,,pr9ciples ,,& ,,practice --,,(-- ,,agricultural ,,analysis4 ,a ,,manual ,,= ,,! ,,e/imation ,,( ,,soils1 ,,f]tiliz]s1 ,,& ,,agricultural ,,products4 ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,analy/s1 ,,tea*]s1 ,,& ,,/ud5ts ,,( ,,agricultural ,,*emi/ry4 ,,volume ,i4 ,,soils4 ,,by ,,h>vey ,w4 ,,wiley1 ,,*emi/ ,,( ,,! ,u4 ,s4 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture4 ,,ea/on1 ,,pa41 ,,*emical ,,publi%+ ,,co41 #ahid4 ,,copyright1 #ahie1 ,,by ,,h>vey ,w4 ,,wiley4 ,,preface ,,to ,,volume ,,fir/4 ,9 ?is volume ,i h endeavor$ to place 9 ! h&s ( tea*]s & /ud5ts ( ,agricultural ,analysis1 & ( analy/s g5]ally1 ! pr9ciples :i* und]lie ! sci5ce & art ( ! analysis ( soils & ! be/ approv$ me?ods ( conduct+ x4 ,9 ! prosecution ( ! "w ,i h drawn freely on ! results ( exp]i5ce 9 all c\ntries1 b especially 9 ! matt] ( ! physical exam9ations ( soils1 ( ?is c\ntry4 ,sci5ce is n delimit$ by geographic l9es1 b an au?or is n to be blam$ 9 fir/ consid]+ favorably ! "w ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* he lives4 ,x is only :5 he c see no?+ ( good outside ( its own b\nd>ies t he %\ld be judg$ culpable4 ,x has be5 my wi% to give full cr$it to ^? f ^: "w ! subject-matt] ( ?is volume has be5 l>gely tak54 ,if1 9 any case1 !re has be5 neglect 9 ?is matt]1 x has n be5 due to any desire on my "p to be> ! honors :i* rightfully belong to ano!r4 ,) no wi% to discrim9ate1 :]e s _m favors h be5 ext5d$1 especial ackn[l$gm5ts %\ld be made to ,messrs4 ,hilg>d1 ,osborne1 ,:itney1 & ,m]rill1 = assi/ance 9 read+ ! manuscript ( *apt]s relat+ to ! orig9 ( soils1 _! physical prop]ties1 & me*anical analysis4 ,) ! wi% t ?is volume may prove ( b5efit to ! work]s = :om x 0 writt5 ,i (f] x = _! consid]ation4 ,h4 ,w4 ,,wiley4 ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,beg9n+ ( ,janu>y1 #ahie4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,volume ,,fir/4 ,,"p ,,fir/4 ,introduction1 pp4 #a-bg4--;,def9itions2 ,orig9 ( soil2 ,*emical elem5ts 9 ! soil2 ,atomic masses2 ,prop]ties ( ! elem5ts2 ,relative abundance ( ! elem5ts2 ,m9]als occurr+ 9 rocks2 ,classification ( m9]als4 ,rocks & ,rock ,decay1 pp4 #bh-dc4--,types ( rocks2 ,microscopical ,/ructure ( ,rocks2 ,composition ( rocks2 ,color ( rocks2 ,k9ds ( rocks2 ,eruptive rocks4 ,orig9 ( ,soils1 pp4 #dc-fc4--;,decay ( rocks2 ,effect ( latitude on decay2 ,action ( wat]2 ,action ( vegetable life2 ,action ( worms & bact]ia2 ,action ( air2 ,classification ( soils2 ,qualities & k9ds ( soils2 ,humus2 ,soil & subsoil2 ,au?orities cit$ 9 "p fir/4 ,,"p ,,second4 ,tak+ ,samples = ,analysis1 pp4 #fe-hf4--;,g5]al pr9ciples2 ,g5]al directions = sampl+2 ,me?od ( ,hilg>d2 ,(ficial ,fr5* me?od2 ,caldwell's1 ,wahns*affe's1 ,peligot's1 & ,:itney's me?ods2 ,samples = moi/ure2 ,samples = p]meability2 ,samples = /aple crops2 ,me?od ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society2 ,me?od ( ,gr&eau2 ,me?od ( ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s2 ,me?od ( ,lawes2 ,in/rum5ts = tak+ samples2 ,pr9ciples ( success 9 sampl+4 ,treatm5t ( ,sample 9 ! ,laboratory1 pp4 #hg-ic4--,prelim9>y exam9ation2 ,treatm5t ( loose soils2 ,treatm5t ( compact soils2 ,miscellane\s me?ods2 ,au?orities cit$ 9 "p second4 ,,"p ,,?ird4 ,physical ,prop]ties ( ,soils1 pp4 #ie-aja4--,! soil z a mass2 ,color ( soils2 ,odorif]\s matt]s 9 soils2 ,specific gravity2 ,app>5t specific gravity4 ,relation ( ,soil to ,heat1 pp4 #ajb-ajc4--,s\rces ( soil heat2 ,specific heat2 ,absorption ( sol> heat4 ,det]m9ation ( ,specific ,heat1 pp4 #ajd-aaj4--;,g5]al pr9ciples2 ,me?od ( ,pfaundl]2 ,v>iation ( specific heat4 ,soil ,!rmometry1 pp4 #aaa-aae4--;,g5]al pr9ciples2 ,fre>'s me?od ( /at+ results2 ,me?od ( ,:itney & ,m>v94 ,applications ( ,soil ,!rmometry1 pp4 #aae-aaf4--;,absorption ( heat2 ,conductivity ( soils = heat4 ,cohesion & ,adhesion ( ,soils1 pp4 #aaf-aag4--;,behavior ( soil aft] wett+2 ,me?ods ( det]m9+ cohesion & adhesion2 ,adhesion ( soil to wood & iron4 ,absorption by ,soils1 pp4 #aag-acj4--;,g5]al pr9ciples2 ,summ>y ( data2 ,cause ( absorption2 ,d$uctions ( ,w>+ton1 ,way1 & ,armsby2 ,selective absorption ( pota%2 ,influ5ce ( surface area2 ,effect ( removal ( organic matt]s2 ,importance ( soil absorption2 ,me?ods ( det]m9+ absorption2 ,/atem5t ( results2 ,prep>ation ( salts = absorption4 ,relations ( ,porosity to ,soil ,moi/ure1 pp4 #aca-aej4--;,def9ition ( porosity2 ,influ5ce ( dra9age2 ,capacity ( soil = moi/ure2 ,det]m9ation ( porosity2 ,:itney's me?od2 ,relation ( f9e soil to moi/ure2 ,wolff's & ,wahns*affe's me?od2 ,pet]mann's me?od2 ,may]'s me?od2 ,volumetric det]m9ation2 ,wollny's me?od2 ,he9ri*'s me?od2 ,effect ( pressure on wat] capacity2 ,coeffici5t ( evaporation2 ,det]m9ation ( capill>y attraction2 ,inv]se capill>ity2 ,det]m9ation ( coeffici5t ( evaporation2 ,wolff's me?od2 ,wat] giv5 (f 9 a wat]-free atmosph]e2 ,porosity ( soil = gases2 ,det]m9ation ( p]meability 9 ! field4 ,movem5t ( ,wat] ,?r\gh ,soils3 ,lysimetry1 pp4 #aea-agj4--,porosity 9 relation to wat] movem5t2 ,me?ods ( wat] movem5t2 ,capill>y movem5t ( wat]2 ,causes ( wat] movem5t2 ,surface t5sion ( f]tiliz]s2 ,me?ods ( e/imat+ surface t5sion2 ,prep>ation ( soil extracts2 ,lysimetry2 ,relative rate ( fl[ ( wat] ?r\gh soils2 ,measurem5t ( rate ( p]colation2 ,au?orities cit$ 9 "p ?ird4 ,,"p ,,f\r?4 ,,me*anical ,,analysis4 ,! ,flocculation ( ,soil ,p>ticles1 pp4 #aga-ahe4--,relation ( flocculation to me*anical analysis2 ,effect ( pot5tial ( surface p>ticles2 ,de/ruction ( floccules2 ,susp5sion ( clay 9 wat]2 effect ( *emical action2 ,!ory ( ,b>us2 ,physical explanation ( subsid5ce2 ,sep>ation ( soil into p>ticles ( /&>d size2 ,me*anical sep>ation2 ,sift+ ) wat]4 ,sep>ation ( ,soil ,p>ticles by a ,liquid1 pp4 #ahe-bjg4--;,classification ( me?ods ( silt analysis2 ,me?ods dep5d+ on subsid5ce ( soil p>ticles2 ,me?ods ( ,khn1 ,knop1 ,wolff1 ,moore1 ,b5nigs51 & ,gasp>92 ,me?od ( ,osborne2 ,s*loes+'s me?od4 ,sep>ation ( ,soil ,p>ticles by a ,liquid 9 ,motion1 pp4 #bjg-bdg4--;,g5]al pr9ciples2 ,nbel's ,app>atus2 ,me?od ( ,dietri*2 ,me?od ( ,masure2 ,me?od ( ,s*ne2 ,may]'s me?od2 ,osborne-,s*ne me?od2 ,/atem5t ( results2 ,b]l9-,s*ne me?od2 ,hilg>d's me?od2 ,colloidal clay2 ,prop]ties ( pure clay2 ,sep>ation ( f9e s$im5ts2 ,weigh+ s$im5ts2 ,classification ( results2 ,comp>ison ( me?ods4 ,miscellane\s ,det]m9ations1 pp4 #bdg-bha4--,me*anical det]m9ation ( clay2 ,effect ( boil+ on clay2 ,g5]al conclusions2 ,di/ribution ( soil +r$i5ts2 ,p]c5tage ( silt by classes2 ,int]pretation ( silt analysis2 ,numb] ( soil p>ticles2 ,surface area ( soil p>ticles2 ,log>i?mic con/ants2 ,m9]alogical exam9ation ( silt2 ,microscopical exam9ation2 ,petrographic microscope2 ,=ms & dim5sions ( p>ticles2 ,silt classes2 ,cry/al angles2 ,refractive index2 ,pol>iz$ light2 ,/a9+ silt p>ticles2 ,cleavage ( soil p>ticles2 ,micro*emical exam9ation ( silt p>ticles2 ,petrographic exam9ation ( silt p>ticles2 ,sep>ation ( silt p>ticles by specific gravity2 ,sep>ation ) a magnet2 ,color & transp>5cy2 ,value ( silt analyses2 ,au?orities cit$ 9 "p f\r?4 ,,"p ,,fif?4 ,e/imation ( ,gases 9 ,soils1 pp4 #bhb-cjj4--;,c>bon dioxid2 ,aque\s vapor2 ,maximum hygroscopic coeffici5t2 ,absorption ( aque\s vapors2 ,oxyg5 & air2 ,g5]al me?od ( det]m9+ absorption2 ,special me?ods2 ,diffusion ( c>bon dioxid2 ,g5]al conclusions2 ,au?orities cit$ 9 "p fif?4 ,,"p ,,six?4 ,*emical ,analysis ( ,soils1 pp4 #cja-cdb4--,prelim9>y consid]ations2 ,ord] ( exam9ation2 ,det]m9ation ( wat] 9 soils2 ,g5]al conclusions2 ,e/imation ( organic matt] 9 soils2 ,e/imation ( humus2 ,e/imation ( c>bonates 9 arable soils4 ,dige/ion ( ,soils ) ,solv5ts1 pp4 #cdb-ceb4--,treatm5t ) wat]2 ,) wat] saturat$ ) c>bon dioxid2 ,) wat] conta9+ ammonium *lorid2 ,) wat] conta9+ acetic acid2 ,treatm5t ) citric acid2 ,) hydro*loric acid2 ,) nitric acid2 ,) hydr(luoric & sulphuric acids4 ,det]m9ation ( ! ,dissolv$ ,matt]1 pp4 #ceb-cfg4--,me?ods ( ! ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s2 ,hilg>d's me?ods2 ,belgian me?ods2 ,bulk analysis4 ,special ,me?ods ( ,soil ,analysis1 pp4 #cfg-dbh4--;,det]m9ation ( pota%2 ,pota% soluble 9 conc5trat$ acids2 ,soluble 9 dilute acids2 ,e/imation z plat9o*lorid2 ,g]man ,/ation me?ods2 ,raul9's me?od2 ,russian me?od2 ,italian me?od2 ,smi?'s me?od2 ,int]national me?od2 ,dy]'s me?od2 ,e/imation ( total alkalies & alkal9e e>?s2 ,fr5* me?od = lime2 ,e/imation ( actual calcium c>bonate2 ,e/imation ( active calc>e\s matt]2 ,russian me?od = lime2 ,assimilable lime2 ,g]man lime me?od2 ,e/imation ( magnesia2 ,e/imation ( manganese2 ,e/imation ( iron2 ,e/imation ( phosphoric acid2 ,e/imation ( sulfuric acid2 ,e/imation ( *lor92 ,e/imation ( silica2 ,simultane\s e/imation ( diff]5t elem5ts2 ,e/imation ( kaol9 9 soils4 ,e/imation ( ,nitrog5 9 ,soils1 pp4 #dbh-deh4--,nature ( nitrog5\s pr9ciples2 ,me?od ( ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s2 ,hilg>d's me?od2 ,moi/ combu/ion me?od ( ,mll]2 ,soda-lime me?od2 ,treatm5t ( soil conta9+ nitrates2 ,volumetric me?od ) copp] oxid2 ,e/imation ( ammonia2 ,amid nitrog52 ,volatile nitrog5\s comp\nds2 ,late me?ods ( ! ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s2 ,au?orities cit$ 9 "p six?4 ,,"p ,,sev5?4 ,oxidiz$ ,nitrog5 9 ,soils1 pp4 #dei-dif4--,organic nitrog52 ,nitric & nitr\s acids2 ,conditions ( nitrification2 ,production ( nitric & nitr\s acids2 ,production ( ammonia2 ,ord] ( oxidation2 ,occurr5ce ( nitrify+ organisms2 ,nitrify+ p[] ( soils2 ,culture ( nitrify+ organisms2 ,isolation ( nitr\s & nitric f]m5ts2 ,classification ( nitrify+ organisms2 ,/]ilization2 ,!rmo/ats = cultures2 ,conclusions4 ,det]m9ation ( ,nitric & ,nitr\s ,acids 9 ,soils1 pp4 #dif-eca4--;,classification ( me?ods2 ,extraction ( nitric acid2 ,! nitric oxid process2 ,s*loes+'s me?od2 ,w>+ton's me?od2 ,spiegel's me?od2 ,s*ulze-,tiemann me?od2 ,de,koninck's me?od2 ,s*mitt's process2 ,m]its ( ! f]r\s salt me?od2 ,m]cury & sulfuric acid me?od2 ,lunge's nitromet]2 ,utility ( ! me?od2 ,! indigo me?od4 ,det]m9ation ( ,nitric ,nitrog5 by ,r$uction to ,ammonia1 pp4 #eca-edb4--;,classification ( me?ods2 ,me?od ( ! ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s2 ,g]man me?od2 ,dev>da's me?od2 ,/oklassa's process2 ,siev]t's v>iation2 ,v>iation ( ! sodium-amalgam process2 ,s*mitt's me?od2 ,process ( ,uls*2 ,r$uction by ! electric curr5t2 ,copp]-z9c & alum9um-m]cury c\ples4 ,iodometric ,e/imation ( ,nitric ,acid1 pp4 #edc-edh4--,me?od ( ,de,koninck & ,nih\l2 ,me?od ( ,goo* & ,gru5]4 ,e/imation ( ,nitric & ,nitr\s ,acids by ,colorimetric ,comp>ison1 pp4 #edh-egj4--;,delicacy ( ! process2 ,hook]'s c>bazol me?od2 ,ph5ylsulfuric acid me?od2 ,e/imation ( nitric 9 pres5ce ( nitr\s acid2 ,metaph5yl5$iam9 me?od = nitr\s acid4 ,sulfanilic acid te/2 ,naph?ylam9 process2 ,use ( />* z indicator2 ,me?od ( ,*abri]2 ,f]r\s salt me?od2 ,potassium f]rocyanid me?od2 ,collect+ samples ( ra9 wat]4 ,det]m9ation ( ,free & ,album9oid ,ammonia1 pp4 #egj-ege4--,nessl] process2 ,ilosvay's reag5t2 ,au?orities cit$ 9 "p sev5?4 ,,"p ,,eigh?4 ,special ,exam9ation ( ,wat]s1 pp4 #egf-ehc4--,total solid matt]2 ,e/imation ( *lor92 ,e/imation ( c>bon dioxid2 ,boric acid4 ,special ,treatm5t ( ,muck ,soils1 pp4 #ehc-eia4--,sampl+2 ,wat] cont5t2 ,organic c>bon & hydrog52 ,total volatile matt]2 ,e/imation ( sulfur2 ,e/imation ( phosphoric acid2 ,e/imation ( humus2 ,special /udy ( soluble matt]s 9 muck4 ,unusual ,con/itu5ts ( ,soil1 pp4 #ehj-eic4--;,e/imation ( copp]2 ,e/imation ( lead2 ,e/imation ( z9c2 ,e/imation ( boron2 ,au?orities cit$ 9 "p eigh?4 ,index1 pp4 #eid-fjg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,corrections4--,page #aab1 second l9e f bottom1 read 8,fig4 #ad0 in/ead ( 8#ac40 ,page #aeh1 ins]t 8& det]m9+ soluble matt]s !re90 aft] 8fl[0 9 p>agraph #agb1 ?ird l9e4 ,page #dfh1 p>agraph #dbc1 read 8calcium c>bonate ab\t #bjj milligrams10 in/ead ( 8calcium c>bonate1 or gypsum fifty milligrams40 ,page #eeg1 read 8r$-yell[0 in/ead ( 8blue0 9 sev5? l9e f bottom4 ,,illu/rations ,,to ,,volume ,,fir/4 ,page4 ,plate1 figures #a-f4 ,to face #bi ,figure #g4 ,microscopic /ructure ( s&/one #cf #h4 ,micro/ructure ( cry/all9e lime/one #ci #i4 ,micro/ructure ( ,gneiss #dj ,plate1 figure #aj4 ,view on ! broad bran* ( ,rock ,creek1 #dh ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 to face ,figure #aa4 #hb #ab4 #hd #ac4 ,regnault's app>atus = det]m9+ ! specific heat #aje ( soils #ad4 ,soil !rmomet] #aac #ae4 ,zaloman(f's app>atus = det]m9+ absorption ( #abf salts by soils #af4 ,mll]'s app>atus to %[ absorption ( salts by #abg soils ,plate1 figure #ag4 ,capacity ( ! f9e soil = hold+ moi/ure4 #acf ,me?od ( ,wolff modifi$ by ,wahns*affe1 to face ,figure #ah4 ,fuell+'s app>atus #adj #ai4 ,app>atus to %[ capill>y attraction ( soils = #ade wat] ,plate1 figure #bj4 ,app>atus = det]m9+ coeffici5t ( #adh evaporation1 to face ,figure #ba4 ,me?od ( ,he9ri* #aej #bb4 ,me?od ( ,welits*[sky #afb #bc4 ,gr\nd plan & v]tical section ( lysimet]s & #aff vaults %[+ position ( ! app>atus ,plate1 figure #bd4 ,deh]a9's app>atus = collect+ dra9age #afh wat]1 to face ,figure #be4 ,knop's silt cyl9d] #aij #bf4 ,siphon cyl9d] = silt analysis #aia #bg4 ,b5nigs5's silt flasks #aie #bh4 ,nbel's elutriator #bjh #bi4 ,dietri*'s elutriator #bji #cj4 ,masure's silt app>atus #baa #ca4 ,s*ne's elutriator #bab #cb4 ,s*ne's elutriator outfl[ tube #bac #cc4 ,s*ne's elutriator1 arrangem5t ( app>atus #bad #cd4 ,s*ne's app>atus = silt analysis1 modifi$ by #bba ,may] #ce4 ,hilg>d's *urn elutriator #bbf #cf4 ,improv$ ,s*ne's app>atus ) relay #bbh #cg4 #beg ,plate1 figure #ch4 ,to face #bfd figures #ci-dd4 figures #de-ej4 figures #ea-ef4 ,figure #eg4 ,ma*9e = mak+ m9]al sections #bfg #eh4 ,?\let's sep>at+ app>atus #bgb #ei4 ,h>ada's app>atus #bge #fj4 ,brgg]'s app>atus #bgf #fa4 ,app>atus ( ,wlf+ #bgg #fb4 ,s*loes+'s soil-tube = collect+ gases #bia #fc4 ,s*loes+'s app>atus = collect+ gases f soil #bib #fd4 ,s*loes+'s app>atus = det]m9ation ( c>bon #bic dioxid #fe4 ,knorr's app>atus = ! det]m9ation ( c>bon #cch dioxid #ff4 ,b]n>d's calcimet] #cci #fg4 ,smi?'s muffle = decomposition ( silicates #cha #fh4 ,app>atus by ,sa*sse & ,beck] #dja ,plate1 figures #fi & #gj4 ,to face #dhj ,figure #ga4 ,/]iliz+ ov5 #dia #gb4 ,autoclave /]iliz] #dib #gc4 ,arnold's /]iliz] #dic #gd4 ,laut5s*lg]'s !rmo/at #did #ge4 ,s*loes+'s app>atus = nitric acid #eja #gf4 ,w>+ton's app>atus = nitric acid #eje #gg4 ,spiegel's app>atus = nitric acid #eji #gh4 ,s*ulze-,tiemann's nitric acid app>atus #eaa #gi4 ,de,koninck's app>atus #ead #hj4 ,end ( deliv]y-tube #ead #ha4 ,s*midt's app>atus #eaf #hb4 ,lunge's nitromet] #eai #hc4 ,lunge's improv$ app>atus #eba #hd4 ,lunge's analytic app>atus #ebc #he4 ,/oklassa's nitric acid app>atus #ece #hf4 ,v>iation ( ! sodium amalgam process #ecg #hg4 ,mc,gowan's app>atus = ! iodometric e/imation ( #edd nitric acid #hh4 ,app>atus ( ,goo* & ,gru5] #edg #hi4 ,me?od ( ,*abri] #eff #ij4 ,s*aeff]'s nitr\s acid me?od #efh #ia4 ,retort = di/ill+ ammonia #egb #ib4 ,goo*'s app>atus = boric acid #eha #ic4 ,app>atus = det]m9+ sulfur #ehg ,,"p ,,fir/4 ,,introduction4 #a4 ,def9itions4--,! t]m soil1 9 its broade/ s5se1 is us$ to designate t portion ( ! surface ( ! e>? :i* has result$ f ! dis9tegration ( rocks & ! decay ( plants & animals1 & :i* is suit$1 "u prop] conditions ( moi/ure & temp]ature1 to ! gr[? ( plants4 ,x consi/s1 !re=e1 *iefly ( m9]al sub/ances1 toge!r ) "s products ( organic life1 & ( c]ta9 liv+ organisms ^: activity may influ5ce vegetable gr[? ei!r favorably or o!rwise4 ,! soil also holds v>y+ quantities ( gase\s matt] & ( wat]1 :i* are important factors 9 its functions4 #b4 ,orig9 ,( ,soil4--,agriculturally consid]$1 ! soil prop] is ! old] & m ?or\ghly dis9tegrat$ sup]ficial lay] ( ! e>?1 :i* has be5 longe/ expos$ to wea!r+ & ! influ5ces ( organic life4 ,x is usually f six to twelve in*es1 b occasionally sev]al feet 9 dep?4 ,! subsoil1 :i* lies directly "u ?is1 is n z a rule s ?or\ghly dis9tegrat$1 s9ce x is protect$ 9 a measure by ! ov]ly+ soil4 ,x usually conta9s less organic matt] ?an ! soil4 ,!re is a fre] circulation ( air 9 ! soil ?an 9 ! subsoil1 & ! metallic elem5ts usually exi/ !re9 z high] oxids4 ,!re is usually a notable diff]5ce 9 color betwe5 ! soil & subsoil1 & frequ5tly a v %>p color l9e sep>at+ ! two4 ,geologically consid]$1 ! soil is t portion ( ! e>?'s cru/ :i* has be5 m or less ?or\ghly dis9tegrat$ by wea!r+ & o!r =ces f ! orig9al rock =mations1 or f ! s$im5t>y rocks1 or f ! unconsolidat$ s$im5t>y mat]ial4 ,! soil has1 !re=e1 ! same ess5tial con/itution z ! g5]al mass ( ! e>?1 except t ?is dbris has be5 subject$ to ! solv5t action ( wat] & ! influ5ce ( vegetable gr[?4 ,prelim9>y to ! prop] und]/&+ ( ! me?ods ( ! analysis ( soils1 !re %\ld be "s def9ite k conc]n+ ! composition ( ! e>?'s cru/1 s t ! analy/ may und]/& m ?or\ghly ! orig9 & nature ( ! mat]ial he has to deal )1 & !reby be bett] equipp$ = 8 "w4 #c4 ,! ,*emical ,elem5ts ,pres5t 9 ! ,soil4--,! *emical elem5ts pres5t 9 ! soil are naturally "s or all ( ^? :i* 7 pres5t 9 ! orig9al rocks4 ,= analytical purposes relat+ to agriculture1 x is n necess>y to take into acc\nt ! r>e elem5ts :i* may occur 9 ! soil1 b only ^? ne$ be consid]$ :i* are pres5t 9 "s quantity & :i* ent] z an important factor into plant gr[?4 ,( ! :ole numb] ( *emical elem5ts less ?an tw5ty are ( any importance 9 soil analysis4 ,^! elem5ts may be gr\p$ into two classes1 ! non-metals1 & ! metals z foll[s3 ,non-metals4 ,metals4 ,oxyg51 ,alum9um1 ,silicon1 ,calcium1 ,c>bon1 ,magnesium1 ,sulfur1 ,potassium1 ,hydrog51 ,sodium1 ,*lor91 ,iron1 ,phosphorus1 ,manganese1 ,nitrog51 ,b>ium4 ,fluor91 ,boron4 #d4 ,atomic ,masses4--,= ! purpose ( facilitat+ ! calculation ( results ! late/ revis$ table ( atomic masses is giv5 bel[4 ,all ! kn[n elem5ts are includ$ 9 ?is table = ! conv5i5ce ( analy/s :o may h to /udy "s ( ! r>] elem5ts 9 ! c\rse ( _! "w4 ,?is table repres5ts ! late/ & mo/ tru/wor?y results r$uc$ to a uni=m basis ( comp>ison ) oxyg5 #af z />t+ po9t ( ! sy/em4 ,no decimal places repres5t+ l>ge unc]ta9ties are us$4 ,:5 values v>y1 ) equal probability on bo? sides1 s f> z our pres5t k goes1 z 9 ! case ( cadmium 7#aaa4h & #aab4b71 ! mean value is giv5 9 ! table4 ,,table ,,( ,,atomic ,,masses ,,( ,,! ,,elem5ts4 ,revis$ by ,f4 ,w4 ,cl>ke1 ,*ief ,*emi/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 to ,janu>y #a/1 #ahid4 ,"n4 ,symbol4,atomic mass4 ,alum9um ,al #bg ,antimony ,sb #abj ,ars5ic ,z #ge ,b>ium ,ba #acg4dc ,bismu? ,bi #bjh4i ,boron ,b #aa ,brom9 ,br #gi4ie ,cadmium ,cd #aab ,cesium ,cs #acb4i ,calcium ,ca #dj ,c>bon ,c #ab ,c]ium ,ce #adj4b ,*lor9 ,cl #ce4de ,*romium ,cr #eb4a ,cobalt ,co #ei ,columbium,a,cb,nb #id ,copp] ,cu #fc4f ,erbium ,er #aff4c ,fluor9 ,f #ai ,gadol9ium ,gd #aef4a ,gallium ,ga #fi ,g]manium ,ge #gb4c ,gluc9um,b ,gl,be #i ,gold ,au #aig4c ,hydrog5 ,h #a4jjh ,indium ,9 #aac4g ,iod9 ,i #abf4he ,iridium ,ir #aic4a ,iron ,fe #ef ,lan?anum ,la #ach4b ,lead ,pb #bjf4ie ,li?ium ,li #g4jb ,magnesium ,mg #bd4c ,manganese ,mn #ee ,m]cury ,hg #bjj ,molybd5um ,mo #if ,neodymium ,nd #adj4e ,nickel ,ni #eh4g ,nitrog5 ,n #ad4jc ,osmium ,os #aij4h ,oxyg5,c ,o #af ,palladium ,pd #ajf4f ,phosphorus ,p #ca ,plat9um ,pt #aie ,potassium ,k #ci4aa ,praseodymium,pr #adc4e ,rhodium ,rh #ajc ,rubidium ,rb #he4e ,ru!nium ,ru #aja4f ,sam>ium ,sm #aej ,sc&ium ,sc #dd ,sel5ium ,se #gi ,silicon ,si #bh4d ,silv] ,ag #ajg4ib ,sodium ,na #bc4je ,/rontium ,sr #hg4f ,sulfur ,s #cb4jf ,tantalum ,ta #ahb4f ,tellurium ,te #abe ,t]bium ,tb #afj4j ,?allium ,tl #bjd4ah ,?orium ,? #bcb4f ,?ulium ,tu #agj4g ,t9 ,sn #aai ,titanium ,ti #dh ,tung/5 ,w #ahd ,uranium ,u #bci4f ,vanadium ,v #ea4d ,ytt]bium ,yb #agc ,yttrium ,yt #hi4a ,z9c ,zn #fe4c ,zirconium ,zr #ij4f ,footnote ,a3 ,has priority ov] niobium4 ,footnote ,b3 ,has priority ov] b]yllium4 ,footnote ,c3 ,/&>d or basis ( ! sy/em4 ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,! ,,elem5ts4 ,foll[+ is a brief description ( ! mo/ important elem5ts occurr+ 9 ! e>?'s cru/ 9 respect ( _! relations to agriculture4 #e4 ,oxyg5 exi/s 9 ! free gase\s /ate 9 ! atmosph]e ( :i* x con/itutes ab\t "o-fif? by bulk1 :il/ 9 comb9ation ) o!r elem5ts x =ms ne>ly half ! weight ( ! solid e>?1 & eight-n9?s by weight ( wat]4 ,x ent]s into comb9ation ) all ! o!r elem5ts1 except fluor91 =m+ :at are kn[n z oxids1 & ) _m ( ! elem5ts x unites 9 sev]al proportions1 =m+ oxids ( diff]5t composition4 ,comb9$ ) silicon1 c>bon1 sulfur1 & phosphorus1 x =ms an ess5tial "p ( ! silicates1 c>bonates1 sulfates1 & phosphates1 mo/ ( :i* are v abundant & all ( :i* are v widely di/ribut$ 9 ! e>?'s cru/4 ,9 ?is =m x is exce$+ly /able & is r>ely set free4 ,) ! exception ( ! oxids ( silicon ^! oxids seldom occur uncomb9$ ) ! metals z con/itu5ts ( rocks or soils4 ,! oxids ( iron v commonly occur z su* 9 rocks & soils1 & play a v important "p 9 organic life4 ,! sev]al oxids ( iron v frequ5tly det]m9e ! color ( soils2 z ! iron 9 a soil is m or less oxidiz$1 or z x is expos$ m or less to access ( air1 ! color ( ! soil *anges4 ,^! oxids ( iron also play an important "p 9 ! absorption capacities ( soils = moi/ure & o!r physical conditions ( soils1 & also 9 ! oxidation ( organic matt]s 9 ! soil4 ,_m organic sub/ances1 & ev5 ! roots ( gr[+ plants :5 depriv$ ( free access ( air1 c readily secure oxyg5 f ! iron oxid1 ?us r$uc+ ! iron to a l[] =m ( oxidation1 ! oxyg5 be+ us$ = ! oxidation ( ! organic matt] or = ! ne$s ( ! gr[+ plant2 :ile ! l[] oxid ( iron c m readily take up oxyg5 ( ! air & aga9 be conv]t$ into a high] oxid1 ready aga9 to give up a "p ( its oxyg5 & ?us s]ve z a c>ri]4 #f4 ,silicon nev] occurs 9 ! free /ate1 b comb9$ ) oxyg5 x =ms silica1 :i* con/itutes m ?an "o-half ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,! oxid ( silicon occurs 9 ! v common =m ( qu>tz1 & likewise1 z silicate ( alum9a1 lime or magnesia4 ,silicon =ms an ess5tial "p ( _m m9]als1 su* z ! feldsp>s1 amphiboles1 pyrox5es1 & ! micas1 besides be+ an ess5tial +r$i5t ( _m o!r m9]als4 ,silica is relatively v slightly affect$ by ! ord9>y =ces conc]n$ 9 ! decay ( rocks1 & ev5 aft] ! cry/als ( feldsp>s1 micas1 & o!r common m9]als occurr+ 9 rocks h be5 dis9tegrat$ ! silica rema9s z h>d gra9s ( s&1 =m+ ! bulk ( mo/ soils4 ,by f> ! l>g] "p ( silicon 9 soils is 9 ! =m ( gra9s ( qu>tz or silica4 ,?is =m1 h[ev]1 is probably *emically in]t 9 reg>d to plant gr[?1 b x plays a v important "p 9 ! physical /ructure ( soils & 9 ! physical relation ( soils to plant gr[?4 #g4 ,c>bon z an elem5t>y sub/ance occurs z diamond & graphite & 9 an impure =m z an?racite & bitum9\s coals4 ,9 peats & mucks c>bon is ! *ief con/itu5t4 ,?is sub/ance is also conta9$ 9 ! organic matt]s ( ! soil kn[n z humus1 & ! relation ( ! c>bon to nitrog5 (t5 ?r[s important light ^u ! am\nt & "* ( ! nitrog5\s matt]s4 ,9 composition ) oxyg5 x =ms ! *ief food ( gr[+ plants1 ! c>bon ( ! c>bon dioxid ( ! air be+ elaborat$ into ! tissue ( ! plants & ! oxyg5 return$ to ! atmosph]e4 ,! cont5t ( c>bon dioxid 9 ! air is f ?ree to five p>ts p] ?\s& by volume4 ,z c>bonates ?is elem5t helps to =m "s ( ! mo/ important +r$i5ts ( ! e>?'s cru/1 namely1 lime/ones1 m>bles1 dolomites1 etc41 & 9 an organic =m x is f\nd 9 ! %ells ( ! cru/aceans4 ,! calc>e\s matt] ( ! soil1 t is1 ! c>bonates ( ! e>?s !re9 f\nd1 are ( ! highe/ importance f an agricultural po9t ( view4 ,! c>bonates 9 ! soil n only favor ! process ( conv]t+ nitrog5\s bodies into =ms suitable = plant food1 b also ex]t a mo/ pot5t influ5ce on ! physical /ate ( ! soil & its capacity = hold+ wat] & p]mitt+ its fl[ to & f ! rootlets ( ! plant4 #h4 ,sulfur occurs 9 nature 9 bo? ! free & comb9$ /ate4 ,9 ! free /ate x is f\nd 9 volcanic regions su* z ,sicily1 ,icel&1 & ! we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,its usual =m ( occurr5ce is 9 comb9ation ) ! metals to =m sulfids1 or ) oxyg5 & a metal to =m sulfates4 ,sulfur & iron comb9e to =m iron pyrites or iron disulfid 7,fe,s71 :ile sulfur1 oxyg51 & calcium are f\nd 9 gypsum1 an important f]tiliz+ comp\nd4 ,sulfur plays an important "p 9 ! n\ri%m5t ( plants1 be+ f\nd 9 !m bo? z sulfuric acid & 9 organic comp\nds4 ,me?ods = e/imat+ ! sulfur 9 bo? =ms w be f\nd 9 ano!r "p ( ?is manual4 #i4 ,hydrog5 is a colorless1 invisible gas1 )\t ta/e or smell4 ,x occurs free 9 small proportions 9 c]ta9 volcanic gases1 & 9 natural gas1 b its mo/ common =m is 9 comb9ation ) oxyg5 z wat] 7,h,o71 ( :i* x =ms #aa4ac p] c5t by weight4 ,x also occurs 9 comb9ation ) c>bon to =m ! hydroc>bons1 su* z ! m9]al oils 7petroleum1 etc47 & gases4 ,hydrog5 is ( no importance to agriculture 9 a free /ate1 b wat] is ! mo/ important ( all plant foods4 #aj4 ,*lor9 occurs free 9 nature only 9 limit$ am\nts & 9 volcanic v5ts4 ,its mo/ common =m is 9 comb9ation ) hydrog51 =m+ hydro*loric acid1 or ) ! metals to =m *lorids4 ,x comb9es ) sodium to =m sodium *lorid or common salt 7,na,cl71 :i* is ! mo/ abundant m9]al +r$i5t 9 sea wat] & :i* c usually be detect$ 9 ra9 & ord9>y t]re/rial wat]s4 ,9 ?is =m1 also1 x exi/s z ext5sive b$s ( rock salt1 :i* is m9$ = comm]cial purposes4 ,*lor9 is f\nd uni=mly 9 plants & mu/ be reg>d$ z an ess5tial con/itu5t !re(4 ,common salt appli$ to a soil modifies its p[] ( attract+ & hold+ wat]4 #aa4 ,phosphorus nev] occurs 9 nature 9 a free /ate b exi/s 9 comb9ation 9 great] or less quantities 9 all soils4 ,its comb9ations are also f\nd 9 l>ge deposits ( m9]als kn[n z phosphorite & apatite & z s-call$ pebble deposit & phosphate rock4 ,phosphorus 9 "s sort ( comb9ation is "o ( ! mo/ ess5tial elem5ts 9 animal & plant food4 ,9 animals its comp\nds =m almo/ all ( ! m9]al matt] ( ! bones1 & 9 plants !y are ! *ief con/itu5ts ( ! a% ( se$s4 ,! m9]al deposits ( phosphorus1 z well z bones1 are *iefly tri-calcium phosphate1 :ile ! slag comp\nd result+ f ! basic treatm5t ( iron ores ri* 9 phosphorus is a tetra-calcium salt4 ,! pebble deposits & "s rock phosphates are suppos$ to be ( organic orig91 d]iv$ f ! rema9s ( m>9e1 t]re/rial1 & a]ial animals4 ,c]eal crops remove ab\t tw5ty p\nds ( phosphoric acid p] acre f ! soil annually & grass crops ab\t twelve p\nds4 ,! total phosphoric acid remov$ annually by ! c]eal & grass crops 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ne>ly f\r billion p\nds4 ,gauti]#a calls att5tion to ! fact t ! olde/ phosphates are met ) 9 ! igne\s rocks su* z basalt1 tra*yte1 etc41 & ev5 9 granite & gneiss4 ,x is f ^! inorganic s\rces1 !re=e1 t all phosphatic plant food mu/ h be5 drawn4 ,9 ! second ord] 9 age ,gauti] places ! phosphates ( hydro-m9]al orig94 ,?is class n only embraces ! cry/all9e apatites b also ^? phosphates ( lat] =mation =m$ f hot m9]al wat]s 9 ! jurassic1 cretace\s1 & t]ti>y deposits4 ,^! deposits are n directly suit$ to n\ri% plants4 ,! ?ird gr\p ( phosphates 9 ord] ( age & assimilability embraces ! true phosphorites conta9+ g5]ally "s organic matt]4 ,!y are all ( organic orig94 ,9 caves :]e animal rema9s are deposit$ !re is an accumulation ( nitrates & phosphates4 ,n only d ! bones ( animals furni% phosphates b !y are also =m$ 9 consid]able quantities by ! decomposition ( sub/itut$ glyc]ids su* z leci?94 ,! ammonia produc$ by ! nitrification ( ! album9oid bodies comb9es ) ! free phosphoric acid ?us produc$1 =m+ ammonium or diammonium phosphates4 ,! pres5ce ( ammonium phosphates 9 guanos 0 fir/ notic$ by ,*evreul m ?an half a c5tury ago4 ,if su* deposits ov]lay a p]vi\s /ratum ( calcium c>bonate1 su* z *alk1 & are subject to lea*+ a d\ble decomposition takes place z ! lye p]colates ?r\gh ! *alk4 ,acid calcium phosphate & ammonium c>bonate are produc$4 ,by fur!r nitrification ! latt] becomes f9ally conv]t$ into calcium nitrate4 ,9 l mann] alum9um phosphates are =m$ by ! action ( decompos+ organic matt] on clay4 ,davidson1#b expla9s ! orig9 ( ! ,florida phosphates by sugge/+ t !y arose *iefly ?r\gh ! influx ( animals driv5 s\?w>d dur+ ! glacial p]iod4 ,accord+ to 8 supposition ! wat]s ( ! ocean1 dur+ ! c5ozoic p]iod conta9$ m phosphorus ?an at ! pres5t "t4 ,! wat]s ( ! ocean ov] ,florida 7 %all[ & ! %ell fi% exi/+ !re9 may h secret$ phosphate z well z c>bonate ( lime4 ,?is supposition is support$ by an analysis ( a %ell ( l+ula ovalis1 quot$ by ,dana1 9 :i* !re 7 #he4gi p] c5t ( lime phosphate4 ,9 ^! wat]s 7 also _m fi%es ( all k9ds & _! dbris s]v$ to increase ! am\nt ( phosphatic mat]ial4 ,z ! l& em]g$ f ! sea came ! great glacial epo* driv+ all t]re/rial animals s\?w>d4 ,!re 01 !re=e1 a great mammal horde 9 ! swamps & e/u>ies ( ,florida4 ,! bones ( ^! animals contribut$ l>gely to ! phosphatic deposits4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ! %all[ sea conta9$ innum]able %>ks1 manatees1 :ales1 & o!r inhabitants ( tropical wat]s1 & ! rema9s ( ^! animals add$ to ! phosphatic /ore4 ,:ile ^! *anges 7 tak+ place 9 ! quat]n>y p]iod1 ! ,florida ,p59sula 0 gradually ris+1 & z soon z x rea*$ a consid]able height ! process ( d5udation by ! action ( wat] comm5c$4 ,!n !re 0 a subsid5ce & ! p59sula aga9 pass$ "u ! sea & 0 cov]$ ) successive lay]s ( s&4 ,! lime/ones dur+ ?is process _h be5 lea*$ by ra9 wat] conta9+ an excess ( c>bon dioxid4 ,9 ?is way ! lime/ones 7 gradually dissolv$ :ile ! insoluble phosphate ( lime 0 left 9 susp5sion4 ,dur+ ?is "t ! bones ( ! animals be=e m5tion$ by _! decomposition add$ to ! phosphate ( lime pres5t 9 ! und]ly+ /rata1 :ile "s 7 trans=m$ into fossils ( phosphate ( lime j z !y are f\nd to-day 9 va/ quantities4 ,wyatt1#c expla9s ! phosphate deposits some:at diff]5tly4 ,accord+ to him1 dur+ ! mioc5e subm]g5ce !re 0 deposit$ ^u ! upp] eoc5e lime/ones1 m especially 9 ! cracks & fissures result+ f _! dry+ up1 a s(t1 f9ely dis9tegrat$ calc>e\s s$im5t or mud4 ,! e/u>ies =m$ dur+ ?is p]iod 7 sw>m+ ) animal & vegetable life1 & f ?is organic life ! phosphates 7 =m$ by decomposition & metamorphism due to ! gases & acids ) :i* ! wat]s 7 *>g$4 ,aft] ! disappe>ance ( ! mioc5e sea !re 7 great di/urbances ( ! /rata4 ,!n foll[$ ! plioc5e & t]ti>y p]iods & quat]n>y seas ) _! deposits & drifts ( %ells1 s&s1 clays1 m>ls1 b[ld]s1 & o!r transport$ mat]ials sup]v5+ 9 an era :5 !re 7 great fluctuations ( cold & heat4 ,by reason ( ^! di/urbances ! masses ( ! phosphate deposits :i* _h n be5 infiltrat$ 9 ! lime/ones became brok5 up & m+l$ ) ! o!r dbris & 7 ?us deposit$ 9 v>i\s m\nds or depressions4 ,! g5]al result ( ! =ces :i* h be5 briefly outl9$1 0 ! =mation ( b[ld]s1 phosphatic dbris1 etc4 ,wyatt !re=e classifies ! deposits z foll[s3 #a4 ,orig9al pockets or cavities 9 ! lime/one fill$ ) h>d & s(t rock phosphates & dbris4 #b4 ,m\nds or bea*es1 roll$ up on ! elevat$ po9ts1 & *iefly consi/+ ( huge b[ld]s ( phosphate rock4 #c4 ,drift or dis9tegrat$ rock1 cov]+ imm5se areas1 *iefly 9 ,polk & ,hillsboro c\nties1 & und]ly+ ,peace ,riv] & its tribut>ies4 ,d>ton1#d ascribes ! phosphate b$s ( ,florida to ! trans=mation ( guano4 ,accord+ to ?is au?or two processes ( decomposition h tak5 place4 ,"o ( ^! is ! m or less complete replacem5t ( ! c>bonate by ! phosphate ( lime4 ,! o!r is a g5]al /alactitic coat+ ( phosphatic mat]ial4 ,d>ton fur!r calls att5tion to ! relation ( ! di/ribution ( ! phosphate deposits z affect+ ! !ory ( _! orig91 b does n f9d any peculi> significance 9 ! re/riction ( ^! deposits to ! we/]n ridge ( ! ,florida p59sula4 ,z ?is region evid5tly con/itut$ a long n>r[ p59sula dur+ e>ly mioc5e "t x is a reasonably t5tative hypo!sis t dur+ ?is p]iod guanos 7 deposit$ f :i* 0 d]iv$ ! mat]ial = ! phosphatization ( ! lime/one ei!r at ! same "t or soon aft]4 ,d>ton closes 8 pap] by say+ t ! phosphate deposits 9 ,florida w require c>eful1 detail$ geologic exploration be=e _! relations & hi/ory w be fully und]/ood4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,n4 ,a4 ,pratt ! rock or b[ld] phosphate _h its imm$iate orig9 9 animal life & to 8 view ! phosphate b[ld] is a true fossil4 ,he supposes ! exi/5ce ( "s species 9 =m] times 9 :i* ! %ell excret$ 0 *iefly phosphate ( lime4 ,! fossil b[ld]1 !re=e1 becomes ! rema9s ( a huge =am9if] :i* _h id5tical composition 9 its skeleton ) true bone deposits or ( organic matt]4 ,p]haps ! mo/ complete exposition ( ! !ory ( ! recov]y ( wa/e phosphates1 ) especial ref]5ce to _! deposit 9 ,florida1 has be5 giv5 by ,eldridge4#e ,he calls att5tion to ! univ]sal pres5ce ( phosphates 9 sea wat] & to ! probability t 9 e>li] times1 z dur+ ! mioc5e & eoc5e geologic p]iods1 ! wat]s ( ! ocean conta9$ a great deal m phosphate 9 solution ?an at ! pres5t "t4 ,he cites ! obs]vations ( ,bis*(1 :i* %[ ! solubility ( diff]5t phosphates 9 wat]s saturat$ ) c>bon dioxid4 ,accord+ to ^! obs]vations apatite is ! mo/ insoluble =m ( lime phosphate1 :ile artificial basic phosphate is ! mo/ soluble4 ,among ! v soluble phosphates1 h[ev]1 are ! bones ( animals1 bo? fre% & old4 ,burnt bones1 h[ev]1 are m soluble ?an bones /ill conta9+ organic matt]4 ,n only are ! organic phosphates extremely soluble 9 wat] saturat$ ) c>bon dioxid1 b also 9 wat] :i* conta9s common salt or *lorid ( ammonium4 ,! pres5ce ( l>ge quantities ( common salt 9 sea wat] w\ld1 !re=e1 t5d to increase its p[] ( absorb+ lime phosphates ( organic orig94 ,x is n at all incr$ible1 !re=e1 to suppose t at "s remote p]iod ! wat]s ( ! ocean1 z indicat$ by ^! !ories1 7 mu* m highly *>g$ ) phosphates 9 solution ?an at ! pres5t "t4 ,accord+ to ,eldridge1 ! =mation ( ! h>d-rock & s(t phosphates may be ascrib$ to ?ree p]iods3 ,fir/1 t 9 :i* ! prim>y rock 0 =m$2 second1 t ( second>y deposition 9 ! cavities ( ! prim>y rock2 ?ird1 t 9 :i* ! deposits ?us =m$ 7 brok5 up & ! result+ fragm5ts & comm9ut$ mat]ial 7 r$eposit$ z !y n[ occur4 8,! fir/ ( ^! /ages began probably n lat] ?an ! close ( ! old] mioc5e1 & )9 ! eoc5e area x may h begun mu* e>li]4 ,:e!r ! prim>y phosphate result$ f a sup]ficial & heavy deposit ( soluble guanos1 cov]+ ! lime/ones1 or f ! conc5tration ( phosphate ( lime already widely & uni=mly di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! mass ( ! orig9al rock1 or f bo?1 is a difficult "q4 ,9 any ev5t1 ! evid5ce indicates ! effect ( ! p]colation ( surface wat]s1 highly *>g$ ) c>bonic & e>? acids1 & ?us enabl$ to c>ry d[n into ! mass ( ! lime/one dissolv$ phosphate ( lime1 to be r$eposit$ "u conditions favorable to its sep>ation4 ,su* conditions might h be5 br\ght ab\t by ! simple int]*ange ( bases betwe5 ! phosphate & c>bonate ( lime ?us br\ght toge!r1 or by ! l[]+ ( ! solv5t p[] ( ! wat]s ?r\gh loss ( c>bonic acid4 ,! latt] w\ld happ5 :5ev] ! acid 0 requir$ = ! solution ( additional c>bonate ( lime1 or :51 ?r\gh a]ation1 x %\ld escape f ! wat]4 ,! zone ( phosphate deposition 0 evid5tly "o ( d\ble conc5tration1 result+ f ! removal ( ! soluble c>bonate ?us rais+ ! p]c5tage ( ! less soluble phosphate1 & f ! acquirem5t ( additional phosphate ( lime f ! ov]ly+ portions ( ! deposits40 8,! ?ickness ( ! zone ( phosphatization 9 ! eoc5e area is unkn[n1 b x is d\btful if x 0 ov] tw5ty feet4 ,9 ! mioc5e area ! dep? has be5 prov$ f ! phosphates 9 situ to h be5 betwe5 six & twelve feet40 ,! deposits ( second>y orig91 accord+ to ,eldridge1 are due *iefly to s$im5tation1 al?\gh "s ( !m may h be5 due to precipitation f wat]4 ,?is second>y deposition 0 kept up = a long p]iod1 until /opp$ by "s climatic or geologic *ange4 ,! deposits ( phosphates ?us =m$ 9 ! ,florida p59sula are rem>kably free f iron & alum9um1 9 comp>ison ) _m ( ! phosphates ( ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,! ?ird p]iod 9 ! g5esis ( ! h>d rock deposits embraces ! "t ( =mation ( ! orig9al deposits & _! transportation & /orage z !y are f\nd at ! pres5t "t4 ,! geologic "t at :i* ?is occurr$ is some:at unc]ta9 b x 0 probably dur+ ! la/ subm]g5ce ( ! p59sula4 ,9 all cases ! peculi> =mation ( ! ,florida lime/one mu/ be consid]$4 ,?is lime/one is extremely por\s & !re=e easily p5etrat$ by ! wat]s ( p]colation4 ,a good illu/ration ( ?is is se5 on ! s\?we/]n & s\!rn edges ( ,lake ,okee*obee4 ,9 foll[+ d[n ! dra9age canal :i* has be5 cut into ! s\?we/ %ore ( ! lake ! edge ( ! bas91 :i* is compos$ ( ?is por\s mat]ial may be se54 ,! appe>ance ( ! lime/one w\ld indicate t l>ge portions ( x h already giv5 way to ! process ( solution4 ,! rema9+ portions are extremely friable1 easily cru%$1 & mu* ( x c be remov$ by ! ord9>y dr$g+ ma*9es4 ,su* a lime/one z ?is is peculi>ly suit$ to ! accumulation ( phosphatic mat]ials1 due to ! p]colation ( ! wat] conta9+ !m4 ,! solution ( ! lime/one & consequ5t deposit ( ! phosphate ( lime is easily und]/ood :5 ! "* ( ?is lime/one is consid]$4 ,%al]1 z quot$ by ,eldridge 9 ! "w already ref]r$ to1 ref]s to ?is *>act]i/ic ( ! lime/one & says t ! be/ conditions = ! accumulation ( valuable deposits ( lime phosphate 9 residual dbris appe> to occur :]e ! phosphatic lime m>ls are ( a r s(t "*2 ! sep>ate b$s hav+ no su* solidity z w resi/ ! p]colation ( wat] ?r\gh innum]able incipi5t jo9ts su* z commonly p]vade /ratifi$ mat]ials1 ev5 :5 !y are ( a v s(t nature4 ,eldridge is also ( ! op9ion t ! rema9s ( birds are n suffici5t to acc\nt = ! :ole ( ! phosphatic deposits 9 ,florida4 ,he ascribes !m to ! jo9t action ( ! rema9s ( birds1 ( l& & m>9e animals & to ! deposition ( ! phosphatic mat]ials 9 ! wat]s 9 ! successive subsid5ces ( ! surface bel[ ! wat] l9e4 #ab4 ,nitrog5 z a m9]al con/itu5t ( soils1 is f\nd *iefly 9 ! =m ( nitrates1 b1 ow+ to _! solubility1 !y c n accumulate 9 soils expos$ to heavy ra9-falls4 ,! gase\s nitrog5 9 ! soil is also ( "s importance1 s9ce x is 9 ?is mat]ial t ! ana]obic organisms :i* accumulate on ! rootlets ( "s plants probably act 9 ! process ( ! fixation ( atmosph]ic nitrog5 9 a =m accessible to plants4 ,nitrog5 9 ! free /ate1 x is believ$1 is n directly absorb$ into ! tissues ( plants4 ,x is necess>y t x be oxidiz$ 9 "s way to nitric acid be=e x c be assimilat$4 ,! importance ( nitrog5 z a plant food c n be too highly e/imat$4 ,x is z necess>y to plant gr[? & developm5t z wat]1 phosphoric acid1 lime1 & pota%1 & f> m co/ly4 ,:ile a l>ge quantity ( nitrog5 exi/s 9 ! air 9 an uncomb9$ /ate1 x is1 nev]!less1 "o ( ! lea/ abundant ( ! elem5ts ( high importance 9 plant nutrition4 ,! cons]vation & increase ( ! /ores ( available nitrog5 9 ! soil is "o ( ! *ief problems occupy+ ! att5tion ( agricultural *emi/ry4 ,nitrog51 :i* is n imm$iately available = ! gr[? ( plants1 is cons]v$ & re/or$ by natural processes 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! wa/e nitrog5 f9ds its way soon] or lat] to ! sea1 & is re/or$ !refrom 9 _m =ms4 ,sea-we$s ( all k9ds are ri* 9 recov]$ nitrog54 ,_m ye>s ago ,=*hamm]#f po9t$ out ! agricultural value ( c]ta9 fucoids4 ,_m o!r *emi/s h contribut$ important data 9 reg>d to ! composition ( ^! bodies4 ,j5k9s#g has %[n f ! analyses ( sev]al v>ieties ( sea-we$s t 9 ! gre5 /ate !y are q equal 9 f]tiliz+ value to /all manure1 & are sold at ! rate ( five c5ts p] bu%el4 ,^! data are fully corroborat$ by ,goessmann4#h ,:eel] & ,h>twell#i give ! fulle/ & mo/ sy/ematic discussion :i* has be5 publi%$ ( ! agricultural value ( sea-we$s4 ,sea-we$ 0 us$ z a f]tiliz] z e>ly z ! f\r? c5tury1 & its importance = ?is purpose has be5 recogniz$ m & m 9 mod]n days1 especially s9ce *emical inve/igations h %[n ! great value ( ! food mat]ials conta9$ !re94 ,to %[ ! comm]cial importance ( sea-we$1 x is only necess>y to call att5tion to ! fact t 9 #ahhe its value z a f]tiliz] 9 ! ,/ate ( ,rhode ,isl& 0 #fe1jdd1 :ile ! value ( all o!r comm]cial f]tiliz]s 0 #afd1acc4 ,:ile sea-we$1 9 a s5se1 c only be successfully appli$ to littoral agriculture1 yet ! ext5t ( agricultural l&s bord]+ on ! sea is s great z to r5d] its comm]cial importance ( ! highe/ degree ( int]e/4 ,a l>ge am\nt ( nitrog5 is also recov]$ f ! sea 9 fi%es4 ,x is %[n by ,atwat]#aj t ! edible "p ( fi%es has an unusually high p]c5tage ( prote94 ,9 r\nd numb]s1 ab\t sev5ty-five p] c5t ( ! wat] free edible p>ts ( fi% are compos$ ( album9oids4 ,"s k9ds ( fi% are tak5 *iefly = _! oil & f]tiliz+ value1 z ! m5had54 ,squanto1#aa an ,am]ican ,indian1 fir/ taught ! e>ly ,new ,engl& settl]s ! manurial value ( fi%4 ,imm5se quantities ( wa/e nitrog5 are fur!r secur$1 bo? f sea & l&1 by ! v>i\s g5]a ( birds4 ,! well-kn[n habit ( birds 9 congregat+ 9 rook]ies dur+ ! night & at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye> t5ds to br+ into a common receptacle ! nitrog5\s matt]s :i* !y h ga!r$ & :i* are deposit$ 9 _! excrem5t & 9 ! decay ( _! bodies4 ,! fea!rs ( birds are p>ticul>ly ri* 9 nitrog51 & ! nitrog5\s cont5t ( ! fle% ( f[ls is also high4 ,! decay ( rema9s ( birds1 especially if x take place l>gely exclud$ f ! lea*+ ( wat]1 t5ds to accumulate va/ deposits ( nitrog5\s matt]4 ,if ! conditions 9 su* deposits be favorable to ! processes ( nitrification1 ! :ole ( ! nitrog51 or at lea/ ! l>g] "p ( x1 :i* has be5 collect$ 9 ?is dbris1 becomes f9ally conv]t$ into nitric acid & is f\nd comb9$ ) appropriate bases z deposits ( nitrates4 ,! nitrates ( ! guano deposits & ( ! deposits 9 caves arise 9 ?is way4 ,if ^! deposits be subject to mod]ate lea*+ ! nitrate may become infilt]$ into ! surr\nd+ soil1 mak+ x v ri* 9 ?is =m ( nitrog54 ,! bottoms & surr\nd+ soils ( caves are (t5 f\nd highly impregnat$ ) nitrates4 ,:ile = our purpose1 deposits ( nitrates only are to be consid]$ :i* are ( suffici5t value to be> transportation1 yet mu* int]e/ atta*es to ! =mation ( nitrates 9 ! soil ev5 :5 !y are n ( comm]cial importance4 ,9 _m ( ! soils ( tropical regions n subject to heavy ra9-falls1 ! accumulation ( ^! nitrates is v great4 ,mntz & ,m>cano#ab h inve/igat$ _m ( ^! soils to :i* att5tion 0 call$ fir/ by ,humboldt & ,b\ss+ault4 ,!y /ate t ^! soils are incomp>ably m ri* 9 nitrates ?an ! mo/ f]tile soils ( ,europe4 ,! samples :i* !y exam9$ 7 collect$ f diff]5t p>ts ( ,v5ezuela & f ! valleys ( ! ,or9oco z well z on ! %ore ( ! ,sea ( ,antilles4 ,! nitrat$ soils are v abundant 9 ?is region ( ,s\? ,am]ica :]e !y cov] l>ge surfaces4 ,_! composition is v>iable1 b 9 all ( !m c>bonate & phosphate ( lime are met ) & organic nitrog5\s mat]ial4 ,! nitric acid is f\nd always comb9$ ) lime4 ,9 "s ( ! soils z high z ?irty p] c5t ( nitrate ( lime h be5 f\nd4 ,nitrification ( organic mat]ial takes place v rapidly ! ye> r\nd 9 ?is tropical region4 ,^! nitrat$ soils are ev]y:]e abundant ar\nd caves1 z describ$ by ,humboldt1 caves :i* s]ve z ! refuge ( birds & bats4 ,! nitrog5\s matt]s1 :i* come f ! decay ( ! rema9s ( ^! animals1 =m true deposits ( guano :i* is gradually spread ar\nd1 & :i*1 9 contact ) ! lime/one & ) access ( air1 suff]s complete nitrification ) ! fixation ( ! nitric acid by ! lime4 ,l>ge quantities ( ?is guano are also due to ! dbris ( insects1 fragm5ts ( elytra1 scales ( ! w+s ( butt]flies1 etc41 :i* are br\ght toge!r 9 ^? places by ! millions ( cubic met]s4 ,! nitrification1 :i* takes place 9 ^! deposits1 has be5 f\nd to ext5d its products to a di/ance ( sev]al kilomet]s ?r\gh ! soil4 ,9 "s places ! quantity ( ! nitrate ( lime is s great 9 ! soils t !y are conv]t$ into a pla/ic pa/e by ?is deliquesc5t salt4 ,! !ory ( ,mntz & ,m>cano 9 reg>d to ! nitrates ( soils1 especially 9 ! neighborhood ( caves1 is probably a correct "o1 b !re are _m objections to accept+ x to expla9 ! great deposits ( nitrate ( soda :i* occur 9 _m p>ts ( ,*ile4 ,ano!r po9t1 :i* mu/ be consid]$ also1 is ?is3 ,t ! processes ( nitrification c n n[ be consid]$ z go+ on ) ! same vigor z =m]ly4 ,"s moi/ure is necess>y to nitrification1 inasmu* z ! nitrify+ f]m5t does n act 9 p]fectly dry soil1 & 9 _m localities 9 ,*ile :]e ! nitrates are f\nd x is too dry to suppose t any active nitrification c\ld n[ take place4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! nitrate deposits has long be5 kn[n4#ac ,! old ,indian laws orig9ally prohibit$ ! collection ( ! salt1 b nev]!less x 0 secretly collect$ & sold4 ,up to ! ye> #ahba1 soda saltpet] 0 n kn[n 9 ,europe except z a laboratory product4 ,ab\t ?is "t ! naturali/1 ,m>iano de ,riv]o1 f\nd on ! ,pacific coa/1 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,t>apac1 imm5se new deposits ( ! salt4 ,lat] ! salt 0 f\nd 9 equal abundance 9 ! ,t]ritory ( ,ant(oga/a & fur!r to ! s\? 9 ! des]t ( ,atacama1 :i* =ms ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,taltal4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! collection & export ( saltpet] f ,*ile is a bus9ess ( great importance4 ,! l>ge/ export :i* has ev] tak5 place 9 "o ye> 0 9 #ahij1 :5 ! am\nt export$ 0 #ibg1bij1dcj kilograms2 ( ?is quantity #fdb1ejf1ihe kilograms 7 s5t to ,engl& & #hf1abd1hgj kilograms to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,s9ce t "t ! imports ( ?is salt into ! ,unit$ ,/ates h l>gely increas$4 ,accord+ to ,pissis#ad ^! deposits are ( v anci5t orig94 ,?is geologi/ is ( ! op9ion t ! nitrate deposits are ! result ( ! decomposition ( feldspa?ic rocks2 ! bases ?us produc$ gradually becom+ unit$ ) ! nitric acid provid$ f ! air4 ,accord+ to ! !ory ( ,nlln]#ae ! deposits are ( m mod]n orig9 & due to ! decomposition ( m>9e vegetation4 ,cont9u\s solution ( soils1 gives rise to ! =mation ( great lakes ( saturat$ wat]1 9 :i* occurs ! developm5t ( mu* m>9e vegetation4 ,on ! evaporation ( ?is wat]1 due to geologic isolation1 ! decomposition ( nitrog5\s organic matt] causes g5]ation ( nitric acid1 :i*1 com+ 9 contact ) ! calc>e\s rocks1 attacks !m1 =m+ nitrate ( calcium1 :i*1 9 pres5ce ( sulfate ( sodium1 gives rise to a d\ble decomposition into nitrate ( sodium & sulfate ( calcium4 ,! fact t iod9 is f\nd 9 great] or less quantity 9 ,*ile saltpet] is "o ( ! *ief supports ( ?is hypo!sis ( m>9e orig91 inasmu* z iod9 is always f\nd 9 sea & n 9 t]re/rial plants4 ,fur!r ?an ?is1 x mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation t ^! deposits ( nitrate ( soda conta9 nei!r %ells nor fossils1 nor d !y conta9 any phosphate ( lime4 ,! !ory1 !re=e1 t !y 7 due to animal orig9 is sc>cely t5able4 #ac4 ,boron occurs *iefly 9 volcanic regions1 b is mu* m widely di/ribut$ 9 ! soil ?an =m]ly believ$4 ,x is a regul> con/itu5t ( ! a% ( _m plants1#af & is1 !re=e1 ?\ght to be a true plant food4 ,x is "o ( ! lea/ abundant ( ! elem5ts1 n occurr+ 9 suffici5t quantity to f9d a place 9 ! table %[+ _! relative abundance1 :i* is to foll[4 ,boracic acid is us$ to "s ext5t z a pres]vative4 #ad4 ,fluor9 does n occur free 9 nature1 b x exi/s *iefly 9 comb9ation ) calcium1 =m+ fluorsp>1 & traces ( x are f\nd 9 sea wat]4 ,x occurs 9 bone1 tee?1 blood1 & ! milk ( mammals4 ,x is ! only elem5t t does n comb9e ) oxyg51 & x c be isolat$ only ) ! greate/ difficulty4 ,only v small traces ( x are f\nd ord9>ily & x is usually n consid]$ 9 ! *emical analysis ( soils4 ,fluor9 is f\nd1 h[ev]1 9 consid]able quantities 9 c]ta9 phosphate deposits4 #ae4 ,alum9um is1 probably1 next to oxyg5 & silicon1 ! mo/ abundant elem5t ( ! e>?'s cru/1 ( :i* x is e/imat$ to =m ab\t "o-twelf?4 ,x has nev] be5 f\nd1 9 nature1 9 ! free /ate1 b commonly occurs 9 comb9ation ) silicon & oxyg51 9 :i* =m x is an abundant con/itu5t ( feldsp>1 mica1 kaol91 clay1 slate1 & _m o!r rocks & m9]als4 ,by ! wea!r+ ( feldsp>1 mica1 & o!r m9]als conta9+ alum9um1 kaol9 or true clay is =m$1 :i* is ( ! greate/ importance 9 ! con/itution ( ! soil4 ,! comp\nds ( alum9um are n s important z plant food z !y are z ! con/itu5ts ( ! soil1 =m+ a l>ge "p ( its bulk1 & modify+ 9 ! mo/ pr(\nd degree its physical prop]ties4 ,x is ! cu/om ( "s au?ors to use ! ^w clay to designate ! f9e p>ticles ( soil :i* h 9 g5]al ! same relations to moi/ure & til? z ! p>ticles ( wea!r$ feldsp>1 etc4 ,9 a /rict *emical s5se1 h[ev]1 ! t]m clay is appli$ only to ! hydrat$ silicate ( alum9a =m$ z indicat$ above4 ,! f]tility ( a soil is l>gely dep5d5t on ! quantity ( clay :i* x conta9s1 its relations to moi/ure & am5ability to culture be+ *iefly condition$ by its clay cont5t4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! p]c5tage ( clay 9 soils is an op]ation ( ! highe/ utility 9 =m+ an op9ion ( ! value ( a soil on analytical data alone4 #af4 ,calcium is "o ( ! commone/ & mo/ important elem5ts ( ! e>?'s cru/1 ( :i* x has be5 e/imat$ to compose ab\t "o-sixte5?4 ,x does n occur free 9 nature1 b its mo/ common =m is 9 comb9ation ) c>bon dioxid1 =m+ ! m9]al calcite1 m>ble1 & ! v abundant lime/one rocks4 ,9 ?is =m x is slightly soluble 9 wat] conta9+ c>bon dioxid1 & h5ce lime has become a univ]sal compon5t ( all soils & is v g5]ally f\nd 9 natural wat]s1 9 :i* x furni%es ! *ief +r$i5t necess>y = ! =mation ( ! %ells & skeletons ( ! v>i\s tribes ( mollusca & corals4 ,9 comb9ation ) sulfuric acid calcium =ms ! rock gypsum4 ,lime is n only a necess>y plant food1 b influ5ces 9 a m>k$ degree ! physical condition ( ! soil & ! progress ( nitrification4 ,_m /iff clay soils are r5d]$ por\s & pulv]ul5t by an application ( lime1 & ?us made f> m productive4 ,on acc\nt ( its great abundance & l[ price1 x has n comm&$ ! degree ( att5tion f f>m]s & agricultural *emi/s :i* its m]its des]ve4 ,x =ms an ess5tial +r$i5t ( plants & animals1 9 ! latt] be+ collect$ *iefly 9 ! bones1 :ile 9 plants x is r uni=mly di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t all ! tissues4 #ag4 ,magnesium occurs *iefly 9 comb9ation ) c>bon dioxid or ) lime & c>bon dioxid 9 ! m9]al dolomite4 ,x is intimately associat$ ) calcium & a trace ( x is ne>ly always f\nd :]e lime occurs 9 any consid]able quantity4 ,! bitt] ta/e ( sea wat] & "s m9]al wat]s is due to ! pres5ce ( salts ( magnesia4 ,9 comb9ation ) silica x =ms an ess5tial "p ( su* rocks z s]p5t9e1 soap/one1 & talc4 ,magnesia is n ( mu* importance z a plant food nor z a f]tiliz+ mat]ial4 #ah4 ,potassium comb9$ ) silica is an important elem5t 9 _m m9]al silicates z1 = in/ance1 or?oclase4 ,granitic rocks usually conta9 consid]able quantities ( potassium1 & on _! decomposition ?is becomes available = plant food4 ,9 ! =m ( *lorid1 potassium is f\nd 9 small quantities 9 sea wat]1 & z a nitrate x =ms ! valuable salt kn[n z nit] or saltpet]4 ,potassium1 z is ! case ) phosphorus1 is univ]sally di/ribut$ 9 soils1 & =ms "o ( ! great ess5tial elem5ts ( plant food4 ,"u ! =m ( ka9ite & o!r m9]als l>ge quantities ( potassium are us$ = f]tiliz+ & = ! manufacture ( pure salts = comm]cial & ph>maceutical purposes4 ,! ord9>y potassium salts are v soluble & = ?is reason !y c n accumulate 9 l>ge quantities 9 soils expos$ to heavy ra9-fall4 ,9 ! =m ( c>bonate1 potassium =ms "o ( ! *ief +r$i5ts ( h>d wood a%es1 & 9 ?is =m ( comb9ation is especially valuable = f]tiliz+ purposes4 ,pota% salts1 be+ extremely soluble1 are likely to be held longe/ 9 solution4 ,"s ( !m1 are recov]$ 9 animal & vegetable life1 b ! great mass ( pota% c>ri$ into ! sea /ill rema9s unacc\nt$ =4 ,! recov]y ( ! wa/e ( pota% is *iefly secur$ by ! isolation ( sea wat]s conta9+ l>ge quantities ( ?is salt & _! subsequ5t evaporation4 ,su* isolation ( sea wat]s takes place by means ( geologic *anges 9 ! level ( ! l& & sea4 ,9 ! rais+ ( an area above ! wat] level !re is almo/ c]ta9 to be an enclosure1 ( great] or less ext5t1 ( ! sea wat] 9 ! =m ( a lake4 ,?is enclosure may be complete or only p>tial1 ! enclos$ wat] area be+ /ill 9 communication ) ! ma9 body ( ! sea by means ( small e/u>ies4 ,if ?is body ( wat] be expos$ to rapid evaporation1 z 0 d\btless ! case 9 pa/ geologic ages1 !re w be a cont9ual influx ( additional sea wat] ?r\gh ^! e/u>ies to take ! place ( t evaporat$4 ,! wat]s may ?us become m & m *>g$ ) sal9e con/itu5ts4 ,f9ally a po9t is rea*$ 9 ! evaporation :5 ! less soluble ( ! sal9e con/itu5ts beg9 to be deposit$4 ,9 ?is way ! v>i\s =mations ( m9]al matt]1 produc$ by ! dry+ up ( enclos$ wat]s1 take place4 ,! mo/ ext5sive pota% deposits kn[n are ^? 9 ! neighborhood ( ,/assfurt1 9 ,g]many4 ,! foll[+ description probably repres5ts ! me?od ( =mation ( ^! deposits3#ag 8,! ,/assfurt salt & pota% deposits _h _! orig91 ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 9 a sea or ocean1 ! wat]s ( :i* gradually rec$$1 leav+ ne> ! coa/1 lakes :i* /ill reta9$ communication ) ! great ocean by means ( small *annels4 ,9 t "p ( ,europe ! climate 0 !n tropical1 & ! wat]s ( ^! lakes rapidly evaporat$ b 7 con/antly repl5i%$ ?r\gh ^! small *annels connect+ !m ) ! ma9 body4 ,decade aft] decade ?is cont9u$1 until by evaporation & cry/allization1 ! v>i\s salts pres5t 9 ! sea wat] 7 deposit$ 9 solid =m4 ,! less soluble mat]ial1 su* z sulfate ( lime or #8anhydrite1' solidifi$ fir/ & =m$ ! l[e/ /ratum4 ,!n came common rock salt ) a sl[ly ?ick5+ lay] :i* ultimately rea*$ #cjjj feet1 & is e/imat$ to h be5 #ac1jjj ye>s 9 =mation4 ,?is rock salt deposit is int]sp]s$ ) lamell> deposits ( #8anhydrite1' :i* gradually dim9i% t[>ds ! top & are f9ally replac$ by ! m9]al #8polyhalite1' :i* is compos$ ( sulfate ( lime1 sulfate ( pota%1 & sulfate ( magnesia4 ,! situation 9 :i* ?is polyhalite pr$om9ates is call$ ! #8polyhalite region' & aft] x comes ! #8kies]ite region1' 9 :i*1 betwe5 ! rock salt /rata1 kies]ite 7sulfate ( magnesia7 is imb$d$4 ,above ! kies]ite lies ! #8pota% region1' consi/+ ma9ly ( deposits ( c>nallite1 a m9]al comp\nd ( muriate ( pota% & *lorid ( magnesia4 ,! c>nallite deposit is f #ej to #acj feet ?ick & yields ! mo/ important ( ! crude pota% salts & t f :i* are manufactur$ mo/ ( ! conc5trat$ articles1 includ+ muriate ( pota%40 8,ov]ly+ ?is region is a lay] ( imp]vi\s clay :i* acts z a wat]-tight ro( to protect & pres]ve ! v soluble pota% & magnesia salts1 :i*1 _h x n be5 = ! v protection ( ?is ov]ly+ /ratum1 w\ld h be5 long ages ago wa%$ away & lo/ by ! action ( ! wat] p]colat+ f above4 ,above ?is clay ro( is a /ratum1 ( v>y+ ?ickness ( anhydrite1 & /ill above ?is a second salt deposit1 probably =m$ "u m rec5t climatic & atmosph]ic influ5ces or possibly by *emical *anges 9 dissolv+ & subsequ5t precipitation4 ,?is salt deposit conta9s n9ety-eight p] c5t 7(t5 m7 ( pure salt1 a degree ( purity r>ely else:]e f\nd4 ,f9ally1 above ?is are /rata ( gypsum1 t5aci\s clay1 s&1 & lime/one1 :i* crop out at ! surface40 8,! p]p5dicul> di/ance f ! l[e/ to ! upp] surface ( ! ,/assfurt salt deposits is ab\t #ejjj feet 7a little less ?an a mile71 :ile ! horizontal ext5t ( ! b$ is f ! ,h>z ,m\nta9s to ! ,elbe ,riv] 9 "o direction1 & f ! city ( ,madgeburg to ! t[n ( ,b]nburg 9 ! o!r40 ,accord+ to ,fu*s & ,de,launy#ah ! sal9e =mation ne> ,/assfurt is situat$ at ! bottom ( a va/ triassic deposit surr\nd+ ,madgeburg4 ,! quantity ( sea wat] :i* 0 evaporat$ to produce sal9e deposits ( m ?an #ejj met]s 9 ?ickness mu/ h be5 enorm\s & ! rate ( evaporation great4 ,x appe>s t a temp]ature ( #ajj w\ld h be5 q necess>y1 act+ = a long "t1 to produce ?is result4 ,^! au?ors !re=e admit t all ! !ories s f> advanc$ to expla9 ! magnitude ( ^! deposits are att5d$ ) c]ta9 difficulties4 ,:at1 = in/ance1 c\ld h caus$ a temp]ature ( #ajj8 ,! mo/ reasonable s\rce ( ?is high temp]ature mu/ be s\ght = 9 ! viol5t *emical action produc$ by ! d\ble decompositions ( su* va/ quantities ( salts ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,!re may also h be5 at ! bottom ( ?is bas9 "s subt]ranean heat su* z is f\nd 9 c]ta9 localities :]e boric acid is deposit$4 ,:atev] be ! explanation ( ! s\rce ( ! heat x w be admitt$ t at ! end ( ! p]mian p]iod !re 0 ?r[n up to ! nor!a/ ( ! pres5t sal9e deposits a ridge ext5d+ f ,helgol& to ,we/phalia4 ,?is dam e/abli%$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,nor? ,g]many sal9e lagoons 9 :i* evaporation 0 at once e/abli%$1 & ^! lagoons 7 con/antly f$ f ! sea4 ,!re 0 !n deposit$ by evaporation1 fir/ ( all a lay] ( gypsum & aft]w>ds rock salt1 cov]+ ) few exceptions ! :ole ( ! area ( ,nor? ,g]many4 ,b ar\nd ,/assfurt !re occurr$ at ?is "t geologic displacem5ts1 ! sal9e bas9 0 p]man5tly clos$ & !n by cont9u$ evaporation ! m deliquesc5t salts1 su* z polyhalite1 kies]ite1 & c>nallite1 7 deposit$4 ,^! !ories acc\nt ) suffici5t ease = ! deposition ( ! sal9e masses1 b d n expla9 :y 9 ^? days ! sea wat] 0 s ri* 9 pota% & :y pota% is n f\nd 9 o!r localities :]e va/ quantities ( gypsum & common salt h be5 deposit$4 ,x may be t ! rocks compos+ ! %ores ( ^! lagoons 7 exceptionally ri* 9 pota% & t ?is salt 01 !re=e1 9 a c]ta9 degree1 a local contribution to ! products ( conc5tration4 #ai4 ,sodium is nev] f\nd free 9 nature1 b its mo/ common =m is 9 comb9ation ) *lor9 z common salt1 an important +r$i5t ( sea wat]4 ,comb9$ ) silica sodium is an important elem5t 9 _m silicates4 ,sodium1 al?\gh closely relat$ to potassium *emically1 _c 9 any case be sub/itut$ !re= 9 plant nutrition4 ,9 comb9ation ) nitrog5 x =ms soda or ,*ile saltpet] :i* is a valuable f]tiliz] on acc\nt ( its cont5t ( nitric acid4 #bj4 ,iron is ! mo/ abundant ( ! heavy metals1 & occurs 9 nature bo? free & comb9$ ) o!r elem5ts4 ,9 ! free /ate x is f\nd only to a limit$ ext5t 9 basaltic rocks & meteorites1 b 9 comb9ation ) oxyg5 x is "o ( ! mo/ widely diffus$ ( metals1 & =ms ! color+ matt] ( a l>ge numb] ( rocks & m9]als4 ,9 ?is =m1 too1 x exi/s z ! valuable ores ( iron kn[n z magnetite & hematite4 ,9 comb9ation ) sulfur x =ms ! m9]al pyrite1 ,fe,s4 ,! yell[ & r$ colors ( soils are due *iefly to iron oxids4 ,x is an important plant food1 al?\gh n tak5 up 9 any great quantity by ! tissues ( plants4 #ba4 ,manganese1 next to iron1 is ! mo/ abundant ( ! heavy metals4 ,x occurs 9 nature only 9 comb9ation ) oxyg51 9 :i* =m x is associat$ 9 m9ute quantities ) iron 9 igne\s rocks or 9 ! =ms kn[n m9]alogically z pyrolusite1 psilomelane & wad4 ,z ! p]oxid ( manganese x occurs 9 concretion>y =ms scatt]$ abundantly ov] ! bottom ( ! deep sea4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! a% ( "s plants b is n believ$ to be an ess5tial to plant gr[?4 #bb4 ,b>ium occurs 9 nature comb9$ ) sulfuric acid1 =m+ ! m9]al b>ite1 or heavy sp>1 or ) c>bon dioxid =m+ ! m9]al )]ite4 ,x is ( small importance f an agricultural /&po9t4 #bc4 ,relative ,abundance ( ! ,m ,important ,*emical ,elem5ts4--,x w be ( int]e/ to ! agricultural analy/ to "k z ne>ly z possible ! relative abundance ( ! m important *emical elem5ts4 ,?is subject has be5 c>efully /udi$ by ,pr(4 ,f4 ,w4 ,cl>ke 9 a pap] read be=e ! ,philosophical ,society ( ,wa%+ton4#ai ,! mat]ials consid]$ 9 ^! calculations are ! atmosph]e1 ! wat]1 & ! solid cru/ ( ! e>? to ! dep? ( t5 miles bel[ ! sea level4 ,( ^! mat]ials ! relative quantities ( ! ?ree con/itu5ts nam$ are z foll[s3 ,p] c5t4 ,atmosph]e #j4jc ,wat] #g4jh ,solid cru/ ( ! e>? to ! dep? ( t5 miles #ib4hi ,accord+ to ^! calculations ! relative abundance ( ! important elem5ts compos+ ! atmosph]e1 ! wat] ( ! ocean & ! solid cru/ ( ! e>? to ! dep? giv5 is z foll[s3 ,solid cru/1 ,ocean1 sev5 p] ,mean1 includ+ n9ety-?ree p] c5t4 air4 c5t4 ,oxyg5 #dg4bi p] c5t4 #he4gi p] c5t4 #di4ih p] c5t4 ,silicon #bg4ba #be4cj ,alum9um #g4ha #g4bf ,iron #e4df #e4jh ,calcium #c4gg #j4je #c4ea ,magnesium #b4fh #j4ad #b4ej ,sodium #b4cf #a4ad #b4bh ,potassium #b4dj #j4jd #b4bc ,hydrog5 #j4ba #aj4fg #j4id ,titanium #j4cc #j4cj ,c>bon #j4bb #j4jjb #j4ba ,*lor9 #j4ja #b4jg #j4ae ,brom9 #j4jjh ,phosphorus #j4aj #j4ji ,manganese #j4jh #j4jg ,sulfur #j4jc #j4ji #j4jd ,b>ium #j4jc #j4jc ,nitrog5 #j4jb ,*romium #j4ja #j4ja ------------ -------------- ------------ #ajj4jj #ajj4jjj #ajj4jj #bd4 ,fluor9 is n m5tion$ 9 ?is table b x is /at$ t its probable p]c5tage is #j4jb to #j4jc mak+ x ?us slightly m abundant ?an nitrog54 ,"o ( ! *ief po9ts ( int]e/ 9 connection ) ?is table is t ! nitrog5 :i* is reg>d$ by mo/ p]sons z "o ( ! mo/ abundant ( ! elem5ts is almo/ ! lea/ abundant ( ^? m5tion$4 ,,! ,,m9]als ,,occurr+ ,,9 ,,rocks4 #be4 ,! ,soil1 z be=e /at$1 be+ compris$ almo/ exclusively ( decay$ rocks1 its *>act]i/ics w\ld naturally be det]m9$ by ! "* ( ! m9]als conta9$ 9 ! rocks4 ,a rock may be compos$ ( a s+le m9]al or an aggregation ( sev]al m9]als4 ,accord+ to ! au?ority ( ! ,national ,museum#bj x may occur1 ei!r 9 ! =m ( /ratifi$ b$s1 eruptive masses1 %eets or dikes1 or z ve9s & o!r *emical deposits ( comp>atively little importance z reg>ds size & ext5t4 ,! m9]al composition ( rocks is greatly simplifi$ by ! wide range ( conditions "u :i* ! commone/ m9]als c be =m$4 ,?us qu>tz1 feldsp>1 mica1 ! m9]als ( ! hornbl5de1 or pyrox5e gr\p1 c be =m$ f a mass cool+ f a /ate ( fusion2 !y may be cry/alliz$ f solution1 or be =m$ f volatiliz$ products4 ,!y are !re=e ! commone/ ( m9]als & are r>ely exclud$ f rocks ( any class1 s9ce !re is no process ( rock =mation :i* det]m9es _! abs5ce4 ,mo/ ( ! common m9]als1 l ! feldsp>s1 micas1 hornbl5des1 pyrox5es1 & ! alkal9e c>bonates possess ! capacity ( adapt+ !mselves to a v consid]able range ( compositions4 ,9 ! feldsp>s1 = example1 lime1 soda1 or pota% may replace "o ano!r almo/ indef9itely1 & x is n[ commonly assum$ t true species d n exi/1 b all are b isomorph\s admixtures pass+ into "o ano!r by all gradations1 & ! names albite1 oligoclase1 anor?ite1 etc41 are to be us$ only z indicat+ conv5i5t /opp+ & />t+ po9ts 9 ! s]ies4 ,hornbl5de or pyrox5e1 fur!r1 may be pure silicate ( lime & magnesia1 or iron & manganese may p>tially replace ^! sub/ances4 ,lime c>bonate may be pure1 or magnesia may replace ! lime 9 any proportion4 ,^! illu/rations are suffici5t to %[ ! reason = ! great simplicity ( rock masses z reg>ds _! *ief m9]al con/itu5ts4 ,:atev] may be ! conditions ( ! orig9 ( a rock mass1 ! probabilities are t x w be =m$ ess5tially ( "o or m ( a half a doz5 m9]als 9 "s ( _! v>ieties4 ,b h[ev] great ! adaptability ( ^! few m9]als may be !y are1 nev]!less1 subject to v def9ite laws ( *emical equival5ce4 ,!re are elem5ts :i* !y _c take into _! composition1 & !re are circum/ances :i* ret>d _! =mation :ile o!r m9]als may be cry/alliz+4 ,9 a mass ( rock ( m or less accid5tal composition =m$ "u ^! widely v>y+ conditions x may1 !re=e1 be expect$ t o!r m9]als w =m1 9 consid]able numb]s1 b m9ute quantities4 ,x is cu/om>y to speak ( ^? m9]als :i* =m ! *ief +r$i5ts ( any rock1 & :i* may be reg>d$ z *>act]i/ic ( any p>ticul> v>iety1 z ! ess5tial con/itu5ts1 :ile ^? :i* occur 9 b small quantities1 & ^: pres5ce or abs5ce does n fundam5tally affect its "*1 are call$ accessory con/itu5ts4 ,! accessory m9]al :i* pr$om9ates1 & :i* is1 z a rule1 pres5t 9 su* quantities z to be recognizable by ! unaid$ eye1 is ! *>act]iz+ accessory4 ,?us a biotite granite is a /one compos$ ( ! ess5tial m9]als qu>tz & pota% feldsp>1 b 9 :i* ! accessory m9]al biotite occurs 9 su* quantities z to give a def9ite "* to ! rock4 #bf4 ,classification ,( ,m9]als4--,! m9]als ( rocks may also be conv5i5tly divid$ into two gr\ps1 accord+ z !y are products ( ! fir/ consolidation ( ! mass or ( subsequ5t *anges4 ,?is is ! sy/em "h adopt$4 ,we ?us h3 7#a7 ,! orig9al or prim>y con/itu5ts1 ^? :i* =m$ ^u its fir/ consolidation4 ,all ! ess5tial con/itu5ts are orig9al1 b on ! o!r h& all ! orig9al con/itu5ts are n ess5tial4 ,?us1 9 granite1 qu>tz & or?oclase are bo? orig9al & ess5tial1 :ile b]yl & zircon or apatite1 ?\gh orig9al1 are n ess5tial4 7#b7 ,! second>y con/itu5ts are ^? :i* result f *anges 9 a rock subsequ5t to its fir/ consolidation1 *anges :i* are due 9 great "p to ! *emical action ( p]colat+ wat]4 ,su* are ! calcite1 *alc$ony1 qu>tz1 & zeolite deposits :i* =m 9 ! druses & amygdaloidal cavities1 ( traps & o!r rocks4 ,bel[ is giv5 a li/ ( ! m common1 orig9al & second>y m9]als occurr+ 9 rocks4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! same m9]al may1 9 c]ta9 cases1 occur 9 bo? orig9al & second>y =ms4 ,! tables foll[+ 7 prep>$ by ,dr4 ,george ,p4 ,m]rill4 ,,orig9al ,,m9]als4 #a4 ,qu>tz1 ,si,o4 #b4 ,! ,feldsp>s3 #b;a4 ,or?oclase4 ,anhydr\s silicate ( alum9a ) v>y+ am\nts ( lime1 pota%1 or soda & r>ely b>ium4 #b;b4 ,microcl9e4 #b;c4 ,albite4 #b;d4 ,oligoclase4 #b;e4 ,&esite4 #b;f4 ,labradorite4 #b;g4 ,byt[nite4 #b;h4 ,anor?ite4 #c4 ,! ,amphiboles3 #c;a4 ,hornbl5de4 ,anhydr\s silicates ( lime & magnesia ) iron & alum9a 9 ! d>k v>ieties4 #c;b4 ,tremolite4 #c;c4 ,act9olite4 #c;d4 ,arfv$sonite4 #c;e4 ,glaucophane4 #c;f4 ,sm>agdite4 #d4 ,! ,monocl9ic ,pyrox5es3 #d;a4 ,malacolite4 ,anhydr\s silicates ( magnesia & lime ) alum9a & iron 9 ! d>k v>ieties4 #d;b4 ,diallage4 #d;c4 ,augite4 #d;d4 ,acmite4 #d;c4 ,aeg]ite4 #e4 ,! ,rhombic ,pyrox5es3 #e;a4 ,en/atite 7bronzite74 ,silicates ( magnesia & iron4 #e;b4 ,hyp]/h5e4 #f4 ,! ,micas3 #f;a4 ,muscovite4 ,anhydr\s silicates ( alum9a ) pota%1 soda1 & iron4 #f;b4 ,biotite4 #f;c4 ,phlogopite4 #g4 ,calcite1 #h4 ,dolomite4 #i4 ,gypsum4 #aj4 ,oliv9e4 #aa4 ,b]yl4 #ab4 ,t\rmal9e4 #ac4 ,g>net1 v>iable common =m4 #ad4 ,vesuvianite4 #ae4 ,epidote4 #af4 ,zoisite4 #ag4 ,allanite4 #ah4 ,&alusite4 #ai4 ,/aurolite4 #bj4 ,fibrolite4 #ba4 ,cyanite4 #bb4 ,scapolite4 #bc4 ,apatite4 #bd4 ,elaeolite & ,nephel9e4 #be4 ,leucite4 #bf4 ,cancr9ite4 #bg4 ,! ,sodalite ,gr\p3 #bg;a4 ,sodalite4 #bg;b4 ,hayn 7noseau74 #bh4 ,zircon4 #bi4 ,*ondrodite4 #cj4 ,cordi]ite4 #ca4 ,topaz4 #cb4 ,corundum4 #cc4 ,titanite 7sph5e74 #cd4 ,rutile4 #ce4 ,m5accanite4 #cf4 ,magnetite4 #cg4 ,hematite4 #ch4 ,*romite4 #ci4 ,! ,sp9els3 #ci;a4 ,pleona/4 #ci;b4 ,picotite4 #dj4 ,pyrolusite4 #da4 ,halite 7common salt74 #db4 ,fluorite4 #dc4 ,! ,elem5ts3 #dc;a4 ,graphite4 #dc;b4 ,c>bon4 #dc;c4 ,iron4 #dc;d4 ,copp]4 #dd4 ,! ,metallic ,sulfids3 #dd;a4 ,gal5a4 #dd;b4 ,sphal]ite4 #dd;c4 ,pyrrhotite4 #dd;d4 ,m>casite4 #dd;e4 ,pyrite4 #dd;f4 ,*alcopyrite4 #dd;g4 ,ars5opyrite4 ,,second>y ,,m9]als4 #a4 ,qu>tz3 #a;a4 ,*alc$ony4 #a;b4 ,opal4 #a;c4 ,tridymite4 #b4 ,albite4 #c4 ,! ,amphibole ,gr\p3 #c;a4 ,hornbl5de4 #c;b4 ,tremolite4 #c;c4 ,act9olite4 #c;d4 ,uralite4 #d4 ,muscovite 7s]icite74 #e4 ,! ,*lorites3 #e;a4 ,jeff]isite4 #e;b4 ,ripidolite4 #e;c4 ,p5n9ite4 #e;d4 ,pro*lorite4 #f4 ,calcite 7& aragonite74 #g4 ,wolla/onite4 #h4 ,scapolite4 #i4 ,g>net4 #aj4 ,epidote4 #aa4 ,zoisite4 #ab4 ,s]p5t9e4 #ac4 ,talc4 #ad4 ,kaol94 #ae4 ,! ,zeolites3 #ae;a4 ,pectolite4 #ae;b4 ,laumontite4 #ae;c4 ,prehnite4 #ae;d4 ,?omsonite4 #ae;e4 ,natrolite4 #ae;f4 ,analcite4 #ae;g4 ,datolite4 #ae;h4 ,*abazite4 #ae;i4 ,/ilbite1 #aek4 ,heul&ite4 #ael4 ,h>motome4 #af4 ,magnetite4 #ag4 ,hematite4 #ah4 ,limonite4 #ai4 ,sid]ite4 #bj4 ,pyrite4 #ba4 ,pyrrhotite4 ,,rocks ,,& ,,rock ,,decay4 #bg4 ,types ,( ,rocks4--,rocks may be divid$ 9 ref]5ce to _! /ructure into f\r types3 ,fir/1 cry/all9e2 second1 vitre\s2 ?ird1 colloidal2 f\r?1 fragm5tal4 ,( ^! classes !re may be select$1 z types ( ! fir/ ord]1 granite & cry/all9e lime/one4 ,! second class is typically repres5t$ by obsidian4 ,rocks ( ?is k9d are conf9$ to a volcanic orig94 ,! ?ird class ( rocks is completely amorph\s 9 its /ructure & is less common ?an ! o!rs4 ,x is f\nd only 9 rocks ( *emical orig94 ,types ( ?is class are ! silice\s s9t]s1 opals1 fl9t nodules1 & _m s]p5t9es4 ,( ! f\r? class ( rocks1 s&/one is typical1 be+ compris$ :olly ( fragm5ts ( rocks pre-exi/+4 ,! p>ticles may be held toge!r ei!r by cohesion or by a cem5t compos$ ( silica1 iron oxids1 c>bonate ( lime or clayey matt]4 #bh4 ,! ,microscopical ,/ructure ( ,rocks4--,a great deal m light is ?r[n ^u ! nature ( rock mat]ials by microscopical /udy ?an by _! /udy 9 bulk4 ,! requisites = a microscopical /udy ( rock are t ! mat]ial %\ld be cut into extremely ?9 lam9ae ) p>allel sides & poli%$ s z to transmit ! light freely4 ,! /udy ( ! cry/all9e /ructure ( ! mat]ial is !n conduct$ by means ( a microscope furni%$ ) pol>iz+ & analyz+ appliances4 ,! light be=e pass+ ?r\gh ! m9]al film is pol>iz$ by a ,nicol prism4 ,aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! film x is analyz$ by a second ,nicol prism4 ,9 ?is way ! cry/all9e /ructure ( ! rock z affect+ pol>iz$ light is di/9ctly br\ght out4 ,! ?ickness ( ! films exam9$ %\ld be f to ( an in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,micro/ructure ( granite4 ,,fig4 #b4 ,micro/ructure ( micropegmatite4 ,,fig4 #c4 ,micro/ructure ( qu>tz porphyry4 ,,fig4 #d4 ,micro/ructure ( porphyritic obsidian4 ,,fig4 #e4 ,micro/ructure ( tra*yte4 ,,fig4 #f4 ,micro/ructure ( s]p5t9e4 ,! me?od ( rock /udy by ?9 microscopic sections is "o ( comp>atively rec5t orig94 ,x is sc>cely m ?an a doz5 ye>s s9ce ! process 0 fairly adopt$ by m9]alogi/s4 ,! value ( ! me?od is bas$ ^u ! fact t e cry/all9e m9]al has c]ta9 def9ite optical prop]ties4 ,!re=e1 :5 a cry/all9e m9]al is di/ort$ or mis%ap5 s z to be incapable ( id5tification by ! ord9>y me?od1 x c be at once id5tifi$ by its optical exam9ation 9 ! mann] j describ$4 ,9 ?is way n only c "o m9]al be di/+ui%$ f ano!r1 b ! cry/all9e sy/em to :i* x belongs c be accurately po9t$ out4 ,! value ( ! me?od is well summ$ up by ,m]rill1#ba :o says t x is n m]ely an aid 9 det]m9+ ! m9]alogical composition ( a rock1 b also1 :i* is (t5 mu* m important1 its /ructure & ! v>i\s *anges :i* h tak5 place 9 x s9ce its fir/ consolidation4 ,rocks are n ! def9ite & un*angeable m9]al comp\nds !y 7 once consid]$1 b are r ev] v>y+ aggregates ( m9]als :i* ev5 9 !mselves und]go /ructural & *emical *anges almo/ )\t numb]4 ,ano!r valuable result ( su* a /udy is illu/rat$ by ! discov]y t ! /ructural features ( a rock are n dep5d5t ^u its *emical composition or geologic age1 b ^u ! conditions "u :i* x cool$ f ! molt5 magma4 ,portions ( ! same rock may v>y all ! way f a :olly cry/all9e to a pure vitre\s =m4 ,"s typical micro/ructures ( cry/all9e rocks are %[n 9 ! accompany+ figures #a-f4bb ,al?\gh ?is me?od ( /udy has ?us f> be5 conf9$ ma9ly to cry/all9e rocks1 its effici5cy is by no means limit$ to !m4 ,! fragm5tal rocks & _! decompos$ dbris to :i* ! "n soil is giv5 are equally wor?y ( /udy by ?is me?od4 ,inde$1 ! full value ( a *emical analysis ( any rock or soil c n be asc]ta9$ unless su* an analysis is accompani$ by a microscopic exam9ation4 ,x is desirable to "k n m]ely :at !re is 9 any soil1 b 9 :at =m ^! comp\nds exi/4 ,to ?is latt] "q ! *emical analysis z ord9>ily made w give no clew4 ,9 ,g]many a beg9n+ has be5 made 9 ?is l9e ( "w1 & ,am]ican sci5ti/s are beg9n+ to realize its importance4 ,an outl9e ( ?is me?od ( analysis w be giv5 9 ! prop] place4 #bi4 ,specific ,gravity4--,mu* in=mation 9 reg>d to ! prop]ties ( a rock1 or m9]al con/itu5t !re(1 may be d]iv$ f its specific gravity4 ,! int]nal /ructure ( a rock may h mu* to d ) its app>5t specific gravity4 ,z an in/ance ( ?is1 x may be /at$ t an obsidian pumice w float ^u wat]1 buoy$ up by ! air conta9$ 9 its vesicles1 :ile a compact obsidian ( ! same composition w s9k imm$iately4 ,a c>eful discrim9ation mu/1 !re=e1 be made betwe5 app>5t & true specific gravity4 ,9 g5]al x may be said t cry/all9e rocks h a high] specific gravity ?an ^? ( a vitre\s nature4 ,! specific gravity is1 !re=e1 l>gely dep5d5t ^u *emical & cry/allographic prop]ties2 = in/ance1 among silice\s rocks ^? :i* conta9 ! l>ge/ am\nt ( silica are ! lighte/1 :ile ^? ) a comp>atively small am\nt1 b ri* 9 iron1 lime1 & magnesia1 are heavie/4 #cj4 ,*emical ,composition ( ,rocks4--,rocks are (t5 classifi$ ) respect to ! *ief m9]al con/itu5t :i* !y conta94 ,rocks :i* are compos$ l>gely ( lime are t]m$ calc>e\s2 ( silica1 silice\s2 ( iron1 f]rug9\s2 & ( clay1 argillace\s4 ,9 respect ( eruptive rocks1 x is cu/om>y to speak ( ^? :i* %[ above sixty p] c5t ( silica z acidic1 :ile ^? conta9+ less ?an fifty p] c5t ( silica & a correspond+ly l>g] am\nt ( iron1 lime1 & magnesia1 are spok5 ( z basic4 ,illu/rations ( ! classification ( rocks on ! above pr9ciples are giv5 bel[4#bc ,,/ratifi$ ,,rocks4 ,k9d4 ,specific ,composition4 ,gravity4 ,calc>e\s3 ,compact lime/one #b4f to #b4h ,c>bonate ( lime4 ,cry/all9e lime/one ,compact dolomite #b4h to #b4ie ,c>bonate ( lime & magnesia4 ,cry/all9e dolomite ,silice\s3 ,gneiss #b4f to #b4g ,same z granite4 ,silice\s s&/one #b4f ,ma9ly silica4 ,s*i/ #b4f to #b4h #fj to #hj p] c5t silica4 ,argillace\s3 ,clay slate 7argillite7 #b4e ,ma9ly silicate ( alum9a4 ,,eruptive ,,rocks4 ,specific ,p] c5t silica4 ,gravity4 ,acidic ,gr\p3 ,granite #b4eh to #b4gc #gg4fe to #fb4ij ,lip>ite #b4ec to #b4gj #gf4jf to #fg4fa ,obsidian #b4bf to #b4da #hb4hj to #ga4ai ,obsidian pumice ,floats on #hb4hj to #ga4ai wat]4 ,int]m$iate ,gr\p3 ,sy5ite #b4gc to #b4hf #gb4bj to #ed4fe ,tra*yte #b4gj to #b4hj #fd4jj to #fj4jj ,hyalotra*yte #b4d to #b4e #fd4jj to #fj4jj ,&esite #b4ed to #b4gi #ff4ge to #ed4gc ,basic ,gr\p3 ,diabase #b4ff to #b4hh #ej4jj to #dh4jj ,basalt #b4ij to #c4aj #ej4ei to #dj4gd ,p]idotite #c4bb to #c4bi #db4fe to #cc4gc ,p]idotite 7iron ri*7 #c4hf #bc4jj ,p]idotite 7meteorite7 #c4ea #cg4gj #ca4 ,color ,( ,rocks4--,! color ( rocks is det]m9$ *iefly by ! oxids ( metals :i* !y conta9 & ! degree ( oxidation ( ! m9]al 9 ea* p>ticul> case4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m colors ( rocks :i* seem to dep5d n ^u any p>ticul> m9]al +r$i5t :i* !y conta91 b ^u "s p>ticul> cry/all9e /ructure or physical condition4 ,! *ief color+ matt]s 9 m9]als are ^? :i* =m color$ bases su* z iron1 manganese1 *romium1 etc4 ,! yell[1 br[n1 & r$ colors1 common to fragm5tal rocks1 are due almo/ :olly to free oxids ( iron4 ,! gray1 gre51 dull br[n1 & ev5 black colors ( cry/all9e rocks are due to ! pres5ce ( free iron oxids or to ! preval5ce ( silicate m9]al ri* 9 iron1 z augite1 hornbl5de1 or black mica4 ,r>ely copp] & o!r metallic oxids ?an ^? ( iron are pres5t 9 suffici5t abundance to imp>t _! *>act]i/ic hues4 ,z a rule1 a :ite or light-gray color d5otes an abs5ce ( an appreciable am\nt ( iron 9 any ( its =ms4 ,! blui% & black colors ( _m rocks1 p>ticul>ly ! lime/ones & slates1 are due to ! pres5ce ( c>bonace\s matt]4 ,9 /ill o!r cases1 & p>ticul>ly ! feldsp>-be>+ rocks1 ! color may be due 9 "p to ! physical condition ( ! feldsp>4 ,inasmu* z ! color ( rocks is due s l>gely to metallic oxids1 x is easy to see t !y may und]go *anges :5 expos$ to wea!r+1 or ! degree ( oxidation may *ange1 & ei!r1 toge!r ) *anges 9 ! physical /ructure ( ! rock1 may cause a di/9ct *ange 9 color4 ,lu/] is (t5 consid]$ 9 connection ) color1 & is due almo/ exclusively to physical conditions4 #cb4 ,k9ds ( ,rocks4--,! rocks :i* =m any ess5tial "p ( ! e>?'s cru/ are gr\p$ "u f\r ma9 heads1 ! di/9ction be+ bas$ ^u _! orig9 & /ructure4#bd ,ea* ( ! ma9 divisions may be subdivid$ into gr\ps or families1 ! di/9ction be+ bas$ ma9ly ^u *emical composition1 /ructure1 & mode ( occurr5ce4 ,! f\r *ief families are3 ,fir/1 aque\s rocks1 =m$ ma9ly ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( wat] z *emical precipitates or z s$im5t>y b$s4 ,second1 aeolian rocks =m$ f w9d-drift$ mat]ials4 ,?ird1 metamorphic rocks1 *ang$ f _! orig9al condition ?r\gh dynamic or *emical ag5cies1 & :i* may h be5 p>tly ( aque\s & p>tly ( igne\s orig94 ,f\r?1 igne\s or eruptive rocks1 :i* h be5 br\ght up f bel[ 9 a molt5 condition1 & :i* owe _! pres5t /ructural peculi>ities to v>iations 9 composition & conditions ( solidification4 #cc4 ,aque\s ,rocks4--,aque\s rocks may be divid$ into ! foll[+ g5]al classes3 ,fir/1 rocks =m$ z *emical precipitates4 ,second1 rocks =m$ z s$im5t>y deposits & fragm5tal 9 /ructure4 ,! second class may aga9 be subdivid$ into rocks =m$ by me*anical ag5cies & ma9ly ( inorganic mat]ials2 & second1 rocks compos$ ma9ly ( ! dbris ( plant & animal life4 ,9 reg>d to ! fir/ =m ( aque\s rocks1 namely1 ^? =m$ z *emical precipitates1 x may be said t :ile _! quantity is n l>ge !y are yet ( consid]able importance f an agricultural po9t ( view4 ,!y embrace ^? sub/ances :i*1 hav+ once be5 9 a condition ( vapor or aque\s solution1 h be5 deposit$ or precipitat$1 ei!r by cool+ or by ! evaporation ( ! liquor hold+ !m 9 solution1 or by com+ 9 contact ) *emical sub/ances capable ( precipitat+ !m4 ,! influ5ce ( wat] z a solv5t is p]haps n fully appreciat$4 ,its solv5t influ5ce w be not$ p>ticul>ly "u ! head ( wea!r+ or decay ( rocks4 ,its importance1 h[ev]1 9 produc+ /ratifi$ rocks has be5 v great4 ,wat]1 especially :5 "u great pressure & at a high temp]ature1 has ! p[] ( dissolv+ _m m9]als4 ,?is p[] is (t5 greatly increas$ by ! m9]al matt] previ\sly 9 solution 9 ! wat] or by ! gases :i* x may conta94 ,z an illu/ration ( ! latt] prop]ty1 ! solv5t action ( wat] *>g$ ) c>bon dioxid on lime/one may be cit$4 ,:5 m9]al matt]s h be5 dissolv$ by ! wat] 9 ! ways m5tion$ & c>ri$ ) ! wat] beyond ! condition :]e ! solution has tak5 place1 new conditions are f\nd favorable to ! precipitation ( ! dissolv$ matt]s4 ,! wat]1 :i* be=e may h be5 v hot1 may rea* a place :]e x cools1 & be+ a sup]saturat$ solution1 ! excess ( ! mat]ial is ?r[n d[n z ! wat] cools4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! solution be due to ! pres5ce ( c>bon dioxid & ! wat] rea* a place :]e x is expos$ to ! air or :]e ! pressure "u :i* ! abundance ( ! gas has be5 due is dim9i%$1 ! c>bon dioxid w escape & ! m9]al matt]s :i* h be5 dissolv$ !reby w be precipitat$4 ,! incru/ations :i* (t5 appe> r\nd ! m\? ( spr+s & ! occurr5ce ( /alagmites & /alactites 9 caves are illu/rations ( ?is action4 ,9 respect ( ! =mation ( rocks z precipitates f a /ate ( vapor we h sc>cely any illu/rations except+ 9 volcanic regions4 ,rocky mat]ials ) :i* we are g5]ally acqua9t$ are practically non-volatile at ! highe/ temp]ature :i* c be secur$ on ! e>?'s surface1 b x is possible t 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>? ! temp]ature may be s high z to ma9ta9 _m sub/ances 9 a /ate ( vapor4 ,!y may1 9 ?is case1 become disassociat$ s t ! comp\nds or elem5ts exi/ di/9ctly 9 a vapor\s condition4 ,su* a vapor transport$ to regions ( dim9i%$ temp]ature w\ld fir/ ( all on cool+ p]mit a union ( ! *emical elem5ts =m+ new comp\nds less volatile1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 w\ld be at once precipitat$4 ,! rocks & m9]als =m$ 9 ?is way :i* are ( "s agricultural importance may be classifi$ z foll[s3 ,oxids1 c>bonates1 silicates1 sulfur1 sulfids1 sulfates1 phosphates1 *lorids1 & hydroc>bon comp\nds1 ! mo/ important f an agricultural po9t ( view be+ ! phosphates4 ,! second gr\p ( rocks1 namely ^? =m$ z s$im5t>y deposits1 diff] f ^? j describ$ 9 t !y are compris$ ma9ly ( fragm5tal mat]ials d]iv$ f ! break+ d[n ( pre-exi/+ rocks4 ,! =mation ( fragm5tal rocks includes1 !re=e1 ! same processes z are active 9 ! =mation ( arable soil4 ,!y are deposit$ f wat]1 & are z a rule di/9ctly /ratifi$4 ,?r\gh ! action ( pressure & ! heat !reby g5]at$1 or simply ?r\gh ! *emical action ( p]colat+ solutions1 su* rocks pass ov] into ! cry/all9e s$im5t>y =ms kn[n z metamorphic4 ,all metamorphic rocks1 h[ev]1 are n ( a s$im5t>y orig94 ,= in/ance1 by pressure1 heat1 & ! *emical *anges !reby induc$1 granite may be *ang$ into gneiss & ! latt] w\ld !n be a metamorphic rock4 ,?is gr\p ( s$im5t>y rocks & ( s$im5t>y mat]ial1 ei!r un*ang$ or metamorphos$1 is ( va/ ext5t & includes mat]ials ( widely v>y+ *emical & m9]alogical nature4 ,!y =m by f> ! great] portion ( ! pres5t surface ( ! e>?1 ev5 ! m\nta9 ranges be+ compos$ ma9ly ( ?is s$im5t>y mat]ial4 ,inde$1 9 ! :ole ( ?is c\ntry !re is only a comp>atively v small ext5t ( igne\s or irruptive rocks4 ,!y are ( great importance f a purely sci5tific1 z well z agricultural /&po9t1 s9ce !y conta9 ! fossil records ( pa/ geologic ages4 ,f !m x is possible to /udy ! v>iations 9 climate1 ! meteorological conditions 9 circum/ances & p]iods f> remote1 & ?us =m "s idea ( ! process by :i* ! cru/ ( ! e>? has be5 modifi$ by natural =ces f its orig9al =m to ! pres5t "t4 ,! s$im5t>y rocks may be divid$1 ) suffici5t accuracy = our purposes1 into two great classes3 ,fir/1 rocks =m$ by me*anical ag5cies & ma9ly ( inorganic mat]ials4 ,^! are subdivid$ aga9 z foll[s3 7a7 ,! ar5ace\s gr\p4 7b7 ,! argillace\s gr\p4 7c7 ,! volcanic gr\p4 ,! second class ( s$im5t>y rocks is =m$ l>gely1 or 9 "p at lea/1 by me*anical ag5cies1 b is compris$ *iefly ( ! dbris ( plant & animal life4 ,x may be subdivid$ z foll[s3 7a7 ,! silice\s gr\p1 su* z infusorial e>?4 7b7 ,! calc>e\s gr\p1 fossilif]\s =mations1 lime/one1 etc4 7c7 ,! c>bonace\s gr\p1 su* z peat1 lignite1 coals1 etc4 ,! diff]5t classes ( rock describ$ above are di/+ui%$ by special qualities repres5t$ l>gely by ! "n4 ,! fir/ division1 ! ar5ace\s gr\p1 is compos$ ma9ly ( ! silice\s or co>sely granul> mat]ials d]iv$ f ! dis9tegration ( old] cry/all9e rocks1 :i* h be5 re>rang$ 9 b$s ( v>y+ ?ickness ?r\gh ! me*anical ag5cy ( wat]4 ,!y are1 9 %ort1 consolidat$ or unconsolidat$ b$s ( s& & gravel4 ,9 composition & texture !y v>y almo/ indef9itely4 ,_m ( !m hav+ suff]$ little dur+ ! process ( dis9tegration & transportation are compos$ ess5tially ( ! same mat]ials z ! rocks f :i* !y 7 d]iv$4 ,! s&/ones1 :i* are ! type ( ^! rocks1 v>y greatly 9 /ructure z well z 9 composition1 9 "s ! gra9s be+ r\nd$ :ile 9 o!rs !y are %>ply angul>4 ,! microscopic /ructure ( s&/one is %[n 9 figure #g4bd ,! mat]ial by :i* ! individual gra9s ( a s&/one are b\nd toge!r is usually ! mat]ial ( "s ( ! o!r classes4 ,! calc>e\s1 f]rug9\s1 & silice\s cem5ts be+ ! *ief ones4 ,?is cem5t+ sub/ance is deposit$ among ! granules =m+ ! s&/one by p]colat+ wat]4 ,! colors ( s&/one are dep5d5t usually ^u iron oxids4 ,especially is ?is true ( ! r$1 br[n1 & yell[ colors4 ,9 "s ( ! light grey v>ieties1 ! color is t ( ! m9]als compris+ ! /one4 ,"s ( ! d>k] color$ s&/ones conta9 organic matt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,microscopic ,/ructure ( ,s&/one4 ,! rocks ( ! argillace\s gr\p are compos$ ess5tially ( a hydr\s silicate ( alum9a1 :i* is ! basis ( common clay1 & v>y+ am\nts ( free silica1 oxids ( iron & manganese1 c>bonates ( lime & magnesia1 & small quantities ( organic matt]4 ,!y may h orig9at$ 9 situ f ! decomposition ( feldsp>s or z deposits ( f9e mud or silt at ! bottom ( l>ge bodies ( wat]4 ,! old] =mations ( ^! rocks are kn[n z %ales1 argillites1 & slates & ! fissile /ructure :i* enables ?is to be split into ?9 %eets is probably due to ! conditions "u :i* !y h be5 =m$ & n to any prop]ties ( ! clays !mselves4 ,"o ( ! pure/ =ms ( ?is rock is kaol91 :i* is almo/ a pure hydr\s silicate ( alum9a =m$ f ! decomposition ( feldspa?ic rocks f :i* ! alkalies1 iron oxids & o!r soluble con/itu5ts h be5 remov$ by wat]4 ,"u ! volcanic gr\p are includ$ ! mat]ials eject$ f volcanic v5ts 9 a m or less f9ely comm9ut$ condition & :i* ?r\gh ! drift+ p[] ( atmosph]ic curr5ts may be scatt]$ ov] _m miles ( t]ritory4 ,v>i\s names are appli$ to su* products1 names dep5d5t 9 l>ge "p ^u _! /ate ( subdivision4 ,volcanic du/ & s&1 or a%es1 includes ! f9] du/-l or s&-l mat]ials1 & lapilli1 or rapilli ! co>s]4 ,! g5]al "n tuff includes ! m or less compact$ & /ratifi$ b$s ( ?is mat]ial1 :ile trass1 pep]9o1 & pozzuolano are local v>ietal names giv5 to simil> mat]ials occurr+ 9 ,european volcanic regions4 ,! second division1 namely s$im5t>y rocks compos$ ( ! dbris ( plant & animal life includes _m =ms ( great agricultural importance4 ,! fir/ subdivision ( ?is gr\p is ! infusorial or diatomace\s e>?4 ,x =ms a f9e :ite or yell[i% pulv]ul5t rock compos$ ma9ly ( m9ute %ells1 or te/s ( diatoms1 & is (t5 s s(t & pliable z to crumble readily betwe5 ! ?umb & f+]s4 ,accord+ to ,:itney ! b$s are ( comp>atively limit$ ext5t & = ?is reason are ( little agricultural value1 al?