,transcrib]'s ,note ,! use ( ,l ar\nd a lett] indicates bold4 ,hyph5ations h be5 /&>dis$4 ,*anges made are not$ at ! end ( ! book4 ,because !re are s _m illu/rations1 x wasn't always possible to place !m betwe5 p>agraphs4 ,,cambridge ,,c\nty ,,geographies ,,ab]de5%ire ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,! ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press ,illu/ration3 ,,physical ,,map ,,( ,,c\nty ,,( ,,ab]de5 ,copyright4 ,george ,philip ,son ,ltd ,,cambridge ,,c\nty ,,geographies ,,scotl& ,g5]al ,editor3 ,w4 ,,murison1 ,m4,a4 ,,ab]de5%ire ,,cambridge ,,univ]sity ,,press ,london3 ,,fett] ,,lane1 ,e4,c4 ,c4 ,f4 ,,clay1 ,,manag] ,illu/ration ,ed9burgh3 #ajj1 ,,pr9ces ,,/reet ,b]l93 ,a4 ,,a%] ,,& ,,co4 ,leipzig3 ,f4 ,a4 ,,brockhaus ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons ,bombay & ,calcutta3 ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,ltd4 ,all rights res]v$ ,cambridge ,c\nty ,geographies ,,ab]de5%ire by ,,alex&] ,,mackie1 ,m4,a4 ,late ,exam9] 9 ,engli%1 ,ab]de5 ,univ]sity1 & au?or ( ,nature ,k 9 ,mod]n ,poetry ,) ,maps1 ,diagrams & ,illu/rations ,cambridge3 at ! ,univ]sity ,press #aiaa ,cambridge3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,john ,,clay1 ,m4,a4 ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press ,,cont5ts ,,page #a4 ,c\nty & ,%ire4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,ab]de5%ire #a #b4 ,g5]al ,*>act]i/ics #d #c4 ,size4 ,%ape4 ,b\nd>ies #aj #d4 ,surface1 ,soil & ,g5]al ,features #ae #e4 ,wat]%$4 ,riv]s4 ,lo*s #bj #f4 ,geology #ce #g4 ,natural ,hi/ory #dc #h4 ,r\nd ! ,coa/ #eb #i4 ,wea!r & ,climate4 ,temp]ature4 ,ra9fall4 ,w9ds #fd #aj4 ,! ,p--,race1 ,language1 ,population #gj #aa4 ,agriculture #gf #ab4 ,! ,granite ,indu/ry #hc #ac4 ,o!r ,indu/ries4 ,pap]1 ,wool1 ,combs #hi #ad4 ,fi%]ies #id #ae4 ,%ipp+ & ,trade #ajb #af4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,c\nty #aje #ag4 ,antiquities--,circles1 ,sculptur$ ,/ones1 ,crannogs1 ,=ts #aab #ah4 ,ar*itecture--7a7 ,ecclesia/ical #aba #ai4 ,ar*itecture--7b7 ,ca/ellat$ #acb #bj4 ,ar*itecture--7c7 ,municipal #ade #ba4 ,ar*itecture--7d7 ,dome/ic #aed #bb4 ,communications--,roads1 ,railways #afj #bc4 ,adm9i/ration & ,divisions #aff #bd4 ,! ,roll ( ,hon\r #agj #be4 ,! ,*ief ,t[ns & ,villages ( ,ab]de5%ire #agh ,,illu/rations ,,page ,! lone ,kirky>d1 ,gamrie #c ,t[n ,h\se1 ,old ,ab]de5 #e ,consumption ,dyke at ,k+swells #g ,! ,pun* ,b[l1 ,l9n ( ,quoi*1 ,braem> #i ,p5nan1 look+ ,n4,w4 ,%[+ old & new h\ses ( ,tr\p #ab ,lo* ,avon & ,b5-,macdhui #ad ,b5a*ie #ai ,l9n ( ,dee1 ,braem> #ba ,old bridge ( ,dee1 ,inv]cauld #bb ,view f old bridge ( ,inv]cauld #bc ,falls ( ,muick1 ,ballat] #bd ,bir* ,tree at ,braem> #bf ,fir ,trees at ,braem> #bh ,! ,don1 look+ t[>ds ,/ ,ma*> ,ca!dral #cj ,brig o' ,balg[nie1 ,ab]de5 #ca ,lo* ,muick1 ne> ,ballat] #cb ,lo* ,callat]1 ,braem> #cd ,lo* ( ,sk5e #cf ,de] 9 "t ( sn[ #dg ,! ,dunbuy ,rock #dh ,girdl5ess ,ligh?\se #ec ,s& ,hills at ,crud5 ,bay #ef 8,! ,pot10 ,bull]s o' ,bu*an #eh ,bu*an ,ness ,ligh?\se #fj ,k9naird ,ligh?\se1 ,fras]burgh #fa ,entrance to ,"l ,pitsligo's ,cave1 ,rosehe>ty #fb ,ab]d\r ,%ore1 look+ ,n4,w4 #fc ,inv]ey ne> ,braem> #fg ,ab]de5-,angus ,bull #ha ,ab]de5 ,%or?orn ,bull #hb ,granite ,qu>ry1 ,kemnay #hd ,granite ,works1 ,ab]de5 #hf ,mak+ smok$ haddocks1 ,ab]de5 #ic ,fi% ,m>ket1 ,ab]de5 #ig ,fi%wives1 ,! ,gre51 ,ab]de5 #ih ,nor? ,h>b\r1 ,pet]head #ii ,h]r+ boats at ,fras]burgh #ajj ,fi%+ ,fleet go+ out1 ,ab]de5 #aja ,at ! docks1 ,ab]de5 #ajc ,:ite ,c[ ,wood ,cairn ,circle2 ,view f ! ,s4,w4 #aac ,palaeoli?ic ,fl9t ,implem5t #aad ,neoli?ic ,celt ( ,gre5/one #aad ,/one at ,logie1 9 ! ,g>io* #aaf 8,picts0 or 8,eirde ,h\se0 at ,migvie1 ,ab]de5%ire #aah ,lo* ,k9nord #abj ,f ,! ,book ( ,de] #abe ,/ ,ma*> ,ca!dral1 ,old ,ab]de5 #abg ,/ ,ma*> ,ca!dral 7int]ior7 #abh ,k+'s ,college1 ,ab]de5 ,univ]sity #abi ,ea/ & ,we/ ,*ur*es1 ,ab]de5 #acj ,kildrummy ,ca/le #acc ,! ,old ,h\se ( ,gight #ach ,craigiev> ,ca/le1 ,donside #adj ,cra!s ,ca/le1 ,k9c>d9e%ire #ada ,ca/le ,fras] #adb ,fyvie ,ca/le1 ,s\? ,front #add ,municipal ,build+s1 ,ab]de51 & ,t[n ,cross #adf ,m>is*al ,college1 ,ab]de5 #adg ,union ,t]race & ,g>d5s1 be=e wid5+ ( ,bridge #adi ,gramm> ,s*ool1 ,ab]de5 #aej ,gordon's ,college1 ,ab]de5 #aea ,bridge ( ,don1 f ,balg[nie #aeb ,old ,bridge ( ,dee1 ,ab]de5 #aec ,balmoral ,ca/le #aee ,cluny ,ca/le #aeg ,haddo ,h\se #aeh ,midm> ,ca/le #aei ,spittal ( ,gl5%ee #afa ,pr(essor ,?omas ,reid1 ,d4,d4 #age ,! ,old ,gramm> ,s*ool1 ,s*oolhill #agi ,birsemore ,lo* & ,craig5d9nie1 ,aboyne #ahb ,m> ,ca/le #ahc ,ballat]1 view f ,pannani* #ahd ,braem> f ,craig ,coyna* #ahf ,! ,doorway1 ,huntly ,ca/le #ahh ,! ,bass1 ,inv]urie #ahi ,! ,:ite ,horse on ,mormond ,hill #aic ,diagrams #aie ,,maps ,orographical ,map ( ,ab]de5%ire ,front ,cov] ,geological ,map ( ,ab]de5%ire ,back ,cov] ,ra9fall ,map ( ,scotl& #fe ,! illu/rations on pp4 #c1 #ab1 #fb1 #fc are f photographs by ,w4 ,norrie2 ^? on pp4 #e1 #i1 #ad1 #ai1 #ba1 #bb1 #bc1 #bd1 #bf1 #bh1 #cj1 #ca1 #cb1 #cd1 #cf1 #dh1 #ec1 #ef1 #eh1 #fj1 #fa1 #fg1 #hf1 #ic1 #ig1 #ih1 #ii1 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajc1 #abj1 #abg1 #abh1 #abi1 #acj1 #acc1 #adj1 #ada1 #add1 #adf1 #adg1 #adi1 #aej1 #aea1 #aeb1 #aec1 #aee1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #aei1 #afa1 #ahb1 #ahc1 #ahd1 #ahf1 #ahh & #ahi1 are f photographs by ,j4 ,val5t9e & ,sons2 t on p4 #g f a photograph by ,j4 ,watt2 t on p4 #dg f a photograph by ,dr ,w4 ,br[n2 t on p4 #hd f a photograph by ,a4 ,gordon2 t on p4 #aic f a photograph by ,a4 ,gray4 ,?anks are due to ,w4 ,du?ie1 ,esq41 ,collynie1 = p]mission to reproduce ! illu/ration on p4 #hb2 to ,j4 ,mc,g4 ,petrie1 ,esq41 ,gl5-,logie1 = p]mission to reproduce t on p4 #ha2 to ,messrs ,t4 & ,r4 ,annan & ,sons1 = p]mission to reproduce t on p4 #age2 to ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies ( ,scotl& = p]mission to reproduce ^? on pp4 #aac & #aah2 & to ,alex&] ,walk]1 ,jr41 ,esq41 ,ab]de51 = p]mission to reproduce t on p4 #agi4 #a4 ,c\nty & ,%ire4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,ab]de5%ire4 ,! t]m 8%ire10 :i* means a division 7,anglo-,saxon sciran3 to cut or divide71 has 9 ,scotl& practically ! same mean+ z 8c\nty40 ,9 mo/ cases ! two names are int]*angeable4 ,yet we d n say ,orkney%ire nor ,kirkcudbright%ire4 ,kirkcudbright is a /ew>try & n a c\nty1 b 9 reg>d to ! o!rs we call !m ) equal read9ess %ires or c\nties4 ,c\nty means orig9ally ! di/rict rul$ by a ,c\nt1 ! ,norman equival5t ( ,e>l4 ,x is said t ,ab]de5%ire is ! result ( a comb9ation ( two c\nties1 ,bu*an & ,m>1 repres5t+ ! t]ritory "u ! rule ( ! ,e>l ( ,bu*an & ! ,e>l ( ,m>4 ,! di/9ction is 9 effect :at we mean to-day by ,ea/ ,ab]de5%ire & ,we/ ,ab]de5%ire2 & ! local /ud5ts ( ,ab]de5 ,univ]sity :5 vot+ = _! ,"l ,rector by 8nations0 are /ill classifi$ z belong+ to ei!r ! ,bu*an nation or ! ,m> nation accord+ to _! place ( bir?4 ,! c\nties1 !n1 are c]ta9 areas :i* x is conv5i5t = political & adm9i/rative purposes to divide ! c\ntry into = ! bett] & m conv5i5t managem5t ( local & int]nal affairs4 ,to-day ,scotl& has ?irty-?ree ( ^! divisions4 ,9 a public ord9ance dat$ #acje1 tw5ty-five c\nties are nam$4 ,!y w\ld seem to h be5 fir/ def9$ e>ly 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 b z a matt] ( fact no?+ v def9ite is kn[n1 ei!r z to ! date ( _! orig9 or z to ! pr9ciples :i* regulat$ ! mak+ ( _! geographical b\nd>ies4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ! c\nty divisions 7 9 ,scotl& an introduction f ,engl&4 ,! t]m came along ) ! p :o 7 flock+ into ,scotl& f ! s\?4 ,! l9es 7 drawn = :at seem$ political conv5i5ce & no d\bt !y 7 suit$ to ! times4 ,to-day ! b\nd>ies seem on occasion some:at erratic4 ,ban*ory1 = example1 is 9 ,k9c>d9e%ire1 :ile ,aboyne & ,ballat] on ! same riv] bank & on ! same l9e ( road & railway are 9 ,ab]de5%ire4 ,if ! c>v+ 7 to be done ov] aga9 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury1 m consid]ation w\ld probably be giv5 to ! railway l9es4 ,a commission ( #ahia did actually re>range ! b\nd>ies4 ,( ! p>i%es p>tly 9 ,ab]de5 & p>tly 9 ,banff1 "s 7 transf]r$ :olly to ,ab]de5 7,g>tly1 ,glass1 ,new ,ma*>1 ,old ,de] & ,/ ,f]gus71 :ile o!rs 7 plac$ 9 ,banff%ire 7,cabra*1 ,gamrie1 ,inv]kei?ny1 ,alvah & ,ro?iemay74 ,h[ x happ5$ t c]ta9 p>ts ( adjo9+ c\nties 7 plant$ l isl&s 9 ! he>t ( ,ab]de5%ire may be und]/ood by ref]5ce to su* a case z t ( ,/ ,f]gus4 ,a l>ge "p ( ?is p>i% belong$ to ! ,*eynes1 :o be+ h]$it>y %]iffs ( ,banff%ire 7 naturally desir\s ( hav+ _! patrimonial e/ates "u _! own legal jurisdiction1 & 7 influ5tial en\gh to be able to /]eotype ?is anomaly4 ,?is expla9s ! place ( ,/ ,f]gus 9 ,banff%ire2 x is n[ v prop]ly a "p ( ,ab]de5%ire4 ,illu/ration3 ,! lone ,kirky>d1 ,gamrie ,! c\nty took its "n f ! *ief t[n--,ab]de5--:i* is cle>ly ,celtic 9 orig9 & means ! t[n at ! m\? ( ei!r ! ,dee or ! ,don4 ,bo? int]pretations are possible2 b ! fact t ! ,lat9 =m ( ! ^w has always be5 ,ab]donia & ,ab]don5sis1 fav\rs ! ,don z ! nam+ riv]4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,old ,ab]de51 ?\gh ly+ at no great di/ance f ! bank ( ! ,don1 c h>dly be said to be associat$ ) ,donm\?1 :]eas a consid]able population mu/ f a remote p]iod h be5 locat$ at ! m\? ( ! ,dee4 ,:atev] int]pretation is accept$1 x 0 ?is city--! only t[n 9 ! di/rict conspicu\s = population & res\rces--t gave its "n to ! c\nty z a :ole4 ,! :ole region betwe5 ! riv] ,dee & ! riv] ,spey1 compris+ ! two c\nties ( ,banff & ,ab]de51 =ms a natural prov9ce4 ,!re is no natural1 or recognisable l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! two c\nties4 ,_! =tunes h be5 "o4 ,! riv] ,dev]on might conceivably h be5 *os5 z ! divid+ l9e1 b 9 practice x is s only to a limit$ ext5t4 ,! :ole di/rict1 :i* if invad$ 0 nev] really conqu]$ by ! ,romans1 made "o ( ! sev5 ,prov9ces ( :at 0 call$ ,pictl& 9 ! e>ly middle ages1 & x long cont9u$ to ass]t = itself a semi-indep5d5t political exi/5ce4 #b4 ,g5]al ,*>act]i/ics4 ,illu/ration3 ,t[n ,h\se1 ,old ,ab]de5 ,! c\nty is almo/ purely agricultural4 ,x has always enjoy$ a c]ta9 measure ( m>itime activity & ( rec5t ye>s ! fi%+ indu/ry1 especially at ,ab]de51 has made imm5se progress1 b z a :ole ! area is a well-cultivat$ di/rict4 ,r\nd ! coa/ & on all ! l[] levels tillage is ! rule4 ,9 ! int]ior ! level ( ! l& rises rapidly1 & pl\gh$ fields give place to desolate moors & b>e m\nta9 heights 9 :i* agriculture is an impossible indu/ry4 ,! surface ( ! l[l& p>ts1 n[ 9 regul> cultivation1 0 orig9ally v r\gh & rock-/rewn4 ,x 0 cov]$ ) erratic blocks ( /one1 gneiss & granite 7locally call$ 8hea!ns071 left by ! melt+ ( ! ice fields :i* ov]spread all ! nor?-ea/ ( ,scotl& dur+ ! ,ice ,age4 ,^! /ones h be5 cle>$ f ! fields & utilis$ z b\nd>y walls4 ,"s idea ( ! extraord9>y en]gy & excessive lab\r necess>y to cle> ! l& = tillage may be ga!r$ f a glance at ! 8consumption0 dyke at ,k+swells1 "s five miles f ,ab]de54 ,?is solid ramp>t /ret*es l a great break-wat] across ne>ly half a mile ( c\ntry1 ?r\gh a dip to ! s\? ( ! ,brimmond ,hill4 ,x is five or six feet 9 height & tw5ty to ?irty 9 bread? & conta9s ?\s&s ( tons ( tr\blesome b\ld]s ga!r$ f ! surr\nd+ slopes4 ,! disposal ( ^! blocks 0 a s]i\s problem4 ,x has be5 solv$ by ?is ramp>t4 ,9 o!r p>ts ! /ones 7 built up into enclos+ walls & n[ s]ve ! d\ble purpose ( enclos+ ! fields & provid+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( %elt] = crops & cattle4 ,! slopes ( ! ,brimmond ,hill are 9 c]ta9 p>ts /ill uncle>$ & ! appe>ance ( ^! areas helps u to realise :at ?is section ( ! c\ntry look$ l be=e ! ent]pris+ agriculturi/ brac$ himself to prep>e ! surface = ! use ( ! pl\gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,consumption ,dyke at ,k+swells ,! soil1 except 9 ! alluvial deposits on ! banks ( ! ,don & ! ,y?an1 is n ( great natural f]tility1 yet by ! exceptional indu/ry ( ! inhabitants & _! ent]prise z a f>m+ community x has be5 rais$ to a high degree ( productiv5ess4 ,! c\nty n[ enjoys a well b h>d e>n$ reputation = progressive agriculture4 ,notably s 9 reg>d to cattle-bre$+4 ,x is ! home ( a bre$ ( cattle call$ ,ab]de5%ire1 black & poll$1 b x is j z fam\s = its /ra9 ( %or?orns :i* h be5 br$ ) skill & insight = m ?an a c5tury4 ,9 spite1 !n1 ( its inf]ior soil1 its wayw>d climate & its nor!rn latitude1 ! inborn /ubbornness & det]m9ation ( its p h made x a great & prosp]\s agricultural region & only ^? :o on a ,septemb] day h se5 f ! top ( ,b5a*ie ! undulat+ pla9s ( ,bu*an glitt]+ gold5 9 ! sun c realise :at a trans=mation has be5 effect$ on a b>r5 & /ony l& by ! indu/ry ( man4 ,! mo/ ea/]ly ( ! ,scotti% c\nties1 x abuts l a prom95t %\ld] into ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,x has1 !re=e1 a consid]able sea-bo>d p>tly flat & s&y1 p>tly rocky & precipit\s4 ,! population ( ! num]\s villages dott$ along ?is coa/ us$ 9 "t pa/ to devote !mselves to fi%+1 b ! t5d5cy ( rec5t ye>s has be5 to conc5trate ?is indu/ry 9 ! l>g] t[ns1 ,fras]burgh1 ,pet]head & ,ab]de54 ,o!r indu/ries !re are few4 ,next to agriculture & fi%+ comes granite1 :i* is ! only m9]al wor?y ( m5tion f\nd 9 ! c\nty4 ,x is ! prevail+ rock ( ! di/rict & is qu>ri$ to a consid]able ext5t 9 v>i\s p>ts4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! population e>n _! liv+ by ?is indu/ry1 & ,ab]de5 granite1 l ,ab]de5 beef & ,ab]de5 fi%1 is a well-kn[n product & travels f>4 ,pap] & wool are also manufactur$ b only on a mod]ate scale4 ,!re is only "o o!r g5]al feature ( ! c\nty t des]ves m5tion & t is its attractiv5ess z a heal? resort4 ,! banks ( ! ,dee1 m especially 9 its upp] regions1 is a mu* frequ5t$ holiday haunt2 & e summ] & autumn ,braem>1 ,ballat] & ,aboyne are cr[d$ ) visitors f all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,! late ,que5 ,victoria no d\bt gave ! ,illu/ration3 ,! ,pun* ,b[l1 ,l9n ( ,quoi*1 ,braem> impetus to ?is fa%ion4 ,h] maje/y at an e>ly p]iod ( h] reign b\ght ! e/ate ( ,balmoral1 half-way betwe5 ,ballat] & ,braem>1 & hav+ built a royal ca/le !re made x h] practice to reside = a l>ge "p ( e ye> among/ ! ,deeside hills4 ,ap>t f ?is royal adv]tisem5t ! high altitude ( ! di/rict1 & its dry1 brac+ climate1 z well z its romantic m\nta9 sc5]y1 h prov$ p]man5tly attractive4 ,"h are ,lo*-na-g> 7sung by ,byron71 ,b5-,macdhui1 ,brae-ria*1 ,b5-na-,buird1 ,b5-,avon & o!r ,b5s1 all ( !m #djjj1 or ne>ly #djjj1 feet above sea-level1 & all ( !m impos+ & impressive 9 _! bold & massive =ms4 ,^! m\nta9s supply elem5ts ( gr&eur :i* ex]cise a fasc9ation ^u p :o habitually live 9 a flat c\ntry1 & ,braem> is n likely to lose its m]it$ popul>ity4 #c4 ,size4 ,%ape4 ,b\nd>ies4 ,ab]de5%ire is "o ( ! l>ge c\nties 9 area1 /&+ fif? 9 ,scotl&4 ,al?\gh ,inv]ness conta9s m ?an twice ! numb] ( squ>e miles 9 ,ab]de5%ire1 its population is f> beh9d t ( ,ab]de51 :i* 9 ?is respect is ! ?ird c\nty 9 ,scotl&4 ,its greate/ l5g? f ,n4,e4 to ,s4,w4 is #ajb miles2 its greate/ bread? f ,n4,w4 to ,s4,e4 is #ej4 ,! coa/ l9e measures #fe miles & is little ind5t$4 ,! :ole area ( ! c\nty is #aigj squ>e miles1 or #a1bfa1iga acres1 ( :i* #fdjj are wat]4 ,9 %ape ! c\nty might be lik5$ to a pe> ly+ obliquely on its side1 ! n>r[ /alk-end be+ 9 ! m\nta9s1 :ile ! r\nd$ bulg+ head is ! nor?-ea/]n sea-bo>d4 ,! flatte/ portion is ! region ly+ nor? ( ! ,y?an1 call$ ,bu*an1 & ev5 ?is c h>dly be call$ flat1 = ! level is brok5 by ,mormond ,hill1 ne> ,/ri*51 ris+ to a height ( #haj feet4 ,all ! way to ,p5nan ,head ! cont\r ( ! l& is irregul>ly wavy4 ,! n>r[] portion 9 ! ,s4,w41 call$ ,m>1 is entirely m\nta9\s1 & midway betwe5 ^! two extremes lie ! ,g>io* & ,=m>t9--di/ricts :i* are undulat+ 9 "*4 ,a cresc5t l9e drawn f ,ab]de5 to ,turriff1 ! convex side be+ to ! ,s4,w41 w\ld divide ! c\nty into two p>ts1 :i* might be describ$ z l[l& & highl&4 ,! l[l& portion conta9s ! l[] valley ( ! ,don z f> up z ,inv]urie1 ! valley ( ! ,y?an & all ! rema9+ nor!rn "p ( ! c\nty4 ,s\? ( ?is imag9>y l9e ! gr\nd rises 9 ridge aft] ridge until x culm9ates 9 ! l(ty ,grampian range ( ! ,cairngorms4 ,! bip>tite "* ( ! c\nty1 :i* is reflect$ 9 ! occupation & pursuits z 9 ! "* & language ( ! two populations1 is ( "s importance1 & yet mu/ n be press$ too f>1 because ! population 9 ! "o half is practically insignificant z comp>$ ) t ( ! o!r4 ,x foll[s t :5 ,ab]de5%ire m5 & ,ab]de5%ire ways are ref]r$ to1 n9e times out ( t5 x is ! l[l& "p ( ! c\nty t is 9 "q4 ,illu/ration3 ,p5nan1 look+ ,n4,w4 ,%[+ old & new h\ses ( ,tr\p ,! b\nd>ies are1 on ! ea/1 ! ,nor? ,sea1 & on ! nor? z f> we/ z ,p5nan ,head1 ! ,moray ,fir?4 ,!re ,banff%ire & ,ab]de5%ire meet4 ,f t po9t inl& a wavy b\nd>y sep>ates ! two c\nties1 ! ,dev]on be+ = "p ( ! way ! divid+ l9e4 ,above ,ro?iemay ! b\nd>y m\nts ! wat]%$ betwe5 ,dev]onside & ,speyside1 & keep+ irregul>ly to ?is l9e pa/ ! ,buck ( ! ,cabra*1 & ! upp] wat]s ( ! ,don1 rea*es ,b5-,avon4 ,!nce ! l9e moves on to ,b5-,macdhui ) ,lo* ,avon on ! "r1 & at ,brae-ria* ,banff%ire ceases to be ! b\nd>y4 ,= sev]al miles1 almo/ due s\? 9 direction1 ,inv]ness comes 9 z ! c\nty on ! we/4 ,! s\!rn b\nd>y t\*es ?ree c\nties1 ,p]?1 ,=f> & ,k9c>d9e4 ,at ,cairn ,eal>1 :i* is ! angle ( turn+ & almo/ a "r angle1 ! direction *anges & runs ea/ alongside ( ,p]?%ire to ! ,cairnwell ,road1 & cross+ ?is leaves ,p]?%ire at ,glas ,maol1 :]e x t\*es ,=f>%ire4 ,! l9e cont9ues ea/ b ) a tr5d to ! nor?1 pass+ on ! left ,gl5muick1 ,gl5tan> & ! ,=e/ ( ,birse1 9 :i* ! ,feugh takes its rise4 ,on ! top ( ,m\nt ,battock ?ree c\nties meet1 ,=f>1 ,ab]de5 & ,k9c>d9e4 ,h5ce=? we are alongside ( ,k9c>d9e%ire & ! l9e b5ds nor?-we/ ) a semi-circul> sweep r\nd ,ban*ory-,t]nan & ! ,hill ( ,f>e to ,cra!s1 f a little beyond :i*1 ! b$ ( ! ,dee becomes ! b\nd>y l9e all ! way to ,ab]de54 ,9 all ?is area ( high gr\nd ! l9e ( m>* is practically ! wat]%$ ?r\gh\t1 m>k+ (f ! dra9age area ( ! ,don & ! ,dee f t ( ! ,dev]on & ! ,avon 7a tribut>y ( ! ,spey7 on ! "o h&1 & f t ( ! ,tay & ! two ,esks 7s\? & nor?7 on ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,lo* ,avon & ,b5-,macdhui #d4 ,surface1 ,soil & ,g5]al ,features4 ,f :at has be5 already said ( ! cont\r ( ! c\nty x may be inf]r$ t its surface is extremely v>i$4 ,e v>iety ( highl& & l[l& c\ntry is to be f\nd )9 its limits4 ,ne> ! sea-bo>d ! l& is g5tly undulat+1 nev] q flat b n ris+ to any great height till ,b5a*ie 7#addj7 is rea*$4 ,f t po9t onw>ds1 :e!r up ,dev]onside or ,donside or ,deeside1 ! m\nta9s rise high] & high] till ! ,cairngorms1 :i* comprise "s ( ! l(tie/ m\nta9s 9 ! k+dom1 are rea*$4 ,at t po9t we are m ?an half-way across ,scotl&1 & 9 reality are ne>] to ! ,atlantic ?an to ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,less ?an half ! l& is "u cultivation4 ,woods & plantations occupy b>ely a six? "p ( ! uncultivat$ area4 ,! re/ is m\nta9 & moor1 yield+ a scanty pa/urage = %eep & r$-de]1 & on ! l[] elevations = cattle4 ,9 ! fr+e r\nd ! sea-bo>d no trees w gr[4 ,x is only :5 sev]al miles remov$ f exposure to ! fi]ce bla/s t come f ! ,nor? ,sea t !y beg9 to ?rive1 b ! :ole ,bu*an di/rict is conspicu\sly treeless4 ,almo/ e acre is cultivat$ & ! succession ( fields cov]$ ) oats1 turnips & grass1 :i* fill up ! l&scape z ) a great pat*work1 is brok5 only "h & !re by belts ( trees r\nd "s manor-h\se or f>m-/ead+4 ,except 9 a few places ! sc5]y ( ?is l[l& portion is devoid ( picturesque int]e/1 yet ! woods ( ,pitf\r & ( ,/ri*51 ! policies ( ,haddo ,h\se ne> ,me?lick1 ! quiet silvan beauty ( ,fyvie1 :i* m resembles an ,engli% ?an a ,scot* village1 ! wood$ ridge t ov]looks ! ,y?an at ! ,ca/le ( ,gight1 are *>m+ spots t s]ve by contra/ to acc5tuate ! g5]al tam5ess ( ?is l[] area4 ,9 ! high] region1 ! s\?-we/]n portions ( ! c\nty1 agriculture is1 to "s ext5t1 practis$1 b x is necess>ily conf9$ to n>r[ /rips 9 ! valleys ( ! riv]s4 ,! hills1 :i* are r>ely wood$1 & t only up to fifte5 hundr$ feet above sea-level1 are r\nd$ 9 %ape1 n %>p & jagg$4 ,!y are1 :]e compos$ ( granite1 inv>iably clo!d 9 hea!r & are occasionally utilis$ = ! graz+ ( %eep1 b ?is is becom+ less common1 & ye> by ye> l>g] areas are deplet$ ( %eep = ! bett] protection ( gr\se4 ,all ! hea!ry hills up to #bjjj feet are gr\se moors4 ,?r\gh\t ! summ] ^! display ! *>act]i/ic br[n t9t ( ! hea!r--a t9t :i* gives place 9 e>ly ,augu/ to a ri* purple :5 ! hea!r breaks into fl[]4 ,long /rips ( ! hea!r-mantle are sy/ematically burn$ to ! gr\nd e spr+4 ,su* black5$ pat*es scor+ ) _! irregul> outl9es ! sides ( ! hills 9 ,april & ,may give a c]ta9 am\nt ( v>iety to ! prevail+ t9t ( br[n4 ,!y s]ve a v useful purpose4 ,! "y gr\se %elt] 9 ! long & unburnt hea!r b frequ5t ! cle>$ areas = ! purpose ( fe$+ on ! t5d] "y %oots :i* spr+ up f ! black5$ roots ( ! burn$ plants4 ,fur!r inl& /ill1 :]e ! hills rise to a great] height1 !y become de]-=e/s4 ,z a rule ^! =e/s are )\t trees & are (t5 rock/rewn1 b>e & grassless4 ,x is only 9 ! %elt]$ corries or by ! sides ( "s sp>kl+ burn1 t natural grasses spr+ up 9 suffici5t bread? to provide summ] pa/urage = ! r$-de]1 :i* are c>efully protect$ = sport+ purposes4 ,"h too ! pt>migan bre$ 9 consid]able numb]s4 ,! gr\se moors comm& high] r5ts ?an w\ld be pr(itable = a %eep-f>m] to give = ! graz+1 & e ye> prior to ! #ab? ( ,augu/1 :5 gr\se-%oot+ beg9s1 !re is an influx ( sportsm5 f ! s\?1 to enjoy ?is p>ticul> =m ( sport4 ,! r$ gr\se is indig5\s to ,scotl&2 x seems to f9d its natural habitat among/ ! hea!r1 :]e 9 spite ( occasional failures 9 ! ne/+ season1 & 9 spite ( _m weeks' incessant %oot+1 x ?rives & multiplies4 ,de]-/alk+ beg9s some:at lat]2 9 a w>m & fav\rable summ]1 ! /ags are 9 condition e>ly 9 ,septemb]4 ,?is sport is conf9$ to a comp>ative few4 ,! highe/ m\nta9 9 ! ,braem> di/rict is ,b5-,macdhui 7#dbif feet74 ,a few o!rs are ov] #djjj--;,brae-ria* & ,cairnt\l4 ,b5-na-,buird & ,b5-,avon1 :i* la/ is notable = ! num]\s tors or w>ty knots along its sky-l9e1 are j "u #djjj feet4 ,lo*-na-g>1 a few miles to ! ea/ & a conspicu\s backgr\nd to ,balmoral ,ca/le1 is #cghi4 ,byron call$ x 8! mo/ sublime & picturesque ( ! ,cal$onian ,alps10 & ,que5 ,victoria writ+ f ,balmoral 9 #ahej describ$ x z 8! jewel ( all ! m\nta9s "h40 ,its cont\r l9es1 :i* are some:at m %>ply curv$ ?an is usual 9 ! ,deeside hills1 & ! well-balanc$ di/ribution ( its great mass make x easily recognis$ f a wide di/ance4 ,?is p>tly expla9s ! pre-em95ce :i* not)/&+ its inf]iority ( height x und\bt$ly possesses4 ,due nor? f ,ballat] are ,morv5 7#bhhj7 & ,culblean1 & due s\? is ,m\nt ,ke52 a little ea/ & on ! b\nd>y l9e ( ?ree c\nties is ,m\nt ,battock4 ,p]haps ! mo/ prom95t hill1 & ! "o mo/ frequ5tly visible to ! great majority ( ,ab]de5%ire folks1 is ,b5a*ie1 :i* /&s z a fitt+ outpo/ ( ! va/ regim5t ( hills4 ,x /&s ap>t & al?\gh only #addj feet 9 height is an unfail+ l&m>k f all p>ts ( ,bu*an1 f ,ab]de51 f ,donside1 & ev5 f ,dev]onside4 ,its well-def9$ outl9e & project+ 8mi!r tap0 r5d] x an object ( int]e/ f f> & ne>1 :ile ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( cl\d on its head & %\ld]s s]ves z a b>ometric index to ! /ate ( ! wea!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,b5a*ie #e4 ,wat]%$4 ,riv]s4 ,lo*s4 ,z we h already po9t$ out1 ! wat]%$ co9cides to a l>ge ext5t ) ! b\nd>y l9e ( ! c\nty4 ,! lean ( ,ab]de5%ire is f we/ to ea/ s t all ! riv]s fl[ 9 an ea/]ly direction to ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,on ! we/ & nor?-we/ ( ! highe/ m\nta9 ridges1 ! slope ( ! l& is to ! nor?-ea/1 & ! ,spey ) its sev]al tribut>ies c>ries ! ra9fall to ! he>t ( ! ,moray ,fir?4 ,! *ief riv] ( ! c\nty is ! ,dee4 ,x is ! longe/1 ! fulle/-bodi$1 ! mo/ picturesque ( all ,ab]de5%ire wat]s4 ,tak+ its rise 9 two small /reams :i* dra9 ! slopes ( ,brae-ria*1 x gr[s 9 volume & bread?1 till1 aft] an ea/]ly c\rse ( ne>ly #ajj miles1 x rea*es ! sea at ,ab]de54 ,! head-/ream is ! ,g>ra*orry burn1 :i* fl[s ?r\gh ! cleft betwe5 ,brae-ria* & ,cairnt\l4 ,a m romantic spot = ! cradle ( a mighty riv] c\ld h>dly be f\nd4 ,! m\nta9 masses rise /eep1 grim & impos+--on "o side ,cairnt\l conical 9 %ape1 on ! o!r ,brae-ria* broad & massive1 a picture ( solidity & immobility4 ,! ,dee well is #djfj feet above sea-level & #acjj above ! /ream :i* dra9s ! ea/]n side ( ! ,l>ig--! high pass to ,/ra?spey4 ,z x em]ges f ! ,l>ig1 x is a m]e m\nta9 torr5t b pres5tly x is jo9$ at "r angles by ! ,geldie f ! s\?