,,the ,,breech4 ,,frap ,,and ,,make ,,fast4 ,,place ,,stool ,,bed1 ,,and ,,quoin4 ,,lash ,,up ,,levers1 ,,and ,,handspikes4 ,dismounting the ,gun1 and ,carriage4 ,,place ,,skids1 ,,unlash1 ,,and ,,scotch ,,the ,,wheels4 ,,unlash ,,the ,,breech4 ,,form ,,the ,,order ,,of ,,exercise4 ,,quick ,,march4 ,,levers ,,take ,a ,,purchase ,,to ,,lower ,,the ,,gun4 ,,bear ,,down4 ,,ease ,,off4 ,,right ,,lever ,,hold ,,on4 ,,left ,,lever ,,fetch4 ,,left ,,lever ,,hold ,,on4 ,,right ,,lever ,,fetch4 ,,ease ,,off4 ,slinging ,howitzers4 ,a howitzer is slung in the same manner as a gun4 ,slinging ,mortars4 ,a #ac-;inch mortar and its bed require each a waggon for itself2 but a #aj or #h-;inch mortar can be conveyed on its bed1 by one waggon4 ,,limber ,,up4 ,,unscotch ,,the ,,wheels4 ,,run ,,the ,,waggon ,,back4 ,,prepare ,,to ,,lash ,,up ,,the ,,muzzle4 ,,heave4 ,,run ,,the ,,waggon ,,forward4 ,article #ae4 ,,triangle ,,gyns4 ,there are two patterns of triangle gyn1 the small and the large4 ,the small gyn has legs sixteen feet long1 weighs about #h cwt41 including the tackle1 and is capable of raising with safety #fe cwt4 ,it is principally used for mounting guns and howitzers on their carriages1 and for dismounting them2 and for placing ordnance of every description on platform waggons4 ,the large gyn has legs twenty feet long1 weighs about #aa cwt41 including the tackle1 and is also capable of raising with safety #fe cwt4 ,it is principally used for mounting guns upon traversing platforms1 and for dismounting them4 ,the rear of the gyn is the part where the windlass is fixed4 ,the front of the gyn is the prypole4 ,strength of ,gyn ,detachments4 ,one non-commissioned officer and ten men are allowed to raise and work the gyn1 numbered as for gun drill4 ,the same number is sufficient to carry the small gyn4 ,the large one should be drawn to the place where it is to be used in a hand cart4 ,at exercise the even numbers are on the right1 and the odd numbers on the left4 ,the following is the list of stores required for the service of gyns3-- ,one fall1 of #c-;inch white rope1 seventy-two feet long1 for the small gyn4 ,one fall1 of #c inch white rope1 ninety-six feet long4 ,one staple1 fixed in the top of the prypole4 ,for ,one four-inch block for whip4 the ,one whip fall1 of #a-;inch rope1 thirty feet long4 large ,four lashing ropes1 each nine feet long4 gyn4 ,two levers and lever ropes4 ,one triple block4 ,one double block4 ,one sling1 of six-inch white rope1 of a length to suit the dimension of the gun or other object which is to be slung4 ,one single lashing rope1 #b-;inch1 for slinging mortars4 ,one piece of spun yarn1 three-stranded1 #a fathom long1 for seizing the clinch of the fall4 ,one ditto1 one fathom long1 for stoppering the fall4 ,with ,one fid1 7for which a couple of handspikes may be both substituted17 for slinging the gun2 or1-- patterns4 ,one short piece of skidding1 for the same purpose1 for slinging mortars and howitzers4 ,one hammer4 ,three trucks1 or small pieces of board1 four inches thick1 with a hole in the centre of each1 to receive the spikes of the feet of the gyn on soft ground4 ,handspikes laid upon the ground1 and on each side of the several spikes1 will answer this purpose4 ,one pair of dragropes4 ,disposition1 and duties of the ,men4 ,no4 #a commands4 ,left side4 ,right side4 #c carries the foot of the left #b carries the foot of the right cheek1 has charge of the left cheek1 has charge of the right lever1 keys and unkeys the left lever1 keys and unkeys the capsquare1 runs the carriage up1 right capsquare1 runs the or back4 carriage up or back4 #e carries the top of the left #d carries the top of the right cheek1 assists #c at the lever1 cheek1 assists #b at the lever1 runs the carriage up1 or back4 runs the carriage up or back4 #g carries the levers and #f carries the windlass1 passes the handspikes1 assists #f to pass fall round it1 holds on the fall the fall round the windlass1 and makes it fast1 eases off holds on next to him4 the fall1 and lowers the gun4 #i carries the top of the prypole #h carries the foot of the prypole with sling1 fid1 trucks1 c41 with sling1 fid1 trucks1 c41 holds on the fall behind #g1 holds on the fall behind #f4 and coils it up4 #aa assists in carrying the blocks1 #aj assists in carrying the blocks and fall1 reeves1 and unreeves and fall1 reeves1 and unreeves the triple block1 assists in the double block1 assists in slinging the gun1 and steadies slinging the gun1 and steadies it on his own side4 it on his own side4 ,,put ,,the ,,gyn ,,together1 ,,and ,,reeve ,,the ,,tackle4 ,,place ,,the ,,windlass4 ,to raise1 and place a ,gyn4 ,,prepare ,,to ,,raise ,,the ,,gyn4 ,at a small gyn the tackle is hooked before the gyn is raised2 at a large gyn it is not hooked until after the operation has been performed4 ,at the ,small gyn1 ,,hook ,,the ,,tackle4 ,,raise ,,the ,,gyn4 ,,halt4 ,,prepare ,,to ,,place ,,the ,,gyn1 either pattern4 ,,lift ,,the ,,cheeks ,,in1 ,,out1 ,,to ,,the ,,right1 ,,or ,,to ,,the ,,left4 ,at the ,large gyn1 ,,prepare ,,to ,,hook ,,the ,,tackle4 ,,hoist ,,the ,,tackle4 ,to raise a ,gun1 or other object1 and to mount and dismount a ,gun or ,howitzer on1 and from a standing carriage2 or to shift it from one carriage to another4 ,,post ,,yourselves4 ,,pass ,,the ,,fall ,,round ,,the ,,windlass4 ,,put ,,on ,,the ,,sling1 ,,and ,,hook ,,the ,,block4 ,,fix ,,the ,,sling1 to a gun1 or howitzer without dolphins4 ,or1 ,,fix ,,the ,,lashing1 to a mortar1 or other piece of ordnance with dolphins4 ,,fix ,,the ,,sling1 to a mortar bed4 ,,shift ,,the ,,fall ,,to ,,the ,,right ,,of ,,the ,,windlass4 ,,haul ,,taught4 ,everything being prepared for raising the piece1 c41 which has been slung1 ,,work ,,the ,,levers4 ,,heave4 ,,fetch4 ,,heave1 ,,fetch1 alternately until the piece1 c41 is high enough4 ,,high ,,enough4 ,,make ,,fast ,,the ,,fall4 ,if a gun1 or howitzer is to be dismounted1 the carriage is run from under by ,nos4 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 and the piece is lowered to the ground--,,prepare ,,to ,,lower ,,the ,,piece4 ,,lower4 ,the piece is unslung1 and the sling removed by the same numbers that slung it4 ,before striking the large gyn1 the tackle must be unhooked2 an operation exactly the reverse of hooking4 ,,prepare ,,to ,,strike ,,the ,,gyn4 ,,strike ,,the ,,gyn4 ,,take ,,the ,,gyn ,,to ,,pieces4 ,to mount a ,gun1 and ,carriage1 upon a platform waggon1 by means of a triangle gyn4 ,the gyn is placed over the gun in the usual manner1 and the platform waggon is brought to the side of the gyn1 with its rear towards the muzzle of the gun4 ,the gun is then raised1 by means of the gyn2 and1 when high enough1 and the fall made fast1 the carriage is run back by ,nos4 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e4 ,,prepare ,,to ,,back ,,the ,,waggon4 ,,back ,,the ,,waggon4 ,,lower ,,the ,,gun4 ,the sling is then removed1 and the waggon is run forward4 ,the gun carriage is next brought under the gyn1 and turned bottom upwards--,,lift4 ,,fix ,,the ,,carriage ,,sling4 ,the carriage is now raised by means of the gyn1 and is lowered upon the piece4 ,,lash ,,the ,,carriage4 ,article #af4 ,,gibraltar ,,gyn4 ,the ,gibraltar gyn is principally used for mounting1 and dismounting guns1 and howitzers on1 and from standing carriages4 ,it weighs #aj cwt41 and can support three tons with safety4 ,the following stores are required for the service of the gyn3-- ,one fall1 of #c-;inch white rope1 eight fathoms long4 ,two lashings for slinging the gun1 of #b-;inch tarred rope1 each twenty feet long4 ,one stopper1 about #e feet long1 of #b-;inch tarred rope1 more than one half plaited as a gasket4 ,one iron triple block1 with brass sheaves1 to which is attached a bar of iron #b feet long1 for suspending the gun1 its ends turned up to prevent the slings slipping off4 ,four common handspikes4 ,two dragropes4 ,one non-commissioned officer and six men are allowed for working the gyn1 numbered as usual4 ,the gyn is moved by means of dragropes hooked to the staples of the front1 or rear axletrees by ,nos4 #f and #g4 ,it can be drawn over hard level ground by the working detachment of six men4 ,on ground of an unfavourable nature1 a greater number than this is necessary4 ,the rear of the gyn is the part where the windlass is fixed4 ,the detachment being formed a few paces in rear of the gyn1 ,no4 #a gives the word1 8,,take ,,post ,,for ,,exercise--,,to ,,the ,,right ,,face--,,quick ,,march40 ,the detachment wheels to the left1 and the ranks open out4 ,nos4 #b and #c halt one pace in rear of their respective axletree arms4 ,the whole one pace from each other1 and covering4 ,disposition1 and ,duties of the ,detachment4 ,no4 #a commands4 ,left side4 ,right side4 #c runs the carriage up1 or back1 #b runs the carriage up1 or back1 heaves round the windlass1 heaves round the windlass1 assists #g to sling the gun4 assists #f to sling the gun4 #e runs the carriage up1 or back1 #d runs the carriage up1 or back1 assists to hold on the fall1 holds on the fall1 makes it stoppers1 and unstoppers it4 fast1 and lowers the gun4 #g reeves the tackle1 slings1 and #f reeves the tackle1 slings1 and unslings the gun at the chase1 unslings the gun near the first and steadies it4 reinforce1 steadies the gun1 and overhauls the tackle4 ,,prepare ,,to ,,place ,,the ,,gyn4 ,,place ,,the ,,gyn ,,by ,,hand1 7or ,,by ,,crosslifting74 ,,reeve ,,the ,,tackle4 ,,prepare ,,to ,,sling ,,the ,,piece4 ,,sling ,,the ,,piece4 ,,haul ,,in ,,the ,,slack4 ,,heave ,,round ,,the ,,windlass4 ,,halt4 ,,stopper ,,the ,,fall4 ,,shift ,,the ,,fall4 ,,halt4 ,the carriage having been run under the piece1 or away from it1 as may be required1 the piece is lowered1 and cast loose1 each number reversing the operations which he performed in lashing2 and raising it4 ,,part ,,viii4 ,,gunnery4 ,by the ,parabolic ,theory1 the greatest range is when the angle of elevation is #de1 or half a right angle2 and the ranges are equal at angles1 equally above1 and below #de4 ,in projectiles1 moving with velocities not exceeding #cjj or #djj feet per second of time1 the ,parabolic theory will resolve cases tolerably near the truth2 but in cases of great projectile velocities1 that theory is quite inadequate1 without the aid of data1 drawn from good experiments2 for so great is the effect of the resistance of the air to projectiles of considerable velocity1 that some of those1 which in the air range only two or three miles1 would1 in vacuo1 range between twenty and thirty miles4 ,the effects of this resistance are also various1 according to the velocity1 the diameter1 and the weight of the shot4 ,by experiments it will be found that the greatest range 7instead of being constantly that at an elevation of #de1 as in the ,parabolic theory71 will be at all intermediate degrees between #de and #cj 7with ordinary charges about #db71 being more1 or less1 both according to the velocity1 and the weight of the projectile2 the smaller velocities1 and larger shells ranging farthest when projected almost at an elevation of #de2 while the greatest velocities1 especially with the smaller shells1 range farthest with an elevation of about #cj4 ,however1 as sufficient experiments have not yet been made to establish true rules for practical gunnery1 independent of the ,parabolic theory1 we must at present content ourselves with the data of some one certain experimental range1 and time of flight at a given angle of elevation1 and then1 by help of these1 and the ,parabolic theory1 we can determine the like circumstances for other elevations that are not greatly different from the former1 assisted by the following rules3-- ,,practical ,,rules ,,in ,,gunnery4 #a4--,to find the ,velocity of any shot1 or shell4 ,it has been found by experiments1 that with shot of mean windage1 and powder of mean strength1 a charge of one-third of the weight of the ball gives an initial velocity of about #afjj feet per second3 therefore1 to find the velocity given by any other charge1 divide three times the weight of the charge by the weight of the ball1 and multiply the square root of the quotient by #afjj1 the product will be the velocity in feet1 or the space the shot passes over in the first second4#bh #b4 ,the first graze1 with given elevation1 and charge1 being known1 to determine the charge for any other first graze1 and elevation4 ,multiply the known charge1 and elevation into the proposed first graze1 also the proposed elevation into the known first graze1 and divide the first product by the last1 for the charge required in ounces4 #c4 ,given the range for one charge1 to find the range for another charge1 or the charge for another range4 ,the ranges have the same proportion as the charges2 that is1 as one range is to its charge1 so is any other range to its charge1 the elevation of the piece being the same in both cases4 ,table of ,velocities1 c41 of shells4 ,nature of shells1 in inches #ac #aj #h #e #d ,their weight 7loaded7 in pounds #bjj #ib #df #af #h ,charge of powder 7land service7 do4 #e #c #b #a ,the velocities #dcf #ejj #fbi #fic #fic ,from ,experiments on the velocities of shot1 the following results have been obtained3-- #a4 ,the time of a ball's flight is nearly as the range1 the gun1 and elevation being the same4 #b4 ,the velocities decrease as the distances increase 7arising from the resistance of the air1 which opposes the progress of the shot17 in a proportion somewhat higher than the squares of the velocities throughout1 and subject only to a small variation4 #c4 ,very little advantage is gained1 in point of range1 by increasing the charge more than is necessary to attain the object1 the velocities given by large charges being very soon reduced to those by moderate charges2 those1 for instance1 given by half the shot's weight are reduced to an equality with those by one-third1 after passing through a space of only #bjj feet4 7,vide #h47 #d4 ,very little benefit is derived from increasing the length of guns1 the velocity given by long guns of #bb calibres being reduced to an equality with that of short guns of #ae calibres with similar charges1 after passing through the following spaces--viz43-- ,with the shot's weight1 about #bhe 0 do4 do4 #bjj 0 do4 do4 #aej 0 do4 do4 #aae #e4 ,the resistance of the air against balls of different diameters with equal velocities1 is very nearly in the proportion of the squares of their diameters1 or as their surfaces4 #f4 ,a very great increase of velocity may be acquired by a decrease of windage1 from to being lost by the windage of #j the diameter of the bore4 #g4 ,by firing the charge in different parts 7separately1 or simultaneously71 by compressing the charge1 by the use of wads1 by varying the weight of the gun to lessen the recoil1 or even by stopping the recoil entirely1 no sensible change is produced in the velocity of the ball4 #h4 ,the velocity increases with the charge1 to a certain point1 peculiar to each gun2 but1 by further increasing the charge1 the velocity gradually diminishes2 yet the recoil is always increased by an increase of charge4 7,vide #c47 #i4 ,the velocities of balls fired with equal charges increase to a certain point1 when the gun is longer1 in a proportion which is nearly the middle ratio between the square and cube roots of the length of the bore4 #aj4 ,when shot of different weights are fired with the same charges of powder1 the velocities communicated to them are nearly in the inverse ratio of the square roots of their weights4 ,therefore1 shot which are of different weights1 and impelled by the firing of different charges of powder1 acquire velocities which are directly as the square roots of the charges of powder1 and inversely as the square roots of the weights of the shot4 ,by making use of shot of a heavier metal than iron 7lead for instance7 the momentum of the shot discharged with the same charge of powder would be increased in the ratio of the square root of the shot's weight1 which would both augment the force of the blow with which it would strike1 and also the extent of the range4 ,compound-shot1 or shells filled with lead1 fired with charges increased th1 will increase the power of range considerably4 #aa4 ,with common shells at #de elevation1 the time of flight is nearly equal to the square root of the range in feet1 divided by #d2 or1 more nearly1 equal to the square root of the quotient of the range in feet1 divided by #af-a_/ab4 #ab4 ,the range at #de elevation is nearly equal to the square of the time of flight in seconds1 multiplied by #af-a_/ab feet4 ,the range at #ae will be about half that at #de4 #ac4 ,upon inclined planes1 at any elevation1 there are always two elevations with which any range may be obtained4 ,the elevation which gives the greatest range1 on a given ascent1 is equal to half the sum of #ij added to the ascent4 ,the elevations which give equal ranges on a given ascent1 are the complements of each other added to the ascent4 ,the elevation which gives the greatest range on a descent1 is equal to half the complement of the descent4 #ad4 ,the depths penetrated by balls of the same size into wood1 with different velocities1 or charges1 are nearly as the squares of the velocities4 ,balls of different sizes will penetrate to depths proportionate to their diameters2 therefore a greater ball will not only make a larger hole1 but will also penetrate farther than a small one with the same velocity4 #ae4 ,by experiments at a mean range1 it has been ascertained that in common earth1 dug up and well rammed1 a musket ball buries itself nearly #a foot2 a #f-pounder from #c feet to #d feet2 #i-pounder from #f feet to #g feet2 #ab-pounder from #h feet to #aj feet2 #ah1 and #bd-pounders from #aa feet to #ac feet4 ,,theory1 ,,and ,,practice ,,of ,,gunnery1 ,,applicable ,,especially ,,to ,,the ,,service ,,of ,,naval ,,ordnance4#bi ,double ,shotting4 8,double shotting may be used with all #cb-pounder guns above those of #cb cwt41 at distances not exceeding #djj or #ejj yards2 but the most efficient practice with two shot is at #cjj yards4 ,the #cb-pounders of #cb cwt4 and #be cwt4 should not1 however1 be so used beyond #bjj and #bej yards4 8,with double loadings of round shot and grape1 when the shot is put in first1 the projectiles range more together than when the reverse process is used2 such loading requires1 however1 more elevation to be given to the gun than when single shot are used1 on account of the grape shot impeding the flight of the round shot4 ,a double load of grape from the same gun ranges tolerably well together for #cjj yards4 ,with a double load of case shot1 even with half a degree more elevation than when a single load is used1 a great many balls will not range above #ajj yards to the first graze2 within this extent they lose much of their velocity1 and few reach an object at #bjj yards4 ,a #cb-pounder gun of #ef1 or of #ej cwt41 double shotted with charges of #f lb41 requires at #djj yards #a degree of elevation2 at #cjj yards #a degree2 and at #bjj yards half a degree2 and1 in general1 half a degree must be added1 with any double loading1 to the elevation required with single shot4 8,for round1 and grape1 at #djj yards1 there is required #a degree of elevation2 and at #bjj yards half a degree4 ,these projectiles range well together at a target1 but they should not be used at a greater distance than #aej yards on account of their dispersion1 and the differences of their striking velocities1 and penetrating forces4 8,with a single load of grape at #djj yards1 the elevation required is #a degree1 a full charge of powder being used4 ,with a double load of grape at #djj yards1 and the reduced charge1 the elevation required is #c degrees2 at that distance1 however1 double grape scatters so much as to make very bad practice40 ,the effects of wads4 8,experience has proved that different degrees of ramming1 or different dimensions of wads1 make no sensible alteration in the velocities of the ball as determined by the vibrations of the suspended gun4 ,stout firm junk wads1 so tight as with difficulty to be rammed into the gun1 have been used2 sometimes they were placed between the powder and ball1 sometimes over both1 but no difference was discovered in the velocity of the ball4 ,different degrees of ramming were also tried without wads4 ,the charge was sometimes set home without being compressed2 sometimes rammed with different numbers of strokes1 or pushed up with various degrees of force2 but the velocity of the ball remained the same4 ,with great windage1 the vibrations of the pendulum were much reduced1 although tight wads under the shot were used2 so that wads do not prevent the escape of the inflamed powder by the windage1 nor under any circumstances occasion any sensible difference in the velocity of the ball4#cj 8,from experiments made on board the #8,excellent1' in #ahdg1 it was found that a grummet wad is more efficient than one of junk1 in preventing the cartridge from shifting its place in the bore when the guns were run out with a strong jerk4 8,with respect to small arms1 it is found that wads of different kinds have different effects upon the projectile1 by modifying the action of the charge2 and from experiments which have been made in the ,united ,states with a musket pendulum1 the following results have been obtained3 ,with a charge equal to #gg grains1 a musket ball1 wrapped in cartridge paper1 and the paper crumpled into a wad1 the velocity of the ball was #acdb feet2 and when two felt wads1 cut from a hat1 were placed on the powder1 with one on the ball1 the velocity was #adhb feet4 ,with a charge equal to #adj grains1 two felt wads being placed on the powder1 and one on the ball1 the velocity was #aebe feet2 when cartridge paper was used1 crumpled into a wad1 the velocity was #aege feet2 and when one wad of pasteboard was placed over the powder1 with another on the ball1 it was #aeii feet4 ,these results seem to indicate that wads made of the stiffest materials are the most advantageous40 ,penetration of ,shot4 8,experiments were made in #ahdh on board ,h4,m4,s4 #8,excellent1' by firing both solid and hollow shot against the #8,prince ,george' hulk1 which was moored at the distance of #abjj yards4 ,the guns were laid at small angles of elevation1 generally between two and three degrees2 and the following is a brief statement of some of the most remarkable effects which were produced1 the depth penetrated being expressed by the sum of the distances in solid wood which the shot passed through1 or deeply furrowed4 ,several #ah-pr4 shot1 with charges of #f lb4 of powder1 penetrated to depths varying from #ba to #cc inches1 according to the state of the wood1 and there stuck4 ,with charges of #h lb41 the #cb-pr4 shot penetrated to depths varying from #bb to #dh inches4 ,a #fh-pr4 shot 7solid71 with a charge of #aj lb4 of powder1 made a total penetration of #df inches4 ,many hollow shot were fired with remarkable effects from #fh-pr4 guns1 making penetrations which varied from #be to #ef inches4 ,one of these1 with a charge of #h lb41 penetrated the side of the hulk1 passing through #bh inches of good wood1 tore out the iron hook1 which holds the port-hinge1 and fractured the after-side of the port1 driving the splinters about the deck4 ,it rent away the end of a beam1 grazed the deck1 passing through two planks1 and cutting down a stanchion #h inches square1 making several large splinters2 it then struck against the opposite side of the ship1 whence it rebounded against that which it entered4 8,at #hjj yards1 with heavy guns1 a charge of one quarter of the weight of shot may always be used2 at #ejj yards1 the charge may be reduced to one-sixth2 and within #djj yards1 two shot at once may be used with advantage4 8,hollow shot from a #fh-pounder carronade1 with a charge of #e lb4 #h oz41 penetrated to depths varying from #bh to #ca inches4 8,in order to ascertain if shot reflected from water would damage a ship1 shots from a #cb-pounder gun1 with a charge of #aj lb4 and a depression equal to #g degrees1 were fired1 and the following are some of the effects produced3-- 8,at the distance of #af yards1 the shot struck the water at #d feet from the ship's side2 and in one experiment it lodged in the cut-water2 in another1 it indented the ship's side2 and in both cases it struck at #ah inches below the water-line4 ,at the distance of #cf yards1 with a depression of #e degrees1 the shot struck the water at distances from the ship's side varying from #b to #ae feet2 and1 ricocheting1 entered the ship at distances above the water-line varying from #b inches to #c feet4 ,in consequence of the loss of force which the balls sustained by striking the water1 it has been inferred1 that if a shot be fired with such a depression as a ship's gun will bear1 it will not penetrate into water more than #b feet2 and1 consequently1 it will be impossible to injure a ship materially by firing at her under water4 8,from experiments made at ,metz1 in #ahcd1 it appears that masses of cast iron1 above one yard square and thirteen inches thick1 do not resist the shock of balls fired against them with even moderate velocities1 having been fractured not only at the point of contact1 but also at points considerably distant from thence4 ,it was found1 also1 that the side of a traversing gun carriage of iron was broken by an #h-pounder ball1 having a velocity of #dib feet2 which proves that carriages of this nature would1 if struck1 be rendered unserviceable3 and that a collision1 which1 with a wooden carriage1 would have damaged only an accessory part1 without requiring its being replaced1 would1 with a cast-iron carriage1 have a more fatal effect4 ,not only is the object struck destroyed1 but the fragments scattered in different directions are highly dangerous4 8,during the year #ahej1 various experiments were made on board the #8,excellent1' at ,portsmouth1 in order to ascertain the effects which might be produced on iron vessels by shot1 both solid and hollow1 with various charges of powder2 for which purpose a double target1 of an inch thick1 consisting of iron ribs and plates1 resembling the opposite sides of a strongly-built iron steamer1 was constructed1 at the distance of about #dej yards from the ship4 ,the general effect was1 that the target was always pierced by the shot1 and that numerous splinters were detached from it in every direction1 which could not fail to be most destructive to the crew of a vessel of this description2 the shot was1 besides1 almost always split in pieces by the shock4 ,one #cb-pounder shot broke into thirty-four fragments4 ,some experiments were made with grape-shot1 fired from a #cb-pounder1 with charges of #c lb4 and #f lb41 when the shot passed through a plate1 making a clean hole #c inches in diameter1 and knocking out some rivets4 ,the effects produced by #f-;inch shells were not greater than those produced by shot4 ,two of these being filled with powder1 and having the fuze holes plugged up1 broke on passing through the plate2 the powder1 however1 did not explode1 but was seen to go away in a cloud like dust4 8,from the above-mentioned experiments1 it may be concluded1 that the splinters detached from the side of an iron ship1 and the fragments of the shot themselves1 would as effectually clear her quarters as the explosions of shells2 in either case the effect would be more serious than any that could be produced by like means on a ship constructed of timber1 incendiary effects excepted4 ,with both raking1 and diagonal firing1 the effect is described as being most formidable2 the holes1 which were very irregular1 were in all cases larger than the shot4 8,in #ahch1 experiments were made at ,gavre with two solid balls fired at once against a butt of oak timber1 in order to determine the different penetrations of the shot1 and the distances between their centres at different distances from the piece4 ,three different natures of ordnance were used3 a long #cj-pounder gun1 a cannon obusier of #cj1 and a #cj-pounder carronade4 ,one ball was in contact with the charge1 and the other in contact with the former4 ,from these experiments it was evident that the ball which was in contact with the charge had the least velocity1 and the least penetrating power4 ,it is further remarkable that1 at distances beyond #bjj yards1 the vertical dispersion greatly exceeds the horizontal dispersion40 ,excentric spherical shot4 8,experiments with these projectiles were carried on at ,metz in #ahda2 the following were the effects observed3--,when the centre of gravity was above the centre of the figure1 the ranges were the longest1 and when below1 the shortest2 when to the right1 or left hand1 the deviations were also to the right1 or left4 ,the mean range of a #ab-pounder brass gun1 which1 with the usual shot1 was #afdj yards1 was1 with the shot whose centres of gravity and of figure were not coincident1 the centre of gravity being upwards1 equal to #badj yards1 being an increase of #ejj yards4 8,when the centre of gravity is not coincident with that of figure1 the projectile is made to revolve1 ab initio1 on the former centre1 thus occasioning a compound motion in the flight of the projectile4 ,when the centre of gravity is below the axis of the bore1 the front must turn from below upwards1 and a rotation in this direction continuing1 the range will be diminished4 ,in like manner1 when the centre of gravity is placed on the right1 or left hand of the axis of the bore1 the shot will turn on a vertical axis1 and produce deviations to the right1 or left hand respectively4 ,experiments were carried on at ,portsmouth1 and at ,shoebury ,ness1 in the year #ahej1 to ascertain whether the deviations of excentric projectiles were so regular as to admit of being allowed for in pointing the gun2 and whether any result might appear to disprove the maxim1 that spherical and homogeneous projectiles are the truest in their flight4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,nature of ,charge4 ,eleva- ,nature of ,greatest ,deviation4 ,ordnance4 tion4 ,projectile4 ,range4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- lb4 ,deg4 ,yards4 ,yards4 ,,at ,,portsmouth4 #h #b ,common ,shot #abjj #b to #f ,excentric #adej #b to #g #cb ,pr4 #aj #b ,common #afed #b ,excentric #bajh #f to #bg #ab #ab ,common #cajj #aj to #eh ,excentric #cgaj #aj to #aej #aj #b ,common #ajce #b to #c ,excentric #aaha #b to #g #h inch #aj #e ,common #agej #b to #d ,excentric #aihj #i to #ba #aj #aj ,common #bhjj #b to #be ,excentric #cbcj #f to #ed ,,at ,,shoebury ,,ness4 #h #b ,common #abif #h ,excentric #agej #af #cb ,pr4 #aj #b ,common #adjd #f ,excentric #aggf to #e #aj #ab ,common #cjfh #fh ,excentric #cdih #ahf #aj #e ,common #ahbj #af #h inch4 ,excentric #bbjg #ai #aj #aj ,common #bgjc #ce ,excentric #bcci #ada ---------------------------------------- ------------------- 8,the preceding table presents1 in an abstracted form1 the results of the experiments at ,portsmouth1 and ,shoebury ,ness4 ,it will be observed that the ordnance used were #cb-pounders1 and #h-;inch guns2 from both of which natures were fired the ordinary solid shot1 and also shot rendered excentric by the removal of certain quantities of metal4 ,thus1 in the ,portsmouth experiments1 #a lb4 of metal was taken from each #cb lb4 shot1 and #c lb4 from each #fh lb4 shot2 in those at ,shoebury ,ness1 #a lb4 or #b lb4 were taken from the #cb lb4 shot1 and #d lb4 from the #fh lb4 shot4 8,on analyzing the experiments1 both at ,portsmouth1 and ,shoebury ,ness1 it appears that the flight of the ordinary solid shot was the most true1 the lateral deflections being frequently but one-half1 sometimes one-third1 or one-fourth only of the deflections of the excentric shot2 that these last deflections were always in the direction in which the centres of gravity of the shot were placed in the gun2 and that the increases1 or diminutions of range caused by the vertical deviations were produced respectively1 as the centres of gravity of the shot were placed upwards1 or downwards4 ,it appears1 also1 that the lateral deviations1 though in general constant in direction1 were very variable in amount4 ,the results above stated prove decisively the correctness of the deductions from theory1 and of the practical maxim1 that errors in sphericity and homogeneity in a shot are causes of its deviation from a correct path2 and it follows that spherical and homogeneous projectiles1 being the most simple1 and quite indifferent to the position in which they are placed in the gun and rolled home1 as well as to that in which they pass through the atmosphere1 are decidedly to be preferred to the others4 8,the results of these very curious1 and instructive experiments fully explain the extraordinary anomalies1 as they have hitherto been considered1 in length of range1 and in the lateral deviations3 these have been attributed to changes in the state of the air1 or the direction of the wind1 to differences in the strength of the gunpowder1 and to inequalities in the degrees of windage4 ,all these causes are1 no doubt1 productive of errors in practice2 but it is now clear that those errors are chiefly occasioned by the excentricity1 and non-homogeneity of the shot1 and the accidental positions of the centre of gravity of the projectile with respect to the axis of the bore4 8,the whole of these experiments furnish decisive proof of the necessity of paying the most scrupulous attention to the figure1 and homogeneity of solid shot1 and the concentricity of shells2 and they exhibit the remarkable fact1 that a very considerable increase of range may be obtained without an increase in the charge1 or elevation of the gun40 ,resistance of iron plates1 oak plank1 c41 against musketry1 canister1 grape shot1 hollow1 and solid shot4 8,from experiments in ,november1 #ahdi1 the following results were obtained3-- 8,marine percussion musket--,charge1 #d drams2 distance1 #dj yards4 8,iron plates1 inch ,all passed through4 ,oak plank1 #a 0 ,iron plates1 #b_/h 0 #d in #f passed through4 ,oak plank1 #b 0 ,iron plates1 0 ,both musket proof4 ,oak plank1 #c 0 ,canister--,charge1 #f lb42 distance1 #ajj yards4 ,iron plates1 inch ,passed through4 ,oak plank1 #c 0 ,iron plates1 #d_/h 0 ,canister proof4 ,oak plank1 #d 0 ,grape--,charge1 #f lb42 distance1 #bjj yards4 ,iron plates1 #d_/h inch 0 0 ,all passed through4 0 #f_/h 0 ,oak plank1 #d inch ,all passed through4 0 #e 0 0 #f 0 ,generally passed through4 8,experiments were made in ,june1 #ahej1 against two sections of the #8,simoom1' inch thick1 placed #ce feet apart2 the guns1 and charges were those used in all steam vessels4 ,the result made evident that two1 or three shot1 or sometimes even a single one1 striking near the water-line of an iron vessel1 must endanger the ship4 ,another most serious evil is1 that the shot breaks1 on striking1 into innumerable pieces1 which pass into the ship with such force1 as to range afterwards to a distance of #djj or #ejj yards2 and that the effect on men at their quarters would be more destructive than canister shot1 supposing them to pass through a ship's side2 as when the plates are only inch thick4 8,experiments were made in ,july1 #ahej1 against an iron section similar to the #8,simoom2' it was filled in and made solid with #e inch oak timber between the iron ribs1 and #d inch oak planking above the water-ways1 which were #a foot thick1 and with #c inch fir above the portsills2 these were strongly secured to the iron plates by bolts4 ,the results were as follows3--,the holes made by the shot were not so irregular as on the former occasion1 but as clear and open2 all parts of the shot passed right through the iron and timber1 and then split1 and spread abroad with considerable velocity4 ,with low charges1 the shot did not split into so many pieces as before4 ,with high charges1 the splinters from the shot were as numerous and as severe as before1 with the addition1 in this1 and the former case1 of the evil to which other vessels are subject--that of the splinters torn from the timbers4 8,in ,august1 #ahej1 an iron section similar to the #8,simoom' was prepared with a covering of fir plank on the outside1 of the thickness of #b1 #c1 and #d inches1 in different parts4 ,the result of this experiment was similar to the last1 when the wood was on the inside2 with the exception of the splinters from the wood4 ,the holes made by the shot were regular1 of the full size of the shot1 and open2 every shot split on passing through--those between the ribs into a few pieces only1 those that struck on the ribs into a great number2 in both cases1 when combined with the splinters of the iron side1 the effect must prove highly destructive4 8,a comparison as to the effect of shot on iron1 and timber1 was made by firing #h-;inch hollow shot1 and #cb-pound solid shot1 at a butt built for experimental shell-firing1 with timber having #f-;inch plank on the outside1 and #d-;inch within2 the result was1 that the splinters from the wood were trifling when compared with those from the iron4 8,the general result of all the foregoing1 and consecutive experiments for the same purpose1 clearly demonstrates that the destructive effects of the impacts of shot on iron cannot be prevented4 ,if the iron sides are of the thickness required to give adequate strength to the ship 71 or at least #d_/h of an inch71 the shot will be broken by the impact2 if the iron plates be thin enough to let the shot pass into the ship without breaking1 the vessel will be deficient in strength2 the shot will do its work1 particularly in oblique or raking fire1 more effectively than its splinters1 and1 in passing out1 make apertures more difficult to plug or stop1 than in passing in4 ,when a clean hole is made by a shot penetrating an iron plate1 the whole of the disc struck out by the shot is broken into numerous small pieces1 which are driven into the ship with very destructive effects2 and if the plate be so thick 7viz41 upwards of #d_/h of an inch7 as to cause the shot to break on striking1 the fragments will nevertheless pass into the ship1 as in the case of a percussion1 or concussion shell1 and so produce a terrific compound effect by the fragments of both4 8,the expedient of combining wood1 and iron1 either by substituting timber for the iron ribs1 or the reverse1 outside planking for the iron plates--makes the matter worse4 ,the pieces of ribs struck off1 sometimes of great length1 pass on with the shot1 to produce more extensive ravages elsewhere40 ,,naval ,,gunnery4 8,in firing into masses of timber1 or any solid substance1 that velocity which can but just penetrate will occasion the greatest shake1 and tear off the greatest number of and largest splinters2 consequently1 in close actions1 shot discharged with the full quantity of powder tear off fewer splinters than balls fired from the same nature of guns with reduced charges4 8,in naval actions1 shot intended to take effect upon the hull of an enemy should rather be discharged with a falling than with a rising side2 but such pieces as may be appointed specially to act against the masts and rigging should be fired1 on the contrary1 with the rising motion1 the aim being taken low4 8,in all close actions1 the great object should be to strike as often as possible the enemy's hull4 ,one or two #bd-lb4 shot taking effect just below the water-line1 and perhaps perforating both sides of a small vessel1 will in general either force her to surrender1 or send her to the bottom2 and such an injury is much more likely to be occasioned by firing with a falling than with a rising side4 8,to estimate the distance between vessels4#ca 8,measure with a sextant1 or quadrant1 the angular height of the enemy's mast1 and by referring to ,table ,b1 the corresponding distance may be taken out4 8,in ,table ,a1 the height of the masts to the head of the maintopgallant rigging1 and likewise to the maintopmast crosstrees above the surface of the water at low water mark1 are given for every rate1 and class of vessel4 8,the distances in ,english yards1 corresponding to the angles subtended by the masts1 are given in the first column of ,table ,b4 8,table ,b may also be applied to the important purpose of determining distances1 making use of the ship's own mast as the given height or side of the triangle1 by marking upon it any of the heights expressed in the table1 and placing an observer there when required to measure the angle ,a ,b ,c 7vide fig47 formed by the mast when most perpendicular1 and the line of sight ,b ,c4 ,illustration3 7triangle ,a ,b ,c7 8,the ,tangent practice ,tables ,c1 ,d1 and ,e will frequently be found useful in pointing ordnance1 when the distance is known2 for by referring to that distance in the column of the table belonging to the corresponding nature of gun1 the part1 that should be aimed at1 will be ascertained40 ,,table ,a4 ,heights above the water of the different parts of ,french ships of ,war1 and their masts1 according to the following ,rates3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,line of battle ,ships4 ----------------------------------- ,guns4 ,guns4 ,guns4 ,guns4 ,guns4 #abj4 #ajj4 #ij4 #hf4 #hb4 ----------------------------------- ft4in4 ft4in4 ft4in4 ft4in4 ft4in4 ,port-sills3 ,of lower deck #e #c #g #aj #f #g #e #h #e #h ,middle #ac #a ,upper #ai #d #ae #a #ad #i #ab #i #ab #i ,quarter #be #g #ba #c #ai #h #ai #b #ai #b ,after-part3 ,of poop plank sheer #ce #e #bi #b #bi #f #be #d #be #d ,mainmast3 ,upper side of mainyard #gi #j #gg #a #gf #e #ga #j #ff #j ,under side of maintop #ic #f #ia #aj #ij #b #hd #j #gh #j ,upper side of cap to mainmast #aji #f #aji #aj #ajh #c #aja #j #id #j ,upper side of maintopsail-yard#adh #g #adj #i #ada #j #aci #j #acj #j 0 ,crosstrees to maintopmast #aeh #e #aej #aa #aej #aa #adh #j #ach #j 0 ,cap to maintopmast #aff #d #afa #h #aeh #i #aef #j #adg #j ,head of topgallant rigging #aij #g #ahe #d #ahe #d #ahc #j #agj #j ,truck #bai #i #bab #g #bja #i #bje #j #aib #e ,foremast3 ,upper side of foreyard #gb #aj #gb #b #ga #b #fd #j #fa #j ,under side of foretop #hf #g #hd #aa #hc #g #gg #j #gb #j ,upper side of cap to foremast #ajc #j #aja #h #ajj #j #ib #j #hg #j 0 ,foretopsail-yard #acf #e #abh #aa #abi #g #abh #j #aag #j 0 ,crosstrees to foretopmast #ade #h #aci #a #acg #i #acf #j #abf #j 0 ,cap to foretopmast #aec #f #adh #aa #ade #j #add #j #ace #j ,head to topgallant rigging #agc #aj #agj #c #afi #g #afh #j #aef #j ,truck #bjj #a #aid #aj #ahd #h #ahh #j #agf #j ,mizenmast3 ,upper side of crossjack-yard #gc #a #ga #aj #gj #b #fd #j #fa #j ,under side of mizentop #hc #d #hc #g #ha #d #ge #j #ga #j ,upper side of cap to mizenmast #ic #f #if #e #ic #i #he #j #hb #j 0 ,mizentopsail-yard #aba #d #aaf #i #aag #a #aaj #j #ajg #j 0 ,crosstrees to mizentopmast#abg #aa #abe #aa #abb #d #aag #j #aab #j ,head of topgallant rigging #aed #b #aej #aa #ade #h #adc #j #acf #j ,truck #agg #i #aga #g #aeh #i #afj #j #aec #j ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,frigates4 ,corvettes4 ,brigs4 ------------------------------- ,guns4 ,guns4 ,guns4 ,guns4 #fj4 #dd4 #bd4 #ah4 ------------------------------- ft4in4 ft4in4 ft4in4 ft4in4 ,port-sills3 ,of lower deck ,middle ,upper #f #f #f #aa #e #aj #d #c ,quarter #ac #i #ac #d #ab #j ,after-part3 ,of poop plank sheer ,mainmast3 ,upper side of mainyard #fg #j #ei #j #da #j #ci #j ,under side of maintop #gi #j #gj #j #di #j #dg #j ,upper side of cap to mainmast #ie #j #hd #j #ei #j #ef #j ,upper side of maintopsail-yard #aca #j #aad #j #gi #j #gb #j 0 ,crosstrees to maintopmast #aci #j #aba #j #he #j #gg #j 0 ,cap to maintopmast #adh #j #abh #j #hi #j #ha #j ,head of topgallant rigging #aga #j #aea #j #ajd #j #if #j ,truck #ahg #i #afh #f #abj #g #aab #j ,foremast3 ,upper side of foreyard #fg #j #ea #j #cd #j #cd #j ,under side of foretop #gc #j #fc #j #dc #j #da #j ,upper side of cap to foremast #hh #j #gf #j #ec #j #ej #j 0 ,foretopsail-yard #aah #j #aja #j #gj #j #ff #j 0 ,crosstrees to foretopmast #abg #j #aji #j #gf #j #gj #j 0 ,cap to foretopmast #acf #j #aaf #j #ha #j #ge #j ,head to topgallant rigging #aeg #j #acf #j #ie #j #hi #j ,truck #agb #a #aeb #j #aji #f #ajc #f ,mizenmast3 ,upper side of crossjack-yard #fb #j #eb #j #cb #j ,under side of mizentop #gb #j #fb #j #ci #j ,upper side of cap to mizenmast #hc #j #ga #j #dg #j 0 ,mizentopsail-yard #ajh #j #id #j #ef #j 0 ,crosstrees to mizentopmast #aac #j #ii #j #fa #j ,head of topgallant rigging #acg #j #abj #j #gd #j ,truck #aej #j #acc #f #he #j ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,table ,b4 ,angles subtended by the ,mainmasts of ,french ships of war1 between the water-line and the truck1 also between the water-line and the crosstrees1 at distances in yards1 and in cables' length2 the eye of the observer being twenty feet above the water4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,line ,,of ,,battle ,,ships4 ,,distances4 ---------------------------------------- ----- #abj ,guns4 #ij ,guns4 #hb ,guns4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ft4 in4ft4 in4ft4 in4ft4 in4ft4 in4ft4 in4 #bai #i #aeh #e #bja #i #aej #aa #aib #e #ach #j ,truck ,main- ,truck ,main- ,truck ,main- of topmast of topmast of topmast ,cables' main- cross- main- cross- main- cross- ,yards4length4 mast4 trees4 mast4 trees4 mast4 trees4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- #abj #cb #ad #bd #ac #bi #ei #bc #c #bh #dg #ba #aa #bdj #a #ag #g #ab #bi #ae #df #aa #ej #ae #d #aj #ed #cfj #a #aa #cc #h #bb #aj #cg #g #ef #aj #h #g #ch #dhj #b #h #db #f #ag #g #ei #e #eg #g #ch #e #bi #fjj #b #f #ei #e #b #f #bd #d #df #f #g #d #bc #gbj #c #e #di #d #ab #e #bj #c #ei #e #f #c #ci #hdj #c #d #ei #c #cf #d #ce #c #bd #d #bb #c #h #ifj #d #d #bb #c #i #d #a #b #ei #c #di #b #dd #ajhj #d #c #ec #b #dh #c #cd #b #db #c #bd #b #bf #abjj #e #c #cj #b #ca #c #ba #b #bc #c #d #b #ab #acbj #e #c #aa #b #ag #b #ee #b #aj #b #dg #b #j #addj #f #b #ee #b #f #b #dj #a #ei #b #cc #a #ej ---------------------------------------- --------------- ---------------------------------------- ----- ,,frigates4 ,,distances4 ------------------------------ #fj ,guns4 #dd ,guns4 ---------------------------------------- - ft4 in4ft4 in4ft4 in4ft4 in4 #ahg #i #aci #j #afh #f #aba #j ,truck ,main- ,truck ,main- of topmast of topmast ,cables' main- cross- main- cross- ,yards4length4 mast4 trees4 mast4 trees4 ---------------------------------------- - #abj #bh #aa #ba #ab #be #cg #ah #ea #bdj #a #ad #dc #aj #ee #ac #ae #i #ce #cfj #a #i #ed #g #ai #h #ed #f #bd #dhj #b #g #bg #e #cj #f #da #d #dh #fjj #b #e #eh #d #bc #e #ba #c #ea #gbj #c #d #eh #c #ci #d #bh #c #ac #hdj #c #d #af #c #h #c #ej #b #de #ifj #d #c #dd #b #dd #c #ba #b #bd #ajhj #d #c #ai #b #bf #b #ei #b #i #abjj #e #b #ei #b #ab #b #da #a #ee #acbj #e #b #dc #b #j #b #bf #a #de #addj #f #b #bi #a #ej #b #ad #a #cf ---------------------------------------- - ---------------------------------------- ---- ,,corvettes4 ,,brigs4 ,,distances4 ------------------------------ #bd ,guns4 #ah ,guns4 ---------------------------------------- - ft4 in4ft4 in4ft4 in4ft4 in4 #abj #g #he #j #aab #j #gg #j ,truck ,main- ,truck ,main- of topmast of topmast ,cables' main- cross- main- cross- ,yards4length4 mast4 trees4 mast4 trees4 ---------------------------------------- - #abj #ah #ej #ac #be #ag #ca #ab #aa #bdj #a #i #cd #f #de #h #eb #f #g #cfj #a #f #bd #d #cj #e #ef #d #e #dhj #b #d #dh #c #bc #d #bg #c #d #fjj #b #c #ea #b #db #c #cd #b #bg #gbj #c #c #ac #b #ae #b #eh #b #c #hdj #c #b #de #a #ef #b #cc #a #de #ifj #d #b #bd #a #da #b #ad #a #cb #ajhj #d #b #i #a #cj #a #ei #a #bb #abjj #e #a #ee #a #ba #a #dg #a #ad #acbj #e #a #de #a #ad #a #cg #a #g #addj #f #a #cf #a #h #a #bi #a #a ---------------------------------------- - ,,table ,c4 ,tangent practice with #h-;inch ,guns1 weighing #fe1 and #fj cwt41 carrying a single shot weighing #ef lb41 or a shell weighing #ef lb41 and charged with #aj lb4 of powder4 ,the line of sight is parallel to the axis of the bore1 and the gun is #e feet #d inches above the level of the water4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,heights of ,the ,points aimed at part aimed----------------------------------- ------- ,eleva- ,dist- at above ,in a ,line of battle ,in a tions4 ances4the water4 ship of #hb guns4 #dd ,gun frigate4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- yards4 ft4 in4 #j #bb #bj #ccj #aa #aj #a foot below the #a foot below the portsills of the portsills of the main deck4 quarter deck4 #j #ce #j #dce #ah #g #g inches below the #e feet above ditto4 portsills of the quarterdeck1 and forecastle4 #j #dg #cj #ece #bg #f #b feet above the ,twice the height afterpart of poop from the water to plank sheer4 ditto4 #a #j #j #fcj #ch #d ,about midway between ,three times ditto4 the water-line1 and the under side of the maintop4 #a #bj #j #gef #eh #j #c feet below the ,upper side of the upper side of the mainyard4 foreyard4 #a #dj #j #hgi #hb #j ,upper side of cap to #b ft4 below the mizenmast2 or1 #d upper side of the feet above the cap of the under side of the mainmast4 maintop4 #b #j #j #ajjj #aaj #j #b feet below the #a ft4 above the crosstrees of the upper side of mizentopmast4 crosstrees of foretopmast4 #b #bj #j #ajgh #acg #j #a foot below the #a ft4 above the crosstrees of the head of the maintopmast4 topgallant rigg- ing foremast4 #b #dj #j #aaec #aff #j #d feet below the #b feet below the head of topgallant truck of the rigging4 mainmast4 #c #j #j #abbe #aih #j #f feet above the truck of mainmast4 ,tangent practice with #cb-pounder ,gun1 weighing #ef cwt41 carrying one solid shot1 charge #aj lb4 ,the line of sight parallel to the axis of the bore1 and the ,gun #e feet #d inches above the water4 #j #ae #j #cdc #i #aj #c feet below the #c feet above the portsills of the portsills of the upper deck4 upper deck4 #j #cj #j #dce #af #i #d feet above ditto4 #c feet above the portsills of the quarter deck4 #j #da #j #ebe #bd #j #a foot below the ,about midway between afterpart of poop the water1 and plank sheer4 the under side of foreyard4 #j #eb #j #fac #cc #j ,midway between the ,one-third of water upper side distance from the of mainyard4 water to the crosstrees of mizentopmast4 #a #j #j #gjj #db #j ,about midway between ,midway between the the water and the water1 and cap upper side of the of mainmast4 cap of the mizenmast4 #a #bj #j #hce #fc #h ,about #b feet below ,the under side of the upper side of foretop4 the mainyard4 #a #dj #j #ifh #ij #j #d feet below the #d feet under the upper side of the mizentopsail- cap of mainmast4 yard4 #b #j #j #aajj #abj #j #c feet above the #a ft4 below the upper side of upper side of foretopsail-yard4 crosstrees of maintopmast4 #b #bj #j #abdj #aeg #j #a foot above the #e feet above the head of topgallant truck of rigging1 foremast4 foremast4 #b #dj #j #acgh #aih #j #e feet above the truck of mainmast4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,vide--,tables of ,practice1 c41 pages #gd1 #ge1 #gg1 #gi4 ,,table ,d4 ,tangent practice with a long #bd-,pr4 ,gun with #a solid shot and a charge of #h lb4 of powder1 or with a long #ah-,pr4 charge #f lb41 from the maindeck of a ,frigate of the first class2 the height of the ,gun above the surface of the water being #i ft4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,height ,distance ,take of parts ,point at the undermentioned in yards4 aim4 aimed at4 parts of ,frigates of #dd guns4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #big ,p4 ,b4 44 ,at part intended to hit4 #djb #ad ft4 ,at the level of the quarterdeck1 gangway1 and forecastle4 #ejh #bb ,at bulwark rail of quarterdeck1 gangway1 and forecastle4 #fad ,by #cc ,at #d feet below the centre of mainmast1 using reckoning from the deck to the sight mainyard2 centre of foremast2 #bj feet para- below crossjack-yard4 #gbj llel #dg ,at #ac feet below mainyard2 #e feet below to foreyard2 #f feet below crossjack-yard4 #gij bore4 #fa ,at under part of mainyard2 #c feet below foretop2 #b feet below mizentop4 #hfj #gg ,at rail of maintop-bulwark2 forecap2 #e feet over mizencap4 #icj 44 ,point at part intended to hit4 #ajjj #ce ,at #b feet below half-way from deck to mainyard2 #b feet above half-way from deck to foreyard2 centre of mizenmast4 #ajfj #ea ,at #i feet below mainyard2 under part of foreyard2 #a foot below crossjack-yard4 #aabj 99,by #fh ,at #c feet under maintop2 rather better using than half-way between foretop and the forecap2 half-way between mizentop line and mizencap4 #aahj of #hf ,at cap of mainmast2 #h feet over forecap2 metal4 #c feet under half-way from mizencap to topsail-yard 7hoisted74 #abdj #ajf ,at centre-way between maincap and topmast-crosstrees2 #d feet over foretopsail-yard 7hoisted72 cap of mizentopmast4 #abii #acj ,at maintopmast cap2 #g feet under head of foretopgallant rigging4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,with #b shot the elevation must be nearly double that which1 with #a shot1 and the same charge of powder1 produces the same range4 ,the angles of elevation1 corresponding to the ranges1 increase1 by quarter degrees1 from point blank4 99 ,the reason for transferring the sight to the line-of-metal is1 obviously1 to use the dispart elevation for the purpose of getting a more direct view4 ,vide ,tables of ,practice1 c41 pages #gd1 #ge4 ,,table ,e4 ,tangent practice with short #bd1 and #ah-,prs41 with #a solid shot and a charge of th the shot's weight1 from the maindeck of a #bnd class ,frigate2 the height of the ,gun above the surface of the water being #g feet #f inches4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,distance ,height in ,take of parts ,point at the undermentioned yards4 aim4 aimed at4 parts of ,frigates of #dd guns4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #bba ,p4 ,b4 ft4 in4 ,point at part intended to hit4 #cab #aa #f ,at #b feet below the level of the quarterdeck1 gangway1 and forecastle4 #djc #ah #f ,at bulwark rail of quarterdeck1 gangway1 and forecastle4 #did #bf #f ,at #f feet over the upper part of hammocks ,by stowed in quarterdeck1 gangway1 c4 #ehb sight #cg #f ,at #b feet under centre of mainmast1 para- reckoning from top of hammocks to llel mainyard3 #b feet over corresponding to mark in foremast4 #fdd axis #ej ,at #h feet under mainyard2 #a foot under of foreyard2 crossjack-yard4 #gjf bore4 #fb ,at #b feet under half-way from mainyard to maintop2 #a foot under foretop2 mizentop4 #gfh #gh ,at half-way from maintop to maincap2 #b feet over forecap2 #g feet over mizencap4 #hcb #id ,at #aj feet over maincap or one-third up to the topmast1 reckoning from cap to topsail-yard1 7hoisted72 #f feet under foretopsail-yard1 hoisted2 mizentopsail-yard4 #ijg 4 4 4 4 ,point at part intended to hit4 #ihb #bj #f ,at upper part of the hammocks stowed in quarterdeck1 forecastle1 nettings1 c4 #ajeg #ce #f ,at #d feet under centre of mainmast1 reckoning from top of hammocks to mainyard2 centre of foremast4 #aacc 99,by #ea ,at #g feet under mainyard2 foreyard2 the crossjack-yard4 #aagg line #fi ,at #a foot under maintop2 centre between of foretop and forecap2 #b feet under metal4 mizencap4 #abba #hg ,at #c feet over maincap2 #a foot under centre between maincap and topsail-yards 7hoisted up72 #d feet under centre of mizentop-sail4 #abfe #ajf ,at #h feet under maintopsail-yard 7hoisted72 #c feet under foretopmast crosstrees2 #a foot over mizentopmast cap4 #acjh #abg ,at #a foot under maintopmast cap2 #i feet under the head of foretopgallant- rigging2 #g feet over the head of mizentopgallant-rigging4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,with #b shot the elevation must be nearly double that which1 with #a shot1 and the same charge of powder1 produces the same range4 ,the angles of elevation1 corresponding to the ranges1 increase1 by quarter degrees1 from point blank4 99 ,the reason for transferring the sight to the line-of-metal is1 obviously1 to use the dispart elevation for getting a more direct view4 ,vide ,tables of ,practice1 c41 pages #gd1 #ge4 ,,instructions ,,for ,,the ,,exercise1 ,,and ,,service ,,of ,,great ,,guns1 ,,and ,,shells ,,on ,,board ,,her ,,majesty',s ,,ships4 ,,positions4 7,vide ,plate47 ,before loading4 ,loading4 ,training4 ,gun ,numbers4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f4 ,auxiliaries4 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 c4 ,handspike-men4 #i1 #aj4 ,rear-men4 #ab1 ,the right rear-man4 #ac1 ,the left rear-man1 or the two highest numbers4 ,words of command4 8,prime40--8,point40--8,elevate40--8,rea dy40--8,fire40--8,stop the vent40--8,sponge40--8,load40--8,run out40 ,number of ,men allowed to the following ,broadside guns4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,nature of ,gun4 ,weight4 ,length4 ,number ,carriage4 of men4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- cwt4 ,feet4 #h-;inch4 #fe #i #ad ,these guns #ef #i #ac are #ej #i #ab mounted on #cb ,pounder4 #de #h #aa common #db #h #aj carriages4 #cb #f #i ,mounted on #be #f #h ,hardy's #cb ,pr4 ,carronade #ag #d #g carriages4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,illustration3 ,,positions4 ,before ,loading4 ,loading4 ,training4 ,stationary ,powderman ,stationary ,powderman ,stationary ,powderman ,extra ,powderman ,j4 ,w4 ,lowry1 sc4 ,,exercise ,,with #ac ,,men1 to a ,lower deck gun4 ,no4 #a4 ,the ,captain2--commands1 attends the breeching1 bed1 and quoin1 primes1 points1 fires1 and stops the vent4 #b4 ,the second ,captain2--assists ,no4 #a1 casts loose1 hauls up the port1 runs out1 attends the apron1 and port tackle-fall1 and cocks the lock4 #c4 ,takes out the tompeon1 bears out the port1 loads1 rams home1 runs out1 and trains4 #d4 ,takes out the tompeon1 bears out the port1 worms1 sponges1 rams home1 runs out1 and trains4 #e4 ,casts loose1 hauls up the port1 gives shot and wad to ,no4 #c1 runs out1 trains1 and spans the breeching4 #g1 and #h4 ,cast loose1 run out1 and train4 #i1 and #aj4 ,cast loose1 run out1 and attend handspikes4 #aa4 ,casts loose1 runs out1 and trains4 #ab4 ,casts loose1 and attends train tackle4 #ac4 ,casts loose1 runs out1 trains1 and fires with a hammer1 or match4 ,note4--,the duties of ,no4 #b for upper1 or main deck guns will be the same as that for lower deck guns1 omitting the words 8haul up the port10 and 8attends port tackle-fall40 ,the duties likewise of ,nos4 #c1 and #d will be the same1 substituting the words 8takes off the upper half-port10 8lets down the lower one10 or 8takes out the port0 7as the case may be7 for 8bears out the port40 ,the duties also of ,nos4 #e1 and #f will be the same1 omitting the words 8hauls up the port40 ,handspike-men with #e1 #f1 or #g men ,nos4 #e1 and #f 0 0 #h or #i men 0 #g1 and #h 0 0 #aj or #aa men 0 #g1 and #h and assistant handspike-men 0 #i1 and #b ,handspike-men with all ,nos4 above #aa 0 #i1 and #aj and assistant handspike-men 0 #aa1 and #b ,with light guns it may be advantageous1 in some cases1 to double man the handspikes4 ,the left rear-man will always fire with a hammer1 or match2 and the right rear-man will attend the train tackle1 except when he is handspikeman 7when ,no4 #b will attend it71 and in lower deck exercise 7when the left rear-man will attend it74 ,at the word 8,man both sides10 each watch will repair to its respective side1 the odd numbers standing to the left of the left guns2 even numbers to the right of the right guns4 8,,man ,,both ,,sides40 ,left guns4--,no4 #c remains #c2 #e becomes #d2 #g--f2 #i--e2 #aa--b2 #ac--g2 #a remains #a4 ,right guns4--,no4 #d remains #d2 #f becomes #c2 #h--f2 #aj--e2 #ab--b2 #b--a4 ,note4--,the left guns are odd starboard1 and even port4 ,the right guns are even starboard1 and odd port4 ,the odd numbered guns' crews are taken from the starboard watch2 the even numbered from the port watch4 ,guns' crews always man1 and powder boys always supply adjacent guns1 when clearing for action1 or when fighting both sides4 ,note4--,with a crew of #aa men1 and upwards1 and both sides manned1 ,no4 #b is always to attend the train tackle4 ,when casualties occur at the guns1 those holding the highest numbers1 or those last placed1 will be the first to move to fill up the vacancies1 excepting that where both captains are removed1 the officer will name the most fitting person to become ,no4 #a1 filling up the vacancy as above4 ,for instance2 if there should be #ac men at the gun1 and ,nos4 #c1 #f1 and #i1 are ordered to 8fall out10 ,nos4 #e1 and #g1 move up1 becoming ,nos4 #c1 and #e2 ,no4 #aa1 moves up1 and becomes ,no4 #g2 ,no4 #ac1--,no4 #i2 ,no4 #h moves up1 and becomes ,no4 #f2 ,no4 #aj1--,no4 #h2 and ,no4 #ab1--,no4 #aj4cb ,,exercise ,,with #g ,,men1 to a #cb-pounder carronade4 ,no4 #a4 ,the ,captain2 commands1 attends the breeching1 primes1 points1 fires1 and stops the vent4 #b4 ,the second ,captain2 assists ,no4 #a1 casts loose1 runs out1 attends the apron1 and elevating screw1 cocks the lock1 and attends train-tackle4 #c4 ,takes out the tompeon1 takes off the upper half-port1 lets down the lower one1 loads1 rams home1 runs out1 and trains4 #d4 ,takes out the tompeon1 takes off the upper half-port1 lets down the lower one1 worms1 sponges1 rams home1 runs out1 trains1 and attends compressor1 when the gun is out4 #e4 ,casts loose1 gives shot1 and wad to ,no4 #c1 runs out1 trains1 and spans the breeching4 #f4 ,casts loose1 gives sponge1 rammer1 and worm to ,no4 #d1 runs out1 trains1 spans the breeching1 and attends compressor1 when the gun is in4 #g4 ,casts loose1 runs out1 trains1 and fires with a hammer1 or match4 ,note4--,handspikes are used with all guns1 and sometimes with carronades4 ,the duties with #i men at the #cb cwt41 and #h men at the #be cwt4 guns are the same as with the #cb-pounder carronade1 except that ,no4 #h attends the compressor1 instead of ,no4 #f4 ,,arrangement ,,for ,,fighting ,,both ,,sides4 ,when ordered to quarters1 each watch will take its respective side2 when the crew will assume the ,nos4 to which the several duties1 prescribed for working the guns1 are assigned4 ,in the event of being attacked on both sides1 at the same time1 the following distribution is to be made1 where #f men1 and upwards1 besides the powderman1 can be allowed to each gun1 and its opposite1 viz43-- ,,fighting ,,both ,,sides4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,with #f men1 ,with #h men1 ,with #aj men1 ,with #ab men1 and powderman4 and powderman4 and powderman4 and powderman4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #c #d #c #d #c #d #c #d #c #d #c #d #c #d #c #d #f #f #ef #ef #ef #ef #b #b #a #a #a #a #a #a #a #a ,powder-,powder-,powder-,powder-,powder- ,powder-,powder-,powder- man4 man4 man4 man4 man4 man4 man4 man4 #a #a #a #a #a #a #a #a #b #b #bg #f #f #fe #fe #fe #fe #fe #d #c #d #c #d #c #d #c #d #c #d #c #d #c #d #c ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,with #g men1 ,with #i men1 ,with #aa men1 ,with #ac men1 and powderman4 and powderman4 and powderman4 and powderman4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,the guns are to be worked in pairs1 commencing from forward2 ,nos4 #a1 and #b guns on each side will be pairs1 and so on1 up to the highest even numbered gun on the deck2 but the aftermost 7if it should be an odd numbered gun7 must be worked by its own crew passing from side to side1 as necessary4 ,when exercising1 until the crews are perfect1 and steady1 the orders should be given by the officer1 who is in charge of the quarters1 and the left guns should be fired first4 ,but when the men are perfect1 the guns1 which are first ready1 should be first fired1 and the exercise should be conducted by the captains of the guns1 having reference to the movements of the other gun of their pairs1 in order to approximate the exercise1 as nearly as possible1 to action with an enemy4 ,all shot practice at targets1 with both sides manned1 is to be conducted on this plan4 ,words of command for ,,fighting ,,both ,,sides4 8,man both sides40--8,prime40--8,point40--8,muzzle to the right40--8,muzzle to the left40--8,elevate40--8,ready40--7,left guns47--8,fire40--8,sponge1 and load40--7,right guns47--8,fire40--8,sponge1 and load40--7,left guns47--8,run out40--8,fire40--8,sponge1 and load40--7,right guns47--8,run out40--8,fire40--8,cease firing40 ,when ordered to 8cease firing10 the guns are to be loaded1 and run out4#cc ,,exercise ,,for ,,the #aj-;,,inch1 ,,or ,,other ,,revolving ,,gun1 with a crew of #ag men4 ,the crew are assembled as in the established ,gun exercise2 then-- ,gun4--,nos4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f4 ,auxiliaries4--,nos4 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 #ag4 ,traversing tackle-men4--,nos4 #g1 #h4 ,handspike-men4--,nos4 #i1 #aj4 ,assistant handspike-men4--,nos4 #aa1 #ab4 ,compressor men1 ,nos4 #ac1 #ad4 ,rear-men4--,no4 #af1 the right rear-man4 ,no4 #ag1 the left rear-man4 ,no4 #a4 ,the ,captain4 ,no4 #d4 ,sponger4 0 #b4 ,second ,captain4 0 #e4 ,assistant loader4 0 #c4 ,loader4 0 #f4 ,assistant sponger4 ,words of command4 8,traverse40#cd--8,prime40--8,point40--8 ,elevate40--8,ready40--8,fire40--8,stop the vent40--8,sponge40--8,load40--8,run out40 ,exercise with #ag men4 ,no4 #a4 ,the ,captain2 commands1 attends the breeching1 bed1 and quoin1 primes1 points1 fires1 and stops the vent4 #b4 ,second ,captain2 assists ,no4 #a1 casts loose1 runs out1 attends the apron1 cocks the lock1 and attends rear bolt4 #c4 ,takes out the tompeon1 loads1 rams home1 runs out1 attends fighting bolt1 shackles1 and unshackles breeching1 if necessary4 #d4 ,takes out the tompeon1 worms1 sponges1 rams home1 runs out1 attends stop-handspike1 shackles1 and unshackles breeching1 if necessary4 #e4 ,casts loose1 runs out1 traverses1 and spans the breeching4 #f4 ,casts loose1 gives sponge1 rammer1 and worm to ,no4 #d1 runs out1 traverses1 and spans the breeching4 #g1 and #h4 ,cast loose1 run out1 attend traversing tackles1 and shift side tackles4 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 and #ab4 ,cast loose1 run out1 and attend handspikes4 #ac1 and #ad4 ,cast loose1 run out1 traverse1 and attend compressors4 #ae4 ,casts loose1 runs out1 and traverses4 #af4 ,casts loose1 traverses1 shifts traversing-tackle1 brings up shot1 or shell1 attends stop-handspike1 and train-tackle4 #ag4 ,casts loose1 traverses1 shifts traversing-tackle1 brings up shot1 or shell1 fires with a hammer1 or match1 and attends train tackle4 ,n4,b4 ,these numbers will be reduced for lighter guns1 as may be necessary1 when ,nos4 #aa1 and #ab1 will attend compressors1 and the rear-men will do the duties of ,no4 #af1 and #ag4 ,when slide-guns are fitted with ,ferguson's ,compressor1 ,no4 #f is to attend to it4 ,on coming to the gun1 one1 or other of these orders will follow2 viz41--8,action on the rear bolt10 or 8,action on the fighting bolt required40 ,no4 #b1 attends the rear1 ,no4 #c1 the fighting bolt1 ,no4 #a gives the word 8,right1 or left traverse20 and when bearing on the object1 or when on the fighting bolt required 8,well30 the gun is then to be wormed1 sponged1 loaded1 and run out1 without further orders4 ,,mortar ,,exercise4 ,mortars--#ac-;inch ,land service--,nos4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f4 0 #aj-;inch 0 0 0 #a1 - #c1 #d1 #e1 #f4 0 #h-;inch 0 0 0 #a1 - #c1 #d1 - #f4 ,words of command4 8,point40--8,run the mortar up40--8,cross lift the mortar to the right40--8,cross lift the mortar to the left40--8,muzzle to the right40--8,muzzle to the left40--8,down40--8,load40--8,prime40--8 ,fire40 #ac-;inch ,land service ,mortar4 ,duties4--,no4 #a4 ,commands1 points1 and serves the vent4 #b4 ,serves ammunition4 #c4 ,loads1 assists to put in the shell1 runs up1 and trains4 #d4 ,sponges1 wipes the bottom of the shell1 uncaps the fuse1 puts in shell1 runs up1 trains1 and attends sheepskin4 #e4 ,assists to bring up shell1 runs up1 trains1 and fires4 #f4 ,brings up shell1 guides it into the mortar1 runs up1 trains1 and primes4 #aj-;inch ,land service ,mortar4 ,duties4--,no4 #a4 ,commands1 points1 and serves the vent4 #c4 ,serves ammunition1 loads1 assists to put in shell1 runs up1 and trains4 #d4 ,sponges1 wipes the bottom of the shell1 uncaps the fuze1 puts in shell1 runs up1 trains1 and attends sheepskin4 #e4 ,assists to bring up shell1 runs up1 trains1 and fires4 #f4 ,brings up shell1 runs up1 trains1 and primes4 #h-;inch ,land service ,mortar4 ,duties4--,no4 #a4 ,commands1 primes1 points1 and serves the vent4 #c4 ,serves ammunition1 loads1 runs up1 and trains4 #d4 ,sponges1 wipes the bottom of the shell1 uncaps the fuze1 puts in shell1 runs up1 trains1 and attends sheepskin4 #f4 ,brings up shell1 and fires4 ,,to ,,dismount ,a #ac-;,,inch ,,land ,,service ,,mortar1 with any number of men1 not less than #ad4 ,duties4--,no4 #a4 ,commands4 #b4 ,assists ,no4 #a1 and lashes handspikes4 #c1 and #d4 ,unlash the quoin1 and place handspikes in the mortar4 #e1 and #f4 ,bring up a drag-rope each1 and place the loop ends over the handspikes4 ,all the ,nos4 man the dragropes1 except ,nos4 #c1 and #d1 who attend with their handspikes1 and raise the mortar perpendicular2 then ,nos4 #c1 and #d steady the mortar1 place the dragropes round the body of the mortar1 and take out the handspikes and quoin2 ,nos4 #e1 #f1 #g1 and #h unscrew1 and take out the cap-squares4 ,all the numbers man the dragropes1 except ,nos4 #c and #d1 and throw the mortar to the rear4 ,if it does not fall on its face1 ,nos4 #c1 and #d place their handspikes under the trunnions 7,nos4 #e1 and #f the bight of the dragropes under the trunnions7 and raise the mortar on its face2 then ,nos4 #c1 and #d place their handspikes on the trunnions2 ,nos4 #e1 and #f place the loop ends round the handspikes1 and trunnions2 even ,nos4 go to the front1 and odd ,nos4 to the rear1 and turn the mortar round4 ,nos4 #e1 and #f place their dragropes over the opposite bolts of the mortar bed2 ,nos4 #c1 and #d assist with their handspikes4 ,all the ,nos41 at right angles to each other1 turn the mortar bed round1 and run it close up to the mortar4 ,,to ,,mount ,,the ,,mortar4 ,nos4 #c1 and #d place their handspikes under the trunnions1 and on the top steps of the mortar bed2 ,nos4 #e1 and #f place their dragropes round the trunnions1 and throw the mortar into the trunnion boxes3 the mortar is raised perpendicular1 as before4 ,all the ,nos4 will do what they have undone2 even ,nos4 go to the front1 odd ,nos4 to the rear1 and ease the mortar down4 ,n4,b4 ,the cap-squares are not to be shifted over till the mortar is raised perpendicular4 ,,instructions ,,for ,,landing ,,seamen1 ,,and ,,marines1 ,,with ,,field ,,pieces4 ,for ,exercise1 or ,service on shore4 #a4 ,the boats should be formed in divisions1 according to the seniority of the ,captains of their respective ships1 numbering from ,no4 #a1 on the right4 ,the seamen1 and marines should be told off in companies previous to leaving their ships1 and on landing they will form immediately in the same order4 #b4 ,each division of boats should have a distinguishing flag4 ,launches will carry two scaling ladders1 intrenching tools1 c42 barges1 and pinnaces1 one ladder each4 #c4 ,the boats will always land a boat's length apart4 ,before leaving the ships1 two boat keepers for each boat1 and an officer in charge of each division of boats are to be told off1 and are on no account to leave them4 ,a fast-pulling boat with medical officers will attend in rear of the line4 #d4 ,should the distance from the point of landing be considerable1 the boats of each division1 in tow of each other1 commencing with the lightest boats1 will pull in1--the leading boat of each division abreast1 leaving space for the whole to form line abreast when ordered4 ,the boats will be dressed in line1 as well as circumstances will admit4 ,the officer in command will commence firing from the gun-boats when he thinks fit1 but no shells1 ,shrapnell shells1 or musketry are to be fired without orders4 #e4 ,when the commanding officer perceives the beach to be cleared 7or when he considers it proper7 he will order the boats to advance2 they will pull in immediately1 and land their crews1 and field pieces1 the latter will be formed on the flanks of their own division1 or in batteries1 according to orders2 the scaling ladders in the rear until required for service4 #f4 ,the launches' crews may be employed in throwing up a breast-work1 and placing their guns in it1 to cover their re-embarkation1 should it become necessary4 #g4 ,should the boats be employed for the disembarkation of troops1 the same arrangement as to the divisions of boats should remain4 ,it will then be desirable that every boat should carry a flag similar to that of the commanding officer of its division1 and1 when in large numbers1 the boats should also be painted according to the colours of the flags1 that the troops may readily know their own boats4 ,on these occasions1 the launches1 barges1 and pinnaces will form a front line1 so as to clear the beach2 the light boats will tow troop boats1 paddle box boats1 c41 and be ready to succour any boats that may be damaged by the enemy's fire4 ,the orders1 as to the firing of musketry1 should be strictly enjoined1 as before1 with the seamen1 and marines4 ,it would be better that no musket should be loaded1 and no knapsacks taken4 ,proportion of ,charges1 ,spare powder1 c41 for a #ea ,gun1 screw1 steam ,frigate2 and #ej ,gun ,frigate4 ,,key3 ,a ,number4 ,b ,proportion for each ,gun4 ,c ,total number of ,cartridges4 ,d ,number in each case4 ,e ,number of cases4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #ea ,gun1 screw1 steam ,frigate4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,nature of ,a ,charge4 ,b ,c ,d ,e ,spare powder4 ,ordnance4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #fh ,pr4 #a ,distant #abj #abj #f #bj #bj rounds per gun1 #ie cwt4 #af lb4 full charges1 as ,full #fj #fj #aa #g spare2 amounting #aj lb4 to #bjj lb4 #h in4 ,gun #ab ,reduced #bj #bdj #ae #af #bj rounds per gun1 #fe cwt4 #e lb4 reduced charges1 ,full #dj #dhj #ad #cd as spare2 #h lb4 amounting to ,distant #bj #bdj #aa #bb #abjj lb4 #aj lb4 #cb ,pr4 #ah ,reduced #dj #gbj #ai #ch #bj rounds per gun1 #eh cwt4 #f lb4 reduced charges1 ,full #bj #cfj #ad #bf as spare2 #h lb4 amounting to ,distant #bj #cfj #aa #cc #bafj lb4 #aj lb4 #cb ,pr4 #bj ,reduced #cj #fjj #bb #bg #bj rounds per gun1 #de cwt4 #e lb4 reduced charges1 ,full #ej #ajjj #af #fb as spare2 #g lb4 amounting to #bjjj lb4 #bd ,pr4 ,howitzer #b #b lb4 #agd #cdh #bj99 #ag #ab cwt4 -------------------- #b half-cases of #ab ,pr4 bursters1 7#aj oz41 ,howitzer #b #a lb4 #agd #cdh #dj99 #i #f oz41 #e oz41 and #f cwt4 #d oz417 and two half-cases of fuses4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,remarks4 ,this spare powder would amount to #eefj pounds1 and would be packed in #ae pound bags1 #h in a case1 and would stow in #dg cases4 99 ,in a half-case4 ,half-cases1 and a quarter-case4 ,half-cases4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #ej ,gun ,frigate4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,nature of ,a ,charge4 ,b ,c ,d ,e ,spare powder4 ,ordnance4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #h in4 ,gun #h ,reduced #bj #afj #ae #aa #bj rounds per gun1 #fe cwt4 #e lb4 reduced charges1 ,full #dj #cbj #ad #bc as spare2 #h lb4 amounting to ,distant #bj #afj #aa #ae #hjj lb4 #aj lb4 #cb ,pr4 #bb ,reduced #dj #hhj #ai #df #bj rounds per gun1 #ef cwt4 #f lb4 reduced charges1 ,full #bj #ddj #ad #cb as spare2 #h lb4 amounting to ,distant #bj #ddj #aa #dj #bfdj lb4 #aj lb4 #cb ,pr4 #bj ,reduced #cj #fjj #bb #bg #bj rounds per gun1 #de cwt4 #e lb4 reduced charges1 ,full #ej #ajjj #af #fb as spare2 #g lb4 amounting to #bjjj lb4 #bd ,pr4 -------------------- ,howitzer #b #b lb4 #agd #cdh #bj99 #ag #b half-cases of #ab cwt4 bursters1 7#aj oz41 #f oz41 #e oz41 and #ab ,pr4 #d oz417 and #b ,howitzer #b #a lb4 #agd #cdh #dj99 #i half-cases of #f cwt4 fuses4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- 99 ,in a half-case4 ,half-cases1 and a quarter-case4 ,half-cases4 ,,on ,,naval ,,bombardments4#ce 8,the attack of fortresses1 and powerful land batteries with a naval force only1 must ever be a hazardous1 and perhaps desperate undertaking4 ,but if skilfully combined with a military force sufficiently strong to make good its landing1 to invest the place1 or the batteries on the land side1 to take the defences in reverse1 and so open the way to the attack by sea1 the object of the attack will in general be successful4 ,but this mode of proceeding can only be applied when the place to be attacked occupies a position1 insular or otherwise1 of such extent as to admit of being attacked by land as well as by sea4 ,when the place1 fortress1 or arsenal to be attacked is covered and protected by isolated points of defence1 mutually protecting each other1 and when no previous military operation can be made1 those points or outposts should be attacked in detail1 and successively reduced2 after which the fleet may arrive at1 and attack the main position4 ,this must evidently be a protracted and difficult process1 even with such means3 with ships alone1 it cannot be effected without severe loss1 and damages3 and it should always be remembered that many of the attacking ships would be severely injured1 probably disabled1 in the attempt1 whilst the enemy's fleet would remain untouched1 and in reserve4 ,it would1 therefore1 follow that the attacking fleet must be exposed to a very disadvantageous action with the enemy1 in the event of the latter subsequently leaving his place of shelter4 8,when the fortress1 or arsenal to be attacked is situated on a coast which may be approached from the open sea in any direction1 steam-ships may avoid the danger of a direct attack1 end-on1 or oblique1 by approaching the place on either1 or perhaps on both sides2 and1 having gained the proper proximity1 clear of raking1 or diagonal fire1 range quickly up in parallel order1 to attack the place in line1 or lines2 as in steam warfare1 ship against ship1 or fleet against fleet1 direct advances upon the broadside batteries of ships1 may1 upon the same principle be avoided1 and the enemy attacked in parallel order1 by ranging up to him1 and forced to fight if the attacking ships are superior in speed4 8,but when the fortress1 arsenal1 or place to be attacked is only approachable by a narrow and intricate channel1 through which ships can only pass singly1 or nearly so1 there can be no manuvering for position4 ,there is no way of avoiding being met by direct1 then oblique1 and ultimately raking fire from the batteries that defend the channel1 and steam can only perform its office of propulsion into or through those intricacies under these disadvantageous1 and hazardous circumstances4 ,steam-ships might1 indeed1 run past advanced1 or covering batteries at full speed1 without being much damaged2 but it would be extremely perilous to leave such forts unsilenced in their rear1 and1 unless the daring enterprise should succeed1 like ,nelson's1 at ,copenhagen1 to produce a cessation of hostilities1 the fleet1 or at least any disabled ships1 could never get out again4 8,however successful a naval attack of a fortress1 or arsenal may be1 the work of destruction can never be effectually accomplished by ships4 ,the sea defences may be silenced1 guns dismounted1 parapets ruined1 magazines blown up by mortar shells1 and habitations devastated by the cruel process of bombardment2 but no substantial demolition of the defences1 or material destruction of public works and property1 can be effected1 unless the partial and rather temporary than permanent damages inflicted by the attacks of ships be followed up and completed1 by having actual possession of the captured place for a sufficient time to ruin it entirely4 ,no naval operation1 however skilfully planned1 and gallantly executed1 can1 in this way1 reap the fruits of its own victory4 8,in the desultory operations of small active steamers employed to shell1 with their pivot guns1 open towns1 roadsteads1 harbours1 and slender buildings1 magazines1 stores1 c41 c41 or to shell bodies of troops on shore1 the attacking vessels should never anchor1 but having given their end-on fire1 go off at speed to reload1 and prepare to take up the fire in turn with others1 whenever they regain a favourable position for a good effect4 ,to hit a steamer running with speed across a line of fire is no easy matter 7,arts4 #cca1 #cda72 and when in the end-on position1 she presents but a small target to hit at a long range40 ,,part ,,ix4 ,,batteries1 ,,and ,,fortification4 ,,batteries4 ,a battery1 in respect to its profile1 may be either elevated1 half sunken1 or sunken2 and it is usually reveted with gabions1 fascines1 sand-bags1 c4 ,an elevated battery has its whole parapet raised above the natural surface of the ground1 and1 to procure the mass of earth required1 a ditch is usually dug directly in front of the parapet4 ,a half-sunken battery has its interior space1 or terreplein1 sunk some inches below the natural surface1 and its parapet is composed of the earth thus obtained1 and of that taken from a narrow ditch in front4 ,a sunken battery has the whole of the earth taken from the interior space to form the parapet2 and it must therefore be lowered from #b feet to #c feet #f inches1 according to the height of the gun carriages to be used4 ,the half-sunken battery is constructed the quickest1 as the diggers can work both in front and rear1 at the same time4 ,in a sunken battery1 the diggers are as much crowded as in an elevated one1 but1 since the mass of parapet to be raised is smaller1 it may be completed in much less time4 ,casemates1 or vaulted batteries1 are made bomb-proof1 and the embrazures are cut through the revetment4 ,barbet batteries have no embrazures1 the guns being placed on traversing platforms to enable them to fire over the parapet4 ,a direct fire from a battery is when the line of fire is perpendicular to the parapet1 and an oblique fire when it is oblique4 ,the direct fire being preferable1 the battery should be placed parallel to the object against which the fire is to be directed4 ,the line of fire is an imaginary line drawn through the centre of an embrazure1 in the direction of the object against which a battery is constructed4 ,embrazures are openings cut through parapets1 flanks of bastions1 c41 for guns to fire through4 ,the neck of the embrazure is the inward1 or narrowest part of it4 ,the mouth of the embrazure is the outward1 or widest part of it4 ,the sole of the embrazure is the bottom1 or space1 between the cheeks or sides4 ,the sill is the front of the sole4 ,the genouillere is that part of the parapet which is immediately beneath the embrazures4 ,the merlon is the portion of the parapet contained between two embrazures4 ,the following dimensions are requisite to be proof1 ,against musketry4--#c feet when of earth4 #f inches 0 stone4 #ab inches 0 fir4 #e inches 0 oak4 #i inches 0 brick4 ,against cannon4--#d feet1 when of wood1 or brick4 #f feet against #f-pounders1 when of earth4 #i 0 #i-pounders1 ditto4 #ad 0 #ab-pounders1 ditto4 #ah 0 #ah #bd-pounders1 ditto4 ,note4--,a #f-pounder shot1 with a charge of one pound1 will penetrate a mass of ice to the depth of #d feet1 at the distance of twenty-one yards4 ,,general ,,dimensions ,,of ,,an ,,elevated ,,gun ,,battery1 reveted with fascines4 ft4 in4 ,space from the centre of one embrazure to that of the next1 without traverses #ah #j ,ditto1 with traverses #bb #j ,slope of the interior revetment1 per foot 7one-fourth its height7 -- #c ,fall of the superior slope1 ditto 7one-twelfth1 ditto7 -- #a ,interior width of embrazures1 measured on the sill #b #j ,exterior ditto1 measured on the sole1 at #ab feet from the sill #g #j ,slope of the cheeks of embrazures at the neck1 per foot1 7one-sixth of their height7 -- #b ,ditto1 at the mouth1 per foot 7one-fourth their height7 -- #c ,distance from the centre of an embrazure to the foot of the slope of an adjoining traverse #g #f ,distance from the centre of an embrazure to the foot of the slope of an adjoining epaulment #e #j ,height of the sill about #c #j ,,directions ,,for ,,tracing ,a ,,battery4 ,batteries at sieges are generally traced in the dusk of the evening4 ,detail of men1 and tools required3 ,tracers4--#a non-commissioned officer1 and #b privates4 ,tools4--#a ground-square4 #a measuring tape4 #a white tracing-line4 #b ten-feet rods4 #a bundle of pickets4 #a mallet4 ,directions4--,the tracing-pickets1 and mallet1 are carried in a sand-bag1 and a few long pickets are necessary to mark the embrazures4 ,a line should be stretched about #dj feet in the direction of the object against which the battery is to be erected2 this will show the line of fire4 ,by means of a ground-square1 a line may be laid down at right angles to the former1 touching the first placed picket4 ,this will be the interior base line4 ,another line must be placed parallel to this1 at a distance equal to the sum of the breadth of the base of the parapet1 breadth of the berm 7if any71 and breadth of the slope of the ditch 7viz41 about #bg feet71 which line will represent the reverse slope of the ditch4 ,a picket is then driven in on the interior base line1 where it is intended to have one extremity of the battery1 and as many long pickets 7#ah feet apart71 measuring from this end1 as there are guns1 which will mark the centre of the embrazures4 ,then one more picket1 #ah feet distant from the last1 will show the other extremity4 ,for the embrazures1 drive in a picket at the distance of one foot on each side of the centre of the embrazures1 for the width of the neck4 ,set off1 and drive in pickets #c feet #f inches on each side of1 and perpendicular to the line of fire1 for the width of the mouth4 ,,working ,,party2 ,,tools2 ,,and ,,materials ,,required for each gun2 mortar2 traverse2 or epaulment2 in an elevated fascine battery4 #b sappers1 with #f assistants1 to revet the work4 #ab infantry1 to excavate the ditch1 and form the parapet4 #i pickaxes1 #ae shovels1 or spades1 #ad fascines1 #ah feet long1 #a bundle of #ej pickets to #f fascines1 #c mauls1 #c rammers1 #a saw to every two guns1 #a hatchet per gun1 #a bill-hook1 #a field-service level1 #a six-feet rod1 #a bundle of matches to every three guns1 #a lantern1 do41 #a lb4 of candles1 do41 #a bundle of gads to each gun1 #a tape of #ej feet in length per battery4 ,a battery will seldom be completed in less than #bd hours1 when executed by inexperienced workmen2 but by those inured to hard labour1 and with proper reliefs1 in about #aj hours4 ,in light soil1 that can be easily dug without the aid of a pickaxe1 a man can1 in #h hours1 load from #ai to #bj cubic yards of earth on barrows4 ,if a pickaxe be required1 #b men will do the same quantity of work4 ,a man can wheel #bj cubic yards of earth per day to a distance of #cj yards on level ground1 or #bj yards on a ramp4 ,twenty cubic yards of earth will fill #ejj wheelbarrows4 ,when near the surface1 in soil requiring but little the use of the pickaxe1 an excavation of #f cubic yards in a day of #h hours would be a fair task for a soldier1 who in general is little accustomed to working with the pickaxe and shovel4 ,,shelter ,,from ,,an ,,enemy',s ,,fire4#cf ,the following method of sheltering the workmen from the enemy's fire was used with great success during the construction of the batteries4 ,it was towards the end of the siege that ,lieutenant ,nandre received orders to construct a battery #acj paces from the counterscarp1 the covered way being strongly occupied by the enemy4 ,foreseeing the difficulties that would occur1 ,lieutenant ,nandre provided #abj common platform planks1 and1 when the gabions were in their places1 arranged the planks outside them1 in such a manner as to present an inclined plane1 7one end of the plank being supported on the gabion1 and the other end resting on the ground towards the enemy73 the gabions were then half filled with earth1 and the pickets driven in4 ,at this moment the enemy threw some fire balls1 and fired a few shot1 all of which went over4 ,soon after1 the workmen were assailed with a well-sustained fire of musketry2 but1 on the balls striking the epaulment1 they ricocheted and passed over the workmen1 so that not a single man was hit4 ,the battery was finished in a few hours1 when the planks were drawn in1 and used for the platforms4 ,a portable framework might be rapidly made1 and used instead of the gabions1 to obtain immediate cover from musketry fire2 and1 for sapping1 the framework1 with the planks fixed thereon1 might be readily moved on trucks1 as a substitute for the present sap roller4 ,,epaulments4 ,batteries at sieges are generally secured on one flank at least1 by a parapet called an epaulment1 forming an obtuse angle with that of the battery4 ,their use is to secure the reverse of the terreplein from any flanking fire1 and they are not in general made so thick as the parapet1 being seldom subject to a direct fire4 ,,elevated ,,sand-,,bag ,,batteries4 ,the base of the interior slope of a battery reveted with sand-bags is rather broader than that of one reveted with fascines1 being about one-third the height of the parapet4 ,bushel sand-bags are now the only kind in use1 and when filled are of the following dimensions3 ,length #bj inches1 breadth #aj inches1 depth #e inches4 ,number required per gun1--for the interior revetment #bfb ,ditto ,ditto for the cheeks #cfj --- ,total #fbb ,sand-bags are laid header1 and stretcher1 as in masonry2 the ends which are tied being always hid4 ,as the sand-bags near the neck of the embrazure would be destroyed after a few hours' firing1 and constantly require repairing1 gabions1 or casks should be substituted for them4 ,howitzer batteries are similar to those for guns1 except that the interior openings of the embrazures are #b feet #f inches1 and the soles are raised1 towards the front1 about #aj1 in order to cover the gunners as much as possible4 ,mortar batteries are constructed with the same dimensions as gun batteries 7the parapet being generally #h feet high1 and from #ah to #bb feet thick71 but1 as they have not embrazures1 the ditch of elevated batteries is made two feet deeper to obtain the requisite quantity of earth4 ,a preference would in general be given to the sunken1 or half-sunken profile for a mortar battery1 on account of its requiring less time for its construction1 and it being of no consequence whether the platforms are sunken1 or otherwise4 ,mortars are placed at the distance of #ae feet from centre to centre of each other1 where no traverses intervene2 and the parapet has the same profile as a gun1 or howitzer battery4 ,when fired at #de they are placed #ab feet from the revetment4 ,ditto #cj ditto #ac ditto ,ditto #bj ditto #ba ditto ,ditto #ae ditto #cj ditto ,ditto #aj ditto #dj ditto ,,half-,,sunken ,,batteries4 ,the sill is about half its total height above the natural surface of the ground2 the most convenient depth to which the terreplein may be sunk is #b feet4 ,the height of a sill for a travelling carriage will be #ah inches1 and for a garrison carriage one foot above the natural level4 ,the profile of the parapet is the same as in an elevated battery4 ,number of sand-bags required for reveting one merlon #ahj ,ditto ditto for cheeks of embrazures #cfj --- ,total #edj ,in forming the epaulment of a half-sunken battery1 the earth is taken from a ditch in front1 six feet wide1 and about five feet deep4 ,,sunken ,,gun ,,batteries4 ,the soles of the embrazures are on a level with the natural ground1 therefore the terreplein is sunk a sufficient depth for the solid1 and1 the merlons are formed of the excavated earth4 ,the height of the solid depends on the nature of gun carriage to be used4 ,the first operation is to trace out the embrazures4 ,the profile is the same as in the elevated battery4 ,should there be traverses1 all the earth excavated from the interior will be required2 if not1 the overplus may be scattered in the rear4 ,,ricochet ,,batteries4 ,ricochet firing is the art of projecting shot1 or shell1 with a certain velocity1 and in such a direction as to ensure its striking the ground at any spot that may be required2 afterwards making several grazes upon the earth1 and destroying1 or striking all that may oppose its progress4 ,the piece of ordnance is loaded with a diminished charge of powder1 and the elevation is from #c to #aj1 which causes the shot to bound or hop along the ground4 ,the smaller the angle under which the shot is made to ricochet1 the longer it will preserve its force1 and have effect1 as it will sink in the same proportion so much less into the ground on which it bounds4 ,in the ricochet of a fortress1 or field work1 the elevation should seldom exceed #aj to throw the shot over the crest of the parapet2 but in the field1 the objects to be fired at being principally infantry1 and cavalry1 the guns need seldom be elevated above #c2 as1 under greater angles1 the shot would be apt to bound too high1 thereby defeating its intended purpose4 ,ricochet batteries should1 if possible1 be at a distance of #djj yards1 or not exceeding #fjj yards2 as1 from the uncertainty of the fire at a greater distance1 at least two-thirds of the ammunition might be expended without producing any good effect4 ,the best elevation to enfilade a work being from #f to #i measured above the parapet1 the charge should be regulated accordingly1 which varies from one-half1 to one-tenth the service charge4 ,ricochet firing is very efficacious in dismounting the guns on the faces1 or flanks of bastions1 c41 the batteries for this purpose being erected on the prolongation of these works1 and as nearly as possible perpendicular thereto1 by which their whole length will be exposed to the effects of plunging1 and destructive ricochet fire4 ,vide ,tables of ,ricochet practice1 pages #gc1 #gi1 #hj4 ,,fascines4 ,fascines are bundles of wood of various lengths1 according to the purposes to which they are to be applied4 ,fascines for a revetment should be strong1 and well bound4 ,when small brushwood is used1 they are made #f feet long1 and #g inches in diameter1 and are firmly bound with four or five withes1 or gads4 ,the gads are made of tough twigs1 first twisted until the fibres separate1 the smaller end is then turned round1 so as to form a loop1 or noose4 ,to make a fascine #f feet long1 the workmen set up three fascine horses on the same level1 and in a right line4 7,a fascine horse is formed with two pickets1 each #e feet long1 driven about #a foot obliquely into the ground1 so as to cross each other at right angles #b feet above the surface of the earth2 and they are fastened together at their point of meeting1 with cord1 three or four-thread spun yarn1 or gads47 ,the brushwood1 stripped of all its leaves and smaller branches1 and which should be from half to one inch in diameter1 and #e or #f feet long1 is then laid on the fascine horses1 the thick ends being placed alternately at each end4 ,the large stuff must be used to form the exterior1 and the smaller twigs the interior of the fascine4 ,before binding the fascine1 it must be compressed with a fascine choaker1 which consists of a cord1 or chain1 equal in length to one and a half times the circumference of the fascine1 fastened at one end to a lever #e feet long and #b inches in diameter1 with a loop at the other end1 into which1 after passing the chain round the fascine near the part to be bound1 a lever1 similar to the one already described1 is inserted1 and the brushwood is squeezed tightly together until the gad is tied4 ,the fascine must be compressed in a similar manner before each gad is fastened4 ,the weight of the fascine is about #cc lb4 ,three men can make a #f feet fascine in twenty minutes4 ,two of the workmen place the brushwood1 while the third prepares the gads4 ,if large brushwood can be procured1 the fascines should be #ah feet long1 the strength of the revetment being materially increased by diminishing the number of joints4 ,when the fascines are #ah feet long1 they are made nine inches in diameter1 and the gads are placed #ah inches apart1 the fascine horses being one yard apart4 ,this fascine weighs about #b cwt4 ,four men can make an #ah feet fascine in two hours1 or1 if the wood be cut and brought to them1 they can make four fascines in that time4 ,they require #c bill-hooks1 #a saw1 #a fascine choaker 7each lever about #f feet long71 and #f fascine horses4 ,three men prepare the brushwood1 and lay it on the horses1 while the fourth makes the gads4 ,the revetment is formed in proportion as the parapet is raised1 the first fascine being half buried in the banquette1 with three pickets driven vertically through it1 each picket being from #c to #d feet long1 and from #a to #a inches in diameter at the thickest end4 ,the second row of fascines is then laid a little in front of the first1 so as to form the required slope1 and three pickets are driven through each fascine2 the extreme pickets through the fascine previously laid in the direction of the slope1 the other perpendicular to the slope4 ,the joints of the different rows of fascines should be so broken1 that no two adjoining joints may be in the same line1 and the ends of the fascines at the angles should alternately be flush with1 and be inserted in the parapet2 care being taken to lay the fascines so that the ties of the gads may be concealed in the parapets4 ,six rows of large fascines are sufficient to form the revetment of a parapet1 the upper row being covered with a layer of sods1 the grass upwards4 ,when fascines of seven inches in diameter are used1 eight rows are required4 ,,gabions4 ,gabions are cylindrical baskets open at both ends1 and are very commonly used to revet parapets4 ,for the interior of parapets they should be #c feet in height1 and diameter4 ,the common gabions are #b feet in diameter1 and #b feet #i inches high4 ,to make them4--,a directing circle consisting of two hoops1 kept apart by bits of wood1 to which both the hoops are secured with packthread1 is first made4 ,the diameter of the hoops must be such as to permit of the pickets for the gabion being driven between the exterior of the one1 and the interior of the other4 ,the directing circle is then laid on a level piece of ground1 and from seven to twelve pickets are driven at equal distances apart1 between the hoops2 the number of pickets depending on the size of the rods1 or brushwood with which the basket-work is to be made4 ,the circle is then raised1 and fastened to the middle of the pickets1 and the web is made above it1 two or three rods being used at the same time2 the workman twisting them round each other while he interlaces them with the pickets1 striking down the web from time to time with a stick4 ,the randing1 or basket-work1 is continued to near the top of the pickets1 where it is secured with four gads1 each one passed round one of the pickets and four or five of the rods1 which should be from #h to #aj feet long1 and not more than half an inch in diameter4 ,the gabion is then pulled up1 the finished end is placed on the ground1 and the directing circle being removed1 the remainder of the web is completed and secured as before described4 ,two men can make a gabion in three quarters of an hour1 using about #hj rods for each gabion4 ,in forming the revetment1 the gabions are placed touching each other with a slope of one quarter the height2 the first row is surmounted with two rows of fascines side by side1 and a second row of gabions rests on them4 ,,sod1 ,,or ,,turf4 ,a revetment is sometimes made with sods of unequal sizes1 called headers1 and stretchers4 ,the headers are #a foot #f inches long1 #a foot wide1 and about #d inches thick4 ,the stretchers are #a foot wide1 and long1 and about #d inches thick4 ,sometimes the sods are first cut all of the same dimensions--viz41 #a foot long and #a foot wide2 this sod is then cut diagonally1 across1 so as to form two1 and they are then all laid as headers4 ,this saves nearly half the turf1 and labour4 ,the sods should be cut from good meadow land1 previously mown1 and watered2 but the sods should not be laid or built when wet1 because they would shrink in dry weather1 and all the joints would open4 ,the sod-work is laid with the grass downwards1 either alternately headers1 and stretchers1 or two stretchers to one header2 care being taken that the joints of no two rows fall immediately over one another1 which is termed breaking joint4 ,if the layers of sods are laid perpendicular to the slope1 they will answer better than if laid horizontally4 ,each sod should have two or three pegs driven through it1 to secure it to the work beneath4 ,when the revetment is completed1 the whole should be cut off smooth to the proper slope2 a pair of hedge-clippers1 or a cutting knife1 will answer well for this purpose4 ,one man can lay #ai square yards of sod-work in eight hours1 when the sods are brought to the spot1 and require no previous trimming4 ,,platforms4 ,to facilitate the working of a gun1 it must be placed on a platform of stone1 or timber and plank3 but1 as a temporary measure1 when required to fire only in one direction1 timbers to take the wheels will suffice4 ,the usual inclination given to platforms1 from the rear to the front1 is half an inch per foot4 ,platforms on barbettes should be perfectly level1 and their dimensions must depend on the extent of the lateral range which may be required4 ,in laying a gun platform1 the first thing to be done is to fix the hurter1 which may be a piece of timber #g or #h feet long1 and #g inches square1 or a strong fascine #i feet in length may be advantageously used4 ,the hurter is intended to take the wheels1 or trucks of the carriage when the gun is run out1 and to prevent their damaging the interior slope of the parapet4 ,the position of the hurter necessarily depends therefore on the steepness of the interior slope4 ,the hurter should be placed perpendicular to the axis1 or central line of the embrazure4 ,three1 four1 or five sleepers of from #f to #h inches square1 are then laid1 their upper surface on a level with the bottom of the hurter1 and they are covered with two-inch planks1 nailed down when three sleepers are used2 but if there be four or five sleepers1 the planks may be confined by two ribbands 7which are pieces of wood of the same length1 but weaker scantling than the sleepers7 and the platform racked down with rack lashings at the proper intervals4 ,a rack lashing consists of a piece of #b-;inch rope about #i feet long1 which is fastened to a stick #ae inches long1 #b inches wide at the head1 with a hole in it to receive the lashing1 and tapering to a blunt point3 it is passed round the timber1 and sleeper beneath1 then twice round itself4 ,the end of the stick is then put into the loose gromet so formed1 and twisted round until the whole is firmly secured1 when the stick is turned flat on the upper piece of scantling4 ,the gun1 and mortar platforms for sieges are now made rectangular3 the dimensions of the former are #ae feet long by #aj feet #f inches broad2 those of a mortar platform are #g feet #f inches long by #f feet #f inches broad4 ,mortar platforms are laid exactly horizontal1 the front part being placed #e feet within the foot of the interior slope of the parapet4 ,madras platforms consist of two stout planks about #ab feet long2 they are supported on two sleepers1 having a transom in front4 ,the planks are secured with a moveable bolt1 or pivot to the front transom1 slide freely on the sleepers1 and are connected together in rear by two cross pieces parallel to the rear sleeper1 one in front1 and the other in rear of it4 ,to the centre of these two cross pieces is bolted another #ab-;feet plank1 called the trail-piece1 of a width equal to the distance between the cheeks of a siege-carriage1 which is supported on a sleeper in the rear4 ,when the gun is to be traversed1 the whole platform is moved on the sleepers on the pivots in front4 ,these platforms are chiefly intended for a direct fire4 ,two wedges are required for this platform to form inclined planes for the wheels1 in running the gun on1 or off the platform4 ,each wedge is of elm1 #c inches thick1 #b feet long1 and #a foot wide1 with a block to give the requisite height1 the block being #ab inches long1 #d thick1 and #g in extreme height4 ,alderson's platform4 ,the platform invented by ,colonel ,alderson1 ,r4,e41 is #ae feet long1 by #i feet wide2 and is composed of #df similar pieces of timber 7baulks7 each measuring #i feet #e inches #c inches4 ,of these1 ten are used as sleepers1 and the remainder as planking4 ,the weight of the platform 7when #ae feet long and #i feet wide7 for guns is #ae cwt4 #b qrs4 #ad lb4 ,by addition of the small beams1 this platform may easily be extended from #ae to #ah feet4 ,dimensions1 and weight of ,platforms1 for ,guns1 c4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,nature of ,platform1 and ,num- ,thick- articles required4 ber4 ,length4,breadth4 ness4 ,weight4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ft4 in4 ft4 in4 ft4 in4cwt4qr4 lb4 ,,gun1 ,,and ,,howitzer4 ,sleepers #e #ae #e #e #d #b #a ,planks #bj #aj #f #i #b #g #c #bb ,ribbands #b #ae #d #d #a #j #ah ,rack-sticks1 and lashings #aj ----------- ,total weight #ac #b #bc ----------- ,,mortar4 ,covered with oak planks4 ,sleepers #g #g #f #f #f #c #c #g ,planks #aj #f #f #i #c #e #a #bb ,ribbands #b #g #f #d #d #b #aj ,rack-sticks #aj #a #c #ae ----------- ,total weight #i #c #bf ----------- ,made entirely of fir4 ,sleepers #g #g #f #f #f #c #c #g ,planks #h #f #f #aa #d #d #b #ah ,ribbands #b #g #f #d #d #b #aj ,rack-sticks #h #ab ----------- ,total weight #i #j #ai ----------- ,,madras4 ,wood work4 ,side-pieces #b #ab #f #a #j #d #c #j #ah ,trail-piece #a #ab #a #d #d #a #a #c ,fore transom #a #g #f #f #b #ai ,hind transoms #b #f #f #i #c #b #bj ,sleepers #c #i #f #f #b #j #af ,wedges #b #b #g ,iron work4 ,long bolts1 in4 diameter #b #aa #f ,short bolts1 ditto #f #g #aa ----------- ,total weight #h #b #af ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,gun1 ,,and ,,howitzer ,,platform4 ,for carrying this platform1 two men are required for each sleeper2 one man for each plank1 and ribband4 ,the non-commissioned officer carries the rack-sticks4 ,a platform may be laid down in an hour by expert men1 and may be dismantled in three minutes4 ,,mortar ,,platform4 ,detailed as above4 ,one non-commissioned officer1 and seventeen men carry the platform4 ,time required for laying down1 and dismantling1 similar to the above4 ,,madras ,,platform4 ,in an elevated battery1 the platform may be laid down by expert men in half an hour1 and may be dismantled in three minutes4 ,,breach4 ,the best place for making a breach1 in ravelins1 bastions1 c41 is about thirty yards from their salient angles4 ,the batteries should commence by marking out by their fire the extent of the breach intended to be made1 first by striking out a horizontal line as near the bottom of the revetment as possible1 and afterwards two others perpendicular to1 and at the extremities of this line4 ,should the breach be required to be extensive1 it will be necessary to form intermediate lines4 ,then1 by continuing to deepen these two or more cuts1 and occasionally firing salvoes at the part to be brought down1 the wall will give way in a mass4 ,the guns must1 however1 at first fire low1 and gradually advance upwards until the breach is effected2 and when the wall has given way1 the firing should be continued until the slope of the breach is made practicable4 ,,to ,,burst ,,open ,,gates ,,of ,,fortresses1 ,,etc4 ,a leathern bag1 containing about #ej lb4 of powder1 should be hooked upon the gate1 as near the centre as possible 7or be laid on the ground1 close to the bottom of the gate1 and tamped with sods1 c471 and be fired by means of a piece of portfire1 or match1 passed through a hole in the bottom of the bag4 ,,fortification4 ,offensive fortification is the art of conducting a siege4 ,defensive fortification comprehends military architecture1 and is the art of securing1 or protecting a place by works1 to resist a siege4 ,natural fortification consists of obstacles1 such as marshes1 mountain passes1 c41 which are found in some countries1 and should be taken advantage of to impede the approaches of an enemy4 ,artificial fortification comprises those works which are constructed to defend a place4 ,permanent fortification is the art of putting towns1 c41 into such a state as at all times to be prepared to resist the attack of an enemy4 ,field fortification is the method of fortifying a camp1 or position1 buildings1 c41 and it includes the construction of redoubts1 entrenchments1 c4 ,works of this nature are considered as temporary4 ,irregular fortification is the art of fortifying a place of an irregular figure1 situated where the country does not admit of giving to the several works their due proportion according to rule4 ,a ,command is the vertical elevation of one work above another1 or above the country4 ,a ,command in front is when an eminence is directly facing the work which it commands4 ,a ,command in the rear1 or reverse1 is when any eminence is directly behind the work which it commands4 ,a ,command by enfilade is when an eminence is situated in the prolongation of any line of a work1 and a considerable part of it may be seen from thence2 this line will be subject to enfilade1 and such a command is the most dangerous4 ,the ,rampart 7,a ,t ,r7 is an elevation of earth1 obtained from the excavation of the ditch2 and is that part of the fortification which is situated between the ditch1 and the town1 consisting of an interior slope1 terreplein1 banquette1 parapet1 and exterior slope or escarp4--7,vide ,plate47 ,the ,interior slope 7,a7 is the inclination of earth nearest to the town4 ,the ,terreplein 7,t7 is the upper part of the rampart1 which remains after having constructed the parapet4 ,the ,parapet 7,r7 is a mass of earth elevated on the terreplein of the rampart1 on the side towards the country2 being from #ah to #bb feet thick1 and from #f to #h feet high4 ,the top is formed with a slight declivity towards the country1 which is called the superior slope4 ,the ,banquette is an elevation of earth1 or step1 on which the soldiers stand to fire over the parapet4 ,the ,revetment is the masonry which retains the earth of the rampart on its exterior side4 ,it is about #e feet thick at the top1 and its slope is one-fifth1 or one-sixth its height4 ,the ,berm is a space1 or path1 sometimes left between the exterior slope of the rampart1 and the ditch4 ,it serves as a communication round the works1 and prevents the earth falling into the ditch4 ,the ,tablette is a flat coping-stone1 on the exterior of the top of the escarp of whole revetment4 ,the ,cordon is a semicircular projection of stone1 whose diameter is about one foot1 placed at the top of the slope of the revetment of the escarp4 ,the ,escarp 7a7 is the exterior slope1 or wall of the rampart4 ,the ,counterscarp 7b7 is the wall1 or slope of the ditch1 opposite to the escarp4 ,the ,faces of a work 7p q7 are those parts which form a salient angle1 projecting towards the country4 ,the ,flank 7q ,g7 is the part of a work so disposed as to defend another2 joining the face of a bastion to the curtain1 c4 ,the ,bastion 7,m ,l7 is a work composed of two faces1 and two flanks4 ,bastions are joined by curtains1 and are constructed salient1 and with flanks1 in order that the whole escarp may be seen1 and that a reciprocal defence may be obtained4 ,bastions are of various kinds--viz41 full 7,m71 empty 7,l71 also flat1 detached1 demi1 and tower bastions4 ,a ,full bastion 7,m7 is when the terreplein occupies all the interior space of the bastion4 ,from the description of this bastion1 that of all the others may be ascertained4 ,the ,curtain 7,g ,r ,h7 is that part of the rampart which lies between two bastions1 and joins the flanks thereof4 ,a ,front of fortification consists of two half bastions1 and a curtain4 ,the ,ditch 7,b7 is an excavation from #ab to #bd feet deep1 and from #ij to #aej feet broad1 surrounding the rampart4 ,the side of the ditch nearest the place forms the escarp 7a72 and the opposite part1 the counterscarp 7b7 is made circular opposite to the salient angles of the works4 ,the ,covered way 7,v7 is a space of about #cj feet broad1 extending round the counterscarp of the ditch1 being covered by a parapet from #g to #i feet high1 with a banquette4 ,the ,glacis 7,x7 is the superior part of the parapet of the covered way1 forming a gentle slope towards the country1 and terminating at from #abj to #ahj feet2 it covers the revetment of the body of the place4 ,the ,places of arms of the covered way are spaces contrived in the salient1 and re-entering angles of it2 those 7c7 in the re-entering angles flank the branches of it1 and contain troops for sallies1 and its defence2 and those 7,p7 in the salient angles serve for assembling the ,troops destined for the defence of the covered way4 ,the ,sally-ports are openings cut in the glacis1 at the faces of the re-entering places of arms1 and at the branches of the covered way4 ,they are used in making sallies from the covered way4 ,the ,traverses 7n7 in the covered way1 are parapets which cross the breadth of it at the salient1 and re-entering places of arms1 c4 ,they cover the troops who are drawn up behind the parapet of the covered way1 from the enfilade fire of the enemy4 ,there are passages cut in the parapet of the covered way1 close to the traverses1 in order to form a communication from one part of the covered way to another3 these passages are about #f feet wide1 and are provided with gates4 ,a ,citadel is a fortress joined to the works of a place1 and is fortified both towards the town1 and country4 ,it should always be situated on the most commanding ground1 serving to keep the inhabitants in awe1 and1 should the town be taken1 it becomes a retreat for the garrison4 ,the ,esplanade is a space of even ground1 clear of buildings1 situated between the town1 and citadel4 ,the ,body of the place 7or ,enceinte7 consists of the works next to1 and surrounding the town1 in the form of a polygon1 whether regular1 or irregular4 ,outworks are those works which are constructed beyond the body of the place1 such as tenailles1 ravelins1 c4 ,the ,tenaille 7,d7 consists of two faces1 and a small curtain4 ,it is constructed between the flanks of the bastions in front of the curtain1 and has a terreplein1 parapet1 and banquette4 ,the ,ravelin 7,p7 is constructed opposite the curtain1 7in front of the tenaille17 is composed of two faces1 which form a salient angle towards the country1 and of two demi-gorges formed by the counterscarp4 ,a ,horn-work is composed of two half bastions1 and a curtain1 with two long sides directed upon the faces of the bastions1 or ravelins1 so as to be defended from them4 ,a ,crown-work is composed of a bastion between two curtains1 which are terminated by half bastions4 ,it is joined to the body of the place by two long sides4 ,lunettes1 and ,tenaillons are works constructed on each side of ravelins1 consisting of two faces4 ,a ,flche1 or ,arrow1 is constructed along the foot of the glacis before the re-entering1 and salient places of arms4 ,it consists of a parapet1 whose faces form a salient angle1 and are about #abj feet long1 and it has a communication with the covered way1 cut through the glacis4 ,the ,caponiere 7,y7 is a work intended to cover a passage across the ditch4 ,that from the tenaille to the gorge of the ravelin is a road about #cj feet wide1 covered on each side by a parapet #g feet high1 its superior slope terminating in a glacis about #fj feet wide4 ,a ,cunette is a small ditch made in the middle of a dry ditch1 to drain off the water from the place1 c4 ,a ,batardeau 7e7 is a solid piece of masonry1 #g or #h feet thick1 crossing the whole breadth of the ditch opposite the flanked angles of the bastions4 ,it retains the water in those parts of the ditch which require to be inundated4 ,a ,ramp 7t7 is a road cut in the interior slope of the rampart1 forming a communication from the town1 c41 to the terreplein4 ,a ,cavalier is a work constructed upon the terreplein of a full bastion1 being from #h to #ab feet above the rampart1 with a parapet #f feet high4 ,its use is to command some rising ground within cannon-shot1 and to serve as a traverse for preventing the neighbouring curtains from being enfiladed4 ,parallels1 or ,places of arms1 thrown up at sieges1 are trenches formed to connect together the several approaches to a besieged place4 ,zig-zags1 or ,boyeaux of communication1 are trenches made for the approaches from the parallels to the besieged place4 ,they are generally #c feet deep1 and have a parapet1 and banquette4 ,a ,redan consists of two faces forming a salient angle 7which should not be less than #fj7 with parapet1 c4#cg ,a ,lunette has two faces1 similar to the redan1 and also two flanks4#cg ,a ,redoubt is a square1 polygonal1 or circular field fort4#cg ,a ,star fort consists of a succession of salient1 and re-entering angles1 formed on the sides of a polygon4 ,these forts are usually constructed on a triangle 7when they have six salient points71 or a square 7having eight salient points74#cg ,ttes de pont1 or ,bridge heads1 consist of redans1 c41 which are constructed upon the banks of rivers1 to protect the passage across them4#cg ,lines are formed for the entrenchment of armies1 and are composed of a succession of redans1 c41 joined by curtains1 which should not be more than #abj yards distant from each other1 to afford mutual protection1 and defence4#cg ,an ,epaulment is an elevation of earth thrown up to cover troops from a flanking fire4 ,loop-holes are oblong holes1 from #ae to #ah inches long1 #f inches wide within1 and #b or #c without4 ,they are cut through timber1 or masonry1 for the services of small arms4 ,palisades are stakes of strong wood1 #h or #i feet long1 and #f inches thick1 fixed about #c feet in the ground1 and #c or #d inches asunder4 ,fraises are a kind of palisades1 placed horizontally1 or obliquely in the exterior slope of ramparts4 ,chevaux de frise consist of a piece of timber from #i to #ab feet long1 and about six inches in diameter1 into which staves are inserted cross-ways1 about #i inches asunder1 about #b inches thick1 #f feet long1 and pointed at the end1 if not shod with iron4 ,their use is to stop up a breach1 defend a passage1 or form an entrenchment against cavalry4 ,chevaux de frise are sometimes made entirely of iron4 ,abattis consist of trees with their branches shortened1 and sharpened at the ends2 they are used instead of chevaux de frise on an emergency4 ,hurdles are about #c feet high1 and #b broad1 and are used in sieges to stop up breaches1 c4 ,trous de loup are holes dug in the ground in the form of an inverted cone1 about #f feet deep1 and #d in diameter at the top1 having a picket fixed in the centre of the bottom1 #f feet long1 and #d or #f inches square1 the point being on a level with the upper surface of the ground4 ,these pits are used to prevent the approach of bodies of cavalry4 ,,permanent ,,fortification4 ,remarks1 and general rules4 ,the ground plan1 and relief of bastioned fortifications are mutually dependent on each other2 and1 as a variety of causes occur to influence both according to the various sites occupied1 it is impossible to give them any fixed arrangement1 and dimensions1 applicable under all circumstances4 ,however1 under the supposition that the site to be fortified is a horizontal plane1 a great number1 and variety of systems have been proposed at different times2 almost every author1 who has treated of fortification1 having invented one1 at least1 of his own4 ,notwithstanding this diversity of opinion1 as to the best system1 all agree that the following general principles should not be lost sight of in the construction of fortifications4 #a4 ,salient angles should be as large as possible1 and never less than #fj4 ,the larger they are the smaller will be the space in front undefended by direct fire4 ,if less than #fj1 the salients of earth are too acute to stand firmly for any length of time2 and the angles of masonry are easily damaged2 besides which the space within the parapets becomes too restricted to admit of a gun being worked near the angle4 #b4 ,angles of defence should be right angles1 or slightly obtuse4 ,if less than right angles1 the fire from the flanking works might injure the defenders of the works they flank2 as troops generally1 and more particularly at night1 fire in a direction perpendicular to the parapet2 and if too obtuse the fire might be directed wide of its object4 ,besides1 embrazures should be cut as direct as possible2 as the more they are oblique1 the more they weaken the parapet4 #c4 ,the length of the lines of defence shall be such1 that the works defended may be within the effective range of the projectiles used4 #d4 ,the works should be so disposed that the assailants may not be able to obtain cover in any part of the exterior1 within range of the projectiles of the defenders4 #e4 ,the escarps of the body of the place should be of such height1 or construction1 as to be secure against escalade4 #f4 ,the masonry should be sufficiently covered from the view of the enemy1 to prevent his making a practicable breach from a distance4 #g4 ,the interior of every work should be completely covered from the view of an enemy outside it2 so that he may not be able to fire directly into any part of it4 ,interior works should therefore have a command over those in front of them1 at least equal to the height which a besieger can give to the parapets of his lodgments1 and which is seldom less than #c feet4 #h4 ,every opportunity should be seized of so directing the faces of works that an enemy may not have it in his power to enfilade them by ricochet fire4 #i4 ,in the general construction of fortifications the salients should be few1 and sufficiently prominent to force the besieger to take them before he can attack the re-entering parts4 ,the object of this is to reduce the number of points of attack1 as1 the fewer they are1 the less advantage an assailant derives from his numerical superiority4 #aj4 ,permanent fortifications must be considered very incomplete without a sufficiency of casemated cover for the sick1 and wounded1 and for the portion of the garrison off duty4 ,the magazines of ammunition and provisions1 should also be secure from the effects of shells2 and the supply of water ample1 and certain4 #aa4 ,small enclosed works1 in which the defenders must be crowded1 without cover from vertical fire1 should never be employed in permanent fortification4 ,the strength they impart can never make up for the loss the garrison must suffer by them4 #ab4 ,outworks1 and detached works should have easy communications with the main work1 to admit of their garrisons receiving reinforcements1 or supplies1 when necessary2 and to enable them to retreat1 when the works are no longer tenable4 #ac4 ,every enclosed defensive work of importance should1 if possible1 be provided with a keep1 or citadel1 or interior retrenchment1 to which the garrison may retire when the main enclosure 7or enceinte7 is forced4 #ad4 ,outworks1 and detached works near the body of the place1 should be so constructed that the enemy1 when he has taken them1 may not be able to use them as defensive works4 #ae4 ,outworks1 and detached works1 should always be of sufficient strength to force the enemy to make regular attacks on them4 ,advanced works of a weak construction are likely to do more harm than good2 for the troops of the garrison seeing them taken with comparative facility1 would naturally lose confidence in the strength of their remaining defences1 while that of the assailants would be increased by early success4 #af4 ,all fortifications should be provided with means of egress1 and ingress1 to enable the garrison to assume the offensive1 whenever opportunities offer2 and to admit reinforcements into the fortress4 #ag4 ,there are very few fortified places that agree with any published system1 though some resemble one or other of the systems1 or consist of combinations1 or modifications of them4 ,the systems which have been wholly1 or partly carried into execution are1 of course1 the most interesting1 and form valuable subjects of study4 ,a knowledge of their advantages1 and defects1 and the best methods of attacking1 and defending them1 will enable the military student properly to appreciate works which have been1 or are to be constructed2 and the operations by which fortresses have been1 or may be captured4 ,,vauban',s ,,first ,,system4#ch ,to describe three ,fronts of fortification1 on a hexagon4--,vide ,plate4 ,with a radius of #cfj yards1 the length of the exterior side of the fortification 7taken from a scale of equal parts71 describe a semicircle1 which divide into three equal parts1 and draw lines to the points of division2 thus forming three exterior sides4 ,bisect each of these by perpendiculars drawn to the centre of the polygon1 on which set off th of the exterior side1 7if a hexagon17#ci through which points draw the ,lines of defence2 on these set off #b_/gths of the exterior side1 from the angles of the circumference1 for the length of the faces of the bastions2 with radius of the distance between the two faces describe arcs joining the lines of defence1 and draw the cord of these arcs for the flanks of the bastions2 a line joining the interior extremities of the flanks will give the length of the curtains4 ,or1 to describe one ,front of fortification4 ,for the exterior side1 draw a line #cfj yards in length1 at the ends of which1 lines are to be directed to the centre of the polygon1 at the angle required2 7vide ,,practical ,,geometry--,to find the angles at the centre1 and circumference of a regular polygon17 then bisect the exterior side1 and draw the perpendicular1 c41 c41 as described for the construction on a hexagon4 ,illustration3 ,vauban's #ast ,system4 ,j4 ,w4 ,lowry1 sc4 ,main ditch4 ,from the salient angles of the bastions1 with #ch yards as a radius1 describe arcs1 to which draw tangents1 directed to the angles of the shoulders of the bastions4 ,the ,tenaille4 ,draw lines parallel to the lines of defence1 at the distance of #af yards1 for the faces of the work2 its flanks1 and curtain are constructed parallel to the flanks of the bastions1 and curtain1 at the distance of #aa yards4 ,the ,ravelin4 ,from the re-entering angle of the counterscarp1 make the capital of the ravelin #hj yards in length1 and from its summit draw lines to points1 on the faces of the bastions1 #aa yards from the angle of the shoulder2 the junction of these lines1 and the counterscarp of the main ditch will determine the length of the faces of the ravelin4 ,the gorge is formed by drawing lines #bd yards from the re-entering angle of the counterscarp to the intersection of the perpendicular1 and the exterior side4 ,from the salient angle of the ravelin1 with a radius of #bd yards1 describe an arc1 to which draw tangents parallel to the faces1 for the breadth of the ditch4 ,from the outline of the works draw the following parallels inwards3-- ,rampart4 #a4 ,at the distance of #f yards1 for the thickness of the parapet4 #b4 ,from which #ab yards1 for the breadth of the terreplein4 #c4 ,from which #f yards1 for the breadth of the interior slope4 ,tenaille4 ,draw lines parallel to the faces1 at the distance of #f yards1 for the parapet4 ,ravelin4 ,to the faces of the work draw the following parallels3-- #a4 ,at the distance of #f yards1 for the parapet4 #b4 ,from which #h yards1 for the terreplein4 #c4 ,from which #e yards1 for the interior slope4 ,covered way4 ,draw lines parallel to the counterscarp1 at the distance of #aa yards1 for the breadth of the covered way4 ,salient places of arms4 ,these are formed by the salients of the branches of the covered way4 ,re-entering places of arms4 ,set off #dj yards on each side of the re-entering angle of the counterscarp for their demi-gorges1 from which points draw their faces at an angle of #ajj degrees4 ,glacis4 ,for its breadth1 draw parallels to the branches of the covered way1 and the re-entering places of arms1 at the distance of #ej yards4 ,traverses4 ,those at the re-entering places of arms are erected perpendicular to the covered way2 those at the salient places of arms are formed on the prolongation of the faces of the bastions1 and ravelins1 across the covered way2 all the traverses are #f yards thick at the top4 ,the passages1 cut out of the glacis1 to enable the troops to pass round the traverses1 are #d yards wide4 ,ramps4 ,flank of the empty bastion4--,set off #db yards1 from the angle of the flank of the interior slope1 diagonally along the slope1 for the length of the ramp1 to which draw a parallel line #e yards distant1 for their breadth1 which mark by a perpendicular1 prolonging it1 and setting off #f yards for the interior slope2 to which point1 from the end of the ramp1 draw a line2 and also from the same point draw another line parallel to the side of the ramp1 and joining the interior slope of the face of the bastion4 ,flanked angle of the empty bastion4--,from the angle of the interior slope set off #af yards on each side1 from which points draw lines #db yards in length diagonally along the interior slope for the length of the ramps2 to which draw parallels1 #d yards distant1 for their breadth2 erect perpendiculars from the points 7#af yards from the angle7 until they intersect each other1 from which point as a centre1 with radius of the distance between the ramps1 describe an arc joining the head of the ramps of the two faces2 concentric to which1 with a radius #f yards less than the former1 describe another arc1 to which draw tangents from the termination of the ramps1 representing their slopes4 ,gorge of the full bastion4--,from the angle of the interior slope1 set off #af yards on each side1 from which points draw lines #db yards in length diagonally along the interior slope2 draw parallels to these at the distance of #e yards1 for the breadth of the ramps2 erect perpendiculars at their head1 from the intersection of which as a centre1 with radius of the distance between them1 describe an arc1 parallel to which1 with radius #f yards less1 describe another arc1 to which draw tangents1 completing the interior slope of the ramps4 ,ravelin4--,from the angle of the interior slope1 set off #ab yards on each side2 from these points draw lines #cj yards in length1 diagonally along the interior slope1 for the length of the ramps2 to which draw parallels #d yards distant for their breadth2 erect perpendiculars at the commencement of the ramps1 and from their intersection1 as a centre1 with radius of the distance from the ramps1 describe an arc joining the two ramps2 also from the junction of the perpendiculars draw lines to the termination of the ramps1 for their slopes4 ,caponniere4 ,make the passage of this work #cj feet wide1 including the banquette on each side2 the superior slope of each parapet terminates at #bj yards' distance4 ,bridges1 and communications4 ,these are about #ad feet wide4 ,stairs1 or ,pas de souris4 ,these steps of masonry are made at the gorges of the several works1 and at the salient1 and re-entering angles of the counterscarp4 ,those at the salients are generally #bd feet long1 and at the re-entering angles #cj feet2 they are #e feet wide1 and their steps #a foot distant from each other4 ,sally-ports4 ,these passages1 cut through the glacis1 are about #ab feet wide1 and #ah feet long4 ,illustration3 ,profile of ,vauban's #ast ,system4 ,j4 ,w4 ,lowry1 sc4 ,,profile1 ,,or ,,section ,,of ,,vauban',s ,,first ,,system4 ,construction4 ,the interior slope of the rampart has a base of #ah feet1 and a perpendicular height of #ag feet #f inches4 ,the terreplein has a breadth of #be feet1 its height being #ah feet sloping to #ag feet #f inches1 the height of the interior slope4 ,the banquette is #c feet in height1 the tread #d feet wide1 and the slope #e feet wide4 ,the parapet is #d feet #f inches higher than the banquette1 its interior slope is #ah inches1 its thickness #ah feet1 and its superior slope has a declivity of #c feet2 the revetment is #c feet thick4 ,the escarp has a perpendicular height of #cf feet1 measuring from the cordon to the bottom of the ditch4 ,the tablette1 or coping-stone1 at the top of the revetment1 has a projection of #f inches square4 ,the cordon is semicircular1 its radius being #f inches4 ,the slope of the escarp is #f feet1 the thickness of its revetment at the top #e feet1 and at the bottom #aa feet4 ,the counterfort joins the escarp2 it is #a foot lower than the top of it1 #i feet wide1 and it extends to the bottom of the foundation1 which is #c feet below the bottom of the escarp2 the retreat1 or lessening1 has a width of #a foot4 ,the ditch is #ch yards wide1 from the salient angle of the bastion4 ,the counterscarp is #ag feet #f inches in perpendicular height1 its slope being #c feet1 and its thickness at top #c feet1 the bottom1 therefore1 having a thickness of #f feet2 the foundation is #c feet2 and the retreat #a foot4 ,the terreplein of the covered way is #bj feet wide1 and its slope is #f inches4 ,the banquette is #c feet high1 its tread #e feet1 and its slope #f feet4 ,the parapet is #d feet #f inches above the banquette1 and its interior slope is #ah inches4 ,the glacis1 which forms the superior slope of the parapet of the covered way1 is #ej yards in breadth4 ,the counterfort of the counterscarp is #e feet in thickness1 being #a foot lower than the top of the counterscarp1 and extending as low as the foundation of it4 ,the counterforts of the escarp1 and counterscarp are #ae feet distant from centre to centre of each other1 those of the escarp being at the end adjoining it #e feet #f inches1 and at the termination #c feet #h inches thick2 those of the counterscarp being in thickness at the larger part #c feet #f inches1 and at the smaller #b feet #d inches4 ,vide ,plate4 ,,modern ,,system4 ,a ,interior slope4 ,t ,terreplein of rampart4 ,r ,parapet of rampart4 ,a ,t ,r ,rampart4 a a a a ,escarp1 or exterior slope of rampart4 ,m ,full bastion4 ,l ,empty bastion4 p q ,face of bastion4 q ,g ,flank of bastion4 ,k o p q ,g ,outline of bastion4 ,g ,h ,curtain4 t ,ramps4 ,b ,ditch4 ,d ,tenaille4 ,y ,caponniere4 e ,batardeau4 ,f ,f ,f ,ravelin4 ,s ,redoubt in ravelin4 b ,counterscarp4 n ,traverses in covered way4 c ,re-entering places of arms4 ,w ,redoubt in ditto4 ,p ,salient places of arms4 ,v ,covered way4 ,x ,glacis4 ,illustration3 ,,fortification4 ,modern ,system4 ,,field ,,fortification4 ,,remarks1 ,,and ,,general ,,rules4 #a4 ,the size of a work depends in general upon the number of men who are to defend it4 ,if labour is the sole object of attention1 the advantage must necessarily be the greater in proportion as the size of the work is less2 but if the accommodation of the troops is only to be considered1 the advantage depends greatly upon occupying much ground4 #b4 ,the form of the work should be such as to contain the greatest surface with the least perimeter4 ,by an adherence to this maxim1 we obtain the greatest accommodation for the troops with the least labour4 ,the form of a field work seldom depends upon choice1 but generally upon the spot where it is to be raised1 the purposes for which it is to be constructed1 and the nature of the ground in the vicinity4 #c4 ,the interior of the work ought to be so covered by the parapet1 that the men within1 except when on the banquette1 may not be seen from any part without1 at the distance of cannon-shot4 #d4 ,the circumjacent ground 7to as great a distance as possible7 ought to be cleared1 that the enemy may not conceal1 or shelter himself against the fire from behind the parapet4 ,the nearer to the work that the enemy can find cover1 the more advantageously he can form his dispositions2 and1 as his attacks may consequently be made with greater vigour1 and be more readily