\gh ! wea!r+ ( ?is diatomace\s mat]ial gives rise to a light yell[ clay =m+ v f]tile agricultural l&s4 ,! second subdivision ( ?is gr\p includes ! rocks ( a calc>e\s nature d]iv$ f animal life2 t is to say1 :at are prop]ly call$ lime/ones4 ,!y v>y 9 color1 /ructure1 & texture almo/ indef9itely1 & include all possible grades ( mat]ials f ^? :i* c be us$ only z a flux1 or = lime burn+1 ?r\gh ord9>y build+ mat]ials to ! f9e/ m>bles4 ,^! rocks are _w-wide 9 _! di/ribution & limit$ to no "o p>ticul> geologic horizon1 b are f\nd 9 /ratifi$ b$s among rocks ( all ages f ! mo/ anci5t to ! mo/ rec5t4 ,ow+ to ! fact t _! *ief con/itu5t1 c>bonate ( lime1 is soluble 9 ord9>y meteoric wat]s1 ! rocks h und]gone ext5sive decomposition1 _! lime be+ remov$1 :ile _! less soluble con/itu5ts or impurities rema9 to =m soil4 ,a s+le ton ( residual soil repres5ts n infrequ5tly a loss ( #ajj tons ( orig9al rock matt]4 ,z ?is mass ( lime c>bonate is remov$ by solution ! residual soil settles1 & z ! lime/one rocks are m soluble ?an ! adjac5t rock =mations lime/one =mations usually =m valley l&s ) ridges on ei!r side4 ,caves are frequ5tly f\nd 9 su* =mations4 ,fur!rmore1 z ! lime is almo/ all 9 ! =m ( ! easily soluble lime c>bonate x c be v completely remov$ & ! f]tile 8lime/one soils0 are (t5 v defici5t 9 lime & respond readily to an application ( burnt lime1 :i*1 n infrequ5tly1 is qu>ri$ f ! same field4 ,f an agricultural /&po9t ?is gr\p is ( v great int]e/ & importance4 ,! ?ird subdivision ( ?is gr\p1 namely1 t ( vegetable orig91 includes peat1 lignite1 coals1 etc4 ,rocks ( ?is gr\p are made up ( m or less fragm5tal rema9s ( plants4 ,9 _m ( !m1 z ! peats & lignites1 ! traces ( plant /ructure are /ill app>5t4 ,9 o!rs1 z ! an?racite coals1 ^! /ructures h be5 :olly oblit]at$ by metamorphisms4 ,plants :5 decompos+ on ! surface ( ! gr\nd give (f _! c>bon to ! atmosph]e 9 ! %ape ( c>bon dioxid gas leav+ only ! /rictly inorganic or m9]al matt] beh9d4 ,:51 h[ev]1 !y are protect$ f ! oxidiz+ influ5ce ( ! air1 by wat] or by o!r plant gr[?1 decomposition is greatly ret>d$1 & a l>ge portion ( ! c>bonace\s & volatile matt]s is reta9$1 & by ?is means toge!r ) pressure f ! ov]ly+ mass1 ! mat]ial becomes sl[ly conv]t$ into coal4 ,:5 ?is process goes on ne> ! surface ( ! e>?1 & )\t mu* pressure1 peat or muck is ! product4 ,! f\r? subdivision ( ?is gr\p1 ! phosphatic1 =ms a class ( rocks limit$ 9 ext5t b ( ! greate/ economic importance4 ,guano1 coprolites1 & phosphatic rocks 7! phosphorites7 come "u ?is head4 #cd4 ,aeolian ,rocks4--,?is class ( rocks is ( less importance ?an ! o!rs1 ei!r geologically or agriculturally4 ,x is =m$ f mat]ials drift$ by ! w9ds & ?is mat]ial has v>i\s degrees ( compactness4 ,usually ! compon5ts ( ^! drifts =m rocks or deposits ( a friable texture & ( a fragm5tal nature4 ,! v ext5sive deposits ( loess 9 ,*9a1 =m+ _! mo/ f]tile l&s1 are admitt$ n[ to h be5 =m$ 9 ?is way1 b x is n[ g5]ally admitt$ t simil> deposits 9 ?is c\ntry are ( subaque\s orig94 ,*ief among ^! rocks1 are ! volcanic a%es :i* are (t5 c>ri$ to a long di/ance by ! w9d be=e !y are deposit$ & consolidat$ into rock masses4 ,_m loose soils may be c>ri$ to great di/ances by ! w9d1 ! deposits =m+ new aggregates4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case 9 arid regions4 #ce4 ,metamorphic ,rocks4--,?is class ( rocks includes all s$im5t>y or eruptive rocks1 :i*1 aft] _! deposition & agglom]ation1 h be5 *ang$ 9 _! nature ?r\gh ! action ( heat1 pressure1 or by *emical means4 ,sometimes ^! *anges are s complete t no indication ( ! "* ( ! orig9al rocks rema9s4 ,at o!r times ! *anges may be f\nd 9 all ! /ages ( progress1 s t !y c be trac$ f ! orig9al fragm5tal or irruptive to ! completely metamorphos$ deposit4 ,?is is especially true ( rocks conta9+ l>ge quantities ( lime4 ,9 ^? conta9+ silica1 ! *anges are less readily trac$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,,micro/ructure ,,( ,,cry/all9e ,,lime/one4 7,we/ ,rutl&1 ,v]mont47 ,! metamorphic rocks may be divid$ into two subclasses1 namely1 /ratifi$ or b$d$1 & foliat$ or s*i/ose4 ,! rocks ( ! fir/ class are repres5t$ by ! cry/all9e lime/ones & dolomites4 ,! micro/ructure ( a cry/all9e lime/one is %[n 9 ,fig4 #h4be ,:5 lime & magnesia occur toge!r 9 comb9ation ) c>bon dioxid1 ! sub/ance is kn[n z dolomite4 ,! *emical nature ( ^! rocks & _! soil-=m+ prop]ties are ! same z ^? ( ! ord9>y1 non-metamorphos$ lime/ones & dolomites to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made4 ,! subject ne$ n1 !re=e1 be fur!r dwelt ^u "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,,micro/ructure ,,( ,,gneiss4 7,we/ ,&ov]1 ,massa*usetts47 ,at a a are %[n plagioclase cry/als brok5 & r\nd$ by ! %e]+ =ce produc+ ! foliation4 ,! second v>iety ( metamorphic rocks is repres5t$ by ! gneisses & cry/all9e s*i/s4 ,gneiss has ess5tially ! same composition z granite & c frequ5tly h>dly be di/+ui%$ f x1 except by a microscopic /udy ( its sections1 & ev5 ?us x is sometimes difficult to det]m9e4 ,frequ5tly a numb] ( new m9]als is =m$ 9 ! metamorphic *anges4 ,! micro/ructure ( a gneiss is %[n 9 ,fig4 #i4bf ,! s*i/s include an extremely v>iable class ( rocks1 ( :i* qu>tz is ! prevail+ con/itu5t1 & :i*1 z a rule1 are defici5t 9 pota% & o!r important +r$i5ts4 #cf4 ,rocks ,=m$ ,?r\gh ,igne\s ,ag5cies1 or ,eruptive ,rocks4--,?is gr\p includes all ^? rocks1 :i*1 hav+ be5 at "s "t 9 a /ate ( igne\s fusion1 h be5 solidifi$ into _! pres5t =m by a process ( cool+4 ,x may be /at$1 z a g5]al pr9ciple1 t ! great] ! pressure "u :i* a rock solidifies & ! sl[] & m gradual ! cool+ ! m p]fect w be f\nd ! cry/all9e /ructure4 ,h5ce1 x foll[s t ! old] & m deep-seat$ rocks :i* are =c$ up 9 ! =m ( dikes1 bosses1 or intrusive %eets1 into ! ov]ly+ masses1 & :i* h become expos$ only ?r\gh erosion & removal ( ! ov]ly+ rocks1 are ! m highly cry/all9e4 ,! eruptive rocks are divid$ into two ma9 gr\ps1 viz43 7a7 ,intrusive or plutonic rocks1 & 7b7 ,effusive or volcanic rocks4 ,among ! m important ( ! fir/ division ( ! plutonic =m1 f an agricultural po9t ( view1 are ! granites4 ,! ess5tial con/itu5ts ( granite are qu>tz1 pota% feldsp>1 & plagioclase4 ,"o or m m9]als ( ! mica1 amphibole or pyrox5e gr\ps are also commonly pres5t1 & 9 microscopic proportions apatite & p>ticles ( magnetic iron4 ,! m valuable con/itu5ts1 f an agricultural /&po9t1 are ! m9]als pota% feldsp>1 & apatite1 :i* furni% by _! decomposition ! ess5tial pota% & phosphoric acid4 ,9 addition to ! granites1 :i* h already be5 m5tion$1 ! gr\p includes ! sy5ites1 ! nephel9e sy5ites1 ! diorites1 ! gabbros1 ! diabases1 ! !ralites1 ! p]idotites1 & ! pyrox5ites4 ,! second gr\p1 ! effusive or volcanic rocks1 includes ^? igne\s rocks1 :i*1 l ! fir/ gr\p1 h be5 =c$ up ?r\gh ! ov]ly+ rocks1 b :i* 7 br\ght to ! surface1 fl[+ out z lavas4 ,^!1 !re=e1 repres5t1 9 _m cases1 only ! upp] or surface portions ( ! fir/ gr\p1 diff]+ f !m /ructurally1 because !y h cool$ "u little pressure m rapidly1 & h5ce are n s di/9ctly cry/all9e4 ,^! comprise ! foll[+ gr\ps3 7a7 ,qu>tz porphyries4 7b7 ,lip>ites4 7c7 ,qu>tz-free porphyries4 7d7 ,tra*ytes4 7e7 ,phonolites4 7f7 ,porphyrites4 7g7 ,&esites4 7h7 ,melaphyrs & augite porphyrites4 7i7 ,basalts4 7j7 ,tephrites & ,basanites4 7k7 ,picrite porphyrites4 7l7 ,limburgites & augitites4 7m7 ,leucite rocks4 7n7 ,nephel9e rocks4 7o7 ,melilite rocks4 ,x is1 9 mo/ cases1 impossible to /ate :i* ( ! above classes is ( mo/ importance f an agricultural /&po9t1 s9ce1 9 ! process ( soil =mation1 bo? *emical & physical processes are involv$1 :]eby ! "* ( ! resultant soil is s modifi$ z to b remotely resemble its p>5t rock4 ,9 mo/ soils1 ! prevail+ con/itu5t is b ! lea/ soluble "o ( ! rock mass f :i* x 0 d]iv$4 ,?us a lime/one soil may conta9 upw>ds ( n9ety p] c5t ( silica & alum9a1 :ile ! orig9al lime/one itself may n h c>ri$ m ?an "o or two p] c5t ( ^! sub/ances4 ,( c\rse1 if a rock mass conta9s none ( ! con/itu5ts ess5tial to plant gr[?1 its resultant soil mu/ by itself alone be q b>r54 ,x does n absolutely foll[1 h[ev]1 t ^? rocks conta9+ ! highe/ p]c5tages ( valuable con/itu5ts w yield ! mo/ f]tile soils1 s9ce mu* dep5ds on ! mann] 9 :i* !y h be5 =m$1 ! am\nt ( lea*+1 etc41 !y may h und]gone4 ,nev]!less1 ! /udy ( ! composition ( ! rocks 9 _! relation to soils1 is an extremely int]e/+ & by no means unimportant "o4 ,a comp>ative table ( rock compositions is "h giv54 ,x w be obs]v$ t !re is a consid]able range ( v>iation ev5 among rocks ( ! same class1 a fact due to ! v>y+ abundance ( _! m9]al con/itu5ts4 ,! figures giv5 are n ^? ( actual analyses on any "o p>ticul> rock1 b are select$ f a numb] ( comp>atively typical cases2 &1 x is ?\ght1 fairly well repres5t ! composition ( ! class ( rocks indicat$4 ,,composition ,,( ,,rocks4--,,! ,,figures ,,indicate ,,p>ts ,,p] ,,hundr$4 ,si,o4 ,al,o4 ,fe,o4 ,mg,o4 ,fe,o4 ,granite ,qu>tz poryhyries #fc-gh #aj-ae #b-c #j4c-j4e ,lip>ite ,sy5ite ,or?oclase porphyries #ee-gc #ab-af #e-g #b-f ,tra*yte ,nephel9e sy5ites #ed-ef #af-bb #d-f #j4d-j4hh ,phonolites ,diorites ,porphyrites #eb-fe #af-bj #g-aj #e-g ,&esites ,gabbros ,norites #dh-ee #ab-bj #h-ae #b-g ,melaphyrs ,!ralites ,tephrites #dc-dg #ae-bc #i-ah #a-f ,basanites ,p]idotites ,picrite porphyrites #bc-dc #a-aj #aj-ae #ae-de ,limburgites ,pyrox5ites #ej-ee #j4e-d #d-aj #bj-be ,augitites ,leucite rocks #dh-ej #ae-bj #g-aj #a-b ,nephel9e rocks #dj-de #h-bj #aj-bj #a-ac ,ca,o4 ,na,o4 ,k,o4 ,p,o4 ,granite ,qu>tz poryhyries #a-b #b-c #d-e #j4je-j4ae ,lip>ite ,sy5ite ,or?oclase porphyries #c-e #b-f #d-g trace4 ,tra*yte ,nephel9e sy5ites #b-d #c-g #d-f #j4ae ,phonolites ,diorites ,porphyrites #e-g #b-d #a-b #j4a-j4c ,&esites ,gabbros ,norites #f-aj #b-d #j4e-b #j4a-j4cc ,melaphyrs ,!ralites ,tephrites #f-aj #e-g #b-d trace4 ,basanites ,p]idotites ,picrite porphyrites #a-d #j-d trace4 #j4j ,limburgites ,pyrox5ites #h-ae ,augitites ,leucite rocks #e-aj #c-e #e-g #j4e-b ,nephel9e rocks #d-aj #d-h #a-c #j4b #cg4 ,orig9 ( ,soils4--,! soils 9 :i* crops gr[ & :i* =m ! subject ( ! analytical processes to be h]e9aft] describ$ h be5 =m$ "u ! comb9$ influ5ces ( rock decay & plant & organic gr[?4 ,! m9]al matt]s ( soils h _h _! orig9 9 ! decay ( rocks1 :ile ! humic & o!r organic con/itu5ts h be5 d]iv$ f liv+ bodies4 ,x is n ! object ( ?is treatise to discuss 9 detail ! processes ( soil =mation1 b only to give su* g5]al outl9es z may be> p>ticul>ly on ! prop] conceptions ( ! pr9ciples ( soil inve/igation4 #ch4 ,! ,decay ( ,rocks4--,! orig9 & composition ( rocks are fully set =? 9 works on geology & m9]alogy4 ,only a brief summ>y ( ^? po9ts ( int]e/ to agriculture has be5 giv5 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ,! soil analy/ %\ld be acqua9t$ ) ^! pr9ciples1 b = practical purposes he has only to und]/& ! *ief factors active 9 secur+ ! decay ( rocks & 9 prep>+ ! dbris = plant gr[?4 ,! foll[+ outl9e is bas$ on ! g5]ally accept$ !ories respect+ ! =mation ( soils4#g ,! =ces ord9>ily conc]n$ 9 ! decay ( rocks are3 #a4 ,*anges ( temp]ature1 includ+ ! ord9>y daily & mon?ly *anges1 & ! conditions ( freez+ & ?aw+4 #b4 ,mov+ wat] or ice4 #c4 ,*emical action ( wat] & air4 #d4 ,influ5ce ( vegetable & animal life3 7a7 ,%ades ! rock or soil surface4 7b7 ,p5etrates ! rock or soil mat]ial ) its roots1 ?us admitt+ air4 7c7 ,solv5t action ( roots4 7d7 ,*emical action ( decay+ organic matt]4 #e4 ,e>? worms4 #f4 ,bact]ia4 #ci4 ,! ,action ( ,freez+ & ,?aw+4--,9 ^? p>ts ( a rock /ratum expos$ ne> ! surface ( ! e>? ! processes ( freez+ & ?aw+ h p]haps _h consid]able influ5ce 9 rock decay4 ,! expansive =ce ( freez+ wat] is well kn[n4 ,ice occupies a l>g] volume ?an ! wat] f :i* x 0 =m$4 ,! =ce ) :i* ?is expansion takes place is almo/ irresi/ible4 ,! ph5om5on ( bur/$ wat] pipes :i* h be5 expos$ to a freez+ temp]ature is n an uncommon "o4 ,:ile ! increase 9 volume is n l>ge1 yet x is entirely suffici5t to produce s]i\s results4 ,! way 9 :i* freez+ affects expos$ rock is easily und]/ood4 ,! effect is unnoticeable if ! rock be dry4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x be saturat$ ) wat]1 ! dis9tegrat+ effect ( a freeze mu/ be ( consid]able magnitude4 ,?is effect becomes m pron\nc$ if ! int]vals ( freez+ & ?aw+ be ( %ort duration4 ,! :ole affect$ portion ( ! rock may ?us become ?or\ghly decay$4 ,b ev5 9 ! mo/ favorable conditions ?is =m ( dis9tegration mu/ be conf9$ to a ?9 sup]ficial area4 ,ev5 9 v cold climates ! fro/ only p5etrates a few feet bel[ ! surface1 & !re=e ! action ( ice _c 9 any way be connect$ ) ^? *anges at great dep?s1 to :i* att5tion has already be5 call$4 ,nev]!less1 c]ta9 build+ /ones seem v s5sitive to ?is sort ( wea!r+1 & ! crumbl+ ( ! /one 9 ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t is due *iefly to ?is cause4 ,on ! :ole x appe>s t ! action ( ice 9 produc+ rock decay has be5 some:at ov]rat$1 al?\gh its p[] mu/ n by any means be d5i$4 ,b on ! o!r h& a freeze ext5d+ ov] a long "t t5ds to pres]ve ! rocks1 & x !re=e appe>s t ! entire abs5ce ( fro/ w\ld promote ! process ( rock decay4 ,at be/ x mu/ be admitt$ t fro/ has affect$ ! e>?'s cru/ only to an insignificant dep?1 b its influ5ce 9 modify+ ! arable "p ( ! soil is ( ! utmo/ importance to agriculture4 #dj4 ,! ,action ( ,glaci]s4--,! action ( ice 9 soil =mation is n conf9$ alone to ! processes j describ$4 ,at a p]iod n v remote geologically1 a great "p ( our ,nor!rn ,/ates 0 cov]$ ) a va/ field ( mov+ ice4 ,^! seas ( ice crept d[n ^u u f m nor!rn latitudes & swept be=e !m e ve/ige ( animal & vegetable life4 ,9 _! movem5t !y level$ & de/roy$ ! cre/s ( hills & fill$ ! valleys ) ! dbris4 ,!y cru%$ & comm9ut$ ! /rata ( rocks :i* oppos$ _! fl[ & c>ri$ huge b\ld]s ( granite hundr$s ( miles f _! homes4 ,on melt+ !y left va/ mora9es ( rocks & pebbles :i* w m>k = all "t ! t]m9i ( ^! empires ( ice4 ,:5 ! ice ( ^! va/ glaci]s f9ally melt$ ! surface :i* !y _h level$ pres5t$ ! appe>ance ( an ext5d$ pla94 ,no e/imate c be made ( ! enorm\s quantities ( rock mat]ial :i* 7 gr\nd to f9e/ p[d] by ^! glaci]s4 ,?is rock p[d] =ms to-day no inconsid]able "p ( ^? f]tile soils :i* are compos$ ( glacial drift4 ,! ri* mat]ials ( ^! soils probably be> a m intimate relation to ! rocks f :i* !y 7 =m$ ?an ( any o!r k9ds ( soil 9 ! _w4 ,! rocks 7 lit]ally gr\nd into a f9e p[d]1 & ?is p[d] 0 intimately mix$ ) ! soils :i* _h already be5 =m$ 9 situ4 ,! melt+ ice also left expos$ to dis9tegrat+ =ces l>ge surfaces ( unprotect$ rocks 9 :i* decay w\ld g on mu* m rapidly ?an :5 cov]$ ) ! dbris :i* protect$ !m be=e ! adv5t ( ! ice4 ,! area ( glacial action ext5d$ ov] ne>ly all ( ,new ,engl& & ov] ! :ole area ( ! nor!rn ti] ( ,/ates4 ,x ext5d$ s\?w>d almo/ to ! ,ohio riv]1 & 9 "s places cross$ x4 ,! effect ( ! ice age 9 produc+ & modify+ our soil mu/ nev] be =gott5 9 a /udy ( soil g5esis4 ,x is n a "p ( our purpose "h to /udy ! causes :i* produc$ ! age ( ice4 ,ev5 a brief ref]5ce to "s ( ! m probable ones might be entirely out ( place4 ,be=e ! glacial p]iod x is c]ta9 t a tropical climate ext5d$ almo/1 if n q1 to ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,! fossil rema9s ( tropical plants & animals :i* h be5 f\nd 9 high nor!rn latitudes are abundant pro(s ( ?is fact4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ,/]ry ,hunt1#bg rock decay has tak5 place l>gely 9 preglacial & pret]ti>y times4 ,! decay ( cry/all9e rocks is a process ( great antiquity4 ,x is also a univ]sal ph5om5on4 ,! fact t ! rocks ( ! s\!rn "p ( ?is c\ntry seem to be cov]$ ) a deep] dbris ?an ^? fur!r nor? is probably due to ! me*anical translation ( ! erod$ p>ticles t[>ds ! s\?4 ,! decay & s(t5+ ( ! mat]ial 7 processes necess>ily prec$+ ! erosion by aque\s & glacial action4 ,x is possible t a climate may h exi/$ 9 ! e>li] geologic ages m favorable to ! decay ( rocks ?an t ( ! pres5t "t4 #da4 ,progress ( ,decay z ,affect$ by ,latitude4--,ext5sive inve/igations c>ri$ on along ! ,atlantic side ( ! c\ntry %[ wide diff]5ces 9 ! rate ( decay 9 ! same k9d ( rocks 9 diff]5t latitudes4 ,9 g5]al1 ! progress ( decay is m m>k$ t[>d ! s\?4 ,! same fact is obs]v$ 9 ! great int]ior valleys ( ! c\ntry2 at lea/1 ev]y:]e except 9 ! arid & semi-arid regions4 ,:]ev] !re is a defici5cy ( wat] ! processes ( decay h be5 arre/$4 ,:]e ! rock /rata h be5 displac$ f a horizontal position ! progress ( decay has be5 m rapid4 ,?is is easily und]/ood4 ,! p]colation ( wat] is m easy z ! displacem5t approa*es a v]tical position4 ,a mo/ rem>kable example ( ?is is se5 9 ! rocks ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a4#bh ,a k9d ( rock kn[n z trap is f\nd 9 lay]s call$ dikes 9 ! ,new>k sy/em ( rocks 9 t ,/ate4 ,^! dikes h be5 s completely displac$ f ! horizontal position !y at fir/ occupi$ z to h an almo/ v]tical dip4 ,! edges ?us expos$ v>y f a few feet to ne>ly #ajj feet 9 ?ickness4 ,! trap rock 9 ^? localities is compos$ almo/ exclusively ( ! m9]al dol]ite1 :i* is s h>d & ela/ic 9 a fre% /ate z to r+ l a piece ( metal :5 /ruck ) a hamm]4 ,9 build+ a railroad ?r\gh ?is region ^! dikes 7 9 "s places uncov]$ to a dep? ( =ty feet & m4 ,at ?is dep? !y 7 f\nd completely decompos$ & ) no indications ( hav+ rea*$ ! l[] limit ( dis9tegration4 ,! orig9al h>d blui% dol]ite has be5 trans=m$ into a yell[i% clay-l mass t c be mold$ 9 ! f+]s & cut l putty4 ,simil> geologic =mations 9 ,new ,j]sey & fur!r ,nor? d n exhibit any?+ l s great a degree ( decomposition1 ?us illu/rat+ 9 a m>k$ degree ! fact t freez+ wea!r = a "p ( ! ye> is a protection aga9/ rock decay4 ,! ice ( w9t] at lea/ protects ! rocks f surface infiltration1 al?\gh x c n /op ! subt]ranean solution :i* mu/ g on cont9u\sly4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 !re=e1 x appe>s t z ! region ( w9t] fro/ is pass$ ! decay ( ! rocks has be5 m rapid ?an 9 ! ,nor?1 because ! *ief dis9tegrat+ =ces act m con/antly4 #db4 ,! ,solv5t ,action ( ,wat]4--,! wat] ( spr+s & wells is n pure4 ,x conta9s 9 solution m9]al matt]s & (t5 a trace ( organic matt]4 ,! organic matt] comes f contact ) vegetable matt] & o!r organic mat]ials ne> ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,! m9]al matt] is d]iv$ f ! solv5t action ( ! wat] & its cont5ts on ! soil & rocks4 ,! expressions 8h>d0 & 8s(t0 appli$ to wat] indicate t x has mu* or little m9]al matt] 9 susp5sion1 z ! case may be4 ,:5 surface & spr+ wat]s are collect$ into /reams & riv]s !y /ill conta9 9 solution ! great] "p ( ! m9]al matt]s :i* !y at fir/ c>ri$4 ,:5 well or spr+ wat]s h m ?an =ty gra9s ( m9]al matt] p] gallon !y are n suitable = dr9k+ wat]s4 ,m9]al wat]s1 s call$1 are ^? :i* c>ry l>ge quantities ( m9]al matt]1 or :i* conta9 c]ta9 comp>atively r>e m9]al sub/ances :i* are valu$ = _! m$ic9al effects4 ,! analysis ( spr+1 well1 or riv] wat]s w always give "s indication ( ! "* ( ! rocks ov] :i* !y h pass$4#bi ,! va/ quantities ( m9]al matt]s c>ri$ into oceans & seas are gradually deposit$ z ! wat] is evaporat$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ^! matt]s be v soluble1 su* z common salt1 sulfate ( magnesia1 etc41 !y become conc5trat$1 z is se5 ) common salt 9 sea wat]s4 ,9 small bodies ( wat]s1 su* z inl& seas1 :i* h no outlet1 ?is conc5tration may proce$ to a mu* great] ext5t ?an 9 ! ocean4 ,z an in/ance ( ?is1 x may be not$ t ! wat]s ( ! ,dead ,sea & ,great ,salt ,lake are impregnat$ to a f> great] degree ) soluble salts ?an ! wat] ( ! ocean4 ,! solv5t action ( wat] on rocks is greatly increas$ by ! traces ( organic or c>bonic acids :i* x may conta94 ,:5 surface wat] comes 9 contact ) vegetable matt] x may become p>tially *>g$ ) ! organic acids :i* ! gr[+ vegetable may conta9 or decay+ vegetable matt] produce4 ,su* acids com+ 9 contact ) lime/one "u pressure w set free c>bon dioxid4 ,wat] *>g$ ) c>bon dioxid acts vigor\sly on lime/one & o!r m9]al aggregates4 ,if su* solutions p5etrate deeply bel[ ! surface ( ! e>? _! activity z solv5ts may be greatly increas$ by ! high] temp]ature to :i* !y are subject$4 ,h5ce1 all ^! =ces comb9e to dis9tegrate ! rocks1 & ?r\gh su* ag5cies va/ deposits ( orig9al & second>y rocks h be5 completely decompos$4 ,! gradual pass+ ( ! firm rock into an arable soil is beautifully %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj1 a pr9t f a negative tak5 by ,mr4 ,geo4 ,p4 ,m]rill1 ne> ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aj4 ,view on ! ,broad ,bran* ( ,rock ,creek1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,! fre% b badly decompos$ granitic rock is %[n pass+ upw>d into mat]ial m & m decompos$ until x becomes suffici5tly pulv]ul5t & soluble to support plant life4 ,! roots %[+ 9 ! upp] "p ( ! picture =m]ly p5etrat$ ! decompos$ rock1 b h be5 expos$ ?r\gh qu>ry+ op]ations4 ,photograph by ,george ,p4 ,m]rill1 #ahia4 #dc4 ,action ,( ,vegetable ,life4--,! prelim9>y condition to vegetation is ! =mation ( soil1 b once />t$1 vegetation aids greatly 9 ! decomposition ( rocks4 ,"s =ms ( vegetation1 z ! li*5s1 h app>5tly ! faculty ( gr[+ on ! b>e surface ( rocks1 b ! high] ord] requires at lea/ a little soil4 ,! vegetation acts by %ad+ ! surface & ?us r5d]+ ! action ( wat] m effective1 by me*anically sep>at+ ! rock p>ticles by means ( its p5etrat+ roots & by ! positive solv5t action ( ! root juices4 ,! rootlets ( plants 9 contact ) lime/one or m>ble dissolve l>ge portions ( ^! sub/ances1 & :ile _! action on m refractory rocks is sl[]1 x mu/ be ( consid]able importance4 ,! organic matt] introduc$ into ! soil by vegetation also promotes decay /ill fur!r bo? directly & by ! =mation ( acids ( ! humic s]ies4 ,?is matt] also furni%es a consid]able portion ( c>bon dioxid :i* is c>ri$ by ! wat] to assi/ 9 its solv5t action4 #dd4 ,action ( ,e>?-,worms4--,( animal organisms ^? mo/ active 9 ! =mation ( soil are e>?-worms4 ,! "w ( e>?-worms has be5 exhau/ively /udi$ by ,d>w94#cj ,! worms n only modify ! soil by br++ to ! surface portions ( ! subsoil1 b also influ5ce its physical /ate by mak+ x m por\s & pulv]ul5t4 ,accord+ to ,d>w9 ! inte/9al cont5t ( worms has an acid reaction1 & ?is has an effect on ^? portions ( ! soil pass+ ?r\gh _! alim5t>y canal4 ,! acids1 :i* are =m$ 9 ! upp] "p ( ! dige/ive canal are neutraliz$ by ! c>bonate ( lime secret$ by ! calcif]\s gl&s ( ! worms ?us neutraliz+ ! free acid & *ang+ ! reaction to alkal9e 9 ! l[] "p ( ! canal4 ,!re is a fair presumption t ! acids ( ! worm are ( a humic nature4 ,! worms fur!r modify ! composition ( ! soil by draw+ leaves & o!r organic matt] into _! holes1 & leav+ !re9 a portion ( su* matt] :i* is gradually conv]t$ into humus4 ,/ockbridge#ca gives a /rik+ illu/ration ( ?is process due to an exp]im5t by von ,h5s54 ,d>w9 e/imates t ab\t elev5 tons ( organic matt] p] acre are annually add$ to ! soil 9 regions :]e worms ab\nd4 ,a consid]able portion ( ! ammonia 9 ! soil at any giv5 "t may also be due to ! action ( worms1 z mu* z #j4ah p] c5t ( ?is sub/ance hav+ be5 f\nd 9 _! excrem5t4 ,x is probable t ne>ly ! :ole ( ! vegetable matt] 9 ! soil passes soon] or lat] ?r\gh ! alim5t>y canals ( ^! ceaseless soil build]s1 & is conv]t$ into ! =m ( humus4 #de4 ,action ( ,bact]ia4--,! intimate relations :i* h be5 f\nd to subsi/ betwe5 c]ta9 m9ute organisms & ! *emical reactions :i* take place 9 ! soil is a suffici5t excuse = not+ ! effect ( o!r simil> organisms 9 ! =mation ( soils4 ,9 addition to ! usual =ces active 9 decompos+ rocks ,mntz#cb has describ$ ! effects ( a nitrify+ bacillus contribut+ to ! same purpose4 ,accord+ to him ! b>e rock usually furni%es a purely m9]al environm5t :]e organisms _c be develop$ unless !y are able to draw _! n\ri%m5t directly f ! air4 ,"s nitrify+ organisms belong to ?is class4 ,x has be5 %[n t ^! bodies c be develop$ by absorb+ f ! ambi5t atmosph]e c>bonate ( ammonia & vapors ( alcohol1 ! pres5ce ( :i* has be5 det]m9$ 9 ! air4 ,accord+ to ! obs]vations ( ,w9ogradsky1 !y assimilate ev5 ! c>bon ( ! c>bon dioxid j z vegetables d :i* conta9 *lorophyl4 ,?us ev5 9 ! d5ud$ rocks ( high m\nta9s ! conditions = ! developm5t ( all ^! inf]ior organisms exi/4 ,9 exam9+ ! p>ticles produc$ by attrition1 x is easily e/abli%$ t !y are uni=mly cov]$ by a lay] ( organic matt] evid5tly =m$ by microscopic vegetations4 ,?us we see1 9 ! v fir/ products ( attrition1 appe>+ ^u ! rocky p>ticles ! *>act]i/ic elem5t ( vegetable soil1 viz41 humus1 ! proportion ( :i* increases rapidly ) ! products ( disaggregation collect$ at ! foot ( declivities until f9ally !y become cov]$ ) *lorophylif]\s plants4 ,9 a simil> mann] ! pres5ce ( nitrify+ organisms has be5 not$ ^u rocky p>ticles receiv$ 9 /]iliz$ tubes1 & cultivat$ 9 an appropriate environm5t :]e !y soon produce nitrification4 ,! nak$ rocks ( ! ,alps1 ! ,pyr5ees1 ! ,auv]gnes & ! ,vosges1 comprise m9]alogical types ( ! mo/ v>i$ nature1 viz41 granite1 porphyry1 gneiss1 micas*i/ volcanic rocks & lime/ones & all ^! h %[n !mselves to be cov]$ ) ! nitrify+ f]m5t4 ,x is kn[n t bel[ a c]ta9 temp]ature ^! organisms are n active2 _! action ^u ! rock is1 !re=e1 limit$ to ! summ] p]iod4 ,dur+ ! cold season _! life is susp5d$ b !y d n p]i%1 inasmu* z !y h be5 f\nd liv+ & ready to resume all _! activity aft] an indef9ite sleep on ! ice ( ! glaci]s :]e ! temp]ature is nev] elevat$ above z]o4 ,! nitrify+ f]m5t is ex]cis$ on a mu* l>g] scale 9 ! normal conditions ( ! l[] levels :]e ! rock is cov]$ ) e>?4 ,?is activity is n limit$ to ! mass ( rock b is cont9u$ ^u ! fragm5ts ( ! mo/ div]se size scatt]$ ?r\gh ! soil & x gradually r$uces !m to a /ate ( f9e p>ticles4 ,x is !re=e a ph5om5on ( ! wide/ ext5sion4 ,! action ( ^! micro-organisms accord+ to ,mntz is n conf9$ to ! surface b ext5ds to ! mo/ int]ior p>ticles ( ! rocky mass4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 !re is no?+ ( a nitrog5\s nature1 to nitrify su* an organism mu/ live 9 a /ate ( susp5d$ animation4 ,:5 ! extreme m9ut5ess ( ^! ph5om5a is consid]$ !re may be a t5d5cy to despise _! importance1 b _! cont9uity & _! g5]ality 9 ! op9ion ( ,mntz place !m among ! geologic causes to :i* ! cru/ ( ! e>? owes a "p ( its actual physiognomy & :i* p>ticul>ly h contribut$ to ! =mation ( ! deposits ( ! comm9ut$ elem5ts con/itut+ arable soil4 ,! g5]al action ( nitrify+ organisms 9 ! soil1 ! nature ( ^! bodies1 & ! me?od ( isolat+ & id5tify+ !m w be fully discuss$ 9 ano!r "p ( ?is "w4 #df4 ,action ( ! ,air4--,! air itself takes an active "p 9 rock decay4 ,:]ev] rocks are expos$ to decay1 !re air is f\nd or1 at lea/1 ! active pr9ciple ( air1 viz41 oxyg54 ,! air n only p5etrates to a great dep? 9 ! e>?1 b is also c>ri$ to mu* great] dep?s by wat] :i* always holds a great] or less quantity ( air 9 solution4 ,! oxyg5 ( ! air is ?us br\ght into intimate contact ) ! dis9tegrat+ mat]ials & 9 a condition to assi/ :]ev] possible 9 ! decompos+ processes4 ,! oxyg5 acts vigor\sly on ! l[] oxids ( iron1 conv]t+ !m into p]oxids1 & ?us t5ds to produce decay4 ,!re are o!r con/itu5ts ( rocks :i* oxyg5 affects injuri\sly & ?us helps to _! f9al break+ up4 ,x is true t1 z a rule1 ! con/itu5ts ( rocks are already oxidiz$ to ne>ly z high a degree z possible1 & on ^! con/itu5ts ( c\rse ! air w\ld h no effect4 ,b on o!rs1 especially :5 help$ by wat] ) ! o!r sub/ances x c>ries 9 solution1 ! air may greatly help 9 ! "w ( de/ruction4 ,9 a g5]al view1 ! action ( ! air 9 soil =mation may be reg>d$ z ( second>y importance1 & to dep5d *iefly on ! oxidation ( ! l[] to ! high] basic =ms4 ,^! processes1 :ile !y seem ( little value1 h1 nev]!less1 be5 ( consid]able importance 9 ! production ( t residue ( rock dis9tegration :i* con/itutes ! soil4 #dg4 ,classification ( ,soils ,accord+ to ,deposition4--,9 reg>d to _! deposition soils are divid$ into five classes3 #a4 ,^? :i* are =m$ f ! decomposition ( cry/all9e or s$im5t>y rocks or ( unconsolidat$ s$im5t>y mat]ial 9 situ4 #b4 ,^? :i* h be5 mov$ by wat] f ! place ( _! orig9al =mation & deposit$ by subsid5ce 7bottom l&s1 alluvial soils1 lacu/r9e deposits1 etc474 #c4 ,^? :i* h be5 deposit$ z dbris f mov+ masses ( ice 7glacial drift74 #d4 ,soils =m$ f volcanic a%es or f mat]ials mov$ by ! w9d & deposit$ 9 l[ places or 9 hills or ridges4 #e4 ,^? =m$ *iefly f ! decay ( vegetable matt]1 7tule1 peat1 muck74 #dh4 ,qualities ( ,soils4--,9 respect ( quality1 soils h be5 arbitr>ily divid$ into _m k9ds4 ,"s ( ! m important ( ^! divisions are z foll[s3 #a4 ,s&4 ,soils consi/+ almo/ exclusively ( s&4 #b4 ,s&y ,loams4 ,soils conta9+ "s humus & clay b an excess ( s&4 #c4 ,loams4 ,soils incl9+ nei!r to s& nor clay & conta9+ "s consid]able portions ( vegetable mold1 be+ v pulv]ul5t & easily brok5 up into loose & por\s masses4 #d4 ,clays4 ,/iff soils 9 :i* ! silicate ( alum9a & o!r f9e m9]al p>ticles are pres5t 9 l>ge quantity4 #e4 ,m>ls4 ,deposits conta9+ an unusual proportion ( c>bonate ( lime1 ) (t5 "s pota% or phosphoric acid result+ f ! rema9s ( sea-animals & plants4 #f4 ,alkal9e4 ,soils conta9+ c>bonate & sulfate ( soda1 or an excess ( ^! alkal9e & o!r soluble m9]al sub/ances4 #g4 ,adobe4 ,a f9e gra9$ por\s e>? ( peculi> prop]ties h]e9aft] describ$4 #h4 ,vegetable4 ,soils conta9+ mu* vegetable dbris 9 an advanc$ /ate ( decomposition4 ,:5 su* matt] pr$om9ates or exi/s 9 l>ge proportion 9 a soil ! t]m tule1 peat or muck is appli$ to x4 ,) ! exception ( numb]s six1 sev5 & eight ^! types ( soil are s well-kn[n z to require no fur!r description = analytical purposes4 ,! alkal9e1 adobe & vegetable soils on ! contr>y dem& fur!r /udy4 #di4 ,alkal9e ,soils4--,! importance ( a m ext5d$ notice ( ?is class ( soils = analytical purposes is emphasiz$ by _! l>ge ext5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,*iefly ?r\gh ! rese>*es ( ,hilg>d att5tion has be5 call$ to ! true "* ( ^! soils :i* are f\nd ?r\gh\t a l>ge "p ( ! ,we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates & :i* are kn[n by ! common "n ( alkali4 ,! foll[+ description ( ! orig9 ( ^! soils is compil$ *iefly f ,hilg>d's pap]s on ?is subject4 ,:]ev] ! ra9-fall is scanty1 & especially :]e ! ra9s d n come at any "o "t ) suffici5t =ce to ?or\ghly saturate ! soil & c>ry d[n ?r\gh ! subsoil & (f ?r\gh ! dra9age wat]s ! alkali conta9$ !re91 favorable conditions exi/ = ! production ( ! alkal9e soil m5tion$ above4 ,! peculi> *>act]i/ic ( ?is soil is ! effloresc5ce :i* occurs ^u its surface & :i* is due to ! rais+ ( soluble salts 9 ! soil by ! wat] ris+ ?r\gh capill>y attraction & evaporat+ f ! surface1 leav+ ! salts z an effloresc5ce4 ,soils :i* conta9 a l>ge am\nt ( alkali are usually v ri* 9 m9]al plant food1 & if ! excess ( soluble salt c\ld be remov$1 ^! l&s "u favorable conditions ( moi/ure w\ld produce l>ge crops4 ,! =mation ( ! alkali may be briefly describ$ z foll[s3 ,by ! decomposition ( ! native rocks1 c]ta9 salts soluble 9 wat] are =m$4 ,^! salts 9 ! pres5t matt] are *iefly sodium & potassium sulfates1 *lorids & c>bonates4 ,! salts ( pota% toge!r ) ^? ( lime are m t5aci\sly held by ! soil ?an ! soluble salts ( soda1 & ! result ( ?is natural aff9ity ( ! soil = soluble pota%1 lime & magnesian salts is se5 9 ! =mation at ! surface ( ! e>?1 by ! process ( evaporation above describ$1 ( a cru/ ( alkal9e mat]ial :i* is *iefly compos$ ( ! soluble salts ( soda4 ,9 c\ntries :i* h a suffici5t am\nt ( ra9-fall1 ^! soluble salts are c>ri$ away ei!r by ! surface dra9age or by ! p]colation ( wat] ?r\gh ! soil1 & ! sodium *lorid is accumulat$ 9 ?is way 9 ! wat]s ( ! ocean4 ,b :]e a suffici5t am\nt ( ra9-fall does n occur1 ^! soluble salts c>ri$ d[n by ea* %[] only to a c]ta9 dep? rise aga9 on ! evaporation ( ! wat]1 re9=c$ by any additional soluble mat]ial :i* may be f\nd 9 ! soil itself4 ,! ?ree mo/ important +r$i5ts ( ! alkali ( ! l&s ref]r$ to are sodium *lorid1 sulfate1 & c>bonate4 ,:5 ! latt] salt1 namely1 sodium c>bonate1 is pres5t 9 pr$om9ant quantity1 x gives rise to :at is popul>ly kn[n z black alkali4 ,?is black color is due to ! d>k color$ solution :i* sodium c>bonate makes ) ! organic matt]s or humus ( ! soil4 ,! black alkali is f> m injuri\s to gr[+ vegetation ?an ! :ite alkali compos$ *iefly ( sodium sulfate & *lorid4 ,?is black alkali has be5 v successfully treat$ by ,hilg>d#cc by ! application ( gypsum :i* react+ ) ! sodium c>bonate produces calcium c>bonate & sodium sulfate1 ?us conv]t+ ! black into ! :ite alkali & add+ an +r$i5t 9 ! %ape ( lime c>bonate to /iff soils :i* t5ds to make !m m pulv]ul5t & easy ( tillage4 ,?is me?od ( treatm5t1 h[ev]1 z c be easily se51 is only palliative1 ! :ole am\nt ( ! alkal9e sub/ances be+ /ill left 9 ! soil1 only 9 a less injuri\s =m4 ,! only p]fect rem$y = alkal9e soils1 z has be5 po9t$ out by ,hilg>d1 is 9 ! introduction ( und]dra9age 9 connection ) irrigation4 ,! p>tial irrigation ( alkal9e soils1 af=d+ en\gh moi/ure to c>ry ! alkali d[n to & p]haps p>tially ?r\gh ! subsoil1 c produce only a tempor>y alleviation ( ! difficulties produc$ by ! alkali4 ,subsequ5t evaporation may ?us increase ! am\nt ( surface incru/ation4 ,= ?is reason 9 _m cases ! practice ( irrigation )\t und]dra9age may completely ru9 an o!rwise f]tile soil by sl[ly increas+ ! am\nt ( alkali 9 ! soil by ! total am\nt ( ! alkal9e mat]ial add$ 9 ! wat]s ( irrigation4 ,z ,hilg>d has po9t$ out1 if a soil c be practically fre$ f alkali by und]dra9age connect$ ) a ?or\gh saturation by irrigation1 x may be c5turies be=e ! alkali w accumulate 9 t soil aga9 :5 ord9>y irrigation only is practic$4 ,x may ?us become possible to reclaim l>ge ext5ts ( alkal9e soil little by little by treat+ !m ) an excess ( irrigation wat] 9 connection ) ?or\gh und]dra9age4 ,! composition ( ! alkali on ! surface ( ! soil due to ! causes above set =? is ?or\ghly illu/rat$ by ! analyses ( ,hilg>d & ,web]1 :i* foll[3 ,,table ,,%[+ ,,composition ,,( ,,alkali ,,salts ,,9 ,,san ,,joaqu9 ,,valley4 ,,fresno ,,c\nty4 ,sections #ac & #bd ,t4 #ad ,s4 ,r4 #ai ,e41 #d miles ,s4 ,w4 f ,fresno4 ,alkali ,alkali ,spot1 #ahhi4 soil1 #ahhh4 #a in* #ah #bf #db surface4 in*es in*es in*es bel4 bel4 h>dpan4 surface4surface4 ,soluble salts #j4gf #j4bj #j4ah #j4af 9 #ajj p>ts soil ,potassium sulfate ,d,potassium nitrate ,potassium c>bonate 7,sal]atus7 ,sodium l>ge small small v v sulfate slight slight 7,glaub]'s salt7 ,sodium v l>ge small l>ge l>ge c>bonate slight 7,sal-soda7 ,sodium *iefly mod]ate*iefly mod]atemod]ate *lorid 7,common salt7 ,d,sodium phosphate ,calcium mod]ate small v v v sulfate slight slight slight 7,gypsum7 ,magnesium sulfate 7,epsom salt7 ,organic matt] ,,fresno ,,c\nty4 ,miss ,au/9's ,n4,w4 ,cor4 ,n ,ea/on4,emigr'nt ,ran*1 ,c5tral ,sec4 #bj ,t4 #ad ,s4 ,dit*4 ,colony4 ,r4 #ba ,e4 ,surface,surface ,surface,surface soil1 soil1 soil4 soil4 ,no4 #a4 ,no4 #b4 ,soluble salts #c4ed #a4ij #a4bj #b4fi 9 #ajj p>ts soil ,potassium small mod]ate sulfate ,d,potassium small nitrate ,potassium c>bonate 7,sal]atus7 ,sodium l>ge l>ge mu* mod]ate l>ge sulfate 7,glaub]'s salt7 ,sodium small *iefly small small *iefly c>bonate 7,sal-soda7 ,sodium *iefly l>ge *iefly*iefly l>ge little *lorid 7,common salt7 ,d,sodium phosphate ,calcium small mod]ate small small mu* sulfate 7,gypsum7 ,magnesium small mu* sulfate 7,epsom salt7 ,organic matt] ,footnote ,d3 ,v g5]ally pres5t1 b n always 9 quantities suffici5t = det]m9ation4 ,,tul>e ,,c\nty4 ,go%5 ,peopl's ,ne> ,visalia,lemoore ,tul>e ,dit* ,lake ,exp't ,tul>e ,/ation ,surf'ce,alkali ,surf'ce ,surf'ce ,alkali ,alkali soil cru/ soil soil cru/ cru/ ,soluble salts 9 #ajj #a4dj #j4hc #a4bf p>ts soil ,potassium sulfate small ,e,potassium nitrate small ,potassium c>bonate #ah4hj 7,sal]atus7 ,sodium sulfate #dd4bd #a4bbca4cj;,f #ac4d;*iefly #cb4h 7,glaub]'s salt7 ,sodium c>bonate #cb4ih #hh4ji #ah4b #de4c #cf4af 7,sal-soda7 ,sodium *lorid #af4gd #a4jj #d4d little #ca4af 7,common salt7 ,e,sodium phosphate #a4ig #j4bb #aj4d ,calcium sulfate little 7,gypsum7 ,magnesium sulfate #h4amod]ate 7,epsom salt7 ,organic matt] #a4ei #i4ba #g4e #e4cg ,,k]n ,,c\nty4 ,alkali cru/s f ! ,smyrna artesian belt4 ,t[n%ips #be & #bf ,r4 #bc ,e4 ,w4 ,s4 ,w4 f ,delano1 ,s4 ,p4 ,r4 ,r4 ,no4 #a ,no4 #b ,no4 #c ,no4 #d ,no4 #e,no4 #f,no4 #g,no4 #h ,soluble salts 9 #ajj p>ts soil ,potassium sulfate ,e,potassium nitrate ,potassium c>bonate 7,sal]atus7 ,sodium smallmod]atemod]atemod]atel>gesmallsmall small sulfate 7,glaub]'s salt7 ,sodium c>bonate 7,sal-soda7 ,sodium l>gemod]ate l>ge l>ge smalll>gesmalll>ge *lorid 7,common salt7 ,e,sodium phosphate ,calcium small small small small smallsmallsmallsmall sulfate 7,gypsum7 ,magnesium small small small small smallsmallsmallsmall sulfate 7,epsom salt7 ,organic matt] ,,k]n ,,c\nty4 ,summ]4 ,k]n ,isl& ,alkali ,alkali cru/ cru/ ,soluble salts 9 #ajj p>ts soil ,potassium #d4gb sulfate ,e,potassium nitrate ,potassium c>bonate 7,sal]atus7 ,sodium #ai4bj #gj4fa sulfate 7,glaub]'s salt7 ,sodium #ad4hb c>bonate 7,sal-soda7 ,sodium #cg4ad #d4ac *lorid 7,common salt7 ,e,sodium phosphate ,calcium #j4if #j4jh sulfate 7,gypsum7 ,magnesium #ah4ca sulfate 7,epsom salt7 ,organic #bj4hg matt] ,footnote ,f3 ,common & ,glaub]'s salts4 #ej4 ,adobe ,soils4--,9 _m p>ts ( ! arid regions ( ?is c\ntry :i* c be recov]$ = agricultural purposes by irrigation ! soil has peculi> *>act]i/ics4 ,! "n adobe z commonly us$ applies to bo? ! sundri$ bricks ( ! arid regions ( ! ,we/ & ,s\?we/1 & to ! mat]ials ( :i* !y are compos$4 ,! mat]ial is describ$ by ,russell#cd z a f9e gra9$ por\s e>?1 v>y+ 9 color ?r\gh _m %ades ( gray & yell[1 :i* crumbles betwe5 ! f+]s1 b sep>ates mo/ readily 9 a v]tical direction4 ,! coh]5cy ( ! mat]ial is s great t v]tical sc>ps w /& = _m ye>s )\t =m+ a noticeable talus slope4 ,di/ribution4--,! area ov] :i* adobe =ms a l>ge "p ( ! surface has n be5 accurately mapp$1 b en\gh is kn[n to indicate t x is ess5tially co-ext5sive ) ! m arid portions ( ?is c\ntry4 ,9 a v g5]al way x may be consid]$ z be+ limit$ to ! region 9 :i* ! mean annual ra9-fall is less ?an tw5ty in*es4 ,x =ms ! surface ov] l>ge portions ( ,colorado1 ,new ,mexico1 ,we/]n ,texas1 ,arizona1 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia1 ,nevada1 ,utah1 ,s\!rn ,oregon1 ,s\!rn ,idaho1 & ,wyom+4 ,adobe occurs also 9 ,mexico & may !re rea* a great] developm5t ?an 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b obs]vations conc]n+ x s\? ( ! ,rio ,gr&e are want+4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates x occurs f ne> ! sea-level 9 ,arizona1 & ev5 bel[ ! sea-level 9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia1 up to an elevation ( at lea/ six or eight ?\s& feet1 along ! ea/]n bord] ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & 9 ! elevat$ valleys ( ,new ,mexico1 ,colorado1 & ,wyom+4 ,x occupies depressions ( all sizes up to valleys hav+ an area ( hundr$s ( squ>e miles4 ,al?\gh occurr+ ?r\gh\t ! arid region1 x c be /udi$ to be/ advantage 9 ! dra9less & lakeless bas9s 9 ,nevada1 ,utah1 & ,arizona4 ,composition4--,:5 exam9$ "u ! microscope1 ! adobe is se5 to be compos$ ( irregul>1 unassort$ flakes & gra9s1 pr9cipally qu>tz1 b fragm5ts ( o!r m9]als are also pres5t4 ,an exhau/ive microscopic /udy has n be5 made1 b ! samples exam9$ f widely-sep>at$ localities 7 v simil>4 ,! pr9cipal *>act]i/ics obs]v$ 7 ! extreme angul>ity ( ! p>ticles compos+ ! deposit & ! undecompos$ condition ( ! v>i\s m9]als ent]+ into its composition4 ,x is to be inf]r$ f ?is t ! mat]ial 0 n expos$ ev5 to a v mod]ate degree ( friction1 & _h n und]gone suba]ial decay be=e be+ deposit$4 ,adobe collect$1 at typical localities is s f9e 9 texture t no grit c be felt :5 x is rubb$ betwe5 ! f+]s2 9 o!r in/ances x conta9s angul> rock fragm5ts ( appreciable size4 ,! composition ( ! mat]ial is illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ analyses3 ,,analyses ,,( ,,adobe4 ,,by ,l4 ,g4 ,,eak9s4 ,con/itu5ts4 ,no4 #a4 ,no4 #b4 ,no4 #c4 ,no4 #d4 ,sante ,fe1 ,new ,=t ,w+ate1 ,humboldt1 ,salt ,lake ,mexico4 ,new ,mexico4 ,nevada4 ,city1 ,utah4 ,si,o #ff4fi #bf4fg #dd4fd #ai4bd ,al,o #ad4af #j4ia #ac4ai #c4bf ,fe,o #d4ch #j4fd #e4ab #a4ji ,mn,o #j4ji trace #j4ac trace ,ca,o #b4di #cf4dj #ac4ia #ch4id ,mg,o #a4bh #j4ea #b4if #b4ge ,k,o #a4ba trace #a4ga trace ,na,o #j4fg trace #j4ei trace ,,co #j4gg #be4hd #h4ee #bi4eg ,p,o #j4bi #j4ge #j4id #j4bc ,,s #j4da #j4hb #j4fd #j4ec ,cl #j4cd #j4jg #j4ad #j4aa ,h,o #d4id #b4bf #c4hd #a4fg ,organic matt] #b4jj #e4aj #c4dc #b4if ---------- ---------- ---------- ------------ #ii4gb #ii4ig #ii4hd #ajj4ce #ea4 ,vegetable ,soils4--,! heavy soils ^: orig9 has be5 describ$ are ess5tially ( a m9]al nature4 ,! quantity ( organic matt] 9 su* soils may v>y f a m]e trace to a few p] c5t1 b !y nev] lose _! m9]al pr$om9ance4 ,:5 a soil on ! o!r h& is compos$ almo/ exclusively ( vegetable mold x belongs to q ano!r type4 ,su* soils are call$ tule1 peat or muck4 ,9 ?is c\ntry !re are ?\s&s ( acres ( peat or muck soils2 ! l>ge/ contigu\s deposits be+ f\nd 9 ,s\!rn ,florida4 ,! orig9 ( ^! soils is easily und]/ood4 ,:5ev] rank vegetation gr[s 9 su* a location z to secure = ! organic matt] =m$ a sl[ decay !re is a t5d5cy to ! accumulation ( vegetable mold 9 %all[ wat] or on m>%y gr\nd & :]e conditions are favorable to su* accumulations4 ,9 ,florida ! muck soils h be5 accumulat$ ab\t ! m>g9s ( lakes4 ,dur+ ! ra9y season ! m>%es bord]+ ^! are p>tly cov]$ ) wat]1 b ! vegetation is v luxuriant4 ,! wat] protects ! vegetable matt] f be+ de/roy$ by fire4 ,x !re=e accumulates f ye> to ye> & is gradually compact$ into q a uni=m mass ( vegetable mold4 ,! composition ( ! muck is illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+ table :i* %[s ! "* ( ! lay]s at "o1 two & ?ree feet 9 dep?3#ce ,c>bon4 ,hydrog54 ,nitrog54 ,volatile matt]4 #a foot #eg4fg p] c5t #d4dh p] c5t #b4bd p] c5t #ij4fj p] c5t #b feet #dg4jg #e4ae #a4dj #gb4jj #c feet #h4eb #j4ec #j4ca #ae4jj ,9 ?is sample1 ,no4 #c1 ! muck 0 only ?ree feet deep1 re/+ on pure s&4 ,z ! bottom ( ! deposit is approa*$ ! admixture ( s& becomes great] & ! p]c5tage ( organic matt] less4 ,no reliable e/imate ( ! "t :i* has be5 requir$ to =m ^! deposits c be giv51 b 9 ! ,okee*obee region 9 ,florida ! deposit ( vegetable mold 9 "s places exce$s t5 feet 9 dep?4 ,! pure/ muck or peat soils conta9 only small quantities ( pota% & phosphoric acid1 & especially is ?is true ( ! ,florida mucks :i* h be5 =m$ ( vegetable gr[? conta9+ v little m9]al matt]4 ,x is n at all probable t ! flora n[ gr[+ on any p>ticul> area ( virg9 peat conta9s all ! plants t h contribut$ to its =mation4 ,! pr9cipal vegetable gr[?s n[ go+ to make up ! muck soils ( ,florida are ! foll[+3 ,common names4 ,botanical names4 ,saw grass ,cladium effusum ,yell[ pond lily ,nymphea flava ,maid5 cane grass ,panicum ,curtisii ,alligator ,wampee ,pont$]ia cordata ,s$ge ,cyp]us species ,f]n brake ,osmunda ,mall[ ,malva ,broom s$ge ,&ropogon ,arr[ we$ ,sagitt>ia ,! above are only ! plants gr[+ 9 ! greate/ pr(usion & d n include all :i* are n[ contribut+ to increase ! /ore ( vegetable dbris4 #eb4 ,humus4--,! active pr9ciple ( vegetable mold is call$ humus1 a t]m us$ to designate 9 g5]al ! products ( ! decomposition ( vegetable matt] z !y are f\nd 9 soils4 ,9 peat & muck are f\nd a mixture ( humus ) undecompos$ or p>tially decompos$ vegetation4 ,accord+ to ,ko/yt*(f#cf vegetable matt] decays "u ! influ5ce ( molds & bact]ia4 ,molds alone produce ! d>k color$ matt]s :i* give soils ri* 9 vegetable matt]1 _! color4 ,"o *ief *>act]i/ic ( humus is its ri*ness 9 nitrog54 ,black ,russian soil conta9s f #d to #f4fe p] c5t ( nitrog54 ,?is soil is e/imat$ to conta9 sixty million organisms p] gram & mu* ( ! nitrog5 :i* x holds mu/ be 9 ! =m ( proteids4 ,! fir/ developm5t 9 decay+ vegetable matt] is ( bact]ia & !re is a t5d5cy ( ! decay+ matt] to become acid4 ,?is causes a decay ( ! bact]ia & ! ammonia produc$ by ?is neutralizes ! acid4 ,! v>i\s k9ds ( mold gr[ :5 ! reaction becomes neutral4 ,aft]w>ds ! bact]ia & ! molds develop toge!r4 ,?is /atem5t ( ,ko/yt*(f is n a v satisfactory explanation ( ev5 our limit$ k ( ! decomposition ( organic matt]s 9 ! soil4 ,ammonia & ammonia salts are =m$ n by ! decay ( "s =ms ( bact]ia b by ! activities ( o!r =ms4 ,w>+ton f\nd t 9 nitrification !re 7 ?ree di/9ct =ms ( bact]ia conc]n$ 9 ! f9al products ( ammonia1 nitrites1 & nitrates4 ,humus always conta9s easily decomposable matt] & consequ5tly ! rate ( decay at any obs]v$ p]iods is ne>ly ! same4 ,9 humus :i* is produc$ above ! wat]-level ,ko/yt*(f /ates t all trace ( ! vegetable /ructure is de/roy$ by ! leaves be+ gnaw$ & pass$ ?r\gh ! bodies ( cat]pill>s & wire-worms4 ,"u ! wat]-level ! vegetable /ructure is pres]v$ & peat results4 ,! decay ( humus is mo/ rapid 9 dra9$ & op5 soils4 ,= ?is reason ! pres5ce ( clay 9 a soil promotes ! accumulation ( humus4 ,inf]ior organisms are ! means ( diffus+ organic matt] ?r\gh ! soil4 ,! mycelia ( fungi gr[ on a dead root = in/ance1 ramify lat]ally & ?us c>ry organic matt] outw>d & succe$+ organisms ext5d ?is action & ! soil becomes d>k5$ 9 proportion4 ,humic acid 9 black soil is almo/ exclusively 9 comb9ation ) lime4 ,a m common view ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! =mation ( humus above & bel[ ! wat]-level is t above ! wat]-level !re is a v free access ( air & ev5 ! h>d] p>ts ( ! leaf skeleton c be oxidiz$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( bact]ia1 :ile "u ! wat]-level !re is a v limit$ supply ( air & ?is oxidation _c proce$ z rapidly4 ,! h>d] p>ts ( ! leaf skeleton are pres]v$1 & f ! fre] access ( air humus is oxidiz$ m readily 9 dra9$ & op5 soils1 & accumulates 9 clay soils :]e !re is less circulation ( air4 ,! real composition ( humus is a matt] :i* has nev] be5 def9itely det]m9$4 ,compos$ ( _m diff]5t b closely relat$ sub/ances x has be5 difficult to isolate & det]m9e !m4 ,/ockbridge#cg gives ! foll[+ composition ( ! bodies :i* =m ! l>g] "p ( humus3 ,ulm9 & ,ulmic ,acid4 ,c>bon #fg4a p] c5t ,correspond+ to ,c,h,o ,h,o4 ,hydrog5 #d4b ,oxyg5 #h4g ,hum9 & ,humic ,acid4 ,c>bon #fd4d p] c5t ,correspond+ to ,c,h,o #c;,h,o ,hydrog5 #d4c ,oxyg5 #ca4c ,cr5ic ,acid4 ,c>bon #dd4j p] c5t ,correspond+ to ,c,h,o8 ,hydrog5 #e4e ,nitrog5 #c4i ,oxyg5 #df4f ,apocr5ic ,acid4 ,c>bon #cd4d p] c5t ,correspond+ to ,c,h,o8 ,hydrog5 #c4e ,nitrog5 #c4j ,oxyg5 #ci4a ,he fur!r /ates t !re are1 aside f ^! humus comp\nds1 o!rs /ill less kn[n & ! action ( :i* is n yet und]/ood2 among !m xylic acid1 ,c,h,o1 sac*>ic acid1 ,c,h,o1 gluc9ic acid1 ,c,h,o1 besides a br[n humus acid conta9+ c>bon1 #fe4h p] c5t1 & hydrog51 #f4be p] c5t1 & a black humus acid yield+ c>bon1 #ga4e p] c5t1 & hydrog51 #e4h p] c5t4 ,accord+ to ,muld] humic acid has ! foll[+ composition1 ,c,h,o1 :ile ,!n>d#ch ascribes to x ! =mula1 ,c,h,o4 ,at ! pres5t "t we c only reg>d ! v>i\s =ms ( humus bodies z mixtures ( _m sub/ances mo/ly ( an acid nature & result+ f a gradual decomposition ( organic matt] "u conditions :i* p>tially exclude free access ( oxyg54 ,= analytical purposes x is only necess>y to sep>ate ^! bodies by ! be/ approv$ processes4 ,a fur!r k ( _! composition c !n be d]iv$ by det]m9+ ! p]c5tages ( c>bon dioxid & wat] :i* !y yield on combu/ion4 #ec4 ,soil & ,subsoil4--,_m subdivisions h be5 made ( ! above v>ieties ( soil1 b !y h little value = analytical purposes4 ,= conv5i5ce 9 description = agricultural purposes1 ! soil1 h[ev]1 is fur!r divid$ into soil & subsoil4 ,9 ?is s5se ! soil comprises t portion ( ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 usually f f\r to n9e in*es deep1 conta9+ mo/ ( ! organic rema9s ( plants & animals & 9 :i* air circulates m or less freely = ! prop] humification ( ! organic matt]1 :i* usually gives a d>k] color to ! soil ?an to ! subsoil4 ,! subsoil prop] lies bel[ ?is1 & has usually m *>act]i/ic prop]ties1 especially 9 respect ( color & texture1 z x has be5 less influ5c$ by artificial conditions ( cultivation & ! rema9s ( vegetation4 ,! subsoil ext5ds to an indef9ite dep? & is limit$ usually by deposits ( undecompos$ or p>tly decompos$ rock matt]1 or by lay]s ( clay1 s& or gravel4 ,inasmu*1 h[ev]1 z ! influ5ce ( ! subsoil on gr[+ crops is ( little importance bel[ ! dep? ( eighte5 in*es ! analysis ( samples f a great] dep? has m ( a geologic ?an agricultural value4 ,hilg>d reg>ds z subsoil :atev] lies b5ea? ! l9e ( *ange1 or bel[ ! m9imum dep? ( six in*es4 ,b %\ld ! *ange ( color occur at a great] dep? ?an twelve in*es1 ! soil specim5 %\ld nev]!less be tak5 to ! dep? ( twelve in*es only1 :i* is ! limit ( ord9>y tillage2 !n ano!r specim5 f t dep? d[n to ! l9e ( *ange1 & !n ! subsoil specim5s b5ea? t l9e4 ,! dep? to :i* ! la/ %\ld be tak5 w dep5d ^u circum/ances4 ,x is always desirable to "k :at con/itutes ! f\ndation ( a soil to ! dep? ( ?ree feet at lea/1 s9ce ! "q ( dra9age1 resi/ance to dr\ght1 etc41 w dep5d ess5tially ^u ! nature ( ! sub/ratum4 ,b 9 ord9>y cases t5 or twelve in*es ( subsoil w be suffici5t4 ,! sample %\ld be tak5 9 o!r respects precisely l t ( ! surface soil1 :ile t ( ! mat]ial und]ly+ ?is subsoil may be tak5 ) less exactness1 p]haps at "s dit* or o!r easily accessible po9t1 & %\ld n be brok5 up l ! o!r specim5s4 ,9 ! me?od ( soil sampl+ adopt$ by ! ,royal ,agricultural ,college ( ,engl&1 ! soil is reg>d$ z t portion ( ! surface ( ! gr\nd :i* is rea*$ by ord9>y tillage op]ations1 g5]ally be+ f six to n9e in*es deep2 ! subsoil is t portion :i* is ord9>ily n t\*$ 9 pl[+4 ,,au?orities ,,cit$ ,,9 ,,"p ,,fir/4 ,footnote #a3 ,comptes r5dus1 ,tome #aaj1 p4 #abga4 ,footnote #b3 ,wyatt1 ,phosphates ( ,am]ica1 p4 #ff4 ,footnote #c3 ,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 ,augu/ #bc1 #ahij4 ,footnote #d3 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,vol4 #da1 ,febru>y1 #ahia4 ,footnote #e3 ,prelim9>y ,sket* ( ,florida ,phosphates1 ,au?or's edition1 pp4 #ah1 et seq4 ,footnote #f3 ,j\rnal fr praktis*e ,*emie1 #a/ s]ies1 ,b& #ch1 ,s4 #chh4 ,footnote #g3 ,annual ,report ,connecticut ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 #ahij1 p4 #gb4 ,footnote #h3 ,annual ,report ,massa*usetts ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 #ahhg1 p4 #bcc4 ,footnote #i3 ,bullet9 #ba1 ,rhode ,isl& ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 #ahic4 ,footnote #aj3 ,*emical ,composition ( ,food-,fi%es4 ,report ( ,u4 ,s4 ,commission] ( ,fi% & ,fi%]ies1 #ahhh1 pp4 #fgi et seq4 ,footnote #aa3 ,g4 ,br[n ,goode1 ,am]ican ,naturali/1 ,vol4 #ad1 ,july1 #ahij4 ,footnote #ab3 ,comptes r5dus1 ,tome #aja1 #ahhe1 pp4 #fe1 et seq4 ,footnote #ac3 ,royal ,agricultural ,society ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 #ac1 #aheb1 pp4 #cdi et seq4 ,footnote #ad3 ,gtes ,m9]aux1 p> ,fu*s et ,de,launy1 ,tome #a1 p4 #dbe4 ,footnote #ae3 ,el ,salitre de ,*ile2 ,r5 ,f4 ,le,feuvre y ,artro ,dagn9o1 #ahic1 p4 #ab4 ,footnote #af3 ,crampton1 ,am]ican ,*emical ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #ahij1 p4 #bbg4 ,footnote #ag3 ,pota%1 pamphlet ( ,g]man ,kali ,works1 pp4 #c1 #d4 ,footnote #ah3 ,gtes ,m9]aux1 p4 #dbi4 ,footnote #ai3 ,bullet9 ( ! ,philosophical ,society ( ,wa%+ton1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #adb4 ,footnote #bj3 ,h&book = ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,geology ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 by ,geo4 ,p4 ,m]rill4 ,footnote #ba3 ,vid4 supra1 p4 #ejf4 ,footnote #bb3 ,vid4 supra1 ,plate #abj4 ,footnote #bc3 ,m]rill1 op4 cit4 p4 #eba4 ,footnote #bd3 ,m]rill1 op4 cit4 p4 #ecf4 ,footnote #be3 ,m]rill1 op4 cit4 p4 #ede4 ,footnote #bf3 ,m]rill1 op4 cit4 p4 #edg4 ,footnote #bg3 ,m9]al ,physiology & ,physiography1 p4 #bea4 ,footnote #bh3 ,bullet9 ,no4 #eb1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 p4 #af4 ,footnote #bi3 bis 7p4 #dh71 ,vid4 supra1 p4 #ch4 ,footnote #cj3 ,! ,=mation ( ,vegetable ,mold ?r\gh ! ,action ( ,worms4 ,footnote #ca3 ,rocks & ,soils1 pp4 #aca-b4 ,footnote #cb3 ,comptes r5dus1 ,tome #aaj1 p4 #acgj4 ,footnote #cc3 ,bullet9 ,no4 #hc1 ,cali=nia ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 ,footnote #cd3 ,geological ,magaz9e1 ,vol4 #g1 ,no4 #f1 pp4 #bia-ib4 ,footnote #ce3 ,wiley1 ,agricultural ,sci5ce1 #ahic1 pp4 #ajf et seq4 ,footnote #cf3 ,travaux de la ,socit des ,naturali/es ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 ,tome #bj1 #ahhi4 ,footnote #cg3 ,rocks & ,soils1 p4 #acd4 ,footnote #ch3 ,beil/e9's ,h&bu* d] ,organis*5 ,*emie1 ,b& ,i1 ,ss4 #hia-b4 ,,"p ,,second4 ,,tak+ ,,samples ,,( ,,soil ,,= ,,analysis4 #ed4 ,g5]al ,pr9ciples4--,x w\ld be unwise to attempt to give any s+le me?od ( tak+ soil samples z ! only "o to be practic$ 9 all circum/ances4 ,9 ! me?ods :i* foll[ x is believ$ w be f\nd directions = e probable case4 ,! p>ticul> me?od to be foll[$ w 9 ea* case h to be det]m9$ by circum/ances4 ,! sole object 9 tak+ a sample ( soil %\ld be to h x repres5tative ( ! type ( soils to :i* x belongs4 ,e precaution %\ld be obs]v$ to h ea* sample measure up to t /&>d4 ,! physical & *emical analyses ( soils are long & t$i\s processes & are entirely too co/ly to be appli$ to samples :i* repres5t no?+ b !mselves4 ,! p>ticul> place select$ = tak+ ! samples z well z ! me?od employ$ are also l>gely det]m9$ by ! po9t ( view ( ! inve/igations4 ,! collection ( samples to illu/rate ! geologic or m9]alogical relations ( soils is q a diff]5t matt] f ga!r+ portions to repres5t _! agricultural possibilities4 ,9 a giv5 area ! sum ( plant food 9 ! soil w\ld only be det]m9$ by ! analyses ( samples f t p>ticul> field1 :ile samples illu/rat+ geologic relations c\ld or %\ld be tak5 at widely di/ant po9ts4 ,aga9 ! *emi/ is cont5t ) a sample ( a few grams 9 weight :ile ! physici/ w\ld require a mu* l>g] quantity4 ,mu* popul> ignorance exi/s respect+ ! importance ( ! collection ( soil samples4 ,z an illu/ration ( ?is may be cit$ a rec5t in/ance 9 :i* a sample ( soil 0 receiv$ by ! au?or ) a reque/ = a complete analysis & a /atem5t ( ! k9ds ( crops x 0 suit$ to gr[4 ,no data relat+ to ! locality 9 :i* ! sample 0 tak5 accompani$ ?is reque/4 ,! sample itself1 :i* weigh$ a little less ?an #c4f grams1 0 n a soil at all 9 an agricultural s5se b a highly f]rug9\s s&4 ,! collector ( samples :o und]/&s ! purpose = :i* he is work+ w f9d among ! approv$ me?ods :i* foll[ "s "o or "s comb9ation ( me?ods1 by means ( :i* 8 "w c be made successful4 ,9 ^! cases x is ! collector r ?an ! me?od on :i* reliance mu/ be plac$ to secure prop]ly repres5tative samples4 #ee4 ,g5]al ,directions = ,sampl+4--,! locality hav+ be5 select$ :i* pres5ts z ne>ly z possible ! mean composition ( ! field a squ>e hole is dug ) a %>p spade to ! dep? ( eighte5 in*es4 ,! walls ( ?is hole %\ld be smoo? & p]p5dicul>4 ,! soil to ! dep? ( six to n9e in*es is !n remov$ f ! sides ( ! hole 9 a slice ab\t f\r in*es ?ick2 or ! sample ( soil may be tak5 to ! dep? indicat$ by a *ange ( color4 ,any p>ticles :i* fall into ! bottom ( ! hole are c>efully collect$ & add$ to ! p>ts adh]+ to ! spade4 ,! :ole is ?r[n into a suitable vessel = removal to ! laboratory4 ,! sample ( soil hav+ be5 ?us secur$1 ! subsoil is tak5 9 ! same way4 ,to insure uni=mity 9 ! samples1 x is well to take sev]al ( !m f ! same field4 ,:]e m ?an "o sample is tak5 x is advisable to mix all ! sub-samples 9 ! field1 remove l>ge /icks1 /ones1 roots1 etc41 & take a g5]al sample ( f ?ree to five kilograms4 ,! "* ( ! dbris1 etc41 remov$ %\ld be c>efully not$4 ,x is sometimes desirable to take samples ( ! subsoil to a great] dep? ?an eighte5 in*es4 ,a po/-hole aug] or l>ge wood aug] w be f\nd v useful = ?is purpose4 ,x is r>ely necess>y to take samples ( subsoil to a great] dep? ?an six feet4 ,9 tak+ samples ! geologic =mation & ! g5]al topography ( ! field %\ld be not$1 also ! "* ( ! previ\s crops1 k9d & am\nt ( f]tiliz]s employ$1 "* ( dra9age & any o!r data ( a nature to give a m accurate idea ( ! =ces :i* h det]m9$ ! physical & *emical prop]ties ( ! sample4 #ef4 ,me?od ,( ,hilg>d4--,hilg>d#ci recomm5ds t samples %\ld n be tak5 indiscrim9ately f any locality y may *ance to be int]e/$ 91 b t y %\ld consid] :at are ! two or ?ree *ief v>ieties ( soil :i*1 ) _! int]mixtures1 make up ! cultivable area ( y\r region1 & c>efully sample ^! fir/ ( all4 ,z a rule1 & :5ev] possible1 samples %\ld be tak5 only f spots t h n be5 cultivat$1 or are o!rwise likely to h be5 *ang$ f _! orig9al condition ( virg9 soils & n f gr\nd frequ5tly trodd5 ov] su* z roadsides1 cattle pa?s1 or small pa/ures1 squirrel holes1 /umps1 or ev5 ! foot ( trees1 or spots t h be5 wa%$ by ra9s or /reams1 s z to h exp]i5c$ a noticeable *ange1 & n be a fair repres5tative ( _! k9d4 ,he fur!r sugge/s t ! normal vegetation1 trees1 h]bs1 grass1 etc41 %\ld be c>efully obs]v$ & record$1 & spots %[+ unusual gr[? be avoid$ :e!r 9 k9d or quality1 z su* are likely to h receiv$ "s animal manure or o!r outside addition4 ,specim5s %\ld be tak5 f m ?an "o spot judg$ to be a fair repres5tative ( ! soil int5d$ to be exam9$ z an additional gu>antee ( a fair av]age4 ,aft] select+ a prop] spot pull up ! plants gr[+ on x1 & scrape (f ! surface lightly ) a %>p tool to remove half-decay$ vegetable matt] n =m+ "p ( ! soil4 ,dig a v]tical hole1 l a po/-hole1 at lea/ #bj in*es deep4 ,scrape ! sides clean s z to see at :at dep? ! *ange ( t9t occurs :i* m>ks ! d[nw>d limit ( ! surface soil1 & record x4 ,take at lea/ half a bu%el ( ! e>? above ?is limit1 & on a clo? 7jute bagg+ %\ld n be us$ = ?is purpose1 z its fib]s1 etc41 become int]mix$ ) ! soil7 or pap] break x up & mix ?or\ghly1 & put up at lea/ a p9t ( x 9 a sack or package = exam9ation4 ,?is specim5 w1 ord9>ily1 con/itute ! soil4 ,%\ld ! *ange ( color occur at a less dep? ?an six in*es ! fact %\ld be not$1 b ! specim5 tak5 to t dep? nev]!less1 s9ce x is ! lea/ to :i* rational cultures c be suppos$ to rea*4 ,9 case ! diff]5ce 9 ! "* ( a %all[ surface soil & its subsoil %\ld be unusually great1 z may be ! case 9 tule or o!r alluvial l&s or 9 rocky di/ricts1 a sep>ate example ( t surface soil %\ld be tak51 besides ! "o to ! dep? ( six in*es4 ,specim5s ( salty or alkali soils %\ld1 z a rule1 be tak5 only t[>d ! end ( ! dry season1 :5 !y w conta9 ! maximum am\nt ( ! injuri\s +r$i5ts :i* x may be necess>y to neutralize4 ,:atev] lies b5ea? ! l9e ( *ange1 or bel[ ! m9imum dep? ( six in*es1 w con/itute ! subsoil4 ,%\ld ! *ange ( color occur at a great] dep? ?an twelve in*es ! soil specim5 %\ld nev]!less be tak5 to ! dep? ( twelve in*es only1 :i* is ! limit ( ord9>y tillage2 !n ano!r specim5 f t dep? d[n to ! l9e ( *ange1 & !n ! subsoil specim5 b5ea? t l9e4 ,hilg>d ju/ly calls att5tion to ! fact t all peculi>ities ( ! soil & subsoil1 _! behavior 9 wet & dry seasons1 _! location1 position & e circum/ance 9 fact1 :i* c ?r[ any light on _! agricultural qualities or peculi>ities %\ld be c>efully not$ & ! notes s5t ) ! samples4 ,unless accompani$ by su* in=mation1 samples c n ord9>ily be consid]$ z ju/ify+ ! am\nt ( labor involv$ 9 _! exam9ation4 #eg4 ,:itney#dj sugge/s t a geologic map ( ! region to be sampl$ %\ld always be at h& & t all samples %\ld be reject$ f spots %[+ local discrepancies1 wa%+s or o!r di/urbances4 ,! k9d ( analyses to :i* a sample is to be subject$ also l>gely det]m9es ! me?od to be pursu$ 9 select+ x3 ,= in/ance1 a sample to be us$ = det]m9+ ! size ( ! p>ticles !re91 may be tak5 9 q a diff]5t mann] f t design$ only = ! det]m9ation ( moi/ure4 #eh4 ,9 ! directions collat$ by ,ri*>ds#da & :i* h be5 l>gely foll[$ by ! correspond5ts ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 x is recomm5d$ to select 9 a field1 f\r or five places1 at lea/1 p] acre1 tak+ c>e t ^! places h an homog5e\s aspect1 & repres5t z f> z possible ! g5]al "* ( ! :ole gr\nd4 ,if ! field1 h[ev]1 pres5t notable diff]5ces1 ei!r 9 reg>d to its aspect or its f]tility1 ! samples ga!r$ f ! diff]5t p>ts mu/ be kept sep>ate4 ,! sampl+ ( arable soil %\ld be made only aft] ! rais+ ( ! crop & be=e x has receiv$ any new manure4 ,9 o!r soils ! sample %\ld be tak5 only f spots t h n be5 cultivat$4 #ei4 ,9 ! me?od ( soil sampl+ adopt$ by ! ,g]man ,exp]im5t ,/ations#db x is direct$ t ! samples ( soil %\ld be tak5 accord+ to ! ext5t ( ! surface to be sampl$1 9 ?ree1 five1 n9e1 twelve or m places at equal di/ances f ea* o!r4 ,!y %\ld be tak5 9 p]p5dicul> sections to ! dep? turn$ by ! pl[2 & = "s /udies ( ! subsoil to a dep? ( sixty to n9ety c5timet]s4 ,! s+le samples c be ei!r exam9$ sep>ately or c>efully mix$ & an av]age portion ( ! mixture tak54 #fj4 ,me?od ( ! ,(ficial ,fr5* ,commission4--,! (ficial ,fr5* commission#dc emphasizes ! fact t ! sample ( soil tak5 = analysis1 %\ld repres5t a lay] ( equal ?ickness ?r\gh ! total dep? ( its arable "p4 ,an analysis ( ! subsoil tak5 9 ! same way1 w (t5 be useful to complete ! data ( ! soil /udy4 ,fir/ ( all1 accord+ to ?is au?ority1 x is necess>y to det]m9e ! po9t ( view f :i* ! sample is to be tak54 ,if ! object is a g5]al /udy1 hav+ = its aim ! det]m9ation ( ! g5]al composition ( ! soils ( a def9ite geologic =mation1 ! sample %\ld be tak5 9 su* a way t ! diff]5t *>act]i/ics ( ! soil alone %\ld ent] into consid]ation )\t pay+ any att5tion to its accid5tal compon5ts1 :i* h be5 det]m9$ by local causes1 su* z are produc$ by cont9u$ high cultivation1 ! application ( abundant f]tiliz]s1 or ! practice ( a p>ticul> l9e ( agriculture4 ,! samples ( soil !re=e1 ) su* an object 9 view1 %\ld be tak5 on p>ts ( ! e>? :i* are beyond ! rea* ( ! causes m5tion$ above & :i* t5d to modify ! nature ( ! primitive soil4 ,9 su* a case x is ! soil :i* has n be5 modifi$1 or bett] /ill1 virg9 soil1 su* z is f\nd 9 ! woodl&s & prairies1 :i* %\ld be tak5 = a sample1 *oos+ ^? places 9 :i* ! geologic =mation is mo/ p]fectly *>act]iz$4 ,9 su* a case a soil tak5 9 "o spot correspond+ to ! conditions be=e m5tion$1 w\ld be ! be/ = ! purposes 9 view4 ,! sample w\ld ?us repres5t a true type to be /udi$1 n "o ( a mean composition got by tak+ samples f diff]5t localities & mix+ !m into a homog5e\s p>cel4 ,?is la/ me?od ( proce$+ c\ld introduce into ! sample e>? modifi$ by culture or by influ5ces purely accid5tal4 ,h[ev]1 x w\ld be wise1 9 a region *>act]iz$ by ! same geologic =mation1 to take a c]ta9 numb] ( samples 9 diff]5t localities1 & exam9e s+ly ea* "o ( !m 9 ord] to be assur$ t !re is a uni=mity ( composition 9 ! :ole ( ! soils4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 x is ! purpose ( ! inve/igation to furni% in=mation to ! cultivator conc]n+ ! fields :i* are work$1 x is necess>y to approa* ! problem f a diff]5t po9t ( view4 ,9 ?is case ! e>? :i* is "u cultivation %\ld be fir/ ( all consid]$ ) all ! modifications :i* nature causes or practical culture has caus$1 9 x4 ,b x (t5 happ5s t ^u ! same f>m ! natural soil is v>iable1 caus$ ei!r by ! wa%+s f ! adjac5t soils1 by ! accumulation at c]ta9 po9ts ( deposits =m$ f /&+ wat]1 or f o!r reasons4 ,9 su* a case x w\ld be necess>y to take samples f e "p ( ! field :i* exhibit$ any v>iation f ! g5]al type1 9 ord] to get a complete mean sample ( ! :ole4 ,x is necess>y to be on gu>d aga9/ mak+ a mixture ( ^! diff]5t lots :i* w\ld nei!r repres5t ! diff]5t soils con/itut+ ! f>m nor _! mean composition4 ,x w\ld be bett] to exam9e ea* ( ^! samples alone & !n f ^? p>ts :i* appe> to h a simil> composition1 to take a g5]al sample = ! mean analysis4 ,mo/ (t5 x is necess>y to conf9e our /udies to ! really important "p ( ! f>m ! composition ( :i* w\ld h a practical int]e/4 ,! aspect ( ! spontane\s vegetation 9 su* a case1 w (t5 s]ve z a guide to det]m9e ! p>ts ( ! f>ms :i* are simil> 9 nature4 ,! sample %\ld repres5t ! arable lay]1 prop]ly s-call$1 t is1 t "p ( x :i* is /irr$ by ! agricultural implem5ts 9 use & 9 :i* ! root sy/em ( ! plant takes its greate/ developm5t & :i* is ! true res]voir ( ! f]tiliz+ mat]ials4 ,:5 a tr5* is dug 9 ! soil x is easy to di/+ui% ! arable lay] f ! subsoil4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 its color is diff]5t1 g5]ally be+ modifi$ by vegetable dbris :i* =ms ! supply ( humus4 ,! dep? ( ! arable lay] is v>iable1 b x is mo/ frequ5tly betwe5 #bjj & #cjj millimet]s4 ,9 ! analysis ! dep? & lay]s %\ld be indicat$ s9ce ! *emical composition ( ! e>? v>ies accord+ z ! sample is tak5 to a great] or less dep?4 ,z an example ( ?is x may be said t ! quantity ( nitrog5 decreases 9 g5]al 9 proportion z ! dep? ( ! lay] is increas$4 ,! sample1 !re=e1 %\ld be limit$ exactly to ! arable lay] ( soil4 #fa4 ,caldwell#dd advises t accord+ to ! purpose ( ! analysis samples be tak53 a1 f "o or f sev]al spots 9 ! field1 9 ord] to subject ea* sample to a sep>ate analysis2 or b1 = an av]age repres5tation ( ! soil ( ! :ole field2 9 ?is case1 sev]al portions ( e>? are tak5 f po9ts di/ribut$ 9 a regul> mann] ov] ! field1 all ( :i* are mo/ c>efully mix$ toge!r1 & #d-f kilograms ( ! mixture1 free f any l>ge /ones1 are pres]v$ z ! av]age sample4 ,an excavation 9 ! soil #cj-ej c5timet]s deep1 or ?r\gh to ! subsoil1 & #cj-ej c5timet]s squ>e1 ) "o side z ne>ly v]tical z possible is made & a slice tak5 f ?is side ( uni=m ?ickness ?r\gh\t1 weigh+ #d-e kilograms4 ,if ! subsoil is to be exam9$1 a sample ( x %\ld be tak5 out 9 ! same mann] z direct$ = ! upp] soil1 to ! dep? ( ab\t #fj c5timet]s4 ,if ! "* ( ! soil v>ies mat]ially 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! field1 samples f sev]al spots %\ld be analyz$ sep>ately4 ,a small portion ( ! sample %\ld be put at once 9 a well-/opp]$ bottle2 ! rema9d] may be all[$ to become air-dri$1 by expos+ x 9 a ?9 lay]1 9 summ]1 to ! common temp]ature 9 ! %ade1 or1 9 w9t]1 to t ( a w>m room1 or a mod]ately w>m dry+-*amb]1 heat$ to #cj-dj2 9 ei!r case x %\ld be c>efully protect$ f du/4 ,at ! "t ( tak+ ! sample ( ! soil1 obs]vations %\ld be made 9 reg>d to ! foll[+ po9ts3 a4 ,! geogno/ic orig9 ( ! soil4 b4 ,! nature ( ! und]ly+ /rata1 to ! dep? ( #a-b met]s1 if practicable4 c4 ,! meteorology ( ! locality1 by consult+ meteorological records1 if possible2 o!rwise1 by ! g5]al op9ion ( ! neighborhood2 9 ?is connection1 ! height ( ! locality above ! level ( ! sea %\ld be not$ also4 d4 ,! managem5t & rotation ( crops 9 previ\s ye>s4 e4 ,! "* ( ! cu/om>y manur+4 f4 ,! am\nt ( ! crops remov$ 9 ! prec$+ ye>1 &1 if possible1 ! av]age am\nt ( ea* ( ! m important crops yield$ by ! field4 g4 ,! practical judgm5t ( neighbor+ f>m]s 9 reg>d to ! field4 ,caldwel's me?od is practically id5tical ) t ( ,wolff#de :i* 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ ( ! sy/ematic s*emes = tak+ soil samples4 #fb4 ,wahns*affe#df insi/s on r a full] prelim9>y /atem5t to accompany soil samples b gives ess5tially ! me?od ( ,wolff ) "s unimportant v>iations :i* add little to ! value ( ! process4 #fc4 ,me?od ,( ,peligot4--,accord+ to ,peligot#dg ! tak+ ( samples ( soil ( :i* ! physical & *emical prop]ties are to be det]m9$ is a delicate op]ation4 ,^! samples %\ld repres5t z ne>ly z possible bo? ! good & bad qualities ( a soil4 ,9 ! field select$ are *os5 a c]ta9 numb] ( places at lea/ f\r or five p] hect>e4 ,! spots select$ %\ld h a homog5e\s appe>ance--resembl+ z ne>ly z possible ! g5]al aspect ( ! field4 ,by means ( a spade a few kilograms ( e>? are remov$ to ! dep? ( ! subsoil be+ c>eful to include 9 ! sample no accid5tal detritus :i* ! upp] "p ( ! soil especially may conta94 ,! samples %\ld be tak5 imm$iately aft] ! crop is h>ve/$ & be=e any fre% f]tiliz] is appli$4 ,! samples are c>efully mix$ & plac$ 9 a glass bottle or flask4 ,! sample ( subsoil is obta9$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,if ! field pres5ts notable diff]5ces 9 surface or f]tility all ! samples tak5 %\ld be exam9$ sep>ately4 #fd4 ,me?od ( ,:itney4#dh--;,an ord9>y wood aug]1 #b in*es 9 diamet] is s arrang$ z to admit ( additions to ! /em to enable ! op]ator to take samples at diff]5t dep?s4 ,x may be fitt$ ) a %ort piece ( gas pipe = a h&le & ! sev]al pieces ( :i* x is compos$ may be tak5 ap>t & c>ri$ 9 a knapsack4 ,9 tak+ a soil sample ! bor+ is cont9u$ until a *ange 9 color %[s t ! subsoil has be5 rea*$4 ,! aug] cuts a v clean sample save 9 excessively s&y soil4 ,aft] ! soil sample is secur$ ! hole is clean$ out & ! sample ( subsoil tak5 by ! same in/rum5t4 ,! soil is conv5i5tly pres]v$ 9 heavy clo? bags ( :i* ! usual size is #f by #h in*es4 ,:]e l>g] samples are requir$ ! size ( ! bag is correspond+ly increas$4 ,ea* bag is to be tagg$ or label$ to correspond ) ! entry 9 ! note book4 ,samples to det]m9e ! am\nt ( empty space 9 a soil are tak5 z foll[s3 ,! sampl] is a piece ( brass cyl9d] ab\t n9e in*es long & ab\t #a in*es 9 diamet]4 ,a piece ( clock spr+ is sold]$ 9 "o end & %>p5$ to give a good cutt+ edge4 ,?is arrangem5t p]mits ! sample to pass into ! cyl9d] )\t mu* friction4 ,! area enclos$ by ! clock spr+ is accurately det]m9$ & a m>k is plac$ 9 ! cyl9d] six in*es f ! cutt+ edge4 ,! cyl9d] is driv5 into ! soil to a dep? ( six in*es1 a /eel cap be+ us$ to prev5t ! hamm] f injur+ ! cyl9d]4 ,! e>? is next remov$ f ab\t ! cyl9d] ) a tr[el1 & ! sep>at$ cyl9d] ( e>? is cut smoo?ly (f by a %>p knife & remov$ toge!r ) its brass envelope4 ,! sample is tak5 to ! laboratory 9 a clo? bag1 dri$ & weigh$4 #fe4 ,tak+ ,samples = ,moi/ure ,det]m9ation4--,a numb] ( brass tubes is provid$ n9e in*es long & in* 9 diamet] & ) a m>k six in*es f ! bottom4 ,! tube is pu%$ d[n into ! soil to ! m>k & ! sample ( soil remov$ ) ! tube4 ,!re is b little dang] ( ! sample dropp+ out ( ! tube ev5 9 s&y soils4 ,:5 ! tube is )drawn ea* end is capp$ ) a rubb] f+] tip mak+ a p]fectly air tight jo9t4 ,! tubes conta9+ ! samples c be kept sev]al days ) no fe> ( los+ moi/ure4 ,?is me?od is especially useful 9 hav+ samples tak5 by obs]v]s 9 diff]5t localities :o c enclose ! tubes 9 a clo? sack & s5d !m to ! laboratory by mail daily or at /at$ int]vals4 ,a tube ( ! size giv5 holds ab\t fifty grams ( soil4 #ff4 ,tak+ ,samples to ,det]m9e ! ,p]meability ( ,soil to ,wat] or ,air4--,:itney#di det]m9es ! p]meability ( soil or subsoil to wat] or air 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,an excavation two feet squ>e & eighte5 in*es deep is made 9 ! soil4 ,on "o side ( ?is hole ! sample ( soil or subsoil is tak5 by means ( a n>r[ saw blade & a %>p c>v+ knife4 ,! sample ( soil tak5 %\ld be two in*es squ>e & #c to #d in*es long4 ,x is plac$ 9 a brass cyl9d] ?ree in*es long & #c in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! op5 space 9 ! cyl9d] is fill$ ) p>aff9 heat$ j to its melt+ po9t4 ,z ! p>aff9 cools ! upp] surface %\ld be kept /irr$ to prev5t ! mass :5 set f rec$+ f ! squ>e column ( soil4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to keep ! p>aff9 f ! ends ( ! soil columns & ^! %\ld be left1 z f> z possible 9 _! natural condition4 ,! rate ( p]colation ( ! wat] may be det]m9$ at ! "t ! sample is tak54 ,= ?is purpose an additional section ( brass tube two in*es deep is secur$ to ! "o hold+ ! sample by a rubb] b&4 ,an iron rod is driv5 into ! e>? c>ry+ a retort /& r+ support+ a funnel fill$ ) f9e gravel4 ,! l[] end ( ! soil column 9 ! brass cyl9d] is plac$ on ?is gravel4 ,wat] is next c>efully p\r$ ^u ! top ( ! sample ( soil be+ c>eful n to di/urb ! surface4 ,! surface ( ! sample may be protect$ ) a little f9e s&4 ,! wat] %\ld be p\r$ on ! p>aff9 ?us af=d+ an additional protection to ! soil surface4 ,:5 ! wat] beg9s to drop f ! funnel a graduat$ glass is set "u x & ! "t requir$ = a giv5 volume to pass ?r\gh "u an initial pressure ( two in*es is not$4 ,! volume requir$ repres5ts "o in* 9 dep? ov] ! f\r squ>e in*es ( soil surface1 viz43 f\r cubic in*es4 #fg4 ,sampl+ ( ,soil = ,/aple ,crops4--,"s v>iations f ! usual me?ods are recomm5d$ by ,:itney :5 ! samples are tak5 f fields gr[+ /aple crops4 ,! imm$iate object ( ! "w1 = :i* ^! samples are desir$1 is to make a ?or\gh /udy ( ! physical & *emical prop]ties ( a numb] ( typical soils adapt$ to ! diff]5t /aple crops1 su* z grass1 :eat1 truck1 & ! diff]5t types ( tobacco4 ,!y %\ld be tak5 = a c>eful /udy ( ! texture ( ! soils1 ! relative am\nt & arrangem5t ( s& & clay1 ! relation ( ! soils to moi/ure & heat1 & ! ease ) :i* !y c ma9ta9 a prop] wat] supply = ! diff]5t /aple crops "u exi/+ climatic & cultural conditions4 ,! ultimate object ( su* a /udy is to see h[ ^! conditions c be *ang$ s z to make ! soils m productive1 & make !m yield a bett] quality ( crop1 or to *ange ! conditions 9 o!r soils1 :i* diff] f ^!1 s t ! culture ( ! diff]5t /aple crops c be ext5d$ ov] wid] areas by improv$ me?ods ( cultivation & manur+4 ,! soil select$ = sampl+ = ^! inve/igations %\ld be typical1 %\ld repres5t fairly well a consid]able area ( l&4 ,x %\ld repres5t ei!r ! v be/ type ( l& = ! /aple crop or crops ( ! locality1 or ! v poore/ l&s = ^! same crops4 ,bo? ( ^! extremes are desir$ = contra/4 ,= example1 if ! /aple crop ( ! locality is :eat or a c]ta9 type ( tobacco1 select ! soil be/ adapt$ to ?is /aple crop1 & ano!r soil1 if possible1 9 ! same locality1 repres5t+ consid]able area ( l& ^u :i* ?is /aple crop _c be successfully gr[n on acc\nt ( ! inf]ior yield1 quality1 or ! "t ( rip5+ ( ! crop4 ,! soil sampl$ %\ld be1 or %\ld rec5tly h be51 "u actual cultivation 9 ! crop or crops be/ adapt$ to x1 s t ! real agricultural value ( ! l& c be accurately kn[n4 ,! samples %\ld be tak5 inside ! field1 "s di/ance away f f5ces1 roads1 or trees4 ,if !re are plants gr[+ 9 ! field1 ! sample %\ld be tak5 ab\t midway betwe5 two plants4 ,! samples %\ld be tak5 :]e !y w typify fairly well ! av]age soil ( ! field & ( ! l>ge area ( l& :i* !y are to repres5t4 ,! samples are tak5 9 "s "o ( ! ways describ$ h]e94 ,ea* sample %\ld be c>efully labell$ at ! "t ( tak+4 ,! foll[+ blank =m w be f\nd conv5i5t = ?is purpose3 ,locality3 ,,laboratory ,no43 ,no4 ( sack3 ,description3 7virg9 or cultivat$74 7a7 ,natural h]bage3 7b7 ,crops be/ adapt$ to l& 7grass1 :eat1 tobacco1 truck1 b>r574 ------------------------ ,date3 ------------------------ ,collector3 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,dep? ( sample3 7,soil or ,subsoil87 ,geologic =mation3 444 94 to 444 in*es4 #fh4 ,me?od ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society4#ej--;,h a wood5 box made1 six in*es long & wide1 & f n9e to twelve in*es deep1 accord+ to ! dep? ( soil & subsoil 9 ! field4 ,at "o ( ! select$ places m>k out a space ( twelve in*es squ>e2 dig ar\nd x 9 a slant+ direction a tr5*1 s z to leave undi/urb$ a block ( soil1 ) its subsoil1 f n9e to twelve in*es deep2 trim ?is block to make x fit into ! wood5 box1 inv]t ! op5 box ov] x1 press d[n firmly1 !n pass a spade "u ! box & lift x up & g5tly turn x ov]4 ,9 ! case ( v light1 s&y1 & por\s soils1 ! wood5 box may be at once inv]t$ ov] ! soil & =c$ d[n by pressure1 & !n dug out4 ,proce$ 9 ! same way = collect+ ! samples f all ! select$ places 9 ! field1 tak+ c>e t ! subsoil is n mix$ ) ! surface soil4 ,! =m] %\ld be sampl$ sep>ately4 ,9 prep>+ ! plot = ! ga!r+ ( ! sample1 take c>e to h x lightly scrap$ s z to remove any dbris :i* may be accid5tally f\nd !re4 ,! diff]5t samples ?us procur$ are empti$ on a clean1 bo>d$ surface1 & ?or\ghly mix$1 s z to incorporate ! diff]5t samples ( ! same field toge!r4 ,! heap is !n divid$ into f\r divisions1 & ! opposite qu>t]s are put aside1 tak+ c>e to leave ! two rema9+ ones undi/urb$2 ^! are ?or\ghly mix$ toge!r1 ! heap divid$ into qu>t]s1 & ! opposite ones tak5 away z be=e4 ,?is op]ation ( mix+1 divid+ into qu>t]s & tak+ away ! opposite qu>t] is cont9u$ until a sample is left weigh+ ab\t t5 or twelve p\nds4 ,?us is obta9$ ! av]age sample ( ! soil4 ,( c\rse :]e only a s+le sample is tak5 f ! field ?is me?od ( qu>t]+ is n resort$ to1 b ! bottom ( ! box is nail$ directly on & s5t to ! laboratory1 :]e ! soil is to be analyz$4 #fi4 ,gr&eau#ea sugge/s t 9 tak+ soil samples !re are two cases to be consid]$2 fir/ a homog5e\s soil & second1 a soil v>iable 9 its appe>ance & composition4 ,fir/1 if ! soil is homog5e\s1 be+ ( ! same geologic =mation x w be suffici5t to take a mean sample 9 accordance ) ! foll[+ directions3 ,! field is fir/ divid$ by diagonals or by transv]se l9es ! direction ( :i* ne$ n be fix$ 9 advance b z inspection ( ! =m & configuration ( ! field may indicate4 ,9 ! ord9>y conditions1 ( homog5iety 7m>ly1 granite1 argillace\s or silici\s soils7 x w be suffici5t to select ab\t five po9ts p] hect>e f :i* ! samples are to be tak54 ,^! po9ts hav+ be5 det]m9$ ! surface is clean$ 9 su* a way z to remove f x ! detritus :i* may accid5tally cov] x2 su* z dry leaves1 fragm5ts ( wood1 =eign bodies1 etc4 ,! surface hav+ be5 prep>$1 7five to six squ>e met]s7 a hole is dug f\r-t5?s ( a met] long & z wide z ! spade employ$4 ,! sides %\ld be z ne>ly v]tical z possible4 ,z to dep? x v>ies ) ! usage ( ! c\ntry 9 reg>d to tillage4 ,! lay] ( arable e>? is :at 9 effect prop]ly con/itutes ! soil4 ,x ought n to be mix$ ) any fragm5ts ( ! subsoil4 ,:5 ! hole is prop]ly clean$ ! samples are secur$ ) a spade f ! sides ( ! excavations4 ,ab\t five kilograms are tak54 ,! soil is plac$ 9 a prop] receptacle z x is remov$ f ! hole4 ,?is op]ation is repeat$ on z _m po9ts z may be necess>y to obta9 a mean sample ( ! soil ( ! :ole field4 ,all ! samples are n[ collect$ on a table suffici5tly l>ge1 & intimately mix$ toge!r4 ,two samples1 ea* ( ab\t five kilograms1 are !n tak5 f ! mix$ mat]ial4 ,"o sample is imm$iately plac$ 9 bottles & c>efully /opp]$ & seal$2 ! o!r is dri$ 9 ! sun or on ! he>? ( a furnace4 ,:5 suffici5tly dry ! second sample is also plac$ 9 bottles & well /opp]$4 ,:ile mix+ ! samples1 pebbles1 etc41 ( ! size ( a nut & l>g] are remov$1 ! weight ( ! reject$ matt] be+ det]m9$4 ,! nature ( ! pebbles %\ld also be not$2 :e!r silicates1 lime/one1 etc4 ,! sample ( subsoil is tak5 9 exactly ! same mann]1 us+ ! same holes f :i* ! samples ( soil 7 tak54 ,! nature1 ! arrangem5t & ! appe>ance ( ! /rata w indicate ! dep? to :i* ! subsoil %\ld be tak54 ,9 g5]al1 a dep? equal to t ( ! sample ( soil w be suffici5t4 ,! dep? to :i* ! roots ( cultivat$ plants rea* is also a good indication 9 tak+ a sample ( ! subsoil4 ,9 =e/s ! sample ( subsoil %\ld be tak5 f f\r to five-t5?s ( a met] bel[ ! surface4 ,if ! soil 9 respect ( its geologic =mation1 its f]tility or its physical aspect pres5ts great diff]5ces1 special samples %\ld be tak5 9 ea* "p 9 accordance ) ! directions giv5 above4 #gj4 ,me?od ( ! ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s4--,9 ! directions giv5 by ! ,association ( ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s#eb x is /at$ t ! soil select$ %\ld be z f> z possible 9 its natural condition1 n modifi$ by rec5t applications ( manure1 or *ang$ by ! transport+ action ( wat] or w9d4 ,surface accumulations ( decay+ leaves1 etc41 %\ld be remov$ be=e tak+ ! sample4 ,to elim9ate accid5tal v>iations 9 ! soil1 select specim5s f five or six places 9 ! field :i* seem to be fair av]ages ( ! soil1 remove two or ?ree p\nds ( ! soil1 tak+ x d[n to ! dep? ( n9e or t5 in*es#ec s z to include ! :ole dep?4 ,mix ^! soils intimately1 remove any /ones1 %ake out all roots & =eign matt]1 & dry ! soil until x-becomes friable4#ed ,break d[n any lumps 9 a mort> ) a wood5 pe/le1 b avoid pulv]iz+ any m9]al fragm5ts2 pass eight to t5 p\nds ( ! soil ?r\gh a sieve1 hav+ circul> p]=ations "o tw5ty-fif? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 reject+ all pebbles & mat]ials too co>se to pass ?r\gh ! sieve4 ,once m mix intimately ! sift$ soil4 ,expose 9 ?9 lay]s 9 a w>m room till ?or\ghly air dry 7or dry x 9 an air-ba? at a temp]ature ( #dj71 place six to eight p\nds 9 a clean bottle1 ) label ( locality & date1 & cork ! bottle conta9+ ! soil1 = analysis4 ,! soil is rapidly dri$ to arre/ nitrification2 x is n heat$ above #dj le/ !re %\ld be dissipation ( ammonia comp\nds1 or a *ange 9 solubility4 ,! normal limit to :i* ! soil may be heat$ 9 place by ! sun's rays %\ld n be exce$$ 9 prep>+ a sample = an agricultural *emical analysis4 ,! relative am\nt ( fragm5ts too co>se to pass ?r\gh ! sieve %\ld be made a matt] ( record4 ,!y are soil mat]ial1 b n yet soil1 s f> z agricultural purposes are conc]n$4 #ga4 ,me?od ( ,lawes4--,9 a late me?od ( sampl+ propos$ by ,sir ,j4 ,b4 ,lawes#ee a /eel frame t5 by twelve in*es1 & n9e in*es deep op5 at top & bottom is driv5 into ! e>? until its upp] edge is level ) ! surface ( ! soil4 ,all above-gr\nd vegetation is !n cut (f z closely z possible ) scissors4 ,! soil )9 ! frame is !n remov$ exactly to ! dep? ( ! frame1 & imm$iately weigh$4 ,x is !n p>tially dri$1 & me*anically sep>at$ by a s]ies ( sieves1 all visible vegetable matt] be+ at ! same "t pick$ out4 ,! /ones & roots & ! rema9+ soil are ?us sep>at$1 & ! det]m9ations ( dry matt]1 nitrog51 etc41 are made 9 ! sep>at$ soil aft] be+ f9ely p[d]$4 ,! loss ( wat] at ea* /age ( prep>ation & on dry+ ! samples z analyz$ is also c>efully det]m9$4 ,?is me?od1 :i* requires ! soil to be tak5 to an arbitr>y dep? ( n9e in*es1 c\ld n be us$ :5 samples ( /rictly arable soil are to be tak54 #gb4 ,9 tak+ a sample by ! ,fr5* commission#ef me?od x is necess>y to remove f ! surface1 ! liv+ & dead vegetation :i* cov]s ! soil4 ,) a spade a squ>e hole is !n dug to ! dep? ( ab\t #ejj millimet]s2 9 o!r words1 to a dep? consid]ably exce$+ t ( ! arable lay]4 ,aft]w>ds on ea* ( ! f\r sides ( ! hole !re is remov$ by ! spade1 a prismatic lay] ( ! arable portion ( a ?ickness equal to its dep?4 ,! samples ?us obta9$ are unit$ toge!r & c>efully mix$ = ! purpose ( =m+ a sample = analysis4 ,if !re are l>ge /ones !y are remov$ by h& & _! proportion by weight det]m9$4 ,9 all cases x w\ld prove useful to take a sample ( ! subsoil :i* is f> f play+ a second>y rle4 ,! rootlets bury !mselves deeply 9 x & seek !re a "p ( _! n\ri%m5t4 ,! subsoil1 !re=e1 furni%es an important addition to ! alim5tation ( ! plants4 ,= tak+ a sample ( ! subsoil a dit* is dug ( suffici5t dep?1 say "o met]1 & ! arable soil c>efully remov$ f ! top portion4 ,aft]w>ds pieces are tak5 f ! f\r sides ( ! hole at v>iable dep?s1 :i* %\ld always be indicat$1 & :i* %\ld ext5d 9 g5]al1 f six to eight-t5?s ( a met] bel[ ! arable soil s9ce x is demon/rat$ t ! roots ( ne>ly all plants g at lea/ to ?is dep?4 ,! analysis ( ! subsoil1 h[ev]1 is less important ?an t ( ! soil1 prop]ly s-call$1 because ! agronomi/ does n act directly ^u x & takes no ?