-we/1 & ! unit$ wat]s move ea/w>d ?r\gh a wild gl5 ( r\gh & rugg$ slopes ,illu/ration3 ,l9n ( ,dee1 ,braem> & ragg$1 gn>l$ ,scots firs to ! ,l9n ( ,dee1 #f-c_/d miles above ,braem>4 ,!re is no great fall at ! ,l9n1 b "h ! *annel ( ! riv] becomes sudd5ly contract$ by great masses ( rock & ! wat] ru%es ?r\gh a n>r[ gorge only f\r feet wide4 ,! pool bel[ is deep & black & mu* ov]hung ) rocks4 ,= #cjj y>ds /ret*es ?is natural sluice1 =m$ by rocks ) rugg$ sides & jagg$ bottom1 ! wat] rac+ pa/ 9 small cascades4 ,! riv] is "h spann$ by a h&some granite bridge op5$ 9 #aheg by ,que5 ,victoria4 ,illu/ration3 ,old bridge ( ,dee1 ,inv]cauld ,z ! riv] desc5ds to ,braem>1 ! gl5 gradually wid5s out1 & ! op51 gravelly1 & s9u\s "* ( ! b$1 :i* is a feature f ?is po9t onw>ds1 is v m>k$4 ,pool & /ream1 /ream & pool succe$ "o ano!r 9 %+ly b5ds1 clean1 sp>kl+ & beautiful4 ,at ,braem> ! b$ is #ajff feet above sea-level4 ,bel[ ,inv]cauld ! riv] is cross$ by ! picturesque old bridge built by ,g5]al ,wade1 :5 he made 8 well-kn[n roads ?r\gh ! ,highl&s aft] ! rebellion ( #agde4 ,"h ! ,g>rawalt1 a r\gh & ob/ruct$ ,illu/ration3 ,view f old bridge ( ,inv]cauld ,illu/ration3 ,falls ( ,muick1 ,ballat] tribut>y1 jo9s ! ma9 riv]4 ,f ,inv]cauld pa/ ,balmoral ,ca/le to ,ballat] is sixte5 miles4 ,"h ! bottom is at times rocky1 at times fill$ ) big r\gh /ones1 at o!r times %+ly b nev] deep4 ,! av]age dep? is only f\r feet1 & ! normal pace "u ord9>y conditions #c-a_/b miles an h\r4 ,f ,ballat]1 :]e ! riv] is jo9$ by ! ,gairn & ! ,muick1 ! ,dee ma9ta9s ! same "* to ,aboyne & ,ban*ory1 :]e x is jo9$ by ! ,feugh f ! =e/ ( ,birse4 ,j above ,ban*ory is ,cairnton1 :]e ! wat] supply = ! t[n ( ,ab]de51 am\nt+ on an av]age to #g or #h million gallons a day1 is tak5 (f4 ,! c\rse ( ! riv] ne> ! m\? 0 div]t$ "s #dj ye>s ago to ! s\?1 at great exp5se1 by ! ,t[n ,c\ncil1 & 9 ?is way a consid]able area ( l& 0 reclaim$ = feu+ purposes4 ,! spann+ ( ! riv] at ?is po9t by ! ,victoria bridge1 :i* sup]s$$ a f]ry-boat1 has l$ to ! rise ( a mod]ately siz$ t[n 7,torry7 on ! s\? or ,k9c>d9e side ( ! riv]4 ,! sc5]y ( ,deeside1 all ! way f ! ,cairngorms to ! old ,bridge ( ,dee1 two miles we/ ( ! c5tre ( ! city1 is v>i$ & attractive4 ,x is well-wood$ ?r\gh\t2 9 ! upp] p>ts ! bir*1 :i* w\ld seem to be indig5\s 9 ! di/rict1 adds to ! beauty ( ! hill-sides1 :ile ! clean pebbly b$ ( ! riv] & its swift1 da%+ fl[ delight ! eyes ( ^? :o are famili> only ) sluggi% & mud-/a9$ wat]s4 ,x is n surpris+ !re=e t ! di/rict has atta9$ ! vogue x n[ enjoys4 ,! ,don runs p>allel to ! ,dee = a great "p ( its c\rse1 b x is a mu* %ort] riv]1 measur+ only #gh miles4 ,x rises at ! v edge ( ! c\nty close to ! po9t :]e ! ,avon em]ges f ,gl5 ,avon & turns nor? to jo9 ! ,spey4 ,x dra9s a valley :i* is only t5 or fifte5 miles sep>at$ f ! valley ( ! l>g] riv]4 ,9 its upp] rea*es x some:at resembles ,deeside1 be+ q highl& 9 "*2 b l[] d[n ! riv] loses its rapidity1 becom+ sluggi% & w9d+4 ,/ra?don1 z ! upp] area is call$1 is und\bt$ly picturesque1 b x lacks ! bold] features ( ,deeside1 be+ less wood$ & grac$ ) few hills on ! gr& scale4 ,x has n1 !re=e1 become a popul> ,illu/ration3 ,bir* ,tree at ,braem> summ] resort1 b its banks =m ! ri*e/ alluvial agricultural l& 9 ! c\nty-- ,a mile o' ,don's wor? twa o' ,dee ,except = salmon1 /one & tree4 ,?is old c\plet is s f> correct4 ,! ,dee is a great salmon riv]1 provid+ m fir/-class salmon angl+ ?an any o!r riv] ( ,scotl&1 :ile ! ,don1 ?\gh ow+ to its muddy bottom a /ream excell5t beyond measure & unsurpass$ = br[n tr\t1 is n n[1 p>tly ow+ to ob/ruction & pollution1 a great salmon riv]4 ,b ! agricultural l& on ,donside1 :i* = ! mo/ "p is ri* deep loam1 ab\t ,k9tore1 ,inv]urie & ! vale ( ,al=d is mu* m k9dly to ! f>m] ?an ! light gravelly soil ( ,deeside1 :i* is s apt to be burnt up 9 a dr\ghty summ]4 ,9 ! matt] ( /one1 ?+s h *ang$ s9ce ! c\plet took %ape4 ,! granite qu>ries ( ,donside are n[ sup]ior to any on ! ,dee2 b ! trees ( ,deeside /ill hold _! own1 ! ,scots firs ( ,ballo*buie =e/1 we/ ( ,balmoral1 be+ ! f9e/ specim5s ( _! k9d 9 ! nor?4 ,! ne!r-,don has be5 utilis$ = m ?an a c5tury z a driv+ p[] = pap] & wool mills4 ,( ^! !re is a regul> succession = sev]al miles ( ! riv]'s c\rse1 f ,bucksburn to )9 a mile ( ,old ,ab]de54 ,aft] heavy ra9s or a spr+ ?aw ! l[] rea*es ( ! riv]1 especially f ,k9tore d[nw>ds1 are apt to be flood$1 & 9 spite ( embankm5ts :i* h be5 erect$ along ! riv]'s c\rse1 few ye>s pass )\t s]i\s damage be+ done to ! ,illu/ration3 ,fir ,trees at ,braem> crops 9 l[-ly+ fields4 ,"s p>ts ( ,donside sc5]y1 notably at ,monymusk 7call$ ,p>adise71 & at ,seaton ,h\se j bel[ ! ,ca!dral ( ,old ,ab]de51 & be=e ! riv] passes ?r\gh ! s+le ,go?ic ar* ( ! anci5t & hi/orical bridge ( ,balg[nie1 are v f9e--wood$ & picturesque1 & belov$ ( m ?an "o fam\s arti/4 ,! next riv] is ! ,y?an1 :i*1 ris+ 9 ! l[ hills ( ! ,culsalmond di/rict & fl[+ ?r\gh ! p>i% ( ,au*t]less & pa/ ! *>m+ hamlet ( ,fyvie1 creeps some:at sluggi%ly ?r\gh ,me?lick & ,"l ,ab]de5's e/ates to ,ellon4 ,a few miles bel[ ,ellon x =ms a l>ge tidal e/u>y f\r miles 9 l5g?--a notable haunt ( sea-tr\t1 ! mo/ notable on ! ea/ coa/4 ,! riv] is only #cg miles long4 ,x is sl[ & w9d+ ) deep pools & few ru%+ /reams2 moreov] its wat]s h nev] ! cle>1 sp>kl+ quality ( ! silv]y ,dee4 ,yet at ,fyvie & at ,gight x has picturesque rea*es t r$eem x f a uni=mity ( tam5ess4 ,! ,ugie1 a small /ream ( #bj miles 9 l5g?1 is ! only o!r riv] wor?y ( m5tion4 ,x jo9s ! sea nor? ( ! t[n ( ,pet]head4 ,9 "* x closely resembles ! ,y?an1 hav+ ! same k9d ( deep pools & ! same s$ge-gr[n banks4 ,! ,dev]on is m p>ticul>ly a ,banff%ire riv]1 yet 9 ! ,huntly di/rict1 x & its important tribut>y ! ,bogie 7:i* gives its "n to ! well-kn[n hi/oric region call$ ,/ra?bogie7 are :olly 9 ,ab]de5%ire4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,don1 look+ t[>ds ,/ ,ma*> ,ca!dral ,! ,dev]on p>takes ( ! "* ( ! ,dee & ! "* ( ! ,don4 ,x is nei!r s sp>kl+ & rapid z ! "o nor s sl[ & muddy z ! o!r4 ,ar\nd ,huntly & 9 ! locality ( ,turriff & ,ed51 :]e x is ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! c\nties1 x has "s *>m+ly beautiful rea*es4 ,along its banks is a succession ( /ately manor-h\ses1 embosom$ 9 trees1 & ^! highly embelli%$ demesnes enhance its natural *>ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,brig o' ,balg[nie1 ,ab]de5 ,lakes are few 9 ,ab]de5%ire1 & su* z exi/ are n specially rem>kable4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ hi/orically are ! ,deeside ,lo*s ,k9nord & ,davan :i* are held by antiqu>ians to be ! seat ( an anci5t city ,devana--! t[n ( ! two lakes4 ,9 pre-hi/oric times !re dwelt on ! %ores ( ^! lakes z also 9 ! valleys t conv]ge ^u !m a tribe ( p :o built =ts1 & lake retreats1 made oak canoes1 & by means ( palisades ( ! same mat]ial creat$ artificial isl&s4 ,! canoes :i* h be5 recov]$ f ! b$ ( ! lo* are holl[$ logs ?irty feet 9 l5g?4 ,o!r relics--a bronze vessel & a bronze spe>head1 toge!r ) _m beams ( oak--h be5 fi%$ up1 all prov+ ! exi/5ce ( an e>ly ,picti% settlem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,lo* ,muick1 ne> ,ballat] ,besides ^!1 !re is 9 ! same di/rict--b s\?-ea/ ( ,lo*-na-g>1 ano!r & l>g] lake call$ ,lo* ,muick4 ,f x fl[s ! small riv] ,muick--a tribut>y ( ! ,dee1 :i* x jo9s above ,ballat]4 ,s\?-we/ ( ,lo*-na-g> is ,lo* ,callat]1 :i* dra9s into ! ,clunie1 ano!r ,dee tribut>y1 :i* jo9s ! ma9 riv] at ,ca/leton ( ,braem>4 ,on ! l[] rea*es ( ! ,dee are ! ,lo* ( ,p>k or ,drum1 & ! ,lo* ( ,sk5e1 bo? ( :i* dra9 into ! ,dee4 ,bo? are mu* frequ5t$ by wat]-f[l ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,! ,lo* ( ,/ra?beg1 :i* lies on ! ea/ coa/ n f> f ,rattray ,head1 is a bracki% lo* ( "s int]e/4 ,two hundr$ ye>s ago1 we are told1 x 0 9 direct communication ) ! sea & small vessels 7 able to ent] x4 ,9 a s+le night a furi\s ea/]ly gale blew away a s&-hill betwe5 ! ,ca/le-hill ( ,rattray & ! sea1 ) ! result t ! w9d-driv5 s& =m$ a s&-b> :]e =m]ly !re 0 a cle> ,illu/ration3 ,lo* ,callat]1 ,braem> wat]-way4 ,s9ce t day ! lo* has be5 l&-lock$ & ?\gh /ill slightly bracki% may be reg>d$ z an inl& lo*4 #f4 ,geology4 ,geology is ! /udy ( ! rocks or ! sub/ances ( :i* ! e>?y cru/ ( a di/rict is compos$4 ,rocks are ( two sorts3 7#a7 ^? due to ! action ( heat1 call$ igne\s1 7#b7 ^? =m$ & deposit$ by wat]1 call$ aque\s4 ,:5 ! e>? 0 a molt5 ball1 x cool$ at ! surface1 b e n[ & aga9 liquid portions 7 eject$ f cracks & weak places4 ,! same process is se5 9 ! eruptions ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 :i* s5ds out /reams ( liquid lava t gradually cools & =ms h>d rock4 ,su* are igne\s rocks4 ,b all ! =ces ( nature are con/antly at "w dis9tegrat+ ! solid l&2 fro/1 ra91 ! action ( riv]s & ! atmosph]e we> d[n ! rocks2 & ! t9y p>ticles are c>ri$ dur+ floods to ! sea1 :]e !y are deposit$ z mud or s&-b$s laid flat "o on ! top ( ! o!r l %eets ( pap]4 ,^! are aque\s rocks4 ,! lay]s are aft]w>ds apt to be tilt$ up on end or at v>i\s angles ow+ to ! contortions ( ! e>?'s cru/1 ?r\gh pressure 9 p>ticul> directions4 ,:5 s tilt$ !y may rise above wat] & imm$iately ! same process t made !m n[ beg9s to unmake !m4 ,!y too may 9 "t be s worn away t only fragm5ts ( !m are left :]eby we may int]pret _! hi/ory4 ,illu/ration3 ,lo* ( ,sk5e ,to ^! may be add$ a ?ird k9d ( rock call$ metamorphic1 or rocks s alt]$ by ! heat & pressure ( o!r rocks intrud+ ^u !m1 t !y lose _! orig9al "* & become metamorphos$4 ,!y may be ei!r s$im5t>y1 laid d[n orig9ally by wat]1 or !y may be igne\s1 b 9 bo? cases !y are entirely *ang$ or modifi$ 9 appe>ance & /ructure by ! treatm5t !y h suff]$4 ,! geology ( ,ab]de5%ire is almo/ entirely conc]n$ ) igne\s & metamorphic rocks4 ,! :ole backbone ( ! c\nty is granite :i* has to "s ext5t be5 rubb$ smoo? by glacial action2 b 9 a great "p ( ! c\nty ! granite gives place to metamorphic rocks1 gneiss1 s*i/1 & qu>tzite4 ,a "y geologi/ view+ a deep cutt+ 9 ! soil ab\t ,ab]de5 f9ds t ! mat]ial consi/s ( lay]s ( s&1 gravel1 clay1 :i* are loosely pil$ toge!r all ! way d[n to ! solid granite4 ,?is is ! glacial drift1 or b\ld] clay1 a mu* lat] =mation ?an ! granite & a legacy ( :at is call$ ! great ,ice ,age4 ,f> back 9 a "t be=e ! dawn ( hi/ory all ! nor?-ea/ ( ,scotl& 0 buri$ deep "u a va/ sn[-%eet4 ,! sn[ consolidat$ into glaci]s j z 9 ,switz]l& to-day1 & ! glaci]s ?us =m$ work$ _! way d[n ! valleys1 c>ry+ a great quantity ( loose mat]ial along ) !m4 ,:5 a w>m] "t came1 ! ice melt$ & all ! s& & b\ld]s mix$ up 9 ! ice 7 lib]at$ & sank z loose deposits on ! l&4 ,?is is ! b\ld] clay :i* 9 & ar\nd ,ab]de5 is ! usual subsoil4 ,x consi/s ( r\gh1 half-r\nd$ pebbles1 l>ge & small1 ( clay1 s&1 & %+le1 & makes a v cold & unk9dly soil1 be+ difficult to dra9 prop]ly & sl[ to take 9 w>m?4 ,bel[ ?is b\ld] clay are ! fundam5tal rocks4 ,at ,ab]de5 ^! are pure granite2 b 9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\nty !y are1 z we h said1 metamorphic1 t is1 !y h be5 alt]$ by p[]ful =ces1 heat & pressure4 ,:e!r !y 7 orig9ally s$im5t>y1 be=e !y 7 alt]$1 is d\btful2 "s geologi/s ?9k ! cry/all9e rocks r\nd ,fras]burgh & ,pet]head 7 aque\s4 ,mormond ,hill 0 once a s&/one1 & ! s*i/s ( ,crud5 ,bay & ,collie/on 7 clay4 ,! same b$s trac$ to ! s\? are f\nd to pass gradually into s$im5t>y rocks t are little alt]$4 ,:e!r !y 7 aque\s or igne\s orig9ally1 !y h to-day lo/ all _! orig9al "*4 ,no fossils are f\nd 9 !m4 ,^! rocks are ! olde/ & l[e/ 9 ,ab]de5%ire4 ,aft] _! =mation1 !y 7 invad$ f bel[ by intrusive masses ( molt5 igne\s rock1 :i* 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\nty is n[ ne> ! surface4 ,?is is ! granite already ref]r$ to4 ,its pres5ce ?r\gh\t ! c\nty has mat]ially influ5c$ ! "* & ! indu/ry ( ! p4 ,:]ev] granite ent]s1 x te>s its irregul> way ?r\gh ! oppos+ rocks1 & s5ds ve9s ?r\gh cracks :]e su* occur4 ,! result ( its =cible entrance 9 a molt5 condition is t ! contigu\s rocks are melt$1 bli/]$1 & bak$ by ! intrusive matt]4 ,:y granite %\ld diff] f ! lava we see exud+ f active volcanoes is expla9$ by ! fact t x is =m$ deep bel[ ! surface :]e !re is no outlet = its gases4 ,x cools sl[ly & "u great pressure & ?is gives x its special "*4 ,if f\nd1 !re=e1 at ! surface1 z x is 9 ,ab]de51 ?is is because ! rocks once high above x1 conceal+ its pres5ce h be5 worn away1 :i* gives "s idea ( ! great age ( ! di/rict4 ,"o l>ge granitic mass is at ,pet]head1 :]e x cov]s an area ( #df squ>e miles1 & =ms ! rocky coa/ = eight miles2 b ! :ole valley ( ! ,dee z f> z ,b5 ,macdhui1 & a great "p ( ,donside1 consi/ ( ?is intrusive granite4 ,x v>ies 9 col\r & quality1 be+ 9 "s di/ricts r$di% 9 t9t z at ,/]l+ ,hill ne> ,pet]head1 at ,hill ( ,f>e1 & ,cor5nie2 9 o!r p>ts x is light grey 9 v>i\s %ades4 ,! succession 9 ! ord] ( s$im5t>y rocks is def9itely settl$1 & al?\gh ?is has little application to ,ab]de5%ire1 an outl9e may be giv54 ,! olde/ are ! ,palaeozoic :i* includes--9 ord] ( age-- ,cambrian1 ,silurian1 ,old ,r$ ,s&/one or ,devonian1 ,c>bonif]\s1 ,p]mian4 ,( ^! ! only "o repres5t$ 9 ,ab]de5%ire is ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 :i* occupies a consid]able /rip on ! coa/ f ,ab]d\r to ,g>d5/[n1 & runs inl& to ,fyvie & ,au*t]less & ev5 z f> z ,kildrummy & ,au*9doir4 ,! deposit is #acjj feet ?ick4 ,a visitor to ! t[n ( ,turriff is /ruck by ! r$ col\r ( _m ( ! h\ses !re1 a mo/ unusual v>iant ^u ! blue-grey :9/one ( ! surr\nd+ di/ricts4 ,! explanation is t a conv5i5t qu>ry ( ,old ,r$ ,s&/one exi/s betwe5 ,turriff & ,cum9e/[n4 ,kildrummy ,ca/le1 "o ( ! f9e/ & mo/ anci5t ru9s 9 ! c\nty1 is n l ! majority ( ! old ca/les built ( granite b ( a s&/one 9 ! vic9ity4 ,! same b& ext5ds across c\ntry to ,au*9doir1 :]e x is /ill qu>ri$4 ,! next geological gr\p ( ,rocks1 ! ,second>y or ,mesozoic1 includes--9 ord] ( age-- ,triassic1 ,jurassic1 ,cretace\s4 ,^! are n at all or b b>ely repres5t$4 ,a pat* ( clay at ,plaidy1 :i* 0 laid b>e 9 cutt+ ! railway track1 belongs to ! ,jurassic sy/em & conta9s ammonites & o!r fossils *>act]i/ic ( t p]iod4 ,ov] a ridge ( high gr\nd /ret*+ f ,/]l+ ,hill s\?-ea/w>ds are f\nd numb]s ( roll$ fl9ts belong+ to ! ,cretace\s or *alk p]iod1 b ! probability is t !y h be5 transport$ f else:]e by mov+ ice & are n 9 _! natural place4 ,! ,t]ti>y epo* is j z meagrely repres5t$ z ! ,second>y4 ,yet ?is is ! p]iod :i* 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w possesses records ( ! mo/ ample k9d4 ,! ,alps1 ! ,caucasus1 ! ,himalayas 7 all upheav$ 9 ,t]ti>y times2 b ( any correspond+ activity 9 ! nor?-ea/ ( ,scotl&1 !re is no trace4 ,x is only :5 ! ,t]ti>y m]ges 9 ! ,quat]n>y p]iod t ! hi/ory is resum$4 ,! deposits ( ! ,ice ,age1 :5 ,scotl& 0 "u ! grip ( an arctic climate1 are mu* 9 evid5ce all ov] ! c\nty & h already be5 ref]r$ to4 ,x is necess>y to treat ! subject 9 "s detail4 ,dur+ ! glacial p]iod1 ! sn[ & ice accumulat$ on ! we/ side ( ! c\ntry1 & ov]fl[$ into ,ab]de5%ire4 ,!re 7 sev]al invasions ow+ to ! recurr5ce ( p]iods ( m g5ial temp]ature :5 ! ice-%eet dw9dl$4 ,"o ( ! e>li] inroads probably br\ght ) x ! *alk fl9ts n[ f\nd we/ ( ,bu*an ,ness2 ano!r br\ght b\ld]s f ! di/rict ( ,moray4 ,s\? ( ,pet]head a drift ( a diff]5t "* took place4 ,mo/ ( ,sla9s & ,crud5 z well z ,ellon1 ,fov]an1 & ,belhelvie are cov]$ ) a r$di% clay ) r\nd r$ pebbles l ^? ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,?is po9ts to an invasion ( ! ice-%eet f ,k9c>d9e1 :]e su* deposits are rife4 ,d>k blue clay came f ! we/1 r$ clay f ! s\?1 & 9 "s p>ts !y met & int]mix$ z at ,/ ,f]gus4 ,a probable ?ird s\rce ( glacial rema9s is ,sc&9avia4 ,9 ! ,ice ,age ,brita9 0 "p ( ! cont95tal ma9l&1 ! %all[ ,nor? ,sea hav+ be5 =m$ at a subsequ5t p]iod4 ,! l[-ly+ l& at ! nor?-ea/ ( ! c\nty 0 ! holl[ to :i* ! glaci]s gravitat$ f we/ & s\? & ea/1 leav+ _! dbris on ! surface :5 ! ice disappe>$4 ,s mu* is ?is a feature ( ,bu*an t "o well-kn[n geologi/ has humor\sly describ$ x z ! riddl+ heap ( creation4 ,bo? ! r$ & ! blue clay are (t5 buri$ "u ! co>se e>?y matt] & r\gh /ones t =m$ ! residuum ( ! la/ %eet ( ice4 ,?is has greatly increas$ ! difficulty ( cle>+ ! l& = cultivation4 ,moreov] a clay subsoil ( ?is k9d1 :i* =ms a h>d bottom pan t wat] _c p]colate ?r\gh1 is n conducive to successful f>m+4 ,dra9age is difficult b absolutely necess>y be=e good crops w be produc$4 ,bo? difficulties h be5 successfully ov]come by ! ,ab]de5%ire agriculturi/1 b only by d9t ( great exp5diture ( "t & lab\r & money4 ,! di/rict ( ! clays is associat$ ) peat b$s4 ,!re is peat1 or r !re 0 once peat all ov] ,ab]de5%ire1 b ! dep? & ext5t ( ! b$s are greate/ :]e ! clay bottom exi/s4 ,a climate t is moi/ )\t be+ too cold fav\rs ! gr[? ( peat & ! ,bu*an di/rict1 project+ s f> into ! ,nor? ,sea & be+ subject to some:at less sun%9e ?an o!r p>ts ( ! c\nty1 provides ! fav\r+ conditions4 ,! ra9fall is only mod]ate b x is di/ribut$ at frequ5t int]vals1 & ! clay bottom helps to reta9 ! moi/ure & ?us promotes ! gr[? ( ^? mosses :i* aft] _m ye>s become b$s ( peat4 ,^! peat b$s = long provid$ ! fuel ( ! population4 ,9 rec5t ye>s !y are all b exhau/$1 & ! facility ) :i* coals are transport$ by sea & by rail is gradually putt+ an end to ! 8ca/+0 & dry+ ( peats4 ,mora9es ( r\gh gravel--! wreckage ( dw9dl+ glaci]s--are f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,dee valley4 ,! soil ( ,deeside has little int]mixture ( clay & is ?9 & highly por\s4 ,x foll[s t 9 a dry season ! crops are %ort & meagre4 ,! ,scots fir1 h[ev]1 is p>tial to su* a soil1 & its ready gr[? helps ) ! aid ( ! natural bir*es to embelli% ! ,deeside l&scape4 ,9 ! ,cairngorms br[n & yell[ v>ieties ( qu>tz call$ 8cairngorms0 are f\nd ei!r emb$d$ 9 cavities ( ! granite or 9 ! detritus t accumulates f ! decomposition ( expos$ rocks4 ,! /ones1 :i* are really cry/als1 are mu* priz$ = jewell]y1 & are ( v>i\s col\rs1 pale yell[ 7citr9e71 br[n or smoky1 & black & almo/ opaque4 ,:5 well cut & set 9 silv]1 ei!r z broo*es or z an adornm5t to ! h&les ( dirks1 !y h a brilliant effect4 ,"t 0 :5 !y 7 sy/ematically dug & se>*$ =1 & c]ta9 p]sons made a liv+ by _! f9ds on ! hill-sides2 b n[ !y are m r>e & come ^u only by accid5t4 #g4 ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,z we h se5 9 deal+ ) ! glacial movem5ts1 ,brita9 0 at "o "t "p ( ! cont95t & !re 0 no ,nor? ,sea4 ,at ! be/ x is a %all[ sea1 & a v trifl+ elevation ( its floor w\ld re-connect ,scotl& ) ,europe4 ,x foll[s t our c\ntry 0 inhabit$ by ! same k9d ( animals z inhabit$ ,we/]n ,europe4 ,_m ( !m are n[ ext9ct1 cave-be>s1 hya5as & sabre-too!d tig]s4 ,all ^! 7 />v$ out ( exi/5ce by ! inroads ( ! ice4 ,aft] ! ice disappe>$ ?is c\ntry rema9$ jo9$ to ! cont95t1 & z long z ! connection 0 ma9ta9$ ! l&-animals ( ,europe 7 able to cross ov] & occupy ! gr\nd2 if ! connection _h n be5 sev]$1 !re w\ld h be5 no diff]5ce betwe5 our fauna & ! animals ( ,nor!rn ,france & ,belgium4 ,b ! l& sank1 & ! ,nor? ,sea fill$ up ! holl[1 creat+ a b>ri] be=e all ! species 9 ,nor!rn ,europe _h be5 able to effect a foot+ 9 our c\ntry4 ,?is applies bo? to plants & animals4 ,:ile ,g]many has ne>ly n9ety species ( l& animals1 ,great ,brita9 has b>ely =ty4 ,all ! mammals1 reptiles & amphibians t we h1 are f\nd on ! cont95t besides a great _m t we d n possess4 ,/ill ,scotl& c boa/ ( its r$ gr\se1 :i* is n se5 on ! cont95t4 ,) e v>iety ( situation1 f expos$ sea-bo>d to %elt]$ valley & l(ty m\nta91 ! flora ( ,ab]de5%ire %[s a pleas+ & int]e/+ v>iety4 ,! plants ( ! sea-%ore1 ( ! waysides1 ( ! riv]-banks1 & ( ! l[l& peat-mosses are necess>ily diff]5t 9 _m respects f ^? ( ! great m\nta9 heights4 ,x is impossible "h to d m ?an indicate "o or two ( ! lead+ features4 ,! s&y tracts nor? ( ! ,y?an m\? h *>act]i/ic plants1 wild rue1 sea-?rift1 rock-rose1 grass ( ,p>nassus1 cat*-fly 7,sil5e m>itima74 ,! waysides are brilliant ) blue-bells1 spe$well1 ?i/les1 y>r[ & violas4 ,! peat-mosses %[ pat*es ( l\se-wort1 sundew1 ,/ ,john's wort1 cotton-grass1 butt]wort & ragg$ rob94 ,! p9e-woods display an und]gr[? ( blae-b]ries1 galliums1 w9t]-gre51 v]onicas & g]aniums4 ,! ,l9naea borealis is exce$+ly r>e1 b has a few localities kn[n to ent]pris+ botani/s4 ,! :9 & ! broom 9 ,may & ,june add conspicu\s col\r+ to ! l&scape :ile a diff]5t t9t ( yell[ %9es 9 ! oat-fields1 :i* are ?r\gh\t ! c\nty m or less cr[d$ ) wild mu/>d or *>lock4 ,! granitic hills are all mantl$ ) hea!r 7common l+1 ,calluna erica7 up to #cjjj feet1 br[n 9 w9t] & spr+ b tak+ on a ri* purple hue :5 x breaks into fl[] 9 e>ly ,augu/4 ,! purple bell-hea!r does n rise beyond #bjjj feet & fl[]s mu* e>li]4 ,?r\gh ! hea!r trails ! /ag-moss1 & ! pyrola & ! g5i/a ?ru/ _! blossoms above ! sea ( purple4 ,! cranb]ry1 ! cr[-b]ry & ! :ortle-b]ry1 & m r>ely ! cl\db]ry or ,avron 7,rubus *amaemorus7 are f\nd on all ! ,cairngorms4 ,! ,alp9e rock-cress is !re also1 z well z ! m\nta9 violet 7,viola lutea71 :i* takes ! place ( ! he>ts-ease ( ! l[l&s4 ,! moss-campion spreads its cu%ions on ! highe/ m\nta9s2 saxifrages ( v>i\s species haunt e moi/ spot ( ! hill-sides & ! ,alp9e lady's mantle1 ! ,alp9e scurvy-grass1 ! ,alp9e spe$well1 ! trail+ azalea1 ! dw>f cornel 7,cornus suecica71 & _m o!r v>ieties are to be f\nd by ^? :o c>e to look = !m4 ,z we h said1 no trees ?rive ne> ! coa/4 ,! ea/]ly & nor!rly w9ds make _! gr[? prec>i\s1 & :]e !y h be5 plant$ !y look z if %orn ) a mighty scy!1 s decisive is ! slope ( _! bran*es away f ! direction ( ! cold bla/s4 ,_! gr[? too 9 ?ickness ( bole is pa9fully sl[1 ev5 a p]iod ( tw5ty ye>s mak+ no appreciable addition to ! circumf]5ce ( ! /em4 ,conv9c+ evid5ce exi/s t 9 anci5t times ! c\nty 0 closely wood$4 ,9 peat-bogs are f\nd ! root-/ems ( ,scots fir & oak trees ( mu* l>g] bulk ?an we are famili> ) n[4 ,! res9\s roots ( ! fir trees1 dug up & split into long /rips1 7 ! fir-c&les ( a c5tury ago1 ! only artificial light ( ! "t4 ,! di/rict is n exceptional or peculi> 9 its fauna4 ,! grey or br[n rat1 :i* has entirely displac$ ! small] black rat1 is v common & proves de/ructive to f>m crops--a result p>tially due to ! eradication ( birds ( prey1 z well z ( /oats & weasels1 by gamekeep]s 9 ! int]e/ ( game4 ,! prolific rabbit is 9 c]ta9 di/ricts f> too num]\s & plays havoc ) ! f>m]'s turnips & o!r gr[+ crops4 ,br[n h>es are fairly pl5tiful b less num]\s ?an !y 7 9 ! days ( _! protection4 ,e f>m] has n[ ! "r to kill gr\nd game 7h>es & rabbits7 on 8 f>m & ?is helps to keep ! /ock l[4 ,! :ite or ,alp9e h>e is pl5tiful 9 ! hilly tracts & is %ot along ) ! gr\se on ! gr\se moors4 ,! ott] is occasionally trapp$ on ! riv]s1 & a few foxes ,illu/ration3 ,de] 9 "t ( sn[ are %ot on ! hills4 ,! mole is 9 evid5ce ev]y:]e up to ! #aejj feet level1 by ! mole-heaps he leaves 9 e field1 & ! mole-cat*] is a famili> "* 9 mo/ p>i%es4 ,! squirrel has work$ 8 way nor? dur+ ! la/ sixty ye>s1 & is n[ to be f\nd 9 e fir-wood4 ,! graceful ro$e] is also a d5iz5 ( ! p9e-woods1 :5ce he makes =ays on ! oat-fields4 ,! r$-de] is abundant on ! high] & m remote hills1 & de]-/alk+ is p]haps ! mo/ excit+ z x c]ta9ly is ! mo/ exact+ ( all =ms ( ,scotti% sport4 ,! pole-cat is r>ely se52 he is be/ kn[n to ! pres5t g5]ation 9 ! half-dome/icat$ bre$ call$ ! f]ret4 ,! h$ge-hog1 ! common %rew1 & ! wat]-vole are all common4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,dunbuy ,rock ,! birds are num]\s & full ( int]e/4 ,! coa/ is frequ5t$ by va/ flocks ( sea-gulls1 guillemots1 & cormorants1 :ile ! e/u>y ( ! ,y?an has _m visitants su* z ! r+$ plov]1 ! eid]-duck1 ! %elduck1 ! oy/]-cat*]1 r$%ank1 & t]n4 ,on ! nor? bank ( ?is riv] ! triangul> area ( s&-dunes betwe5 ,newburgh & ,collie/on is a fav\rite ne/+-place = eid]-duck & t]ns4 ,! ne/s ( ! eid]-duck1 ) _! five l>ge olive-gre5 eggs emb$d$ 9 ! s(t d[n drawn f ! "m's brea/1 are f\nd 9 great numb]s among/ ! grassy b5ts4 ,! eggs ( ! t]n1 on ! o!r h&1 are laid 9 a m]e holl[ ( ! op5 s&1 b s num]\s are !y t x is almo/ impossible = a p$e/rian to avoid tread+ ^u !m4 ,puff9s or sea-p>rots are conspicu\s among/ ! _m sea-birds t frequ5t ,dunbuy ,rock4 ,?is isl& rock1 half-way up ! ea/]n coa/1 is a typical sea-bird haunt1 :]e gulls1 puff9s1 razorbills & guillemots are to be se5 9 a /ate ( re/less activity4 ,a colony ( black-head$ gulls has = a numb] ( ye>s br$ & multipli$ 9 a small lo* ne> ,k9tore4 ,a va/ numb] ( migratory birds /rike ! %ores ( ,ab]de5%ire e ye> 9 _! we/w>d flight4 ,! waxw+1 ! hoopoe1 & ! ruff are occasional visitors1 ! great nor!rn div] & ! sn[-bunt+ be+ m frequ5t4 ,! game-birds ( ! di/rict are ! p>tridge & ! pheasant 9 ! agricultural region1 & ! r$ gr\se on ! moors4 ,! high] hills1 su* z ,lo*-na-g>1 h pt>migan1 :ile ! wood$ areas bord]+ on ! highl& l9e are frequ5t$ by black-cock & cap]cailzie4 ,^! la/ are a re-introduction ( rec5t ye>s & seem to be multiply+2 b1 l ! squirrel1 !y are de/ructive to ! gr[+ %oots ( ! p9e trees & are n enc\rag$ by "s proprietors4 ,! lapw+ or gre5 plov]'s wail is an unfail+ s\nd ?r\gh\t ! c\nty 9 ! spr+4 ,^! useful birds are said to be few] ?an !y 7 fifty ye>s ago--a result probably due to ! dem& = _! eggs z a table delicacy4 ,aft] ! fir/ ( ,april x is illegal to take ! eggs1 & ?is p>tial protection s]ves to ma9ta9 ! /ock 9 fair numb]s4 ,! />l+1 :i*1 l ! squirrel1 0 unkn[n 9 ?is di/rict sixty ye>s ago1 has increas$ s rapidly t flocks ( !m conta9+ _m ?