supported1 the success will be the more probable4 #e4 ,the flanking parts ought to be sufficiently capacious to contain all the men required for the defence of the flanked portions of the work4 #f4 ,the flanking parts ought to have nearly a direct view of those flanked2 that is1 the defence should be nearly at right angles1 the most advantageous angle being #ajj degrees4 #g4 ,the parts flanked ought to be within musket fire of their flanking parts4 #h4 ,the fire ought to be equally distributed1 that every part of the work may be equally defended4 #i4 ,the work ought to be equally strong in all its parts1 that it may everywhere equally resist the assaults of the enemy2 and the parapet should be thick enough to withstand the shot fired against it4 #aj4 ,the dimensions of the parapet should not only be sufficient to secure1 and cover the troops within the work1 but ought also to be of such a form as to afford a full view of the enemy in his approach2 and at the same time discover1 as little as possible1 the men employed for its defence4 ,capacity of ,field works4 ,the perimeter of a work1 and the number of men to defend it1 should bear a just proportion to each other1 one yard being allowed for each man1 or for each file of men1 according to the nature1 and object of the work4 ,in calculating the area of enclosed field works1 #aj square feet may generally be estimated for each man1 and #cbd square feet for each gun1 and its stores4 ,content of ,field works4 ,in square redoubts1 or works having salient angles1 if the areas of the sections of the parapet1 and ditch1 are made nearly equal1 there will be too much earth2 were the angles of the plan re-entering1 instead of salient1 the result would be reversed4 ,bearing this in mind1 previous to commencing the excavation of the ditch1 a correct calculation must be made to prevent any excess1 or deficiency of earth for the parapet1 and banquette4 ,rules4 #a4 ,to find the quantity of earth required for the parapet1 and banquette of a field work1 c4 ,divide the parapet1 and banquette into trapezoids1 and triangles2 compute the contents of each separately 7by the rules in ,,mensuration ,,of ,,planes7 and the sum of them will be the superficial content of a section of the parapet1 and banquette4 ,multiply this by the length of the periphery of the redoubt1 battery1 c41 for the solid content of the parapet1 and banquette4 #b4 ,to find1 rapidly1 the quantity of earth required for a parapet1 and banquette4 ,multiply the height of the crest of the parapet1 into the sum of the bases of the superior1 and exterior slopes2 which will give the superficial content1 very nearly4 #c4 ,to compute the superficial content of the ditch4 ,multiply the depth into the breadth at bottom1 to which product add the areas of the escarp1 and counterscarp1 for the content required4 #d4 ,to find the breadth of the ditch1 of the usual form4 ,divide the area of the section of the parapet by the intended depth of the ditch1 and the quotient will be the mean breadth of the ditch2 to this add half the sum of the bases of the slopes of the escarp1 and counterscarp1 for the breadth at top1 and deduct the same for the breadth at bottom4 #e4 ,to find the breadth of the ditch1 having a triangular section4 ,divide the area of the section of the parapet by half the given depth of the ditch1 and the quotient will be the required breadth at the top4 ,construction of ,field works4--,vide ,plate4 ,fig4 #a4 ,the redan4 ,draw a base line1 #fj yards1 from the centre of which erect a perpendicular1 #dj yards2 join the terminations of the base1 and perpendicular1 which will form the crest of the parapet of the work4 ,fig4 #b4 ,the lunette4 ,construct a redan 7vide ,no4 #a71 base #hj yards1 perpendicular #ej yards3 make the faces of the lunette #de yards in length1 and draw the flanks to points on the base line1 #cj yards1 from the perpendicular4 ,fig4 #c4 ,the square redoubt4 ,construct a square1 each side #dj yards 7vide ,,practical ,,geometry74 ,to form additional faces when required1 bisect the side of the square1 draw perpendiculars inwards equal to th of the side1 and join the termination of the perpendiculars1 and the sides of the square1 thus forming a double number of faces4 ,fig4 #d4 ,the pentagonal redoubt4 ,describe a circle1 radius #cj yards1 and construct a pentagon in the circle 7vide ,,practical ,,geometry71 thus forming the crest of the parapet of the redoubt4 ,fig4 #e4 ,the hexagonal redoubt4 ,describe a circle1 radius #cj yards1 and construct a hexagon within it 7vide ,,practical ,,geometry72 the sides of which form the crest of the parapet of the work4 ,fig4 #f4 ,the circular redoubt4 ,describe a circle1 radius #cj yards1 which will form the crest of the parapet of the redoubt4 ,fig4 #g4 ,the star fort1 with six points4 ,construct an equilateral triangle1 and divide each side1 #ge yards1 into three equal parts1 form also an equilateral triangle on the central portion of each side1 #be yards1 and the crest of the parapet of the fort will be traced4 ,fig4 #h4 ,the star fort1 with eight points4 ,construct a square3 divide each side1 #fj yards1 into three equal parts1 and on the central portion1 #bj yards1 describe an equilateral triangle3 the periphery of the fort will thus be obtained4 ,fig4 #i4 ,the field fort1 with bastions1 and half bastions4 ,construct a square2 from the centre of each side1 #abj yards1 drop a perpendicular equal to one-eighth of the side1 through the extremity of which1 from the angles of the square1 draw the lines of defence2 make the faces of the bastions1 and half bastions1 two-sevenths of the exterior side1 and draw the flanks perpendicular to their respective lines of defence4 ,illustration3 ,,field ,,fortification4 ,j4 ,w4 ,lowry1 sc4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,the bridge head1 or tte du pont4 ,construct a redan1 base #ej yards1 perpendicular #cj yards1 at an appropriate distance from the bridge1 #ej yards2 draw flanks1 #bj yards1 perpendicular to the faces1 and from their termination draw lines to the river parallel to the capital of the work4 ,to strengthen the defence of the tte du pont1 construct a flche1 faces #bj yards each1 and #aj yards in front of the bridge1 #d yards wide4 ,in the construction of bridge heads1 the foregoing ,figures may be employed when expedient2 the simplest form1 the redan1 being for light bridges1 and the more perfect defence1 the bastioned front1 or fronts1 for bridges of material consequence4 ,fig4 #aa1 #ab1 #ac4 ,lines4--,vide ,plate4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,construct a redan1 base #dj yards1 perpendicular #cj yards2 which join by a curtain #ajj yards1 to a queue d'aronde4 ,fig4 #ab4 ,side of square1 #ce yards1 and lines drawn from summit to points on the curtains #aj yards4 ,to increase the defence of the next curtain1 #ajj yards1 bisect it by a perpendicular1 #ae yards1 and draw the two faces4 ,lengthen the lines by cremaillres4 ,fig4 #ac4 ,base #ajj yards2 crochet1 base #e yards2 perpendicular #bj yards4 ,lines1 continuous1 are formed by a modification of redans1 lunettes1 curtains1 c41 dependent on the nature of the ground1 and the means of defence4 ,lines1 with intervals1 are formed by detached redans1 lunettes1 c41 within range of each other2 the rear works flanking those in front4 ,bridges1 and passages into field works are from #f feet1 to #ab feet wide1 according to the requirements4 ,traverses are placed about #i feet from the slope of the banquette1 their length being so regulated as to exclude from the view of the enemy the interior of the field work4 ,the nature1 and form of the field work1 or lines1 required for the defence of a post1 c41 c41 having been determined1 the perimeter may be laid down1 in conformity to the construction detailed in the foregoing figures3 after which the requisite dimensions of the parapet1 ditch1 c41 7dependent1 of course1 on the nature of the enemy's ordnance7 must be taken into consideration1 and the quantity of earthwork computed by the ,rules1 page #bde1 or by those in ,,practical ,,geometry4 ,the following ,table will1 however1 in many cases be found useful2 and1 by a judicious adaptation of it1 much time may be saved in the computation1 and construction of field works4 ,,table1 showing the dimensions1 in feet2 and the superficial content of earth of banquettes1 parapets1 and ditches1 of field works4 ,key3 ,a ,number4 ,b ,base of slope4 ,c ,tread4 ,d ,height4 ,e ,base4 ,f ,superficial content4 ,g ,berm4 ,h ,breadth at top4 ,i ,escarp slope4 ,j ,counterscarp slope4 ,k ,depth4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,banquette4 ,,parapet4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,interior ,superior ,exterior slope4 slope4 slope4 ------------------------ ,a ,b ,c ,d ,f ,d ,e ,d ,e ,d ,e ,f ---------------------------------------- -------------- #a #f #e #c #bd #g #a #g #ae #e #e #abj #b #f #d #c #ba #g #a #g #ae #e #e #aac #c #f #e #c #bd #g #a #g #ab #e #e #aja #d #f #d #c #ba #g #a #g #ab #e #e #ih #e #f #d #c #ba #g #a #g #i #e #e #ha #f #f #d #c #ba #g #a #g #i #e #e #ha #g #e #d #c #ai #g #a #g #f #f #f #ff #h #e #d #c #ai #f #a #f #f #d #d #dd-f_/h #i #h #a #h #ab #e #e #ajb #aj #g #a #g #i #e #e #gh #aa #f #a #f #f #d #d #dd #ab #f #a #f #c #e #e #cc-ae_/af #ac #d #d #c #ah #g #a #g #d #e #e #dd ---------------------------------------- ------------ -------------------------- ,,ditch4 ------------------- ,g ,h ,i ,j ,k ,f ---------------------- #c #bf #c #c #f #ach #c #bj #d #d #h #abh #c #bc #c #c #f #abj #c #ag #d #d #h #ajd #c #ai #c #c #f #if #c #af #d #d #h #if #b #ah #c #c #f #ij #b #ae #aj #e #h #fj #c #ai #c #c #f #if #b #af #d #d #f #gb #b #ab #d #c #f #ea #b #i #f #c #h #cf #b #ae #aj #e #h #fj ---------------------- ,,simple ,,methods ,,of ,,tracing ,,field ,,works1 ,,on ,,the ,,ground4 #a4 ,square redoubt4 ,place pickets in a line 7in length conformable to the side of the intended work71 at each end of which erect perpendiculars equal in length to the side first marked out1 and join the termination of these lines2 which will complete the perimeter of the redoubt4 ,note4--,a perpendicular is raised on a given line1 with a chain or cord1 by forming a right-angled triangle from the numbers #c1 #d1 and #e1 or any multiples thereof1 and extending the cord1 c41 so that the base may correspond with the base line of the pickets1 and the perpendicular be in the direction of the side required4--,vide ,,practical ,,geometry4 #b4 ,pentagonal redoubt4 ,with a chain1 tape1 or cord1 construct1 and lay down with pickets five similar1 and contiguous triangles1 having their bases1 which form the sides of the pentagon1 in the proportion of #dg to the other two equal sides1 the length of each of these being #dj4 #c4 ,hexagonal redoubt4 ,from a central point with a chain1 or line1 construct1 and lay down with pickets six equilateral1 and contiguous triangles1 the bases of which will form the required hexagon4 #d4 ,octagonal redoubt4 ,construct a square 7vide ,no4 #a71 from the centre of each side of which erect perpendiculars outwards1 in length proportional to the side as #ac to #fj 7nearly #a to #e72 join the extremities1 or termination of the perpendiculars1 to the angles of the square1 which will determine the sides of the octagon4 ,note #a4--,the directions for the construction of the pentagonal1 and hexagonal redoubts are on a small scale2 but the redoubts may be increased by the equal extension of the interior sides of the triangles1 until the bases are sufficiently long for the periphery of the work required4 ,note #b4--;,by means of the pocket sextant1 prismatic compass1 or reconnoitring protractor1 the pentagonal1 hexagonal1 and octagonal redoubt may be thus traced on the ground4 ,from a central point place pickets at the requisite distance from each other1 and in the direction of lines drawn from the angle of the centre of the intended work4 7,vide ,,practical ,,geometry4 ,to find the angles at the centre1 and circumference of a polygon47 ,extend these radii equally until the relative distances between them are of the length required to form the sides of the proposed equilateral redoubt4 #e4 ,front of fortification1 for a ,field fort4 ,place pickets in a straight line1 of the length required for the front of the proposed field work2 from the centre of which drop a perpendicular inwards1 making it for a square1 pentagon1 hexagon1 or octagon1 respectively one-eighth1 one-fifth1 one-fourth1 or one-third of the exterior side4 ,direct the lines of defence from the termination of the exterior side to the end of the perpendicular1 making the faces of the bastions two-sevenths of the exterior side1 and constructing the flanks perpendicular to1 and joining the lines of defence4 ,other fronts are traced by laying down the exterior sides1 at the angle of the circumference of the intended polygon 7,vide ,,practical ,,geometry7 by means of the prismatic compass1 c41 and then proceeding as directed for the former front4 ,,part ,x4 ,,bridges1 ,,and ,,pontoons4 ,,bridges4 ,to find the number of planks required to form a float1 to support a given weight4 #ast4 ,find the content of one plank 7vide ,practical ,geometry1 ,part #ab71 and multiply it by the specific gravity of the wood2 the product will be the weight of the timber4 #bnd4 ,multiply the same solid content by the specific gravity of water3 the product will be the weight of an equal bulk of water4 ,then take the difference of these two products1 or weight1 and it will be the weight one piece of timber will support without sinking4 ,hence by ,proportion1 the number required to support the given weight may be found4 ,to find the number of casks required to form a raft to support a given weight4 #ast4 ,find the solid content of one cask in cubic inches 7vide ,practical ,geometry71 and multiply it by the specific gravity of water2 the product will be the weight of a quantity of water of equal bulk with the cask4 #bnd4 ,from this product1 or weight1 subtract the weight of the cask1 and the remainder will be the weight it will support without sinking4 ,then by ,proportion1 the number required for the formation of the raft may be found4 ,to find the number of boats1 or pontoons1 required to support a given weight4 ,the burthen a boat1 or pontoon1 will support without sinking beyond a given depth 7the form of the boat1 or pontoon being known7 must first be found1 thus-- #ast4 ,find the solid content of the part to be sunk1 in cubic feet 7vide ,practical ,geometry1 ,part #ab71 and multiply it by the specific gravity of water 7vide ,gravity1 ,part #ab74 #bnd4 ,subtract this product from the weight of the boat1 or pontoon1 and the remainder will be the burthen it will support without sinking beyond the required depth4 ,then by ,proportion1 the number required to support the given weight may be computed4 ,note4--,in the construction of bridges1 should a rope require to be extended across a rapid river1 the coil should be placed in the boat 7instead of on shore7 and be paid out as the boat advances4 ,,pontoons4 ,those called ,blanshard's 7from their inventor1 ,colonel ,blanshard1 ,royal ,engineers7 are of two descriptions4 #a4--,,large ,,pontoons4 ,displacement of water1 #ig cubic feet1 equals #fjhh lb41 or #ed cwt4 ,the buoyant power of a raft of two pontoons1 its own weight deducted1 is #gg cwt41 about one-half of which is a safe load4 ,each raft1 or one carriage load1 forms #b bays1 or #bj ft4 #h in4 of bridge3 its own weight will sink it about #g or #h inches4 ,the crew of a raft consists of #f rowers1 and #a steersman4 ,at open order the bridge will pass cavalry1 field artillery1 or infantry1 with closed files4 ,at close order the bridge will pass any part of a heavy train4 ,dimensions1 and weight of cylindrical pontoons1 manufactured in the arsenal at ,woolwich4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,extreme ,diameter4 ,weight4 length4 ----------------------------- ft4 in4 ft4 in4 cwt4 ,,large ,,pontoon1 with hemispherical ends #bb #c #b #h #d ,,small ,,pontoon1 with conical ends #ae #j #a #h #a ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,one ,,carriage ,,load4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,dimensions4 ------------------------ ,number4,length499,breadth4 ,depth4 ,weight4 ---------------------------------------- --- ft4 in4 ft4 in4 ft4 in4cwt4qrs4 lb4 ,pontoons #b #bb #b #g #b #g #i #a #i ,baulks #ab #ad #b #e #c #e #a #a ,chesses #h #ab #a #b #a #a #c #ai ,half-chesses #d #aa #e #a #a #c #j ,gunnels #b #ab #a #b #d #a #c #ai ,side-pieces #e #aj #d #e #b #a #a #j ,anchor #a #c #a ,buoy #a #c ,cable 7#bj fathoms7 #a #afh #c #c #a #ah ,oars #g #ad #c #ad ,boat-hook #a #ad #g ,body #c #h #i #d #bj ,lashings ,gunnel #d #ae #a #a #h ,carriage #d #bb #a #a ,rack-sticks1 and lashings #h #ad ,buoy-line #a #fj #a #a #e ,breast-line #a #fj #a #a #e ------------------------------------ #ca #a #j ,weight of ,carriage #a #ac #c #bj ------------ ,total #de #j #bj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ 99 ,the length includes the hemispherical ends4 #b4--,,small ,,pontoons4 ,five pontoons1 with their appurtenances1 form the load of one carriage4 ,length1 #ae feet2 diameter1 #a foot #g inches2 displacement1 #bg cubic feet2 buoyancy1 #agah lb41 or #ae cwt41 from which deduct #b cwt4 for the weight of pontoon1 and share of superstructure4 ,a bridge of this nature is so light that it may be made on shore1 and carried by hand entire4 ,it will support as many men as can be placed on it1 and1 by removing the chesses over the gunnels1 it may be bent so as to be passed without difficulty down a steep bank1 or counterscarp4 ,,one ,,carriage ,,load4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,dimensions4 ------------------------ ,number4,length499,breadth4 ,depth4 ,weight4 ---------------------------------------- -- ft4 in4 ft4 in4 ft4 in4cwt4qrs4lb4 ,pontoons #e #ae #a #g #a #g #e #j #j ,gunnels #e #h #d #i #c #c #ab ,baulks #cj #f #f #c #a #a #a #i ,chesses #bj #h #a #d #a #d #j #bj ,paddles1 used as side-pieces #e #a #bg ,rack-sticks1 and lashings #aj #f ,carriage lashings #b #e ,anchor1 and cable #a #b #j ----------------------------------- #ab #a #bc ,weight of the ,carriage #a #i #j #j ----------- ,total #ba #a #bc ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- 99 ,the length includes the ends4 ,,scaling ,,ladders4 ,scaling ladders are made in portions1 #ab feet1 and #g feet long2 which are joined together by placing the end of one portion into staples at the end of another1 and securing them together with a lashing of rope4 ,four men are sufficient to carry an #ah feet scaling ladder4 ,,part ,,xi4 ,,fireworks4 ,,candles1 ,,roman4 ,when the case has been properly finished1 and the end secured with strong twine1 ram in a little dry clay1 then put in a small quantity of corned powder1 and over this a small piece of paper2 after which as much of the composition is to be put in as will1 when rammed down1 fill the case about one-sixth of the length4 ,over this a piece of paper is placed1 covering about two-thirds of the diameter1 on which a little powder is laid1 and then a ball1 or star4 ,some more composition is then poured in1 and pressed lightly down till the case is about one-third full1 when it is to be rammed down by gentle strokes2 after which1 put in another small piece of paper1 powder1 and star1 over which pour in some more composition1 ram down gently1 and continue thus until the case is filled1 when it will contain about five stars2 after which it is capped1 and primed4 ,roman candles should be placed in rows on a stand1 some of them being perpendicular1 and others at angles1 not1 however1 exceeding #de degrees4 ,compositions4 #a4 ,mealed powder1 lb4 ,sulphur1 lb4 ,saltpetre1 #b lb4 ,glass dust1 lb4 #b4 ,mealed powder1 #a lb4 ,charcoal1 lb4 #c4 ,signal rocket composition4 ,,candles1 ,,blue4 ,saltpetre1 oz4 ,powder1 oz4 ,sulphur1 #a oz4 ,,crackers4 ,the case is made of cartridge paper1 the dimensions required being #ae inches by #c inches4 ,first fold down one edge1 about of an inch broad1 then turn down the double edge about of an inch1 and bend back the single edge over the double fold1 so as to form within a channel1 which is to be filled with mealed powder1 not ground very fine2 the powder is then to be covered by the folds on each side1 and the whole is to be pressed by a flat ruler2 and the part containing the powder is to be folded into the remainder of the paper1 every fold being pressed down4 ,the cracker is then doubled backwards1 and forwards in folds about #b inches1 which are pressed quite close1 and a piece of twine is passed twice round the middle across the folds1 and the joinings secured by causing the twine to take a turn round the middle at each fold successively2 one of the ends of the folds may be doubled short under1 which will produce an extra report2 the other must project a little beyond the rest for the purpose of being primed4 ,,earthquake1 ,,artificial4 ,mix together four pounds of iron sand1 and four pounds of sulphur2 and after making it into a paste with water1 bury it a little depth in the ground4 ,in ten or twelve hours1 if the weather be warm1 the earth will swell up1 and burst2 flames will also issue out1 scattering around a yellow and black dust4 ,,fires ,,of ,,various ,,colours4 ,white fire is made by mixing powder with iron sand1 or filings4 ,red fire is made by mixing powder with iron sand of the first order4 ,silver colour is made by introducing raspings of ivory4 ,pale white colour is made by mixing camphor with the composition4 ,lemon colour is produced from raspings of yellow amber4 ,russet colour is produced from crude antimony4 ,red flame1 inclining to brown1 is produced by ,greek pitch4 ,dusky flame is produced by black pitch4 ,bluish flame is produced by introducing sulphur in a moderate quantity4 ,green flame is made from the introduction of sal ammoniac1 and verdigris4 ,white flame3 saltpetre1 sulphur1 mealed powder1 and camphor2 the saltpetre must be the chief part4 ,,wildfire1 ,,which ,,burns ,,under ,,water4 ,mix well together equal quantities of sulphur1 naphtha1 bitumen1 pitch1 and gum4 ,,gerbes4 ,gerbes consist of strong cylindrical cases of thick paper1 filled with brilliant composition1 and sometimes with balls1 or stars4 ,gerbes throw up into the air luminous and sparkling jets of fire2 and when arranged in a circular manner1 as the radii of a circle1 they form what is called a fixed sun4 ,the thickness of the cases for brilliant fire must be a fourth part of the diameter1 and for ,chinese fire a sixth part4 ,the case is loaded on a nipple1 having a point equal in length to the same diameter1 and in thickness to a fourth part of it2 but as it generally happens that the mouth of the jet becomes larger than is necessary for the effect of the fire1 the case should be first charged by filling it to a height equal to a fourth part of the diameter1 with clay1 which must be rammed down4 ,when the charge is completed with the composition1 the case should be closed with a tompeon of wood1 and then choked4 ,the train1 or match1 must be of the same composition as that employed for loading1 otherwise the jet would be subject to burst4 ,charged cases may be pierced with two holes near the neck1 in order to have three jets2 or1 if a top pierced with a number of holes be added to them1 they will imitate a bubbling fountain4 ,jets intended for representing sheets of fire ought not to be choked4 ,they must be placed in a horizontal position1 or inclining a little downwards4 ,composition for ,gerbes1 or jets of fire4 ,key3 ,s ,saltpetre4 ,p ,pulverized powder4 ,su ,sulphur4 ,c ,charcoal4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,jets4 ,s ,p ,su ,c ,iron sand1 or filings4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- lb4oz4lb4oz4 oz4 oz4 oz4 #d of an inch or less interior diameter ,chinese fire #a #a #h #b ,white fire #a #h #c #b ,sand1 #ast order #h #e to #a inch diameter ,brilliant fire #a ,filings #e ,white fire #a #h #b ,chinese fire #a #d #e #e ,sand1 #crd order #ab #a #d #g #e ,mixed sand #ab #aa to #ae diameter #a #h #e #b #b #h ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,the saltpetre1 powder1 and charcoal1 are three times sifted through a hair sieve2 the iron sand is besprinkled with sulphur1 after being moistened with spirits of wine1 that the sulphur may adhere to it1 and they are then mixed together4 ,the sulphuretted sand is then spread over the first mixture1 and the whole is mixed with a ladle only1 for if a sieve were employed1 it would separate the sand from the other materials4 ,when sand larger than the #bnd order is used1 the composition is moistened with spirits of wine1 so that it forms itself into balls1 and the jets are then loaded with them4 ,,iron ,,filings4 ,these filings must be quite clean1 and free from rust4 ,they must be thoroughly mixed with the compositions of which they form one of the ingredients2 which1 however1 will not afterwards keep in good order longer than a week1 as the moisture contracted by saltpetre rusts the filings1 and destroys the effect they are intended to produce4 ,,iron ,,sand1 ,,or ,,pounded ,,iron4 ,having broken a cast-iron plate1 or iron pot1 to pieces1 on an anvil1 pulverize the fragments till the grains are not larger than radish seed1 then sift them through six graduated sieves to separate the different sizes2 and preserve these six different kinds in a very dry place1 in closely-corked bottles4 ,the grains which pass through the first or finest sieve1 are called ,sand of the #ast order1 and those that pass through the second sieve1 ,sand of the #bnd order1 c4 ,compositions into which iron filings1 or sand1 are introduced1 must not be driven hard1 for fear of accidents by explosion4 ,,leaders1 ,,or ,,pipes ,,of ,,communication4 ,these are small tubes of paper1 of lengths adapted to the distances to which they are to extend4 ,the paper is cut into slips two or three inches broad1 or sufficient to go four times round the formers1 which are about one-fourth of an inch diameter4 ,brass wire formers are the best1 and should be oiled to prevent the paper sticking4 ,quick match is inserted in these tubes1 but must be made to go in easily4 ,the quick match should project an inch beyond each end of the leader1 and should be inserted into the mouths of the cases of the fireworks with a small quantity of mealed powder4 ,the leaders must not be placed too near1 or cross each other so as to touch1 as it may happen that the fire from one may communicate to another1 and destroy thereby the intended arrangements4 ,,marroons4 ,marroons are boxes containing from #a to #f ounces of powder4 ,they are made either on a square1 or round former1 and the ends of the paper are pasted down1 and well welded round with kitted twine worked over cross-ways4 ,a hole is bored into the case1 and a match inserted4 ,,mealing ,,gunpowder4 ,a small quantity of powder being placed on a table with a rim round it1 is rubbed down with a scored wooden mealer until all the grains are broken1 and it becomes sufficiently fine to pass through a lawn sieve4 ,,paste ,,for ,,representing ,,animals1 ,,etc41 ,,in ,,fire4 ,reduce sulphur to an impalpable powder1 and having formed it into a paste with starch1 cover with it the figure intended to be represented on fire1 which must1 however1 have been previously coated over with clay1 to prevent it from being burnt4 ,when covered with the paste1 besprinkle it1 while still moist1 with mealed powder2 and when perfectly dry1 arrange some matches on the principal parts1 so that fire may be speedily communicated to every part of it4 ,the same paste may be employed to form festoons1 garlands1 c41 the flowers of which might be imitated by fires of different colours1 and could be formed on the frieze of a piece of architecture1 covered with clay to preserve the stone1 or wood from the effect of the fire4 ,the ,chinese imitate grapes exceedingly well1 by mixing powdered sulphur with the pulp of the jejube1 instead of flour-paste or starch4 ,,portfires ,,for ,,illuminations4 ,the cases are made of three or four rounds of thin paper1 the last round being pasted2 they are from two to five-eighths of an inch in diameter1 and from two to six inches long2 they are pinched close at one end1 and left open at the other4 ,in filling them1 a small quantity of the composition must be put in at a time1 ramming it lightly1 so as not to break the case4 ,compositions4 #a4 ,saltpetre1 #a lb42 sulphur1 #h oz42 mealed powder1 #f oz4 #b4 ,amber lights3 ,mealed powder1 #i oz42 amber1 #c oz4 #c4 ,saltpetre1 #b lb42 sulphur1 #c lb42 antimony1 #a lb4 #d4 ,saltpetre1 #c lb42 sulphur1 #b lb42 mealed powder1 #a lb42 antimony1 lb42 glass dust1 #d oz42 brass dust1 #a oz4 ,note4--,compositions ,no4 #c1 and #d1 driven #a inch in a one ounce case1 will burn one minute4 ,,rain1 ,,gold1 ,,and ,,silver4 ,fill small paper cases1 or goose quills1 with the composition1 and place upon the mouth of each some moist powder1 both to keep in the composition1 and to serve as a match4 ,if the head of a rocket be loaded with these cases or quills1 a shower of fiery rain will be produced at the extreme range of the rocket4 ,compositions4 ,gold rain4 #a4 ,saltpetre1 #a lb42 mealed powder1 #d oz42 sulphur1 #d oz42 brass dust1 #a oz42 sawdust1 #b oz42 glass dust1 #f drs4 #b4 ,mealed powder1 #ab oz2 saltpetre1 #b oz42 charcoal1 #d oz4 #c4 ,saltpetre1 #h oz42 sulphur1 #b oz42 glass dust1 #a oz42 antimony1 oz42 brass dust1 oz42 sawdust1 #ab drs4 ,silver rain4 #a4 ,saltpetre1 #d oz42 sulphur1 mealed powder1 and antimony1 each #b oz42 sal prunella1 oz4 #b4 ,saltpetre1 #h oz42 sulphur1 #b oz42 charcoal1 #d oz4 #c4 ,saltpetre1 #a lb42 antimony1 #f oz42 sulphur1 #d oz4 #d4 ,saltpetre1 #d oz42 sulphur1 #a oz42 powder1 #b oz42 steel dust1 oz4 ,,rockets1 ,,line4 ,any rocket which is not very large1 may be made to run along an extended rope4 ,for this purpose affix to the rocket an empty case1 and introduce therein the rope which is to carry it1 placing the head of the rocket towards that side to which it is intended to move4 ,two rockets with an empty case may be similarly used1 and may be made to move in a retrograde direction by placing them with their heads reversed1 and a leader to communicate from the head of the rocket to be first ignited to the tail of the second4 ,,rockets1 ,,signal4 ,composition4 ,pulverized saltpetre1 #d lb42 sublimated sulphur1 #a lb42 dogwood charcoal1 #a lb4 #h oz4 ,the charcoal is first pounded fine enough to pass through a wire sieve 7,no4 #c74 ,the saltpetre and sulphur are each separately passed through a fine hair sieve1 then mixed well together with a copper slice1 and passed three times through the hair sieve4 ,the charcoal is then spread on a tray1 and the saltpetre and sulphur sifted a fourth time on it1 and the whole being carefully mixed with a hard brush1 is afterwards passed four times through the wire sieve4 ,to each ladleful of composition1 #be blows are given for the pound1 and #ba for the half-pound rocket4 ,twenty-eight ladlesful of composition 7#g oz47 are required to complete the pound1 and twenty-five 7#e oz47 the half-pound rocket4 ,to prevent accidents in driving rockets1 c41 the workman should keep his body erect1 the drift being well cleaned after each ladleful2 and while driving1 it should be moved backward1 and forward by a pair of holders4 ,rockets are driven #c calibres hollow1 #a calibre solid1 and calibre with clay4 ,moulds4 ,length4 ,diameter4 #a ,pounder ,exterior #ad inches #ci ,interior #aje 0 #ag ,pounder ,exterior #aaf 0 #bc ,interior #he 0 #ac ,spindles4 ,diameter4 ,top4 ,middle4 ,bottom4 ,length4 #a ,pounder #b #ce #e #fd ,pounder #b #c #d #eb ,drifts4 ,length4 ,diameter4 ,hollowed4 ,no4 #aba inches #aa #fe #a #a ,pounder #aj 0 #aa #eg #b #gc 0 #aa #be #c #fh 0 #aa ,solid #d #ic 0 #i #ed #a ,pounder #ga 0 #i #bc #b #d 0 #i ,solid #c ,the rocket is primed with mealed powder1 and spirits of wine4 ,when complete1 the length of the pound rocket is #ae inches2 and the half-pound #ab inches2 the weight of the pound rocket and stick is #a lb42 and the half-pound1 #ac oz4 ,length of sticks for rockets4 #a-,pounder rocket #h feet4 ,half-pounder #f feet #d inches4 ,star compositions4 ,no4 #a4 ,saltpetre1 pulverized #h lb4 ,sulphur1 sublimated #b lb4 ,antimony1 pounded #b lb4 ,isinglass1 dissolved #c oz4 ,vinegar #a quart4 ,spirits of wine #a pint4 #b4 ,white stars4 ,mealed powder1 #d oz42 saltpetre1 #ab oz42 sulphur vivum1 #f oz42 oil of spike1 #b oz42 camphor1 #e oz4 #c4 ,blue stars4 ,mealed powder1 #h oz42 saltpetre1 #d oz42 sulphur1 #b oz42 spirits of wine1 #b oz42 oil of spike1 #b oz4 #d4 ,coloured1 or variegated stars4 ,mealed powder1 #h drs42 rockpetre1 #d oz42 sulphur vivum1 #b oz42 camphor1 #b oz4 #e4 ,brilliant stars4 ,saltpetre1 #c oz42 sulphur1 #a oz42 mealed powder1 oz41 worked up with spirits of wine4 #f4 ,common stars4 ,saltpetre1 #a lb42 sulphur1 #d oz42 antimony1 #d oz42 isinglass1 oz42 camphor1 oz42 spirits of wine1 oz4 #g4 ,tailed stars4 ,mealed powder1 #c oz42 sulphur1 #b oz42 saltpetre1 #a oz42 charcoal1 coarsely ground1 oz4 #h4 ,drove stars4 ,no4 #a4 ,saltpetre1 #c lb42 sulphur1 #a lb42 brass dust1 #ab oz42 antimony1 #c oz4 ,no4 #b4 ,saltpetre1 #a lb42 antimony1 #d oz42 sulphur1 #h oz4 #i4 ,fixed pointed stars4 ,saltpetre1 #h oz42 sulphur1 #b oz42 antimony1 #a oz4 #aj drs4 #aj4 ,stars of a fine colour4 ,sulphur1 #a oz42 mealed powder1 #a oz42 saltpetre1 #a oz42 camphor1 #d drs42 oil of turpentine1 #d drs4 ,the dry ingredients are well mixed1 and sifted through a hair sieve3 the isinglass dissolved over a fire with vinegar1 and the spirits of wine afterwards added1 and with which the dry composition is thoroughly mixed4 ,it is then formed on moulds1 and a hole is left in the middle to assist its ignition4 ,thirty-six stars are put in a #a-pounder1 and twenty-two in a half-pounder rocket4 ,a great variety of figures may be represented in the air by attaching to a large rocket several small rockets1 or small cases filled with the composition2 or serpents may be attached to the rocket by means of packthread4 ,,saltpetre1 ,,pulverized4 ,sixteen pounds of refined lakepetre are put into a copper vessel1 to which four quarts of water are added4 ,it is placed over a charcoal fire to boil2 as the water evaporates it is well stirred with copper-shod spatulas or paddles1 occasionally taking it off the fire1 until the evaporation ceases2 and when brought to a fine powder it is sifted through a hair sieve1 and spread on paper to cool4 ,to extract saltpetre from damaged gunpowder4 ,dissolve the powder in warm water1 filter the solution through fine linen bags1 and then evaporate the water by boiling it1 until the solution is of sufficient strength to crystallize4 ,,serpents1 ,,or ,,squibs4 ,the case is made by rolling stout cartridge paper in slips of #f or #h inches in breadth three times round a former1 and pasting down the last fold4 ,the case1 having been choked at one end1 is filled about two-thirds with the composition1 and a small piece of paper is inserted1 over which powder is placed1 and this end is secured with twine4 ,at the other extremity1 moist powder with touch-paper is inserted4 ,to introduce the composition into the case1 a quill1 cut into the form of a spoon1 may be employed1 and the composition must be rammed down by a few strokes of a mallet on an iron rod tipped with brass4 ,composition4 #a4 lb4 oz4 #b4 lb4 oz4 ,mealed powder #a #h #a #j ,charcoal #d #a ,sulphur #a #j ,saltpetre #c #a ,,shells1 ,,or ,,aerial ,,globes4 ,these globes are made of wood1 and their thickness is equal to about a twelfth part of their diameters4 ,the usual charge is an ounce of powder for a shell of #d lb4 weight1 and #b ounces for a shell of #h lb4 ,they may be fired from any mortars that have not a chamber4 ,to form the shell4 ,two wooden hemispheres 7with a fuze hole7 are joined firmly together1 enclosing stars1 squibs1 rain1 c4 ,a small quantity of powder is inserted to explode the shell1 by means of a fuze4 ,,showers ,,of ,,fire4 ,to form a shower of fire1 mould small paper cases on an iron rod1 two-tenths of an inch in diameter1 and #b inches in length4 ,they must not be choked1 as it will be sufficient to twist the end of the case1 and having put the rod into it1 beat it to make it assume its form4 ,when the cases are filled 7which is done by immersing them in the composition7 fold down the other end1 and then apply a match4 ,they must be fixed on a frame with leaders1 to be fired simultaneously4 ,compositions4 ,chinese fire4 ,mealed powder1 #a lb42 sulphur1 #b oz42 iron filings1 #e oz4 ,ancient fire4 ,mealed powder1 #a lb42 charcoal1 #b oz4 ,brilliant fire4 ,mealed powder1 #a lb42 iron filings1 #d oz4 ,the ,chinese fire is the best of the above compositions4 ,,speckie4 ,brilliant1 and diversified displays of fireworks may be readily exhibited by means of speckie1 or lances4 ,illuminated designs of figures1 c41 are represented by affixing on a black board small cases filled with various coloured compositions1 to which leaders must be attached4 ,the cases are fastened on with glue1 and red lead mixed together4 ,compositions4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,white4,yellow4 ,blue4 ,yellow4,yellow4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- lb4 oz4lb4 oz4lb4 oz4lb4 oz4lb4 oz4 ,saltpetre #b #d #h #a #b #a #b ,sulphur #h #a #d #h ,mealed powder #d #ab #aj #h ,antimony1 crude #d ,gum ,succum #h ,antimony1 prepared #h ,basket salt #f ,gamboge #c ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,stars1 crosses1 revolving suns1 c41 being fixed on the wooden frame with the speckie1 will form a brilliant display4 ,,spur ,,fire4 ,compositions4 #a4 lb4 oz4 #b4 lb4 oz4 ,saltpetre #d #h #a ,sulphur #b #h ,lamp black #a #h #d quarts4 ,the saltpetre and sulphur must be first sifted together1 and then put into a marble mortar with the lamp black4 ,these ingredients must be thoroughly mixed with a wooden pestle4 ,the composition1 if rubbed too much1 will be too fierce1 and hardly show any stars2 and on the contrary1 when not mixed enough1 will be too weak1 and throw out an obscure smoke1 and lumps of dross without any stars4 ,this composition is generally rammed in #a1 or #b ounce cases1 about five1 or six inches long1 but not driven very hard4 ,cases filled with spur fire may be used in rooms without any danger of setting fire to the furniture1 c41 and some of them being placed round a transparent pyramid of paper1 and fired in a large room1 make a very pretty appearance4 ,,suns1 ,,or ,,wheels1 ,,fixed1 ,,and ,,moveable4 ,none of the pyrotechnic inventions can be applied with so much success in artificial fireworks1 as suns1 or wheels1 of which there are two kinds1 fixed1 and revolving4 ,,fixed ,,suns4 ,construct a circular piece of wood1 into the circumference of which screw #ab or #ae pieces in the form of radii1 and to these attach jets of fire1 the mouth of each of which must be towards the circumference of the frame2 and leaders being affixed to all the jets1 they will1 when ignited1 produce the appearance of a radiated sun4 ,the wheel is fixed vertically4 ,the jets may be arranged so as to cross each other in an angular manner1 in which case a star1 or cross of ,malta will be formed4 ,to produce a very brilliant effect1 these suns may be made with several rows of jets4 ,,revolving ,,suns4 ,provide a wooden wheel of the requisite size1 and bring it into perfect equilibrium around its centre1 in order that the least effort may make it turn round4 ,attach to the circumference of it jets placed in the direction of the circumference2 and affix leaders of match to communicate the fire from jet to jet1 according as may be required4 ,when fire is applied to one of the jets1 the recoil will immediately cause the wheel to revolve1 unless it should be too ponderous or large3 therefore1 when these suns are intended to be of a considerable size1 that is1 when they consist of twenty jets1 fire must be communicated at the same time to the #ast1 #fth1 #aath1 and #afth1 from which it will proceed to the #bnd1 #gth1 #abth1 and #agth1 and so on4 ,four jets will thus make the wheel revolve rapidly4 ,if two similar suns be placed one behind the other1 and made to turn round in a contrary direction1 they will produce a very brilliant cross fire4 ,for a sun #e feet in diameter1 the cases should be #h oz41 filled about #aj inches in length with composition4 ,compositions4 ,slow fire4 oz4 ,saltpetre #d ,sulphur #b ,mealed powder #a ,illumination fire4 lb4 oz4 ,saltpetre #a #j ,sulphur #h ,mealed powder #f ,dead fire4 oz4 ,saltpetre #a ,sulphur ,lapis ,calemanaris ,antimony ,golden colour4 lb4 oz4 ,mealed powder #a #j ,charcoal1 very good #b ,brilliant fire4 lb4 oz4 ,mealed powder #f #j ,saltpetre #h ,sulphur #b ,iron ,sand #ab ,red ,chinese fire4 lb4 oz4 ,mealed powder #a #j ,saltpetre #a #j ,charcoal #d ,sulphur #d ,iron sand #bnd and #crd order #ad ,white ,chinese fire4 lb4 oz4 ,mealed powder #a #j ,saltpetre #a #j ,sulphur #h ,iron sand1 #bnd #crd order #ad ,grey colour4 lb4 oz4 ,mealed powder #a #j ,saltpetre #d ,sulphur #b ,charcoal #a ,four ounce cases will be required for wheels of #ad1 or #af inches2 if the wheels are larger1 #h oz41 #a lb41 or even #b lb4 cases will be required4 ,the ,chinese compositions are intended for cases of nine-tenths of an inch interior diameter1 but they will be found to answer for cases as low as four ounces4 ,,touch ,,paper4 ,dissolve saltpetre in spirits of wine1 or water1 more or less of the saltpetre1 according as the paper is to burn fast1 or slow3 then dip into the solution blue paper1 which1 when well saturated1 take out1 and dry for use4 ,the touch-paper must be cut into slips1 placed once round the mouth of the firework1 and the end of the paper outside the case should be twisted to a point4 ,,wheels1 ,,pin1 ,,or ,,catherine4 ,the pipe or case is made on a long wire former1 about three-sixteenths of an inch in diameter1 into which the composition is poured through a funnel1 and shaken down4 ,the case is then rolled round a small circle of wood about one inch in diameter1 and not more than half an inch thick1 with a hole through the centre of it for a nail1 or pin4 ,one end of the case is to be pasted round the wood1 and each half turn of it secured with sealing-wax1 or a strip of paper pasted across the wheel4 ,the end is then primed4 ,composition4 ,mealed powder1 #ab oz42 saltpetre1 #c oz42 sulphur1 #a oz4 ,two ounces of iron sand1 or camphor1 may be added1 but it keeps better without either4 ,,part ,,xii4 ,,mathematics4 ,mathematics is the science which treats of all kinds of quantity whatever1 that can be numbered1 or measured4 ,arithmetic is that part which treats of numbering4 ,fractions treat of broken numbers1 or parts of numbers4 ,algebra is the art of computing by symbols4 ,in this science1 quantities of all kinds are represented by the letters of the alphabet4 ,geometry is the science relating to measurement4 ,by the assistance of geometry1 engineers1 c41 conduct all their works1 take the distances of places1 and the measure of inaccessible objects1 c4 ,characters1 marks1 or signs1 which are used in arithmetic1 and algebra1 to denote several of the operations1 and propositions3 signifies plus1 or addition1 - minus1 or subtraction1 multiplication1 division1 3 33 3 proportion1 equality1 square root1 cube root1 #db denotes that #d is to be squared4 #dc denotes that #d is to be cubed4 ,,arithmetic4 ,,reduction4 ,reduction is the method of converting numbers from one name1 or denomination to another3 or the method of finding the value of a quantity in terms of some other higher1 or lower quantity4 ,to reduce from a higher to a lower denomination4 ,rule4--,multiply the given number by as many of the lower denomination as make one of the greater2#dj adding to the product as many of the lower denomination as are expressed in the given sum4 ,example4--,in #f #aes4 #e;d41 how many pence8 4 s4 d4 #f #ae #e #bj ---- #ace #ab ---- #afbe ,answer4 ---- ,to convert from a lower to a higher denomination4 ,rule4--,divide the given number by as many of the lower denomination as are required to make one of the greater4#da ,should there be any remainder1 it will be of the same denomination as the dividend4 ,example4--,convert #afbe pence into pounds1 shillings1 and pence4 #ab7 #afbe pence ---- #bj7 #ace #e -------- #f #aes4 #e d4 ,answer4 ,,the ,,rule ,,of ,,three1 ,,or ,,simple ,,proportion4 ,it is called the ,rule of ,three because three numbers are given to find a fourth4 ,it is also called ,simple ,proportion1 because the #ast term bears the same proportion to the #bnd1 as the #crd does to the #dth4 ,of the three given numbers1 two of them are always of the same kind1 or name1 and are to be the #ast1 and #bnd terms of the question2 the #crd number is always of the same name1 or kind as the #dth1 or answer sought2 and in stating the question it is always to be made the #crd term4 ,if the answer will be greater than the #crd term1 place the least of the other two given quantities for the #ast term2 but if the answer will be less than the #crd term1 put the greater of the two numbers1 or quantities1 for the #ast term4 ,rule4--,state the question according to the above directions1 and multiply the #bnd and #crd terms together1 and divide this product by the #ast1 for the #dth term1 or answer sought4 ,if the #ast and #bnd terms are not of the same denomination1 they must be reduced to it2 and if the third term is a compound number1 it must be reduced to its lowest denomination before the multiplication1 or division of the term takes place4 ,note #a4--,the operation may frequently be considerably abridged1 by dividing the #ast and #bnd1 or the #ast and #crd terms1 by any number which will exactly divide them1 afterwards using the quotients1 instead of the numbers themselves499 ,example4--,if #b tons of iron for ordnance cost #dj1 how many tons may be bought for #cfj8 ,as #dj 3 #cfj 33 #b tons 3 #ah tons4 7,thus #cfj #b7 #dj #ah4 ,the answer4 99 ,or thus1 #i #b #ah4 ,the answer4 ,note #b4--;,a concise method of ascertaining the annual amount of a daily sum of money4 ,rule4--,bring the daily sum into pence1 and then add together as many pounds1 half pounds1 groats1 and pence1 as there are pence in the daily sum1 for the amount required4 ,for leap year1 add the rate for one day4 ,example4--,required the annual amount of #bs4 #f;d4 per diem4 #bs4 #f;d4 #cj;d4 #cj pounds4 #ae #cj half pounds4 #ajs4 #cj groats4 #bs4 #f;d4 #cj pence4 ----------------------------- ,annual amount 7#cfe days7 444 #de #abs4 #f;d4 ,note #c4--,to find the amount of any number of days' pay1 the daily rate 7under twenty shillings7 being given4 ,the price of any article being given1 the value of any number may be ascertained in a similar manner4 ,rule #a4 ,when the rate 7or price7 is an even number1 multiply the given number by half of the rate1 doubling the first figure to the right hand for the shillings1 the remainder of the product will be pounds4 ,example4 ,required the amount of #bdc days' pay1 at #ds4 per diem4 #d_/b #b #bdc #b ------- #dh #abs4 ,ans4 ,rule #b4 ,when the price is an odd number1 find for the greatest number as before1 to which add one-twentieth of the given number for the odd shilling4 ,example4 ,what is the price of #eff pairs of shoes1 at #gs4 per pair4 #eff #b_/j 7 #ef_/f #c ------- -------- #bh #f #afi #afs4 ------- #bh #f -------- #aih #bs4 ,ans4 ,,fractions4 ,a fraction is a quantity which expresses a part1 or parts of a unit1 or integer4 ,it is denoted by two numbers placed with a line between them4 ,a ,simple fraction consists of two numbers1 called the numerator1 and denominator2 thus1 #c numerator1 -- #e denominator4 ,the ,denominator is placed below the numerator1 and expresses the number of equal parts into which the integer is divided4 ,the ,numerator expresses the number of parts of the broken unit1 or integer2 or shows how many of the parts of the unit are expressed by the fraction4 ,a ,compound fraction is a fraction of a fraction1 as of 4 ,a ,mixed number consists of a whole number with a fraction annexed to it1 as #d4 ,an ,improper fraction has the numerator greater than the denominator1 as #f_/e4 ,,reduction ,,of ,,fractions4 is bringing them from one denomination to another4 ,to reduce a fraction to its lowest terms4 ,rule4--,divide the numerator1 and the denominator1 by any number that exactly divides them1 and the quotients by any other number1 till they can be no longer divided by any whole number1 when the fraction will be in its lowest terms4 ,example4--,reduce #djcb_/fjdh to its lowest terms4 ,thus1 7#d7djcb_/fjdh 7#ab7_/ajjh_/aeab 7#f7_/hd_/abf 7#g7_/ad_/ba #b_/c4 ,answer4 ,to reduce an improper fraction to a whole1 or mixed number4 ,rule4--,divide the numerator by the denominator1 the quotient will be the whole number2 and the remainder 7if any7 the numerator of the fraction1 having the divisor for the denominator4 ,example4--,reduce #aad_/ab to a whole1 or mixed number4 #ab 7 #aad -------- #i-f_/ab ,answer4 ,to reduce a mixed number to an improper fraction4 ,rule4--,multiply the whole number by the denominator1 and add the numerator to the product1 under which place the given denominator4 ,example4--,reduce #ag to an improper fraction4 #ag #h --- #ada --- #h ,answer4 ,to reduce a compound fraction to a simple fraction4 ,rule4--,multiply all the numerators together for the numerator1 and all the denominators for the denominator4 ,example4--,reduce of of of #i to a simple fraction4 ,numerators #c #a #a #i #bg #i ----- ----- -- -- ,answer4 ,denominators #h #f #b #a #if #cb ,to reduce fractions of different denominators to equivalent fractions1 having a common denominator4 ,rule4--,multiply each numerator by all the denominators except its own for the new numerators1 and multiply all the denominators together for a common denominator4#db ,example4--,reduce 1 1 and to fractions having a common denominator4 #c #c #e #de #b #h #d #hj #d #h #c #if #h #c #e #abj ,answer1 #de_/abj1 #hj_/abj1 and #if_/abj ,,addition ,,of ,,fractions4 ,rule4--,bring compound fractions to simple fractions2 reduce all the fractions to a common denominator1 then add all the numerators together1 and place their sum over the common denominator4 ,when mixed numbers are given1 find the sum of the fractions1 to which add the whole numbers4 ,example4--,add together 1 1 and #f4 #e #d #b #dj #dj_/dh #cf_/dh #bd_/dh #f #h-d_/dh #c #f #b #cf or1 by cancelling1 and dividing1#dc #a #f #d #bd #aj_/ab #i_/ab #f_/ab #f #h-a_/ab4 ,answer4 #f #d #b #dh ,,subtraction ,,of ,,fractions4 ,rule4--,prepare the quantities1 as in addition of fractions4 ,place the less quantity under the greater4 ,then1 if possible1 subtract the lower numerator from the upper2 under the remainder write the common denominator1 and1 if there be whole numbers1 find their difference as in simple subtraction4 ,but if the lower numerator exceed the upper1 subtract it from the common denominator1 and to the remainder add the upper numerator2 write the common denominator under this sum1 and carry #a to the whole number in the lower line4 ,example4-- ,from #ed-e_/f or #ed-be_/cj ,take #be-e_/ae or #be-aj_/cj ------- #bi-ae_/cj ,answer4 ,,multiplication ,,of ,,fractions4 ,rule4--,reduce mixed numbers to equivalent fractions2 then multiply all the numerators together for a numerator1 and all the denominators together for a denominator1 which will give the product required4 ,example4--,multiply 1 1 and #b together4 7#b or7 #e_/b #ge_/if ,answer4 ,,division ,,of ,,fractions4 ,rule4--,prepare the fractions1 as for multiplication2 then divide the numerator by the numerator1 and the denominator by the denominator1 if they will exactly divide2 but if they will not do so1 then invert the terms of the divisor1 and multiply the dividend by it1 as in multiplication4 ,example4--,divide #i_/af by #d4 #i_/af 7#d or7 #i_/b ,answer4 ,,rule ,,of ,,three ,,in ,,fractions4 ,rule4--,state the terms1 as directed in 8,simple proportion20 reduce them 7if necessary7 to improper1 or simple fractions1 and the two first to the same denomination4 ,then multiply together the second and third terms1 and the first with its parts inverted1 as in division1 for the answer4 ,example4--,if #d cwt4 of sugar cost #ai1 how much may be bought for #ei8 ,as #ai 3 #ei 33 #d ,or1 #aei_/h 3 #dgg_/h 33 #ba_/e 3 #ab ,answer4 #h_/aei #dgg_/h #ba_/e #hjacf_/fcfj #ab cwt4 ,,decimals4 ,a decimal fraction is that which has for its denominator an unit 7#a71 with as many ciphers annexed as the numerator has places2 and it is usually expressed by setting down the numerator only1 with a point before it1 on the left hand4 ,thus1 #e_/aj is #e2 #be_/ajj is #be2 #be_/ajjj is #jbe2 ciphers being prefixed1 to make up as many places as are required by the ciphers in the denominator4 ,a mixed number is made up of a whole number with some decimal fraction1 the one being separated from the other by a point1 thus #cbe is the same as #c-be_/ajj or #cbe_/ajj4 ,ciphers on the right hand of decimals make no alteration in their value2 for #e1 #ej1 #ejj are decimals having all the same value1 each being #e_/aj4 ,but when they are placed on the left hand1 they decrease the value in a tenfold proportion2 thus1 #e is #e_/aj2 but #je is #e_/ajj4 ,,addition ,,of ,,decimals4 ,rule4--,set the numbers under each other1 according to the value of their places1 in which state the decimal separating points will all stand exactly under each other4 ,then beginning at the right hand1 add up all the columns of numbers as in integers1 and point off as many places for decimals as are in the greatest number of decimal places in any of the lines that are added2 or place the point directly below all the other points4 ,example4--,required the sum of #bijadf1 #cadfe1 #adaf1 and #afe4 #bijadf #cadfe #adaf #afe --------- ,answer #ccedfgdf ,,subtraction ,,of ,,decimals4 ,rule4--,place the numbers under each other according to the value of their places4 ,then1 beginning at the right hand1 subtract as in whole numbers1 and point off the decimals1 as in addition4 ,example4--,subtract #dijadb from #badha4 #badha #dijadb --------- ,answer #bjiijheh ,,multiplication ,,of ,,decimals4 ,rule4--,place the factors1 and multiply them together1 the same as if they were whole numbers4 ,then point off in the product just as many places of decimals as there are decimals in both the factors4 ,but1 if there be not so many figures in the product1 prefix ciphers to supply the deficiency4#dd ,example4--,multiply #cbajh by #be4 #cbajh #be ------ #afjedj #fdbaf ------- #hjbgjj ,answer4 ,,division ,,of ,,decimals4 ,rule4--,divide as in whole numbers1 and point off in the quotient as many places for decimals as the decimal places in the dividend exceed those in the divisor4 ,when the decimal places of the quotient are not so many as the above rule requires1 the deficiency is to be supplied by prefixing ciphers4 ,when there is a remainder after the division1 or when the decimal places in the divisor are more than those in the dividend1 then ciphers may be annexed to the dividend1 and the quotient carried on as far as required4 ,example4--,divide #bcdgjeb by #fdbe4 #fdbe 7 #bcdgjeb 7 #cfe ,answer4 #aibge ------ #daiee #cheej ------ #cdjeb #cbabe ----- #aibg ,remainder4 ,,reduction ,,of ,,decimals4 ,to reduce a vulgar fraction to its equivalent decimal4 ,rule4--,divide the numerator by the denominator1 as in ,division of ,decimals1 annexing ciphers to the numerator as far as necessary3 and the quotient will be the decimal required4 ,example4--,reduce #g_/bd to a decimal4 #bd #d #f4 ,then #d7g ------- #f7age ------- #biafff1 c4 ,to find the value of a decimal1 in terms of the inferior denominations4 ,rule4--,multiply the decimal by the number of parts in the next lower denomination1 and cut off as many places to the right hand for a remainder1 as there are places in the given decimal4 ,multiply that remainder by the parts in the next lower denomination1 again cutting off for another remainder as before4 ,proceed in the same manner through all the parts of the integer2 then the several denominations1 separated on the left hand1 will make up the answer4 ,example4--,what is the value of #gge pounds sterling4 #gge #bj ------ ,shillings #aeejj #ab ----- ,pence #fjjj ,answer #aes4 #f;d4 ,to convert integers1 or decimals to equivalent decimals of higher denominations4 ,rule4--,divide by the number of parts in the next higher denomination1 continuing the operation to as many higher denominations as may be necessary4 ,when there are several numbers1 all to be converted to the decimal of the highest-- ,set the given numbers directly under each other for dividends1 proceeding from the lowest to the highest2 opposite to each dividend1 on the left hand1 place such a number for a divisor as will bring it to the next higher name4 ,begin at the uppermost1 and perform all the divisions1 placing the quotient of each division1 as decimal parts1 on the right hand of the dividend next below it2 so shall the last quotient be the decimal required4 ,example4--,convert #aes4 #i;d4 to the decimal of a pound sterling4 #d #c #ab #ige #bj #aehabe #gijfbe ,answer4 ,example4--,convert #a dwt4 to the decimal of a pound1 ,troy weight4 #bj 7 #a ------- #ab 7 #je oz4 ----------- #jjdaff lb41 c41 ,answer4 ,,rule ,,of ,,three ,,in ,,decimals4 ,rule4--,prepare the terms1 by reducing the fractions to decimals2 compound numbers to decimals of the higher denominations1 or integers of the lower2 also the first1 and second terms to the same name4 ,then multiply1 and divide1 as in the ,rule of ,three1 in whole numbers4 ,example4--,if of a yard of cloth cost 1 what will #e_/af of a yard cost8 yd4 yd4 4 s4 d4 #cge ,as #cge 3 #cabe 33 #d 3 #ccc c4 or #f #h #d ------ #d #cge7abejj 7#cccc c4 #aabe #bj -------------- #e_/af #cbae #abejs4 #ffff c4 #aabe #ab -------------- ,answer1 #fs4 #h;d4 #abe;d4 #giii c4 nearly #h;d4 ,,duodecimals4 ,by ,duodecimals1 artificers1 c41 compute the content of their works4 ,rule4--,set down the two dimensions to be multiplied together one under the other1 so that feet may stand under feet1 inches under inches1 c4 ,multiply each term in the multiplicand1 beginning at the lowest1 by the feet in the multiplier1 and set the result of each straight under its corresponding term1 observing to carry #a for every #ab1 from the inches to the feet4 ,in like manner multiply all the multiplicand by the inches1 and parts of the multiplier1 and set the result of each term one place removed to the right hand of those in the multiplicand3 omitting1 however1 what is below parts of inches1 only carrying to these the proper number of units from the lowest denominations4 ,or1 instead of multiplying by the inches1 take such part of the multiplicand as those are of a foot4 ,then add the two lines together for the content required4 ,example4--,multiply #ad feet #i inches1 by #d feet #f inches4 ft4 in4 #ad #i #d #f ------- #ei #j #g #d ------- #ff #d ,answer4 ------- ,,tables ,,of ,,weights1 ,,and ,,measures4 ,,troy ,,weight4 #bd grains #a pennyweight4 #dhj #bj #a ounce4 #egfj #bdj #ab #a pound4 ,,avoirdupois ,,weight4 #af drams #a ounce4 #bef #af #a pound4 #gafh #ddh #bh #a quarter4 #bhfgb #agib #aab #d #a hundred weight4 #egcddj #cehdj #bbdj #hj #bj #a ton4 ,note4--#a lb4 ,avoirdupois weight equals #ad oz4 #aa dwts4 #ae grs4 ,troy4 #a oz4 ditto #ah dwts4 #e do4 #a dr4 ditto #bgcdcge do4 ,,apothecaries' ,,weight4 #bj grains #a scruple4 #fj #c #a dram4 #dhj #bd #h #a ounce4 #egfj #bhh #if #ab #a pound4 ,,weights4 ,to find the weight1 for tonnage4 ,cattle-- ,divide the number by #c1 for weight in tons4 ,sheep ,average #fj lb4 each4 ,divide by #cc1 for weight in tons4 ,pigs ,average #hj lb4 ,divide by #ae1 for tons4 ,beer1 or ,ale-- ,barrel #c cwt4 ,hogshead #e cwt4 ,oats ,sack--#bd stone4 ,divide quarters by #e1 for tons4 ,rum-- ,divide gallons by #bbd1 for tons4 ,wine ,cask--#ab cwt4 ,rule for ascertaining the weight of ,hay4 ,measure the length and breadth of the stack2 then take its height from the ground to the eaves1 and add to this last one-third of the height from the eaves to the top3 ,multiply the length by the breadth1 and the product by the height1 all expressed in feet2 divide the amount by #bg1 to find the cubic yards1 which multiply by the number of stones supposed to be in a cubic yard 7viz41 in a stack of new hay1 six stones2 if the stack has stood a considerable time1 eight stones2 and if old hay1 nine stones71 and you have the weight in stones4 ,for example1 suppose a stack to be #fj feet in length1 #cj in breadth1 #ab in height from the ground to the eaves1 and #i 7the third of which is three7 from the eaves to the top2 then #fj #cj #ae #bgjjj2 #bgjjj #bg #ajjj2 and #ajjj #i #ijjj stones of old hay4 ,,long ,,measure4 #ab inches #a foot4 #cf #c #a yard4 #aih #af #e #a pole1 perch1 or rod4 #gibj #ffj #bbj #dj #a furlong4 #fccfj #ebhj #agfj #cbj #h #a mile4 ,,land ,,measure 7,length74 #gib inches #a link4 #ajj links1 or #bb yards #a chain4 #hj chains #a mile4 #fiaba miles #a geographical degree4 ,,land ,,measure 7,surface1 or ,superficial74 #fbgbfd square inches #a square link4 #fbe square links #a square pole1 or perch4 #ajjjj square links #a square chain4 #bejj square links #a square rood1 or pole4 #aj square chains #a square acre4 #ajjjjj square links #a square acre4 ,,nautical ,,measure4 #a nautical mile #fjhbff feet4 #c miles #a league4 #bj leagues #a degree4 #cfj degrees the earth's circumference4 ,,square ,,measure4 #add s4 inches #a s4 foot #abif #i #a s4 yard4 #cibjd #bgb #cj #a s4 pole4 #aefhafj #ajhij #abaj #dj #a rood4 #fbgbfdj #dcefj #dhdj #afj #d #a acre4 ,,cubic ,,measure 7,measure of solidity74 #agbh cubic inches #a cubic foot4 #bg cubic feet #a cubic yard4 ,note4--,a cubic foot is equal to #bbjj cylindrical inches1 or #ccjj spherical inches1 or #ffjj conical inches4 ,timber4 #dj feet of round1 and #ej feet of hewn timber make #a ,ton2 #af cubic feet make #a ,foot of wood2 #h feet of wood make #a ,cord4 ,water4 ,maximum density #db deg4 ,fahrenheit4 #a cubic foot of water #f imperial gallons4 #a cylindric foot do4 about #e do4 #a cubic foot weighs #fbe lb4 avoirdupois4 #a cylindric do4 do4 #dia #a lineal do4 7#a in4 square7 do4 #dcd #abb imperial gallons weigh #a cwt4 #bbd do4 do4 #a ton4 #ah cubic feet do4 #a cwt4 #cehd do4 do4 #a ton4 ,,measures ,,of ,,capacity4 #fi cubic in #b pints #a quart4 #bgg #h #d #a gallon4 #eed #af #h #b #a peck4 #bbah #fd #cb #h #d #a bushel4 #aj cubic ft4 #eab #bef #fd #cb #h #a quarter4 ,,french ,,measures4 ,english cubic inches4 ,millilitre #jfajc ,centilitre #fajbh ,decilitre #fajbgi ,litre1 or cubic decimetre #fajbgia ,decalitre #fajbgijj ,hectolitre #fajbgijjj ,kylolitre #fajbgijjjj ,myrialitre #fajbgijjjjj #a litre is nearly #b wine pints4 #a kilolitre #a tun #ab wine gallons4 #a stere1 or cubic metre #cecaga ,english feet4 ,metre #cbha 0 ,french feet1 #cjghdd ,millimetre4 #jcicg ,centimetre #cicga ,decimetre #cicgjh ,metre #cicgjgi ,decametre #cicgjgij ,hectometre #cicgjgijj ,kilometre #cicgjgijjj ,myriametre #cicgjgijjjj #h kilometres are nearly #e miles4 #a inch is #jbed metre4 #ajj feet are nearly #cje metres4 ,,involution4 ,involution is the raising of powers from any given number1 as a root4 ,a ,power is a quantity produced by multiplying any given number1 called the ,root1 a certain number of times continually by itself4 ,thus1 #b #b #d1 the #bnd power1 or square of #b1 expressed thus1 #bb4 ,the index1 or exponent of a power is the number denoting the height1 or degree of that power4 ,thus1 #b is the index of the #bnd power4 ,powers that are to be raised1 are usually denoted by placing the index above the root1 or first power4 ,thus #bb #d1 the #bnd power of #b4 ,example4--,what is the #bnd power of #de8 #de #de #bjbe ,answer4 ,,evolution4 ,evolution is the reverse of ,involution1 being the extracting1 or finding the roots of any given powers1 or numbers4 ,the ,root of any number1 or power1 is such a number as being multiplied into itself a certain number of times1 will produce that power4 ,thus1 #b is the square root1 or #bnd root of #d1 because1 #bb #b #b #d2 and #c is the cube root1 or third root of #bg4 ,but there are many numbers of which a proposed root can never be exactly found2 by means of decimals1 however1 the root may be very nearly ascertained4 ,any power of a given number1 or root1 may be found exactly by multiplying the number continually into itself4 ,those roots which only approximate are called ,surd-roots2 but those which can be found1 quite exactly1 are called ,rational-roots4 ,thus1 the square root of #c is a surd root1 but the square root of #d is a rational root1 being equal to #b2 also the cube root of #h is rational1 being equal to #b1 but the cube root of #i is surd1 or irrational4 ,roots are sometimes denoted by writing the character before the power with the index of the root against it4 ,thus1 the #crd1 or cube root of #bj is expressed by #bj4 ,when the power is expressed by several numbers with the sign or - between them1 a line is drawn from the top of the sign over all the parts of it2 thus the cube 7or third7 root of #de - #ab is 7#de - #ab7 or thus 7#de - #ab74 ,,to ,,extract ,,the ,,square ,,root4 ,rule4--,divide the given number into periods of two figures each1 by setting a point over the place of units1 and another over the place of hundreds1 and so on over every second figure1 both to the left hand in integers1 and right hand in decimals4 ,find the greatest square in the first period on the left hand1 and set its root on the right hand of the given number1 after the manner of the quotient figure in division4 ,subtract the square thus found from the said period1 and to the remainder annex the two figures of the next following period for a dividend4 ,double#de the root above-mentioned for a divisor1 and find how often it is contained in the said dividend1 exclusive of its right-hand figure2 and set that quotient figure both in the quotient1 and divisor4 ,multiply the whole augmented divisor by this last quotient figure1 and subtract the product from the said dividend1 bringing down to it the next period of the given number1 for a new dividend4 ,repeat the same process over again--viz41 find another new divisor1 by doubling all the figures now found in the root2 from which1 and the last dividend find the next figure of the root as before2 and so on through all the periods to the last4 ,to extract the square root of a fraction1 or mixed number4 ,reduce the fraction to a decimal1 and extract its root4 ,mixed numbers may be either reduced to improper fractions1 and the root extracted2 or the fraction may be reduced to a decimal1 then joined to the integer1 and the root of the whole extracted4 ,example4--,to find the square root of #biejffbd4 #biejffbd 7 #edcb ,the ,root4 #be -------- #ajd #dej #d #daf ------------- #ajhc #cdff #c #cbdi ------------- #ajhfb #bagbd #b #bagbd ,,to ,,extract ,,the ,,cube ,,root4 ,rule #a4--;,by trials1 or by the table of roots 7vide page #bhj71 take the nearest rational cube to the given number1 whether it be greater1 or less1 and call it the assumed cube4 #b4--,then 7by the ,rule of ,three71 ,as the sum of the given number1 and double the assumed cube1 is to the sum of the assumed cube1 and double the given number1 so is the root of the assumed cube1 to the root required1 nearly4 #c4--,or as the first sum1 is to the difference of the given1 and assumed cube1 so is the assumed root1 to the difference of the roots1 nearly4 #d4--;,again1 by using1 in like manner1 the cube of the root last found as a new assumed cube1 another root will be obtained still nearer4 ,repeat this operation as often as necessary1 using always the cube of the last-found root1 for the assumed root4 ,example4--,to find the cube root of #bajceh4 ,by trials it will be found first1 that the root lies between #bj1 and #cj2 and1 secondly1 between #bg1 and #bh4 ,taking1 therefore1 #bg1 its cube is #aifhc1 which will be the assumed cube4 ,then by ,no4 #b of the ,rule #aifhc #bajceh #b #b ----- -------- #cicff #dbjgaf #bajceh #aifhc ------ -------- ,as #fjdjah 3 #fagedf 33 #bg 3 #bgfjdg the ,root1 nearly4 ,again for a second operation1 the cube of this root is #bajcecahfdeaeehcb1 and the process by ,no4 #c of the ,rule will be #bajcecahfde1 c4 #b ------------ #dbjgjfcgbij #bajceh #bajceh #bajcecahfde1 c4 ------------ ------------ ,as #fcajfdcgbi 3 diff4 #dhacee 33 #bgfjdg 3 3 the diff4 #jjjbajefj ---------- consequently the root required is #bgfjdiajefj ,,table ,,of ,,squares1 ,,cubes1 ,,and ,,roots4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,no4 ,sqr4 ,cube4 ,sqr4 root4 ,cube root4 ---------------------------------------- -- #a #a #a #ajjjjjjj #ajjjjjj #b #d #h #adadbacf #abeiiba #c #i #bg #agcbjejh #addbbej #d #af #fd #bjjjjjjj #aehgdja #e #be #abe #bbcfjfhj #agjiigf #f #cf #baf #bddidhig #ahagaba #g #di #cdc #bfdegeac #aiabicc #h #fd #eab #bhbhdbga #bjjjjjj #i #ha #gbi #cjjjjjjj #bjhjjhd #aj #ajj #ajjj #cafbbggg #baeddce #aa #aba #acca #ccaffbdh #bbbcihj #ab #add #agbh #cdfdajaf #bbhidbh #ac #afi #baig #cfjeeeac #bceacce #ad #aif #bgdd #cgdafegd #bdajadb #ae #bbe #ccge #chgbihcc #bdffbab #af #bef #djif #djjjjjjj #beaihdb #ag #bhi #diac #dabcajef #begabhb #ah #cbd #ehcb #dbdbfdjg #bfbjgda #ai #cfa #fhei #dcehhihi #bffhdjb #bj #djj #hjjj #ddgbacfj #bgaddah #ba #dda #ibfa #dehbegeg #bgehibc #bb #dhd #ajfdh #dfijdaeh #bhjbjci #bc #ebi #abafg #dgiehcae #bhdchfg #bd #egf #achbd #dhihigie #bhhddii #be #fbe #aefbe #ejjjjjjj #bibdjah #bf #fgf #agegf #ejiijaie #bifbdif #bg #gbi #aifhc #eaifaebd #cjjjjjj #bh #ghd #baieb #ebiaejbf #cjcfehi #bi #hda #bdchi #echeafdh #cjgbcag #cj #ijj #bgjjj #edggbbef #cajgbcb #ca #ifa #bigia #eefggfdd #cadacha #cb #ajbd #cbgfh #efefhedb #cagdhjb #cc #ajhi #ceicg #egddefbf #cbjgecd #cd #aaef #cicjd #ehcjieai #cbcifab #ce #abbe #dbhge #eiafjgih #cbgajff #cf #abif #dffef #fjjjjjjj #ccjaibg #cg #acfi #ejfec #fjhbgfbe #cccbbbb #ch #addd #edhgb #fafddadj #ccfaige #ci #aeba #eicai #fbddiihj #cciabaa #dj #afjj #fdjjj #fcbdeeec #cdaiieb #da #afha #fhiba #fdjcabdb #cddhbag #db #agfd #gdjhh #fdhjgdjg #cdgfjbg #dc #ahdi #giejg #feegdche #cejccih #dd #aicf #heahd #ffccbdif #cecjcdh #de #bjbe #iaabe #fgjhbjci #ceefhic #df #baaf #igccf #fghbccjj #cehcjdh #dg #bbji #ajchbc #fheefedf #cfjhhbf #dh #bcjd #aajeib #fibhbjcb #cfcdbda #di #bdja #aagfdi #gjjjjjjj #cfeicjf #ej #bejj #abejjj #gjagjfgh #cfhdjca #ea #bfja #acbfea #gadadbhd #cgjhdcj #eb #bgjd #adjfjh #gbaaajbf #cgcbeaa #ec #bhji #adhhgg #gbhjajii #cgefbhf #ed #biaf #aegdfd #gcdhdfib #cggigfc #ee #cjbe #affcge #gdafaihe #chjbiec #ef #cacf #agefaf #gdhicadh #chbehfb #eg #cbdi #aheaic #gedihcdd #chdheja #eh #ccfd #aieaab #gfaeggca #chgjhgg #ei #cdha #bjecgi #gfhaadeg #chibiif #fj #cfjj #bafjjj #ggdeiffg #ciadhfg #fa #cgba #bbfiha #ghajbdig #cicfdig #fb #chdd #bchcbh #ghgdjjgi #cieghib #fc #cifi #bejjdg #gicgbeci #cigijeg #fd #djif #bfbadd #hjjjjjjj #djjjjjj #fe #dbbe #bgdfbe #hjfbbegg #djbjgbf #ff #dcef #bhgdif #habdjchd #djdabdj #fg #ddhi #cjjgfc #hahecebh #djfaedh #fh #dfbd #caddcb #hbdfbaac #djhafef #fi #dgfa #cbheji #hcjffbci #dajaeff #gj #dijj #cdcjjj #hcfffjjc #dababhe #ga #ejda #cegiaa #hdbfadih #dadjhah #gb #eahd #cgcbdh #hdhebhad #dafjafh #gc #ecbi #chijag #heddjjcg #dagicci #gd #edgf #djebbd #hfjbcbec #daihccf #ge #efbe #dbahge #hffjbedj #dbagafc #gf #eggf #dchigf #hgaggigi #dbcehbd #gg #eibi #defecc #hggdifdd #dbedcba #gh #fjhd #dgdeeb #hhcagfji #dbgbfei #gi #fbda #dicjci #hhhhaidd #dbijhda #hj #fdjj #eabjjj #hiddbgai #dcjhhgj #ha #fefa #ecadda #ijjjjjjj #dcbfgdi #hb #fgbd #eeacfh #ijeechea #dcdddha #hc #fhhi #egaghg #iaajdccf #dcfbjga #hd #gjef #eibgjd #iafeaead #dcgieai #he #gbbe #fadabe #ibaiedde #dcifhcj #hf #gcif #fcfjef #ibgcfahe #ddadjje #hg #gefi #fehejc #icbgcgia #ddcajdg #hh #ggdd #fhadgb #ichjhcae #dddgifj #hi #giba #gjdifi #idccihaa #ddfdgde #ij #hajj #gbijjj #idhfhccj #ddhadje #ia #hbha #gecega #iecicibj #ddigidb #ib #hdfd #gghfhh #ieiaffcj #deadceg #ic #hfdi #hjdceg #ifdcfejh #decjfee #id #hhcf #hcjehd #ifieceig #dedfhcf #ie #ijbe #hegcge #igdfgidc #defbijc #if #ibaf #hhdgcf #igigieij #deghheg #ig #idji #iabfgc #ihdhhegh #deidgja #ih #ifjd #idaaib #ihiididi #dfajdcf #ii #ihja #igjbii #iidihgdd #dfbfjfe #ajj #ajjjj #ajjjjjj #ajjjjjjjj #dfdaehi ---------------------------------------- -- ,,piling ,,of ,,shot1 ,,and ,,shell4 ,shot1 and shells1 are usually piled in horizontal courses1 the base being either an equilateral triangle1 a square1 or a rectangle4 ,the triangular1 and square piles terminate each in a single ball1 but the rectangular pile finishes in a row of balls4 ,to find the number of balls in a complete pile4 ,rule4--,add the three parallel edges together2 then one-third of the product of that sum1 and of the number of balls in the triangular face1 will be the number sought4 ,note #a4--,the parallel edges in a rectangular pile are the two rows in length at the base1 and the upper ridge4 ,in the square pile the same1 except that the upper row is only a single ball4 ,in the triangular pile1 one side of the base1 the single ball at top1 and that at the back1 are considered the parallel edges4 ,note #b4--,the number of balls in the triangular face is found by multiplying half the number in the breadth at the base1 by the number in the breadth at the base plus #a4 ,note #c4--;,in all piles the breadth of the bottom is equal to the number of courses4 ,in the oblong pile1 the top row is one more than the difference between the length1 and breadth of the bottom4 ,example4--,to find the shot in a triangular pile1 the bottom row consisting of #ab shot4 ,illustration3 7triangular pyramid7 ,parallel edges4 #ab #a #ab #b #f #a #ab #a #ac ------- --- ,triangular face #gh #c 7 #ad #d --- ---- #d #cab --- #eb ---- ,answer #cfd ,example4--,to find the shot in a square pile1 the bottom row consisting of #ab shot4 ,illustration3 7square pyramid7 #ab #ab #b #f #ab #ab #a #ac #a ----- ---- #gh #c 7 #be #h ---- ----- #h #fbd ---- #bf ----- ,answer #fej ,example4--,to find the shot in an oblong pile1 whose base consists of #ah shot in length1 and #ab in breadth4 ,illustration3 7rectangular pyramid7 #ah #ah - #ab #f #ah #a #g -- ---- #g #c 7 #dc ---- #ad #ab #b #f ---- #ab #a #ac ---- #gh #ad ---- #cab #gh #bf ----- ,answer #aaah ----- ,triangular pile4 ,rule4--,multiply the base by the base plus #a1 this product by the base plus #b1 and divide by #f4 ,square pile4 ,rule4--,multiply the bottom row by the bottom row plus #a1 and this product by twice the bottom row plus #a1 and divide by #f4 ,rectangular1 or oblong pile4 ,rule4--,multiply the breadth of the base by itself plus #a2 and this product by three times the length of the base plus #a1 minus the breadth of the base1 and divide by #f4 ,in the following formul let the letter 7,l7 denote the number in the bottom row1 or the length2 and 7,b7 the breadth of the lowest course4 ,triangular pile 7,l 7,l #a7 7,l #b77 _/ #f ,square pile 7,l 7,l #a7 7#b,l #a77 _/ #f ,oblong pile 7,b 7,b #a7 7#c,l #a - ,b77 _/ #f ,the number of shot in any pile1 7whose base does not exceed #ba7 may readily be ascertained by referring to the following ,table1 page #bhd4 ,for the square pile4--,look for the number of shot in the base1 in the first vertical column on the left hand1 and also in the diagonal column2 and at their angle of meeting will be found the content required4 ,thus #bj base gives #bhgj4 ,for the triangular pile4--,look for the number in the base row in the diagonal column1 and opposite to it will be found the content4 ,thus #ah base gives #aadj4 ,for the oblong pile4--,look for the number in the length of the base in the vertical column1 and the breadth of the base in the diagonal column1 and at their angle of meeting will be found the content required4 ,thus #ag length1 and #ab breadth1 gives #ajdj4 ,to find the number of balls in an incomplete pile4 ,compute the number in the pile considered as complete2 also the number in the upper pile1 or part wanting2 and the difference between the two piles thus found will be the number in the frustrum1 or incomplete pile4 ,table for computing the ,content of any ,pile1 whose base row does not exceed #ba balls4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a #b #d --- #b #e #c #aj --- #c #h #ad #d #bj --- #daa #bj #cj #e #ce --- #ead #bf #dj #ee #f #ef --- #fag #cb #ej #gj #ia #g #hd --- #gbj #ch #fj #heaabadj #habj --- #hbc #dd #gjajjaccafhbjd #iafe --- #ibf #ej #hjaaeaedaifbdjbhe #aj #bbj ---- #ajbi #ef #ijacjagebbdbgfccjche #aa #bhf ---- #aacb #fbajjadeaifbebcabcgeddj #ejf #ab #cfd ---- #abce #fhaajafjbagbhjcdhdbjdie #egb #fej #ac #dee ---- #acch #gdabjagebchcjhchddfeeej #fch #gbh #hai #ad #efj ---- #adda #hjacjaijbeiccfdbjeajfje #gjd #hjf #iajajae #ae #fhj ---- #aedd #hfadjbjebhjcfddefeeeffj #ggj #hhdajjaaabjabdj #af #afdg #ibaejbbjcjacibdibfjjgae #hcf #ifbajibabbeacfjadif #agej #ihafjbcecbbdbjebhfdeggj #ijbajdjaahcaccjadhjafcb #ahecajdagjbejcdcddhefdfijhbe #ifhaaahabgdadceafjjagfh #aiefaajahjbfecfddgffjjgcehhjajcdaaifacf eaedjagbjaijd #bjeiaafaijbhjcheejdfcfghjiceaajjabgdade fafdeahdjbjdj #bafbabbbjjbiedjfecbfgbhbeiijaaffacebaed gagejaifjbagf ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ae444 #haf ---- #af444 #ag #ifi ---- #ag444 #aghe #ahaadj ---- #ah444 #aichbaji #aiaccj ---- #ai444 #bjiabbhjbdgj #bjaedj ---- #bj444 #bbddbdeabffjbhgj #baagga ---- #ba444 #bcigbfbbbhejcjhjccaa #bbbjbd ----------------------------------- ,,cordage4 ,ropes1 cables1 and all other descriptions of cordage are distinguished by their circumference1 thus a two-inch rope means a rope two inches in circumference4 ,to find the weight of a rope4 ,first method4--,multiply the length in fathoms by the square of the circumference1 and divide the product by #dhj for the weight in cwts4 ,example4--,required the weight of #aaj fathoms of #c-;inch rope4 #c #c #aaj #iij1 which divided by #dhj1 gives #b cwt4 #g lb4 ,weight required4 ,second method4--,divide the square of the circumference by #d1 the quotient will give the weight1 in pounds1 per fathom4 ,example4--,what is the weight of a #c-;inch rope per fathom8 #cb #d #b lb4 ,weight required4 ,to find the strength of a rope1 or the weight it will support4 ,first method4--,square the circumference1 and divide by #e1 for the number of tons which it will bear suspended from it4#df ,example4--,what weight will #c-;inch rope of the best description support8 7#c #c7 _/ #e #i_/e #a ton1 or #djcj lb4 ,weight required4 ,second method4--,multiply the square of the circumference by #b1 the product will give the practical weight in cwts4 that may be lifted by it1 or about half the breaking weight4 ,example4--,what number of cwts4 may be lifted by a #c-;inch rope8 #cb #b #ah cwts4 ,weight required4 ,the strain1 in pounds1 a rope will bear safely girt#b #bjj 0 0 a cable 0 0 girt#b #abj nearly4 ,,chains4 ,to find the weight of chains4 ,the square of the diameter of the link1 measured in eighths of inches1 will give the weight of the chain1 per fathom1 in pounds4 ,example4--,what is the weight per fathom of a -inch chain8 -inch #f_/h2 #fb #cf lb4 ,weight per fathom4 ,or1 the weight per foot of the chain1 multiplied by #bd1 will give the weight per fathom of the chain1 nearly4 ,a chain cable with a stay across the links will weigh about one-twelfth more than the foregoing examples4 ,to find the weight that may be safely lifted by a chain4 ,divide the square of the diameter of the links1 taken in eighths of an inch by #h1 and the quotient will give the number of tons that may be lifted by the chain4 ,example4--,what number of tons will a chain made of -inch iron carry with safety8 -inch #f_/h #fb #cf #cf _/ #h #d tons4 ,weight required4 ,the safe strain is equal to about #h tons1 per square inch1 of the iron of which the chain is made4 ,the stay across the link of a chain increases its strength about one-sixth4 ,when the chain is of great length1 a deduction1 from the above rules1 must be allowed for the weight of it4 ,,iron ,,rods4 ,to find the weight of round iron rods4 ,divide the square of the diameter1 in quarter inches1 by #b1 and the quotient will give the weight in pounds1 per yard4 ,example4--,what is the weight of a yard of #a-;inch round iron4 #a inch #d quarters #db #af #af _/ #b #h lb4 ,weight required4 ,to find the weight of square rods4 ,the weight of round rods1 of similar diameter1 divided by #ghed will give the weight of the square rods4 ,to find the weight that may be sustained1 or lifted by round iron rods4 ,find the weight in pounds1 per yard2 two-thirds of which will give the safe load1 in tons4 ,a round iron rod of average quality of iron1 one inch in diameter1 will be torn asunder by #af tons2 it will be perceptibly damaged by half this strain1 or #h tons2 its safe load will be one-third1 or #ecc tons4 ,,timber4 ,to find the area1 or superficial content of a plank4 ,multiply the length by the mean breadth4#dg ,example4--,required the content of a board whose length is #aa feet #b inches1 and breadth #a foot #aj inches ft4 in4 ft4 in4 ft4 in4 #aa #b #a #aj #bj #e4 ,content required4 ,to find the solid content of squared1 or four-sided timber4 ,multiply the mean breadth by the mean thickness1 and the product by the length1 for the content1 nearly4 ,note #a4--;,if the tree taper regularly from the one end to the other1 either take the mean breadth1 and thickness in the middle1 or take the dimensions at the two ends1 and half their sum will be the mean dimensions2 which1 multiplied as by the above rule1 will give the content1 nearly4 ,note #b4--;,if the piece do not taper regularly1 take several different dimensions1 add them all together1 and divide their sum by the number of them1 for the mean dimensions4 ,example4--,required the content of a piece of timber #af feet long1 and side of square #ad inches4 ft4 in4 ft4 in4 ft4 ft4 in4 #a #b #a #b #af #ba #i4 ,content required4 ,to find the solidity of round1 or unsquared timber4 #a4 ,multiply the square of the quarter girt 7or the square of of the mean circumference71 by the length1 for the content4 ,note4--,when the tree is tapering1 take the mean dimensions1 either by girting it in the middle for the mean girt1 or at the two ends1 taking half the sum of the two2 or by girting it in several places1 then adding all the girts together1 and dividing the sum by the number of them for the mean girt4 ,but when the tree is very irregular1 divide it into several lengths1 and find the content of each part separately4 ,example4--,required the content of a tree1 whose mean girt is #cae feet1 and length #ad feet4 #cae _/ #d #ghge #ghge #ghge #fbjaefbe4 #fbjae #ade #hiibb feet of solid timber4 ,the content required4 #b4 ,find the mean area of a round tree1 and multiply it by the length for the content4 ,to find the weight of a tree4 ,find its content in feet1 and multiply that by the specific gravity of the wood4 7,vide ,,gravity1 and ,table of ,specific ,gravities4 ,page #cah47 ,example4--,required the weight of an elm-tree2 whose mean girt is #e feet1 and length #fj feet4 #e_/d #abe #abe #abe #aefbe4 #aefbe #fj #icge4 ,content in feet4 ,,tonnage4 ,table of ,tonnage1 and ,weight of one of the following ,carriages1 ,carts1 ,waggons1 ,gyns1 c41 used in land service4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,tonn- ,weight4 age4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,tons4 ,cwt4 lb4 ft4 qrs4 ,with ,carri- #bd pounder #f #jcd #j #bb bullock ages4 #h inch #f #jcd #b #ab pole and ,t ,for ,iron #ah pounder #d #cibg #b #i chain1 r ,ordnance4#ab 0 #ba cwt4 #d #gah #c #bd weighing #b a qrs4 #ai lb4 v ,howitzer #aj inch #f #agci #j #i 0 e #h 0 #e #cgcc #b #j ,do4 do4 do4 0 l #ab pounder #e #ccbb #j #aj 0 l #i 0 #e #abj #b #ad 0 i,for ,brass #f 0 #d #baag #c #e 0 n,ordnance4 #cb pr4 #e #bibc #c #ac 0 g ,howitzer #bd 0 #e #fba #j #ag 0 #ab 0 #d #baah #c #ad 0 c,ammunition waggon #e #cfbj #j #c ,for all 0 o natures4 0 m,forge #e #chai #a #j 0 p,store-waggon 7without spare #e #aaah #a #aj 0 l wheel7 0 e,small arm ammunition waggon #d #cfad #b #af 0 t,rocket #ab pounder #g #ccbj #b #h 0 e #f 0 #e #agbj #a #bj 0 4,pontoon ,large #c #cjdb #b #ac 0 ,small #bb #b #e 0 ,garrison1 wood1 common standing 0 for #cb pounder of #be cwt4 #a #h #h #j #g ,capstan1 crab #j #ca #c #c #bf ,forge1 cavalry #d #cbaa #b #c ,hand #a #aj #d #c #d ,hospital1 conveyance #c #afaj #b #bj ,carts ,sling #c #chaf #a #ag ,store #c #af #i #a #j ,french #a #cb #e #b #ac ,drugs ,large #b #gag #a #bd ,small #j #bi #e #j #d ,gyns1 ,large #a #bc #i #b #bb ,triangle ,small #a #b #g #c #c ,for #cb pounder garrison carriage #j #bf #f #j #ab ,fir4 ,madras ,for traversing ,platform4 carriage with tail-piece #a #bc #ad #b #j ,teak4 ,mortar1 ,alderson's pattern #j #cj #h #a #d ,portable forge1 and pack saddle1 in wooden case #j #ag #b #a #c ,flanders #e #j #af #a #be ,waggons ,platform #c #af #ba #c #ah ,sling #h #aa #ca #c #bf ,waggons1 hospital1 ,mr4 ,holmes' ,large #i #aj #ba #j #j pattern ,small4 #f #cj #ah #j #d ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,the calculation of tonnage for baggage1 stores1 c41 is by measurement3 a ,ton1 consisting of #dj cubic feet2 but metals1 and very heavy articles are estimated by actual weight1 without reference to bulk4 ,to ascertain the tonnage of sailing vessels1 the hold being clear4 ,rule4--,divide the length of the upper deck between the afterpart of the stem1 and the forepart of the stern-post1 into six equal parts4 ,depths4--,at the foremost1 the middle1 and the aftermost of those points of division1 measure in feet1 and decimal parts of a foot1 the depth from the under side of the upper deck to the ceiling at the limber strake4 ,in the case of a break in the upper deck the depths are to be measured from a line stretched in a continuation of the deck4 ,breadths4--,divide each of those three depths into five equal parts1 and measure the inside breadths at the following points--viz41 at one-fifth1 and at four-fifths from the upper deck of the foremost1 and aftermost depths1 and at two-fifths1 and four-fifths from the upper deck of the midship depth4 ,length4--,at half the midship depth measure the length of the vessel from the afterpart of the stem to the forepart of the stern-post2 then to twice the midship depth add the foremost1 and the aftermost depths for the sum of the depths2 add together the upper1 and lower breadths at the foremost division1 three times the upper breadth1 and the lower breadth at the midship division1 and the upper1 and twice the lower breadth at the after division1 for the sum of the breadths3 then multiply the sum of the depths by the sum of the breadths1 and this product by the length1 and divide the final product by #cejj1 which will give the number of tons for register4 ,if the vessel have a poop1 or half deck1 or a break in the upper deck1 measure the inside mean length1 breadth1 and height of such part thereof as may be included within the bulkhead2 multiply these three measurements together1 and dividing the product by #ibd1 the quotient will be the number of tons to be added to the result as above found4 ,in order to ascertain the tonnage of open vessels1 the depths are to be measured from the upper edge of the upper strake4 ,to ascertain the tonnage of steam vessels4 ,rule4--,in addition to the foregoing rules1 when applied for the purpose of ascertaining the tonnage of any ship or vessel propelled by steam1 the tonnage due to the cubical content of the engine-room must be deducted from the total tonnage of the vessel1 as determined by either of the rules aforesaid1 and the remainder will be the true register tonnage of the said ship or vessel4 ,to determine the tonnage due to the cubical content of the engine-room4 ,rule4--,measure the inside length of the engine-room in feet and decimal parts of a foot1 from the foremost to the aftermost bulkhead1 then multiply the said length by the depth of the ship or vessel at the midship division as aforesaid1 and the product by the inside breadth of the same division at two-fifths of the depth from the deck1 taken aforesaid1 and divide the last product by #ibd1 and the quotient will be the tonnage due to the cubical content of the engine-room4 ,to ascertain the tonnage of vessels when laden4 ,rule4--,measure1 first1 the length on the upper deck between the afterpart of the stem1 and the forepart of the stern-post2 secondly1 the inside breadth on the under side of the upper deck1 at the middle point of the length2 and1 thirdly1 the depth from the under side of the upper deck down the pump-well to the sink2 multiply these three dimensions together1 and divide the product by #acj1 and the quotient will be the amount of the register tonnage of such ships4 ,,mechanics4 ,mechanics is the science of forces1 and the effects they produce when applied to machines in the motion of bodies4 ,machine1 or engine1 is any mechanical instrument contrived to move bodies4 ,equilibrium is an equality of action1 or force1 between two or more powers1 or weights1 acting against each other1 by which they destroy each other's effects1 and remain at rest4 ,the centre of motion is the fixed point about which a body moves4 ,the axis of motion is the fixed line about which it moves4 ,the centre of gravity is a certain point on which a body 7being freely suspended7 will rest1 in any position4 ,the whole momentum or quantity of force of a moving body1 is the result of the quantity of matter multiplied by the velocity with which it is moved4 ,,the ,,mechanical ,,powers4 ,power is compounded of the weight1 or expansive force of a moving body multiplied into its velocity4 ,the power of a body1 which weighs #dj lb41 and moves with the velocity of #ej feet in a second1 is the same as that of another body which weighs #hj lb41 and moves with the velocity of #be feet in a second3 for the products of the respective weights1 and velocities are the same4 #dj #ej #bjjj2 and #hj #be #bjjj4 ,power cannot be increased by mechanical means4 ,power is applied to mechanical purposes-- #a4 ,by the lever2 #d4 ,by the inclined plane2 #b4 ,by the wheel1 and axle2 #e4 ,by the wedge2 #c4 ,by the pulley2 #f4 ,by the screw2 which are the simple elements of all machines4 ,the whole theory of these elements consists simply in causing the weight1 which is to be raised1 to pass through a greater or a less space than the power which raises it2 for1 as power is compounded of the weight1 or mass of a moving body1 multiplied into its velocity1 a weight passing through a certain space may be made to raise1 through a less space1 a weight heavier than itself4 ,,the ,,lever4 ,the lever is the most simple of all machines1 being only a straight bar of iron1 wood1 c41 supported on1 and moveable round a prop1 called the fulcrum4 ,case #a4--,when the fulcrum of the lever is between the power1 and the weight4 ,rule4--,divide the weight to be raised by the power to be applied2 the quotient will give the difference of leverage necessary to support the weight in equilibrio4 ,hence1 a small addition either of leverage1 or weight1 will cause the power to preponderate4 ,example #a4--;,a ball weighing #c tons is to be raised by #d men1 who can exert a force of #ab cwt42 required the proportionate length of lever8 #c tons #fj cwt42 and #fj_/ab #e ,in this example1 the proportionate lengths of the lever to maintain the weight in equilibrio1 are as #e to #a4 ,if1 therefore1 an additional pound be added to the power1 the power side of the lever will preponderate1 and the weight will be raised4 ,but1 although the ball is raised by a force of only one-fifth of its weight1 no power is gained1 for the weight passes through only one-fifth of the space4 ,the products1 therefore1 arising from the multiplication of the respective weights1 and velocities are the same4 ,example #b4--;,a weight of #a ton is to be raised with a lever #h feet in length1 by a man who can exert1 for a short time1 a force of rather more than #d cwt42 required at what part of the lever the fulcrum must be placed8 7#bj cwt47 _/ 7#d cwt47 #e2 that is1 the weight is to the power as #e to #a1 therefore1 #h _/ 7#e #a7 #a foot and a third1 from the weight4 ,example #c4--;,a weight of #dj lb4 is placed #a foot from the fulcrum of a lever2 required the power to raise the same1 when the length of the lever on the other side of the fulcrum is #e feet8 7#dj #a7 _/ #e #h lb4 ,ans4 ,case #b4--,when the fulcrum is at one extremity of the lever1 and the power at the other4 ,rule4--,as the distance between the power1 and the fulcrum is to the distance between the weight1 and the fulcrum1 so is the effect to the power4 ,example #a4--,required the power necessary to raise #abj lb41 when the weight is placed #f feet from the power1 and #b feet from the fulcrum8 ,as #h 3 #b 33 #abj 3 #cj lb4 ,ans4 ,example #b4--;,a beam1 #bj feet in length1 and supported at both ends1 bears a weight of #b tons at the distance of eight feet from one end2 required the weight on each support8 7#dj cwt4 #h feet7 _/ 7#bj feet7 #af cwt4 on the support that is furthest from the weight2 and 7#dj #ab7 _/ 7#bj feet7 #bd cwt4 on the support nearest to the weight4 ,case #c4--,when the weight to be raised is at one end of the lever1 the fulcrum at the other1 and the power is applied between them4 ,rule4--,as the distance between the power1 and the fulcrum1 is to the length of the lever1 so is the weight1 to the power4 ,example4--,the length of the lever being #h feet1 and the weight at its extremity #fj lb41 required the power to be applied #f feet from the fulcrum to raise it8 ,as #f 3 #h 33 #fj 3 #hj lb4 ,ans4 ,velocity is gained at the expense of power by the lever1 and wheel1 and axle4 ,note #a4--,when two men are carrying a load on a pole between them1 the strongest man should have the weight placed nearer to him than the other man4 ,note #b4--,to carry guns1 c4--,if the burden can be carried by four men2 after having made it fast to the middle of a large lever1 fix the extremities of this lever on two shorter levers1 and place a man at each of the points1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f4 ,vide plate1 ,mechanics1 ,fig4 #a4 ,in ,fig4 #b1 the weight is equally divided between eight men1 and in ,fig4 #c1 between sixteen men4 ,,the ,,wheel1 ,,and ,,axle4 ,the advantage gained is in proportion as the circumference of the wheel exceeds that of the axle2 therefore1 the larger the wheel1 and the smaller the axle1 the stronger is the power of this machine1 but then the weight will rise proportionally slower4 ,a winch may be used instead of a wheel1 for in turning the winch the hand will describe a circle1 and there is no difference in the result1 whether an entire wheel be turned1 or a single spoke which the winch as a lever represents4 ,rule4--,as the radius of the wheel is to the radius of the axle1 so is the effect1 to the power4 ,example4--,a weight of #ej lb4 is exerted on the periphery of a wheel1 whose radius is #aj feet2 required the weight raised at the extremity of a cord wound round the axle1 the radius being #bj inches4 7#ej lb4 #aj feet #ab inches7 _/ 7#bj inches7 #cjj lb4 ,ans4 ,,the ,,pulley4 ,the pulley consists of a grooved wheel1 called a sheave1 moveable on an axis1 or gudgeon1 and enclosed in a frame1 or case1 called a block4 ,by passing a cord over the pulley1 a man will be enabled to draw up a weight equal to that which his own body supplies in pulling downwards4 ,by combining a number of pulleys1 as many assistants are obtained as there are wheels3 thus1 two pulleys will have double the power of one1 because half the weight is sustained by the frame to which one end of the cord is attached2 but then it requires double the time to do the work4 ,as the friction of the pulley is very great1 particular attention must be paid that all the turns or kinks of a rope be taken out1 before it is made use of1 and it should enter easily into the grooves of the sheaves4 ,rule4--,divide the weight to be raised by twice the number of pulleys in the lower block2 the quotient will give the power necessary to raise the weight4 ,example4--,what power is required to raise #fjj lb41 when the lower block contains six pulleys8 #fjj _/ 7#f #b7 #ej lb4 ,ans4 ,,tackles4 ,tackles are indispensable in the service of the artillery4 ,the fall is the rope of which the tackle is composed2 that end of it which is fixed to the block is called the standing part1 or end2 the other1 which is pulled1 or hauled on by the men1 is called the running part1 or end2 and the parts which pass from one block to the other are called the returns of the fall4 ,in all operations with tackles1 the following directions should be attended to3-- #ast4 ,make fastenings stronger than appears actually necessary4 #bnd4 ,examine the straps1 and hooks of the blocks carefully4 #crd4 ,consider whether the cordage is new1 half-worn1 or almost worn out4 #dth4 ,attend to the seizings of the clinches1 the sheet bends1 the proper stoppering of the fall1 the belaying the fall with two half hitches4 #eth4 ,be very distrustful of selvages applied on smooth worn rope4 #fth4 ,do not allow ropes to be struck1 or trampled on1 when the weight is suspended4 #gth4 ,the men should stand as safe as the proper performance of the various duties will permit4 #hth4 ,in pulling a rope1 the men ought to place themselves in a right line1 and haul together4 ,the most advantageous position for pulling is down a slope1 or in a descending position4 ,,combination ,,of ,,pulleys4 ,a leading block is a fixed pulley1 which alters the direction of the power1 but does not increase it3 ,power ,weight4 ,on account of friction the power must exceed the weight a little1 in order to raise it4 ,vide plate1 ,mechanics1 ,fig4 #a4 ,a whip is one moveable pulley1 which increases the power without altering the direction4 ,power weight 7or #b to #a74--,vide ,fig4 #b4 ,a whip upon whip will afford the same purchase as a tackle having a single and double block1 and with much less friction4 ,a gun tackle consists of two single blocks with fall fixed to the one1 then rove through the other1 and then through the first4 ,power weight 7or #b to #a73 or ,power weight 7or #c to #a74 ,vide ,fig4 #c1 and #d4 ,two double blocks are generally used for very heavy guns4 ,a luff tackle1 or half watch tackle1 consists of one double and one single block3 the fall is fixed to the single1 then rove through first sheave of the double1 then through sheave of single1 and lastly through second sheave of double block4 ,power weight 7#c to #a73 or ,power weight 7#d to #a74 ,vide ,fig4 #e1 and #f4 ,a runner tackle is the same as a luff tackle1 applied to the end of a large rope1 called a runner1 which is rove through a single block attached to a fixed point1 or to a body that is to be moved1 or raised2 the standing end of the runner being secured to another point4 ,power is either #f to #a1 or #g to #a1 or #h to #a4 ,a gyn tackle consists of one triple and one double block3 the fall is fixed to the double1 then rove through first sheave of triple1 then through first sheave of double1 then through second sheave of triple1 then through second sheave of double1 and lastly through third sheave of triple block4 ,power weight 7#e to #a73 or ,power weight 7#f to #a74 ,vide ,fig4 #g4 ,if the moveable block of a tackle be strapped with a tail1 it is called a tail1 or jigger block3 and the tackle a tail1 or jigger tackle3 a block with a hook strapped to it1 and attached to a selvage1 answers the same purpose4 ,two double blocks1 with fall fixed to one of them1 and then rove through the sheaves of both blocks1 will either give ,power weight 7#d to #a73 or ,power weight 7#e to #a74 ,fig4 #h4 ,two triple blocks1 with fall fixed to one of them1 then rove through sheaves of both blocks1 will either give power weight 7#f to #a73 or ,power weight 7#g to #a74 ,fig4 #i4 ,illustration3 ,system of ,pullies4 ,fig4 #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i ,illustration3 ,to carry ,guns c4 ,fig4 #a #b #c ,illustration3 ,,heights ,,and ,,distances4 ,in the system of pulleys 7vide plate1 ,mechanics7 the ,power is shown at the hooks of the moveable blocks1 which are to be applied to the bodies1 or weights1 requiring to be moved or raised4 ,the strain is also shown at the fixed blocks4 ,in ,fig4 #c1 there are three parts of the rope engaged in supporting the weight--viz41 the parts marked #a1 #a1 #a4 ,each of them1 hence1 sustains one-third of it1 and the fall of the rope to which the power is to be attached requires the ,power #a1 if weight #c4 ,the same principle of calculation is applicable to all systems of pulleys having one fixed block1 any number of moveable wheels1 and a single rope over all the wheels4 ,hence1 in such a system of pulleys1 gravity being applied1 there will be an equilibrium1 when the weight is as many times the power as there are portions of the rope employed in sustaining the weight4 ,for example1 in a system consisting of six moveable sheaves1 the same rope going over them all1 there will be #ab portions of the rope engaged2 and to produce an equilibrium the power must be equivalent to #a_/ab the weight1 no allowance being made for friction4 ,from the foregoing observations1 and by referring to the plate1 it will be seen that each tackle has two applications1 differing in power one from the other2 for example1 if the double block of a luff tackle is fixed to a weight to be moved1 and the single block to a picket1 or other fastening1 ,fig4 #f1 then1 if one man haul on the fall1 the power of four men will be applied to the weight 7#d to #a71 and the power of three men to the picket2 but if the double block be fixed to the picket1 ,fig4 #e1 and the single1 block to the weight1 then the force of only three men will be applied to the weight 7#c to #a71 and a power of four men to the picket1 or fastening4 ,when the moveable block of one tackle is fixed to the fall of another tackle1 their respective powers are to be multiplied into each other for the power of the combination3 thus1 if one luff tackle is fixed to the fall of another luff tackle 7the double blocks of both tackles being moveable71 the power will be #d #d #af 7#af to #a73 in this1 the men haul through #af feet to move the weight one foot2 therefore if the combination be increased until the men haul through #ajj feet to move the weight one foot1 then the power would be #ajj to #a4 ,the foregoing powers are1 however1 only true in theory1 and are1 therefore1 called theoretical powers3 for owing to the great friction of the pulleys1 the stiffness of the ropes1 c41 the actual practical powers are far less2 so much so1 that with a combination giving a power of #dh to #a1 a #bd-pr4 7#b tons weight7 suspended1 can scarcely overhaul the fall1 the friction being so very great4 ,,the ,,inclined ,,plane4 ,the inclined plane forms simply a gradual and sloping instead of a sudden and perpendicular ascent1 by which heavy bodies may be raised to certain heights4 ,the power necessary for raising a weight depends on the difference between the length of the plane and the height to be ascended4 ,if the height be one-third of the length1 then one pound will lift three pounds4 ,the force with which a rolling body descends on an inclined plane is to the force of its absolute gravity1 as the height of the plane is to its length4 ,parbuckling a gun on skids unites the advantage of one moveable pulley with that of the inclined plane4 ,rule4--,as the length of the plane is to its height1 so is the weight to the power4 ,example4--,required the power necessary to raise #edj lb4 up an inclined plane1 five feet long1 and two feet high4 ,as #e 3 #b 33 #edj 3 #baf lb4 ,ans4 ,,the ,,wedge4 ,the wedge may be considered as two equally inclined planes joined together at their bases4 ,it has a great advantage over all the other powers1 arising from the force of percussion1 or blow1 with which the back is struck2 which is a force incomparably greater than any dead weight1 or pressure1 such as is employed in other machines4 ,the largest masses of timber may by this means be riven1 and vessels of war1 weighing many thousand tons1 are lifted from their supports by the power of a few men1 exerted by blows of mallets on wedges inserted for that purpose4 ,the power of the wedge increases in proportion as its angle is acute4 ,in tools intended for cutting wood the angle is commonly about #cj2 for iron from #ej to #fj2 and for brass from #hj to #ij4 ,case #a4--,when two bodies are forced from one another1 by means of a wedge1 in a direction parallel to its back4 ,rule4--,as the length of the wedge is to half its back1 or head1 so is the resistance1 to the power4 ,example4--,the breadth of the back1 or head of the wedge1 being three inches1 and the length of either of its inclined sides #aj inches1 required the power necessary to separate two substances1 with a force of #aej lb4 ,as #aj 3 #a 33 #aej 3 #bb lb4 ,ans4 ,case #b4--,when only one of the bodies is moveable4 ,rule4--,as the length of the wedge1 is to its back1 or head1 so is the resistance1 to the power4 ,example4--,the breadth1 length1 and force1 the same as in the last example4 ,as #aj 3 #c 33 #aej 3 #de lb4 ,ans4 ,,the ,,screw4 ,the screw is a spiral thread or groove cut round a cylinder1 and everywhere making the same angle with the length of it4 ,the force of a power applied to turn a screw round is to the force with which it presses upward1 or downward1 setting aside the friction1 as the distance between two threads is to the circumference where the power is applied2 or the advantage gained is as much as the circumference of a circle described by the handle of the winch exceeds the interval1 or distance1 between the spirals of the screw4 ,hence the force of any machine turned by a screw can readily be computed2 for instance1 in a press driven by a screw1 whose threads are each a quarter of an inch asunder1 and with a handle1 to turn the screw1 four feet long2 then1 if the natural force of a man1 by which he can lift1 pull1 or draw1 be #aej lb41 and it is required to determine with what force the screw will press when the man turns the handle with his whole force2 the diameter of the handle 7power7 being #d feet1 or #dh inches1 its circumference is #dh #cadaf1 or #aej nearly2 and the distance of the threads being one-fourth of an inch1 therefore the power is to the pressure as #a to 7#aej #d7 #fjc1 but the power is equal to #aej lb41 therefore as #a 3 #fjc 33 #aej 3 #ijdhj1 and consequently the pressure is equal to a weight of #ijdhj lb4 independent of friction4 ,,compound ,,machines4 ,though each of the mechanical powers is capable of overcoming the greatest possible resistance in theory1 yet in practice1 if used singly for producing very great effects1 they would frequently be so unwieldy and unmanageable as to render it impossible to apply them4 ,for this reason it is generally found more advantageous to combine them together1 by which means the power is more easily applied1 and many other advantages are obtained4 ,in all the mechanical powers1 and their combinations1 and in all machines1 simple as well as compound1 what is gained in power is lost in time or velocity2 and vice vers1 or in other words1 the product of the power1 and the space through which it moves1 is equal to the product of the weight1 and the space through which it moves in the same plane4 ,suppose that a man1 by means of a fixed pulley1 raises a beam to the top of a house in two minutes1 it is clear that he will be able to raise six beams in twelve minutes2 but by means of a tackle with three lower pulleys1 he will raise the six beams at once with the same ease as he before raised one1 but then he will be six times as long about it1 that is1 twelve minutes2 thus the work is performed in the same time whether the mechanical power is used1 or not4 ,but the convenience gained by the power is very great2 for if the six beams are joined in one1 they may be raised by the tackle1 though it would be impossible to move them by the unassisted strength of one man4 ,no real gain of force is obtained by mechanical contrivances2 on the contrary1 from friction and other causes1 force is always lost2 but by machines a more convenient direction can be given to the moving power1 and so modify its energy as to obtain effects which it could not otherwise produce4 ,,friction4 ,friction arises from the irregularities of the surfaces which move upon one another4 ,the surfaces of bodies of the same nature are moved with more facility over each other than those of a dissimilar nature4 ,in proportion as the surfaces which are to be moved upon one another are rough1 a greater force is requisite to produce motion4 ,the same surfaces when under a greater pressure1 are subject to still further friction4 ,a double pressure doubles the amount of friction1 a treble pressure trebles1 and so on in nearly the same proportion4 ,when surfaces are moving along each other in the direction of their grains1 the friction is greater than when the direction of the grains is at right angles4 ,friction is little influenced by the velocity with which bodies move upon one another4 ,friction may be diminished in various ways1 as will appear by the result of the following experiment with a block of square stone weighing #ajhj lb43-- #a4 ,in order to drag this stone along the floor of a quarry lb4 roughly chiselled1 it required a force equal to #geh #b4 ,over a floor of planks1 ditto #feb #c4 ,placed on a platform of wood1 and dragged over a floor of planks #fjf #d4 ,after soaping the two surfaces of wood1 which slide over each other #ahb #e4 ,placed on rollers of three inches diameter1 and moved along the floor of the quarry #cd #f4 ,to drag it on these rollers over a wooden floor #bh #g4 ,mounted on a wooden platform1 and the same rollers placed between the platform1 and a plank floor #bb ,one of the most remarkable instances of the application of rollers is the transport of the rock which now serves as the pedestal of the equestrian statue of ,peter the ,great at ,st4 ,petersburg4 ,this rock is a single block of granite weighing #abag tons4 ,a railway was formed1 consisting of two lines of timber1 furnished with hard metal grooves2 similar1 and corresponding metal grooves were fixed to the under side of the sledge1 or frame1 on which the stone was laid1 and between these grooves were placed spheres of hard brass1 about six inches in diameter4 ,on these spheres the frame with its enormous load was easily moved by sixty men working at capstans with triple purchase blocks4 ,,unguents4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,rennie found1 from a mean of experiments1 with different unguents1 on axles in motion1 and under different pressures1 that1 with the unguent tallow under a pressure of from #a to #e cwt41 the friction did not exceed #a_/cith of the whole pressure2 when soft soap was applied1 it became #a_/cdth2 and with the softer unguents applied1 such as oil1 hogs' lard1 c41 the ratio of the friction to the pressure increased2 but with the harder unguents1 as soft soap1 tallow1 and anti-attrition composition1 the friction considerably diminished2 consequently1 to render an unguent of proper efficiency1 the nature of the unguent must be measured by the pressure1 or weight1 tending to force the surfaces together4 ,,transverse ,,strength ,,of ,,materials4 ,when a beam1 of any material1 is loaded1 the surface in contact with the load is compressed1 and the opposite surface extended2 and there is a line between these1 which is neither compressed1 nor extended1 called the neutral line4 ,if the depth of a beam be doubled1 the breadth1 and length between supports remaining the same1 its strength will be increased four times4 ,if its breadth be doubled1 the other dimensions being as above1 its strength will be doubled4 ,by increasing the distance between the supports of any beam1 its strength is decreased in the same ratio2 twice the distance between the supports will weaken the beam one-half2 half the distance between the supports will enable it to bear twice the load4#dh ,the same beam will bear twice the load1 if1 instead of being concentrated in the middle1 it be equally distributed over the whole length of the beam4 ,if the load on a beam be placed near to one of the supports1 instead of in the middle1 its effect will decrease in the ratio of its proximity to the support4 ,let ,s s represent the beam1 ,w the load or weight in the middle1 w the weight near s2 then the load which the beam will carry at the point where w is placed will be found by the following proportion3-- ,as ,s w w s 3 ,s ,w ,w s 33 ,w 3 w4 ,a beam1 fixed at one end1 and loaded at the other1 will bear half the weight of one of the same length supported at each end4 ,if the end of a beam1 instead of being only supported1 be fixed1 its strength will be in the proportion of #c to #b4 ,from the foregoing results it will be seen that the strength of a rectangular beam varies1 as the breadth multiplied by the depth squared1 divided by the length1 7b d#b7_/l and if the breaking weight of any material1 #a inch square1 and #a foot long1 be found1 it will represent a constant multiplier for the above equation4 ,thus the breaking weight of a beam of ,riga fir1 #a inch square1 and #a foot long 7vide following ,,table71 is #afd of a ton2 and to find the breaking weight of a beam of any other dimensions1 the rule is simply ,w 7b d#b7_/l #afd4 ,example4--,what will be the breaking weight of a beam of ,riga fir1 #h inches broad1 #ab inches deep1 and #bj feet long8 7#h #abb7_/bj #egf #egf #afd #idd tons1 breaking weight4 ,table of constants1 for beams of different materials1 being the breaking weights of such beams1 #a inch square1 and #a foot long4 ,riga fir #afd of a ton4 ,english oak #bdh of a ton4 ,red pine #aii 0 ,canadian do4 #bfa 0 ,pitch pine #bdb 0 ,dantzic do4 #bai 0 ,beech #bca 0 ,teak #cff 0 ,elm #aej 0 ,cast iron1 mean4 #ajjj 0 ,ash #cja 0 ,wrought do4 #ajhc 0 ,from the foregoing rules ,length 7b d#b7_/,w constant4 ,breadth 7l ,w7_/d#b constant4 ,depth 77l ,w7_/b7 constant4 ,the practical weight that a beam will carry with safety1 permanently1 should only be taken at one-fourth of the above computations4 ,,adhesion ,,of ,,nails1 ,,and ,,screws4 ,the percussive force required to drive the common sixpenny nail 7#gc to the pound7 to the depth of an inch and a half into deal1 with a weight of six pounds and a quarter1 is four blows1 or strokes1 falling freely the space of one foot2 and the steady pressure to produce the same effect is four hundred pounds4 ,a sixpenny nail driven into dry elm to the depth of one inch across the grain requires a force of #cbg pounds to extract it2 and the same nail1 driven into the same wood endways1 or longitudinally1 can be extracted with a force of #beg pounds4 ,to extract a sixpenny nail from a depth of one inch out of dry oak requires #ejg pounds1 and out of dry beech #ffg pounds4 ,a sixpenny nail driven two inches into dry oak would require a steady force of more than half a ton to extract it4 ,a common screw of one-fifth of an inch diameter has an adhesive force of about three times that of a sixpenny nail4 ,,trigonometry4 ,plane trigonometry treats of the relations1 and calculations of the sides1 and angles of plane triangles4 ,the measure of an angle is an arc of any circle contained between the two lines which form that angle1 the angular point being the centre2 and it is estimated by the number of degrees contained in that arc4 ,hence a right angle being measured by a quadrant1 or quarter of a circle1 is an angle of #ij degrees4 ,the sum of the three angles of every triangle is equal to #ahj degrees1 or two right angles2 therefore1 in a right-angled triangle1 taking one of the acute angles from #ij degrees1 leaves the other acute angle2 and the sum of the two angles in any triangle1 taken from #ahj degrees1 leaves the third angle2 or one angle being taken from #ahj degrees leaves the sum of the other two angles4 ,definitions4 ,the sine of an arc is the line drawn from one extremity of the arc perpendicular to the diameter of the circle which passes through the other extremity4 ,the supplement of an arc is the difference1 in degrees1 between the arc1 and a semicircle1 or #ahj degrees4 ,the complement of an arc is the difference1 in degrees1 between the arc1 and a quadrant1 or #ij degrees4 ,the tangent of an arc is a line touching the circle in one extremity of that arc1 continued from thence to meet a line drawn from the centre through the other extremity2 which last line is called the secant of the same arc4 ,the cosine1 cotangent1 and cosecant of an arc are the sine1 tangent1 and secant of the complement of that arc1 the co being only a contraction of the word complement4 ,the sine1 tangent1 or secant of an angle is the sine1 tangent1 or secant of the arc by which the angle is measured1 or of the degrees1 c41 in the same arc1 or angle4 ,vide also ,definitions1 ,,practical ,,geometry4 ,there are two ,methods of resolving triangles1 or the cases of trigonometry--viz41 ,construction1 and ,computation4 #ast method4--,the triangle is constructed by making the sides from a scale of equal parts1 and laying down the angles from the protractor4 ,then1 by measuring the unknown parts by the same scale1 the solution will be obtained4 #bnd method4--,having stated the terms of the proposition1 resolve it like any other proportion1 in which a fourth term is to be found from three given terms1 by multiplying the second and third terms together1 and dividing the product by the first4 ,note4--,every triangle has six parts--viz41 three sides1 and three angles2 and1 in every case in trigonometry1 there must be given three of these parts to find the other three4 ,also of the three parts that are given1 one of them at least must be a side2 because1 with the same angles1 the sides may be greater1 or less1 in any proportion4 ,computation4 ,case #a4--,when a side and its opposite angle are two of the given parts4 ,the sides of any triangle having the same proportion to each other1 as the sines of their opposite angles2 then-- ,as any one side1 is to the sine of its opposite angle2 so is any other side1 to the sine of its opposite angle4 ,to find an angle1 begin the proportion with a side1 opposite to a given angle2 and1 to find a side1 begin with an angle opposite to a given side4 ,case #b4--,when the three sides of a triangle are given1 to find the angles4 ,let fall a perpendicular from the greatest angle1 on the opposite side1 or base1 dividing it into two segments2 and the whole triangle into two right-angled triangles3 then the proportion will be-- ,as the base or sum of the segments1 is to the sum of the other two sides2 so is the difference of those sides1 to the difference of the segment of the bases3 then add half the difference of the segments to the half sum1 or the half base1 for the greater segment2 and subtract the same for the less segment4 ,hence1 in each of the two right-angled triangles1 there will be known two sides1 and the right angle opposite to one of them1 consequently the other angle will be found by the method in ,case #a4 ,,useful ,,theorems1 ,,and ,,corollaries4 #a4 ,when one line meets another1 the angles1 which it makes on the same side of the other1 are together equal to two right angles4 #b4 ,all the angles1 which can be made at any point 7by any number of lines71 on the same side of a right line1 are1 when taken all together1 equal to two right angles3 and1 as all the angles that can be made1 on the other side of the line1 are also equal to two right angles2 therefore all the angles that can be made quite round a point1 by any number of lines1 are equal to four right angles4 ,hence also the whole circumference of a circle1 being the sum of all the angles that can be made about the centre1 is the measure of four right angles4 #c4 ,when two lines intersect each other1 the opposite angles are equal4 #d4 ,when one side of a triangle is produced1 or extended1 the outward angle is equal to the sum of the two inward opposite angles4 #e4 ,in any triangle1 the sum of all the three angles is equal to two right angles 7#ahj74 ,hence1 if one angle of a triangle be a right angle1 the sum of the other two angles will be equal to a right angle 7#ij74 #f4 ,in any quadrilateral1 the sum of all the four inward angles is equal to four right angles4 #g4 ,in any right-angled triangle1 the square of the hypothenuse 7or side opposite to the right angle7 is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides4 ,therefore1 to find the hypothenuse1 add together the squares of the other two sides1 and extract the square root of that sum3 and to find one of the other sides1 subtract from the square of the hypothenuse the square of the other given side1 and extract the square root of the remainder for the side required4 ,or hypothenuse 7base#b perpendicular#b7 ,base 77hypoth4 perpend47 7hypoth4 - perpend477 ,perpendicular 77hypoth4 base7 7hypoth4 - base477 ,,trigonometry1 ,,without ,,logarithms4#di 8,in all the more elaborate1 and refined operations of trigonometry1 it is not only desirable1 but necessary to employ some of the larger logarithmic tables1 both to save time1 and to ensure the requisite accuracy in the results4 ,but in the more ordinary operations1 as in those of common surveying1 ascertaining inaccessible heights1 and distances1 reconnoitring1 c41 where it is not very usual to measure a distance nearer than within about its thousandth part1 or to ascertain an angle nearer than within two or three minutes1 it is quite a useless labour to aim at greater accuracy in a numerical result4 ,why compute the length of a line to the fourth1 or fifth place of decimals1 when it must depend upon another line1 whose accuracy cannot be ensured beyond the unit's place8 ,or1 why compute an angle to seconds1 when the instrument employed does not ensure the angles in the data beyond the nearest minute8 ,in the following ,table are brought together the natural sines1 and cosines1 to every degree in the quadrant1 and this table will be found sufficiently extensive1 and correct for the various practical purposes above alluded to4 ,the requisite proportions must1 it is true1 be worked by multiplication1 and division1 instead of by logarithms4 ,yet this by no means involves such a disadvantage as might seem1 at first sight4 ,for when the measured lines are expressed by three1 or at most1 four figures1 the multiplications1 and divisions are performed nearly as quick1 and in some cases quicker1 than by logarithms4 ,then as to accuracy1 even in cases where the computer will have to take proportional parts for the minutes of a degree1 the result may usually1 if not always1 be relied upon to within about a minute40 ,,trigonometric ,,ratios4 ,natural sines1 and cosines to every degree in the quadrant1 radius being #ajjjjjj4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,deg4 ,sines4 ,cosines4 ,deg4 ,sines4 ,cosines4 ---------------------------------------- -------- #j #jjjjj #ajjjjj #ij #a #jagde #iiihe #hi #bf #dchcg #hihgi #fd #b #jcdij #iiici #hh #bg #decii #hiaja #fc #c #jebcd #iihfc #hg #bh #dfidg #hhbie #fb #d #jfigf #iigef #hf #bi #dhdha #hgdfb #fa #e #jhgaf #iifai #he #cj #ejjjj #hffjc #fj ---------------------------------------- ------------ #f #ajdec #iideb #hd #ca #eaejd #hegag #ei #g #abahg #iibee #hc #cb #ebiib #hdhje #eh #h #aciag #iijbg #hb #cc #eddfd #hchfg #eg #i #aefdc #ihgfi #ha #cd #eeiai #hbijd #ef #aj #agcfe #ihdha #hj #ce #egceh #haiae #ee ---------------------------------------- -------- #aa #aijha #ihafc #gi #cf #ehggh #hjijb #ed #ab #bjgia #ighae #gh #cg #fjaha #gihfc #ec #ac #bbdie #igdcg #gg #ch #faeff #ghhja #eb #ad #bdaib #igjcj #gf #ci #fbicb #gggae #ea #ae #behhb #ifeic #ge #dj #fdbgi #gffjd #ej ---------------------------------------- -------- #af #bgefd #ifabf #gd #da #fefjf #gedga #di #ag #bibcg #iefcj #gc #db #ffiac #gdcad #dh #ah #cjijb #ieajf #gb #dc #fhbjj #gcace #dg #ai #cbeeg #ideeb #ga #dd #fidff #gaicd #df #bj #cdbjb #icifi #gj #de #gjgaa #gjgaa #de ---------------------------------------- -------- #ba #cehcg #icceh #fi #bb #cgdfa #ibgah #fh #bc #cijgc #ibjej #fg #bd #djfgd #iacee #ff #be #dbbfb #ijfca #fe ---------------------------------------- -------- ,cosines4 ,sines4 ,deg4 ,cosines4 ,sines4 ,deg4 ---------------------------------------- -------- 8,the preceding table is so arranged that for angles not exceeding #de degrees1 the sine1 and cosine for any number of degrees will be found opposite to the proposed number in the left hand column1 and in the column under the appropriate word4 ,when the number of degrees in the arc1 or angle1 exceeds #de degrees1 that number must be found in the right hand column1 and opposite to it in the column indicated by the appropriate word at the bottom of the table4 ,thus1 the sine1 and cosine of #cf degrees are #ehggh and #hjijb respectively1 the radius of the table being unity1 or #a4 ,the taking of proportional parts for minutes can only be done correctly in those parts of the table where the differences between the successive sines1 c41 run pretty uniformly4 ,suppose we want the natural sine of #bj #af4 ,the sine of #ba degrees is #cehcg1 that of #bj degrees is #cdbjb2 their difference is #afce4 ,this divided by #fj gives #bgbe for the proportional part due to #a minute1 and that again multiplied by #af gives #dcf for the proportional part for #af minutes4 ,hence the sum of #cdbjb and #dcf1 or #cdfch1 is very nearly the sine of #bj #af4 ,but the operation may often be contracted by recollecting that #aj minutes are 1 #ae minutes are 1 #dj minutes are of a degree1 and so on4 ,observe1 also1 that for cosines the results of the operations for proportional parts are to be deducted from the value of the required trigonometrical quantity in the preceding degree40 ,,application ,,of ,,trigonometry1 ,,without ,,logarithms1 to the determination of ,heights1 and ,distances4 ,example #a4--;,having measured a distance of #bjj feet in a direct horizontal line from the bottom of a steeple1 the angle of elevation of its top1 taken at that distance1 was found to be #dg #cj1 from hence it is required to find the height of the steeple8 ,by deducting #dg #cj from #ij1 the angle opposite the given side will be found 7#db #cj74 ,then by ,case #a4 ,,trigonometry3-- ,as sine #db #cj 3 #bjj 33 sine #dg #cj3 ,or #fgeef 3 #bjj 33 #gcgbc 3 #bjhb1 c41 height required4 ,by construction-- ,the triangle is constructed by making the side from a scale of equal parts1 and laying down the angles from the protractor4 ,then by measuring the unknown parts by the same scale1 the solution will be obtained4 ,example #b4--;,being on the side of a river1 and requiring the distance to a house on the other side1 #bjj yards were measured in a straight line by the side of the river1 and at each end of this base line the angles with the house were #fh #b1 and #gc #ae--required the distance from each end of the base line to the house8 ,the sum of the given angles 7#fh #b #gc #ae7 subtracted from #ahj will give the third angle 7#ch #dc74 ,then by ,case #a4 ,,trigonometry3-- ,as sine #ch #dc 3 #bjj 33 sine #fh #b #fbedd 3 #bjj 33 #ibgci 3 #bife first distance required4 ,as sine #ch #dc 3 #bjj 33 sine #gc #ae #fbedd 3 #bjj 33 #iegec 3 #cjfa second distance required4 ,similarly to the preceding examples1 ,,heights1 ,,and ,,distances may be rapidly 7and for military purposes1 sufficiently accurately7 computed in the field1 by means of the foregoing trigonometrical table1 if proper attention is paid to the principles by which the unknown angles of triangles may be ascertained3 a base line1 and requisite angle1 or angles1 having been given4 ,it will1 however1 be necessary to use advantageously the methods in ,cases #a1 #b 7vide ,trigonometry71 and also the properties in the subsequent theorems1 and corollaries4#ej ,,table1 ,showing the reduction in feet1 and decimals upon #ajj feet1 for the following angles of elevation1 and depression4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,angle4 ,reduction4 ,angle4 ,reduction4 ,angle4 ,reduction4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- #c #j #ad #i #j #abb #ae #j #cdj #i #cj #ach #ae #cj #cfd #d #j #be #aj #j #aeb #af #j #chh #aj #cj #afh #af #cj #dab #e #j #ch #aa #j #ahd #ag #j #dcg #aa #cj #bja #ag #cj #dfc #f #j #ee #ab #j #bai #ah #j #dij #f #cj #fe #ab #cj #bcg #ah #cj #eag #g #j #gf #ac #j #bef #ai #j #edd #g #cj #hf #ac #cj #bgg #ai #cj #egd #h #j 4#ih #ad #j #big #bj #j #fjh #h #cj #aaj #ad #cj #cah #bj #cj #fcc ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,the reduction for #ajj feet 7from the above table7 multiplied by the number of times #ajj feet measured1 will give the quantity to be subtracted from the measured length of an inclination1 to reduce it to a horizontal position4 ,illustration3 ,surveying1 and ,reconnoitring4 ,fig4 #a4 ,fig4 #b4 ,fig4 #c4 ,fig4 #d4 ,fig4 #e4 ,fig4 #f4 ,j4 ,w4 ,lowry1 sc4 ,,table1 showing the rate of inclination of inclined planes1 for the following angles of elevation4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,angle4 ,one in ,angle4 ,one in ,angle4 ,one in ---------------------------------------- -------- #j #ae #bbh #c #cj #ag #g #j #h #j #cj #aad #c #de #af #g #cj #g #j #de #gf #d #j #ae #h #j #g #a #j #ef #d #ae #ad #i #j #f #a #ae #df #d #cj #ac #aj #j #f #a #cj #ch #d #de #ab #aa #j #e #a #de #cb #e #j #aa #ab #j #e #b #j #bh #e #ae #aa #ac #j #e #b #ae #bf #e #cj #aj #ad #j #d #b #cj #bc #e #de #aj #ae #j #d #b #de #ba #f #j #i #af #j #c #c #j #ai #f #cj #i #ag #j #c #c #ae #ah #f #de #h #ah #j #c ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,surveying1 ,,and ,,reconnoitring4 ,,heights1 ,,and ,,distances4 ,the accurate determination of heights1 and distances of objects being required in various military operations1 especially for the position of batteries1 the following methods for their attainment will be found useful when the requisite instruments are at hand2 by frequent practice1 the eye should1 however1 be enabled to determine1 nearly1 either the height of1 or distance from any object4 ,,heights4 #a4--;,,by ,,means ,,of ,a 8,,pocket ,,sextant10 to ascertain the height of an object4 ,when the sextant is used for taking the height of objects1 it is to be held vertically1 and the quicksilvered part of the horizon glass will be on the left hand of the observer1 or on the left part of the transparent glass4 ,altitudes are measured in the same manner as horizontal angles1 for if we conceive the horizontal triangle ,a ,b ,c 7vide ,plate #b1 ,fig4 #b71 to be raised on its base ,a ,c with the angle ,c next to the observer1 then the perpendicular ,a ,b becomes the height of the object ,b2 and supposing the object to stand on a horizontal plane1 then the ground and the object form the right angle at ,a2 therefore1 if the object is accessible1 the sextant need only be set at any of the angles mentioned for distances 7vide ,art4 ,,distances71 and walking backward on the line ,a ,c until the top of the object is brought down to the height of the observer's eye from the ground1 then the distance from where the observer stands to the object will be in the same proportion to its height as the base was to the distance4 ,then add the height of the eye from the ground1 and the height of the object will be ascertained4 ,if the object is not accessible1 the angle must be taken1 and calculated by trigonometry4 #b4--;,,by ,,means ,,of ,a ,,portable ,,barometer1 ,,and ,,thermometer1 to ascertain the height of an object4 ,observe the altitude 7,b7 of the mercurial column in inches1 tenths1 and hundredths1 at the bottom of the hill1 or other object1 the height of which is required4 ,observe1 also1 the altitude 7b7 of the mercurial column at the top of the object4 ,observe the temperature on ,fahrenheit's thermometer at the times of the two barometrical observations1 and take the mean between them4 ,then #eejjj 7,b - b7_/7,b b7 the height of the hill in feet1 for the temperature of #ee degrees on ,fahrenheit4 ,add #a_/ddj of this result for every degree which the mean temperature exceeds #ee degrees1 and subtract as much for every degree below #ee degrees4 ,this will be a good approximation when the height of the hill is below #bjjj feet4 #c4--;,,by ,,means ,,of ,,the ,,reconnoitring ,,protractor1#ea to measure the height of an inaccessible object4 ,plate1 ,,surveying1 ,,and ,,reconnoitring1 ,fig4 #a4 ,place yourself at a convenient distance from the object whose height is required1 taking care to have a good base line to the second station4 ,hold the protractor vertically1 with a steady hand1 the tube side uppermost1 and bring the top of the object in a line with the centre of the tube4 ,allow the arm 7or index7 to vibrate freely1 and1 when steady1 note the angular height of the object 7shown by the edge of the index on the marginal scale of degrees74 ,by the aid of points taken through the tube1 or by pickets1 then pace1 or measure a base in a direct line from the object2 and1 when arrived at the second station1 again note the angular height of the object4 ,construction-- ,set off the angles1 and draw the respective lines1 which1 by their intersection1 will determine the height of the perpendicular1 to which the height of the protractor above the ground must be added for the altitude of the object4 ,by using the scale of the measured base line1 the height required will be ascertained1 or it may be calculated by 8,,trigonometry1 ,,without ,,logarithms40--,page #cjc4 ,to measure the height of an accessible object4 ,plate1 ,,surveying1 ,,and ,,reconnoitring1 ,fig4 #b4 ,at an appropriate distance from the object1 take its angular height and measure the distance to its base4 ,construction-- ,draw a line representing this distance1 at one end of which draw another line at the angle found1 and at the other erect a perpendicular2 the intersection of these lines will determine the altitude of the object4 ,to measure the vertical height of a hill1 or mountain4 ,fig4 #c1 ,plate1 ,,surveying1 ,,and ,,reconnoitring4 ,from a station a short distance from the hill1 take1 and note down its angular height2 then select a rear position for a base line1 using the tube of the protractor to insure a straight direction2 proceed to the requisite distance on the base1 and again note the altitude of the hill4 ,construction-- ,the intersection of lines drawn from each end of the base line1 at the angles found1 will determine the altitude2 the perpendicular height of which1 added to that of the protractor above the ground1 will give the altitude required4 ,to measure the altitude of a tower1 c41 on a height4 ,fig4 #d1 ,plate1 ,,surveying1 ,,and ,,reconnoitring4 ,from the first station1 near the base1 take the altitude of the hill1 and also that of the tower above it1 and note down these angles2 proceed to another station in a straight line with the former one1 measuring its length1 and again observe the angular height of the hill1 and also that of the top of the tower4 ,similarly to the previously described mode1 ascertain1 first1 the height of the hill2 second1 the height of the hill1 and tower2 deduct the first calculation from the second1 which will leave the height of the tower4 ,in all the foregoing cases the heights may be correctly ascertained by trigonometrical calculations 7vide ,,trigonometry1 ,,without ,,logarithms1 page #cjc74 #d4--;,,by ,,the ,,shadow ,,of ,,the ,,object1 to ascertain the height4 ,set up vertically a staff of known length1 and measure the length of its shadow upon a horizontal1 or other plane2 measure also the length of the shadow of the object of which the altitude is required4 ,then1 by the property of similar triangles1 ,as the length of the shadow of the staff is to the altitude of the staff1 so is the length of the shadow of the object to the altitude of the object4 #e4--,,when ,,there ,,is ,,no ,,shadow1 to ascertain the height4 ,place a staff 7equal in length to the height of the observer's eye7 vertically at such a distance from the foot of the required altitude1 that the observer1 having laid himself upon his back1 with his feet against the bottom of the stick1 may