\ght ( modify+ x & enri*+ x z he does ! lay] ( arable soil4 ,b ! composition ( ! subsoil is a s\rce ( in=mation capable ( expla9+ c]ta9 cultural results & capable sometimes1 ( lead+ to ! correct way ( improv+ ! soil1 z 9 cases :]e ! subsoil c be advantage\sly mix$ ) ! sup]ficial lay]4 #gc4 ,wolff#eg sugge/s t a hole ?irty c5timet]s squ>e be dug p]p5dicul>ly & a section f "o ( ! sides tak5 = ! sample4 ,to ! dep? ( ?irty c5timet]s ! sample %all be tak5 z soil & to ! additional dep? ( ?irty c5timet]s z subsoil4 ,! ?ickness ( ! section tak5 may v>y accord+ to ! quantity ( ! sample desir$4 ,= analytical purposes1 five kilograms w usually be suffici5t4 ,:5 culture exp]im5ts are also contemplat$ a l>g] quantity w be requir$4 #gd4 ,me?od ( ,wahns*affe4--,! me?od ( sampl+ advis$ by ,wahns*affe#eh is b little diff]5t f t ( ,wolff already m5tion$4 ,a squ>e sample hole is dug ) a spade hav+ its sides p]p5dicul> to ! horizon4 ,! soil :i* is remov$ is ?r[n on a clo? & c>efully mix$4 ,f ! :ole mass a conv5i5t am\nt is next remov$ c>e be+ tak5 n to include any roots4 ,9 a simil> mann] x is direct$ to proce$ = ! sample ( subsoil4 ,at fir/ ! subsoil %\ld be remov$ to a dep? ( two to ?ree decimet]s4 ,! numb] & dep? ( subsequ5t samples w dep5d *iefly ^u ! "* ( ! soil4 ,:]e samples are tak5 to ! dep? ( two met]s ! use ( a po/-hole aug] is recomm5d$4 ,! samples tak5 %\ld n be too small4 ,9 g5]al f two to ?ree kilograms %\ld rema9 aft] all prelim9>y sampl+ is f9i%$4 #ge4 ,me?od ( ,knig4--,! directions giv5 by ,knig#ei = tak+ soil samples are almo/ id5tical ) ^? prescrib$ by ,wahns*affe & d n require any fur!r illu/ration4 #gf4 ,special ,in/rum5ts ,employ$ 9 ,tak+ ,samples4--,9 g5]al a %>p spade or po/-hole aug] is q suffici5t = all ord9>y sampl+ b = c]ta9 special purposes o!r app>atus may be us$4 ,! in/rum5t :i* is us$ by ,k+#fj consi/s ( a ?9 metal tube ( a size & l5g? suit$ to ! special object 9 view1 provid$ ) a po9t :i* enables x to cut a core ( soil small] ?an ! int]nal bore ( ! tube & at ! same "t make a hole 9 ! gr\nd l>g] ?an its outside diamet]4 ,its con/ruction is %[n 9 figure #aa1 9 :i* ,a ,b repres5t a soil tube int5d$ to take samples d[n to a dep? ( f\r feet4 ,a is a cross-section ( ! cutt+ end ( ! tube1 :i* is made by sold]+ a heavy t9 coll>1 ab\t ?ree in*es wide1 to ! outside ( a l>ge tube all[+ its l[] end to project ab\t "o-half an in*4 ,into ?is coll> a second "o is sold]$ ) "o edge project+ ab\t "o-qu>t] ( an in* & ! o!r abutt+ directly aga9/ ! end ( ! soil tube4 ,/ill inside ( ?is coll> is a ?ird ab\t "o-half an in* wide :i* projects beyond ! second & =ms ! cutt+ edge ( ! in/rum5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aa4 ,! con/ruction ( ! head ( ! tube is %[n at ,b4 ,x is =m$ by turn+ a flange on ! upp] end ( ! tube & !n wrapp+ x closely ) ?ick wire = a di/ance ( ab\t ?ree in*es1 ! wire be+ securely fix$ by sold]+4 ,! soil tube %\ld be ( z light weight z possible n to buckle :5 be+ =c$ into ! gr\nd1 & ! cutt+ edge ?94 ,! brass tub+ us$ by gas fitt]s 9 cov]+ _! pipes has be5 f\nd v satisfactory = ord9>y sampl+4 ,) a "o in* soil tube f\r feet long x is possible to get a cle> cont9u\s sample ( soil to t dep? by simply =c+ ! tube into ! gr\nd ) ! h& & )draw+ x1 or ! sample may be tak5 9 sections ( any int]m$iate l5g?4 ,lat] 9 ! season :5 ! soil becomes dry] x is necess>y to use a heavy wood5 mallet to =ce ! tube1 & ?is %\ld be done ) light bl[s4 ,! clos5ess ) :i* x is possible to duplicate ! samples 9 weight by ?is me?od w be se5 bel[1 :]e f ea* ( f\r localities ?ree samples 7 tak5 f ! surface to a dep? ( f\r feet4 ,,%[+ ,,v>iations ,,9 ,,! ,,dry ,,weight ,,( ,,triplicate ,,samples ,,( ,,soil4 ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 ,i4 ,surface to f\r feet#gaf4f gms4#gae4e gms4#gaj4c gms4 ,,ii4 ,surface to f\r feet#gae4d gms4#fhg4a gms4#gca4b gms4 ,,iii4 ,surface to f\r feet#fed4j gms4#fhh4c gms4#gji4j gms4 ,,iv4 ,surface to f\r feet#gad4j gms4#fhg4h gms4#gai4c gms4 ,^! f\r s]ies ( samples 7 tak5 at ! f\r corn]s ( a squ>e twelve feet on a side & s]ve to %[ h[ mu* samples may v>y 9 t di/ance4 ,! l>ge diff]5ce %[n 9 ,,iii1 ,a is due to ! fact t ! soil tube p5etrat$ a hole left by ! decay ( a r l>ge root z %[n by ! b>k 9 ! sample4 #gg4 ,aug] = ,tak+ ,samples4--,x has already be5 said t ! ord9>y aug] us$ = bor+ f5ce po/-holes may be us$ to advantage 9 tak+ soil samples4 ,l>ge wood aug]s c also be us$ to advantage = ! same purpose4 ,= special purposes1 h[ev]1 o!r =ms ( aug]s may be us$4 ,norwacki & ,bor*>dt#fa h describ$ a new aug] = tak+ samples ( soil = analytical purposes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ab4 ,9 figure #ab1 ,a1 ,b & ,c %[ ! g5]al ext]ior & int]ior =m ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! h&le is holl[ & made ( iron gas pipe cov]$ ) lea!r4 ,on ! inside ( ?is1 9 ! middle1 is fix$ a wood5 plug a1 :i* leaves two comp>tm5ts1 "o 9 ea* end = hold+ ! brass plug bb1' & ! wick] lubricat+ wad cc4' ,! /em ( ! aug] a1 is heavy & made ( eight-sid$ /eel & ! "u end is /r5g!n$ ) a heavy ca/+ fitt+ into ! aug] guide g g4 ,! end ( ! aug] ,i ,i is triangul> & h>d5$4 ,! aug] guide g g1 is made out ( a s+le piece ( drawn /eel tub+4 ,above x is /r5g!n$ by a r+-%ap$ piece ( iron or copp] & its l[] end is furni%$ ) saw tee? z %[n 9 ,k & is h>d5$4 ,! fix+ key e1 is b5t 9 ! =m ( a hook & c be pass$ ?r\gh ! two holes o o1 ( ! aug] /em & ?r\gh ! "o hole o 9 ! /r5g!n$ "p ( ! aug] guide4 ,x p]mits ! aug] guide to be fix$ ^u ! aug] /em 9 two diff]5t positions1 high] & l[]4 ,on "o end x is cut squ>ely across & on ! o!r provid$ ) a conical hole drill$ into x4 ,x fits on ! "o h& exactly 9 ! aug] guide & on ! o!r loosely plays 9 ! cavity ( ! h&le at b1 design$ to hold x :5 n 9 use4 ,! cap d is made ( heavy %eet brass & is fa/5$ ^u ! end ( ! h&le at c c aft] ! mann] ( a bayonet4 ,! wick] c>tridge is made ( roll$ & sew$ wick]-"w4 ,at ! upp] end x is provid$ ) a metallic button & be=e use x is saturat$ ) p>aff9 oil4 ,x fits on ! "o side firmly 9 ! aug] guide & on ! o!r 9 ! cavity1 ( ! h&le c :]e x is kept :5 n 9 use4 ,! union h is made ( a brass tube :i* bel[ is clos$ ) a piece ( solid brass ^u ! inside ( :i* a hole is bor$4 ,9 ?is hole re/s ! end ( ! aug] /em :5 ! union is plac$ firmly ^u ! aug] guide4 ,! aug] is plac$ toge!r z is %[n 9 ,a ,b1 ! union h is tak5 (f & x is driv5 ) g5tle bl[s1 turn+ x back & =?1 to ! prop] dep? into ! soil4 ,aft] ! key is loos5$ ! aug] is lift$ high en\gh s t ! second hole appe>s & !n x is fix$ 9 position by ! key4 ,!n ! bor+ is cont9u$1 turn+ ! aug] to ! "r1 by :i* ! aug]1 eat+ its way ) its saw tee?1 presses deep] into ! gr\nd & )draws ! mat]ial = analysis4 ,aft] ! aug] guide has be5 fill$ ?r\gh any desir$ l5g?1 say five to t5 c5timet]s ) ! sample ( soil1 ! :ole aug] is drawn out ( ! soil1 ! key remov$1 ! aug] /em )drawn f ! aug] guide1 ! app>atus op5$ by turn+ ! bayonet fa/5+ ( ! /opp] on ! h&le1 ! brass plug plac$ 9 ! end & !n ) ! smoo? "p =w>d1 f above1 x is all[$ to fall into ! aug] guide until x rea*es ! soil4 ,! aug] /em is !n put back1 ! po9t ( x fitt+ into ! hole ( ! plug & ! sample ( soil %ov$ out ( ! aug] guide4 ,! aug] guide is aga9 fix$ on ! aug] /em by ! key & !n ! app>atus is ready = a second op]ation4 ,:5 ! bor+s cease ! wick] c>tridge is drawn out ( ! h&le & %ov$1 ! s(t end =w>d1 f above1 into ! aug] guide & ! brass plug aft] x & pu%$ ?r\gh ) ! aug] /em4 ,by ?is process ! wick] c>tridge gives up a suffici5t am\nt ( p>aff9 oil to completely grease ! inside ( ! aug] guide & to protect x f ru/4 ,aft] use ! in/rum5t %\ld be clean$ on ! outside by means ( a clo?1 ! plug & wick] wad replac$ 9 _! prop] positions1 ! cap fix$ on ! h&le & ! union on ! po9t ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! l5g? ( ! :ole app>atus may rea* "o met] or m2 ! int]nal diamet] sixte5 millimet]s4 ,! app>atus weighs ) a l5g? ( "o met]1 toge!r ) all its belong+s1 ab\t two kilograms4 ,= ! inve/igation ( peat & muck soils z well z s&1 in/ead ( ! /eel aug] guide "o ( brass or copp] c be us$4 ,= ?is purpose ! l5g? ( ! app>atus may rea* ?ree to f\r met]s4 ,9 comp>ison ) o!r app>atus :i* are us$ = tak+ samples1 x appe>s )\t d\bt t ) ! "o j describ$ a bett] & less mix$ portion ( ! soil c be obta9$ at great dep?s4 ,! app>atus is said to h _m advantages ov] a simil> "o kn[n z ,fra5kel's1 & is mu* m easy to clean4 ,! advantages ( ! app>atus are said to be ! foll[+3 ,! f>m] ) ?is piece ( app>atus 9 a %ort "t c g ov] 8 :ole f>m tak+ samples to ! dep? ( n9ety c5timet]s s9ce a s+le bor+ does n take m ?an "o m9ute4 ,geologi/s & o!rs int]e/$ 9 ! soil at great] dep?s c use an app>atus ?ree to f\r met]s 9 l5g? & obta9 unmix$ samples f ^! l[] dep?s4 ,^! are also int]e/+ f a bact]iologic po9t ( view4 ,! entire app>atus is especially valuable = ! inve/igation ( ! l[] p>ts ( peat & muck soils4 ,! app>atus has be5 tri$ 9 ! collection ( samples = ! laboratory ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture & is too complicat$ to be recomm5d$ = ord9>y use4 ,:5 h[ev] samples are to be tak5 at great dep?s z 9 peat soils x is highly satisfactory4 #gh4 ,soil ,sampl+ dep5ds = its success m on ! judgm5t & k ( ! collector ?an on ! me?od employ$ & ! app>atus us$4 ,"o skill$ 9 ! art & hav+ correct k ( ! purpose ( ! "w w be able to get a fair sample ) a spl9t] or a jack-knife :ile ano!r ) ! mo/ elaborate outfit might fail entirely 9 collect+ any?+ ( repres5tative value4 ,!re are "s special k9ds ( soil sampl+1 h[ev]1 :i* _c be left to ! me?od ( ! individual & x is believ$ t ) ! descriptions giv5 above ne>ly all purposes = :i* samples are desir$ may be s]v$4 ,= ! /udy ( nitrify+ organisms1 h[ev]1 special precautions are requir$ & ^! w be not$ 9 a m appropriate place4 ,9 tak+ samples = moi/ure det]m9ations ! me?od ( ,:itney is recomm5d$ z ! be/4 ,= ! g5]al physical & *emical analytical "w ! /&>d me?ods are all ess5tially ! same4 ,! pr9ciples laid d[n by ,hilg>d w be f\nd a suffici5t guide 9 mo/ cases4 ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,sample ,,9 ,,! ,,laboratory4 #gi4 ,! ,sample1 or mix$ sample1 tak5 by "o ( ! me?ods above describ$1 is plac$ on a h>d smoo? bo>d1 brok5 up by g5tle pressure into z f9e p>ticles z possible & all pieces ( /one & gravel c>efully remov$ & weigh$2 all roots1 p>ticles ( vegetable matt]1 worms1 etc41 are also to be weigh$ & ?r[n out4 ,?is c be done v well by us+ a sieve ( f "o to two millimet] me%4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! soil be made to pass ?r\gh1 :i* c be accompli%$ by subject+ ! lumps to r5ew$ pressure ) a rubb]-tipp$ pe/le4 ,9 ! above op]ation ! soil %\ld be dry en\gh to prev5t /ick+4 ,! relative weights ( ! pebbles1 roots1 etc41 & ! soil %\ld be det]m9$4 #hj4 ,ord] ( ,prelim9>y ,exam9ation4--,hilg>d#fb comm5ces ! exam9ation ( a soil sample by wa%+ ab\t t5 grams ( x into a beak] ) a wat] curr5t ( def9ite velocity1 /irr+ mean:ile actively ! "p c>ri$ into ! vessel4 ,! residue n c>ri$ by ! curr5t is exam9$ macro- & microscopically to det]m9e ! m9]als :i* may be pres5t1 & ! condition 9 :i* ! fragm5ts exi/--:e!r %>p or r\nd$ edges1 etc4 ,?is exam9ation w give "s g5]al idea ( ! p>5t rocks f :i* ! sample has be5 d]iv$ & ( ! di/ance ! p>ticles h be5 transport$4 ,next foll[s ! h& te/1 viz41 rubb+ ! soil betwe5 ! ?umb & f+]s fir/ 9 ! dry /ate & aft]w>ds knead+ x ) wat] & obs]v+ its pla/icity4 ,foll[+ ?is %\ld come a te/ ( ! relations ( ! sample to wat]1 viz41 its capacity = absorb+ & reta9+ moi/ure4 ,f9ally ! sep>ation ( ! soil into p>ticles ( def9ite hydraulic value & a *emical exam9ation ( ! diff]5t classes ( soil concludes ! analytical "w4 #ha4 ,air ,dry+4--,! sift$ soil %\ld be ?or\ghly mix$ & ab\t "o kilogram spread on pap] & left = sev]al days expos$ 9 a room ) free circulation ( air & )\t artificial heat4 ,! "p ( ! sample to be us$ = ! det]m9ation ( nitrates %\ld be dri$ m quickly z describ$ 9 ano!r place4 ,! sample is !n plac$ 9 a clean1 dry glass bottle1 cork$1 seal$1 & label$4 ,! label or note book %\ld indicate ! locality :]e ! sample 0 tak51 ! k9d ( soil1 ! numb] ( places sampl$1 & o!r in=mation necess>y to prop] description & id5tification4 #hb4 ,caldwell#fc directs t hav+ tak5 ! sample to ! laboratory1 ! /ones & l>g] pebbles %\ld be sep>at$ f ! f9] p>ts by ! h&1 or by sift+ ) a v co>se sieve1 & exam9$ ) ref]5ce to _! m9]alogical "*1 weight & size1 mak+ note1 9 ?is la/ respect1 ( ! numb] t are z l>ge z ! fi/ or l>g]1 ! numb] z l>ge z an egg1 a walnut1 hazel-nut1 & pea1 or give ! p]c5tage ( ea* by weight4 ,pulv]ize ! air-dri$ soil 9 a mort> ) a wood5 pe/le1 & sep>ate ! f9e e>? by a sieve ) me%es ?ree millimet]s wide2 ?is sieve %\ld h a tightly fitt+ cov] ( %eepsk9 /ret*$ ov] a loop1 & x %\ld be cov]$ 9 ! same mann] und]nea?1 s t no du/ c escape dur+ ! process ( sift+4 ,wa% ! pebbles & vegetable fib]s rema9+ on ! sieve ) wat]1 dry & weigh ! residue2 ! wat] ) :i* ?is gravel 0 wa%$ %\ld be evaporat$ to dryness at a temp]ature n exce$+ #ej t[>ds ! close ( ! evaporation1 & ! residue mix$ ) :at pass$ ?r\gh ! dry sieve4 ,! sift$ f9e e>? is res]v$ = all ! processes h]e9aft] describ$1 & is kept 9 well-/opp]$ bottles1 m>k$ air-dri$ f9e e>?4 ,! sieve m5tion$ above is too co>se = ! m mod]n me?ods ( analysis4 #hc4 ,wolff#fd directs t ! air-dri$ e>? 79 summ] dri$ 9 ?9 lay]s at room temp]ature1 9 w9t] 9 ov5s at #cj to #ej7 be fre$ f all /ones1 ! latt] wa%$1 dri$1 & weigh$4 ,! soil is next pass$ ?r\gh a ?ree millimet] me% sieve1 ! residual pebbles & fib] wa%$1 dri$ & weigh$4 ,! f9e e>? pass+ ! sieve is us$ = all subsequ5t exam9ations4 ,x is air-dri$ at mod]ate temp]atures & pres]v$ 9 /opp]$ glass vessels4 #hd4 ,! ,fr5*#fe commission calls especial att5tion to ! me?od ( subsampl+1 & prescribes t ! sample ( e>? :i* has be5 tak5 9 ! mann] indicat$1 & ( :i* ! weight %\ld be great] z ! mat]ial is less homog5e\s %\ld n be analyz$ z a :ole4 ,x %\ld be divid$ into two p>ts4 ,! fir/ includes ! f9] p>ticles con/itut+ ! e>?1 prop]ly s-call$1 ) ! elem5ts :i* alone ent] into play 9 vegetable nutrition & on :i* x is necess>y to c>ry out ! analysis4 ,! second embraces ! co>s] p>ticles to :i* only a sup]ficial exam9ation %\ld be giv5 & :i* may h a c]ta9 importance f a physical po9t ( view b :i* _c take any "p f a *emical po9t ( view1 9 ! nutrition ( plants4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 useful to exam9e its m9]alogical con/itution & to look = ! useful elem5ts su* z lime1 pota%1 etc41 :i* x may be able to furni% to ! e>?1 & 9 proportion z x is decompos$1 f9] p>ticles :i* may be useful 9 plant nutrition4 ,h[ are we to di/+ui% betwe5 ! f9e & co>se elem5ts8 ,all grades ( f95ess are obs]v$ 9 ! soil1 f ! p>ticles ( hydrat$ silica s small t ) ! l>ge/ magnify+ p[] ( ! microscope x is sc>cely possible to di/+ui% !m1 up to gra9s ( s& :i* are ( palpable size & visible to ! nak$ eye1 & ext5d+ to pebbles ( v>y+ sizes4 ,all int]m$iate /ages are f\nd betwe5 ^! & if x %\ld be ask$ :at is ! precise limit at :i* x is necess>y to /op 9 di/+ui%+ ! f9e f ! co>se elem5ts ( ! soil1 ! answ] is t ?is c only be det]m9$ by a common und]/&+ among analy/s4 ,9 g5]al1 x may be said1 t ! m>k ( di/9ction %\ld be ! sep>ation :i* c be secur$ ) a sieve hav+ t5 me%es p] c5timet]4 #he4 ,loose ,soils4--,hav+ agre$ ^u a sieve ( ! above size1 ! process ( sep>ation 9 loose soils is z foll[s3 ,! e>? is expos$ to ! air & :5 ! t\* %[s t x is suffici5tly dry ! conglom]at$ p>ticles %\ld be simply divid$ )\t break+ ! rocky mat]ial :i* exi/s 9 a /ate ( undivid$ fragm5ts4 ,!re are "s special precautions to be tak54 ,rubb+ 9 a mort> mu/ be =bidd5 s9ce x r$uces ! e>? to p>ticles :i* are unnatural 9 size1 by secur+ ! break+ up ( ! fragm5ts consi/+ ( ! dbris ( rocks4 ,:5 x is possible ! e>? %\ld be rubb$ simply 9 ! h& & aft] hav+ sep>at$ t :i* passes ! sieve1 ! l>ge p>ticles :i* h n pass$ %\ld be aga9 rubb$ ) ! h&1 until all ! p>ticles :i* c be loos5$ by ?is simple treatm5t h pass$ ! sieve4 ,! sep>ation %\ld be z complete z possible 9 ord] t a sample ( ! p>ticles pass+ ! sieve %\ld repres5t z ne>ly z possible1 a correct sample ( ! f9e p>ticles ( ! soil4 ,9 reg>d to ! pebbles1 !y %\ld be wa%$ ) wat] ^u ! sieve 9 ord] to c>ry ?r\gh ! la/ ( ! p>ticles ( e>? adh]+ to !m4 ,!y are !n dri$ & _! weight tak54 ,! f9e "p ( ! e>? is also weigh$4 ,on an aliquot "p1 say #ajj grams1 ! moi/ure is det]m9$ & !n by simple calculation ! :ole sample ( ! air-dry soil c be calculat$ to ! dry /ate4 ,! sample is !n plac$ 9 a glass flask4 ,! pebbles are exam9$ ) a view ( det]m9+ _! m9]alogical con/itution2 z = in/ance1 on be+ t\*$ ) a little hydro*loric acid x c be det]m9$ :e!r or n !y are c>bonate ( lime4 ,! nature ( ! rock f :i* !y h be5 d]iv$ is (t5 to be det]m9$ by a simple inspection4 #hf4 ,compact ,soils4--,if ! soils are n suffici5tly loose to be treat$ z be=e describ$1 x is necess>y to h rec\rse to o!r means ( division1 :i* %\ld n1 h[ev]1 be suffici5tly en]getic to r$uce ! rocky elem5ts to f9e p>ticles4 ,= ?is purpose ! e>? may be brok5 by means ( a wood5 mallet1 /rik+ x lightly & sep>at+ ! f9e elem5ts f "t to "t by sift+4 ,a wood5 roll] may also be us$ ) a little pressure1 = break+ up ! p>ticles or a roll] made out ( a l>ge glass bottle4 ,^! me?ods w p]mit ( a suffici5tly f9e division ( ! soil )\t break+ up any ( ! pebbles4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 a soil c n be brok5 up by su* treatm5t4 ,x is !n necess>y to h rec\rse to ! foll[+ process3 ,! soil is ?or\ghly moi/5$ & aft]w>ds rubb$ up ) wat]4 ,! pa/e :i* is ?us =m$1 is p\r$ ^u ! sieve & wa%$ ) a /ream ( wat] until all ! f9e p>ticles are remov$4 ,! wa% wat] & ! f9e p>ticles are left /&+ until ! silt is ?or\ghly deposit$ :5 ! sup]natant wat] is p\r$ (f & ! deposit$ moi/ e>? is transf]r$ into a l>ge di% & dri$ on a s& or wat]-ba?4 ,9 ?is way a firm pa/e is =m$ :i* c be work$ up ) ! h& until r5d]$ homog5e\s & aft]w>ds an aliquot portion be tak5 to det]m9e moi/ure4 #hg4 ,me?od ( ,peligot4--,! me?od recomm5d$ by ,peligot#ff = ! prep>atory treatm5t ( ! sample is ess5tially t already describ$4 ,! sample is at fir/ dri$ 9 ! air & !n 9 an ov5 at #abj4 ,:5 dry & friable #ajj grams are plac$ 9 a mort> & rubb$ ) a wood5 pe/le4 ,x is !n pass$ ?r\gh a sieve ( t5 me%es p] c5timet]4 ,! l>ge/ p>ticles :i* rema9 9 ! sieve %\ld h ab\t ! dim5sions ( a p9's head4 ,! /ones are sep>at$ by h&4 ,!y %\ld be %ak5 ) wat] 9 ord] to deta* any pulv]ul5t p>ticles adh]+ !reto4 ,! turbid wat] result+ f ?is treatm5t is add$ to t :i* is us$ 9 sep>at+ ! s& f ! impalpable "p ( ! soil4 #hh4 ,wahns*affe prescribes#fg 9 ! fur!r prep>ation ( ! sample = analysis t ! co>se pieces up to ! size ( a walnut be sep>at$ 9 ! field :]e ! sample is tak5 & _! relative weight & m9]alogical "* det]m9$4 ,! soil sample is !n to be plac$ 9 l95 or /rong pap] bags & c>efully labell$4 ,9 ord] to avoid any dang] ( loss ( label ! description or numb] ( ! sample %\ld be put on ! clo? or pap] directly4 ,! sample :5 br\ght to ! laboratory %\ld be spread out to dry1 9 a room free ( du/4 ,9 ! w9t] ! room %\ld be heat$ to ! usual temp]ature4 ,! air dry+ %\ld cont9ue until !re is no s5sible loss ( weight4 ,! samples !n are to be plac$ 9 dry1 glass-/opp]$ glass bottles :]e !y are kept until ready = exam9ation4 ,?is me?od ( keep+ ! samples avoids contact ) ammonia or acid fumes ) :i* a laboratory is (t5 contam9at$4 #hi4 ,! ,sw$i% *emi/s#fh direct t samples :i* are to be us$ = *emical exam9ation 9 ! mann] describ$ bel[1 are mo/ conv5i5tly br\ght to su* a condition ( loos5ess & humidity t ! soil feels moi/ :5 press$ betwe5 ! f+]s )\t1 h[ev]1 /ick+ to ! sk94 ,to prep>e ! sample 9 ?is mann]1 spread x 9 a l>ge porcela9 di% or on a glass plate 9 a place :]e x is n rea*$ by ! laboratory atmosph]e2 /ir x frequ5tly till x assumes ! m5tion$ humidity 7if ! sample :5 s5t is too dry1 moi/5 x ) di/ill$ wat] till its condition is z indicat$72 !n pulv]ize c>efully betwe5 ! f+]s & f9ally sift ?r\gh a sieve ) five millimet] holes4 ,9 ?is way free ! sample f /ones1 undecay$ roots & simil> p>ts ( plants1 pieces ( wood1 & o!r matt] /range to ! soil1 :i* rema9 on ! sieve2 mix ! sample c>efully & put x into a glass bottle provid$ ) a /opp] well gr\nd 92 keep x 9 a cool place4 ,samples prep>$ 9 ?is way w usually conta9 #bj-cj p] c5t moi/ure2 boggy soils #fj-hj p] c5t & peat soils #ej p] c5t4 #ij4 ,pet]mann#fi foll[s ! me?od bel[ 9 prep>+ samples ( soil = analysis4 ,! soil is g5tly brok5 up by a s(t pe/le & all dbris if ( organic nature1 cut f9e ) scissors4 ,ab\t #bejj grams ( ?is soil are pass$ ?r\gh a "o millimet] me% sieve4 ,! organic dbris is remov$ by =ceps1 wa%$ free ( adh]+ e>? dri$ at #abj & weigh$4 ,! nature ( ! organic dbris %\ld be not$ z c>efully z possible4 ,! pebbles & m9]al dbris n pass+ ! sieve are work$ 9 a l>ge quantity ( wat] by decantation4 ,!y are also dri$ at #abj & weigh$4 ,?is dbris is exam9$ m9]alogically & ?us "s idea ( ! orig9 ( ! soil obta9$4 #ia4 ,! v>i\s me?ods = ! prelim9>y treatm5t z practic$ by ! be/ au?orities h be5 some:at fully set =? 9 ! =ego+ rsum4 ,! common object ( all ^! proc$ures is to get ! soil into a prop] %ape = fur!r physical & *emical exam9ation & to det]m9e ! comp>ative weights ( =eign bodies conta9$ !re94 ,! ess5tial conditions to be obs]v$ are ! prop] sift+ ( ! mat]ial & avoidance ( me*anical communition ( ! solid p>ticles too l>ge to pass ! me%es ( ! sieve4 ,if possible ! mat]ial %\ld be pass$ ?r\gh a sieve ( "o millimet] me%4 ,9 cases :]e ?is is impracticable a l>g] me% may be us$1 b z small z w secure ! necess>y sep>ation4 ,be=e f9al *emical analysis a half millimet] me% sieve %\ld be employ$ if ! soil be ( a nature :i* w p]mit its use4 ,ov]-heat+ ( ! sample %\ld be avoid$4 ,rapid dry+ is advisable :5 ! samples are to be exam9$ = nitrates4 ,! me?od recomm5d$ by ! ,fr5* commissions seems well adapt$ to ! g5]al treatm5t ( samples1 b ! analy/ mu/ be guid$ by circum/ances 9 any p>ticul> soil4 ,,au?orities ,,cit$ ,,9 ,,"p ,,second4 ,footnote #ci3 ,bullet9 #ch1 pp4 #fa-b4 ,footnote #dj3 ,ms4 communication to au?or4 ,footnote #da3 ,bullet9 ,no4 #aj4 ,footnote #db3 ,l&wirts*aftli*e ,v]su*s-,/ation51 ,b& #ch1 ,ss4 #cji et seq4 ,footnote #dc3 ,annales de la ,sci5ce ,agronomique1 ,tome #a1 ,"p #b1 p4 #bdj4 ,footnote #dd3 ,agricultural ,*emical ,analysis1 p4 #aff4 ,footnote #de3 ,zeits*rift fr analytis*e ,*emie1 ,b& #c1 ,s4 #hg4 ,footnote #df3 ,anleitung zur ,wiss5s*aftli*5 ,bod5unt]su*ung1 ,s4 #ag4 ,footnote #dg3 ,trait de ,*imie ,analytique1 p4 #adi4 ,footnote #dh3 ,bullet9 #ce1 p4 #ajh4 ,footnote #di3 ,op4 cit4 ,footnote #ej3 ,bullet9 #aj1 p4 #cc4 ,footnote #ea3 ,analyse des ,matires ,agricoles1 p4 #aca4 ,footnote #eb3 ,bullet9 #ch1 p4 #bjj4 ,footnote #ec3 ,?is 9 "s in/ances w\ld include a "p ( ! subsoil4 ,footnote #ed3 ,all soils d n become friable on dry+4 ,footnote #ee3 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society1 7#b71 ,vol4 #be1 p4 #ab4 ,footnote #ef3 ,annales de la ,sci5ce ,agronomique1 ,tome #a1 ,"p ,second1 pp4 #bdj et seq4 ,! p]sonnel ( ! commission is z foll[s3 ,,mm4 ,risl]1 ,gr&eau1 ,j\lie1 ,s*loes+1 & ,mntz4 ,footnote #eg3 ,vid4 #g4 ,footnote #eh3 ,anleitung zur ,wiss5s*aftli*5 ,bod5unt]su*ung1 ,s4 #ag4 ,footnote #ei3 ,unt]su*ung ,l&wirts*aftli* und ,gew]bli* ,wi*tig] ,/(fe1 ,s4 #e4 ,footnote #fj3 ,sev5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,wiscons9 ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 p4 #afa4 ,footnote #fa3 ,deuts*e ,l&wirts*aftli*e ,presse1 ,b& #ai1 ,no4 #ce1 ,ss4 #chc-d4 ,footnote #fb3 ,j\rnal ,am]ican ,*emical ,society1 ,vol4 #af1 p4 #cf4 ,footnote #fc3 ,agricultural ,*emical ,analysis1 p4 #afh4 ,footnote #fd3 ,vid4 #g4 ,footnote #fe3 ,vid4 #af4 ,footnote #ff3 ,vid4 #i4 ,footnote #fg3 ,vid4 #h1 p4 #ai4 ,footnote #fh3 ,me?ods ( ,analysis ( ,soils1 ,f]tiliz]s1 etc41 adopt$ by ! ,sw$i% ,agricultural ,*emi/s1 translat$ = ! au?or by ,f4 ,w4 ,woll4 ,footnote #fi3 ,l',analyse du ,sol1 p4 #ad4 ,,"p ,,?ird4 ,,physical ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,soils4 #ib4 ,! ,soil z a ,mass4--,! soil con/itut$ z indicat$ 9 ! prec$+ pages1 is n[ br\ght to ! analy/ = inve/igation4 ,! prop]ties ) :i* he fir/ becomes acqua9t$ are ^? :i* impress 8 s5ses z mass *>act]i/ics4 ,!re is a p]ception ( color1 consi/5ce1 weight & o!r features :i* ! soil possesses z a :ole4 ,! sev]al con/itu5ts ( ! soil mu/ fir/ be consid]$ z molecul> & mole aggregates4 ,9 o!r words1 ! soil 9 its natural /ate is a me*anical mixture ( p>ticles :i* mu/ fir/ be consid]$ z a :ole4 ,! physical prop]ties ( ! soil1 !re=e1 %\ld engage ! att5tion ( ! analy/ be=e he proce$s to ! inve/igation ( ! prop]ties ( its sev]al con/itu5ts z classifi$ by ! relative size or hydraulic value ( ! p>ticles ( :i* !y are compos$1 or to a *emical det]m9ation ( ! comp\nds or elem5ts !re9 conta9$4 ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,physical ,,prop]ties4 #ic4 ,color4--,! color ( a soil dep5ds *iefly ^u ! proportion ( organic matt] & iron comp\nds :i* x conta9s & ! /ate ( subdivision ( its p>ticles4 ,:5 a soil conta9s a l>ge am\nt ( organic matt]1 especially :5 ?is organic matt] is 9 an advanc$ /ate ( decay1 x assumes m or less a black color :5 moi/4 ,?is black color is to be di/+ui%$ f ! black alkali t9t :i* is produc$ by ! action ( c>bonate ( soda on organic matt]4 ,! naturally black color ( a soil conta9+ a l>ge am\nt ( organic matt] dep5ds1 h[ev]1 ei!r ^u ! action ( m9]al matt]s ^u ?is organic matt]1 z 9 ! case ( ! black alkali m5tion$1 or ^u ! blacki% color ( c>bon result+ f ! sl[ combu/ion ( ! organic matt] dur+ ! p]iod ( decay4 ,! pres5ce ( a l>ge am\nt ( f]ric oxid 9 soil gives ! well-kn[n r$ color s well-m>k$ 9 ! soils ( s\?we/]n ,k5tucky & o!r portions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! prepond]ance ( s& 9 a soil t5ds to produce a light yell[ or :iti% t9t1 :ile c]ta9 k9ds ( clay h a blui% t9t probably due to ! pres5ce ( f]r\s salts4 ,! influ5ce ( ! color ( ! soil ^u ! color ( ! vegetation is also well-m>k$1 ! black soils z a rule produc+ a mu* deep] gre5 t9t ( foliage ?an ! light color$ soils4 ,?is effect %\ld n be attribut$ to color alone = z a matt] ( fact highly color$ soils are usually v close & v ret5tive ( moi/ure1 :i* is "o reason1 probably1 = _! n be+ m highly oxidiz$4 ,su* soils w produce a m vigor\s & rank] gr[? ( vegetation1 b x is ! texture ( ! soil & ! m moi/ condition :i* x ma9ta9s1 r ?an ! color1 :i* produce ! deep] gre5 t9t ( foliage4 ,! color ( a soil is also us$ z an index ( its f]tility1 ! black & r$ soils be+ usually ! mo/ f]tile4 ,x may be well to add "h ! probable reason z giv5 by ,:itney = ?is1 viz41 t ! deep] color %[s t ! oxids ( iron & ! organic comp\nds h less oxyg5 & indicate t ! soils are q ret5tive ( moi/ure & r t5d to ! exclusion ( air1 s t "p ( ! oxyg5 ( ! iron comp\nds & ( ! organic matt]s has be5 us$ up 9 ! oxidation processes )9 ! soil4 ,x is kn[n1 = example1 t wood oxidizes mu* m rapidly ar\nd a ru/y nail ?an :]e x is simply expos$ to ! air1 ! iron oxid act+ z a c>ri] betwe5 ! oxyg5 ( ! air & ! organic matt]4 ,9 a s&y soil1 on ! contr>y1 :]e !re is usually less moi/ure & mu* fre] circulation ( air1 ! iron comp\nds h m oxyg5 & usually h a light yell[ color4 ,if ?is s& is heat$1 h[ev]1 ) ! exclusion ( air1 & especially 9 ! pres5ce ( organic matt]s1 "p ( ?is oxyg5 w be giv5 (f & !re w be ! same r$ color z 9 ! heavi] clay soils4 ,x is frequ5tly notic$1 also1 9 compact clays t :]e air ga9s access ?r\gh cracks or root-holes1 ! color is altoge!r modifi$4 #id4 ,det]m9ation ( ,color4--,!re is no process :i* w give exp]im5tally & accurately ! color ( a soil sample4 ,! *anges :i* ! color ( a soil und]goes 9 pass+ f a saturat$ to an anhydr\s /ate are well-m>k$4 ,! analy/ w h to be cont5t ) giv+ z ne>ly z possible a description ( ! color ( ! sample :5 tak5 & ! *anges :i* x und]goes 9 air dry+ or on heat+ 9 a ba? to #ajj-aaj1 or 9 heat+ to r$ness ) or )\t exclusion ( ! air4 ,^! *anges 9 color w give "s indication ( ! "* ( ! organic & m9]al matt]s pres5t4 #ie4 ,odorif]\s ,matt]s 9 ,soil4--,x is kn[n t ! soil emits a peculi> odor :i* is n disagreeable except :5 x has be5 rec5tly wet1 = in/ance1 aft] a %ort ra94 ,sev]al attempts h be5 made to discov] ! nature ( ?is odor4 ,^! rese>*es h e/abli%$ ! fact t ! ess5tial pr9ciple ( ?is odor resides 9 an organic comp\nd ( a neutral nature ( ! aromatic family & :i* is c>ri$ by ! vapor ( wat] aft] ! mann] ( a body possess+ a feeble t5sion4 ,! odor is p5etrat+1 almo/ piquant1 & analog\s to t ( camphorat$ & q di/9ct f o!r kn[n sub/ances4 ,9 reg>d to ! quantity ( ?is sub/ance1 x is extremely m9ute & c be reg>d$ z be+ only a few million?s ( a p] c5t4 ,accord+ to ,b]!lot & ,&r#gj ?is new pr9ciple is nei!r an acid nor an alkali nor ev5 a normal aldehyd4 ,x is1 9 a conc5trat$ aque\s solution1 precipitable by potassium c>bonate ) ! production ( a res9\s sub/ance4 ,heat$ ) pota% x develops a %>p odor simil> to ! aldehyde res94 ,x does n r$uce ! ammoniacal nitrate ( silv]4 ,treat$ ) pota% & iod9 x gives an abundant =mation ( iod(orm1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is a prop]ty common to a great numb] ( sub/ances4 ,= ! qualitative & quantitative e/imation ( ! odorif]\s matt] ! foll[+ process is employ$3 ,ab\t ?ree kilograms ( ! soil are mix$ ) s& conta9+ a small am\nt ( c>bonate ( lime & "s humic sub/ance2 aft] hav+ fre$ x f all organic dbris :i* is visible1 x is plac$ 9 a glass alembic4 ,! soil %\ld conta9 f t5 to twelve p] c5t ( wat] at lea/4 ,! alembic is plac$ 9 a s& ba? & is kept at #fj = sev]al h\rs4 ,! wat] evaporat$ is cond5s$ until ab\t sev5ty-five cubic c5timet]s are di/ill$ ov]4 ,?is di/ill$ wat] is aga9 rectifi$ s z to obta9 9 all ab\t tw5ty cubic c5timet]s4 ,! odorif]\s matt] appe>s to be ne>ly all conta9$ 9 ?is tw5ty cubic c5timet]s4 ,! liquid ?us obta9$ %[s an alkal9e reaction2 x conta9s "s ammonia & r$uces ammoniacal silv] nitrate4 ,?is la/ reaction is due to "s pyridic alkali or analogue !re(1 & is cause = x to be di/ill$ anew ) a trace ( sulfuric acid :i* gives a neutral liquor depriv$ ( all r$uc+ action b :i* pres]ves ! odor peculi> to ! soil4 ,! tw5ty cubic c5timet]s obta9$ z be=e are subject$ to two additional di/illations & 9 ! f9al "o only "o cubic c5timet] ( liquid is di/ill$ ov]4 ,! peculi> odor is int5sifi$ proportionately z ! volume ( ! liquid is decreas$4 ,to ?is "o cubic c5timet]1 is add$ "s pure cry/alliz$ potassium c>bonate4 ,! liquor is imm$iately tr\bl$ & "s h\rs are requir$ = x to become cle> aga94 ,mean:ile !re is =m$ ^u its surface a res9\s r+ almo/ invisible1 am\nt+ at mo/ to f t5 to tw5ty milligrams ( a matt] :i* has n be5 id5tifi$ ) any kn[n pr9ciple4 ,! reactions describ$ above1 h[ev]1 p]mit ( its g5]al "* be+ kn[n4 ,?is res9\s matt] conta9s ! odorif]\s pr9ciple1 ! composition ( :i* is n yet def9itely kn[n4 #if4 ,specific ,gravity4--,! d5sity ( a soil dep5ds on its composition1 ! f95ess ( its p>ticles & ^u ! pack+ :i* x has receiv$4 ,x has 9 o!r words an app>5t & a real specific gravity4 ,x is easy to see t a soil 9 good til? w\ld weigh less p] cubic foot ?an "o :i* _h be5 press$ closely toge!r1 z 9 a road or well-pa/ur$ field4 ,ord9>y soils 9 good til? h an app>5t specific gravity ( ab\t #a4b1 & :5 entirely free f air1 a real specific gravity ( ab\t #b4e4 ,if ! app>5t specific gravity ( a soil sample 7 #a4b & ! air 7 remov$1 leav+ a vacuum 9 ! int]/ices ( ! soil1 ! app>5t specific gravity w\ld n be s5sibly increas$4 ,! figure #a4b is ! app>5t specific gravity ( a mixture ( soil mat]ial :i* is ab\t #b times heavi] ?an wat]1 & ( an extremely small proportion by weight ( air :i* is ab\t #ajjj times light] ?an wat]4 ,! figure #b4e is ab\t ! true specific gravity ( ! real soil mat]ial1 & %[s t ?is mat]ial is ab\t #b times heavi] ?an an equal volume ( wat]4 ,! weights ( a cubic foot ( diff]5t k9ds ( soil z giv5 by ,s*bl]#ga are z foll[s2 ,p\nds4 ,s& #aaj ,s& & clay #if ,common arable soil #hj to #ij ,heavy clay #ge ,vegetable mold #gh ,peat #cj to #ej ,9 g5]al ! specific gravity ( soil decreases inv]sely z its cont5t ( humus4 #ig4 ,det]m9ation ( ,specific ,gravity4--,! ord9>y me?od ( proce$+ to det]m9e ! true specific gravity is by means ( a pyknomet]4 ,! pyknomet] %\ld h a capacity ( f tw5ty-five to fifty cubic c5timet]s4 ,f t5 to fifte5 grams ( e>? dri$ to con/ant weight at #ajj are tak51 boil$ = a "t ) a few cubic c5timet]s ( wat] to remove air & p\r$ into ! pyknomet]4 ,all soil p>ticles are wa%$ out ( ! vessel 9 :i* ! boil+ took place into ! pyknomet] ) fre%ly boil$ di/ill$ wat] & aft] cool+ to ! temp]ature at :i* ! calibration took place1 ! pyknomet] is fill$ ) di/ill$ wat] at ! giv5 temp]ature & weigh$4 ,if ! soil conta9 mat]ials soluble 9 wat]1 alcohol ( def9itely kn[n specific gravity may be employ$ & ! numb] ?us obta9$ calculat$ to a wat] basis4 ,! calculations :5 wat] is us$ are made z foll[s3 ,grams4 ,weight ( pyknomet] #ac4dghi pyknomet] full ( di/ill$ wat] at #bj #fb4hicd wat] 9 pyknomet] #di4dade dry soil tak5 #aj4jjjj pyknomet] dry soil fill$ ) wat] at #bj #fg4ihcd soil & wat] #ed4ejde wat] #dd4ejde wat] displac$ by t5 grams soil #d4iajj ,!n specific gravity #aj4jjj #d4iajj #b4jd4 #ih4 ,specific ,gravity ( ,undri$ ,soils4--,x is (t5 desirable to det]m9e ! specific gravity ( an undri$ portion ( ! soil4 ,= ?is purpose a portion ( ! sample is dri$ at #ajj to det]m9e its p]c5tage ( moi/ure4 ,! specific gravity is !n det]m9$ on a t5 gram sample ( ! undri$ soil z j giv54 ,! actual weight ( soil tak5 is calculat$ f ! p]c5tage ( moi/ure obta9$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,9 ! case giv5 if ! p]c5tage ( moi/ure at #ajj be t5 !n ! actual weight ( dry soil tak5 is n9e grams4 ,?is numb] is !re=e us$ 9 mak+ ! calculations4 ,9 all /atem5ts ( specific gravity tak5 9 ! mann] describ$ ! temp]ature at :i* ! pyknomet] is calibrat$ %\ld be /at$ & all weigh+s :]e wat] is involv$ made at t degree4 #ii4 ,volume ( ,soil4--,if x be desir$ to calculate ! volume occupi$ by a soil x is easily done by divid+ ! weight ( wat] displac$ by ! weight ( "o cubic c5timet] ( wat] ( ! temp]ature at :i* ! det]m9ation took place4 ,9 ! case giv5 "o cubic c5timet] ( wat] at #bj weighs #j4iihbei4 ,!n #d4iajj #j4iihbei #d4iahf cubic c5timet]s volume occupi$ by t5 grams ( dry soil exclud+ int]/itial spaces betwe5 p>ticles4 #ajj4 ,volumetric ,me?ods4--,! wat] displac$ by a giv5 weight ( soil may also be measur$ volumetrically by ! me?od ( ,knop4#gb ,place #bjj grams ( ! soil 9 a flask ( f ?ree to five hundr$ cubic c5timet]s capacity4 ,add a measur$ quantity ( wat]1 & %ake ?or\ghly to elim9ate air1 & fill up to ! m>k f a burette4 ,! quantity ( wat] requir$ to complete ! volume subtract$ f ! numb] express+ ! volume ( ! flask w give ! volume ( wat] displac$ by ! e>?4 ,ano!r me?od consi/s 9 ?or\ghly %ak+ ab\t ?irty grams ( ! soil 9 a graduat$ cyl9d] ) fifty cubic c5timet]s ( wat] conta9+ a little ammonium *lorid & aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs record+ ! volume occupi$ by ! :ole4 ,! increase 9 volume ov] fifty cubic c5timet]s %[s ! quantity ( wat] displac$4 ,?is me?od may also be us$ to det]m9e ! volume occupi$ by a soil :5 saturat$ ) wat]4 ,! above me?ods are only to be us$ :5 approximately correct results are all t are desir$4 #aja4 ,app>5t ,specific ,gravity4--,! app>5t specific gravity ( a soil is obta9$ by divid+ its volume1 int]/itial spaces includ$1 by ! weight ( an equal volume ( wat]4 ,! real & app>5t specific gravities ( six samples ( soil are giv5 bel[4#gc ,real specific gravity #b4edde1 #b4fcae1 #b4fejh1 #b4fdjj1 #b4gcbe1 #b4ffjc ,app>5t specific gravity ( air-dri$ soil #a4jidj1 #a4agaj1 #a4cegj1 #a4bhaj1 #a4djfj1 #a4bgcj ,app>5t specific gravity ( soil dri$ at #abe #a4jiij1 #a4aggj1 #a4cgej1 #a4biaj1 #a4dfdj1 #a4bhej ,x is to be not$ t 9 comput+ ! app>5t specific gravity ( a soil dri$ at #abe ! volume occupi$ by ! wat] is assum$ to occupy ! same space z if x exi/$ 9 a free /ate4 ,! volume ( ?is wat] is !re=e to be subtract$ f ! cont5ts ( ! flask be=e proce$+ ) ! computations4 #ajb4 ,det]m9ation ( ,app>5t ,specific ,gravity4--,place 9 small quantity portions ( ! air-dri$ sample prop]ly prep>$1 into an op5 glass cyl9d]1 hold+ "o lit]1 & ab\t #agj millimet]s high 7if ! height is exactly ! m5tion$ "o1 ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] w be #hf4f millimet]s72 pack ! sample by /rik+ ! bottom ( ! cyl9d] h>d aga9/ ! palm ( ! h& aft] ea* new fill+2 close ! cyl9d] ?us fill$ by a glass plate & weigh on a balance s5sitive to #j4a gram2 d$uct ! weight ( ! cyl9d] & glass plate1 & ! weight ( "o lit] ( soil 9 approximately simil> conditions z x is f\nd on ! dry l& prep>$ = cultivation1 is ?us asc]ta9$4 ,! weight ( "o lit] ( ! soil 9 grams multipli$ by #bjjj w give 9 kilograms ! weight ( ! surface soil f a hect>e 7#b4dg acres7 ( ! field f :i* ! sample is tak5 :5 ! dep? ( ?is is calculat$ at tw5ty c5timet]s4#gd ,,relation ,,( ,,! ,,soil ,,to ,,heat4 #ajc4 ,s\rces ( ,soil ,heat4--,! heat ( ! soil comes f ?ree s\rces1 viz43 sol> heat1 z ! sun's rays1 heat ( *emical & vital action )9 ! soil1 & ! orig9al heat ( ! e>?'s int]ior4 ,! latt] is s5sibly a con/ant quantity1 & ( great value to plants4 ,! heat ( *emical & vital action is n great 9 am\nt except 9 a few special cases b is (t51 z 9 g]m9ation1 ( ! greate/ importance to plant gr[?4 ,! sun1 !re=e1 rema9s ! greate/ s\rce ( heat ( practical importance 9 relation to ! production ( crops4 ,d>k-color$ soils1 absorb+ mo/ & radiat+ ! fewe/ rays1 mu/ atta9 ! highe/ temp]ature4 ,s*bl]'s classical rese>*es on soil temp]atures1 %[ t !re is at times a diff]5ce ( ov] #g 9 temp]ature betwe5 :ite & black soils1 all o!r conditions be+ alike4 ,s*bl]'s rese>*es1 be+ made on dry soils 9 ! laboratory1 d n1 h[ev]1 apply :olly to conditions 9 ! field4 #ajd4 ,influ5ce ( ,specific ,heat4--,! heat :i* a soil receives & reta9s is l>gely due to ! specific heat ( ! soil4 ,! specific heat ( a body is express$ by a numb] :i* %[s ! am\nt ( heat necess>y to raise a giv5 weight ( ! body #a ( temp]ature1 z comp>$ ) ! am\nt necess>y to raise ! same weight ( wat] #a4 ,! specific heat ( ! soil is usually betwe5 #j4bj & #j4be1 :ile t ( wat] tak5 z ! /&>d is unity4 #aje4 ,influ5ce ( ,moi/ure4--,! moi/ure ( ! soil possesses great influ5ce on ! soil temp]ature1 s mu* s t a dry1 light-color$ soil may atta9 a great] degree ( w>m? ?an a moi/1 d>k-color$ "o4 ,! action ( wat] 9 r$uc+ soil temp]ature is easily expla9$4 ,9 our latitude1 we see ! wat] 9 all its =ms1 solid1 liquid1 & gase\s1 & we "k t ^! =ms are ! direct result ( temp]ature4 ,! *ang+ ( wat] f ! solid to ! liquid or gase\s =m is p]=m$ at ! exp5se ( heat2 ! m wat] evaporat$ f ! soil ! m heat mu/ be us$ = ! evaporation4 ,!re=e1 ! m wat] conta9$ 9 ! soil at any giv5 "t ! l[] mu/ be its temp]ature dur+ subsequ5t exposure to sun heat because ( ! great] evaporation4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,lieb5b]g1 ,pattn]1 ,s*bl] & ,dick5son h practically settl$ all ! que/ions ( soil temp]atures4 ,! radiation ( heat f ! soil1 & ! consequ5t cool+ prop5sity ( ! latt]1 are directly proportional to ! absorptive p[] ( ! soil4 ,two soils ( l absorptive p[] t[>ds heat possess1 z a rule1 equal radiat+ p[]4 ,9 a g5]al way1 x c be said ! great] ! heat+ capacity & conductivity ( a soil ! m readily & rapidly does x give (f its heat & become cool$4 #ajf4 ,absorption ( ,sol> ,heat4--,! quantity ( heat absorb$ f ! sun by ! e>? is an important factor 9 ! gr[? ( vegetation4 ,z has be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! physics ( heat1 a black surface1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 w absorb a l>g] am\nt ( heat ?an "o ( any o!r color2 s1 o!r ?+s be+ equal 9 ! physical & *emical composition ( a soil1 v>iations 9 ! am\nt ( organic matt] produc+ great] or less black coloration w affect ! heat absorption4 ,?us1 black soils1 9 ! conditions above m5tion$1 w absorb m heat ?an light] color$ soils4 ,z a result1 ! vegetation 9 su* soils gets an e>li] />t 9 ! ,spr+ & matures m rapidly4 ,z an illu/ration ( ?is x may be not$ t ! black prairie soils ( ,i[a produce uni=mly crops ( maize :i* are matur$ be=e ! e>ly fro/s1 :ile crops gr[n on light] soils mu* f>!r ,s\? (t5 suff] injury f t s\rce4 ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,specific ,,heat4 #ajg4 ,g5]al ,pr9ciples4--,! quantity ( heat /or$ 9 any giv5 weight ( soil is capable ( be+ measur$ & comp>$ ) ! quantity /or$ 9 an equal weight ( wat] at ! same temp]ature4 ,! ease1 h[ev]1 ) :i* di/urb+ influ5ces op]ate dur+ ! det]m9ation makes ! manipulation some:at difficult4 ,! specific heat ( ! conta9+ vessels mu/ be c>efully det]m9$4 ,=tunately ?is has be5 done = mo/ mat]ials & ! data ?us obta9$ are record$ 9 /&>d works on physics4 ,! mat]ial op]at$ on mu/ be protect$ f !rmal influ5ces f s\rces n controll$ by ! exp]im5t & ev5 ! heat ( ! op]ator's body may (t5 di/urb ! conduct ( ! "w4 ,! g5]al conditions :i* %\ld control ! exp]im5t z well z ! details !re( are giv5 9 ! foll[+ me?od :i*1 h[ev]1 ! +5i\s analy/ may pr(itably simplify4 #ajh4 ,me?od ( ,pfaundl]4--,! process ( e/imat+ ! specific heat ( soils by ! me?od ( mixture1 is ess5tially t ( ,regnault & is describ$ z foll[s by ,pfaundl]#ge4 ,! app>atus us$ is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ac4 ,a & ,a %[ ! heat+ app>atus4 ,x consi/s ( a vessel ( %eet iron 9 :i* a te/ tube ,e is fix$ by means ( a cork4 ,! te/ tube holds ! soil ^: specific heat is to be det]m9$4 ,! app>atus conta9s wat]1 :i* is br\ght to ! boil+ po9t by means ( a lamp1 & ! excess ( /eam is conduct$ away1 z indicat$ 9 ! figure1 ?r\gh "o ( ! axes ( ! app>atus2 ! opposite axis is1 ( c\rse1 clos$4 ,x requires ab\t ?irty-five m9utes boil+ to br+ ! cont5ts ( ! te/ tube to ! temp]ature ( ! aque\s vapor4 ,! exact temp]ature at :i* ! wat] boils is det]m9$ by obs]v+ ! b>omet] at ! "t & consult+ a table ( ! boil+ temp]ature ( wat] at diff]5t b>ometric pressures4 ,! calorimet] is %[n 9 ! figures ,b & ,b4 ,x consi/s ( a wood5 box clos$ on "o side by a glass plate ,g & on ! o!r to ! heigh? ,f by a small bo>d on :i* a calorimet] ( ord9>y con/ruction is plac$4 ,! cyl9d] ( ! calorimet] is sev5ty millimet]s high & =ty-sev5 millimet]s 9 diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ac4 ,,regnault',s ,,app>atus ,,= ,,det]m9+ ,,! ,,specific ,,heat ,,( ,,soils4 ,?is "p ( ! app>atus is support$ by triangul> pieces ( cork4 ,a delicate !rmomet] is fa/5$ to ! top ( ! box ( ! calorimet] & ! value ( ! degrees is s arrang$ t ab\t twelve ( !m correspond to ab\t "o degree ,c4 ,! scale ( ! in/rum5t c be arbitr>ily fix$ & ! temp]ature ( any "p ( x det]m9$ by comp>ison ) a delicately graduat$ !rmomet]4 ,ne> ! !rmomet] 9 ! calorimet] is a /irr] made ( a v ?9 copp] disk ) a b5t rim4 ,?is /irr] is op]at$ by means ( a silk cord mov$ by appropriate ma*9]y4 ,! read+ ( ! !rmomet] is made ?r\gh a glass plate & ?is %\ld be protect$ f ! heat ( ! body ( ! obs]v] by a pap] scre54 ,! te/ tube ,e is fir/ fill$ ) ! sub/ance1 ^: specific heat is to be det]m9$1 & weigh$4 ,x is !n plac$ 9 ! wat] ba? until con/ant weight is rea*$4 ,aft] con/ant weight has be5 obta9$ ! app>atus is aga9 dri$ & ! exact weight ( ! moi/ure lo/ ?us det]m9$4 ,! te/ tube is !n plac$ 9 ! app>atus ,a clos$ ) a well-fitt$ cork1 ! top cov]$ ) cotton & heat$ 9 ! aque\s vapor = ab\t "o h\r4 ,! heat+ app>atus %\ld be f> remov$ f ! calorimet] s t ! temp]ature ( ! latt] _c be influ5c$ !reby4 ,mean:ile ! calorimet] is fill$ ) wat] :i* has /ood 9 ! room = a long "t until x has acquir$1 z ne>ly z possible1 ! room temp]ature4 ,! quantity ( wat] is su* t ! wat] value ( ! :ole ( ! calorimet] toge!r ) ! imm]s$ portions ( ! !rmomet] & /irr] %all am\nt to exactly #ajj grams4 ,a few m9utes be=e br++ ! sub/ance into ! calorimet]1 ! /irr+ app>atus is put 9 motion & ! temp]ature obs]vations are comm5c$4 ,^! %\ld be at int]vals ( tw5ty seconds & %\ld be cont9u$ until t5 obs]vations h be5 made4 ,mean:ile ! height ( ! b>omet] is also read4 ,a few seconds be=e ! t5? int]val ! app>atus ,a is br\ght quickly to ! calorimet] & its cont5ts empti$ into x at ! mom5t ( ! t5? int]val4 ,! app>atus ,a %\ld be remov$ z quickly z possible aft] its cont5ts are empti$4 ,aft] ! introduction ( ! sub/ance & its ?or\gh incorporation ) ! wat] ( ! calorimet] by ! /irr+ app>atus1 ! !rmomet] is aga9 read1 at int]vals ( tw5ty seconds1 until its maximum has be5 rea*$ & z mu* long] !reaft] z may be necess>y to %[ t an appreciable fall ( temp]ature has tak5 place4 ,! te/ tube1 9 :i* ! sub/ance 0 heat$ is weigh$ & ! exact quantity ( ! add$ sub/ance ?us det]m9$4 ,9 ord] t ! sample ( soil may be easily remov$ f ! te/ tube 9 :i* x is heat$1 x is be/ to h x mold$ into appropriate =ms be=e be+ plac$ 9 ! heat+ tube4 ,?is is easily accompli%$ by press+ x into molds ( conv5i5t %ape & ( a size s t six or eight pieces 7be/ ( cyl9drical %ape7 w be necess>y to give ! quantity suffici5t = ! exp]im5t4 ,s9ce "s soils w n reta9 _! %ape aft] mold+1 ! molds may be made ( z9c foil ^: wat] values 9 ! calorimet] are previ\sly det]m9$ & !y c be plac$ ) _! cont5ts 9 ! calorimet] ?us secur+ ! total imm]sion ( all ! p>ticles ( soil 9 ! wat]4 ,) v du/y mat]ials1 x is necess>y t ^! little cyl9d]s %\ld be clos$ ) pieces ( foil at ! ends 9 ord] to prev5t ! p>ticles ( du/ f escap+ & ris+ to ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,ano!r s\rce ( error consi/s 9 ! solution ( ! soluble salts :i* ! soil may conta94 ,?is is avoid$ by ! use ( turp5t9e in/ead ( wat]4 ,if ! cyl9d] conta9+ ! soil be made wat]-tight1 ?is dang] f ! solubility ( ! salts 9 wat] is avoid$4 ,ano!r me?od ( correct+ ^! errors is 9 mak+ a blank exp]im5t 9 :i* a quantity ( ! e>? tak5 is kept at ! temp]ature ( ! wat] 9 ! calorimet] until bo? are ( ! same temp]ature4 ,! e>? is !n mix$ ) ! wat] & ! *ange ( temp]ature produc$ not$4 ,9 ?is way ! corrections made necess>y by ! solution ( ! salts 9 wat] & o!r causes are det]m9$4 #aji4 ,me?od ( ,calculat+ ,results4--,let t repres5t ! mean temp]ature ( ! beg9n+ p]iod ( ! exp]im5t1 & v equal ! loss 9 heat p] int]val4 ,let t & v repres5t ! same values = ! end p]iod4 ,let 1 1 1 etc41 repres5t ! temp]ature at ! end ( ! fir/1 second & ?ird int]vals ( ! middle p]iod & ! temp]ature at ! beg9n+ ( ! middle p]iod & ! end temp]ature ( ( ! middle p]iod4 ,let 1 1 1 444 1 repres5t ! mean temp]ature ( ! s+le int]vals2 !n 7 7_/7#b72 7 7_/7#b71 & 7n-#a 7_/7#b74 ,! con/ant ,c repres5ts ! correction :i* mu/ be appli$ 9 ord] to det]m9e ! true increase ( temp]ature 9 ! calorimetric sy/em4 ,! expression ,c repres5ts ! true temp]ature increase ( ! calorimetric sy/em :i* we may repres5t by & ,c repres5ts ! true maximum1 t is1 ! end temp]ature1 :i* by exclusion ( ext]nal influ5ces is rea*$4 ,! correction ,c1 z already indicat$1 is to be add$ to :5 x is positive & is to be subtract$ !refrom :5 x is negative4 ,! num]ical value ( ,c is usually v small1 &1 9 ! exp]im5ts indicat$1 v>i$ betwe5 z]o & "o division ( ! !rmomet] employ$1 t is x seldom exce$$ "o degree4 #aaj4 ,illu/ration4--,! me?od ( det]m9+ value ( specific heat is be/ illu/rat$ by an example3 ,9 "o det]m9ation ! wat] value ( ! calorimetric sy/em1 includ+ /irr] & !rmomet] 0 #b4ej grams1 ! weight ( wat] add$ 0 #ig4ej grams & ! total wat] value ( ! sy/em #ajj grams4 ,! sub/ance 0 dri$ at #ajj & weigh$ 9 five envelopes3 ,total weight #ca4dbc grams4 ,! envelopes alone weigh$ #aj4fed ,weight ( ! soil tak5 #bj4gfi ,! envelopes hold+ ! soil 7 made ( brass ) z9c ends1 ! specific heat ( :i* is #j4jici & ! wat] value ( ! :ole ( ! envelopes 0 #a4jjjd grams4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! ends 7 sold]$ on ) z9c ! true wat] value 0 some:at small] be+ equal to #j4hfib gram4 ,! data ( ! obs]vations 7 z foll[s3 ,correct$ height ( b>omet] #fii4f millimet]s4 ,int]vals betwe5 ! obs]vations #bj seconds4 ,no4 ( ,temp]ature on ! ,obs]vations4 arbitr>y scale ( ! !rmomet]4 ,fir/ ,p]iod #j #afb4f #aj #afb4i 7,mom5t ( imm]sion47 ,second ,p]iod #aa #ahe4j #ab #bjj4j #ac #bjf4a #ad #bji4e #ae #baj4g #af #baa4c #ag #baa4e ,diff]5ces4 #ah #baa4e #j #ai #baa4e #j #bj #baa4e #j #ba #baa4e #j #bb #baa4d -#j4a -#j4a -#j4a ,?ird ,p]iod #bc #baa4c #bd #baa4b -#j4a #be #baa4a -#j4a #bf #baa4j -#j4a #bg #baj4i -#j4a #bh #baj4h -#j4a #bi #baj4f -#j4b #cj #baj4e -#j4a ,f ! tw5ty-second int]val1 ! regul> fall ( temp]ature beg9s & #baa4d is !re=e tak5 z 4 ,! mean temp]ature ( ! beg9n+ p]iod is !re=e 7#afb4f #afb4i7_/7b7 #afb4ge t4 ,! value ( v is 7#afb4f #afb4i7_/7aj7 -#j4jc4 ,= ! end p]iod ! value ( t is 7#baa4d #baj4e7_/7b7 #baj4ie & ! value ( v is 7#baa4d #baj4e7_/7h7 #j4aa4 ,!n ! sum ( ! obs]vations f elev5 to tw5ty-"o inclusive n-#a #bbhj4a 7 7_/7#b7 #ahg4ae ,! sum #bdfg4be nt #aiec4jj ,diff]5ce #ead4be ,?is diff]5ce multipli$ by v v #j4ad gives a product equal to #ga4iie ,?is product divid$ by t t #dh4bj gives a quoti5t equal to #a4di nv -#j4cf ,! sum #a4ac ,c ,!n ,c #baa4d #afb4i #a4ac #di4fc4 ,! true end temp]ature ,c #bab4ec4 ,! z]o po9t ( ! !rmomet] #bd4gj1 & ! actual rise ( temp]ature #ahg4hc4 ,! rise ( temp]ature due to ! proximity ( ! w>m+ app>atus at ! beg9n+ 0 f\nd by exp]im5t to be equal to #j4a ( ! division ( ! scale4 ,on comp>+ ! !rmomet] us$ ) a /&>d c5tigrade scale x 0 f\nd t "o division ( ! calorimetric !rmomet] 0 equal to #j4jheh4 ,conv]t+ ^! numb]s into expressions ( ! c5tigrade scale we h ! foll[+ summ>y3 ,! true rise ( temp]ature1 #d4be ,! true end temp]ature1 ,c #af4aj ,! temp]ature ( ! /eam1 z det]m9$ by ! height ( ! b>omet]1 0 equal to #ig4gj ,f ^! data ! specific heat is calculat$ accord+ to ! foll[+ =mula3 #a_/bj4gfi 77#ajj #d4be7_/7ig4gj #af4aj7 #j4hfib7 #j4bjhi4 ,f ?is =mula ! foll[+ rule = calculat+ specific heat is d$uc$3 ,multiply ! wat] value ( ! calorimetric sy/em by ! true rise 9 temp]ature 9 degrees ,celsius & divide ! product by ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat] "u ! conditions ( ! exp]im5t & ! true end temp]ature4 ,f ! quoti5t subtract ! wat] value ( ! envelopes hold+ ! soil sample4 ,divide ! rema9d] by ! weight ( soil tak54 #aaa4 ,v>iations 9 ,specific ,heat4--,diff]5t soils deport !mselves v diff]5tly 9 respect ( specific heat4 ,9 a l>ge numb] ( soils exam9$ by ,pfaundl]1 ! specific heats 7 f\nd to v>y f #j4ai to #j4ea4 ,! highe/ specific heat 0 obs]v$ 9 ! case ( a peaty soil4 ,next to peaty soils came ^? soils :i* 7 highe/ 9 humus1 & 9 g5]al x 0 f\nd t ! specific heat v>i$ directly ) ! humus cont5t4 ,,soil ,,!rmometry4 #aab4 ,g5]al ,pr9ciples4--,! measurem5t ( ! temp]ature ( ! soil at /at$ dep?s is (t5 ( use 9 analytical processes connect$ ) agricultural *emi/ry & physics4 ,! g5]al pr9ciples on :i* ! process re/s1 dep5d on br++ ! bulb ( ! !rmomet] into z intimate contact z possible ) ! p>ticles ( soil at ! dep? requir$1 di/urb+ z little z possible ! normal /ate ( ! soil p>ticles4 ,9 ! !rmomet] *iefly us$ = ?is purpose 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! /em is /rong & c>ries ! degrees figur$ on ! glass4 ,! :ole is inclos$ 9 a wood5 case :i* is cut away to expose ! face ( ! scale4 ,! scale is ab\t elev5 in*es long4 ,! "p :i* ent]s ! soil is ( v>y+ l5g?s1 accord+ to ! dep? at :i* ! temp]ature is desir$4 #aac4 ,me?od ( ,proc$ure4--,an excell5t me?od ( det]m9+ soil temp]atures & ( record+ results is well illu/rat$ by ,fre>4#gf ,! !rmomet]s are set 9 ni*es cut 9 a tr5*1 ! e>? be+ aft]w>ds c>efully tamp$ ab\t ! bulbs to secure a good contact1 ! tr5* be+ fill$ at ! same "t4 ,! surface ( ! soil is fre$ f vegetation & kept 9 good til?4 ,! dep?s at :i* obs]vations are made are at ! surface & "o1 ?ree1 six1 twelve1 & tw5ty-f\r in*es4 ,! soil te/$ 0 mod]ately d>k & loamy to a dep? ( sev5 in*es & bel[ t a /iff clay4 ,solid rock exi/$ at f five to sev5 feet bel[ ! surface4 ,read+s 7 made ?ree times a day4 #aad4 ,me?od ( ,/at+ ,results4--,! individual read+s ( ! !rmomet]s %\ld be ent]$ at ! "t !y are made4 ,at ! end ( ea* mon? ! mean ( ! read+s %\ld be det]m9$1 toge!r ) ! maxima & m9ima1 & a comp>ison made betwe5 ! mean read+s ( ! temp]ature ( ! air & maxima & m9ima4 ,z a sample ( ! me?od ( /at+ ^! mean results ! data are giv5 = ! mon? ( ,may1 #ahia1 = ! atmosph]e1 surface1 & = ! dep?s m5tion$ above3 ,,may4 ,t ,fahr5heit4 ,,atmosph]e4 ,mon?ly mean #eg4a ,maximum #he4j ,m9imum #ca4j ,mean daily range #bb4e ,greate/ daily range #cb4j ,lea/ daily range #h4j ,,surface4 ,mon?ly mean #ef4g ,extremes4 ,maximum 7#aj? ( mon?7 #gg4j ,m9imum 7#e?7 #cf4j ,mean maximum #fe4b ,mean m9imum #di4i ,range4 ,mon?ly #da4j ,mean daily #ad4i ,greate/ daily 7#ai?7 #be4j ,lea/ daily 7#ba/7 #d4j ,,"o ,,in*4 ,mon?ly mean #ef4h ,extremes4 ,maximum 7#aj?7 #gd4e ,m9imum 7#e?7 #cf4e ,mean maximum #fb4i ,mean m9imum #di4e ,range4 ,mon?ly #ch4j ,mean daily #aa4i ,greate/ daily 7#aj & #ai7 #bj4j ,lea/ daily 7#bcrd7 #a4j ,,?ree ,,in*es4 ,mon?ly mean #ef4g ,extremes4 ,maximum 7#ca/7 #ga4j ,m9imum 7#f?7 #dj4j ,mean maximum #fj4i ,mean m9imum #di4g ,range4 ,mon?ly #ca4j ,mean daily #i4c ,greate/ daily 7#ai?7 #ae4e ,lea/ daily 7#bcrd7 #a4e ,,six ,,in*es4 ,mon?ly mean #ef4c ,extremes4 ,maximum 7#ca/7 #ff4j ,m9imum 7#f? & #g?7 #dc4j ,mean maximum #ef4g ,mean m9imum #ec4b ,range4 ,mon?ly #bc4j ,mean daily #d4fe ,greate/ daily 7#h & #ai7 #h4e ,lea/ ,daily 7#e?7 #a4j ,,twelve ,,in*es4 ,mon?ly mean #ee4f ,extremes4 ,maximum 7#ca/7 #fd4j ,m9imum 7#f? & #g?7 #df4j ,mean maximum #ef4f ,mean m9imum #ed4d ,range4 ,mon?ly #ah4j ,mean daily #b4ah ,greate/ daily 7#h?7 #d4e ,lea/ daily 7#crd & #bj?7 #j4j ,,tw5ty-,,f\r ,,in*es4 ,mon?ly mean #ec4a ,extremes4 ,maximum 7#ca/7 #eh4j ,m9imum 7#f? & #h?7 #dh4j ,mean maximum #ec4d ,mean m9imum #eb4h ,range4 ,mon?ly #aj4j ,mean daily #j4dh ,greate/ daily 7#bcrd7 #b4j ,lea/ daily 7on #ab days7 #j4j ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,,soil ,,!rmomet]--,:itney & ,m>v94 #aae4 ,me?od ( ,:itney & ,m>v94#gg--,! !rmomet] devis$ by ,:itney & ,m>v9 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad4 ,! pr9ciple on :i* ?is modification dep5ds is z foll[s3 ,a m]curial !rmomet] ( ! ord9>y con/ruction is liable to give wrong indications ( ! temp]ature because x is difficult to det]m9e ! temp]ature ( ! column ( m]cury f ! bulb to ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,to avoid ?is s\rce ( error ! !rmomet] figur$ 0 con/ruct$4 ,! bulb ( ! !rmomet] is made q small & a sl5d] portion ( ! /em ext5ds into its sph]ical portion4 ,! top portion ( ! !rmomet] /em does n diff] 9 any ess5tial respect f ! /em ( an ord9>y !rmomet]4 ,! bulb is almo/ :olly fill$ ) alcohol1 :i* acts z ! pr9cipal !rmometric fluid & has ! advantages ( a high coeffici5t ( expansion4 ,! !rmomet] bulb & ! /em ( ! !rmomet] up to a po9t conv5i5t = graduation1 are fill$ ) m]cury4 ,9 ! draw+ ! m]cury is repres5t$ by ! heavy black m>k+ 9 & j above ! small bulb4 ,! peculi> con/ruction at ?is po9t is = ! purpose ( reta9+ ! m]cury ab\t ! po9t ( ! sl5d] capill>y /em inside ! bulb & prev5t+ ! entrance ( alcohol into ! /em :5 ! !rmomet] is horizontal4 ,9 ord] to regi/] ! maximum & m9imum temp]atures a %ort column ( alcohol is plac$ 9 ! upp] portion ( ! /em1 above ! m]cury1 & )9 ?is are arrang$ two small /eel indexes1 s con/ruct$ t !y w n slide 9 ! tube ( _! own weight1 b are easily pu%$ upw>d by ! m]cury column or pull$ d[nw>d by ! top m5iscus ( ! alcohol column4 ,! indexes are set by means ( a small magnet1 ! "o be+ drawn d[n ^u ! top ( ! m]curial column & ! o!r rais$ up aga9/ ! m5iscus ( ! alcohol column4 ,! rise ( ! m]cury c>ries its index upw>d1 leav+ x to regi/] ! highe/ po9t rea*$1 :ile ! alcohol m5iscus )draws ! o!r index & leaves x at a po9t repres5t+ ! m9imum temp]ature4 ,x rema9s only to m5tion t ! graduations are fix$ 9 ! usual way1 hav+ ref]5ce only to ! positions ( ! m]curial column4 ,beyond ! highe/ po9t suppos$ to be rea*$ by ! m]cury1 say ab\t #abj1 ! graduations are ext5d$ 9 an arbitr>y mann]4 ,! scale numb]s repres5t temp]atures by ! m]curial column & are cont9u$ 9 regul> sequ5ce beyond ! #abj4 ,on ?is plan ! read+s = m9imum temp]atures are on a purely arbitr>y scale & are conv]t$ into true degrees ( temp]ature by use ( a table prep>$ = ea* !rmomet]1 :i* table embodies z well all ! corrections = in/rum5tal error4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! alcohol columns above ! m]curial column & ! indexes are %[n enl>g$ at "o side ( ! illu/ration4 ,! read+s ( ! maximum temp]ature are made f ! bottom end ( ! index next to ! m]curial column4 ,! m9imum temp]ature is ! read+ ( ! top ( ! upp]mo/ index4 ,?us 9 ! figure ! maximum temp]ature indicat$ is #gf4e1 & ! m9imum #abe4g1 :i*1 by ref]5ce to ! table ( correction = ?is !rmomet]1 ,no4 #aj1 is f\nd to be #ec4c4 ,! use ( m]cury 9 ! /em ( ! !rmomet] n only admits ( ! use ( ! index = regi/]+ ! maximum temp]ature1 b possesses ! additional advantage ( r$uc+ ! error due to unc]ta9 temp]ature ( ! /em to ab\t "o-six? :at x w\ld be if alcohol 7 us$4 ,moreov]1 if necess>y1 z 9 ! case ) !rmomet]s = great] dep?s ?an t figur$1 ! ungraduat$ portion ( ! /em c be made ( v mu* f9] bore ?an ! graduat$ portion1 ! effect ( :i* is to dim9i% ! objectionable error to a comp>atively unimportant quantity4 ,! *ief objection to !rmomet]s ( ?is con/ruction is ! liability ( alcohol gett+ f ! bulb into ! /em dur+ ! processes ( con/ruction1 graduation & subsequ5t h&l+1 & ! difficulty ( safely %ipp+ !m4 ,:5 once set up1 h[ev]1 !re seems to be little or no possibility ( d]angem5t & ! error common to m]curial !rmomet]s due to rise ( ! freez+ po9t ) age does n apply ow+ to ! high coeffici5t ( expansion ( ! alcohol us$ 9 ! bulb4 ,,applications ,,( ,,soil ,,!rmometry4 #aaf4 ,e/imation ( ! ,absorption ( ,heat by ,soils4--,a cubical z9c box1 six c5timet]s squ>e1 is fill$ ) ! sift$ air dri$ soil4 ,! box1 "o side ( :i* is left op51 is encas$ snugly 9 a wood5 cov]1 expos+ only ! op5 end1 & plac$ = a few h\rs 9 ! direct rays ( ! sun4 ,! temp]ature is !n tak5 at a giv5 dep?4 ,! box may be provid$ ) !rmomet]s at diff]5t dep?s1 ! bulbs !re( ext5d+ to ! c5t]4 ,9 ?is case ! box %\ld be cov]$ ) ?ick felt in/ead ( wood4 ,! temp]ature ( ! lay]s ( soils ( diff]5t dep?s c ?us be read (f directly4 ,! air temp]ature directly above ! box %\ld be accurately not$ :ile ! exp]im5t cont9ues4 ,any o!r k9d ( box well protect$ aga9/ all heat save ! direct sunlight on ! op5 surface ( ! soil w answ] z well z ! "o describ$4 ,to det]m9e ! action ( moi/ e>? 9 simil> conditions ! soil may be previ\sly moi/5$2 ! p] c5t ( moi/ure be+ det]m9$ 9 a sep>ate portion ( ! soil or ! am\nt ( wat] add$ to ! air-dri$ soil be+ not$4 #aag4 ,e/imation ( ! ,conductivity ( ,soils = ,heat4--,! bulb ( a !rmomet] is plac$ 9 ! middle ( a mass ( f9e e>? :i* is !n expos$1 be/ 9 a metallic box pa9t$ ) lamp black1 9 a w>m place4 ,! "t requir$ = ! !rmomet] to rea* a c]ta9 degree is not$4 ,by rev]s+ ! exp]im5t & plac+ ! mass ( e>? heat$ to a giv5 degree 9 a cool place ! conductivity c be det]m9$ by ! "t requir$ = ! m]cury 9 ! !rmomet] to fall to any giv5 po9t4 ,! exp]im5t may also be made by pack+ ! soil by g5tly jolt+ x 9 a glass tube six to eight c5timet]s 9 diamet]4 ,"o end ( ! tube is clos$ ) a piece ( metal or f9e wire gauze pa9t$ ) lamp black & is expos$ to ! s\rce ( heat4 ,! bulb ( a !rmomet] is plac$ at a giv5 di/ance f ! end ( ! tube & ! "t = ! m]cury to be affect$ obs]v$4 ,,cohesion ,,& ,,adhesion ,,( ,,soils4 #aah4 ,behavior ( ,soil ,aft] ,wett+4--,! deportm5t ( a soil :5 ?or\ghly wet 9 respect ( its physical /ate on dry+ out is a matt] ( great practical conc]n to ! agronomi/4 ,"s soils on becom+ dry fall into a pulv]ul5t /ate & are easily br\ght into prop] til?2 o!rs become h>d & t5aci\s1 break+ into clods & resi/+ ord9>y me?ods ( pulv]ization4 ,! physical laws :i* det]m9e ^! conditions dep5d l>gely on ! pr9ciples ( flocculation soon to be describ$4 ,! pres5t task is to describe briefly "s ( ! me?ods ( e/imat+ ! =ce ( cohesion & adhesion4 #aai4 ,g5]al ,me?od4--,! f9e e>?1 air-dri$1 is mix$ ) en\gh wat] to make a pa/e & mold$ into =ms suitable = trial 9 a ma*9e = te/+ /r5g? ( cem5t1 etc4 ,! =ms mo/ us$ are cakes ?ree to five c5timet]s 9 l5g? & "o to two c5timet]s ?ick4 ,^! are us$ = det]m9+ cru%+ p[]4 ,= longitud9al adhesion ! pa/e may be mold$ 9 prismatic or cyl9drical %ape4#gh ,! prisms %\ld %[ "o to two c5timet]s 9 cross section or ! cyl9d] be "o to two c5timet]s 9 diamet]4 ,be=e use !y are to be expos$ = sev]al days until ?or\ghly air-dri$4 ,! =ce requir$ to sep>ate or cru% ^! prep>$ pieces w measure ! adhesive or cohesive prop]ty ( ! sample4 ,a great numb] ( trials %\ld be made & ! mean tak54 #abj4 ,me?od ( ,he9ri*4#gi--,?is process consi/s 9 mix+ ! air-dri$ e>? ) wat] until its aque\s cont5t is fifty p] c5t ( ! highe/ wat] capacity det]m9$ by exp]im5t4 ,! sample is next plac$ betwe5 two pieces ( %eet iron ( t5 c5timet]s squ>e1 ea* ( :i* 9 its middle po9t is provid$ ) a hook4 ,! ?ickness ( ! lay] betwe5 ! two pieces ( iron %\ld be ab\t five to t5 c5timet]s4 ,! exud+ p>ticles ( soil are cut (f ) a knife4 ,! upp] piece ( %eet iron is next susp5d$ by a cord 9 su* a way t ! iron piece occupies a horizontal position4 ,a small basket is atta*$ to ! l[] surface & s& add$ !reto1 little by little1 until ! column ( e>? is sep>at$4 ,! s& basket & iron plate are weigh$1 & ! total weight gives ! p[] necess>y to sep>ate a column ( soil t5 c5timet]s squ>e 9 cross section4 ,! iron plates may be r\gh5$ s t ! adhesion !reto ( ! soil is great] ?an its cohesive =ce4 #aba4 ,adhesion ( ,soil to ,wood1 ,iron1 ,etc4--,! adhesive p[] ( moi/ soil = wood1 iron1 etc41 is measur$ by ,he9ri*#hj 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,! soil is mix$ ) wat]1 z above1 until x conta9s j fifty p] c5t ( its total wat]-hold+ cont5t4 ,x is !n plac$ 9 a l>ge vessel & ! upp] surface made z smoo? z possible4 ,a plate ( wood1 iron1 etc41 ( t5 c5timet]s squ>e is !n press$ on ! surface until a complete contact is secur$4 ,?is plate1 by means ( a hook & cord pass+ ov] a pulley1 is !n subject$ to /ress by weight+ ! cord :i* c>ries a basket = t purpose4 ,! basket %\ld be ( ! same weight z ! plate 9 contact ) ! soil4 ,! weight add$ to ! basket necess>y to sep>ate ! plate f ! soil is tak5 to repres5t ! cohesive =ce4 ,! au?or ( ! me?od appe>s to take no acc\nt ( ! pressure ( ! air on ! plate caus$ by ! exclusion ( ! air f its "u surface4 ,,! ,,absorptive ,,p[] ,,( ,,soils ,,= ,,salts ,,9 ,,solution4 #abb4 ,g5]al ,pr9ciples4#ha--;,x is a fact ( e-day obs]vation t soils h a p>ticul> prop]ty ( absorb+ c]ta9 mat]ials ) :i* !y come 9 contact4 ,if x 7 n = ?is prop]ty all our wells w\ld soon become un:olesome f ! reception ( decay$ animal & vegetable matt] c>ri$ to !m 9 ! dra9age wat] f ! surface4 ,x is also a well-kn[n fact t bury+ dead bodies prev5ts ! gase\s products ( decomposition f rea*+ & vitiat+ ! atmosph]e4 ,besides ?is well-kn[n p[] ( soils to absorb ! decomposition products ( animal & vegetable matt]1 !y also possess a prop]ty :i* is ( f> great] importance 9 plant economy2 t is1 ! p[] ( )draw+ & reta9+ c]ta9 m9]al con/itu5ts f _! solutions4 ,z f> back z ! sixte5? c5tury m5tion is made by ,"l ,bacon ( a process = obta9+ pure wat] on ! sea%ore by simply digg+ a hole 9 ! s& & all[+ x to fill ) filt]$ sea wat]1 :i* by ?is means is depriv$ ( its salt4 ,al?\gh c]ta9 facts 7 obs]v$ by "s ( ! e>li] writ]s 9 reg>d to soil absorption1 no sy/ematic rese>*es 7 conduct$ ) a view ( demon/rat+ ! ext5t & cause ( ?is p[] until )9 a comp>atively few ye>s4 ,9 #ahej ,pr(4 ,way publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society ( ,engl&1 ! results ( a ?or\gh & mo/ excell5t inve/igation ( ! subject4 ,s9ce !n _m di/+ui%$ *emi/s1 su* z ,h5neb]g1 ,/ohmann1 ,pet]s1 ,heid51 ,knop1 ,ullik1 ,pillitz1 ,bi$]mann1 ,tux51 & o!rs h giv5 _! att5tion to ?is matt]4 #abc4 ,summ>y ( ,data4--,if a solution ( a soluble sulfate1 *loride or nitrate ( an alkali or an alkal9e-e>? metal be plac$ 9 contact ) a soil1 ! result is t ! soil takes up a "p ( ! base b none ( ! acid4 ,?is absorption ( base is att5d$ ) ! lib]ation ( "s o!r base f ! soil :i* comb9es ) ! acid ( ! solution4 ,any alkali or alkal9e e>? base has ! p[] ( replac+ any o!r su* base4 ,h[ev]1 if soluble phosphates & silicates ( ^! bases be plac$ 9 contact ) ! soil bo? ! base & ! acid are remov$ f ! solution4 ,pet]s#hb has %[n t ! am\nt ( absorption dep5ds ^u ! conc5tration ( ! solution1 ! relation betwe5 ! quantity ( solution & ! soil & ! k9d ( salt us$4 ,he treat$ #ajj grams ( e>? ) #bej cubic c5timet]s ( solutions ( diff]5t pota% salts ) ! foll[+ results3 ,/r5g? ( solution4 ,normal4 ,normal4 ,grams ,grams ,salt ,us$ ,k,o absorb$4 ,k,o absorb$4 ,k,cl #j4cabd #j4aiij ,k,,s #j4ccfb #j4bjih ,k,,co #j4egdg #j4caed ,bi$]mann#hc proves t1 = phosphoric acid at lea/1 ! absorption increases ) ! temp]ature4 ,x has also be5 f\nd t ! am\nt ( absorption dep5ds ^u ! "t ( contact betwe5 ! soil & solution4 ,way f\nd t ! absorption ( ammonia 0 complete 9 half an h\r1 :ile ,h5neb]g & ,/ohmann#hd notic$ t ! phosphoric acid cont9u$ to be fix$ aft] ! expiration ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,x is a v important fact t ! absorption ( a base is nev] complete2 no matt] h[ dilute ! solution x w /ill c>ry a small portion ( ! base ) x4 ,pet]s /ates t x requires ab\t #bh1jjj p>ts ( wat] to remove "o "p ( absorb$ pota% & ,/ohmann f\nd t x requir$ ab\t #aj1jjj p>ts ( wat] to remove "o "p ( absorb$ ammonia4 ,) phosphoric acid1 ! result+ comp\nd seems to be mu* m insoluble4 ,accord+ to ,tux5#he ! pres5ce ( salts ( soda & pota% 9 solution decreases ! p[] ( a soil to absorb ammonia comp\nds & ! pres5ce ( sodium salts decreases ! p[] ( a soil to absorb pota%4 ,on ! o!r h& ! pres5ce ( potassium comp\nds consid]ably increases ! absorption ( phosphoric acid4 ,he fur!r affirms t ! comp\nds ( pota%1 phosphoric acid1 etc41 =m$ 9 ! soil1 are decid$ly m soluble 9 sodium salts ?an 9 pure wat]4 #abd4 ,cause ( ,absorption4--,! )draw+ & fix+ ( phosphoric acid f solutions by ! soil is n v difficult to und]/& z ?is acid =ms insoluble comp\nds ( iron1 lime1 & magnesium1 "s or all ( :i* are pres5t 9 all soils4 ,z to ! absorption ( ! alkalies1 ! explanation is f> m difficult z ne>ly all ( _! ord9>y comp\nds are readily soluble 9 wat]4 ,z lime is usually f\nd comb9$ ) ! acid "p ( an alkali salt1 f :i* ! base has be5 absorb$ by ! soil1 x might naturally be suppos$ t ! absorptive p[] ( ! soil w\ld dep5d ^u ! am\nt ( lime pres5t4 ,way f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ! addition ( *alk 9 no way influ5c$ ! absorption ( ammonia by a soil :i* conta9$ b a small am\nt ( lime4 ,?is fact 0 also confirm$ by ,knop#hf :o f\nd t *alk ex]t$ no influ5ce on ! absorption ( ammonia salts4 ,^! facts w\ld seem to po9t to ! conclusion t lime 0 pres5t 9 suffici5t quantity 9 ^! exp]im5ts1 or t x is n ess5tial to ! ph5om5a ( absorption4 ,h[ev]1 z any alkali or alkal9e-e>? base c replace any o!r su* base1 ! pres5ce ( lime 9 ! filtrate is probably m ( an accid5tal occurr5ce1 ow+ to ! comp>atively l>ge am\nt ( t sub/ance 9 mo/ soils1 ?an a necess>y condition1 z any o!r base w\ld d\btless answ] 9 ! abs5ce ( lime4 #abe4 ,w>+ton#hg has %[n t hydrat$ oxides ( iron & alum9um1 & especially ! =m]1 are capable ( absorb+ pota% & ammonia1 & z m or less ( ^! hydrates exi/ 9 ne>ly all soils1 a "p1 at lea/1 ( absorptive ph5om5a is to be ascrib$ to !m4 #abf4 ,way tri$ to det]m9e :i* ( ! con/itu5ts ( a soil ex]cis$ *iefly ! absorptive p[]4 ,he pass$ a solution ( ammonia ?r\gh tubes conta9+ pure s& & f\nd t x came ?r\gh app>5tly unalt]$ f ! fir/1 :ile a soil treat$ 9 ! same way remov$ ! ammonia = a consid]able "t4 ,he conclud$ f ?is t ! absorptive p[] does n exi/ 9 ! s&4 ,he next oxidiz$ ! organic matt] 9 a soil ) nitric acid & !n treat$ x ) ammonia 9 ! same way4 ,! fir/ portions ( ! filtrate %[$ no ammonia 9 any =m1 h5ce he conclud$ t organic matt] is n ess5tial to ! act ( absorption4 ,he fur!r %[$ t clay alone is capable ( caus+ absorption ph5om5a1 by treat+ p[d]$ clay tobacco pipes ) ammonia4 ,hav+ %[n t clay 0 ! ma9 con/itu5t 9 a soil :i* caus$ ! absorption ( alkalies1 he tri$ next to trace out ! p>ticul> comp\nd :i* caus$ ! absorption4 ,hav+ tri$ v>i\s natural silicates he at la/ succe$$ 9 produc+ a hydrat$ silicate ( alum9um & soda :i* exhibit$ displacem5t & absorptive prop]ties v simil> to ^? %[n by ! soil4 ,z ,way _h succe$$ 9 produc+ an artificial hydrat$ silicate possess+ absorptive prop]ties1 ,ei*orn#hh ?\ght ( try+ natural hydrat$ silicates or zeolites & f\nd t !y exhibit$ ! same p[] z ,way's artificial prep>ation4 ,x has also be5 %[n by ,bi$]mann1#hi ,rautl5b]g1#ij & ,heid5#ia t ! absorptive p[] be>s a close relation to ! am\nt ( soluble silicates pres5t4 ,9 view ( ^! facts x is n[ g5]ally accept$ t ! absorption ( salts ( ! alkalies1 accompani$ by ! *ange ( base1 is due *iefly to ! pres5ce ( decompos$ zeolite m9]als 9 ! soil4 ,besides ! purely *emical absorption ( salts by ! soil1 we h a physical absorption ( v>i\s sub/ances simil> to ! action ( *>coal :5 us$ z a filt]4 #abg4 ,conclusions ( ,armsby4--,! data connect$ ) ! absorption ( bases by a soil h also be5 review$ by ,armsby4#ib ,he %[s t ! absorption is accompani$ by a *emical reaction betwe5 ! salt ^: base is absorb$ & "s con/itu5t ( ! soil1 & ?is *ange seems to be due p>ticul>ly to c]ta9 zeolitic silicates1 al?\gh ,liebig & o!rs 7 dispos$ to cr$it ?is absorption l>gely to physical causes4 ,knop advances ! idea t ! soil has ! p[] ( dis9tegrat+ salts 9 ! pres5ce ( "s sub/ances l calcium c>bonate :i* c unite ) ! acid4 ,9 exp]im5ts made ) hydr\s silicates x 0 %[n t ! absorption resembl$ 9 all cases l ph5om5a 9 ! soil2 h5ce ! supposition already advanc$ 9 reg>d to ! influ5ce ( su* silicates is d\btless true4 ,9 respect ( absorption 9 g5]al1 ! foll[+ conclusions 7 rea*$3 #a4 ,! absorption ( comb9$ bases by ! soil consi/s 9 an ex*ange ( bases betwe5 ! salt & ! hydr\s silicates ( ! soil4 #b4 ,?is ex*ange1 :i* is prim>ily *emical1 is only p>tial1 its ext5t v>y+ 7a7 ) ! conc5tration ( ! solution1 & 7b7 ) ! ratio betwe5 ! volume ( ! solution & ! quality ( soil us$4 #c4 ,! cause ( ^! v>iations is probably ! action ( mass or ! t5d5cy ( result+ comp\nds to re-=m ! orig9al bodies1 ! absorption actually f\nd 9 any case m>k+ ! po9t :]e ! two =ces are 9 equilibrium4 #abh4 ,selective ,absorption ( ,pota%4--,z a rule m pota% is absorb$ f ! sulfate ?an f ! *lorid4 ,?is fact w\ld seem to po9t to ! advisability ( us+ sulfate z a f]tiliz] 9 pref]5ce to *lorid4 ,h[ev]1 z ) ! exception ( nitrates1 ! absorptive p[] ( a soil1 = ! salts us$ z f]tiliz]s1 is _m times great] ?an x is ev] call$ ^u to ex]t 9 fix+ appli$ f]tiliz]s1 we ne$ n tr\ble ourselves 9 reg>d to ! absorption ( phosphoric acid1 pota% or ammonia1 9 s f> z ! practical side ( ! matt] is conc]n$4 ,= example1 an acre ( soil to ! dep? ( n9e in*es weighs ab\t #ijj tons4 ,n[ x has be5 f\nd by ,hu/on1#ic t #ajj p>ts ( a soil exp]im5t$ ^u absorb$ ov] #j4be "p ( ,p,o1 h5ce #ijj p>ts w\ld absorb ov] #b4be p>ts ( ,p,o2 or an acre ( ?is soil to ! dep? ( n9e in*es w\ld absorb ov] two & "o-f\r? tons ( phosphoric acid4 #ejj p\nds p] acre is a l>ge dress+ ( a phosphatic f]tiliz] = field crops & #ejj p\nds ( a high grade f]tiliz] w\ld conta9 ab\t #ajj p\nds ( ,p,o2 h5ce ! p[] ( su* a soil to absorb phosphoric acid is m ?an =ty-five times z great z x is ev] likely to be call$ ^u to ex]t 9 fix+ ! phosphoric acid add$ to x z a f]tiliz]4 ,hu/on has fur!r %[n t an acre ( soil n9e in*es deep w absorb m ?an #b4g tons ( pota% 7,k,o7 f potassium *lorid f :i* salt less pota% is absorb$ ?an f ! sulfate4 ,n[ "o-t5? ton ( potassium *lorid p] acre w\ld be a l>ge dress+ ( pota%1 h5ce ?is soil possesses ! p[] ( absorb+ m ?an tw5ty-sev5 times z mu* pota% z is ev] likely to be appli$ z a f]tiliz]4 ,9 l mann] x may be %[n t ! p[] ( an acre ( soil n9e in*es deep to absorb ammonia f ammonium sulfate is m ?an ?irty-two times z great z x w\ld be call$ ^u to ex]t 9 fix+ ! ammonia f a dress+ ( "o-qu>t] ton ( ammonium sulfate p] acre4 ,) sodium nitrate1 h[ev]1 !re is no absorption2 h5ce great c>e is necess>y 9 ! application ( nitrog5 z a nitrate1 =1 if x be put on 9 l>ge quantities1 at a season :5 ! plant is n prep>$ to assimilate x1 or dur+ a p]iod ( heavy ra9s1 !re mu/ unavoidably result loss f dra9age4 ,! be/ "t to apply a nitrate is evid5tly dur+ ! active gr[+ season4 #abi4 ,:itney#id places great emphasis on ! surface area ( soil p>ticles 9 respect to _! p[] to absorb solutions ( salts4 ,! approximate surface area ( a cubic foot ( ea* ( ! diff]5t typical soils ( ,m>yl& is z foll[s3 ,p9e b>r5s #bc1idj squ>e feet4 ,truck l&s #gd1acj ,tobacco l&s #hd1hej ,:eat l&s #id1edj ,riv] t]race #ajf1bfj ,lime/one subsoil #bjb1fjj ,x w be se5 t !re are ab\t #bd1jjj squ>e feet ( surface area 9 a cubic foot ( ! subsoil ( ! p9e b>r5s1 no less !n #ajj1jjj squ>e feet or two & ?ree-t5?s acres ( surface area 9 a cubic foot ( ! subsoil ( ! riv] t]race1 & #bjj1jjj squ>e feet ( surface area 9 a cubic foot ( ! lime/one subsoil4 ,^! figures seem va/1 b !y are probably bel[ r ?an above ! true values1 on acc\nt ( ! wide range ( ! diamet]s ( ! clay gr\p4 ,?is great ext5t ( surface & ( surface attraction1 :i* has be5 describ$ z pot5tial1 gives ! soil great p[] to absorb moi/ure f ! air1 & to absorb & hold back m9]al matt]s f solution4 ,a smoo? surface ( glass w attract & hold1 by ?is surface attraction1 an appreciable am\nt ( moi/ure f ! surr\nd+ air4 ,a cubic foot ( soil1 hav+ #ajj1jjj squ>e feet ( surface1 %\ld be able to attract & hold a consid]ably l>g] am\nt ( moi/ure4 ,x might h be5 add$ t if ! pot5tial ( ! surface1 sep>at+ ! solution f ! soil1 be great] ?an ! pot5tial 9 ! int]ior ( ! liquid mass1 !re w be a t5d5cy to conc5trate ! liquid on ?is surface ( sep>ation4 ,x has be5 %[n t c]ta9 fluids h great] d5sity on a surface sep>at+ ! fluid f a solid4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! pot5tial 7 l[ !re might be no t5d5cy = ?is conc5tration1 & ev5 ! rev]se conditions w\ld prevail & ! soluble sub/ance c\ld be readily wa%$ out ( ! soil4 #acj4 ,removal ( ,organic ,matt]s4--,x is probably l>gely due to ?is /ra9+ p[] t organic matt]s are remov$ f solutions 9 p]colat+ ?r\gh ! soil4 ,:itney#ie has obs]v$ t ! organic matt] may be coagulat$ & precipitat$ f solution by ! soil con/itu5ts1 & held 9 ! soil 9 loose floccul5t masses1 :ile ! liquid passes ?r\gh ne>ly free ( organic matt]4 #aca4 ,importance ( ,soil ,absorption4--,! importance ( ! absorptive p[] ( ! soil c h>dly be ov]e/imat$4 ,by means ( ?is p[] ^? m9]al +r$i5ts ( plant food1 ( :i* mo/ soils conta9 b little1 are held too closely to all[ ( rapid loss by dra9age1 & /ill suffici5tly available to answ] ! ne$s ( vegetation1 provid$ ! /ore is l>ge en\gh4 ,! only important plant food liable to be defici5t 9 ! soil :i* does n come "u ! influ5ce ( absorption is nitrog5 9 ! =m ( salts ( nitric acid1 & nature has made a wide provision = ?is elem5t by b9d+ x 9 ! =m ( organic bodies :i* nitrify b sl[ly1 & by supply+ ea* ye> a small quantity f ! atmosph]e4 ,by means ( ! absorptive p[] ( soils ! f>m]1 if he puts on an excess ( pota% or phosphoric acid z a f]tiliz]1 does n lose x b is able to reap "s b5efits f x 9 ! next & ev5 9 succe$+ crops4 ,if x 7 n = ?is p[] ! be/ me?od = apply+ f]tiliz]s w\ld be a mu* m complicat$ problem ?an x is at pres5t2 & x w\ld be necess>y to apply !m at j ! prop] season & 9 nicely regulat$ am\nts to insure aga9/ loss4 #acb4 ,me?od ( ,det]m9+ ,absorption ( ,*emical ,salts4--,! soil :i* is to be us$ = ?is exp]im5t %\ld be treat$ z has be5 indicat$ & pass$ ?r\gh a sieve ! me%es ( :i* d n exce$ half a millimet] 9 size4 ,f tw5ty-five to fifty grams ( ! f9e e>? may be us$ = ea* exp]im5t4 ,! f9e e>? %\ld be plac$ 9 a flask ) #ajj to #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( ! "o-t5? to "o-hundr$? normal solution ( ! sub/ance to be absorb$4 ,! flask %\ld be well %ak5 & all[$ to /& ) frequ5t %ak+ tw5ty-f\r to =ty-eight h\rs at ord9>y temp]atures4 ,! :ole is !n to be ?r[n ^u a fold$ filt] & an aliquot "p ( ! filtrate tak5 = ! e/imation4 ,! me?ods ( det]m9+ ! quantities ( ! sub/ances us$ w be f\nd 9 o!r p>ts ( ?is manual4 ,x is recomm5d$ to conduct a blank exp]im5t ) wat] "u ! same conditions 9 ord] to det]m9e ! am\nt ( ! mat]ial "u consid]ation ab/ract$ f ! soil by ! wat] alone4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! /r5g? ( ! solution z filt]$ f ! soil1 correct$ by ! am\nt indicat$ by ! blank exp]im5t1 & ! orig9al solution w give ! absorptive p[] ( ! soil = ! p>ticul> sub/ance "u consid]ation4 ,if x %\ld be desir$ to det]m9e ! absorptive p[] ( ! soil = all ! ord9>y *emical f]tiliz+ mat]ials at ! same "t1 a l>g] quantity ( ! sample %\ld be tak5 correspond+ to ! increas$ am\nt ( ! /&>d solutions us$4 ,ab\t #ejj cubic c5timet]s ( ! mix$ salt solution %\ld be %ak5 ) #abe grams ( ! e>? & ! process c>ri$ on 9 g5]al z indicat$ above4 ,! absorption coeffici5t ( an e>? = any giv5 salt accord+ to ,fesca1#if is ! quantity ( ! absorb$ mat]ial express$ 9 milligrams calculat$ to a unit ( #ajj grams ( ! soil4 #acc4 ,me?od ( ,pillitz & ,zaloman(f4--,x is recomm5d$ by ,pillitz & ,zaloman(f#be to reject ! old me?od1 viz41 %ak+ ! soil ) ! solution 9 a flask1 & sub/itute ! filtration me?od bo? because x gives a m natural process & because ! results are m con/ant4 ,! app>atus is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ae4 ,,zaloman(f',s ,,app>atus ,,= ,,det]m9+ ,,absorption ,,( ,,salts ,,by ,,soils4 ,two cyl9d]s are plac$ v]tically1 "o ov] ! o!r4 ,! l[] cyl9d] is graduat$ 9 cubic c5timet]s1 ! upp] cyl9d] is clos$ at ea* end by p]=at$ rubb] /opp]s ,a & ,b ?r\gh ! op5+s ( :i* ! glass tubes c & d pass4 ,)9 ! cyl9d] ,a ! op5+ ( ! small tube d is clos$ ) a disk ( ,sw$i% filt] pap]4 ,! l[] "p ( ! small tube is d connect$ by means ( a rubb] tube c>ry+ a p9*-cock ,c1 ) ano!r small tube e :i* passes ?r\gh ! /opp] f4 ,9 c>ry+ out ! process ! weigh$ quantity ( soil is plac$ 9 ! upp] cyl9d] & aft]w>ds ! measur$ quantity ( ! solution1 ! :ole ?or\ghly mix$ & ! cyl9d] clos$4 ,! valve ,c is !n op5$1 a giv5 quantity ( ! solution1 b n all1 is made to drop into ! l[] cyl9d] & ! valve ,c is !n clos$4 ,! liquid :i* has pass$ into ! l[] cyl9d] z well z t :i* rema9s 9 ! upp] cyl9d]1 is ?or\ghly /irr$ & ! quantity ( ! mat]ial rema9+ 9 bo? liquids det]m9$ & ! absorb+ p[] ( ! soil e/imat$ f _! diff]5ce4 ,x does n appe> t ?is me?od ( e/imation ( ! absorption p[] possesses any special advantages ov] ! old & f> simpl] me?od ( %ak+ 9 a flask4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #af4 ,m,,ll]',s ,,app>atus ,,to ,,%[ ,,absorption ,,( ,,salts ,,by ,,soils4 #acd4 ,me?od ( ,mll]4--,! me?od ( ,mll]#ig = illu/rat+ absorption is c>ri$ out by means ( ! app>atus %[n 9 ,fig4 #af4 ,a glass cyl9d] ,a ab\t #gej c5timet]s long & f\r to five c5timet]s wide is clos$ at ea* end ) rubb] /opp]s ) a s+le p]=ation4 ,! cyl9d] ,a is = ! reception ( ! soil ) :i* ! exp]im5t is to be made4 ,be=e us+1 ! l[] "p ( x is fill$ ) glass pe>ls or brok5 glass & above ?is a lay] ( glass wool is plac$ ab\t "o c5timet] ?ick4 ,! object ( ?is is to prev5t ! soil f pass+ into ! small tube bel[4 ,z soon z ! soil has all be5 plac$ 9 ! cyl9d] ,a ! upp] "p ( ! tube is also fill$ ) glass wool4 ,! cyl9d] ,a is connect$ ) ! pressure bottle ,b by means ( a rubb] tube & ! small glass bulb tube %[n 9 ! figure4 ,! bottle ,b %\ld h a cont5t ( ab\t two lit]s4 ,x is fill$ ) ! /&>d solution ( ! mat]ial ( :i* ! absorption coeffici5t is to be det]m9$4 ,at c ! rubb] tube is connect$ ) a glass ,t "o arm ( :i* is provid$ ) a piece ( rubb] tub+ :i* c be clos$ by means ( a p9*-cock4 ,at c a screw p9*-cock is plac$ :i* c be us$ to regulate ! fl[ ( ! solution f ,b to ,a4 ,by op5+ ! p9*-cock at e on ! %ort arm ( ! ,t piece1 a sample ( ! orig9al liquid c be tak5 & ?is c be comp>$ ) ! "p :i* runs to b4 ,if x is desir$ = in/ance1 to %[ t potassium c>bonate has be5 absorb$ by ! soil ! two bulbs %[n on ! small glass tubes connect+ ) ,a c be fill$ ) r$ litmus pap]4 ,?is pap] w at once be turn$ blue 9 ! l[] bulb :ile 9 ! upp] "o x w reta9 its orig9al color because ! liquid 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! soil w h lo/ its alkal9e reaction4 ,! solutions us$ %\ld be v dilute4 ,! app>atus is design$ = lecture exp]im5ts & n = quantitative det]m9ations4 #ace4 ,me?od ( ,knop4--,= rapid det]m9ation ( ! absorption coeffici5t ( ! soil ,knop's me?od may be us$4#ih ,! f9e e>? :i* is employ$ is t :i* passes a sieve ) me%es ( half a millimet]4 ,f #ej to #ajj grams ( ?is soil are mix$ ) f five to t5 grams ( p[d]$ *alk & ) ab\t twice ! weight ( ammonium *lorid solution ( kn[n /r5g?1 viz41 f #ajj to #bjj cubic c5timet]s4 ,! ammonia solution %\ld be ( su* a conc5tration t ! ammonia by its decomposition = ea* cubic c5timet] ( ! liquid evolves exactly "o cubic c5timet] ( nitrog54 ,?is solution is prep>$ by dissolv+ 9 #bjh cubic c5timet]s ( wat] "o gram ( ammonium *lorid4 ,) frequ5t %ak+ ! solution is all[$ to /& 9 contact ) ! soil = =ty-eight h\rs4 ,! :ole is n[ all[$ to settle & ! sup]natant cle> liquid is p\r$ ?r\gh a dry filt]4 ,f ! filtrate tw5ty to =ty cubic c5timet]s are remov$ by a pipette1 & evaporat$ to dryness 9 a small porcela9 di%1 ) ! addition ( a drop ( pure hydro*loric acid4 ,! ammonium *lorid rema9+ 9 ! porcela9 di% is wa%$ ) t5 cubic c5timet]s ( wat] into "o ( ! comp>tm5ts ( ! evolution flask ( ! ,knop-,wagn] azotomet]4 ,x is decompos$ ) fifty cubic c5timet]s ( brom9 lye & ! nitrog5 e/imat$ volumetrically4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! am\nt ( nitrog5 9 ?is mat]ial & t ( ! orig9al mat]ial w give ! am\nt ( absorption ex]cis$ by ! f9e e>?4 ,?is numb]1 )\t any fur!r calculation1 c be tak5 z ! coeffici5t ( absorption4 #acf4 ,me?od ( ,hu/on4--,! salt solutions recomm5d$ by ,hu/on#ii are sodium phosphate 7,na,,hpo71 potassium *lorid1 potassium sulfate1 ammonium sulfate & sodium nitrate4 ,! solutions %\ld be approximately t5? normal1 ! actual /r5g? 9 ea* case be+ det]m9$ by analysis4 ,! phosphorus is det]m9$ z magnesium pyrophosphate 9 ! usual way1 ! pota% z potassium plat9o*lorid1 ! ammonia by collect+ ! di/illate f soda 9 half normal hydro*loric acid & titrat+ ) /&>d alkali1 & ! nitrate by ,w>+ton's modification ( ,s*ls+'s me?od = gas analysis4 ,! details ( ^! me?ods ( det]m9ation w be giv5 lat]4 ,"o hundr$ grams ( ! sift$1 air-dri$ soil are plac$ 9 a rubb] /opp$ bottle & treat$ ) #bej cubic c5timet]s ( ! solution to be te/$4 ,! dige/ion is cont9u$ = =ty-eight h\rs 9 ea* case1 ! bottles be+ ?or\ghly %ak5 at ! end ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,at ! end ( ! treatm5t ! solutions are filt]$ & ! salts det]m9$ 9 aliquot portions4 ,! details ( ?is me?od are ess5tially ^? already describ$4 #acg4 ,/atem5t ( ,results4--,duplicate analyses %\ld be made & ! tabulation ( ! data is illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+ analyses by ,hu/on3 ,na,,hpo cubic ,weight ( ,weight ( ,p,o ,salt c5timet]s ,mg,p,o 9 ,mg,p,o 9 absorb$ remov$ filtrate tak54 tw5ty-five filtrate4 by #ajj p] cubic grams c5t4 c5timet]s ( soil4 ! solution4 7a7 #be #j4acfh gram #j4jifb gram 7b7 #be #j4jifc #j4behi #bi4f gram ------------ ,mean #j4jifc ,k,cl cubic ,weight ( ,weight ( ,k,o ,salt c5timet]s ,k,pt,cl 9 ,k,pt,cl4 absorb$ remov$ filtrate tak54 tw5ty-five by #ajj p] cubic grams c5t4 c5timet]s ( soil4 solution4 7a7 #be #j4faed gram #j4deje gram 7b7 #be #j4dedj #j4cafa #bf4e gram ------------ ,mean #j4debc ,k,,s cubic ,weight ( ,weight ( ,k,o ,salt c5timet]s ,k,pt,cl 9 ,k,pt,cl4 absorb$ remov$ filtrate tak54 tw5ty-five by #ajj p] cubic grams c5t4 c5timet]s ( soil4 solution4 7a7 #be #j4faac gram #j4ddbf gram 7b7 #be #j4dcga #j4ccbd #bh4j gram ------------ ,mean #j4dcii 7,,nh7,,s cubic ,numb] cubic ,half normal acid ,n absorb$ ,salt c5timet]s c5timet]s neutraliz$4 by #ajj absorb$ filtrate tak54 "o-half normal grams p] acid neutraliz$ soil4 c5t4 by fifty cubic c5timet]s ( solution4 7a7 #ej #aj4jj #g4be grams 7b7 #ej #g4be #j4jifd #bg4e gram -------- ,mean #g4be ,na,n,o cubic ,numb] cubic ,cubic c5timet] ,n absorb$ ,salt c5timet]s c5timet]s ,n,o ,n,o at #j & by #ajj