\s&s are n[ a common sight 9 ! autumn4 ,! k+fi%] is met )1 v1 v r>ely on ! riv]-bank1 b ! dipp] is nev] abs5t f ! b\ld]-/rewn b$s ( ! /reams4 ,! pla9tive note ( ! curlew & ! %rill] :i/le ( ! gold5 plov] break ! sil5ce ( ! lonely moors4 ,! gold5 eagle ne/s 9 ! solitudes ( ! m\nta9s & may occasionally be se51 so>+ high 9 ! vic9ity ( 8 eyrie4 ,( fre%-wat] fi%es1 ! yell[ or br[n tr\t is pl5tiful 9 all ! riv]s1 especially 9 ! ,don & ! ,y?an4 ,! migratory sea-tr\t & ! salmon are also caught 9 ea*1 al?\gh ! ,dee is pre-em95tly ! mo/ productive4 ,! salmon fi%]ies r\nd ! coa/ & at ! m\? ( ! riv]s are a s\rce ( consid]able rev5ue4 ,! fi% are caught by ?ree species ( net1 bag-nets 7float+ nets7 & /ake-nets 7fix$7 9 ! sea1 & by drag-nets or sweep-nets 9 ! tidal rea*es ( ! riv]s4 ,"t 0 :5 drag-nets pli$ z f> inl& z ,ban*ory-,t]nan 7#ai miles71 b ^! h gradually be5 )drawn & are n[ relegat$ to a %ort di/ance f ! riv] m\?1 ! rights hav+ be5 b\ght up by ! rip>ian proprietors fur!r up ! riv]1 :o wi% to obta9 improv$ opportunities = successful angl+4 ,! ,dee has1 9 ?is way1 be5 s improv$ t x is n[ p]haps ! f9e/ salmon-angl+ riv] 9 ,scotl&4 ,! insects ( ! di/rict call = little rem>k4 ,butt]flies are few 9 species & )\t v>iety4 ,x is only 9 c]ta9 w>m autumns t ! r$ admiral puts 9 an appe>ance4 ,! cabbage-:ite1 ! tortoise-%ell1 & an occasional mead[-br[n & fritill>y are ! prevail+ species4 ,! wat]s ( ! ,y?an1 ! ,ugie1 & ! ,don are frequ5t$ by fre%-wat] mussels :i* produce pe>ls4 ,^! gr[ be/ on a pebbly bottom n too deep & are #c to #g in*es long & #a-a_/b to #b-a_/b broad4 ,! int]nal surface is blui% or ) a %ade ( p9k4 ,! se>* = ^! mussels 9 ord] to secure ! pe>ls !y may & d sometimes conta9 0 once a recognis$ indu/ry4 ,to-day x is spasmodic & mo/ly 9 ! h&s ( vagrants4 ,_m b$s are de/roy$ be=e ! mussels are mature & ?is less5s ! *ances ( success4 ,! pe>l-fi%] usually wades 9 ! riv]1 mak+ obs]vation ( ! bottom by means ( a float+ glass :i* removes ! di/urb+ effect ( ! surface ripple4 ,he ?us obta9s a cle> view ( ! riv]-b$1 & by means ( a =k$ /ick dislodges ! mussels & br+s !m to bank1 #aej mak+ a good day's "w4 ,he op5s !m at leisure & f9ds t ! great majority ( 8 pile are )\t pe>ls4 ,if he be lucky en\gh1 h[ev]1 to come ^u a bat* ( mature %ells he may f9d a pe>l wor? #bj4 ,z a rule ! price is n above t5 or tw5ty %ill+s4 ,mu* dep5ds on ! size & ! col\r+4 ,! mo/ valuable are ^? ( a p9ki% hue4 #h4 ,r\nd ! ,coa/4 ,! h>b\r-m\?1 :i* is also ! m\? ( ! ,dee1 is ! beg9n+ ( ! c\nty on ! sea-bo>d4 ,x is protect$ by two breakwat]s1 nor? & s\?1 :i* %elt] ! entrance *annel f ! fury ( ea/]ly & nor?-ea/]ly gales4 ,to ! s\?1 9 ,k9c>d9e%ire1 is ! ,girdl5ess ligh?\se1 #ahe feet high1 fla%+ a light e tw5ty seconds ) a range ( visibility /at$ at #ai miles4 ,to ! nor? ( ! h>b\r entrance are ! l9ks & ! ba?+ /ation4 ,! latt] 0 erect$ 9 #ahie & has s9ce be5 ext5d$1 e ef=t be+ made to add to ! attractiv5ess ( ! bea* z a recreation gr\nd4 ,a prom5ade1 :i* w ultimately ext5d to ,donm\?1 is 9 great "p complete2 & all ! o!r usual concomitants ( a wat]+-place h be5 introduc$ ) promis+ success s f>1 & likely to be great] 9 ! ne> future4 ,f ,donm\? ! nor?w>d coa/ pres5ts little ( int]e/4 ,all ! way to ! e/u>y ( ! ,y?an is a region ( s&-dunes b\nd toge!r by m>um grass & /unt$ :9s1 excell5t = golf c\rses1 b lack+ 9 v>iety4 ,9 ! s&y m\nds 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,y?an h be5 f\nd _m fl9t *ipp+s & among/ !m leaf-%ap$ fl9t arr[-heads1 *isels & cores1 z well z ! wat]-worn /ones on :i* ^! implem5ts 7 fa%ion$4 ,^! records ( primitive man z he 0 9 ! lat] ,/one ,age are conspicu\s "h1 & are ,illu/ration3 ,girdl5ess ,ligh?\se to be se5 9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\nty4 ,9 ! rabbit burr[s1 :i* are abundant 9 ! dunes1 ! /ock-dove re>s h] "y4 ,9 #ahhh a migratory flock ( s&-gr\se took possession ( ! dunes1 & rema9$ = "o season4 ,beyond ! ,y?an are ! ,=vie s&s--a region ( hummocks "u :i* a :ole p>i% is buri$4 ,! de/ruction ( ! p>i% took place sev]al c5turies ago1 :5 a succession ( nor?-ea/]ly gales1 cont9u$ = _m days1 :ipp$ up ! loose s& ( ! coa/-dunes & blew x onw>d 9 cl\ds till ! :ole p>i%1 includ+ sev]al valuable f>ms1 0 entirely subm]g$4 ,! scanty ru9s ( ! old *ur* ( ,=vie is ! only trace left ( ?is s&-smo!r$ hamlet4 ,n f> f ! site ( ! ,=vie *ur* is a beautiful semi-lun> bay call$ ,hackley ,bay1 :]e = ! fir/ "t s9ce ,ab]de5 0 left beh9d1 rocks appe>1 hornbl5de1 slate1 & gneiss4 ,at ,collie/on1 a village consi/+ ( a m$ley ( irregul>ly locat$ cottages scrambl+ up ! cliff sides1 a ?riv+ indu/ry us$ to be practis$1 ! mak+ ( ,collie/on 8speld+s40 ,^! 7 small :it+s1 split1 salt$ & dri$ on ! rocks4 ,?irty ye>s ago !y 7 consid]$ some?+ ( a delicacy & 7 dispos$ ( 9 great quantities2 n[ !y h lo/ fav\r & are seldom to be _h4 ,at ! nor? end ( ! village is ,/ ,ca!r9e's ,dub1 a deep pool betwe5 rocks1 on :i* "o ( ! %ips ( ! ,spani% ,armada 0 wreck$ 9 #aehh4 ,two ( ! ,/ ,ca!r9e's cannon v mu* corrod$ h be5 br\ght up f ! sea-floor4 ,"o ( !m is /ill to be se5 at ,haddo ,h\se1 ! seat ( ! ,e>l ( ,ab]de54 ,nor?w>d we come ^u a region ( /eep grassy braes1 consi/+ ( s(t1 loamy clay1 #bj to #dj feet deep1 & cov]$ ) luxuriant grasses 9 summ] & ablaze ) gold5 c[slips 9 ! spr+ mon?s4 ,along ! coa/ are sev]al villages :i* once popul\s ) busy & h>dy fi%]m5 are n[ all b t5antless4 ,su* are ,sla9s & ,:9nyfold cru%$ out ( activity by ! rise ( ! trawl+ indu/ry4 ,! next place ( note is ,crud5 ,bay ,hotel built by ! ,great ,nor? ( ,scotl& ,railway ,company1 & int5d$ to m9i/] specially to ! devotees ( golf1 = :i* ! coa/ l9ks are "h em95tly suitable4 ,! f9e granite build+ fac+ ! sea is a conspicu\s l&m>k4 ,j nor? ( ! ,hotel is ! ?riv+ little t[n ( ,port ,errol1 ?r\gh :i* runs ! ,crud5 burn--a /ream :]e sea-tr\t are pl5tifully caught at c]ta9 seasons4 ,! next prom95t object is ,sla9s ca/le--! family seat ( ! ,e>ls ( ,errol4 ,x /&s high & w9dy1 pres5t+ a bold front to ! ,nor? ,sea breezes4 ,all its w9d[s on ! sea-face are duplicate1 a necess>y precaution 9 view ( ! fi]c5ess ( ! ea/]ly gales4 ,v few plants gr[ 9 ?is expos$ locality1 & ^! only 9 ! holl[ & %elt]$ gr\nd beh9d ! ca/le1 :]e "s /unt$ trees & a few g>d5 fl[]s /ruggle along 9 a prec>i\s exi/5ce4 ,z we proce$1 ! rocky coa/ rises high] & bold] & pres5ts v>iable =ms ( great beauty4 ,beetl+ crags enclose circul> bays ) p]p5dicul> walls on :i* ! kittiwake1 ! guillemot1 ! jackdaw & ! />l+ bre$ by ! ?\s&4 ,! rock ( ,dunbuy1 a huge mass ( granite1 surr\nd$ by ! sea1 & =m+ a gr& rugg$ ar*1 is a summ] haunt ( sea-birds & rock-pigeons4 ,illu/ration3 ,s& ,hills at ,crud5 ,bay ,aft] ?is1 we rea* ! picturesque & mu* visit$ ,bull]s ( ,bu*an--a wide semi-circul> sea cauldron1 ! sides ( :i* are p]p5dicul> cliffs4 ,! pool has no entry except f ! seaw>d side1 & x is only 9 calm wea!r t a boat is safe to pass ?r\gh ! l[1 op5 ar*way 9 ! cliff4 ,9 r\gh wea!r1 ! waves ru% ?r\gh ! n>r[ ar*way ) t]rific =ce1 s5d+ cl\ds ( spray f> beyond ! height ( ! cliffs4 ,"u prop] conditions ! sc5e is "o ( ! gr&e/ 9 ,ab]de5%ire1 & is a fitt+ contra/ to ! sublimely impressive sc5es at ! s\rce ( ! ,dee1 "r at ! o!r end ( ! c\nty4 ,beyond ! ,bull]s1 ! coa/ consi/s ( high granite rocks1 beh9d :i* are w9dswept moors4 ,ne> ,boddam is ,/]l+ ,hill qu>ry1 ! s\rce ( ! r$-hu$ ,pet]head granite4 ,"h too is ,bu*an ,ness1 ! mo/ ea/]ly po9t on ! ,scotti% coa/1 & a fitt+ place = a prom95t ligh?\se4 ,! lant]n ( ! circul> t[] 7erect$ 9 #ahbg7 /&s #acj feet above high-wat] m>k & fla%es a :ite light once e five seconds4 ,! light is visible at a di/ance ( #af nautical miles4 ,illu/ration3 8,! ,pot10 ,bull]s o' ,bu*an ,at ,pet]head1 :i* is a prosp]\s fi%+ c5tre & ! ea/]n t]m9us ( ! bifurcate ,bu*an l9e ( railway1 is a great convict prison1 occupy+ an ext5sive range ( build+s on ! s\? side ( ! ,pet]head bay4 ,! convicts are employ$ 9 build+ a h>b\r ( refuge1 :i* is be+ erect$ "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! ,admiralty at a co/ ( a million ( money4 ,! coa/ onw>ds to ! ,ugie m\? is /ill rocky1 b f ! riv] to ,rattray ,head1 ! rocks give place to s&-dunes simil> 9 "* to ^? fur!r s\?4 ,alongside ( ! dunes is a rais$ sea bea*4 ,!y =m ! l9ks ( ,/ ,f]gus4 ,rattray ,head is a r l[ reef ( rock runn+ f> out to sea & highly suitable z a ligh?\se /ation4 ,9 ! c\rse ( twelve ye>s1 ! reef 0 responsible = #bd %ipwrecks4 ,! ligh?\se erect$ 9 #ahie is #abj feet high & ! light gives ?ree fla%es 9 quick succession e #cj seconds4 ,x is visible #ah miles out to sea4 ,beyond ?is po9t is a region ( bleak & desolate s&s4 ,n a tree nor a %rub is to be se54 ,! inl& p>ts are "u cultivation1 b ! g5]al aspect ( ! c\ntry is dismal & dre>y1 & ! v h$g][s f> f ! sea-bo>d lean l&w>ds z if c[]+ f ! sc\rges ( ! nor? w9d's :ip4 ,! c\ntry is undulatory )\t any conspicu\s hill4 ,beyond ,rattray ,head is ! ,lo* ( ,/ra?beg already ref]r$ to4 ,! tradition goes t ! same gale z blight$ ,=vie silt$ up ?is lo* & contract$ its connection ) ! sea4 ,on ! left safely %elt]$ f ! sea-breezes are ,crimonmogate1 ,cairness & ,philor?--all mansion-h\ses surr\nd$ by wood$ gr\nds4 ,at ! sea-edge /& ,/ ,combs 7an e*o ( ,/ ,columba71 ,cairnbulg & ,inv]allo*y4 ,"h occurs ano!r rais$ sea bea*4 ,our c\rse f ,rattray ,head has be5 nor?-we/ & ?us we rea* ! la/ important t[n on ! coa/--,fras]burgh4 ,illu/ration3 ,bu*an ,ness ,ligh?\se ,illu/ration3 ,k9naird ,ligh?\se1 ,fras]burgh ,fras]burgh lies to ! we/ ( its bay4 ,f\nd$ by "o ( ! ,fras]s ( ,philor? 7n[ repres5t$ by ,"l ,salt\n71 x is l ,pet]head a ?riv+ t[n4 ,l ,pet]head too1 x is ! t]m9us ( "o =k ( ! ,bu*an ,railway & a busy fi%+ c5tre4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,july1 :i* is ! height ( ! h]r+ season1 8! ,bro*10 z x is call$ locally1 is a/ir ) life f e>ly morn4 ,illu/ration3 ,entrance to ,"l ,pitsligo's ,cave1 ,rosehe>ty ,m h]r+s are h&l$ at ,fras]burgh ?an any:]e else on ?is coa/1 f ,eyem\? to ,wick4 ,betwe5 ,fras]burgh & ,broadsea is ,k9naird's ,head4 ,"h we h ano!r ligh?\se :i* has s]v$ t purpose = m ?an a c5tury1 an old ca/le hav+ be5 conv]t$ to ?is use 9 #aghg4 ,x 0 "o ( ! fir/ ?ree ligh?\ses 9 ,scotl&4 ,k9naird's ,head is believ$ to be ! promontory ( ! ,taixali m5tion$ by ! ,alex&rian geograph] ,ptolemy z be+ at ! entrance ( ! ,moray ,fir?4 ,"h ! rocks are ( mod]ate height b fur!r we/ !y fall to sea-level & cont9ue s pa/ ,s&hav5 & ,pittullie to ,rosehe>ty4 ,a l[ rocky coa/ c>ries u to ,ab]d\r bay1 :]e b$s ( ,old ,r$ ,s&/one & conglom]ate rise to an altitude ( #cjj feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,ab]d\r ,%ore1 look+ ,n4,w4 ,! conglom]ate ext5ds to ! ,r$ ,head ( ,p5nan--once a qu>ry = mill-/ones--:]e an attractive & picturesque little village ne/les at ! base ( ! cliff4 ,! p]egr9e falcon bre$s on ! rocky fa/nesses ( ^! l(ty cliffs1 :i* cont9ue to gr[ 9 height & gr&eur till !y rea* _! maximum 7#djj feet7 at ,tr\p ,head4 ,tr\p ,head makes a bold beg9n+ = ! c\nty ( ,banff4 #i4 ,wea!r & ,climate4 ,temp]ature4 ,ra9fall4 ,w9ds4 ,! climate ( a c\nty dep5ds on a good _m ?+s1 its latitude1 its height above sea-level1 its proximity to ! sea1 ! prevail+ w9ds1 & especially z reg>ds ,scotl& :e!r x is situat$ on ! ea/ coa/ or on ! we/4 ,! latitude ( ,great ,brita9 if ! c\ntry 7 n surr\nd$ by ! sea w\ld entitle x to a temp]ature only comp>able to t ( ,gre5l& b its proximity to ! ,atlantic r$eems x f su* a fate4 ,! ,atlantic is #c w>m] ?an ! air & ! fact t ! prevail+ w9ds are we/]ly or s\?-we/]ly helps to raise ! mean temp]ature ( ! we/]n c\nties high] ?an t ( ^? on ! ea/4 ,! ,nor? ,sea is only #a w>m] ?an ! air s t its influ5ce is less m>k$4 ,/ill1 consid]+ its latitude 7#eg-eg #dj'71 ,ab]de5%ire enjoys a comp>atively mod]ate climate4 ,x is nei!r v rigor\s 9 w9t] nor v w>m 9 ,illu/ration3 ,ra9fall ,map ( ,scotl&4 7,aft] ,dr ,h4 ,r4 ,mill7 summ]4 ,( c\rse 9 a l>ge c\nty a di/9ction mu/ be drawn betwe5 ! coa/ temp]ature & t ( ! high ly+ di/ricts su* z ,braem>4 ,! fr+e r\nd ! coa/ is 9 ! summ] less w>m ?an ! inl& p>ts1 a result due to ! coolness ( ! enclos+ sea1 b 9 ! w9t] ?is /ate ( affairs is rev]s$ & ! upl&s are held 9 ! grip ( a h>d fro/ :ile ! coa/-side has little or none4 ,! mean temp]ature ( ,scotl& is #dg1 :ile ,ab]de5 has #dfd & ,pet]head #dfh4 ,t ( ,braem>1 ! mo/ we/]ly /ation 9 ! c\nty1 ?\gh 9 reality v little l[]1 is arriv$ at by entirely diff]5t figures2 ! temp]ature be+ mu* high] dur+ ,july1 ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 b l[] 9 ,decemb]1 ,janu>y & ,febru>y4 ,braem> is #aaad feet above sea-level & s9ce !re is a regul> & uni=m decl9e 9 temp]ature to ! ext5t ( #a = e #bgj feet above ! sea1 ! temp]ature ( ?is hill-/ation %\ld be l[4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 f ,june to ,septemb] x is only #i & 9 ,octob] #ge bel[ t ( ,london4 ,yet its maximum is #aj high] ?an is record$ at ,ab]de51 only 9 w9t] its m9imum is #bj l[] ?an ! m9imum ( ! coa/4 ,braem> & ,pet]head z ly+ at ! two extremes ( ! c\nty may be comp>$4 ,pet]head receives ! un9t]rupt$ sweep ( ! ea/]ly breezes1 = x has no %elt] or protection ei!r ( =e/s or m\nta9s4 ,! impression a visitor takes is t ,pet]head is an exceptionally cold place4 ,z a fact1 its mean w9t] temp]ature is above ! av]age = ,scotl&1 b ! lack ( %elt] & ! con/ant motion ( ! air give an impression ( coldness4 ,9 ! summ] & autumn its mean falls bel[ t ( ,scotl&4 ,x is !re=e less cold 9 ! cold mon?s & less w>m 9 ! w>m mon?s ?an ,braem> & has a seasonal v>iation ( only #afc betwe5 w9t] & summ]1 :]eas ,ed9burgh has a range ( #ba & ,london ( #bf4 ,illu/ration3 ,inv]ey ne> ,braem> ,! ra9fall ov] ! :ole c\nty is also mod]ate1 rang+ f less ?an #be in*es at ,pet]head--! drie/ "p ( ! area--to #dj in*es at ,braem>1 & #cb at ,ab]de54 ,?is is a small ra9fall comp>$ ) #fj or #gj in*es on p>ts ( ! we/ coa/4 ,! drie/ mon?s 9 ,ab]de5%ire are ,april & ,may1 & g5]ally speak+ less ra9 falls 9 ! e>ly half ( ! ye> :5 ! temp]ature is ris+ ?an 9 ! lat] half :5 ! temp]ature is on ! decl9e4 ,two in*es is ab\t ! av]age = ea* mon? f ,febru>y to ,june1 b ,octob]1 ,novemb] & ,decemb] are ea* ov] ?ree in*es4 ,! mo/ ( ! ra9fall ( ,scotl& comes f ! we/ & s\?4 ,?is expla9s :y ! we/ coa/ is s mu* wett] ?an ! ea/4 ,! we/]ly w9ds f ! ,atlantic1 lad5 ) moi/ure1 /rike ^u ! high l&s ( ! we/1 b exhau/ !mselves be=e !y rea* ! wat]%$ &1 hav+ precipitat$ _! moi/ure betwe5 t & ! coa/1 !y rea* ! ea/ coa/ comp>atively dry4 ,braem> j "u ! wat]%$ is relatively dry4 ,its situation z an elevat$ valley1 #aaad feet above sea-level & surr\nd$ on ?ree sides by hills ( f ?ree to f\r ?\s& feet1 & ! fact t x is #fj miles f ! sea comb9e to make x "o ( ! mo/ brac+ places & give x "o ( ! f9e/ summ] climates 9 ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,?is suffici5tly acc\nts = its popul>ity z a heal? resort4 ,may is its drie/ mon?1 ,octob] its wette/4 ,ea/]ly w9ds br+ ra9 to ! coa/1 b z a rule ! ra9 ext5ds no fur!r inl& ?an #bj miles4 ,ea/]ly w9ds prevail dur+ ,m>*1 ,april & ,may1 :i* make ?is season ! mo/ try+ "p ( ! ye> = weakly p4 ,9 summ] ! w9ds are (t5 nor!rly1 b ! prevail+ w9ds ( ! ye>1 active = #cg p] c5t4 ( ! #cfe days or little less ?an half1 are we/ & s\?-we/4 ,ea/ w9ds br+ fog1 & ?is is mo/ preval5t 9 ! e>ly summ]1 ,june be+ p]haps ! wor/ mon?4 ,! greate/ drawback to ! climate f an agriculturi/'s po9t ( view is ! lat5ess ( ! spr+4 ,! summ] be+ %ort1 a late spr+ means a late h>ve/1 :i* is inv>iably unsatisfactory4 ,! l[ ra9fall ( ! c\nty is fav\rable to sun%9e4 ,ab]de5 has #adjj h\rs ( sun%9e dur+ ! ye> 9 spite ( fogs & ea/ w9ds2 ! m inl& p>ts be+ beyond ! rea* ( sea-fog h an ev5 bett] record4 ,! great objection--an objection tak5 by folks :o h sp5t "p ( _! life 9 ,s\? ,africa or ,canada--is ! v>iabl5ess ( ! climate f day to day4 ,!re is n "h any fixity = cont9u$ p]iods ( wea!r su* z obta9s 9 ^! c\ntries4 ,! *ief factor 9 ?is v>iability is our insul> position on ! ea/]n side ( ! ,atlantic4 ,:51 on r>e occasions1 z sometimes happ5s 9 ,june or 9 ,septemb]1 ! atmosph]e is settl$1 ,ab]de5%ire enjoys = a few weeks wea!r ( ! mo/ salubri\s & delightful k9d4 #aj4 ,! ,p--,race1 ,language1 ,population4 ,! blood ( ! p ( ,ab]de5%ire1 ?\gh 9 ! ma9 ,teutonic1 has comb9$ ) ,celtic & o!r elem5ts1 & has evolv$ a di/9ctive type1 some:at diff]5t 9 appe>ance & "* f :at is f\nd 9 o!r p>ts ( ,scotl&4 ,h[ ?is amalgamation came ab\t mu/ be expla9$ at "s l5g?4 ,! e>lie/ inhabitants ( ,brita9 mu/ h cross$ f ,europe :5 z yet !re 0 no divid+ ,nor? ,sea4 ,!y us$ r\gh /one weapons 7see p4 #aad7 & 7 hunt]s liv+ ^u ! products ( ! *ase1 ! mammo?1 re9de] & o!r animals t roam$ ! c\ntry4 ,su* 7 palaeoli?ic 7anci5t /one7 m54 ,p]haps !y nev] rea*$ ,scotl&3 at lea/ !re is no trace ( !m 9 ,ab]de5%ire4 ,!y 7 foll[$ by neoli?ic 7new /one7 m51 :o us$ m delicately c>v$ weapons1 /one axes1 & fl9t arr[s4 ,traces ( ^! are to be f\nd 9 ,ab]de5%ire4 ,a few %ort ci/s conta9+ skeletal rema9s h be5 f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\nty4 ,9 ! la/ =ty ye>s "s fifte5 ( ^! h be5 une>!d4 ,f ^! an?ropologi/s conclude t neoli?ic m5 liv$ "h at ! end ( ! /one age1 m5 ( a muscul> type1 ( %ort /ature & ) broad %ort faces4 ,!y 7 mighty hunt]s hunt+ ! wild ox1 ! wolf & ! be> 9 ! d5se =e/s :i*1 aft] ! ,ice ,age pass$1 ov]spread ! nor?-ea/4 ,!y clo!d !mselves aga9/ ! cold 9 ! sk9s ( ! animals :i* !y made _! prey & 7 a rude1 savage1 h>dy race t\gh5$ by _! mode ( life & _! fi]ce /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,!y did n live by hunt+ alone2 !y possess$ h]ds ( cattle1 sw9e & %eep & cultivat$ ! gr\nd b probably only to a slight ext5t4 ,_! weapons 7 rude arr[-heads1 fl9t knives & fl9t axes2 & a consid]able numb] ( ^! primitive weapons z well z ! bones ( r$-de] & ! primeval ox--bos primig5ius--h be5 recov]$ f peat-mosses & else:]e ?r\gh\t ! di/rict4 ,su* h be5 f\nd at ,b>ra1 at ,inv]urie & at ,al=d4 ,besides ^! rema9s1 h be5 f\nd urns made ( b\ld] clay1 burn$ by fire & rudely ornam5t$4 ,^! 7 v likely _! orig9al dr9k+ vessels1 aft]w>ds some:at modifi$ z food vessels1 & 71 x is suppos$1 deposit$ 9 graves ) a religi\s motive 9 accordance ) ! belief common among primitive peoples t p>adise is a happy hunt+-gr\nd 9 :i* ! activities ( ! pres5t life w cont9ue "u m fav\rable conditions4 ,9 addition to ^! relics ! c\nty has a great numb] ( /one circles1 circles ( l>ge upright b\ld]s set up n at hap-haz>d b evid5tly ) "s def9ite object 9 view4 ,^! w be dealt ) 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,! probability is t ! s-call$ ,picti% h\ses1 ! e>? or ,eirde h\ses f\nd on ,donside & ! lake dwell+s at ,k9nord already ref]r$ to1 7 ! homes ( ^! p4 ,b ! :ole subject is by no means cle>4 ,! g5]al op9ion is t ! nor?-ea/ 0 fir/ inhabit$ by ,picts1 :o may or may n h be5 ,ib]ians1 & t aft] ! ,picts came ! ,celts2 b "s critics hold t ! ,picts 7 only e>li] ,celts4 ,9 any case ! ,/one ,age 0 succe$$ by ! ,bronze ,age1 :5 ,bronze took ! place ( ,/one 9 ! =mation ( weapons4 ,! ,celts made _! way ?r\gh ,c5tral ,france to ,brita9 & ultimately to ,scotl&4 ,unlike ! p !y f\nd 9 possession ( ,scotl&1 !y 7 tall 7#e ft4 #i 947 ,^! are ! ance/ors ( ! ,gaelic speak+ p ( ,scotl&4 ,!y are suppos$ to h amalgamat$ to "s ext5t ) ! ,neoli?ic m5 :om !y f\nd on ! spot1 & x is c]ta9 t !y 7 *ri/ianis$ at an e>ly p]iod4 ,lat] on ,teutonic tribes1 tall1 longhead$ & fairhair$ m5 cross$ f ! ,baltic to ,brita9 & 9 due c\rse !y too rea*$ ,ab]de5%ire4 ,b up to ! "t ( ,david ,i 7#aabd-aaec7 ! population & in/itutions ( ! nor?-ea/ 7 entirely ,celtic4 ,! ,saxon or ,teutonic elem5t 0 introduc$ by way ( ! coa/ & ! trad+ t[ns4 ,f ! t[ns x spread to ! c\ntry di/ricts4 ,:5 ,h5ry ,,ii expell$ ! ,flemi% trad]s f ,engl& _m migrat$ to ! nor? & =m$ settlem5ts 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 e/abli%+ trade & h&icraft1 p>ticul>ly weav+1 & reclaim+ wa/e l&4 ,! defeat ( ,comyn1 ! ,e>l ( ,bu*an1 by ,bruce 9 #acjh1 :5 ,bruce h>ri$ ,bu*an f end to end & sp>$ none1 op5$ ! way = l[l& immigrants & n only gave an impetus to ,teutonic settlem5ts1 b help$ to kill out ! ,celtic language & ! ,celtic ways4 ,^! immigrants are really ! ance/ors ( ! pres5t ,ab]de5%ire p1 b !y h be5 greatly modifi$ by absorb+ ! ,celtic population & mix+ ) x1 = ?\gh r$uc$ by slaught]1 & by an exodus to ! hills1 x _h n entirely disappe>$4 ,sc&9avians f ,norway & ,d5m>k also f\nd a foot+ at v>i\s p]iods 9 ?is nor?-ea/]n region & ^! elem5ts are all bl5d$ 9 ! mod]n ,ab]donian4 ,celt1 ,saxon1 ,flem+ & ,sc&9avian came 9 "o aft] ! o!r & possess$ ! l&1 =m+ a new p 9 :i* all ^! elem5ts 7 fus$4 ,ab]donians are cr$it$ ) a di/9ct individuality1 p>tly ! result ( race1 p>tly due to environm5t4 ,! /ra9 ( practicality 9 ! ,teuton ton$ d[n ! ,celtic imag9ation & w>m? ( feel+1 & add$ a c]ta9 t9cture ( ! phlegmatic su* z is s prom95t 9 ! ,dut*man4 ,h5ce ! cauti\s 8canny0 nature ( ! typical ,ab]donian1 dread+ innovations1 resi/+ agricultural novelties1 & dislik+ ecclesia/ical *anges4 ,!y h be5 describ$ z p ,:o are n fond ( innovations1 ,nor covet mu* new re=mations2 ,!y are n = new pa?s b r ,ea* "o jogs aft] 8 old fa!r4 ,?is requires "s elucidation4 ,!y are f> f slo?ful or indiff]5t4 ,!y w uphold ) zeal ! cause !y ?9k "r1 b !y mu/ fir/ rea* assur$ conviction t x is "r4 ,!y are n swift nor sl[ to *ange1 b firm4 ,! ,celtic population 0 9 fact absorb$1 z we h said1 b a c]ta9 cont+5t betook !mselves to ! m\nta9s & = long kept up a w>f>e ( reprisals ^u ^? :o _h dispossess$ !m4 ,?is caus$ no end ( tr\ble 9 ,ab]de5%ire b n )\t its uses = x brac$ ! occupants 9 ! arts ( def5ce & made !m al]t & c\rage\s4 ,no less pot5t a factor 9 ! evolution ( ! ,ab]donian has be5 8 /ruggle ) a well-nigh irreclaimable soil4 ,! c\nty is )\t m9]al weal?1 & ! only outlet = 8 en]gy 0 f\nd 9 attack+ ! b\ld]-/rewn moors & 9 cle>+ !m = ! pl\gh4 ,to ?is he set 8 m9d 9 ! eighte5? c5tury ) grim det]m9ation4 ,small f>m]s & cr(t]s by d9t ( great p]sonal toil & life-long self-sacrifice trans=m$ /ony tracts ( poor & app>5tly wor?less l& into smil+ & productive fields4 ,x is ?is /ruggle ) a malignant soil1 m ?an any?+ else1 t has made ! ,ab]donian2 "o triumph l$ on to ano!r1 & to-day ! _s ( ent]prise 9 f>m+ is n[h]e m pron\nc$ ?an 9 ?is difficult c\nty4 ,! place names are almo/ entirely ,celtic1 & ev5 :5 !y appe> to be ,saxon !y are only ,gaelic mispron\nc$ or assimilat$ to some?