see the top of the staff1 and object in the same line4 ,then1 by similar triangles1 the height may be readily ascertained4 #f4--;,,by ,,means ,,of ,,the ,,tangent ,,scale ,,of ,a ,,gun1 to ascertain the height of an object1 the distance being known4 ,lay the gun for the top of the object the height of which is required1 then raise the tangent scale until the top of it1 and the notch on the muzzle are in line with the bottom of the object3 then1 by similar triangles1 ,as the length of the gun is to the length of the raised part of the tangent scale1 so is the distance from the gun to the object1 to the height required4 ,illustration3 ,plate #b4 ,,heights4 ,fig4 #a4 ,fig4 #b4 ,,distances4 ,fig4 #c4 ,fig4 #d4 ,fig4 #e4 ,,practical ,,geometry4 ,fig4 4 ,fig4 #ba4 ,fig4 #bb4 #g4--;,,by ,,means ,,of ,,two ,,pickets1 to ascertain the height of an object4 ,vide #bnd ,plate1 ,,heights1 ,,and ,,distances1 ,fig4 #a4 ,let two pickets ,c ,d 7#d feet71 ,e ,f 7#f feet71 be placed with their bases in the line ,c ,a passing through ,a the height required1 and move them nearer to1 or farther from each other1 until the summit ,b of the object is seen in the same line as ,d1 and ,f1 the tops of the rods4 ,then1 by the principles of similar triangles1 ,as ,d ,h 7 ,c ,e7 3 ,f ,h 33 ,d ,g 7 ,c ,a7 3 ,b ,g4 ,to which add ,a ,g ,c ,d for the whole height ,a ,b4 ,thus1 supposing ,c ,e to be #f feet1 ,f ,h #b feet1 and ,c ,a #aej feet1 the proportion will be1 ,as #f 3 #b 33 #aej 3 #ej feet4 ,then #ej ,c ,d will be the altitude required4 ,,distances4 #a4--;,,by ,,means ,,of ,,the ,,sextant1#eb to find the distance from an object1 whose height is known4 ,let ,a ,b represent the height of the object2 ,c your station2 and ,c ,b the distance to be found4 ,illustration3 7right angle triangle ,a ,b ,c7 ,take the angle ,b ,c ,a with the sextant1#eb and note it in minutes2 then ,a ,b1 in feet #egc ,b ,c ,a1 in minutes ,a ,c in fathoms4 ,or ,a ,b in feet #egc ,b ,c ,a1 in minutes #b ,a ,c in yards4 #egc is a constant multiple4 ,this method requires no table of sines1 c41 the number of minutes in the angle being used instead of the sine4 #b4--;,,by ,,means ,,of ,a ,,pocket ,,sextant1 to measure inaccessible distances4 ,when used for taking the distance of objects1 the sextant is to be held horizontally1 and the quicksilvered part of the glass will be uppermost1 or above the transparent part4 ,to ascertain the distance ,a ,b 7vide ,plate #b1 ,fig4 #b71 obtain1 by observation1 the direction ,a ,c perpendicular to ,a ,b1 which is thus performed3--,set the instrument at #ij1 and place yourself at the point ,a1 with your right towards the point ,b2 then look through the sextant1 and direct a picket to be placed in the line ,a ,c at #ajj yards1 or feet1 from you1 so that the point ,b will appear right above it4 ,then set the sextant at #de1 and walk along the line towards ,c until you bring the points ,a1 and ,b to coincide2 the base and perpendicular will then be of equal length1 and ,a ,c being known1 or measured1 the distance ,a ,b will also be ascertained4 ,but if you cannot walk far enough to find angle ,c #de1 find it equal to #fc #bf1 and then ,a ,c ,a ,b2 at #ga #cd ,a ,b2 at #ge #eh ,a ,b2 at #gh #da ,a ,b2 at #hj #cb ,a ,b2 at #hb #eb ,a ,b2 and at #hd #ag the distance will be ,a ,b4 ,should the object be far distant1 it will be necessary to take a long base1 and the side ,a ,b must be calculated1 therefore1 by trigonometry4 #c4--;,,by ,,means ,,of ,,the ,,prismatic ,,compass1 to measure inaccessible distances4 ,having fixed the instrument to the stand1 place it over the station-point1 spreading the legs so as to give sufficient firmness1 and observing that the card is level enough to allow it to play freely2 raise the prism by means of the slide1 until the divisions of the compass-card are distinctly seen2 then look through the slit1 and turn the box round until the thread bisects the object whose distance is required2 allow the card to settle1 and the division on it1 which coincides with the thread of the vane1 will be the azimuth1 or bearing of the object1 reckoned from the north1 or south point of the needle1 when the card is divided into twice #ahj degrees4 ,the angular distance between any two objects will1 of course1 be the difference of their bearings2 thus1 suppose one to bear #ae ,n4,e41 and the other #afe ,s4,e41 the angular distance between them will be #aej4 ,in military sketching1 the compass is often supported merely by the hands1 using the little spring to check the vibrations of the card4 ,in windy weather1 the mean of these vibrations must be taken for the bearing sought4 ,the directions for surveying1 c41 c41 by means of 8,the ,reconnoitring ,protractor10 apply similarly to the 8,prismatic ,compass40 #d4--;,,by ,,means ,,of 8,,the ,,reconnoitring ,,protractor10 to ascertain the distance from inacessible objects4 ,plate1 ,,surveying1 ,,and ,,reconnoitring1 ,fig4 #f4 ,select a good position for a base line2 fix the protractor on the tripod at the first station1 placing the instrument in a direct line between the first station and the point selected for the second station4 ,direct the index consecutively at the objects1 the relative distances of which are to be ascertained1 and note correctly their respective angles4 ,when the object is above the horizontal line1 the sliding-sight must be sufficiently raised to take its bearing2 and1 should the object be below the level of the protractor1 its angle may be taken by observation through the upper holes of the near sight2 or the feet of the tripod may be adjusted1 by raising1 or sinking them in the ground1 so that the index may be correctly directed to the object4 ,then proceed to the second station1 measuring1 or carefully pacing the base line1 at the end of which fix the protractor in a straight line between the two stations2 direct the index at the objects previously noted at the first station1 taking their respective angles as before4 ,construction-- ,draw the base of the length required1 according to the scale2 from each end of which set off the angles found1 and draw the lines required2 the intersection of these will determine the position of the several objects1 and their relative distances may be ascertained by measurement on the scale of the base line2 or they may be calculated trigonometrically4 #e4--;,,by ,,means ,,of ,,two ,,pickets1 to ascertain the distance from an object4 ,take two pickets of unequal lengths1 drive the shortest into the ground1 say close to the edge of a river2 measure some paces back from it1 and drive in the other1 till you find1 by looking over the tops of both1 that your sight cuts the opposite bank4 ,pull up the first picket1 measure the same distance from the second in any direction the most horizontal1 and drive it as deep in the ground as before4 ,then1 if you look over them again1 and observe where the line of sight falls1 or terminates1 you will have the distance required4 ,this method is only applicable to short distances4 #f4--,to ascertain the distance of the object ,a from ,b4 ,vide ,plate #b1 ,fig4 #c4 ,place a picket at ,b1 and another at ,c at a few yards' distance1 making ,a ,b ,c a right angle1 or ,b ,c perpendicular to ,a ,b4#ec ,divide ,b ,c into #d1 #e1 or any number of equal parts1 make another similar angle at ,c in a direction from the object1 and walk along the line ,c ,d until you bring yourself in a line with the object ,a1 and any of the divisions 7say ,o7 of the line ,b ,c4 ,then 7having measured ,c ,d7 as ,c ,o 3 ,c ,d 33 ,b ,o 3 ,b ,a4 ,or1 as #aj 3 #ec 33 #cj 3 #aei yards4 #g4--,to find the distance between two objects1 ,c1 and ,d4 ,vide ,plate #b1 ,fig4 #d4 ,from any point ,a1 taken in the line ,c ,d1 erect the perpendicular ,a ,e1 in which set off from ,a to ,e #dj yards1 set off from ,e to ,g1 in the prolongation of ,a ,e1 #aj yards1 at ,g raise the perpendicular ,g ,f1 and produce it towards ,i1 plant pickets at ,e1 and ,g1 then move with another picket on ,g ,f1 till ,f is in a line with ,e1 and ,d2 and on the prolongation of the perpendicular ,f ,g place another picket at ,i in the line with ,e1 and ,c3 measure ,f ,i 7#ed yards71 then-- as ,g ,e 3 ,a ,e 33 ,f ,i 3 ,c ,d2 ,or1 as #aj 3 #dj 33 #ed 3 #baf yards4 #h4--,to find the inaccessible length1 ,a1 ,b1 of the front of a fortification4 ,plate #b1 ,fig4 #e4 ,plant a picket at ,c1 from whence both points may be seen2 find the lengths ,c ,a1 ,c ,b 7by the method in ,no4 #e72 make ,c ,e one-fourth1 or any part of ,c ,b1 and make ,c ,d bear the same proportion to ,c ,a3 measure ,d ,e2 then as ,c ,d 3 ,d ,e 33 ,c ,a 3 ,a ,b4 ,nearly in the same manner the distance from ,b to ,a may be ascertained1 when the point ,b is accessible2 for having measured the line ,c ,b1 and made the angle ,c ,e ,d equal to ,c ,b ,a1 the proportion will be as ,c ,e 3 ,d ,e 33 ,c ,b 3 ,b ,a4 #i4--;,,by ,,means ,,of ,,the ,,tangent ,,scale ,,of ,a ,,gun1 to ascertain the distance1 the height of the object at the required distance being known4 ,lay the gun by the line of metal for the top of the object2 then raise the tangent scale till the top of it and the notch on the muzzle are in line with the foot of the object1 and note what length of scale is required4 ,then1--by similar triangles-- ,as the length of the raised part of the tangent scale is to the length of the gun2 so is the height of the distant object to the distance required4 ,thus1 supposing the height of the object to be #i feet1 the length of that part of the tangent scale which is raised1 #c inches1 and of the gun #f feet1 the proportion will be-- ,as #c 3 #gb 33 #ajh 3 #beib inches1 or #baf feet4 #aj4--;,,by ,,means ,,of ,,the ,,peak ,,of ,a ,,cap1 to measure the breadth of a river4 ,place yourself at the edge of one bank1 and lower the peak of your cap till you find the edge of it cut the other bank1 then steady your head by placing your hand under your chin1 and turn round gently to some level spot of ground on your side of the river1 and observe where your eyes1 and the edge of the peak again meet the ground2 measure the distance1 which will be nearly the breadth of the river4 #aa4--;,,by ,,the ,,report ,,of ,,fire-,,arms1 ,,to ,,ascertain ,,the ,,distance ,,of ,,any ,,object1 vide ,,sound1 page #caf4 ,to estimate distances1 in the field4 ,good eyesight recognises masses of troops at #agjj yards2 beyond this distance the glitter of arms may be observed4 ,at #acjj yards infantry may be distinguished from cavalry1 and the movement of troops may be seen2 the horses of cavalry are not1 however quite distinct1 but that the men are on horseback is clear4 ,a single individual detached from the rest of the corps may be seen at #ajjj yards1 but his head does not appear as a round ball until he has approached up to #gjj yards2 at which distance white cross-belts1 and white trousers may be seen4 ,at #ejj yards the face may be observed as a light coloured spot2 the head1 body1 arms1 and their movements1 as well as the uniform1 and the firelocks 7when bright barrels7 can be made out4 ,at between #bjj and #bej yards all parts of the body are clearly visible1 the details of the uniform are tolerably clear1 and the officers may be distinguished from the men4 ,vide 8,,united ,,service ,,magazine40--,no4 ,,cccxxxi4 ,,by ,,means ,,of ,,the ,,reconnoitring ,,protractor1 to traverse roads4 ,plate1 ,,surveying1 ,,and ,,reconnoitring1 ,fig4 #e4 ,fix the protractor on the tripod at the first station1 placing it so that the side tube may be in a direct line with the intended second station4 ,from each end of the tube observe the objects in sight 7or place pickets7 in order to secure a straight line in pacing1 or measuring1 from the first to the second station4 ,mark the distance between the stations1 and place the protractor1 by means of the tube1 in a direct line with the first station4 ,then select the third station1 and direct the arm or index correctly to it 7using the upper holes of the near sight for a declivity1 or raising the sliding-sight for an ascent72 note the angle thus found1 and notice the objects in front1 and rear 7if any1 if not1 place pickets7 for points to enable you to pace towards1 and work with accuracy at the third station4 ,select station #d1 place the tube in line with the third1 and second stations2 note the bearing of ,no4 #d1 and pace the distance to it4 ,proceed thus from station to station1 entering the angles1 and distances in your note-book1 as well as the offsets 7which must also be carefully measured7 from the lines taken1 until the survey is completed4 ,construction-- ,the day's work will be easily plotted on paper1 by setting off the angles found1 and drawing lines for the measured distances1 according to scale4 ,,sound4 ,the movement communicated to the particles of air by the vibrations of a sonorous body is the cause of the sensation of sound2 and it is because the particles are driven from the point of vibration in every direction1 as from a centre1 that the sound is perceived at once1 everywhere within the surface of a sphere of a certain extent4 ,the velocity of sound2 or the space through which it is propagated in a given time1 has been differently estimated by authors who have written on this subject4 ,roberval states it to be at the rate of #efj feet in a second2 ,gassendus at #adgc2 ,mersenne at #adgd2 ,duhamel at #acch2 ,newton at #ifj2 ,derham1 in whose measure ,flamsteed and ,halley acquiesce1 at #aadb4 ,by accounts in the ,memoirs of the ,royal ,academy of ,sciences1 at ,paris1 #agch1 where cannon were fired at various distances1 under many varieties of weather1 wind1 and other circumstances1 and where the measures of the different places had been settled with the utmost exactness1 it was found that sound was propagated1 on a medium1 at the rate of #ajch ,french feet in a second of time1 which is equivalent to #aajg ,english feet1 the ,french foot being in proportion to the ,english as #ae to #af4 ,from various experiments made with great care by ,dr4 ,o4 ,gregory1 it has been found that sound flies through the air uniformly at the rate of about #aajj feet per second1 when the air is quiescent1 and at a medium temperature4 ,at the temperature of freezing1 or a little below1 the velocity is about #aabj4 ,the approximate velocities under different temperatures may be found by adding to #aajj half a foot for every degree on ,fahrenheit's thermometer above the freezing point4 ,the mean velocity may be taken at #cgj yards per second1 or a mile in #d-g_/i second4 ,hence1 multiplying any time employed by sound in moving by #cgj1 will give the corresponding space in yards1 or dividing any space in yards by #cgj will give the time which sound will occupy in passing uniformly over that space4 ,if the wind blow briskly1 as at the rate of #bj to #fj feet per second1 in the direction in which the sound moves1 the velocity of the sound will be proportionally augmented2 if the direction of the wind is opposed to that of the sound1 the difference of their velocities must be employed4 ,the velocity of sound is not affected by its intensity1 the smallest sound moving as rapidly as the loudest4 ,to ascertain the distance of any object by the report of fire-arms4 7,vide #aa4 ,page #cad47 ,multiply the number of seconds which elapse between the time of seeing the flash1 and hearing the report by #aajj1 and the product will be the distance in feet1 with sufficient accuracy for ordinary purposes4 ,if greater accuracy be required1 this rule must be modified1 on account of the velocity1 and direction of the wind1 and state of the thermometer4 ,sound will be louder in proportion to the condensation of the air4 ,water is one of the greatest conductors of sound2 it can be heard on water nearly twice as far as upon land4 ,,gravity4 ,gravity is downward pressure1 or weight1 being the natural tendency of all bodies towards the centre of the earth4 7,vide ,gravity1 ,,motion1 ,,forces4 ,page #cbj47 ,absolute gravity denotes the whole force with which a body tends downwards1 as when the body is in empty space4 ,specific gravity denotes the relative or comparative gravity of any body1 in respect to that of another body of equal bulk1 or magnitude4 ,centre of gravity is that point in a body1 or system of bodies1 on which1 if rested1 or suspended1 the whole would remain in a state of equilibrium about that point4 ,the centre of gravity of a circle1 regular polygon1 prism1 cylinder1 or sphere1 is in its centre4 ,the centre of gravity of a triangle is found by bisecting any two of its sides1 and drawing lines from the points of bisection to the opposite angles2 the intersection of these lines will be the centre of gravity4 ,force of gravity1 or gravitation1 is an accelerated velocity1 which bodies acquire in falling freely from a state of rest4 #a4 ,the space through which a body will fall in feet1 in any given time equals the product of the square of the time multiplied by #afjhcc4 ,example4--,required the space a falling body will pass through in five seconds8 #afjhcc #be #dabjhbe feet4 #b4 ,the velocity in feet1 which a body in descending freely will acquire in a given time1 equals the product of the time in seconds multiplied by #cbafff4 ,example4--,what is the velocity acquired at the end of seven seconds8 #cbafff #g #bbeaffb feet4 #c4 ,the velocity in feet per second that a body will acquire1 in falling through a given space1 equals the square root of the product of the time multiplied by #fdcccc4 ,example4--,the space through which a body has fallen is #bja feet2 required its velocity at the end of the fall8 7#fdcccc #bja7 7#abica7 #aacg feet4 ,,specific ,,gravities ,,of ,,several ,,solid1 ,,and ,,fluid ,,bodies4 ,air1#ed in a mean state #abcb ,brass1 cast #hjjj ,brick #bjjj ,coal#ed #abej ,copper #ijjj ,cork #bdj ,clay #bafj ,earth1 common #aihd ,flint #begj ,gold1 standard #ahhhh ,gun metal #hghd ,gunpowder--solid #agde 0 loose #hfh ,granite #cjjj ,iron1 cast #gdbe ,lead #aacbe ,pitch #aaej ,sand#ed #aebj ,silver1 standard #ajece ,steel #ghej ,stone1 common #bebj ,tin #gcbj ,water1 rain #ajjj #ed sea #ajcj ,wood--alder #hjj ash1 the trunk #hde beech #heb elm1 and larch #edj fir1 ,riga1 maple #gej pine1 pitch red #ffj oak #iej walnut #fga ,these numbers represent the weight of a cubic foot 7or #agbh cubic inches7 of each of the bodies in ounces 7avoirdupois74 ,to find the magnitude of any body from its weight4 ,as the tabular specific gravity of the body is to its weight in avoirdupois ounces2 so is one cubic foot 7or #agbh cubic inches7 to its content in feet1 or inches1 respectively4 ,to find the weight of a body1 from its magnitude4 ,as one cubic foot 7#agbh cubic inches7 is to the content of the body2 so is its tabular specific gravity to the weight of the body4 ,to find the specific gravity of a body4 #a4--,when the body is heavier than water4 ,weigh it both in water1 and out of water1 and take the difference3 ,then1--,as the weight lost in water is to the whole or absolute weight2 so is the specific gravity of water to the specific gravity of the body4 #b4--,when the body is lighter than water1 so that it will not sink1 annex to it another body heavier than water1 so that the mass compounded of the two may sink together4 ,weigh the denser body1 and the compound mass separately1 both in water1 and out of it2 then find how much each loses in water1 by subtracting its weight in water from its weight in air2 and subtract the less of these remainders from the greater4 ,then1--,as the last remainder is to the weight of the light body in air2 so is the specific gravity of water to the specific gravity of the body4 #c4--;,for a fluid of any sort4 ,take a piece of a body of known specific gravity1 weigh it both in1 and out of the fluid1 finding the loss of weight by taking the difference of the two3 ,then1--,as the whole or absolute weight is to the loss of weight2 so is the specific gravity of the solid to the specific gravity of the fluid4 ,to find the quantities of two ingredients in a given compound4 ,take the three differences of every pair of the three specific gravities1 namely1 the specific gravities of the compound1 and each ingredient1 and multiply each specific gravity by the difference of the other two3 ,then1--,as the greatest product is to the whole weight of the compound2 so is each of the other two products to the weights of the two ingredients4 ,to find the diameter of any small sphere1 or globule1 whose specific gravity is given 7or can be found in the ,table7 and weight known4 ,divide its weight in grains by the number expressing its specific gravity2 extract the cube root of this quotient1 and multiply it by #aifab for the diameter4 ,,weight ,,of ,a ,,cubic ,,foot ,,of ,,the ,,following ,,materials1 in pounds4 ,ash #di ,beech #dc ,birch #di ,box #fj ,cork #ae ,elm #cf ,fir #cj ,mahogany1 ,spanish #ej ,pine1 red #da ,teak #da ,walnut #da ,coke #df ,clay #abe ,earth1 loose #ie ,gravel #abj ,granite #aff ,brick1 common #ih ,chalk #ade ,coal1 ,newcastle #gh ,antimony #dah ,brass1 cast #ebe ,copper #ech ,gold1 pure #abjc ,iron1 cast1 variable #ddd ,lead #gag ,silver1 standard #fdd ,tin #dee ,by means of the foregoing table1 the weight of any quantity of the materials specified 7in cubic feet7 may readily be found4 ,,motion1 ,,forces1 c4 ,body is the mass or quantity of matter in any material substance1 and it is always proportional to its weight1 or gravity1 whatever its figure may be4 ,density is the proportional weight1 or quantity of matter in any body4 ,velocity1 or celerity1 is an affection of motion by which a body passes over a certain space in a certain time4 ,momentum1 or quantity of motion1 is the power1 or force1 in moving bodies4 ,force is a power exerted on a body to move it1 or to stop it4 ,if the force act constantly1 it is a permanent force1 like pressure1 or the force or gravity2 but if it act instantaneously1 or for an imperceptibly short time1 it is called impulse1 or percussion1 like the smart blow of a hammer4 ,a motive1 or moving force1 is the power of an agent to produce motion4 ,accelerative1 or retardative force1 is that which affects the velocity only1 or it is that by which the velocity is accelerated1 or retarded4 ,the change1 or alteration of motion by any external force1 is always proportional to that force1 and in the direction of the right line in which it acts4 ,if a body be projected in free space1 either parallel to the horizon1 or in an oblique direction1 by the force of gunpowder1 or any other impulse3 it will1 by this motion1 in conjunction with the action of gravity1 describe the curve line of a parabola4 ,a parabola is the section formed by cutting a cone1 with a plane1 parallel to the side of the cone4 ,gravity 7vide page #caf7 is a force of such a nature that all bodies1 whether light or heavy1 fall perpendicularly through equal spaces in the same time1 abstracting the resistance of the air2 as lead1 and a feather1 which1 in an exhausted receiver1 fall from the top to the bottom in the same time4 ,the velocities acquired by descending1 are in the exact proportion of the times of descent1 and the spaces descended are proportional to the squares of the times1 and1 therefore1 to the squares of the velocities4 ,hence1 then1 it follows that the weights1 or gravities of bodies near the surface of the earth are proportional to the quantities of matter contained in them2 and that the spaces1 times1 and velocities generated by gravity1 have the relations contained in the three general proportions before laid down4 ,a body in the latitude of ,london falls nearly #af-a_/ab feet in the first second of time1 and consequently1 at the end of that time1 it has acquired a velocity double1 or of #cb feet4 ,the times being as the velocities1 and the spaces as the squares of either2 therefore1 if the times be as the ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj2 the velocities will also be as #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj2 and the spaces as their squares #a1 #d1 #i1 #af1 #be1 #cf1 #di1 #fd1 #ha1 #ajj2 and the spaces for each time1 #a1 #c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 #aa1 #ac1 #ae1 #ag1 #ai4 ,namely1 as the series of the odd numbers1 which are the differences of the squares denoting the whole spaces4 ,so that if the first series of natural numbers be seconds of time1 namely3 the times in seconds #a #b #c #d c4 the velocities in feet will be #cb #fd #if #abh1 c4 the spaces in the whole times #af-a_/ab #fd #add #beg1 c4 and the space for each second #af-a_/ab #dh #hj-e_/ab #aab-g_/ab1 c4 of which spaces the common difference is #cb feet1 the natural and obvious measure of the force of gravity4 ,thus1 a body falling from a state of rest acquires a velocity to pass through #i spaces in the fifth second of time2 #g in the fourth2 #e in the third2 #c in the second2 and #a in the first4 ,thus it is #i #g #e #c #a #be1 which shows that the whole spaces passed through in #e seconds equal the square of #e4 ,the momentum1 or force1 of a body falling through the atmosphere is the mass or weight1 multiplied by the square root of the height it has fallen through1 multiplied by #hjba4 ,suppose a weight of #aj tons to be raised #i feet1 and to drop thence suddenly on a bridge2 the momentum is #aj 7#c #hjba7 #bdjfc tons4 ,that is1 a weight of #aj tons1 so falling1 would exert as great a strain to break down the bridge1 as the pressure of #bdjfc tons of dead weight4 ,thus1 a one-ounce ball falling from a height of #djj feet1 would strike the earth with a momentum of oz4 feet4 oz4 lb4 #a 7#bj #hjba7 #afjdb #ajjbf4 ,by experiments to ascertain the effect of ,carnot's vertical fire1 it was found that #d-oz4 balls only penetrated #j of an inch into deal board1 and from #b to #c inches into meadow ground4 ,amplitude signifies the range of a projectile1 or the right line upon the ground1 subtending the curvilinear path in which it moves4 ,the time of flight of different shot1 and shells is equal to the time a heavy body takes to descend freely from the highest point described by the curve of the projectile4 ,to find the time of descent3 ,divide the given height1 or altitude1 by #af-a_/ab1 and the square root of the quotient will be the time required4 ,thus1 if the altitude is #abjj feet1 and the time of descent is required1 #abjj #af-a_/ab #gdfa1 the square root of which is #hfcg1 the time required4 ,when a body is projected vertically downwards with a given velocity1 the space described is equal to the time multiplied by the velocity1 together with the product of #af-a_/ab by the square of the time2 but1 if the body is projected upwards1 the latter product must be subtracted from the former4 ,,practical ,,geometry4 ,,definitions4#ee ,a line is perpendicular to another when it inclines not more on the one side than on the other1 the angles on both sides being equal4 ,parallel lines are those which have no inclination to each other1 being everywhere equi-distant1 however far produced1 or extended4 ,an angle is the inclination1 or opening of two lines1 which meet in a point called the vertex1 or angular point3 and the two lines are called the legs1 or sides of the angle4 ,the measure of an angle is estimated by the number of degrees contained in the arc between its two legs4 ,a rectilinear angle has its legs or sides1 right1 or straight lines4 ,a curvilinear angle has its legs curves4 ,a right angle is formed by one line perpendicular to another2 the measure of which is an arc of #ij4 ,an acute angle is less than a right angle1 or than #ij4 ,an obtuse angle is greater than a right angle4 ,an oblique angle may be either acute1 or obtuse4 ,the circumference1 or periphery of a circle is the curved line which bounds it1 being everywhere equally distant from the centre4 ,the circumference is supposed to be divided into #cfj degrees 7marked thus 72 each degree into #fj minutes1 each minute 77 into #fj seconds 774 ,an arc is any part of the circumference of a circle4 ,a chord1 or subtense1 is a right line joining the extremities of an arc4 ,the radius of a circle is a right line drawn from the centre to the circumference4 ,the diameter of a circle is a right line drawn through the centre1 and terminated by the circumference4 ,a semicircle 7#ahj7 is that part of a circle which is contained between the diameter1 and half the circumference4 ,a quadrant is the fourth part of a circle1 being contained between two radii1 and an arc of #ij4 ,a segment is that part of a circle which is cut off by a chord4 ,a sector is that part of a circle contained between two radii1 and an arc4 ,a secant is a line which cuts a circle1 lying partly within1 and partly without it4 ,a tangent is a line which touches a circle1 or curve1 without cutting it4 ,the point of contact is where a tangent touches an arc4 ,triangles are figures having three sides1 and three angles4 ,an equilateral triangle has its three sides equal4 ,an isosceles triangle has only two equal sides4 ,a scalene triangle has all its sides unequal4 ,a rectangular1 or right-angled triangle has one of its angles a right one1 or #ij2 and the square of the side opposite the right angle is equal to the sum of the squares of the sides containing that angle2 hence a triangle1 having its sides proportional to the numbers #c1 #d1 #e1 will be right-angled4 ,the hypothenuse is the side opposite the right angle in a rectangular triangle4 ,an obtuse-angled triangle has one of its angles obtuse4 ,an acute-angled triangle has all its angles acute4 ,the three angles of any triangle1 taken together1 are equal to two right angles1 or #ahj4 ,the difference of the squares of two sides of a triangle is equal to the product of their sum and difference4 ,the sides of a triangle are proportional to the sines of their opposite angles4 ,quadrangles1 or quadrilaterals1 are plane figures bounded by four right lines4 ,a square is a quadrilateral having all its sides equal1 and all its angles right angles4 ,the diagonal of a square is equal to the square root of twice the square of its sides3 and the side of the square is equal to the square root of half the square of its diagonal4 ,the diagonal is a right line drawn across a quadrilateral figure1 from one angle to another4 ,the sum of the squares of the two diagonals of every parallelogram is equal to the sum of the squares of the four sides4 ,a parallelogram is a quadrilateral1 whose opposite sides are parallel4 ,a rectangle is a parallelogram having four right angles4 ,a rhomboid is an oblique-angled parallelogram4 ,a rhombus1 or lozenge1 is a quadrilateral1 whose sides are all equal but its angles oblique4 ,a trapezium is a quadrilateral1 which has none of its sides parallel to each other4 ,a trapezoid is a quadrilateral1 which has only two of its sides parallel4 ,polygons are plane figures bounded by more than four sides4 ,a regular polygon has all its sides1 and angles equal4 ,the perimeter of a figure is the sum of all its sides4 ,to bisect--is to divide into two equal parts4 ,to trisect--is to divide into three equal parts4 ,to inscribe--is to draw one figure within another1 so that all the angles of the inner figure touch either the angles1 sides1 or planes of the external figure4 ,to circumscribe--is to draw a figure round another1 so that either the angles1 sides1 or planes of the circumscribing figure touch all the angles of the figure within it4 ,,lines1 ,,angles1 ,,and ,,figures4 ,to divide a given right line into two equal parts4 ,from the extremities of the line as centres1 and with any opening in the compasses1 greater than half the given line1 as a radius1 describe arcs intersecting each other above1 and below the given line4 ,a line being drawn through these intersections will divide the given line into two equal parts4 ,an arc of a circle is bisected in the same manner4 ,to bisect an angle4 ,from the angular point1 measure equal distances on the two lines 7forming the angle71 and from these points1 with the same distance as radius1 describe arcs intersecting each other4 ,a line drawn from their intersections to the angular point will bisect the angle4 ,to erect a perpendicular4 ,from the point ,a set off any length #d times to ,c2 from ,a as a centre with #c of those parts describe an arc at ,b1 and from ,c with #e of them cut the arc at ,b4 ,draw ,a ,b1 which will be the perpendicular required4 ,any equimultiples of these numbers1 #c1 #d1 #e1 may be used for erecting a perpendicular4 ,plate #b1 ,,heights ,,and ,,distances1 and ,,practical ,,geometry1 ,fig4 4 ,to erect a perpendicular4 ,set off on each side of the point ,a1 any two equal distances1 ,a ,d1 ,a ,e4 ,from ,d and ,e as centres1 and with any radius greater than half ,d ,e1 describe two arcs intersecting each other in ,f4 ,through ,a1 and ,f draw the line ,a ,f1 and it will be the perpendicular required4 ,fig4 #a4--,plate1 ,,practical ,,geometry4 ,to let fall a perpendicular4 ,from ,d as a centre1 and with any radius1 describe an arc intersecting the given line4 ,from the points of intersection ,c1 and ,e1 with any radius greater than half1 describe two arcs1 cutting each other at ,f4 ,through ,d1 and ,f draw a line1 and ,d ,f will be the perpendicular required4 ,fig4 #b4 ,to draw a line parallel to a given line4 ,from any point ,d in the given line with the radius ,d ,c1 describe the arc ,c ,e1 and from ,c with the same radius describe the arc ,d ,f4 ,take ,e ,c1 and set it off from ,d to ,f4 ,through ,c1 and ,f draw ,c ,f for the parallel required4 ,fig4 #c4 ,to divide an angle into two equal parts4 ,from ,b as a centre with any radius describe an arc ,a ,c4 ,from ,a1 and ,c with any radius describe arcs intersecting each other in ,d4 ,then draw ,b ,d1 and it will bisect the angle4 ,fig4 #d4 ,illustration3 ,,practical ,,geometry4 ,fig4 #a-i4 ,illustration3,fig4 #aj-ad4 ,to divide a right angle into three equal parts4 ,from ,b as a centre with any radius describe the arc ,a ,c4 ,from ,a with the radius ,a ,b cut the arc ,a ,c in ,d1 and with the same radius from ,c cut it in ,e4 ,then through the intersections ,d1 and ,e draw the lines ,b ,d1 ,b ,e1 and they will trisect1 or divide the angle into three equal parts4 ,fig4 #e4 ,to find the centre of a circle4 ,draw any chord ,a ,b1 and bisect it by the perpendicular ,c ,d4 ,divide ,c ,d into two equal parts1 and the point of bisection ,o will be the centre required4 ,fig4 #f4 ,to describe an equilateral triangle4 ,from the points ,a1 ,b1 as centres1 and with ,a ,b as radius1 describe arcs intersecting each other in ,c4 ,draw ,c ,a1 ,c ,b1 and the figure ,a ,b ,c will be the triangle required4 ,fig4 #g4 ,to describe a square4 ,from the point ,b1 draw ,b ,c perpendicular1 and equal to ,a ,b4 ,on ,a1 and ,c1 with the radius ,a ,b1 describe arcs cutting each other in ,d4 ,draw the lines ,d ,a1 ,d ,c1 and the figure ,a ,b ,c ,d will be the square required4 ,fig4 #h4 ,to inscribe a square in a circle4 ,draw the diameters ,a ,b1 ,c ,d perpendicular to each other4 ,then draw the lines ,a ,d1 ,a ,c1 ,b ,d1 ,b ,c2 and ,a ,b ,c ,d will be the square required4 ,fig4 #i4 ,to inscribe an octagon in a circle4 ,bisect any two arcs ,a ,c1 ,b ,c of the square ,a ,b ,c ,d in ,g1 and ,e4 ,through the points ,g1 and ,e1 and the centre ,o draw lines1 which produce to ,f1 and ,h4 ,join ,a ,f1 ,f ,d1 ,d ,h1 c4 and they will form the octagon required4 ,fig4 #i4 ,on a line to describe all the several polygons1 from the hexagon to the dodecagon4 ,bisect ,a ,b by the perpendicular ,c ,d4 ,from ,a as a centre1 and with ,a ,b as a radius1 describe the arc ,b ,e1 which divide into six equal parts2 and from ,e as a centre describe the arcs #e ,f1 #d ,g1 #c ,h1 c4 ,then from the intersection ,e as a centre1 and with ,e ,a as a radius1 describe the circle ,a ,i ,d ,b1 which will contain ,a ,b six times4 ,from ,f in like manner as a centre1 and with ,f ,a as radius1 describe the circle ,a ,k ,l ,b1 which will contain ,a ,b seven times2 and so on for the other polygons4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,to inscribe in a circle an equilateral triangle4 ,from any point ,d in the circumference as a centre1 and with the radius ,d ,o of the given circle1 describe an arc ,a ,o ,b cutting the circumference in ,a1 and ,b4 ,through ,d1 and ,o draw ,d ,c4 ,then1 join ,a ,b1 ,a ,c1 ,b ,c2 and the figure ,a ,b ,c will be the triangle required4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,to inscribe a hexagon in a circle4 ,bisect the arcs ,a ,c1 ,b ,c in ,e1 and ,f1 and join ,a ,d1 ,d ,b1 ,b ,f1 c41 which will form the hexagon4 ,or carry the radius six times round the circumference1 and the hexagon will be obtained4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,to inscribe a dodecagon in a circle4 ,bisect the arc ,a ,d of the hexagon in ,g1 and ,a ,g being carried twelve times round the circumference1 will form the dodecagon4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,to inscribe a pentagon1 hexagon1 or decagon1 in a circle4 ,draw the diameter ,a ,b1 and make the radius ,d ,c perpendicular to ,a ,b4 ,bisect ,d ,b in ,e4 ,from ,e as a centre1 and with ,e ,c as radius1 describe an arc cutting ,a ,d in ,f4 ,join ,c ,f1 which will be the side of the pentagon1 ,c ,d that of the hexagon1 and ,d ,f that of the decagon4 ,fig4 #ab4 ,to find the angles at the centre1 and circumference of a regular polygon4 ,divide #cfj by the number of the sides of the given polygon1 and the quotient will be the angle at the centre2 and this angle being subtracted from #ahj1 the difference will be the angle1 at the circumference1 required4 ,table1 showing the angles at the centre1 and circumference4 ,names4 ,no4 of ,angles ,angles at sides4 at centre4 circumference4 ,trigon #c #abj #fj ,tetragon #d #ij #ij ,pentagon #e #gb #ajh ,hexagon #f #fj #abj ,heptagon #g #ea #be-e_/g #abh #cd-b_/g ,octagon #h #de #ace ,nonagon #i #dj #adj ,decagon #aj #cf #add ,to inscribe any regular polygon in a circle4 ,from the centre ,c draw the radii ,c ,a1 ,c ,b1 making an angle equal to that at the centre of the proposed polygon1 as contained in the preceding table4 ,then the distance ,a ,b will be one side of the polygon1 which1 being carried round the circumference the proper number of times1 will complete the polygon required4 ,fig4 #ac4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae-bj4 ,to circumscribe a circle about a triangle4 ,bisect any two of the given sides1 ,a ,b1 ,b ,c by the perpendiculars ,e ,f1 ,d ,f4 ,from the intersection ,f as a centre1 and with the distance of any of the angles1 as a radius1 describe the circle required4 ,fig4 #ad4 ,to circumscribe a circle about a square4 ,draw the two diagonals ,a ,c1 ,b ,d intersecting each other in ,o4 ,from ,o as a centre1 and with ,o ,a1 or ,o ,b1 as a radius1 describe the required circle4 ,fig4 #ae4 ,to circumscribe a square about a circle4 ,draw the two diameters ,a ,b1 ,c ,d perpendicular to each other1 through the points ,a1 ,c1 ,b1 ,d1 draw the tangents ,e ,f1 ,e ,g1 ,g ,h1 ,f ,h1 and ,e ,g ,h ,f will be the square required4 ,fig4 #af4 ,to reduce a map1 or plan1 from one scale to another4 ,divide the given figure ,a ,c by cross lines1 forming as many squares as may be thought necessary4 ,draw a line ,e ,f1 on which set off as many parts from the scale ,m1 as ,a ,b contains parts of the scale ,n4 ,draw ,e ,h1 and ,f ,g perpendicular to ,e ,f1 and each equal to the proportional parts contained in ,a ,d1 or ,b ,c4 ,join ,h ,g1 and divide the figure ,e ,g into the same number of squares as the original ,a ,c4 ,describe in every square what is contained in the corresponding square of the given figure2 and ,e ,f ,g ,h will be the reduced plan required4 ,the same operation will serve either to reduce1 or enlarge any map1 plan1 drawing1 or painting4 ,fig4 #ag4 ,,mensuration ,,of ,,planes1 ,,and ,,solids4 ,mensuration is of three kinds1 viz41 lineal1 superficial1 and solid4 ,lineal measure has reference to length only4 ,superficial measure 7or the surface7 includes length1 and breadth4 ,solid measure 7or the content7 comprehends length1 breadth1 and thickness4 ,,mensuration ,,of ,,planes4 ,the area of any plane figure is the superficial measure contained within its extremes1 or bounds4 ,this area is estimated by the number of small squares that may be contained in it1 the side of these measuring squares being an inch1 a foot1 or any other fixed quantity1 and hence the area is said to be so many square inches1 square feet1 c4 ,vide ,table1 ,square measure4 ,page #bge4 ,to find the area of a parallelogram1 whether a square1 rectangle1 c4 ,multiply the length by the breadth1 or perpendicular height1 for the area required4 ,example4--,required the area of a rectangle1 whose length is #i feet1 and breadth #d feet4 #i #d #cf feet4 ,the required area1 or surface4 ,to find the area of a triangle1 its base1 and perpendicular height being given4 ,multiply the base by the perpendicular height1 and half the product will be the area4 ,example4--,required the number of square yards contained in a triangle1 whose base is #bj yards1 and perpendicular height #ad yards4 7#bj #ad7 _/ #b #adj square yards4 ,area required4 ,to find the area of a triangle1 whose three sides are given4 ,from half the sum of the three sides1 subtract each side severally2 multiply the half sum1 and the three remainders together1 and the square root of the product will be the area required4 ,example4--,required the area of a triangle1 whose sides are #ej1 #dj1 and #cj feet4 7#ej #dj #cj7 _/ #b #fj1 half the sum of the three sides4 #fj - #cj #cj ,first difference4 #fj - #dj #bj ,second difference4 #fj - #ej #aj ,third difference4 #cj #bj #aj #fj #cfjjjj4 ,square root of #cfjjjj #fjj4 ,area required4 ,two sides of a right-angled triangle being given1 to find the third side4 #a4 ,when the two sides forming the right angle are given1 to find the hypothenuse1 or side opposite the right angle4 ,take the square root of the sum of the two sides squared for the side required4 ,example4--,required the length of the interior slope of a rampart1 whose perpendicular height is #ag feet1 and the base of the slope #bj feet4 #ag #ag #bhi #bj #bj #djj ----- ,the square root of #fhi #bfbd4 ,the length required4 #b4 ,when the hypothenuse1 and one of the perpendicular sides are given4 ,from the square of the hypothenuse1 subtract the square of the given side1 and the square root of the remainder will be the side required4 ,example4--,the hypothenuse being #e yards1 and the base #d yards1 required the other side4 #e #e #be #d #d #af ------------ ,the square root of #i #c yards4 ,the side required4 ,to find the area of a trapezium1 ,a ,b ,c ,d4 ,draw the diagonal ,a ,c1 upon which let fall from its opposite angles ,b1 and ,d1 the perpendiculars ,b ,f1 ,d ,e4 ,find by measurement the diagonal ,a ,c1 and the perpendiculars ,b ,f1 ,d ,e1 then multiply the sum of the perpendiculars by the diagonal1 and half the product will be the area of the trapezium4 ,fig4 #ah4 ,example4--,required the area of the trapezium1 whose diagonal ,a ,c is #ajj feet1 and perpendiculars ,b ,f #cj feet1 and ,d ,e #dj feet4 77#cj #dj7 #ajj7 _/ #b #cejj square feet4 ,area required4 ,or1 divide the trapezium into two triangles by a diagonal1 then find the areas of these triangles1 and add them together4 ,to find the area of a trapezoid1 ,a ,b ,c ,d4 ,multiply the sum of the parallel sides ,a ,b1 ,d ,c by the perpendicular distance ,e ,c1 and half the product will be the area4 ,fig4 #ai4 ,example4--,required the area of the trapezoid ,a ,b ,c ,d1 of which the parallel sides ,a ,b1 ,d ,c are #abj feet1 and #ij feet1 and the perpendicular distance ,e ,c #dj feet4 77#abj #ij7 #dj7 _/ #b #dbjj square feet4 ,area required4 ,to find the area of an irregular figure1 or polygon4 ,draw diagonals dividing the figure into trapeziums1 and triangles2 then1 having found the area of each1 add them together1 and the sum will be the area required4 ,to find the area of a figure1 having a part bounded by a curve4 ,draw a right line joining the extremities of the curve1 then find the area of the trapezium4 ,on the right line let fall as many perpendiculars as the several windings of the curve may require4 ,find their lengths1 and divide their sum by the number of perpendiculars1 and the quotient will be the mean breadth2 which being multiplied by the length of the right line1 will give the area of the curved part4 ,this area being added to that of the trapezium will give the area of the required figure4 ,to measure long irregular figures4 ,measure the breadth at both ends1 and at several places at equal distances4 ,add together all these intermediate breadths1 and half the two extremes1 which sum multiply by the length1 and divide by the number of parts for the area4 ,if the perpendiculars1 or breadths1 be not at equal distances1 compute all the parts separately1 as so many trapezoids1 and add them all together for the whole area4 ,example4--,the breadths of an irregular figure at five equi-distant places being #h1 #b1 #g1 #i1 #d1 and the whole length #dj1 required the area4 #h #d #ab #ab #b #f #f #b #g #i #bd 7#bd #dj7 _/ #d #bdj4 ,area required4 ,to find the number of square acres in any of the preceding figures4#ef ,divide the superficial content in feet by #dcefj1 and the quotient will be the number required4 ,to bring square chains to acres4 ,of square chains strike off two decimal places to the right1 and the rest of the figures will be acres4 ,to bring square links