absorb$ filtrate tak54 af=d$ by t5 #ajjj grams p] cubic millimet]s4 soil4 c5t4 c5timet]s ( solution at #j & #ajjj millimet]s pressure4 7a7 #aj #af4fc #af4gg grams 7b7 #aj #af4gj none #jj4jj ---------- ,mean #af4gc ,^u comp>+ ! figures x w be f\nd t ! absorption1 pass+ f ! greate/ to ! lea/1 is z foll[s3 phosphoric acid 7,p,o71 potassium sulfate1 ammonium sulfate1 potassium *lorid & sodium nitrate4 ,x w be se5 t !re 0 no absorption 9 ! case ( ! nitrate1 :ile ) ea* ( ! o!r salts !re 0 q a m>k$ absorption4 ,x w also be notic$ t ! p]c5tages ( absorption are n v diff]5t1 & especially is ?is true ( ! potassium & ammonium salts1 ! ,p,o be+ some:at high]4 ,:e!r ?is fact is m]ely an accid5tal occurr5ce or is due to ! law ( comb9ation by equival5ts c\ld h>dly be pr$ict$ f ! s+le soil exp]im5t$ ^u2 b tak+ into consid]ation ! possibility ( diff]5ce 9 solubility ( ! result+ comp\nds 9 ! sal9e solutions us$1 & ( o!r v>y+ conditions1 ! p]c5tages are evid5tly n f> en\gh ap>t to exclude ! possibility ( ! bases unit+ 9 equival5t proportions4 #ach4 ,prep>ation ( ,salts = ,absorption4--,! salts employ$ 9 ! =ego+ det]m9ations are conv5i5tly prep>$1 9 fractional normal /r5g?4 ,9 grams p] lit] ! foll[+ quantities 9 grams are recomm5d$1 viz41 #e4ce g ,,nh,cl2 #aj4aa g ,,kno2 #af4dj g ,ca7,,no72 #bd4fj g ,mg,s,o #g;,h,o2 #bc4d g ,ca,h7,,po71 etc4 ,! ammonium *lorid1 potassium nitrate & magnesium sulfate c be weigh$ z *emically pure salts & ! /&>d solution be directly made up4 ,calcium nitrate is s hygroscopic t a /rong] solution mu/ be made up1 ! calcium det]m9$ & ! prop] volume tak5 & dilut$ to "o lit]4 ,monocalcium phosphate is prep>$ z foll[s3 ,a solution ( sodium phosphate is treat$ ) glacial acetic acid & precipitat$ ) a solution ( calcium *lorid4 ,x is !n wa%$ ) wat] until all *lor9 is remov$4 ,! fre% precipitate is saturat$ ) pure1 cold phosphoric acid ( kn[n /r5g?4 ,aft] filt]+ ! solution is plac$ 9 a w>m room & left = two or ?ree weeks until cry/allization takes place4 ,! cry/als are press$ betwe5 blott+ pap]s & f9ally dri$ ov] sulfuric acid & wa%$ ) wat]-free e!r1 & aga9 dri$4 ,s9ce ?is salt is decompos$ 9 /rong solutions x %\ld be us$ only 9 "o hundr$? normal /r5g?1 viz41 #b4cd grams p] lit]4 ,,porosity ,,& ,,its ,,relations ,,to ,,moi/ure4 #aci4 ,porosity4--,! porosity ( a soil dep5ds ^u ! /ate ( divisibility & arrangem5t ( its p>ticles1 & ^u ! am\nt ( int]/itial space )9 ! soil4 ,if a soil be cem5t$ toge!r into a homog5e\s mass1 its porosity s9ks to a m9imum2 if x be compos$1 h[ev]1 ( num]\s f9e p>ticles1 ea* pres]v+ its own physical condition1 ! porosity ( ! soil w rise to a maximum4 ,! porosity ( a soil may be judg$ v closely by ! p]c5tage ( f9e p>ticles x yields by ! process ( silt analysis to be describ$ fur!r on4 ,9 g5]al1 ! m f9ely divid$ ! p>ticles ( a soil1 ! great] its f]tility4 ,?is arises f v>i\s causes2 9 ! fir/ place1 su* a soil has a high capacity = absorb+ moi/ure & hold+ x2 ?us ! dang]s ( excessive ra9-falls are dim9i%$1 & ! evil effects ( prolong$ dr\ght mitigat$4 ,9 ! second place1 a por\s soil p]mits a fre] circulation ( ! gases f\nd 9 ! soil4 ,! influ5ce ( lime 9 secur+ ! prop] degree ( porosity ( a soil is v great1 especially 9 alluvial deposits & o!r /iff soils4 ,x prev5ts ! impaction :i* w necess>ily foll[ 9 a soil :i* is too f9ely divid$4 ,9 g5]al1 ! porosity ( ! soil may be said to dep5d on ?ree factors1 viz43 #a4 ,^u ! /ate ( divisibility or ! numb] ( p>ticles p] unit volume2 #b4 ,^u ! nature & arrangem5t ( ^! p>ticles2 #c4 ,^u h[ mu* int]/itial space !re is 9 ! soil4 #adj4 ,influ5ce ( ,dra9age4--,good und]dra9age increases ! porosity ( a soil by remov+ ! excess ( wat] dur+ wet seasons & r5d]+ ! soil m suitable to capill>y attraction :i* w supply moi/ure dur+ dry seasons4 ,! influ5ce ( tile dra9age on ! production ( floods has be5 c>efully /udi$ by ,k$zie1#ajj :o %[s t surface dit*+ 9 conjunction ) de=e/+ may increase floods & contribute to dr\ghts1 & t tile-dra9+ may increase flood at ! break-up 9 spr+1 :5 ! wat] accumulat$ 9 ! surface soil by ! jo9t action ( fro/ & soil capill>ity dur+ ! w9t]1 & ! surface accumulations 9 ! =m ( sn[ are sudd5ly set free by a rapid ?aw4 ,he also po9ts out t dur+ ! w>m mon?s tile-dra9+ t5ds to prev5t flood by enabl+ ! soil to take up ! excessive ra9-fall & hold x 9 capill>y =m1 keep+ back ! sudd5 fl[ t w\ld pass ov] ! surface ( ! soil if n absorb$ by x1 & x mitigates summ] dr\ght by increas$ capacity ( ! soil to hold wat] 9 capill>y =m & to draw ^u ! subsoil wat] supply4 #ada4 ,soil ,moi/ure4--,! capacity ( a soil to absorb moi/ure & reta9 x dep5ds on its porosity & is an important *>act]i/ic 9 relation to its agricultural value4 ,! foll[+ g5]al pr9ciples relat+ to soil moi/ure are adapt$ f ,/ockbridge3#aja ,dur+ dry wea!r plants require a soil :i* is absorptive & ret5tive ( atmosph]ic moi/ure4 ,! am\nt ( ?is ret5tion is g5]ally 9 direct ratio to two factors1 viz41 ! am\nt ( organic matt] & its /ate ( division4 ,! capill>y wat] ( ! soil is v closely relat$ to its p]colat+ p[]1 s9ce all wat]s 9 ! soil are gov]n$ 9 _! movem5ts by :at is kn[n z capill>y =ce4 ,lieb5b]g has %[n t ?is movem5t may be ei!r upw>ds or d[nw>ds1 accord+ z ! atmosph]e is dry or supplies soil-saturat+ ra94 ,! wat] absorb$ by ! roots passes into ! plant circulation1 & ! great] "p is evaporat$ f ! leaves4 ,:]e ! supply ( wat] is insuffici5t1 ! plant wilts1 & if ! evaporation long cont9ue 9 excess ( ! supply obta9$ f ! soil1 ! plant mu/ die4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,hellriegel h %[n t any soil c supply plants ) all ! wat] !y ne$1 & z fa/ z !y ne$ x1 s long z ! moi/ure )9 ! soil is n r$uc$ bel[ "o-?ird ( ! :ole am\nt t x c hold4 ,! quantity ( wat] requir$ & evaporat$ by diff]5t agricultural plants dur+ ! p]iod ( gr[? has be5 f\nd to be z foll[s3 ,"o acre ( :eat exhales #dji1hcb p\nds ( wat]4 clov] #a1jif1bcd sunfl[]s #ab1ehe1iid cabbage #e1jdi1aid grape-v9es #gcj1gcc hops #d1dde1jba ,dietri* e/imates ! am\nt ( wat] exhal$ by ! foliage ( plants to be f #bej to #djj times ! weight ( dry organic matt] =m$ dur+ ! same "t4 ,cultivation cons]ves soil moi/ure4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ?is wat] conta9s soil +r$i5ts 9 solution4 ,h(fmann has e/imat$ t ! quantity ( matt] dissolv$ f ! soil by wat] v>ies f #j4bdb to #j4jbje p] c5t ( ! dri$ e>?4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,humphrey & ,abbott h %[n t ab\t "o-six? ( ! total s$im5t ( ! ,mississippi riv] is soluble 9 wat]4 #adb4 ,det]m9ation ( ! ,porosity ( ! ,soil4--,! porosity ( ! soil is fix$ by ! relative volume ( ! solid p>ticles z comp>$ ) ! int]/itial space4 ,x is mo/ easily det]m9$ by divid+ ! app>5t by ! real specific gravity4 ,let ! real specific gravity ( a soil be #b4edde & ! app>5t specific gravity ( ! same soil be #a4jiij4 ,! porosity is !n calculat$ accord+ to ! foll[+ ratios1 viz43 #b4edde 3 #a4jii #ajj 3 ,x ,:5ce ,x #dc4b p] c5t volume occupi$ by ! solid p>ticles ( ! soil4 ,! p] c5t volume occupi$ by ! int]/itial space is !re=e #ef4h4 #adc4 ,me?od ( ,:itney4--,! total volume ( int]/itial space )9 ! soil1 9 :i* wat] & air c ent]1 is be/ det]m9$ by calculation f ! specific gravity & ! weight ( a kn[n volume ( soil4 ,to det]m9e ?is 9 ! soil 9 its natural position 9 ! field1 a sample is tak5 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,a brass tube1 ab\t two in*es 9 diamet] & n9e in*es long1 has a clock spr+ securely sold]$ into "o end1 & ?is end turn$ (f 9 a la! to give a good cutt+ edge ( /eel4 ,! area enclos$ by ?is /eel edge is accurately det]m9$1 & a m>k is plac$ on ! side ( ! tube exactly six in*es f ! cutt+ edge4 ,a /eel cap fits on top ( ! brass cyl9d] to receive ! bl[s ( a heavy hamm] or wood5 mallet4 ,! cyl9d] is driv5 into ! gr\nd until ! six-in* m>k is j level ) ! surface4 ,! :ole is !n dug out1 c>e be+ tak5 to slip a broad piece ( /eel "u ! cyl9d] be=e x is remov$1 s z to prev5t ! soil :i* x conta9s f fall+ out4 ,! cyl9d] is !n c>efully laid ov] on its side1 & ! soil is cut (f flu% ) ! cutt+ edge ( /eel4 ,! soil is !n remov$ f ! cyl9d]1 c>ri$ to ! laboratory & prop]ly dri$ & weigh$4 ,! object ( ! /eel ins]t$ 9 "o end ( ! cyl9d] is to r$uce ! friction on ! inside ( ! tube to a m9imum1 & ?us prev5t ! soil inside ! cyl9d] be+ =c$ d[n bel[ ! level ( ! surr\nd+ e>?4 ,! volume ( ! soil remov$ ) ?is sampl] c readily be det]m9$ by calculation1 z ! area ( ! end ( ! tube is kn[n & ! sample is six in*es deep4 ,9 a sampl]1 su* z describ$ "h1 ?is volume is ab\t #cjj cubic c5timet]s4 ,f ! weight ( soil & ! volume ( ! sample1 ! volume ( int]/itial space may be f\nd by ! foll[+ =mula3 ,s 7,v ,w_/ #ajj7_/,v ,s is ! p] c5t by volume ( int]/itial space1 ,v is ! volume ( ! tube 9 cubic c5timet]s1 ,w is ! weight ( soil 9 grams1 & is ! specific gravity ( ! soil4 ,! specific gravity c be det]m9$ = ea* soil1 or ! factor #b4fe c be us$1 :i* is suffici5tly accurate = mo/ "w4 ,! p] c5t by volume ( int]/itial space 9 ! undi/urb$ subsoil is f\nd to range f ab\t ?irty-five = s&y l&1 to sixty-five or sev5ty = /iff clay l&s4 ,= ! det]m9ation ( ! am\nt ( wat] an air-dri$ soil w hold1 if all ! space )9 x is completely fill$ ) wat]1 an eight-in* /raight arg& lamp *imney1 ) a diamet] ( ab\t two in*es1 c be conv5i5tly us$4 ,a m>k is plac$ on ! side ( ! tube1 six in*es f "o end1 & ! volume ( ! tube up to ?is m>k is f\nd by cov]+ ! end ) a piece ( ?9 rubb] clo?1 or by press+ ! *imney d[n firmly on a glass plate1 & mak+ a wat]-tight jo9t ) p>aff9 or wax4 ,wat] is !n p\r$ into ! tube up to ! six-in* m>k1 & ! weight or volume ( wat] det]m9$4 ,! tube c !n be dri$1 a piece ( musl9 ti$ tightly ov] ! top & ! :ole !n weigh$4 ,soil is c>efully p\r$ 9 & ! tube g5tly tapp$ on a s(t support until ! soil is six in*es deep 9 ! tube1 & has ! desir$ degree ( compactness4 ,! weight & volume ( ! soil c ?us be det]m9$1 & ! volume ( ! int]/itial space f ! =mula already giv54 ,?is c also be det]m9$ directly by introduc+ wat] f above1 or by imm]s+ ! cyl9d] ( soil up to ! six-in* m>k 9 wat]1 & all[+ ! wat] to ent] ! soil f bel[4 ,) su* a %ort dep? ( soil1 v little wat] w fl[ out :5 ! cyl9d] is susp5d$ 9 ! air4 ,! am\nt :i* w fl[ out :5 ! cyl9d] is ?us susp5d$1 w dep5d bo? ^u ! texture & ! dep? ( soil4 ,x is impossible1 h[ev]1 by ?is me?od1 to completely remove ! air or to completely fill ! space )9 ! soil ) wat]2 = z ! wat] ent]s ! soil1 a consid]able am\nt ( air becomes entangl$ 9 ! capill>y spaces1 & ?is c\ld n be remov$ except by boil+ & vigor\s /irr+1 :i* w\ld altoge!r *ange ! texture ( ! soil4 ,! am\nt ( wat] held by ! soil1 or ! am\nt ( space )9 ! soil into :i* wat] & air c ent]1 w evid5tly dep5d ^u ! compactness ( ! soil1 & ?is is be/ express$ 9 p] c5t by volume ( space4 #add4 ,capacity ( ! ,f9e ,soil = ,hold+ ,moi/ure4--,! soil1 z x is tak5 f ! field1 may h q a diff]5t wat] coeffici5t f ! same soil aft] x has be5 pass$ ?r\gh a f9e sieve or be5 dri$ at air temp]atures or at #ajj or #aaj4 ,! me?od ( det]m9ation :i* dep5ds ^u add+ excess ( wat] to a giv5 weight ( f9e e>?1 & aft]w>ds elim9at+ ! excess by p]colation or filtration1 is apt to give mislead+ results4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! results are obta9$ by work+ on ! same weight ( soil1 & 9 ! same conditions1 !y may h value 9 a comp>ative way4 ,! comp>ison betwe5 soils mu/ be made ) equal weights1 9 l app>atus & ) ! same manipulation1 to h any value4 ,^! det]m9ations1 h[ev]1 _c h ! same practical value z ^? made 9 ! samples 9 a natural condition z has j be5 describ$4 #ade4 ,me?od ( ,wolff ,modifi$ by ,wahns*affe4#ajb--;,a cyl9drical z9c tube 7,fig4 #ag71 sixte5 c5timet]s long & f\r c5timet]s int]nal diamet]1 is us$1 ! cubical capacity ( :i* is #bjj cubic c5timet]s4 ,! cyl9d] is graduat$ by plac+ ! moi/ l95 disk on ! gauze & ty+ a piece ( rubb] clo? ov] ! bottom4 ,wat] is n[ p\r$ 9 until ! level is ev5 ) ! gauze bottom4 ,add !n exactly #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 m>k its surface on ! z9c1 ?r[ out ! wat]1 & file ! z9c d[n to ! m>k4 ,! bottom ( ! tube is clos$ ) a f9e nickel-wire gauze4 ,bel[ ?is a piece ( z9c tub+1 ( ! size ( ! ma9 tube1 is sold]$2 pi]c$ lat]ally ) a numb] ( holes4 ,be=e us+1 ! gauze bottom ( ! cyl9d] is cov]$ ) a moi/1 close fitt+ l95 disk1 & ! :ole app>atus weigh$4 ,x is !n fill$ ) ! f9e e>?1 little by little1 jolt+ ! cyl9d] on a s(t sub/ance aft] ea* addition ( soil to secure an ev5 fill+4 ,:5 fill$ ev5 full ! :ole is weigh$1 ! increase 9 weight giv+ ! weight ( soil tak54 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ag4 ,,capacity ,,( ,,! ,,f9e ,,soil ,,= ,,hold+ ,,moi/ure4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,wolff ,,modifi$ ,,by ,,wahns*affe4 ,a l>ge numb] ( cyl9d]s c be fill$ at once & plac$ 9 a l>ge glass cry/alliz+ di% conta9+ wat] & cov]$ ) a bell j> 7,fig4 #ag74 ,! wat] %\ld cov] ! gauze bottoms ( ! cyl9d]s to ! dep? ( five to t5 millimet]s4 ,m wat] %\ld be add$ f "t to "t z absorption takes place4 ,! cyl9d]s %\ld be left 9 ! wat] until :5 weigh$ at int]vals ( an h\r no appreciable increase 9 weight takes place4 ,! temp]ature & b>omet] read+ %\ld be not$ 9 connection ) ea* det]m9ation4 ,) increas+ temp]ature ! wat] coeffici5t is dim9i%$4 ,! me?od ( ,wolff1 z practic$ 9 ! laboratory ( ! ,*emical ,division ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 has giv5 v concordant results4 ,five det]m9ations 7 made on a sample ( vegetable soil ) ! ,wolff cyl9d]s1 :i* 7 weigh$ at int]vals ( t51 tw5ty1 & ?irty days1 ) ! foll[+ results3 ,no4 #a4 ,wat] absorb$ aft] t5 days #ajf4be p] c5t #b4 #aje4fh #c4 #aje4hf #d4 #ajf4aa #e4 #aje4hc ------------ ,mean #aje4ie ,no4 #a4 ,wat] absorb$ aft] tw5ty days #ajf4dd p] c5t #b4 #aje4ih #c4 #ajf4ef #d4 #ajf4eb #e4 #ajf4ch ------------ ,mean #ajf4ch ,no4 #a4 ,wat] absorb$ aft] ?irty days #ajh4ce p] c5t #b4 #ajg4fj #c4 #ajh4cb #d4 #ajg4hf #e4 #ajg4hg ------------ ,mean #ajh4jj ,! data obta9$ %[ t !re 0 a v slight increase 9 ! am\nt ( moi/ure absorb$ aft] ! t5? day4 ,z w be se51 h[ev]1 f ! foll[+ data1 ! soil )9 ! cyl9d] does n conta9 9 all p>ts ! same p]c5tage ( moi/ure1 ! l[] portions ( ! cyl9d] conta9+ notably l>g] proportions ?an ! upp] p>ts4 ,! cyl9drical soil column 0 divid$ into f\r equal p>ts & ! moi/ure det]m9$ 9 ea* "p4 ,beg9n+ ) ! top qu>t] ! p]c5tages ( moi/ure 7 z foll[s3 ,fir/ qu>t] #ig4eb p] c5t ,second #aje4ia ,?ird #aab4hc ,f\r? #aaf4dh #adf4 ,me?od ( ,pet]mann4#ajc--,! me?od ( ,wolff z practic$ by ! ,belgian ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 at ,gembl\x1 is ess5tially ! same z describ$ above4 ,pet]mann recomm5ds ! use ( t>$ cyl9d]s tw5ty to tw5ty-five c5timet]s long & six to eight c5timet]s 9 diamet]4 ,! cyl9d] is to be fill$ ) ! f9e e>?1 little by little1 ) g5tle tapp+ aft] ea* addition4 ,! bottom ( ! cyl9d] is clos$ ) a p]=at$ rubb] /opp] on :i* is spread a moi/5$ disk ( l954 ,! cyl9d]1 ?us prep>$ & fill$1 is weigh$ & aft]w>ds plac$ 9 a vessel conta9+ di/ill$ wat]1 to su* a dep? z to secure a wat] level ab\t two c5timet]s above ! l[] surface ( ! soil 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,! level ( ! wat] is kept con/ant z ! cont5ts ( ! cyl9d] are moi/5$ by capill>ity4 ,:5 ! e>? appe>s to be ?or\ghly moi/5$1 z c be told by ! appe>ance ( ! upp] surface1 ma9ta9 ! contact ) wat] = ab\t five or six h\rs4 ,! cyl9d] is !n remov$1 ! upp] surface cov]$ to avoid evaporation1 all[$ to dra9 = a few h\rs1 wip$ & weigh$4 ,! cyl9d] is aga9 plac$ 9 wat] to see if any increase 9 weight takes place4 ,! weight ( ! f9e e>? & ( ! absorb$ wat] be+ kn[n1 ! p]c5tage ( absorption is easily calculat$4 #adg4 ,me?od ( ,a4 ,may]4#ajd--;,a glass tube1 "o & sev5-t5?s c5timet]s 9 diamet]1 compos$ ( two pieces1 sev5ty-five c5timet]s & tw5ty-five c5timet]s 9 l5g?1 is unit$ by a piece ( rubb] tub+4 ,! l[] free end ( ! sev5ty-five c5timet] piece is clos$ ) a piece ( l954 ,! tube is fill$1 ) g5tle jolt+1 to ! dep? ( "o met] ) f9e e>?1 ! e>? column ?us ext5d+ tw5ty-five c5timet]s above ! po9t ( union ( ! two pieces4 ,?us prep>$1 a quantity ( wat] is p\r$ into ! upp] tube suffici5t to tempor>ily saturate ! :ole ( ! soil4 ,dur+ ! s9k+ ( ! wat] 9 ! tube !re is ?us effect$ a moi/5+ ( ! mat]ial be=e x is :olly fill$ ) wat]4 ,aft] wait+ until ! wat] p\r$ on top has disappe>$ ! tube is sep>at$ at ! rubb] tube connection & a sample ( ! moi/ soil tak5 at t po9t4 ,?is is at once weigh$ & !n dri$ at #ajj4 ,! loss 9 weight gives ! wat] absorb$4 ,! numb] ?us obta9$ is calculat$ to ! /&>d by volume1 by use ( ! numb] repres5t+ ! app>5t specific gravity ( ! f9e e>?4 ,= s& ( diff]5t degrees ( f95ess ! foll[+ numb]s 7 f\nd3 ,degree ( f95ess #b #c #d ,p] c5t wat] absorb$ #g4j #ac4g #dd4f ,! numb]s ?us obta9$ are tak5 to repres5t ! absolute wat] capacity ( a m9]al sub/ance 9 p[d]4 ,! full wat] capacity1 i4 e41 ! p[] ( hold+ wat] :5 ! p[d] is imm]s$ 9 wat]1 ! excess ( :i* is !n all[$ to fl[ away is mu* great] ?an ! absolute numb]4 ,?is diff]5ce is %[n 9 ! foll[+ data3 ,qu>tz1 size ?ree4 ,clay1 size ?ree4 ,full wat] capacity #di4j p] c5t #df4h p] c5t ,absolute wat] capacity #ac4g #bd4e ,9 g5]al ! absolute is m>k$ly inf]ior to ! full wat] capacity4 ,only 9 ! f9e/ du/ d ! two numb]s approa* ea* o!r4 #adh4 ,volumetric ,det]m9ation4--,a conv5i5t app>atus = ?is det]m9ation has be5 devis$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,fuell+1 ( ! ,*emical ,division1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,x is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah4 ,x consi/s ( an ord9>y p]colator ! diamet] ( :i* decreases slightly t[>ds ! l[] end1 a ?ick-wall rubb] tube & an ord9>y burette1 divid$ 9 t5?s4 ,a rubb] /opp] is fitt$ to ! m\? ( ! p]colator & p]=at$ twice--9 ! middle & at ! side1 ! =m] = a small tube provid$ ) p9*-cock & ! latt] = ! neck ( a small funnel4 ,! :ole is support$ on a conv5i5t /&1 ! clamp hold+ ! p]colator be+ plac$ above t support+ ! burette1 bo? clamps arrang$ to slide on ! /&-rod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ah4 ,,fuell+',s ,,app>atus4 ,! me?od is z foll[s3 ,a m>k is plac$ ^u ! project+ tube at ! l[] end ( ! p]colator1 & ! tube at ?is po9t may be drawn out suffici5tly to decrease ! wid? ( m5iscus to "o-eigh? in*4 ,into ! p]colator is fir/ introduc$ a small disk ( wire gauze or p]=at$ porcela91 ) heavy wire p5dant 9 ! tube4 ,?r\gh ! rubb] /opp] a small glass tube is pass$ & its l[] end press$ firmly ^u ! wire or porcela9 disk1 its upp] end be+ curv$ & suppli$ ) a p9*-cock4 ,into ! p]colator is n[ p\r$ "o in* ( f9e %ot 7,no4 #bj7 & !n "o in* ( f9e s& :i* has be5 previ\sly dige/$ ) hydro*loric acid & well clean$ ( du/ by wa%+4 ,! z]o4--,aft] ! %ot & s& h be5 %ak5 ev51 ! burette is fill$ ) wat] & rais$ above ! level ( ! s&1 wett+ ! p]colator = f\r in*es ( its l5g?4 ,! burette is l[]$ & ! %ot & s& b$ all[$ to dra9 by op5+ ! p9*-cock ( ! inn] tube4 ,! burette is rais$ & ! %ot-s& flood$ repeat$ly until1 by l[]+ ! burette until ! z]o m>k ( ! p]colator tube is rea*$1 a uni=m read+ on ! burette is secur$4 ,?us ! %ot-s& b$ is completely *>g$ ) wat]4 ,! wat] level is n[ made z]o on ! p]colator /em1 ! burette fill$ to its z]o m>k & ! app>atus is prep>$ = introduction ( ! soil4 ,! ,det]m9ation4--,f #ajj to #bjj grams ( soil1 previ\sly dri$ free ( moi/ure1 are weigh$1 ! burette rais$ until ! wat] level is ?ree in*es above ! s&1 & ! soil g5tly dropp$ ?r\gh a funnel into ! wat]4 ,:5 ! soil has be5 introduc$ & wett$ completely ! wat] level is rais$ above ! soil & all[$ to rema9 ?us two h\rs4 ,! burette is !n l[]$ & ! wat] all[$ to dra9 f ! wett$ soil4 ,f\r to six h\rs are usually giv5 ! dra9+1 ! read+ tak5 on ! burette aft] e/abli%+ ! z]o on ! p]colator /em1 ! volume ( absorb$ wat] ?us asc]ta9$ & divid$ by ! weight ( soil multipli$ by #ajj2 ! result expresses ! wat] absorb$ p] hundr$ ( soil4 ,example3 ,wat] requir$ to saturate disk1 etc4 #j4ej cubic c5timet]4 ,weight ( air-dri$ soil tak5 #bj4jj grams4 ,moi/ure at #aje !re9 #ad4be p] c5t4 ,weight wat] 9 soil #b4he grams4 ,read+ ( burette aft] saturation #aj4ge cubic c5timet]s4 ,less wat] requir$ = disk1 etc #i4be ,temp]ature #bj4jj ,weight ( #i4be cubic c5timet]s ,h,o at #bj #i4bb grams4 ,total weight ( wat] reta9$ by soil #ab4jg ,p] c5t wat] reta9$ by soil #fj4ce p] c5t4 ,= g5]al analytical "w ! correction = v>iations 9 ! weight ( wat] = diff]5t temp]atures is ( no practical importance4 #adi4 ,accuracy ( ,results4--,a sample ( soil f ! beet sug> /ation1 9 ,nebraska1 gave ! foll[+ duplicate results3 ,fir/ trial #de4ge p] c5t wat]4 ,second trial #dd4he ,muck soils f ,florida1 conta9+ v>y+ proportions ( s&1 gave ! foll[+ numb]s3 ,soil numb] "o1 #add4he p] c5t1 & #ade4dc p] c5t2 soil numb] two1 #aji4ac p] c5t1 & #ajg4ic p] c5t2 soil numb] ?ree 7v s&y71 #df4hf p] c5t1 & #df4ea p] c5t4 #aej4 ,me?od ( ,wollny4#aje--;,a z9c tube1 n9ety c5timet]s long & f\r c5timet]s int]nal diamet]1 c>ries at ea* end1 at "r angles to ! axis1 a flatt5$ rim #a4e c5timet]s broad4 ,! l[] end ( ! tube is clos$ ) a /rong piece ( co>se l954 ,! soil to be exam9$ is !n fill$ 9 little by little1 ) g5tle tamp+4 ,on ! upp] end two glass tubes are plac$1 ea* t5 c5timet]s long & f\r c5timet]s int]nal diamet]4 ,^! tubes are furni%$ at ea* end ) cem5t$ brass cyl9d]s :i* are exp&$ to a circul>1 ev5ly gr\nd rim1 #a4e c5timet]s wide1 also at "r angles to ! axis ( ! ma9 tube4 ,^! rims are greas$ & plac$ toge!r1 "o on ! o!r1 & held toge!r by wood5 clamps4 ,! glass tube 9 imm$iate connection ) ! z9c tube is also firmly fill$ ) ! soil sample1 :ile ! second tube is only p>tly fill$1 s t any settl+ :i* may take place 9 ! soil on ! addition ( wat] may /ill f9d ! fir/ glass tube full ( ! sample4 ,! empty "p ( ! upp] glass tube is n[ fill$ ) wat] & additional quantities ( wat] are add$ f "t to "t until ! soil is saturat$4 ,9 ord] to be able to obs]ve :5 ?is takes place !re is a slit at ! l[] end ( ! z9c tube :i* is clos$ ) a piece ( glass4 ,?is slit %\ld be ab\t two c5timet]s broad & t5 c5timet]s long4 ,! l[] end ( ! z9c tube is set on a glass plate to prev5t evaporation4 ,z soon z ! wat] %[s itself at ! l[] end ( ! z9c tube1 ! excess ( wat] 9 ! upp] glass tube is at once remov$ by a pipette & a /opp] ins]t$ ?r\gh :i* a glass tube passes drawn out into a f9e po9t above4 ,! object ( ?is is to avoid evaporation on ! upp] surface4 ,! app>atus is !n left at re/ = ?irty-six h\rs4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t ! clamps are remov$ & ! column ( moi/ e>? cut ) a piece ( plat9um foil1 & ! two ends ( ! glass tube1 next to ! z9c tube1 cov]$ ) glass plates4 ,x is !n weigh$ & ! weight ( moi/ e>? det]m9$ by d$uct+ ! weight ( ! tube & its glass cov]s4 ,! moi/ e>? is c>efully remov$ to a l>ge porcela9 di% & dri$ at #ajj4 ,be=e weigh+ x is all[$ to /& tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 ! air4 ,! data obta9$ are us$ to calculate ! wat] cont5t to volume p] c5t4 ,! volume ( ! glass tubes %\ld be det]m9$ by c>eful calibration4 #aea4 ,me?od ( ,he9ri*4#ajf--,! soil to ! dep? turn$ by ! pl[ is dug out & 9 ! hole a lead vessel )\t bottom1 tw5ty c5timet]s 9 diamet] & =ty c5timet]s high1 is plac$4 ,! soil is !n ?r[n back ar\nd & outside ! lead vessel until ! latt] appe>s buri$ 9 ! fragm5ts4 ,! re/ ( ! soil is pass$ into ! lead vessel1 ?r\gh a sieve hav+ f\r me%es to ! c5timet]1 us+ = ?is purpose en\gh wat] to ?or\ghly moi/5 x4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to use en\gh wat] to cause any sep>ation ( ! f9e f ! co>se p>ticles4 ,by ?is process all co>se /ones1 /icks1 etc41 are sep>at$4 ,9 s&y soils ! flask is left = a few h\rs :ile 9 clay soils a mu* long] "t is necess>y4 ,:5 ! excess ( wat] has disappe>$ ! lead cyl9d] is remov$1 & a piece cut out ( ! c5t] ( x plac$ 9 a weigh$ dry+ flask & dri$ at #ajj4 #aeb4 ,effect ( ,pressure on ,wat] ,capacity4#ajg--,! increas+ capacity ( soil to hold wat] develop$ by %ak+ or pressure1 is det]m9$ by ,h5rici 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,into a glass cyl9d] ( tw5ty millimet]s int]nal diamet] are p\r$ tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,a giv5 quantity ( soil is next add$1 & aft] /&+ until ?or\ghly saturat$1 ! residual wat] is measur$ by p\r+ (f1 or bett]1 by graduations on ! side ( ! tube4 ,! increase 9 ! volume ( ! cle> wat] is also measur$1 aft] %ak+1 9 ! same way4 ,! data ( a det]m9ation made z above describ$ foll[3 ,wat] 9 cyl9d] #cj cubic c5timet]s4 ,wat] & saturat$ soil #dj ,volume ( unsaturat$ soil e #aj ,volume ( saturat$ soil e w #bj4e ,wat] conta9$ !re9 w #aj4e ,by repeat$ %ak+ ! volume ( e w1 ! cont5t ( w !re91 & ! relative values ( e_/w 7 f\nd to be z foll[s3 ,cubic ,cubic ,cubic ,cubic c5timet]s4 c5timet]s4 c5timet]s4 c5timet]s4 e w #bj4e #af4j #ae4g #ae4j w #aj4e #f4j #e4g #e4j w_/e #a4je #j4fj #j4eg #j4ej ,if e repres5t ! volume ( ! saturat$ soil !n e e w1 & ?is gives ! relation to ! volume ( dry e>? repres5t$ by ! equation e_/e #a w_/e4 ,?is indicates t ! relative volume ( ! saturat$ soil is equal to unity increas$ by ! relative cont5t ( wat]4 #aec4 ,coeffici5t ( ,evaporation4--,at an ord9>y room temp]ature 9 ! %ade1 samples ( soil1 if !y are subject$ to exp]im5t 9 tol]ably ?9 lay]s h ne>ly an equal coeffici5t ( evaporation4 ,t is1 ! absolute quantity ( wat] evaporat$ 9 a giv5 "t is almo/ entirely condition$ ^u ! magnitude ( ! surface expos$ & ! temp]ature ( ! surr\nd+ air4 ,only :5 expos$ 9 conditions z ne>ly z possible natural 9 ?9 lay]s to ! action ( ! sunlight & %ade d ! soils %[ _! peculi>ities 9 respect ( ! evaporation ( moi/ure4 ,9 ord] to see ^! peculi>ities1 samples ( soil :i* h be5 previ\sly exam9$ mu/ be subject$ to exam9ation at ! same "t ) ! soil ^: prop]ties are to be det]m9$4 ,! z9c box1 be=e describ$1 %\ld be protect$ ) a well fitt+ cov] ( ?ick pap]1 & ! diff]5t samples ( soil :i* are to be te/$ plac$ !re94 ,?is %\ld n[ be plac$ 9 a wood5 box1 ! top ( :i* is exactly ev5 ) ! top ( ! z9c vessel4 ,?is box conta9+ ! vessel %\ld be expos$ to ! sunlight4 ,aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs ! z9c boxes c be tak5 away f position & _! loss 9 moi/ure det]m9$1 & ^! weigh+s1 accord+ to ! condition ( ! atmosph]e1 c be cont9u$ f f\rte5 days to ?ree weeks1 ! temp]ature ( ! air ( c\rse be+ c>efully det]m9$ at ea* "t4 ,at fir/1 all ! diff]5t soils be+ saturat$ ) moi/ure1 x w be obs]v$ t ! loss ( moi/ure is proportionately ! same = all4 ,soon1 h[ev]1 ! rapidity ( ! evaporation 9 ! samples ( soil ri* 9 humus & clay w be decreas$ z comp>$ ) ! s&y soils1 & 9 g5]al1 ^? :i* possess a high capill>y p[] capable ( br++ ! moi/ure rapidly f ! deep] lay]s to ! surface4 ,!re soon comes a po9t :5 ! diff]5ce 9 evaporation is at its greate/2 & !n !re w be a gradual dim9ution until ! samples lose no fur!r moi/ure4 ,?is po9t1 = ! diff]5t soils1 c be det]m9$ by frequ5t weigh+s ( ! vessel4 #aed4 ,det]m9ation ( ,capill>y ,attraction4--,long glass tubes graduat$ 9 c5timet]s may be us$ = ?is det]m9ation1 or pla9 tubes s arrang$ z to admit ( easy measurem5ts ) a rule4 ,! tubes may be f "o to two c5timet]s int]nal diamet] & ab\t "o met] long4 ,! f9e e>? %\ld be ev5ly fill$ 9 little by little1 ) g5tle jolt+4 ,! l[] end ( ea* tube1 be=e fill+1 is clos$ ) a piece ( l954 ,! tubes1 aft] fill+1 are support$ 9 an upright position by a frame ,,ae1 ,fig4 #ai1 9 a vessel ,b conta9+ wat] 9 :i* ! l95 cov]$ ends ,d dip to ! dep? ( two c5timet]s4 ,! height ( ! wat] 9 ! sev]al tubes %\ld be read or measur$ at /at$ int]vals4 ,! wat] conta9$ 9 ! supply vessel %\ld be kept at a con/ant height by a ,m>iotte bottle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ai4 ,,app>atus ,,to ,,%[ ,,capill>y ,,attraction ,,( ,,soils ,,= ,,wat]4 ,! obs]vations may be discont9u$ aft] "o hundr$ & tw5ty h\rs1 b ev5 !n ! wat] w n h rea*$ its maximum height4 ,x is recomm5d$ by "s exp]im5t]s to cut ! tubes1 aft] ! above det]m9ation is complet$1 into pieces t5 c5timet]s 9 l5g?1 & to det]m9e ! p] c5t ( wat] 9 ea* portion4 #aee4 ,/atem5t ( ,results4--,! foll[+ table illu/rates a conv5i5t me?od ( tabulat+ ! obs]v$ data z giv5 by ,knig4#ajh ,numb] ( sample #a #b #c #d #e #f ,height ( #bd h\rs4 #bg4c #ch4j #af4g #cf4d #h4j #bh4h c5timet]s4 moi/ure column aft]3 #dh #ce4i #ej4h #bd4e #di4b #aa4i #dj4e #gb #da4e #ei4e #cj4j #eg4i #ae4b #di4a #if #dd4d #ff4b #cc4e #fc4h #ag4e #ee4b #abj #df4g #gj4j #cf4c #fh4e #ai4b #fj4e #aef4 ,inv]se ,capill>ity4--,9 tubes fill$ ) f9e e>?1 z describ$ 9 p>agraph #aed1 wat] is quickly p\r$1 ! same quantity into ea* tube ( ! same diamet]1 or su* quantities 9 tubes ( diff]5t diamet]s z w\ld =m a wat] column ( ! same dep? ov] ! surface ( ! sample4 ,! rate at :i* ! wat] column desc5ds 9 ea* tube1 ! "t ( ! disappe>ance ( ! wat] at ! surface & ! f9al dep? to :i* x rea*es1 are ! data to be ent]$4 #aeg4 ,/atem5t ( ,results4--,! po9ts to be obs]v$ 9 ! det]m9ation ( inv]se capill>ity are ! numb] ( h\rs requir$ = ! total absorption ( a column ( wat] ( a giv5 height1 ! dep? ( ! moi/ure column at t mom5t1 & ! total dep? to :i* ! moi/ure column f9ally rea*es4 ,! data ( obs]vations ) six samples ) a wat] column f\r c5timet]s high are giv5 by ,knig#aji z foll[s3 ,numb] ( sample #a #b #c #d #e #f ,numb] ( h\rs requir$ = wat] to disappe> #d4c #a4h #aj4c #c4j #ba4j #d4c ,dep? ( moi/ure at "t ( disappe>ance ( wat] #aa4j #ab4j #aa4d #ac4c #aa4g #ab4j c5timet]s4 ,total dep? ( moi/ure #ac4j #ah4a #ac4j #ai4j #ab4j #af4e #aeh4 ,det]m9ation ( ! ,coeffici5t ( ,evaporation4--,! coeffici5t ( evaporation is ! numb] ( milligrams ( wat] evaporat$ f a squ>e c5timet] ( soil surface 9 a giv5 unit ( "t4 ,x is evid5t t ?is numb] w v>y ) ! physical /ate ( ! soil1 ! velocity ( ! w9d1 ! saturation ( ! air ) aque\s vapor & ! temp]ature4 ,9 all /atem5ts ( analyses ^! factors %\ld appe>4 ,! process may be c>ri$ on fir/ 7a7 ) soil samples kept cont9ually saturat$ ) wat] & 7b7 ) samples 9 :i* ! wat] is all[$ to gradually dry out4 ,me?od a4--,! det]m9ation may be made 9 ! %ade or sunlight4 ,9 ! ,%ade4--,a z9c cyl9d] 7,z ,fig4 #bj71 fifte5 c5timet]s 9 diamet] & #g4e c5timet]s high1 ) a rim "o c5timet] wide & "o c5timet] f top1 is cov]$ at "o end ) l95 or cotton clo? & fill$ ) f9e e>?1 ) g5tle jolt+1 until ev5 ) ! top4 ,x is !n plac$ 9 a z9c hold] ,h1 into ! circul> op5+ ( :i* x snugly fits z 9 ,a4 ,?is hold] is tw5ty c5timet]s 9 diamet] & #g4e c5timet]s deep4 ,x has an op5+ at ,o ?r\gh :i* wat] c be add$ until x is fill$ s z to wet ! bottom ( ,z :5 9 place4 ,z ! wat] is absorb$ by ! soil m is add$ &1 ! top be+ cov]$1 ! app>atus is all[$ to /& = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t ! soil 9 ! z9c cyl9d] is saturat$ ) wat] to ! fulle/ capill>y ext5t4 ,! :ole app>atus1 aft] putt+ a /opp] 9 ,o1 is n[ weigh$ on a l>ge analytical balance & plac$ 9 an op5 room1 ) free-air circulation1 = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t x is aga9 weigh$ & ! loss ( weight calculat$ to milligrams p] squ>e c5timet]4 ,:]e l>ge & delicate balances c n be _h1 ! app>atus c be con/ruct$ on a small] scale suitable = use ) a balance ( ! ord9>y size4 ,9 ! ,sunlight4--,! app>atus describ$ above is enclos$ 9 a wood5 box hav+ a circul> op5+ ! size ( ! soil-z9c cyl9d]4 ,9 ! det]m9ation ( ! rate ( evaporation1 ! app>atus1 *>g$ & weigh$ z above describ$1 is expos$ to ! sun = a giv5 p]iod ( "t1 say "o h\r4 ,on ! second weigh+ ! loss repres5ts ! wat] evaporat$4 ,! "t ( ye>1 "t ( day1 velocity ( w9d & temp]ature1 & degree ( saturation ( ! air ) aque\s vapor1 %\ld be not$4 ,! data obta9$ c !n be calculat$ to milligrams ( wat] p] squ>e c5timet] ( surface = ! unit ( "t4 ,me?od b4--,z 9 me?od a ! det]m9ation may be made 9 ! %ade or 9 ! sunlight4 ,! rate ( evaporation is1 9 ?is me?od1 a dim9i%+ "o & dep5ds l>gely on ! res]ve /ore ( wat] 9 ! sample at any giv5 mom5t4 ,! same piece ( app>atus may be us$ z 9 ! det]m9ations j describ$4 ,aft] *>g+ ! sample ) moi/ure all excess ( wat] 9 ! out] z9c vessel is remov$ & ! rate ( evaporation det]m9$ by exposure 9 an op5 room or 9 ! sunlight1 z is done 9 ! op]ations already describ$4 ,alt]nate ,me?od4--,! z9c cyl9d]s us$ 9 det]m9+ saturation coeffici5t1 p>agraph #ade1 may also be employ$ 9 det]m9+ ! rate ( evaporation4 ,ea* cyl9d] %\ld be wrapp$ ) heavy pap] or plac$ 9 a ?ick c>dbo>d receptacle1 & all plac$ 9 a wood5 box1 ! cov] ( :i* is provid$ ) circul> p]=ations1 j admitt+ ! tops ( ! cyl9d]s1 :i* %\ld be flu% ) ! upp] surface ( ! cov]4 ,arrang$ 9 ?is way ! cyl9d]s previ\sly weigh$ are expos$ 9 ! %ade or to direct sunlight & reweigh$ aft] a /at$ int]val4 ,on acc\nt ( ! small surface "h expos$ 9 comp>ison ) ! total quantity ( soil & moi/ure x is recomm5d$ to weigh ! cyl9d]s once only 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! weigh+s may be cont9u$ = a =tnight or ev5 a mon?4 ,9 soils fully saturat$ ) wat] ! rate ( evaporation is at fir/ ne>ly ! same on acc\nt ( ! surface be+ practically t ( wat] alone4 ,z ! evaporation cont9ues1 h[ev]1 ! rate *anges m>k$ly ) ! "* ( ! soil4 #aei4 ,rapid ,me?od ( ,wolff4--,9 ord] to expose a l>g] surface to evaporation & to secure ! results 9 a %ort] p]iod ( "t1 ,wolff#aaj fills squ>e boxes1 hav+ wire-gauze bottoms1 ) f9e e>?1 & aft] saturat+ ) moi/ure weighs & susp5ds !m 9 ! op5 air4 ,! wire-gauze bottoms are previ\sly cov]$ ) filt] pap] to prev5t loss ( soil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bj4 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,det]m9+ ,,coeffici5t ,,( ,,evaporation4 #afj4 ,e/imation ( ,wat] ,giv5 up 9 a ,wat]-,free ,atmosph]e4--,! air-dri$ sample1 9 quantities ( f five to t5 grams 9 a ?9 lay] on glass1 is plac$ ov] a vessel conta9+ /rong sulfuric acid4 ,x is !n plac$ on a gr\nd glass plate & cov]$ ) a bell j>4 ,! sample is weigh$ at int]vals ( five days until ! weight is practically con/ant4 ,?is me?od is valuable 9 giv+ ! actual hygroscopic p[] ( a soil dep5d+ on its /ructure alone4 #afa4 ,e/imation ( ! ,porosity ( ! ,soil = ! ,passage ( ,gases4--,"s fur!r notion ( ! physical /ate ( ! soil kn[n z porosity1 may also be d]iv$ by a /udy ( ! rate at :i* x w admit ( ! transmission ( gases4 ,a me?od = e/imat+ ?is has be5 devis$ by ,ammon4#aaa ,air is compress$ 9 two gas hold]s by means ( a column ( wat] ( prop] height to give ! pressure requir$4 ,! tubes ?r\gh :i* ! air passes out ( ! gas hold]s are ea* furni%$ ) a /op-cock & unit$ ) a glass tube hav+ a side tube set 9 at "r angles = c>ry+ (f ! air4 ,! use ( two hold]s makes x possible to c>ry on ! exp]im5t z long z may be desir$1 "o hold] be+ fill$ ) air :ile ! o!r is empty+4 ,! common conduct+ tube is jo9$ ) a met] :i* is capable ( measur+1 to #j4ja1 ! volume ( air pass+ ?r\gh x4 ,! pressure is regulat$ by means ( ! /op-cocks4 ,! air pass+ f ! met] is receiv$ 9 a dry+ tube fill$ ) calcium *lorid4 ,f ! dry+ tube ! air ent]s a dry+ flask fill$ bel[ ) conc5trat$ sulfuric acid & above ) pumice /one saturat$ !re)4 ,next ! dri$ air passes ?r\gh a worm1 eight met]s long1 surr\nd$ ) wat] at a giv5 temp]ature4 ,! dri$ air ( kn[n temp]ature next ent]s ! exp]im5tal tube4 ,?is tube is made ( %eet z9c #abe c5timet]s 9 l5g? & five c5timet]s 9 int]nal diamet]4 ,x is plac$ 9 an upright position1 & ab\t six c5timet]s f its upp] end c>ries a small tube at "r angles to ! ma9 "o = connection ) a wat]-fill$ manomet]4 ,! upp] & l[] ends ( ! tube are clos$ ) p]=at$ rubb] /opp]s c>ry+ tubes = ! entrance & exit ( ! air4 ,9 ! inside ( ! z9c tube are f\nd two close-fitt+ b movable disks1 ( ! f9e/ brass wire gauze1 betwe5 :i* ! mat]ial to be exp]im5t$ ^u is held4 ,! lay] ( f9e soil is held betwe5 ^! disks & may be ( su* a dep? z is requir$ = ! prop] progress ( ! exp]im5t4 ,) soils ( firm texture oppos+ a great resi/ance to ! passage ( ! air ! column ( e>? te/$ %\ld be %ort] ?an ) light & v p]meable soils4 ,! exp]im5tal tube is surr\nd$ ) a wat] jacket1 :i* may also be made ( %eet z9c1 c>ry+ small tubes direct$ upw>ds = hold+ !rmomet]s4 ,! wat] jacket %\ld be kept at ! same temp]ature z ! air :i* is us$ 9 ! exp]im5t4 ,! process ( fill+ ! tube1 ! am\nt ( pressure to be us$ & ! air & soil temp]ature1 w naturally v>y 9 diff]5t det]m9ations4 ,! volume ( air at a giv5 pressure & temp]ature :i* passes a column ( soil ( a giv5 l5g? 9 a unit ( "t w give ! coeffici5t ( p]meability4 #afb4 ,det]m9ation ( ,p]meability 9 ! ,op5 ,field4--,a me?od = det]m9+ ! rate ( transmission ( a gas ?r\gh ! soil 9 ! field has be5 devis$ by ,he9ri*4#aab ,a box ,c 7,fig4 #ba7 is made ( /rong %eet iron & has an op5+ bel[1 t5 c5timet]s squ>e1 & a height ( ab\t tw5ty c5timet]s4 ,at exactly t5 c5timet]s f ! bottom1 ! box has a rim at "r angles to its l5g? s t x c be plac$ only t5 c5timet]s deep 9 ! soil4 ,! box holds a volume ( e>? equal to #a1jjj cubic c5timet]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ba4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,he9ri*4 ,! "p ( ! box above gr\nd is connect$ ) ! bottle ,b by a glass tube z indicat$ 9 ! figure4 ,! bottle ,b %\ld h a capacity ( ab\t t5 lit]s4 ,! air 9 ,b is =c$ out ?r\gh ,c by wat] runn+ 9 f ! supply ,a & ! pressure 9 ,b is record$ by ! manomet] ,d4 ,! exp]im5t %\ld be tri$ on a soil ?or\ghly moi/4 ,9 measur+ ! pressure 9 ,b ! wat] pressure %\ld be cut (f by ! p9*-cock betwe5 ,a & ,b1 & ! pressure on ! manomet] obs]v$ aft] ! lapse ( "o to two m9utes4 ,,movem5t ,,( ,,wat] ,,?r\gh ,,soils3 ,,lysimetry4 #afc4 ,porosity 9 ,relation to ,wat] ,movem5t4--,! intimate relation :i* wat] movem5t 9 a soil be>s to f]tility makes highly important ! analytical /udy ( ?is feature ( porosity4 ,a soil defici5t 9 plant food1 9 s f> z *emical analysis is conc]n$1 w produce f> bett] crops :5 ! fl[ ( moi/ure is favorable ?an a highly f]tile soil 9 :i* ! wat] may be 9 defici5cy or excess4 ,aside f ! actual ra9-fall ! texture ( ! soil1 9 o!r words its porosity1 is ! mo/ important factor 9 det]m9+ ! prop] supply ( moi/ure to ! rootlets ( plants4 ,ev5 :]e ! ra9-fall is little1 a prop]ly por\s soil 9 contact ) a moi/ subsoil w furni% ! moi/ure necess>y to plant gr[?4 ,?is fact is well illu/rat$ by ! beet fields 9 ,*9o ,valley1 ,cali=nia4 ,9 ?is locality mo/ excell5t crops ( sug> beets are produc$ )\t irrigation & almo/ )\t ra94 #afd4 ,me?ods ( ,wat] ,movem5t--,! translocation ( soil wat] is occasion$ 9 at lea/ two ways2 namely1 #a4 ,by *ang+ ! porosity ( a giv5 /ratum ( soil4 #b4 ,by *ang+ ! am\nt ( wat] a giv5 /ratum conta9s4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5t by ,k+#aac illu/rates a conv5i5t me?od ( /udy+ ?is movem5t ( wat]3 ,on a ri* fall[ gr\nd ( light clay soil1 und]laid at a dep? ( eighte5 in*es by a m$ium-gra9$ s&1 wat]1 to ! am\nt ( two p\nds p] squ>e foot on an area ( eight by eight feet1 0 sl[ly add$ ) a spr9kl]1 samples ( soil hav+ be5 previ\sly tak5 9 six-in* sections d[n to a dep? ( ?ree feet4 ,! samples 7 tak5 along a diagonal ( ! squ>e "u exp]im5t & "o foot ap>t4 ,! middle sample ( ! l9e be+ f ! c5t] ( ! area4 ,! sampl+ & wett+ occurr$ betwe5 "o & ?ree ,p4 ,m41 on ,july #bb1 & on ! ev5+ ( ! #bc a correspond+ s]ies ( samples 0 tak5 along a l9e p>allel to ! fir/ b eight in*es di/ant4 ,! *anges 9 ! p]c5tages ( wat] 9 ! soil are giv5 9 ! foll[+ table1 %[+ ! translocation ( wat] 9 soil due to wett+ ! surface3 ,,p] ,,c5t ,,( ,,wat]4 ,,diff]5ce4 ,in*es4 ,be=e ,aft] ,9 p] c5t4 ,9 p\nds p] wett+4 wett+4 cu4 ft4 #j-f #ad4jj #bb4bc #h4bc #b4hgc #f-ab #ae4ad #ae4ga #j4eg #j4aii #ab-ah #af4bc #ae4ge -#j4dh -#j4bac #ah-bd #ag4gj #af4ib -#j4gh -#j4cdg #bd-cj #af4gf #ad4da -#b4ce -#a4jcb #cj-cf #ae4ea #ae4ba -#j4cj -#j4acb ,! figures giv5 9 ! la/ column ( ! table are comput$ f ! absolute dry weights ( ! upp] ?ree feet ( soil z det]m9$ 9 a locality "s rods f ! place ( exp]im5t1 & are !re=e only approximations1 b ! error due to ?is cause is c]ta9ly small4 ,x w be se5 t :ile only two p\nds ( wat] to ! squ>e foot 7 add$ to ! surface1 ! upp] six in*es conta9$ #b4hg p\nds p] squ>e foot m ?an be=e ! wat] 0 add$1 & ! second six in*es conta9$ #j4aii p\nd m1 & ?is too 9 ! face ( ! fact t ! evaporation p] squ>e foot f a tray sitt+ on a pair ( scales close by1 0 #j4dbh p\nd dur+ ! int]val "u consid]ation4 ,simil> exp]im5ts 7 made by tak+ ! samples ( soil at #e4cj ,p4 ,m4 9 "o-foot sections d[n to f\r feet1 at f\r equally di/ant places along ! diagonal ( a squ>e1 six by six feet1 & hav+ ! gr\nd spr9kl$4 ,at ! same "t f\r simil> sets ( samples 7 tak5 on l9es v]tical to ea* ( ! sides ( ! squ>e b f\r feet di/ant f !m4 ,! am\nt ( wat] ! soil conta9$ 0 !n det]m9$1 & at #aa4cj ,a4 ,m41 n9ete5 h\rs lat]1 ano!r s]ies ( samples 0 tak5 at po9ts ab\t f\r in*es di/ant f ! la/ & ! am\nt ( wat] det]m9$ ) ! result giv5 bel[4 ,,translation ,,( ,,wat] ,,occasion$ ,,by ,,wett+ ,,! ,,surface4 ,dep? ( samples4 ,,wet ,,area4 ,be=e wett+4 ,aft] wett+4 ,p\nds ( ,p\nds ( ,p] c5t ( wat] p] ,p] c5t ( wat] p] wat]4 cubic foot4 wat]4 cubic foot4 #j-ab in*es #af4hf #aa4gh #bj4ae #ad4jf #ab-bd #ag4gf #ae4gi #ai4ga #ag4eb #bd-cf #af4gf #ad4gc #ag4gb #ae4eh #cf-dh #ae4ja #ad4jc #af4dg #ae4dj ,av]ages #af4ei #ad4jh #ah4ea #ae4fd ,total am\nt ( wat] #ef4cc #fb4ef ,am\nt ( *ange #f4bc ,dep? ( samples4 ,,area ,,n ,,wet4 ,fir/ samples4 ,second samples4 ,p\nds ( ,p\nds ( ,p] c5t ( wat] p] ,p] c5t ( wat] p] wat]4 cubic foot4 wat]4 cubic foot4 #j-ab in*es #ag4gb #ab4ch #ah4bg #ab4ge #ab-bd #ai4ah #ag4je #ai4id #ag4gb #bd-cf #af4ig #ad4ib #ag4eb #ae4dj #cf-dh #ae4di #ad4dh #ae4af #ad4ag ,av]ages #ag4cd #ad4ga #ag4ga #ae4ja ,total am\nt ( wat] #eh4hc #fj4jd ,am\nt ( *ange #a4ba ,! above data %[ suffici5tly well ! me?od ( inve/igation to be pursu$ 9 /udies ( ?is k9d4 #afe4 ,capill>y ,movem5t ( ,wat]4--,! me?od ( inve/igation propos$ by ,k+#aad consi/s 9 tak+ samples ( soil at int]vals ( "o1 two1 ?ree1 or f\r feet 9 dep?1 & det]m9+ ! am\nt ( moi/ure 9 ea* 9 connection ) ! am\nt ( ra9-fall dur+ ! p]iod4 ,! quantity ( wat] conta9$ 9 a giv5 soil1 at v>i\s dep?s & on diff]5t dates1 is %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,dep? 9 ,date4 ,p] c5t ,p\nds p] ,increase or decrease4 feet4 wat]4 cubic foot4 ,p\nds p] cubic foot4 #a ,m>* #h? #bd4cc #af4ih #a ,april #ah? #bb4cg #ae4fa -#a4cg #b ,m>* #h? #ae4hj #ad4je #b ,april #ah? #ba4fd #ai4bd #e4ai #c ,m>* #h? #aa4af #i4ha #c ,april #ah? #af4bd #ad4bg #d4df #d ,m>* #h? #g4hg #g4cf #d ,april #ah? #aa4ai #aj4df #c4aj ,! ra9-fall dur+ ! int]val 0 #d4ah in*es1 equal to #ba4gg p\nds p] squ>e foot4 #aff4 ,lat]al ,capill>y ,fl[4--,to det]m9e ! lat]al capill>y fl[ ( wat] 9 a soil ! foll[+ me?od1 us$ by ,k+#aae may be employ$3 ,a z9c l9$ tray1 six by six feet 9 area & eight in*es deep1 is fill$ ) a soil well pack$4 ,9 "o corn] ( ?is tray a section ( five in*es ( unglaz$ dra9age tile1 hav+ its l[] end brok5 & jagg$1 is set & ! dirt well fill$ 9 r\nd x4 ,by means ( a ,m>iotte bottle wat] is con/antly ma9ta9$ 9 ! bottom ( ?is tile1 ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* deep1 s t x w fl[ lat]ally by capill>y action into ! adjac5t soil1 ! object be+ to det]m9e ! ext5t & rate ( capill>y fl[ lat]ally4 ,! wat] cont5t ( ! soil is det]m9$ at ! "t ( />t+ ! exp]im5t1 on ! circumf]5ces ( circles describ$ ) ! tile z a c5t]1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! circles be+ "o foot4 ,at /at$ p]iods1 usually at int]vals ( "o day1 ! cont5t ( moi/ure is aga9 det]m9$ at ! same po9ts4 ,! inve/igations %[ t ! lat]al movem5t ( wat] 9 ! soil is n rapid en\gh to ext5d mu* beyond ?ree feet 9 ?irty-"o days1 = beyond t di/ance ! soil 0 f\nd to be dri] ?an at ! beg9n+ ( ! exp]im5t4 ,a record is to be kept ( ! am\nt ( wat] deliv]$ to ! soil by weigh+ ! supply bottle at int]vals1 & ! rates giv5 at :i* ! soil takes up ! wat] 9 grams p] h\r & p\nds p] day4 ,also ! am\nt ( fl[ p] squ>e foot ( soil section toge!r ) ! mean daily evaporation %\ld be not$4 ,! mean fl[ p] foot ( soil section is comput$ on ! assumption t ! out] face ( ! zone ( completely saturat$ soil is ! deliv]+ surface4 ,9 ,k+'s "w ?is po9t1 z ne>ly z c\ld be det]m9$1 0 twelve in*es f ! corn] ( ! tray & h5ce ! figures at be/ c only be reg>d$ z approximations4 ,! me?od ( /at+ results is %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,rate ,,( ,,lat]al ,,capill>y ,,fl[ ,,( ,,wat] ,,9 ,,clay ,,loam4 ,date4 ,no4 ,total mean1 ,total mean1 ,mean daily fl[ ,mean daily ( h\rly fl[1 daily fl[1 p] squ>e evaporation1 days4 grams4 p\nds4 foot1 p\nds4 p\nds4 ,jan4 #bh to #e #gj4gj #c4gc #b4ch ,feb4 #b ,feb4 #b-g #e #he4ih #d4ed #b4ia ,feb4 #g-ab #e #gi4cc #d4ai #b4fd ,feb4 #ab-ag #e #gi4da #d4ai #b4fd #j4eih ,feb4 #ag-bb #e #gj4gi #c4gd #b4ch #j4ecd ,feb4 #bb-bh #f #ei4hi #c4af #b4ja #j4dea ,feb4 #bh to #f #fj4gd #c4ba #b4jd #j4deh ,m>* #f ,m>4 #f-ac #g #fj4cg #c4ad #b4jj #j4ddh ,means #b4ch #j4dih ,f ?is table x w be se5 t ! fl[ ( wat] 9 ! soil v>i$ 9 rate1 be+ sl[] dur+ ! fir/ five days ?an 9 ! succe$+ fifte5 days4 ,aft] tw5ty days ! fl[ dropp$ aga9 to ! beg9n+ rate & !n fell bel[1 b rema9$ q con/ant dur+ ! foll[+ n9ete5 days4 ,= ! sake ( uni=mity 9 units ( measure ! daily quantity ( fl[ %\ld be giv5 9 kilograms :5 ! h\rly fl[ is giv5 9 grams4 #afg4 ,causes ( ,wat] ,movem5t 9 ! ,soil4--,! movem5t ( wat] 9 a soil z expla9$ by ,:itney#aaf is due to two =ces1 viz41 gravitation & surface t5sion4 ,! =ce ( gravitation 9 a giv5 locality is always uni=m1 bo? 9 direction & magnitude p] unit volume ( wat]4 ,surface t5sion is ! t5d5cy ( any expos$ wat] surface to pull itself toge!r4 ,x may act 9 any direction1 accord+ to circum/ances1 & may ?us sometimes help & sometimes antagonize ! =ce ( gravitation4 ,accord+ to ! law ( surface t5sion any p>ticle ( moi/ure t5ds to assume ! smalle/ possible area4 ,?is t5d5cy is a con/ant def9ite =ce p] unit ( surface at a giv5 temp]ature4 ,9 ! soil ?is con/ant /ra9 on ! free surface ( wat] p>ticles s]ves1 9 a high degree1 to move !m f place to place1 9 h>mony ) ! requirem5ts ( ! diff]5t portions ( ! field4 ,:5 a soil is only slightly moi/ ! wat] cl+s to its gra9s 9 ! =m ( a ?9 film4 ,:5 ^! soil p>ticles are br\ght toge!r ! films ( wat] surr\nd+ !m unite1 "o surface be+ 9 contact ) ! soil p>ticles & ! o!r expos$ to ! air4 ,if m wat] ent] ! soil ! film ?ick5s until f9ally1 :5 ! po9t ( saturation is rea*$1 all ! space betwe5 ! soil p>ticles becomes fill$ ) wat]1 & surface t5sion )9 ! soil is ?us r$uc$ to z]o4 ,gravity !n alone acts on ! wat] & ) a maximum =ce4 ,9 a cubic foot ( ord9>y soil ! total surface ( ! soil p>ticles w be at lea/ #ej1jjj squ>e feet4 ,x foll[s t :5 ! soil is only slightly moi/ ! expos$ wat] surface ( ! films surr\nd+ ! soil p>ticles approximates t ( ! p>ticles !mselves4 ,if su* a mass ( slightly moi/ soil be br\ght 9 contact ) a l mass saturat$ ) wat]1 ! films ( wat] at ! po9t ( contact w beg9 to ?ick5 9 ! ne>ly dry soil at ! exp5se ( ! wat] cont5t ( ! saturat$ mass4 ,! wat] w ?us be mov$ 9 any direction4 ,dur+ evaporation ! surface t5sion ne> ! surface ( ! soil is increas$1 & wat] is ?us drawn f bel[4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 ra9 falls on a some:at dry soil1 ! surface t5sion is dim9i%$ & ! great] surface t5sion bel[ pulls ! moi/ure d[n ev5 :5 gravitation w\ld n be suffici5t = t purpose4 ,c]ta9 f]tiliz]s h ! faculty ( modify+ surface t5sion & ?us *ange ! p[] ( ! soil 9 its attraction = moi/ure4 ,9 ?is way su* f]tiliz]s act favorably on plant gr[?1 bo? by provid+ plant food & by supply+ ne$$ moi/ure4 #afh4 ,surface ,t5sion ( ,f]tiliz]s4--,:itney gives ! foll[+ data 9 respect ( ! surface t5sion ( aque\s solutions ( "s ( ! m common f]tiliz+ mat]ials4 ,x is express$ 9 gram met]s p] squ>e met]1 i4 e41 on a squ>e met] ( liquid surface !re is suffici5t en]gy to lift ! giv5 numb] ( grams to ! height ( "o met]4 ,,surface ,,t5sion ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,f]tiliz+ ,,solutions4 ,solution (-- ,specific gravity4 ,gram met]s p] squ>e met]4 ,salt #a4jgj #g4ige ,ka9ite #a4jec #g4ijj ,lime #a4jjb #g4fif ,wat] #a4jjj #g4ffh ,acid phosphate #a4jje #g4fef ,pla/] #a4jjj #g4fch ,ammonia #j4ifj #f4hfi ,ur9e #a4jbf #f4fae ,magnesium *lorid #a4ajjj #g4ifd ,basic slag #a4jjab #g4hij ,m>l #a4jjac #g4hee ,potassium *lorid #a4ajjj #g4hec ,ammonium sulfate #a4ajjj #g4hcd ,dri$ blood #a4jjja #g4gfd ,gr\nd bone #a4jjjg #g4gdi ,sodium nitrate #a4ajjj #g4gcj ,sodium sulfate #a4ajjj #g4gcj ,wood a%es #a4jjch #g4fgd ,potassium nitrate #a4ajjj #g4ffa ,potassium sulfate #a4jhcj #g4feh ,ammonium nitrate #a4ajjj #g4fef ,dri$ fi% #a4jjbf #g4eid ,/able manure #a4jjac #g4dfd ,cotton-se$ meal #a4jjed #f4ecd ,tankage #a4jafi #d4hdd ,cotton se$ #a4jjgj #d4ghh ,,surface ,,t5sion ,,( ,,soil ,,extracts4 ,k9d ( ,soil4 ,specific gravity4 ,surface t5sion4 ,k5tucky blue grass #a4jjj #g4bdd ,triassic r$ s&/one #a4jjj #g4bdd ,:eat soil #a4jjj #g4jih ,g>d5 soil #a4jjj #g4jhi #afi4 ,me?od ( ,e/imat+ ,surface ,t5sion4--,! det]m9ation ( surface t5sion is made by measur+ ! rise ( ! liquid 9 a capill>y tube4 ,a %ort piece ( !rmomet] tub+ is us$1 ! diamet] ( ! bore be+ det]m9$ by c>eful microscopic measurem5ts ) a micromet] eyepiece4 ,! diamet] ( ! tube %\ld be ab\t #j4eegh millimet]4 ,! tube is v ?or\ghly clean$ aft] ea* obs]vation1 or set ( obs]vations1 ) a /rong cau/ic pota% solution1 &1 aft] wa%+1 is all[$ to /& = "s "t 9 a saturat$ solution ( potassium bi*romate 9 /rong sulfuric acid4 ,! height ( ! rise 9 ! capill>y tube is measur$ ) a ca!tomet]4 ,! foll[+ =mula is us$ = ! calculation ( ! results3 ,t 7h d 7_/7#d cos4 a7 ,:]e ,t is ! surface t5sion1 d is ! diamet] ( ! tube 9 c5timet]s2 h ! height to :i* ! liquid rises 9 ! capill>y tube 9 c5timet]s2 is ! specific gravity ( ! solution2 & #d cos4 a ref]s to ! angle ( ! liquid ) ! sides ( ! glass tube4 ,= a tube ( ! size giv5 above1 #e #bd is ! value ( ?is edge angle4 ,9 reg>d to sal9e solutions1 ,qu9cke#aag says1 t ! edge angle appe>s to increase a little ) augm5t+ conc5tration ( ! sal9e solution1 b o!rwise to diff] only inconsid]ably f ! edge angle ( pure wat]4 #agj4 ,effect ( ! ,solutions on ,surface ,t5sion4--,! m9]al f]tiliz]s1 z a rule1 increase ! surface t5sion ( wat]1 :ile organic matt]s 9 solution decrease x4 ,b x mu/ n be =gott5 9 ?is connection t b little ( ! organic matt] 9 ! f]tiliz]s employ$ = ! exp]im5t passes into solution4 ,moreov]1 ) ^! sub/ances1 ! accuracy ( ! "w is impair$ some:at by ! increas$ viscosity4 ,9 g5]al1 ! results ( ! exp]im5t are 9 h>mony ) ! well-kn[n effect ( magnesium1 sodium1 & potassium *lorids1 & sodium nitrate1 to make ! soil m moi/ 9 dry wea!r1 & ! opposite effect produc$ by ! application ( organic matt]4 #aga4 ,me?od ( ,prep>+ ,soil ,extracts4--,! soil extracts us$ 9 det]m9+ ! surface t5sion1 z giv5 9 ! above table1 are prep>$ z foll[s3 ,t5 grams ( ! soil are rubb$ up ) fifte5 to tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( di/ill$ wat] & all[$ to /& = tw5ty-f\r h\rs ) frequ5t /irr+4 ,any f9e p>ticles n removable by a filt] are neglect$1 al?\gh !y may give a turbid appe>ance to ! solution4 #agb4 ,lysimetry4--,! process ( measur+ ! capacity ( a soil to p]mit ! passage ( wat] & ( collect+ & det]m9+ ! am\nt ( fl[ & det]m9+ soluble matt]s !re9 is kn[n z lysimetry4 ,9 g5]al1 ! rate at :i* wat] w pass ?r\gh a soil dep5ds on ! f95ess & approximation ( its p>ticles4 ,wat] w pass ?r\gh co>se s& almo/ z rapidly z ?r\gh a tube1 :ile a f9e clay may be almo/ imp]vi\s4 ,! /udy ( ! ph5om5a ( filtration ?r\gh soil1 & ! me?ods ( quantitatively e/imat+ !m1 are !re=e closely relat$ to porosity4 ,two cases are to be consid]$1 viz43 ,fir/1 p]colation ?r\gh samples ( soil prep>$ = analysis1 & second1 ! passage ( ! wat] ?r\gh soil 9 situ1 :e!r x be virg9 or cultivat$4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! rate ( fl[ ?r\gh a soil 9 laboratory samples1 gives valuable in=mation 9 respect ( its physical prop]ties1 :ile ! same det]m9ation made on ! soil 9 situ1 has practical relations to ! supply ( moi/ure1 to gr[+ plants1 & ! wa/e ( valuable plant food 9 ! dra9age wat]s4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! rate ( fl[ ( wat] ?r\gh a small sample1 di/urb$ z little z possible 9 its natural condition1 is class$ ) ! fir/ divisions ( ! "w1 inasmu* z ! removal ( a sample ( soil f a field1 & its transf] to ! laboratory1 subjects x to artificial conditions1 ev5 if its texture be b little di/urb$ by ! removal4 #agc4 ,calculation ( ! ,relative ,rate ( ,fl[ ( ,wat] ,?r\gh ,soils4--,!re w evid5tly be "o space1 or op5+1 into ! soil = e surface gra91 z po9t$ out by ,:itney1#aah & ! approximate numb] ( gra9s1 or ( op5+s1 on a unit area ( surface may be f\nd by ! foll[+ =mula3 ,n 777,m ,w7_/7,v77 :]e ,n is ! numb] ( gra9s1 or op5+s1 on "o squ>e c5timet] ( surface1 ,m is ! approximate numb] ( gra9s 9 "o gram ( soil1 ,w is ! weight ( soil1 ,v is ! total volume ( ! soil gra9s & ! empty space4 ,if ! gra9s are assum$ to be symmetrically arrang$ & ! spaces betwe5 !m cyl9drical 9 =m1 ! radii ( ! spaces c be f\nd by ! foll[+ =mula3 r 7,v7_/7,,nl7 :]e r is ! radius ( a s+le space1 ,v is ! total volume ( ! empty space1 ,n is ! numb] ( gra9s or spaces on "o squ>e c5timet] ( surface1 & ,l is ! dep? ( ! soil4 ,if ! space )9 ! soil is completely fill$ ) wat] ! relative rate ( fl[ ( wat] ?r\gh ! soil w be accord+ to ! f\r? p[] ( ! radius ( a s+le space multipli$ by ! numb] ( spaces on ! unit area ( surface1 z %[n by ! foll[+ =mula3 ,t 7,n7r7,t7_/7,n7r77 :]e ,n-,n are ! numb]s ( spaces1 & r-r are ! radii ( s+le spaces 9 ! respective soils1 & ,t-,t ! times requir$ = a unit volume ( wat] to fl[ ?r\gh ! soils "u ! same head or pressure4 ,! space )9 ! soil is r>ely fill$ ) wat] 9 agricultural l&s1 & ! mo/ favorable am\nt ( wat] = ! soil to hold1 z ,hellriegel & o!rs h %[n1 is f ?irty to fifty p] c5t ( ! total am\nt ( wat] ! soil c hold if all ! space )9 x 7 fill$4 ,if ! space )9 ! soil be only p>tly fill$ ) wat]1 z 9 mo/ arable l&s1 ! wat] w move 9 a ?9 film surr\nd+ ! soil gra9s & accord+ to ! f\r? p[] ( ! ?ickness ( ! film4 ,! mean ?ickness ( ! film surr\nd+ ! soil gra9s may be !oretically det]m9$ by ! foll[+ =mula1 :i* is bas$ on ! conception t ! film is cyl9drical & ( uni=m size ?r\gh\t3 t r7#a 7s7_/7s p77 :]e s is ! p] c5t by weight ( wat] :i* ! soil w hold :5 ! empty space is fill$ ) wat]1 p ! p] c5t ( wat] actually conta9$ 9 ! soil1 r ! radius ( a s+le space1 & t ! mean ?ickness ( ! film surr\nd+ ! soil gra9s4 ,! relative rate ( fl[ ( wat] ?r\gh ! soils w !n be accord+ to ! foll[+ =mula3 ,t 7,n7t7,t7_/7,n7t777 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ^! =mul give only approximate & comp>ative values = comp>+ "o soil ) ano!r4 ,! /ructure ( ! soil is altoge!r too intricate to expect ev] to obta9 absolute values4 ,if ! obs]v$ rate ( fl[ v>ies widely f ! relative rate calculat$ f ! me*anical analysis1 x w indicate a diff]5ce 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! soil gra9s1 or 9 ! am\nt or condition ( ! organic matt] 9 ! soils4 ,9 ! old] agricultural regions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 s\? ( ! influ5ce ( ! glacial action1 ! great soil areas appe> to h s5sibly simil> arrangem5ts ( ! soil gra9s1 & s5sibly uni=m conditions ( organic matt]1 save :]e ^! h be5 modifi$ by local conditions4 #agd4 ,measurem5t ( ,rate ( ,p]colation 9 a ,soil ,sample4--,9 ord] to measure ! p[] ( ! soil = p]mitt+ ! passage ( wat]1 a box1 ab\t tw5ty-five c5timet]s high & hav+ a cross section ( ab\t ?ree c5timet]s squ>e1 is us$4 ,bel[1 ?is box has a funnel-%ap$ end ) a n>r[ outlet tube1 :i* at its l[] end is clos$ ) cotton1 9 su* a way t a portion ( ! cotton ext5ds ?r\gh ! /em ( ! funnel4 ,a little co>se qu>tz s& is scatt]$ ov] ! cotton & aft]w>ds ! funnel "p ( ! app>atus fill$ ) x4 ,! s& & ! cotton are saturat$ ) wat] & ! app>atus weigh$4 ,! box is !n fill$ ) ! f9e sample ( e>?1 ) light tapp+1 until ! dep? ( e>? has rea*$ ab\t sixte5 c5timet]s4 ,! app>atus1 aft] ! addition ( ! air-dri$ e>?1 is aga9 weigh$ to det]m9e ! am\nt ( e>? add$1 & ! soil is !n saturat$ by ! c>eful addition ( wat]4 ,aft] ! excess ( wat] has run d[n ! funnel1 ! total quantity ( absorb$ wat] is det]m9$ by reweigh+ ! app>atus & ! total wat]-hold+ p[] ( ! soil is det]m9$4 ,!re is c>efully add$1 )\t /irr+ up ! surface ( ! soil1 a column ( wat] eight c5timet]s high1 mak+ 9 all f sixty to sev5ty grams4 ,! "t is obs]v$ until ! wat] ceases to drip f ! funnel4 ,! dripp+ beg9s imm$iately aft] ! wat] is p\r$ on & ceases z soon z ! liquid on ! surface ( ! soil has completely disappe>$4 ,on ! repetition ( ?is op]ation a long] "t = ! passage ( ! wat] is almo/ always requir$ ?an at ! fir/ "t4 ,! exp]im5t1 !re=e1 mu/ be tri$ ?ree or f\r times & ! mean tak54 #age4 ,me?od ( ,welits*[sky4#aai--,! soil is plac$ 9 ! vessel a1 ,fig4 #bb1 :i* is cyl9drical 9 %ape & five c5timet]s 9 diamet]4 ,! l[] end ( ! cyl9d] is clos$ ) a f9e wire-gauze disk & ! upp] end is provid$ ) an enl>gem5t = ! reception ( ! tube b1 :i* is connect$ to a ) a wide rubb] b&4 ,! l[] end ( ! tube b is also clos$ ) a wire-gauze disk4 ,^! tubes may be conv5i5tly made ( %eet z9c4 ,! tube b c>ries on ! side1 at di/ances ( t5 c5timet]s1 small tubes ( fifte5 millimet]s diamet]4 ,on ! opposite side x is provid$ ) a glass tube set into a side tube ne> ! bottom = ! purpose ( %[+ ! height ( ! wat]4 ,! side tube c>ry+ ! wat] met] is provid$ ) a /op-cock z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bb4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,welits*[sky4 ,9 conduct+ ! exp]im5t1 aft] ! app>atus has be5 arrang$ z describ$1 ! small lat]al tubes are1 ) "o exception1 clos$ ) /opp]s4 ,on ! op5 "o1 d1 a rubb] tube is fix$ = ! purpose ( remov+ ! wat]4 ,! requir$ wat] pressure is secur$ by tak+ ! lat]al op5+ correspond+ to ! pressure requir$4 ,wat] is introduc$ into ! app>atus sl[ly ?r\gh ! glass tube f4 ,! wat] rises to d & !n any excess fl[s (f ?r\gh e4 ,by a prop] regulation ( ! wat] supply ! pressure is kept con/ant at d4 ,! wat] fl[+ (f ?r\gh a is collect$ by ! funnel & deliv]$ to graduat$ flasks :]e its quantity c be measur$ = any giv5 unit ( "t4 ,s9ce ! rate ( fl[ at fir/ %[s v>iations1 ! measurem5t %\ld n be comm5c$ until aft] ! fl[ becomes con/ant4 ,9 g5]al1 ! exp]im5ts %\ld la/ t5 h\rs1 &1 beg9n+ ) a wat] pressure ( #ajj c5timet]s1 be repeat$ successively ) pressures ( eighty1 sixty1 =ty1 & tw5ty1 c5timet]s1 etc4 ,9 co>se soils1 or ) s&1 "o h\r is long en\gh = ! exp]im5t4 #agf4 ,/atem5t ,( ,results4--,9 ! foll[+ tables ! results = n9ety c5timet]s1 sev5ty c5timet]s1 etc41 are calculat$ f ! analytical data obta9$ = #ajj c5timet]s1 eighty c5timet]s1 etc4 ,,mat]ial--,,qu>tz ,,s&4 ,,lit]s ,,( ,,wat] ,,pass+ ,,9 ,,t5 ,,h\rs4 ,no4 ,diamet] ( ( s& ,exp4 p>ticles ,wat] 9 pressure 9 ,?ickness ( ,soil ,lay]4 mm4 cm4 #aj cm4 #bj cm4 #cj cm4 #a4 #j4ja-j4ga #aj #j4bdd #j4ahg #j4aea #bj #j4bhb #j4aih #j4aed #cj #j4cbj #j4bji #j4aeh #dj #j4ceh #j4bbj #j4afa #ej #j4cif #j4bca #j4afe #fj #j4dcd #j4bdb #j4afh #gj #j4dgb #j4bec #j4agb #hj #j4eaj #j4bfd #j4age #ij #j4edh #j4bge #j4agi #ajj #j4ehf #j4bhf #j4ahb #b4 #j4jga-j4aad #aj #b4aid #a4gbd #a4dbe #bj #b4hih #b4jab #a4egh #cj #c4fjb #b4cjj #a4gca #dj #d4cjf #b4ehh #a4hhd #ej #e4jaj #b4hgf #b4jcg #fj #e4gad #c4afd #b4aij #gj #f4dah #c4deb #b4cdc #hj #g4abb #c4gdj #b4dif #ij #g4hbf #d4jbh #b4fdi #ajj #h4ecj #d4caf #b4hjb ,simil> sets ( data h be5 collect$ ) p[d]$ lime/one1 clay & humus4 ,! g5]al conclusions f ! exp]im5ts are z foll[s3 #a4 ,clay 7kaol97 & humus 7peat7 are almo/ imp]meable = wat]1 & f9e qu>tz & lime/one du/ are also v imp]meable4 #b4 ,! p]meability ( a soil = wat] increases z ! p>ticles ( ! soil increase 9 size1 & :5 p>ticles ( diff]5t sizes are mix$ toge!r ! p]meability approa*es t ( ! f9] p>ticles4 #c4 ,! quantity ( wat] pass+ ?r\gh a giv5 ?ickness ( soil increases ) ! wat] pressure b is n proportional !reto1 increas+ less rapidly ?an ! pressure4 #d4 ,! quantity ( wat] pass+ "u a giv5 pressure is inv]sely proportional to ! ?ickness ( ! soil lay] :5 ! p>ticles are v f9e & ! pressure high4 #agg4 ,me?od ( ,:itney4--,to det]m9e ! p]meability ( ! soil or subsoil to wat] or air1 9 its natural position 9 ! field1 ! foll[+ me?od1 due to ,:itney1 c be recomm5d$3 ,a hole %\ld be dug1 & ! soil & subsoil on "o side remov$ to ! dep? at :i* ! obs]vation is to be made4 ,a column ( ! soil or subsoil1 two in*es or m squ>e1 & f\r or five in*es deep1 is !n to be c>v$ out ) a broad blad$ knife1 or a small saw c be conv5i5tly us$ = cutt+ ?is out4 ,a glass or metal frame1 a little l>g] ?an ! sample & ?ree or f\r in*es deep1 is slipp$ ov] ! column ( soil1 & melt$ p>aff9 is run 9 sl[ly to fill up ! space betwe5 ! soil & ! frame4 ,! soil is !n /ruck (f ev5 ) ! top & bottom ( ! frame1 pref]ably ) a saw1 or at any rate tak+ c>e n to smoo? x ov] ) a knife1 :i* w\ld di/urb ! surface & affect ! rate ( fl[4 ,! frame is !n plac$ ^u "s co>se s& or gravel1 conta9$ 9 a funnel1 to prev5t ! soil f fall+ out & to provide good dra9age = ! wat] to pass ?r\gh4 ,ano!r simil> frame c !n be plac$ on top & secur$ by a wide rubb] b&4 ,a little co>se s&1 :i* has be5 ?or\ghly wa%$ & dri$1 is !n plac$ on ! soil1 & wat] c>efully p\r$ on until x is level ) ! top ( ! frame4 ,:5 ! wat] beg9s to drop f ! funnel m wat] mu/ be add$ to ! top1 s z to h ! initial dep? ( wat] ov] ! soil ! same 9 all ! exp]im5ts4 ,a graduat$ glass is !n pu%$ "u ! funnel1 & ! "t not$ :i* is requir$ = a quantity ( wat] to pass ?r\gh ! soil4 ,! quantity usually tak5 = measurem5t is equival5t to "o in* 9 dep? ov] ! soil surface4 ,9 tak+ ! sample1 root & worm-holes are to be avoid$1 & ^! are p>ticul>ly tr\blesome 9 clay l&s4 #agh4 ,measurem5t ( ,p]colation ?r\gh ! ,soil 9 ,situ4--,if lat]al translocation c\ld be prev5t$1 ! measurem5t ( ! quantity ( wat] desc5d+ 9 ! soil ?r\gh a giv5 area w\ld be a matt] ( simplicity4 ,b to secure accurate results all lat]al communication ( a giv5 body ( soil ) adjac5t portions mu/ be cut (f4 ,v>i\s devices h be5 adopt$ to secure ?is result4 ,an elaborate sy/em ( lysimetric measurem5ts is illu/rat$ by ! app>atus erect$ by ! ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ( ,indiana4 ,! plan & section ( ! app>atus are %[n 9 ,fig4 #bc4 ,ea* lysimet] box1 :5 f9i%$1 resembles some:at a hog%ead ) "o head out4 ,! sides1 h[ev]1 are p]fectly /raight inside1 hav+ a slight ?ick5+ 9 ! c5t]1 on ! outside1 = mak+ !m /rong]4 ,! sides & bottom ( ! app>atus are con/ruct$ ( oak & l9$ ) %eet copp] c>efully sold]$ s z to be wat]-tight4 ,six in*es above1 & p>allel to ! bottom ( ea* ( ! boxes1 is a p]=at$ copp] tube1 :i* ext5ds entirely across ! lysimet]1 & pass+ ?r\gh "o ( ! sides connects ! box ) an und]gr\nd vault 9 :i* ! obs]vations are tak54 ,^! tubes give an outlet to ! dra9age wat]1 z describ$ fur!r on4 ,! lysimet]s are made ( any requir$ dep?1 ! two :i* are %[n 9 section be+ ?ree & two-?irds & six & two-?irds feet deep1 respectively4 ,! foll[+ me?od is employ$ = fill+ !m ) soil3 ,!re are fir/ plac$ 9 ! bottom ( ea* lysimet] six in*es ( f9e s&1 sift$ & wa%$1 :i* fills !m up to ! level ( ! dra9age tubes4 ,! lysimet]s are !n fill$ ) f9e1 sift$ surface soil1 to ! dep? ( ?ree & six feet1 respectively1 mak+ a complete pair ( lysimet]s1 & leav+ two in*es ( ! lysimet] boxes project+ above ! surface ( ! soil s t ea* "o w receive exactly its prop] %>e ( ! ra9-fall4 ,! lysimet]s ( ! o!r pair1 :i* are ! same size z ! fir/1 are fill$ 9 a diff]5t way4 ,! lysimet]s are fir/ con/ruct$ & plac$ ov] v]tical columns ( soil 9 situ1 :i* are obta9$ by digg+ away all ! surr\nd+ soil & leav+ ! columns /&+4 ,! %ort] lysimet] is sunk 9 ?is way to )9 two in*es ( its entire l5g?4 ,x is !n tipp$ ov] c>ry+ ! column ( soil ) x4 ,six in*es ( ! subsoil are !n remov$1 :5 ! dra9age tube & s& are put 91 z 9 ! fir/ pair1 & ! bottom ( ! tube sold]$ 9 place4 ,! lysimet] is ?us fill$ ) ! natural soil 9 place4 ,! long] box is 9 ! same way fill$1 z f> z possible1 ) ! soil 9 place1 b a gravelly nature ( ! soil may r5d] x impossible to d ! fill+ ) a s+le column unbrok51 s ! gravel & s& f ! l[] portion ( ! soil are to be fill$ 9 sep>ately4 ,! dra9age tube & bottom ( s& are plac$ 9 ! long] lysimet] 9 ! same way z 9 ! %ort]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bc4 ,,gr\nd ,,plan ,,& ,,v]tical ,,section ,,( ,,lysimet]s ,,& ,,vaults ,,%[+ ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,app>atus4 #a1 #a1 #a1 #a1 ,lysimet]s4 #b1 #b1 #b1 #b1 ,receiv+ bottles4 #c1 #c1 ,supply+ app>atus4 #d1 #d1 ,skylights4 #e1 #e1 #e1 #e1 ,wall ( vault4 #f1 #f1 ,brick walls4 #g1 ,entrance ,/eps4 #h1 ,vault4 ,! purpose ( plac+ s& at ! bottom ( ea* lysimet] is to (f] a por\s /ratum 9 :i* free wat] may collect & rise to ! level ( ! p]=at$ copp] tube1 :i* w\ld prev5t any fur!r rise by convey+ ! surplus above into ! vault z dra9age wat]4 ,! soil above ! tube w !re=e be con/antly dra9$ & ! s& bel[ con/antly saturat$1 unless ! wat] be drawn up by ! capill>y action ( ! soil z ! result ( evaporation f ! surface4 ,by means ( a prop] arrangem5t )9 ! vault1 ( a k9d ( ,m>iotte's bottle1 ! wat] may be caus$ to fl[ back ?r\gh ! dra9age tube into ! lysimet] to take ! place ( t lo/ by evaporation1 & ?us ma9ta9 ! level ( free wat] j bel[ ! dra9age tube4 ,! wat] fl[+ back to ! lysimet]1 & ! am\nt ( dra9age wat]1 are c>efully measur$ by a sy/em ( graduat$ tubes4 ,! lysimet]s ?us con/ruct$ repres5t tile-dra9$ l&2 9 "o case ! tile be+ ?ree feet bel[ ! surface & 9 ! o!r six feet bel[4 ,! dra9age wat]s collect$ 9 ! receiv+ bottles c be measur$ & analyz$ f "t to "t1 z occasion may require1 to det]m9e ! am\nt ( plant food :i* is remov$4 #agi4 ,improv$ ,me?od ( ,deh]a94#abj--;,deh]a9's e>li] exp]im5ts 7 made 9 pots conta9+ ab\t sixty kilos ( soil4 ,^! vases s]ve v well = "s k9ds ( plants1 b !re are o!r k9ds :i* d n gr[ at all normally :5 _! roots are imprison$4 ,= in/ance1 9 pots1 ev5 ( ! l>ge/ size1 :eat is always poor1 beets irregul>1 maize nev] acquires its full developm5t1 & ! conclusions :i* c be drawn f ! exp]im5ts c n be pr$icat$ ( ! action ( ! plant "u conditions entirely normal4 ,x is necess>y !re=e to c>ry on ! "w 9 an entirely diff]5t way1 & to con/ruct boxes s l>ge z to make ! conditions ( gr[? entirely normal4 ,! arrangem5t ( ^! boxes is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bd4 ,!y are plac$ 9 a l>ge tr5*1 two met]s wide1 "o met] deep1 & =ty met]s long4 ,!re are tw5ty boxes 9 ?is tr5*1 ! upp] surface ( ea* conta9+ f\r squ>e met]s area4 ,! boxes are "o met] deep1 & !re=e c conta9 f\r cubic met]s ( soil4 ,! sides & bottoms ( ! boxes are made ( iron lattice "w1 cov]$ ) a cem5t :i* r5d]s !m imp]vi\s to wat]4 ,! bottom incl9es f ! sides t[>ds ! middle1 & f ! back to ! front1 ?us =m+ a gutt] :i* p]mits ( ! easy collection ( ! dra9age4 ,! dra9age wat] is convey$1 by means ( a pipe & a funnel1 into a demijohn plac$ 9 ! dit* 9 front ( ! app>atus1 z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,^! receptacles /& 9 ni*es "u ! front ( ! cases1 & are sep>at$ by ! brick f\ndations4 ,access to !m is ga9$ by means ( ! incl9$ plane %[n 9 ! figure1 & ?is plane p]mits ! demijohns 9 :i* ! dra9age wat] is collect$1 to be remov$ ) a :eelb>r[ = ! purpose ( weigh+4 ,?is app>atus is especially suitable = a /udy ( ! di/ribution ( ! nitrog5 to ! crop1 ! soil & ! dra9age wat]s4 ,! loss 9 dra9age wat]s ( pota% & phosphoric acid is insignificant 9 comp>ison ) ! loss 9 nitrog54 ,! cases hav+ be5 plac$ 9 position !y are fill$ ) ! natural soil1 :i* is tak5 to ! dep? ( "o met]1 9 su* a way t ! relative positions ( ! soil & subsoil are n *ang$4 ,:ile ! soil is transf]r+ to ! cases x is c>efully sampl$ 9 ord] to h a portion repres5t+ accurately ! composition ( bo? ! soil & subsoil4 ,^! samples are subject$ to analysis & ! quantities ( nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota% conta9$ !re9 c>efully not$4 ,"o or two cases %\ld be left )\t crop or f]tiliz] to det]m9e ! relations ( ! soil & subsoil to ! ra9-fall4 ,?ree or f\r cases %\ld be kept free ( vegetation & receive treatm5t ) diff]5t f]tiliz]1 9 ord] to det]m9e ! influ5ces ( ^! on ! deportm5t ( ! soil to ra9-fall4 ,! re/ ( ! cases %\ld be se$$ ) plants repres5t+ ! pr$om9ant field culture ( ! locality1 & "s ( !m %\ld be f]tiliz$ ) ! usual manures us$ 9 f>m culture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bd4 ,,deh]a9',s ,,app>atus ,,= ,,collect+ ,,dra9age ,,wat]4 ,,au?orities ,,cit$ ,,9 ,,"p ,,?ird4 ,footnote #gj3 ,comptes r5dus1 ,tome #aab1 p4 #eih4 ,footnote #ga3 ,/ockbridge1 ,rocks & ,soils1 p4 #aec4 ,footnote #gb3 ,die ,l&wirts*aftli*5 ,v]su*s-,/ation51 ,b& #h1 ,s4 #dj4 ,footnote #gc3 ,knig1 ,unt]su*ung ,l&wirts*aftli* und ,gew]bli* ,wi*tig] ,/(fe1 ,s4 #dh4 ,footnote #gd3 ,me?ods ( ,sw$i% ,agricultural ,*emi/s1 translat$ = au?or by ,f4 ,w4 ,woll4 ,footnote #ge3 ,pogg5dorff's ,annal51 ,fif? ,s]ies1 ,b& #i1 ,ss4 #ajb1 et seq4 ,footnote #gf3 ,p5nsylvania ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,report1 = #ahia1 pp4 #aid1 et seq4 ,footnote #gg3 ,agricultural ,sci5ce1 ,vol4 #h1 pp4 #bh1 et seq4 7,correction4 ,= ,fig4 #ac1 second l9e f bottom ( page #aab1 read ,fig4 #ad47 ,footnote #gh3 ,hab]l&4 ,=s*ung5 auf d] ,gebiete d] ,agricultur-,physik1 #ahgh1 ,s4 #adh4 ,footnote #gi3 ,grundlag5 zur ,beurteilung d] ,ack]krume1 ,weim>1 #ahhb4 ,footnote #hj3 ,vid4 supra1 #aj4 ,footnote #ha3 ,^! g5]al pr9ciples are tak5 *iefly f a rsum ( ! subject by ,pr(4 ,h4 ,a4 ,hu/on4 ,indiana ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,bullet9 #cc1 pp4 #df1 et seq4 ,footnote #hb3 ,knop's ,agricultur ,*emie1 ,abteil ,,ii4 ,footnote #hc3 ,beitrge zur ,frage d] ,bod5absorption4 ,footnote #hd3 ,h5neb]g's ,j\rnal1 #ahei1 ,s4 #ce4 ,footnote #he3 ,die ,l&wirts*aftli*5 ,v]su*s-,/ation51 ,b& #bg1 ,s4 #ajg4 ,footnote #hf3 ,die ,bonitirung d] ,ack]]de1 ,s4 #di4 ,footnote #hg3 ,j\rnal ,*emical ,society ( ,london1 #ahfh4 ,footnote #hh3 ,l&w4 ,c5tral-,blatt1 ,b& #aa1 ,s4 #afi4 ,footnote #hi3 bis ,die ,l&wirts*aftli*5 ,v]su*s-,/ation51 ,b& #ab1 ,ss4 #ba-ej4 ,footnote #ij3 ,j\r4 f4 ,l&w41 #ahfb1 ,b& #c1 ,ss4 #di-fg4 ,footnote #ia3 ,ann4 d4 ,l&w41 ,b& #cd1 ,s4 #cai4 ,footnote #ib3 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,vol4 #ad1 p4 #be4 ,footnote #ic3 bis 7p4 #abb74 ,ms4 communication to au?or4 ,footnote #id3 ,m>yl& ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,f\r? ,annual ,report1 p4 #bhb4 ,footnote #ie3 ,bullet9 ,no4 #d1 ,u4 ,s4 ,wea!r ,bureau1 p4 #hj4 ,footnote #if3 bis 7p4 #abe71 ,beitrge zur ,agronomis*e ,bod5unt]su*ung1 ,s4 #ca4 ,footnote #ig3 ,zeits*rift fr angew&te ,*emie1 #ahhi1 ,s4 #eja4 ,footnote #ih3 ,die ,l&wirts*aftli*5 ,v]su*s-,/ation51 ,b& #ag1 ,s4 #he4 ,footnote #ii3 ,ms4 communication to au?or4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,proce$+s ( ! ,n9? ,meet+ ( ! ,society = ! ,promotion ( ,agricultural ,sci5ce1 p4 #ea4 ,footnote #aja3 ,rocks & ,soils1 pp4 #aee et4 seq4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,anleitung zur ,wiss5s*aftli*5 ,bod5unt]su*ung1 ,s4 #acg4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,analyse du ,sol1 p4 #ac4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,l&wirts*aftli*e ,jahrb*]1 ,b& #c1 ,ss4 #gga4 ,footnote #aje3 ,=s*ung5 auf dem ,gebiete d] ,agricultur-,physik1 #ahhe1 ,ss4 #agg1 et seq4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,vid4 supra1 ,s4 #bei4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,pogg5dorf1 ,annal51 ,b& #abi1 ,ss4 #dcg1 et seq4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,knig1 ,unt]su*ung ,l&wirts*aftli* und ,gew]bli* ,wi*tig] ,/(fe1 ,s4 #ei4 ,footnote #aji3 ,vid4 #cg1 ,s4 #fj4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,l&wirts*aftli*e ,jahrb*]1 ,b& #b1 ,s4 #chc4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,=s*ung5 auf dem ,gebiete d] ,agricultur-,physik1 #ahhj1 ,s4 #bah4 ,footnote #aab3 ,beurteilung d] ,ack]krume1 ,s4 #bbb4 ,footnote #aac3 ,wiscons9 ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,sev5? ,annual ,report1 pp4 #acd1 et seq4 ,footnote #aad3 ,vid4 supra1 pp4 #aci1 et seq4 ,footnote #aae3 ,wiscons9 ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,sev5? ,annual ,report1 p4 #ade4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,bullet9 ,no4 #d1 ,wea!r ,bureau1 pp4 #ac1 et seq4 ,footnote #aag3 ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 #ahgh4 ,footnote #aah3 ,wea!r ,bureau1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #d4 ,footnote #aai3 ,=s*ung5 auf dem ,gebiete d] ,agricultur-,physik1 #ahia1 ,s4 #aa4 ,footnote #abj3 ,annales ,agronomiques1 ,tome #af1 p4 #ccg2 ,tome #ag1 p4 #di2 ,tome #ah1 p4 #bcg2 ,tome #ai1 p4 #fi4 ,,"p ,,f\r?4 ,,me*anical ,,analysis ,,( ,,soils4 ,,! ,,flocculation ,,( ,,soil ,,p>ticles4 #ahj4 ,relation ( ,flocculation to ,me*anical ,analysis4--,! t5d5cy ( ! f9e p>ticles ( silt to =m aggregates1 :i* act z di/9ct p>ticles ( matt]1 is ! *ief difficulty connect$ ) ! sep>ation ( ! soil into portions ( equal hydraulic value by ! silt me?od ( analysis4 ,?is t5d5cy has be5 discuss$ fully by ,johnson#aba & ,hilg>d4#abb #aha4 ,illu/ration ( ,flocculation4--,a s$im5t1 consi/+ ( p>ticles ( a hydraulic value1 equal to "o millimet] p] second1 is introduc$ into an ord9>y conical elutriat+ tube plac$ v]tically1 9 :i* ! curr5t ( wat] ent]+ bel[ p]=ms all ! /irr+ :i* ! p>ticles receive4 ,a curr5t ( wat] correspond+ to a velocity bel[ "o millimet] p] second w1 ( c\rse1 n c>ry any ( ! p>ticles out at ! top ( ! cyl9drical tube1 b w keep !m mov+ ?r\gh ! conical portion ( ! tube4 ,if n[ ! curr5t be increas$ until its velocity is great] ?an "o millimet] p] second aft] hav+ run at ! sl[] velocity = fifte5 or tw5ty m9utes1 v little ( ! s$im5t w pass ov]1 al?\gh !oretically ! :ole ( x %\ld4 ,ev5 at a velocity ( five millimet]s p] second1 mu* ( ! s$im5t w rema9 9 ! tube4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is due to ! coagulation ( ! p>ticles into molecul> aggregates hav+ a high] hydraulic value ev5 ?an five millimet]s p] second4 ,^! aggregates c be brok5 up by viol5t /irr+ or mod]ate boil+1 & ! s$im5t r$uc$ aga9 to its prop] value4 ,! conclusions :i* ,hilg>d d]ives f a /udy ( ! above ph5om5a are z foll[s3 #a4 ,! t5d5cy to coagulation is1 r\ghly1 9 an inv]se ratio to ! size ( ! p>ticles4 ,) qu>tz gra9s x practically ceases :5 _! diamet] exce$s ab\t two-t5?s ( a millimet] hav+ a hydraulic value ( eight millimet]s p] second4 ,! size ( ! aggregates =m$ foll[s practically ! same law z above4 ,s$im5t ( #j4be millimet] hydraulic value w sometimes =m l>ge masses l sn[-flakes on ! sides ( ! elutriator tube4 #b4 ,! degree ( agitation :i* w resolve ! aggregates into s+le gra9s is inv]sely z ! size ( ! p>ticles2 or1 m prop]ly p]haps1 inv]sely z _! hydraulic value4 #c4 ,! t5d5cy to flocculation v>ies inv]sely z ! temp]ature4 ,s mu* s is ?is ! case t ,hilg>d at "o "t contemplat$ ! use ( wat] at ! boil+ po9t 9 ! me*anical analysis ( soils1 9 place ( me*anical /irr+4 #d4 ,! pres5ce ( alcohol1 e!r1 & ( cau/ic or c>bonat$ alkalies1 dim9i%es ! t5d5cy to flocculation1 :ile ! pres5ce ( acids & neutral salts increases x4 #e4 ,z betwe5 s$im5ts ( equal hydraulic value1 b diff]5t d5sities1 ! t5d5cy to flocculation seems to be great] ) ! less d5se p>ticles4 ,9 reg>d to ! me*anical actions :i* take place betwe5 ! p>ticles1 ,hilg>d consid]s !m z irregul> sph]oids1 ea* ( :i* c at be/ come 9 contact at ?ree po9ts ) any o!r p>ticle4 ,! cause ( aggregation _c !re=e be m]e surface adhesion indep5d5t ( ! liquid1 & ! p>ticles be+ subm]g$ !re is no m5iscus to create an adhesive t5sion4 ,s9ce exp]im5t %[s t ! flocculative t5d5cy is measurably increas$ by ! cohesion coeffici5t ( ! liquid1 x seems necess>y to assume t capill>y films ( ! latt] int]pos$ betwe5 ! surfaces ( solids create a consid]able adhesive t5sion ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( a m5iscus4 #ahb4 ,effect ( ,pot5tial ( ,surface ,p>ticles4--,:itney sugge/s t ?is is due to ! pot5tial ( ! surface p>ticles ( solids & liquids4#abc ,! pot5tial ( a s+le wat] p>ticle is ! "w :i* w\ld be requir$ to pull x away f ! surr\nd+ wat] p>ticles & remove x beyond _! sph]e ( attraction4 ,= simplicity1 x may be describ$ z ! total =ce ( attraction betwe5 a s+le p>ticle & all o!r p>ticles :i* surr\nd x4 ,) ?is def9ition1 x w be se5 t ! pot5tial ( a p>ticle on an expos$ surface ( wat] is only "o-half ( ! pot5tial 9 ! int]ior ( ! mass1 z half ( ! p>ticles :i* =m]ly surr\nd$ & attract$ x 7 remov$ :5 ! o!r expos$ surface ( wat] 0 sep>at$ f x4 ,a p>ticle on an expos$ surface ( wat]1 be+ "u a l[ pot5tial1 w !re=e t5d to move t[>d ! c5t] ( ! mass :]e ! pot5tial1 i4 e41 ! total attraction1 is great]1 & ! surface w t5d to contract s z to leave ! fewe/ possible numb] ( p>ticles on ! surface4 ,?is is surface t5sion4 ,if1 in/ead ( air1 !re is a solid sub/ance 9 contact ) ! wat]1 ! pot5tial w be great] ?an on an expos$ surface ( ! liquid1 = ! mu* great] numb] ( solid p>ticles w h a great] attraction = ! wat] p>ticles ?an ! air p>ticles _h4 ,!y may h s great an attraction t ! wat] p>ticle on ?is surface1 sep>at+ ! solid & liquid1 may be "u great] pot5tial ?an prevails 9 ! int]ior ( ! liquid mass4 ,!n ! surface w t5d to exp& z mu* z possible1 = ! p>ticles 9 ! int]ior ( ! mass ( liquid w try to get out on ! surface4 ,?is is ! rev]se ( surface t5sion4 ,x is surface pressure1 :i* may exi/ on a surface sep>at+ a solid & liquid4 ,muddy wat] may rema9 turbid = an indef9ite "t1 b if a trace ( lime or salt be add$ to ! wat] ! gra9s ( clay flocculate1 t is1 !y come toge!r 9 loose1 light flocks1 l curdl$ milk1 & settle quickly to ! bottom1 leav+ ! liquid above !m cle>4 ,ammonia & "s o!r sub/ances t5d to prev5t ?is & to keep ! gra9s ap>t if flocculation has already tak5 place4 ,if two small gra9s ( clay1 susp5d$ 9 wat]1 come close toge!r !y may be attract$ to ea* o!r or n1 accord+ to ! pot5tial ( ! wat] p>ticles on ! surface ( ! clay4 ,if ! pot5tial ( ! surface p>ticle ( wat] is less ?an t ( ! p>ticle 9 ! int]ior ( ! mass ( liquid1 !re w be surface t5sion1 & ! two gra9s w come toge!r & be held ) "s =ce1 z _! close contact w dim9i% ! numb] ( surface p>ticles 9 ! liquid4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! pot5tial ( ! p>ticle on ! surface ( ! liquid is great] ?an ( ! p>ticle 9 ! int]ior ( ! mass1 ! wat] surface ar\nd ! gra9s w t5d to enl>ge1 z !re w be great] attraction = ! wat] p>ticles !re ?an 9 ! int]ior ( ! mass ( liquid1 & ! gra9s ( clay w n come close toge!r & w ev5 be held ap>t1 z _! close contact w\ld dim9i% ! numb] ( surface p>ticles 9 ! liquid ar\nd !m4 #ahc4 ,influ5ce ( ,surface ,t5sion4--,hilg>d supposes t ! surface t5sion :i* is assum$ to exi/ betwe5 two liquid surfaces mu/ ex]t a correspond+ influ5ce betwe5 ! surfaces ( solids & liquids1 ap>t f any m5iscal action4 ,x is !n to be expect$ t ! adhesion ( ! p>ticles con/itut+ "o ( ^! floccules w be v mat]ially increas$ :5ev] ! =mation ( m5isci betwe5 !m becomes possible by ! removal ( ! g5]al liquid mass4 ,suppose "o ( ! floccules to be /r&$1 x w1 9 ! fir/ place1 rema9 imm]s$ 9 a s5sibly sph]ical drop ( liquid4 ,z ?is liquid evaporates1 ! sph]ical surface w become pitt$ ) m5isci =m+ betwe5 ! s+le project+ p>ticles1 & z ^! m5isci dim9i% _! radius by /ill fur!r evaporation1 ! =ce ) :i* !y hold ! p>ticles toge!r w increase until x rea*es a maximum4 ,z ! evaporation progresses beyond ?is po9t ( maximum1 ! adhesion ( ! con/itu5t p>ticles mu/ dim9i% by reason ( ! disappe>ance ( ! small] m5isci1 & :5 f9ally ! po9t is rea*$ :5 liquid wat] ceases to exi/ betwe5 ! surfaces1 ! slighte/ t\*1 or sometimes ev5 ! weight ( ! p>ticles !mselves1 w cause a complete dissolution ( ! floccule1 :i* !n flatt5s d[n into a pile ( s+le granules4 ,9 reg>d to natural deposits f wat]1 ,hilg>d supposes t !y are always precipitat$ 9 a flocculat$ /ate4 ,! p>ticles ( less ?an two-t5?s millimet] diamet] are c>ri$ d[n ) ^? ( a l>g] diamet] hav+ mu* high] hydraulic value4 ,?us ! deposition ( a pure clay c take place "u only v exceptionable circum/ances4 ,:itney1 on ! o!r h&1 sugge/s t gra9s ( s& & clay c>ry d[n me*anically ! p>ticles ( f9e silt & clay z !y settle 9 a turbid liquid 9 a beak]2 & x is (t5 difficult to wa% out a trace ( f9e mat]ial f a l>ge am\nt ( co>se p>ticles1 = ?is reason1 al?\gh !re may be no trace :atev] ( flocculation4 #ahd4 ,de/ruction ( ,floccules4--,! de/ruction ( ! natural floccules is se5 9 ! ord9>y process ( puddl+ e>? or clay4 ,x is also ! result ( viol5t agitation ( wat] or ( knead+ or boil+1 or1 f9ally1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ( freez+4 ,all ^! ag5cies are employ$ by ! work]s 9 clay = ! purpose ( increas+ ! pla/icity :i* dep5ds ess5tially ^u ! f9e/ possible condition ( ! mat]ial to be work$4 ,z an illu/ration ( ?is1 ,hilg>d cites ! fact t any clay or soil :i* is work$ into a pla/ic pa/e ) wat]1 & dri$1 w =m a mass ( almo/ /ony h>dness4 ,if1 h[ev]1 to su* a sub/ance "o-half p] c5t ( cau/ic lime be add$1 a sub/ance :i* possesses 9 an em95t degree ! prop]ty ( coagulat+ clay1 ! dim9ution ( pla/icity w be obvi\s at once1 ev5 :5 9 a wet condition4 ,if n[ ! mass be dri$1 z 9 ! previ\s case1 x is easily pulv]iz$4 ,?is is an illu/ration ( ! effect ( lime ^u /iff l&s1 r5d]+ !m m readily pulv]ul5t & tillable4 ,! conv]sion ( ! lime into a c>bonate 9 ! above exp]im5t by pass+ bubbles ( c>bonic acid ?r\gh ! mass :ile /ill susp5d$ 9 wat] does n re/ore ! orig9al pla/icity1 ?us illu/rat+ exp]im5tally ! fact kn[n to all f>m]s t ! effect ( lime on /iff soil la/s = _m ye>s1 al?