+ bett] kn[n4 ,! p>i% ( ,k+ ,edw>d might v plausibly be ref]r$ to ! nor!rn visits paid by ! ,hamm] ( ! ,scots1 b x is really ,k9$>1 ) ! ,gaelic ,k9 7se5 9 ,k9naird1 ,k9tore & ,malcolm ,canmore71 mean+ a head4 ,! c\nty has a di/9ctive dialect1 really import$ & orig9ally uni=m ) ! dialect ( ! ,me>ns1 & ( ,nor?umbria1 ! dialect spok5 at "o "t all ! way f ,=? to ,humb]4 ,to-day x is call$ ! ,bu*an ,doric & ?\gh v>y+ some:at 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\nty & h>dly intelligible 9 ! ,highl&s ( ,braem>1 :]e ,gaelic /ill survives1 x is a ,teutonic spee* ) a ?9 t9cture ( ,gaelic words su* z b\ra*1 closa*1 cla*an1 bro*an1 etc4 ,! dialect conta9s _m vocables n f\nd 9 lit]>y ,engli%1 su* z by\s & ondeemis = extraord9>y1 b :]e ! words are ,engli%1 !y are greatly alt]$4 ,x is *>act]is$ by broad1 op5 v[els2 8boots0 is pron\nc$ 8beets10 8c>t0 is 8cairt10 8good0 is 8gwe$40 ,! f9al l is dropp$2 8pull0 is 8pu10 8fall0 is 8fa40 ,f9al ol becomes ow2 8roll0 is made 8r[10 & 8poll0 is 8p[40 ,: is always f3 8:ite0 is 8fite0 & 8:o80 7int]rogative7 is 8fa80 ,x is ri* 9 dim9utives l ! ,dut*--a lassie1 a basketie4 ,! f9e/ embodim5t ( ?is /rik+ dialect1 giv+ p]man5t life to its weal? ( pa?os & expressiv5ess1 is ,dr ,william ,alex&]'s ,johnny ,gibb ( ,gu%etneuk4 ,scots :a hae1 :i* is suppos$ to be a *>act]i/ic phrase common to all ! dialects1 w\ld be 9 ,bu*an--,scots at hiz1 :i* is l>gely ,norse4 8,! quynie c\dna be ongrutt50 is ,bu*an = 8,! little girl c\ld n help cry+40 ,! population ( ! c\nty :i* a hundr$ ye>s be=e 0 #aba1jfe 9 #aija 0 #cjd1dci4 ,s9ce ! c\nty conta9s #aigj squ>e miles ?is br+s out an av]age ( #aed to ! squ>e mile--j a little ov] ! av]age ( ,scotl& z a :ole1 b z ,ab]de5 city acc\nts = m ?an half ( ! total1 & t[ns l ,pet]head & ,fras]burgh betwe5 !m repres5t #be1jjj1 ! figure is greatly r$uc$ = ! rural di/ricts4 ,! c\ntry di/ricts are b ?9ly peopl$1 especially on ! ,highl& l9e1 & ! t5d5cy is = ! rural population to dw9dle4 ,!y ei!r emigrate to ,canada1 :i* is a regul> lode/one = ,ab]donians1 or !y betake !mselves to ! t[ns1 *iefly to ,ab]de5 itself4 ,except 9 & ar\nd ! pr9cipal t[n1 ! c\nty has h>dly any indu/ries t employ _m h&s4 ,agriculture is ! ma9 employm5t1 & mod]n appliances enable ! f>m] to d 8 "w ) few] helps ?an =m]ly3 h5ce ! depopulation ( ! rural di/ricts4 ,! t[ns t5d to gr[1 ! rural p>i%es to become m sp>sely inhabit$4 #aa4 ,agriculture4 ,?is is ! ma9/ay ( ! c\nty1 & consid]+ ! some:at unc]ta9 climate1 ! %ortness ( ! summ] & ! natural pov]ty ( ! soil1 x has be5 br\ght to m>vell\s p]fection4 ,! m\nta9\s regions are necess>ily cut (f f ?is indu/ry except 9 n>r[ fr+es along ! riv] banks1 b 9 ! l[-ly+ area x is safe to say t e acre ( gr\nd wor? reclaim+ has be5 put to ! pl\gh4 ,a c5tury ago ! indu/ry 0 rude & ill-organis$1 ! c\nty be+ )\t roads & )\t :eel$ vehicles1 b ! adv5t ( railways gave an impetus to ! f>m+ in/9ct & an extraord9>y activity set 9 to reclaim wa/e l& by cle>+ x ( /ones1 by tr5*+1 by dra9+ & manur+ x4 ,! proprietors 7 usually agreeable to grant+ a long lease at a nom9al r5t to any likely & en]getic man :o 0 will+ to und]take reclamations & take 8 *ance ( rec\p+ himself = outlays be=e 8 lease expir$4 ,be+ ?us secur$1 ! f>m] or cr(t] _h an inc5tive to put ! maximum ( lab\r into 8 hold+4 ,he (t5 built ! dwell+-h\se1 & z a rule made ! enclosures by means ( ! /ones1 :i*1 ) great lab\r1 he dragg$ f ! fields4 ,9 ?is way a great acreage 0 add$ to ! arable l& ( ! c\nty1 & ?\gh "s ( x has fall5 into pa/ure s9ce ! great boom 9 agricultural prices dur+ ! sev5ties 9 la/ c5tury1 ! great] "p ( ! reclaim$ soil is /ill 9 cultivation4 ,! area ( ! c\nty1 exclusive ( wat] & roadways1 is #aiee squ>e miles1 or #a1bea1dea acres4 ,( ?is exactly "o half is "u cultivation1 #fbh1ebc acres4 ,:5 we rememb] t ,scotl& conta9s "s n9ete5 million ( acres & t only #be p] c5t4 ( ?is acreage is arable l&1 x is app>5t t ,ab]de5 ) its #ej p] c5t4 is "o ( ! mo/ cultivat$ areas4 ,z a matt] ( fact x has by f> ! l>ge/ acreage "u cultivation ( any ,scotti% c\nty4 ,next to x is ,p]?%ire ) #ccf1bea acres4 ,! uncultivat$ half is made up ( m\nta91 moor & woodl&s4 ,"p ( ?is is us$ = graz+ %eep1 z mu* z #aeg1iee acres be+ ?us utilis$4 ,9 ! matt] ( woods & plantations ! c\nty ) its #aje1ica acres /&s next to ,inv]ness-%ire1 :i* has #ade1fbi4 ,! trees gr[n are mo/ly l>* & p9e & spruce1 b ! decidu\s trees1 or h>d woods1 ! bee*1 elm & a%1 are n uncommon 9 ! l[ c\ntry1 m especially z ornam5tal trees ar\nd ! manor-h\ses ( ! proprietors4 ,! crops *iefly cultivat$ are oats1 b>ley1 turnips & potatoes4 ,:eat is n gr[n except n[ & aga9 9 an odd field4 ,! climate is too cold1 ! autumn heat nev] ris+ to ! po9t ( rip5+ t crop satisfactorily4 ,oats is ! mo/ frequ5t crop1 & ,ab]de5%ire is ! oat-produc+ c\nty ( ,scotl&4 ,a fif? ( ! :ole acreage "u ?is crop 9 ,scotl& belongs to ,ab]de5%ire4 ,p]?1 :i* is next1 has only "o-?ird ( ! ,ab]de5%ire oat-area4 ,tw5ty ?\s& acres are devot$ to b>ley1 only "o-t5? ( ! b>ley-area 9 ,scotl&4 ,ov] sev5 ?\s& acres g to potatoes2 ! s\!rn c\nties h a soil bett] adapt$ to produce good potatoes2 ,=f>1 ,fife1 ,p]? & ,ayr%ire excel 9 ?is respect & all ^! give a l>g] acreage to ?is crop4 ,z reg>ds turnips1 h[ev]1 ,ab]de5%ire is easily fir/4 ,be+ a great cattle re>+ & cattle fe$+ di/rict1 x dem&s a l>ge tonnage ( turnip food4 ,x is e/imat$ t a million & a half tons ( turnips are consum$ e ye> 9 ! c\nty4 ,z reg>ds cattle & horses ! c\nty has fir/ place 9 ,scotl&4 ,9 #aiji !re 7 #bjd1dij agricultural horses 9 ! c\ntry & ( ^! #ca1eib 7 9 ,ab]de5%ire1 :ile ( #a1agf1afe cattle x _h #afh1jia4 ,x has a qu>t] ( a million %eep1 b "h x falls beh9d o!r c\nties1 notably ,argyll1 :i* has ne>ly a million1 or "o-sev5? ( all ! %eep 9 ,scotl&4 ,ab]de5%ire is a c\nty ( small hold+s4 ,no o!r c\nty has s _m t5ants4 ,ov] five ?\s& ( ^! f>m f five to #ej acres1 :ile !re are ne>ly f\r ?\s& :o f>m areas rang+ f #ej to #cjj4 ,?is is "p ( ! secret ( its success4 ,e>li]1 ! numb] ( small f>ms 0 great]1 ! t5d5cy be+ 9 ! direction ( ?r[+ sev]al small] hold+s toge!r to make a l>ge f>m4 ,! indu/ry has be5 a progressive "o4 ,up to ! ,union 9 #agjg tillage 0 ( ! mo/ primitive k9d4 ,%eep-f>m+ = ! sake ( export+ ! wool _h be5 ! rule1 b ! ,union /opp$ t bran* ( comm]ce4 ,lat] on1 ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! drov+ ( lean cattle into ,engl& 0 a means ( pr(it4 ,meantime ! sy/em ( cultivation 0 ( ! rude/4 ,a few acres r\nd ! /ead+1 call$ ! infield1 7 cropp$ ye> aft] ye> ) little manur+1 :ile ! area beyond1 call$ ! outfield1 0 only cropp$ occasionally4 ,!re 0 no dra9age & enclosures 7 unkn[n4 ,improvem5t came f ! s\?4 ,sir ,ar*ibald ,grant ( ,monymusk & ,mr ,alex&] ,udny ( ,udny 7 pione]s ( bett] ?+s2 !y br\ght lab\r]s & ov]se]s f ! ,lo?ians & ! s\? ( ,engl&1 to educate ! p 9 new me?ods ( culture4 ,at fir/ a l&lord's1 x by & by became a f>m]'s battle2 & ultimately 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury x 0 ! f>m]s :o did ! reclaim+4 ,b ! l&lords set a good example by s[+ grasses & turnips4 ,ne> ,ab]de51 a b\ld]-/rewn wild]ness 0 conv]t$ into f]tile fields4 ,! t[n feu$ ! l&s & ! feu>s cle>$ away ! /ones1 :i* !y sold & %ipp$ to ,london = pav+ purposes2 ! process ( cle>+ co/ z mu* z #ajj an acre1 a f\r? ( ?is be+ recov]$ by ! sale ( ! /ones4 ,?is is typical ( :at 0 done else:]e4 ,gradually ! bleak moors 7 absorb$4 ,a fam9e 9 #aghb op5$ ! eyes ( all conc]n$4 ,hi!rto !re 0 n z mu* z #bjj acres 9 turnips4 ,hi!rto also ! heavy "w-ox51 t5 or twelve ( !m dragg+ a primitive & %all[ pl\gh1 at a sl[ pace & 9 a s]p5t9e furr[1 _h be5 import$ f ! s\?4 ,n[ !y began to be br$ on ! spot4 ,by & by cattle grew 9 numb]s2 by & by1 two horses sup]s$$ ! team ( ox5 9 ! pl\gh4 ,b ! *ief factor 9 evolv+ ,ab]de5%ire into a cattle-re>+ & beef-produc+ c\nty 0 ! turnip4 ,till turnips began to be gr[n 9 a l>ge acreage1 no provision 0 possible = ! cattle 9 w9t]4 ,h5ce ! bea/s _h to be dispos$ ( 9 autumn4 ,9 #ahbj1 z _m z #ab1jjj animals 7 s5t 9 droves to ,engl&4 ,! adv5t ( /eam navigation 9 #ahbg end$ ! drov+4 ,!n began ! trade 9 fat cattle1 b x 0 ye>s be=e ! c\nty ga9$ its laurels z ! *ief purveyor ( 8prime ,scots0 & ! roa/ beef ( ,old ,engl&4 ,! turnip held ! key ( ! position2 b turnips w n gr[ well )\t manure4 ,! canal betwe5 ,ab]de5 & ,inv]urie c>ri$ great quantities ( cru%$ bones & guano to raise ?is important crop4 ,illu/ration3 ,ab]de5-,angus ,bull ,cattle-bre$+ began ) ,mc,combie ( ,tillyf\r & ! ,cruick%anks ( ,sittyton1 "o ) ! native black-poll$ cattle--! ,ab]de5-,angus--& ! o!rs ) %or?orns4 ,by d9t ( c>eful selection1 great progress 0 made 9 improv+ n only ! symmetry ( ! bea/s b _! size & beefy qualities4 ,!re began a furore = cattle-re>+ & prizes tak5 at ,smi?field made ,ab]de5 fam\s4 ,railway transit came 9 z an additional help1 & to-day ! ,*ri/mas m>ket nev] fails to give its top prices = ,ab]de5%ire beef4 ,e ye> ! beef ( #fj1jjj cattle leaves ! c\nty = ! s\!rn m>kets1 *iefly ,london2 ?is 9 addition to supply+ local ne$s1 & ,ab]de5 has n[ #afb1jjj ( a population4 ,cattle-re>+ & cattle-fe$+ are !re=e at ! backbone ( ,ab]de5%ire agriculture4 ,a rec5t developm5t is ! export ( pure-br$ %or?orns to ,am]ica1 m especially ! ,arg5t9e ,republic1 = bre$+ purposes4 ,z mu* z #ajjj has be5 giv5 = a "y bull1 9 ?is connection4 ,illu/ration3 ,ab]de5 ,%or?orn ,bull ,9 ! matt] ( fruit culture1 ,ab]de5 is f> beh9d ,p]?%ire & ,lan>k1 :i* h a ri*] soil & a sup]ior climate4 ,b ! ,ab]de5 /rawb]ries1 gr[n mo/ly on ,deeside1 are not$ = size & flav\r4 ,9 #aiji only #bai acres 7 devot$ to ?is crop4 ,! cultivation ( raspb]ries1 :i* is s great a feature ( l[] ,p]?%ire1 has made only a beg9n+ 9 ,ab]de51 & ! small pr(its t h come to s\!rn gr[]s ( ?is crop 9 rec5t ye>s h act$ z a det]r5t1 9 its ext5sion4 #ab4 ,! ,granite ,indu/ry4 ,ab]de5 has long be5 kn[n z 8,! ,granite ,city40 ,x is built ( granite1 *iefly f its great qu>ries at ,rubislaw4 ,! granite is a light grey1 some:at diff]5t 9 texture & gra9 f ano!r grey granite mu* 9 vogue1 t ( ,kemnay on ,donside4 ,!re are _m qu>ries 9 ! c\nty1 & ea* has its di/9ctive col\r+4 ,! ,pet]head /one is r$2 ,corr5nie is also r$ b ( a light] hue4 ,! granite indu/ry has made great /rides ( rec5t ye>s4 ,! mod]n appliances = bor+ ! rock by /eam drills1 ! use ( dynamite & o!r explosives = bla/+1 z well z ! devices = hoi/+ & convey+ /ones f ! well ( ! qu>ry to ! upp] levels by means ( ,blond9s h all revolutionis$ ! art ( qu>ry+4 ,illu/ration3 ,granite ,qu>ry1 ,kemnay ,x 0 long be=e ,ab]de5 p realis$ ! value ( ! local rocks = build+ purposes4 ,! /one us$ 9 ! e>ly ecclesia/ical build+s 0 s&/one1 :i* 0 import$ by sea f ,moray%ire & ! ,fir? ( ,=?4 ,! beg9n+s ( ,/ ,ma*> ,ca!dral & ! old *ur* ( ,/ ,ni*olas z well z ! *ur* ( ,greyfri>s1 built e>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury & rec5tly demoli%$1 7 all ( s&/one4 ,n till ! sev5te5? c5tury 0 granite utilis$4 ,at fir/ ! surface /ones 7 tak51 !n qu>ry+ began ab\t #afjd1 b little 0 done till #agbe4 ,betwe5 #aghj & #agij z _m z #fjj m5 7 employ$ 9 ! ,ab]de5 qu>ries4 ,great eng9e]+ works su* z ! ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se1 ! ,?ames ,embankm5t1 ! f\ndations ( ,wat]loo ,bridge1 ! ,=? ,bridge & ,london ,bridge1 :]e great durability & solidity are necess>y1 7 made possible by ! use ( huge blocks f ,ab]de5%ire4 ,! poli%+ ( ! /one made a beg9n+ 9 #ahbj1 & n[ a great export trade 9 poli%$ "w = /aircases1 h\se fronts1 faades1 f\nta9s & o!r ornam5tal purposes is c>ri$ on betwe5 ! c\nty & ,am]ica z well z ! ,briti% ,colonies4 ,ap>t f build+ purposes1 granite slabs are l>gely us$ = head/ones 9 gravey>ds4 ,?is monum5tal dep>tm5t employs a great numb] ( skill$ workm54 ,!re are ov] #hj granite-poli%+ y>ds 9 ,ab]de54 ,"h too ! mod]n me?ods ( cutt+ & poli%+ ! /ones by ma*9]y & pneumatic tools h greatly r$uc$ ! manual lab\r z well z improv$ ! "* ( ! "w4 ,un=tunately ! export trade 9 ^! monum5tal /ones has some:at decl9$ ow+ to prohibitive t>iffs4 ,9 #ahif ,am]ica took #ee1deb wor? ( f9i%$ /ones2 9 #aiji ! value _h fall5 to #ch1jjj4 ,! t>iffs 9 ,france h also be5 aga9/ ! trade1 b an av]age ( ne>ly #aj1jjj tons is s5t to cont95tal c\ntries4 ,/rangely en\gh1 granite 9 ! raw /ate is itself import$ to ,ab]de54 ,sw$i%1 ,norwegian & ,g]man granites are br\ght to ,ab]de51 to ,illu/ration3 ,granite ,works1 ,ab]de5 be %ap$ & poli%$4 ,^! h a gra9 & col\r+ absolutely diff]5t f :at is *>act]i/ic ( ! native /one1 & ! ta/e = novelty & v>iety has prompt$ _! importation4 ,9 #aiji z mu* z #bg1cjh tons 7 import$ 9 ?is way4 ,celtic & ,runic crosses1 recumb5t tombs1 & /atu>y are common z exports4 ,! /one is also us$ = ! humbl] purpose ( /reet pav+ & is %ipp$ to ,london & o!r ports 9 blocks ( regul> & recognis$ sizes4 ,^! are call$ 8setts10 & ( !m #cj1jjj tons are annually transmitt$ to ! s\?4 ,/ones ( a l>g] size are also export$ = use z pavem5t k]bs4 ,! pres5ce ( qu>ries is n s detrim5tal to ! atmosph]e & ! l&scape z coal m9es1 & yet ! heaps ( dbris1 ( wa/e & useless /one pil$ up 9 great slop+ ridges ne> ! granite qu>ries1 are und\bt$ly an eyesore4 ,to-day a means has be5 f\nd :]eby ?is blot on ! l&scape is p>tially remov$4 ,! wa/e dbris is n[ cru%$ by special ma*9]y into granite meal & gravel1 & us$ z a surface dress+ = walks & g>d5 pa?s--a purpose x s]ves admirably1 be+ bo? cleanly & easily dri$4 ,n only s b great quantities ( ! wa/e are gr\nd to f9e p[d]1 & aft] be+ mix$ ) cem5t & treat$ to great pressure become adamant blocks = pavem5ts4 ,^! adamant blocks h n[ sup]s$$ ! ord9>y concrete pavem5t j z x sup]s$$ ! use ( solid granite blocks & ,cai?ness flags4 ,?is +5i\s utilisation ( ! wa/e has solv$ ! problem :i* 0 beg9n+ to face _m ( ! l>g] qu>ries1 namely1 h[ !y c\ld dispose ( _! wa/e )\t bury+ valuable agricultural l& "u its mass4 ,granite is ! only m9]al wor?y ( m5tion f\nd 9 ! c\nty4 ,lime/one exi/s 9 consid]able quantities "h & !re1 b z a rule x is too f> f ! railway r\tes to be pr(itably work$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 burn$ locally & appli$ to arable l& z a manure4 ,9 ! upp] rea*es ( ,/ra?don1 lime-kilns are num]\s4 ,by means ( peat f ! adjo9+ mosses ! lime/one 0 regul>ly burn$ half a c5tury ago4 ,to-day ! practice is dw9dl+4 ,a unique m9]al deposit call$ ,kieselguhr is f\nd 9 consid]able quantity 9 ! peat-mosses ( ,d9net1 on ,deeside4 ,x is really ! fossil rema9s ( diatoms1 & consi/s almo/ entirely ( silica ) a trace ( lime & iron4 ,:5 dri$ x is us$ z a poli%+ p[d] = /eel1 silv] & o!r metals2 b its *ief use is 9 ! manufacture ( dynamite1 ( :i* x is ! absorb5t basis4 ,x absorbs f ?ree to f\r times its own weight ( nitro-glyc]9e1 :i* is ! active prop]ty 9 dynamite4 ,z f\nd 9 ! moss x is a lay] two feet ?ick ( *eesy light col\r$ matt]1 :i* is cut out into oblong pieces l peats4 ,:5 ^! are dri$1 !y become light] 9 col\r & a%-l 9 "*4 ,! ,d9net deposits are ! only deposits ( ! k9d 9 ! c\ntry4 ,inf]ior b$s are f\nd 9 ,skye4 ,! indu/ry employs #ej h&s dur+ ! summ] mon?s1 & has be5 9 op]ation = #bh ye>s4 ,! b$s %[ no sign ( exhau/ion z yet1 & ! dem& = ! sub/ance is on ! increase4 #ac4 ,o!r ,indu/ries4 ,pap]1 ,wool1 ,combs4 ,! indu/ries ap>t f agriculture1 "w 9 granite1 & ! fi%]ies are mo/ly conc5trat$ 9 & ar\nd ! *ief city4 ,^!1 al?\gh num]\s1 are n c>ri$ on 9 a l>ge way1 b !y are v>i$2 & !re is ?is advantage 9 ! eggs n be+ all 9 "o basket t :5 depression attacks "o trade1 its effect is only p>tial & does n affect bus9ess z a :ole4 ,pap]1 combs1 wool1 soap are all manufactur$4 ,! fir/ ( ^! engages f\r l>ge e/abli%m5ts on ! ,don & "o on ! ,dee at ,cult]4 ,writ+ pap] & ! pap] us$ = ! daily press & magaz9es z well z ! co>s] k9ds ( pack+ pap] are all made 9 consid]able quantity4 ,esp>to grass & wood pulp are import$ 9 connection ) ?is indu/ry4 ,comb-mak+ is also c>ri$ on1 & ! factory 9 ,ab]de5 is ! l>ge/ ( its k9d 9 ! k+dom4 ,textile fabrics are /ill produc$1 b ! progress made 9 ^! is n to be comp>$ ) ! advances made 9 ! s\? ( ,scotl&1 :]e coal is *eap4 ,weav+ 0 introduc$ at an e>ly p]iod by ,flemi% settl]s1 :o made co>se l95s & wooll5s till ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 8grograms0 & wor/$s1 broadclo? & friezes 7 add$4 ,provo/ ,alex&] ,jaffray ! eld] 9 #afcf e/abli%$ a h\se ( correction--! prototype ( ! mod]n re=matory--:]e begg>s & disord]ly p]sons 7 employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( broadclo?s1 k]seys & o!r /uffs4 ,a record ( ?is novelty 9 discipl9e survives 9 ! ,ab]de5 /reet call$ ,correction ,wynd4 ,9 #agjc a jo9t-/ock company 0 =m$ = wooll5 manufactures at ,gordon's ,mills on ! ,don1 :]e a full+-mill _h exi/$ = g5]ations1 & :]e ! mak+ ( pap] _h be5 initiat$ a few ye>s e>li]4 ,! ,gordon's ,mills develop$ ! manufacture ( clo?s ( a high] quality1 half-silk s]ges1 damask & plu%1 & skill$ workm5 7 br\ght f ,france to guide & in/ruct ! op]atives4 ,to-day high-class twe$s are made at ,gr&holm1 & su* is ! reputation ( ^! goods = quality & durability t 9 spite ( high t>iffs !y make _! way into ,am]ica1 :]e !y comm& a l>ge sale at prices m ?an d\ble ( ! home prices4 ,9 ! old5 days ! clo? sold 9 ! home m>kets 0 a product ( dome/ic indu/ry4 ,! f>m]s' daught]s spun ! wool ( _! own %eep into y>n1 :i* 0 s5t to c\nty weav]s to be made into clo?4 ,ab]de5%ire s]ge made 9 ?is way 0 sold at fairs & 0 hawk$ ab\t ! c\nty by travell+ packm54 ,! hosi]y trade 0 work$ on simil> l9es4 ,! wool 0 conv]t$ into wor/$ by rock & sp9dle1 & ! wor/$ 0 knitt$ into /ock+s by ! wom5 & girls ( ! rural population4 ,"o man employ$ z _m z #djj knitt]s & sp9n]s4 ,9 ! latt] half ( ! eighte5? c5tury ?is indu/ry br\ght f #ajj1jjj to #abj1jjj into ,ab]de5%ire e ye>4 ,/ock+s 7 made ( su* f95ess t !y co/ #bjs4 a pair & occasional r>ities 7 sold at f\r or five gu9eas4 ,9 #agga tw5ty-two m]cantile h\ses 7 engag$ 9 ! export trade ( ^! goods1 :i* w5t *iefly to ,holl&4 ,! m]*ants att5d$ ! weekly m>kets & c\ntry fairs1 :]e !y pur*as$ ! products ( ! knitt]s' lab\r4 ,su* "w provid$ a s\rce ( income to ! rural population & 0 indirectly ! means ( increas+ ! numb] ( small hold+s4 ,^! 7 multipli$ ( set purpose to keep ! indu/ri\s elem5t 9 ! population )9 ! c\nty4 ,! inv5tion ( ! /ock+-frame toge!r ) ! dislocation ( trade due to ! ,napoleonic w>s made ! trade unremun]ative & x came to an end ) ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! l95 trade began 9 #agcg at ,huntly1 :]e an ,iri%man "u ! patronage & enc\ragem5t ( ! ,duke ( ,gordon manufactur$ y>n & export$ x to ,engl& & ! s\!rn ,scotti% t[ns4 ,silk /ock+s 7 also made !re4 ,by & by l95 works sprang up on ! ,don at ,gordon's ,mills & ,gr&holm z well z )9 ,ab]de5 itself4 ,! l95 trade 9 ! =m ( sp9n+ & h&-loom weav+ 0 c>ri$ on 9 mo/ ( ! t[ns & villages ( ! c\nty & sev]al new villages grew up 9 consequ5ce1 su* z ,cum9e/[n1 ,new ,by?1 ,/ri*51 ,new ,pitsligo1 ,/u>tfield & ,fett]angus1 9 "s ( :i* ! manufacture is cont9u$ on a small scale to ?is day4 ,mu* flax 0 gr[n 9 ! c\nty = a "t to m9i/] to ?is indu/ry1 b gradually ! crop disappe>$ z fibre ( bett] quality 0 import$ f ,holl&4 ,yet ! sp9n+ ( l95 y>n 0 widely practis$ z a dome/ic indu/ry :5 ! wooll5 trade decl9$1 & e f>m]'s daught] made a po9t ( sp9n+ h] own l95 z ! nucleus ( h] future h\se-furni%+s4 ,! l95 trade1 except z reg>ds co>s] mat]ials su* z sack+1 has decay$4 ,!re is /ill a jute factory 9 ,ab]de54 ,ano!r indu/ry :i* employs a l>ge numb] ( h&s is ! pres]v+ ( meat1 fi%1 fruit1 & vegetables4 ,!re are sev]al ( ^! pres]v+ works 9 ,ab]de54 ,dri$ & smok$ haddocks1 usually call$ 8,f9nan ,haddies10 f ! village ( ,f9don on ! ,k9c>d9e%ire coa/1 are "o ( ! specialities ( ,ab]de54 ,!y _h at "o "t a great vogue1 & are /ill l>gely 9 dem& ?\gh ! quality has fall5 (f by ! adoption ( a simpl] & less exp5sive me?od ( treatm5t4 ,%ip-build+ is ano!r indu/ry long e/abli%$ at ,ab]de54 ,9 ! days be=e iron /eam%ips1 fleets ( swift-sail+ vessels kn[n z 8,ab]de5 ,clipp]s0 7 built on ! ,dee & made record voyages to ,*9a 9 ! tea trade & to ,au/ralia4 ,! indu/ry ( to-day is conc]n$1 = ! great] "p1 ) ! build+ ( trawl]s & o!r fi%+ craft1 b occasionally an ocean go+ /eam] is laun*$4 ,! trade is meantime suff]+ f depression4 ,illu/ration3 ,mak+ smok$ haddocks1 ,ab]de5 ,o!r indu/ries well repres5t$ are soap & c&le mak+1 coa* & motor-c> build+1 iron-f\nd+ & eng9e]+1 rope & tw9e mak+1 ! manufacture ( *emicals1 col\rs & a]at$ wat]s4 ,besides1 ,ab]de5 is a great pr9t+ c5tre & _m ( ! books issu$ by ,london publi%]s are pr9t$ by local presses4 #ad4 ,fi%]ies4 ,dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury ! fi%+ indu/ry has made great /rides1 ! value ( fi% l&$ 9 ,scotl& hav+ m ?an d\bl$ 9 t p]iod4 ,n[h]e has ! impetus be5 m felt ?an 9 ,ab]de5%ire1 :i* n[ contributes z mu* z "o-?ird ( ! :ole product ( ,scot* fi%]ies4 ,s9ce #ahhf ! weight ( fi% caught r\nd ! ,scotti% coa/ has increas$ f five million hundr$weights to ov] n9e millions1 :ile ! money value has ris5 9 ev5 a great] proportion f #a1djc1cia1 to #c1adi1abg4 ,to ^! totals ,ab]de5 alone has contribut$ ov] a hundr$ ?\s& tons ( :ite fi% 7exclud+ h]r+s71 valu$ at ov] a million p\nds /]l+4 ,pet]head & ,fras]burgh are also contributors especially z reg>ds h]r+s1 ! =m] l&+ #gci1hgh hundr$weights & ,fras]burgh v ne>ly a simil> quantity4 ,^! ?ree ports among/ !m acc\nt = "o half ( all ! fi% l&$ at ,scotti% ports4 ,:5 we consid] ! numb] ( p]sons collat]ally employ$ 9 h&l+ ?is enorm\s quantity ( m]*&ise1 ! coop]s1 clean]s1 pack]s1 basket mak]s1 boat-build]s1 mak]s ( nets1 cl]ks & s on1 ap>t altoge!r f ! army ( fi%]m5 employ$ 9 cat*+ ! fi%1 we see h[ f>-rea*+ ?is indu/ry is1 n m]ely 9 increas+ ! food-supply ( ! c\ntry b 9 provid+ pr(itable employm5t = ! population4 ,at ,ab]de51 x is e/imat$1 #ac1eab p]sons are s employ$ & at ! o!r two ports comb9$1 almo/ a simil> numb]4 ,!re are two great bran*es ( ! fi%+ indu/ry--h]r+s & :ite fi%4 ,! h]r+s are caught = ! mo/ "p1 ?\gh n exclusively1 9 ! summ]1 ,july be+ ! great mon?4 ,!y are captur$ ) nets mo/ly by /eam-drift]s z !y are call$1 b also to "s ext5t by ! ord9>y sail+ boats ( a small] size ?an ! drift]s4 ,fras]burgh & ,pet]head l& 9 ea* case d\ble ! weight ( h]r+s t come to ,ab]de54 ,9 rec5t ye>s a beg9n+ has be5 made 9 ,may & ,june ) gratify+ success1 b ,july & ,augu/ give ! maximum returns4 ,lat] on 9 ! ye>1 :5 ! %oals h mov$ along ! coa/ s\?w>ds1 ! h]r+ fleets foll[ !m ?i!r1 to ,nor? ,%ields & ,h>tlepool1 to ,y>m\? & ,l[e/(t2 & b&s ( cur]s1 coop]s & work]s migrate 9 hundr$s f "o port to ano!r1 employ+ !mselves 9 cur+ ! fi%4 ,! bulk ( ! h]r+s are cur$ by salt+1 & are !n export$ to ,g]many & ,russia1 :]e !y are mu* 9 dem&4 ,ev5 m important is ! :ite fi%+4 ,ab]de5 is "h pre-em95t1 be+ p]haps ! mo/ important fi%+ c5tre 9 ! _w4 ,! total cat* = ,scotl& 9 #aiji 0 %ort ( ?ree million hundr$weights1 ( :i* ,ab]de5 ) its l>ge fleet ( trawl]s & /eam-l9]s acc\nt$ = #fg p] c5t4 ,! mo/ important ( ! s-call$ r\nd fi% is ! haddock1 ( :i* ov] a million hundr$weights are l&$ 9 ,scotl&1 ,ab]de5 contribut+ ! lion's %>e1 ?ree-f\r?s ( ! :ole4 ,next to ! haddock comes ! cod1 ( :i* ne>ly ?ree hundr$ & =ty ?