to acres4 ,of square links cut off five of the figures on the right hand1 for decimals1 and the rest will be acres2 then multiply these decimals by #d1 for roods1 cutting off five figures as before2 and the decimals of these again by #dj1 for perches1 when five figures are again to be struck off4 ,to find the area of a regular polygon4 ,multiply the perimeter 7or sum of the sides7 of the polygon by the perpendicular drawn from its centre on one of its sides1 and take half the product for the area4 ,or1 multiply the area of one of the triangles by the number of sides of the polygon1 and the product will be the area of it4 ,example4--,required1 the area of a regular hexagon1 whose side is #dj feet1 and the perpendicular #cdfd feet4 #dj #f #bdj the perimeter4 7#bdj #cdfd7 _/ #b #daefh square feet4 ,area required4 ,to find the diameter1 and circumference of any circle1 the one from the other4 ,use either of the following proportions3 as #g is to #bb so is the diameter or as #a is to #cadaf to the circumference4 as #bb is to #g so is the circumference or1 as #cadaf is to #a to the diameter4 or1 instead of dividing the diameter by #cadaf1 multiply it by #cahc1 for the circumference4 ,example #a4--,required1 the circumference of a circle1 whose diameter is #bj feet4 ,as #g 3 #bb 33 #bj 3 #fbheg feet4 ,circumference required4 ,example #b4--,required1 the diameter of a circle1 whose circumference is #cf inches4 ,as #bb 3 #g 33 #cf 3 #aade inches4 ,diameter required4 ,to find the diameter of a circle1 the area being given4 ,divide the area by #ghed1 and the square root of the quotient will be the diameter required4 ,example4--,required1 the diameter of a circle1 whose area is #agfgae square feet4 #agfgae #ghed #bbe4 ,square root of #bbe #ae feet4 ,diameter required4 ,to find the area of a circle4 #a4 ,multiply half the circumference by half the diameter1 or multiply the whole circumference by the whole diameter1 and take of the product4 #b4 ,or1 square the diameter1 and multiply that square by #ghed for the area4 #c4 ,or1 square the circumference1 and multiply that square by #jgieh4 ,example #a4--,required the area of a circle1 whose circumference is #eeedh inches1 and its diameter #ah inches4 #eeedh _/ #b #bgggd half circumference4 #ah _/ #b #i half diameter4 #bgggd #i #bdiiff1 square inches4 ,area required4 ,example #b4--,required the area of a circle whose diameter is #ab feet4 #ab #ab #add1 square of the diameter4 #ghed #add #aacjigf square feet4 ,area required4 ,example #c4--,required the area of a circle1 whose circumference is #bb feet4 #bb #bb #dhd4 #dhd #jgieh #cheafgb square feet4 ,area required4 ,to find the area of a circular ring1 or space included between the circumferences of two circles1 the one within the other4 #a4 ,subtract the square of the less diameter from the square of the greater1 and multiply their difference by #ghed4 #b4 ,or1 find the area of each circle separately1 and subtract one from the other1 for the area required4 #c4 ,or1 multiply the sum of the diameters by the difference of the same1 and that product by #ghed for the area4 ,example4--,required the area of a ring1 the diameters of whose bounding circles are #aj1 and #bj4 ,by ,rule #c4 #bj #aj #cj1 sum of diameters4 #bj - #aj #aj1 difference of diameters4 #cj #aj #ghed #bcefb4 ,the area4 ,to find the length of any arc of a circle4 #a4 ,as #cfj is to the number of degrees in the arc1 so is the circumference to the length of the arc4 #b4 ,or1 multiply the degrees in the given arc by the radius of the circle1 and the product by #jagde for the length of the arc4 ,example4--,rule #b4--,required the length of an arc of #cj1 the radius being #i feet4 #cj #i #jagde #dgaae4 ,length of arc4 ,to find the area of the sector of a circle4 ,multiply the radius by the arc1 and half the product will be the area4 ,example4--,required the area of the sector1 whose radius is #cj inches1 and the length of the arc #cff inches4 7#cff #cj7 _/ #b #edi square inches4 ,area required4 ,to find the area of the segment of a circle4 ,find the area of the sector1 by the preceding rule4 ,then find the area of the triangle formed by the chord of the segments1 and the radii of the sector4 ,then1 if the segment be less than a semicircle1 subtract the area of the triangle from it2 or1 if the segment be greater than a semicircle1 add the area of the triangle to it2 for the area of the segment4 ,example4--,required the area of a segment less than a semicircle1 the radius being #bj inches1 the chord #bbdb inches1 the length of the arc #bddc inches1 and the perpendicular #afef inches4 7#bddc #bj7 _/ #b #bddc square inches4 ,area of the sector4 7#bbdb #afef7 _/ #b #ahefcgf square inches4 ,area of the triangle4 #bddc - #ahefcgf #ehffbd square inches4 ,area required4 ,to find the area of a semicircle4 #a4 ,multiply of the circumference by the radius1 and the product will be the area4 #b4 ,or1 multiply the square of the diameter by #ghed1 and half the product will be the area4 ,example4--,rule #b4--,required the area of a semicircle1 the diameter being #ej inches4 7#ej #ej #ghed7 _/ #b #ihage square inches4 ,area required4 ,to find the area of an ellipsis1 or oval4 ,multiply the longest diameter1 or axis1 by the shortest1 then multiply the product by #ghed for the area4 ,example4--,required the area of the ellipse1 whose diameters are #be inches1 and #ah inches4 #be #ah #ghed #cecdc square inches4 ,area required4 ,to find the area of a parabola1 or its segment4 ,multiply the base by the perpendicular height1 and take two-thirds of the product for the area4 ,example4--,required the area of a parabola1 whose base is #bj feet1 and height #ab feet4 #bj #ab #bdj of #bdj #afj square feet4 ,area required4 ,,mensuration ,,of ,,solids4 ,a solid is a body containing length1 breadth1 and thickness4 ,solids are measured by cubes1 whose sides are each an inch1 a foot1 a yard1 c41 and the solidity1 capacity1 or content of any figure is computed by the number of such cubes as are contained in it4--,vide ,cubic measure1 page #bgf4 ,a cube is a solid contained by six equal square sides4 ,a pyramid is a solid whose sides are all triangles meeting together in a point1 the base being any plane figure whatever4 ,it is called a triangular pyramid when its base is a triangle2 a square pyramid when its base is a square1 c4 ,the segment of a pyramid1 cone1 or any other solid is a part of ,d ,e ,f ,g cut off from the top by a plane ,d ,e ,f1 parallel to the base ,a ,b ,c4--,vide ,fig4 #ba1 ,plate #b1 ,,heights1 ,,distances1 and ,,practical ,,geometry4 ,a frustrum1 or trunk1 is a part ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f1 that remains at the bottom after the segment is cut off4 ,a cone is a round pyramid1 of which the base is a circle4 ,the axis of a solid is a line from the vertex 7or point7 to the centre of the base1 or through the centres of the two ends4 ,when the axis is perpendicular to the base1 it is a right prism1 pyramid1 or cone2 otherwise it is oblique4 ,a sphere is a solid contained under one convex surface1 and is described by the revolution of a semicircle about its diameter1 which remains fixed4 ,the centre of the sphere is such a point within the solid as is everywhere equally distant from the convex surface1 or circumference of it4 ,the diameter 7or axis7 of a sphere is a straight line1 which passes through the centre1 and is terminated by the convex surface4 ,a segment of a sphere is a part cut off by a plane1 the section of which is always a circle1 called the base of the segment4 ,a sector of a sphere is that which is composed of a segment 7less than an hemisphere7 and of a cone4 ,a prism is a solid1 the sides of which are parallelograms1 having its ends equal1 and similar plane figures4 ,prisms are named according to the number of angles in the base4 ,a cylinder is a solid1 the two ends of which are circular2 and it is described1 or formed1 by the revolution of a right-angled parallelogram about one of its sides1 which remains fixed4 ,to find the superficies of a prism1 or cylinder4 ,multiply the perimeter of one end of the prism by the length1 or height of the solid1 and the product will be the surface of all its sides4 ,to which add also the area of the two ends of the prism1 when required4 ,or1 compute the areas of all the sides1 and ends separately1 and add them all together4 ,example4--,required the surface of a cube1 whose sides are each #e inches4 #e #e #e #e #bj1 perimeter of one end4 #bj #e #ajj1 surface of sides4 #e #e #be1 area of one end4 #ajj #be #be #aej square inches4 ,surface of cube4 ,to find the surface of a pyramid1 or cone4 ,multiply the perimeter of the base by the slant height1 or length of the side1 and half the product will be the surface of the sides2 to which add the area of the base when required4 ,example4--,required the upright surface of a triangular pyramid1 the slant height being #bj feet1 and each side of the base #c feet4 #c #c #c #i1 perimeter of base4 7#i #bj7 _/ #b #ij feet4 ,surface required4 ,to find the surface of the frustrum of a pyramid1 or cone4 ,add together the perimeters of the two ends1 multiply their sum by the slant height1 and take half the product4 ,example4--,how many square feet are in the surface of the frustrum of a square pyramid1 whose slant height is #aj feet1 each side of the base #c feet1 and each side of the less end #b feet4 #c #c #c #c #ab1 perimeter of base4 #b #b #b #b #h1 perimeter of less end4 77#ab #h7 #aj7 _/ #b #ajj feet4 ,surface required4 ,to find the solid content of a prism or cylinder4 ,find the area of the base1 or end1 and multiply it by the length of the prism1 or cylinder4 ,fora cube1 multiply its side twice by itself2 and for a parallelopipedon1 multiply the length1 breadth1 and depth together for the content4 ,example4--,required the solid content of a cube1 whose side is #bd inches4 #bd #bd #bd #achbd square inches4 ,content required4 ,to find the content of the solid part of a hollow cylinder4 ,from the content of the whole cylinder considered as a solid1 subtract the content of the hollow part1 also considered as a solid1 and the difference will be the solidity required4 ,example4--,required the content of the solid part of the hollow cylinder whose exterior diameter is #ab inches1 the interior diameter #h inches1 and height #bj inches4 #ab #ab #ghed #aacjigf1 area of base of cylinder4 #aacjigf #bj #bbfaieb1 solidity of whole cylinder4 #h #h #ghed #ejbfef1 area of base of hollow cylinder4 #ejbfef #bj #ajjecab1 content of hollow part4 #bbfaieb - #ajjecab #abeffd cubic inches4 ,solidity required4 ,to find the solidity of the frustrum of a cylinder4 ,multiply the area of the base by half the greatest1 and the least lengths1 and the product will be the solidity4 ,example4--,required the solidity of a frustrum1 whose diameter is #bd inches1 the greatest length #cf inches1 and the least length #bj inches4 #bd #bd #egf4 ,square of the diameter4 #egf #ghed #debcijd4 ,area of the base4 #debcijd 7#cf #bj7 _/ #b #abffficab ,cubic inches4 ,solidity required4 ,to find the content of a pyramid1 or cone4 ,find the area of the base1 and multiply that area by the perpendicular height1 and take of the product4 ,example4--,required the solidity of a square pyramid1 each side of its base being #cj1 and its perpendicular height #be4 #cj #cj #ijj1 area of base4 7#ijj #be7 _/ #c #gejj1 solidity required4 ,to find the solidity of the frustrum of a cone1 or pyramid4 ,add into one sum the areas of the two ends1 and the mean proportional between them3 take of that sum for the mean area1 which multiply by the perpendicular height1 or length of the frustrum4 ,note4--,to find a mean proportional4 ,as one of the sides of the base is to the homologous1 or corresponding side of the other end1 so is the area of the base to the mean proportional required4 ,example4--,required the number of solid feet in a piece of timber1 whose bases are squares1 each side of the greater end being #ae inches1 and each side of the less end #f inches2 also the length of the perpendicular altitude #bd feet4 #ae #ae #bbe1 area of the base4 #f #f #cf1 area of the top4 ,as #ae3 #f 33 #bbe3 #ij1 mean proportional4 #bd feet #bhh inches4 77#bbe #cf #ij7 #bhh7 _/ #c #ccfif cubic inches #ai cubic feet4 ,to find the surface of a sphere1 or any segment4 ,multiply the circumference of the sphere by its diameter1 which will give the whole surface4 ,or1 square the diameter1 and multiply by #cadaf4 ,or1 square the circumference1 and multiply by #cahc2 or divide by #cadaf4 ,note4--,for the surface of the segment1 or frustrum1 multiply the whole circumference of the sphere by the height of the part required4 ,example4--,required the superficies of a globe whose diameter is #bd inches4 #bd #bd #cadaf #ahjiefaf square inches4 ,to find the solidity of a sphere1 or globe4 #a4 ,multiply the surface by the diameter1 and take of the product4 ,or1 multiply the square of the diameter by the circumference1 and take of the product4 #b4 ,cube the diameter1 and multiply by #ebcf4 #c4 ,cube the circumference1 and multiply by #jafhh4 ,example4--,required the content of a sphere1 whose axis is #ab4 #ab #ab #ab #ebcf #ijdghjh4 ,content required4 ,to find the solidity of an hemisphere4 ,find the solidity of the sphere1 and half the content will be that of the hemisphere4 ,note #a4--;,any sphere1 or globe twice the diameter of another contains four times the superficies1 or area of the other1 and eight times the solid content4 ,hence the superficies of spheres are as the squares1 and the solidity as the cubes of their diameters4 ,note #b4--,the cube of the diameter of a sphere in inches1 multiplied by #jjahh1 will give the number of imperial gallons it will contain4 ,to find the solid content of a spherical segment4 #a4 ,from three times the diameter of the sphere1 take double the height of the segment2 then multiply the remainder by the square of the height1 and this product by #ebcf4 #b4 ,or1 to three times the square of the radius of the segment's base add the square of its height2 then multiply the sum by the height1 and the product by #ebcf4 ,example4--,required the content of a spherical segment #b feet in height1 cut from a sphere of #h feet diameter4 7#c #h7 - 7#b #b7 #bj #bj #bb #ebcf #dahhh cubic feet4 ,content required4 ,to find the diameter of a sphere1 its solidity being given4 ,divide the solidity by #ebcf1 and take the cube root of the quotient4 ,example4--,the solidity of a sphere being #aacjigf solid inches1 what will be its diameter8 #aacjigf _/ #ebcf #baf1 the cube root of which is #f inches1 the diameter required4 ,to find the weight of an iron shot1 its diameter being given4 ,take of the cube of the diameter1 and of that eighth1 and the sum of these two quotients will be the weight in pounds4 ,or1 as #fd is to #i lb4 so is the diameter cubed to its weight4 ,example4--,required the weight of an iron shot whose diameter is #ce inches8 #ce cubed #dbhge1 cube of diameter4 #dbhge _/ #h #ecei #ecei _/ #h #ffi #ecei #ffi #fjbh pounds4 ,weight required4 ,to find the weight of a leaden ball1 its diameter being given4 ,take of the cube of the diameter1 and from it subtract of this third1 and the remainder will be the weight1 nearly4 ,or1 take #c_/ad of the cube of the diameter4 ,example4--,what is the weight of a leaden ball whose diameter is #cc inches8 #cc cubed #ceicg1 cube of diameter4 #ceicg _/ #c #aaigi #aaigi _/ #c #ciic #aaigi - #ciic #gihf pounds4 ,weight required4 ,to find the diameter of an iron shot1 its weight being given4 ,multiply the cube root of the shot's weight by #aibc for the diameter4 ,pr4 ,cube root4 ,diameter4 #db #cdgfj1 c4 ,multiplied #ffhd1 c4 #cb #cagdh by #aibc1 #fajc 0 #bd #bhhdd diameter #eede 0 #ah #bfbjg of a #ejch 0 #ab #bbhid #a lb4 #ddja 0 #i #bjhjj shot4 #ciii 0 #f #ahaga #cdid 0 #c #addbb #bggb 0 ,to find the diameter of a leaden ball1 its weight being given4 ,to #d times the weight add half the weight1 and #c_/ajj of half the weight2 and the cube root of this sum will be the diameter in inches1 nearly4 ,example4--,what is the diameter of a leaden ball1 whose weight is #h pounds8 #h x #d #cb #h _/ #b #d #c _/ #ajj of #d #ab4 #cb #d #ab #cfab1 of which the cube root is #cc inches1 nearly4 ,diameter required4 ,to find the weight of an iron shell1 its interior and exterior diameter being given4 ,take #i_/fd of the difference of the cubes of the external and internal diameters1 for the weight of the shell in pounds4 ,example4--,what is the weight of a shell whose exterior diameter is #abhe inches1 and interior diameter #hge inches8 #abhe cubed #babahbda1 #hge cubed #ffiibah4 #babahbda - #ffiibah #adeaijbb4 #i_/fd of #adeaijbb #bjdagcg pounds4 ,weight required4 ,to find the quantity of powder a shell will contain4 ,divide the cube of the interior diameter in inches by #egc1 and the quotient will be the weight in pounds4 ,or1 multiply the cube of the diameter by #aa1 and divide by #ba for the quantity in half ounces4 ,example4--,how much powder will fill a shell1 whose internal diameter is #g inches8 #g cubed #cdc4 #cdc _/ #egc #f pounds nearly4 ,powder required4 ,to find the side of a cubical box to contain a given quantity of powder4#eg ,multiply the weight in pounds by #cj1 and the cube root of the product will be the side of the box in inches4 ,example4--,required the side of a cubical box to hold #ej pounds of powder8 #ej #cj #aejj1 the cube root of which is #aadd1 which will be the side of the box in inches4 ,to find the quantity of powder to fill the chamber of a mortar1 or howitzer4 ,multiply the content of the chamber in inches by #ee1 and divide the product by #agbh1 and the quotient will be the quantity of powder in pounds4 ,note4--,the chamber of a mortar1 or howitzer1 is formed of a hollow frustrum of a right cone1 and of a hollow hemisphere4 ,example4--,required the quantity of powder to fill the chamber of a #ac-;inch mortar in which the diameter ,a ,b is #ie inches1 the diameter ,c ,e #fe inches1 and the length ,d ,g #bae inches4 ,vide ,fig4 #bb4 ,plate #b4 ,,heights ,,and ,,distances1 and ,,practical ,,geometry4 ,the content of the chamber must be found by finding the content of the hollow frustrum of the cone1 and that of the hemisphere 7vide preceding rules73 which in this example will be #iiiigdahge4 ,then 7#iiiigdahge #ee7 _/ #agbh #ca pounds1 nearly4 ,to find the quantity of powder to fill a rectangular box4 ,divide the content 7viz41 length breadth depth7 of the box in inches by #cj for the pounds of powder4 ,example4--,how much powder will fill a box1 the length being #ae inches1 the breadth #ab1 and the depth #aj inches4 #ae #ab #aj _/ #cj #ahjj _/ #cj #fj pounds4 ,number required4 ,to find the quantity of powder to fill a cylinder4 ,multiply the square of the diameter by the length1 then divide by #chb for the pounds of powder4 ,example4--,how much powder will the cylinder contain1 whose diameter is #aj inches1 and length #bj inches8 7#aj #aj #bj7 _/ #chb #eb pounds1 nearly4 ,to find the size of a shell1 to contain a given weight of powder4 ,multiply the pounds of powder by #egc1 and the cube root of the product will be the diameter in inches4 ,example4--,required the diameter of a shell to contain #f lb4 of powder8 #f #egc #cdch1 the cube root of which is #g1 the diameter required1 in inches4 ,to find what length of a cylinder 7or bore of a gun7 will be filled by a given weight of powder4 ,multiply the weight in pounds by #chb1 and divide the product by the square of the diameter in inches1 for the length4 ,example4--,what length of a cylinder #h inches in diameter will be filled with #bj lb4 of powder8 7#bj #chb7 _/ 7#h #h7 #aa-ae_/af inches4 ,to find the content1 and weight of a piece of ordnance4 ,divide the length of the gun into as many sections as may be found necessary4 ,find the content of each 7by preceding rules7 and from their sum subtract the content of a cylinder1 whose length is equal to that of the bore1 and its diameter equal to that of the calibre of the piece2 multiply the difference 7if it be a brass gun7 by #ejhcc1 7if an iron gun7 by #dbifh1 and the product will be the weight in ounces4 ,note4--,a cubic inch of gun metal weighs #ejhcc ounces4 ,ditto of cast iron #dbifh ounces4 ,to find the content of a cask4 ,multiply half the sum of the areas of the two interior circles1 viz4 at the head1 and bung1 by the interior length1 for the content4 ,or1 to the area of the head add twice the area at the bung1 multiply that sum by the length1 and take one-third of the product4 ,example4--,required the content of a cask1 its greatest interior diameter being #bd inches1 its least interior diameter #bj inches1 and the interior length #cj inches4 #bd #bd #ghed #debcijd1 area of large circle4 #bj #bj #ghed #cadafjj1 area of small circle4 7#debcijd #cadafjj7 _/ #b #chcbgeb1 half sum4 ,then #chcbgeb #cj #aadihbef1 the content2 which being divided by #bgg 7the number of cubic inches in a gallon7 will give the number of gallons contained in the cask4 ,thus #aadihbef _/ #bggbe #dadgbe1 c4 ,number of gallons required4 ,note4-,the content of any vessel in cubic feet1 multiplied by #fbcb 7or if in inches by #jjcfjg7 will give the number of imperial gallons it will contain4 ,,epitome ,,of ,,mensuration4 ,,of ,,the ,,circle1 ,,cylinder1 ,,sphere1 ,,etc4 #a4 ,the circle contains a greater area than any other plane figure1 bounded by an equal perimeter1 or outline4 #b4 ,the areas of circles are to each other as the squares of their diameters2 any circle twice the diameter of another contains four times the area of the other4 #c4 ,the diameter of a circle being #a1 its circumference equals #cadaf4 #d4 ,the diameter of a circle is equal to #cahca of its circumference4 #e4 ,the square of the diameter of a circle being #a1 its area equals #ghed4 #f4 ,the square root of the area of a circle1 multiplied by #aabhcg1 equals its diameter4 #g4 ,the diameter of a circle1 multiplied by #hhfb1 or the circumference multiplied by #bhba1 equals the side of a square of equal area4 #h4 ,the sum of the squares of half the chord1 and versed sine1 divided by the versed sine1 the quotient equals the diameter of the corresponding circle4 #i4 ,the chord of the whole arc of a circle taken from eight times the chord of half the arc1 one-third of the remainder equals the length of the arc4 #aj4 ,or1 the number of degrees contained in the arc of a circle1 multiplied by the diameter of the circle1 and by #jjhgbg1 the product equals the length of the arc in equal terms of unity4 #aa4 ,the length of the arc of the sector of a circle multiplied by its radius1 half the product is the area4 #ab4 ,the area of the segment of a circle equals the area of the sector1 minus the area of a triangle whose vertex is the centre2 and base equals the chord of the segment4 #ac4 ,the sum of the diameters of two concentric circles multiplied by their difference1 and by #ghed1 equals the area of the ring1 or space contained between them4 #ad4 ,the sum of the thickness1 and internal diameter of a cylindric ring multiplied by the square of its thickness1 and by #bdfgd1 equals its solidity4 #ae4 ,the circumference of a cylinder multiplied by its length1 or height1 equals its convex surface4 #af4 ,the area of the end of a cylinder multiplied by its length1 equals its solid content4 #ag4 ,the area of the internal diameter of a cylinder multiplied by its depth1 equals its cubical capacity4 #ah4 ,the square of the diameter of a cylinder multiplied by its length1 and divided by any other required length1 the square root of the quotient equals the diameter of the other cylinder of equal solidity1 or capacity4 #ai4 ,the square of the diameter of a sphere multiplied by #cadaf equals its convex surface4 #bj4 ,the cube of the diameter of a sphere multiplied by #ebcf1 equals its solid content4 #ba4 ,the height of any spherical segment1 or zone1 multiplied by the diameter of the sphere1 of which it is a part1 and by #cadaf1 equals the area1 or convex surface of the segment2 #bb4 ,or1 the height of the segment multiplied by the circumference of the sphere of which it is a part1 equals the area4 #bc4 ,the solidity of any spherical segment is equal to three times the square of the radius of its base1 plus the square of its height1 and multiplied by its height1 and by #ebcf4 #bd4 ,the solidity of a spherical zone equals the sum of the squares of the radii of its two ends1 and one-third the square of its height1 multiplied by the height1 and by #aegjh4 #be4 ,the solidity of the middle zone of a sphere equals the sum of the square of either end1 and two-thirds the square of the height1 multiplied by the height1 and by #ghed4 #bf4 ,the capacity of a cylinder #a foot in diameter1 and #a foot in length1 equals #dhie imperial gallons4 #bg4 ,the capacity of a cylinder #a inch in diameter1 and #a foot in length1 equals #jcd of an imperial gallon4 #bh4 ,the capacity of a cylinder #a inch in diameter1 and #a inch in length1 equals #jjbhcb of an imperial gallon4 #bi4 ,the capacity of a sphere #a foot in diameter1 equals #cbfc imperial gallons4 #cj4 ,the capacity of a sphere #a inch in diameter1 equals #jjahhh of an imperial gallon4 #ca4 ,hence the capacity of any other cylinder in imperial gallons is obtained by multiplying the square of its diameter by its length2 or the capacity of any other sphere by the cube of its diameter1 and by the number of imperial gallons contained as above in the unity of its measurement4 ,,of ,,the ,,square1 ,,rectangle1 ,,cube1 ,,etc4 #a4 ,the side of a square equals the square root of its area4 #b4 ,the area of a square equals the square of one of its sides4 #c4 ,the diagonal of a square equals the square root of twice the square of its side4 #d4 ,the side of a square is equal to the square root of half the square of its diagonal4 #e4 ,the side of a square1 equal to the diagonal of a given square1 contains double the area of the given square4 #f4 ,the area of a rectangle equals its length multiplied by its breadth4 #g4 ,the length of a rectangle equals the area divided by the breadth2 or the breadth equals the area divided by the length4 #h4 ,the side1 or end of a rectangle1 equals the square root of the sum of the diagonal1 and opposite side to that required1 multiplied by their difference4 #i4 ,the diagonal in a rectangle equals the square root of the sum of the squares of the base1 and perpendicular4 #aj4 ,the solidity of a cube equals the area of one of its sides multiplied by the length of one of its edges4 #aa4 ,the edge of a cube equals the cube root of its solidity4 #ab4 ,the capacity of a #ab-;inch cube equals #fbcb gallons4 ,surfaces1 and solidities of the regular bodies1 when the linear edge is #a4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,no4 of ,sides4 ,names4 ,surfaces4 ,solids4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- #d ,tetrahedron #agcbjejh #jaagheac #f ,hexahedron #f #a #h ,octahedron #cdfdajaf #jdgadjde #ab ,dodecahedron #bjfdegghh #gffcaahi #bj ,icosahedron #hffjbedj #bahafiej ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,the tabular surface multiplied by the square of the linear edge1 the product equals the surface required3 ,or1 the tabular solidity1 multiplied by the cube of the linear edge1 the product is the solidity required4 ,,of ,,triangles1 ,,polygons1 ,,etc4 #a4 ,the complement of an angle is its defect from a right angle4 #b4 ,the supplement of an angle is its defect from two right angles4 #c4 ,the sine1 tangent1 and secant of an angle1 are the cosine1 cotangent and cosecant of the complement of that angle4 #d4 ,the hypothenuse of a right-angled triangle being made radii1 its sides become the sines of the opposite angles1 or the cosines of the adjacent angles4 #e4 ,the three angles of every triangle are equal to two right angles2 hence the oblique angles of a right-angled triangle are each other's complements4 #f4 ,the sum of the squares of the two given sides of a right-angled triangle is equal to the square of the hypothenuse4 #g4 ,the difference between the square of the hypothenuse1 and given side of a right-angled triangle is equal to the square of the required side4 #h4 ,the area of a triangle equals half the product of the base multiplied by the perpendicular height2 #i4 ,or1 the area of a triangle equals half the product of the two sides1 and the natural sine of the contained angle4 #aj4 ,the side of any regular polygon multiplied by its apothem1 or perpendicular1 and by the number of its sides1 half the product is the area4 ,table of the areas of regular polygons whose sides are unity4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,name of ,no4 of ,apothem1 ,area1 when ,interior ,central polygon4 sides4 or perpen-side is one angle4 angle4 dicular4 or unity4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,triangle #c #jbhhfgea #jdccjabg #fj #j #abj #j ,square #d #je #a #ij #j #ij #j ,pentagon #e #jfhhaiaj #agbjdggd #ajh #j #gb #j ,hexagon #f #jhffjbed #beihjgfb #abj #j #fj #j ,heptagon #g #ajchbfjg #cfcciabd #abh #cd-b_/g #ea #be-e_/g ,octagon #h #abjgajfh #dhbhdbga #ace #j #de #j ,nonagon #i #acgcgchg #fahahbdb #adj #j #dj #j ,decagon #aj #aechhdah #gfidbjhh #add #j #cf #j ,undecagon #aa #agjbhdcf #icfefcii #adg #af-d_/aa #cb #dc-g_/aa ,dodecagon #ab #ahffjbed #aaaifaebd #aej #j #cj #j ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,the tabular area of the corresponding polygon multiplied by the square of the side of the given polygon1 equals the area of the given polygon4 ,,of ,,ellipses1 ,,cones1 ,,frustrums1 ,,etc4 #a4 ,the square root of half the sum of the squares of the two diameters of an ellipse multiplied by #cadaf equals its circumference4 #b4 ,the product of the two axes of an ellipse multiplied by #ghed equals its area4 #c4 ,the curve surface of a cone is equal to half the product of the circumference of its base multiplied by its slant side1 to which1 if the area of the base be added1 the sum is the whole surface4 #d4 ,the solidity of a cone equals one-third of the product of its base multiplied by its altitude1 or height4 #e4 ,the squares of the diameters of the two ends of the frustrum of a cone added to the product of the two diameters1 and that sum multiplied by its height1 and by #bfah1 equals its solidity4 ,,the ,,end4 ,,london3 ,,printed ,,by ,w4 ,,clowes ,,and ,,sons1 ,,stamford ,,street ,,and ,,charing ,,cross4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,vide page vi4 #b ,the ,articles omitted consist chiefly of directions1 c41 or are not generally required4 #c ,,note4 ,in the 8,exercise and ,movements40 ,commander's ,words are printed in ,,small ,,capitals4 ,executive ,small print4 ,directions1 c4 ,italics4 #d ,note4--,vide 8,motion10 8,forces10 c41 ,velocity1 ,gravity1 and ,amplitude4 #e ,vide 8,tables10 8,excentric ,shot1 ,experiments40 #f ,when a shot is jammed in a gun1 and cannot be rammed home to the cartridge1 destroy the charge by pouring water down the vent1 and muzzle until the ingredients are dissolved1 and cleared out of the bore2 then introduce a small quantity of powder through the vent1 and blow out the shot4 #g ,the recoil of guns on sleighs varies from four to five feet when on rough ground or in deep snow2 to twenty or thirty yards when on glare ice4 ,in the latter case it is of course necessary to send the ammunition sleighs further to the rear2 but the recoil may be considerably lessened by placing a small chain round each of the runners4 ,ice of eight inches thick will bear with safety a weight of #aaae lb4 7or nearly half a ton7 on the square foot4 #h ,old pattern4 #i ,further information relative to mixing the composition1 and filling combustibles1 c41 c41 may be obtained from the 8,aide ,mmoire10 under the head1 8,pyrotechny1 ,military40 #aj ,this will be discontinued when ,shrapnell ,diaphragm shells are generally introduced into the ,service4 #aa ,vide ,practice ,tables for ,ranges1 ,elevations1 c4 #ab ,the composition for ,french cannon tubes is two parts of fulminate of mercury and two of mealed powder1 mixed together3 then formed into a paste with distilled water1 slightly impregnated with gum arabic4 #ac ,extracted from 8,instructions and ,regulations for ,field ,battery ,exercise and ,movements0 for the ,royal ,regiment of ,artillery3 the ,sections1 c41 being similarly numbered4 ,commander's ,words are printed in ,,small ,,capitals4 ,executive ,common type4 ,directions1 c4 ,italics4 #ad ,the ,sections1 of which merely the heads are given1 consist chiefly of details too long for the limited size of the ,manual1 and they are therefore necessarily omitted4 #ae ,when ,guns are in action1 and 8,,cease ,,firing0 is given1 all ,guns then loaded are to be fired off1 and on no account is a ,gun to be limbered up1 or to move whilst loaded4 #af ,the ,commanding officer's ,word of command is always to be repeated by the officers4 #ag ,from 8,field ,battery ,exercise40 #ah ,from 8,field ,battery ,exercise10 c4 #ai ,from 8,field ,battery ,exercise10 c4 #bj ,in the transport of horses to ,turkey 7,july1 #ahed17 in the ,himalaya and ,simla steamers1 the distance between the upright posts was #b feet #a inch in the clear per horse1 and the length #i feet4 #ba 8,for the guidance of the ,farriers of the ,royal ,artillery4 ,suggested by ,charles ,percival1 ,veterinary ,surgeon2 and approved of by the ,right ,honourable the ,master-,general1 and ,honourable ,board of ,ordnance40 #bb ,in administering draughts to horses1 the greatest possible care and attention are required2 should the horse cough1 or make an attempt to do so1 his head must be instantly lowered1 otherwise a portion of the drink will be apt to find its way into the trachea or windpipe1 which will produce most distressing symptoms1 and often be followed by death4 ,in lowering the head1 a can or vessel of any kind should be held under the mouth to catch the drink as it escapes4 #bc ,from 8,,instructions ,,for ,,the ,,service ,,of ,,heavy ,,ordnance40--,article #ae4 #bd ,words of command--,,small ,,capitals4 #be ,from 8,instructions1 and ,regulations for the ,service1 and ,management of ,heavy ,ordnance1 for the ,royal ,regiment of ,artillery40 ,fourth edition4 ,the ,parts1 and ,articles are numbered in conformity thereto4 #bf ,words of command--,,small ,,capitals4 #bg ,vide ,,part #ab1 8,,artillerist',s ,,manual10 etc41 ,the ,mechanical powers4 ,the ,lever4 #bh ,by the ballistic experiment1 conducted in ,may1 #ahcg1 it was found that1 with a heavy #f-pounder gun1 a charge of #a lb4 gave a velocity of #agdj feet1 and a charge of #b lb4 a velocity of #ahib feet per second4 ,the shot employed were of a high gauge1 windage only #jgh inch1 and the powder was of the strongest quality2 the weight of the pendulum fired into was #eh cwt4 #c qrs4 #af lb4 ,a light #f-pounder1 two feet shorter than the heavy #f-pounder1 with similar charges1 gave velocities of about #aij feet less4 #bi ,extracted from ,,part #b1 and ,,appendix of ,general ,sir ,howard ,douglas' highly valued work1 entitled 8,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,naval ,,gunnery40 #crd edition4 #cj ,on wads for ,heavy ,ordnance4 ,the presence of a compressible body1 between the powder and the ball1 is necessary for the preservation of the gun4 ,the results of the experiments at ,fere1 in #ahdd2 at ,ruelle in #ahdd1 and #ahdf2 and at ,gavres in #ahdh2 with cast iron #cj1 and #bd-pounders1 proved that all the pieces1 fired without a thin piece of cork interposed between the powder and the ball1 burst before #ejj discharges were made2 whilst those1 with which this precaution was taken1 sustained #ahjj and #bjjj discharges without any damage1 except an enlargement of the vent4 ,vide ,united ,service ,magazine1 ,september1 #ahee4 #ca ,vide 8,,treatise ,,on ,,naval ,,gunnery40 #crd ,edition4 ,by ,general ,sir ,h4 ,douglas4 #cb ,in ,extreme training of a gun to the ,right3 ,nos4 #c1 #e1 #g1 #aa1 #ac1 are placed outside2 ,nos4 #h1 #f1 inside the tackle4 ,no4 #ac keeps the end of the fall coiled up4 ,in ,extreme training to the ,left3 ,nos #d1 #f1 #h1 #b1 are placed outside2 ,nos4 #ac1 #g1 #e1 inside the tackle4 ,no4 #b keeps the end of the fall coiled up4 #cc ,in running out the right guns1 ,nos4 #c1 #e1 #e1 #g1 man the left tackle2 ,nos4 #d1 #f1 #f1 #b1 man the right tackle4 ,in running out the left guns1 ,nos4 #c1 #e1 #g1 #e1 man the left tackle2 ,nos4 #d1 #f1 #f1 #b1 man the right tackle4 #cd ,note4--,when the direction of the gun is to be altered1 the word 8,traverse0 is to be given1 if the gun is in1 and 8,point10 when the gun is out4 #ce ,vide ,sir ,howard ,douglas's highly-valued publication1 entitled 8,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,naval ,,gunnery40 ,fourth edition4 #cf ,vide--8,united ,service ,magazine10 ,no4 ,,cccviii4 #cg ,vide ,,field ,,fortification1 pages #bdf1 #bdg4 #ch ,vide ,preface4 #ci ,for a square1 the length of the perpendicular is th the exterior side2 for a pentagon th2 for the hexagon1 and other polygons1 th4 #dj ,vide ,tables of ,weights1 and ,measures4 #da ,vide ,tables of ,weights1 and ,measures4 #db ,in reducing fractions to a common denominator1 and in multiplication of fractions1 the work may be considerably diminished by cancelling any figures1 which are in all the multiples2 or by dividing a figure in each of them by any figure which can divide all without any remainder4 #dc ,see ,note1 page #bfh4 #dd ,to multiply decimals by #a1 with any number of ciphers1 as #aj1 #ajj1 c4--,this is done by only removing the decimal point so many places farther to the right hand1 as there are ciphers in the multiplier1 and subjoining ciphers1 if need be4 #de ,the best way of doubling the root1 to form the new divisor1 is by adding the last figure always to the last divisor1 as appears in the following example4 ,after the figures belonging to the given number are all exhausted1 the operation may be continued into decimals1 by adding any number of periods of ciphers1 two in each period4 #df ,this rule is only applicable to the very best-made new cordage4 ,the circumference squared should be divided by #f instead of #e for the description of rope generally employed4 #dg ,when the board is tapering1 add the breadths at the two ends together1 and take half the sum for the mean breadth4 ,or else1 take the mean breadth in the middle4 #dh ,to strengthen a beam1 c4 which is required to support a great weight over a cavity1 or ditch4--,place a prop1 or short skid1 under the centre of the beam1 and pass a strong rope1 or chain1 over the beam lengthways1 and under the skid1 hauling it very tight1 and making fast4 #di ,in ,lieut4-,colonel ,b4 ,jackson's scientific 8,treatise on ,military ,surveying1 c41 c41 c410 ,portable trigonometry without logarithms1 is thus introduced-- 8,the following useful application of ,trigonometry1 by means of the natural sines1 tangents1 c41 is taken from an early number of that valuable periodical1 #8,the ,mechanics' ,magazine1' and will be found particularly suited to the purposes of the military surveyor40 #ej ,for further information on ,surveying1 and ,reconnoitring1 reference should be made to the highly-valued publication1 entitled 8,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,military ,,surveying1 ,,including ,,sketching ,,in ,,the ,,field1 ,,plan ,,drawing1 ,,levelling1 ,,military ,,reconnoissance1 c410 by ,lieut4-,colonel ,basil ,jackson1 containing a full account of every surveying instrument1 and the right adaptation of them4 #ea #a4 ,the ,reconnoitring protractor is not intended to supply the place of the ,theodolite1 or other expensive instruments1 when very great accuracy is required in surveying1 or in trigonometrical observations2 but1 in the hands of officers accustomed to the use of it1 bearings may be rapidly taken1 heights and distances ascertained1 roads traversed1 c41 c41 with sufficient accuracy for a military survey1 or reconnoissance4 ,the protractor has a tripod1 on which it is to be steadily fixed for taking angles1 c42 but the instrument can nevertheless be used without the tripod2 and mounted officers may1 after a little practice1 make a reconnoissance with the protractor alone1 especially if they are able to measure1 or calculate the distance of base lines1 by the length of the paces of their horses4 #b4 ,a survey1 c41 may be very rapidly taken in the field1 by laying drawing-paper on the face of the protractor1 under the marginal scale1 fixing it firmly by means of drawing-pins in the sides1 and using1 at the first station1 the edge of the index as a ruler to set off on the paper1 at once1 by observation through the sights1 the angles of the objects whose distance is required2 drawing a base line parallel to the tube side of the instrument1 and also lines at the angles found4 ,at the second station1 the paper must be moved a few inches1 for a base line to be drawn2 at the termination of which 7the second station7 the index is to be directed to the objects1 as before1 and lines are to be produced until they intersect those drawn at the first station3 thus the position of the objects will be obtained2 and1 by using the scale on the index for the length drawn for the measured base line1 as well as for the lines directed to the objects1 their respective distances will be ascertained4 #c4 ,the reconnoitring protractor1 and all other instruments for surveying1 c41 c4 can be readily obtained from ,messrs4 ,elliott1 #ef1 ,strand1 ,london4 #eb ,or ,reconnoitring protractor4 #ec ,to erect a perpendicular1 vide 8,practical ,geometry40 #ed #c inch cube full of air floats #a lb4 in water4 #c inch cube of water weighs #a lb4 in air4 #a cubic foot of water weighs #fd lb4 in air4 #a ditto coal ditto #hj - #fd #af in water4 #a ditto sand ditto #ie - #fd #ca in water4 ,a suit of clothes and a pair of boots1 which weigh #g lb4 in air1 when well saturated with water1 only weigh in water #a lb4 #ee ,vide also ,definitions--,,trigonometry1 page #cja4 #ef ,gunter's chain is in length #d poles #bb yards #ff feet1 and is divided into #ajj links4 ,each link is therefore #bb_/ajj of a yard1 or #ff_/ajj of a foot1 or #gib inches4 ,land is estimated in acres1 roods1 and perches4 ,an acre contains #aj square chains1 or as much as #aj chains in length and #a chain in breadth2 or in yards it is #bbj #bb #dhdj2 or in poles it is #dj #d #afj square poles2 or in links it is #ajjj ,x #ajj #ajj1jjj square links4 ,an acre is divided into #d parts called roods1 and a rood into #dj parts called perches1 which are square poles1 or the square of a pole of #e yards long1 or the square of a quarter of a chain1 or of #be links1 which is #fbe links4 ,thus the divisions of land measure are-- #fbe square links #a pole1 or perch4 #dj perches #a rood4 #d roods #a acre4 ,the length of lines1 measured with a chain1 should be set down in links as integers1 instead of in chains1 and decimals4 ,therefore1 after the content is found1 it will be in square links4 #eg #egc is the number of pounds of powder contained in a cubic foot1 when shaken2 and #ee pounds when not shaken4 ,according to the first case1 one pound of powder will occupy #cj cubic inches2 and according to the second case one pound will occupy #cadahb cubic inches4 ,,transcriber',s ,,note ,footnote #cg is referenced six times from page #bcg2 footnote #eb is referenced twice from page #caa2 footnote #ed is referenced four times from pages #cag and page #cah4 ,obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources4 ,some hyphens in words have been silently removed1 some added1 when a predominant preference was found in the original book4 ,some bracketing in some tables has been adjusted or removed for readability4 ,except for those changes noted below1 all misspellings in the text1 and inconsistent or archaic usage1 have been retained4 ,pg viii3 page number #8#h' replaced by #8#dh'4 ,pg xvi3 ,added new section #8,,congreve ,,rockets4' to the ,to,c4 ,pg xviii3 #8,embrasures' replaced by #8,embrazures'4 ,pg xxi3 #8#cab1 #cac1 #cad' replaced by #8#cab-d'4 ,pg #fa3 #8thirty ronnds of' replaced by #8thirty rounds of'4 ,pg #fi3 in the table header #8,fore 444 ,diameter' replaced by #8,fore 444 ,hind'4 ,pg #gb3 in second column of the table #8#c' replaced by #8#b'4 ,pg #hj3 #8#d inch ,mortar' replaced by #8#d inch ,mortar'4 ,pg #he3 in the table #8#e in c' replaced by #8#e inch'4 ,pg #ia3 in ,,levers section #8lb4 oz4' replaced by #8ft4 in4' ,pg #aga3 in the table #8#a' replaced by #8#aj'4 ,pg #aga3 in the table #8#abji' replaced by #8#abjj'4 ,pg #agf3 #8to facilite the' replaced by #8to facilitate the'4 ,pg #ahg3 #8assist #b at' replaced by #8assists #b at'4 ,pg #aie3 #8at an elevavation' replaced by #8at an elevation'4 ,pg #bbj3 the ,remarks column has been moved under the table to conserve table space4 ,pg #bbb3 #8a longe range' replaced by #8a long range'4 ,pg #bbf3 #8they ricoched and' replaced by #8they ricocheted and'4 ,pg #bbf3 the italic markup on the small table has been removed4 ,pg #bbg3 #8the same is in' replaced by #8the same as in'4 ,pg #bcd3 #8left betweeen the' replaced by #8left between the'4 ,pg #bce3 #8placed at tho top' replaced by #8placed at the top'4 ,pg #bch3 #8embrasures should be' replaced by #8embrazures should be'4 ,pg #bia3 #87#e #a7' replaced by #87#e #a7'4 ,pg #cah3 the footnote in the original book #8,see note1 p4 #cag' was redundant and has been removed4 ,pg #cbj3 #8is is a' replaced by #8it is a'4 ,footnote #g3 #8to five eet' replaced by #8to five feet'4