\gh ! :ole ( ! lime 9 t "t has be5 conv]t$ into c>bonate4 #ahe4 ,practical ,applications4--,! practical application ( ?is is1 accord+ to ,hilg>d1 t ! loosely flocculat$ aggregation ( ! soil p>ticles is :at con/itutes good til?4 ,= ?is reason ! p]fect re/ ( a soil1 if x is protect$ f ! tamp+ influ5ce ( ra9s & ! tramp+ ( cattle1 may produce a condition ( til? :i* _c be secur$ by any me*anical cultivation4 ,z an illu/ration ( ?is1 ! pulv]ul5t condition ( virg9 soils protect$ 9 a =e/ by ! heavy coat+ ( leaves may be cit$4 ,on ! contr>y1 z po9t$ out by ,hilg>d1 !re are "s k9ds ( soil 9 :i* a condition ( re/ may produce ! same effect z tamp+4 ,^! are soils :i* consi/ ( silice\s silt )\t en\gh clay to ma9ta9 !m 9 position aft] dry+4 ,9 su* a case1 ! masses ( floccules collapse by _! own weight or by ! lea/ %ak+1 & fall closely toge!r1 produc+ an impaction ( ! soil4 ,?is takes place 9 "s riv] s$im5t soils 9 :i* ! curi\s ph5om5on is pres5t$ ( injuri\s effects produc$ by pl[+ :5 too dry1 :i* is ! direct opposite ( soils conta9+ a suffici5t am\nt ( clay & :i* are injur$ by pl[+ too wet4 ,x is fur!r obs]v$ t ! long] a soil has be5 ma9ta9$ 9 good til?1 ! less x is injur$ by wet pl[+4 ,?is is d\btless1 accord+ to ,hilg>d1 due to ! gradual cem5tation ( ! floccules by ! soil wat] :i* fixes !m m or less p]man5tly4 ,:itney believes t ! arrangem5t ( ! gra9s1 or ! condition ( flocculation 9 ! soil1 or ! di/ance ap>t ( ! soil gra9s1 is det]m9$1 to a l>ge ext5t1 by ! pot5tial on ! surface ( ! gra9s2 & he sugge/s t by *ang+ ?is ! exce$+ly f9e gra9s ( silt & clay c be pull$ toge!r or c be pu%$ fur!r ap>t1 & s alt] ! :ole texture ( ! l&4 ,! action ( alkal9e c>bonates 9 prev5t+ flocculation1 & ?us r5d]+ tillage difficult or impossible1 is po9t$ out by ,hilg>d 9 ! case ( c]ta9 alkali soils ( ,cali=nia4 ,! soils :i* are impregnat$ ) alkal9e c>bonates are recogniz$ by _! extreme compactness4 ,! sugge/ion ( ,hilg>d to use gypsum on su* soils has be5 foll[$ by ! happie/ results4 ,?is gypsum r5d]s any phosphates pres5t insoluble1 & ?us prev5ts loss by dra9age1 & yet leaves ! plant food 9 a suffici5tly f9e /ate z to be p]fectly available = vegetation4 #ahf4 ,susp5sion ( ,clay 9 ,wat]4--,! susp5sion ( clay 9 wat] & ! me?ods ( produc+ or ret>d+ flocculation & precipitation h also be5 /udi$ by ,durham4#abd ,8 exp]im5t is made z foll[s3 ,9 a numb] ( tall glass j>s f9e clay is /irr$ ) wat]1 & ! results ( precipitation wat*$4 ,9 all cases x w be notic$ t ! clay rapidly sep>ates into two portions1 ! great] "p quickly settl+ d[n to ! bottom ( ! j>s1 & ! small] "p rema9+ susp5d$ = a great] or less l5g? ( "t4 ,! p[] :i* wat] possesses ( su/a9+ clay is gradually de/roy$ by ! addition ( an acid or salt2 a v small quantity1 = in/ance1 ( sulfuric acid1 is suffici5t to precipitate ! clay ) great rapidity4 ,9 solutions ( sulfuric acid & sodium *lorid ( v>y+ /r5g?s1 susp5d$ clay is precipitat$ 9 ! ord] ( ! specific gravity ( ! solutions1 ! d5se/ solutions be+ ! la/ to cle> up4 ,?is may be due to ! great] viscosity ( ! d5s] liquids4 ,! p[] :i* wat] possesses ( su/a9+ clay is gradually decreas$ by ! addition ( small quantities ( c]ta9 salts & ( lime4 #ahg4 ,effect ( ,*emical ,action--,brew]#abe emphasizes ! importance ( *emical action 9 ! flocculation ( clays4 ,z express$ by him ! *emical aspects ( ! ph5om5a ( s$im5tation h ei!r be5 lightly consid]$ or entirely ignor$4 ,brew] is l$ to believe t ! action ( clay ?us susp5d$ is analog\s to t ( a colloidal body4 ,l a colloid1 :5 diffus$ 9 wat]1 ! bulk ( ! mass is v great1 %r9k+ enorm\sly on dry+4 ,he !re=e concludes t clays probably exi/ 9 susp5sion z a s]ies ( hydr\s silicates feebly hold+ diff]5t proportions ( wat] 9 comb9ation & hav+ diff]5t prop]ties s f> z _! behavior to wat] is conc]n$4 ,"s ( !m he supposes swell up 9 wat] mu* z boil$ />* does1 & are diffusible 9 x ) diff]5t degrees ( facility1 & t ! /rata obs]v$ on long /&+ ( j>s ( susp5d$ clay repres5t diff]5t memb]s ( ?is s]ies ( *emical comp\nds :i* hold _! diff]5t proportions ( comb9$ wat] v feebly & are /able "u a v limit$ range ( conditions4 ,^! comp\nds are probably de/roy$ or *ang$ 9 ! pres5ce ( acids1 salts & v>i\s o!r sub/ances1 & are /able only "u c]ta9 conditions ( temp]ature1 ^? :i* exi/ at "o temp]ature be+ de/roy$ or *ang$ to o!r comp\nds at a diff]5t temp]ature4 #ahh4 ,!ory ( ,b>us4--,brew]'s hypo!sis1 h[ev]1 is n 9 h>mony ) ! demon/ration ( ,b>us1 :o proves t a giv5 p>ticle ( clay has ! same d5sity 9 e!r z 9 wat]4 ,! physical & ma!matical aspects ( s$im5tation h also be5 c>efully /udi$ by ,b>us4#abf ,! ma!matical conditions ( a f9e p>ticle susp5d$ 9 a liquid & free f ! influ5ces ( flocculation are describ$ by ,b>us 9 ! foll[+ equations4 ,if ,p be ! resi/ance enc\nt]$ by a solid sph]ule ( radius r1 mov+ ?r\gh a visc\s liquid at ! rate x1 & if k be ! frictional coeffici5t1 !n ,p #fkrx4 ,aga91 ! effective "p ( ! weight ( ! p>ticle is ,p r 7-7g1 :]e g is ! accel]ation ( gravity & & ! d5sity ( solid p>ticle & liquid1 respectively4 ,9 case ( uni=m motion ,p ,p4 ,h5ce x #b_/ikr 7-7g 444 7#a74 ,9 any giv5 case ( ?or\ghly triturat$ mat]ial ! p>ticles v>y 9 size f a v small to a relatively l>ge value2 b by f> ! great] numb] approa* a c]ta9 mean figure & dim5sion4 ,an example ( ?is condition ( ?+s may be =mulat$4 ,to avoid ma!matical entanglem5t let y ,axe-x 444 7#b7 :]e y is ! probable occurr5ce ( ! rate ( subsid5ce x4 ,if n[ ! turbidity ( ! liquid 7avoid+ optical consid]ations7 be def9$ z proportional to ! mass ( solid mat]ial p>ticles susp5d$ 9 unit ( volume ( liquid1 !n ! degree ( turbidity :i* ! giv5 ydx p>ticles add to ! liquid is1 caet]is p>ibus1 proportional to rydx1 :]e r is ! mean radius4 ,h5ce ! turbidity1 ,t1 at ! outset ( ! exp]im5t 7imm$iately aft] %ak+71 is ,t ,trydx ,t1 :]e equations 7#a7 & 7#b7 h be5 incorporat$4 ,if ! plane at a dep? d bel[ ! surface ( ! liquid be reg>d$1 !n at a "t aft] %ak+ ! residual turbidity is 7#c7 444 ,td ,td_/trydx ,t7#a 7#a 7d_/t e-d_/t77 ,! equation describes ! obs]v$ occurr5ces fairly well4 ,! ph5om5a ( /ratification obs]v$ by ,brew] are expla9$ by ,b>us f ! above =mula3 ,9 proportion z ! "t ( subsid5ce is great]1 ! tube %[s opacity at ! bottom1 %ad+ (f gradually upw>d1 ?r\gh transluc5cy1 into cle>ness at ! top4 ,if1 in/ead ( equation 7#b71 !re be introduc$ ! condition ( a m abrupt maximum1 if1 9 o!r words1 ! p>ticles be v ne>ly ( ! same size1 !n subsid5ce mu/ take place 9 unbrok5 column capp$ by a plane surface :i* at ! "t z]o co9cid$ ) ! free surface ( ! liquid4 ,aga91 suppose "o-half ( ! p>ticles ( ?is column diff] 9 "s way uni=mly f ! o!r half4 ,!n at ! outset !re are two cont9u\s columns co9cid+1 or1 z x 71 int]p5etrat+ ?r\gh\t _! ext5t4 ,b ! rate ( subsid5ce ( ^! two columns is necess>ily diff]5t1 s9ce ! p>ticles1 ea* = ea*1 diff] 9 d5sity1 radius & frictional qualities1 by giv5 fix$ am\nts4 ,h5ce ! two surfaces ( dem>cation at ! "t z]o co9cid$ ) ! free surface4 ,9 g5]al1 if !re be n gr\ps ( p>ticles uni=mly di/ribut$1 !n at ! "t z]o n cont9u\s columns int]p5etrate & co9cide ?r\gh\t _! ext5t4 ,at ! "t t1 ! free surface w be repres5t$ by n consecutive surfaces ( dem>cation bel[ x1 ea* ( :i* caps a column1 ! p>ticles ( :i* =m a di/9ct gr\p4 ,f a fur!r discussion ( ! ma!matical condition "u :i* ! subsid5ce ( ! p>ticles takes place1 ,b>us is ( ! op9ion t ,durham's !ory ( susp5sion be+ only a l[] limit ( solution is rapidly ga9+ gr\nd1 yet )\t be+ att5d$ ) concise exp]im5tal evid5ce :i* w acc\nt = ! diff]5ces 9 ! rate ( subsid5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,brew]'s hypo!sis ( colloidal hydrates is m easily subject$ to exp]im5tal pro(4 ,! te/ %[s t ! p>ticles reta9 _! normal d5sity1 no matt] h[ !y are susp5d$ or circum/anc$4 ,fur!r1 9 ! explanation ( ! ph5om5on ( s$im5tation1 ! foll[+ pr9ciple may be reg>d$ z det]m9$2 namely1 if p>ticles ( a comm9ut$ solid are %ak5 up 9 a liquid1 ! di/ribution ( p>ts aft] %ak+ w t5d to take place 9 su* a way t ! pot5tial en]gy ( ! sy/em ( solid p>ticles & liquid1 at e /age ( subsid5ce1 is ! m9imum compatible ) ! giv5 conditions4 ,accord+ to ,b>us x is necess>y1 9 ord] to pass judgm5t on ! validity ( any ( ! giv5 hypo!ses1 to h 9 h& bett] /ati/ics ( ! size ( ! p>ticles relatively to ! wat] molecule1 ?an are n[ available4 ,inasmu* z ! p>ticles 9 pure wat] are individualiz$ & granul>1 x is app>5tly at once p]missible to inf] ! size ( ! p>ticles f ! obs]v$ rates ( subsid5ce4 ,8 obs]vations %[ t ! said rate decreases 9 m>k$ degree ) ! turbidity ( ! mixture4 ,h5ce ! kn[n =mul = s+le p>ticles are n rigor\sly applicable1 ?\gh x _c be ass]t$ :e!r ! cause ( discrepancy is physical or ma!matical 9 k9d4 ,x foll[s t special d$uctions mu/ be made = ! subsid5ce ( /at$ gr\ps ( p>ticles be=e an e/imate ( _! mean size c fairly be obta9$4 ,r[l&#abg rea*es a clos] approximation = ! fall ( a s+le p>ticle by %[+ t ! liquid1 ev5 at a l>ge di/ance f ! p>ticle1 is n at re/4 ,9 ! case ( wat]1 h[ev]1 x is notic$ t despite ! l>ge surface en]gy ( ! liquid1 subsid5ce takes place 9 su* a way t = a giv5 mass ( susp5d$ s$im5t ! surfaces ( sep>ation are a maximum4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 case ( subsid5ce 9 e!r or 9 salt solutions1 ! solid p>ticles behave mu* l ! capill>y sph]ules ( a heavy liquid %ak5 up 9 a light] liquid ) :i* x does n mix4 ,9 o!r words1 ! t5d5cy "h is to r$uce surfaces ( sep>ation to ! lea/ possible value1 l>ge p>ticles gr[+ 9 mass & bulk me*anically at ! exp5se ( small] p>ticles2 9 o!r words1 exhibit+ ! ph5om5on ( flocculation4 #ahi4 ,physical ,explanation ( ,subsid5ce4--,:itney#abh ?9ks t ! ph5om5a ( ! susp5sion ( clay 9 wat] may be expla9$ on purely physical pr9ciples1 & t nei!r ! p>tial solution nor hydration hypo!ses are necess>y1 or w expla9 ! susp5sion ( clay 9 wat]1 = ! solution1 or hydrat$ sub/ance1 w\ld /ill h a high] specific gravity ?an ! surr\nd+ liquid4 ,he calls att5tion 9 ! fir/ place to ! fact1 t 9 a turbid liquid1 :i* has be5 /&+ = weeks & :i* is only fa9tly opalesc5t1 ! gra9s 9 susp5sion are /ill ( measurable size1 if prop]ly /a9$ z 9 bact]iological exam9ations & view$ ?r\gh an oil em]sion objective4 ,he gives a value ( #j4jjja millimet]1 z ! l[] limit ( ! diamet]s ( ^! p>ticles ( 8clay10 :i* are usually met ) 9 agricultural soils4 ,he ref]s to ! fact t f9e du/ & a%es1 & ev5 fil+s ( metals1 may rema9 9 susp5sion 9 ! air = days & ev5 mon?s 9 v app>5t cl\ds1 or haze1 al?\gh !y may be a ?\s& times heavi] ?an ! surr\nd+ air4 ,p>ticles ( clay1 no small] ?an ! limits :i* h be5 assign$1 %\ld rema9 9 susp5sion 9 ! mu* heavi] fluid1 wat]1 = an indef9ite "t1 = ! volume or weight ( ! p>ticles 777r7 decreases s mu* m rapidly 9 proportion ?an ! surface 7#dr71 t !re is1 relatively1 a l>g] am\nt ( surface area 9 ^! f9e clay p>ticles1 & a great deal ( surface friction 9 _! movem5t ?r\gh a m$ium1 & !y w\ld settle v sl[ly4 ,"u ord9>y conditions1 h[ev]1 ! mean daily range ( temp]ature is ab\t tw5ty degrees1 ! mean mon?ly range is fifty degrees1 & ! ye>ly range #ajj ,f41 & ! ord9>y convection curr5ts1 induc$ by ! normal *ange ( temp]ature1 w\ld be suffici5t ( itself to keep ^! f9e p>ticles 9 susp5sion 9 ! liquid = an indef9ite "t1 z x is kn[n t curr5ts ( air keep f9e p>ticles ( du/ & a%es 9 susp5sion4 ,if ! volume or weight ( a f9e gravel1 hav+ a diamet] ( "o & five-t5? millimet]s1 be tak5 z unity1 !n = a p>ticle1 hav+ a diamet] ( #j4jjbee millimet]1 :i* is ! mean diamet] = ,:itney's clay gr\p1 ! volume decreases 9 ! ratio #a3j4jjjjjjjjdhec1 & ! surface decreases only 9 ! ratio #a3j4jjjbhf4 #aij4 ,practical ,applications4--,! action ( m9]al sub/ances 9 promot+ floccul5ce has be5 tak5 advantage ( 9 lat] times 9 ! con/ruction ( filt]s = purify+ wat]s hold+ silt 9 solution4 ,9 ^! filt]s ! introduction ( a small quantity ( alum1 or "s simil> sub/ance1 into ! wat] usually prec$es ! me*anical sep>ation ( ! floccul5t mat]ial4 ,9 ! same way ! action ( iron & o!r salts on sewage wat]s has be5 made use ( 9 _! purification & 9 ! collection ( ! sewage mat]ial = f]tiliz+ purposes4 #aia4 ,sep>ation ( ! ,soil ,into ,p>ticles ( ,/&>d ,size4--,! agronomic value ( a soil dep5ds l>gely on ! relative size ( ! p>ticles compos+ x4 ,! f9] ! p>ticles1 )9 a c]ta9 limit1 ! bett] ! soil4 ,! size ( ! p>ticles may be e/imat$ 9 ?ree ways3 7#a7 by pass+ ?r\gh sieves ( diff]5t degrees ( f95ess2 7#b7 by all[+ !m to subside = a giv5 "t 9 wat] at re/2 7#c7 by sep>at+ !m 9 wat] mov+ at a giv5 rate ( spe$4 ,! fir/ me?od is a crude "o & is us$ to prep>e 9 a r\gh way1 ! mat]ial = ! second & ?ird processes4 #aib4 ,sep>ation 9 a ,sieve4--,! soil %\ld be dry en\gh to avoid /ick+ to ! f+]s or to prev5t agglut9ation into masses :5 subject$ to pressure4 ,x %\ld n1 h[ev]1 be too dry to prev5t ! easy sep>ation ( any agglut9at$ p>ticles "u ! pressure ( ! ?umb or ( a rubb] pe/le4 ,! sieve %\ld h circul> holes pun*$ 9 a %eet ( metal ( conv5i5t ?ickness to give x ! requisite degree ( /r5g?4 ,sieves made ( wire gauze are n s desirable b x is difficult to get ! f9] me%es z circul> p]=ations4 ,su* sieves _c give a uni=m product on acc\nt ( ! great] diagonal diamet] ( ! me%es & ! ease ) :i* ! sep>at+ wires c be displac$4 ,x is conv5i5t to h ! sieves arrang$ en batt]ie2 say 9 sets ( ?ree4 ,su* a set %\ld h ! holes 9 ! ?ree sieves ( ! foll[+ dim5sions2 viz41 #a/ sieve #b millimet]s diamet]4 #bnd #a millimet] #crd #j4e ,co>s] s+le sieves may be us$ to sep>ate ! fragm5ts above two millimet]s diamet] if su* a fur!r classification be desir$4 ,ea* sieve fits into ! next f9] "o & ! sep>ation ( a sample into ?ree classes ( p>ticles may be effect$ by a s+le op]ation4 ,9 mo/ cases1 h[ev]1 x is bett] to conduct ea* op]ation sep>ately 9 ord] to promote ! passage ( agglut9at$ p>ticles by g5tle pressure ) ! ?umb or ) a rubb] pe/le4 ,9 no case %\ld a h>d pe/le be us$ & ! pressure %\ld nev] be viol5t en\gh to dis9tegrate m9]al p>ticles4 ,!re is mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion conc]n+ ! smalle/ size ( p>ticles :i* %\ld be obta9$ by ! sieve4 ,mo/ analytical processes prescribe p>ticles pass+ a sieve ( "o millimet] me% 7 in*74 ,!re is little d\bt1 h[ev]1 ( ! fact t a f9] p>ticle w\ld be bett] fitt$ = subsequ5t analysis by ! hydraulic me?od4 ,= ?is purpose a sieve ( #j4e millimet] circul> me% is pref]r$4 #aic4 ,sift+ ) ,wat]4--,9 soils :]e ! p>ticles adh]e firmly ! sift+ %\ld be done ) ! help ( wat]4 ,9 su* cases ! soil is g5tly rubb$ ) a s(t /eple or ! f+] 9 wat]4 ,x is !n transf]r$ to ! sieve or batt]y ( sieves :i* are held 9 ! wat]1 & rubb$ ?r\gh ea* ( ! sieves successively until ! sep>ation is complete4 ,aft] ! filtrate has /ood = a few m9utes ! sup]natant muddy liquor is p\r$ (f1 ! "p rema9+ on ! sieve is add$ to x & ! process repeat$ until only clean p>ticles l>g] ?an #j4e millimet] are left on ! sieve4 ,^! p>ticles c be dri$ & weigh$ & ent]$ on ! note book z s&4 ,! filtrate %\ld be evaporat$ to dryness at a g5tle temp]ature & :5 suffici5tly dry be rubb$ up into a homog5e\s mass by a rubb] pe/le4 ,! sieve recomm5d$ by ! ,association ( ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s#abi = ! prep>ation ( f9e e>? = *emical analysis has circul> op5+s in* 7"o millimet]7 9 diamet]4 ,wahns*affe#acj directs t a sieve ( two millimet]s me% be us$ 9 prep>+ ! sample = silt analysis & t ! residue aft] ! silt analysis is f9i%$1 :i* has n be5 c>ri$ ov] by a velocity ( tw5ty-five millimet]s p] second1 be sep>at$ 9 sieves ( "o millimet] & #j4e millimet] me%es respectively4 ,hilg>d objects to leav+ ?is co>se mat]ial 9 ! sample dur+ ! process ( *urn elutriation on acc\nt ( ! attrition :i* x ex]ts & !re=e directs t x be sep>at$ by sieve analysis be=e ! elutriation beg9s4 #aid4 ,me?od ( ! ,g]man ,exp]im5t ,/ations4#aca--;,9 ! me?od recomm5d$ = ! ,g]man ,agricultural ,/ations an attempt is made to secure ev5 a f9] sieve sep>ation ?an t already m5tion$4 ,sieves hav+ ! foll[+ dim5sions are employ$2 sieve ,no4 #a1 squ>e me%es #j4ji millimet] 9 size1 diagonal measure #j4aa millimet]2 sieve ,no4 #b1 squ>e me%es #j4ad to #j4ag millimet] 9 diamet]1 diagonal measure #j4bb to #j4bd millimet]2 sieve ,no4 #c1 squ>e me%es #j4ce to #j4ci millimet] 9 diamet]1 diagonal measure #j4de to #j4ej millimet]2 f9ally a s]ies ( sieves "o1 two & ?ree millimet]s circul> p]=ations4 ,five hundr$ grams ( ! soil 79 ! ,halle ,/ation only #bej7 are plac$ 9 a porcela9 di% ) ab\t "o lit] ( wat] & all[$ to /& = "s "t ) frequ5t /irr+1 on a wat] ba?4 ,aft] ab\t two h\rs1 :5 ! soil is suffici5tly s(t5$ s t ) ! help ( a pe/le x c be wa%$ ?r\gh ! sieves1 ! process ( sift+ is und]tak5 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,sieve ,no4 #c is plac$ ov] a di% conta9+ wat]1 ! moi/5$ soil plac$ !re9 & ! sieve depress$ a few c5timet]s "u ! wat] & ! soil /irr$ by means ( a pe/le until p>ticles no long] pass ?r\gh4 ,aft] ! op]ation is end$ ! residue 9 ! sieve is wa%$ ) pure wat] & dri$4 ,! "p pass+ ! sieve is ?or\ghly /irr$ & !n wa%$ ) wat] into sieve ,no4 #b & treat$ z be=e4 ,! product obta9$ 9 ?is way is br\ght into sieve ,no4 #a & c>efully wa%$4 ,all ! products rema9+ on ea* ( ! sieves are dri$ at #ajj & weigh$4 ,! portion pass+ sieve ,no4 #a is ei!r dri$ ) its wa% wat] or e/imat$ by loss by d$uct+ f ! total weight tak51 ! sum ( ! o!r weights obta9$4 ,if a m p]fect sep>ation ( ! fir/ sieve residue be desir$ x c be obta9$ by pass+ x ?r\gh sieves ( ! la/ s]ies :i* may h me%es v>y+ 9 size1 viz43 "o1 two1 or ?ree millimet]s 9 diamet]4 ,ea* sieve ( ! same class %\ld h holes uni=mly ( ! same size4 ,! sieve products are *>act]iz$ z foll[s3 ,! "p pass+ a ?ree millimet] sieve is call$ f9e e>?1 :ile ! "p rema9+ is call$ gravel4 ,! f9e e>? is sep>at$ into ! foll[+ products3 ,! "p t passes ?r\gh ! ?ree millimet]s op5+ & is left by ! two millimet]s op5+ is call$ /e9kies4 ,! product f ! two millimet]s op5+ & ! residue f ! "o millimet] op5+ is call$ grobkies4 ,! product f ! "o millimet] op5+ & ! residue on ! sieve ,no4 #c is call$ fe9kies4 ,! product f ! sieve ,no4 #c & ! residue f ! sieve ,no4 #b is call$ co>se s&4 ,! product f sieve ,no4 #b & ! residue f sieve ,no4 #a is call$ f9e s&4 ,! product f sieve ,no4 #a is call$ du/4 ,! du/ c be fur!r sep>at$ into s&1 du/1 & clay4 ,= ! exam9ation ( ! clay ! ,khn silt cyl9d] z modifi$ by ,wagn]1 is recomm5d$4 ,! cyl9d] has a diamet] ( eight c5timet]s & a height ( ?irty c5timet]s1 & is furni%$ ) a movable exit tube rea*+ to its bottom4 #aie4 ,g5]al ,classification ( ! ,soil by ,sieve ,analysis4--,! classification recomm5d$ by ! ,g]man *emi/s is satisfactory b ! foll[+ "o is m simple4 ,all pebbles1 pieces ( rock1 etc41 %\ld fir/ be sep>at$ by a two millimet]s circul> me% sieve1 dri$ at #aje & weigh$4 ,! result %\ld be ent]$ z pebbles & co>se s&4 ,! f9] s& may be sep>at$ ) a sieve ( "o millimet] circul> op5+s4 ,! /ill f9] s& is next sep>at$ ) ! sieve ( #j4e millimet] circul> op5+s z indicat$ above4 ,! sample may n[ be classifi$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,co>se pebbles1 /icks1 roots1 etc41 sep>at$ by h&4 #b4 ,pebbles & co>se s& n pass+ a two millimet]s sieve4 #c4 ,s& n pass+ a "o millimet] sieve4 #d4 ,f9e s& n pass+ a #j4e millimet] sieve4 #e4 ,f9e e>? pass+ a #j4e millimet] sieve4 #aif4 ,classification ( ,or?4#acb--;,z f9e silt are reckon$ ^? p>ticles :i* range f #j4jb to #j4je millimet]2 z f9e s& ! gr\ps f #j4je to #j4b millimet]2 z m$ium siz$ s& ^? rang+ f #j4b to #j4e millimet] & = l>ge gra9$ s& ^? p>ticles rang+ f #j4e to #b millimet]s 9 diamet]4 ,p>ticles ov] two millimet]s =m ! la/ classification4 ,,sep>ation ,,( ,,! ,,e>? ,,p>ticles ,,by ,a ,,liquid4 #aig4 ,me?ods ( ,silt ,analysis4--,! fur!r classification ( ! p>ticles ( a soil pass+ a f9e sieve c be/ be effect$ by sep>ation 9 wat]4 ,! velocity ) :i* ! curr5t moves or ) :i* ! p>ticles subside w cause a sep>ation ( ! p>ticles into v>y+ sizes4 ,! sl[] ! velocity ! small] ! p>ticles :i* are sep>at$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a l>ge & important con/itu5t ( a soil :i* rema9s susp5d$ 9 wat]1 or 9 a /ate ( seem+ solution4 ,?is susp5d$ matt] w\ld /ill be c>ri$ ov] by a curr5t ( wat] mov+ at a rate s sl[ z to make a subclassification ( x impossible4 ,?is susp5d$ matt] pass+ (f at a giv5 velocity may be class$ z clay1 & x consi/s 9 fact *iefly ( ! hydrat$ silicate ( alum9a1 or o!r p>ticles ( equal f95ess4 ,! laws :i* gov]n its deposit h already be5 discuss$4 ,! app>atus :i* h be5 us$ = silt analysis may be gr\p$ into f\r classes4 7#a7 ,app>atus dep5d+ on ! rate ( desc5t ( ! p>ticles ( a soil ?r\gh wat] at re/4 ,! app>atus = decant+ f a cyl9d] or a beak] belong to ?is class4 7#b7 ,app>atus :i* det]m9e ! rate ( fl[ by pass+ ! liquid ?r\gh a vessel ( conical %ape4 ,! sy/em ( ,nbel is a good illu/ration ( ?is k9d ( app>atus4 7#c7 ,app>atus 9 :i* ! elutriat+ vessel is cyl9drical & ! rate ( fl[ det]m9$ by a /op-cock or pressure fe$ app>atus4 ,! sy/em ( ,s*ne repres5ts ?is type4 7#d7 ,app>atus 9 :i* ! above sy/em is comb9$ ) a device = me*anically sep>at+ ! p>ticles & br++ !m 9 a free /ate into ! elutriat+ curr5t4 ,! sy/em ( ,hilg>d is ! type ( ?is k9d ( app>atus4 ,9 practice ! use ( cyl9drical app>atus ) or )\t me*anical /irr+ & ! me?od by decantation h prov$ to be ! mo/ reliable & satisfactory proc$ures4 ,betwe5 ! beak] & *urn me?ods1 ( sep>ation !re is little *oice 9 reg>d to accuracy4 ,:i* is ! sup]ior me?od1 is a "q on :i* ! op9ions ( exp]i5c$ analy/s are divid$4 ,! v>i\s processes w be describ$ 9 ! ord] already m5tion$4 #aih4 ,me?ods ,dep5d+ on ,subsid5ce ( ,soil ,p>ticles4--,! simple/ me?od ( effect+ ! fur!r sep>ation ( ! soil p>ticles is )\t d\bt t process :i* p]mits !m to fall freely 9 a liquid s5sibly at re/4 ,! practical difficulties ( ?is me?od consi/ 9 ! tr\ble ( secur+ a p]fect sep>ation ( ! p>ticles1 9 prev5t+ flocculation aft] division & 9 avoid+ curr5ts 9 ! liquid ( sep>ation4 ,= ! sep>ation ( ! soil p>ticles = ?is me?od boil+ & wet pe/l+ are ! only means employ$4 ,! flocculation ( ! sep>at$ p>ticles may be p>tially prev5t$ by add+ a little ammonia to ! wat] employ$4 ,! au?or has also tri$ dilute alcohol z ! sep>at+ liquid b ! results ( ?is me?od are n yet suffici5tly def9ite to f9d a place 9 ?is manual4 ,evid5tly ! practical impossibility ( avoid+ convection curr5ts prev5ts ! use ( wat] at a high temp]ature = ?is sep>ation1 al?\gh ! t5d5cy to flocculation almo/ disappe>s z ! temp]ature approa*es #ajj4 ,! g5]al me?od ( avoid+ ! errors due to flocculation 9 ! subsid5ce me?od consi/s 9 repe/l+ ! deposit$ p>ticles & ?us subject+ !m z (t5 z may be necess>y to res$im5tation4 ,^! pr9ciples are well set =? by ,osborne1#acc :o /ates t :5 a soil is completely susp5d$ 9 wat] by vigor\s agitation1 p>ticles ( all ! sizes pres5t are to be f\nd ?r\gh\t ! entire mass ( liquid4 ,:5 subsid5ce takes place1 ! l>g] p>ticles w g d[n m rapidly ?an ! small] ones1 b "s ( ! small p>ticles t are ne> ! bottom w be deposit$ soon] ?an "s ( ! l>g] ones :i* h a mu* great] di/ance to travel4 ,?us1 indep5d5tly ( ! fact t ! l>g] p>ticles 9 _! desc5t are some:at imp$$ by ! small]1 ! small] be+ at ! same "t some:at ha/5$ by ! l>g]1 ! s$im5t t rea*es ! bottom at any mom5t is a m or less complex mixture ( all ! me*anical elem5ts ( ! soil4 ,! liquid1 h[ev]1 above ?is s$im5t at ! same mom5t w h completely deposit$ all p>ticles exce$+ c]ta9 dim5sions ( hydraulic value1 det]m9$ ma9ly by ! "t ( subsid5ce4 ,if n[ ! a=esaid fir/ s$im5t be susp5d$ 9 pure wat]1 & all[$ to subside = ! same "t z be=e1 ! l>g] "p ( x w be aga9 deposit$1 b "s w rema9 9 susp5sion1 consi/+ ( a consid]able "p ( ! f9] matt] ( ! fir/ s$im5t4 ,by p\r+ (f ^! susp5d$ p>ticles ) ! wat] & agitat+ ! s$im5t aga9 ) cle> wat] z be=e1 ano!r portion ( f9e p>ticles w be susp5d$ & may be decant$ f x4 ,on cont9u+ ?is process ( repeat$ decantations x w soon be f\nd t ! soil has be5 sep>at$ into two grades4 ,x is evid5t t 9 ?is way a sep>ation c be made1 b x is p]haps n s cle> t su* a sep>ation w\ld be %>p en\gh = ! purposes ( a me*anical soil analysis4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! sep>ation is to be made at #j4je millimet] diamet]1 x is evid5t t by repeat$ decantations all bel[ #j4ja millimet] c be wa%$ out ( t above #j4je millimet]1 b x may n appe> s probable t all bel[ #j4jde millimet] c be remov$ )\t remov+ "s above #j4jee millimet]4 ,su* a result may be easily atta9$1 h[ev]1 if ! foll[+ pr9ciple be adh]$ to3 ,make ! duration ( ! subsid5ce su* t ! liquid decant$ ! fir/ few times %all conta9 no?+ l>g] ?an ! desir$ diamet]4 ,!n decant into ano!r vessel1 tim+ ! subsid5ce s t ! s$im5t %all conta9 no?+ small] ?an ! *os5 diamet]4 ,?is c n be done )\t decant+ mu* t is l>g] ?an ! *os5 diamet]1 b ! great] "p ( ! p>ticles great] & less ?an ! *os5 diamet] c be remov$ & an int]m$iate product obta9$1 ! diamet]s ( ^: p>ticles are n v f> f t desir$4 ,if ?is int]m$iate portion be aga9 subject$ to ! same process1 two fractions may be sep>at$ f x1 "o conta9+ p>ticles l>g] ?an ! *os5 diamet] & ano!r conta9+ p>ticles small] ?an ?is diamet]1 :ile a new int]m$iate product w rema9 :i* is less 9 am\nt ?an t result+ f ! fir/ op]ation4 ,by frequ5t repetitions ( ?is process ?is int]m$iate product c be r$uc$ to a v small am\nt ( sub/ance ! p>ticles ( :i* h diamet]s ly+ close to ! *os5 limit & may !n be divid$ betwe5 ! two fractions4 ,! pr9ciples ( ! sep>ation describ$ by ,osborne set =? ) suffici5t cle>ness ! purposes to be a*iev$ by ! analysis4 ,! *ief me?ods ( manipulation practic$ w be f\nd bel[4 #aii4 ,khn's ,silt ,cyl9d]4--,a simple =m ( app>atus = ! det]m9ation ( silt by ! s$im5tation process is ! "o describ$ by ,khn4#acd ,! cyl9d] %\ld be ab\t tw5ty-eight c5timet]s high ) a diamet] ( #h4e c5timet]s4 ,at ! l[] end ( ! cyl9d] five c5timet]s f ! bottom x c>ries a tube #a4e c5timet] 9 diamet] furni%$ ) a p9*-cock & held 9 position by a rubb] /opp]4 ,9 c>ry+ out ! process ?irty grams ( sift$ soil 7two millimet]s me% sieve7 are boil$ ) wat] = an h\r & aft] cool+ ! soil & wat] are wa%$ into ! sep>at+ cyl9d]4 ,! cyl9d] is !n fill$ ) wat] ) con/ant %ak+4 ,aft] /&+ = t5 m9utes ! /op-cock is op5$ & ! wat] ) its susp5d$ matt] all[$ to fl[ into a porcela9 di%4 ,! cyl9d] is !n aga9 fill$ ) wat] & ! process is cont9u$ until ! wat] drawn (f is practically cle>4 ,! f9e p>ticles hav+ be5 sep>at$ 9 ?is way ! next co>s] grade ( p>ticles is sep>at$ by repeat+ ! process at int]vals ( five m9utes4 ,by ^! two op]ations x is consid]$ t ! clay is entirely remov$4 ,! residue rema9+ 9 ! cyl9d] is dri$ & weigh$4 ,! relative proportions ( clay & residue 9 ! sample are ?us det]m9$4 ,! residue is !n sep>at$ into two portions by sieves ( "o millimet] & #j4e millimet] me%4 ,! soil is ?us sep>at$ into ! foll[+ p>ts3 #a4 ,by ! fir/ sift+ co>se qu>tz l>g] ?an two millimet]s diamet]4 #b4 ,f9e qu>tz two millimet]s1 to "o millimet] diamet]4 #c4 ,co>se s& "o millimet]1 to #j4e millimet] diamet]4 #d4 ,f9e s& f9] ?an #j4e millimet] diamet]4 #e4 ,silt1 clay1 humus1 etc41 sep>at$ by ! wat]4 #bjj4 ,knop's ,silt ,cyl9d]4--,! cyl9d] recomm5d$ by ,knop#ace is ess5tially t ( ,khn be+ furni%$ ) f\r lat]al tubes in/ead ( "o 7,fig4 #be74 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #be4 ,,knop',s ,,silt ,,cyl9d]4 ,! sample ( soil1 tw5ty-five to ?irty grams1 aft] pass+ a two millimet]s me% sieve1 & long boil+1 is wa%$ ?r\gh a s]ies ( sieves ( ! foll[+ diamet]s ( me% respectively2 viz41 "o millimet]1 #j4e millimet]1 #j4be millimet]1 & #j4a millimet]4 ,! "p :i* passes ! f9e/ sieve is plac$ 9 a ,knop's cyl9d]1 ! cyl9d] fill$ ) wat] "o decimet] above upp] tube & well %ak54 ,! cyl9d] is all[$ to re/ = five m9utes :5 ! upp] cock is op5$ & ! wat] drawn (f4 ,aft] five m9utes m ! next tube is op5$ & s on ) equal int]vals = ! ?ree upp] tubes4 ,! op]ation is repeat$ ) fre% wat] until ! wat] drawn (f is cle>4 ,f9ally ! l[e/ tube is op5$ & all ! wat] p\r$ (f ( ! s&y residue4 ,! space betwe5 ea* tube is "o decimet]4 ,! du/ rema9+ is dri$ & weigh$ & ! weight ( mat]ial c>ri$ ov] z silt det]m9$ by diff]5ce4 #bja4 ,siphon ,silt ,cyl9d]4--,in/ead ( ! tubulat$ cyl9d] "o furni%$ ) a siphon c be employ$#acf 7,fig4 #bf74 ,x %\ld be ab\t =ty c5timet]s high & six c5timet]s int]nal diamet]4 ,! cyl9d] fir/ receives tw5ty-five to ?irty grams ( ! well boil$ f9e e>? & !n wat] until !re is b a small space betwe5 x & ! /opp] :5 ! latt] is ins]t$4 ,! cyl9d] is m>k$ exactly #bjj millimet]s bel[ ! surface ( ! wat] ) a n>r[ /rip ( pap] at a1 /opp]$1 inv]t$ & well %ak54 ,! cyl9d] be+ aga9 plac$ 9 normal position ! soil p>ticles "u ! influ5ce ( gravity t5d to s9k ) great] or less rapidity accord+ to _! size4 ,! siphon a b c is fill$ ) wat]1 ! cock at c clos$ & ! op5$ end a plac$ 9 ! cyl9d] ,a j at ! m>k #bjj millimet]s bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]1 & ! wat] ?us transf]r$ to ,b :5 desir$4 ,if ! susp5d$ matt] is all[$ to /& = #ajj seconds ! p>ticles ( m ?an two millimet]s hydraulic value w h fall5 bel[ ! op5 end ( ! siphon4 ,if all[$ to /& #a1jjj seconds ! silt value ( ! p>ticles w be #j4b millimet] p] second4 ,:atev] ! numb] ( seconds may be1 ! op]ation is cont9u$ until ! wat] remov$ is practically cle>4 ,! op5 end ( ! siphon a %\ld be b5t upw>ds s t no di/urb+ curr5t may br+ ! p>ticles bel[ ! l9e into ! liquid dis*>g$ into ,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bf4 ,,siphon ,,cyl9d] ,,= ,,silt ,,analysis4 ,:ile ! results obta9$ by ?is me?od are satisfactory z comp>$ ) o!r simil> processes x _c be highly recomm5d$ because ( ! "t & tr\ble requir$ to get a complete sep>ation & by reason ( ! difficulty ( collect+ ! sep>at$ silt4 #bjb4 ,wolff's ,me?od4#acg--;,z modifi$ by ,wolff ! ,knop process is conduct$ z foll[s3 ,fifty grams ( f9e e>? are boil$ ) wat] & !n ! entire mixture is pass$ ?r\gh ?ree sieves ) op5+s ( "o millimet]1 #j4e millimet]1 & #j4be millimet] 9 diamet]1 respectively4 ,! f9e/ "p is mix$ ) wat] to a height ( eighte5 c5timet]s 9 a bottle tw5ty c5timet]s high & hav+ a capacity ( "o lit] & ?or\ghly agitat$1 aft] :i* x is left to re/1 & f9ally ! turbid liquid is drawn (f ) a siphon1 ! bottle refill$ ) wat]1 agitat$1 & left to re/1 & ! process repeat$ z long z ! wat] c>ries any susp5d$ matt] aft] a def9ite "t4 ,wolff proposes = ! fir/ ?ree p]iods ( re/ "o h\r1 = ! second ?ree1 a half an h\r1 = ! ?ird ?ree1 a qu>t] ( an h\r1 & = ! f\r? ?ree1 five m9utes4 #bjc4 ,moore's ,modification ( ,knop's ,me?od4#ach--,! sample ( soil is fir/ pass$ ?r\gh a sieve hav+ r\nd p]=ations ?ree millimet]s 9 diamet]4 ,! weight ( ! p>ticles rema9+ on ! sieve is !n det]m9$1 & likewise t ( ! portion pass+ ?r\gh1 :i* is kn[n z f9e e>?4 ,! la/ nam$ portion con/itutes ! mat]ial = all subsequ5t op]ations ( me*anical & *emical analysis4 ,?irty grams ( ! f9e e>? are boil$ rapidly ) wat] until ! lumps are dis9tegrat$ & clayey portions sep>at$ f ! s&4 ,! mat]ial is !n successively wa%$ ?r\gh p]=at$ metal sieves1 ! holes ( :i* are respectively #a1 #j4e1 & #j4be millimet] 9 diamet]4 ,! portions reta9$ on ! sieves are sev]ally dri$1 ignit$ & weigh$1 & ! f9e/ portion1 or t pass+ ?r\gh ! #j4be millimet] sieve1 is !n submitt$ to ! foll[+ process ( sep>ation3 ,! s$im5t & wat] pass+ ?r\gh ! #j4be millimet] sieve are plac$ 9 a glass cyl9d] fifty c5timet]s long & ?irty-sev5 millimet]s 9 int]nal diamet]4 ,! cyl9d] is clos$ at ! bottom & is provid$ ) a lat]al tube ins]t$ six c5timet]s above ! bottom4 ,?ree o!r lat]al tubes are ins]t$ at int]vals ( t5 c5timet]s above ! fir/ tube1 & a r+ is et*$ into ! cyl9d] t5 c5timet]s above ! upp]mo/ tube4 ,! lat]al tubes are clos$ ) rubb] tubes compress$ by spr+ clips4 ,! s$im5t be+ plac$ 9 ! cyl9d]1 wat] is add$ to ! m>k or r+1 ! cyl9d] clos$ ) a rubb] /opp]1 & vigor\sly %ak5 until ! cont5ts are ?or\ghly mix$4 ,x is !n plac$ upright1 ! /opp] remov$1 & aft] /&+ undi/urb$ = five m9utes ! clip on ! upp]mo/ tube is op5$ & ! wat] all[$ to fl[ into a beak]4 ,aft] five m9utes fur!r /&+1 ! second clip is op5$ & ! wat] drawn (f into ! same beak]2 9 ! same mann] ! wat] is drawn (f f ! o!r tubes at int]vals ( five m9utes until ! level ( ! l[e/ tube is rea*$4 ,! cyl9d] is !n refill$ ) wat] to ! m>k1 ?or\ghly %ak5 aft] ins]t+ ! /opp] & ! wat] aga9 drawn (f at int]vals ( five m9utes1 z be=e2 ! op]ation be+ repeat$ until ! wat] drawn (f is almo/ free f turbidity4 ,! s$im5t rema9+ 9 ! cyl9d] f ?is process ( wa%+ by subsid5ce is t]m$ by ,knop1 f9e s&1 ! mat]ial fl[+ (f 9 susp5sion 9 ! wa% wat]s1 du/1 & ! process ( sep>ation by ,knop's orig9al me?od ends "h4 ,9 ord] to rem$y ! imp]fect sep>ation into def9ite p>ticles secur$ by ! above me?od1 ,moore proposes ! foll[+ device3 ,! f9e s& f ! fir/ s]ies ( subsid5ces is plac$ 9 a sep>ate vessel1 ! wa%+s are all[$ to rema9 undi/urb$ = twelve h\rs1 ! turbid liquid decant$ & ! s$im5t return$ to ! cyl9d]4 ,wat] is !n add$ to ! m>k1 ! :ole %ak51 & ! liquid drawn (f at int]vals ( five m9utes1 z 9 ! fir/ s]ies4 ,! s$im5t f ?is op]ation is plac$ 9 a sep>ate beak]1 ! wa%+s return$ to ! cyl9d]1 & aga9 all[$ to subside z be=e2 ! s$im5t f ?is second subsid5ce is add$ to t f ! prec$+ op]ation1 & ! wa%+s aga9 return$ to ! cyl9d]1 ! op]ation be+ repeat$ z long z any s$im5t c be obta9$ f r5ew$ treatm5t ( ! wa%+s2 ! f9al wa%+s are !n plac$ 9 a sep>ate vessel = subsequ5t microscopic measurem5ts4 ,! collective s$im5ts f ! la/ s]ies ( op]ations are !n return$ to ! cyl9d] & all[$ to subside ) fre% additions ( wat]1 z 9 ! case ( ! fir/ s]ies2 ! f9e s& ?us obta9$ be+ add$ to t f ! fir/ s]ies1 & ! wa%+s be+ collect$ 9 a l>ge beak]4 ,! latt] are left at re/ = twelve h\rs1 & ! s$im5t return$ to ! cyl9d] & treat$ z be=e until no fur!r sep>ation c be effect$4 ,! f9e s& result+ f all ( ^! op]ations is !n dri$1 ignit$ & weigh$2 ! weight ( ! portion remov$ by ! wa%+ be+ det]m9$ by diff]5ce1 z x is1 ow+ to its excessively sl[ rate ( subsid5ce1 f\nd impracticable to collect x = direct weigh+4 ,! size ( ! p>ticles ( f9e s& is !n det]m9$ by micrometric measurem5t4 ,simil> measurem5ts are made on ! mat]ial obta9$ by long subsid5ce f ! wa%+s f ! =ego+ op]ations4 ,! av]age diamet] ( ! l>ge/ p>ticles %\ld n exce$ #j4ja millimet]4 #bjd4 ,/atem5t ( ,results4--,! results ( ! analyses on ?ree soils f ! localities indicat$ 9 ! table1 & ! me?od ( /at+ !m1 are giv5 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,new ,mil=d1 ,cl>ksville1 ,granville1 ,conn41 p] ,t5n41 p] ,n4 ,c41 p] c5t4 c5t4 c5t4 ,p>ticles l>g] 9 diamet] #h4ee #j4cb #j4bc ?an #c4j millimet]s ,p>ticles ( diamet] f #c4j #d4if #j4de #ae4jd millimet]s to #a4j millimet] ,p>ticles ( diamet] f #a4j #d4dc #j4if #cc4dc millimet] to #j4e millimet] ,p>ticles ( diamet] f #j4e #aa4hf #a4be #ah4hb millimet] to #j4be millimet] ,p>ticles ( diamet] f #j4be #fj4ed #fa4eh #bc4ei millimet] to #j4ja millimet] ,p>ticles small] 9 diamet] #i4ff #ce4dd #h4hi ?an #j4ja millimet] ,total #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #bje4 ,me?od ( ,b5nigs54--,! silt flasks recomm5d$ by ,b5nigs5#aci are %[n 9 ,fig4 #bg4 ,! glass flask b c>ries a long cyl9drical neck a ! upp] "p ( :i* is graduat$ 9 cubic c5timet]s4 ,t5 grams ( ! f9e soil are %ak5 ) wat] 9 ! flask1 ! neck ( :i* is clos$ ) a rubb] /opp]4 ,! flask is !n inv]t$ br++ ! soil & wat] into ! neck4 ,! flask is hung up & s$im5tation is assi/$ by imp>t+ a p5dul\s motion to ! neck = t5 m9utes4 ,aft] an h\r ! soil p>ticles h sep>at$ into a co>se lay] bel[ & a f9e lay] above4 ,! relative volumes ( ! two lay]s are !n read (f 9 cubic c5timet]s4 ,:ile ?is me?od may be useful 9 help+ to =m a spe$y judgm5t conc]n+ ! "* ( a soil x c lay no claim to be+ an accurate me?od ( silt sep>ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bg4 ,,b5nigs5',s ,,silt ,,flasks4 #bjf4 ,me?od ( ,gasp>94--,! me?od ( ,gasp>9 only gives a v primitive sep>ation ( ! v>i\s compon5ts ( ! e>? accord+ to _! f95ess4 ,x is conduct$ z foll[s3 ,t5 grams ( sift$ e>? are put into a beak]1 wat] is add$ & /rongly agitat$2 aft] five m9utes ! wat] is decant$ into ano!r vessel1 ! fir/ vessel is fill$ anew ) wat]1 agitat$1 decant$1 & ?is process is repeat$ until ! liquid rema9s p]fectly cle>4 ,only two portions are weigh$1 i4 e41 ! pebbles :i* rema9 9 ! sieve & ! co>se s& :i* rema9s 9 ! beak]2 :ile ! argillace\s portion drawn (f ) ! wat] is det]m9$ by ! diff]5ce4 #bjg4 ,! ,italian ,me?od4--,! foll[+ modification ( ,gasp>9's process is practic$ by ! ,italian *emi/s3#adj ,tw5ty grams ( e>? are pass$ ?r\gh a sieve hav+ op5+s ( "o millimet] 9 diamet]1 !n ! sift$ "p is mix$ ) #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( wat] 9 a #bjj cubic c5timet]s beak] & left to re/ = "s h\rs1 !n /rongly agitat$ & aft] t5 seconds ! turbid liquid is p\r$ into ano!r vessel ( half a lit] capacity4 ,?is manipulation is repeat$ until ! liquid is cle>4 ,! decant$ liquid is ?or\ghly agitat$1 !n left to /& until ! movem5t %all be completely arre/$1 aft] :i* ! sup]natant liquid is p\r$ into ano!r vessel hold+ two lit]s4 ,to ! residuum is add$ m wat]2 x is agitat$1 decant$1 & ?is process is repeat$ until ! wat] is no long] turbid4 #bjh4 ,me?od ( ,osborne4--,9 ! =ego+ p>agraphs ! me?ods ( silt sep>ation by subsid5ce z practic$ 9 diff]5t c\ntries h be5 outl9$4 ,! good po9ts ( ! v>i\s me?ods are comb9$ 9 ! process z c>ri$ out by ,osborne4#ada ,! details ( ?is me?od w be giv5 ) suffici5t m9ut5ess to make its practice possible by all analy/s4 ,select+ ! ,sample4--,sev]al p\nds ( air-dri$1 f9e e>? are secur$ by pass+ ! soil ?r\gh a sieve1 ! holes ( :i* are ?ree millimet]s 9 diamet]4 ,sift+4--,?irty grams ( ! above f9e e>? are /irr$ ) #cjj to #djj cubic c5timet]s ( wat] & !n ?r[n successively ^u sieves ) circul> holes ( #a1 #j4e1 & #j4be millimet] diamet] respectively4 ,by means ( successive additions ( wat] & ! use ( a camel's hair bru%1 all ! f9e mat]ial is made to pass ?r\gh ! sieves & ^! at ! la/ are agitat$ "u wat] 9 a %all[ di% 9 su* a way t ! soil is imm]s$4 ,! f9e/ sieve %\ld be well wet ) wat] on its l[] surface j be=e us+4 ,! f9e/ p>ticles :i* r5d] ! wat] turbid are easily wa%$ ?r\gh4 ,! turbid wat] is kept sep>at$ f ! cle> wat] :i* comes (f ) ! la/ portions t pass ! sieves4 ,! turbid wat] usually does n am\nt to m ?an "o lit]4 ,elutriation4--,! elutriation %\ld be c>ri$ on s z to secure ?ree grades ( silt2 ! diamet]s ( ! p>ticles rang+ 9 ! fir/ grades f #j4be to #j4je millimet]1 9 ! second grade f #j4je to #j4ja millimet]1 & 9 ! ?ird grade f #j4ja millimet] to ! impalpable p[d]4 ,! t]m s& is appli$ to ! fir/ grade1 silt to ! second1 & du/ to ! ?ird4 ,aft] ! turbid liquid f ! sift+ has /ood a %ort "t x is decant$ f ! s$im5t & aft] /&+ until a slight deposit is =m$1 is aga9 decant$ & ! s$im5t exam9$ ) a microscope4 ,if s& be pres5t1 ! subsid5ce ( ! turbid liquid is cont9u$ until no m s& is deposit$4 ,z ! s& subsides rapidly !re is no difficulty 9 altoge!r free+ ! liquid fir/ decant$ f ?is grade ( p>ticles4 ,! s$im5t ?us obta9$ conta9s all ! s&1 a "p ( ! du/ & mu* silt4 ,z only du/ & ! f9e/ silt r5d] ! wat] turbid ! s$im5t is /irr$ a few times ) a fre% quantity ( wat] & decant$ aft] /&+ long en\gh to let all ! s& settle4 ,:5 ! wat] decant$ is free f turbidity1 ! la/ portions ( ! soil pass+ ?r\gh ! sieve ) cle> wat] are add$ to ! s$im5t & ! decantations cont9u$ s z to remove mo/ ( ! silt4 ,:5 no m silt c be easily remov$ f ! s$im5t )\t decant+ s&1 ! decantations are made into a diff]5t vessel & ! subsid5ces s tim$ z to remove z mu* ( ! silt z possible4 ,by us+ a little c>e1 at lea/ ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! s& are ?us obta9$ free f silt4 ,! re/ ( ! s& is mix$ ) ! great] "p ( ! silt :i* has be5 decant$ into ! second vessel4 ,! size ( ! smalle/ p>ticles 9 ?is vessel is det]m9$ ) ! microscope1 to make sure t its cont5ts are free f du/ z !y usually w be if1 aft] settl+ = a few mom5ts1 !y leave ! wat] free f turbidity4 ,! soil is ?us sep>at$ into ?ree portions1 "o conta9+ s&1 "o s& & silt1 & ! o!r silt1 du/1 & clay4 ,! s& & silt are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by repeat+ ! subsid5ces & decantations 9 ! mann] j describ$4 ,9 ?is way !re is remov$ f ! s$im5t1 on ! "o h&1 a portion ( silt free f s& & du/1 & on ! o!r h& a portion ( s& free f silt4 ,?us is obta9$ a second int]m$iate portion consi/+ ( s& & silt1 b less 9 am\nt ?an ! fir/ & conta9+ p>ticles ( diamet]s mu* m ne>ly approa*+ #j4je millimet]4 ,by repeat+ ?is process a few times1 ?is int]m$iate portion w be r$uc$ to p>ticles ^: diamet]s are v ne> #j4je millimet] & :i* may be divid$ betwe5 s& & silt1 accord+ to judgm5t4 ,! am\nt ( ?is is usually v small4 ,z soon z portions are sep>at$1 :i* ! microscope %[s to be pure s& or pure silt1 !y are add$ to ! *ief portions ( ^! grades already obta9$4 ,! same process is appli$ to ! sep>ation ( silt f du/4 ,:5 all ! silt has be5 remov$ f ! du/ & clay1 ! turbid wat] conta9+ ! du/ & clay is set aside & all[$ to settle 9 a cyl9drical vessel = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! vessel is fill$ to a height ( #bjj millimet]s4 ,accord+ to ,hilg>d1 ! sep>ation ( ! du/ f clay dur+ a subsid5ce ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 w give results ( suffici5t accuracy1 al?\gh ! clay !n rema9+ susp5d$ w n be entirely free f measurable f9e p>ticles up to #j4jja or #j4jjb millimet] diamet]4 ,small beak]s & small quantities ( di/ill$ wat] are us$ at fir/ = ! decantations1 z ?us ! duration ( subsid5ce is less & m decantations c be made 9 a giv5 "t ?an :5 l>g] quantities ( wat] are employ$4 ,beak]s ( ab\t #ajj cubic c5timet]s capacity are conv5i5t = ! co>s] grades1 b x is necess>y to use l>g] vessels = ! f9e s$im5ts f :i* turbid wat] accumulates t _c be ?r[n away1 z may be done ) ! cle> wat]1 f :i* ! co>se s$im5ts settle out completely 9 a %ort "t4 ,x is be/ to keep ! am\nt ( wat] z small z possible 9 work+ out ! du/ s9ce loss is incurr$ 9 us+ too l>ge quantities4 ,x is also necess>y 9 mo/ cases to subject ! v>i\s fractions obta9$ dur+ elutriation1 to c>eful knead+ ) a s(t rubb] pe/le s t ! f9e lumps ( clay may be brok5 up & caus$ to rema9 susp5d$ 9 ! wat]4 ,?is treatm5t ) ! pe/le %\ld be done 9 su* a way z to avoid z f> z possible all gr9d+ ( ! p>ticles1 ! object be+ m]ely to pulv]ize ! m9ute aggregations ( clay & extremely f9e p>ticles :i* always =m on dry+ a sample ( soil aft] remov+ x f ! gr\nd4 ,measurem5t ( ! ,p>ticles4--,to det]m9e ! size ( p>ticles 9 susp5sion1 a small glass tube is appli$ to ! surface ( ! liquid 9 su* a way z to take up a s+le drop :i* is transf]r$ to a glass slide4 ,?is drop w conta9 ! smalle/ p>ticles 9 ! liquid4 ,to obta9 a sample ( ! co>se/ p>ticles ! liquid is all[$ to /& long en\gh to =m a v slight s$im5t & a portion ( ?is s$im5t is collect$ ) a glass tube4 ,to det]m9e ! diamet] ( ! p>ticles 9 a s$im5t x is /irr$ vigor\sly ) a little wat] & ! pipette at once appli$ to ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,on decant+ ! great] "p ( ! s$im5t1 ! l>ge p>ticles rema9 at ! bottom ( ! beak] & may be easily exam9$4 ,"t4--,! "t requir$ to make ! sep>ations1 above describ$1 is ab\t two h\rs = ea*1 s t an analysis includ+ ! sitt+s1 is made 9 five or six h\rs1 exclusive ( ! "t necess>y = collect+ ! du/ & sep>at+ ! clay1 = :i* a subsid5ce ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs is all[$4 ,weigh+ ! ,s$im5ts4--,! s$im5ts are prep>$ = weigh+ by all[+ !m to subside completely1 decant+ ! cle> wat] z f> z possible1 r9s+ !m into a weigh$ plat9um di% & ignit+4 ,! di% is cool$ 9 a desiccator4 ,effect ( ,boil+4--,! analyses %[ a v decid$ increase 9 ! p>ticles small] ?an #j4ja millimet] diamet] at ! exp5se ( co>s] p>ticles z ! result ( boil+4 ,! surfaces ( ! co>s] p>ticles are se5 to be poli%$ & ( a light] color ?an ^? n boil$4 ,! surfaces ( ! unboil$ p>ticles are coat$ ) a film ( f9e mat]ial probably cem5t$ to !m by clay4 ,:5 ^! co>se p>ticles :i* h n be5 boil$1 are viol5tly /irr$ ) wat] = a %ort "t1 no f9e p>ticles are deta*$ f !m2 & a c>eful exam9ation "u ! microscope fails to reveal 9 any ( ! s$im5ts m ?an an occasional gra9 exce$+ ! #j4je millimet] limit by s mu* z #j4ja millimet]1 or ! #j4ja limit by z mu* z #j4jje millimet]4 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 appe> t ^! small p>ticles ?us set free by long boil+ are really a "p ( ! l>g] ones & %\ld be treat$ z su* 9 a me*anical analysis ( ^! soils4 #bji4 ,! ,fr5* ,me?od4--,! ,s*loes+ me?od#adb z practic$ by ! ,fr5* agricultural *emi/s#adc diff]s ess5tially f ^? already describ$ 9 attempt+ to fir/ free ! silt f c>bonates & organic matt]4 ,x is conduct$ z foll[s3 ,"o kilogram ( ! soil previ\sly dri$ 9 ! air1 is tak5 & pass$ ?r\gh a sieve ( :i* ! me%es are five millimet]s4 ,! agglom]at$ p>ticles ( e>? are brok5 up by ! h&4 ,! pebbles are also tak5 out & weigh$4 ,! pebbles are !n treat$ ) hydro*loric acid until all eff]vesc5ce is ov]4 ,! insoluble "p is dri$ & aga9 weigh$4 ,! diff]5ce 9 weight gives ! quantity ( calcium c>bonate conta9$ on ! ext]nal surface ( ! pebbles4 ,! e>? :i* passes ! sieve ( five millimet]s me% is next pass$ ?r\gh a sieve hav+ t5 me%es to ! c5timet]4 ,! masses on ! sieve are brok5 up ) ! h& or ) a pe/le1 9 su* a mann] z to sep>ate ! f9e agglom]at$ p>ticles4 ,! mat]ial :i* rema9s ^u ! sieve aft] be+ dri$ at #ajj1 is weigh$4 ,?is gives ! co>se s&4 ,?is is treat$ ) hydro*loric acid z 7 ! pebbles be=e1 wa%$ & ! residue dri$ & weigh$4 ,! diff]5ce 9 weight gives ! quantity ( calcium c>bonate adh]+ to ! surface ( ! co>se s&4 ,! me*anical analysis is cont9u$ ) ! matt] :i* has pass$ ! sieve ) t5 me%es to ! c5timet] & :i* consi/s ( ! soil1 prop]ly s-call$4 ,t5 grams ( ?is are tak51 dri$ at #ajj until no fur!r loss takes place & ! moi/ure ?us det]m9$4 ,ano!r t5 grams are tak5 & plac$ 9 a capsule ) a flat bottom1 & f n9e to t5 c5timet]s 9 diamet]4 ,?is is moi/5$ ) a small quantity ( wat] 9 su* a way z to make a pa/e4 ,?is pa/e is rubb$ ) ! f+] 9 fifte5 cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,t5 seconds aft] ! /irr+ is complet$ ! sup]natant liquid is p\r$ into a precipitat+ j> ( ab\t #bej cubic c5timet]s capacity1 tak+ great c>e n to all[ any p>ticles to pass ov] :i* h be5 deposit$ dur+ t "t4 ,?is op]ation is repeat$ 9 ! same way wait+ ab\t t5 seconds ea* "t be=e decant+1 until ! decant$ liquor is almo/ p]fectly cle>4 ,9 ?is way ! p>ticles ( diff]5t f95ess are sep>at$4 ,! decant$ portions conta9 ! f9e s& & clay4 ,! rema9+ portion conta9s ! s& & p>ticles ( m$ium f95ess4 ,?is la/ "p is dri$1 be+ kept at #ajj until x has a con/ant weight4 ,x is aft]w>ds treat$ ) dilute nitric acid to dissolve ! calcium c>bonate4 ,:5 ! c>bonate is abundant1 x is suffici5t to det]m9e x by diff]5ce :i* is done by wa%+ ! mat]ial1 dry+ & weigh+4 ,b :5 ! proportion ( c>bonate is v small & 9 consequ5ce :5 its exact det]m9ation acquires a great] importance1 x is bett] to det]m9e ! lime directly4 ,= ?is purpose ! "p soluble 9 dilute nitric acid is collect$1 treat$ ) ammonia & acetic acid & precipitat$ ) ammonium oxalate4 ,details ( ?is op]ation w be giv5 9 ano!r "p ( ?is manual4 ,9 reg>d to ! matt] :i* is insoluble 9 nitric acid1 x is compos$ *iefly ( silica or silicates1 & sometimes also ( vegetable dbris4 ,! vegetable matt] is det]m9$ by ! inc9]ation ( ! mat]ial :i* has be5 previ\sly dri$4 ,! loss ( weight gives ! proportion ( vegetable or organic dbris conta9$ 9 ! soil & ( comb9$ wat]4 ,! portion :i* has be5 decant$1 ! volume ( :i* %\ld n exce$ #ejj cubic c5timet]s1 is treat$ ) nitric acid until eff]vesc5ce ceases4 ,x is !n left to dige/ = "s "t1 9 ord] to p]mit ! :ole ( ! c>bonate to dissolve4 ,x is next ?r[n ^u a smoo? filt] ab\t "o decimet] 9 diamet]4 ,aft] filtration x is wa%$ to secure ! complete elim9ation ( ! soluble lime salts4 ,! lime is det]m9$ 9 ! filt]$ liquid4 ,! insoluble portion conta9s ! f9e s&1 ! clay & humus bodies4 ,9 ord] to sep>ate ! ?ree elem5ts ! precipitate :i* 0 receiv$ ^u ! filt]1 is rubb$ ) wat]1 ! filt] is brok5 & all its cont5ts wa%$ ?r\gh4 ,! volume ( wa% wat] is made up to #bjj cubic c5timet]s2 two or ?ree cubic c5timet]s ( ammonia are add$ & ! :ole left to dige/ = two or ?ree h\rs4 ,! volume ( ! liquid is !n made up to "o lit] ) di/ill$ wat]1 vigor\sly %ak+ 9 su* a way z to put all ! matt] 9 susp5sion4 ,x is !n left to settle = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t ! sup]natant liquid is decant$ by ! aid ( a siphon4 ,to ! residue are add$ two cubic c5timet]s ( ammonia & "o lit] ( wat]4 ,! matt] is aga9 br\ght into susp5sion & all[$ to settle = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! sup]natant liquid is aga9 decant$ ) a siphon1 & add$ to ! liquid previ\sly remov$4 ,= ord9>y soils two decantations are g5]ally suffici5t b :5 ! soils conta9 a l>ge quantity ( clay x is conv5i5t to decant ?ree or f\r times4 ,by an exam9ation ( ! sup]natant liquid x is easy to tell if ! wa%+s h be5 suffici5tly prolong$4 ,! decant$ liquors conta9 ! organic matt] & t :i* x is conv5i5t to call clay1 :i* is con/itut$ ( v f9e p>ticles ( s& & colloidal clay :i* play1 9 arable soil1 a rle some:at l t ( cem5t4 ,^! matt]s are e/imat$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! liquor is fir/ treat$ ) nitric acid & ! clay & ! humic matt]s are precipitat$ toge!r4 ,!y are collect$ ^u a smoo? filt] "o decimet] 9 diamet] & wa%$ ) wat]4 ,by means ( a wa%+ bottle all ! solid matt]s :i* h /uck to ! sides ( ! filt] are f9ally collect$ 9 ! bottom ( x4 ,s9ce ! la/ wa%+s pass ! filt] v sl[ly1 !y c be remov$ aft] ! complete deposition ( ! matt] !y conta91 by means ( a pipette4 ,:5 all ! liquid is remov$ ! filt] is plac$ ^u blott+ pap]1 great c>e be+ tak5 to avoid desiccation1 hav+ 9 view only ! elim9ation ( ! excess ( humidity4 ,! folds 9 ! filt] are !n c>efully smoo!d out ) ! f+]4 ,! matt] :i* has collect$ ^u ! filt] is !n remov$ completely ) a wa%+ bottle1 plac$ 9 a di% & dri$ at #ajj & weigh$4 ,aft] weigh+1 ! mass is inc9]at$ 9 a muffle 9 ord] to de/roy ! humic bodies4 ,! diff]5ce 9 weight be=e & aft] inc9]ation1 gives ! total weight ( ! humic bodies & s9ce ! dim9ution 9 weight comprises n only ! weight ( ! humic bodies1 b also ! weight ( ! comb9$ wat] :i* is lo/ dur+ ! process ( inc9]ation1 !re %\ld be subtract$ f ! total loss ( weight t5 p] c5t ( ! weight ( ! residual m9]al matt]1 :i* repres5ts ! wat] ( composition ( ! hydrat$ silicate4 #baj4 ,/atem5t ( ! ,analysis4--,s*loes+ 9 8 orig9al pap]#add recomm5ds t ! analysis be comm5c$ ) #a1jjj grams ( soil4 ,! data ( ! analysis & ! me?od ( arrangem5t are illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ example4 ,! physical exam9ation ( ! e>? hav+ be5 complet$ z above1 ! results c be tabulat$ z foll[s3 tak51 #a1jjj grams ( dry e>?1 dige/$ 9 wat]1 ?or\ghly work$ by h&1 sift$1 & pass$ ?r\gh ! me%es ( ! sieve by a /ream ( wat]1 ! me%es hav+ a diamet] ( "o millimet]4 ,dry residue1 fifty-five grams1 conta9s ,pebbles #ba grams4 ,gravel #cc ,organic dbris #a ,sift$ e>? by diff]5ce1 #ajjj #ee #ide -------- #ajjj grams4 ,humidity ( ! homog5e\s pa/e1 tw5ty-sev5 p] c5t4 ,!n #ide grams ( ! dry sift$ e>? correspond to 7#ide7_/7a4jj 4#bg7 #abid4e ( pa/e4 ,! analysis1 !re=e1 %\ld be c>ri$ on ^u ?is weight or "s aliquot "p say #j4ja !re(2 viz41 #ab4ide grams4 #ab4ide grams ( ! #a/4--,co>se s& dry ,noncalc>e\s #c4je grams4 pa/e aft] successivegiv+ by treatm5t s& knead+s & ) acid & decantations furni% ignition4 dry3 ,calc>e\s #a4ai s& ,organic #j4jh dbris #bnd4--,f9e elem5ts decant$ ) ! wat]1 _! weight calculat$ by diff]5ce1 #i4de #d4cb #e4ac grams4 ,treatm5t ( ! ,f9e ,elem5ts4--,treat$ by nitric acid until a complete decomposition ( ! calc>e\s matt] is secur$1 filt]$1 wa%$1 ! residual matt] collect$ ^u a filt]1 & ! liquid receiv$ 9 a two-lit] flask1 a little ammonia add$1 all[$ to dige/1 ! flask fill$ ) di/ill$ wat]1 left = tw5ty-f\r h\rs at repose1 & decant$3 ,! decantation furni%es#a/4--,a deposit ( f9e calc>e\s#c4ad grams4 s& weigh+ dry #bnd4--,clayey liquid giv+ aft] coagulation by acid1 filtration & dry+ #j4he grams ( clay4 ,!n3 ,total f9e elem5ts #e4ac grams4 ,f9e elem5ts det]m9$ ,f9e calc>e\s s& #c4adc4ii directly4 ,clay #j4he -------- ,f9e calc>e\s s& by diff]5ce #a4ad ,calculat+ ^! results to ! orig9al quantity ( #a1jjj grams ! foll[+ data are obta9$3 ,r,,sum4 ,"o ?\s& grams ( dry e>? conta93 ,pebbles #ba grams4 ,gravel #cc ,organic dbris #a gram4 ,f9e e>? #ide grams4 -------- ,total #ajjj #ide grams ( ,co>se s& #dcb gms4 ,noncalc>e\s s& #cje gms4 f9e e>? conta93 ,calc>e\s s& #aai ,organic dbris #h ,f9e elem5ts #eac gms4,f9e1 noncalc>e\s s& #cad gms4 ,clay #he ,f9e calc>e\s s& #aad ---- ,total #ajjj ,!re are c\nt$ z clay all ! elem5ts :i* h rema9$ 9 susp5sion 9 ! wat] aft] a p]iod ( repose ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,9 fact1 ^! elem5ts comprise a notable proportion ( v f9e s& :i* is n deposit$ dur+ t "t4 ,9 ord] t ! liquid %\ld become entirely fre$ f ?is s& x w\ld be necess>y to wait sev]al weeks & ev5 sev]al mon?s4 ,su* a prolongation ( ! analysis is evid5tly inadmissible4 ,! p]iod ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs ( repose !re=e has be5 adopt$4 ,?is is m]ely conv5tional1 9 ! same way t ! p]iod ( t5 seconds adopt$ = ! precipitation ( ! gravel is conv5tional4 ,b ?is conv5tion is ju/ifi$ by ! fact t ! sub/ance :i* is call$ clay pres5ts1 :5 x has a prop] degree ( humidity & cohesion1 a pla/icity entirely analog\s to t prop]ty ( natural clay4 ,moreov]1 z has already be5 said1 t :i* is *iefly important 9 ^! analyses is ! employm5t ( processes always comp>able among !mselves 9 _! results & g5]ally foll[$4 #baa4 ,! ,belgian ,me?od4--,! me?od ( e/imat+ ! p]c5tage ( s& & clay practic$ at ! ,gembl\x ,/ation#ade is ess5tially t recomm5d$ by ,s*loes+ ) a few m9or modifications4 ,) ! ball ( ! ?umb or ) ! f+]1 #ajj grams ( f9e e>? are rubb$ ) wat] 9 a porcela9 capsule or mort> ) a capacity ( ab\t #bej cubic c5timet]s4 ,! susp5d$ p>ticles are p\r$ (f ) ! wa% wat] & ! process repeat$ five or six times1 us+ 9 all ab\t #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,! wat] conta9+ ! s$im5t is r5d]$ slightly acid 7hydro*loric acid7 add+ ! acid 9 m9ute p>ticles ) con/ant /irr+ = ab\t an h\r 9 ord] to dissolve all ! c>bonate & to sep>ate ! organic acids f ! bases ) :i* !y are comb9$4 ,! liquid is all[$ to rema9 at re/ = five or six h\rs & a "p ( ! liquor decant$ to remove any sup]natant p>ticles ( organic matt] :i* may h pass$ ! sieve 9 ! orig9al prep>ations ( ! sample4 ,filt] ?r\gh a smoo? filt] ab\t twelve c5timet]s 9 diamet]1 wa% until ! *lor9 has disappe>$1 & ?r[ ! filtrate away4 ,break ! filt] pap] ov] ! vessel 9 :i* ! soil 0 treat$ ) hydro*loric acid & wa% all ! cont5ts ( ! filt] into ?is vessel ) z little wat] z possible 7ab\t #ajj cubic c5timet]s71 add five cubic c5timet]s ( /rong ammonia wat]1 all[ to /& = ?ree h\rs1 %ak+ f "t to "t & ) di/ill$ wat] make ! volume up to #bej cubic c5timet]s4 ,/ir vigor\sly ) a glass rod or spatula1 take ?is out & wa% any adh]+ p>ticles back1 leave at re/ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 siphon ! turbid liquid into a two-lit] vessel4 ,make ! volume up aga9 to #bej cubic c5timet]s & treat z above describ$ & repeat ! op]ation until ! wat] becomes cle> aft] /&+ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,usually eight or t5 wa%+s are necess>y4 ,wa% ! residual s& into a weigh$ di%1 evaporate to dryness1 ignite & weigh4 ,! weight obta9$ divid$ by ! weight ( ! orig9al sample gives ! p] c5t ( s&4 ,! s& is sep>at$ by sieves ( v>y+ f95ess into co>se1 f9e1 & pulv]ul5t s&4 ,add to ! ammoniacal liquor collect$ 9 ! two-lit] flask "s p[d]$ potassium *lorid 7five grams p] lit]7 to ha/5 ! coagulation & rapid deposit ( ! clay4 ,aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs siphon ! cle> liquor1 collect ! deposit$ clay 9 a small] vessel1 all[ to rema9 at re/ & decant z mu* ( ! cle> liquor z possible4 ,pass ?r\gh a pla9 t>$ filt] ab\t n9e c5timet]s 9 diamet]1 dry at #aej & weigh ! clay4 #bab4 ,! ,italian ,me?od4--,s*loes+'s me?od z c>ri$ out by ! ,italian *emi/s#adf is z foll[s3 ,a kilo ( e>? dri$ 9 ! air is pass$ ?r\gh a sieve ! ?reads ( :i* are sep>at$ a di/ance ( five millimet]s2 & ) ?is ! small pebbles are sep>at$4 ,) ano!r sieve hav+ spaces ( "o millimet]1 ! co>se s& is sep>at$4 ,! pebbles & s& are dri$1 weigh$1 treat$ ) hydro*loric acid & aga9 weigh$ 9 ord] to f9d ! quantity ( calc>e\s matt] conta9$ 9 !m4 ,9 t5 grams ( ?is f9e e>? ! humidity is det]m9$ by dry+ at #ajj4 ,t5 grams are mix$ 9 a capsule ) fifte5 to tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( wat] & aft] eight to t5 seconds ! sup]natant liquid is p\r$ into a beak] hav+ a capacity ( #bej cubic c5timet]s4 ,! same op]ation is repeat$ until !re are conta9$ 9 ! beak] ! f9e s& & ! clay1 :ile ! co>s] s& rema9s 9 ! capsule4 ,?is la/ is !n dri$ & weigh$ & ! quantity ( calcium c>bonate det]m9$ by treat+ x ) dilut$ nitric acid4 ,by means ( calc9ation ! organic matt] is det]m9$4 ,! liquid decant$ 9 ! beak]1 ! volume ( :i* mu/ n surpass #bjj to #bej cubic c5timet]s1 is treat$ ) nitric acid1 filt]$ aft] "s "t1 wa%$ & ! calcium is directly det]m9$ by precipitat+ ! solution ) ammonium oxalate4 ,! "p 9 ! filt] :i* conta9s ! f9e s&1 ! clay1 & ! humus mat]ial is mix$ ) wat] to a volume ( ab\t #bjj cubic c5timet]s2 !re are !n add$ to x two to ?ree cubic c5timet]s ( ammonia & aft] two or ?ree h\rs x is dilut$ to a lit] & /rongly agitat$4 ,aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs ( re/ x is decant$ & ! residuum is treat$ a second "t ) dilut$ ammonia1 decant+ aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,ord9>ily ^! two treatm5ts suffice1 if1 h[ev]1 ! e>? is v argillace\s1 ?is op]ation %\ld be repeat$ ?ree & ev5 f\r times4 ,! clay :i* is f\nd 9 ! liquid susp5d$ 9 colloidal =m coagulates & is precipitat$ by add+ ?irty to =ty cubic c5timet]s ( a saturat$ solution ( potassium *lorid1 :ile ! humus sub/ance1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! ammonia rema9s dissolv$4 ,se/9i f\nd t ! me?od ( ,s*loes+ 0 ! only "o :i* indicat$ exactly ! quantity ( clay 9 ! soil4 ,he modifi$ ?is me?od by r$uc+ ! "t ( re/ f tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 z propos$ by ,s*loes+1 to only twelve h\rs1 a r$uction :i* 9 8 op9ion does n 9 ! lea/ impair ! exactness ( ! me?od4 ,se/9i also proposes twelve treatm5ts in/ead ( six4 ,,sep>ation ,,( ,,! ,,soil ,,p>ticles ,,by ,a ,,liquid ,,9 ,,motion4 #bac4 ,g5]al ,pr9ciples4--,! laws1 already discuss$1 apply+ to ! subsid5ce ( a solid p>ticle 9 a liquid1 are equally applicable to ! sep>ation ( ! p>ticle by imp>t+ a motion to ! liquid at a giv5 rate4 ,if a solid p>ticle subside 9 a giv5 liquid at ! rate ( "o millimet] p] second x foll[s t ?is p>ticle w rema9 at re/ if ! liquid be set 9 motion upw>d ) a l velocity4 ,if ! velocity be great] ! p>ticle w be c>ri$ upw>d & ev5tually out ( ! conta9+ vessel4 ,su* a p>ticle is said to h a hydraulic value ( "o millimet] p] second4 ,if !re be a p]fect sep>ation ( a soil into its con/itu5t p>ticles & no subsequ5t flocculation1 all ! p>ticles ( "o millimet] hydraulic value & less w be sep>at$ by a curr5t ( ! velocity m5tion$4 ,! g5]al pr9ciples on :i* ! sep>ation re/s1 !re=e1 are ! secur+ ( ! prop] granulation ( ! sample & ! ma9t5ance ( a fix$ velocity ( ! curr5t until ! sep>ation is f9i%$4 ,! sep>ation mu/ be comm5c$ ) a p]iod ( subsid5ce s z to remove fir/ ( all ! susp5d$ clay or impalpable p>ticles4 ,! velocity c !n be increas$ 9 a c]ta9 fix$ ratio to secure a sep>ation into p>ticles ( any requir$ hydraulic value4 #bad4 ,nbel's ,app>atus4--,"o ( ! e>lie/ me?ods ( sep>at+ ! soil p>ticles by a mov+ liquid is t ( ,nbel4#adg ,! app>atus is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bh4 ,! f\r sep>at+ vessels #a1 #b1 #c1 #d are ( glass1 pe> %ap$1 & h a relative capacity ( #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 or #a 3 #h 3 #bg 3 #fd4 ,no4 #d has an outlet tube lead+ to ! beak] ,b1 ( su* a capacity z to all[ ! passage ( j n9e lit]s ( wat] 9 =ty m9utes1 con/ant pressure be+ ma9ta9$ by means ( a ,m>iotte's bottle or ( ! con/ant level app>atus ,a1 a1 b1 :i* is connect$ ) ! ma9 wat] supply ?r\gh ! tube a by means ( a rubb] hose4 ,! res]voir ,c %\ld hold ab\t t5 lit]s4 ,! sample ( soil to be sep>at$ %\ld be previ\sly boil$ & pass$ ?r\gh a sieve hav+ circul> op5+s "o millimet] 9 diamet]4 ,! flask 9 :i* ! sample is boil$ is all[$ to /& = "s "t :5 ! muddy sup]natant liquid is p\r$ into elutriator ,no4 #b & ! rema9+ s$im5t wa%$ into ,no4 #a4 ,no4 #a is fill$ ) wat] by connect+ x ) ! wat] supply & op5+ ! p9*-cock p4 ,! wat] is c>efully admitt$ until ! air is all driv5 out & ,nos4 #a & #b connect$4 ,! cock p is !n op5$ & ! vessels all fill$1 & ! wat] all[$ to run into ,b = =ty m9utes1 ! level be+ ma9ta9$ uni=mly at ,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bh4 ,n,,bel',s ,,elutriator4 ,( ! wat] us$1 f\r lit]s are f\nd 9 ! elutriat+ vessels & n9e lit]s 9 ! receiv+ vessel ,no4 #e4 ,! app>atus is left /&+ = an h\r until ! liquid 9 ! elutriators is cle> & ! portions 9 ea* vessel are receiv$ on weigh$ filt]s dri$ at #abe1 & ! weight ( ea* portion det]m9$4 ,x is recomm5d$ t ! loss on ignition ( ea* "p be also det]m9$4 ,! sep>at$ p>ticles ?us secur$ are classifi$ z foll[s3 ,no4 #a4 ,dbris & gravel4 ,no4 #b4 ,co>se s&4 ,no4 #c4 ,f9e s&4 ,no4 #d4 ,clayey s&4 ,no4 #e4 ,f9e/ p>ts or clay4 ,al?\gh ! me?od ( ,nbel has be5 mu* us$1 ! results :i* x gives are entirely mislead+4 ,! convection curr5ts produc$ 9 ! conical vessels by ! pass+ wat] & ! flocculation ( ! soil p>ticles prev5t any %>p sep>ation into classes ( di/9ct hydraulic value4 ,! process may be useful = a qualitative te/1 b its *ief claim to a place 9 ?is manual is 9 its hi/oric int]e/ aris+ f its use 9 ! fir/ attempts at silt analysis4 #bae4 ,me?od ( ,dietri*4#adh--,! difficulties att5d+ ! silt sep>ation by ! ,nbel me?od1 l$ ,dietri* to con/ruct an app>atus 9 :i* ! sides ( ! elutriat+ vessels 7 p>allel1 b ^! vessels1 ) ! exception ( ! fir/1 7 n set 9 an upright position4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bi4 ,,dietri*',s ,,elutriator4 ,! app>atus 7,fig4 #bi7 consi/s ( a s]ies ( cyl9drical vessels connect$ by rubb] tub+4 ,! elutriators are ( ! foll[+ dim5sions3 ,no4 #a4 ,sev5te5 c5timet]s long1 #b4h c5timet]s 9 diamet]1 position upright4 ,no4 #b4 ,?irty-f\r c5timet]s long1 f\r c5timet]s 9 diamet]1 incl9$ #fg4e4 ,no4 #c4 ,fifty-"o c5timet]s long1 #e4b c5timet]s 9 diamet]1 incl9$ #de4 ,no4 #d4 ,sixty-eight c5timet]s long1 #f4d c5timet]s 9 diamet]1 incl9$ #bb4e4 ,! rubb] tubes pass+ f "o vessel to ! o!r are furni%$ ) p9*-cocks s t ea* "o ( ! elutriat+ vessels c be %ut (f f ! o!rs & indep5d5tly remov$ f ! circuit4 ,! /ream ( wat] is made to pass ?r\gh ! app>atus "u a con/ant pressure ( "o met]4 ,only ! f9e e>?1 boil$ ) wat] or hydro*loric acid1 is to be plac$ 9 ! app>atus4 ,! "p com+ ?r\gh a sieve ) a me% #j4fg millimet]s is to be us$ & plac$ 9 ,no4 #a4 ,ab\t ?irty grams ( soil1 are employ$ = ea* elutriation4 ,be=e add+ ! soil1 ! air is completely remov$ f all p>ts ( ! app>atus by connect+ x ) ! wat] supply & all[+ x to be fill$ ) wat]4 ,! rate ( fl[ is controll$ by ! orifice ( ! la/ efflu5t tube & ! analy/ is direct$ to cont9ue ! op]ation until ! efflu5t wat] collect$ 9 ! beak] glass 7#e7 is cle>4 ,! p>ticles !n rema9+ 9 ea* ( ! vessels are collect$ sep>ately4 ,! au?or ( ! me?od claims t 9 respect ( lik5ess ( p>ticles ! results are especially gratify+ & t duplicate analyses give results fully comp>able4 ,! process1 h[ev]1 has n comm5d$ itself to analy/s1 b x m>ks a di/9ct progress t[>d ! pr9ciples ( lat] inve/igators4 ,_h ea* ( ! elutriat+ vessels be5 plac$ upright & ! rate ( fl[ det]m9$1 ! app>atus ( ,dietri* w\ld h s]v$1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 = ! m rigid inve/igations ( 8 successors4 #baf4 ,me?od ( ,masure4--,! sift$ e>?1 f t5 to fifte5 grams1 is c>efully mix$ ) #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,x is !n introduc$ into a d\bly conical elutriator ,b1 ,fig4 #cj1 ( ab\t #bej cubic c5timet]s capacity4 ,a curr5t ( di/ill$ wat] is all[$ to fl[ f a ,m>iotte's bottle1 ,a1 :i* secures a regul> & con/ant fl[4 ,! bottle ,a is jo9$ to ! elutriator ,b by means ( a rubb] tube & ! v]tical glass tube ,d1 ! top ( :i* is exp&$ into a funnel = ! purpose ( receiv+ ! wat] f ! ,m>iotte flask4 ,! curr5t ( wat] fl[+ upw>d ?r\gh ! elutriator ,b c>ries 9 susp5sion ! mo/ f9ely divid$ p>ticles ( clay1 & ^! are collect$ ) ! em]g5t wat] 9 ! receiv] ,c4 ,! s& & co>s] p>ticles ( clay rema9 9 ! elutriator4 ,! wat] fl[s out by ! tube ,f1 ! diamet] ( :i* %\ld be less ?an t ( ,d4 ,:5 ! em]g5t wat] becomes limpid ! op]ation is t]m9at$4 ,aft] ! app>atus is disconnect$1 ! wat] is decant$ f ! s& 9 ! elutriator1 & ! :ole residue is weigh$ aft] dry+ = two h\rs at #aaj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #cj4 ,,masure',s ,,silt ,,app>atus4 ,! f9e soil collect$ 9 ,c may also be sep>at$ & weigh$1 = control1 aft] dry+ z above4 ,! pebbles & co>se s& sep>at$ by ! sieves %\ld also be weigh$4 ,by ?is process ! soil is sep>at$ into f\r portions2 viz41 7#a7 ,pebbles4 7#b7 ,co>se s&4 7#c7 ,f9e s& & o!r mat]ials n c>ri$ (f by ! curr5t ( wat]4 7#d7 ,f9e soil1 c>ri$ into ! receiv] ,c4 #bag4 ,me?od ( ,s*ne4--,! me?od ( ,s*ne#adi is bas$ on ! comb9ation ( a cyl9drical & conical sep>atory tube ?r\gh :i* ! fl[ ( wat] is regulat$ by a piezomet]4 ,if1 9 ! process ( silt sep>ation1 ! wat] move p]p5dicul>ly upw>d ) a giv5 velocity1 e4g4 v ! sep>ation is dep5d5t3 7#a7 ,on ! volume ( ! silt p>ticles1 7#b7 ,on _! specific gravity1 &1 7#c7 ,on _! /ate ( dis9tegration4 ,if x be assum$ t ! silt p>ticle is a sph]e ) a diamet] d1 !n accord+ to ,newton's law ( gravity1 ! foll[+ =mula w\ld be appli$3 d v 77#c,z7_/7#d;g 7,s #a7774 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ca4 ,,s*,,ne',s ,,elutriator4 ,9 ! above =mula ,z a coeffici5t :i* dep5ds on ! condition ( ! surface aga9/ :i* ! hydraulic pressure or resi/ance works1 9 ?is case a sph]e2 g ! accel]ation ( gravity equival5t to #i4ha met]2 & ,s ! specific gravity ( ! p>ticle4 ,?is expression signifies t 9 a giv5 case1 ! velocity ( ! curr5t 9 ! app>atus is j suffici5t to c\nt]act ! t5d5cy ( a giv5 p>ticle to s9k4 ,all p>ticles ( a small] diamet]1 9 su* a case1 w be c>ri$ on by ! curr5t1 :ile all ( a great] diamet] w\ld sep>ate by s$im5tation4 ,^! !oretical conditions are n met ) 9 practice :]e silt p>ticles ( all %apes & degrees ( aggregation ab\nd4 ,^! p>ticles1 :atev] _! %ape1 may be said to h ! same hydraulic value :5 c>ri$ by ! same curr5t4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 to secure "s uni=m /&>d ( expression to assume a normal =m ( p>ticle & a normal specific gravity4 ,= ! =m1 a sph]e is evid5tly ! normal :i* mu/ be consid]$ & = specific gravity t ( qu>tz is tak52 viz41 #b4fe4 ,! mean coeffici5t = ,z may also be plac$ at #j4ee1 al?\gh slightly diff]5t values are ascrib$ to x4 ,sub/itut+ ^! values 9 ! =mula1 x is r$uc$ to ! expression2 d v #j4jjjjbee millimet]s4 ,x c1 !re=e1 be said t by ?is or t velocity ( ! curr5t1 silt p>ticles w be remov$ ( ?is or t diamet]1 x be+ und]/ood t all p>ticles ( equal hydraulic value to sph]ules ( qu>tz ( ! giv5 diamet] are includ$ 9 ea* class4 ,9 ord] to h ! !oretical =mula agree ) ! results ( analysis x is necess>y to modify x empirically to read d v #j4jcad millimet]s4 ,?is =mula is f\nd to agree well ) ! results obta9$ = all velocities betwe5 #j4a millimet] & twelve millimet]s p] second1 ! ord9>y limits ( silt sep>ation4 ,! ,app>atus4--,! conic-cyl9drical elutriat+ vessel ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 ,g1 ,fig4 #ca1 is ( glass4 ,! "p ,b1 ,c1 is cyl9drical1 t5 c5timet]s 9 l5g? & z ne>ly z possible five c5timet]s 9 diamet]4 ,! conical "p ,c1 ,d1 is fifty c5timet]s 9 l5g?4 ,its inn] diamet] at ,d mu/ n be great] ?an five c5timet]s nor small] ?an f\r c5timet]s4 ,! b5d1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 %\ld h ! same diamet]2 viz41 f\r to five c5timet]s4 ,! "p ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 & ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 ,g1 may be made ( sep>ate p>ts & jo9$ by a rubb] tube4 ,outfl[ ,tube & ,piezomet]4--,! outfl[ tube & piezomet]1 ,h1 ,j1 ,k1 ,l1 is con/ruct$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cb4 ,x %\ld be made ( b>omet] tub+ hav+ an int]nal diamet] ( ab\t ?ree millimet]s4 ,! tube is b5t at ,j at an angle ( =ty to =ty-five degrees4 ,! knee ,j mu/ be z acute z possible n to int]f]e ) ! inn] diamet]4 ,! =m & especially ! magnitude ( ! outlet are ( great importance4 ,x mu/ be circul> & ne>ly #a4e millimet] 9 diamet]4 ,x mu/ n be l>g] ?an #a4fg millimet] nor small] ?an #a4e millimet]4 ,! op5+ %\ld be s made z to direct ! /ream ( outfl[+ liquid 9 ! direction %[n by ! arr[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #cb4 ,,s*,,ne',s ,,elutriator1 ,,outfl[ ,,tube4 ,! piezomet] ,l1 ,k is p>allel to ! arm ,h1 ,j1 ( ! deliv]y tube4 ,its graduation has its z]o po9t 9 ! c5t] ( ! outlet ,k4 ,x comm5ces ) ! "o c5timet] m>k4 ,f "o to five c5timet]s x is divid$ into millimet]s1 f five to t5 c5timet]s into "o-f\r? c5timet]1 f t5 to fifty c5timet]s into "o-half c5timet]1 & f fifty to #ajj c5timet]s into c5timet]s4 ,! dim5sions giv5 are ^? requir$ = ord9>y soils & = velocities rang+ f two-t5?s millimet] to f\r millimet]s p] second4 ,= great] velocities1 a deliv]y tube ) a l>g] outlet mu/ be us$ & ! piezomet] mu/ be ( great] int]nal diamet] ?an indicat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #cc4 ,,s*,,ne',s ,,elutriator1 ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,app>atus4 ,arrangem5t ( ! ,app>atus4--,! app>atus is conv5i5tly m\nt$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cc1 giv+ front & side views ( all p>ts ( app>atus 9 position ready = use4 ,:5 num]\s analyses are to be made mu* "t is sav$ by hav+ a numb] ( app>atus arrang$ en batt]ie4 ,! ,sieve4--,! soil1 be=e be+ subject$ to elutriation1 %\ld be pass$ ?r\gh a sieve ( :i* ! me%es are #j4b millimet] squ>e4 ,! ,process4--,to measure ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d]1 two m>ks are made ) a diamond ^u ! glass :i* are di/ant f ea* o!r a c]ta9 space1 = in/ance1 h c5timet]s4 ,! space betwe5 ^! two m>ks is fill$ ) wat] exactly measur$4 ,suppose t a cubic c5timet]s 7 us$1 !n ! diamet] is det]m9$ by ! =mula3 ,d 7#d;a7_/7h7 c5timet]s4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e t ! elutriat+ cyl9d] is /rictly comp>able 9 all its p>ts ?is measurem5t %\ld be made ^u sev]al p>ts !re(4 ,! app>atus %\ld n[ be te/$ 9 reg>d to ! quantity ( liquid :i* x w deliv] "u a giv5 pressure 9 ! piezomet]4 ,by means ( ! /op-cock ,h ! fl[ ( wat] is s regulat$ t ! outfl[ at c c be measur$ at a giv5 height ( ! wat] 9 ! piezomet]4 ,suppose t a cubic c5timet]s ( wat] fl[ 9 t seconds1 !n ! quantity :i* w\ld fl[ 9 "o second is det]m9$ by ! =mula1 ,q a_/t cubic c5timet]s4 ,s9ce accord+ to ! law ( hydraulic outfl[ ! quantities are proportional to ! squ>e root ( ! height ( ! column x is easy to compute f any giv5 height ! quantity :i* w fl[ f any o!r "o desir$4 ,= ! ret>dation due to capill>y attraction1 x is suffici5t1 9 g5]al1 to take x 9 a con/ant quantity2 if ?is con/ant quantity be repres5t$ by ,c1 ! obs]v$ height ( ! wat] 9 ! piezomet] by h1 & ! quantity ( wat] fl[+ out by ,q1 ! data requir$ = any giv5 velocity c be calculat$ f ! foll[+ proportion3 7h ,c7 3 7h ,c7 ,q 3 ,q4 ,x is necess>y to compute ! magnitude ( ?is con/ant ,c :i* is to be subtract$4 ,?is is accompli%$ by measur+ ! quantity ( wat] :i* fl[s out at two diff]5t heights ( ! column 9 ! piezomet]4 ,f ! =ego+ proportion1 ! value ( ,c is z foll[s3 ,c 7,q h ,q h7_/7,q7 ,q7 c5timet]s4 ,! value ( ,c c be ! m exactly det]m9$ z h is great] & h small]4 ,x is be/ to *oose ! l[e/ height f :i* an exact read+ c be made2 t is1 by :i* ! regul> rise & fall ( ! level ( ! wat] 9 ! piezomet] 79 consequ5ce ( ! =mation ( drops7 j beg9s to disappe>4 ,?is usually takes place :5 h #a4e c5timet] to #a4g c5timet]4 ,= ! high] value h x is be/ to take ab\t #ajj c5timet]s4 ,suppose1 = example1 ! foll[+ results are obta9$3 ,height ( column to be ,obs]v$ height4 ,obs]v$ quantity ( subtract$ outfl[4 due to capill>y attraction4 h h ,q cubic ,q cubic c5timet]s4 c5timet]s4 c5timet]s4 c5timet]s4 c5timet]s4 #hj #a4f #e4ec #j4djf #a4ba #ajj #a4f #f4ac #j4dhd #a4ag #hj #a4h #e4ec #j4djf #a4ai #ajj #a4h #f4ac #j4dhd #a4ai ,! same quantity ( wat] :i* fl[s out 9 a unit ( "t passes also at ! same "t ov] a cross section ( ! elutriat+ cyl9d]4 ,! diamet] ( ?is cyl9d] be+ ,d ! equation is d]iv$ v ,q7#d7_/7;,d7 c5timet]s4 ,s9ce ! velocity 9 ! elutriat+ cyl9d] v is directly z ! quantity ( wat] ov]fl[+ s is v 3 v 7h ,c7 3 7h ,c72 !n v 7h ,c7 7v7_/77h ,c77 & h v77h ,c7_/7v7 ,c4 ,! con/ant 7h ,c7_/7v7 is obta9$ f ! means ( a numb] ( e/imations2 = example z illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+ data3 ,obs]v$ ,correspond+ velocity quantity ( 9 elutriat+ cyl9d] ,con/ant4 ,obs]v$ height1 outfl[1 cubic ( #d4dhi c5timet]s 7h c5timet]s4 c5timet]s4 diamet]1 millimet]s4 ,c7_/7#b7 #a4f #j4djf #j4jbeg #fba #a4h #j4dhd #j4jcjf #feb #hj4j #e4ecj #j4cdij #fdg #ajj4j #f4acj #j4chgj #ffj ------ ,mean #fde ,!n are obta9$ ! foll[+ values ( h & v3 h #fde7,v7 #a4ai c5timet]s4 & v 7h #a4ai7 #j4jcid c5timet]s4 ,9 ord] to be able easily & rapidly to judge "u :at pressure ! outfl[ has tak5 place 9 any p>ticul> in/ance1 a l>g] numb] ( values are comput$ ) ! help ( ! =mula giv5 & plac$ toge!r 9 tabul> =m4 ,z an example ! foll[+ table may s]ve :i* 0 comput$ = "o ( ! app>atus us$4 ,usually x w be suffici5t to te/ ! app>atus = f\r diff]5t heights & !n to int]polate ! values = all ! o!rs4 ,! numb]s m>k$ ) a /> 9 ! table are ^? :i* 7 det]m9$ by exp]im5t2 ! o!rs 7 calculat$4 ,height ( column ,velocity 9 ! elutriat+ ,correspond+ diamet] ( 9 piezomet]4 cyl9d] ( #d4dhi silt p>ticles4 d h c5timet]s diamet]4 v v77#j4jcad millimet]s4 c5timet]s4 ,obs]v$1 ,calculat$1 millimet]s4 millimet]s4 millimet]s4 #a4e #j4bbb #j4bbj #j4jabj #a4f #j4beg99 #j4beb #j4jaca #a4g #j4bhd #j4bha #j4jadj #a4h #j4cjf99 #j4cjg #j4jadh #a4i #j4cbc #j4ccb #j4jaee #b4j #j4cdf #j4cee #j4jafb #b4e #j4dbg #j4dea #j4jahe #c4j #j4eca #j4ecj #j4jbaj #c4e #j4egg #j4eii #j4jbbg #d4j #j4fej #j4ffj #j4jbcf #d4e #j4fid #j4gag #j4jbed #e4j #j4gea #j4gfi #j4jbfe #f4j #j4hej #j4hfd #j4jbhf #g4j #j4idb #j4iej #j4jcjd #h4j #a4jej #a4jbh #j4jcbj #i4j #a4abj #a4aja #j4jccd #aj4j #a4agj #a4afi #j4jcdg #ae4j #a4dij #a4dfj #j4jdjj #bj4j #a4gcj #a4gaj #j4jdda #be4j #a4idj #a4ibj #j4jdgf #cj4j #b4ajj #b4aaj #j4jejf #ce4j #b4caj #b4bij #j4jecb #dj4j #b4dfj #b4dej #j4jeef #de4j #b4faj #b4faj #j4jegh #ej4j #b4ggj #b4gej #j4jeih #fj4j #c4jcj #c4jbj #j4jfce #gj4j #c4bij #c4bgj #j4jffg #hj4j #c4dij99 #c4ejj #j4jfig #ij4j #c4gaj #c4gaj #j4jgbd #ajj4j #c4hgj99 #c4ibj #j4jgdi ,suppose ! problem is by means ( ! app>atus te/$ above1 to sep>ate into a numb] ( gr\ps a mixture ( silt p>ticles1 ^: hydraulic values are f\nd betwe5 ! foll[+ diamet]s3 #j4ja1 #j4jb1 #j4jc1 #j4jd1 #j4je1 #j4jf1 #j4jg millimet]s4 ,! table w %[ at once "u :at pressure ( wat] ! piezomet] mu/ be plac$ 9 ord] to give ! values2 viz41 #a4d1 #b4h1 #g4j1 #ae4j1 #bi4j1 #ec4j1 & #hc4j c5timet]s respectively4 ,! app>atus describ$ above1 is adapt$ = velocities 9 ! elutriat+ cyl9d] v>y+ f two-t5?s millimet] to f\r millimet]s p] second4 ,! l>ge/ silt p>ticles :i* c be sep>at$ by ! velocities giv5 above1 h approximately a diamet] ( #j4jh millimet]4 ,= ! sep>ation ( l>g] p>ticles a sieve c take ! place ( ! silt app>atus4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x be desir$ to subject l>g] p>ticles to silt analysis1 ! dim5sions ( ! elutriat+ cyl9d] & ( ! outlet ( ! deliv]y tube mu/ be *ang$ accord+ly4 ,prep>ation ( ,sample4--,! conduct ( silt analysis ( natural soils mu/1 9 c]ta9 cases1 be prec$$ by a special treatm5t ( ! sample4 ,if ! latt] be ri* 9 humus ! organic sub/ance mu/ previ\sly be sep>at$ z completely z possible4 ,) s&y soils ?is c be accompli%$ by ignition4 ,) clayey soils1 on ! contr>y1 x is to be p]=m$ by boil+ ! soils at lea/ "o h\r ) wat] :i* conta9s f "o to two p] c5t ( free alkali4 ,soils :i* conta9 lime mu/ also be subject$ to treatm5t ) dilute hydro*loric acid1 & ! hydro*loric acid mu/ be z c>efully remov$1 z possible be=e ! sample is subject$ to elutriation2 aft]w>d foll[s ! boil+ ( ! sample 9 ! ord9>y way ) wat]4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 c be omitt$ :5 x has already be5 treat$ ) boil+ dilute alkali4 ,x is also important to remove ! l>g] p>ticles by a sieve be=e ! elutriation beg9s4 ,x is well to pass a sample ?r\gh a sieve aft] x has be5 boil$1 by :i* all p>ticles ( a l>g] diamet] ?an #j4b millimet] are remov$4 ,?is w usually require ab\t "o lit] ( wat] & ?is wat] %\ld be all[$ to re/ f "o to two h\rs & p\r$ (f ) ! susp5d$ mat]ial :i* x conta9s4 ,only :at subsides %\ld be br\ght into ! app>atus4 ,9 r9s+ ! sample z mu* wat] mu/ be us$ z w fill ! app>atus up to its cyl9drical portion4 ,aft] ! sample has be5 plac$ 9 ! app>atus1 ! wat] is all[$ sl[ly to ent]1 be+ c>eful to avoid rea*+ m ?an ! l[e/ requir$ velocity1 until ! outfl[ beg9s4 ,! wat] !n is s regulat$ by ! /op-cock z to br+ x to ! desir$ height 9 ! piezomet]4 ,?is be+ accompli%$1 ! diff]5t velocities :i* h be5 decid$ ^u = sep>at+ ! p>ticles ( silt are us$ "o aft] ! o!r1 z soon z all ! silt :i* c be remov$ at ea* giv5 velocity1 has be5 secur$4 ,f ?ree to five lit]s ( wat] w be requir$ = ! sep>ation ( ea* class ( p>ticles4 ,sometimes ! read+ ( ! height ( ! wat] 9 ! piezomet] is difficult2 z1 = in/ance1 :5 foam or bubbles accumulate !re94 ,^! bubbles c be remov$ by simply bl[+ into ! tube1 or dropp+ into x a little e!r4 ,! outfl[ ( wat] c be receiv$ 9 vessels1 beak] glasses1 or cyl9d]s1 9 :i* x is all[$ to subside4 ,! f9e/ p>ticles :i* rema9 9 susp5sion 9 ! wat] are be/ det]m9$ by diff]5ce4 ,if x be desir$ to weigh !m directly1 ! wat] c be treat$ ) ammonium bic>bonate until x conta9s f "o to two p] c5t !re(4 ,! precipitation !n takes place 9 a few h\rs4 ,! collection & weigh+ ( silt p>ticles are accompli%$ 9 ! usual way4 ,t :i* f9ally rema9s 9 ! elutriat+ vessel is tak5 out aft] ! end ( ! op]ation by clos+ ! /op-cock1 remov+ ! /opp]s ) ! piezomet] tube1 p\r+ ! cont5ts ( ! elutriat+ vessel into a beak] glass & r9s+ out c>efully all adh]+ p>ticles4 ,examples ( ! work+ ( ! app>atus foll[3 ,! soil 0 tak5 f ! ,imp]ial ,russian ,agricultural ,exp]im5tal ,in/itute at ,gorki4 ,x 0 a f9e clay s& & 0 c>efully treat$ ) hydro*loric acid4 ,! results ( ! analysis are giv5 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,velocities ,l>ge/ diamet] ( ! ,p]c5tage ( silt product employ$ 9 collect$ p>ticles 9 obta9$ 9 repeat$ millimet]s4 millimet]s4 elutriations4 #j4be #j4jab #ac4d #ab4f #aa4i #j4e #j4jbj #i4a #h4g #i4e #a #j4jcb #ba4j #ba4d #bj4h #b #j4jej #cj4d #bi4h #ca4g #c #j4jfc #af4g #af4a #ae4e #d #j4jgf #e4c #e4e #e4e ,residue #d4b #d4i #c4h ---------- -------- -------- ,total #ajj4j #ii4j #ih4g ,hol?( modifies ! app>atus ( ,s*ne by putt+ into ! l[] m\? ( ! elutriator a little m]cury s t ! p>ticles ( e>? are deposit$ ^u its surface & are ?us bett] agitat$ & wa%$ by ! curr5t ( wat]4 #bah4 ,may]'s ,modification ( ,s*ne's ,me?od4--,an improvem5t ( ,s*ne's app>atus 9 ! direction ( great] simplicity has be5 te/$ by ,may]#aej ) satisfactory results3 ,! app>atus1 7,fig4 #cd71 consi/s ( a glass vessel hav+ a glass /op-cock at ! bottom = admitt+ ! wat]4 ,= a di/ance ( tw5ty c5timet]s ! sides ( ! tube are p>allel & ! diamet] ab\t "o c5timet]4 ,next = a di/ance ( fifty c5timet]s ! tube is conical exp&+ at a regul> rate until ! int]nal diamet] rea*es five c5timet]s4 ,= a di/ance ( t5 c5timet]s ! vessel is aga9 /rictly cyl9drical & x is 9 ?is cyl9drical portion t ! sep>ation ( ! diff]5t con/itu5ts takes place4 ,! vessel is !n rapidly n>r[$ until x c>ries ! /opp] ,a two c5timet]s 9 diamet]4 ,?is /opp] c>ries two glass tubes1 "o ,f b5t d[nw>d to conduct ! ov]fl[ into ! receiv+ vessels1 & "o ,h = ! purpose ( regulat+ ! rate ( ov]fl[ by ! height ( ! column ( wat] !re94 ,! orifice ( ! ov]fl[ tube ,f %\ld be s regulat$ t ) a pressure ( five c5timet]s wat] 9 ,h1 "o lit] %all pass ov] 9 t5 m9utes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #cd4 ,,s*,,ne',s ,,app>atus ,,= ,,silt ,,analysis1 ,,modifi$ ,,by ,,may]4 ,if ! sep>ation be conduct$ 9 an app>atus ?us m\nt$ & graduat$ ) a pressure ( two c5timet]s 9 ,h all t portion ( ! soil :i* c prop]ly be call$ clay w pass ov]4 ,! f9e e>?1 t is1 e>? 