\s& hundr$weights 7 h&l$ 9 ! ,ab]de5 fi% m>ket4 ,! next fi% is l+1 & !n come :it+s1 sai!1 torsk1 cong]-eels4 ,! flat-fi% are also important1 plaice1 wit*es1 megrims1 halibut1 lemon soles & turbot4 ,?is la/ is ! sc>ce/ & mo/ highly priz$ ( all flat fi%1 & comm&s a price next to t giv5 = salmon4 ,l+ & halibut are /ill mo/ly caught by hook & l9e2 ! turbot & ! lemon sole on ! o!r h& are di/9ctively ! product ( ! trawl net & 7 little kn[n until trawl+ 0 begun4 ,a c]ta9 small p]c5tage ( ?is great weight ( fi% is consum$ locally1 b ! great bulk ( x is pack$ 9 ice & dispat*$ by swift pass5g] tra9s to ! s\!rn m>kets4 ,! ,ab]de5 fi% m>ket1 ext5d+ = half a mile along ! we/ & nor? sides ( ! ,alb]t ,bas9 7orig9ally ! b$ ( ! ,dee7 is ! prop]ty ( ! ,t[n ,corporation & is capable ( deal+ ) l>ge cat*es4 ,z mu* z #gfj tons ( fi% h be5 expos$ on its concrete floor 9 a s+le day4 ,9 ! e>ly morn+ ! place is "o ( ! sights ( ! city1 ) ! l>g] fi% laid out 9 symmetrical r[s on ! pavem5t1 & ! small] fi%--haddocks1 :it+ & soles--9 boxes arrang$ = ! auction sale at #h a4m4 ,! majority ( ! fi%+ craft are /ill sail+ vessels1 b /eam-drift]s & motor-boats & /eam-trawl]s ,illu/ration3 ,fi% ,m>ket1 ,ab]de5 are gradually driv+ ! ord9>y sail-boats f ! trade1 j z ! trawl net is sup]s$+ ! old-fa%ion$ mode ( fi%+ ) set l9es4 ,/ill ab\t #hf p] c5t4 ( ! numb] ( boats employ$ is made up ( sail+ vessels1 b ! tonnage is relatively small4 ,! quantity ( fi% caught by hook & l9e is only "o-t5? ( ! :ole4 ,illu/ration3 ,fi%wives1 ,! ,gre51 ,ab]de5 ,illu/ration3 ,nor? ,h>b\r1 ,pet]head ,illu/ration3 ,h]r+ boats at ,fras]burgh ,! am\nt ( capital inve/$ 9 boats & fi%+ ge> = all ,scotl& is e/imat$ by ! ,fi%]y ,bo>d at ov] #e1jjj1jjj4 ,( ?is total1 ,ab]de5%ire claims v ne>ly two millions4 ,x is n[ ! case t ! value ( fi% dis*>g$ at ! fi% m>ket ( ,ab]de5 is z great z ! ye>ly value ( ! agricultural l& ( ! :ole c\nty--truly a m>vell\s revolution4 ,illu/ration3 ,fi%+ ,fleet go+ out1 ,ab]de5 ,! h]r+ fi%]y 0 prosecut$ (f ! ,scotti% coa/ by ! ,dut*1 long be=e ! ,scot* c\ld be induc$ to take "p 9 x4 ,_m futile attempts 7 made to exploit ! indu/ry b little came ( !m till ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,a beg9n+ 0 made at ,pet]head 9 #ahbj & at ,fras]burgh a little e>li]4 ,ab]de5 foll[$ 9 #ahcf b no great developm5t took place till #ahgj4 ,! fir/ trawl] came on ! sc5e 9 #ahhb2 to-day !re are ov] #bjj local vessels ( ?is type besides _m f o!r ports4 ,! salmon fi%]y has long be5 fam\s & at "o "t 0 relatively a s\rce ( mu* great] rev5ue ?an at pres5t4 ,x /ill yields a consid]able annual surplus to ! ,corporation funds1 b has be5 eclips$ by ! gr[? ( o!r fi%]ies4 ,! rateable value ( ! salmon fi%+s on ! ,dee is ne>ly #ai1jjj2 ^? ( ! o!r salmon riv]s--! ,don1 ,y?an & ,ugie--be+ mu* less4 ,! fi% are caught by fix$ eng9es 9 ! sea--/ake-nets & bag-nets--set )9 a /atutory radius ( ! riv] m\?1 & by sweep- or drag-nets 9 ! tidal rea*es ( ! riv]s4 ,a good _m fi% are caught by rod & l9e ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\rse ( ! riv]s b angl+ is n ! comm]cial side ( salmon-fi%+4 #ae4 ,%ipp+ & ,trade4 ,ab]de5%ire has practically b ?ree ports--,fras]burgh1 ,pet]head & ,ab]de54 ,! h]r+ fi%+ ) its concomitant activities absorbs ! en]gies ( ! two =m] s f> z %ipp+ is conc]n$1 b ,ab]de5 hav+ to s]ve a l>g] & wid] area ?an ^! two nor!rn burghs has develop$ a range ( docks ( consid]able ext5t & importance4 ,dur+ ! la/ =ty ye>s ! ,h>b\r ,commission]s h sp5t #c1jjj1jjj 9 improv+ ! h>b\r1 increas+ ! :>fage1 add+ break-wat]s1 div]t+ ! c\rse ( ! ,dee1 deep5+ ! entrance *annel1 =m+ a grav+ dock & s =?4 ,/ill1 9 spite ( ^! outlays1 ,ab]de51 :i* has be5 a port = c5turies1 has h>dly gr[n 9 %ipp+ proportionately to its gr[? 9 o!r respects4 ,! reason is t1 except fi%1 granite & agricultural products1 ! city has no?+ ( mu* mom5t to export4 ,illu/ration3 ,at ! docks1 ,ab]de5 ,exclusive ( fi%+ vessels ! tonnage ( home & =eign go+ vessels 0 9 #ahhb1 #ehg1agc2 9 #aiji x _h advanc$ to ov] a million1 h>dly d\bl+ itself 9 #bg ye>s4 ,:ile its imports h gone up f #ebb1edd tons 9 #ahhb to #a1afe1jfj 9 #aiji1 ! exports h made only a v slight advance4 ,! *ief export is h]r+s1 & la/ ye> ne>ly #ajj1jjj tons ( ^!1 salt$ & pack$ 9 b>rels1 7 s5t by sea4 ,! fre% fi% are dispat*$ by rail4 ,/ones 9 ! =m ( granite1 ei!r poli%$ = monum5tal purposes or 9 setts & k]bs = pav+1 acc\nt = #ej1jjj tons4 ,! rema9d] 7( #baj1eed tons7 is made up by oats1 b>ley1 oatmeal1 pap]1 pres]v$ provisions1 :isky1 manures1 flax & cotton fabrics1 wooll5 clo?1 cattle & horses1 butt] & eggs1 salmon & p9e-wood4 ,! trade is mo/ly a coa/+ trade & m an import ?an an export "o4 ,coal is ! *ief article ( import1 #fjj1jjj tons be+ dis*>g$ 9 a ye>4 ,besides coal1 esp>to grass1 wood-pulp & rags = pap]-mak+1 =eign granite 9 ! r\gh /ate s5t to be poli%$1 fl\r1 maize1 l9se$1 ! horns ( cattle us$ = comb-mak+1 & ! salt us$ 9 fi%-cur+1 are ! *ief mat]ials l&$ on ! ,ab]de5 quays4 ,ab]de5 be+ ! di/ribut+ c5tre = ! c\nty1 & all ! railway r\tes focuss+ 9 x1 ! coal & ! build+ mat]ials n produc$ 9 ! di/rict1 su* z lime1 slate & cem5t1 all pass ?is way1 :ile ! tea & sug>1 ! tobacco & o!r articles ( daily use1 also arrive mo/ly by ! h>b\r4 ,!re are regul> l9es ( /eam]s betwe5 ,ab]de5 & ! foll[+ ports3 ,london1 ,newca/le1 ,hull1 ,liv]pool1 ,glasg[ & ,lei?1 z also ) cont95tal t[ns su* z ,hamburg1 ,rott]dam & ,*ri/iania4 #af4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,c\nty4 ,/&+ remote f ! c5tre ( ! c\ntry1 ,ab]de5%ire has n be5 fat$ to figure l>gely 9 g5]al hi/ory4 ,! /ory ( its own evolution f pov]ty to prosp]ity is an int]e/+ "o1 b x is only n[ & aga9 t ! c\nty is involv$ 9 ! ma9 curr5t ( ! hi/ory ( ,scotl&4 ,if ! ,romans ev] visit$ x1 :i* is highly d\btful1 !y left no conv9c+ evid5ce ( _! /ay4 ,( positive ,roman influ5ce no indication has surviv$1 & no conque/ ( ! di/rict c h tak5 place4 ,! only records ( ! e>ly inhabitants ( ! di/rict--usually call$ ,picts--are ! ,eirde h\ses1 ! lake dwell+s or crannogs1 ! hill =ts or duns1 ! 8,druidical0 circles & /&+ /ones & ! fl9t arr[-heads1 all ( :i* w be dealt ) 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,*ri/ianity _h rea*$ ! s\? ( ,scotl& be=e ! ,romans left e>ly 9 ! fif? c5tury4 ,! fir/ mission>y :o cross$ ! ,m\n? 0 ,/ ,t]nan1 ^: "n survives at ,ban*ory-,t]nan on ! ,dee1 ! place ( 8 dea?4 ,/ ,k5tig]n or ,/ ,mungo1 ! patron sa9t ( ,glasg[1 _h a *ur* d$icat$ to him at ,gl5gairn4 ,/ ,k5tig]n belong$ to ! six? c5tury1 & 0 !re=e a contempor>y ( ,/ ,columba1 :o *ri/ianis$ ,ab]de5%ire f ,iona4 ,9 ?is way two great curr5ts met 9 ! nor?-ea/4 ,columba accompani$ by 8 disciple ,dro/an fir/ appe>$ at ,ab]d\r on ! nor!rn coa/4 ,f ,ab]d\r he pass$ on ?r\gh ,bu*an1 & hav+ e/abli%$ ! ,mona/]y ( ,de] & left ,dro/an 9 *>ge1 mov$ on to o!r fields ( lab\r4 ,8 "n survives 9 ! fi%+ village ( ,/ ,combs4 ,he is ! tutel> sa9t ( ,belhelvie1 & ! *ur*es ( ,new ,ma*> & ,daviot 7 d$icat$ to him4 ,^! facts indicate ! mode 9 :i* ,pictl& 0 br\ght "u ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! next hi/orical item wor?y ( m5tion is ! ravages ( ! ,sc&9avian ,vik+s4 ,! desc5ts on ! coa/ ( ^! sea-rov]s 7 direct$ aga9/ ! mona/ic communities1 :i* _h ga!r$ "s weal?4 ,! ,ab]de5%ire coa/1 hav+ few inlets conv5i5t = ! entry ( _! long boats1 0 to a l>ge ext5t exempt f _! raids1 b 9 #ajab an exp$ition "u ,cnut1 son ( ,sweg51 ! k+ ( ,d5m>k1 l&$ at ,crud5 ,bay4 ,ano!r fact ( int]e/ is ! dea? ( ,macbe?1 :o = sev5te5 ye>s _h by ! help ( ,?orf9n1 ! ,sc&9avian 7^: "n may be se5 9 ! ,deeside t[n ( ,torph9s71 usurp$ ! k+%ip ( ,scotl&4 ,malcolm ,canmore l$ an army aga9/ him 9 #ajeg1 & gradually driv+ him nor?1 beyond ! ,m\n?1 ov]took him at ,lumphanan4 ,!re ,macbe? 0 sla94 ,a ,macbe?'s /one is said to m>k ! place :]e he receiv$ 8 dea?-w\nd1 & ,macbe?'s ,cairn is m>k$ by a clump ( trees 9 ! mid/ ( cultivat$ l&4 ,! f>m call$ ,cairnbe?ie reta9s ! e*o ( 8 "n4 ,k9c>d9e ,o',neil1 :]e ,malcolm await$ ! result ( ! conflict1 comm&s ! =d ( ! ,dee on ! anci5t r\te ( travel f s\? to nor? across ! ,cairn-o-,m\n?4 ,malcolm %ortly aft] pass$ ?r\gh ,ab]de5%ire at ! head ( an exp$ition aga9/ ! ,celtic population :i* _h support$ ,macbe?4 ,! ,norman ,conque/1 n9e ye>s !reaft]1 0 ! occasion ( ,anglo-,saxon settlem5ts 9 ! c\nty4 ,! c\rt ( ,malcolm & ,que5 ,m>g>et became a c5tre ( ,anglo-,saxon influ5ce4 ,! old ,gaelic language gave way be=e ! new ,teutonic spee*4 ,! ,celtic population made v>i\s attempts to recov] ! p[] t 0 fa/ slipp+ f _! h&s4 ,malcolm head$ a second exp$ition to ,ab]de5%ire 9 #ajgh1 & on t occasion grant$ ! l&s ( ,monymusk & ,keig to ! *ur* ( ,/ ,&rews4 ,he is said to h _h a hunt+-seat 9 ! =e/ ( ,m>1 & ! ru9$ ca/le ( ,k9dro*it 9 ! village ( ,braem> is associat$ ) ?is fact4 ,! e>lie/ m5tion ( ,ab]de5 is 9 a *>t] ( ,alex&] ,i1 grant+ to ! monks ( ,scone a dwell+ 9 ea* ( ! pr9cipal t[ns--"o ( :i* is ,ab]de54 ,a /ream ( ,anglo-,saxons1 ,flem+s & ,sc&9avians _h be5 gradually fl[+ t[>ds ! settlem5t at ! m\? ( ! ,dee1 :]e !y pursu$ _! h&icrafts & e/abli%$ trade ) o!r ports4 ,william ! ,lion frequ5tly visit$ ! t[n & ultimately built a royal resid5ce1 :i* aft] a "t 0 gift$ to ! ,tr9ity or ,r$ ,fri>s = a mona/]y4 ,! bi%opric ( ,ab]de5 dates f #aaej4 ,edw>d ,i ( ,engl& 9 #abif at ! head ( a l>ge army paid ^! nor!rn p>ts a visit4 ,he ent]$ ! c\nty by ! road lead+ f ,gl5b]vie to ,durris1 :5ce he proce$$ to ,ab]de51 exact+ homage f ! burgh]s dur+ 8 five days' /ay4 ,f ,ab]de5 he w5t to ,k9tore & ,fyvie & on to ,speyside1 return+ by ! ,cabra*1 ,kildrummy1 ,k9c>d9e ,o',neil & ! ,cairn-o-,m\n?4 ,! next ye> ,wallace1 9 8 patriotic ef=ts to cle> ! c\ntry f ,engli% dom9ation1 surpris$ ,edw>d's g>rison at ,ab]de51 b unable to effect any?+1 ha/ily )drew f ! neighb\rhood4 ,edw>d 0 back 9 ,ab]de5 9 #acjc & paid ano!r visit to ,kildrummy ,ca/le1 !n 9 ! possession ( ,bruce4 ,!n ,bruce1 hav+ fl$ f ! ,engli% c\rt & assass9at$ ! ,r$ ,comyn at ,dumfries1 0 cr[n$ at ,scone & ! long /ruggle = national indep5d5ce began 9 e>ne/4 ,9 #acjg he came to ,ab]de51 :i* 0 fav\rable to 8 cause4 ,at ,b>ra1 n f> f ,inv]urie & ,old ,meldrum1 8 =ces met ^? ( ! ,e>l ( ,bu*an 7,john ,comyn7 & defeat$ !m 7#acjh74 ,x 0 n a great battle 9 itself1 b its consequ5ces 7 important4 ,x m>k$ ! turn ( ! tide 9 ! national cause4 ,! ,bu*an di/rict1 9 :i* ! battle took place1 _h long be5 id5tifi$ ) ! p[]ful family ( ! ,comyns2 & aft] 8 victory at ,b>ra1 ,bruce deva/at$ ! di/rict ) rel5tless fury4 ,?is 8h>ry+ ( ,bu*an10 z x has be5 call$1 is ref]r$ to by ,b>b\r z an ev5t bemoan$ = m ?an fifty ye>s4 ,! family ( ! ,comyns 0 cru%$1 & _! influ5ce1 :i* _h be5 lib]al & consid]ate to ! native race ( ,celts1 came to an end4 ,! :ole ( ! nor?-ea/ turn$ to ,bruce's support1 & 9 a %ort "t all ,edw>d's g>risons disappe>$4 ,?is upheaval creat$ a fre% p>tition ( ! l&s ( ,ab]de5%ire4 ,new families su* z ! ,hays1 ! ,fras]s1 ! ,gordons & ! ,irv9es1 7 rew>d$ = fai?ful s]vice by grants ( l&4 ,! re-settlem5t ( ! c\nty f non-,celtic s\rces acc5tuat$ ! ,teutonic elem5t 9 ! c\nty4 ,aft] ,bannockburn1 ,bruce rew>d$ ,ab]de5 itself = its support by grant+ to ! burgesses ! burgh z well z ! =e/ ( ,/ocket4 ,! great ev5t ( ! fifte5? c5tury 0 ! ,battle ( ,h>law1 :i* took place 9 #adaa at no great di/ance f ! site ( ! ,battle ( ,b>ra4 ,x 0 really a conflict betwe5 ,celt & ,saxon1 & 0 a despair+ ef=t on ! "p ( ! dispossess$ native population to re-e/abli% !mselves 9 ! ,l[l&s4 ,! ,highl&]s 7 l$ by ,donald ( ! ,isles1 :o ga!r+ ! clansm5 ( ! nor!rn ,hebrides1 ,ross & ,lo*ab]1 & sweep+ ?r\gh ,moray & ,/ra?bogie1 arriv$ at ! ,g>io* on 8 way to ,ab]de54 ,! burgh]s plac$ !mselves "u ! lead]%ip ( ! ,e>l ( ,m> 7,alex&] ,/ew>t1 son ( ! ,wolf ( ,bad5o*71 a soldi] :o _h se5 mu* s]vice 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! provo/ ( ! city1 ,rob]t ,davidson1 l$ =? a body ( 8 fell[-citiz5s & jo9$ ,m>'s =ces at ,inv]urie1 )9 ?ree miles ( ! ,highl&]s' camp4 ,! two =ces 7 unequally mat*$--,donald hav+ #aj1jjj m5 & ,m> only a t5? ( t numb]1 b ( ^! _m 7 mail-clad knights on horseback & arm$ ) spe>s4 ,x 0 a fi]cely conte/$ battle & la/$ till ! d>kness ( a ,july night4 ,! slaught] on bo? sides 0 great1 b ! tide ( b>b>ism 0 driv5 back4 ,! ,highl&]s retreat$ :5ce !y came & ! c\nty ( ,ab]de5 0 sav$ f ! imm95t p]il ( a ,celtic recrudesc5ce4 ,?is is ! only really memorable battle associat$ ) ,ab]de5%ire soil4 ,its 8r$0 field1 on :i* s _m prom95t citiz5s %$ _! life-blood 7,provo/ ,davidson & ,sir ,alex&] ,irv9e ( ,drum be+ ( ! numb]71 0 long rememb]$ z a dre>y & co/ly victory4 ,ano!r battle ( mu* less significance 0 t ( ,corri*ie1 f\ght 9 ,que5 ,m>y's reign 9 #aefb on ! ea/]n slope ( ! ,hill ( ,f>e1 n f> f ,ban*ory4 ,x 0 a conte/ betwe5 ,james ,/ew>t 7! ,reg5t ,murray1 & half-bro!r ( ! ,que57 & ! ,e>l ( ,huntly4 ,huntly 0 defeat$ & sla91 & 8 son1 ,sir ,john ,gordon1 :o 0 tak5 prison]1 0 aft]w>ds execut$ at ,ab]de54 ,que5 ,m>y1 x is said1 0 a spectator bo? ( ! battle & ( ! execution4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,cov5ant+ 8tr\bles10 ,ab]de5%ire ga9$ a c]ta9 notoriety z be+ ! place :]e ! sword 0 fir/ drawn4 ,9 #afci ! ,cov5ant]s mu/]$ at ,turriff "u ,montrose1 to ! numb] ( #hjj4 ,! ,royali/ p>ty "u ! ,e>l ( ,huntly1 to ! numb] ( #bjjj b poorly arm$1 m>*$ to ! t[n ) ! int5tion ( prev5t+ ! ,cov5ant]s f meet+1 b !y 7 already 9 possession1 & :5 ,huntly's p>ty saw h[ matt]s /ood1 !y pass$ on1 ! two =ces survey+ ea* o!r at close qu>t]s )\t ho/ile act or ^w4 ,?is bloodless affair is kn[n z ! fir/ ,raid ( ,turriff4 ,a few weeks lat] a some:at simil> enc\nt] took place1 :5 ! ,cov5ant]s1 completely surpris$1 fl$ )\t /rik+ a bl[4 ,! loss on ei!r side 0 trifl+1 /ill "s blood 0 actually %$1 & ! ,trot ( ,turriff1 z x 0 call$1 became ! fir/ incid5t 9 a long l9e ( mighty ev5ts4 ,montrose1 bo? :5 he 0 lead+ on ! side ( ! ,cov5ant1 & lat] :5 he became a ,royali/ lead]1 paid sev]al visits to ,ab]de51 :i*1 al?\gh support+ ! ,royali/ cause1 suff]$ exactions f bo? p>ties4 ,9 #afdd ,montrose made a =cible entry ( ! t[n1 :i* result$ 9 ! dea? ( #aej ,cov5ant]s1 & 9 ! plund]+ ( ! city4 ,lat] on1 aft] 8 victory ov] ,argyll at ,inv]lo*y1 ,montrose ga9$ a success = ! ,royali/ cause at ,al=d 7#afde74 ,9 #afej1 aft] ! execution ( ,*>les ,i1 8 son ,*>les ,,ii l&$ at ,speym\?1 & on 8 way s\? to be cr[n$ at ,scone1 visit$ ,ab]de51 :]e he 0 receiv$ ) e manife/ation ( loyalty & goodwill4 ,! next ye> ,g5]al ,monk paid ! t[n a visit1 & left an ,engli% g>rison1 :i* rema9$ till #afei4 ,! ,re/oration 0 hail$ ) rejoic+3 ! ,revolution ) dislike4 ,yet at ! ,rebellion ( #agae scant en?usiasm 0 r\s$ = ! cause ( ! ,pret5d]1 :o himself pass$ ?r\gh ! city on 8 way f ,pet]head to ,fett]esso4 ,9 ! ?irty ye>s t pass$ be=e ! second ,jacobite ,rebellion1 public s5tim5t _h gr[n m fav\rable to ! reign+ ,h\se4 ,! '#de !re=e receiv$ little support 9 ,ab]de5%ire4 ,a few ( ! old c\nty families ?rew 9 _! lot ) ! ,pr9ce1 b ! g5]al body ( ! p 7 av]se to tak+ arms4 ,! ,duke ( ,cumb]l&1 on 8 way nor? to meet ,pr9ce ,*>lie at ,cullod51 rema9$ ) 8 army six weeks 9 ! city2 :5 he />t$ on 8 nor?w>d m>* ?r\gh ,old ,meldrum1 ,turriff & ,banff1 he left a g>rison ( #bjj m5 9 ,rob]t ,gordon's ,hospital1 lately built b n yet op5$4 ,aft] ,cullod5 small pickets ( troops 7 /ation$ 9 ! ,highl& di/ricts ( ! c\nty1 to suppress ! practice ( cattle-lift+4 ,braem> ,ca/le & ,corg>ff ,ca/le 9 ! upp] rea*es ( ! ,dee & ! ,don /ill be> evid5ce ( _! use z g>rison =ts4 ,! problem ( deal+ ) ! inhabitants ( ! high] gl5s1 :]e agriculture 0 useless1 & :]e ! habits ( ! p prompt$ to raid+ & to rebellion1 0 solv$ by enli/+ ! "y m5 9 ! ,briti% ,army4 ,! ,black ,wat* 7#dbnd7 z reorganis$ 7#ageh7 & a regim5t ( ,gordon ,highl&]s 7#agei7 7 l>gely recruit$ f ,we/ ,ab]de5%ire1 & ?is happy solution clos$ ! milit>y hi/ory ( ! di/rict4 #ag4 ,antiquities--,circles1 ,sculptur$ ,/ones1 ,crannogs1 ,=ts4 ,ab]de5%ire is p>ticul>ly ri* 9 /one-circles4 ,no few] ?an #age ( !m h be5 record$ z exi/+ 9 ! di/rict4 ,un=tunately _m ( !m entirely disappe>$ :5 ! sites 7 turn$ to agricultural uses2 o!rs h be5 mutilat$1 & ow+ to ! removal ( "s ( ! /ones1 /& incomplete2 a few h be5 unt\*$1 & f ^! we may judge :at ! o!rs 7 l4 ,"o ( ! be/ pres]v$ is t at ,p>kh\se1 a mile s\?-we/ ( ! ,abbey ( ,de]4 ,a circle ( great blocks ( /one1 irregul> & ( unequal height1 "s /&+ erect1 "s evid5tly fall5 d[n1 is ! g5]al feature4 ,sometimes inside ! circle1 b m usually 9 ! circumf]5ce ( ! circle itself1 !re is "o conspicu\sly l>g] /one1 9 a recumb5t position4 ,?is x has be5 usual to call ! ro/rum or alt> /one4 ,x is well m>k$ at ,p>kh\se1 be+ #ad feet #i in*es long1 #e feet #i in*es high1 & e/imat$ to weigh #bj tons4 ,! s-call$ ro/rum is usually on ! s\? side ( ! circle & ! /ones fac+ x on ! nor? are ( small] size4 ,illu/ration3 ,:ite ,c[ ,wood ,cairn ,circle2 ,view f ! ,s4,w4 ,f ,proce$+s ( ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies ( ,scotl&1 #aijc-d ,illu/ration3 ,palaeoli?ic ,fl9t ,implem5t 7,f ,k5t's ,cav]n1 ,torquay47 ,neoli?ic ,celt ( ,gre5/one 7,f ,bridl+ton1 ,yorks47 ,! size ( ! circles v>ies1 ! l>ge/ be+ ov] #fj feet 9 diamet]1 ! small] ones less ?an #cj4 ,p>kh\se measures #ej feet4 ,!y are f\nd all ov] ! c\nty1 9 ! valley ( ! ,dee1 9 ! valley ( ! ,don at ,al=d1 ,inv]urie & ,dyce1 z well z 9 ,au*t]less1 ,me?lick1 ,crimond & ,lonmay4 ,! recumb5t /one is inv>iably a feature ( ! l>g] circles4 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ is 9 ! circle at ,old ,keig 9 ,al=d--a huge monoli? comput$ to be #cj tons 9 weight4 ,o!r good examples are at ,au*quor?ies1 ,fett]ne> & at ,balquha9 ne> ,inv]amsay4 ,9 ! small] & simpl] circles1 !re is no recumb5t /one1 & ! blocks are ( m uni=m height4 ,:at ! circles 7 us$ = is /ill a matt] ( dispute4 ,!y h = long be5 call$ 8,druidical0 circles1 & ! receiv$ op9ion 0 t !y 7 places ( wor%ip1 ! recumb5t /one be+ ! alt>4 ,b !re is no c]titude 9 ?is view2 &1 inde$1 ! fact t sev]al exi/ at no great di/ance f ea* o!r 7m ?an a doz5 are locat$ 9 ,de]7 w\ld seem to be adv]se to x4 ,!y 7 c]ta9ly us$ z places ( bury+1 & "s antiqu>ians hold t !y 7 ! bury+ gr\nds ( ! p ( ! ,bronze ,age4 ,a lat] !ory is t !y 7 int5d$ to be a/ronomical clocks to a p :o knew no?+ ( ! l5g? ( ! ye>1 & :o _h no almanacs to guide !m 9 ! matt] ( ! seasons4 ,! /one-circles1 h[ev]1 /ill rema9 an unsolv$ problem4 ,illu/ration3 ,/one at ,logie1 9 ! ,g>io* 7#d feet high7 ,f ,&]son's ,scot4 9 ,e>ly ,*4 ,times1 #bnd ,s]ies ,besides ! circles1 ,ab]de5%ire has ano!r class ( ar*aeological rema9s1 call$ sculptur$ /ones4 ,^! are ( ?ree k9ds3 7#a7 ^? ) incis$ symbols only1 7#b7 ^? ) 9 addition ,celtic ornam5t c>v$ 9 relief1 & 7#c7 monum5ts ) ,celtic ornam5t 9 relief & no symbols4 ,! fir/ class is ! only "o l>gely repres5t$ 9 ,ab]de5%ire & a good _m repres5tatives are 9 exi/5ce4 ,! symbols mo/ commonly se5 are ! cresc5t & sceptre1 ! spectacles1 ! mirror & comb1 & ! s-call$ 8elephant0 symbol1 a repres5tation ( a bea/ ) long jaws1 a cre/ & scroll feet4 ,ano!r is ! s]p5t symbol4 ,:at ! symbols signify is /ill a my/]y1 b ! fact t ! /ones ) symbolism are unusually common 9 :at 0 kn[n z ,nor!rn ,pictl& seems to po9t to _! be+ indig5\s to t area4 ,out ( #abd /ones 9 ! fir/ class ,ab]de5%ire has #db4 ,x w\ld seem z if ! c\nty _h be5 ! focus :]e ! symbolism orig9at$4 ,! ri*ness ( ! locality r\nd ,k9tore & ,inv]urie 9 symbol /ones is tak5 to indicate t region z ! c5tre f :i* !y radiat$4 ,ano!r =m ( ar*aeological rema9s f\nd 9 ! c\nty is ! ,eirde or ,e>?-,h\ses4 ,^! are subt]ranean dwell+s dug out ( ! gr\nd & wall$ ) unhewn1 unmort>$ /ones1 ea* /one ov]lapp+ ! "o bel[ until !y meet at ! top :i* is cr[n$ ) a l>g] flag-/one1 or sometimes ) wood4 ,! probability is t 9 conjunction ) ! und]gr\nd *amb]s !re 7 huts above gr\nd1 :i*1 be+ compos$ ( wood1 h n[ entirely disappe>$4 ,at _m po9ts 9 ^! e>?-h\ses traces ( fire & *>coal are to be se51 /ones black5$ by fire & lay]s ( black a%es4 ,9 "o at ,lo* ,k9nord a piece ( ! upp] /one ( a qu]n z well z an angul> piece ( iron 0 f\nd4 ,x may be inf]r$ t ! inhabitants1 :oev] !y 71 7 agriculturi/s1 & t ! p]iod ( occupation la/$ d[n to ! ,iron ,age4 ,specim5s ( ^! h\ses1 :i* usually g by ! local "n ( ,picts' h\ses1 are f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,lo* ,k9nord on ,deeside1 at ,ca/le ,newe on ! ,don1 & at ,p>kh\se1 n f> f ! circle already ref]r$ to4 ,illu/ration3 8,,picts0 ,,or 8,,eirde ,,h\se0 ,,at ,,migvie ,,ab]de5%ire ,f ,proce$+s ( ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies ( ,scotl&1 ,vol4 ,v4 #ahfe ,! common notion ( ! purpose ( ^! und]gr\nd dwell+s 0 t !y 7 meant = hid+-places 9 :i* ! inhabitants took refuge :5 unable to resi/ _! enemies 9 ! op51 b if1 z has n[ be5 discov]$1 !y 7 associat$ ) wood5 erections above gr\nd1 !y c\ld n h s]v$ ?is purpose4 ,on ! surface beside !m 7 o!r h\ses1 cattlefolds & o!r enclosures2 once an enemy 0 9 possession ( ^!1 he c\ld h>dly miss ! e>?-h\ses4 ,moreov]1 ! inhabitants1 if discov]$1 7 9 a trap f :i* !re 0 no escape4 ,x is m probable t ! dwell+s 7 adjuncts ( "s unkn[n k9d to ! huts on ! surface4 ,! fact t pott]y & bronze armlets h be5 une>!d f ^! und]gr\nd cav]ns proves t ! e>?-dwell]s _h rea*$ a c]ta9 advancem5t 9 civilisation4 ,!y re>$ dome/ic animals1 wove clo? & sew$ x1 & manufactur$ pott]y4 ,!y us$ iron = cutt+ weapons & bronze = ornam5t1 & mu/ h possess$ a wond]fully high /&>d ( ta/e & manual skill4 ,along ) ! e>?-h\ses at ,k9nord are f\nd crannogs or lake-dwell+s4 ,artificial isl&s 7 creat$ 9 ! lo* by =m+ a raft ( logs1 ^u :i* lay]s ( /ones & o!r logs 7 deposit$4 ,z fre% mat]ials 7 add$ ! raft gradually sank till x re/$ on ! bottom4 ,! sides 7 aft]w>ds /r5g!n$ ) ! addition ( /ones & beams4 ,9 ?is way 0 =m$ :at is call$ ! ,prison ,isl& on ,lo* ,k9nord4 ,9 all probability ! o!r isl& 9 ! same lo*1 ! ,ca/le ,isl&1 may also be artificial1 al?\gh x has usually be5 reg>d$ z natural4 ,crannogs 9 pairs--"o l>ge & ! o!r small--occur 9 sev]al lo*s4 ,illu/ration3 ,lo* ,k9nord ,a numb] ( hill-=ts1 m or less dis9tegrat$1 are traceable 9 ! high] gr\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( ,lo*s ,k9nord & ,davan4 ,^! %[ conc5tric l9es ( circumvallation1 ) /rong] =tifications at v>i\s po9ts4 ,vitrifi$ =ts1 :]e ! /ones h be5 run toge!r by ! application ( heat1 are f\nd at ,dunnide] ne> ,ins*1 & on ! conical summit ( ,tap o' ,no? ne> ,rhynie4 ,! ,b>mek9 at ,dune*t encloses an area ( m ?an two acres1 & consi/s ( five conc5tric walls1 ?ree ( e>?-works & two ( /one4 ,num]\s cairns1 b>r[s or tumuli exi/ all ov] ! c\nty1 at ,ab]d\r on ! coa/1 at ,birse1 ,b\rtie1 ,rhynie1 ,turriff1 & else:]e4 ,human rema9s h be5 f\nd 9 mo/ ( ^!2 & z a rule fl9t arr[-heads & o!r implem5ts are also associat$ ) !m4 #ah4 ,ar*itecture--7a7 ,ecclesia/ical4 ,! hi/ory ( ,scotl& f an ar*itectural po9t ( view does n rea* v f> back into ! pa/4 ,till ! tide ( civilisation fl[$ into ,scotl& f ! s\? 9 ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies1 !re exi/$ 9 ! c\ntry no ar*itecture wor?y ( ! "n4 ,:5 ! ,normans became ! rul+ p[] 9 ,brita91 !y br\ght ar*itectural ideas ) !m & ^! sup]s$$ ! crude attempts at *ur* build+ hi!rto made4 ,! ,scotti% *ur*es built "u ! influ5ce ( ,columba 7 simple & rude1 consi/+ ( a small oblong *amb] ) a s+le door & a s+le w9d[4 ,! ,norman /yle1 :i* oblit]at$ ^! /ructures1 dates f ! twelf? c5tury &1 be+ c>ri$ along ! coa/ ( l[l& ,scotl&1 gradually *ang$ ! mann] ( build+4 ,x is *>act]is$ by simple1 massive =ms & especially by ar*es ( a semi-circul> %ape1 sometimes enri*$ by zig-zag1 & by ! use ( nook %afts & cu%ion capitals4 ,( ?is p]iod ! rema9s 9 ,scotl& are n num]\s1 & !y are v few 9 ,ab]de5%ire4 ,! e>lie/ specim5 we c po9t to is ! anci5t *ur* ( ,monymusk1 :i* conta9s "s ,norman build+ incorporat$ 9 ! mod]n *ur* erect$ on ! old site4 ,monymusk is on ,donside sev5 miles up ! riv] f ,k9tore4 ,x is a place ( great antiquity4 ,! ,culdees fir/ appe> !re 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 & ! ,e>l ( ,m> built a conv5t = !m on condition t !y %\ld submit to canonical rule4 ,! l[] "p ( ! *ur* t[] & ! *ancel ar* are ( ! ,norman /yle4 ,! t[] has be5 entirely rebuilt except ! l[] doorway1 :i* has a r\nd ar*-head ) a hood m\ld enclos+ x4 ,^! small fragm5ts sugge/ t !y 7 "p ( ! conv5t erect$ by ! ,e>l ( ,m> v e>ly 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! r\nd$ ar* gave place 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury to ! e>ly ,go?ic1 ( :i* ! mo/ /rik+ feature is ! po9t$ ar*4 ,?is is ! ,fir/ ,po9t$ ,p]iod4 ,ornam5t 0 m g5]al1 ! m\ld+s 7 ri*] & m graceful & ! foliage ( trees 0 occasionally copi$4 ,! w9d[s 7 n>r[1 l(ty & po9t$1 giv+ an impression ( space & lightness4 ,ab]de5%ire is too f> nor? to h develop$ _m examples ( ?is e>ly /yle1 b x has "s4 ,! ,abbey ( ,de] is p]haps ! mo/ anci5t ecclesia/ical build+1 b x is n[ a complete ru91 all ! be/ p>ts ( x hav+ disappe>$ )9 ! la/ fifty ye>s4 ,x 0 f\nd$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,de] _h be5 an ecclesia/ical c5tre long be=e t "t4 ,! /ory goes t ,columba & 8 pupil ,dro/an travell$ f ,iona to ,ab]de5%ire :5 ,b$e 0 ,morma] 7,e>l7 ( ,bu*an4 ,!y 7 fir/ at ,ab]d\r on ! coa/1 b ultimately j\rney$ to ,de]1 :]e ,columba reque/$ ! ,morma] to grant him a site = a *ur*4 ,at fir/ ! ,morma] refus$1 b 8 son fell ill & 9 consid]ation ( ! efficacy ( ! pray]s ( ! two holy m5 9 br++ ! y\? back to heal?1 ! ,morma] grant$ !m ! l&s ( ,de] & ?is 0 probably ! fir/ place 9 ,ab]de5%ire :]e a regul> ,*ri/ian *ur* 0 erect$4 ,no trace ( t *ur*1 built 9 ! six? c5tury1 is left4 ,! ,abbey 0 an entirely diff]5t /ructure & n begun till e>ly 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 f\nd$ by ,william ,comyn1 ,e>l ( ,bu*an1 & 0 really a ,ci/]cian ,abbey1 orig9ally occupi$ by monks s5t f ,k9loss4 ,f ! ru9s n[ )9 ! gr\nds ( ,pitf\r ,h\se1 x c be made out t ! l5g? ( ! build+ 7nave & *ancel7 0 #aej feet4 ,a few m\ld+s & ! ar*es ( "s w9d[s indicate t x belong$ to ! fir/ po9t$ p]iod4 ,! build+ 0 ( r$ s&/one probably br\ght f ,new ,by?1 "s #ab miles di/ant4 ,aft] ! ,re=mation ! ,abbey fell to decay & its walls became1 z 9 _m o!r cases1 a qu>ry f :i* o!r build+s 7 erect$4 ,9 #ahji ! ru9s 7 enclos$ ) a wall by ! !n proprietor1 ,mr ,james ,f]guson ( ,pitf\r1 b s9ce !n !y h dw9dl$4 ,no m5tion ( ,de] is possible )\t ref]5ce to ! fam\s ,book ( ,de]--a manuscript volume ( ! highe/ value1 emanat+ n f ! ,abbey b f ,columba's mona/]y 9 ! same region4 ,! book 0 br\ght to light 9 #ahfj by ! late ,mr ,h5ry ,brad%aw1 ,univ]sity ,libr>ian at ,cambridge4 ,x _h la9 unrecognis$ 9 ! ,libr>y s9ce #agae4 ,x conta9s ! ,gospel ( ,/ ,john & o!r portions ( scripture 9 ! writ+ ( ! n9? c5tury2 b ( ev5 great] importance is ! fact t on its m>g9s x conta9s memor&a ( grants to ! mona/]y1 made by ,celtic *iefs ( ,bu*an & all writt5 9 ,gaelic4 ,^! jott+s are ( ! highe/ hi/orical value4 ,"s traces ( ! ,e>ly ,po9t$ /yle are f\nd 9 ,/ ,ma*> ,ca!dral 7! great] "p ( :i*1 h[ev]1 is mu* lat]74 ,! old *ur* ( ,au*9doir close to ,craig ,ca/le has a good doorway & o!r features ( ?is p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,! ,book ( ,de] ,f ! middle ( ! f\rte5? to ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury 7#acej-adej7 is 9 ,scotl& ! ,middle ,po9t$ ,p]iod4 ,! w9d[s 7 made l>g]1 ! vault+ & buttresses less heavy4 ,! ,ca!dral ( ,/ ,ma*> belongs 9 "p to ?is "t4 ,! leg5d goes t ,/ ,ma*> 9 ob$i5ce to ! comm&s ( ,columba1 ( :om he 0 a disciple1 j\rney$ to ,scotl& & at ,old ,ab]de5 f\nd$ a *ur*4 ,?is *ur* 9 ! twelf? c5tury became ! seat ( a bi%opric f\nd$ by ,david ,i4 ,! orig9al *ur* 0 sup]s$$ probably ab\t #aafe1 ! only relic ( ?is ,norman p]iod be+ "p ( ! abacus ( a squ>e pi]4 ,all o!r traces ( e>li] "w h vani%$4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ,bi%op ,alex&] ,kyn9mon? ,,ii rebuilt ! nave1 p>tly ( r$ s&/one ) foliat$ capitals ( great beauty & decorat$ ) naturali/ic imitation ( leafage1 "o capital repres5t+ curly kail 7colewort74 ,! same k9d ( decoration is se5 9 ,melrose ,abbey4 ,lat] on ! two impressive we/]n t[]s1 :i* are to-day conspicu\s objects 9 ! ea/]n l&scape to all travell]s nor?w>d-b\nd f ,ab]de51 7 add$4 ,!y =m a granite mass ( solid & sub/antial masonry1 &1 be+ f9i%$ ) ma*icolation1 p>apet-pa?s & capeh\ses1 7 really l a ca/le 9 ,e>ly ,engli% ar*itecture4 ,/ill lat] on1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,bi%op ,elph9/one1 :o f\nd$ ! ,univ]sity ( ,ab]de51 :o built ! fir/ ,bridge ( ,dee1 & gave a new *oir to ,/ ,ni*olas ,*ur*1 complet$ ! c5tral t[] & plac$ 9 x f\rte5 bells 8tuneable & co/ly40 ,! s&/one spires ov] ! we/]n t[]s 7 add$ by ,bi%op ,dunb> e>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 9 place ( ! orig9al capeh\ses4 ,! c5tral t[] fell 9 #afhh1 cru%+ ! transepts4 ,illu/ration3 ,/ ,ma*> ,ca!dral1 ,old ,ab]de5 ,illu/ration3 ,/ ,ma*> ,ca!dral 7int]ior7 ,9 #aefj ! gov]nm5t ord]$ ! de/ruction ( ! alt>s1 images & o!r monum5ts ( ! old fai?1 & ?is ca!dral suff]$ ) ! re/4 ,x 0 despoil$ ( all its co/ly ornam5ts & ! *oir 0 demoli%$4 ,! ro( 0 /ripp$ ( its lead & ! bells 7 c>ri$ (f4 ,all t rema9s to-day is ! nave 7n[ ! p>i% *ur*71 a s\? por*1 ! we/]n t[]s & fragm5ts ( ! transept walls1 :i* conta9 tombs ( ,bi%op ,li*t\n1 ,bi%op ,dunb>1 & o!rs4 ,?is is ! only granite ca!dral 9 ! c\ntry1 &1 ?\gh dat+ f ! ,middle & late ,po9t$ p]iods1 has rem9isc5ces ( ! ,norman /yle 9 its %ort1 massive cyl9drical pill>s & pla9 unadorn$ cl]e/ory w9d[s4 ,ano!r feature is ! great we/]n w9d[ divid$ by six long %afts ( /one4 ,! f9ely c>v$ pulpit n[ 9 ! ,*apel ( ,k+'s ,college is a relic ( ! wood-c>v+s de/roy$ 9 #afdi4 ,! :ole is extremely pla9 b highly impressive & impos+4 ,its flat panell$ oak ceil+ decorat$ ) h]aldic %ields ( v>i\s ,european k+s1 ,pope ,leo ,x1 & ,scotti% ecclesia/ics & nobility 7#dh 9 all7 is wor?y ( m5tion4 ,?is h]aldic ceil+ 0 re/or$ 9 #ahfh-ga4 ,illu/ration3 ,k+'s ,college1 ,ab]de5 ,univ]sity ,( lat] date is ,k+'s ,college ,*apel1 at no great di/ance f ! ,old ,ca!dral4 ,x is a long1 n>r[ b h&some build+ begun 9 #aejj1 %ortly aft] ! f\ndation ( ! ,univ]sity by ,bi%op ,elph9/one4 ,! *apel & its graceful t[] are ! olde/ p>ts ( ! ,college build+s :i* _h orig9ally ?ree t[]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,ea/ & ,we/ ,*ur*es1 ,ab]de5 ,! surviv+ "o is a massive /ructure buttress$ ne>ly to ! top & be>+ al(t a lant]n ( cross$ rib ar*es1 surm\nt$ by a beautiful imp]ial cr[n ) f9ial cross1 some:at resembl+ ,/ ,giles's 9 ,ed9burgh4 ,! diff]5ce is t ,k+'s ,college has f\r ribs :ile ,/ ,giles's has eight4 ,! :ole is ( free/one f ,moray%ire4 ,! entire build+ is a mixture ( ,scotti% & ,fr5* ,go?ic /yles1 & reta9s 9 ! l>ge we/]n w9d[ ! semi-circul> ar*1 a peculi>ity ( ,scotti% ,go?ic ?r\gh\t all p]iods4 ,! canopi$ /alls & ! scre5 ( ri*ly c>v$ oak1 ,go?ic 9 design & mo/ beautifully h&l$1 take a place among ! f9e/ pieces ( m$iaeval c>v$ "w exi/+ 9 ! ,briti% ,empire4 ,_! beauty & delicacy1 accord+ to ,hill ,burton1 surpass all rema9s ( a simil> k9d 9 ,scotl&4 ,! *apel conta9s ! tomb ( ,bi%op ,elph9/one4 ,x 0 once highly ornam5t$1 b meantime is cov]$ ) a pla9 m>ble slab4 ,its re/oration is 9 prospect4 ,/ ,ni*olas ,*ur*1 ,ab]de5 7n[ ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,*ur*es7 conta9s 9 its transepts & gro9$ crypt & 9 its wood-c>v+1 int]e/+ relics ( twelf?1 fifte5? & sixte5? c5tury "w4 ,! nave 0 rebuilt 9 ! ,r5aissance /yle ( ! "t 7#agee74 ,greyfri>s ,*ur*1 remov$ a few ye>s ago to make way = ! new front ( ,m>is*al ,college1 0 a pre-,re=mation *ur*1 built by ,alex&] ,gall[ay1 ,rector ( ,k9kell1 e>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,its *ief features 7 its range ( buttresses & a f9e sev5-light1 trac]i$ w9d[4 ,! ,prote/ant *ur*es t succe$$ ^! anci5t build+s 7 inf]ior z ar*itecture4 ,x 0 only 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury t ta/e began to revive & "s attempt at grace & embelli%m5t 0 made4 ,ar*itects began to /udy old /yles1 & ?is comb9$ ) ! increas+ weal? ( ! c\ntry creat$ a new /&>d 9 ecclesia/ical requirem5ts4 ,to-day our *ur*es t5d to gr[ 9 ar*itectural beauty4 #ai4 ,ar*itecture--7b7 ,ca/ellat$4 ,! e>lie/ =tifications 9 ,scotl& 7 e>!n m\nds1 surr\nd$ ) wood5 palisades4 ,!y 7 succe$$ by /one & lime 8keeps0 built 9 imitation ( ,norman /ructures4 ,! pres5ce ( ! ,normans 9 ,engl& dur+ ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies drove ! ,saxon nobility nor?w>ds1 & !y 7 foll[$ 9 turn by o!r ,normans1 :o obta9$ possession ( great tracts ( c\ntry4 ,! rectangul> keeps ( ! ,normans h 9 consequ5ce =m$ ! models on :i* mo/ ( ! ,scotti% ca/les 7 con/ruct$4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury !re 7 ca/les at ,/ra?bogie1 ,fyvie1 ,inv]urie & ,kildrummy4 ,^! h mo/ly be5 rebuilt 9 rec5t times & ! m anci5t p>ts h disappe>$4 ,! g5]al idea 9 !m all 0 a =tifi$ enclosure usually quadrilat]al4 ,! walls ( ! enclosure 7 #g to #i feet ?ick & #bj to #cj feet high4 ,! angles _h r\nd or squ>e t[]s1 & ! walls _h p>apets & embrasures = def5ce & a cont9u\s pa? r\nd ! top ( ! ramp>ts4 ,! entrance 0 a wide gate gu>d$ by a portcullis4 ,! comp>atively l>ge area )9 ! walls 0 int5d$ to h>b\r ! population ( a di/rict & to give tempor>y protection to _! flocks & possessions 9 times ( dang]4 ,"s ( ! f9] examples1 su* z ,kildrummy1 closely resemble ! spl5did milit>y build+s ( ,france 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,"o ( ! t[]s is usually l>g] ?an ! o!rs & =ms ! donjon or place ( /r5g?1 to :i* retreat c\ld be made z a la/ resort1 :51 dur+ a siege1 ! enemy _h ga9$ a foot+ )9 ! walls4 ,illu/ration3 ,kildrummy ,ca/le ,kildrummy ,ca/le is "o ( ! f9e/ & l>ge/ 9 ,scotl&1 & ev5 9 its pres5t ru9\s condition gives an impression ( gr&eur & ext5t su* z no o!r ca/le 9 ,ab]de5%ire c rival4 ,x 0 built 9 ! reign ( ,alex&] ,,ii by ,gilb]t de ,moravia1 ,bi%op ( ,cai?ness4 ,situat$ ne> ! riv] ,don1 "s t5 miles inl& f ,al=d1 & occupy+ a /rong position on ! top ( a bank :i* slopes /eeply to a burn on two sides1 & protect$ on ! o!r sides by an artificial fosse1 x 0 a place ( great /r5g?4 ,its plan is an irregul> quadrangle1 ! s\? front bulg+ out 9 ! c5tre t[>ds ! gateway4 ,x _h six r\nd t[]s1 "o at ea* angle & two at ! gate4 ,"o ( ! corn] t[]s--! ,sn[ ,t[]--#ee feet 9 diamet]1 0 ! donjon & conta9$ ! draw-well4 ,! ca/le possess$ a l>ge c\rty>d1 a great hall1 & a *apel1 ( :i* ! w9d[ ( ?ree tall lancets survives4 ,x 0 built 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & !re=e belongs to ! ,fir/ ,po9t$ ,p]iod4 ,! /one us$ is a s&/one1 probably tak5 f ! qu>ries 9 ! locality1 :]e in/ead ( ! prevail+ granite ( ,ab]de5%ire a great b& ( s&/one occurs4 ,?is fam\s ca/le pass$ ?r\gh v>i\s vicissitudes4 ,x 0 besieg$ 9 #acjf by ,edw>d ,i ( ,engl& & 0 gallantly def5d$1 b1 9 consequ5ce ( a great conflagration1 ,nigel ,bruce1 ,k+ ,rob]t's bro!r1 :o 0 act+ z gov]nor1 yield$ x to ! ,engli%1 he himself be+ made prison] & ultimately execut$4 ,"s ( ! build+s date f ?is p]iod1 :5 x 0 rebuilt by ! ,engli%1 b x soon fell into ,bruce's h&s aga94 ,tw5ty ye>s aft] ,bannockburn x 0 conf]r$ on ! ,e>l ( ,m>4 ,! rebellion ( #agae 0 hat*$ )9 its walls4 ,!reaft] be+ =feit$ by ,m>1 x ev5tually came into ! h&s ( ! ,gordons ( ,w>dh\se4 ,rec5tly x 0 pur*as$ by ,colonel ,og/on1 :o has built a mod]n mansion-h\se close by & cross$ ! rav9e ) a bridge1 an exact replica ( ! hi/oric ,bridge ( ,balg[nie ne> ,donm\?4 ,dur+ ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ,scotl&1 exhau/$ ) ! /ruggle = national indep5d5ce1 0 unable to engage 9 ext5sive build+4 ,beside1 ,bruce's policy 0 oppos$ to ca/le build+1 z su* edifices 7 liable to be captur$ by ! enemy & a secure foot+ !reby obta9$4 ,8 policy 0 r to /rip ! c\ntry1 & to de/roy ev]y?+ 9 front ( an invad+ army1 ) a view to />v+ x out4 ,! h\ses ( ! peasantry 7 made ( wood & c\ld easily be re/or$ :5 de/roy$4 ,! h\ses ( ! nobility took ! =m ( squ>e t[]s on ! ,norman model & all ca/les ( ! f\rte5? c5tury 7 on ?is simple plan--a squ>e or oblong t[] ) v ?ick walls & def5d$ f a p>apet$ pa? r\nd ! top ( ! t[]4 ,! angles 7 r\nd$ or project$ on corbels 9 ! =m ( r\nd b>tizans4 ,at fir/ ^! p>apets 7 op5 & ma*icolat$4 ,z "t w5t on1 ! simple keep 0 ext5d$ by add+ on a small w+ at "o corn]1 :i* gave ! gr\nd plan ( ! :ole build+ ! %ape ( ! lett] ,l4 ,! entrance 0 !n plac$ z a rule at ! re-ent]+ angle4 ,su* keeps are usually spok5 ( z built on ! ,l plan4 ,! gr\nd floor 0 vault$ & us$ = /ores or /ables & z accommodation = s]vants4 ,! only communication betwe5 ?is & ! fir/ floor 0 a hat*4 ,9 e>ly ca/les ! pr9cipal entrance 0 (t5 on ! floor above ! gr\nd floor & 0 rea*$ by a /air easily remov$ 9 "t ( dang]4 ,access f "o /orey to ano!r 0 by a corkscrew or newel /air at "o corn] 9 ! ?ick wall4 ,?us con/ruct$ a t[] c\ld resi/ siege & fire1 & ev5 if tak51 c\ld n be easily damag$4 ,( ?is k9d ( keep ,ab]de5%ire has _m excell5t examples1 ! mo/ p]fect1 p]haps1 be+ ! ,t[] ( ,drum4 ,x /&s on a ridge ov]look+ ! valley ( ! ,dee4 ,to ! anci5t keep built probably late 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury 0 add$ a mansion-h\se on a diff]5t plan 9 #afai4 ,! e/ate 0 grant$ to ,william de ,irv9e by ,bruce 9 recognition ( fai?ful s]vice z secret>y & arm\r-be>]4 ,previ\s to t1 ,drum 0 a royal =e/ & a hunt+-seat ( ! k+4 ,! keep1 :i* /&s z solid & squ>e to-day z x did six hundr$ ye>s ago1 is quadrilat]al & ! angles are r\nd$ (f4 ,! entrance 0 at ! level ( ! fir/ floor4 ,! ma9 /air is a newel4 ,9 ! l[e/ /orey ! walls are twelve feet ?ick1 pi]c$ ) two n>r[ loops = light4 ,9 a recess is ! well4 ,on ! top ( ! t[] are battlem5ts1 ! p>apet re/+ on a corbel-table cont9u$ "r r\nd ! build+4 ,hall=e/ ne> ,k9tore is an example ( a f\rte5? c5tury keep4 ,x 0 built by ,bruce z a hunt+-seat & be/[$ on ,sir ,rob]t de ,kei?1 ! ,m>is*al4 ,x /ill belongs to ! ,k9tore family b is n[ a ru94 ,! fifte5? c5tury br\ght a *ange 9 ca/le-build+4 ,! accommodation ( ! keeps 0 circumscrib$ & ! paucity ( rooms made privacy impossible4 ,"o way ( ext5d+ ! space 01 z we h said1 by add+ a w+ at "o corn]4 ,ano!r mode 0 to utilise ! surr\nd+ wall1 = ! keeps 7 g5]ally gu>d$ by a wall1 :i* =m$ a c\rty>d or b>mek9 = /abl+ & (fices4 ,?is 0 (t5 ( consid]able ext5t & def5d$ by t[]s4 ,z ! c\ntry progress$ & mann]s improv$1 build+s 7 ext5d$ r\nd ! inside ( ! c\rty>d walls4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury ! *ange w5t fur!r & develop$ into ! mansion-h\se built r\nd a quadrangle4 ,! build+ 0 fir/ 9 ! c5tre ( ! surr\nd+ wall2 ultimately ! c\rty>d 0 absorb$ & became ! c5tre ( ! ca/le4 ,balquha9 ,ca/le 9 ,*apel ( ,g>io*1 two miles f ,inv]urie1 0 orig9ally a keep l ,drum1 b be+ de/roy$ 9 #aebf1 x 0 rebuilt4 ,v little ( x n[ rema9s b its massive1 wea!r-/a9$ walls h a comm&+ effect4 ,! b>mek9 is /ill traceable4 ,que5 ,m>y is said to h pass$ ! night prior to ! ,battle ( ,corri*ie at ,balquha94 ,x 0 burn$ 9 #agdf by ! ,duke ( ,cumb]l&4 ,_m o!r ca/les on ! same g5]al plan are dott$ up & d[n ! c\nty4 ,"s are 9 ru9s1 "s h be5 alt]$ & add$ to on o!r l9es1 b ! orig9al keep is /ill a m>k$ feature 9 mo/ ( !m4 ,cairnbulg--rec5tly re/or$--on ! nor?-ea/ coa/ has a keep ( ! fifte5? c5tury ) additions ( a c5tury lat]4 ,gight1 n[ ru9\s1 b =m]ly celebrat$ = its great /r5g?1 occupies a f9e site on ! summit ( ! ,braes ( ,gight1 :i* rise abruptly f ! b$ ( ! ,y?an4 ,x also is a fifte5? c5tury edifice built on ! ,l plan4 ,x has a hi/orical int]e/ z hav+ once belong$ to ,"l ,byron's "m1 f :om x 0 pur*as$ by ! ,e>l ( ,ab]de54 ,ano!r ( ! same k9d is ,craig ,ca/le 9 ,au*9doir4 ,x 0 complet$ 9 #aeah & is also on ! ,l plan4 ,s too is ,f$d]at 9 ,new ,de]4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,old ,h\se ( ,gight ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury ! tr\bl$ reign ( ,que5 ,m>y 0 unfav\rable to ar*itecture1 b t[>ds ! end ( x ! rise ( ,r5aissance art began to ex]t a decid$ influ5ce1 especially on details & int]nal furni%+s1 & 9 ! next c5tury gradually b completely dom9at$ ! _s ( ! art4 ,ano!r influ5ce at "w 0 ! progress made 9 artill]y4 ,! ord9>y ca/les c\ld n n[ resi/ artill]y fire1 & all attempts at mak+ !m impregnable =tresses 7 ab&on$1 & ! only =tifications reta9$ 7 su* z w\ld make ! build+s safe f sudd5 attack4 ,9 consequ5ce1 :at _h be=e be5 grim =tresses 7 n[ trans=m$ into c\ntry mansions1 :e!r on ! keep or on ! quadrangle plan2 & sites 7 *os5 z provid+ %elt] f ! elem5ts r ?an def5ce aga9/ human foes4 ,! ,re=mation1 too1 :i* secul>is$ ! *ur* l&s & gave ! lion's %>e to ! nobility1 0 a notable influ5ce 9 revolutionis+ ar*itecture4 ,! nobility be+ n[ m weal?y 7 enabl$ ei!r to ext5d _! old mansions or to build new ones4 ,h5ce ! great developm5t t took place 9 ! quiet reign ( ,james ,,vi4 ,! effect ( ! ,union 9 #afjc1 :i* drew _m ( ! nobility to ,engl&1 0 civilis+ & educative1 & rais$ _! ideas ( h\se accommodation z well z _! /&>d ( com=t & dome/ic am5ity4 ,! *ange 0 ( c\rse gradual4 ,! old keeps & ! ca/les built r\nd a c\rty>d 7 /ill 9 evid5ce1 b picturesque turrets corbell$ out at e angle ( ! build+1 slat$1 & t]m9at+ 9 fanciful f9ials1 became ! rule4 ,! l[] walls 7 kept pla91 ! ornam5tation be+ lavi%ly cr[d$ only on ! upp] p>ts4 ,! ro(s became high-pit*$ ) picturesque *imneys1 dorm] w9d[s & cr[-/epp$ gables4 ,all ^! features s *>act]i/ic ( ! mansion-h\ses ( ! f\r? p]iod 7#aedb-agjj7 are well m>k$ 9 ,craigiev>1 :i* is "o ( ! be/ pres]v$ ca/les ( ! "t4 ,its gr\nd plan is ( ! ,l type1 b ! turrets ,illu/ration3 ,craigiev> ,ca/le1 ,donside & gables are corbell$ out ) ornam5tal m\ld+s & ! upp] "p ( ! ca/le displays t pr(usion ( sky-po9t+ p9nacles & multif>i\s p>apets :i* m>k ! p]iod4 ,! same is se5 at ,cra!s & at ,ca/le ,fras]4 ,! la/ is altoge!r an excell5t specim54 ,x consi/s ( a c5tral oblong build+ ) two t[]s at ! diagonally opposite ends1 "o squ>e & ! o!r r\nd1 & is !re=e a developm5t into :at has be5 call$ ! ,z plan or /epp$ plan--induc$ by ! g5]al use ( fire>ms 9 def5ce4 ,"h1 z at ,craigiev>1 g>goyles orig9ally us$ to c>ry (f ra9 wat] f ! ro( are br\ght 9 z a piece ( fanciful decoration1 ap>t f any utilit>ian purpose1 & project f ! walls at places :]e ra9-sp\ts are irrelevant4 ,illu/ration3 ,cra!s ,ca/le1 ,k9c>d9e%ire ,! ca/le has a secret *amb] or 8lug10 9 :i* ! ma/] ( ! h\se c\ld ov]-he> ! conv]sation ( 8 gue/s 9 ! d9+-hall4 ,no?+ c\ld bett] illu/rate ! trea*]y & cunn+ :i* _h be5 br$ by ! difficulty ( ! times4 ,mr ,sk5e1 ! fri5d ( ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 m9utely inve/igat$ ?is contrivance z x exi/s at ,ca/le ,fras]1 & no d\bt 8 acc\nt ( ?is +5i\s b di%on\rable device = ga9+ illicit in=mation sugge/$ ,k+ ,james's 8,lug10 s happily describ$ 9 ,! ,=tunes ( ,nigel4 ,illu/ration3 ,ca/le ,fras] ,ca/ellat$ build+s ( ?is class are s num]\s 9 ,ab]de5%ire t x is possible to "n only a few4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ is ,fyvie ,ca/le on ! banks ( ! upp] rea*es ( ! ,y?an 9 ! v c5tre ( ! c\nty4 ,x is n l _m o!rs a ru91 b a mansion-h\se mod]nis$ 9 _m respects1 b /ill reta9+ all ! picturesque features ( ! old5 "t4 ,x occupies two sides ( a quadrangle1 ) ! pr9cipal front t[>ds ! s\?1 "o side be+ #adg1 ! o!r #acg feet 9 frontage4 ,at ! ?ree corn]s are massive squ>e t[]s1 ) angle turrets & cr[-/epp$ gables4 ,besides ^! t[]s1 !re are 9 ! c5tre ( ! s\? front two o!r project+ t[]s1 :i* at #db feet f ! gr\nd are bridg$ by a connect+ ar*1 elev5 feet wide1 ! :ole =m+ a gr& & mo/ impressive mass ( masonry call$ ! 8,seton0 t[]1 a magnific5t c5tre to :at is p]haps ! mo/ impos+ front ( any dome/ic edifice 9 ,scotl&4 ,at ! s\?-ea/ corn] is ! 8,pre/on0 t[]1 built by ,sir ,h5ry ,pre/on1 & ! e>lie/ "p ( ! build+1 dat+ f ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! s\?-we/ /&s ! 8,meldrum0 t[]1 s-call$ f ! succe$+ proprietors 7#addj-aeif74 ,!y erect$ ?is "p & ! :ole range ( ! s\? front except ! 8,seton0 t[] already ref]r$ to1 :i* is a lat] addition4 ,! ,setons succe$$ ! ,meldrums & x is to ,alex&] ,seton1 ,"l ,fyvie & ,e>l ( ,dunf]ml9e1 t ! ca/le owes its greate/ spl5d\rs4 ,besides plann+ ?is t[]1 he ornam5t$ ! o!rs ) _! turret$ & ornate details4 ,he also built ! great /aircase1 :i* is a triumph ( ar*itectural skill4 ,x is a :eel or newel /aircase ( gr& proportions1 skilfully plann$ & z skilfully execut$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fyvie ,ca/le1 ,s\? ,front ,! ,gordon t[] on ! we/ 0 n add$ till ! eighte5? c5tury1 by ,william1 second son ( ! second ,e>l ( ,ab]de54 ,its erection necessitat$ ! de/ruction ( ! *apel4 ,"h "o may see h[ ! ,r5aissance ideas 7 creep+ 91 especially ! desire = balance & symmetry4 ,two ( ev]y?+ 0 beg9n+ to be ! rule4 ,"o w+ mu/ h ano!r to balance ) x2 "o t[] ano!r to make a pair4 #bj4 ,ar*itecture--7c7 ,municipal4 ,aft] a p]iod ( decl9+ ta/e 9 ar*itecture1 a revival began e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury "u ! guidance ( ar*itects ( g5ius su* z ,ar*ibald ,simpson & ,john & ,william ,smi?4 ,a great improvem5t 0 !reby effect$ 9 ! g5]al aspect ( ! city ( ,ab]de51 & _! good "w has be5 enhanc$ by t ( _! successors4 ,x is necess>y to repeat t x 0 long be=e ! local granite came to its own4 ,! e>li] build+s ( importance 7 all ( s&/one2 to-day he w\ld be a bold ar*itect :o sugge/$ a s&/one build+ 9 ,ab]de54 ,! use ( granite ex]cises an indirect effect on ar*itectural design4 ,x l5ds itself to broad1 classic1 monum5tal & dignifi$ effects1 :ile its /ubborn quality is a *eck aga9/ ov]-exub]ance ( detail1 & fanciful1 gimcrack trivialities4 ,! pla9ness ( ! build+s 0 (t5 rem>k$ ^u by /rang]s tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,! new] build+s are n )\t adornm5t4 ,! ,c\nty & ,municipal ,build+s 7or ! ,t[n-,h\se z x is famili>ly call$7 on ! s\? side ( ,ca/le ,/reet 7 op5$ 9 #ahgj4 ,!y =m a magnific5t pile :i* takes a high place among/ prov9cial t[n-halls1 z reg>ds bo? vig\r & orig9ality ( treatm5t4 ,! l9e ( elliptical ar*es on ! gr\nd floor & ( small arcad$ w9d[s 9 ! floor above make an impos+ front4 ,! great t[]1 :i* rises to a height ( #bjj feet & dom9ates ! :ole city1 has ! ca/ellat$ turrets :i* we h se5 to be *>act]i/ic ( ,scotti% ar*itecture4 ,x is curi\s to see h[ latt]-day ar*itects h n be5 able to get away f ?is feature4 ,x is conspicu\s ev5 9 su* build+s z ! ,gramm> ,s*ool & ! new ,po/ ,(fice4 ,! ,municipal t[]1 if some:at heavy-look+1 is on ! :ole effective4 ,! small t[] & spire on ! ea/ is ! old ,tolboo? t[]1 ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 pres]v$ by be+ incorporat$ 9 ! mod]n build+4 ,illu/ration3 ,municipal ,build+s1 ,ab]de51 & ,t[n ,cross ,! next public build+ t %\ld be m5tion$ is ,m>is*al ,college1 rec5tly enl>g$ at a co/ ( ne>ly ,illu/ration3 ,m>is*al ,college1 ,ab]de5 #bej1jjj4 ,?is is und\bt$ly ! f9e/ piece ( mod]n ar*itecture 9 ! nor? ( ,scotl&1 & "o ( ! mo/ h&some & graceful 9 ! k+dom4 ,! ,college at ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 a "w ( ! ,go?ic revival occupy+ ?ree sides ( a quadrangle1 ) a t[] 9 ! c5tre ( "o side4 ,?is t[] has be5 remodell$ & greatly height5$ s t x is n[ a rival to ! ,municipal t[] 9 ! same /reet4 ,x is kn[n z ! ,mit*ell t[]1 9 complim5t to ! donor1 ! late ,mr ,*>les ,mit*ell ( ,newca/le1 ^: "n is also associat$ ) ! public or graduation ,hall ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,! old frontage ( ,m>is*al ,college 0 a desultory l9e ( commonplace h\ses1 ?r\gh :i* by a n>r[ gateway entrance 0 ga9$ to ! quadrangle4 ,^! h all be5 cle>$ away & n[ a /ately pile bri/l+ ) ornate p9nacles t sp>kle 9 ! sun fills ! :ole l5g? ( #djj feet4 ,no less impressive ?an ! delicately *isell$ front is ! back view ( ! ,college f ,we/ ,nor? ,/reet1 :]e a dip 9 ! gr\nd displays to advantage ! great mass ( build+1 ! ,mit*ell ,hall ) its great ,go?ic w9d[1 its angle-turrets & l(ty buttresses4 ,! ,nor!rn ,assurance ,(fice /&s at ! angle betwe5 ,union ,/reet & ,union ,t]race4 ,! clean surface & cle>-cut l9es ( ! granite masonry are v pleasant to ! eye4 ,union ,t]race conta9s "s ( ! be/ mod]n build+s 9 ! city--! ,gr& ,hotel1 ! ,ab]de5 ,sav+s ,bank1 :i* ?