9 :i* all co>se p>ticles h be5 remov$ by prop] sift+1 is us$ 9 t5-gram lots = ea* exp]im5t4 ,! residue1 aft] ! sep>ation is complete1 consi/s ( pure s& or at lea/ pure s& mix$ ) humus4 ,be=e ! f9e e>? is plac$ 9 ! app>atus1 ! calcium c>bonate !re9 is remov$ ) hydro*loric acid4 ,! treatm5t ) hydro*loric acid1 h[ev]1 is n to be recomm5d$ 9 soil conta9+ _m undecompos$ p>ticles ( calcium c>bonate or dolomite = !n l>ge additions to ! silt output might be made f ^! p>ticles1 :i* c\ld n be reg>d$ z com+ f ! soil z x actually exi/s4 ,= alluvial soil1 h[ev]1 previ\s treatm5t ) hydro*loric acid is recomm5d$ unconditionally4 #bai4 ,s*ne's ,me?od z ,practic$ by ,osborne4--,! app>atus us$ by ,osborne#aea 0 obta9$ f ,g]many & 0 simil> to t describ$ by ,s*ne 9 8 orig9al pap]1 except t x 0 furni%$ ) a second elutriat+ tube z sugge/$ by ,or?4 ,! modification made by ,or? consi/s1 ess5tially1 ( a second elutriat+ tube ) /raight sides into :i* ! bulk ( ! soil is introduc$1 only ! f9al "p be+ c>ri$ ov] into ! ,s*ne's tube prop]4 ,wat] is suppli$ to ! app>atus "u con/ant pressure by means ( a ,m>iotte's bottle4 ,! prelim9>y treatm5t recomm5d$ by ,s*ne is omitt$1 z ^! /eps h be5 %[n to be undesirable1 on acc\nt ( affect+ ! accuracy ( ! results4 ,tw5ty grams ( ! air-dri$ soil are pass$1 "u wat]1 ?r\gh a sieve ( "o-f\r? millimet] me%4 ,t "p ( ! soil :i* rema9s 9 susp5sion aft] be+ sift$ is plac$ at once 9 ! ,s*ne's tube ( ! app>atus1 ! co>s] portion be+ r9s$ into ! ,or? tube4 ,! curr5t is regulat$ s t ! l>ge/ p>ticles ( qu>tz c>ri$ (f h an av]age diamet] ( #j4ja millimet]4 ,:5 all is c>ri$ (f t c be remov$ at ?is rate ! curr5t is increas$ until ! l>ge/ qu>tz gra9s pass+ (f h a diamet] ( #j4je millimet]4 ,z notic$ by ,hilg>d ) ,s*ulze's app>atus1 second>y curr5ts are =m$ dur+ ! process ( elutriation :i* desc5d along ! walls ( ! conical portion ( ! ,s*ne's tube & "s di/ance along ! sides ( ! cyl9drical portion4 ,! t5d5cy ( ^! curr5ts is to produce globul> aggregates ( p>ticles :i* fall to ! bottom4 ,!y are brok5 up f "t to "t by increas+ ! velocity ( ! curr5t b ev5 ?is me?od fails to dis9tegrate a consid]able quantity ( !m4 #bbj4 ,/atem5t ,( ,results4--,two samples ( soil f ! g>d5 ( ! exp]im5t /ation analyz$ by ,s*ne's me?od gave ! foll[+ proportions ( s$im5t4 ,9 ! table ! t]m clay is us$ to designate all t "p ( ! soil :i* has diamet]s less ?an #j4ja millimet] & :i* rema9s susp5d$ aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs /&+ 9 wat] hav+ a dep? ( #bjj millimet]s4 ,,soil1 ,,f ,,g>d5 ,,( ,,! ,,exp]im5t ,,/ation4--,,n ,,boil$4 ,analyses ) ! ,s*ne-,or? ,elutriator4 ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 ,above #j4be millimet] #dh4hb #dh4hb #dh4hb #j4be-j4je #bg4cf #bi4id #bb4cg #j4je-j4ja millimet] #h4fc #f4jg #ac4gj #j4ja millimet] & less depos4 #g4cf #g4ca #g4bj ,clay 7by diff]5ce7 #a4jj #a4jc #a4jh ,loss on ignition #f4hc #f4hc #f4hc ------------ ------------ ------------ #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,! la/ column ,c repres5ts ! av]age ( ?ree direct beak] elutriations accord+ to ! me?od ( ,osborne4 ,! diff]5ces :i* ^! figures %[ are f\nd to be due to imp]fect sep>ation ( ! f9] grades f ! co>s] & ev5 :5 ! v>i\s fractions sep>at$ by ! ,s*ne me?od are subject$ to beak] elutriation & ! portions sep>at$ f !m add$ to ! grades to :i* !y prop]ly belong ! ,s*ne elutriator 0 f\nd to effect f> less exact sep>ations ?an ! beak] me?od4 ,samples ( prairie soil f ,m]c] ,c\nty1 ,ill41 n boil$1 7 exam9$ by ! two me?ods ) ! foll[+ results3 ,s*ne-,or? ,beak] elutriation4 me?od4 ,above #j4be millimet] #j4gf #j4fb #j4be-j4je millimet] #aa4be #b4db #j4je-j4ja millimet] #eb4fe #dc4eh #j4ja millimet] & less deposit$ #ad4hd #ca4eh ,clay #d4dd #e4ha ,loss on ignition #ad4di #ad4di ---------- ---------- #ih4dc #ih4ej ,9 ?is case x is se5 t ,s*ne's me?od v>ies consid]ably f ! beak] me?od & if ! beak] me?od be reg>d$ z correct ! ,s*ne me?od is evid5tly less reliable4 ,9 ! next table are giv5 ! data ( ! exam9ation ( brick clay f ,nor? ,hav51 ,conn41 by ! two me?ods4 ,,brick ,,clay ,,f ,,nor? ,,hav51 ,,conn4 ,s*ne-,or? elutriation4 ,beak] me?od4 ,above #j4be millimet] #a4jb #a4jb #j4be-j4je millimet] #c4ia #j4gf #j4je-j4ja millimet] #bi4fc #bj4ie #j4ja millimet] & less #eh4eh #ga4ja ,loss on ignition #f4fj #f4fj ---------- ------------ #ii4gd #ajj4cd ,! failure ( ! ,s*ne me?od to give ! results obta9$ by ! beak] me?od is ascrib$ to ! fact t x is impossible = ! curr5t ( ! /r5g? us$ to dis9tegrate ! clay & fur!r t ! p>ticles aft] !y are once sep>at$ t5d to coalesce by ! curr5ts produc$ by ! elutriat+ process4 #bba4 ,! ,b]l9-,s*ne ,me?od4--,osborne has also made a /udy ( ! ,s*ne me?od z modifi$ by ! ,bod5laboratorium ( ,b]l94 ,! directions = ! analysis by ?is laboratory me?od are z foll[s3 ,five hundr$ grams ( ! soil are sift$ ?r\gh a sieve ) circul> holes two millimet]s 9 diamet]4 ,( ! e>? pass+ ! sieve f #cj to #ajj grams are boil$ 9 wat] ) con/ant /irr+ f "o-half to "o h\r or long]1 accord+ to ! "* ( ! soil4 ,! f9] ! texture ( ! soil ! small] ! quantity tak5 & ! long] ! "t ( boil+4 ,treatm5t ) acids or alkalies is n practic$4 ,! f9] portion ( ! soil rema9+ susp5d$ 9 ! wat]1 aft] boil+1 is p\r$ into ! ,s*ne tube1 ! rema9+ co>se "p is r9s$ into ! ,or? tube4 ,! clay1 toge!r ) ! f9e/ s&1 is collect$ 9 a sep>ate vessel1 ! wat] 9 :i* x is susp5d$ is evaporat$ & ! residue aft] dry+ 9 ! air is weigh$4 ,! re/ ( ! op]ation is c>ri$ out z previ\sly describ$ except t ! products ( elutriation are n ignit$ b weigh$ air dri$1 9 ord] t !y may be fur!r exam9$1 *emically if desir$4 ,by proce$+ 9 ?is mann] ! foll[+ results 7 obta9$3 ,,soil1 ,,f ,,g>d5 ,,( ,,! ,,exp]im5t ,,/ation1 ,,boil$ ,,=ty-,,five ,,m9utes4 ,sep>ations by ! ,b]l9-,s*ne me?od4 ,air-dri$4 ,ignit$4 ,above #j4je millimet] #gb4fc #ga4gf #j4je-j4ja millimet] #ad4ag #ab4ec #j4ja millimet] & less #ab4ig #i4ch ,loss on ignition #f4hc ---------- ---------- #ii4gg #ii4ej ,= ! sake ( comp>+ ! me*anical sep>ation atta9able by ?is proc$ure ) ^? yield$ by o!r me?ods1 ! air-dri$ products 7 ignit$ & aga9 weigh$ & exam9$4 ,by subtract+ f ! ignit$ portion above #j4je millimet]1 #di4cg p] c5t1 ! am\nt ( ?is soil t rema9$ on a #j4be millimet] sieve1 ! fraction betwe5 #j4be millimet] & #j4je millimet] is f\nd1 & ! sep>ations 9 ?is analysis may be comp>$ ) ^? previ\sly obta9$ by ! beak] me?od z foll[s3 ,,soil ,,f ,,g>d5 ,,( ,,exp]im5t ,,/ation4 ,beak] ,me?od4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ,b]l9-,s*ne1 ,boil$ ,pe/l$1 n ,n boil$ boil$ tw5ty-?ree boil$4 nor pe/l$1 =ty-five h\rs1 av]age av]age ( m9utes4 ( f\r ?ree analyses4 analyses4 ,above #j4be #di4cg #dg4gg #dh4hb #dh4hb millimet] #j4be-j4je #ba4ci #bj4ge #bb4dd #bb4cg millimet] #j4je-j4ja #ab4ec #aa4ah #ab4ee #ac4gj millimet] #j4ja clay #i4ch #ac4dg #i4cf #h4bh includ$ ,loss on #f4hc #f4hc #f4hc #f4hc ignition #ii4ej #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,osborne concludes f ! above facts t ! ,b]l9-,s*ne me?od1 :ile %[+ close agreem5t ) ! beak] me?od1 does n give results :i* are id5tical ) t me?od4 ,on subject+ portions sep>at$ by ! ,b]l9-,s*ne me?od to ! beak] analysis additional sep>ations 7 secur$4 ,9 ! case ( heavy loams ! inability ( ! ,b]l9-,s*ne me?od to effect ev5 a r\gh or approximate sep>ation ( ! sev]al grades becomes v conspicu\s4 #bbb4 ,me?od ( ,hilg>d4--,two important pr9ciples lie at ! f\ndation ( ?is me?od2 viz41 #a1 ! use only ( sep>at+ vessels ( true cyl9drical %ape & #b1 ! employm5t ( a me*anical /irr] to break up ! floccules =m$ dur+ ! process ( sep>ation4 ,! po9ts 9 ! app>atus to be consid]$ are uni=mity ( ! cross section ( ! elutriator at e po9t1 exact p]p5dicul>ity ( position1 c>eful control ( ! rate ( fl[ & cont9u\s op]ation ( ! me*anical /irr]4 ,accord+ to ,hilg>d's obs]vations ! /irr+ due to ! curr5t ( wat] alone is n suffici5t to break up ! floccules unavoidably =m$ dur+ ! sep>ation1 :ile any incl9ation ( ! sides ( ! elutriat+ vessel f ! p]p5dicul> due ei!r to a conical %ape or false position favors 9 ! highe/ degree ! =mation ( floccules due to reflex curr5ts =m$ 9 ! body ( ! liquid4 ,9 ord] to c>ry out ! idea sugge/$ by ,trs*midt ( sub/itut+ = ! accid5tal & indef9ite products usually appe>+ 9 ! /atem5ts ( silt analyses s$im5ts ( kn[n & def9ite hydraulic value a con/ant head ( wat] is us$1 secur$ by means ( a ,m>iotte's bottle connect+ ) ! tube deliv]+ ! curr5t ?r\gh a cock provid$ ) an arm mov+ on a graduat$ arc4 ,accord+ to ,hilg>d ! sep>ation ( s$im5ts by ! me?od ( subsid5ce does n possess ! analytical accuracy ( ! mov+ liquid me?od1 especially :5 ! latt] is comb9$ ) me*anical /irr+4 ,! subsid5ce me?od requires close & cont9u\s att5tion & 9 ! case ( f9e s$im5ts t5d+ to flocculation ! difficulties ( ! me?od are greatly increas$4 ,! views ( ,hilg>d 9 respect ( ! labori\sness ( ! subsid5ce me?od lose1 h[ev]1 "s ( _! =ce s9ce ! modifications ( ,osborne h come into use4 ,! simplicity & *eapness ( ! app>atus requir$ = subsid5ce give x at ! />t _m advantages ov] ! m elaborate process ) a *urn elutriator4 ,= rigid sci5tific inve/igation1 h[ev]1 ! me?od ( ,hilg>d is comm5d$ z a /&>d ( comp>ison 9 all cases4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ce4 ,,hilg>d',s ,,*urn ,,elutriator4 #bbc4 ,! ,elutriator4--,! in/rum5t devis$ by ,hilg>d#aeb = ! purpose ( break+ up ^! floccul5t aggregates is %[n 9 figure #ce1 toge!r ) ! simpl] =m1 a ,s*ne's elutriator1 figure #cf1 :i* c s]ve = gra9 sizes above eight millimet]s hydraulic value4 ,! latt] is conv5i5tly select$ s z to h half ! cross-section ( ! =m]1 s t ) ! same position ( ! index lev] ! velocity w be j d\bl$4 ,! cyl9drical glass tube1 ( ab\t =ty-five millimet]s inside diamet] at its m\?1 & #bij to #cjj millimet]s high1 has atta*$ to its base a rot>y *urn consi/+ ( a brass cup1 %ap$ l an egg ) po9t d[n1 s z to slope r /eeply at base1 & triply p]=at$2 viz41 at ! bottom = connection ) ! relay res]voir1 & at ! sides = ! passage ( a horizontal axis be>+ f\r grat$ w+s4 ,?is axis1 ( c\rse1 passes ?r\gh /uff+ boxes1 provid$ ) good ?ick lea!r wa%]s1 saturat$ ) mutton tall[4 ,^! wa%]s1 if ! axis runs true1 w be> a million or m revolutions )\t mat]ial leakage4 ,:5 a beg9n+ is not$ additional wa%]s may be slipp$ on )\t empty+ ! in/rum5t1 until ! analysis is f9i%$4 ,= ! f9e/ s$im5ts1 f five to six hundr$ revolutions p] m9ute is a prop] velocity1 :i* may be secur$ by clock "w1 turb9e or electric p[]4 ,! driv+ pulley %\ld n be directly connect$ ) ! axis1 bo? because x is liable to cause leakage1 & because x is necess>y to be able to h&le ! elutriator quickly & indep5d5tly4 ,?is is accompli%$ by ! use ( 8dogs0 on ! pulley & *urn axis4 ,= ! gra9 sizes ( "o to eight millimet]s hydraulic value l[] velocities are suffici5t2 too l[ a velocity causes an indef9ite duration ( ! op]ation & may be recogniz$ by ! increase ( turbidity z ! velocity is increas$4 ,z ! :irl+ agitation caus$ by ! rotation ( ! da%] w\ld gradually communicate itself to ! :ole column ( wat] & cause irregul>ities1 a wire scre5 ( #j4h millimet] ap]ture is cem5t$ to ! l[] base ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! relay vessel %\ld be a ?ick1 conical te/ glass ) foot2 its object is to s]ve z a res]voir = ! heavy s$im5ts n conc]n$ at ! velocity us$ 9 ! elutriator tube1 & ^: pres5ce 9 ! latt] or 9 its base1 ! *urn1 w\ld only cause abrasion ( ! gra9s & *anges ( curr5t velocity1 su* z occur 9 ! app>atus ( ,s*ne1 & compel ! curr5t measurem5t ( ! wat] deliv]$4 ,x is connect$ above ) ! *urn by a brass tube ab\t t5 millimet]s 9 cle> diamet]1 s z to facilitate ! desc5t ( ! sup]flu\s s$im5ts1 :i* ! op]ator1 kn[+ ! proportion ( area betwe5 ! connect+ tube & elutriator1 c c>ry to any desir$ ext5t2 ?us avoid+ ! di/urbance ( ! gaug$ curr5t velocities1 z well z all mat]ial abrasion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #cf4 ,,improv$ ,,s*,,ne',s ,,app>atus ,,) ,,relay4 ,a glass deliv]y tube %\ld ext5d q half way d[n ! sides ( ! relay vessel1 to insure a full /irr+ up ( ! co>se s$im5ts :5 requir$4 ,by means ( a rubb] hose1 n less ?an tw5ty in*es 9 l5g?1 ?is deliv]y tube connects ) ! siphon c>ry+ ! wat] f ne> ! bottom ( ! ,m>iotte's bottle1 a t5-gallon acid c>boy4 ,a /op-cock provid$ ) a long1 /iff index lev]1 mov+ on an empirically graduat$ arc1 regulates ! deliv]y ( wat] ?r\gh ! siphon4 ,kn[+ ! area ( ! cross section ( ! elutriator tube1 ! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( wat] :i* %\ld pass ?r\gh x 9 "o m9ute1 at "o millimet] velocity1 is easily calculat$1 & f ?is ! lev] positions correspond+ to o!r velocities are quickly det]m9$ & m>k$ on ! graduat$ arc4 ,! receiv+ bottle = ! s$im5ts1 also %[n 9 ! figure1 mu/ be wide & tall1 s z to all[ ! s$im5t to settle :ile ! wat] fl[s f ! top into ! wa/e pipe4 ,! receiv+ funnel tube mu/ dip ne>ly to ! bottom ( ! bottle4 ,?us arrang$1 ! in/rum5t works v satisfactorily1 & by its aid soils & clays may readily be sep>at$ into s$im5ts ( any hydraulic value desir$4 ,b 9 ord] to insure correct & concordant results1 x is necess>y to obs]ve "s precautions2 viz41 7#a7 ,! tube ( ! in/rum5t mu/ be z ne>ly cyl9drical z possible & mu/ be plac$ & ma9ta9$ 9 a truly v]tical position4 ,a v slight v>iation f ! v]tical at once causes ! =mation ( return curr5ts1 & h5ce ( molecul> aggregates on ! l[] side4 7#b7 ,sun%9e1 or ! proximity ( any o!r s\rce ( heat1 mu/ be c>efully exclud$4 ,! curr5ts =m$ :5 ! in/rum5t is expos$ to sun%9e w vitiate ! results4 7#c7 ,! ,m>iotte's bottle %\ld be frequ5tly cleans$1 & ! wat] us$ be z free f =eign matt]s z possible4 ,= ord9>y purposes x is sc>cely necess>y to use di/ill$ wat]4 ,! quantities us$ are s l>ge z to r5d] x difficult to ma9ta9 an adequate supply1 & ! errors result+ f ! use ( any wat] fit = dr9k+ purposes are too slight to be p]ceptible1 s long z no consid]able developm5t ( ! animal & vegetable g]ms is all[$4 ,wat] conta9+ ! slimy filam5ts ( fungoid gr[?s & moss protonema1 algae1 vorticellae1 etc41 w n only cause errors by ob/ruct+ ! /op-cock at l[ velocities1 b ^! organisms w cause a coalesc5ce ( s$im5ts t defies any ord9>y *urn+1 & completely vitiates ! op]ation4 7#d7 ,! am\nt ( s$im5t dis*>g$ at any "t mu/ n exce$ t produc+ a mod]ate turbidity4 ,:5ev] ! dis*>ge becomes s copi\s z to r5d] ! mov+ column opaque1 ! s$im5ts assume a mix$ "*1 co>se gra9s be+1 app>5tly1 upborne by ! multitude ( light ones ^: hydraulic value lies consid]ably bel[ ! velocity us$1 :ile ! *urn] also fails to resolve ! molecul> aggregates :i* mu/ be p]petually re=m+ :]e contact is s close & frequ5t4 ,?is difficulty is especially apt to occur :5 too l>ge a quantity ( mat]ial has be5 us$ = analysis1 or :5 "o s$im5t con/itutes an unusually l>ge portion ( x4 ,)9 c]ta9 limits ! small] ! quantity employ$ ! m concordant are ! results4 ,betwe5 t5 & fifte5 grams is ! prop] am\nt = an in/rum5t ( ! dim5sions giv5 above4 #bbd4 ,prep>ation ( ! ,sample4#aec--;,9 "s cases simple sift+ w be suffici5t to prep>e ! air-dri$ soil = ! elutriator4 ,9 mo/ cases1 h[ev]1 "s me*anical aid mu/ be invok$ to secure p>ticles ( suffici5t f95ess4 ,no?+ h>d] ?an a rubb] pe/le %\ld be us$ & c>e mu/ be tak5 n to break up any calc>e\s or f]rug9\s masses :i* ! p>ticles ( f9e soil may conta94 ,! use ( wat] 9 ?is me*anical attrition %\ld be avoid$1 if possible1 b 9 "s heavy clay & adobe soils wett+ becomes necess>y4 ,9 ?is case ! p>ts sep>at$ by ! sieve are collect$ sep>ately & ! turbid mass remov$ by wat] & dri$ = fur!r exam9ation4 ,a sieve ( #j4e millimet] me% is recomm5d$ z ! be/ because t is almo/ exactly ! diamet] ( ! p>ticles pass+ (f at ! maximum velocity ( sixty-f\r millimet]s p] second to :i* ! elutriator is adapt$4 ,! p>ticles pass+ ! #j4e millimet] me% are call$ f9e e>?4 #bbe4 ,prep>ation by ,boil+4--,! me?od ( prep>ation by boil+ may be appli$ to all samples ( f9e e>?4 ,! fact po9t$ out by ,osborne1 t diffusibility ( "s clays is dim9i%$ by long boil+1 r5d]s x important to re/rict ! "t ( ?is op]ation z mu* z possible4 ,) mo/ soils f eight to fifte5 h\rs w be long en\gh1 occasionally ext5d+ to ev5 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,a ?9 long-neck$ flask ( ab\t "o-lit] capacity %\ld be us$2 fill$ ?ree-qu>t]s full ) di/ill$ wat] & ! sample ( soil add$4 ,! flask is support$ ov] ! lamp on a piece ( wire gauze at an angle ( #de4 ,x c>ries a cork ) a long cond5s+ tube4 ,at fir/ ! boil+ goes on smoo?ly1 b aft] a "t viol5t bump+ may sup]v5e1 endang]+ ! flask b promot+ ! object 9 view4 ,! cont5ts ( ! flask are transf]r$ to a beak] & dilut$ ) di/ill$ wat] to "o & a half lit]s1 %ak5 & all[$ to settle = a "t necess>y to all[ all p>ticles ( #j4be millimet] hydraulic value to rea* ! bottom4 ,! sup]natant turbid liquid is decant$ & ! process repeat$ ) small] quantities ( wat] until no fur!r turbidity is produc$4 ,! unit$ decantations1 ( :i* !re w be f f\r to eight lit]s1 are well %ak5 & a prop] "t all[$ = ! #j4be millimet] hydraulic value s$im5ts to fall4 ,?is la/ /ep is necess>y to remove any su* s$im5ts :i* may h be5 c>ri$ ov] me*anically 9 ! fir/ sep>ation4 ,! dilution be+ v great1 a fairly p]fect sep>ation is ?us secur$ & ! s$im5ts are !n ready = ! elutriator4 #bbf4 ,sep>ation ( ,clay & ,f9e/ ,silt4--,! prop]ty :i* pure clay possesses1 ( rema9+ susp5d$ almo/ indef9itely 9 pure wat]1 af=ds a ready means ( sep>ation f ! silt p>ticles ( less ?an #j4be millimet] hydraulic value4 ,b ! f9e/ silt p>ticles subside s sl[ly t ?is me?od ( sep>ation is too long to become practically applicable to secure a p]fect dem>cation betwe5 ! f9e/ silt & s-call$ colloidal clay4 ,hilg>d recomm5ds ! foll[+ proc$ure3 ,! clay wat] f ! previ\s sep>ation is plac$ 9 a cyl9drical vessel ( su* a diamet] z to all[ ! column ( wat] to be #bjj millimet]s high :]e x is all[$ to settle = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,:5 ! clay is v abundant a long] "t may be all[$2 viz41 f =ty to sixty h\rs4 ,! l9e ( sep>ation betwe5 ! d>k silt bel[ & ! transluc5t clay above is %>ply def9$4 ,f9ally ! clay wat] is decant$ & ! rema9+ liquid p\r$ (f leav+ ! s$im5t z %>ply def9$ z possible4 ,! s$im5t is rubb$ ) a rubb] pe/le & a few drops ( ammonia wat] add$4 ,di/ill$ wat] is add$1 ! beak] well %ak5 or /irr$ to break up ! floccules t may h =m$ & subsid5ce p]mitt$ z be=e4 ,?is op]ation is repeat$ f six to n9e times until ! wat] rema9s q cle> aft] subsid5ce or ! decant$ turbid wat] fails to be precipitat$ by br9e %[+ ! susp5d$ matt] to be f9e silt & n clay4 ,! diamet] ( ! p>ticles ( silt ?us obta9$ is f #j4jja to #j4jb millimet]1 & x is impossible to obta9 x q free f any admixture ) clay4 #bbg4 ,e/imation ( ! ,colloidal ,clay4--,! importance ( ! colloidal con/itu5t ( ! clay is su* z to make its direct det]m9ation desirable4 ,! volume ( ! clay wat]s at ?is /age ( ! analysis may am\nt to tw5ty lit]s4 ,"o me?od ( det]m9ation consi/s 9 evaporat+ an aliquot portion & ?is me?od w yield good results if ! sample be free f soluble salts & ! quantity tak5 be n too small4 ,at lea/ #ejj cubic c5timet]s %\ld be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,a bett] me?od consi/s 9 precipitat+ ! clay by means ( a sal9e solution4 ,a saturat$ solution ( salt is recomm5d$ = ?is purpose ( :i* fifty cubic c5timet]s are suffici5t to precipitate ! clay f "o lit] ( ! clay wat]4 ,! precipitation is ha/5$ by heat+4 ,ea* portion ( ! clay wat] %\ld be precipitat$ z soon z obta9$1 ! total volume ( ! precipitate at ! end ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs is ?us r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,! clay wat] f ! succe$+ sep>ations ( ! same analysis c be mix$ ) ! precipitate :i* diffuses !re91 ?us promot+ ! precipitation ( ! re/ ( ! clay inasmu* z ! sep>ation takes place m readily :]e m clay is pres5t4 ,:5 all ! clay is ?us collect$ x c be ga!r$ on a t>$ filt] & wa%$ ) weak br9e4 ,pure wat] may n be us$ because ( ! diffusibility ( clay !re94 ,aft] dry+ at #ajj & weigh+ x is wa%$ ) a weak solution ( ammonium *lorid until all sodium is remov$4 ,! filtrate is evaporat$ to dryness1 ignit$ at l[ r$ness1 & weigh$4 ,! weight ( ! sodium *lorid ?us obta9$ plus ! weight ( ! filt] d$uct$ f ! total weight gives ! weight ( ! clay precipitate4 ,:5ev] ! clay collect$ z above w n diffuse 9 wat] x may be wa%$ ) wat] & its weight directly obta9$4 ,an excess ( iron 9 clay w usually all[ ( ! above treatm5t4 #bbh4 ,prop]ties ( ,pure ,clay4--,! p]c5tage ( pure clay z obta9$ by ! proc$ure describ$ is ab\t sev5ty-five 9 ! f9e/ natural clays1 =ty-five 9 heavy clay soils1 & fifte5 9 ord9>y loamy soils4 ,:5 fre%ly precipitat$ by br9e x is gelat9\s resembl+ a mix$ precipitate ( iron & alum9um oxids4 ,its volume greatly contracts on dry+1 cl++ t5aci\sly to ! filt]1 f :i* x may be fre$ by moi/5+4 ,on dry+1 x becomes h>d1 infriable1 & (t5 resonant4 ,x usually possesses a d>k br[n t9t due to iron oxid4 ,"u ! action ( wat] x swells up l glue1 ! m sl[ly z ! p]c5tage ( iron is great]4 ,9 ! dry /ate x adh]es to ! tongue ) great t5acity4 ,accord+ to ,:itney ! f9e/ p>ticles ( colloidal clay h a diamet] ( #j4jjja millimet]4 ,) a magnify+ p[] ( #cej diamet]s1 h[ev]1 ,hilg>d /ates t no p>ticles c be disc]n$4 #bbi4 ,*emical ,nature ( ! ,f9e ,clay4--,! f9e p>ticles sep>at$ z above consi/ ess5tially ( hydr\s alum9um silicate or kaol9ite4 ,x d\btless conta9s1 h[ev]1 o!r colloids or hydrogels ^: absorptive p[]s are simil> to ^? ( clay4 ,x appe>s also to conta9 sometimes free alum9um hydroxid1 & colloidal f]ric hydroxid1 & amorph\s zeolitic comp\nds4 ,:ile ! mo/ c>eful me*anical sep>ation c give at be/ only approximately ! really pla/ic kaol9ite sub/ance1 yet x is f> clos] ?an t atta9$ by det]m9ation ( total alum9a ) boil+ sulfuric acid4 ,by ! latt] treatm5t all ! lime-kaol9ite p>ticles are decompos$ & ! me?od does n lead to ev5 an approximate e/imate ( ! soil's pla/icity4 #bcj4 ,sep>ation ( ! ,f9e ,s$im5ts4--,! s$im5ts rema9+ aft] ! sep>ation ( ! clay & f9e silt are ready = sep>ation 9 ! *urn elutriator4 ,! app>atus m\nt$1 z already describ$1 is br\ght into use by beg9n+ ) a l[ velocity ( ! wat] 9 ! upright tube4 ,! rate ( fl[ %\ld be set at f #j4be millimet] to #j4ej millimet] p] second1 & ! *urn put 9 motion4 ,:5 ! elutriat+ tube is p>tly full ( wat] ! s$im5ts %\ld be p\r$ 9 f a small beak] :i* is p]fectly clean$ by means ( a wa%+ flask4 ,! /opp] & deliv]y tube ( ! elutriator are !n put 9 place4 ,! rate ( fl[ %\ld be s regulat$ t ! s$im5ts %all h _h a few seconds ( subsid5ce be=e ! wat] is )9 ?irty millimet]s ( ! top4 ,at ?is po9t ! requir$ velocity = ! fir/ s$im5tation %\ld be turn$ on2 viz41 #j4be millimet] p] second4 ,at fir/ ! s$im5t passes (f rapidly & ! wat] 9 ! elutriator is di/9ctly turbid4 ,?is excess ( turbidity ceases 9 a few h\rs & !n "s att5tion is necess>y 9 ord] to det]m9e :5 ! process is complete4 ,9 fact x nev] is completely f9i%$1 b :]e no m ?an "o milligram ( silt comes (f ) "o lit] ( wat] x may be said to be practically done4 ,! "t requir$ = ! fir/ op]ation v>ies f fifte5 to n9ety h\rs4 ,d[nw>d curr5ts 9 ! elutriator are likely to =m 9 spite ( all precautions1 & floccules ( silt adh]e to its walls4 ,^! %\ld be deta*$ f "t to "t ) a fea!r 9 ord] to br+ !m aga9 9 contact ) ! *urn4 ,hilg>d has f\nd t1 practically1 #j4be millimet] p] second is ab\t ! l[e/ velocity available )9 reasonable limits ( "t1 & t by successively d\bl+ ! velocities up to sixty-f\r millimet]s a desirable asc5d+ s]ies ( s$im5ts is obta9$2 provid$ always1 t a prop] previ\s prep>ation has be5 giv5 to ! soil or clay4 ,x w\ld seem t accord+ to ! prescription giv5 above = ! prelim9>y s$im5tation1 no s$im5t correspond+ to #j4be millimet] velocity %\ld rema9 ) ! co>s] portion4 ,t su* is nev]!less always ! case1 (t5 to a l>ge p]c5tage1 emphasizes ! difficulty1 or r impossibility1 ( entirely prev5t+ or dissolv+ ! coalesc5ce ( ^! f9e gra9 sizes by h& /irr+1 z 9 beak] elutriation4 ,x is only by su* en]getic motion z is above prescrib$ t ?is c be fully accompli%$1 & ! deliv]y ( #j4be & #j4ej millimet] hydraulic value really exhau/$4 ,x is desirable to run (f ! upp] ?ird ( ! column at int]vals ( fifte5 to tw5ty m9utes by tempor>ily increas+ ! velocity4 ,rec5t s$im5ts1 riv] alluvium1 etc41 are m easily sep>at$ ?an soils ( m anci5t =mation4 ,! second1 ?ird1 etc41 sep>ations are naturally accompli%$ 9 mu* less "t ?an ! fir/4 ,! respective velocities ( ! sep>ations %\ld be #j4be millimet]1 #j4ej millimet]1 "o millimet]1 two millimet]s1 f\r millimet]s1 eight millimet]s1 sixte5 millimet]s1 ?irty-two millimet]s1 & sixty-f\r millimet]s a second4 ,bel[ a velocity ( f\r millimet]s a second ! me*anical /irr] is indisp5sable4 ,above ?is velocity ! curr5t ( wat] 9 ! conical base w be suffici5t to br+ ! desir$ p>ticles into ! asc5d+ column4 ,at ?is velocity also a small] elutriat+ tube hav+ "o-half or "o-qu>t] ! cross-section ( ! fir/ may be employ$ to ha/5 ! op]ation & dim9i% ! quantity ( wat] requir$4 ,! quantity ( wat] requir$ = a complete sep>ation is f #ajj to #abj lit]s4 ,any s(t wat] free ( organic matt] may be us$1 b di/ill$ wat] is be/4 ,h>d wat] %\ld be avoid$4 ,! mean "t requir$ = ! diff]5t sep>ations is z foll[s3 #j4be millimet] hydraulic value1 ?irty-five h\rs2 #j4ej millimet] hydraulic value1 tw5ty h\rs2 "o millimet] hydraulic value1 sev5 & a half h\rs2 two to sixty-f\r millimet]s hydraulic value1 eight h\rs4 ,) prop] arrangem5ts = night "w1 an analysis may be f9i%$ 9 ?ree or f\r days n c\nt+ ! "t requir$ = ! previ\s sep>ation ( ! clay4 #bca4 ,weigh+ ! ,s$im5ts4--,! s$im5ts %\ld be dri$ at ! same temp]ature us$ = dry+ ! soils4 ,hilg>d dries bo? at #ajj4 ,great c>e %\ld be us$ 9 weigh+ ! exce$+ly hygroscopic clay s$im5ts4 ,9 ! case ( ! s$im5t ( #j4be millimet] hydraulic value x is all[$ to subside z mu* z possible & aft] remov+ ! sup]natant wat] ! residue1 tw5ty-five to fifty cubic c5timet]s1 is evaporat$ 9 a plat9um di% & weigh$ !re94 ,! wat] c be completely decant$ f ! o!r s$im5ts1 & !y c be dri$ & weigh$ )\t any unusual precautions4 ,! loss 9 ! sep>ation ( clays & subsoils conta9+ b little organic matt] is usually f #a4e to #b p] c5t4 ,?is loss is p>tly due to ! f9e silt :i* comes (f dur+ ! :ole ( ! process & :i* is lo/ 9 ! decant$ wat]s ( ! s$im5ts ( #j4be millimet]s hydraulic value & above4 ,! proc$ures indicat$ above are n /rictly applicable to soils ri* 9 humus & o!r organic matt]s1 b ! de/ruction ( ^! matt]s by ignition leaves ! residual soil 9 a condition :olly unfit = s$im5t>y sep>ation4 #bcb4 ,classification ( ,results4--,a conv5i5t me?od ( /at+ ! results ( an analysis may be se5 f ! foll[+ classification4 ,! p]c5tage obta9$ = ea* ( ! classes is to be ent]$ 9 ! column provid$ = t purpose4 ,no4 ,names ( ,silt ,diamet] ( ,velocity ( ,classes4 gra9s 9 curr5t ,p] millimet]s4 millimet]s c5t4 hydraulic value4 ,sieves4 #a4 ,grits #a -#c #b4jg #b4 ,f9e grits #j4e-a ,elutriator #c4 ,co>se s& #j4ej #fd #j4ee )\t *urn4 #d4 ,m$ium s& #j4cj #cb #e4 ,f9e s& #j4af #af ,elutriator #f4 ,f9e/ s& #j4ab #h #j4ba ) *urn4 #g4 ,co>se silt #j4jgb #d #a4ba #h4 ,l>ge silt #j4jdg #b #b4ib #i4 ,m$ium silt #j4jcf #a #g4cf #aj4 ,silt #j4jbe #j4e #h4hf #aa4 ,f9e silt sep>at$ #j4jaf #j4be #g4he 9 elutriator ,beak] #ab4 ,f9e silt sep>at$ #j4jaj #j4be #ce4bb s$im5tation4 f clay wat] #ac4 ,clay #j4jjja #j4jjbc #cc4af ---------- ,total #ii4cf ,! measurem5ts ( diamet]s 9 ! above table is ( ! be/ =m$ qu>tz gra9s 9 ea* class4 ,naturally ! actual size ( ! p>ticles may v>y 9 ea* class )9 ! extreme limits ( ! diamet] next above & bel[4 ,x is n easy to indicate 9 popul> language di/9ctions n popul>ly made b ! grades ( p>ticles designat$ by ! names grits1 s& & silt1 may s]ve1 at lea/1 to e/abli% uni=mity ( expression4 ,! t]m grits is ?us appli$ to all gra9s above "o millimet] 9 diamet] up to gravel4 ,bel[ "o millimet] d[n to #j4a millimet] may be call$ s& & bel[ t silt may designate ! p>ticles d[n to an impalpable p[d]4 #bcc4 ,influ5ce ( ,size ( ,tube4--,! diamet] ( ! elutriat+ tube ex]ts a s5sible influ5ce on ! "* ( ! s$im5ts4 ,! friction aga9/ ! sides ( a small tube is comp>atively great] ?an 9 a l>ge tube4 ,/rictly speak+1 no class ( s$im5ts /rictly corresponds to ! hydraulic value calculat$ f ! cross section ( ! tube & ! quantity ( wat] suppli$ !reto4 ,! s$im5ts correspond actually to high] velocities1 due to ! fact t ! lat]al friction causes a m rapid fl[ 9 ! c5t] ( ! wat] column4 ,?is may be demon/rat$ by slightly dim9i%+ ! velocity :ile a s$im5t is copi\sly dis*>g+4 ,! turbid column !n rema9s /ation>y :ile cle> wat] is runn+ (f4 #bcd4 ,/atem5t ( ,results4--,a complete silt analysis ( a soil1 conduct$ by ! me?od ( ,hilg>d1 dep5ds l>gely = its practical value on an intelligible tabulation4 ,! me?od ( collat+ results is illu/rat$ 9 ! table ( analyses ( ,mississippi soils %[n on page #bcg4 ,! "* ( ! soils ent]+ into ! giv5 analyses is z foll[s3 ,nos4 #bdh1 #bjf1 #bji1 #cig1 #bai1 belong to ! end ( ! drift p]iod4 ,no4 #bcj is "o ( ! two *ief v>ieties ( soils occurr+ 9 :at is kn[n z ! flat-woods1 a level surface bord]+ on ! cretace\s area1 hav+ l[] t]ti>y clays ne> ! surface4 ,no4 #afe is a light soil :i* occurs 9 ! =m] 9 irregul> /rips & pat*es1 is easily till$1 absorbs ra9 wat] readily1 b is subject to dr\ght & does n hold manure4 ,,silt ,,analyses ,,( ,,mississippi ,,soils ,,& ,,subsoils4 ,designation ,diamet]4 ,velocity ,,drift ( ,mat]ials4,millimet]s47,hydraulic value74 ,millimet]s p] second4 #bch ,:ite pipeclay4 ,ti%om+o ,co4 #a;,co>se grits #a4j to #c4j #b;,f9e #j4e to #a4j #c;,co>se s& #j4dj #f #j4jf #d,m$ium #j4cj #cb #e;,f9e #j4af #af #f;,f9e/ #j4ab #h #j4jh #g;,du/ #j4jgb #d #j4jb #h;,co>se/ silt #j4jdg #b #j4jd #i;,co>se #j4jcf #a #j4jh #aj,m$ium #j4jbe #j4e #j4jh #aa;,f9e #j4jae #j4be #b4jj #ab;,f9e/ #j4jjh #j4be #ba4ae #ac;,clay #j4jjja #j4jjbc #gd4fe #ih4af ,compactness 7resi/ance to tillage7 #ig4hj ,porosity #j4cf ,hygroscopic ,moi/ure 7#g to #ba7 #i4ji ,f]ric ,oxide #j4ac ,designation ,,upl&4 ( ,mat]ials4 ,,yell[ ,,loam4 ,,s&y4 ,,loam4 #bdh #afe #bjf #bji #cig #bai ,tallahoma ,lt4 ,p9e ,p9e ,ox=d ,table subsoil ,flatwoods,hill ,hill subsoil4 ,l& ,jasp] soil4 soil4subsoil4,lafayettesubsoil4 ,co4 ,*ickasaw,smi? ,smi? ,co4 ,b5ton ,co4 ,co4 ,co4 ,co4 #a;,co>se grits #f4id #b4ij #j4cf #j4cf #j4bc #b;,f9e #ag4fe #f4if #b4ih #j4hc #c;,co>se s& #ah4ha #b4ha #f4fb #f4ba #j4gi #a4dg #d,m$ium #aj4af #d4da #g4ge #c4ch #b4cc #e;,f9e #b4ff #c4ac #c4ja #c4he #a4ag #f;,f9e/ #a4ff #b4jb #a4ei #a4di #j4ah #j4gh #g;,du/ #a4jb #b4bc #a4ai #j4fd #j4gh #j4gf #h;,co>se/ silt #j4hh #e4jf #c4ef #b4fc #c4ef #i4gi #i;,co>se #a4if #i4fg #f4ej #e4dj #ac4ab #g4bf #aj,m$ium #g4hi #ad4ahac4ig #g4gg #af4fd #ac4ad #aa;,f9e #h4dj #bb4jcad4bj #af4fe #bg4bh #ae4jg #ab;,f9e/ #ae4ec #ae4fbbi4cf #cg4ge #ah4hg #bf4ej #ac;,clay #h4fc #g4hf #d4eh #aj4gj #ag4bc #ai4ai #ii4bh #ih4fhie4fg #ig4gg #ih4ce #ig4fe ,compactness 7res #cb4ef #de4ccdh4ad #de4aj #fc4ch #fj4hb ,porosity #ei4ee #dj4djcg4hi #dg4ac #bj4bc #bf4jd ,hygroscopic ,mois #a4hj #c4cf #b4dh #g4fi #h4gi #g4ba ,f]ric ,oxide #a4aj #a4de;,g #a4be #d4ae #b4ec #e4aa ,designation ,,upl&4 ( ,mat]ials4 ,,yell[ ,,t]ti>y4 ,,loam4 ,,clay4 #agc #bcj #bdf #aif ,prairie ,high ,r$ ,hog subsoil4,flatwoods ,hills ,wall[ ,monroe soil4 subsoil4subsoil4 ,co4 ,pontotoc ,attala ,jasp] ,co4 ,co4 ,co4 #a;,co>se grits #b4aj #j4cc #a4ig #j4hc #b;,f9e #j4ce #a4ai #c;,co>se s& #j4fb #j4gb #a4if #d,m$ium #b4cb #a4fd #e;,f9e #b4ji #j4hh #f;,f9e/ #j4bj #j4bc #j4gj #j4bf #g;,du/ #a4bf #j4ah #a4bi #j4ai #h;,co>se/ silt #b4ib #a4fa #a4ha #b4di #i;,co>se #g4cf #b4ff #c4fj #c4fg #aj,m$ium #h4ha #i4ac #b4gc #e4ci #aa;,f9e #g4he #bf4fd #ac4cj #aj4ca #ab;,f9e/ #ce4bb #cb4ce #be4cc #bd4ah #ac;,clay #cc4af #be4dh #dj4be #dg4jc #ii4ej #ig4hg #if4aa #ajj4jj ,compactness 7res #fi4gg #hd4dg #gh4hh #ha4eb ,porosity #ag4jd #f4dj #ci4ah #aj4ab ,hygroscopic ,mois #aa4ce #i4cc #ah4fj #ad4dh ,f]ric ,oxide #e4db #e4ij;,g #aj4ej #d4jj ,designation ,,mississippi ,,bottom4 ( ,mat]ials4 ,*ampla94 ,,mod]n4 ,swamp ,riv]4 ,,riv] ,,deposit4 ,,delta4 #cij #bcg #cfe #cgg #cie ,s\?we/ ,s\?we/ ,buck%ot ,loess4 ,tallahat*ie,frontl&,dogwood ,pass4 mudlump4 soil4 ,claibornesoil4 ,panolasubsoil4 ridge ,plaquem9e,plaquem9e ,issaqu5a ,co4 ,co4 ,sunfl[] soil4 ,p>4 ,p>4 ,co4 ,co4 ,coahoma ,co4 #a;,co>se grits #j4ji #j4bd #j4ji #b;,f9e #j4je #c;,co>se s& #j4cg #j4jd #j4cb #j4ae #j4ah #j4aj #d,m$ium #j4cf #j4fa #j4je #e;,f9e #j4ic #j4ba #b4ig #j4dg #e4jb #f;,f9e/ #j4ca #a4fe #a4cj #b4da #c4gd #g4jc #c4fh #g;,du/ #j4bg #a4ie #b4fh #af4ij #ba4di #ab4ch #e4cd #h;,co>se/ silt #a4ef #ad4be #i4ch #ai4gi #ba4hc #ac4bg #aj4ji #i;,co>se #b4bc #af4bj #i4hh #ac4ij #ad4ja #ae4hg #e4eh #aj,m$ium #c4fh #bj4jh #bj4cg #d4bg #i4ic #h4be #i4ed #aa;,f9e #h4ig #e4ei #ai4gi #a4hi #i4eh #g4bf #h4ja #ab;,f9e/ #ch4ai #cc4ch #be4cj #cj4jh #h4fe #ai4fg #cd4df #ac;,clay #dd4cj #b4ea #i4fd #e4ea #aj4ce #ab4bj #ah4ah #ajj4ja #ig4gd #ih4gc #ih4jd #ii4gb #if4eh #ajj4jj ,compactness 7res #hi4df #da4dh #ed4fc #cg4dh #bh4eg #ci4ac #fj4fe ,porosity #d4hg #ch4dd #bc4fc #eh4be #fa4ej #di4bj #bh4ha ,hygroscopic ,mois #ad4ca #d4ah #f4ab #e4fh #c4ie ,f]ric ,oxide #e4hb;,g #c4bg #b4eh #b4ca #b4fi ,footnote ,g3 ,bog ore4 ,no4 #bdh is f a soil /ratum ?ree feet ?ick4 ,! soil is s light t ! f9] p>ticles ( x are c>ri$ away by high w9ds4 ,nos4 #bjf & #bji are typical ( ! soils produc+ ! long-leaf p9e4 ,?is soil is mu* improv$ by an admixture ( ! subsoil ,no4 #bji1 :i* enables x to hold manure4 ,no4 #bai is a cotton upl& soil ( ! be/ quality1 f\nd 9 ,we/]n ,mississippi & ,t5nessee4 ,no4 #cig is ! same soil ( a second rate quality4 ,^! l&s are easily wa%$ into gullies on acc\nt ( _! lack ( p]vi\sness to wat]4 ,!y also easily swell up 9 contact ) wat]1 & become !reby readily diffus$4 ,! d5udations produc$ by heavy ra9s are rapidly de/roy+ ! l&s cov]$ by ^! soils4 ,no4 #agc is a s$im5t>y or residual subsoil ( ! cretace\s prairies ( ,nor!a/]n ,mississippi1 =m+ a /ratum f ?ree to sev5 feet ?ick4 ,no4 #bcj is a residual soil :i* is =m$ by ! dis9tegration ( ! old t]ti>y clays4 ,x yields good crops only 9 v favorable ye>s1 & is easily injur$ bo? by wet & dry seasons4 ,no4 #bdf is a soil ( ! same orig91 b is m easily till$ ?an ! =ego+1 does n crack1 b becomes v h>d :5 dri$ sl[ly4 ,its sup]iority to ! =m] soil z reg>ds tillage consi/s 9 ! pres5ce ( ! l>ge am\nt ( iron & lime4 ,no4 #aif is a typical heavy clay soil2 is bett] suit$ = ! pott] ?an ! f>m]4 ,x cracks on dry+1 :5ce its popul> "n4 ,on ! accession ( ra9 ! edges ( ^! cracks crumble & fall1 until f9ally ! lumpy surface is produc$ :i* is locally kn[n z hog wall[s4 ,no4 #cij1 ! ri*e/ soil ( ! ,yazoo ,bottom1 seems to h a physical composition l ! prec$+ "o4 ,its sup]iority is due n only to ! increas$ quantity ( plant food :i* x conta9s1 b to its prop]ty ( crumbl+ on rapid dry+4 ,ev5 :5 pl[$ wet1 on dry+ ea* clod crumbles into a loose pile resembl+ buck-%ot2 :5ce its "n4 ,x is /rongly calc>e\s4 ,z comp>ative data1 are add$ ! soils #cfe1 #cgg1 & #cie1 repres5t+ alluvial deposits1 & two deposits f ! ,delta ( ! ,mississippi4 #bce4 ,comp>ison ( ,osborne's ,me?od ) ,hilg>d's ,me?od4#aed--,! comp>ative results obta9$ by ,osborne's me?od1 beak] elutriation1 & ,hilg>d's me?od1 *urn elutriation1 are giv5 9 ! foll[+ tables3 ,,soil ,,f ,,exp]im5t ,,/ation ,,g>d51 ,,new ,,hav51 ,,conn4 ,,surface ,,soil1 ,,boil$ ,,tw5ty-,,?ree ,,h\rs4 ,beak] elutriation4 ,av]age ( f\r ,*urn elutriation4 analyses4 ,diamet] 9 millimet]s4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ,remov$ by sieves #dg4gg #dg4gg #dg4gg #j4be-j4je #bb4jf #ba4ie #bj4ge #j4je-j4ja #aa4bj #aa4fb #aa4ah #j4ja #i4hb #i4ad #aj4gb ,clay 7diff]5ce7 #b4cb #b4fi #b4ge ,loss on ignition #f4hc #f4hc #f4hc ------------ ------------ ------------ #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,,subsoil1 ,,boil$ ,,tw5ty-,,?ree ,,h\rs4 ,*urn elutriation4 ,beak] elutriation4 ,diamet] 9 millimet]s4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ,remov$ by sieve #ci4cc #ci4cc #ci4cc #ci4cc #j4be-j4je #cc4fa #cj4hc #cb4ce #cb4ie #j4je-j4ja #aj4ia #ab4be #aj4cb #aj4cg #j4ja #g4je #h4aa #h4bi #g4fd ,clay #e4jb #e4dj #e4fc #e4fc ,loss on ignition #d4jh #d4jh #d4jh #d4jh ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,^! analyses agree q z well z c\ld be expect$ f two su* diff]5t me?ods4 ,elutriation ( ,clayey ,soils4--,hilg>d f\nd t by *urn elutriation no satisfactory results c\ld be obta9$ on clay )\t long boil+ & subsequ5t knead+ ( ! f9] s$im5ts4 ,osborne exam9$ a sample ( clay by 8 me?od aft] previ\s boil+ = tw5ty-?ree h\rs4 ,:5 ! s$im5ts 7 exam9$ by ! microscope !y 7 f\nd to conta9 _m aggregations ( p>ticles :i* broke into du/ "u ! pressure ( ! ?9 glass slide-cov]4 ,^! s$im5ts 7 !n g5tly cru%$ 9 ! beak] ) ! help ( a s(t rubb] /opp] ) a glass rod = a h&le1 ! gr9d+ toge!r ( ! p>ticles be+1 z mu* z possible1 avoid$4 ,?is pe/l+ 0 cont9u$ ) cle> wat] z long z x occasion$ turbidity4 ,comp>ison ( ! analyses %[s t practically id5tical results 7 obta9$ on ?is soil :e!r x 0 boil$ or n & indicates t ! s$im5ts are r$uc$ to _! elem5ts by g5tle pe/l+ alone4 ,= su* soils1 !re=e1 x is demon/rat$ t pe/l+ is a mu* saf] treatm5t ?an boil+4 ,! same rem>k may be appli$ to ! f]tile prairie soil ( ,m]c] ,c\nty1 ,ill9ois1 :]e boil+ prov$ q insuffici5t & 9 :i* ! pe/l+ process prov$ completely successful4 ,! g5]al conclusions arriv$ at f ! results obta9$ by ,osborne are z foll[s3 #a4 ,on s&s & silts ( pure qu>tz or simil> resi/ant mat]ial ,hilg>d's me?od & beak] elutriation give practically id5tical results4 #b4 ,) co>se s&s & silts ^u ^: gra9s f9] matt] has be5 cem5t$ by silicates1 etc41 & ) soils conta9+ s(t slaty detritus1 ! *urn elutriator ) prelim9>y boil+ may give results too l[ = ! co>se & too high = ! f9] grades4 ,9 ^! cases beak] elutriation ) pe/l+ yields m correct figures4 #c4 ,"s loamy soils conta9+ no l>ge am\nt ( clay or ( extremely f9e silt1 z well z prairie soils ri* 9 humus1 _c be suitably dis9tegrat$ by tw5ty-f\r h\rs' boil+1 b are readily r$uc$ by pe/l+4 #d4 ,beak] elutriation prec$$ by sift+1 gives results 9 five or six h\rs ) use ( two to ?ree gallons ( pure wat]1 :i*1 9 *urn elutriation1 require sev]al days & consume eight to t5 gallons ( pure wat]4 #e4 ,hilg>d f\nd t practically #j4be millimet] is ab\t ! l[e/ velocity ( wat] curr5t p] second available )9 reasonable limits ( "t 9 8 elutriator4 ,su* a curr5t c>ries ov] p>ticles up to #j4jae millimet] diamet] & h5ce ! silts ( less dim5sions _c be conv5i5tly sep>at$ by *urn elutriation4 ,9 beak] elutriation !re is no difficulty 9 mak+ good sep>ations at #j4ja millimet] & at #j4jje millimet]4 #f4 ,beak] elutriation requires no t$i\s boil+ or prelim9>y treatm5t & ) c>eful pe/l+ ( ! s$im5ts gives1 we believe1 z ne>ly z possible1 a good sep>ation ( adh]+ p>ticles & at e /age ( ! process c>ries ) x1 9 ! con/ant use ( ! microscope1 ! means ( te/+ ! accuracy ( its "w & ( obs]v+ e visible peculi>ity ( ! soil4 ,x is n claim$ t pe/l+ may n easily g too f>1 b 9 any case a good judgm5t may be =m$ ( its effects & ( ! ext5t to :i* x is desirable to c>ry x4 #g4 ,9 beak] elutriation ! flocculation ( p>ticles occasions little inconv5i5ce & does n impair ! accuracy ( ! results4 #bcf4 ,comp>ison ( ! ,osborne ) ! ,s*loes+ ,me?od4--,s*loes+'s me?od has be5 comp>$ by ,osborne#aee ) ! beak] me?od ( elutriation ) ! foll[+ results3 ,,s*loes+',s ,,me?od4 ,p] c5t4 ,calcium c>bonate #d4bj ,s& #fd4ia ,clay #bb4fe ,humus none ,loss on ignition #f4fj ,,by ,,! ,,direct ,,beak] ,,me?od4 ,p] c5t4 ,above #j4be millimet] diamet] #a4jb #j4be-j4je millimet] diamet] #j4gf #j4je-j4ja millimet] diamet] #bj4ie ,bel[ #j4ja millimet] diamet] #ga4ja ,loss on ignition #f4fj ,x is se5 by ! above t !re is little agreem5t betwe5 ! results ( ! two me?ods4 ,) ! prairie soil f ,m]c] ,c\nty1 ,ill41 ! foll[+ results 7 obta9$ work+ on ! orig9al sample & ! s& sep>at$ by ! ,s*loes+ process3 ,,s*loes+',s ,,me?od4 ,p] c5t4 ,calcium c>bonate #j4hh ,humus #a4eg ,loss at #aej ,c4 #d4db ,s& #hb4hf ,clay #g4hf ---------- #ig4ei ,,beak] ,,me?od4 ,orig9al ,s*loes+'s s&4 soil4 ,dri$ at #aej;,c41 ,ignit$1 ,ignit$1 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ,above #j4be millimet] diamet] #j4ab #j4aj #j4ib #j4be-j4je millimet] diamet] #c4eh #c4ee #b4hi #j4je-j4ja millimet] diamet] #db4fi #da4hg #db4hf #j4ja-j millimet] diamet] #bc4ff #bj4dg #ca4dd ,clay #ab4ha #aj4ad ,clay #g4dj ,loss on ignition #f4gc #ad4di ---------- ---------- ------------ #hb4hf #hb4hf #ajj4jj ,osborne says ! above figures indicate t ! treatm5t ) acid has dis9tegrat$ ! p>ticles ( less ?an #j4ja millimet] diamet] s t "o-?ird ( ?is portion appe>s z clay1 accord+ to ! ,hilg>d me?od ( e/imat+ clay1 :i* is ! "o employ$4 ,z to ! humus x may be not$ t loss 9 ! analysis by ,s*loes+'s me?od2 viz41 #b4da p] c5t1 plus loss at #aej #d4db p] c5t1 plus humus f\nd #a4eg p] c5t1 plus c>bon dioxid 7 ( #j4hh 7 #j4fi p] c5t am\nts to #i4ji p] c5t1 :ile ! loss on ignition :i* repres5ts humus1 c>bon dioxid & wat] is #ad4di ,p] c5t4 ,! #e4dj p] c5t diff]5ce mu/ evid5tly be1 = ! mo/ "p1 humus :i* has escap$ e/imation by ! ,s*loes+ me?od1 hav+ be5 di/ribut$ among ! s& & clay4 #bcg4 ,! ,me*anical ,det]m9ation ( ,clay4--,s*loes+'s me?od = ! sep>ation ( ! clay z /at$ by ,osborne#aef is ess5tially "o ( subsid5ce = tw5ty h\rs f a volume ( f #bjj to #bej cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 b ( no specifi$ height4 ,hilg>d's conv5tional me?od requires ! same "t & a height ( solution ( #bjj millimet]s4 ,su* me?ods ( sep>ation assume1 fir/1 t mo/ ( ! s& &1 second1 t little ( ! clay %all settle )9 ! fix$ "t4 ,t bo? ( ^! assumptions are fallaci\s1 ! foll[+ exp]im5ts %[4 ,! clay obta9$ by tw5ty h\rs subsid5ce f ?irty grams ( brick clay is susp5d$ 9 f\r lit]s ( di/ill$ wat] & all[$ to settle out completely1 :i* requires sev]al days4 ,! wat] is !n decant$ s z to remove all soluble matt]s1 ! j> aga9 fill$ ) di/ill$ wat]1 & ! clay & f9e s& all[$ to settle aga9 = sev]al days4 ,! upp] ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! liquid are !n decant$ & made up to a volume ( f\r lit]s1 & ?is is all[$ to /& sev]al days1 :5 a consid]able s$im5t =ms4 ,a decantation is aga9 made z be=e4 ,! op]ations are repeat$ until ! clay wat] has be5 s f> fre$ f ! clay z to become opalesc5t2 !n x fir/ ceases to deposit any appreciable s$im5t4 ,a microscopic exam9ation ( ! sev]al s$im5ts ?us collect$ %[s !m all to conta9 p>ticles ( s&4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t only aft] ! liquid conta9+ ! clay has become opalesc5t does x cease to deposit f9e p>ticles ( s& z well z ( clay4 ,fur!rmore1 ! "* ( ! true clay itself is s *ang$ "u c]ta9 conditions t x loses ! prop]ty ( rema9+ 9 prolong$ susp5sion 9 wat]4 ,a sample ( clay :i* has be5 fre$ f p>ticles ( s& exce$+ #j4jje millimet] diamet] is susp5d$ 9 wat] & precipitat$ f x by freez+4 ,x is !n wa%$ by decantation ) alcohol & dri$ 9 ! air4 ,a portion ( ?is clay is %ak5 ) wat] & all[$ to /& a few h\rs1 dur+ :i* "t ! great] "p ( x has settl$4 ,aft] decant+ ! wat] & susp5d$ clay & repeat+ ?is process a few times1 a v consid]able "p ( ! clay is left :i* w subside completely ?r\gh #ajj millimet]s 9 a few h\rs4 ,aft] /&+ "u wat] = sev]al mon?s1 only a small "p ( ! clay has rega9$ ! quality ( prolong$ susp5sion4 ,x has be5 f\nd1 h[ev]1 t if ?is clay be pe/l$1 ?is quality ( prolong$ susp5sion is re/or$ to x to a v consid]able degree4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t conv5tional me?ods dep5d+ on simple subsid5ce c give no accurate results because ! ev] v>y+ am\nts ( f9e/ s& & clay 9 diff]5t soils yield v>iable mixtures ( ! two :5 subject$ to any simple c\rse ( treatm5t by elutriation & subsid5ce4 ,! me?od ( p]si/5t pe/l+ & repeat$ subsid5ces & decantations cont9u$ until no fur!r sep>ation c be effect$1 al?\gh extremely t$i\s1 is ! only "o :i* has s f> yield$ ev5 approximately good sep>ations on any ( ! clayey soils exam9$ by ,osborne4 ,a s+le subsid5ce ( ! clay wat] = tw5ty-f\r h\rs w free x f all p>ticles ( s& hav+ a diamet] great] ?an #j4jje millimet]1 b 9 _m cases a consid]able am\nt ( f9] s& w rema9 9 susp5sion = _m h\rs or days4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! s$im5t =m$ dur+ ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs subsid5ce w n be free f clay1 z may be easily se5 by susp5d+ x 9 wat] a second "t & all[+ x to /& aga9 = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,bo? ,hilg>d & ,s*loes+ direct att5tion to ^! defects1 b assume t !y d n usually influ5ce ! results to a suffici5t ext5t to deprive !m ( value4 ,9 _m cases ?is is und\bt$ly true1 z1 = example1 9 su* soils z t f ! g>d5 ( ! ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 at ,new ,hav51 9 :i* !re is b little clay & f9e s&2 b 9 soils ( ! opposite "*1 z 9 ! ,nor? ,hav5 brick clay :]e exact sep>ations are mo/ desirable1 a v consid]able error is ?us inevitably enc\nt]$4 #bch4 ,effect ( ,boil+ on ! ,texture ( ,clayey ,soils4--,mo/ inve/igators :o h work$ ^u me*anical soil analysis advise boil+ ) wat] 9 ord] to deta* clay & s& f ea* o!r & make a good sep>ation ( ! sev]al me*anical elem5ts practicable or possible4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 ! in/ructions z to ! "t & mann] ( boil+ are r indef9ite1 & no def9ite rese>* z to ! effects ( ?is treatm5t has be5 und]tak54 ,! practice ( ,hilg>d1 to boil tw5ty-f\r h\rs or ev5 long] 9 case ( adhesive clays1 accord+ to ,osborne#aeg appe>s to be objectionable 9 view ( ! dehydration & *ange ( physical prop]ties kn[n to occur 9 case ( _m hydroxids1 especially ^? ( iron & alum9um1 :i* may be pres5t 9 ! soil4 ,x is a famili> fact t ! hydroxids above nam$ & _m o!r amorph\s sub/ances :5 precipitat$ f cold solutions are m bulky & less easily wa%$ ^u a filt] ?an :5 ?r[n d[n hot4 ,x is also well kn[n t _! prop]ties are consid]ably *ang$ by w>m+ or boil+ ) wat]4 ,heat+ ) wat] to boil+ = "s h\rs or days gradually conv]ts ! bulky br[n-r$ f]ric hydroxid1 :i* :5 precipitat$ cold & air-dri$ = eighte5 days1 conta9s ?irty-eight p] c5t ( wat]1 into a mu* d5s]1 bright r$ sub/ance conta9+ b two p] c5t ( wat]4 ,/4 ,gilles has also obs]v$ ! p>tial dehydration ( alum9um hydroxid f ,al,o4#e;,h,o to ,al,o4#b;,h,o by prolong$ boil+4 ,! hydrate ( silica & ! highly hydrat$ silicates are mo/ probably affect$ 9 a simil> mann]1 & if su* be ! case1 boil+ w\ld evid5tly *ange ! con/itution ( clay 9 a v ess5tial degree4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts ?r[ light on ?is subject3 ,t5 grams ( ,nor? ,hav5 brick clay 7 boil$ cont9u\sly = n9e days ) ab\t #gjj cubic c5timet]s ( di/ill$ wat]1 9 a glass flask ( "o lit] capacity & furni%$ ) a reflux cond5s]4 ,fifte5 grams 7 boil$ 9 ! same mann] = eight & "o-half days4 ,:5 ! boil+ 0 conclud$1 ! soil 0 f\nd to h assum$ a granul> condition1 ! clay & f9e s& be+ collect$ into a mass ( small gra9s resembl+ co>se s& & settl+ rapidly4 ,"o portion ?us boil$ 0 elutriat$ by ! beak] me?od1 ! o!r by ,hilg>d's4 ,! pe/le 0 n us$ on ei!r ( ^? portions z x 0 desir$ to det]m9e simply ! effect ( prolong$ boil+4 ,! sep>ations ?us accompli%$ are "h comp>$ ) ! elutriations ( ! same soil boil$ tw5ty-?ree h\rs & ( ! pe/l$ b unboil$ soil4 ,hilg>d elutriation4 ,beak] elutriation4 ,n pe/l$4 ,n pe/l$4 ,n ,pe/l$4 ,pe/l$4 ,boil$ ,boil$ eight tw5ty-?ree ,boil$ n9e & a half h\rs1 days1 days4 ,n boil$4 ,diamet] ( p>ticles4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ,by sieves #c4cf #c4bd #c4fc #c4di #j4be-j4je #a4ba #a4aa #a4ia #a4bi #j4je-j4ja #bh4bg #cc4jd #cc4fa #bg4jb #j4ja-j #ef4bi #dh4he #ed4gh #eb4ba ,clay #d4ib #c4je #a4ig #aj4ae ,loss on ignition #e4ie #e4ie #e4ie #e4ie ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ #ajj4jj #ie4bd #aja4he #ajj4aa ,"h x is obs]v$ t ! eight to n9e days boil+ dim9i%$ ! clay z det]m9$ by ,hilg>d's conv5tional me?od by sev5 to eight p] c5t1 increas+ ! du/ by two to ?ree p] c5t1 & ! silt by ab\t six p] c5t4 ,"u ! microscope small1 r\nd$1 opaque1 br[n granules 7 se5 9 l>ge numb]s1 :i* :5 press$ "u ! cov] glass1 broke up into a multitude ( v f9e p>ticles4 ,f ^! exp]im5ts x w\ld appe> to be conclusively prov$ t too long boil+ precipitates clay & !reby defeats ! v object ( ! op]ation4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts ! "t ( boil+ 0 prolong$ 9 ord] to br+ out unmi/akably ! effects ( ?is op]ation4 ,if ebullition = eight or n9e days r$uces clay f t5 to two p] c5t1 increas+ ! #j4je-j4ja millimet] diamet] grades by six p] c5t1 x is evid5t t boil+ = "o day or a %ort] "t becomes a que/ionable treatm5t4 ,fur!r exp]im5ts#aeh made by boil+ clay 9 a plat9um vessel ) a plat9um cond5s] %[$ t ?is precipitation ( ! clay 0 l>gely if n :olly due to ! salts extract$ f ! soil4 ,:5 ! clay has once be5 conv]t$ into ! granul> condition1 consid]able difficulty is exp]i5c$ 9 re/or+ x to ! /ate 9 :i* x is capable ( prolong$ susp5sion 9 wat]4 ,! results ( ! /udies h]e) report$ may be summ$ up z foll[s3 #a4 ,! ,b]l9-,s*ne me?od ( elutriation gives fairly correct sep>ations ) s&y soils conta9+ little clay or matt]s f9] ?an #j4ja millimet] diamet]1 b on soils ( f9e texture1 z loams ri* 9 humus & clays1 x gives results :i* are grossly inaccurate1 ! error on s+le grades am\nt+ to f eight to f\rte5 p] c5t4 #b4 ,9 respect ( rapidity1 economy ( "t1 & ease ( op]ation1 ! ,s*ne elutriation has no advantage ov] ! beak] me?od4 #c4 ,s*loes+'s me?od on its me*anical side makes no satisfactory sep>ations1 & ! *emical treatm5t x employs is liable to alt] s]i\sly ! texture ( ! soil4 #d4 ,! det]m9ation ( clay f a s+le subsid5ce f any conv5tional dep? or volume ( wat]1 or = any conv5tional "t1 is n a process c]ta9 to effect ev5 a r\ghly approximate sep>ation ( ! f9e/ qu>tz gra9s f true clay4 #e4 ,boil+ ) wat] mu/ be reject$ z a treatm5t prelim9>y to me*anical analysis1 because x n only abrades & r$uces ! co>s] s$im5ts1 b may dehydrate & coagulate ! true clay & ?us alt] ess5tially ! texture & gra9 ( ! soil4 #bci4 ,g5]al ,conclusions4--,! me?ods ( ,hilg>d & ,osborne h be5 giv5 9 detail & l>gely 9 ! descriptive language us$ by ! au?ors4 ,! o!r me?ods ( elutriation 9 use 9 o!r c\ntries h also be5 describ$4 ,= practical use ! me?ods ( ,hilg>d & ,osborne are to be pref]r$ to all o!rs4 ,= simplicity & spe$ ! ,osborne me?od has ! pref]5ce ov] ! ,hilg>d4 ,= rigid control ( ! "w ! ,hilg>d me?od is to be pref]r$4 ,! effect ( long boil+ on clay po9t$ out by ,osborne w\ld sugge/ t ! boil+ process prelim9>y to ! ,hilg>d me?od be made z %ort z possible4 ,x w\ld seem t ! *urn attrition 9 ! ,hilg>d me?od might well be reg>d$ z a sub/itute = ! s(t pe/l+ ( ! ,osborne process1 & any prolong$ boil+ 9 ! =m] me?od might be safely omitt$4 ,:5 c>efully c>ri$ out1 ! results ( ! ,hilg>d & ,osborne me?od are fairly comp>able4 #bdj4 ,di/ribution ( ,soil ,+r$i5ts4--,! det]m9ation ( ! di/ribution ( ! soil +r$i5ts 9 ! s$im5ts obta9$ 9 silt analysis is illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ table3#aei ,hydraulic value ,clay #j4bemm #j4bemm4 #j4emm4 ,p] c5t 9 soil #ba4fd #bc4ef #ab4ed #ac4fg ,a ,b ,a ,b ,a ,b ,a ,b ,insoluble residue #ae4if #d4cegc4agag4bi #hg4ifaa4jc #id4acab4gb ,soluble silica #cc4aj #g4ag #i4ie #b4cd #d4bg #j4ec #b4ce #j4cb ,pota% #a4dg #j4cb #j4ec #j4ab #j4bi #j4jd #j4ab #j4ja ,soda 7#a4gj7 #j4bd #j4jf #j4bh #j4jd #j4ba #j4jb ,lime #j4ji #j4jc #j4ac #j4jc #j4ah #j4jb #j4ji #j4ja ,magnesia #a4cc #j4bi #j4df #j4aa #j4bf #j4jc #j4aj #j4ja ,manganese #j4cj #j4jf #j4jj #j4jj #j4jj #j4jj #j4jj #j4jj ,f]ric oxid #ah4gf #d4jf #d4gf #a4aa #b4cd #j4bi #a4jc #j4ad ,alum9a #ah4ai #c4ig #d4cb #a4jd #b4fd #j4cc #a4ba #j4ag ,phosphoric acid #j4ah #j4jd #j4aa #j4jb #j4jc #j4jj #j4jb #j4jj ,sulfuric acid #j4jf #j4ja #j4jb #j4ja #j4jc #j4jj #j4jc #j4jj ,volatile matt] #i4jj #a4cc #e4fa #a4dc #a4gb #j4bc #j4ib #j4bi ,total #ajj4adba4fdii4cjbc4efajj4jjab4edajj4baa c4fg ,total soluble matt]4 #ge4ah #bj4eb #aj4cb #e4af bases #da4hd #aj4dd #e4ii #b4gf ,soluble silica 9 crude sub/ance4 #j4ch #j4ja ,hydraulic value #a4jmm4 ,p] c5t 9 ,o!r ,total ,orig9al soil #ac4aa s$im5ts4s$im5ts4 soil4 ,a ,b ,insoluble residue #if4ebab4gd #ac4gf #ga4hi #gj4ec ,soluble silica #j4cf #aj4cf #ab4cj ,pota% #j4di #j4fc ,soda #j4ab #j4ji ,lime #j4ji #j4bg ,magnesia #j4dd #j4de ,manganese #j4jf #j4jf ,f]ric oxid #e4fj #e4aa ,alum9a #e4ea #h4ji ,phosphoric acid #j4jf #j4ba ,sulfuric acid #j4jb #j4jb ,volatile matt] #c4fd #c4ad ,total #ac4aj #ih4bh #ajj4fc ,total soluble matt]4 bases ,soluble silica 9 crude sub/ance4 #j4ai ,a4 ,calculat$ on ! am\nt ( s$im5t4 ,b4 ,calculat$ on ! am\nt ( soil4 ,x is se5 f ! above analyses t ! clay is by f> ! ri*e/ 9 m9]al con/itu5ts1 ( all ! +r$i5ts sep>at$ 9 silt analysis1 ! am\nt 9 ! clay be+ m ?an twice t ( all ! o!rs comb9$4 ,its volatile matt] is also ! l>ge/4 ,! l>ge am\nt ( soda1 h[ev]1 is probably 9 "p due to ! sodium *lorid us$ 9 ! precipitation ( ! diffus$ clay4 ,! foll[+ po9ts 9 reg>d to ! di/ribution ( ! diff]5t +r$i5ts are in/ructive3 #a4 ,! iron & alum9a exi/ 9 almo/ id5tical relative proportions 9 ea* s$im5t1 mak+ x probable t !y are 9 "s way def9itely correlat$4 #b4 ,pota% & magnesia also exi/ 9 almo/ ! same quantities1 & _! ratio to ea* o!r 9 all ! s$im5ts be+ almo/ con/ant seems to indicate t !y occur comb9$1 p]haps 9 "s zeolitic silicate :i* may be a s\rce ( supply to plants4 #c4 ,manganese exi/s only 9 ! clay1 a m]e trace be+ f\nd 9 ! next s$im5t4 #d4 ,! lime appe>s to h disappe>$ 9 ! clay1 hav+ probably be5 l>gely dissolv$ 9 ! =m ( c>bonate by ! l>ge quantity ( wat] us$ 9 elutriation4 ,its increase 9 ! co>s] portions may be ow+ to its exi/5ce 9 a cry/alliz$ =m n s readily soluble4 #e4 ,9 a summ>y ( ! +r$i5ts1 x is se5 t !re is a loss 9 pota%1 magnesia & lime 9 ! s$im5ts z comp>$ ) ! orig9al soil2 & ?is loss is d\btless due to ! solution ( ^! bodies 9 ! wat] ( elutriation4 ,a notewor?y fact %[n 9 ?is table is ! rapid decrease ( acid-soluble matt] 9 ! co>s] s$im5ts2 ev5 :at is dissolv$ f s f9e a s$im5t z #a4j millimet] hydraulic value1 equal to a diamet] ( #j4jd millimet]1 is 9 ?is case a negligible quantity4 ,?is sugge/s =cibly ! inutility ( introduc+ into *emical soil analysis1 gra9s ( z l>ge a size z w pass a sieve ( "o millimet] ap]ture4 ,! hydraulic value ( ^! gra9s w\ld be some:]e betwe5 #aej & #bjj millimet]s p] second4 ,:ile ! exact results ( ! above analysis may n be applicable to all soils1 yet ! range is s wide t ! sy/ematic exclusion f *emical analysis ( in]t mat]ial1 by means ( prelim9>y me*anical sep>ation1 seems likely to lead to important improvem5ts 9 ! int]pretation ( ! results4 #bda4 ,p]c5tage ( ,silt ,classes 9 ,diff]5t ,soils4--,! adaptation ( a soil to diff]5t crops dep5ds l>gely on ! sizes ( ! p>ticles compos+ x & consequ5tly on ! relative p]c5tages ( ! silt classes4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! me*anical analysis ( "s m>k$ly diff]5t types ( subsoils3#afj ,diamet]1 ,conv5tional ,truck millimet]s4 names4 & ,grass ,e>ly small & truck4 fruit4 ,tobacco4 ,:eat4 :eat4 ,lime/one4 #a #b #c #d #e #f #b-a ,f9e gravel #j4di #j4jd #a4ec #j4jj #j4jj #a4cd #a-j4e ,co>se s& #d4if #a4ig #e4fg #j4dj #j4bc #j4cc #j4e-j4be ,m$ium s& #dj4ai #bh4fd #ac4be #j4eg #a4bi #a4jh #j4be-j4a ,f9e s& #bg4ei #ci4fh #h4ci #bb4fd #d4jc #a4jb #j4a-j4je ,v f9e s& #ab4aj #aa4dc #ad4ie #cj4ee #aa4eg #f4id #j4je-j4ja ,silt #g4gd #d4ie #bh4hf #ac4ih #ch4ig #bi4je #j4ja-j4jje ,f9e silt #b4bc #b4jb #g4hd #d4jh #h4hd #aa4jc #j4jje-j4jjja ,clay #d4dj #h4gi #ad4ee #ba4ih #cb4gj #dc4dd ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- #ii4gj #ig4eb #ie4jd #id4bj #ig4fc #id4bc ,org4 matt]1 wat] & loss #j4cj #b4dh #d4if #e4hj #b4cg #e4gg #bdb4 ,description ( ! ,soils4--,numb] "o repres5ts ! v e>ly truck l&s ( s\!rn ,m>yl&4 ,x is a light yell[ s&1 belong+ to ! ,columbia t]race =mation4 ,"u an int5se sy/em ( cultivation & heavy manur+ ) organic matt]1 good crops ( g>d5 vegetables are produc$ :i* mature v e>ly1 at lea/ t5 days or two weeks be=e ! crops f any o!r "p ( ! /ate4 ,"u ! prevail+ meteorological & cultural conditions ?is soil ma9ta9s ab\t five or six p] c5t ( moi/ure1 :ile a heavi] :eat & grass soil ma9ta9s f twelve to tw5ty p] c5t4 ,! truck soil is s loose & op5 9 texture t ! ra9-fall passes ?r\gh x v readily1 & x is und\bt$ly ow+ to ?is dri] soil t ! plant is =c$ to ! e>ly maturity :i* secures x f competition f o!r p>ts ( ! ,/ate & insures a good m>ket price4 ,numb] two repres5ts ! lat] truck & fruit l&s ( s\!rn ,m>yl&4 ,^! l&s conta9 r m clay ?an ^? j describ$2 !y are some:at heavi] & clos] 9 texture1 & are r m ret5tive ( moi/ure4 ,?is l& gives a l>g] yield p] acre ?an ! "o j describ$1 & 9 e way crops make a m vigor\s gr[? & developm5t1 b ! crop is ab\t a week or t5 days lat] 9 matur+1 & = ?is reason x br+s a l[] price 9 ! m>ket4 ,x is mu* bett] l& ?an numb] "o = small fruit & pea*es4 ,^! l&s are altoge!r too light 9 texture = ! pr(itable production ( :eat1 & x w\ld co/ altoge!r too mu* to improve !m s t ev5 a mod]ate yield ( :eat c\ld be obta9$4 ,numb] ?ree is a tobacco l& ( s\!rn ,m>yl&4 ,! f9e/ tobacco l&s ( ?is locality come betwe5 ! truck & :eat l&s 9 texture1 & conta9 f t5 to tw5ty p] c5t ( clay4 ,! light] ! texture ( ! soil & ! less clay x conta9s1 ! less tobacco x w yield p] acre1 b ! f9] ! texture ( ! leaf4 ,! tobacco yields m p] acre on ! heavi] :eat soils1 b ! leaf is co>se & sappy & cures gre5 & does n take on color4 ,x br+s a v l[ price 9 ! m>ket & does n pay = cultivation4 ,! crop on ! light] l&s is ( mu* f9] quality2 !re is a small] yield p] acre b ! leaf takes on a f9e color 9 cur+1 & br+s a mu* bett] price p] p\nd4 ,:eat is commonly rais$ on ^! tobacco l&s to get advantage ( ! high manur+1 & because ! rotation is bett] = ! l& ?an :]e tobacco is gr[n cont9u\sly on ! same soil4 ,! f9e/ tobacco l&s are1 h[ev]1 too light 9 texture = ! pr(itable production ( :eat4 ,^! l&s belong to ! neoc5e =mation4 ,numb] f\r is a type ( ! :eat l&s ( s\!rn ,m>yl&4 ,^! l&s repres5t soil ( ab\t ! lighte/ texture ^u :i* :eat c be economically produc$ "u ! climatic conditions :i* !re prevail4 ,!y conta9 f eighte5 to tw5ty-five p] c5t ( clay1 & are mu* m ret5tive ( moi/ure ?an ! be/ tobacco l&s4 ,?is type is ab\t ! limit ( pr(itable :eat production4 ,^! soils w ma9ta9 ab\t twelve p] c5t ( wat] dur+ ! dry season4 ,g>d5 truck is s late 9 matur+ on ^! l&s t !re is (t5 a glut 9 ! m>ket :5 ! crop matures1 & ! crops (t5 d n pay ! co/ ( transportation4 ,! l&s are too light 9 texture = a p]man5t grass sod4 ,!y belong to ! neoc5e =mation4 ,numb] five repres5ts ! heavi] :eat l&s ( s\!rn ,m>yl&1 belong+ probably to a diff]5t horizon ( ! neoc5e =mation & conta9+ ab\t ?irty p] c5t ( clay4 ,?is soil is mu* m ret5tive ( moi/ure & produces v mu* l>g] crops ( :eat ?an ! la/ sample4 ,x is /rong en\gh & suffici5tly ret5tive ( moi/ure to make good grass l&s4 ,x is too close 9 texture & too ret5tive ( moi/ure = ! production ( a high grade ( tobacco1 or to be pr(itable = m>ket truck4 ,numb] six is f a heavy lime/one soil ( l[] ,held]b]g =mation4 ,x is a /rong & f]tile :eat & grass l&4 #bdc4 ,int]pretation ( ,silt ,analysis4--,! prim>y conceptions ^u :i* ! int]pretation ( ! me*anical analysis is bas$ may be briefly /at$ z foll[s3#afa ,! circulation ( wat] 9 ! soil is due to gravity1 or ! weight ( wat]1 act+ ) a con/ant =ce to pull ! wat] d[nw>d1 & also to surface t5sion1 or ! contract+ p[] ( ! free surface ( wat] 7wat]-air surface71 :i* t5ds to move ! wat] ei!r up or d[n1 or 9 any direction1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,!re is a l>ge am\nt ( space betwe5 ! gra9s 9 all soils 9 :i* wat] may be held1 rang+ f ab\t ?irty p] c5t 9 light s&y l&s to sixty-five or sev5ty p] c5t 9 /iff clay soils4 ,! relative rate ( movem5t ( wat] ?r\gh a giv5 dep? ( soil w dep5d ^u h[ mu* space !re is 9 ! soil2 ^u h[ mu* ?is space is divid$ up1 i4 e41 ^u h[ _m gra9s !re are p] unit volume ( soil2 ^u ! arrangem5t ( ! gra9s ( s& & clay2 & ^u h[ ?is skeleton /ructure is fill$ 9 & modifi$ ) organic matt]4 ,x also appe>s t ! ord9>y manures & f]tiliz]s *ange ?is surface t5sion1 or pull+ p[] ( wat]2 t !y also *ange ! arrangem5t ( ! gra9s1 & consequ5tly ! texture or /ructure ( ! soil may be *ang$ & ! relation ( ! soil to wat]1 ?r\gh ! effect ( ! ord9>y manures & f]tiliz]s 9 caus+ flocculation or ! rev]se4 #bdd4 ,numb] ( ,p>ticles 9 a ,giv5 ,weight ( ,soil4--,! approximate numb] ( p>ticles 9 ! soil c be calculat$ f ! results ( ! me*anical analysis by ! foll[+ =mula3#afb 7a_/777d77_/#f77 ,a ,:]e a is ! weight ( ea* gr\p ( p>ticles1 d ! mean diamet] ( ! p>ticles 9 ! sev]al gr\ps 9 c5timet]s1 is ! specific gravity ( ! soil1 & ,a is ! total weight ( soil4 ,= ! specific gravity ( ord9>y soils1 ! con/ant #b4fe may be us$4 ,9 us+ ! =mula ! p] c5ts are express$ z grams4 ,?us1 if !re 7 tw5ty p] c5t ( silt1 ?is w\ld be tak5 z tw5ty grams1 & if ! results ( ! analysis add$ up n9ety-sev5 p] c5t ! :ole weight ( soil w\ld be tak5 z n9ety-sev5 grams4 ,! diamet] d is tak5 z ! mean = ! extreme diamet]s tak5 = any gr\p1 = in/ance1 = ! silt ?is w\ld be #j4jjc c5timet]1 :i* is assum$ to be ! diamet] ( ! p>ticles 9 t gr\p4 ,?is =mula c only give approximate values1 z ! numb] ( sep>ations 9 a silt analysis mu/ necess>ily be small1 am\nt+ usually to n m ?an eight or t5 grades1 on acc\nt ( ! "t & labor requir$ = clos] sep>ations4 ,!re is relatively r a wide range 9 ! diamet]s ( gra9s )9 any "o ( ^! grades1 & absolute values c\ld n be expect$ )\t a va/ numb] ( sep>ations1 s t all ! gra9s 9 ea* gr\p w\ld be almo/ exactly ( ! same size4 ,! clay gr\p has relatively ! wide/ limits1 :i* is un=tunate1 z ?is is ! mo/ important ( all ! gr\ps on acc\nt ( ! exce$+ly small size ( ! p>ticles4 ,! figure #j4jjja millimet] is tak5 z ! l[e/ limit ( ! diamet] ( ! clay p>ticles4 ,^! p>ticles h be5 h]et(ore assum$ to be ultra-microscopic1 b by ! use ( a microscope ( high p[] ) oil-imm]sion objective & /a9+ fluids1 x has be5 possible to def9e ! clay p>ticles 9 a turbid liquid :i* has /ood s long z to be only fa9tly opalesc5t4 ,p5d+ m exact measurem5ts1 ! figure #j4jjbee millimet] has be5 us$ z ! diamet] ( ! av]age siz$ p>ticle 9 ! clay gr\p4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! approximate numb] ( gra9s p] gram 9 ! diff]5t types ( subsoils calculat$ f ! me*anical analysis ( ! typical soils already giv53 ,,numb] ,,( ,,p>ticles ,,( ,,ea* ,,class ,,9 ,,"o ,,gram ,,( ,,soil4 ,silt classes4 ,no4 #a ,no4 #b ,no4 #c ,diamet] 7d7 9 ,e>ly truck4 ,truck & small ,tobacco4 c5timet]s4 fruit4 #j4ae #j #j #c #j4jge #he #cd #ajb #j4jcge #e1eaa #d1jaa #a1ijj #j4jage #cg1bcj #ed1faj #aa1hij #j4jjge #bjg1ejj #aii1gjj #bfg1ijj #j4jjc #b1jgc1jjj #a1cee1jjj #h1jib1jjj #j4jjjge #ch1baj1jjj #ce1cfj1jjj #adj1ijj1jjj #j4jjjbee #a1iae1jjj1jjj #c1iah1jjj1jjj #f1fcg1jjj1jjj -------------------------- -------------------------- -------------------------- #a1iee1jjj1jjj #c1ied1igc1cee #f1ghf1bgc1gie ,silt classes4 ,no4 #d ,no4 #e ,no4 #f ,diamet] 7d7 9 ,:eat4 ,grass & :eat4 ,lime/one4 c5timet]s4 #j4ae #j #j #ab #j4jge #gbf #d #fj #j4jcge #h1bgc #aha #aeg #j4jage #cb1cdj #e1eef #a1def #j4jjge #eed1ajj #bjb1fjj #abe1ijj #j4jjc #c1ifb1jjj #aj1fgj1jjj #h1bca1jjj #j4jjjge #gc1iij1jjj #aed1ijj1jjj #aii1ijj1jjj #j4jjjbee #aj1aej1jjj1jjj #ad1egj1jjj1jjj #ai1dcj1jjj1jjj ---------------------------- ---------------------------- ---------------------------- #aj1bbh1edg1dci #ad1gce1ggh1cda #ai1fch1beh1ehe #bde4 ,e/imation ( ! ,surface ,area ( ,soil ,p>ticles4--,! approximate ext5t ( surface area ( ! soil gra9s 9 "o gram ( soil c be calculat$ f ! =ego+ by ! foll[+ =mula3#afc 7d7n 9 :i* d is ! mean ( ! diamet]s ( any gr\p 9 c5timet]s1 & n is ! numb] ( p>ticles 9 ! gr\p4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! approximate ext5t ( surface area ( ! p>ticles 9 "o gram ( soil calculat$ f ! prec$+ table3 ,,approximate ,,ext5t ,,9 ,,squ>e ,,c5timet]s1 ,,( ,,surface ,,area ,,9 ,,"o ,,gram ,,( ,,soil4 ,soil numb]4 ---------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ,diamet]1 millimet]s4 #a #b #c #d #e #f #a4e #j4j #j4j #j4d #j4j #j4j #j4a #j4ge #a4h #j4f #a4h #ab4h #j4a #j4a #j4cge #bd4c #ag4g #h4d #cf4e #ca4j #j4g #j4age #ce4h #eb4f #aa4d #ca4a #e4c #a4d #j4jge #ba4c #ce4c #dg4c #ig4i #ce4h #bb4b #j4jc #bah4h #ch4c #bbh4i #aab4j #cja4d #bcb4g #j4jjge #fg4d #fb4e #bdh4i #acj4h #bgc4e #cec4d #j4jjbee #cij4h #hjj4e #acee4j #bjgb4j #bigf4j #cife4j ---------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ,total #gfj4b #ajjg4e #aijb4a #bdic4a #ceic4a #dege4c #bdf4 ,log>i?mic ,con/ants4--,! foll[+ log>i?mic con/ants h be5 us$ 9 ! calculation ( ! approximate numb] ( gra9s p] gram & ( ! surface area1 us+ #b4fe 9 all cases z ! specific gravity ( ! soil4 ,diamet]4 7d7 ,approximate numb] ( gra9s4 ,surface area4 log477d7w7_/7#f7 log47d7 #j4ae c5timet]s #c4fgjc #b4hdic #j4jge #d4gfgd #b4bdgc #j4jcge #e4hfda #c4fdea #j4jage #f4hgaa #d4ihca #j4jjge #g4gfgd #d4bdgc #j4jjc #h4egcd #e4deac #j4jjjge #aj4gfgd #f4bdgc #j4jjjbee #aa4cfaf #g4caja #bdg4 ,m9]alogical ,exam9ation ( ! ,p>ticles ( ,soil ,obta9$ by ,me*anical ,analysis4--,! pr9cipal object ( ! me*anical analysis ( soils z has already be5 set =? is ! sep>ation ( ! soil into portions1 ! p>ticles ( :i* h ! same hydraulic value4 ,x is evid5t )\t illu/ration t p>ticles ( ! same hydraulic value d n necess>ily h ! same size4 ,! rate ( fl[ ( a liquid c>ry+ c]ta9 def9ite p>ticles does n imply t ^! p>ticles are ( ! same dim5sions4 ,( two p>ticles ( ! same size & %ape1 t "o :i* has ! l[] specific gravity1 w be c>ri$ (f at ! l[] rate ( fl[4 ,at ! end ( ! op]ation1 !re=e1 ! sev]al portions ( ! soil obta9$ w be f\nd compos$ ( p>ticles ( sizes v>y+ )9 c]ta9 limits1 & ( ^! p>ticles ! l>g] ones w t5d to be compos$ ( m9]als ( l[] specific gravity1 & ! small] ones ( m9]als ( high] specific gravity4 ,( ! same m9]al sub/ance1 ! p>ticles :i* are mo/ irregul>1 expos+ = a giv5 weight ! l>ge/ surface w be f\nd to pass ov] at a l[] velocity ?an ^? ( a m ne>ly sph]ical %ape4 ,! same law holds good = p>ticles fall+ ?r\gh a liquid at re/1 i4 e41 ! heavi] & m sph]ical p>ticles1 weight = weight1 w soon] rea* ! bottom ( ! conta9+ vessel4 ,to complete ! value ( a me*anical analysis1 x becomes necess>y to submit ! sev]al portions ( soil obta9$ n only to a *emical b also to a m9]alogical exam9ation4 ,only ! outl9es ( ! me?ods ( exam9+ silt sep>ates = m9]al con/itu5ts c be giv5 "h & special works 9 petrography mu/ be consult$ = great] details4#afd ,x is evid5t t ! me?ods ( sep>ation & exam9ation f a m9]alogical po9t ( view ab\t to be describ$ c only be appli$ to silts ( ! l>ge/ size4 ,! f9] silts c n be sep>at$ into portions ( diff]5t specific gravities by sep>at+ liquids ( v>y+ d5sities on acc\nt ( ! sl[ness ) :i* !y subside1 ?us t5d+ to adh]e to ! sides ( ! sep>at+ vessels & to =m floccules :i* are n all compos$ ( ! same k9d ( m9]al p>ticles4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 ^! processes are m appropriately describ$ 9 connection ) ! silts obta9$ by hydraulic elutriation1 !y c be appli$ ) great] success to ! f9e p>ticles pass+ ! diff]5t sieves us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! soil = analysis or to ! f9ely pulv]iz$ soil z a :ole4 ,! m9]als :i* h contribut$ to soil =mation1 moreov]1 are bett] pres]v$ 9 ! l>g] silt p>ticles & !re=e m easily id5tifi$4 ,:ile ! desirability ( secur+ l det]m9ations 9 ! f9] silts is n to be d5i$1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! art ! analy/ mu/ be cont5t ) ! exam9ation ( ! l>g] p>ticles4 #bdh4 ,me?ods ( ,inve/igation4--,! *ief po9ts to be obs]v$ 9 ! exam9ation ( ! f9e p>ticles ( soil are ! foll[+3 7#a7 ! size & %ape ( ! p>ticles2 7#b7 measurem5t ( cry/al angles2 7#c7 sep>ation into classes ( approximately ! same specific gravity2 7#d7 sep>ation by means ( ! magnet2 7#e7 det]m9ation ( color & transp>5cy2 7#f7 det]m9ation ( refractive index2 7#g7 exam9ation ) pol>iz$ light2 7#h7 exam9ation aft] color+2 7#i7 *emical sep>ation4 ,= _m ( ! optical /udies above not$1 x is fir/ necess>y to prep>e ?9 lam9ae ( ! m9]al p>ticles & prop]ly m\nt !m = exam9ation4 ,= ! purposes ( ?is manual only ^? processes w be describ$ :i* are ess5tially connect$ ) a prop] und]/&+ ( ! nature ( ! soil p>ticles4 ,= ! m elaborate me?ods ( rese>* ! analy/ w consult ! /&>d works on m9]alogy & petrography4 #bdi4 ,microscopical ,exam9ation4--,! direct exam9ation ( ! silt p>ticles ) ! microscope %\ld att5d ! progress ( sep>ation4 ,unless ! p>ticles obta9$ h ! same g5]al appe>ance1 ! sep>ation is n prop]ly c>ri$ on4 ,especially is ! microscope useful to det]m9e t ! value ( ! silt sep>ation is n impair$ by flocculation4 ,unless flocculation be practically prev5t$ dur+ ! sep>ation ( ! f9e/ p>ticles1 _m ( ^! w be left z aggregates to be br\ght ov] subsequ5tly ) p>ticles ( f> diff]5t prop]ties4 ,no special directions are necess>y 9 ! use ( ! microscope4 ,! silt p>ticles are remov$ ) a few drops ( wat] by means ( a pipette1 a drop ( ! liquid ) ! susp5d$ p>ticles is plac$ on ! glass1 cov]$ & exam9$ ) a conv5i5t magnification4 ,a micromet] scale %\ld be employ$ 9 ord] t ! approximate sizes ( ! p>ticles may be det]m9$4 ,a cam]a lucida may also be conv5i5tly us$ = ! purpose ( del9eat+ ! =m ( p>ticles ( peculi> int]e/4 #bej4 ,petrographic ,microscope4--,any good microscope furni%$ ) pol>iz+ app>atus may be us$ = ! exam9ation ( ! silt p>ticles & sections4 ,= directions 9 manipulat+ microscopes ! read] is ref]r$ to works on t subject4 ,a special =m ( microscope = petrographic "w is made by ,baus* & ,lomb ( ,ro*e/]4 ,! /& ( ?is in/rum5t is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cg4 ,! base1 upright pill>s & arm are made ( japann$ iron4 ,! /age is made 9 two =ms1 fir/1 pla9 revolv+1 hav+ silv]$ graduates at "r angles & second1 a me*anical /age ) silv]$ graduations on ! edge ) v]ni] & graduations = ! rectangul> movem5ts4 ,! mirror b> is adju/able & graduat$ & ! mirror is ( l>ge size1 plane & concave4 ,! d\ble *amb]$ box 9 ! ma9 tube c>ries ! upp] ,nicol prism 7analyz]74 ,! l[] ,nicol prism 7pol>iz]7 is m\nt$ 9 a cyl9drical box b5ea? ! /age to :i* x is held by a sw++ arm4 ,x is adju/able also up or d[n & is provid$ ) a comp\nd l5s = secur+ conv]g$ pol>iz$ light4 ,9 revolv+ ! prism a di/9ct click %[s ! position ( ! cross$ ,nicols4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #cg4 #bea4 ,=m & ,dim5sions ( ! ,p>ticles4--,9 ord] to /udy ! cont\r ( ! f9e silt p>ticles1 x is well to susp5d !m 9 a liquid ^: refractive index is m>k$ly l[] ?an t ( ! p>ticles !mselves1 & = ?is purpose pure wat] is commonly us$4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t n too _m p>ticles are f\nd 9 ! drop ( wat] :i* is to be plac$ on ! object hold] & protect$ ) a ?91 ev5 glass4 ,! t5d5cy to flocculation 9 ^! f9e p>ticles w make ! /udy ( _! =m difficult if !y are all[$ to come too close toge!r4 ,! size ( ! p>ticles1 or l9e> diamet]1 is to be det]m9$ by means ( an eye-micromet]4 ,?is consi/s ( a glass plate on :i* a millimet] scale is engrav$ ) a diamond1 or photograph$4 ,! millimet] scale is ! "o usually employ$1 ea* millimet] be+ divid$ into t5?s4 ,on microscopes design$ especially = photographic "w ! micromet] is fa/5$ to ! eyepiece1 & s adju/$ z to read f left to "r1 or at "r angles !reto4 ,sometimes an eyepiece-micromet] has two scales at "r angles s t dim5sions may be read 9 two directions )\t *ange4 ,) an eyepiece-micromet]1 n ! dim5sions ( ! object1 b ^? ( its magnifi$ image are read1 & ! degree ( magnification be+ kn[n1 ! actual size ( ! object is easily calculat$4 ,! actual measurem5ts may also be obta9$ by plac+ 9 ! field ( vision1 a /age-micromet] & det]m9+ directly ! relation betwe5 t & ! eyepiece-scale4 ,if1 = example1 ! /age-micromet] is rul$ to #j4ja millimet]1 & ! eye-micromet] to #j4a millimet]1 & "o division ( ! /age-rule %\ld cov] ?ree divisions ( ! eye-rule1 !n ! "o division ( ! eye-micromet] w\ld correspond to an actual l9e> di/ance ( #j4jjcc millimet] 9 ! object4 ,if ! two l9es ( division 9 ! two micromet]s d n fall absolutely toge!r1 ! calculation may be made z foll[s3 suppose t six divisions1 #j4f millimet]1 9 ! eyepiece correspond to ne>ly five divisions1 #j4be millimet]1 9 ! /age piece4 ,to get at ! exact comp>ison1 take n9ety-six divisions ( ! eye-scale & !y w be f\nd to be some:at long] ?an eighty-"o & some:at %ort] ?an eighty-two divisions ( ! /age-scale4 ,x foll[s !re=e t "o division ( ! eye-scale #j4jjhdch millimet]1 & #j4jjheda 2 &1 h5ce1 "o division ( ! eye-scale corresponds almo/ exactly to #j4jjhdhi l9e> measure4 #beb4 ,illu/rations ( ,silt ,classes4--,9 figure #ch are %[n ! relative sizes & usual =ms ( a s]ies ( silt sep>ates made by ! ,osborne beak] me?od4 ,! photomicrographs 7 made by ,dr4 ,g4 ,l4 ,sp5c] f specim5s furni%$ by ,pr(4 ,m4 ,:itney4 ,! soil repres5t$ by ! sep>ates is f a truck f>m ne> ,norfolk1 ,virg9ia4 ,! p>ticles repres5t$ 9 ea* class are n all /rictly )9 ! limits ( size describ$4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! l>ge/ size 7,no4 #a7 are two p>ticles at lea/ :i* %[ a diamet] ( m ?an "o millimet]4 ,! p>ticles 9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 are )9 ! limits ( ! class2 viz41 "o-half to "o millimet]1 & ?is g5]al obs]vation is true ( all ! classes4 ,9 ! case ( ! f9] p>ticles1 especially ( clay1 ! t5d5cy to flocculation c\ld n be ov]come 9 ! prep>ation ( ! slides = ! photographic app>atus4 ,! clay p>ticles are s f9e z to pres5t b little m ?an a haze at #aej diamet]s ( magnification4 ,! p>ticles se5 are cle>ly1 9 mo/ cases1 aggregates ( ! f9] clay p>ticles4 ,! l>g] p>ticles %[ ! r\nd$ appe>ance due to attrition & wea!r+4 ,x w\ld h be5 m in/ructive to h _h ! p>ticles ( ! diff]5t classes all photograph$ on ! same scale1 b ?is is manife/ly impossible4 ,! l[e/ p[] :i* %[s any ( ! clay p>ticles to advantage is at lea/ #aej diamet]s1 & ) ! l>g] p>ticles su* a magnification w\ld h be5 impracticable4 #bec4 ,measurem5t ( ,cry/al ,angles4--,! f9e silt p>ticles r>ely reta9 suffici5t cry/all9e %ape to p]mit ( ! measurem5t ( angles & ! det]m9ation ( cry/all9e =m !reby4 ,! roll+ & attrition to :i* ! silt p>ticles h be5 subject$ h1 9 mo/ cases1 giv5 to ! fragm5ts r\nd$ or irregul> =ms :i* r5d]1 ev5 9 ! l>ge/ silts1 ! measurem5t ( angles impossible4 ,= ! me?ods ( m\nt+ m9ute cry/als & ! measurem5t ( microscopic angles1 ! analy/ is ref]r$ to /&>d works on m9]alogy & petrography4 #bed4 ,det]m9ation ( ! ,refractive ,index4--,= a /udy ( ! !ory ( refraction1 works on optics %\ld be consult$4 ,! g5]al pr9ciples ( ?is ph5om5on :i* conc]n ! det]m9ation ( ! refractive p[] ( f9e e>? p>ticles are z foll[s3 if a transp>5t solid p>ticle is obs]v$ 9 ! microscope imb$d$ 9 a m$ium ( approximately ! same refractive p[] & color1 its outl9es w n be cle>ly def9$1 b ! imb$d$ p>ticle w %[ 9 all ( its ext5t ! highe/ possible transluc5cy4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! =m or p]imet] ( ! p>ticle is to be /udi$ ) z mu* def9it5ess z possible1 x %\ld be held 9 a m$ium diff]+ z widely f x z possible 9 refractive p[]4 ,= m9]als1 wat] is usually ! be/ imm]sion mat]ial4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! int]nal /ructure ( ! p>ticles is ! object ( ! exam9ation1 x %\ld be imb$d$ 9 oil1 res9 7,canada balsam71 etc41 or 9 "s ( ! liquids m5tion$ bel[4 ,if p>ticles ( diff]5t refractive p[]s & ! same "* ( surface be /udi$ 9 ! same m$ium1 !y w n all appe> equally smoo? on ! field ( ! microscope4 ,"s ( ! surfaces w seem smoo? & ev51 o!rs w appe> r\gh & wr9kl$4 ,^? p>ticles ^: refractive index is equal to or less ?an t ( ! liquid appe> smoo?1 because all ! em]g5t light !refrom c pass at once into ! environ+ m$ium4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! surfaces ( ^? p>ticles :i* h a high] refractive p[] ?an ! m$ium w appe> r\gh5$1 because1 on acc\nt ( ! unavoidable irregul>ities on ! surface1 _m ( ! em]g5t rays ( light mu/ /rike at ! critical angle & s suff] total reflection1 & consequ5tly ^? portions ( ! surface w be less illum9at$1 produc+ ! ph5om5on ( app>5t r\ghness above not$4 ,9 ! case ( any giv5 p>ticle1 liquids ( increas+ refractive p[] c be successively appli$ until ! *ange 9 ! appe>ance ( ! surface ( ! p>ticle is notic$4 ,! refractive index ( ! liquid be+ kn[n1 t ( ! p>ticle is 9 ?is way approximately to be det]m9$4 ,! foll[+ liquids1 hav+ ! indexes m5tion$1 are commonly employ$3 ,sub/ance4 ,refractive index4 ,wat] #a4ccc ,alcohol #a4cfe ,glyc]ol #a4dfj ,olive oil #a4dgj ,canada balsam #a4edj ,oil ( c9namon #a4ehj ,oil ( bitt] almonds #a4fjj ,oil ( ,cassia #a4fjf ,conc5trat$ solution ( potassium & m]curic iodid #a4gcc ,conc5trat$ solution ( b>ium & m]curic iodid #a4gge ,! solution ( potassium & m]curic iodid may also be us$ = all refractive indexes f #a4gcc to #a4ccd by prop] dilution ) wat]4 ,! m9]al p>ticle may also be imb$d$ 9 ,canada balsam & ov] x a drop ( a liquid ( kn[n refractive p[] plac$4 ,by a few trials "o ( ! liquids w be f\nd hav+ practically ! refractive index ( ! p>ticle "u exam9ation4 #bee4 ,exam9ation ) ,pol>iz$ ,light4--,! int]nal /ructure ( a m9]al p>ticle c (t5 be det]m9$ by its deportm5t ) pol>iz$ light4 ,! !ory ( pol>ization is fully set =? 9 works on optics & w n be discuss$ "h4 ,! pr9ciple on :i* ! utility ( pol>iz$ light 9 ! exam9ation ( soil p>ticles re/s is f\nd 9 ! in=mation x may give 9 respect ( cry/all9e /ructure4 ,! /ructure ( m9]al p>ticles :i* make up ! bulk ( an ord9>y soil is1 z a rule1 s ?or\ghly dis9tegrat$ t all trace ( its orig9al =m is lo/4 ,"s p>ticles may exi/1 h[ev]1 9 :i* !re is no det]m9able elem5t ( %ape & :i* yet possess an int]nal cry/all9e /ructure :i* ! microscope ) pol>iz$ light may be able to reveal4 #bef4 ,/a9+ ,silt ,p>ticles4--,! f9] silts & clays be=e microscopic exam9ation %\ld be color$ or /a9$4 ,! me?ods us$ 9 /a9+ bact]ia may be employ$ = ! clay p>ticles4 ,evaporation to dryness ) a solution ( mag5ta w (t5 imp>t a color to ! clay p>ticles :i* is n remov$ by subsequ5t susp5sion 9 wat]4 ,! h>d] & l>g] silt p>ticles are n easily /a9$1 especially if !y be firm & undecompos$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! p>ticles be brok5 & seam$1 & well decompos$1 ! /a9 w be tak5 up & held firmly 9 ! capill>y fissures4 ,valuable indications are ?us obta9$ respect+ ! nature ( ! silt p>ticles4 ,p>ticles ( mica1 *lorite & talc are easily di/+ui%$ 9 ?is way f ! firm] & less decompos$ qu>tz gra9s4 ,! /a9+ ( ! p>ticles aft] ignition & treatm5t ) acids gives bett] results ?an ! direct treatm5t4 ,p>ticles ( c>bonate :i* are /a9$ ) difficulty be=e ignition take ! /a9 easily aft]w>ds on acc\nt ( ! decomposition produc$ by ! loss ( c>bon dioxid4 ,?is is ! case also ) p>ticles conta9+ wat] ( composition or cry/allization4 #beg4 ,cleavage ( ,soil ,p>ticles4--,a microscopic exam9ation ( ! cleavage ( soil p>ticles may be useful 9 det]m9+ _! m9]al orig94 ,! c\rse foll[$ by cleavage l9es & _! mutual position is dep5d5t on ! direction 9 :i* ! sep>ation ( ! m9]al fragm5t takes place4 ,! "* ( ! microscopic fragm5ts produc$ by cru%+ a soil p>ticle is det]m9$ prim>ily by ! sy/em ( cry/allization to :i* x belongs4 ,p]haps ! mo/ di/+ui%+ cleavage m>ks 9 soil p>ticles w be f\nd 9 fragm5ts ( mica & or?oclase4 ,^! *>act]i/ic =ms are %[n 9 ,figs4 #ci & #dj4 ,! fir/ 7,fig4 #ci7 %[s ! p9acoidal cleavage 9 a fragm5t ( mica4 ,fig4 #dj illu/rates ! appe>ance ( ! cleavage l9es 9 a fragm5t ( or?oclase4 ,figs4 #da & #db %[ ! *>act]i/ic cleavage l9es 9 fragm5ts ( epidote & titanite4 #beh4 ,micro*emical ,exam9ation ( ,silt4--,! me?ods ( quantitative *emical exam9ation ( silts w be giv5 9 ano!r "p ( ?is manual4 ,c]ta9 qualitative & micro*emical te/s1 h[ev]1 are useful 9 id5tify+ silt p>ticles4 ,= in/ance1 any soluble iron m9]al w be detect$1 ev5 9 m9ute quantity1 by ! blue coloration ( ! solution produc$ by ! addition ( potassium f]rocyanid4 ,manganese w be reveal$ by fusion ) soda & saltpet] on plat9um foil1 9 ! oxidiz+ flame1 produc+ ! well-kn[n gre5 coloration due to ! sodium manganate =m$4 ,m valuable indications ( ! "* ( ! fragm5ts exam9$ are obta9$ by micro*emical processes4 ,! be/ me?od ( decompos+ ! silt p>ticles = ?is purpose is by treatm5t ) hydr(luosilicic acid4 ,:5 ! p>ticles are compos$ ( silicates1 pure hydr(luoric acid is to be pref]r$4 ,! me?od ( treatm5t is ess5tially t ( ,boricky4#afe ,! slide us$ is protect$ by a film ( ,canada balsam1 & a few ( ! silt p>ticles are plac$ !reon1 & fix$ 9 place by slightly w>m+ ! balsam4 ,ea* p>ticle is !n treat$ ) a drop ( hydr(luosilicic acid1 c>e be+ tak5 n to let ! drops fl[ toge!r4 ,! acid mu/ be pure1 leav+ no residue on evaporation4 ,! acid %\ld be prep>$ by ! analy/ f a mixture ( b>ium fluorid1 sulfuric acid & qu>tz p[d]1 or ! comm]cial article %\ld be purifi$ by di/illation be=e us+4 ,! acid %\ld be kept 9 c]es9 or gutta-p]*a bottles & mu/ be appli$ ) a c]es9 or gutta-p]*a rod4 ,ea* p>ticle %\ld be z completely dissolv$ z possible by ! acid1 & ! rate ( solution may be ha/5$ by g5tle w>m+1 provid$ ! heat is n great en\gh to remove ! balsam & all[ ! acid to attack ! glass4 ,! bases pres5t 9 ! silt p>ticles cry/allize on dry+ z fluosilicates4 ,9 case ( a too rapid cry/allization1 ! mass may be dissolv$ 9 a drop ( wat] or ( v dilute hydr(luosilicic acid1 & all[$ to evaporate m sl[ly4 ,"s fragm5ts ne$ m ?an "o treatm5t ) acid to secure complete solution1 & p>ticles ( mica may ev5 resi/ repeat$ applications4 ,9 su* a case ! decomposition may be made 9 a plat9um crucible ) hydr(luoric acid1 add+ aft]w>ds an excess ( hydr(luosilicic acid & evaporat+ to dryness4 ,! cry/als may !n be dissolv$ 9 a little wat] & a drop ( ! solution all[$ to cry/allize on ! slide4 #bei4 ,special ,reactions4--,! numb] ( micro*emical reactions is v great1 b !re w be giv5 "h only "s ( ! m important = silt id5tification4 ,sodium4--,sodium m9]al fragm5ts dissolv$ 9 hydr(luosilicic acid & dri$ give ! comb9ations %[n 9 ,fig4 #dc4 ,) sodium & alum9um ! =ms %[n 9 ,figs4 #dd & #de are obta9$4 ,) an increas+ am\nt ( lime 9 ! m9]al1 ! cry/als t5d to become long]4 ,= microscopic "w x is n advisable to try to produce ! tetrah$ral cry/als ( ! d\ble uranium sodium acetate because ! comm]cial uranium acetate (t5 conta9s sodium & ev5 ! pure article w (t5 take up sodium f ! bottles4 ,potassium4--,fragm5ts conta9+ pota% give isotropic cle> cubes1 or octah$ra ( l[ refract+ p[]1 or comb9ations ( ^! =ms ) ea* o!r & ) rhombic dodecah$ra4 ,^! cry/als h ! composition ,k,si,f4 ,_! =ms are %[n#aff 9 ,figs4 #df & #dg4 ,9 case mu* sodium be pres5t1 ! fir/ cry/als obta9$ may be /rongly d\ble refractive rhomboh$ra1 b on dissolv+ 9 wat] & all[+ to recry/allize1 ! normal =ms w be obta9$4 ,if ! cry/als be dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric or sulfuric acids1 & treat$ ) plat9um *lorid1 ! *>act]i/ic yell[ octah$ral cry/als ( ,k,pt,cl w be obta9$4 ,ammonium & cesium comp\nds also give ?is reaction4 ,li?ium4--,:5 fragm5ts conta9+ li?ium are treat$ ) ! solv5t m5tion$1 monocl9ic cry/als are produc$ on dry+4 ,^! cry/als dissolv$ 9 sulfuric acid & fre$ f calcium sulfate by treatm5t ) potassium c>bonate give aggregates ( li?ium c>bonate resembl+ a sn[flake4 ,at a high temp]ature li?ium solutions treat$ ) sodium phosphate give sp9dle-%ap$ cry/als ( li?ium phosphate4 ,! d\ble li?ium alum9um silic(luorid is %[n 9 ,fig4 #dh4 ,! ease ) :i* traces ( li?ium may be detect$ by ! spectroscope r5d]s unnecess>y any fur!r description ( its micro*emical reactions4 ,calcium4--,ne>ly all m9]al p>ticles1 save qu>tz gra9s1 conta9 calcium4 ,:5 ^! p>ticles are dissolv$ by treatm5t ) hydr(luosilicic acid1 !y =m on dry+ hydrat$ monocl9ic cry/als ( calcium silic(luorid 7,ca,si,f #b;,h,o74 ,^! cry/als assume _m =ms1 "s ( :i* are %[n 9 ,figs4 #di & #ej4 ,^! cry/als are easily decompos$ by sulfuric acid1 ! well-kn[n long prismatic cry/als ( gypsum tak+ _! place4 ,on treatm5t ( silt p>ticles conta9+ lime ) hydr(luoric & sulfuric acids1 only a "p ( ! lime passes into solution if ! cont5t !re( be l>ge4 ,:]e b little lime is pres5t & ! sulfuric acid is 9 l>ge excess1 all ! lime passes into solution & ! *>act]i/ic gypsum cry/als appe> z 9 ,fig4 #ea4 ,magnesium4--,rhomboh$ral cry/als ( magnesium silic(luorid sep>ate f ! solution ( p>ticles conta9+ magnesium 9 hydr(luosilicic acid4 ,!y h ! composition ,mg,si,f#f;,h,o & _! common =ms are %[n 9 ,fig4 #eb4 ,q *>act]i/ic also are ! cry/als ( /ruvite 7,,nh,mg,p,o #f;,h,o71 :i* are produc$ 9 a v dilute solution ( ! magnesium comp\nd fir/ obta9$ by c>efully add+ ammonium hydroxid & *lorid until a fa9t alkal9e reaction is produc$1 & !n plac+ a drop ( dilute sodium phosphate at ! edge ( ! solution4 ,! cry/als %\ld be all[$ to =m sl[ly 9 ! cold4 ,_! =m is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ed4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ch4 ,,photomicrographs ,,( ,,silt ,,p>ticles4 ,no4 ,diamet] 9 mm4 ,"n4 ,magnification4 ,diamet]s4 #a #a4j-j4e co>se s& #aj #b #j4e-j4be m$ium s& #aj #c #j4be-j4a f9e s& #aj #d #j4a-j4je v f9e s& #cj #e #j4je-j4ja silt #cj #f #j4ja-j4jje f9e silt #aej #g #j4jje-j4jjja clay #aej ,illu/ration3 ,figures #ci-db1 %[ examples ( ! v>i\s degrees ( p]fection & relative positions ( cleavage l9es4 ,figure #ci1 illu/rates p9acoidal cleavage 9 mica f granite4 ,magnifi$ ?irty diamet]s4 ,figure #dj4 ,a cleavage ( or?oclase f augite sy5ite magnifi$ tw5ty-sev5 diamet]s4 ,figure #da4 ,cleavage ( epidote magnifi$ sixty diamet]s4 ,figure #db4 ,cleavage ( titanite magnifi$ sev5ty-five diamet]s4 ,figure #dc4 ,sodium fluosilicate cry/als magnifi$ sev5ty-two diamet]s4 ,figure #dd4 ,! same ) alum9um fluosilicate magnifi$ tw5ty-sev5 diamet]s4 ,tak5 f ,ros5bus*1 ,mikroskopis*e ,physiographie4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #de4 ,sodium & alum9um silic(luorid cry/als magnifi$ #ajj1 #adj & #afj diamet]s4 ,figure #df4 ,potassium silic(luorid cry/als magnifi$ #acj diamet]s4 ,figure #dg4 ,ano!r prep>ation ( ! same magnifi$ #adj diamet]s4 ,figure #dh4 ,li?ium & alum9um silic(luorid cry/als magnifi$ #ajj diamet]s4 ,figure #di4 ,calcium silic(luorid cry/als magnifi$ #de diamet]s4 ,figure #ej4 ,ano!r prep>ation ( ! same magnifi$ #db diamet]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ea4 ,calcium sulfate cry/als magnifi$ tw5ty diamet]s4 ,figure #eb4 ,magnesium silic(luorid cry/als magnifi$ ?irty diamet]s4 ,figure #ec4 ,cesium alum9um sulfate cry/als magnifi$ tw5ty diamet]s4 ,figure #ed4 ,ammonium magnesium phosphate cry/als magnifi$ t5 diamet]s4 ,figure #ee4 ,! same cry/alliz$ f dilute solution magnifi$ ?irty diamet]s4 ,figure #ef4 ,ammonium phosphomolybdate cry/als magnifi$ #adj diamet]s4 ,b>ium4--,f solution ( b>ium be>+ m9]als 9 hydr(luosilicic acid fragm5ts1 no *>act]i/ic cry/als1 are obta9$4 ,treat$ ) hydr(luoric & sulfuric acids ! b>ium is left z sulfate4 ,if ?is salt be dissolv$ 9 boil+ oil ( vitriol & a drop ( ! solution plac$ on ! slide1 a mixture ( rectangul> tablets & ,/4 ,&rew's cross-%ap$ gr[?s w be sep>at$ be=e any cry/als ( gypsum :i* may be pres5t appe>4 ,:5 /rontium is pres5t1 ! b>ium sulfate residue obta9$ by treatm5t ) hydr(luoric & sulfuric acids %\ld be fus$ ) sodium & potassium c>bonate1 wa%$ ) wat] until ! sulfuric acid is remov$1 ! residue dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric or nitric acids1 & ! solution treat$ ) potassium *romate4 ,pale yell[ cry/als ( b>ium *romate are ?us obta9$1 :i* resemble 9 =m ^? secur$ by dissolv+ ! b>ium sulfate 9 oil ( vitriol4 ,/rontium is n precipitat$ by ?is treatm5t4 ,if potassium f]rocyanid be us$ in/ead ( b>ium *romate ) ! hydro*loric acid solution1 cry/als ( b>ium potassium f]rocyanid are =m$ ( a bright yell[ color & rhomboh$ric %ape4 ,/rontium4--,f a hydr(luosilicic acid solution1 /rontium cry/allizes 9 columns or tablets ( ! monocl9ic sy/em z /rontium silic(luorid1 ,sr,si,f4 ,on treat+ ^! ) sulfuric acid1 rhombic plates ( /rontium sulfate are =m$1 :i* s]ve to di/+ui% ?is elem5t f calcium4 ,on treatm5t ( ! p>ticles ( ! orig9al m9]al ) hydr(luoric & sulfuric acids1 ! /rontium rema9s 9 ! insoluble residue4 ,:5 ?is residue is treat$ ) boil+ oil ( vitriol1 rhombic plates ( cele/9e are sep>at$4 ,if ! residues above m5tion$ be dissolv$ by fusion ) ! alkal9e c>bonates1 wa%$ ) wat]1 dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid & treat$ ) oxalic acid1 octah$ral cry/als ( /rontium oxalate are =m$4 ,iron4--,m9]al p>ticles conta9+ iron give cry/als1 :5 treat$ z is fir/ describ$ above1 :i* are fully isomorph\s ) ^? obta9$ f magnesium4 ,by moi/5+ ! cry/all9e mass ) potassium f]rocyanid1 ! pres5ce ( iron is at once reveal$ by ! blue coloration produc$4 ,alum9um4--,no cry/als conta9+ alum9um are =m$ f ! m9]al p>ticles conta9+ ?is sub/ance :5 dissolv$ 9 ! solv5t already m5tion$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! gelat9\s mass be dissolv$ 9 a little sulfuric acid & a fragm5t ( a cesium salt add$1 beautiful cry/als ( cesium alum are obta9$1 illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ec4 ,phosphorus4--,:5 a m9]al fragm5t conta9+ phosphorus is treat$ accord+ to ! usual analytical me?ods = secur+ ! ammonium magnesium phosphate1 cry/als are obta9$ ( ! =m %[n 9 ,figs4 #ed & #ee4 ,a phosphatic fragm5t ( silt may be id5tifi$ :5 soluble by treatm5t ) nitric acid & ammonium molybdate4 ,on sl[ly dry+1 rhomboh$ral cry/als are produc$1 yell[ by reflect$1 & gre5 by transmitt$ light4 ,_! =m is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ef4 #bfj4 ,petrographic ,exam9ation ( ,silt ,p>ticles4--,! l>g] silt p>ticles & ! m9ute fragm5ts ( m9]als 9 ! soil c be/ be /udi$ 9 ?9 sections4 ,= ?is purpose ! foll[+ plan1 propos$ by ,?