\gh v simple is an admirable specim5 ( a front specially design$ = granite2 ! ,(fices ( ! ,p>i% ,c\ncil & ! ,s*ool ,bo>d1 orig9al & /rik+1 ! ,public ,libr>y1 ! ,unit$ ,free ,s\? ,*ur* ) its graceful dome1 & ,8 ,maje/y's ,!atre--all s]ve to illu/rate ! *anges t are be+ rung on granite fronts 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ^! m ornate build+s & ! sev]ely classic simplicity ( ! ,music ,hall1 a squ>e block ) a portico ( ,ionic pill>s1 belong+ to ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury1 %[s :at a *ange 9 s5tim5t has tak5 place4 ,! feature ( all ! ,ab]de5 ar*itecture is ! c>eful1 consci5ti\s workman%ip1 :i* always gives ! impression ( la/+ solidity4 ,! mat]ial is s irresponsive t )\t h>d lab\r1 no effect is produc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,union ,t]race & ,g>d5s1 be=e wid5+ ( ,bridge ,illu/ration3 ,gramm> ,s*ool1 ,ab]de5 ,we c d no m ?an m5tion "s ( ! o!r notable edifices 9 ! city4 ,! ,gramm> ,s*ool1 erect$ 9 #ahfc1 is a successful application ( ca/ellat$ ,go?ic to a mod]n build+--all ! m effective t x is well set back f ! /reet4 ,! contigu\s ,art ,s*ool & ,art ,gall]y are mod]n build+s1 ea* ) an ord] ( columns & a p$im5t :i* break ! long l[ l9e ( ! faade4 ,! elliptical ar* t unites ,illu/ration3 ,gordon's ,college1 ,ab]de5 !m gives access to ,gordon's ,college1 ! c5tre portion ( :i* is a piece ( sob] eighte5? c5tury "w4 ,! w+s & colonnades 7 add$ subsequ5tly4 ,! ,head ,(fice ( ! ,nor? ( ,scotl& & ,t[n & ,c\nty ,bank at ! top ( ,k+ ,/reet has its entrance por* at ! angle ) a colonnade ( pill>s4 ,ne> x is ! ,t[n ,cross1 a hexagonal erection ) ,ionic columns & a tap]+ %aft ris+ f ! c5tre ( ! ro(1 ) a h]aldic unicorn z t]m9al4 ,x dates f ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,9 ! panels ( ! balu/rade are half-l5g? portraits ( ,scotti% & ,briti% ,k+s 7includ+ ! sev5 ,jameses74 ,x is a f9e example ,illu/ration3 ,bridge ( ,don1 f ,balg[nie ( its class & 0 ! "w ( a local mason4 ,! royal portraits are real & au!ntic4 ,! ,ionic scre5 or faade betwe5 ,union ,/reet & ! city *ur*es gives "s idea ( ! sev]ely classic ar*itecture t 0 ! vogue 9 ,ab]de5 ne>ly a c5tury ago4 ,illu/ration3 ,old ,bridge ( ,dee1 ,ab]de5 ,a ^w mu/ be said ab\t ! *ief bridges4 ,union ,bridge has a span ( #acj feet1 & 0 built 9 #ahjb to facilitate ! mak+ ( ,union ,/reet4 ,x 0 orig9ally n>r[] ?an ! /reet & has rec5tly be5 wid5$ to meet ! requirem5ts ( increas$ traffic4 ,! ,bridge ( ,don 7,balg[nie71 probably built e>ly 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury if n e>li]1 ?r[s its "o ,go?ic ar* ov] ! deep contract$ /ream ( ! riv]4 ,a small beque/ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury = its ma9t5ance has be5 s well husb&$ t out ( its accumulations ! co/ ( ! new ,bridge 7#ag1jjj71 & o!r build+s has be5 defray$1 & ! capital value ( ! fund--call$ ! ,bridge ( ,don fund--is to-day #bf1ejj4 ,! new bridge1 mu* ne>] ! sea & ) five ar*es1 0 design$ by ,tel=d & complet$ 9 #ahcj4 ,! ,old ,bridge ( ,dee 7) sev5 ar*es7 0 f\nd$ by ,bi%op ,elph9/one & complet$ 9 #aebg by ,bi%op ,gav9 ,dunb>4 ,9 #ahdb x 0 wid5$ #aa-a_/b feet4 ,! ,new 7,victoria7 ,bridge1 a cont9uation ( ,m>ket ,/reet1 0 op5$ 9 #ahhb1 s9ce :5 q a new & popul\s city has sprung up on ! s\? side ( ! riv]1 entirely eclips+ ! old fi%+ village ( ,torry :i* =m]ly monopolis$ ?is side ( ! wat]4 #ba4 ,ar*itecture--7d7 ,dome/ic4 ,! mansion-h\ses ( ! c\nty1 :e!r !y are anci5t =talices mod]nis$ by lat] additions or entirely mod]n build+s erect$ )9 a c5tury ( ! pres5t "t1 des]ve m space ?an c be allott$ to !m "h4 ,!y are ( all types ( ar*itecture1 classical1 r5aissance1 & composite1 b !re is no d\bt t ! ca/ellat$1 ,scot* b>onial1 ! traditional type s common 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 /ill pr$om9ates4 ,illu/ration3 ,balmoral ,ca/le ,=emo/ among !m mu/ be m5tion$ ,balmoral ,ca/le f> up ! valley ( ! ,dee4 ,built 9 #ahec ( a light grey granite f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood1 x is compos$ ( two semi-deta*$ squ>es ) connect+ w+s1 & displays ! usual ca/ellat$ t[]s1 high-pit*$ gables & conical ro($ turrets4 ,! massive clock-t[] ris+ to a height ( #ajj feet f among/ ! surr\nd+ leafage & gleam+ :ite 9 summ] sun%9e =ms a pleas+ picture4 ,! late ,que5 ,victoria pur*as$ ! e/ate 9 #ahdh1 & ! ,pr9ce ,consort took a great p]sonal int]e/ 9 ! design ! details ( :i* are said to be modell$ on a close /udy ( ,ca/le ,fras]1 already ref]r$ to4 ,= m ?an half a c5tury x has be5 a royal resid5ce & ?\gh _m additions & alt]ations h be5 made 9 t "t1 ! g5]al picture ( ! edifice rema9s ! same to ! travell] on ! ,deeside road4 ,two miles bel[ is ,ab]geldie ,ca/le1 :i* has be5 leas$ by ! ,royal ,family = _m ye>s4 ,its turret$ squ>e t[]1 old & pla9 & some:at cramp$ 9 space1 s]ves z a contra/ to ! m spaci\s mod]n mansion4 ,?is region ( ! ,dee has _m mansions4 ,inv]cauld ,h\se1 recon/ruct$ 9 #ahge1 is 9 ! same mann]1 its *ief feature be+ a battlem5t$ t[] sev5ty feet high4 ,! situation ( ,inv]cauld at ! foot ( a high hill & back$ by plantations ( p9e & ) a beautiful gre5 t]race /ret*+ to ! riv] ,dee is probably unsurpass$ 9 ! di/rict4 ,z se5 f ! ,lion's ,face ,rock1 a p]p5dicul> cliff on ! s\? side ( ! riv]1 ?is h\se ( ! ,f>quh>sons makes a /rik+ picture n likely ev] to be =gott54 ,f>!r up is ,m> ,lodge1 ! resid5ce ( ! ,duke ( ,fife1 9 ! horizontal & ,engli% dome/ic /yle4 ,x 0 built s rec5tly z #ahih1 & replac$ a some:at simil> build+ de/roy$ by fire4 ,gl5muick ,h\se1 built 9 #ahgc1 is 9 ! ,tudor /yle1 /rongly treat$ & modifi$ to h>monise ) ! rugg$ surr\nd+s4 ,! only o!r ,deeside mansion we c ref] to is ,k9c>d9e ,lodge1 rec5tly built1 a v f9e build+1 bas$ to a l>ge ext5t on ! plan ( ,fyvie ,ca/le1 :i* we h already ref]r$ to z ! gr&e/ ca/ellat$ mansion-h\se 9 ! nor?4 ,illu/ration3 ,cluny ,ca/le ,donside is n s well furni%$ ) /ately & luxuri\s manor-h\ses1 b x has ,ca/le ,newe & ,cluny ,ca/le1 ! antique-mod]n ,place ( ,tillief\re1 ,f9tray ,h\se 9 ! ,tudor /yle1 ,pitma!n 9 ,fr5* ,r5aissance1 ea* 9 its own way a "w ( art4 ,midway betwe5 ! two valleys is ,dune*t ,h\se1 :i* 0 built = ,"l ,l9dsay1 a great au?ority on ,*ri/ian art1 & ( :i* ! mo/ /rik+ feature is ! great campanile 9 ! ,italian mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,haddo ,h\se ,9 ! ,y?an valley1 ,haddo ,h\se1 ! resid5ce ( ! ,e>l ( ,ab]de51 ,"l ,lieut5ant ( ! ,c\nty1 belongs to ! p]iod ( ! late ,engli% ,r5aissance1 b additions h be5 made f "t to "t4 ,crimonmogate1 ,/ri*51 & ,philor? are classic4 ,x is a curi\s fact1 wor?y ( m5tion1 t ! local masons h almo/ develop$ a s*ool ( craftsman%ip1 by ! ?or\gh consci5ti\sness & d[nright hone/y ,illu/ration3 ,midm> ,ca/le ( _! "w4 ,we h already rem>k$ t ,k9tore & ,inv]urie seem$ to be ! c5tre f :i* ! sculptur$ /ones radiat$4 ,9 ! same region are ! gr\p ( ca/les1 ,ca/le ,fras]1 ,craigiev>1 ,midm> & ,cluny 7n[ de/roy$71 all )9 an easy radius ( ! c5tre4 ,ca/le ,fras] & ,midm> 7 built by a mason call$ ,john ,bell1 ^: "w 0 *>act]is$ by /]l+ qualities4 ,! art w\ld almo/ seem to h be5 h&$ d[n ?r\gh sev]al g5]ations ( craftsm51 = ! mod]n ,cluny ,ca/le & ,dune*t ,h\se1 z well z _! *apels1 besides o!r palatial & ext5sive fabrics1 7 built entirely by local masons1 )\t any extrane\s help4 ,x seems z if ! build+ art 7 indig5\s to ?is p>ticul> locality4 #bb4 ,communications--,roads1 ,railways4 ,9 anci5t times ! *ief means ( communication betwe5 ,ab]de5%ire & ! s\? 0 ! old ,s\? & ,nor? ,drove ,road1 :i* crosses ! ,cairn-o-,m\n? f ,fett]cairn 9 ,k9c>d9e1 &1 pass+ ! ,dye & ,:ite/ones on ! ,feugh1 rea*es ! ,dee at ,pot>*4 ,x !n ran along ! hill to ,lumphanan & on ?r\gh ,leo*el to ! ,bridge ( ,al=d1 !nce to ,clatt & ,k5ne?mont & along ! valley ( ! ,bogie to ,huntly4 ,!re 0 ano!r--a suppos$ ,roman road--:i*1 com+ up f ! direction ( ,/onehav51 cross$ ! ,dee at ,pet]cult]1 &1 proce$+ nor?w>d ?r\gh ,sk5e1 ,k9nell>1 ,k9tore & ,inv]urie1 w5t on to ,pitcaple4 ,!nce x pass$ ?r\gh ,rayne & across ! ea/ %\ld] ( ,tillymorgan to :at has be5 reg>d$ z a ,roman camp at ,gl5mail51 & by ! ,corse ( ,monellie1 ,less5drum & ,cobairdy1 to ! =ds ( ! ,dev]on bel[ ,avo*ie4 ,ano!r anci5t road cross$ ! m\nta9s f ,blairg[rie by ! ,spittal ( ,gl5%ee1 ov] ! ,cairnwell1 ,ca/leton ( ,braem>1 & ! upp] wat]s ( ! ,gairn to ! valley ( ! ,avon at ,in*rory & !nce by ,tom9t\l to ,speyside4 ,illu/ration3 ,spittal ( ,gl5%ee ,aft] ! '#de ,g5]al ,wade adopt$ ! s\!rn "p ( ?is road z ! l9e ( 8 great milit>y r\te f ,blairg[rie to ,=t ,george1 b f ,ca/leton he turn$ to ! ea/1 w5t d[n ! ,dee valley to ,cra?ie1 & !nce across ! hills to ,corg>ff 9 ,upp] ,/ra?don f :i* he rea*$ ,tom9t\l by ! 8,le*t40 ,?is r\te he complet$ 9 #agej4 ,^! roads _h naturally to lead to =ds 9 ! riv]s1 &1 :5 bridges came to be built1 x 0 j z natural t !y %\ld be plac$ 9 ! l9e ( e/abli%$ r\tes4 ,:5 ! ,bridge ( ,al=d 0 built ov] ! ,don 9 #ahaj-aa & ! ,bridge ( ,pot>* ov] ! ,dee 9 #ahab-ac1 a new l9e ( road 0 made across c\ntry to connect !m4 ,x w5t f ,dess ?r\gh ,lumphanan & ,leo*el to ! ,don valley4 ,! fir/ turnpike made 9 ,ab]de5%ire 0 ! road f ! ,bridge ( ,dee to ! city ( ,ab]de5 vi ,holborn ,/reet1 :i* complet$ ! nor!rn section ( ! great po/-road betwe5 ,ed9burgh & ,ab]de54 ,?is 0 9 #agif4 ,ab\t ! same "t 0 made ! ,nor? ,deeside ,road rea*+ f ,ab]de5 to ,aboyne & !nce to ,ballat]1 ,cra?ie1 & ,braem>1 :]e x met ! ,cairnwell ,road4 ,ano!r 0 ! ,ab]de5 & ,t>l& r\te1 :i* w5t by ,sk5e & ,e*t ) bran*es jo9+ on to ^? already 9 exi/5ce4 ,"o ( ^! /ruck (f at ,sk5e1 &1 cross+ ! hill ( ,tillief\rie1 proce$$ to ,al=d4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds ext5d$ up ! ,/ra? by ,mossat1 & ,gl5k9die to ,corg>ff1 :]e x met ,g5]al ,wade's road4 ,! great po/-road f ,ab]de5 to ,inv]ness w5t by ,woodside1 ,bucksburn1 ,k9tore1 ,inv]urie1 ! ,gl5s ( ,f\dl& to ,huntly & ,cairnie on ! b\nd>y ( ,banff%ire4 ,x _h bran*es f ,huntly to ,portsoy ?r\gh ,ro?iemay & to ,banff ?r\gh ,=gue by ! ,bridge ( ,m>no*4 ,! ,/ra?bogie ,road f ,huntly to ,donside by way ( ,g>tly1 ,rhynie1 & ,lumsd5 jo9$ ! ,/ra?don ,road at ,mossat4 ,?\gh by no means ! mo/ conv5i5t1 x is /ill us$ z ! r\te along :i* ! mails are convey$ to ,/ra?don4 ,! ,ab]de5 & ,banff ,road left ! po/-road at ,bucksburn & pass+ ?r\gh ,dyce1 ,new ,ma*>1 ,old ,meldrum1 ,fyvie1 ,turriff1 & ,k+ ,edw>d made = ! ,bridge ( ,banff4 ,9 ! ea/]n di/rict ! mo/ important r\te 0 t to ,pet]head4 ,x cross$ ! new ,bridge ( ,don1 &1 pass+ ?r\gh ,belhelvie1 ,ellon1 & ,crud51 came to ,pet]head by ! coa/4 ,f !re x w5t /raight across c\ntry to ,banff by ,longside1 ,m9tlaw1 ,new ,pitsligo1 & ,by?1 !nce ov] ! ,longmanhill to ,macduff4 ,lat] a coa/ r\te 0 made connect+ ,pet]head & ,fras]burgh1 by way ( ,/ ,f]gus1 ,crimond & ,lonmay4 ,ano!r cont9uation ( x 0 along ! coa/ pa/ ,rosehe>ty1 ,p5nan1 ,g>d5/[n & ,tr\p ,head into ,banff%ire4 ,x 0 only dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury t prop] & s]viceable highways 7 con/ruct$4 ,prior to t "t a few ma9 roads _h be5 made b side connections 7 few & badly kept1 s t :eel$ vehicles1 if !y _h exi/$1 w\ld h be5 a useless luxury4 ,e>ly 9 ! eighte5? c5tury :eel$ vehicles 7 absolutely unkn[n4 ,9 #agfe ! judges ( ! ,circuit ,c\rt ( ,ju/ici>y fir/ travell$ to ,ab]de5 9 *aises in/ead ( on horseback4 ,! fir/ mail coa* did n arrive till #agih4 ,x took #ba h\rs betwe5 ,ed9burgh & ,ab]de54 ,n till #ahaa did pass5g] coa*es beg9 to ply betwe5 ,ab]de5 & ,huntly4 ,!n only 0 x possible = ! f>m] to convey 8 products by c>t1 :i* sup]s$$ ! pack-horse z a means ( transport4 ,! upkeep ( ! roads 0 secur$ by a sy/em ( tolls4 ,traces ( ! sy/em /ill survive 9 ! r5ovat$ toll-b> h\ses1 :i* 9 "s cases reta9 a w9d[ fac+ "r & a w9d[ fac+ left to m>k ! approa* ( vehicles f ei!r side4 ,ab]de5%ire aboli%$ tolls 9 #ahfe4 ,! ,railway sy/em rea*$ ,ab]de5 9 #ahdh4 ,prior to t "t = fifty ye>s ! /age coa* ply+ betwe5 ,ed9burgh & ,ab]de5 _h be51 ap>t f ! sea-r\tes1 ! only bond betwe5 ?is "p ( ! c\ntry & ! s\?4 ,a few ye>s lat]1 9 #ahed1 :at is n[ ! ,great ,nor? ( ,scotl& ,railway 0 op5$ f ,ab]de5 to ,huntly1 & two ye>s !reaft] 0 ext5d$ z f> z ,kei?4 ,?is is /ill ! ma9 l9e ( railway 9 ! c\nty4 ,x t\*es 9 its c\rse ,dyce1 ,k9tore1 ,inv]urie1 ,ins*1 & ,huntly4 ,by & by bran* l9es 7 con/ruct$ =k+ (f f x at v>i\s po9ts2 fir/ f ,inv]amsay1 ?r\gh ,w>tle1 ,fyvie1 to ,turriff & ultimately to ,macduff2 second f ,inv]urie across c\ntry to ,old ,meldrum2 ?ird f ,k9tore up ,donside by ,kemnay & ,monymusk to ,al=d2 & la/ly f ,dyce ?r\gh ,new ,ma*>1 ,udny1 ,ellon to ,new ,maud1 :]e x bifurcates1 "o =k go+ on to ,pet]head ! o!r to ,fras]burgh4 ,?is is ! ,bu*an & ,=m>t9e bran*4 ,rec5tly a sub-bran* 0 made f ,ellon runn+ to ! coa/ & t\*+ ,crud5 ,bay1 its t]m9us be+ at ,boddam )9 half an h\r's di/ance ( ,pet]head4 ,f ,fras]burgh1 a light railway runs to ,cairnbulg1 ,inv]allo*y & ,/ ,combs4 ,! only o!r l9e ( railway 9 ! c\nty is ! ,deeside l9e1 :i* runs up ! ,dee valley z f> z ,ballat]4 ,x 0 begun 9 #ahec1 & ,ban*ory 0 ! t]m9us till #ahei1 :5 an ext5sion 0 made to ,aboyne2 !n 9 #ahff x 0 ext5d$ to ,ballat]4 ,! lack ( population & ! paucity ( goods ap>t f agricultural products h h&icapp$ ! local railways1 :i* are f> f prosp]\s4 ,! *ances ( ext5sion 9 o!r directions are v remote4 ,meantime outly+ di/ricts1 su* z ,/ra?don & ,braem>1 are s]v$ by motors4 ,! holiday & t\ri/ traffic dur+ ! summ] mon?s & ! influx ( sportsm5 at ! %oot+ season are contributory s\rces ( rev5ue1 b ev5 ^! %[ no t5d5cy to gr[--a /ate ( affairs due to ! preval5t use ( private motor-c>s4 ,ab]de5%ire has no canals & is nev] likely to h4 ,prior to ! adv5t ( railways a canal1 design$ by ,tel=d1 ! great eng9e]1 0 con/ruct$ betwe5 ,ab]de5 & ,port ,elph9/one on ! s\? side ( ,inv]urie4 ,x 0 op5$ = pass5g] & goods traffic 9 #ahjf1 & cont9u$ to s]ve ! di/rict until ! /eam-eng9e s\nd$ its knell4 ,= ne>ly half a c5tury x 0 a bond betwe5 ! *ief city & ! c5tre ( ! c\nty &1 al?\gh x nev] 0 remun]ative to ! promot]s1 & provid$ a v sl[ mode ( conveyance1 x 0 ( great public s]vice4 ,! railway l9e to ! nor? runs p>allel at c]ta9 places to ! track ( ?is canal1 ^: sup]annuat$ embankm5ts may /ill be recognis$1 aft] half a c5tury1 at v>i\s po9ts betwe5 ,ab]de5 & ,inv]urie4 #bc4 ,adm9i/ration & ,divisions4 ,9 ! twelf? c5tury ,scotl& 0 divid$ into ,%]iffdoms1 :]e ! ,%]iff 0 ! m9i/] ( ! ,cr[n = try+ civil & crim9al cases4 ,! (fice 0 h]$it>y until ! rebellion ( '#de1 :5 its h]$it>y "* 0 aboli%$4 ,ab]de5%ire has a non-resid5t ,%]iff-,pr9cipal 7:o is also ,%]iff ( ,banff & ,k9c>d9e7 besides two resid5t ,%]iff-sub/itutes4 ,^! deal ) ord9>y civil cases su* z debts1 z well z ) crim9al cases involv+ f9e or imprisonm5t1 b n z a rule involv+ p5al s]vitude1 except =g]y1 robb]y & fire-rais+4 ,! head ( ! c\nty is ! ,"l-,lieut5ant4 ,next to him is ! ,vice-,lieut5ant & a l>ge numb] ( ,deputy-,lieut5ants & ,ju/ices ( ! ,peace1 b ! *ief adm9i/rative body is ! ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 :i* consi/s ( #fe memb]s4 ,^! elect ! *airman & vice-*airman1 :o are designat$ respectively conv5] & vice-conv5]4 ,c\nty ,c\ncils 7 fir/ e/abli%$ 9 #ahhi4 ,! c\nty is divid$ into di/ricts1 & ea* di/rict has s _m divisions1 or p>i%es1 :i* elect "o c\ncillor4 ,ab]de5%ire has #he p>i%es1 :i* are gr\p$ 9 eight di/ricts3 7#a7 ,de] ) fifte5 electoral divisions1 7#b7 ,ellon ) sev51 7#c7 ,g>io* ) six1 7#d7 ,deeside ) six1 7#e7 ,turriff ) sev51 7#f7 ,ab]de5 ) n9e1 7#g7 ,al=d ) f\r1 & 7#h7 ,huntly ) f\r1 mak+ fifty-eight electoral divisions 9 all4 ,! p[]s ( ! ,c\ncil are to ma9ta9 roads & bridges1 to adm9i/] ! ,contagi\s ,diseases 7,animals7 ,acts1 to appo9t a m$ical (fic] ( heal? & a sanit>y inspector1 to deal ) ! pollution ( riv]s & to see to ! protection ( wild birds4 ,previ\s to ! pass+ ( ! ,act ( #ahhi ! ,commission]s ( ,supply 7 ! *ief gov]n+ body4 ,!y are /ill reta9$ b h no jurisdiction1 except 9 s f> z !y elect memb]s to ! ,/&+ ,jo9t ,committee4 ,?is committee includes repres5tatives f ! ,c\nty ,c\ncil appo9t$ annually & f ! ,commission]s ( ,supply1 toge!r ) ! ,%]iff ex (ficio4 ,! ,/&+ ,jo9t ,committee has *>ge ( ! ,police & controls all ! capital exp5diture 9 ! c\nty4 ,ea* di/rict has a di/rict committee consi/+ ( ! c\nty c\ncillors = ! divisions ( ! di/rict & ( p>i% c\ncillors select$ by ea* p>i% c\ncil ( ! di/rict4 ,ea* p>i% has 9 ?is way two repres5tatives on ! di/rict committee1 "o elect$ by ! electors & ! o!r appo9t$ by ! p>i% c\ncil4 ,?is di/rict committee is ! local au?ority = adm9i/]+ ! ,public ,heal? ,acts1 b has no p[] to raise money--t be+ ! function ( ! ,c\nty ,c\ncil z a :ole4 ,by a lat] ,act ( #ahid1 a p>i% c\ncil 0 e/abli%$ 9 e p>i%4 ,! numb] ( c\ncillors 9 l&w>d p>i%es is fix$ by ! ,c\nty ,c\ncil & 9 burghal p>i%es by ! ,t[n ,c\ncil4 ,! p>i% c\ncil looks aft] ! ,poor ,law & mu/ provide = paup] lunatics1 sees to ! levy+ ( ! s*ool rate1 to ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,vacc9ation ,acts1 & to ! appo9tm5t ( ,regi/r>s4 ,! affairs ( ! c\nty are !re=e divid$ among/ ?ree bodies1 ! ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 ! ,di/rict ,committees & ! ,p>i% ,c\ncils4 ,prior to #ahij ! p[]s ( local adm9i/ration lay ) ! ,commission]s ( ,supply1 ! ,road ,tru/ees & ! ,p>o*ial ,bo>ds1 ^: functions are n[ ve/$ 9 ^! o!r bodies4 ,ea* p>i%1 besides hav+ a ,p>i% ,c\ncil1 has a ,s*ool ,bo>d1 :i*1 s9ce #ahgb1 has adm9i/]$ ! education ( ! p>i%4 ,education is free & compulsory = all *ildr5 betwe5 ! ages ( #e & #ad4 ,! s*ools are ( ?ree types--prim>y1 int]m$iate1 & second>y4 ,! int]m$iate s*ools provide a ?ree ye>s' c\rse beyond ! elem5t>y /age1 & ! second>y s*ools a fur!r c\rse la/+ = two ye>s4 ,! ,c\nty ,c\ncil n[ takes a c]ta9 %>e 9 educational adm9i/ration1 hav+ p[]s to allocate grants ( money to s*ools & burs>ies to pupils4 ,! tra9+ ( tea*]s1 :i* until rec5tly 0 9 ! h&s ( ! ,*ur*es 7,e/abli%$ & ,unit$ ,free71 has n[ pass$ to a ,prov9cial ,committee elect$ by v>i\s repres5tative bodies4 ,e burgh has a ,t[n ,c\ncil consi/+ ( ,provo/1 ,magi/rates & ,c\ncillors1 :o hold _! seats = ?ree ye>s4 ,! numb] ( c\ncillors v>ies ) ! size ( ! t[n4 ,9 ,ab]de51 ! c\ncillors are elect$ by w>ds1 ( :i* !re are elev51 ea* w>d elect+ ?ree repres5tatives1 "o ( :om retires annually4 ,! ,t[n ,c\ncil ( ,ab]de5 consi/s ( #cd memb]s1 ! ,dean ( ,guild be+ an ex (ficio memb]4 ,! ,t[n ,c\ncil is ! local au?ority = ,public ,heal?1 & looks aft] ! /reets1 build+s & sew]s4 ,x owns ! gas works1 wat] works1 tramways1 electric p[] /ation1 & public p>ks4 ,x regulates ! light+1 cleans+1 & sanitation4 ,! ,magi/rates1 :o are elect$ annually by ! ,c\ncil1 are ! lic5s+ au?ority1 & =m ! police c\rt = ! trial ( m9or (f5ces4 ,! city ( ,ab]de5 is n l ,pet]head & ,fras]burgh includ$ 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! c\nty1 be+ itself con/itut$ ! c\nty ( a city1 ) a ,"l-,lieut5ant ( its own1 :o is ! ,"l-,provo/ ex (ficio4 ,x has its own ,p>i% ,c\ncil z well z its own ,s*ool ,bo>d4 ,ab]de5%ire is repres5t$ 9 ,p>liam5t by f\r memb]s--two = ! c\nty1 ea/ & we/1 & two = ! city1 nor? & s\?4 ,"s ( ! small] burghs1 ,k9tore1 ,inv]urie & ,pet]head1 are gr\p$ ) simil> burghs 9 ,banff & ,moray 7,banff1 ,elg91 ,cull57 to =m a con/itu5cy call$ ! ,elg9 ,burghs1 :i* returns "o memb]4 ,9 addition1 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ab]de5 %>es a memb] ) ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[4 ,!re is /ill a c]ta9 am\nt ( ov]lapp+ & confusion 9 ! adm9i/rative divisions4 ,= example1 ,torry1 :i* is on ! ,k9c>d9e%ire side ( ! ,dee1 is really a suburb ( ,ab]de51 & z su* elects memb]s to ! ,t[n ,c\ncil1 ! ,p>i% ,c\ncil1 & ! ,s*ool ,bo>d1 b x has no %>e 9 elect+ a memb] ( ,p>liam5t = ,ab]de51 be+ 9 t reg>d "p ( ,k9c>d9e%ire1 & vot+ = a repres5tative ( t c\nty4 ,!re are o!r simil> anomalies4 #bd4 ,! ,roll ( ,hon\r4 ,x is an accept$ fact t ,ab]donians h intellectual *>act]i/ics some:at diff]5t f ^? ( _! fell[-c\ntrym51 ! result p>tly ( race1 p>tly & *iefly1 we believe1 ( environm5t4 ,we h already allud$ to ! amalgamation ( nationalities t w5t to =m ! p ( ?is nor?-ea/]n corn] ( ! k+dom4 ,d\btless ! ,sp>tan upbr++ t 0 ! rule 9 ! c\nty s]v$ to develop /urdy "* & good physique4 ,! result is t ! ,ab]donian has di/+ui%$ himself 9 all p>ts ( ! ,empire & ev5 beyond x4 ,n t he has (t5 ris5 to ! front rank ( greatness1 b he is frequ5tly f\nd well =w>d among ! be/ ( ! second-class4 ,_! own c\nty pres5t+ no tempt+ op5+s = ability1 ,ab]donians h migrat$ f ! n>r[ home-sph]e 9 great numb]s & h made _! m>k z adm9i/rators1 m$ical (fic]s1 & ev5 z soldi]s ( =tune4 ,9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies ! cadets ( ! great h\ses1 exil$ by ! pressure ( ! times1 jo9$ ! s]vice ( cont95tal k+s & rose to high rank 9 ! armies ( ,sw$51 ,france1 & ,russia4 ,*ief among/ ^! 0 ,james ,kei?1 y\ng] bro!r ( ! la/ ,e>l ,m>is*al1 & born at ,inv]ugie ,ca/le4 ,aft] s]v+ = n9ete5 ye>s 9 ,russia1 he jo9$ ! s]vice ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 "u :om he atta9$ to ! highe/ milit>y rank z ,field-,m>%al1 contribut+ to victories ga9$ dur+ ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w> & conduct+ ! retreat f ,olmtz4 ,at ! battle ( ,ho*kir*51 :5 *>g+ ! enemy1 he fell mortally w\nd$ 9 #ageh4 ,pet]head keeps 8 memory gre5 by a /atue pres5t$ to x by ! ,emp]or ,william ,i4 ,x is a replica 9 bronze ( a simil> effigy 9 ,b]l94 ,field-,m>%al ,kei? is probably ! native ( ,ab]de5%ire :o has figur$ mo/ l>gely 9 hi/ory4 ,he 0 ,fr$]ick's "r h&1 & 8 milit>y g5ius has be5 fitt+ly ackn[l$g$ by ,c>lyle 9 8 great "w4 ,ano!r ( ! same type1 ?\gh less em95t1 0 ,patrick ,gordon ( ,au*leu*ries1 :o f\ght bo? on ! ,sw$i% & on ! ,poli% side1 b ultimately transf]r$ 8 sword to ,russia1 :]e he rose to ! highe/ rank1 & on 8 dea?-b$ 0 wat*$ ov] & wept ov] by ,pet] ! ,great4 ,he 0 born 9 #afce at ,au*leu*ries ne> ,ellon & di$ 9 #afii4 ,he 0 a p]fect example ( ! successful milit>y adv5tur]1 "o ( ! type s skilfully depict$ by ,walt] ,scott 9 ,dugald ,dalgetty4 ,! c\nty has be5 a prolific recruit+ gr\nd = ! ,army4 ,aft] ! '#de ,*a?am's device = break+ d[n ! clan sy/em & div]t+ ! en]gies ( ! ,highl&]s into heal?i] *annels by enli/+ !m 9 ,briti% regim5ts 0 an inspiration ( g5ius4 ,9 #agid ! ,duke ( ,gordon rais$ dur+ a few weeks a regim5t ( ,gordon ,highl&]s1 :i* fir/ di/+ui%$ itself ) ,sir ,ralph ,ab]cromby 9 ,egypt1 & did noble s]vice also 9 ! ,p59sula & at ,wat]loo4 ,9 ! "w ( empire-mak+ 9 ,india & else:]e1 ! ,ab]donian has borne a notable "p4 ,he has %[n ability to ex]cise a s+ul> ma/]y ov] inf]ior races4 ,conspicu\s 9 ?is respect 0 ,sir ,h>ry ,b4 ,lumsd51 :o =m$ ! ,corps ( ,guides out ( ! mo/ d>+ free-boot]s ( ! ,nor?-,we/ fronti] ( ,india4 ,9 /atesman%ip ! c\nty has be5 surpass$ by o!r di/ricts1 & yet x has ! di/9ction ( hav+ produc$ "o ,prime ,m9i/]--! f\r? ,e>l ( ,ab]de5 7#aghd-ahfj71 :o 0 responsible = ! ,crimean ,w>1 & :om ,byron /yl$ 8! travell$ ,?ane1 ,a!nian ,ab]de540 ,! ecclesia/s ( di/9ction are too num]\s to m5tion4 ,=emo/ among/ !m 0 ,bi%op ,elph9/one1 :o1 ?\gh n a native ( ! c\nty1 id5tifi$ himself ) its int]e/s :5 he became ,bi%op 7#adhc71 f\nd$ ! ,univ]sity1 ,k+'s ,college1 ! light ( ! ,nor? 7#adid71 & ! *ur* ( ,/ ,ma*> 7! ,ca!dral 9 ,old ,ab]de57 & 0 a pione] 9 all t makes = educational enlight5m5t4 ,he 0 in/rum5tal 9 introduc+ ! art ( pr9t+ into ,scotl&4 ,8 tomb is v appropriately 9 ,k+'s ,college1 ! c5tre f :i* radiat$ ! b5efic5t influ5ce ( 8 life4 ,h5ry ,sc\gal 7#afej-afgh71 s*ol> & sa9t1 son ( ,bi%op ,sc\gal & ! inspir] ( ,john ,wesley1 0 a /ud5t ( ,k+'s ,college4 ,he _h n be5 long orda9$ 9 8 *>ge at ,au*t]less be=e he 0 appo9t$ to ! ,*air ( ,div9ity 9 ,k+'s ,college4 ,he di$ at #bh2 b 8 ,life ( ,god 9 ! ,s\l ( ,man is /ill greatly priz$ by lov]s ( devotional lit]ature4 ,dean ,ramsay1 ^: ,rem9isc5ces ( ,scotti% ,life & ,"* 7#aheh7 is a classic 9 humor\s lit]ature & "o n likely soon to be =gott51 0 born 9 ,ab]de54 ,9 m$ical sci5ce ! roll ( em95t names is long & impressive1 f ,bann]man1 :o 0 physician to ,david ,,ii1 d[n to ,ar?ur ,john/on1 :o aft] an academic c>e] abroad1 cultivat$ ! muses at ,ab]de51 ga9+ fame z a writ] ( ,lat9 v]se4 ,he 0 = "s "t physician to ,*>les ,i4 ,born at ,caskieb5 9 #aehg1 he 0 rector ( ,k+'s ,college 9 #afcg1 & di$ 9 #afda4 ,dr ,john ,arbu?not1 ?\gh a native ( ,k9c>d9e%ire1 0 a /ud5t at ,m>is*al ,college2 z ! fri5d ( ,pope & ,swift1 & ! wit & physician at ! ,c\rt ( ,que5 ,anne1 he is likely to be rememb]$4 ,ano!r celebrat$ physician 0 ,dr ,john ,ab]crombie1 :o1 born 9 ,ab]de51 w5t to ,ed9burgh1 & became head ( ! pr(ession & fir/ physician to ! k+ 9 #ahbd4 ,o!rs no less not$ 7 ,sir ,james ,cl>k2 ,sir ,&rew ,cl>k2 ,neil ,arnott1 a contempor>y ) ,byron at ! ,gramm> ,s*ool1 & m fam\s z natural philosoph] ?an z physician1 devis+ skilful inv5tions 9 heal+ & v5tilation2 ,sir ,james ,macgrigor1 to ^: memory a l(ty obelisk 9 poli%$ r$ granite 0 erect$ 9 ,m>is*al ,college quadrangle4 ,aft] /&+ !re = ye>s x 0 rec5tly remov$ to ! ,du?ie ,p>k4 ,macgrigor 0 a pione] 9 ! humanit>ian treatm5t ( ! sick & w\nd$ 9 w>1 & 0 *ief ( ! ,m$ical ,/aff 9 ! ,p59sul> campaigns4 ,9 natural sci5ce ,william ,macgillivray is kn[n by 8 c>eful & au?oritative "w on ! ,hi/ory ( ,briti% ,birds4 ,james ,cl]k ,maxwell1 :o did s mu* = ! advancem5t ( mod]n ,physics1 0 = a few ye>s pr(essor ( ,natural ,philosophy 9 ,m>is*al ,college4 ,dr ,alex&] ,=sy?1 m9i/] ( ,belhelvie1 inv5t$ ! p]cussion lock1 & ,patrick ,f]guson1 a native ( ,pitf\r1 inv5t$ ! bree*-load+ rifle4 ,! c\nty is rem>kable = families ) pron\nc$ h]$it>y intellectual gifts4 ,! mo/ not$ case is t ( ! ,gregories1 :o sprang f ,john ,gregory1 m9i/] ( ,drumoak4 ,x has produc$ f\rte5 ,pr(essors 9 ,briti% univ]sities1 skill$ 9 ,ma!matics1 ,a/ronomy1 ,*emi/ry & ,m$ic9e4 ,"o ( !m 0 ! inv5tor ( ! reflect+ telescope4 ,! ,reids1 ! ,=dyces1 ! ,john/ons are o!r cases less rem>kable1 b /ill exceptional4 ,philosophy is a sph]e 9 :i* ! ,ab]donian has left 8 m>k4 ,! greate/ local "n 9 ?is reg>d is t ( ,?omas ,reid1 :o creat$ ! ,scotti% s*ool 9 opposition to ,david ,hume1 & ^: ,inquiry into ! ,human ,m9d on ! pr9ciples ( ,common ,s5se 0 writt5 :ile he 0 a ,pr(essor at ,k+'s ,college4 ,born at ,/ra*an on ! s\? side ( ! ,dee1 he 0 = a "t p>i% m9i/] ( ,new ,ma*>4 ,lat] he migrat$ 9 #agfc to ,glasg[1 z successor to ,adam ,smi?4 ,8 ,intellectual & ,active ,p[]s 0 writt5 aft] 8 retirem5t 9 #aghj4 ,o!r philosophical writ]s wor?y ( m5tion are1 ,dr ,george ,campbell1 :o1 besides 8 diss]tation on ,miracles1 wrote a ,philosophy ( ,rhetoric2 ,dr ,james ,beattie1 ^: ,m9/rel is /ill read & ^: ,essay on ,tru? _h a great contempor>y reputation2 ,dr ,alex&] ,ba91 an analytical psy*ologi/1 ^: books ,! ,s5ses & ! ,intellect & ,! ,emotions & ! ,w conta9 ! mo/ complete analytical exposition ( ! m9d4 ,ba9 0 ! fir/ ,pr(essor ( ,logic at ,ab]de51 & 9 conjunction ) 8 pupil ,croom ,rob]tson />t$ ! philosophical ,review call$ ,m9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,pr(essor ,?omas ,reid1 ,d4,d4 ,! sph]e ( imag9ative lit]ature is n ! ,ab]donian's sph]e4 ,criticism1 ,philosophy1 ,hi/ory1 ,sci5ce are m 9 8 way1 & yet a few names c be giv5 z ( "s note 9 pure lit]ature4 ,=emo/ 9 "t & unrivall$ 9 8 own dep>tm5t is ,b>b\r1 ,ar*deacon ( ,ab]de5 7#aceg74 ,he /udi$ at ,ox=d1 & 0 contempor>y ) ,wycliffe & ,*auc]4 ,8 great "w is ,! ,brus1 ! mo/ national ( all ,scotti% poems4 ,x is in/9ct ) ! _s ( fre$om1 ( *ivalry & romance1 & details ! /ruggles1 ! p]ils1 & ! m>vell\s escapes ( 8 h]o ,rob]t ! ,bruce1 ) great simplicity1 vividness1 & directness4 ,alongside ( him we may place ,john ,sk9n]1 au?or ( ,tullo*gorum1 ,! ,ewie wi' ! ,crookit ,horn1 & o!r well-kn[n songs4 ,a native ( ,birse & = long episcopal m9i/] at ,longside1 he 0 ! fa!r ( ,bi%op ,sk9n]4 ,8 fame re/s on ,tullo*gorum1 :i* ,burns pron\nc$ to be ! be/ ( ,scot* songs4 ,dr ,w4 ,c4 ,smi?1 ! au?or ( ,olrig ,grange & ,borl& ,hall1 0 born & educat$ 9 ,ab]de54 ,dr ,george ,macdonald1 poet1 noveli/1 & critic1 au?or ( ,alec ,=bes & o!r novels embody+ local col\r & illu/rat+ ,ab]de5%ire life & dialect 9 ! e>ly "p ( la/ c5tury1 0 a native ( ,huntly4 ,! be/ kn[n poet connect$ ) ,ab]de5 is ,byron1 :o sp5t "s ye>s ( 8 boyhood 9 ! city & %ort p]iods ( ! summ] on ,deeside4 ,^! visits to ,ballat] are reflect$ 9 8 poem on ,lo*-na-g> & else:]e 9 8 "w4 ,he left ,ab]de5 at ! age ( #aj 9 #agih & nev] saw x aga94 ,hi/ory is a subject t has appeal$ to ,ab]donians4 ,dr ,david ,masson's monum5tal "w on ,milton mu/ be m5tion$4 ,o!r hi/orians are ,joseph ,rob]tson1 ,john ,/u>t1 ,john ,hill ,burton1 ,bi%op ,burnet1 :o wrote ! ,hi/ory ( 8 ,own ,"t1 ,sir ,john ,sk5e1 & ,rob]t ,gordon ( ,/ralo*1 antiqu>ian & map-mak]1 z well z 8 son ,james1 m9i/] ( ,ro?iemay & hi/orian ( ! e>ly ye>s ( ! ,tr\bles4 ,! fir/ ,pr9cipal ( ! ,univ]sity1 ,hector ,boece1 wrote hi/ories some:at cr$ul\s & imag9ative b q au?oritative :]e 8 own times are conc]n$4 ,( pa9t]s connect$ ) ! di/rict may be m5tion$ ,jamesone1 ,dyce1 & ,phillip call$ 8( ,spa90 f 8 success ) ,spani% subjects4 ,ar*itecture claims ,gibbs1 ^: ,radcliffe ,libr>y at ,ox=d1 & ,london *ur*es su* z ,/ ,m>t9's-9-!-,fields1 /ill /& a te/imony to 8 art2 ! ,smi?s & ,ar*ibald ,simpson h already be5 m5tion$4 ,sculpture owns ! two ,brodies & ,sir ,john ,/eell4 ,s*ol>s l ,w$d]burn & ,ruddiman1 ,crud5 ( ,concordance reputation1 ,dr ,james ,legge1 ! ,ori5tali/1 & ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi?1 born 9 ! ,donside p>i% ( ,keig1 editor ( ! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1 ,pr(essor ( ,arabic at ,cambridge1 & "o ( ! mo/ le>n$ pundits ( 8 "t--are b a few repres5tatives ( a long li/4 ,! ?ir/ = education & ! well-taught p>i% s*ools ( ! c\nty contribut$ to br+ ab\t su* results4 ,! doors ( ! ,univ]sity h = c5turies be5 op5$ by burs>ies to ! poore/ boys1 & 9 ?is way _m :o 7 end[$ ) capacity above ord9>y ent]$ ! le>n$ pr(essions & rose to em95ce4 #be4 ,,! ,,*ief ,,t[ns ,,& ,,villages ,,( ,,ab]de5%ire4 7,! figures 9 brackets aft] ea* "n give ! population 9 #aiaa1 & ^? at ! end ( ea* section are ref]5ces to pages 9 ! text47 ,ab]de5 7#afa1ieb74 ,f be+ entirely built ( granite1 ,ab]de5 is be/ kn[n z 8,! ,granite ,city40 ,! light grey /one gives ! t[n a clean look :i* /rikes visitors f cities built ( brick or ( s&/one4 ,its _m h&some public build+s1 banks1 (fices1 *ur*es & s*ools1 all solid & sub/antial1 & ( great ar*itectural int]e/1 are und\bt$ly f9] ?an ^? ( any o!r t[n ( ! same size 9 ! k+dom4 ,! fir/ hi/orical ref]5ce to x is 9 ! twelf? c5tury2 lat] a *>t] 0 obta9$ f ,k+ ,william ! ,lion1 grant+ ! city c]ta9 trad+ privileges4 ,long be=e ,ed9burgh & ,glasg[ _h begun to %[ signs ( ris+ to greatness1 ,ab]de5 0 a port ( ext5sive trade1 b its gr[? 0 sl[ until ! dawn ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,9 #ahja1 its population 0 only #bg1fjh2 9 #ahca ?is figure _h d\bl$1 & 9 rec5t ye>s1 ow+ *iefly to ! ph5om5al gr[? ( ! fi%+ indu/ry1 its progress has be5 rapid4 ,ab]de5 has long be5 a great educational c5tre4 ,its ,gramm> ,s*ool claims to h exi/$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,its fir/ ,univ]sity1 ,k+'s ,college 9 ,old ,ab]de51 0 f\nd$ 9 #adid by ,bi%op ,elph9/one1 & its second1 ,m>is*al ,college 9 ,new ,ab]de51 by ,e>l ,m>is*al 9 #aeic4 ,^! 7 unit$ 9 #ahfj z ! ,univ]sity ( ,ab]de54 ,s9ce t "t ! build+s ( bo? ,colleges h be5 l>gely add$ to1 & ! numb] ( pr(essor%ips greatly increas$4 ,its /ud5ts 9 ! diff]5t faculties1 ,arts1 ,m$ic9e1 ,sci5ce1 ,law & ,div9ity are little %ort ( #ajjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,old ,gramm> ,s*ool1 ,s*oolhill ,be+ ! only really l>ge t[n 9 ! c\nty1 & = t matt] 9 ! :ole nor? ( ,scotl&1 x t5ds to gr[ 9 importance1 & its bus9ess connections are ev] ext5d+4 ,x is ! focus ( ! trawl+ indu/ry1 & ( ! granite trade2 :ile ! agricultural int]e/s ( ! c\nty look to ,ab]de5 z _! *ief m>t & di/ribut+ m$ium4 ,its second>y s*ools1 its te*nical college1 its agricultural college1 its ,univ]sity1 all help to swell its population by br++ /rang]s to reside )9 its b\nd>ies4 ,9 itself x is clean1 heal?y & attractively built1 :ile its fairly equable climate1 its relatively l[ ra9-fall 7#bi in*es7 & its equally l[ dea?-rate 7#adb p] #ajjj7 conduce to its popul>ity z a resid5tial t[n4 ,be+ ! nor!rn t]m9us ( ! ,cal$onian ,railway1 & hav+ excell5t s]vice to ,london by ! ,we/ ,coa/1 ! ,midl&1 & ! ,ea/ ,coa/ r\tes1 x obta9s a l>ge %>e ( ! t\ri/ traffic2 & ! sportsm5 :o fi% 9 ! ,ab]de5%ire riv]s or %oot gr\se 9 ! ,ab]de5%ire moors mu/ all d m or less homage to ! c\nty t[n4 ,! *ief /reet ( ! city is ,union ,/reet creat$ a c5tury ago at a co/ :i* 0 consid]$ reckless at ! "t b :i* has be5 m ?an ju/ifi$ by ! results4 ,?is fir/ improvem5t s*eme1 :i* has be5 foll[$ up by o!rs 9 rec5t times1 0 ! "w ( m5 ) a wide outlook4 ,prom95t among ! ,provo/s ( enlight5m5t 0 ,sir ,alex&] ,&]son1 ^: "n is n[ at ! elev5? h\r /amp$ 9 memory by ! ,&]son ,drive--a fa%ionable we/-end ?or\ghf>e4 ,union ,/reet is ! backbone f :i* all ! o!r ?or\ghf>es radiate4 ,x is broad & h&some & ! build+s t face ea* o!r across x are z a rule wor?y ( ! /reet4 ,union ,bridge1 "o ( ,flet*]'s graceful /ructures1 ) a span ( #acj feet1 makes a pleas+ break 9 ! l9e ( build+s & p]mits a view nor? & s\? along ! ,d5burn valley4 ,! nor!rn view1 :i* %[s ,union ,t]race & ,union ,t]race ,g>d5s ) h&some public build+s1 bo? 9 ! =egr\nd & 9 ! backgr\nd1 is und\bt$ly "o ( ! f9e/ 9 ! city4 ,! ,du?ie ,p>k on ! nor? bank ( ! ,dee1 ! l9ks t fr+e ! nor!rn coa/1 ! picturesquely wood$ am5ities ( ,donside1 above & bel[ ,balg[nie ,bridge1 ! qua9t o!r _w air ( ,old ,ab]de5 ) its l(ty trees1 its gr& ca!dral & ! anci5t cr[n ( ,k+'s ,college1 ^! are all elevat+ & meliorat+ influ5ces t help to keep 9 *eck ! comm]cial _s t rules ab\t ! h>b\r-quays & ! fi%-m>ket4 ,ab]de5 c boa/ ( f\r daily newspap]s besides sev]al weeklies4 ,x claims ! hon\r ( hav+ ! olde/ newspap] 9 ,scotl&--,! ,ab]de5 ,j\rnal--e/abli%$ 9 #agdh4 7pp4 #c1 #h1 #aa1 #ac1 #bj1 #bd1 #cg1 #ch1 #ci1 #ff1 #fh1 #ge1 #hj1 #hc1 #he1 #hi1 #ia1 #ib1 #id1 #ie1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aji1 #aaa1 #abf1 #ade1 #afb1 #afd1 #afe1 #afi1 #agb1 #agc47 ,ab]d\r 7#edi7 is a small village on ! coa/ half-way betwe5 ,tr\p ,head & ,rosehe>ty4 ,sometimes call$ ,new ,ab]d\r to di/+ui% x f ! p>i%1 ! village came into exi/5ce 9 #agif4 ,! p>i% is v anci5t4 ,its *ur*1 n[ 9 ru9s1 0 d$icat$ to ,/ ,dro/an1 ! disciple & companion ( ,/ ,columba4 ,ab]d\r is ! bir?-place ( ,dr ,&rew ,f9dlat]1 once ,head-ma/] ( ,gordon's ,hospital 7n[ ,college71 ,ab]de51 & fir/ editor ( ,*amb]s's ,encyclopa$ia4 7pp4 #ci1 #fb1 #aje1 #aai1 #afd47 ,aboyne 7#aebe71 prop]ly call$ ,*>le/[n ( ,aboyne 9 complim5t to ! fir/ ,e>l ( ,aboyne1 is a picturesquely situat$ village on ,deeside ) a high reputation = its brac+ climate4 ,ne> x is ,aboyne ,ca/le--= c5turies ! family seat ( ! ,m>quis ( ,huntly4 ,9 ! vic9ity are ,lo*s ,k9nord & ,davan4 ,at ,d9net are b$s ( kieselguhr4 7pp4 #b1 #h1 #bd1 #ca1 #hh1 #aag1 #aai1 #afb47 ,al=d 7pa4 #adfd71 on ,donside1 is ! t]m9us ( ! bran* railway f ,k9tore & ! c5tre ( a ri* agricultural di/rict call$ ! ,vale ( ,al=d4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood are sev]al int]e/+ ca/les--,t]p]sie1 ,kildrummy & ,craigiev>4 ,f ,al=d ! ma9 ,donside road leads up ! valley to ,/ra?don & ,corg>ff1 f :i* !re are passes bo? to ,deeside & to ,speyside4 7pp4 #bg1 #ga1 #aac1 #aae1 #acd1 #afj1 #afb47 ,ballat] 7#abdj71 a small t[n beautifully situat$ on ! nor? side ( ! riv] ,dee1 9 a level space enclos$ by high m\nta9s1 is #ffj feet above sea-level4 ,f ,ballat] coa*es drive daily to ,braem>1 pass+ ,balmoral ,ca/le half-way4 7pp4 #b1 #h1 #ah1 #bd1 #bg1 #cc1 #aed1 #afb1 #afd1 #agf47 ,illu/ration3 ,birsemore ,lo* & ,craig5d9nie1 ,aboyne ,illu/ration3 ,m> ,ca/le ,braem> 7#ejb71 prop]ly ,ca/leton ( ,braem>1 is ! highe/ village 9 ! c\nty1 be+ #aajj feet above sea-level4 ,x /&s at ! junction ( ! ,clunie & ! ,dee1 & is f9ely %elt]$ 9 a holl[ among/ ! surr\nd+ m\nta9s4 ,braem> is a fa%ionable heal? resort4 ,"s #aj1jjj /rang]s visit x annually4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury x 0 n mu* m ?an a ,highl& cla*an4 ,n[ x has ,illu/ration3 ,ballat]1 view f ,pannani* spaci\s hotels ) electric light & all mod]n conv5i5ces on a luxuri\s scale4 ,six miles di/ant is ! fam\s ,l9n ( ,dee4 ,! ,duke ( ,fife's ,highl& resid5ce1 ,m> ,lodge1 z well z ,m> ,ca/le & ,inv]cauld ,h\se1 ! home ( ! ,f>quh>sons1 are all 9 ! vic9ity4 ,f ,braem> ! asc5t ( ,b5-,macdhui is usually made1 & sometimes also ,lo*-na-g>4 ,a road leads f ,braem> up ! valley ( ! ,clunie & ov] ! ,cairnwell to ,blairg[rie4 7pp4 #h1 #ba1 #bb1 #cc1 #ff1 #fh1 #ge1 #aab1 #afa1 #afb47 ,by? 7#cfj71 usually ,new ,by?1 is a village ?ree miles f ,cum9e/[n1 & f\nd$ 9 #agfd4 ,x is a b>e & treeless di/rict4 ,ne> x are ! hills ( ,fi%rie ) a l>ge numb] ( cr(ts giv5 (f by ! ,e>l ( ,fife 9 #ahcj to poor p evict$ f o!r e/ates at a "t :5 ! fa%ion began ( amalgamat+ small hold+s 9 l>g] f>ms4 7pp4 #ia1 #abd1 #afc47 ,collie/on is a fi%+ village circl+ r\nd a romantic bay ne> ! p>i% *ur* ( ,sla9s4 ,"h 9 #aehh "o ( ! %ips ( ! ,spani% ,armada 7,santa ,ca!r9a7 0 wreck$4 ,! fi%]m5 /ill call ! creek ,/ ,ca!r9e's ,dub4 ,sev]al small cannon h be5 recov]$ f ! pool4 ,eighty ye>s ago1 ,collie/on enjoy$ a c]ta9 notoriety = smuggl+1 & ! gravey>d ( ,sla9s close by conta9s evid5ce ( ! de$s ( viol5ce t ! contrab& trade br\ght ab\t4 7pp4 #ch1 #dh1 #ed47 ,cult]1 eight miles we/ ( ,ab]de51 celebrat$ = its pap]-mills1 :i* date back to #agej4 ,?is pap]-mill1 ! fir/ ( its k9d 9 ! nor?1 manufactur$ sup]f9e pap] & 9 p>ticul> ! bank-notes ( ! ,ab]de5 ,bank4 7p4 #hi47 ,cum9e/[n 7#dff71 a village on ! nor? side ( ! ,waggle ,hill 9 ,monquhitt]1 0 e/abli%$ by ,joseph ,cum9e ( ,au*ry 9 #agfc4 ,joseph ,cum9e 0 a pione] 9 agricultural improvem5t4 ,he plant$ trees & />t$ ! manufacture ( l954 ,ab\t a mile di/ant is ! small] village ( ,g>mond4 ,! villages 7 once mu* m popul\s 9 ! days :5 ! sp9n+ ( flax & ! knitt+ ( /ock+s 7 rural indu/ries4 7p4 #dj47 ,illu/ration3 ,braem> f ,craig ,coyna* ,ellon 7#acjg71 a ?riv+ t[n on ! ,y?an1 is ! junction = ! ,crud5 & ,boddam ,railway4 ,x has a %oe factory & l>ge auction m>ts = ! sale ( cattle4 ,! ,episcopal ,*ur*--,/ ,m>y's on ! ,rock--0 design$ by ,george ,edmund ,/reet & is a h&some build+ 9 ,e>ly ,engli% /yle4 ,a prom95t div9e 9 ! pre-,disruption controv]sies1 ,dr ,james ,rob]tson1 0 p>i% m9i/] ( ,ellon f #ahcb to #ahdc4 ,lat] he became a pr(essor 9 ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity4 ,ellon is a place ( great antiquity4 ,x 0 ! seat ( jurisdiction ( ! ,e>ldom ( ,bu*an1 & !re ! e>ls held _! ,head ,c\rt4 7pp4 #bi1 #da1 #afc1 #afd1 #aga47 ,fras]burgh 7#aj1egj7 is ! ?ird l>ge/ t[n 9 ! c\nty4 ,x is a busy1 ?riv+ place1 be+ ! great c5tre ( ! h]r+ fi%+ indu/ry 9 ,scotl&4 ,x 0 f\nd$ by ,sir ,alex&] ,fras]1 "o ( ! ,fras]s ( ,philor? 7n[ repres5t$ by ,"l ,salt\n74 ,! ,fras]s are said to h come into ,engl& ) ! ,normans4 ,a royal *>t] 0 grant$ 9 #aedf erect+ 8,fai?lie0 z x 0 !n call$ into a free burgh ( b>ony ) all ! privileges4 ,sir ,alex&] ,fras] 0 a great fav\rite ) ,james ,,vi & 0 knight$ at ! baptism ( ,pr9ce ,h5ry1 #aeid3 he 0 a man ( ent]prise2 he built ! t[n & ! h>b\r & erect$ public build+s4 ,he receiv$ f ,k+ ,james ! privilege ( f\nd+ a ,univ]sity 9 ,fras]burgh1 & a build+ 0 set ap>t = ?is in/itution4 ,n only s b a ,pr9cipal 0 appo9t$ 9 #afjj4 ,! ,college may h be5 active = a few ye>s1 b v little is kn[n ( its hi/ory4 ,dur+ ! plague :i* rag$ = two ye>s at ,ab]de51 ! /ud5ts ( ,k+'s ,college w5t = safety to ,fras]burgh 9 #afdg &1 x is suppos$1 occupi$ ! old ,college build+s4 ,a /reet 9 ! t[n is /ill call$ 8,college ,b\nds40 7pp4 #h1 #ch1 #ei1 #fa1 #gf1 #id1 #ie1 #aja1 #ajb1 #afc1 #afd1 #afi47 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,doorway1 ,huntly ,ca/le ,illu/ration3 ,! ,bass1 ,inv]urie ,huntly 7#dbbi71 ! l>ge/ inl& t[n ( ! c\nty1 is situat$ at ! conflu5ce ( ! ,dev]on & ! ,bogie4 ,x is ! c5tre ( an ext5sive agricultural di/rict--,/ra?bogie--& has wooll5 & o!r manufactures4 ,9 ! vic9ity are ! ru9s ( ,huntly ,ca/le1 ! prop]ty ( ! ,duke ( ,ri*mond & ,gordon4 ,! fir/ ,lords ( ,/ra?bogie1 be+ oppos$ to ,bruce's claims ( k+%ip1 7 dis9h]it$ & _! l&s be/[$ on ,sir ,adam ,gordon1 ^: desc5dants became ,e>ls ( ,huntly1 ,m>quises ( ,huntly & ,dukes ( ,gordon4 ,! old ca/le ( ,/ra?bogie 0 de/roy$ aft] ! battle ( ,gl5livet 9 #aeid1 b rebuilt z ,huntly ,ca/le 9 #afjb4 ,huntly is ! bir?-place ( ,dr ,george ,macdonald1 poet & noveli/4 7pp4 #bi1 #ca1 #ia1 #afj1 #afb1 #afd1 #agf47 ,ins* 7#faf71 a village on ! ,great ,nor? ,railway1 ) ,b5a*ie on "o side1 & ! ,culsalmond & ,f\dl& ,hills on ! o!r4 ,! vitrifi$ =t ( ,dunnide] is 9 ! vic9ity4 7pp4 #aai1 #afd47 ,inv]urie 7#djfi71 a royal burgh at ! conflu5ce ( ! ,ury & ! ,don4 ,! work%ops ( ! ,great ,nor? ( ,scotl& ,railway 7 remov$ f ,kittybrew/] to ,inv]urie "s ye>s ago1 !reby increas+ ! population ( ! burgh4 ,x is "o ( ! ,elg9 p>liam5t>y burghs4 ,! ,bass ( ,inv]urie is a conical m\nd1 long consid]$ artificial1 b n[ asc]ta9$ to be a natural =mation due to ! action ( ! two riv]s4 ,inv]urie has pap] manufactures4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood is ,kei? ,hall1 ! seat ( ! ,e>l ( ,k9tore4 7pp4 #bg1 #ga1 #hj1 #ajh1 #aji1 #aac1 #acb1 #acg1 #afj1 #afb1 #afd1 #afe1 #afi47 ,kemnay 7#idh71 ab\t five miles up ,donside f ,k9tore1 is well kn[n = its ext5sive granite qu>ries1 :i* s5t /ones to build ! ,=? ,bridge & ! ,?ames ,embankm5t4 ,ne> x is ,ca/le ,fras]1 "o ( ! f9e/ inhabit$ ca/les ( ! c\nty4 ,fett]ne>1 once ! c\nty seat ( ! bi%ops ( ,ab]de51 is on ! opposite side ( ! riv]4 7p4 #hc47 ,k9tore 7#hah7 is a royal burgh ( great antiquity4 ,a mile to ! we/ are ! ru9s ( ,hall=e/1 de/roy$ 9 #afci4 ,k9tore has1 9 its vic9ity1 sev]al 8,druidical0 circles & sculptur$ /ones4 7pp4 #bg1 #di1 #ajh1 #acf1 #afj1 #afb1 #afd1 #afi47 ,longside 7#cib7 dates f #ahja4 ,a wooll5 factory br\ght = a "t prosp]ity to ! village1 b ?is has be5 giv5 up & ! population dw9dles4 ,rev4 ,john ,sk9n]1 ! au?or ( ,tullo*gorum1 0 = ov] sixty ye>s m9i/] ( ! ,episcopal ,*ur* at ,l9%>t1 close to ! village ( ,longside4 ,"h also 0 born ,jamie ,fleeman1 8! laird ( ,udny's fool10 a half-witt$ p]son ^: blunt outspok5 mann] & %rewd rem>ks are /ill widely rememb]$4 7pp4 #afc1 #agf47 ,maud is ! po9t :]e ! ,bu*an railway bifurcates = ,pet]head & ,fras]burgh4 ,maud is a c5tre = auction sales ( cattle4 7p4 #afd47 ,m9tlaw 7#cgg7 0 f\nd$ ab\t ! same p]iod z ,longside & ! =tunes ( bo? villages1 :i* are ?ree miles ap>t1 h be5 simil>4 7p4 #afc47 ,newburgh 7#ecg71 on ! e/u>y ( ! ,y?an1 0 at "o "t notori\s l ,collie/on = smuggl+4 ,%ips ( small burd5 /ill come up to its :>f at full tide & sometimes proce$ z f> z ,wat]ton4 ,! b$ ( ! e/u>y ( ! ,y?an is cov]$ ) mussels1 mu* us$ 9 ! pa/ z bait by ! local fi%]m51 z well z = export to o!r fi%+ /ations4 ,! rev5ue f ?is s\rce has greatly fall5 (f 9 rec5t ye>s--l9e-fi%+ hav+ suff]$ f ! rise ( trawl+4 7p4 #dh47 ,new ,de] 7#fge7 is a village e/abli%$ ab\t #ahje4 ,brucklay ,ca/le1 ! seat ( ! ,d+wall-,=dyce family1 rec5tly conv]t$ into a mansion ( ! old ,scotti% ca/ellat$ /yle1 & surr\nd$ ) ta/eful gr\nds1 is n[ "o ( ! mo/ *>m+ edifices 9 ! di/rict4 ,a mile to ! we/ is ! ru9$ ca/le ( ,f$d]at4 7p4 #ach47 ,new ,pitsligo 7pa4 #bbbf7 is a village 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! s\rces ( ! ,ugie1 & ext5d+ = a mile 9 two p>allel /reets along ! ea/]n slope ( ! hill ( ,turlundie4 ,x /&s #ejj feet above sea-level4 ,! village takes its "n f ,sir ,william ,=bes ( ,pitsligo1 :o f\nd$ x 9 #aghg4 ,"h a l95 trade 0 at "o "t c>ri$ on2 ?is gave place to h&-loom weav+ & ultimately to lace-mak+4 ,! ,episcopal ,*ur* 0 design$ by ,g4 ,edmund ,/reet1 & x is said to be "o ( ! be/ examples ( 8 "w 9 ,scotl&4 ,! manufacture ( moss-litt] f ! peat 9 ! neighb\rhood 0 rec5tly />t$4 7pp4 #ia1 #afc47 ,old ,de] 7#agi7 is prettily situat$ on ! ,s\? ,ugie4 ,! di/rict has memories ( ,/ ,columba & ,/ ,dro/an4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood are ! ru9s ( a ,ci/]cian ,abbey1 & 8,druidical0 circles4 7pp4 #b1 #aje1 #aac1 #aae1 #aag1 #abc47 ,old ,meldrum 7#aaaj7 0 erect$ by *>t] into a burgh ( b>ony 9 #afgb4 ,x is well kn[n = its turnip-se$4 ,x us$ to employ _m p]sons 9 h&loom weav+ & 9 ! knitt+ ( /ock+s4 ,bo? indu/ries h fall5 to decay1 & ! population t5ds to dw9dle4 ,!re is a long-e/abli%$ di/ill]y 9 ! t[n4 7pp4 #ajh1 #aab1 #afc1 #afd47 ,pet]head 7#ac1efj71 ! mo/ ea/]ly t[n 9 ,scotl&1 is built ( r$ granite4 ,a c5tury ago x 0 a fa%ionable wat]+-place1 & us$ to be a :al+ /ation4 ,n[ its *ief indu/ry is ! h]r+ fi%+4 ,s\? ( ! t[n a h>b\r ( refuge is be+ con/ruct$ by convict lab\r1 f ! convict prison close by4 ,! h>b\r ( refuge w co/1 x is said1 a million ( money & its con/ruction w occupy #be to #cj ye>s4 ,a l95 factory once exi/$ "h1 z also a wooll5 factory1 :i* export$ clo? to ! value ( #ab1jjj a ye>4 ,bo? became ext9ct1 b ! wooll5 indu/ry 0 reviv$ & /ill prosp]s4 ,ano!r prom95t indu/ry is granite poli%+4 ,at ,inv]ugie ,ca/le 0 born ,field-,m>%al ,james ,kei?1 ^: /atue /&s 9 front ( ! ,t[n-,h\se4 ,! 8,pret5d]0 l&$ at ,pet]head on ,*ri/mas ,day1 #agae4 ,pet]head 0 erect$ into a burgh ( b>ony 9 #aeic by ,e>l ,m>is*al1 ! f\nd] ( ,m>is*al ,college1 ,ab]de54 ,x cont9u$ to be "p ( ! ,e>l's e/ates till ! rebellion ( #agae1 :5 ! l&s 7 confiscat$4 ,! ,pet]head portion is n[ ! prop]ty ( ! ,m]*ant ,maid5 ,hospital ( ,ed9burgh4 7pp4 #h1 #bi1 #ch1 #ci1 #da1 #eg1 #ff1 #fh1 #gf1 #hc1 #id1 #ie1 #aja1 #ajb1 #aaa1 #afc1 #afd1 #afi1 #aga47 ,rosehe>ty 7#acjh7 is a misspelt ,gaelic "n ( :i* ,ros1 a promontory1 & ard1 a height1 are und\bt$ elem5ts4 ,! little t[n /&s on ! %ore a mile nor? ( ,pitsligo#a4 ,!re is a tradition t 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury a p>ty ( ,danes l&$ & took up resid5ce "h1 in/ruct+ ! inhabitants1 :o 7 mo/ly cr(t]s1 9 ! art ( fi%+4 7pp4 #fb1 #afb47 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,:ite ,horse on ,mormond ,hill ,footnote #a3 ,alex&] ,=bes1 f\r? & la/ ,"l ,pitsligo 7#afgh-agfb7 0 a w>m support] ( ! exil$ ,/u>ts & took "p 9 bo? rebellions4 ,aft] ,cullod51 he rema9$ 9 hid+1 8 *ief place ( concealm5t be+ a cave 9 ! rocks we/ ( ,rosehe>ty4 ,m4 ,a4 ,/ri*5 7#ajid7 0 =m]ly call$ ,mormond1 f ! hill at ! base ( :i* ! village /&s4 ,?is hill ow+ to ! comp>atively level "* ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry is a conspicu\s feature 9 ! l&scape = miles4 ,on ! s\?-we/]n side1 ! figure ( a horse is cut out 9 ! turf1 ! space be+ fill$ up ) :ite /ones4 ,?is 8,:ite ,horse0 occupies half an acre ( gr\nd & is visible at a great di/ance4 ,on ! s\? side ( ! hill an antl]$ /ag on a l>g] scale is figur$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,?is 0 done s late z #ahgj4 7pp4 #aa1 #af1 #ch1 #ia1 #aeh47 ,torph9s 7#dee71 a ris+ village on ,deeside1 mu* resort$ to by ,ab]donians 9 ! summ] mon?s4 7p4 #ajf47 ,turriff 7#bcdf7 is situat$ on a table-l& on ! nor? ( ! burn ( ,turriff ne> its junction ) ! ,dev]on4 ,turriff is midway betwe5 ,ab]de5 & ,elg92 h5ce ! c\plet-- ,*oose ye1 *oise ye1 at ! ,cross o' ,turra ,ei!r gang to ,ab]de5 or ,elg9 o' ,moray4 ,turriff is v anci5t1 be+ m5tion$ 9 ! ,book ( ,de]1 "u ! "n ( ,turbruad1 z ! seat ( a ,celtic mona/]y d$icat$ to ,/ ,congan1 a foll[] ( ,/ ,columba4 ,! d\ble belfry ( ! old *ur* 7date #afce7 is really a piece ( ca/ellat$ ar*itecture appli$ to an ecclesia/ical edifice4 ,! *ur*y>d gateway is also ,e>ly ,scotti% ,r5aissance4 7pp4 #aa1 #ca1 #dj1 #aaj1 #aab1 #aai1 #afc1 #afd47 ,illu/ration3 ,scotl& #aifci1cgg acres ,ab]de5%ire #a1bfa1iga acres ,fig4 #a4 ,area ( ,ab]de5%ire comp>$ ) t ( ,scotl& ,illu/ration3 ,scotl& #d1dgb1jdc ,ab]de5%ire #cjd1dci ,fig4 #b4 ,population ( ,ab]de5%ire comp>$ ) t ( ,scotl& ,illu/ration3 ,scotl&1 #aej ,ab]de5%ire1 #aed ,lan>k%ire1 #aebd ,fig4 #c4 ,comp>ative d5sity ( ,population to squ>e mile ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,proportion ( cultivat$ & uncultivat$ areas 9 ,ab]de5%ire--practically #ej ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,proportionate area ( ,crops 9 ,ab]de5%ire 7#aiji7 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,proportionate area ( ,crops1 ,pa/ure & ,woodl&s 9 ,ab]de5%ire 7#aiji7 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,proportionate numb]s ( live-/ock 9 ,ab]de5%ire 7#aiji7 ,illu/ration3 ,scotl& #g1dbc1ahe cwts ,ab]dee%ire #c1efc1bed cwts ,fig4 #h4 ,quantity ( ,fi% 7all k9ds7 l&$ 9 ,ab]de5%ire z comp>$ ) t ( ,scotl& 7#aiji71 almo/ #ej ,illu/ration3 ,scotl& #d1ejj1jjj cwts ,ab]de5%ire #a1ffa1gfh cwts ,fig4 #i4 ,quantity ( ,h]r+s l&$ 9 ,ab]de5%ire z comp>$ ) t ( ,scotl& 7#aiji7 ,cambridge3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,john ,,clay1 ,m4,a4 ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press ,illu/ration3 ,! ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press ,illu/ration3 ,,geological ,,map ,,( ,,c\nty ,,( ,,ab]de5 ,copyright4 ,george ,philip ,son ,ltd4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,page #fb--;*ang$ ,pitullie to ,pittullie ,page #aai--;*ang$ possesss$ to possess$ ,page #adh--;*ang$ ,sreet to ,/reet ,page #afd--;*ang$ ,k5may to ,kemnay ,page #afd--;*ang$ ,=m>t9 to ,=m>t9e ,page #ahi--;*ang$ ,gl5livat to ,gl5livet