\let1 may be us$4 ,mix ! soil m9]als 9 consid]able proportion--,?\let recomm5ds t5 p] c5t1 b a great] p]c5tage is (t5 bett]--) z9c oxid & make into a pa/e ) sodium silicate4 ,! pa/e %\ld be work$ to ! consi/5ce ( putty & !n roll$ into little tablets ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* ?ick & an in* 9 diamet]4 ,aft] dry+ a day or two )\t heat+1 ! tablets become h>d en\gh to m\nt & gr9d l rock sections4 ,^! tablets are m\nt$ 9 ,canada balsam on glass slides & gr\nd z ?9 z possible ) f9e em]y on ! turn-table or glass plate1 z rock sections are treat$4 ,z ^! tablets are n z /rong z rock sections usually are1 !y require c>e 9 ?is treatm5t4 ,"s ( ! gra9s also are apt to be torn out 9 ! process ( gr9d+ & to comp5sate = ?is loss a numb] ( slides %\ld be prep>$ ) ea* lot ( soil m9]als4 ,:5 ?is op]ation has be5 successful1 ! optical prop]ties ( ! v>i\s m9]als c be /udi$ z 9 rock sections4 ,z ! iron oxid conta9$ 9 ! soils obscures ! transp>5cy ( ! m9]als1 x is well to treat a portion ( ! mat]ial "u exam9ation ) hot hydro*loric acid = a %ort "t to remove ?is oxid & !n prep>e slides ) ! cleans$ mat]ial & comp>e results ) ! untreat$4 ,z ! acid w dissolve phosphates & c>bonates1 & w p>tly or :olly decompose "s o!r m9]als1 ! op]ator mu/ be guid$ by 8 judgm5t 9 its use4 #bfa4 ,ma*9e = ,mak+ ,m9]al ,sections4--,a conv5i5t app>atus = ?is purpose has be5 describ$ by ,williams#afg & is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #eg4 ,x is support$ on a sub/antial table provid$ und]nea? ) electric batt]ies & a motor = driv+ ! cutt+ disks se5 on ! top4 ,! table is ?ree feet six in*es squ>e & two feet n9e in*es high4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #eg4 ,,ma*9e ,,= ,,mak+ ,,m9]al ,,sections4 ,! gr9d+ app>atus consi/s ( two circul> disks ( solid copp]1 n9e in*es 9 diamet]1 & ?ree-eigh?s in* ?ick1 :i* may be us$ alt]nately z diff]5t grades ( em]y are requir$4 ,!y are atta*$ ei!r by a screw or squ>e socket to a v]tical iron sp9dle :i* revolves smoo?ly 9 a conical be>+4 ,! gr9d+ disk is surr\nd$ :5 9 use by a l>ge cyl9drical pan ( t91 :i* is n %[n 9 ! cut1 :i* has an op5+ 9 its c5t] to all[ ( ! passage ( ! sp9dle4 ,! saw+ app>atus consi/s ( a horizontal c\nt]%aft plac$ on a diff]5t "p ( ! table & connect$ ) ! motor by a sep>ate belt4 ,x c>ries at "o end a v]tical :eel ( solid em]y1 & at ! o!r an atta*m5t1 level-table & guide = ! diamond-saw4 ,a small wat]-c ) sp\t1 n %[n 9 ! cut1 is susp5d$ ov] ! edge ( ! table to keep ! saw wet :5 x is 9 use4 ,! ma*9e is v conv5i5tly driv5 by a /orage batt]y :5 /reet circuits _c be drawn on4 ,= ! details ( mak+ m9]al sections1 ! works on petrography may be consult$4 #bfb4 ,sep>ation ( ,silt ,p>ticles by ,specific ,gravity ,solutions4--,9 silt sep>ates ! specific gravity ( ! diff]5t m9]al p>ticles pres5t may v>y f graphite 7#a4i-b4c7 to hematite 7#e4b-e-c74 ,! foll[+ li/ gives ! specific gravities ( "s ( ! m common m9]als :i* may be met ) 9 soils3 ,gypsum #b4ca ,albite #b4ef-b4fc ,qu>tz #b4fe ,talc #b4gd ,*lorite #b4gh ,muscovite #b4he ,calcite #b4e-b4gh ,dolomite #b4ij ,t\rmal9e #b4id-c4c ,biotite #c4ja ,apatite #c4af ,pyrox5es #c4bb-c4e ,epidote #c4ci ,titanium ,m9]als #c4dh-d4ge ,iron oxids #e4b-e4c ,! f9e/ p>ticles ( silt are sep>at$ by gravity ) great difficulty1 inasmu* z !y t5d to rema9 susp5d$ 9 ! solutions = an indef9ite p]iod4 ,) ! co>s] silts1 h[ev]1 useful data are (t5 obta9$ by ?is me?od4 ,! sep>ation is prec$$ by extraction ( ! p>ticles ) hydro*loric acid to remove encru/$ soluble matt]1 & by ignition to de/roy any traces ( organic matt]4 ,^? m9]al matt]s :i* are soluble 9 acid or are *ang$ by ignition mu/1 ( c\rse1 be s\ght = 9 sep>ate portions ( ! silt1 #bfc4 ,?\let's ,solution4#afh--,! /&>d solution is ( su* a d5sity t p>ticles ( #b4fe specific gravity-w j float !reon1 us+ = ?is purpose a solution ( ab\t #b4g specific gravity4 ,! solution f :i* ! above /&>d is prep>$ is made z foll[s3 ,"o "p ( potassium iodid is weigh$ & plac$ 9 a beak] & "o & "o-qu>t] "p ( m]curic iodid is plac$ on top ( x4 ,!n wat] is add$ 9 ! proportion ( t5 cubic c5timet]s to #ajj grams ( ! mixture1 & aft] "s "t 7twelve to tw5ty-f\r h\rs71 ) occasional /irr+1 ! salts w ne>ly completely dissolve4 ,filt] f ! undissolv$ residue & evaporate 9 a porcela9 di% until cry/als =m on ! surface ( ! liquid4 ,all[ to cool1 p\r (f ! liquid f ! cry/als & evaporate ! liquid = ano!r crop4 ,! fir/ solution1 aft] cool+1 has a specific gravity betwe5 #c4aj & #c4bj1 ! second a specific gravity ( #c4bh1 practically ! limit ( d5sity ( ! solution4 ,! solution ( #b4g specific gravity & o!r d5sities are made by cauti\sly add+ a few drops ( wat] at a "t & asc]ta9+ ! specific gravity by ! ,we/phal balance or o!r conv5i5t me?od4 ,! /rong solution1 accord+ to ,golds*midt1#afi may be prep>$ directly by us+ potassium iodid & m]curic iodid 9 ! ratio ( #a 3 #a4bd4 ,tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 #baj grams ( potassium iodid1 & #bhj grams ( m]curic iodid af=d a solution ( #c4aif specific gravity at #ae1 on :i* fluorsp> fragm5ts w float4 #bfd4 ,kle9's ,sep>at+ ,liquid4--,a solution ( cadmium borotung/ate1 ( ! composition #b;,h,o1#b;,cd,o1,b,o1#i,,wo #af;,h,o1 has be5 propos$ by ,kle9#agj = sep>at+ silt p>ticles4 ,?is salt is obta9$ by dissolv+ pure sodium tung/ate 9 five times its weight ( wat]1 add+ "o & a half p>ts ( boric acid & boil+ until1 complete solution takes place4 ,on cool+2 ! borax is sep>at$ 9 cry/all9e =m4 ,! "m-liquor aft] ! removal ( ! cry/als is c>efully conc5trat$ by boil+4 ,by /irr+ ! cold solution1 !re is a fur!r sep>ation ( sodium borate & polyborate4 ,?is op]ation is cont9u$ until glass w float on ! "m-liquor4 ,! salt 9 solution !n has ! foll[+ composition3 #d,na,o1#ab,,wo1,b,o4 ,to ?is boil+ conc5trat$ solution1 is add$ a boil+ saturat$ solution ( b>ium *lorid1 9 ! proportion ( "o "p ( ! *lorid to ?ree p>ts ( ! orig9al d\ble tung/ate4 ,an abundant pulv]ul5t precipitate is =m$1 mak+ ! :ole mass mu%y4 ,! mass is filt]$ "u pressure & well-wa%$ ) hot wat]4 ,! residue is !n susp5d$ 9 hot wat] conta9+ "o "p 9 t5 ( hydro*loric acid ( #a4ah specific gravity4 ,x is !n evaporat$ to dryness 9 ! pres5ce ( an excess ( hydro*loric acid & decompos$1 by :i* process hydrat$ tung/ic acid is sep>at$4 ,! boil+ mass is tak5 up ) wat] & ! boil+ cont9u$ = two h\rs ) occasional addition ( wat] to take ! place ( t evaporat$1 & ! tung/ic acid sep>at$ by filtration4 ,f ! solution1 beautiful quadratic cry/als sep>ate hav+ ! composition #i,,wo1,b,o1#b;,ba,o,h #ah;,h,o4 ,^! are purifi$ by sev]al recry/allizations & fre$ f any scales ( boric acid by wa%+ ) alcohol4 ,any r$uc+ action1 reveal$ by a violet coloration ( ! cry/als1 c be avoid$ by add+ a few drops ( nitric acid4 ,f a boil+ solution ( ^! cry/als1 ! cadmium salt desir$ is obta9$ by treatm5t ) ! prop] am\nt ( cadmium sulfate solution to precipitate ! b>ium4 ,! b>ium sulfate is sep>at$ by filtration4 ,! cadmium borotung/ate is soluble 9 less ?an t5 p>ts by weight ( wat]4 ,f ?is solution x is obta9$ 9 pure =m by evaporation "u a vacuum1 or by c>efully conc5trat+ on a wat]-ba? & cool+4 ,a saturat$ solution ( ^! cry/als at #ae has a bright yell[ color & a specific gravity ( #c4bh4 ,if a dilute solution ( ! above salt be c>efully evaporat$ on a wat]-ba?1 any violet color :i* may be pres5t disappe>s :5 ! specific gravity rea*es #b4g4 ,if ! evaporation be cont9u$ until a cry/al ( augite w float on ! hot liquid1 cry/als may be obta9$ on cool+ :i*1 dissolv$ 9 z little wat] z possible1 make a solution :i* w almo/ support oliv9e4 ,if ! two solutions be unit$1 ! specific gravity ( ! mixture is #c4cj-c4cf4 ,! highe/ atta9able specific gravity2 viz41 #c4f1 is produc$ by cont9u+ ! evaporation on a wat]-ba? until ! liquid w support oliv9e1 & !n all[+ to /& 9 a clos$ place = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! cry/als ( cadmium borotung/ate ?us obta9$ are fre$ z mu* z possible f ! "m-liquor by dra9age & !n melt$ at ab\t #ge 9 _! own wat] ( cry/allization4 ,a liquid is ?us obta9$ on :i* sp9el w float4 ,! same conc5tration may also be obta9$ by c>eful heat+ on a wat]-ba?4 ,at its highe/ specific gravity ?is solution has an oily consi/5ce & ?is r5d]s its practical use 9 ! sep>ation ( f9e p>ticles some:at re/rict$4 ,by filt]+ ! liquor :5 a cry/all9e cru/ beg9s to =m dur+ evaporation1 a cold solution ( #c4cfj-c4cfe specific gravity is obta9$ :i* is f\nd practically useful4 ,x has a high] specific gravity ?an ,?\let's mixture1 is n injuri\s to any ( ! m9]al p>ticles1 n ev5 ( iron ) :i* x is br\ght into contact1 b ! tr\ble ( prep>+ x is f> great] ?an t ( ! mixture ( m]curic & potassium iodids4 #bfe4 ,rohrba*'s ,solution4--,! solution ( b>ium m]curic iodid recomm5d$ by ,rohrba*#aga = ?is purpose 0 orig9ally prep>$ by ,su*s94 ,! solution mu/ be rapidly prep>$ on acc\nt ( ! t5d5cy ( ! b>ium salt to decomposition4 ,! solution is prep>$ by weigh+ rapidly #ajj grams ( b>ium & #acj grams ( m]curic iodid1 mix+ ! two salts well 9 a dry flask & add+ tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,! mixture is rais$ to a temp]ature ( #aej-bjj on an oil-ba?4 ,! =mation & solution ( ! d\ble salt are promot$ by con/ant /irr+4 ,aft] solution1 ! liquor is boil$ = a few m9utes & !n evaporat$ on a wat]-ba? until x w be> a cry/al ( epidote4 ,on cool+1 a small quantity ( a yell[ d\ble salt is sep>at$ by cry/allization & ! result+ "m-liquor is d5se en\gh to c>ry a fragm5t ( topaz4 ,inasmu* z ! liquor is filt]$ ) difficulty1 ! cle> "m-liquor %\ld be sep>at$ by decantation aft] /&+ = sev]al days4 ,?is solution has ! disadvantage ( n be+ dilutable ) wat]1 ! addition ( :i* causes a sep>ation ( r$ m]curic iodid4 ,7 ?is solution n s easily decompos$1 x w\ld prove ( high value 9 silt sep>ation4 #bff4 ,braun's ,sep>at+ ,liquid4--,9 _m respects ! sep>atory solution propos$ by ,braun#agb is sup]ior to ^? already m5tion$4 ,x is ! comm]cial me?yl5e iodid1 ,,*,i1 :i* has at #af a specific gravity ( #c4cb1 at #e ( #c4ce1 & at #be ( #c4ca4 ,x is a /rongly refractive liquid hav+ a refractive index ( #a4gdff = ! yell[ ray4 ,z a sep>at+ m$ium ! liquid is op5 to two objections2 viz41 fir/1 x _c be dilut$ ) wat] &1 second1 x turns br[n on heat+ or on long exposure to ! sunlight4 ,:5 dilution is necess>y1 x %\ld be accompli%$ ) b5z5e or xyl5e4 ,to br+ ! dilut$ liquor aga9 to its maximum d5sity1 ! b5z5e mu/ be remov$ by evaporation1 :i* causes a consid]able loss 9 ! liquid4 ,:5 ?is sub/ance becomes opaque1 ! transp>5cy may be re/or$ by remov+ ! sep>at$ iod9 by %ak+ ) pota% lye1 wa%+ ) pure wat]1 dry+ by ! addition ( pieces ( calcium *lorid & filt]+4 ,! same result may also be rea*$ by freez+ & sep>at+ ! liquid portion4 ,! froz5 portion on melt+ w h ! d5sity ( ! orig9al liquid4 #bfg4 ,me?od ( ,bron4--,in/ead ( a solution ( a salt1 ,bron#agc has propos$ to use salts 9 a fus$ /ate = sep>at+ m9]al p>ticles4 ,lead & z9c *lorids may be us$ = ?is purpose 9 a melt$ /ate1 hav+ ! specific gravities ( #e4j & #b4d1 respectively4 ,by mix+ ! molt5 salts 9 diff]5t proportions1 any desir$ specific gravity betwe5 ! extremes m5tion$ may be secur$4 ,! fusion is accompli%$ at #djj 9 a te/-tube4 ,! silt is add$ gradually ) con/ant /irr+ until a %>p sep>ation is secur$ betwe5 ! s9k+ & float+ p>ticles4 ,aft] cool+1 ! tube is brok51 ! two p>ts sep>at$1 & ! silt recov]$ by dissolv+ ! mix$ salts 9 hot wat] conta9+ a little nitric acid4 ,only ! co>s] silts c be sep>at$ by ?is me?od4 ,fus$ silv] nitrate1 melt+ po9t #aih1 specific gravity #d4a1 has also be5 us$ = sep>ation4 #bfh4 ,! ,sep>ation4--,=ty cubic c5timet]s ( ! solution 9 ! ,?\let process are plac$ 9 ! sep>atory tube ,a1 ,fig4 #eh1 toge!r ) f "o to two grams ( ! silt & ! /opp] ,f ins]t$4 ,! tube ,g is connect$ ) a vacuum app>atus by means ( :i* any air p>ticles adh]+ to ! m9]al fragm5ts are remov$4 ,! silt :i* s9ks 9 ! solution is remov$ aft] ,g has be5 disconnect$ by op5+ ! cock ,c & suck+ ?r\gh ,b at ,i4 ,! cock ,c is clos$ & ! sep>at$ p>ticles wa%$ into a beak] at ,h aft] op5+ ,d4 ,wat] is next add$ to ! mat]ials left 9 ,a 9 quantities previ\sly det]m9$ to secure a giv5 specific gravity & ?us a second1 a ?ird1 etc41 sep>ation secur$4 ,an intimate mixture ( ! solutions 9 ,a c be effect$ by clos+ ,d1 op5+ ,c1 & bl[+ ?r\gh ,b 9 su* a way t no liquid is all[$ to pass ?r\gh ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4 ,,?\let',s ,,sep>at+ ,,app>atus4 ,! quantity ( wat] to be add$ 9 ea* case to secure a giv5 specific gravity is det]m9$ by ! =mula v 7v7,d d77_/7d #a71 9 :i* v is ! volume ( ! solution1 ,d its specific gravity1 & d & v ! specific gravity desir$ & volume ( ! wat] to be add$4 ,example4--,let ! specific gravity ( ! orig9al solution be #c4b1 its volume ?irty cubic c5timet]s1 & ! desir$ specific gravity ( ! new solution #b4he4 ,!n v 7#cj7c4b #b4he77_/7b4he #a7 #e4fh4 ,! desir$ specific gravity is !re=e secur$ by add+ #e4fh cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 :i* is easily accompli%$ by means ( ! graduations on ! tube4 ,accord+ to ,ros5bus*1#agd ! calculat$ specific gravity z made above is n :olly reliable on acc\nt ( ! contraction :i* takes place4 ,an empirical process is r to be comm5d$ :i* consi/s 9 introduc+ a fragm5t ( m9]al ( kn[n or desir$ specific gravity & !n add+ wat] drop by drop until ! fragm5t rema9s susp5d$ 9 ! mixture4 ,%\ld too mu* wat] be add$1 ! necess>y increase 9 d5sity c be secur$ by add+ a little ( ! /rong solution4 #bfi4 ,me?od ( ,pack>d4--,a sep>atory funnel1 accord+ to ,pack>d1#age may be safely us$ to hold ! solution :ile sep>ation is go+ on4 ,z ! light] m9]als =m ! bulk ( soils1 ! heavi] con/itut+ only a small p]c5tage1 x is well to use a wide funnel hold+ z mu* z "o-half lit] = quantitative sep>ations1 because a l>ge quantity ( soil1 say #ajj grams1 is necess>y f :i* to recov] ! small quantity ( heavy p>ticles satisfactorily4 ,! soil is introduc$ into ! solution conta9$ 9 ! funnel1 agitat$1 /irr$ ) a glass rod1 & all[$ to /& "s "t4 ,?is op]ation may be repeat$ z (t5 z desir$4 ,sep>ation is n absolute by ?is op]ation1 ! heavy & light p>ticles be+ sometimes s unit$ t !y s9k or float toge!r accord+ z "o or ! o!r prepond]ates4 ,!re are also p>ticles hav+ s ne>ly ! same specific gravity z ! solution t !y rema9 indiff]5t to its action 9 any position4 ,aft] sep>ation has be5 effect$1 ! heavy portion is drawn (f ?r\gh ! /op-cock ( ! funnel & ! light] is skimm$ (f ! top4 ,bo? mu/ be ?or\ghly wa%$ f ! adh]+ heavy solution = fur!r exam9ation ) ! microscope1 & by *emical1 micro*emical1 & bl[-pipe te/s4 ,"o :o has famili>iz$ himself ) ! appe>ance ( m9]als 9 m9ute fragm5ts "u ! microscope1 9 ord9>y & pol>iz$ light1 w be able to det]m9e "s m9]als 9 t way4 ,b = c]ta9 id5tification x is necess>y to asc]ta9 _! optical prop]ties z is done 9 ! case ( ! m9]als 9 ?9 sections ( rocks4 ,illu/ration4--,! foll[+ example f ! "w ( ,pack>d w s]ve to illu/rate ! results ( sep>at+ a soil by ! specific gravity me?od3 ,"o hundr$ grams ( soil1 residual clay f ! ,tr5ton lime/one1 7 plac$ 9 ! ,?\let's solution conta9$ 9 ! l>ge sep>atory funnel4 ,! heavy portion1 aft] wa%+ & dry+1 weigh$ #j4fhhf gram1 or #j4fi p] c5t4 ,( ?is1 ! magnet remov$ #j4afce gram1 or #j4af p] c5t4 ,?is heavy mat]ial consi/$ ( r\nd$ yell[i% & br[n gra9s up to tw5ty-five millimet]s 9 diamet]1 m+l$ ) lu/r\s angul> black gra9s :i* 7 se5 "u ! microscope to be cubes ) /riat$ faces1 cubes p5etrat+ ea* o!r & aggregations ( cubes4 ,comb9ations ( cubes ) octah$ra & in/ances ( ! p5tagonal dodecah$ron 7 also obs]v$4 ,^! =ms1 *>act]i/ic ( pyrites1 7 also se5 9 ! f9e s& obta9$ z a residue on elutriat+ ! same soil4 ,z ^! cry/als dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid1 giv+ a /rong iron solution1 !y 7 reg>d$ z pseudomorphs ( iron oxid aft] pyrites4 ,! yell[i% gra9s on treatm5t ) acid left a grayi% residue :i* conta9$ "s gra9s ( qu>tz b 0 n :olly qu>tz4 ,! light] portion ( ! soil1 ov] n9ety-n9e p] c5t1 :i* float$ 9 ! ,?\let's solution ( #b4h 0 next exam9$4 ,x 0 color$ r$ by ! iron oxid :i* coat$ & adh]$ to ! o!r m9]als4 ,x conta9$ all ! qu>tz1 ! feldsp>s if pres5t1 & ! o!r m9]als ^: specific gravity is less ?an #b4h4 ,x 0 exam9$ by ! microscope & f\nd to consi/ l>gely ( irregul> gra9s ( a m9]al :i* act$ on pol>iz$ light1 obscur$ some:at by ! iron oxid1 & 0 app>5tly qu>tz2 & ano!r m9]al :i* 0 yell[i%-br[n 9 color & seem$ to be dull & n transp>5t4 ,besides !re 0 a l>ge quantity ( indi/+ui%able amorph\s mat]ial4 ,to clean ^! m9]als ! mat]ial 0 treat$ ) hydro*loric acid to remove ! iron oxid & o!r matt] soluble 9 acid1 :5 ! qu>tz gra9s appe>$ transp>5t & gave int]f]5ce colors 9 pol>iz$ light4 ,b m+l$ ) ^! 7 gra9s ( ! o!r m9]al :i* n[ appe>$ grayi%1 dull1 & )\t action on pol>iz$ light4 ,! "* ( ?is m9]al sub/ance c\ld only be det]m9$ by *emical analysis4 #bgj4 ,h>ada's ,app>atus4--,al?\gh x has be5 affirm$ by "s analy/s t 9 ! subsid5ce ( small p>ticles x is advisable t ! conta9+ vessels h p>allel sides1 yet 9 ! me?od j giv51 & 9 ^? ab\t to be describ$1 good results are obta9$ 9 a funnel or pe>-%ap$ hold]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ei4 ,,h>ada',s ,,app>atus4 ,9 ! app>atus ( ,h>ada1#agf ,fig4 #ei1 ! sep>at+ vessel a is made ( ?ick glass furni%$ ) a glass /opp] above & a glass /op-cock h bel[4 ,! sep>at+ liquid & silt are plac$ 9 ! pe>-%ap$ vessel a1 ! /opp] ins]t$1 & ! :ole well-%ak54 ,z soon z a r+ ( cle> liquid is se5 betwe5 ! s9k+ & float+ silt1 ! l[] end ( ! app>atus is br\ght ne> ! bottom ( a conical glass b1 ! cock h op5$ & ! heavy silt all[$ to fall out4 ,v little ( ! liquor w fl[ out because ( ! air pressure4 ,%\ld an air bubble ent] ! app>atus & be held at ! /op-cock1 x %\ld be made to asc5d by g5tly tapp+4 ,:5 all ! heavy silt has pass$ into ! conical glass1 ! cock h is clos$ & "s wat] p\r$ ov] ! solution & silt 9 b4 ,! sep>atory app>atus is n[ rais$ until ! bevel$ end ( x is 9 ! wat] lay]1 :5 ! wat] at once rises to h & ?us wa%es all ! silt p>ticles adh]+ to ! glass into b4 ,! liquid 9 a may !n be dilut$ by inv]t+ ! app>atus1 add+ ! requir$ am\nt ( wat] ?r\gh h1 aga9 %ak5 aft] clos+ h1 & ano!r sep>ation secur$ z be=e4 ,?is app>atus is some:at easi] to manipulate ?an ,?\let's b does n admit ( ! same quantitative dilution ( ! sep>at+ liquid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj a4 ,,fig4 #fj b4 ,,fig4 #fj c4 ,,br,,gg]',s ,,app>atus4 #bga4 ,app>atus ( ,brgg]4--,all silt sep>ations 9 n>r[ tubes are op5 to ! objection ( p]mitt+ m or less flocculation4 ,"s ( ! light] p>ticles are ?us c>ri$ d[n by ! heavi]1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 "s ( ! heavi] float ) ! light]4 ,?is di/urb+ action ,brgg]#agg seeks to avoid by ! foll[+ device1 ,fig4 #fj1 a1 b1 c4 ,! l5g? ( ! app>atus is =ty-six c5timet]s1 & its greate/ diamet] #c4e c5timet]s4 ,! op5+ 9 ! l>ge /op-cock ,a is ! same diamet] z t ( ! app>atus at t po9t4 ,! cubical cont5t ( ! app>atus ) ,a op5 & ,b clos$ is ab\t sev5ty-five cubic c5timet]s4 ,9 conduct+ ! sep>ation ! cock ,b is clos$1 ! sep>at+ liquid & silt introduc$1 ,a be+ op51 ! /opp] ,k ins]t$ & ! :ole well-%ak54 ,9 ! fir/ sep>ation1 ! silt ,s1 ly+ ov] ,b is contam9at$ ) "s ( ! light] p>ticles ,s1 :ile ! light] p>ticles above ,a1 ,s1 are mix$ ) "s ( ! heavi] p>ticles1 ,s4 ,aft] clos+ ,a ! app>atus is aga9 well-%ak5 & inv]t$ z 9 ,fig4 #fj b4 ,! two p>ts ( ! silt w n[ und]go ano!r sep>ation z indicat$4 ,! app>atus is n[ c>efully incl9$ z 9 c1 :5 ! v>i\s grades ( silt w fl[ 9 ! directions indicat$ by ! arr[s1 b )\t mix+1 pass+ ea* o!r on opposite sides ( ! app>atus4 ,:5 ! movem5t is complete1 ,a is c>efully op5$1 ! app>atus /ill be+ held z 9 c1 & ! light silt =m]ly betwe5 ,a & ,b w fl[ above ,a1 :ile ! heavy silt above ,a w fl[ d[n & jo9 ! silt collect$ ov] ,b4 ,?is op]ation may be repeat$ until a p]fect sep>ation is effect$4 ,f9ally ,b is op5$ & ! heavy silt collect$ 9 a beak]1 & ! light] silt !n remov$ f ! upp] "p ( ! app>atus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #fa4 ,,app>atus ,,( ,w,,lf+4 #bgb4 ,me?od ( ,wlf+4--,a some:at m conv5i5t me?od ( purify+ ! silt segregates & free+ !m ( me*anically occlud$ p>ticles ( diff]+ specific gravities has be5 propos$ by ,wlf+4#agh ,an elliptical r+ ( heavy glass tub+ c>ries glass /op-cocks ,a & ,b1 ,fig4 #fa1 at ! two extremities ( ! ellipse1 ea* arm ( :i* is provid$ ) a lat]al glass-/opp]$ neck4 ,! p]=ation 9 ! /op-cocks has ! same diamet] z ! sides ( ! ellipse4 ,! app>atus has an int]ior cubical cont5t ( ab\t =ty cubic c5timet]s4 ,?irty cubic c5timet]s ( ! sep>at+ fluid are introduc$ ?r\gh "o ( ! lat]al ap]tures & br\ght to ! same height 9 ! two arms by op5+ ! cock ,b4 ,! silt is !n introduc$ 9 equal quantities into ea* ( ! arms4 ,! /opp]s hav+ be5 ins]t$1 ! :ole is well-%ak54 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! sep>ation1 ! app>atus be+ held 9 position #a1 ! light] soil above & ! heavi] soil bel[ are some:at mix$ by reason ( flocculation & me*anical entanglem5t4 ,at ?is po9t ,b is op5$ & ! app>atus plac$ 9 ! incl9$ position #b4 ,! heavi] p>ticles ,s l1 on ! "r arm1 are ?us unit$ ) ! same class ( p>ticles 9 ! left arm mak+ #b,s #bl4 ,?is op]ation is ha/5$ by op5+ ,a & all[+ ! high] column ( liquid 9 ! "r arm to pass into ! left4 ,! liquid 9 ! left arm is all[$ to rise to ,a4 ,aft] all ( ,s l 9 ! "r arm has pass$ into ! left ,b is clos$1 ! app>atus !n plac$ back 9 position #a & incl9$ 9 ! opposite direction until ,l s 9 ! top ( ! left arm has be5 transf]r$ to ! ,l s 9 ! top ( ! "r1 & ! same quantity ( liquid is f\nd 9 ea* arm4 ,! op]ation is !n repeat$ & ?is cont9u$ until all ,s s is f\nd 9 ! bottom ( ! left arm & all ,l l 9 ! top ( ! "r arm4 #bgc4 ,sep>ation ) a ,magnet4--,p>ticles ( magnetic iron oxid are easily sep>at$ f ! f9e soil p>ticles by means ( a magnet4 ,a /rong b> or horse%oe magnet may be us$4 ,electro-magnets are r>ely necess>y except = ! sep>ation ( p>ticles ( feeble magnetic p[]4 ,p>ticles ( iron :i* may be f\nd w\ld owe _! orig9 to ! mort>s 9 :i* ! soil _h be5 pulv]iz$1 or !y might come f a rec5tly cru%$ meteorite4 ,"s m9]als1 z limonite1 aft] ignition are attract$ by ! magnet & x is advisable to subject a "p ( ! sample to ?is treatm5t4 ,! be/ me?od ( sep>ation consi/s 9 spread+ ! p>ticles ev5ly on pap] & gradually br++ ! magnetic p>ticles to "o side by mov+ ! magnet und]nea?4 #bgd4 ,color & ,transp>5cy4--,b little c be le>n$ f ! color & transp>5cy ( ! smalle/ silt p>ticles1 b ^! prop]ties 9 ! l>g] gra9s h consid]able diagno/ic value4 ,_m m9]als ( di/9ct color appe> :olly colorless 9 petrographic sections or 9 silt p>ticles1 z = in/ance1 highly-color$ qu>tz4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ev5 ! smalle/ p>ticle ( *lorite w %[ its di/9ctive t9t4 ,! colors 9 "s m9]als are due to occlud$ matt] n ess5tial to _! /ructure1 & ^! =eign bodies w\ld naturally escape :5 ! cry/al mass is r$uc$ to an almo/ impalpable p[d]4 #bge4 ,value ( ,silt ,analyses4--,z 9 ! case ( *emical analyses a silt analysis ( a soil :i* is n typical or repres5tative has little value4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a sy/ematic sep>ation ( soils into classes ( p>ticles c n fail to reveal a def9ite correspond5ce ( me*anical composition to soil prop]ties4 ,! production ( a crop is ! result ( c]ta9 functions1 *ief among :i* are temp]ature1 moi/ure1 & plant food4 ,9 a giv5 soil ! temp]ature is m>k$ly affect$ by its physical /ate4 ,x has be5 demon/rat$ 9 previ\s p>agraphs t ! circulation ( moi/ure 9 ! soil & its capacity to be held !re9 are *iefly functions ( ! /ate ( aggregation ( ! soil itself4 ,! availability ( plant food 9 a soil is n measur$ by its quantity alone1 b r by its /ate ( subdivision4 ,x is n !re=e a matt] ( surprise t ! f]tility ( a soil is f\nd1 caetris p>ibus1 to be comm5surate to a c]ta9 limit ) ! p]c5tage ( f9e silt & clay :i* x conta9s4 ,x is true t two soils q diff]5t 9 f]tility1 may h approximately ! same silt p]c5tages1 b 9 su* a case x is demon/rable t ev5 9 ! poor] soil ! measure ( f]tility is l>gely ! p]c5tage ( f9e p>ticles & n its actual cont5t ( plant food4 ,9 o!r words1 almo/ all soils1 ev5 ! poore/1 h /ill l>ge quantities ( plant food1 b ^! /ores1 ow+ to c]ta9 physical conditions1 are n accessible to ! rootlets ( plants4 ,an illu/ration ( ?is is se5 9 ! use ( conc5trat$ f]tiliz]s4 ,x might seem absurd to suppose t ! addition ( #ajj p\nds ( sodium nitrate w\ld prove useful to a plat conta9+ already _m tons ( nitrog52 b ! nitrate is at once available & its b5eficial influ5ces are easily se54 ,! full value ( silt analysis w only be appreciat$ :5 _m typical soils f widely sep>at$ areas are c>efully /udi$ 9 respect ( _! *emical & physical con/itution & ! "* ( ! crops :i* !y produce4 ,,au?orities ,,cit$ ,,9 ,,"p ,,f\r?4 ,footnote #aba3 ,annual ,report1 ,connecticut ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 #ahhg4 ,footnote #abb3 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,m>* #ahgi1 p4 #bje4 ,footnote #abc3 ,bullet91 ,no4 #d1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau1 p4 #ai4 ,footnote #abd3 ,*emical ,news1 ,vol4 #cj1 ,augu/ #g1 #ahgd1 p4 #eg4 ,footnote #abe3 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,vol4 #bi1 #ahhe1 p4 #a4 ,footnote #abf3 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,vol4 #cg1 7#ahhi71 p4 #abb4 ,footnote #abg3 ,proce$+s ,national ,academy ( ,sci5ce1 ,baltimore ,meet+1 #ahib4 ,footnote #abh3 ,manuscript communication to au?or4 ,footnote #abi3 ,division ( ,*emi/ry1 ,bullet9 #ch1 p4 #bjj4 ,footnote #acj3 ,anleitung zur ,wiss5s*aftli*5 ,bod5unt]su*ung1 ,s4 #bc4 ,footnote #aca3 ,die ,l&wirts*aftli*5 ,v]su*s-,/ation51 ,b& #ch1 ,ss4 #cji1 et seq4 ,footnote #acb3 ,b]i*te d] deuts*5 *emis*5 ,gesells*aft1 ,b& #ae1 ,s4 #cjbe4 ,footnote #acc3 ,connecticut ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,annual ,report1 #ahhf1 pp4 #ada1 et seq4 ,footnote #acd3 ,knig1 ,unt]su*ung ,l&wirts*aftli* und ,gew]bli* ,wi*tig] ,/(fe1 ,s4 #g4 ,footnote #ace3 ,wahns*affe1 ,anleitung zur ,wiss5s*aftli*5 ,bod5unt]su*ung1 ,s4 #be4 ,footnote #acf3 ,vid4 #ae1 ,s4 #bd4 ,footnote #acg3 ,knig1 op4 cit4 #ad1 ,s4 #ac4 ,footnote #ach3 ,t5? ,c5sus ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,vol4 #c1 pp4 #hgb-c4 ,footnote #aci3 ,wahns*affe1 op4 cit4 #ae1 ,s4 #bf4 ,footnote #adj3 ,le ,/azioni ,sp]im5tali ,agr>ie ,italiane1 ,vol4 #ag1 pp4 #fgb1 et seq4 ,footnote #ada3 ,vid4 #ac4 ,footnote #adb3 ,encyclop$ie ,*imique1 ,tome #d1 pp4 #aee1 et seq4 ,footnote #adc3 ,annales de la ,sci5ce ,agronomique1 #ahia1 ,tome #a1 ,seconde ,fasicule1 pp4 #bej1 et seq4 ,footnote #add3 ,vid4 #bb4 ,footnote #ade3 ,pet]mann1 ,l',analyse du ,sol41 p4 #ae4 ,footnote #adf3 ,vid4 #bj4 ,footnote #adg3 ,zeits*rift fr analytis*e ,*emie1 ,b& #c1 ,ss4 #hi1 et seq4 ,footnote #adh3 ,zeits*rift fr analytis*e ,*emie1 ,b& #e1 ,ss4 #bie1 et seq4 ,footnote #adi3 ,bullet9 de la ,socit des ,naturali/es de ,mosc\1 ,tome #dj1 pp4 #cbd1 et seq4 ,footnote #aej3 ,j\rnal fr ,l&wirts*aft1 ,b& #ch1 ,!il #b1 ,s4 #afb4 ,footnote #aea3 ,connecticut ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,annual ,report1 #ahhg1 pp4 #ade1 et seq4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,division ( ,*emi/ry1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #ch1 pp4 #fj1 et seq4 ,! figures are f orig9al draw+s "u ! direction ( ,pr(4 ,hilg>d4 ,footnote #aec3 ,op4 cit4 supra1 pp4 #fe-fi4 ,footnote #aed3 ,op4 cit4 #ac1 p4 #aej4 ,footnote #aee3 ,op4 cit4 #ca1 p4 #aeb4 ,footnote #aef3 ,op4 cit4 #ca1 p4 #aeg4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,op4 cit4 #ca1 p4 #aei4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,connecticut ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,annual ,report1 #ahhh1 p4 #aed4 ,footnote #aei3 ,l\ghridge1 ,proce$+s ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 ,vol4 #bb1 p4 #ha4 ,footnote #afj3 ,:itney1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #d4 ,footnote #afa3 ,:itney1 op4 cit4 #dj4 ,footnote #afb3 ,vid4 #dj4 ,footnote #afc3 ,vid4 #dj4 ,footnote #afd3 ,vid4 ,anleitung zur ,m9]alogis*5 ,bod5analyse von ,franz ,/e9reide2 & ,mikroskopis*e ,physiographie von ,h4 ,ros5bus*4 ,footnote #afe3 ,elem5te e9] neu5 ,*emis*-,mikroskopis*5 ,m9]al und ,ge/e9sanalyse1 #ahgg4 ,footnote #aff3 ,ros5bus*1 ,mikroskopis*e ,physiographie1 ,plate #aa1 ,fig4 #c4 ,! figures ( cry/als ( potassium1 sodium1 calcium1 magnesium1 etc41 are tak5 f ! same "w1 ,plates #aj1 #aa1 & #ab4 ,footnote #afg3 ,williams1 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,febru>y #ahic1 p4 #bjc4 ,footnote #afh3 ,op4 cit4 #df1 ,s4 #bca4 ,footnote #afi3 ,op4 et41 loc4 cit4 #dh4 ,footnote #agj3 ,op4 cit4 #df1 ,s4 #bcc4 ,footnote #aga3 ,op4 cit4 #df1 ,s4 #bce4 ,footnote #agb3 ,op4 cit4 #df1 ,s4 #bcf4 ,footnote #agc3 ,op4 cit4 #df1 ,s4 #bcg4 ,footnote #agd3 ,op4 cit4 #df1 ,s4 #bcb4 ,footnote #age3 ,manuscript ,communication f ,r4 ,l4 ,pack>d4 ,footnote #agf3 ,op4 cit4 #df1 ,s4 #bda4 ,footnote #agg3 ,op4 cit4 #df1 ,s4 #bdb4 ,footnote #agh3 ,op4 cit4 #df1 ,s4 #bdc4 ,,note4--,! analyses on page #bcg are by ,hilg>d & ,l\ghridge f ,proce$+s ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 ,portl& ,meet+1 #ahgc4 ,,"p ,,fif?4 ,,e/imation ,,( ,,gases ,,held ,,9 ,,soils4 #bgf4 ,relation ( ,soil ,composition to ,gases4--,! p[] ( a soil = occlud+ gases re/s prim>ily on its composition z det]m9$ by silt analysis4 ,! discussion ( ?is "p ( ! subject is s ne>ly relat$ to t ( ! physical prop]ties ( ! soil t x might prop]ly h be5 includ$ 9 t "p ( ! "w4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 we deal 9 ?is "p m ) ! det]m9ation ( ! gas con/itu5ts ( ! soil1 x 0 deem$ pref]able to place x aft] ! silt analysis & z introductory to ! g5]al e/imation by m /rictly analytical processes ( ! *emical con/itu5ts ( ! soil4 #bgg4 ,occurr5ce ( ,c>bon ,dioxid4--,! am\nt ( organic matt] 9 ! soil1 accord+ to ,wollny1#agi is no indication ( ! quantity ( c>bon dioxid :5 ! organic matt] is 9 excess4 ,! p]c5tage ( c>bon dioxid is only proportional to ! am\nt ( organic matt] :5 ?is is 9 small quantities4 ,l>ge quantities ( organic matt] d increase ! am\nt ( c>bon dioxid1 b ! increase is n a proportional "o1 s9ce a l>g] quantity ( ?is gas 9 ! air ( a soil r$uces ! activity ( ! organisms :i* produce oxidation4 ,wat] & temp]ature h a great] influ5ce on ! oxidation1 & act 9 an opposite direction to t ( ! organic matt]4 ,! am\nt ( free gas 9 ! soil af=ds no indication ei!r ( ! int5sity ( ! action ( oxidation or ( ! am\nt ( organic matt]4 ,! addition ( liquid manure to ! soil results 9 a r$uction ( ! decomposition ( ! organic matt] :5 ! quantity ( ! salts !re9 conta9$ is great] ?an t already pres5t 9 ! soil4 ,b if ! liquid manure is dilute1 & ! absorptive p[] ( ! soil = salts is great1 !n ! decomposition is promot$4 #bgh4 ,absorption ( ,aque\s ,vapor4--,! p[] ( a soil to resi/ dr\ght dep5ds l>gely ^u its coeffici5t ( absorption = aque\s vapor4 ,hilg>d has %[n#ahj t at temp]atures betwe5 #g & #ba1 ! am\nt ( aque\s vapor absorb$ by a ?9 lay] ( a clay or soil n unusually ri* 9 humus1 9 a saturat$ atmosph]e1 is s5sibly con/ant4 ,9 g5]al1 clay soils are m absorb5t ?an s&y ones1 yet !re is no direct connection betwe5 ! am\nt ( clay pres5t & ! absorb5t p[] ( ! soil4 ,evid5tly ! hygroscopic coeffici5t is l>gely controll$ by ! pres5ce ) ! clay ( ! p[d]y +r$i5ts :i* det]m9e its loos5ess ( texture1 & x is f\nd t ! f9] silts !mselves possess a consid]able absorb+ p[]4 ,accord+ to ,:itney ?is is l>gely dep5d5t ^u ! ext5t ( ! surface area ( ! soil gra9s & ^u ! size & arrangem5t ( ^! gra9s4 ,aga91 ! pres5ce ( hydrat$ f]ric oxid mat]ially influ5ces ?is p[]1 s t ! am\nt ( iron pres5t mu/ always be tak5 into consid]ation4 #bgi4 ,me?ods ( ,/udy4--,! /udy ( ! deportm5t ( a soil ) vapors or gases may be divid$ into two g5]al classes4 ,! fir/ dep5ds on ! subjection ( a sample ( soil to ! saturat+ influ5ce ( a giv5 vapor or gas & measur+ ! am\nt !re( absorb$1 ei!r directly by increase ( weight1 or by ! dim9ution 9 ! am\nt ( gas orig9ally suppli$4 ,! maximum absorb5t capacity ( a soil "u giv5 conditions = a gas or vapor is 9 ?is way det]m9$4 ,9 ! second class ! det]m9ation consi/s 9 accurately e/imat+ ! am\nt ( gas :i* is absorb$ by a soil 9 natural conditions or 9 situ1 ?us giv+ ! natural p]c5tages ( ! gase\s con/itu5ts ( ! soil4 ,9 ! fir/ case 9 g5]al1 ! pr9ciple ( ! me?od dep5ds ^u ! exposure ( ! soil = a giv5 "t "u giv5 conditions1 to an atmosph]e ( ! gas to be absorb$4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! second class ( det]m9ations dep5ds ^u ! extraction1 usually by means ( suction1 f a giv5 mass ( soil ( ! gase\s matt]s !re9 conta9$4 ,! g5]al details ( ! me?ods ( proc$ure = ! fir/ class are f\nd 9 ! foll[+ directions = manipulation3 #bhj4 ,det]m9ation ( ! ,maximum ,hygroscopic ,coeffici5t4--,! f9e e>?1 9 ,hilg>d's me?od1 is expos$ to an atmosph]e saturat$ ) moi/ure = ab\t twelve h\rs at ! ord9>y temp]ature 7#fj ,f47 ( ! cell> 9 :i* ! box %\ld be kept4 ,! soil is sift$ 9 a lay] ( ab\t "o millimet] ?ickness ^u glaz$ pap]1 on a wood5 table1 & plac$ 9 a small wat]-tight cov]$ box1 twelve by n9e by eight in*es1 9 :i* !re is ab\t an in* ( wat]2 ! int]ior sides & cov] ( ! box %\ld be l9$ ) blott+ pap]1 kept saturat$ ) wat]1 to insure ! saturation ( ! air4 ,air-dri$ soil yields results v>y+ f day to day to ! ext5t ( z mu* z ?irty to fifty p] c5t1 nor h we any corrective =mula t w\ld r$uce su* obs]vations to absolute measure4 ,knop's law1 t ! absorption v>ies directly z ! temp]ature1 :ile applicable to l[ p]c5tages ( saturation1 is wide ( ! tru? :5 saturation is approa*$4 ,! ord9>y temp]ature ( cell>s w s]ve well 9 ^! det]m9ations )\t mat]ial correction4 ,aft] eight to twelve h\rs ! e>? is transf]r$ z quickly z possible1 9 ! cell>1 to a weigh$ dry+ tube & weigh$4 ,! tube is !n plac$ 9 a p>aff9 ba?2 ! temp]ature gradually rais$ to #bjj ,c4 & kept !re tw5ty to ?irty m9utes1 a curr5t ( dry air pass+ cont9ually ?r\gh ! tube4 ,x is !n weigh$ aga9 & ! loss 9 weight gives ! hygroscopic moi/ure 9 saturat$ air4 ,! reason = adopt+ #bjj ,c4 z ! temp]ature = dry+ in/ead ( #ajj is t wat] w cont9ue to come (f f mo/ soils at ! latt] temp]ature = an indef9ite "t1 a week or m1 be=e an approa* to con/ancy ( weight is atta9$2 & t up to #bjj only an arbitr>y limit c be assign$ = ! expulsion ( hygroscopic moi/ure4 ,moreov]1 ! great majority ( soils1 especially ^? poor 9 humus1 w reabsorb moi/ure f a saturat$ atmosph]e to ! full ext5t ( t driv5 (f at #bjj ,c4 #bha4 ,e/imation ( ! ,absorption ,p[] ( ,soils = ,aque\s ,vapors4#aha--,me?od ,a4--,! f9e e>?1 t5 to tw5ty grams1 is spread out on a surface ( ab\t tw5ty-five squ>e c5timet]s1 & left = sev]al days ) ! obs]vation ( ! temp]ature ( ! air & ! loss ( weight det]m9$ f "t to "t4 ,?is evaporation is cont9u$ until ! weight rema9s practically con/ant4 ,aft]w>ds by dry+ ! sample at #ajj ! am\nt ( hygroscopic moi/ure is det]m9$4 ,a simil> result c be rea*$ if ! sample is fir/ dri$ at #ajj1 or ov] sulfuric acid at ord9>y temp]atures1 & !n ! increase 9 weight obs]v$ :i* ! sample acquires on be+ expos$ = sev]al days to ! atmosph]e "u ord9>y conditions4 ,soils ) ab\t ! same cont5t ( humus %[ v>iations 9 ! p[] to absorb aque\s vapors :i* are almo/ proportional to ! am\nt ( clay :i* !y conta94 ,) ! increase ( humus sub/ance1 ! p[] ( ! soil = absorb+ moi/ure is increas$1 s t a s&y soil :i* is ri* 9 humus (t5 w reta9 z mu* moi/ure 9 an air-dri$ /ate z a clay soil :i* is poor 9 humus4 ,if ! exp]im5t is c>ri$ on by dry+ ov] sulfuric acid in/ead ( at #ajj1 ! sample %\ld be left f f\r to sev5 days 9 ord] t a con/ant weight may be rea*$4 ,ev5 aft] ?is "t ! loss 9 weight is #j4b to #a4e p] c5t less ?an :5 ! sample is dri$ at #ajj4 ,me?od ,b4--,9 ord] to det]m9e ! am\nt ( aque\s vapor :i* a soil w absorb 9 an atmosph]e saturat$ ) ! vapor ! foll[+ me?od is us$3 ,! sample ( air-dri$ soil 9 a flat di% ( giv5 surface2 viz41 ab\t tw5ty grams ( soil to tw5ty-five squ>e c5timet]s surface is plac$ 9 a vessel ov] wat] )\t contact ) ! wat]1 & ! :ole ( ! app>atus is cov]$ ) a glass bell-j>4 ,! sample is weigh$ at int]vals ( six or eight h\rs until no appreciable increase ( weight is obs]v$4 ,an empty vessel ( ! same size & "* z t conta9+ ! soil is kept "u ! bell-j>1 also 9 ! same conditions1 s t any increase 9 weight by ! deposition ( moi/ure on ?is vessel may be det]m9$4 ,?is increase 9 weight is to be d$uct$ f ! total increase 9 weight ( ! vessel & ! soil4 ,s&y & loamy soils become saturat$ 9 ?is mann] 9 ! c\rse ( ! fir/ tw5ty-f\r h\rs & rema9 aft] t un*ang$ 9 weight4 ,v clayey soils1 & also ^? :i* are v ri* 9 humus1 require a mu* long] "t1 ?ree or f\r days ev54 ,9 ?is case x is bett] to take a small] sample ( ! soil2 viz41 t5 grams4 ,! temp]ature ( ! air )9 ! glass vessel1 ( c\rse1 mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,me?od ,c4--,! same flat di% & ! same quantity ( soil z 9 ! o!r me?ods are tak5 9 ?is "o4 ,! sample is left out ov] night :]e x c be fully saturat$ ) dew4 ,! am\nt ( dew :i* appe>s on ! bu%es %\ld be not$ & also ! temp]ature ( ! air & ! p]c5tage ( cl\ds 9 ! sky4 ,an exp]im5t %\ld also be made on spots ( e>? :i* are entirely free f vegetation 9 ord] t ! diff]5ce 9 ! am\nt ( wat] absorb$ 9 places practically devoid ( dew & 9 places :]e ! dew is abundant may be obs]v$4 ,me?od ,d4--,deep] flat di%es %\ld be us$ = ?is det]m9ation s t ! dep? ( soil conta9$ 9 !m %all be f "o to ?ree1 or ev5 six c5timet]s4 ,! sample ( soil %\ld be completely air-dri$ & 9 a /ate ( f9e subdivision4 ,! vessels conta9+ ! soil %\ld be plac$ 9 a locality saturat$ ) aque\s vapor or 9 ! op5 air dur+ ! night :]e !y are subject$ to ! influ5ce ( ! cool+ ( ! atmosph]e & ! deposition ( dew4 ,note %\ld be made ( ! diff]5t am\nts ( moi/ure absorb$ by ! lay]s ( e>? ( diff]5t ?icknesses 9 a giv5 "t4 ,obs]vation %\ld also be made ( ! dep? to :i* ! moi/ure s9ks 9 ! sample ( soil "u consid]ation4 #bhb4 ,e/imation ( ! ,absorption ,p[] ( ! ,soil = ,oxyg5 & ,atmosph]ic ,air4#ahb--;,f fifty to "o hundr$ grams ( air-dri$ soil are plac$ 9 a glass vessel ( ab\t #ejj cubic c5timet]s capacity1 & ! flask clos$ ) a /opp] aft] ! addition ( en\gh wat] to make ! p]c5tage ( moi/ure 9 ! soil ab\t tw5ty4 ,aft] f eight to f\rte5 days ! air conta9$ 9 ! vessel is analyz$ = oxyg51 nitrog51 & c>bon dioxid1 ) special ref]5ce to ! det]m9ation ( h[ mu* oxyg5 has disappe>$ & h[ mu* ! c>bon dioxid has be5 increas$4 ,z an alt]native me?od1 tw5ty-five grams ( ! soil may be moi/5$ ) tol]ably conc5trat$ pota% lye 9 a small glass vessel1 :i* is itself jo9$ ) air-tight connections to an azotomet] 9 :i* a kn[n volume ( air is conf9$ by quicksilv]4 ,! glass vessel is frequ5tly %ak5 dur+ ! progress ( ! exp]im5t4 ,! dim9ution ( ! volume ( air 9 ! app>atus aft] f "o to f\r days gives approximately ! quantity ( oxyg5 absorb$4 #bhc4 ,g5]al ,me?od ( ,det]m9+ ,absorption4--,?is me?od1 due to ,freih]rn von ,dob5eck1#ahc is z foll[s3 ,! soil1 9 a /ate ( f9e p[d]1 is dri$ at #ajj to #aje to a con/ant weight4 ,x is !n plac$ 9 an absorption tube ( ! foll[+ con/ruction3 ,! absorption tube consi/s ( a %ap$ wide glass tube1 bo? ends ( :i* are suppli$ ) small glass tubes seal$ ^u ! end ( ! tube1 & ^? are furni%$ ) tightly-gr\nd glass /op-cocks4 ,above ^! /op-cocks ^! small tubes are b5t 9 opposite directions at "r angles4 ,on ! b5d ( ! is seal$ ano!r tube :i* is furni%$ ) a gr\nd glass /opp]4 ,?r\gh ?is op5+ ! tube c be fill$ ) ! sample ( soil4 ,:5 ! tube is fill$1 ! glass /opp] ins]t$1 & ! two /op-cocks on ! small tubes clos$1 ! cont5ts ( ! tube are completely exclud$ f ! ext]nal atmosph]e4 ,_m ( ^! tubes c be us$ at once s z to ha/5 ! progress ( ! "w4 ,! tubes aft] be+ fill$ are plac$ 9 a dry+ ov5 ) ! /op-cocks op54 ,! /op-cocks are !n clos$ be=e ! tubes are remov$1 :5 !y are plac$ 9 a desiccator = cool+ prep>atory to weigh+4 ,! weigh$ tubes are held 9 a t9 box :i* c be plac$ 9 a wat]-ba? :i* is kept at a giv5 temp]ature by means ( a !rmo/at4 ,! top ( ! t9 box %\ld be h+$ & made ( a ?ick non-conduct+ mat]ial s z to prev5t any rapid *ange ( temp]ature )94 ,on ! inn] side ( ! box a small ?9-wall$ glass tube is c>ri$ ar\nd f\r times4 ,"o end ( ?is tube passes ?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! side ( ! box by means ( :i* x c be connect$ ) ! gas app>atus outside4 ,! o!r end ( x is connect$ directly ) ! absorption tubes4 ,! absorption tubes are s connect$ among !mselves t :5 ammonia or c>bon dioxid is employ$ ! gas passes ?r\gh "o ( ! tubes be=e x c rea* ! next1 & s on4 ,= exp]im5ts ) wat]-gas1 h[ev]1 t is1 air *>g$ ) aque\s vapor1 ! arrangem5t mu/ be diff]5t4 ,:ile 9 ! case ( ammonia & c>bon dioxid ! composition ( ! gas is n *ang$ by pass+ ?r\gh ! samples ( soil1 ! case is q diff]5t :5 air *>g$ ) aque\s vapor passes ?r\gh4 ,9 ! latt] case ! am\nt ( aque\s vapor 9 ! air w\ld be notably less5$ 9 pass+ f sample to sample on acc\nt ( ! ret5tion ( a "p ( ! aque\s vapor by ! soil4 ,9 ?is case1 !re=e1 ! saturat$ air1 aft] x has pass$ ?r\gh ! glass tube ar\nd ! inside ( ! box 9 ord] to rea* ! prop] temp]ature1 is conduct$ into a receptacle ( glass :i* has a numb] ( connections equal to ! numb] ( absorption tubes s t ! saturat$ air c pass directly into ea* "o ( !m4 ,! gases :i* are to be us$ = ! exp]im5ts are prep>$ 9 prop] app>atus & are =c$ ?r\gh ! samples ( soil1 ei!r by pressure z 9 ! case ( ammonia or c>bon dioxid1 or by means ( aspirators z 9 ! case ( air saturat$ ) aque\s vapor4 ,! c>bon dioxid employ$ is purifi$ by pass+ ov] sodium c>bonate & calcium *lorid4 ,! ammonia is prep>$ by ! action ( f9ely p[d]$ lime on ammonium *lorid1 & is dri$ by pass+ ov] lime & /icks ( potassium hydroxid4 ,! air :i* is to be saturat$ ) aque\s vapor1 9 ord] to purify x f du/1 c>bon dioxid1 & ammonia1 is pass$ ?r\gh two flasks 9 :i* are conta9$ respectively1 dilut$ sulfuric acid & pota% lye4 ,x is aft]w>ds ?or\ghly saturat$ ) aque\s vapor at ! temp]ature desir$4 ,v>i\s k9ds ( soil mat]ial may be employ$ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,pure qu>tz s&4--,fre$ f all f9e p>ticles by subjection to silt analysis1 aft]w>ds boil$ ) hydro*loric acid & wa%$ ) wat] to free x f all clayey mat]ials4 ,! s& prep>$ 9 ?is way %\ld be pass$ ?r\gh diff]5t sieves 9 ord] to prep>e x 9 diff]5t /ates ( f95ess4 7#b7 ,qu>tz p[d]4--,prep>$ f pure qu>tz cry/als by gr9d+ 9 an iron mort>4 7#c7 ,kaol94--,mat]ial su* z is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( ! f9e/ porcela9 :i*1 aft] be+ fre$ ( all =eign matt]1 is rubb$ to a f9e p[d] 9 a porcela9 mort>4 7#d7 ,humus4--,wa%$ ) e!r & alcohol1 boil$ ) hydro*loric acid1 wa%$1 dri$ & r$uc$ to a /ate ( f9e p[d]4 7#e7 ,iron oxid4 7#f7 ,calcium c>bonate4--,precipitat$1 wa%$1 & dri$4 7#g7 ,soil mixtures4--,prep>$ artificially by mix+ ! kaol91 qu>tz1 & humus1 above m5tion$4 ,! quantity ( gas absorb$ by ea* ( ^! mat]ials is det]m9$ by fill+ ! tubes1 z above m5tion$1 ) ! dri$ mat]ial4 ,! cont5t ( ea* tube is previ\sly det]m9$ by fill+ ) m]cury & weigh+4 ,hav+ det]m9$ ! weight ( ! sub/ance to ! exclusion ( ! air conta9$ )9 its pores1 x is treat$ ) ! gas 9 ! app>atus describ$ above & weigh$ f "t to "t until no fur!r increase ( weight takes place4 ,! me?od ( calculat+ ! results is %[n 9 ! foll[+ s*eme3 ,v cont5t ( ! absorption tube obta9$ by fill+ ) m]cury & weigh+4 ,p weight ( ! empty tube fill$ ) air at #ajj4 pl weight ( ! air 9 ! tube 7pl ,v specific gravity ( ! air at #ajj74 pt weight ( ! tube 7pt ,p pl74 ,p 7second weigh+7 weight ( ! tube fill$ ) ! sub/ance ) ! includ$ air at #ajj4 vs volume ( ! sub/ance calculat$ accord+ to ! =mula vs 7,p ,p7_/7ss specific gravity ( air74 ss specific gravity ( ! sub/ance4 vl volume ( ! air 9 ! flask fill$ ) ! sub/ance 7vl ,v vs74 pl 7weight ( ?is includ$ air7 vl specific gravity4 ps weight ( ! sub/ance 7pl p pt pl7 ,p weight ( ! app>atus at ! end ( ! exp]im5t4 sg specific gravity ( ! gas employ$ = saturation4 pg 7weight ( ! gas rema9+ ov] ! sub/ance7 vl sg4 pa 7weight ( ! absorb$ gas7 ,p pt ps pg4 ps gram ( sub/ance absorbs pa gram ( ! gas & #ajj grams ( sub/ance w\ld absorb 7#ajj pa7_/7ps7 grams4 ,! specific gravities ( ! gases employ$ are calculat$ f ! tables giv5 by ,l&olt & ,brn/e9 9 8,physical & ,*emical ,tables10 page #e4 ,! specific gravity ( ! qu>tz s& employ$ 0 #b4fci2 ( ! qu>tz p[d]1 #b4fbb2 ( ! kaol91 #b4ejc2 ( ! humus1 #a4dfb2 ( ! iron hydroxid1 #c4gbh2 & ( ! calcium c>bonate1 #b4fgh4 ,"o lit] ( ammonia1 at a pressure ( #gfj millimet]s ( m]cury & a temp]ature ( #j1 weighs #j4gfaf gram2 "o lit] ( c>bon dioxid1 #a4igha grams2 "o lit] ( aque\s vapor1 #j4hjfd gram2 & "o lit] ( dri$ air1 #a4bica grams4 ,at a pressure ( #gbj millimet]s1 & at #bj temp]ature1 a lit] ( air saturat$ ) aque\s vapor at #j weighs #a4achc grams2 saturat$ at #h4f1 #a4acfb grams2 saturat$ at #aj1 #a4aceh grams2 saturat$ at #ad1 #a4acdj grams2 saturat$ at #ah4b1 #a4accj grams2 saturat$ at #bj1 #a4acba grams2 saturat$ at #cj1 #a4acac grams4 ,! g5]al results ( ! exp]im5ts are z foll[s3 ,,absorption ,,at #j4 ,aque\s vapor ,ammonia4 ,c>bon dioxid4 f saturat$ air4 ,grams4 ,cubic ,grams4 ,cubic ,grams4 ,cubic cm4,h cm4,h cm4,h #ajj grams qu>tz #j4aei #aig #j4ajg #ade #j4jbc #ab kaol9 #b4eeh #c1agb #j4gba #idg #j4cbi #aff humus #ae4ijd #ai1gbb #ah4deb #bd1bbh #b4eja #a1bfc ,fe7,,oh7 #ae4eab #ai1bcf #d4jjd #e1bge #f4ige #c1ebf ,ca,c,o #j4bbd #bgh #j4bef #cbj #j4jbh #ad ,footnote ,h3 ,r$uc$ to #j & #gfj millimet]s pressure m]cury4 ,! =ego+ me?ods w suffice to %[ ! proc$ures to be foll[$ 9 e/imat+ ! maximum am\nt ( any common gas or vapor a giv5 quantity ( soil may be made to absorb4 ,we pass next to consid] ! quantities ( gases or vapor soils 9 situ may hold4 #bhd4 ,me?od ( ,b\ss+ault & ,lewey4#ahd--,?is me?od is ! olde/ & mo/ simple proc$ure = e/imat+ ! nature ( ! gases held 9 a soil 9 situ4 ,= ! purpose ( collect+ ! sample ( gas f ! soil a hole1 ?irty to =ty c5timet]s 9 dep?1 is dug1 & a tube plac$ 9 x 9 a v]tical position1 hav+ on its l[] extremity a bulb p]=at$ ) f9e holes4 ,! hole is fill$ & ! e>? closely pack$ ar\nd ! tube :i* is left = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,at ! end ( t "t ! tube is sl[ly aspirat$ until a volume ( gas approa*+ f five to t5 lit]s is obta9$4 ,e/imation ( ,c>bon ,dioxid4--,! c>bon dioxid 9 ! sample ( gas is e/imat$ by all[+ x to bubble ?r\gh a solution ( b>ium hydroxid4 ,e/imation ( ! ,oxyg54--,! oxyg5 is e/imat$ 9 a sep>ate sample ( ! gas by means ( potassium pyrogallate4 ,! *ief objection to ?is simple process is ! unc]ta9ty ( be+ able to obta9 an av]age sample ( ! occlud$ gas4 ,9 digg+ ! hole & refill+1 !re mu/ evid5tly be a consid]able di/urbance ( ! orig9al di/ribution ( ! gas or vapor4 ,! me?ods ( ,pett5k(]#ahe & ,aubry#ahf are ess5tially l t j describ$4 ,pett5k(] f\nd ! l>ge/ quantities ( c>bon dioxid 9 ! e>? gases 9 ,july1 ,augu/1 & ,septemb]1 & ! smalle/ quantities 9 ! w9t] mon?s4 ,no great] detail conc]n+ ^! me?ods ( ! direct aspiration ( ! air is consid]$ necess>y inasmu* z ! me?ods ab\t to be describ$1 :ile m elaborate1 are sup]ior 9 accuracy to ! old] me?ods m5tion$4 ,9 g5]al1 9 ^! exp]im5ts1 x is deem$ suffici5t to det]m9e ! c>bon dioxid only4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #fb4 ,,s*loes+',s ,,soil-,,tube ,,= ,,collect+ ,,gases4 #bhe4 ,me?od ( ,s*loes+4--,! app>atus us$ by ,s*loes+#ahg 9 ! collection ( ! soil gases consi/s ( a /eel tube 7,fig4 #fb7 a little ov] "o met] 9 l5g?1 t5 millimet]s 9 ext]nal diamet]1 & "o & "o-half to two millimet]s 9 int]nal diamet]4 ,! end :i* p5etrates ! soil is made slightly conical = a di/ance ( tw5ty-five to ?irty c5timet]s4 ,by reason ( ! %ape ( ! tube1 :5 x is driv5 into ! soil all connection betwe5 ! orifice 9 ! po9t ( ! tube & ! ext]nal air is prev5t$4 ,! ob/ruction ( ! int]nal canal ( ! tube is prev5t$ by introduc+ a ?read ( /eel :i* p5etrates ! :ole l5g? ( ! tube4 ,?is ?read1 repres5t$ by ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 is flu% ) ! int]ior extremity ( ! tube at ,d4 ,x ext5ds = ab\t ?ree c5timet]s above ! upp] end ( ! tube 9 ord] to be easily h&l$ :5 x is to be remov$4 ,= ! purpose ( driv+ ! tube into ! soil its upp] "p is cov]$ ) a cyl9drical piece ( /eel1 ,,ef1 9 ! int]ior ( :i* are freely engag$ ,h & ,a4 ,?is head piece re/s ^u a r+ ( /eel1 ,k4 ,?is r+ is fa/5$ solidly into ! tube4 ,on /rik+ ! piece ,,ef ! tube & ! /eel wire 9 ! c5t] are driv5 toge!r into ! soil4 ,! tube is flatt5$ at ,l & ,l 9 ord] to be embrac$ by ! key ,,mm1 ! employm5t ( :i* is necess>y 9 ord] to revolve ! tube ar\nd its axis :5 x is be+ driv5 into ! soil4 ,:5 ! tube has be5 driv5 to ! dep? desir$1 ! /eel wire is )drawn & x is imm$iately connect$ at ,h ) ! rubb] tube ,n 7,fig4 #fc7 belong+ to ! sy/em ,,pqt1 & furni%$ ) a p9*-cock ,x4 ,! sy/em ,,pqt comprises ! foll[+ elem5ts3 ,,pqt made ( a capill>y glass tube 9 ! =m ( a ,t4 ,! l[] end ( ! tube ,p is clos$ by ! l>g] glass tube ,o1 seal+ ! end ( ,p ) a little m]cury4 ,o is held to ,p by ! cork ,s1 :i* is atta*$ firmly en\gh to prev5t ,o f dropp+ (f1 b is furni%$ ) a canal 9 ord] to all[ ! air to fl[ 9 or out freely4 ,?is sy/em is connect$ ) ! sy/em ,,uv by ! rubb] connection ,t4 ,u is a glass vessel hav+ ! con/rictions z indicat$ 9 its /em above & bel[ ! bulb4 ,v is a glass vessel ( conv5i5t size connect$ ) ,u by ! rubb] tub+ z indicat$4 ,! capacity ( ! cyl9drical portion ( ,u %\ld be f fifte5 to eighte5 cubic c5timet]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #fc4 ,,s*loes+',s ,,app>atus ,,= ,,collect+ ,,gases ,,f ,,soil4 ,to take a sample ( soil gas1 ,v is lift$ above ,u4 ,! air is driv5 f ,u & escapes ?r\gh ,o1 :i* acts z a true valve4 ,:5 ! m]cury has completely fill$ ,u ! p9*-cock ,x is op5$ & ,v depress$ gradually4 ,! gas com+ f ! soil is ?us collect$ 9 ,u4 ,a few cubic c5timet]s ( ! soil gas are collect$ 9 ?is way1 ! p9*-cock ,x is aga9 clos$ & ,v is rais$ 9 ord] to drive ! :ole ( ! cont5ts ( ,u aga9 ?r\gh ,o4 ,9 ?is way ! :ole ( ! air :i* ! capill>y vessel orig9ally conta9$ is remov$ & all p>ts ( x rema9 fill$ ) soil gas4 ,two or ?ree op]ations1 us+ f five to t5 c5timet]s ( soil gas 9 all1 w be suffici5t to completely free ! app>atus f its orig9al cont5t ( air4 ,u is !n entirely fill$ by depress+ ,v1 & x is !n h]metically seal$ at ! two con/rict$ po9ts by means ( an alcohol lamp4 ,! seal$ tube c !n be transport$ to ! laboratory & its cont5ts subject$ to eudiometric analysis4 ,)\t displac+ ! tube f ! soil1 sev]al samples ( gas c be tak5 f ! same spot4 ,a suffici5t numb] ( ! bulbs ,v %\ld be at h& to hold ! requir$ numb] ( samples4 ,in/ead ( submitt+ ! sample to eudiometric analysis x is usually suffici5t to det]m9e ! quantity ( c>bon dioxid :i* x conta9s1 inasmu* z num]\s exp]im5ts h %[n t 9 #ajj p>ts ( soil gas ! oxyg5 & c>bon dioxid toge!r con/itute tw5ty-"o p>ts4 ,no appreciable trace ( m>% gas1 or o!r combu/ible gas1 has yet be5 detect$ 9 ord9>y arable soils4 ,^! gases h only be5 f\nd 9 special soils f m>%es1 9 ! neighborhood ( gas wells1 etc41 & n 9 arable soils4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #fd4 ,,s*loes+',s ,,app>atus ,,= ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,c>bon ,,dioxid4 #bhf4 ,app>atus = ,e/imat+ ! ,c>bon ,dioxid4--,! app>atus us$ = det]m9+ ! c>bon dioxid 9 ,s*loes+'s "w consi/s ( ! app>atus %[n 9 ,fig4 #fd4 ,a repres5ts a glass vessel surr\nd$ by a jacket ( glass1 full ( wat]1 & seal$ on its l[] "p to ! tube ,,bc ( ab\t six millimet]s int]nal diamet]4 ,on its upp] "p x is seal$ to ! capill>y tube ,d4 ,! tube ,,bc is graduat$ f ,c 9 hundr$?s ( ! volume ( ,,dac1 :i* volume is ab\t twelve cubic c5timet]s4 ,on its l[] "p x is connect$ by a rubb] tube ) a res]voir ,f :i* is capable ( be+ rais$ or l[]$4 ,,ghk are capill>y tubes connect$ toge!r by ! rubb] tubes ,l & ,m1 :i* are furni%$ ) p9*-cocks4 ,! tube ,g is connect$ to a vacuum by ! rubb] tube ,n4 ,! rubb] tube %\ld be ( v small int]nal diamet] & f =ty to fifty c5timet]s 9 l5g?4 ,to ! tube ,h are seal$1 at "r angles1 ! bran* ,d & ano!r bran* ,o4 ,?is la/ dips into a little m]cury :i* ! tube ,p conta9s4 ,x s]ves z a valve1 p]mitt+ ! exit ( ! gases b n _! entrance4 ,! tube ,k c>ries "s l9es engrav$ on its inf]ior "p & is seal$ to ! sy/em ( ! two bulbs ,q & ,r4 ,! bulb ,q conta9s a conc5trat$ solution ( pota%4 ,x c>ries a numb] ( pieces ( glass tub+ = ! purpose ( increas+ ! surface ( ! pota% solution4 ,all ! p>ts ( ! app>atus are fix$ ^u a rectangul> bo>d1 n9ete5 c5timet]s broad by tw5ty c5timet]s long4 ,?is =ms "o ( ! faces ( a wood5 box to :i* x is h+$ & :i* s]ves = ! transportation ( ! app>atus 9 a v]tical position4 ,! graduation ( ! tube ,,bc is record$ beh9d ?is tube ^u a c>d fix$ ^u ! bo>d4 ,by means ( ^! two graduations1 ! height ( ! m]cury 9 ! tube ,,bc is mo/ easily read1 ev5 :5 ! tube is n p]fectly v]tical4 ,ea* "o ( ! p9*-cocks ,l & ,m1 on its upp] "p is fix$ 9 a sort ( gu>d :i* prev5ts x f be+ displac$ lat]ally dur+ ! processes ( ! manipulation1 ?us avoid+ all dang] ( breakage4 ,aft] ! op]ation is f9i%$ a little air is s5t into ,q 9 su* a mann] z to s5sibly l[] ! level ( ! solution ( pota%1 & ! upp] extremity ( ,r is clos$ ) a rubb] /opp]4 ,aft]w>d1 ! app>atus c be transport$ )\t any dang] ( ! pota% becom+ engag$ 9 ! tube ,k & rea*+ ! measur+ tank ,a4 ,to proce$ to ! analysis1 a /ake is driv5 into ! soil to :i* all ( ! app>atus c be fix$4 ,at ! side ( ! /ake ! app>atus = tak+ ! sample1 already describ$1 is driv5 into ! soil & ?is app>atus is connect$ by ! tube ,n ) ! app>atus = det]m9+ ! c>bon dioxid4 ,! p9*-cocks ,l & ,m be+ clos$1 ,f is lift$ until ! m]cury :i* runs f x fills ,a & approa*es ,d4 ,dur+ ?is "t ! air :i* ! app>atus conta9s has be5 driv5 out ?r\gh ,o4 ,! tube ,,ngd is fre$ f air by op5+ ! p9*-cock ,l1 l[]+ ,f & draw+ into ,a ! gas com+ f ! soil2 aft]w>d clos+ ,l & driv+ out ! gas ?r\gh ,o4 ,aft] two or ?ree r9s+s ( ?is k9d1 :i* employ altoge!r only t5 to twelve cubic c5timet]s1 ! gas :i* is to be analyz$ is suck$ into ,a4 ,= ?is purpose ,f is l[]$ until ! m]cury 9 ! tube ,,bc is v ne> ,c4 ,! p9*-cock ,l is clos$ & ,m op5$4 ,! res]voir ,f is displac$ little by little by press+ lightly aga9/ ! rectangul> bo>d 9 ord] to give x great] firmness 9 su* a way z to fix ! level ( ! m]cury exactly at ,c1 & ! l9e is notic$ :]e ! solution ( pota% 9 ,k /&s4 ,! gas conta9$ 9 ! app>atus is "u a pressure1 ! diff]5ce ( :i* f ! ext]nal pressure is repres5t$ by ! column ( ! pota% solution betwe5 ! m>k j notic$ & ! level ( ! same solution 9 ! bulb ,r4 ,9 ord] to absorb ! c>bon dioxid1 ,f is lift$ until ! m]cury /&s betwe5 ,d & ,e4 ,! gas ?us passes f ,a into ,q4 ,x gives up imm$iately its c>bon dioxid to ! pota% solution4 ,x is !n made to come aga9 into ,a1 & aft]w>d a second "t into ,q 9 ord] to free x f ! la/ trace ( dioxid4 ,f9ally x is made to return to ,a & ,f is kept at su* a height t ! pota% solution ma9ta9s 9 ! tube ,k ! same level z at ! comm5cem5t ( ! op]ation4 ,! gas is !n at ! same pressure to :i* x 0 subject$ be=e absorption4 ,! level ( ! m]cury is !n read on ,,bc4 ,at ! "t ! app>atus is us$1 ! measur+ tube ,a %\ld be slightly moi/4 ,if x is n s1 a small quantity ( wat] %\ld be introduc$ :i* is aft]w>d reject$1 b :i* leaves a suffici5t quantity ( moi/ure ^u ! int]nal walls ( ,a4 ,9 ?is way ! gas w always1 be=e or aft] absorption ( c>bon dioxid1 be saturat$ ) vapor ( wat]1 & ! figure read 9 ! la/ place ^u ! tube ,,bc repres5ts ! p]c5tage ( c>bon dioxid 9 #ajj p>ts ( ! gas extract$ f ! soil suppos$ to be saturat$ ) vapor at ! temp]ature ( ! exp]im5t4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( ! analysis1 ! temp]ature ( ! measur+ flask1 :i* is almo/ entirely surr\nd$ ) wat]1 does n v>y s5sibly1 b 9 a s]ies ( exp]im5ts :i* are execut$ at diff]5t times1 ! temp]ature ( ! measur+ app>atus1 :i* is t ( ! ambi5t air1 may *ange mu*4 ,x may oscillate betwe5 #aj to #be1 & exceptionally betwe5 #j & #cj1 :5ce !re are notable v>iations 9 ! t5sion ( ! vapor ( ! gas measur$4 ,if x %\ld be desir$ to calculate to #ajj p>ts ( dry gas ! obs]vations made at #cj ^u #ajj p>ts ( saturat$ gas1 x w\ld be necess>y to increase ! p]c5tage ( c>bon dioxid by ab\t ( its value4 ,x is notic$ t ) ! app>atus describ$ above1 ! gas ^u :i* ! e/imation is really conduct$ comprises n only t :i* ! measur+ app>atus conta9s f ,e to ,c be=e ! absorption ( ! c>bon dioxid1 b also ! small quantity :i* rema9s 9 ! capill>y tube ,,kme at ! mom5t :5 clos+ ! p9*-cock ,m1 aft] ! second r9s+1 ! gas f ! soil is aspir$ into ,,eac4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is left 9 ! same tube ,,kme1 :5 ! f9al read+ is made1 "s gas :i* belongs to t :i* has be5 measur$ at ! end4 ,^! two small gase\s portions :i* we consid] 9 ! tube ,,kme to be s5sibly equal1 d n conta9 any c>bon dioxid & may be left out ( consid]ation4 ,t is :y ! volume ( ! measur+ app>atus is limit$ to ,e & ! graduation ( ! tube ,,bc is 9 hundr$?s ( ! volume compris$ f ,e to ,c4 ,9 reality ! two portions are n absolutely equal because ! two successive levels ( ! pota% solution1 :i* limit !m 9 ! tube ,k1 are n absolutely id5tical4 ,^! two levels c diff] 9 su* a mann] z to correspond to a volume ( ab\t ( ! measur+ app>atus4 ,?us ! e/imation is really made ^u a volume ( gas :i* may be great] or less by ?an ! volume ( ,,eac2 :5ce !re might result an error ( 9 ! e/imation ( ! c>bon dioxid1 an error :i* is :olly negligible4 ,z a result ( num]\s analyses x is conclud$1 fir/1 t ! oxyg5 exi/s normally 9 ! atmosph]e ( soils 9 l>ge proportion2 second1 v probably ! gase\s atmosph]e ( arable soils1 to a dep? ( sixty c5timet]s1 conta9s sc>cely "o p] c5t ( c>bon dioxid & ab\t tw5ty p] c5t ( oxyg52 ?ird1 ! highe/ p]c5tages ( c>bon dioxid correspond to epo*s ( highe/ temp]ature & p]iods ( greate/ calm2 f\r?1 ! proportion ( c>bon dioxid increases ord9>ily ) ! dep? at :i* ! samples are tak54 ,?is disposition ( ! c>bon dioxid w\ld appe> almo/ necess>y1 s9ce ne> ! surface ! int]nal atmosph]e is almo/ con/antly dilut$ by ext]nal air by virtue ( diffusion4 ,fif?1 f "o epo* to ano!r ! composition ( ! atmosph]e ( ! soil c und]go consid]able v>iation4 #bhg4 ,det]m9ation ( ,diffusion ( ,c>bon ,dioxid 9 ,soil4--,! me?od propos$ by ,hannn#ahh is a conv5i5t "o to use 9 /udy+ ! rate ( diffusion ( c>bon dioxid 9 soils4 ,a l>ge ,w\lff's bottle ) ?ree necks s]ves = ! reception ( ! gas4 ,! two small] out] necks ( ! bottle c>ry two glass tubes b5t outw>ds & provid$ ) /op-cocks4 ,"o ( ^! passes to ne> ! bottom ( ! bottle & ! o!r j ?r\gh ! /opp]4 ,! middle tubule ( ! bottle is ( a size to give 9 section an area ( ab\t tw5ty-two squ>e c5timet]s4 ,x is made ) a heavy rim two c5timet]s wide & plane gr\nd4 ,?is rim c>ries a plane-gr\nd glass plate ) a circul> p]=ation 9 "o-half ( x1 ( ! size ( ! op5+ 9 ! c5tral tubule ( ! bottle4 ,a glass cyl9d]1 c>ry+ a f9e wire-gauze diaphragm ne> ! l[] end1 fits ) a gr\nd-glass edge air-tight1 ov] ?is ap]ture1 be+ held 9 position by a brass clamp4 ,! gr\nd-glass plate moves air-tight betwe5 ! cyl9d] & ! bottle1 s t ! cyl9d] c be br\ght into connection ) ! bottle or cut (f !refrom )\t 9 any way op5+ ! bottle to ! air4 ,! plate & all gr\nd movable surfaces %\ld be well lubricat$ ) vasel9e4 ,! exp]im5t is c>ri$ on z foll[s3 ,! glass cyl9d] is fill$ ) ! soil to be te/$1 clos$ above ) a rubb] /opp] c>ry+ a gas tube1 & !n by mov+ ! p]=at$-glass plate br\ght into connection ) ! bottle4 ,! side tube1 ) %ort arm inside ! bottle1 is !n clos$1 & c>bon dioxid introduc$ ?r\gh ! o!r lat]al tube until ! gas pass+ f ! tube at ! top ( ! cyl9d] is pure c>bon dioxid4 ,! lat]al tube is !n clos$ & ! bottle is plac$ 9 a wat]-ba? & kept at a con/ant temp]ature ( #bj4 ,:5 ! temp]ature )9 & )\t ! app>atus is ! same ! read+ ( ! b>omet] is made1 ! /opp] remov$ f ! top ( ! cyl9d]1 & ! process ( diffusion all[$ to beg94 ,aft] f six to t5 h\rs ! glass plate is mov$ s z to break ! connection betwe5 ! cyl9d] & bottle4 ,! c>bon dioxid rema9+ 9 ! bottle is driv5 out by a /ream ( dry1 pure air4 ,! air is all[$ to pass ?r\gh ! app>atus = ab\t t5 h\rs4 ,! c>bon dioxid driv5 out is collect$ 9 an absorption app>atus & weigh$4 ,! absorption app>atus %\ld consi/ ( a s]ies ( ,geissl] pota% absorption bulbs & f9ally a =m soda-lime tube4 ,9 front ( ! absorption app>atus is plac$ a dry+ bulb conta9+ sulfuric acid4 ,inasmu* z ! temp]ature & pressure c be readily det]m9$1 ! weight ( c>bon dioxid obta9$ is easily calculat$ to volume4 ,! weight ( #a1jjj cubic c5timet]s ( c>bon dioxid at #j & #gfj millimet]s pressure is #a4ifejc grams4 ,!re=e "o milligram is equival5t to #j4ejhi cubic c5timet] ( ! gas4 ,! volume ( ! bottle %\ld be c>efully det]m9$ by calibration ) wat]4 ,! results %\ld be calculat$ to cubic c5timet]s p] squ>e c5timet] ( expos$ surface 9 t5 h\rs4 ,! dep? ( ! soil lay] is conv5i5tly tak5 at tw5ty c5timet]s4 #bhh4 ,/atem5t ( ,results4-- ,,! ,,soil ,,pack$ ,,loosely ,,9 ,,! ,,diffusion ,,tube4 ,,diffusion ,,"t1 ,,t5 ,,h\rs4 ,diamet] ( ,weight ( ,pure c>bon ,c>bon dioxid ,cubic soil soil tak51 dioxid at at end ( c5timet]s p>ticles1 grams4 beg9n+ ( exp]im5t1 ( c>bon millimet]s4 exp]im5t1 cubic cm4 dioxid cubic cm4 diffus$ = ea* squ>e cm4 #j4ja-j4jga #ebj #bedi4d #abcj4c #ei4i #j4jga-j4aad #eej #bede4i #abfi4b #eh4j #j4aad-j4aga #eij #beef4d #aced4b #ed4f #j4aga-j4bej #fbj #bech4i #accf4a #ed4f #j4bej-j4ejj #ffj #becb4j #acgd4e #eb4f #j4ejj-a4jjj #fhj #bebh4b #addj4b #di4e #a4jjj-b4jjj #fij #bdif4f #acif4i #ej4j ,mixture ( #gbj #bead4c #aegb4e #db4h ! above ,9 great] detail ! calculation & /atem5t ( ! results may be illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ data3 ,9 ! fir/ exp]im5t giv5 9 ! above table ! diamet] ( ! soil p>ticles v>i$ f #j4jaj to #j4jga millimet]4 ,! weight ( soil 9 ! diffusion tube 0 #ebj grams4 ,! volume ( gas1 at #j & #gfj millimet]s1 be=e ! diffusion began 0 #bedi4d cubic c5timet]s4 ,! volume ( c>bon dioxid "u /&>d conditions rema9+ aft] t5 h\rs ( diffusion 0 #abcj4c cubic c5timet]s4 ,?is volume is calculat$ f ! weight ( c>bon dioxid obta9$ 9 ! pota% bulbs1 ea* milligram be+ equal to #j4ejhi cubic c5timet] ( c>bon dioxid4 ,! volume ( c>bon dioxid diffus$ is !re=e #bedi4d #abcj4c #acai4a cubic c5timet]s4 ,! p] c5t ( c>bon dioxid diffus$ is #acai4a #bedi4d #ea4gd4 ,! volume ( c>bon dioxid diffus$ = ea* squ>e c5timet] ( cross section ( ! diffusion tube is #acai4a #bb #ei4i cubic c5timet]s4 ,! c>bon dioxid %\ld be pass$ long en\gh to secure complete expulsion ( ! air be=e ! det]m9ation is comm5c$4 #bhi4 ,g5]al ,conclusions4--,! g5]al results ( ! exp]im5ts ) ! diffusion app>atus to det]m9e ! effect ( ! physical condition ( ! soil ^u ! rate ( diffusion are z foll[s3 #a4 ,! diffusion ( c>bon dioxid ?r\gh ! soil is1 at a con/ant temp]ature1 *iefly dep5d5t ^u ! pores 9 ! cross section ( ! column ( soil4 ,!re=e1 ! absolute quantity ( ! diffus$ gas is great] ! l>g] ! total volume ( ! pores & vice v]sa4 #b4 ,e dim9ution ( ! volume ( ! pores1 :e!r secur$ by pressure ( ! soil or by an increase 9 ! moi/ure !re(1 is foll[$ by a decrease 9 ! volume ( diffus$ gas4 ,! giv+ up ( ! c>bon dioxid pres5t 9 ! soil atmosph]e to ! upp] atmosph]e by ! me?od ( diffusion is !re=e ! less ! f9] ! soil is1 ! m compress$ ! soil p>ticles are1 & ! l>g] ! wat] capacity ( ! sample & vice v]sa4 #c4 ,! quantity ( diffus$ c>bon dioxid is dim9i%$ accord+ to ! measure ( compression to :i* ! soil is subject$ b is n /rictly proportional to ! height ( ! soil lay]4 #d4 ,9 soils 9 :i* ra9 wat] p]colates sl[ly ! diffusion ( ! c>bon dioxid on acc\nt ( ?is prop]ty is depress$ to a great] or less ext5t4 ,,au?orities ,,cit$ ,,9 ,,"p ,,fif?4 ,footnote #agi3 ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 #ahgb1 p4 #cbh4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,die ,l&wirts*aftli*5 ,v]su*s-,/ation51 #ahhi1 ,s4 #aig4 ,footnote #aha3 ,knig1 ,unt]su*ung ,l&wirts*aftli* und ,gew]bli* ,wi*tig] ,/(fe1 ,ss4 #fd-ff4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,knig1 op cit4 supra4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,=s*ung5 auf dem ,gebiete d] ,agricultur-,physik1 ,b& #ae1 ,s4 #aij4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique1 ,tome #cg1 #ahec2 ,encyclop$ie ,*imique1 ,tome #d1 p4 #aed4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,zeits*rift fr ,biologie1 ,b& #g1 ,s4 #cie & ,b& #i1 ,s4 #bej4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,jahresb]i*t fr ,agricultur*emie1 ,b& #a1 ,s4 #afj4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique1 #ahia1 ,sixime ,srie1 ,tome #bc1 pp4 #cfb1 et seq4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,op4 cit4 #e1 #ahib1 ,ss4 #h1 et seq4 ,,"p ,,six?4 #bij4 ,prelim9>y ,consid]ations4--,! sample ( soil int5d$ = *emical analysis %\ld consi/ ( ! f9e e>? :i* has pass$ at lea/ a "o-millimet] me% sieve & subsequ5tly be5 completely air-dri$4 ,accord+ to ,pet]mann ! air-dry+ ( a soil %\ld cont9ue = ab\t f\r days = an ord9>y arable soil1 & ab\t six days = "o v ri* 9 organic matt]4 ,) peat & muck soils ,i h f\nd t t5 or twelve days ) frequ5t /irr+1 ev5 :5 9 ?9 lay]s1 are necess>y to atta9 approximately a con/ant weight4 ,! soil is conv5i5tly spread on a z9c or o!r metal %eet ( suffici5t area s t ! lay] w be only "o or two c5timet]s 9 ?ickness4 ,! weight be=e & aft] desiccation w give ! p]c5tage ( moi/ure lo/ on air-dry+1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 w dep5d *iefly on ! degree ( saturation ( ! sample :5 tak5 & ! atmosph]ic conditions prevail+ dur+ dry+4 ,if samples ( soil are tak5 9 v dry times x is (t5 necess>y to moi/5 !m ) di/ill$ wat] 9 ord] to prep>e !m prop]ly = air-dry+4 ,! quantity ( hygroscopic wat] :i* ! sample loses at #ajj-aje %\ld be det]m9$1 & all subsequ5t calculations ( ! p]c5tages ( ! v>i\s con/itu5ts be bas$ on ! wat]-free mat]ial4 ,:5 a soil :i* has be5 dri$ at #ajj-aje to a con/ant weight is heat$ to #adj-aej x loses additional weight n due to loss ( wat] ( con/itution4 ,a "p ( ?is loss may be due to hygroscopic moi/ure :i* is n giv5 (f at #ajj-aje1 & a "p may be hydroc>bons1 or o!r easily volatile organic or inorganic bodies4 ,be=e e/imat+ ! total loss on ignition x is recomm5d$ by mo/ *emi/s to dry at #adj-aej4 ,! samples ( soil1 h[ev]1 int5d$ = *emical exam9ation %\ld nev] be dri$ beyond ! po9t :i* is rea*$ by exposure 9 ?9 lay]s at ord9>y room temp]atures4 ,! /ate ( aggregation1 degree ( solubility1 & g5]al prop]ties ( a soil1 may be s *ang$ by absolute desiccation z to r5d] ! subsequ5t results ( *emical inve/igation mislead+4 ,9 ! me?ods :i* foll[ ! actual processes employ$ h be5 giv51 :i* 9 "s in/ances transgress ! g5]al pr9ciple /at$ above1 b 9 all cases /&>d & approv$ me?ods are giv5 9 detail1 ev5 if "s ( _! provisions seem unnecess>y or imp]fect4 #bia4 ,ord] ( ,exam9ation4--,fir/ ( all 9 a *emical /udy ( ! soil %\ld be det]m9$1 its reaction 7) litmus71 its wat]-hold+ p[] 9 ! air-dri$ /ate 7hygroscopicity71 its cont5t ( comb9$ wat] 7giv+ hydr\s silicates ( alum9a71 its organic matt] 7humus & organic nitrog571 its cont5t ( c>bon dioxid 7c>bonates ( ! alkal9e e>?s71 & ! "p ( x soluble 9 acids4 ,a det]m9ation ( ^! values gives ! analy/ a g5]al view ( ! type ( soil ) :i* he is engag$1 & leads him to adopt su* a me?od ( m ext5d$ analysis z ! circum/ances ( ! case may dem&4 ,= ?is reason ^? op]ations :i* relate to ! above det]m9ations are plac$ fir/ 9 ! processes to be p]=m$1 :ile ! e/imation ( ! m p>ticul> +r$i5ts ( ! soil is left = subsequ5t elaboration4 ,next foll[s a description ( ! /&>d me?ods ( e/imat+ ! m important elem5ts pass+ into solution on treatm5t ( a soil sample ) an acid4 ,! me?od ( treat+ ! insoluble residue1 & ! detection & e/imation ( r>e or unimportant soil con/itu5ts1 closes ! analytical /udy ( ! soils4 ,) respect to ! det]m9ation ( nitrog5 z nitric or nitr\s acid 9 ! soil & dra9age wat]s1 x has be5 ?\ght prop] to collect all /&>d me?ods relat+ p>ticul>ly !reto into "o gr\p1 & !y w appe> sep>ate f ! me?ods "u nitrog5 analysis 9 f]tiliz]s4 ,! "q ( ! utility ( *emical soil analyses is "o :i* has be5 ! subject ( vigor\s discussion1 a discussion :i* f9ds no prop] place 9 a "w ( ?is "*4 ,unless1 h[ev]1 intellig5t soil analysis be productive ( "s good x w\ld be a ?ankless task to collect & arrange ! details ( ! processes employ$4 ,an accurate det]m9ation ( ! con/itu5ts ( a soil may n enable ! *emi/ to recomm5d a prop] c\rse ( treatm5t1 b x w help 9 _m ways to develop a rational soil diagnosis :i* w p]mit ! physician 9 *>ge ( ! case1 :o la/ ( all is ! f>m]1 to foll[ a rational treatm5t :i* 9 ! end w be productive ( good4 ,! analy/ w f9d 9 ! me?ods giv5 all t are approv$ by bodies ( (ficial or affiliat$ *emi/s1 or by individual exp]i5ce1 & among !m "s me?od may be f\nd :i*1 x is hop$1 w be suit$1 9 ! light ( our pres5t k1 to ea* case :i* may arise4 #bib4 ,reaction ( ! ,soil4--,9 soils ri* 9 decay+ vegetable matt] ! excess ( acid is (t5 great en\gh to produce a di/9ct acid reaction4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 arid regions ! accumulation ( salts ne> ! surface may produce ! opposite effect4 ,! reaction ( ! soil may be det]m9$ ) a l>ge numb] ( indicators among :i*1 = conv5i5ce1 s5sitive litmus pap]1 bo? r$ & blue1 /& 9 ! front rank4 ,a sample ( ! soil1 f fifte5 to ?irty grams1 is mix$ ) wat] to a pa/e & all[$ to settle4 ,! litmus pap] is !n dipp$ into ! sup]natant liquid4 #bic4 ,det]m9ation ( ,wat] 9 ,soil4--,! foll[+ problems are pres5t$3 7a7 ,! ,det]m9ation ( ,wat] 9 ,fre% ,samples tak5 9 situ4--,! cont5t ( wat] 9 ?is case v>ies ) ! date & am\nt ( ra9-fall1 ! capacity ( ! soil = hold+ wat]1 ! temp]ature & degree ( saturation ( ! atmosph]e1 & _m o!r conditions1 all ( :i* %\ld be not$ at ! "t ! samples are tak54 7b7 ,! ,det]m9ation ( ,wat] 9 ,air-,dri$ ,samples4--,9 ?is case ! soil is all[$ to rema9 9 ?9 lay]s1 & expos$ to ! air until x ceases to lose weight4 ,! quantity ( wat] left is dep5d5t on ! capacity ( ! soil to hold hygroscopic wat] & to ! temp]ature & degree ( saturation ( ! air4 7c7 ,! ,det]m9ation ( ! ,total ,wat] by ,ignition4--,?is process n only gives ! free & hygroscopic moi/ure1 b also comb9$ wat] pres5t 9 ! hydr\s silicates & o!rwise4 ,! e/imation is complicat$ by ! pres5ce ( c>bonates & organic matt]4 #bid4 ,det]m9ation ( ,wat] 9 ,fre% ,samples4--,?is det]m9ation requires t ! sample1 :5 tak5 9 ! field1 %\ld be s secur$ z to be weigh$ be=e any loss ( moi/ure c take place4 ,= ?is purpose x c be seal$ up 9 tubes or bottles & pres]v$ = exam9ation 9 ! laboratory4 ,accord+ to ,:itney1 ! relations ( soils to moi/ure & heat are su* prom95t factors 9 ! di/ribution & developm5t ( agricultural crops1 t ! det]m9ation ( ! actual moi/ure cont5t ( soils 9 ! fields %\ld be consid]$ a necess>y "p ( ! meteorological obs]vations1 & ( f> m importance1 inde$1 or hav+ f> m mean+ to ! agriculturi/ ?an ! simple record ( ! ra9-fall4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e ! relation ( ! soil to moi/ure1 un9flu5c$ by ! v>y+ conditions ( cultivation & ( ! diff]5t size ( crop1 he recomm5ds t a small plot ( gr\nd be res]v$ at ea* /ation1 adjac5t to ! soil !rmomet]s1 :]e ! samples may be tak5 = ! moi/ure det]m9ations4 ,no crops %\ld be all[$ to gr[ on ?is area & ! soil is n to be di/urb$1 except t we$s & grass are c>efully remov$ by h& :5 necess>y4 ,samples ( ! soil %\ld be tak5 e morn+ at #h o'clock1 by correspond5ts 9 ! pr9cipal soil =mations f ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! area "u obs]vation1 & s5t by mail to ! laboratory4 ,! samples %\ld be tak5 z describ$ 9 p>agraph #fe4 ,! locality & date are writt5 on a label atta*$ to ! tube4 ,! tube conta9s ab\t sixty or sev5ty grams ( soil1 & ! moi/ure det]m9ation is made on ?is 9 ! laboratory 9 ! usual way4 ,x w\ld be desirable to h ?is sample repres5t a dep? ( f six to n9e in*es1 ?us reject+ ! surface ?ree in*es :i* are m liable to sudd5 & accid5tal *anges4 ,^! tubes are v inexp5sive1 & a suffici5t numb] %\ld be pur*as$ to keep ea* /ation suppli$4 ,! sample repres5ts a def9ite dep?1 & x does n h to be subsampl$ or ev5 transf]r$ 9 ! field4 ,?is record ( ! moi/ure ( ! soil w %[ ! am\nt ( moi/ure :i* ! diff]5t soils c ma9ta9 at ! disposal ( ! plants1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! temp]ature ( ! soil1 is believ$ to be a mo/ important factor 9 crop di/ribution & developm5t4 #bie4 ,me?od ( ,b]!lot & ,&r4--,! e/imation ( ! wat] accord+ to ,b]!lot & ,&r#ahi %\ld be made "u ?ree =ms2 viz41 #a4 ,wat] elim9at$ spontane\sly at ord9>y temp]atures4 #b4 ,wat] elim9at$ by dry+ to con/ant weight at #aaj4 #c4 ,wat] elim9at$ at a r$ heat4 ,! wat] may be det]m9$ directly on a sample weigh$ at ! "t ( tak+ & aft]w>ds dri$ 9 ! op5 air1 & f9ally1 if necess>y1 9 a desiccator4 ,= a g5]al idea ! desiccation %\ld be made on a sample ( #ajj grams1 = exact "w on t5 grams4 ,! di% 9 :i* ! dry+ takes place %\ld be %all[1 & dur+ ! "t ! sample %\ld be frequ5tly /irr$ & ?or\ghly pulv]iz$ ) a spatula :i* is weigh$ ) ! di%4 ,! dry+ 9 ! air %\ld cont9ue sev]al days4 ,! data obta9$ are n fix$ s9ce !y dep5d on ! temp]ature & ! degree ( saturation ( ! air ) aque\s vapor4 ,! v>iations due to ^! causes1 h[ev]1 are n v wide4 ,! process may be reg>d$ z practically f9i%$ :5 successive weights s5sibly con/ant are obta9$4 ,9 ?is /ate ! soils conta9 v little wat] elim9able at #aaj4 #bif4 ,e/imation ( ,wat] ,rema9+ aft] ,air-,dry+4--,! sift$ sample is plac$ 9 quantities ( five or t5 grams 9 a flat-bottom$ di% & dri$ at #aaj to con/ant weight4 ,?is treatm5t n only removes ! moi/ure1 b all matt]s volatile at t temp]ature4 ,pet]mann1#aij 9 ! ,agricultural ,/ation1 at ,gembl\x1 practices dry+ ! sample to con/ant weight at #aej4 ,x is fur!r recomm5d$ by ,pet]mann to det]m9e total volatile & combu/ible matt]s by ignit+ to incipi5t r$ness1 all[+ to cool1 moi/5+ ) di/ill$ wat]1 & dry+ at #aej4 ,! ,g]man exp]im5t /ations#c e/imate hygroscopic moi/ure = analytical calculations by dry+ to con/ant weight at #ajj4 ,9 det]m9+ loss on ignition1 h[ev]1 ! prelim9>y dry+ is made at #adj1 ) ! exception ( peaty samples :]e s high a temp]ature is n admissible4 ,! ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s#aia place five grams ( air-dri$ soil 9 a flat-bottom$ & t>$ plat9um di%2 heat 9 an air-ba? to #aaj = eight h\rs2 cool 9 a desiccator1 & weigh2 repeat ! heat+1 cool+1 & weigh+1 at int]vals ( an h\r till con/ant weight is f\nd1 & e/imate ! hygroscopic moi/ure by ! loss ( weight4 ,weigh rapidly to avoid absorption ( moi/ure f ! air4 ,9 ! ,g]man laboratories1 accord+ to ,knig1#aib f t5 to tw5ty grams ( ! f9e e>?1 prop]ly prep>$ by air-dry+ & sift+1 = analysis1 are heat$ at #ajj to con/ant weight4 ,= control1 five grams are plac$ 9 a desiccator ov] sulfuric acid = two or ?ree days4 ,wolff directs t a small portion ( ! well-mix$ e>?1 = example1 tw5ty grams1 be spread out on a flat z9c plate1 & its *anges 9 weight obs]v$ ?r\gh sev]al days4 ,^! obs]vations are cont9u$ until ! v>iations are s slight t ! means c be det]m9$ ) suffici5t exactness f ! la/ weigh+s4 ,! soil is !n dri$ at #abe 9 a hot air-*amb]4 ,! loss 9 weight w give ! mean hygroscopic moi/ure 9 ! soil "u ! conditions 9 :i* ! exp]im5t is made4 #big4 ,dry+ 9 a ,desiccator4--,! sample dri$ z indicat$ previ\sly by ! me?od ( ,b]!lot & ,&r is plac$ 9 a desiccator ov] sulfuric acid4 ,x is bett] to h ! sample trav]s$ by a curr5t ( p]fectly dry air1 & 9 ?is case x %\ld be plac$ 9 a tube1 :i* is clos$ :ile weigh+1 to prev5t absorption ( moi/ure4 ,mu* "t is also requir$ = ?is op]ation1 & x does n possess ! practical value ( ! me?od ( dry+ 9 ! free air4 #bih4 ,wat] ,set ,free at #aaj4--,?is is det]m9$ by ,b]!lot & ,&r on a weight ( five to t5 grams ( soil4 ,! sample :i* has be5 employ$ = ! prec$+ det]m9ation may be us$4 ,:ile ?is is go+ on 9 an air-ba? heat$ to #aaj1 ab\t t5 times z mu* soil %\ld be dri$ = ! same "t at ! same temp]ature1 & ?is %\ld be pres]v$ 9 a well-/opp]$ flask4 ,all subsequ5t det]m9ations are to be made ) ! soil dri$ at #aaj4 ,! loss ( weight 9 a soil increases ) ! temp]ature to :i* x is expos$4 ,! app>5t quantity ( wat]1 !re=e1 det]m9$ at #adj or #ahj is always great] ?an t obta9$ at #aaj4 ,b :5 ! temp]ature exce$s #aaj !re is dang] ( decompos+ organic bodies ) ! loss ( a "p ( _! con/itu5t elem5ts4 ,c>bon dioxid & ammonia may also be lo/1 z well z acetic acid & o!r volatile bodies4 #bii4 ,loss on ,ignition4--,! loss on ignition repres5ts any hygroscopic moi/ure n remov$ by previ\s dry+1 all wat] 9 comb9ation ) m9]al matt]s z wat] ( con/itution1 all organic acids & ammoniacal comp\nds1 all organic matt] :5 ! ignition is cont9u$ until ! c>bon is burn$ away1 all or ne>ly all ( ! c>bon dioxid pres5t 9 c>bonates1 &1 f9ally1 "s ( ! *lorids ( ! alkalies1 if ! temp]ature h be5 c>ri$ too high or be5 cont9u$ too long4 ,! loss ( c>bon dioxid 9 c>bonates may be mo/ly re/or$ by moi/5+ ! ignit$ mass two or ?ree times ) ammonium c>bonate1 foll[$ by g5tle ignition = a few m9utes to incipi5t r$ness1 to remove excess ( ! reag5t4 ,! apportionm5t ( ! re/ ( ! loss ju/ly among ! rema9+ volatile con/itu5ts ( ! orig9al sample is a matt] ( "s difficulty b may be approximately effect$ by ! me?ods to be submitt$4 #cjj4 ,det]m9ation ( ,loss on ,ignition4--,me?od ( ! ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s4 ,! plat9um crucible & five grams ( soil us$ to det]m9e ! hygroscopic moi/ure may be employ$ to det]m9e ! volatile matt]4 ,heat ! crucible & dry soil to l[ r$ness4 ,! heat+ %\ld be prolong$ till all organic mat]ial is burn$ away1 b bel[ ! temp]ature at :i* alkal9e *lorids volatilize4 ,moi/5 ! cold mass ) a few drops ( a saturat$ solution ( ammonium c>bonate1 dry1 & heat to #aej to expel excess ( ammonia4 ,! loss 9 weight ( ! sample repres5ts organic matt]1 wat] ( comb9ation1 salts ( ammonia1 etc4 ,accord+ to ,knop#aic ! total loss on ignition is det]m9$ z foll[s3 ,ab\t two grams ( ! f9e e>? are c>efully ignit$ until all organic matt] is consum$4 ,! sample is !n mix$ ) an equal volume ( f9ely p[d]$1 pure oxalic acid1 & aga9 heat$ until all ! oxalic acid is decompos$4 ,aft] cool+1 ! sample is weigh$1 aga9 mix$ ) oxalic acid1 ignit$1 cool$1 weigh$1 & ! process cont9u$ until ! weight is con/ant4 ,! me?od recomm5d$ by ,knig consi/s 9 ignit+ ab\t t5 grams ( ! f9e e>? at ! l[e/ possible temp]ature until all ! humus is de/roy$4 ,!reaft] ! sample is repeat$ly moi/5$ ) a solution ( ammonium c>bonate & ignit$ aft] dry+ at #ajj1 until con/ant weight is obta9$4 ,9 soils ri* 9 c>bonates "s c>bon dioxid may be lo/ by ! above process4 ,= ?is a prop] correction c be made by e/imat+ ! c>bon dioxid 9 ! sample1 bo? be=e & aft] ! execution ( ! above describ$ process4 ,! me?od describ$ by ,frhl+ z mu* us$ 9 ! ,g]man laboratories1 consi/s 9 ignit+ t5 grams ( ! f9e e>?1 previ\sly dri$ at #adj 9 a crucible plac$ obliquely on its support & ) ! cov] s adju/$ ov] its m\? z to give a draft )9 ! body ( ! crucible4 ,! ignition1 at a g5tle heat is cont9u$ until on /irr+ ) a plat9um wire no evid5ce ( unconsum$ c>bon is f\nd4 ,! moi/5+ ) solution ( ammonium c>bonate1 %\ld n take place until ! cont5ts ( ! crucible are cool4 ,subsequ5t ignition1 at a l[ heat = a %ort "t1 w remove ! excess ( ammonium salt4 #cja4 ,me?od ( ,b]!lot & ,&r4#aid--,! e>? dri$ at #aaj conta9s /ill a great] or less quantity ( comb9$ wat]4 ,?is is ! wat] unit$ ) alum9a1 silica & c]ta9 salts1 b n ! wat] ( con/itution belong+ to organic bodies4 ,! exact e/imation ( ?is wat] (f]s _m difficulties4 ,! det]m9ation ( loss obta9$ at a r$ heat embraces3 7#a7 ,! wat] comb9$ ) zeolitic silicates1 ) alum9a & ) organic comp\nds4 7#b7 ,! wat] produc$ by ! combu/ion ( ! organic comp\nds4 7#c7 ,! c>bon dioxid result+ f ! p>tial decomposition ( ! calcium & magnesium c>bonates4 7#d7 ,! c>bon burn$ & ! nitrog5 lo/ dur+ ignition4 ,! measure ( ! loss ( weight 9 an e>? heat$ to r$ness 9 contact ) ! air is n !re=e1 an exact process ( e/imat+ wat] or ev5 volatile matt]s4 ,a bett] def9$ result is obta9$ 9 c>efully burn+ a kn[n weight ( e>? ei!r 9 a curr5t ( free oxyg51 or ) lead *romate4 ,! wat] produc$ 9 su* a combu/ion is secur$ 9 a tube fill$ ) pumice /one saturat$ ) sulfuric acid1 ! c>bon dioxid be+ absorb$ aft]w>ds 9 pota% bulbs & by solid pota%4 ,! weight ( e>? burn$ is *os5 s z to furni% a conv5i5t weight ( bo? wat] & c>bon dioxid4 ,9 g5]al ab\t five grams are suffici5t4 ,:5 ! combu/ion is made ) oxyg51 ! soil is conta9$ 9 a boat & ! products ( ! combu/ion are c>ri$ ov] a long column ( copp] oxid heat$ to r$ness4 ,! residue left 9 ! boat is weigh$ at ! end ( ! op]ation1 & 9 ?is residue x is advisable to det]m9e any undecompos$ c>bonate4 ,%\ld ! sample burn badly & be mix$ ) c>bonace\s matt] at ! end ( ! op]ation1 x w be necess>y to sub/itute ! lead *romate me?od4 ,9 ?is case1 ( c\rse1 ! residue left aft] combu/ion is n weigh$4 ,:i*ev] me?od is employ$ gives a quantity ( wat] orig9ally comb9$ ) ! soil1 plus ! quantity aris+ f ! combu/ion ( ! hydrog5 ( ! organic matt]4 ,! details ( ! processes = organic combu/ion1 w be giv5 9 a subsequ5t "p ( ?is manual4 ,x is n possible to divide ! wat] betwe5 ^! two s\rces directly1 b ?is c be done by calculation1 :i* gives results ly+ )9 ! limits ( probability4 ,! me?od foll[s3 ,! organic nitrog51 det]m9$ sep>ately1 by soda-lime1 ! me?od ( ,kjeldahl1 or volumetrically1 is d]iv$ f proteid pr9ciples resembl+ album9oids conta9+ ab\t "o-sixte5? ( _! weight ( nitrog54 ,! nitrates conta9$ 9 ! e>? are 9 su* feeble proportion1 z to be negligible 9 ?is calculation4 ,! total weight ( ^! nitrog5\s pr9ciples 9 ! soil is !re=e easily calculat$4 ,! c>bon conta9$ 9 ! proteids is !n calculat$ on a basis ( #ec p] c5t ( _! total weight1 & ! hydrog5 on a basis ( #g4b p] c5t4 ,f ! weight ( ! total organic c>bon 7det]m9$ z describ$ fur!r on7 is subtract$ ! c>bon pres5t 9 ! proteids4 ,! rema9d] corresponds to ! organic c>bon pres5t z c>bohydrates1 7ligne\s pr9ciples7 conta9+ #dd4d p] c5t c>bon & #f4b p] c5t hydrog54 ,by add+ toge!r ! weight ( ! hydrog5 conta9$ 9 ! ligne\s pr9ciples1 & ! hydrog5 conta9$ 9 ! proteids1 & multiply+ ! sum by #i1 ! weight ( wat] =m$ by ! combu/ion ( all ! organic matt] 9 ! sample is obta9$4 ,?is is subtract$ f ! weight ( ! total wat] obta9$ by direct det]m9ation z describ$ above4 ,! diff]5ce repres5ts ! weight ( wat] comb9$ ) ! silicates1 etc41 z well z ) organic matt]s4 #cjb4 ,me?od ( ,von ,bemmeln4#aie--;,accord+ to ! view ( ,von ,bemmeln1 ! soil conta9s colloidal humus & colloidal silicate1 :i* complicate ! det]m9ation ( wat]4 ,! colloids reta9 wat] 9 v>y+ quantities1 dep5d+ ^u ! foll[+ conditions3 7#a7 ,^u _! composition & /ate ( molecul> equilibrium4 7#b7 ,^u ! pressure ( ! aque\s vapor ( ! room4 7#c7 ,^u ! temp]ature4 ,at ea* degree ( temp]ature1 ! quantity ( absorb$ wat] :i* a colloid c reta9 9 a room saturat$ ) aque\s vapor1 is diff]5t4 ,! quantity ( wat] :i* air-dri$ e>? gives (f at #ajj1 has !re=e1 no special significance unless all conditions are kn[n4 ,9 addition to ! e/imation ( ! quantity ( wat] :i* soils1 9 _! natural condition1 are capable ( tak+ up & hold+1 at ord9>y temp]atures1 ! e/imation ( ! quantity ( wat] :i* !y c take up 9 diff]5t temp]atures 9 rooms saturat$ ) aque\s vapor %\ld be ( int]e/4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t !re is no special value 9 data obta9$ by dry+ e>? at #ajj or #aaj4 ,= ! purpose ( comp>ison1 he pref]s to select t po9t at :i* ! soil is dri$ ov] sulfuric acid1 ! po9t at :i* ! t5sion ( ! wat] vapor 9 ! e>?1 at a temp]ature ( plus or m9us #ae1 approa*es z]o4 ,! wat] :i* /ill rema9s 9 ! e>? "u ^! conditions is *>act]iz$ z firmly comb9$ wat]4 ,von ,bemmeln truly obs]ves t only 9 soils :i* conta9 no c>bonates & no *lorids & sulfids1 c ! loss on ignition be reg>d$ z ! sum ( ! humus & wat] cont5t4 ,by moi/5+ ) ammonium c>bonate1 ! correction = lime or c>bon dioxid _c be correctly made z has be5 ! cu/om up to ! pres5t "t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ignit$ magnesia1 :5 x has lo/ its c>bon dioxid1 does n take ?is up completely on moi/5+ ) ammonium c>bonate2 9 ! second place1 reactions ) ! *lorids may take place2 & 9 ! ?ird place1 ! lime :i* is 9 ! humus w be conv]t$ into calcium c>bonate4 ,*lorids on ignition may be volatiliz$ or oxidiz$4 ,! sulfuric acid =m$ f ! sulfids1 on ignition1 c expel c>bon dioxid2 fur!r ?an ?is ! iron ( pyrites takes up oxyg5 on ignition4 ,all ^! influ5ces make ! numb]s obta9$ f loss on ignition extremely v>iable4 ,) sea soils1 ,von ,bemmeln has weigh$ ! soil aft] ! elem5t>y analysis & e/imat$1 9 addition to ! c>bon dioxid1 bo? *lor9 & sulfuric acid !re94 ,! comp>ison ( ^! e/imations ) ^? ( ,,co1 ,cl1 ,,s & ,s1 made 9 ! orig9al soil1 gave ! necess>y corrections2 viz41 = ! increase 9 ! weight ?r\gh oxidation ( sulfur & iron1 & = ! decrease 9 weight ?r\gh ! volatilization ( sodium *lorid1 sulfur1 & c>bon dioxid4 ,a trace ( *lor9 0 evolv$ z f]ric *lorid1 nev]!less1 ! molecul> weight ( sodium *lorid1 #eh4e1 is sc>cely diff]5t f ! equival5t quantity ( f]ric *lorid #ed4a4 ,= ?is reason ! e/imation ( loss ( wat]1 on ignition1 ( sea soils is less exact ?an t ( soils :i* are free f c>bonates & sulfids & :i*1 z is usually ! case ) tillable soils1 conta9 only small quantities ( *lorids & sulfates4 ,! ,/rongly ,comb9$ ,wat]4--,wat] :i*1 at a temp]ature ( plus or m9us #ae1 9 a dry room1 /ill rema9s 9 ! soil1 is *iefly comb9$ accord+ to ,von ,bemmeln ) ! colloidal bodies !re94 ,its e/imation1 pres5ts1 naturally1 difficulties & is n capable ( any great exactness4 ,! quantity ( /rongly comb9$ wat]1 on ! "o h& is det]m9$ f ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! loss on ignition & ! quantity ( humus pres5t1 calculat$ f ! cont5t ( c>bon2 on ! o!r h&1 f ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! wat] obta9$ by elem5t>y analysis & ! wat] :i* corresponds to ! calculat$ quantity ( humus4 ,if ! hydrog5 cont5t ( humus is correctly tak5 & no appreciable error is introduc$ ?r\gh ! factor #a4gbd1 bo? ( ^! diff]5ces mu/ agree4 ,on ! o!r h& ! hydrog5 cont5t ( ! humus c be comput$ f ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! wat] f\nd & ! calculat$ cont5t ( ! firmly comb9$ wat]4 ,! hydrog5 cont5t ( humus bodies1 dri$ at #ajj1 v>ies betwe5 f\r & five p] c5t4 ,egg]tz has f\nd ! cont5t f #d4c to #f4f p] c5t ( hydrog5 9 ?irte5 soils :i* he fir/ treat$ ) dilute hydro*loric acid !n extract$ ) ammonia or pota% lye & precipitat$ ?is alkal9e extract ) acid4 ,! me?od ( apply+ ^! pr9ciples to soil analysis is indicat$ 9 ! foll[+ s*eme3 ,a volcanic e>? f ,deli gave1 on elem5t>y analysis3 ,p] c5t4 ,c>bon #b4id ,wat] #ad4gh ,nitrog5 #j4bh ,loss on ignition #ag4ed ,,fir/ ,,calculation4 ,p] c5t4 ,loss on ignition #ag4ed ,humus c>bon1 #b4id #a4gbd #e4jg ,diff]5ce firmly comb9$ wat] #ab4dg ,assum+ t a humus dri$ ov] sulfuric acid conta9s five p] c5t ( hydrog51 ! second calculation is made z foll[s4 ,,second ,,calculation4 #e4jj humus #e p] c5t #j4be p] c5t ( hydrog5 9 humus correspond+ to #b4bh p] c5t ( wat]4 ,p] c5t4 ,wat] f\nd #ad4gi ,diff]5ce firmly comb9$ wat] #ab4ea ,,?ird ,,calculation4 ,p] c5t4 ,firmly comb9$ wat] #ab4dg ,wat] f ! hydrog5 9 humus #b4bh ,total wat] #ad4ge ,f\nd #ad4gi ,9 ?is way1 9 ?ree o!r volcanic e>?s & 9 an ord9>y alluvial clay f ,rembang1 !re 7 f\nd by analysis & by calculation ! foll[+ p]c5tages ( wat]3 #a4 #b4 #c4 #d4 #e4 ,p]c5tage ( wat] calculat$ #ad4ge #g4gd #h4jf #d4ij #f4ja f\nd #ad4ig #g4fc #h4je #d4gj #f4jj ,on ! contr>y1 :5 ! calculation is made f sea-slime tak5 f "u ! wat] a high] cont5t ( hydrog5 mu/ be assum$2 viz41 ab\t six p] c5t4 ,9 two samples ( sea-slime calculat$ 9 ?is way ! foll[+ numb]s 7 obta9$3 ,p]c5tage ( wat] calculat$ #h4fa #c4ga f\nd #h4ec #c4eg ,x is1 !re=e1 q evid5t t ! organic comp\nds ( soil tak5 f "u ! sea-wat] are ri*] 9 hydrog5 ?an ^? expos$ to ! air or 9 cultivation4 #cjc4 ,g5]al ,conclusions4--,9 ! =ego+ p>agraphs h be5 collect$ ! mo/ widely practic$ me?ods ( det]m9+ moi/ure 9 soil 9 bo? a free & comb9$ /ate4 ,! foll[+ conclusions may s]ve to guide ! analy/ :o endeavors to det]m9e ! wat] 9 any or all ( its conditions3 7#a7 ,9 det]m9+ wat] 9 fre% samples ! me?od ( ,:itney is satisfactory4 ,al?\gh ! samples tak5 by ?is me?od are small !y may be easily secur$ 9 great numb]s ov] widely scatt]$ areas1 & c be easily transport$ )\t *ange4 ,^! samples %\ld be dri$ at #ajj to #aaj = rapid "w1 or :]e "t c be sp>$ may be air-dri$4 7#b7 ,= a simple det]m9ation ( ! wat] left 9 ! soil aft] air-dry+ 7hygroscopic wat]7 ! me?od ( ! ,association ( ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s may be foll[$4 ,!re is mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion 9 respect ( ! prop] temp]ature at :i* ?is moi/ure is to be det]m9$4 ,mu* "h dep5ds on ! nature ( ! soil4 ,an almo/ purely m9]al soil may safely be dri$ at #adj or #aej4 ,a peaty soil1 on ! contr>y1 %\ld n be expos$ to a temp]ature above #ajj4 ,= g5]al purposes ! temp]ature *os5 by ! (ficial *emi/s is to be recomm5d$4 7#c7 ,wat] ( composition c only be det]m9$ by ignition4 ,z has be5 fully %[n1 ?is process n only elim9ates ! wat]1 b also de/roys organic matt]1 decomposes c>bonates & sulfids1 &1 to "s ext5t1 *lorids4 ,subsequ5t repeat$ treatm5t ) ammonium c>bonate may re/ore ! loss due to c>bon dioxid1 b 9 _m cases n entirely4 ,! wat] :i* comes f organic matt] may be approximately calculat$ f ! humus cont5t ( ! sample1 b z w be se5 fur!r on ! me?ods ( e/imat+ humus itself are only approximate4 ,nev]!less1 9 di/ribut+ ! losses on ignition prop]ly to ! sev]al comp\nds ( ! soil !re is no bett] me?od n[ kn[n ?an t ( tak+ into consid]ation ! humus cont5t & c>bonates pres5t4 ,! pr9ciples ( proc$ure e/abli%$ by ,b]!lot & ,&r1 & ,von ,bemmeln1 are to be appli$ 9 all su* cases1 modifi$ z circum/ances may arise accord+ to ! judgm5t ( ! analy/4 #cjd4 ,e/imation ( ! ,organic ,matt] ( ! ,soil4--,! organic matt] 9 ! soil may be divid$ into two classes4 ,fir/1 ! undecay$ roots & o!r rema9s ( plant & animal life1 & ! liv+ organisms exi/+ 9 ! soil4 ,! /udy ( ! organisms :i* are active 9 ! condition ( plant gr[? w be ! subject ( a special *apt]4 ,second1 ! decay$ or p>tially decay$ remnants ( organic matt] 9 ! soil kn[n z humus4 ,su* matt] may be pres5t 9 only m9ute traces1 z 9 b>r5 s& soils1 or x may =m ! great mass ( ! soil "u exam9ation1 z 9 ! case ( peat1 muck1 & vegetable mold4 ,x is ) ! inve/igation ( ! second class ( matt] t ! analy/ has *iefly to d at pres5t4 ,! problems :i* are to be elucidat$ by ! analytical /udy ( su* bodies are ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,! total quantity ( su* matt] 9 ! soil4 7#b7 ,! det]m9ation ( ! organic c>bon & hydrog5 !re94 7#c7 ,! det]m9ation ( total nitrog54 7#d7 ,! det]m9ation ( ! availability ( ! nitrog5 = plant gr[?4 7#e7 ,! e/imation ( ! humic bodies 7humus1 humic acid1 ulmic acid1 etc474 ,! importance ( humus 9 ! promotion ( plant gr[? is suffici5t excuse = ! some:at ext5d$ /udy ( ! pr9ciples :i* und]lie ! analytical me?ods1 & ! me?ods !mselves1 :i* foll[4 #cje4 ,total ,quantity ( ,organic ,matt]4--,! total approximate quantity ( organic matt] 9 ! soil c be det]m9$ by simple ignition1 9 ! mann] not$ 9 p>agraphs #bid & #bie4 ,! prop] correction = free & comb9$ wat] be+ appli$ by ! fur!r copp] oxid or lead *romate combu/ion ( ! sample1 & = c>bonates & volatile *lorids1 ! approximate total ( ! organic matt] ( all k9ds is obta9$4 #cjf4 ,e/imation ( ! ,organic ,c>bon4--,to e/imate ! organic c>bon 9 an e>? ! sample may be burn$ 9 a curr5t ( oxyg51 or aft] mix+ ) lead *romate4 ,9 a ,curr5t ( ,oxyg54--,:5 burn$ 9 a curr5t ( oxyg5 ! sample is held 9 a boat & ! gases aris+ f ! combu/ion direct$ ov] copp] oxid at a r$ heat4 ,! c>bon ?us disappe>s z c>bon dioxid & is absorb$ & weigh$ 9 ! usual way4 ,) ,lead ,*romate4--,! lead *romate employ$ %\ld be previ\sly te/$ s9ce x (t5 conta9s o!r comp\nds1 especially lead acetate & nitrate1 furni%+ 9 ! "o case bo? c>bon dioxid & wat]1 & 9 ! o!r hyponitric acid4 ,f two to t5 grams ( e>? are employ$1 accord+ to its ri*ness 9 organic matt]4 ,! total c>bon dioxid is obta9$ 9 ?is process bo? f c>bonates & organic bodies4 ,! wat] & c>bon dioxid are secur$ & weigh$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! oxyg5 me?od %\ld be us$ 9 all cases possible4 ,al?\gh x does n always give ! :ole ( ! c>bon dioxid pres5t z c>bonates1 ! re/ c be easily e/imat$ by treat+ ! residue 9 ! boat ) hydro*loric acid1 9 an app>atus = e/imat+ t gas4 ,calculation ( ,results4--,! :ole ( ! c>bon dioxid is det]m9$ ei!r by direct combu/ion ) lead *romate1 or by tak+ ! sum ( ! am\nts by burn+ 9 a /ream ( oxyg5 & treat+ ! residue 9 a c>bon dioxid app>atus4 ,! c>bon dioxid conta9$ 9 ! orig9al c>bonates %\ld be det]m9$ by direct treatm5t ( ! sample 9 ! usual way4 ,! c>bon 9 organic comp\nds is det]m9$ by subtract+ ! c>bon pres5t z c>bonates f ! total4 ,f ! organic c>bon conta9$ 9 ! soil ! humus is calculat$ by ,wolff on ! supposition t x conta9s fifty-eight p] c5t ( c>bon4 ,x is1 !re=e1 only necess>y to multiply ! p]c5tage ( c>bon f\nd by #a4gbd1 or ! c>bon dioxid f\nd by #j4dga1 to det]m9e ! quantity ( humus 9 ! dri$ soil4 #cjg4 ,details ( ! ,direct ,e/imation ( ,c>bon 9 ,soils by ,v>i\s ,me?ods4--7#a7 ,oxidation by ,*romic ,acid4--,! me?od ( ,wolff by oxidation ) *romic acid has be5 work$ out 9 detail by ,w>+ton & ,peake4#aif ,x consi/s 9 treat+ ! soil ) sulfuric acid & potassium bi*romate1 or by pref]5ce ) a mixture ( sulfuric & *romic acids1 ! c>bon dioxid evolv$ be+ e/imat$ 9 ! usual way4 ,?is me?od is recomm5d$ by ,fres5ius z an alt]native to a combu/ion ( ! soil ) copp] oxid or lead *romate4 ,x is app>5tly ! me?od :i* has be5 mo/ g5]ally employ$ 9 agricultural inve/igations4 ,t5 grams ( ! f9ely p[d]$ soil are plac$ 9 a flask ( ab\t #bej cubic c5timet]s capacity1 provid$ ) a ca\t*\c /opp]1 ?r\gh :i* pass two tubes1 "o = ! supply ( liquids1 ! o!r = ! deliv]y ( gas4 ,! soil is treat$ ) tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( wat] & ?irty cubic c5timet]s ( oil ( vitriol2 & ! :ole1 aft] be+ ?or\ghly mix$1 is heat$ = a %ort "t 9 a wat]-ba?1 ! object 9 view be+ ! decomposition ( any c>bonates exi/+ 9 ! soil4 ,air is next drawn ?r\gh ! flask to remove any c>bon dioxid :i* has be5 evolv$4 ,! /opp] is next remov$1 & co>sely p[d]$ potassium bi*romate introduc$4 ,9 ! case ( a soil conta9+ ?ree p] c5t ( c>bon1 six grams ( bi*romate w be f\nd suffici5t1 a portion rema9+ undissolv$ at ! end ( ! exp]im5t4 ,! /opp] is !n replac$1 its supply-tube clos$ by a clamp1 & ! deliv]y-tube connect$ ) a s]ies ( absorb5ts conta9$ 9 tubes4 ,! fir/ ( ^! tubes conta9s solid calcium *lorid2 ! second1 fragm5ts ( glass moi/5$ ) oil ( vitriol2 ! ?ird & f\r? are ne>ly fill$ ) soda-lime1 a little calcium *lorid be+ plac$ on ! top ( ! soda-lime at ea* extremity4 ,! la/ nam$ tubes are = ! absorption ( c>bon dioxid1 & h be5 previ\sly weigh$4 ,! s]ies is clos$ by a gu>d-tube conta9+ soda-lime1 ) calcium *lorid at ! two ends4 ,! flask conta9+ ! soil & bi*romate is n[ gradually heat$ 9 a wat]-ba?1 ! cont5ts ( ! flask be+ f "t to "t mix$ by agitation4 ,a brisk reaction occurs1 c>bon dioxid be+ evolv$ 9 proportion z ! soil is ri* 9 organic matt]4 ,! temp]ature ( ! wat]-ba? is sl[ly rais$ to boil+ z ! action becomes weak]1 & is ma9ta9$ at t po9t till all action ceases4 ,z bubbles ( gas are sl[ly evolv$ = "s "t1 x has be5 usual 9 ^! exp]im5ts to prolong ! dige/ion = f\r or five h\rs4 ,:5 ! op]ation is conclud$ ! s\rce ( heat is remov$1 an aspirator is atta*$ to ! gu>d-tube at ! end ( ! absorb5t vessels1 & air fre$ f c>bon dioxid is drawn ?r\gh ! flask & ?r\gh ! :ole s]ies ( tubes4 ,! tubes fill$ ) soda-lime are f9ally weigh$1 ! increase 9 weight %[+ ! am\nt ( c>bon dioxid produc$4 ,! object ( ! calcium *lorid plac$ on ! surface ( ! soda-lime is to reta9 ! wat] :i* is freely giv5 up :5 ! soda-lime absorbs c>bon dioxid4 ,! second tube fill$ ) soda-lime does n ga9 9 weight till ! fir/ is ne>ly saturat$2 x ?us s]ves to indicate :5 ! fir/ tube requires refill+4 ,! same tubes may be us$ sev]al times 9 succession4 ,no increase 9 ! c>bon dioxid evolv$ is obta9$ by sub/itut+ *romic acid = potassium bi*romate4 ,! organic matt] ( ! soil appe>s to ! eye to be completely de/roy$ by ! dige/ion ) sulfuric acid & potassium bi*romate2 ! residue ( soil rema9+ 9 ! flask :5 wa%$ ) wat] is p]fectly :ite1 or ! d>k p>ticles1 if any1 are f\nd to be unalt]$ by ignition1 & !re=e to be inorganic 9 _! nature4 ,"u ^! circum/ances consid]able confid5ce has naturally be5 felt 9 ?is me?od4 ,! complete de/ruction ( ! humic matt] ( ! soil does n1 h[ev]1 necess>ily imply t ! c>bon has be5 entirely conv]t$ into c>bon dioxid z has be5 po9t$ out by ,wanklyn4 ,accord+ to 8 demon/ration ( ! action ( *romic acid on organic matt] ! oxidation frequ5tly /ops %ort ( ! production ( c>bon dioxid4 ,:ile oxidation ) *romic acid app>5tly leads to a complete reaction :5 ! c>bon is 9 ! =m ( graphite1 x w\ld probably yield o!r products ?an c>bon dioxid :5 ! c>bon exi/s z a c>bohydrate4 ,! d\bt ?us rais$ z to ! correctness ( ! results yield$ by ! *romate me?od makes x desirable to *eck ! "w by ! use ( o!r me?ods = ! det]m9ation ( c>bon4 ,= ?is purpose ,w>+ton & ,peake recomm5d3 7#b7 ,oxidation ) ,potassium ,p]manganate4--,9 ! trials ) ?is me?od t5 grams ( soil are dige/$ 9 a clos$ flask ) a measur$ quantity ( solution ( cau/ic pota% conta9+ five grams ( pota% = ea* tw5ty cubic c5timet]s1 & cry/als ( potassium p]manganate4 ,sev5 grams ( ! p]manganate are f\nd to be suffici5t = a soil conta9+ #c4c p] c5t ( c>bon4 ,! flask is heat$ = half an h\r 9 boil+ wat]1 & !n = "o h\r 9 a salt-ba?4 ,! flask dur+ ?is dige/ion is connect$ ) a small receiv] conta9+ a little pota% solution1 to pres]ve an atmosph]e free f c>bon dioxid2 di/illation to a limit$ ext5t is all[$ dur+ ! dige/ion 9 ! salt-ba?4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! op]ation be+ complet$ a rubb] /opp]1 c>ry+ a deliv]y & supply-tube1 is fitt$ to ! flask1 :i* is !n connect$ ) ! sy/em ( tubes already describ$4 ,dilute sulfuric acid is !n p\r$ d[n ! supply-tube1 a wat]-ba? surr\nd+ ! flask is br\ght to boil+1 & ma9ta9$ ?us = "o h\r1 aft] :i* air1 free f c>bon dioxid1 is drawn ?r\gh ! app>atus1 ! tubes conta9+ soda-lime be+ f9ally disconnect$ & weigh$4 ,9 ! fir/ /age ( ?is me?od ! c>bon ( ! organic matt] is conv]t$ into c>bonate1 & probably also into potassium oxalate4#aig ,9 ! second /age ! oxalate is decompos$ by ! sulfuric acid & p]manganate1 & ! c>bon exi/+1 bo? z oxalate & c>bonate1 is evolv$ z c>bon dioxid1 & absorb$ by ! weigh$ soda-lime tubes4 ,bo? ,f4 ,s*ulze & ,wanklyn h employ$ potassium p]manganate = ! det]m9ation ( organic c>bon1 b !y h pref]r$ to calculate ! am\nt ( c>bon f ! quantity ( p]manganate consum$1 z1 h[ev]1 by s do+ ev]y?+ oxidizable by p]manganate is reckon$ z c>bon1 x seems bett] to make a direct det]m9ation ( ! c>bon dioxid =m$4 ,f ! am\nt ( c>bon dioxid f\nd1 is to be subtract$ t exi/+ z c>bonates 9 ! soil1 & 9 ! solution ( pota% us$4 ,= ?is purpose an exp]im5t is made ) ! same quantities ( soil & pota% previ\sly employ$1 b )\t p]manganate1 & ! c>bon dioxid obta9$ is d$uct$ f t yield$ 9 ! exp]im5t ) p]manganate4 ,if ! pota% us$ conta9s organic matt] two blank exp]im5ts w be necess>y1 "o ) pota% & p]manganate1 & "o ) soil alone4 ,a fur!r difficulty arises f ! pres5ce ( *lorids 9 ! mat]ials1 :i* occasions an evolution ( free *lor9 :5 ! p]manganate solution is heat$ ) sulfuric acid4 ,?is error occurs also ) ! *romic acid me?od1 b 9 t case ! quantity ( *lorid is m]ely t conta9$ 9 ! soil1 :i* is usually v small2 9 ! p]manganate me?od we h also ! *lorid pres5t 9 ! cau/ic pota%1 & ?is is (t5 consid]able4 ,corrections = *lor9 by blank exp]im5ts are unsatisfactory1 ! am\nt ( *lor9 :i* rea*es ! soda-lime tubes dep5d+ 9 "p on ! degree to :i* ! calcium *lorid tube has become saturat$ ) *lor94 ,x is bett] !re=e to remove ! *lor9 9 e exp]im5t by ! plan :i* ,p]k9 has sugge/$1 by ins]t+ a tube conta9+ silv] foil1 ma9ta9$ at a l[ r$ heat1 betwe5 ! flask & ! absorb5t tubes4 ,! am\nt ( c>bon dioxid yield$ by oxidation ) potassium p]manganate is f\nd to be consid]ably 9 excess ( t obta9$ by oxidation ) *romic acid2 to asc]ta9 :e!r ^! high] results really repres5t$ ! :ole ( ! c>bon pres5t 9 ! soil1 trials 7 next made by actual combu/ion ( ! soil 9 oxyg54 7#c7 ,combu/ion 9 ,oxyg54--,! mo/ conv5i5t mode ( c>ry+ out ! combu/ion ( soil is to place ! soil 9 a plat9um boat1 & ignite x 9 a curr5t ( oxyg5 9 a combu/ion tube p>tly fill$ ) cupric oxid4 ,a wide combu/ion tube is employ$1 ab\t tw5ty in*es long1 & drawn out at "o end2 ! front ( ! tube is fill$ = eight in*es ) co>se cupric oxid1 ! h9d "p is left empty to receive ! plat9um boat4 ,! drawn out end ( ! combu/ion tube is connect$ ) a s]ies ( absorb5t tubes1 q simil> to ^? employ$ = ! e/imation ( c>bon dioxid 9 ! *romic acid me?od4 ,betwe5 ^! absorb5t vessels & ! combu/ion tube is plac$ a ?ree-bulb$ ,geissl] tube fill$ ) oil ( vitriol4 ,! oil ( vitriol is q effective 9 reta9+ nitr\s fumes4 ,! wide end ( ! combu/ion tube is connect$ ) a gas-hold] ( oxyg52 ! oxyg5 gas is made to pass ?r\gh a tube ( soda-lime be=e ent]+ ! combu/ion tube1 to remove any possible contam9ation ( c>bon dioxid4 ,9 />t+ a combu/ion ! "p ( ! combu/ion tube conta9+ ! cupric oxid is br\ght to a r$ heat1 & oxyg5 is pass$ = "s "t ?r\gh ! app>atus4 ,t5 grams ( soil1 previ\sly dri$1 are plac$ 9 a l>ge plat9um boat1 :i* is next introduc$ at ! wide end ( ! combu/ion tube4 ,! combu/ion is conduct$ 9 ! usual mann]1 a curr5t ( oxyg5 be+ ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole op]ation4 ,x is v useful to t]m9ate ! :ole s]ies ( absorb5t vessels ) a glass tube dipp+ into wat]2 ! rate at :i* ! gas is se5 to bubble1 s]ves z a guide to ! supply ( oxyg5 f ! gas-hold]1 ! consumption ( oxyg5 v>y+1 ( c\rse1 ) diff]5t soils1 & at diff]5t /ages ( ! combu/ion4 ,at ! close ( ! combu/ion1 oxyg51 or air fre$ f c>bon dioxid1 is pass$ = "s "t ?r\gh ! app>atus to drive all c>bon dioxid into ! absorb5t vessels4 ,"o exp]im5t c be foll[$ by ano!r z soon z ! h9d "p ( ! combu/ion tube has cool$ suffici5tly to admit a second plat9um boat4 ,! same combu/ion tube c be employ$ = sev]al days1 if pack$ 9 ! usual mann] 9 asbe/os4 ,! pres5ce ( c>bonates 9 ! soil occasions "s difficulty 9 work+ ! combu/ion me?od1 z a "p ( ?is c>bon dioxid w1 ( c\rse1 be giv5 up on ignition1 & be reckon$ z c>bon4 ,! simple/ mode ( meet+ ?is difficulty is to expel ! c>bon dioxid belong+ to ! c>bonates be=e ! combu/ion comm5ces4 ,! me?od ( ,mann+2 namely1 treatm5t ) a /rong solution ( sulfur\s acid1 may be employ$ = ?is purpose4 ,! t5 grams ( soil tak5 = combu/ion are plac$ 9 a flat-bottom$ bas91 cov]$ ) a ?9 lay] ( sulfur\s acid1 & frequ5tly /irr$4 ,aft] a "t ! action is assi/$ by a g5tle heat4 ,:5 ! c>bonates h be5 completely decompos$ ! cont5ts ( ! bas9 are evaporat$ to dryness on a wat]-ba?2 ! dry mass is !n pulv]iz$1 & remov$ to ! plat9um boat = combu/ion 9 oxyg54 ,= ! action ( ! sulfur\s acid to be complete x is ess5tial t ! c>bonates %\ld be 9 v f9e p[d]1 s9ce ev5 *alk is b imp]fectly attack$ :5 pres5t 9 co>se p>ticles4 #cjh4 ,comp>ison ( ,me?ods4--,a consid]able numb] ( soils analyz$ by ! *romic acid me?od & by ! combu/ion1 me?od1 by ,w>+ton & ,peake1 ) ! assi/ance ( ,ca?c>t1 %[s ! foll[+ comp>isons3 ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,c>bon ,,f\nd ,,by ,,two ,,me?ods ,,9 ,,soils ,,dri$ ,,at #ajj4 ,*romic acid me?od4 ,combu/ion me?od4 ,no4 ,k9d ( ,exp4 #a4 ,exp4 #b4 ,mean4 ,exp4 #a4 ,exp4 #b4 ,mean4 ,p] soil4 c5t4 yield$ by *romic acid4 #a4 ,old pa/ure #b4he #b4gi #b4hb #c4eh #c4ee #c4eg #gi4j #b4 #b4hc #b4gi #b4ha #c4eg #c4ec #c4ee #gi4a #c4 #b4gf #b4gf #b4gf #c4df #c4df #c4df #gi4g #d4 #b4gd #b4gf #b4ge #c4cg #c4ch #c4ch #ha4d #e4 #b4fd #b4ed #b4ei #c4ca #c4cf #c4cd #gg4e #f4 #b4ea #b4dc #b4dg #c4ae #c4ae #c4ae #gh4d #g4 #b4dj #b4dd #b4db #c4ji #c4ac #c4aa #gg4h #h4 ,new pa/ure #a4ib #a4ic #a4ic #b4da #b4dj #b4da #hj4a #i4 #a4ff #a4ha #a4gd #b4ci #b4dc #b4da #gb4b #aj4 ,arable soil #a4gh #a4gh #a4gh #b4ad #b4ac #b4ad #hc4b #aa4 #a4ba #a4ad #a4ah #a4dj #a4dc #a4db #hc4a #ab4 ,subsoil #j4bh #j4bg #j4bh #j4cg #j4ch #j4ch #gc4g ,( ! above soils ! arable soils1 ,nos4 #aj & #aa1 7 ! only ones conta9+ c>bonates 9 any quantity exce$+ a m9ute trace4 ,! two soils 9 "q 7 treat$ ) sulfur\s acid be=e combu/ion1 ! o!rs n4 ,all ! det]m9ations by ! *romic acid me?od 7 made by ,mr4 ,p4 ,h4 ,ca?c>t1 ) ! exception ( ,nos4 #i & #ab1 :i* 7 execut$ by ano!r exp]im5t]1 & are se5 to give di/9ctly l[] results4 ,exclud+ ^! two analyses ! relation ( ! c>bon f\nd by ! two me?ods is tol]ably con/ant1 ! av]age be+ #gi4i ( c>bon f\nd by oxidation ) *romic acid = #ajj yield$ by combu/ion 9 oxyg54 ,! results obta9$ by ! *romic acid me?od ?us appe> to be v consid]ably bel[ ! tru?4 ,f\r typical soils 7 analyz$ by ! p]manganate1 z well z by ! *romic acid & combu/ion me?ods4 ,! results obta9$ 7 z foll[s3 ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,c>bon ,,f\nd ,,by ,,?ree ,,me?ods ,,9 ,,soils ,,dri$ ,,at #ajj4 ,p]manganate me?od4 ,k9d ( ,*romic ,yield$ by soil4 acid p]manganate ,combu/ion me?od4 if c>bon by me?od4 ,mean4 ,exp4 #a4 ,exp4 #b4 ,mean4 combu/ion ,mean4 ,p] ,p] ,p] ,p] ,p] #ajj4 ,p] c5t4 c5t4 c5t4 c5t4 c5t4 c5t4 ,old pa/ure #c4ee #b4ha #c4bf #c4cj #c4bh #ib4d ,new pa/ure #b4da #a4ic #b4bi #b4cj #b4cj #ie4d ,arable soil #a4db #a4ah #a4bh #a4cc #a4ca #ib4c ,subsoil #j4ch #j4bh #j4cd #j4cd #j4cd #hi4e ,oxidation by p]manganate ?us gives a mu* high] result ?an oxidation ) *romic acid2 b ev5 ! p]manganate fails to conv]t ! :ole ( ! c>bon into c>bon dioxid1 ! product ) p]manganate be+ on an av]age ( ! f\r soils #ib4d p] c5t ( t yield$ by combu/ion 9 oxyg54 ,wanklyn /ates t a temp]ature ( #afj-ahj is necess>y 9 "s cases to effect complete oxidation ) p]manganate & cau/ic pota%4 ,su* a temp]ature is f\nd impracticable :5 deal+ ) soil1 f ! action ( ! pota% on ! silicates pres5t2 h5ce possibly ! l[ results obta9$4 ,combu/ion 9 oxyg5 appe>s f ^! exp]im5ts to be ! mo/ satisfactory me?od = det]m9+ c>bon 9 soil1 nor is ?is me?od1 on ! :ole1 long] or m tr\blesome ?an ! o!r me?ods inve/igat$4 ,w>+ton & ,peake h fur!r det]m9$ ! loss on ignition ( ! f\r soils m5tion$ above1 ) ! view ( comp>+ ?is loss ) ! am\nt ( organic matt] calculat$ f ! c>bon actually pres5t4 ,9 mak+ ?is calculation !y h tak5 z ! am\nt ( c>bon 9 ! soil1 t f\nd by combu/ion 9 oxyg51 & h assum$ ) ,s*ulze1 ,wolff1 & ,fres5ius1 t fifty-eight p] c5t ( c>bon w be pres5t 9 ! organic matt] ( soils4 ,! f\r soils 7 heat$ successively at #ajj1 #abj1 & #aej1 till !y ceas$ to lose weight2 ! loss on ignition 9 ea* ( ^! /ages ( dryness is %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,,p]c5tage ,,loss ,,on ,,ignition ,,comp>$ ,,) ,,organic ,,matt] ,,calculat$ ,,f ,,c>bon4 ,organic matt] at fifty-eight ,betwe5 #ajj ,betwe5 #abj ,betwe5 #aej p] c5t & ignition4 & ignition4 & ignition4 c>bon4 ,k9d ( soil4 ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,old pa/ure #i4bg #i4jf #h4ej #f4ab ,new pa/ure #g4jg #f4hh #f4ee #d4af ,arable soil #e4ie #e4gj #e4fa #b4dd ,clay subsoil #e4hb #e4ci #d4gf #j4fe ,! loss on ignition is se5 to be 9 all cases v consid]ably 9 excess ( ! organic matt] calculat$ f ! c>bon1 ev5 :5 ! soil has be5 dri$ at z high a temp]ature z #aej4 ,! error ( ! ignition me?od is lea/ 9 soils ri* 9 organic matt]1 z1 = in/ance1 ! old pa/ure soil 9 ! above table4 ,! error rea*es its maximum 9 ! case ( ! clay subsoil1 :i* conta9s v little c>bonace\s matt]1 b is naturally ri* 9 hydrat$ silicates1 :i* "p ) _! wat] only at a v high temp]ature4 ,! above me?ods ( ,w>+ton & ,peake h be5 giv5 9 detail1 & 9 almo/ ! v]biage ( ! au?ors = ! reason t ! work+ directions are cle>ly set =?1 & may s]ve1 !re=e1 z guides to ! previ\s me?ods :]e only g5]al indications ( manipulation h be5 giv54 #cji4 ,e/imation ( ,organic ,hydrog54--,! e/imation ( ! total hydrog5 is made )\t difficulty ei!r by burn+ ! sample 9 a curr5t ( oxyg5 or ) lead *romate1 & weigh+ ! wat] produc$4 ,?is wat] comes f two s\rces1 ! pre-exi/+ wat] & organic hydrog54 ,!re is no direct me?od ( di/+ui%+ "o f ! o!r4 ,!y may1 h[ev]1 be e/imat$ indirectly4 ,! me?od ( calculat+ ! organic hydrog5 has already be5 giv5 7p>agraph #bii74 ,exp]i5ce %[s t ! hydrog5 ?us calculat$ is a little great] ?an is necess>y to =m wat] ) ! :ole ( ! oxyg5 f\nd 9 ! organic matt]s4 #caj4 ,e/imation ( ,organic ,oxyg54--,! det]m9ation ( ?is oxyg5 _c be made directly4 ,x is obta9$ by calculation1 accord+ to ,b]!lot & ,&r1#aih f ! oxyg5 9 ! proteid & ligne\s matt]s4 ,let p repres5t ! weight ( ! proteid bodies 9 a sample ( soil4 ,!n ,o 7p #cc4e7_/7ajj7 ,let p weight ( ligne\s bodies4 ,!n ,o 7p #di4d7_/7ajj7 ,! total oxyg5 ,o ,o4 ,an approximate result is ?us obta9$1 v useful to h :5 acc\nt is tak5 ( ! oxidiz+ processes :i* g on 9 ! soil dur+ agricultural op]ations4 #caa4 ,e/imation ( ,humus 7,matire ,noire74--,! orig9al me?od ( det]m9+ ?is sub/ance is due to ,gr&eau4#aii ,x is c>ri$ on z foll[s3 ,t5 grams ( ! f9e e>? are mix$ ) co>se s& previ\sly wa%$ ) acids & ignit$4 ,! mixture is plac$ 9 a small funnel1 ! bottom ( :i* is fill$ ) fragm5ts ( glass or porcela94 ,! mass is moi/5$ ) ammonia dilut$ ) an equal volume ( di/ill$ wat]1 & all[$ to dige/ = ?ree or f\r h\rs4 ,! ammonia dissolves ! d>k matt] )\t attack+ ! silica4 ,! ammoniacal solution is displac$ by treat+ ! mass ) pure wat]1 or wat] to :i* "s ammonia has be5 add$1 & ! :ole ( ! d>k matt] is ?us obta9$ 9 a volume ( tw5ty to fifty cubic c5timet]s ( filtrate4 ,! filtrate is evaporat$ to dryness 9 a weigh$ plat9um di%1 & ! weight ( residue is det]m9$ & ! p]c5tage ( matire noire calculat$ !refrom4 ,! residue is inc9]at$1 & :5 9 suffici5t quantity ! phosphoric acid is det]m9$ 9 ! a%4 ,9 soils poor 9 humus a l>g] quantity ?an t5 grams may be tak54 ,if ! soil be previ\sly treat$ ) hydro*loric acid1 ,gr&eau recomm5ds t ! phosphoric acid be det]m9$ always 9 ! a% ( ! d>k matt]4 ,! me?od has und]gone v>i\s modifications &1 z giv5 by ,hilg>d1 is n[ practic$ z foll[s3 ,ab\t t5 grams ( soil are weigh$ into a prep>$ filt]4 ,! soil %\ld be cov]$ ) a piece ( pap] 7a filt]7 s z to prev5t x f pack+ :5 solv5ts are p\r$ on x4 ,x is n[ treat$ ) hydro*loric acid f five-t5?s p] c5t to "o p] c5t /rong 7tw5ty-five & "o-?ird cubic c5timet]s ( /rong acid & #hjh cubic c5timet]s ( wat]7 to dissolve ! lime & magnesia :i* prev5t ! humus f dissolv+ 9 ! ammonia4 ,treat ) ! acid until !re is no reaction = lime2 !n wa% out ! acid ) wat] to neutral reaction4 ,dissolve ! humus ) weak ammonia wat]1 prep>$ by dilut+ common saturat$ ammonia wat] 7#agh cubic c5timet]s ( ammonia to #dbb cubic c5timet]s ( wat]74 ,evaporate ! humus solution to dryness 9 a weigh$ plat9um di% at #ajj2 weigh1 !n ignite2 ! loss ( weight gives ! weight ( humus4 ,! residue f ignition is c>bonat$ ) c>bon dioxid1 heat$ & weigh$1 ?us giv+ ! a%4 ,x is !n moi/5$ ) nitric acid & evaporat$ to dryness4 ,! residue is treat$ ) nitric acid & wat]1 all[$ to /& a few h\rs1 & ! solution filt]$ f ! insoluble residue1 :i* is ignit$ & weigh$1 giv+ ! silica4 ,! soluble phosphoric acid is det]m9$ 9 ! solution by ! usual me?od1 z magnesium pyrophosphate4 ,x usually am\nts to a fraction1 v>y+ f "o-half to z little z "o-t5? ( ! total 9 ! soil4 ,:ile ! phosphoric acid s det]m9$ is manife/ly m soluble & m available to vegetation ?an ! re/ ( t f\nd by extraction ) /rong] acid1 x is cle>ly n z available z t :i*1 :5 introduc$ 9 ! =m ( sup]phosphates1 ex]ts su* /rik+ effects ev5 ?\gh =m+ a mu* small] p]c5tage ( ! :ole soil4 ,nev]!less1 v /rik+ agreem5t ) actual practice is (t5 f\nd 9 mak+ ?is det]m9ation4 ,! e/imation ( humus by combu/ion1 9 any =m1 ( ! total organic matt] 9 ! soil1 gives results v>y+ accord+ to ! season1 & hav+ no direct relation to ! active humus ( ! soil4 ,! same objection lies aga9/ extraction ) /rong cau/ic lye4 #cab4 ,modification ( ,gr&eau's ,me?od = ,det]m9+ ,humus 9 ,soils4--,accord+ to ,hu/on & ,mc,bride#bjj ! function ( ! vegetable matt] 9 ! soil has long be5 a matt] ( cont5tion among ^? int]e/$ 9 ! sci5ce ( agriculture4 ,two factors h contribut$ to ! unc]ta9ty exi/+ 9 ?is matt]3 ,fir/1 ! v complex & v>y+ nature ( ! comp\nds result+ f ! decomposition ( vegetable matt] 9 ! soils2 & second1 ! lack ( uni=mity 9 ! me?ods ( det]m9+ ei!r ! total am\nt ( organic matt] pres5t 9 a soil1 or ! am\nt t has be5 s f> decompos$ z to be ( any imm$iate agricultural value4 ,prom95t among ^! me?ods are ! me?ods 9 :i* a combu/ion is resort$ to1 ! sub/ance be+ ei!r burn$ 9 air or 9 a combu/ion tube ) "s ag5t supply+ oxyg54 ,! loss on ignition is no measure ( ! am\nt ( organic matt] pres5t s9ce x is practically impossible to remove all ! wat] f ! soil previ\s to ignition1 & nei!r ( ! me?ods gives in=mation reg>d+ ! ext5t ( ! decomposition ( ! organic matt]4 ,pure cellulose & ! black matt] ( a f]tile soil are ( v diff]5t agricultural value4 ,det]m9ations ( c>bon 9 soils by oxidation ) *romic & sulfuric acid1 & ) alkal9e p]manganate h be5 us$4 ,! me?od ) alkal9e p]manganate agrees fairly well ) combu/ion ) copp] oxid or lead *romate1 b ! *romic sulfuric acid me?od gives only ab\t eighty p] c5t ( ! c>bon f\nd by combu/ion processes4 ,h[ev] valuable ^! processes may be = det]m9+ ! total c>bon 9 ! soil1 !y furni% no in=mation reg>d+ ! condition ( ! c>bonace\s soil con/itu5ts1 & z ! det]m9ation is really "o ( c>bon1 ! organic matt] mu/ be calculat$ by us+ an arbitr>y factor4 ,g5]ally ! organic matt] ( ! soil is consid]$ to h fifty-eight p] c5t c>bon2 yet diff]5t values are giv5 f =ty to sev5ty-two p] c5t4 ,!re is a g5]al op9ion t ! black or d>k br[n mat]ial ( ! soil1 result+ f ! decay ( vegetable matt]1 has a mu* high] agricultural value ?an ! undecompos$ vegetable matt]4 ,no v %>p divid+ l9e c be drawn1 = *anges 9 ! soil are cont9ually go+ on1 & mat]ial may be f\nd 9 almo/ e /age betwe5 pure cellulose & c>bon dioxid4 ,! "* ( ! int]m$iate products w v>y accord+ to ! conditions ( tillage & ! supply ( air & wat]4 ,= agricultural purposes "s means ( det]m9+ ! am\nt ( decompos$ matt] is v desirable4 ,sev]al solv5ts h be5 tri$ = ?is purpose4 ,! e>li] attempts 7 made by treat+ ! soil ) successive quantities ( boil+ half-saturat$ solution ( sodium c>bonate until ! soil appe>$ to yield no m color+ matt] to ! solv5t4 ,! solutions 7 !n unit$1 r5d]$ acid ) ,h,cl1 :i* precipitat$ ! humic acid1 :i* 0 !n wa%$1 dri$1 & weigh$4 ,?is 0 consid]$ ! m soluble portion ( ! humic acid4 ,! soil 0 aft]w>d treat$ ) cau/ic pota% solution 9 ! same mann]1 & ! humus ?us extract$ 0 call$ insoluble humus4 ,?is la/ process 0 really m 9 ! nature ( manufactur+ humus1 = sawdu/ treat$ ) cau/ic pota% yields humic acid1 & ! in]t organic matt] 9 ! soil 0 decompos$ to "s ext5t by ! cau/ic alkali4 ,nei!r ( ! processes provid$ = ! sep>ation ( ! humic acid f ! lime1 magnesia1 alum9a1 & iron ) :i* x is usually comb9$ 9 ! soil4 ,9 case results ( diff]5t work]s are to be comp>$1 x is ( ! greate/ importance t me?ods %\ld be us$ t are ( su* a nature t errors result+ f diff]5ce ( manipulation1 & f difficulty ( reproduc+ duplicate "w c be r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,h5ce1 a simple modification ( ! ,gr&eau me?od has be5 tri$ :i* has ! advantage ( keep+ a def9ite am\nt ( ! soil 9 contact ) a def9ite volume ( ammonia = a fix$ "t1 ! /r5g? ( ! ammonia rema9+ con/ant4 ,! process is z foll[s3 ,! soil is wa%$ ) acid & wat] z usual4 ,x is !n wa%$ into a #ejj cubic c5timet] cyl9d] ) ammonia1 ! cyl9d] clos$ & well %ak5 & all[$ to rema9 = a def9ite "t1 usually ?irty-six h\rs4 ,! mat]ial is %ak5 at regul> int]vals4 ,! cyl9d] is left incl9$ z mu* z possible )\t hav+ ! fluid t\* ! glass /opp]1 ?us all[+ ! soil to settle on ! side ( ! cyl9d] & expos+ a v l>ge surface to ! action ( ! ammonia4 ,dur+ ! la/ twelve h\rs ! cyl9d] is plac$ 9 a v]tical position to all[ ! soil to settle well be=e tak+ out ! aliquot "p ( ! solution4 ,! process ( wa%+ ! soil ) hydro*loric acid1 wat] & ammonia1 is v t$i\s :5 p]=m$ 9 ! usual way ) ! wa%-bottle4 ,a simple automatic wa%+ app>atus 0 devis$ by :i* a fix$ volume ( ! wa%+ fluid c be deliv]$ at regul> int]vals1 giv+ ample "t = ! ?or\gh dra9+ betwe5 ea* addition ( ! fluid1 & requir+ no att5tion4 ,by ?is app>atus "w c be cont9u$ day & night4 ,in/ead ( wa%+ on ! usual =m ( filt] pap] 9 funnels1 x is pref]able ) ?is app>atus to hold ! soils on a disk ( filt] pap] re/+ on a p]=at$ porcela9 disk 9 ! bottom ( ! funnel4 ,?is removes ! necessity ( wa%+ out ! filt] pap]s1 does n p]mit ( ! accumulation ( humus on ! edge ( ! filt] pap] :5 ! ,gr&eau process is us$1 & insures t all ! wa%+ fluids pass ?r\gh ! soil & n ar\nd x4 ,?is =m ( app>atus r$uces ! labor to a m9imum & p]mits _m det]m9ations to be c>ri$ on at once4 ,?is =m ( app>atus 0 only lately devis$ & has only be5 us$ long en\gh to te/ x & to %[ its advantages4 ,! report$ results 7 obta9$ by ! ord9>y me?ods ( wa%+4 ,9 all ! "w report$1 five grams 7 us$1 z ! soils conta9$ s mu* humus t ?is am\nt gave en\gh humus = good "w 9 ! f9al weigh+s4 ,! results obta9$ s f> appe> 9 ! foll[+ tables3 ,,table ,i4 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,me?od ,,( ,,gr&eau ,,) ,,hu/on',s ,,modification ,,& ,,( ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,ammonia ,,solution4 ,,"t ,,( ,,dige/ion ,,9 ,,modifi$ ,,me?od ,,?irty-,,six ,,h\rs4 ,two p] c5t ,f\r p] c5t ,,nh4 ,,nh4 ,gr&eau4 ,hu/on4 ,gr&eau4 ,hu/on4 #a4 ,peat soil1 #af4dj #bj4jf ,bogus #ac4ih #bj4hj #ag4dc ---------- ---------- ,mean #ae4id #bj4dc #b4 ,peat subsoil1 #ac4ih #ai4ch ,bogus #ac4he #bj4cj ---------- ---------- ,mean #ac4ib #ai4hd #c4 ,peat soil1 #i4je #ae4fj #ad4ga #ba4bd ,good #aj4bg #ae4hh #ae4cd #bj4bj ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ,mean #i4fa #ae4gd #ae4jc #bj4gb #d4 ,peat subsoil1 #af4ge #bd4cd ,good #ah4fj #bc4eb ---------- ---------- ,mean #ag4fh #bc4ic #e4 ,black soil1 ,a #c4ij #f4ij 7#a4hf7 #g4db 7#a4fg7 #f4ih ,b #c4hh #g4jj #d4db #d4bj ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ,mean #c4ii #f4ie 7#c4je7 #g4bj #d4ca #f4 ,clay loam1 #a4hf #d4bj #b4dj #d4bf ,we/ side1 ,a #d4bh ,b #a4gf #d4cf #b4dh 7#c4dj7 7#c4aj7 ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ,mean #a4ha #d4bh #b4dd 7#c4gf7 #d4bg #g4 ,clay loam1 ,a #a4ij #d4ab 7#a4fj7 7#d4ei7 ,lysimet] soil1 ,b #a4fa #d4bb 7#a4da7 7#d4eh7 ,c #a4hj #d4ab ,d #a4ie #d4jd ,e #a4ib #c4he ,f #a4ie #d4jh ,g #a4ij #c4ic ,h #a4ij #c4hj ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ,mean #a4gf #d4ag 7#a4hj7 7#d4ab7 #a4ij #c4ig ,sev5 p] c5t ,eight p] c5t ,,nh4 ,,nh4 ,gr&eau4 ,hu/on4 ,gr&eau4 ,hu/on4 #a4 ,peat soil1 ,bogus ,mean #b4 ,peat subsoil1 ,bogus ,mean #c4 ,peat soil1 #ai4gg #ba4gj #af4je #ba4db ,good #ai4he #ba4ij #ae4dj #ba4hj ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ,mean #ai4ha #ba4hj #ae4gc #ba4fa #d4 ,peat subsoil1 ,good ,mean #e4 ,black soil1 ,a ,b ,mean #f4 ,clay loam1 #b4ad #d4jb #a4he #d4ab ,we/ side1 ,a ,b #b4ac #d4dh #a4ij #d4dj ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ,mean #b4ad #d4be #a4hh #d4bf #g4 ,clay loam1 ,a ,lysimet] soil1 ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,mean ,,note4--,numb]s 9 p>5!ses indicate results1 g5]ally ! e>lie/ ones1 :i* ! au?ors d n consid] /rictly comp>able ) ! re/ ( ! "w4 ,!y are giv5 solely = ! purpose ( exhibit+ all ! "w t has be5 done to date4 ,:5 a mean is includ$ 9 p>5!ses x indicates t x is calculat$ f all ! results obta9$1 includ+ ^? n consid]$ /rictly comp>able4 ,bogus is a "n giv5 to a peaty soil :i* is v /]ile4 ,,table ,,ii4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,"t ,,( ,,dige/ion4 ,,f\r ,,p] ,,c5t ,,( ,,ammonia ,,us$ ,,?r\gh\t4 ,,hu/on',s ,,me?od4 ,?irty-six ,=ty-eight ,sixty-eight ,n9ety-eight h\rs4 h\rs4 h\rs4 h\rs4 ,peat ,soil1 #ba4bd #bb4bh #bd4jd ,good #bj4bj #ba4gj #bc4id ---------- ---------- ---------- ,mean #bj4gb #ba4ii #bc4ii ,clay loam1 #d4bh #d4jj #d4dj #d4bf #d4ja #d4he ,we/ side 7#c4dj7 7#c4je7 ------------ ---------- -------- ,mean #d4bg #d4ja #d4fc ,,table ,,iii4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,"t ,,( ,,extraction4 ,,"t1 ,,t5 ,,days4 ,,gr&eau',s ,,me?od1 ,,f\r ,,p] ,,c5t ,,ammonia4 ,,peat ,,soil4 ,a4 ,b4 ,mean4 ,rem>ks4 ,p] ,p] ,p] c5t4 c5t4 c5t4 #a/ extraction1 #gej cc #af4ij #ah4if #ag4ic #bnd #bej #b4hj #b4ch #b4ei #crd #bej #a4gg #a4aj #a4dd #d? #bej #a4cd #a4cj #a4cb ,/ood ov] night4 #e? #bej #j4hi #j4he #j4hg #f? #bej #a4da #a4fe #a4ec ,/ood ov]night4 #g? #bej #b4aj #a4hj #a4ie ,wa%$ aga9 ) ,h,cl = ,ca4 ,trace f\nd4 ,h,cl wa%$ out1 b trace ( *lorids f\nd 9 a%4 ,probably ,h,cl absorb$ f air z humus %[$ small quantity ( a :ite volatile solid on evaporation4 #h? #bej #j4fg #j4fe #j4ff #i? #bej #j4eg #j4ej #j4ec -------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ,total #bgej #bh4de #bi4ai #bh4hb #cac4 ,summ>y ( ,results4--#a4 ,! modifi$ me?od gives mu* high] results ?an ! orig9al me?od ( ,gr&eau4 #b4 ,9 ! ,gr&eau me?od m>k$ irregul>ities foll[ a *ange 9 ! /r5g? ( ! ammonia solution4 ,^! diff]5ces 9 results be> no relation to ! /r5g? ( ! solution us$4 ,!y seem to be errors due to ! difficulty ( secur+ uni=m & complete wa%+ ( ! soil by ! ammonia solution4 ,9 ! modifi$ me?od ! *ange 9 ! /r5g? ( ! ammonia solution makes practically no diff]5ce 9 ! am\nt ( humus extract$1 except 9 ! case ( ! peat soil :]e two p] c5t ammonia fail$ to extract all ! humus4 ,b ! results %[ no consid]able increase :5 ! /r5g? is increas$ to ov] f\r p] c5t4 #c4 ,! factor ( "t has n be5 fully inve/igat$1 b ! results s f> obta9$ indicate t ! "t ex]ts less influ5ce 9 ! modifi$ ?an 9 ! ,gr&eau me?od4 #d4 ,table ,,iii %[s t consid]able quantities ( ! peat soil are /ill pass+ into solution 9 ! ,gr&eau me?od at ! end ( t5 days4 ,) ord9>y soils ?is is n true2 b 9 ! case ( soil ,no4 #e1 a black soil1 ! solutions 7 color$ at ! end ( a week4 ,on ! peat soil ! modifi$ me?od extract$ f t5 to fifty p] c5t m ?an ! ,gr&eau1 & on ! ord9>y soil f two to ?ree times z mu* humus4 #e4 ,9 comp>+ duplicate results by bo? me?ods x is f\nd t ) soil ,no4 #c1 peat soil1 ! foll[+ diff]5ces appe> calculat$ to p]c5tage ( ! total am\nt involv$ 9 ! det]m9ation3 ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,/r5g? ( ammonia #b4 #d4 #g4 #h4 ,modifi$ #a4g #e4 #a4j #a4h ,gr&eau #ac4j #d4c #j4e #c4d ,special att5tion 0 paid to ?is po9t 9 case ( soil ,no4 #g1 an ord9>y soil2 tak+ all results into consid]ation ! greate/ diff]5ce 9 p]c5tage ( total am\nt involv$ 01 by ! modifi$ me?od1 n9ete5 p] c5t1 & by ! ,gr&eau1 ?irty p] c5t4 ,9 ! set ( six special det]m9ations made by bo? me?ods to te/ ?is po9t & :i* are /rictly comp>able ) ea* o!r1 ! maximum range 0 by ! modifi$ me?od #g4h p] c5t & by ! ,gr&eau #h4c p] c5t ( ! total am\nt involv$ 9 ! det]m9ation4 ,f :i* x appe>s t ! modifi$ me?od is on ! :ole capable ( yield+ r m concordant results ?an ! ,gr&eau4 #cad4 ,e/imation ( ,free ,humic ,acids4--,?is process1 due to ,mntz#bja is ess5tially t ( ,hu/on & ,mc,bride4 ,tw5ty grams ( ! soil are r$uc$ to a f9e p[d] & saturat$ ) fifty cubic c5timet]s ( conc5trat$ ammonia & all[$ to dige/ two or ?ree days 9 a w>m place4 ,! volume is !n made up to "o lit] ) wat]1 well %ak51 & set aside = "o day 9 ord] to p]mit ! subsid5ce ( ! solid matt]4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t #ejj cubic c5timet]s ( ! sup]natant liquor are tak5 & acidifi$ ) hydro*loric acid 9 ord] to precipitate ! humic bodies4 ,! humus is collect$ on a filt]1 dri$ & weigh$4 ,x is !n ignit$ & ! weight ( a% d$uct$ f ! fir/ weight ?us giv+ ! actual weight ( ! humus obta9$1 free f m9]al matt]4 ,?is process gives ! free humic acids4 ,by previ\s treatm5t ( ! sample ) hydro*loric acid z 9 ! process ( ,hu/on & ,mc,bride1 ! total humus is obta9$4 ,! e/imation ( ! free humic acids is ( importance 9 det]m9+ ! quantity ( lime or m>l :i* %\ld be add$ to acid l&s4 #cae4 ,humus ,me?od ( ,von ,bemmeln4#bjb--,von ,bemmeln obta9s ! cont5t ( humus by ! multiplication ( ! cont5t ( c>bon 9 ! soil by ! factor ( ,wolff2 viz41 #a4gbd4 ,! e/imation ( c>bon1 wat]1 & ( ! loss on ignition is conduct$ 9 combu/ion tubes 9 a curr5t ( oxyg54 ,! nitrog5 e/imation is c>ri$ on accord+ to ! me?od ( ,dumas4 ,9 soils conta9+ calcium c>bonate ! c>bon cont5t is d]iv$ f ! c>bon dioxid tak5 up by ! pota% bulbs dur+ combu/ion 7a72 f o!r c>bonates n decompos$ on ignition & :i* are subsequ5tly det]m9$ 9 ! residue by treatm5t ) hydro*loric acid 9 a c>bon dioxid app>atus1 7b7 & ! total c>bon dioxid d]iv$ f ! c>bonates 9 ! soil 7c74 ,= ea* e/imation f ?ree to five grams ( ! soil are tak51 because ) small] quantities ! errors ( analysis too /rongly influ5ce ! results4 ,! c>bon is !n calculat$ accord+ to ! =mula3 ,c>bon 7a b c74 ,! ,c>bon ,dioxid ( ,c>bonates4--,x is necess>y to expel ! c>bon dioxid at ord9>y temp]atures1 because on heat+ to boil+1 c>bon dioxid w\ld be =m$ f ! humus4 ,9 a flask1 z small z possible1 ! soil is treat$ at ord9>y temp]ature1 ) dilute sulfuric or citric acid1 ! escap+ gas dri$ ov] sulfuric acid & tak5 up ) soda-lime4 ,beh9d ! soda-lime is a small tube fill$ ) pieces ( glass & moi/5$ ) sulfuric acid1 :i* reta9s any moi/ure tak5 out ( ! soda-lime4 ,a /ream ( ab\t "o lit] ( air1 free f c>bon dioxid1 is suffici5t to drive out all ( ! c>bon dioxid :5 ! e/imation is made at ord9>y temp]atures4 ,a volcanic e>? f ,deli1 :i* conta9$ five p] c5t ( humus1 gave1 at a temp]ature plus or m9us #ae1 #j4ja p] c5t ,,co4 ,at boil+ temp]ature two analyses gave #j4ed & #j4ef ,,co4 ,?is soil conta9$ no c>bonate1 & ! c>bon dioxid f\nd at ! boil+ temp]ature1 mu/ h come f ! humus sub/ances "u ! influ5ce ( ! dilute acids4 ,a heavy clay conta9+ #f4i p] c5t ( humus gave1 at plus or m9us #ae1 #c4fj p] c5t ,,co2 at #ajj )\t boil+1 x gave an additional #j4ec p] c5t1 & ) boil+ an additional #j4aa p] c5t1 or a total ( #d4bd p] c5t ,,co4 ,a light clay conta9+ #c4b p] c5t ( humus1 gave1 at #ae1 #e4ji p] c5t ,,co2 at a boil+ temp]ature an additional #j4dc p] c5t1 & by cont9u$ boil+ an additional #j4bg p] c5t4 #caf4 ,e/imation ( ,humus by ! ,g]man ,me?od4--,! ,g]man exp]im5t /ations foll[ ! me?od ( ,loges1#bjc dep5d+ on ! oxidation ( ! humic bodies ) copp] oxid aft] evaporation ( ! sample ) phosphoric acid4 ,! object ( ! prelim9>y evaporation is to set ! humic acids free 9 ord] t !y may be bett] & m easily oxidiz$ ?an :5 burn$ 9 ! comb9$ /ate4 ,! sample ( soil is plac$ 9 a ,h(fmei/] di% 7,s*l*571 moi/5$ ) dilute phosphoric acid & evaporat$ to complete dryness4 ,! di% & its cont5ts are rubb$ up ) pulv]iz$ copp] oxid & plac$ 9 a combu/ion tube ( sixty c5timet]s 9 l5g?1 op5 at bo? ends4 ,!re is !n plac$ 9 ! tube1 & held 9 place by asbe/os plugs1 granul> copp] oxid to a l5g? ( tw5ty c5timet]s4 ,! combu/ion tube is plac$ 9 a prop] furnace & "o end connect$ ) two wa%+-flasks1 ! fir/ conta9+ pota% lye1 & ! o!r a solution ( b>ium hydroxid4 ,^! flasks are to free ! aspirat$ air f c>bon dioxid4 ,! o!r end ( ! combu/ion tube is connect$ ) an appropriate app>atus = absorb+ ! c>bon dioxid4 ,loges recomm5ds ! ,pett5k(] absorption tube & a ,fres5ius dry+ cyl9d]4 ,betwe5 ! absorption app>atus & ! aspirator1 is also plac$ a wa%+-flask conta9+ b>ium hydroxid solution1 s]v+ to detect any unabsorb$ c>bon dioxid4 ,! lay] ( granul> copp] oxid is fir/ heat$1 ! air be+ sl[ly aspirat$ ?r\gh ! app>atus mean:ile1 b n ?r\gh ! absorption bulbs4 ,all ! c>bon dioxid is ?us remov$ f ! app>atus4 ,! absorption sy/em be+ connect$1 ! tube is heat$ sl[ly f ! front1 backw>ds1 & aft] ! tube is well heat$ a sl[ curr5t ( air is drawn ?r\gh & cont9u$ until ! combu/ion is complete1 :i* is usually 9 ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r4 ,aft] ! tube is cool ! p[d]$ copp] oxid & residue ( combu/ion are remov$1 & = ?is reason ! tube is /opp$ ) a cork at bo? ends in/ead ( be+ drawn out & seal$ at "o end4 ,! tube c ?us be refill$ )\t di/urb+ ! granul> lay] ( copp] oxid4 ,! dry+ cyl9d] us$ betwe5 ! combu/ion tube & ! absorption sy/em has its upp] "p fill$ ) cotton to avoid ! delet]i\s effects ( ! nitric oxid produc$ 9 ! combu/ion4 ,) ?is arrangem5t ! use ( metallic copp] 9 ! combu/ion tube to r$uce ! nitric oxid c be disp5s$ )1 ! moi/ cotton hold+ back ! acid fumes4 ,! p] c5t ( humus is obta9$ by multiply+ ! p] c5t ( c>bon f\nd by #a4gbd4 #cag4 ,me?od ( ,raul9 = ! ,e/imation ( ,humus4#bjd--,! volumetric e/imation ( humus 9 soil by a solution ( potassium p]manganate w\ld be conv5i5t & practical if ! combu/ion ( ! organic matt] 7 complete1 & if ! br[n+ ( ! liquor did n r5d] ! end ( ! reaction unc]ta94 ,! process ( ,s*midt1 modifi$ z bel[1 has giv5 satisfactory results4 ,9 a small flask1 ) flat bottom1 conta9+ ab\t #bej cubic c5timet]s1 are introduc$ t5 cubic c5timet]s ( a solution ( manganese sulfate conta9+ sixte5 grams ( ! anhydr\s salt p] lit]1 & t5 cubic c5timet]s ( a t5 p] c5t solution ( potassium p]manganate4 ,! solution is heat$ = a few m9utes1 ! liquor is decoloriz$ & manganese bronze is precipitat$4 ,"o hundr$ cubic c5timet]s ( wat] are add$1 & f\r cubic c5timet]s ( sulfuric acid conta9+ #aej cubic c5timet]s ( monohydrat$ acid p] lit]4 ,!re is n[ add$ an exactly measur$ volume ( ! humic liquid prop]ly prep>$1 s t 9 oxidiz+ completely x de/roys at mo/ only half ( ! manganese dioxid4 ,! mixture is submitt$ to g5tle ebullition = eight h\rs1 ! wat] be+ kept at a con/ant volume4 ,! excess ( manganese dioxid rema9+ is dissolv$ hot by a measur$ portion ( dec9ormal oxalic acid 9 slight excess1 & ! excess ( oxalic acid is remov$ by a solution ( potassium p]manganate conta9+ "o gram p] lit]4 ,! volume ( oxalic acid n de/roy$ by manganese dioxid is calculat$ f ! am\nt ( p]manganate consum$4 ,! volume ( oxalic acid1 :i* corresponds to ! same quantity ( dioxid z ! introduc$ humus1 is also calculat$ by tak+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! volume ( oxalic acid necess>y to de/roy all ! dioxid =m$ by t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! t5 p] c5t p]manganate solution1 & ! volume ( ! oxalic acid :i* has de/roy$ ! dioxid rema9+ aft] ! action ( ! humus4 ,! fir/ volume ( oxalic acid1 t is to say1 t :i* de/roys ! dioxid =m$ by t5 cubic c5timet]s ( t5 p] c5t p]manganate is det]m9$ 9 a prelim9>y titration4 ,9 reg>d to ! humic liquor1 x is prep>$ by treat+ t5 grams ( e>? ) soda solution 9 ! usual mann]4 ,x w be easy to calculate ! volume ( ! oxalic solution equival5t to ! total volume ( ! humic solution1 ( :i* a det]m9$ fraction has be5 assay$1 & consequ5tly ! volume ( oxalic solution equival5t to ! humus 9 t5 grams ( ! dry e>?4 ,?is numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( ! dec9ormal oxalic solution multipli$ by #j4h w express 9 milligrams ! weight ( oxyg5 necess>y to burn ! humus f t5 grams ( dry e>?4 ,humus n be+ a def9ite comp\nd1 b a residue ( complex organic matt]s p>tially oxidiz$1 x w require z mu* m oxyg5 to complete ! combu/ion z ! previ\s oxidation has be5 less pron\nc$4 ,?is weight ( oxyg5 necess>y to burn ! humus f t5 grams ( dry e>? may s]ve to detect ! total value z well z ! weight ( ! humus itself4 ,h[ev]1 if we wi% to h directly ! weight ( ! humus1 res\rce c be _h to a table :i*1 )\t be+ rigor\s1 c be reg>d$ z suffici5tly exact :5 ! v>iability ( ! con/itution ( humus is tak5 into acc\nt4 ,volume ( dec9ormal oxalic acid ,correspond+ humus1 directly = t5 grams ( e>?4 det]m9$4 ,cubic c5timet]s4 ,milligrams4 #ej #hj #ajj #aej #bjj #bhj #cjj #djj #djj #eaj #ejj #faj #fjj #gje #gjj #gij #hjj #hhe #ijj #ige #a1jjj #a1jfj #a1bjj #a1bbe #a1djj #a1cij #a1fjj #a1efj #a1hjj #a1gbj #b1jjj #a1hij #b1ejj #b1cae #c1jjj #b1gce #c1ejj #c1agj #d1jjj #c1fje #d1ejj #d1jce #e1jjj #d1dfj #e1ejj #d1hij #f1jjj #e1caj #f1ejj #e1gde #cah4 ,pa/urel's ,me?od4--,accord+ to ,pa/urel#bje ! process ( ,raul9 does n furni% figures t are rigor\sly exact only ) soil ( :i* ! humus conta9s =ty-five p] c5t ( c>bon4 ,:5 ! ri*ness 9 organic c>bon is less1 ! results ( ! e/imation are too high4 ,pa/urel modifies ! process z foll[s3 ,manganese ,sulfate4--,dissolve sixte5 grams ( ! pure anhydr\s manganese sulfate 9 di/ill$ wat] & make ! solution up to "o lit]4 ,potassium ,p]manganate4--,make a solution ( t5 grams ( potassium p]manganate 9 "o lit] ( wat]2 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! liquor j m5tion$ are dilut$ to "o lit] & con/itute ! potassium p]manganate solution "o to t54 ,oxalic & ,sulfuric ,acids4--,a solution ( oxalic acid is prep>$ conta9+ #f4c grams ( ! acid 9 "o lit] ( wat]1 & a dilute solution ( sulfuric acid1 by dissolv+ #aej grams ( ! monohydrat$ acid 9 "o lit] ( wat]4 ,humus ,solution4--,! solution ( humus is prep>$ by ! foll[+ process3 ,t5 grams ( f9e e>? are fre$ f all _! c>bonates by dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,aft] wa%+1 ! filt] is brok5 & ! dirt is wa%$ into a small flask4 ,n m ?an tw5ty or ?irty cubic c5timet]s ( wat] %\ld be employ$ = ?is purpose4 ,tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( a liquor conta9+ two grams ( cau/ic soda are add$1 & ! flask is plac$ ^u a s&-ba? & ma9ta9$ at a boil+ temp]ature = six h\rs4 ,x is !n dilut$ ) wat]1 filt]$ & wa%$ z long z ! wat]s are color$4 ,! liquor is treat$ ) dilute sulfuric acid until almo/ ! :ole ( ! soda is saturat$4 ,x is indisp5sable1 h[ev]1 to ma9ta9 a slight alkal9ity 9 ord] t ! organic matt] may re/ totally dissolv$4 ,! precipitation ( silica :i* is almo/ always produc$ is )\t inconv5i5ce4 ,aft]w>d ! volume is complet$ to #ejj cubic c5timet]s & ! humus solution is !n ready = use4 ,e/imation ( ! ,humus4--,t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! manganese sulfate are plac$ 9 a flask & t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! p]manganate add$1 & ! :ole is !n slightly heat$1 & aft]w>d #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( wat] & f\r cubic c5timet]s ( sulfuric acid are add$4 ,! humic liquor is n[ introduc$ 9 su* proportion t ! humus :i* x conta9s dissolves at ! greate/1 a half ( ! precipitat$ manganese & ! re/ ( ! process is cont9u$ z describ$ by ,raul94 #cai4 ,e/imation ( ,c>bonates 9 ,arable ,soil4--,! pr9ciple ( ! det]m9ation dep5ds on ! lib]ation ( ! c>bon dioxid f its comp\nds 9 ! soil by act+ on !m ) /rong acid1 & ! desiccation1 absorption1 & weigh+ ( ! evolv$ gas4 ,any ( ! ord9>y =ms ( app>atus = e/imat+ c>bon dioxid may be us$ 9 ?is det]m9ation4 ,! app>atus ( ,knorr#bjf has be5 us$ ) satisfaction = _m ye>s 9 ! laboratory ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #fe4 ,,knorr',s ,,app>atus ,,= ,,! ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,c>bon ,,dioxid4 ,! app>atus consi/s ( a flask ,a1 ,fig4 #fe1 9 :i* ! c>bon dioxid 9 ! soil is lib]at$4 ,a cond5s]1 ,d1 fits by means ( a gr\nd-glass jo9t into ! neck ( ! flask 9 :i* ! lib]at$ gas1 toge!r ) any air or aque\s vapor :i* may be c>ri$ =w>d1 is cool$4 ,?is prev5ts any excess ( vapor ( wat] f ent]+ ! absorb+ bulbs1 :i* c\ld easily happ5 at ! end ( ! exp]im5ts :5 ! cont5ts ( ,a are rais$ to ! boil+ po9t4 ,! bulb ,b conta9s ! acid1 usually hydro*loric1 :i* is employ$ = decompos+ ! c>bonates4 ,x is provid$ ) a gu>d bulb-tube1 ,c1 :i* s]ves to absorb any c>bon dioxid :i* might ent] ! app>atus ) ! air dur+ aspiration at ! close ( ! det]m9ation4 ,! c>bon dioxid is dri$ 9 ! bulb-tube1 ,e1 9 oil ( vitriol1 & absorb$ 9 ! pota% solution 9 ,f4 ,x is advisable to aspirate a sl[ curr5t ( air ?r\gh ! app>atus by means ( ! tube ,g dur+ ! :ole ( ! op]ation4 ,! quantity ( ! sample to be tak5 dep5ds on its ri*ness 9 c>bonates4 ,_m soils are s poor 9 c>bonates z to r5d] any attempt at exact det]m9ation nugatory4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a comp>atively small sample ( m>ls w be suffici5t4 ,a prelim9>y qualitative te/ w indicate1 9 a g5]al way1 ! quantity ( ! sample to be tak54 ,! sample ( soil1 five to fifty grams1 hav+ be5 transf]r$ to ,a1 :i* %\ld be p]fectly dry1 is made into a batt] ) fre%ly boil$ di/ill$ wat]4 ,:5 all ! p>ts ( ! app>atus are prop]ly connect$ gas-tight1 ! cock betwe5 ,b & ,a is sl[ly op5$ & ! hydro*loric 7nitric7 acid 9 ,b all[$ to fl[ into ,a at su* a rate z w secure a mod]ate evolution ( gas4 ,:5 ! c>bonate is entirely decompos$1 a lamp is br\ght "u ,a & its cont5ts gradually rais$ to ! boil+ po9t4 ,! aspiration ( air1 free f c>bon dioxid1 is mean:ile cont9u$ until all ! lib]at$ gas has be5 absorb$ 9 ,f4 ,usually ab\t fifte5 m9utes w be suffici5t to accompli% ?is purpose4 #cbj4 ,b]n>d's ,calcimet]4--,= a rapid & approximately accurate me?od ( det]m9+ ! am\nt ( c>bonate 9 ! soil1 e/imat$ z calcium c>bonate1 ,b]n>d makes use ( ! well-kn[n me?od ( ! volumetric e/imation ( c>bon dioxid4 ,! sample to be exam9$ %\ld n be p[d]$ 9 any way4 ,! sample 9 a natural /ate1 b well air-dri$1 is g5tly brok5 up by ! f+]s & pass$ ?r\gh a sieve hav+ t5 me%es to ! c5timet]4 ,( ! f9e e>? ?us obta9$1 "o gram is tak51 = ! det]m9ation4 ,if ! p]c5tage ( c>bonate 9 ! soil exce$s fifty !n only half a gram is tak54 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ff4 ,,b]n>d',s ,,calcimet]4 ,! app>atus employ$ is "o well kn[n4 ,! small erl5mey] ,c is fitt$ ) a rubb] /opp] c>ry+ an exit tube = ! gas & a small !rmomet]4 ,?is flask is connect$ by means ( a rubb] tube & small glass tube to ! measur+ burette ,b4 ,?is burette is graduat$ f #j to #ajj cubic c5timet]s4 ,bel[1 by means ( a rubb] tube1 x is connect$ ) ! op5 bulb ,a1 :i*1 by means ( a cord ab\t its neck1 c be susp5d$ by ! hook z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,! measur+ tube is fill$ ) wat] ?r\gh ,a until ! level ( ! liquid 9 ,b is slightly above ! z]o m>k4 ,mean:ile ! "o gram ( e>? has be5 plac$ 9 ,c1 toge!r ) ! tube ,d ?ree-f\r?s fill$ ) an equal mixture ( wat] & /rong hydro*loric acid4 ,! greate/ c>e mu/ be tak5 t no "p ( ! acid be spill$4 ,! rubb] /opp] is n[ =c$ into ,c until ! level ( ! wat] 9 ,b is j at ! z]o m>k4 ,grasp+ ,c 9 ! "r h& & ,a 9 ! left1 ! op]ator incl9es ,c until ! cont5ts ( ,d are empti$4 ,mean:ile z ! gas is evolv$1 ,a is l[]$ at su* a rate z to always keep ! level ( ! wat] 9 ,b & ,a on ! same plane4 ,9 a few mom5ts ! evolution ( gas is complete1 & ! volume giv5 (f is read at once )\t correction4 ,?is volume multipli$ by #j4d gives ! p]c5tage ( c>bonate 9 ! sample exam9$4 ,x is und]/ood t ! det]m9ation is made at ord9>y temp]atures2 viz41 #ag to #bb4 ,example3 ,"o gram ( a soil treat$ z above1 gave ( c>bon dioxid 7uncorrect$7 #fe cubic c5timet]s4 #fe #j4d #bf4jj p] c5t calcium c>bonate 9 sample4 ,! above me?od is useful 9 ! classification ( soils & 9 det]m9+ approximately ! quantity ( calcium c>bonate :i* !y conta94 ,! practical use ( ?is me?od is ( great value 9 det]m9+ ! "* ( f]tiliz] to be appli$4 ,x is well to "k ! p]c5tage ( c>bonate 9 select+ m9]al f]tiliz]s4 #cba4 ,soils ,defici5t 9 ,c>bonates4--,:5 a soil conta9s b a small quantity ( c>bonates1 ,mll]#bjg has call$ att5tion to ! fact t ! c>bon dioxid absorb$ by ! wat] 9 :i* ! soil is rubb$ up may vitiate ! result4 ,in/ead ( wat] a titrat$ solution ( sodium c>bonate is employ$4 ,! app>atus is compos$ ( a flask conta9+ ! mixture ( ! sodium c>bonate & ! soil on :i* ! hydro*loric acid is to act4 ,! hydro*loric acid is conta9$ 9 a small tube1 z 9 ,s*eibl]'s app>atus4 ,! gas is receiv$ 9 a rubb] tube #a4e met]s long & ?ree to f\r millimet]s int]ior diamet]1 & connect$ ) a burette1 ! op5 m\? ( :i* dips into ! wat] ( a cyl9d] ( prop] l5g?4 ,! volume ( gas is read :5 ! burette is rais$ or l[]$ 9 ! cyl9d] until ! liquid )9 & )\t /&s at ! same level4 ,dur+ ! action ( ! acid on ! c>bonates ! flask is con/antly %ak54 ,sev]al read+s ( ! volume ( gas are made1 ! evolution flask be+ vigor\sly %ak5 be=e ea* "o4 ,f9ally1 9 ord] to all[ = ! v>iations 9 temp]ature & pressure ( ! ext]ior air :i* may take place betwe5 ! beg9n+ & ! end ( ! reaction1 a second flask conta9+ air is plac$ by ! side ( ! evolution flask & communicat+ ) a n>r[ tube half fill$ ) wat]4 ,any v>iations 9 ! volume ( ! air 9 ! flask w be %[n by v>iations 9 ! height ( ! liquid 9 ! two arms ( ! tube1 & ! volume ( ! v>iation c be easily det]m9$ by hav+ ! tube calibrat$4 ,if n[ a equals ! volume p] c5t ( c>bon dioxid 9 ! atmosph]e ( ! evolution flask at ! end ( ! reaction1 v ! volume ( gas dis5gag$1 & ,v ! volume ( ! atmosph]e 9 ! evolution flask1 ! p] c5t ( c>bon dioxid conta9$ 9 a giv5 l5g? ( ! rubb] tube w be equal to a_/#b4 ,?is arises f ! fact t ! fir/ gas :i* passes into ! rubb] tube is compos$ solely ( air1 :ile ! la/ conta9s a p] c5t ( c>bon dioxid4 ,by reason ( ! %ak+ ( ! flask ! mean ri*ness ( ! cont5ts ( ! tube 9 c>bon dioxid1 w be s5sibly a_/#b4 ,f ! above data ! foll[+ equations are d]iv$3 #a4 va_/#b ,va v4 #b4 a v_/7v_/#b ,v7 ,if ! weight ( ! c>bon dioxid dissolv$ 9 ,v cubic c5timet]s ( ! liquid 9 ! evolution flask be repres5t$ by q1 ! coeffici5t ( ! solubility ( pure c>bon dioxid 9 ?is liquid w be1 accord+ to ! law ( ! solubility ( a gas1 equal to k 7q7_/7,va7 ,! volume ( k has be5 det]m9$ = v>i\s /r5g?s ( ! sodium c>bonate solution1 us+ five cubic c5timet]s ( hydro*loric acid conta9+ #a4f grams pure hydro*loric acid4 ,= solutions dis5gag+ f five to fifty milligrams ( c>bon dioxid1 ! mean value ( k 0 f\nd to be #a4h milligrams 9 ! abs5ce ( calcium *lorid4 ,:5 calcium *lorid 0 pres5t 9 quantities v>y+ f #j4jc to #j4jg gram p] cubic c5timet] ( liquid 9 ! evolution flask1 ! value ( k 0 #a4d milligrams4 ,by adopt+1 accord+ to circum/ances1 ! "o or ! o!r ( ! above numb]s & multiply+ x by ,va1 z det]m9$ by exp]im5t1 results are obta9$ diff]+ only #j4b to #j4c milligram f ^? secur$ by direct weigh+ ( ! evolv$ gas4 ,dietri*#bjh has call$ att5tion to ! necessity ( add+ ! volume ( ! dissolv$ gas to ! measur$ volume 9 su* det]m9ations1 & ?is volume or weight is easily det]m9$ by ! above =mulas4 #cbb4 ,belgian ,me?od4--,! me?od pursu$ at ! ,gembl\x ,/ation#bji consi/s 9 tak+ f five to fifty grams ( ! sample ( soil1 accord+ to its cont5t 9 c>bonate1 rubb+ x up 9 a porcela9 di% ) di/ill$ wat] 9 ord] to make a ?9 pa/e4 ,! mass is work$ to drive out all ! air1 ! :ole wa%$ into a flask ( #cjj cubic c5timet]s capacity1 & ! am\nt ( c>bon dioxid e/imat$ by sett+ free ) an acid1 & collect+ ! c>bon dioxid evolv$ 9 pota% bulbs4 ,,dige/ion ,,( ,,soils ,,) ,,solv5ts4 #cbc4 ,g5]al ,consid]ations4--,!re are two po9ts 9 connection ) ! det]m9ation ( m9]al matt]s 9 ! soil :i* mu/ always be kept 9 view2 viz41 fir/1 ! e/imation ( ! total quantities ( mat]ial 9 ! soil1 & second1 ! /udy ( ^? mat]ials :i* are m easily br\ght into solution & ?us made available = ! food ( plants4 ,x is well und]/ood t ! soil p>ticles d n give up entirely to ! plant ! food mat]ials :i* !y conta94 ,! practical value !re=e ( an analysis ( a soil dep5ds m ^u ! exact det]m9ation ( ! plant food available ?an ^u its total quantity4 ,f a m9]al & geological po9t ( view1 on ! o!r h&1 an idea ( ! total composition ( ! soil is ! object to be atta9$4 ,= ! det]m9ation ( ! available plant food1 v>i\s solv5ts h be5 propos$1 none ( :i*1 p]haps1 imitates v accurately ! natural solv5t action ( organic life & moi/ure on ! soil mat]ials4 ,a description ( ! /&>d me?ods ( prep>+ soil extracts w be ! subject ( a few succe$+ p>agraphs4 #cbd4 ,e/imation ( ! ,quantity ( ,mat]ials ,soluble 9 ,wat]4#baj--;,five hundr$ grams ( ! air-dri$ soil are treat$ 9 a flask ) #a1ejj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 less ! quantity ( wat] already conta9$ 9 ! air-dri$ soil1 :i* is volatile at #abe4 ,! mass is frequ5tly %ak5 &1 aft] sev5ty-two h\rs1 #gej cubic c5timet]s ( ! liquid filt]$4 ,! filtrate is evaporat$ to dryness 9 a plat9um di%1 dri$ at #abj & weigh$4 ,?is is !n inc9]at$ &1 aft] treatm5t ) ammonium c>bonate & g5tle ignition1 is aga9 weigh$4 ,! fur!r exam9ation ( ! residue = acids & bases is made by "s ( ! me?ods h]eaft] describ$4 #cbe4 ,treatm5t ) ,wat] ,saturat$ ) ,c>bon ,dioxid4--,two ?\s& five hundr$ grams ( ! air-dri$ soil are treat$ ) #hjjj cubic c5timet]s ( di/ill$1 & aft]w>ds ) #bjjj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 :i* h previ\sly1 at room temp]ature1 be5 saturat$ ) c>bon dioxid4 ,! mixture is left 9 a clos$ flask = sev5 days1 frequ5tly %ak51 aft] :i* #g1ejj cubic c5timet]s ( ! liquid are filt]$4 ,! cle> filtrate1 aft] treatm5t ) a little hydro*loric acid & a few drops ( nitric acid1 is evaporat$ to dryness4 ,aft] ! sep>ation ( ! silica ! traces ( iron1 alum9a1 lime1 sulfuric acid1 magnesia1 pota%1 & soda1 are e/imat$ 9 ! liquid 9 ! mann] h]e9aft] to be describ$4 ,phosphoric acid is always pres5t 9 su* a case1 9 su* small quantities z to make its e/imation unnecess>y4 #cbf4 ,treatm5t ) ,wat] ,conta9+ ,ammonium ,*lorid4--,9 ! flask conta9+ ! residue f ! la/ exp]im5t2 viz41 ! soil ) #b1ejj cubic c5timet]s ( liquid1 are add$ #a1ejj cubic c5timet]s ( wat] saturat$ ) c>bon dioxid1 & #h1jjj cubic c5timet]s ( pure wat] 9 :i* five grams ( ammonium *lorid are dissolv$4 ,! mixture is !n left = sev5 days1 ) frequ5t %ak+1 & #g1ejj cubic c5timet]s ( ! liquid are !n filt]$1 & ! sub/ances dissolv$1 det]m9$ 9 ! filtrate4 ,9 addition to ! usual quantities ( lime & magnesia1 f two to f\r times z mu* alkali is dissolv$ by ?is treatm5t z is f\nd 9 ! solution f ! wat] conta9+ c>bon dioxid alone4 #cbg4 ,treatm5t ) ,wat] ,conta9+ ,acetic ,acid4--,! acetic acid %\ld be ( su* a /r5g? t aft] x has fully act$ on ! soil x %\ld /ill conta9 tw5ty p] c5t ( free acid4 #ajjj grams ( ! soil dri$ at #ajj are tak5 & ! acid add$ 9 prop] proportions & treat$ 9 ! mann] to be describ$ = det]m9+ ! solv5t action ( hydro*loric acid4 #cbh4 ,treatm5t ) ,citric ,acid ,solution4--,9 asc]ta9+ ! quantities ( soil mat]ials soluble 9 a solution ( citric acid1 ,dy]#baa recomm5ds ! use ( a c>efully prep>$ citric acid solution4 ,! dige/ion is c>ri$ on z foll[s3 ,place 9 a flask or bottle1 hold+ ab\t ?ree lit]s1 #bjj grams ( air-dri$ soil & two lit]s ( di/ill$ wat]1 9 :i* are dissolv$ tw5ty grams ( pure citric acid4 ,! soil is left1 at room temp]ature1 9 contact ) ! "o p] c5t acid = sev5 days1 ) ?or\gh %ak+ sev]al times a day4 ,at ! end ( ! dige/ion ! solution is filt]$ & #ejj cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate1 correspond+ to fifty grams ( ! soil1 are tak5 = analysis = ea* +r$i5t to be det]m9$4 ,! dige/ion 9 citric acid is especially recomm5d$ by ,dy] because ( its suppos$ ne> resemblance to ! me?ods ( solution ( plant food practic$ by ! rootlets ( plants4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t ?is process is 9 no s5se an imitation ( natural me?ods4 ,! solution is to be us$ exclusively = ! e/imation ( pota% & phosphoric acid4 ,dy] concludes1 f a comp>ison ( ! action ( a solution ( citric acid on soils ( kn[n f]tility1 t :5 z little z #j4ja p] c5t ( phosphoric acid is dissolv$ f a soil by ?is treatm5t x is ju/ifiable to assume t x /&s 9 imm$iate ne$ ( phosphatic manure4 ,! me?ods us$ by ,dy] to det]m9e ! phosphoric acid & pota% 9 ! citric acid solution w be giv5 9 _! appropriate place4 #cbi4 ,treatm5t ) ,hydro*loric ,acid4--,! solutions ( soils usually subject$ to *emical analysis are ^? obta9$ by long treatm5t ) hot m9]al acids1 among :i* ! mo/ common is hydro*loric4 ,x has long be5 assum$ by soil analy/s1 p]haps n ) ju/ness1 t su* treatm5t remov$ f ! soil1 all ^? elem5ts ( plant food :i* c\ld possibly be available = ! ne$s ( ! gr[+ crop4 ,9 ?is connection1 h[ev]1 ! analy/ mu/ n =get t nature1 9 a s]ies ( ye>s1 ) h] own me?ods may easily accompli% :at he 9 five days1 ev5 ) ! help ( a hot m9]al acid1 may n be able to secure4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ?is me?od ( solution has be5 s long practic$ x is n ! place "h to ?r[ d\bt on its effectiv5ess )\t be+ able to sugge/ a bett] way4 ,( ! m9]al acids available no "o possesses solv5t p[]s = soils 9 a high] degree ?an hydro*loric4 ,a some:at detail$ description w !re=e be giv5 ( ! me?ods ( its use4 #ccj4 ,/r5g? ( ,acid to be ,employ$4--,! fact t hydro*loric acid ( ne>ly con/ant /r5g?2 viz41 specific gravity #a4aae1 equival5t to #bb4i p] c5t hydro*loric acid1 may be obta9$ by di/illation1 l$ ,ow5 to use acid ( ?is d5sity 9 8 classic "w on soil analysis4 ,hilg>d has lately review$ ! conditions ( con/ant /r5g? 9 ! solv5t ) results confirm+ ! /atem5ts ( ,ow54#bab ,he evaporat$ on a /eam-ba?1 to "o-half its bulk1 fifty cubic c5timet]s ( hydro*loric acid1 specific gravity #a4aaf1 obta9$ by us+ ! di/illate f a /rong] acid aft] reject+ ! fir/ ?ird4 ,! same op]ation 0 conduct$ ) simil> acid dilut$ ) t5 p] c5t ( wat]4 ,! acid us$ conta9$ #bb4if p] c5t hydro*loric acid4 ,! residual acid conta9$ #ba4di p] c5t hydro*loric acid4 ,^! results lead ,hilg>d to believe t ! *anges aris+ f evaporation 9 hydro*loric acid dur+ soil dige/ion are insignificant1 comp>$ ) ^? due to its action on ! soluble matt]s1 & t evaporation dur+ dige/ion is effective 9 ma9ta9+ a def9ite /r5g? 9 ! solv5t4 ,= ?is reason x is cont5d$ t evaporation 9 a porcela9 beak] cov]$ by a wat*-glass is m effective 9 con/ancy ( conditions ?an dige/ion 9 a clos$ flask "u pressure4 #cca4 ,influ5ce ( ,"t ( ,dige/ion & ,/r5g? ( ,acid4--,l\ghridge has made an int]e/+ /udy ( ! influ5ce ( ! /r5g? ( acid & "t ( dige/ion on ! extraction ( soils4#bac ,! me?od ( prep>+ ! soil = ! det]m9ation ( ! above po9ts is z foll[s3 ,! soil1 hav+ be5 pass$ ?r\gh ! appropriate numb] ( sieves to obta9 ! f9e e>? is pulv]iz$ ) a wood5 pe/le & ?or\ghly mix$4 ,! hygroscopic moi/ure is det]m9$1 aft] expos+ x 9 a place saturat$ ) vapor1 9 a lay] n exce$+ "o millimet] 9 ?ickness = twelve h\rs1 & subsequ5tly dry+ at #bjj 9 a p>aff9-ba?4 ,( ?is dri$ sub/ance1 f two to ?ree grams are us$ 9 ! g5]al analysis1 ! me?ods employ$ be+ 9 g5]al ^? adopt$ by ,pet]4#bad ,! quantities ( mat]ials dissolv$ by acids ( diff]5t d5sities are %[n bel[4 ,! det]m9ations 7 made by me?ods h]eaft] to be describ$4 ,specific gravity ( acid4 ,+r$i5ts4 #a4jj #a4aae #a4afj ,insoluble residue #ga4hh #gj4ec #gd4ae ,soluble silica #aa4ch #ab4cj #i4db ,pota% #j4fj #j4fc #j4dh ,soda #j4ac #j4ji #j4ce ,lime #j4bg #j4bg #j4bc ,magnesia #j4de #j4de #j4de ,manganese oxid #j4jf #j4jf #j4jf ,f]ric oxid #e4ae #e4aa #e4jd ,alum9a #f4hd #h4ji #f4bb ,sulfuric acid #j4jb #j4jb #j4jb ,volatile matt] #c4ad #c4ad #c4ad ------------ ------------ ---------- ,total #ajj4jb #ajj4fi #ii4bi ,am\nt ( soluble matt] #bd4jj #bg4jb #bb4bg bases #ac4ej #ad4gj #ab4hc ,f ! above table x is se5 t ! /ronge/ acid ex]ts ! lea/ soluble effect ^u ! sub/ances pres5t 9 ! soil1 :ile ! greate/ degree ( solution 0 obta9$ by ! acid ( #a4aae specific gravity4 ,?is result indicates t :ile lime & magnesia are probably pres5t *iefly z c>bonates1 pota% z well z alum9a1 & to "s ext5t lime1 are pres5t z silicates1 & = t reason are n z fully extract$ by acid ( l[ /r5g? z by t ( m$ium conc5tration4 ,9 reg>d to ! influ5ce ( ! "t ( dige/ion1 ! acid ( specific gravity #a4aae be+ us$1 ! data obta9$ are giv5 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,numb] ( days dige/$4 ,+r$i5ts4 #a4 #c4 #d4 #e4 #aj4 ,insoluble residue #gf4ig #gb4ff #ga4hf #gj4ec #ga4gi ,soluble silica #h4fj #aa4ah #aa4fd #ab4cj #aj4if ,pota% #j4ce #j4dd #j4eg #j4fc #j4fb ,soda #j4jf #j4jf #j4jc #j4ji #j4bh ,lime #j4bf #j4bi #j4bh #j4bg #j4bg ,magnesia #j4db #j4dd #j4dg #j4de #j4dd ,manganese oxid #j4jd 4#jf #j4jf #j4jf #j4jf ,f]ric oxid #d4gg #e4ja #e4dc #e4aa #d4he ,alum9a #e4ae #g4ch #g4jg #g4hh #g4af ,phosphoric acid #j4ba #j4ba ,sulfuric acid #j4jb #j4jb #j4jb #j4jb #j4jb ,volatile matt] #c4ad #c4ad #c4ad #c4ad #c4ad ---------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ---------- ,total #ii4fc #ajj4fh #ajj4ee #ajj4fi #ii4hj ,am\nt ( soluble matt] #ai4fg #bd4hh #be4eg #bg4jb #bd4hg bases #aa4je #ac4fh #ac4ia #ad4di #ac4fh ,f ?is table x appe>s t ! am\nt ( dissolv$ +r$i5ts increases up to ! fif? day1 ! increase becom+1 h[ev]1 v sl[ z t limit is approa*$4 ,x is also f\nd t ! +r$i5ts (f]+ ! greate/ resi/ance to ?is action are ! same z ^? ^: am\nts 7 s5sibly affect$ by ! /r5g? ( ! acid2 namely1 silica1 pota%1 & alum9a4 ,9 reg>d to lime & magnesia1 "o day's dige/ion n be+ suffici5t = full extraction1 x is evid5t t !y d n exi/ 9 ! soil z c>bonates or hydric oxids only1 z has be5 suppos$1 b also z silicates4 ,a comp>ison ( ! results ( ! five & t5 days' dige/ion %[s t ! solv5t action ( ! acid has sub/antially ceas$ at ! end ( five days1 !re be+ no fur!r increase ( ! am\nt ( dissolv$ matt]4 #ccb4 ,dige/ion ,vessels4--,hilg>d prescribes t ! dige/ion ( ! sample ( soil ) acid be conduct$ 9 a small porcela9 beak] cov]$ ) a wat*-glass4#bae ,k$zie1 h[ev]1 pref]s beak]s ( bohemian glass1 & %[s t hydro*loric acid attacks ! porcela9 ) great] en]gy ?an ! glass4#baf ,plat9um w\ld be ! ideal mat]ial = ! dige/ive vessels1 b its great co/ w\ld exclude its g5]al use4 ,9 mo/ cases x w be f\nd t ! error introduc$ into ! analysis by ! use ( porcela9 or bohemian glass beak]s is q small & n likely to affect ! quantitative e/imation ( soluble soil +r$i5ts to any ext5t4 ,9 ?is laboratory "s comp>ative te/s made by ,mr4 ,w4 ,d4 ,bigel[ h %[n t vessels ( h>d glass ( special manufacture are less soluble 9 hot hydro*loric acid ( #a4aae specific gravity ?an porcela91 ?us confirm+ ! obs]vation ( ,k$zie4 ,foll[+ are ! data %[+ ! weights ( mat]ial dissolv$ 9 fifty h\rs3 ,b]l9 porcela9 #b4h milligrams ,bohemian glass #a4g ,kaehl] & ,m>t9i glass #a4b ,9 ea* case tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ! acid 7 us$4 ,! vessels all _h approximately a capacity ( #bjj cubic c5timet]s4 #ccc4 ,processes ,employ$--,hilg>d's ,me?od4--,! sample ( soil sift$ ?r\gh a #j4e millimet] me% sieve & ?or\ghly air-dri$1 is conv5i5tly pres]v$ 9 weigh+ tubes4 ,! actual cont5t ( hygroscopic & comb9$ moi/ure may be previ\sly made on a sep>ate sample ( soil4 ,9 det]m9+ ! am\nt ( mat]ial to be employ$ = ! g5]al analysis reg>d mu/ be _h to ! nature ( ! soil4 ,?is is necess>y because ( ! impracticability ( h&l+ successfully su* l>ge precipitates ( alum9a z w\ld result f ! employm5t ( z mu* z five grams 9 ! case ( calc>e\s clay soils2 :ile 9 ! case ( v s&y soils ev5 t quantity might require to be d\bl$ 9 ord] to obta9 weighable am\nts ( c]ta9 +r$i5ts4 ,= soils 9 :i* ! insoluble portion ranges f sixty to eighty p] c5t1 two & a half to ?ree grams are ab\t ! "r measure = g5]al analysis1 :ile = ! phosphoric acid det]m9ation n less ?an ?ree grams %\ld be employ$ 9 any case4 ,x has be5 alleg$ t l>g] quantities mu/ be tak5 = analysis 9 ord] to secure av]age results4 ,x is difficult to see :y ?is %\ld be true = soils & n = ores1 9 :i* ! results affect directly ! money value1 :ile 9 ! case ( soils ! int]pretation ( results all[s mu* wid] limits 9 ! p]c5tages4 ,correct sampl+ mu/ be presuppos$ to make any analysis useful2 b ) mod]n balances & me?ods x is difficult to see :y five grams %\ld be employ$ in/ead ( half t am\nt1 :i* 9 "s cases is /ill too mu* = conv5i5t manipulation ( c]ta9 precipitates4 ,! weigh$ quantity1 usually ( two to two & a half grams1 is br\ght into a small porcela9 beak]1 cov]$ ) a wat*-glass1 treat$ ) eight to t5 times its bulk ( hydro*loric acid ( #a4aae specific gravity1 & two or ?ree drops ( nitric acid1 & dige/$ = five days ov] ! laboratory /eam-ba?4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t x is evaporat$ to dryness1 fir/ on ! wat]-ba? & !n on ! s&-ba?4 ,by ?is treatm5t all ! silica set free is r5d]$ insoluble4 #ccd4 ,provisional ,me?od ( ! ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s4--,place t5 grams ( ! air-dri$ soil 9 a r\nd bottom #aej to #bjj cubic c5timet] bohemian flask1 add #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( pure hydro*loric acid ( specific gravity #a4aae1 ins]t ! /opp]1 wire x securely1 place 9 a /eam-ba?1 & dige/ = ?irty-six h\rs at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]4 ,p\r ! cont5ts ( ! flask into a small beak]1 wa% ) di/ill$ wat]1 add ! wa%+s to ! cont5ts ( ! beak] & filt] ?r\gh a wa%$ filt]4 ,! residue is ! am\nt insoluble 9 hydro*loric acid4 ,add a few drops ( nitric acid to ! filtrate1 & evaporate to dryness on ! wat]-ba?2 take up ) hot wat] & a few drops ( hydro*loric acid1 & aga9 evaporate to complete dryness4 ,take up z be=e1 & filt] into a lit]-flask1 wa%+ ) hot wat]4 ,cool & make up to ! m>k4 ,?is is solution ,a4 ,! residue repres5ts ! silica orig9ally dissolv$4 ,9 comp>+ ! two prec$+ me?ods x is f\nd t ! =m]2 viz41 dige/ion 9 flasks cov]$ only ) a wat*-glass gives a l>g] quantity ( dissolv$ matt] 9 five days ?an ! dige/ion "u pressure does 9 ?irty-six h\rs4 ,9 comp>ative te/s 9 ?is laboratory made by ,mr4 ,w4 ,d4 ,bigel[ ! respective quantities ( soluble & insoluble matt] obta9$ by ! two me?ods 9 two soils are z foll[s3 ,soil ,no4 #a4 ,soil ,no4 #b4 ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,me?od ( ,dige/ion4 ,insoluble4 ,soluble4 ,insoluble4 ,soluble4 ,op5 flask #ge4fb #bd4ch #gi4fb #bj4ch ,clos$ flask #gf4ha #bc4ai #hj4dh #ai4eb #cce4 ,! ,g]man ,/ation ,me?od4--,! me?od recomm5d$ by ! ,g]man ,/ations#bag is greatly diff]5t f t describ$ above1 bo? 9 temp]ature & "t ( dige/ion4 ,to "o "p ( ! soil are add$ two p>ts by volume ( a tw5ty-five p] c5t hydro*loric acid solution1 ! quantity be+ increas$ to correspond to any excess ( c>bonates4 ,! mixture is left = =ty-eight h\rs ) frequ5t %ak+4 ,z an alt]nate me?od1 "o "p ( soil is treat$ ) two p>ts by volume ( t5 p] c5t hydro*loric acid1 & heat$ on ! wat]-ba?1 ) frequ5t %ak+1 = ?ree h\rs4 ,! soluble mat]ials are det]m9$ 9 ! filtrate by "s ( ! me?ods usually employ$4 #ccf4 ,! ,gembl\x ,me?od4--,! me?od ( mak+ ! acid extract ( ! soil at ! ,gembl\x ,/ation does n diff] greatly f "s ( ^? already describ$4 ,! quantity ( air-dri$ mat]ial tak5 is su* t x may weigh exactly #cjj grams exclusive ( ! moi/ure :i* x conta9s4 ,x is dri$ at #aej = at lea/ six h\rs4 ,! dry+ is necess>y 9 ord] to obta9 an extract 9 hydro*loric acid ( exactly #a4ah specific gravity4 ,! dry e>? is plac$ 9 a flask ( two or ?ree lit]s capacity to :i* "o lit] ( hydro*loric acid ( #a4ah specific gravity is add$1 be+ c>eful to take precautions to prev5t fro?+ if mu* c>bonate be pres5t4 ,! acid is all[$ to act = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 x be+ frequ5tly %ak5 mean:ile4 ,aft] settl+ x is decant$ & filt]$ ^u a d\ble fold$ filt]1 ! apex ( :i* re/s ^u a small funnel cov]$ ) a pla9 filt] ( /rong pap]4 ,five hundr$ cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate are tak5 = ! e/imation1 & 9 ?is filtrate are e/imat$ ! silica1 phosphoric & sulfuric acids1 pota%1 soda1 iron1 alum9a1 lime1 & magnesia4 ,! filtrate is evaporat$ to dryness 9 a porcela9 capsule1 a few drops ( nitric acid add$ & ! liquid kept well /irr$4 ,! residue %\ld be tak5 up ) wat]1 & if n p]fectly bright a second & ev5 a ?ird evaporation ) nitric acid %\ld take place1 until all ! organic matt] is de/roy$1 :i* w be indicat$ by ! cle> yell[ or r$di%-yell[ color ( ! liquid1 caus$ by ! iron oxid4 ,aft] ! la/ evaporation ! mat]ial is dri$ 9 a dry+ ov5 "o h\r at #aaj4 #ccg4 ,treatm5t ) ,cold ,hydro*loric ,acid4--,accord+ to ! dige/ion me?od ( ,wolff#bah ! soil sample is treat$ ) cold conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid4 ,! process is z foll[s3 ,f\r hundr$ & fifty grams ( ! soil dri$ at #ajj are plac$ 9 a glass flask & treat$ ) #a1ejj cubic c5timet]s ( hydro*loric acid ( #a4ae specific gravity1 correspond+ to ?irty p] c5t ( gase\s hydro*loric acid4 ,= e five p] c5t ( calcium c>bonate :i* ! soil may conta91 an additional fifty cubic c5timet]s ( hydro*loric acid are add$4 ,) frequ5t /irr+1 ! soil is left 9 contact ) ! acid = =ty-eight h\rs & !n #a1jjj cubic c5timet]s ( liquid1 z cle> z possible1 are p\r$ (f1 :i* corresponds to #cjj grams ( ! soil4 ,aft] dilution ) wat] x is filt]$ & ! filtrate treat$ ) a few drops ( nitric acid & evaporat$ to dryness4 ,aft] ! sep>ation ( ! silica ! solution is aga9 made up ) wat] to #a1jjj cubic c5timet]s4 ,two hundr$ cubic c5timet]s ( ?is solution1 correspond+ to sixty grams ( ! soil1 are tak5 = ! e/imation ( iron1 alum9a1 lime1 manganese1 & magnesia4 ,f\r hundr$ cubic c5timet]s ( ! solution1 correspond+ to #abj grams ( ! soil1 are left = ! e/imation ( sulfuric acid & alkalies4 ,?is me?od gives f five to six times less alkalies & a mu* small] quantity ( iron ?an ! treatm5t ) hot acid4 ,9 ! use ( hot acid1 !re=e1 ,wolff r$uces ! quantity ( soil act$ on to #aej grams4 #cch4 ,treatm5t ) ,nitric ,acid4--,= ! purpose ( e/imat+ phosphoric acid ,gr&eau#bai directs t ! soil be extract$ ) nitric acid4 ,= ?is purpose #ajj grams ( ! air-dri$ f9e e>? are plac$ 9 a bohemian flask & treat$ cauti\sly ) nitric acid 9 small quantities at a "t4 ,if ! soil be calc>e\s 9 its nature x %\ld be previ\sly moi/5$ ) wat]1 & ! acid s add$ z to avoid undue eff]vesc5ce1 ! flask be+ incl9$ dur+ ! op]ation4 ,suffici5t acid is add$ to /rongly saturate ! sample & x is !n dige/$ on ! s&-ba? = two h\rs2 or at lea/ until ! organic matt]s are de/roy$1 :i* w be indicat$ by ! cessation ( evolution ( nitr\s vapors4 ,:5 ! sup]natant liquid has become cle> x is decant$4 ,! residue is wa%$ ) di/ill$ wat] & sep>at$ on a filt]1 & wa%$ until ! wa%-wat] is colorless4 ,! decant$ portion is unit$ ) ! filtrate & ! :ole made up to a volume ( "o lit]4 ,! det]m9ations are made 9 portions ( #bjj cubic c5timet]s ea*4 #cci4 ,dige/ion ) ,hydr(luoric & ,sulfuric ,acids4--,:5 a complete dis9tegration ( ! silice\s sub/ances 9 soils is desir$ z 9 analysis 9 bulk1 ! decomposition is easily accompli%$ by dige/ion ) ! above nam$ acids 9 a plat9um di%4 ,! f9e e>? is saturat$ ) a conc5trat$ aque\s solution ( hydr(luoric acid to :i* a few drops ( sulfuric acid are add$4 ,x is !n dige/$ until ne>ly dry4 ,if any undecompos$ p>ticles rema91 ! treatm5t is cont9u$ until complete decomposition is secur$4 ,! silica is ?us all volatiliz$ z hydr(luosilicic acid & ! bases pre-exi/+ 9 ! soil are left z sulfates4 ,?is me?od ( treatm5t is especially recomm5d$ :5 x is desir$ to e/imate ! :ole quantity ( any ( ! soil con/itu5ts ) ! exception ( silica4 ,! silica may1 h[ev]1 be det]m9$ 9 ! di/illate4 ,in/ead ( us+ ! solution ( hydr(luoric acid1 ammonium fluorid may be employ$4 ,9 ?is process ! sample ( e>? r$uc$ to an impalpable p[d] by gr9d+ 9 an agate mort> is mix$ ) f\r or five times its weight ( ! ammonium fluorid 9 a plat9um di% & ?or\ghly moi/5$ ) sulfuric acid & all[$ to /& at room temp]ature = sev]al h\rs4 ,x is !n g5tly heat$ until all fumes ( hydr(luosilicic acid h be5 driv5 (f1 b is n rais$ to a r$ heat4 ,if any undecompos$ p>ticles rema91 ! above treatm5t is repeat$4 ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,! ,,quantity ,,( ,,dissolv$ ,,matt]4 #cdj4 ,sub/ances 9 ,solution4--,by treatm5t ) solv5ts z indicat$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraphs1 great] or less quantities ( ! orig9al con/itu5ts ( soil are br\ght into solution4 ,! total quantity ( dissolv$ matt]s is det]m9$ by dry+ & weigh+ ! insoluble residue & ! p]c5tages ( soluble & insoluble matt]s %\ld be not$2 & ea* portion sav$ = fur!r exam9ation4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! common practice ( soil analysis is to dige/ ! sample ) hydro*loric acid4 ,! foll[+ p>agraphs1 !re=e1 w be devot$ to ! g5]al me?ods ( det]m9+ ! matt]s dissolv$ by t treatm5t1 leav+ = lat] consid]ation ! special me?ods ( analysis4 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciple on :i* ! treatm5t ) hydro*loric acid re/s is bas$ on ! belief t su* treatm5t practically extracts f ! soil all ^? elem5ts :i* are likely to become1 imm$iately or 9 ! ne> future1 available = plant food4 #cda4 ,provisional ,me?ods ( ! ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s4#bbj--7a7 ,! ,analytical ,op]ations are conduct$ ) solution ,a1 p>agraph #ccd4 7#b7 ,f]ric ,oxid1 ,alum9a1 & ,phosphoric ,acid4--,to #ajj or #bjj cubic c5timet]s1 accord+ to ! probable am\nt ( iron pres5t1 ( ! solution ,a1 add ammonium hydroxid to alkal9e reaction to precipitate f]ric & alum9um oxids & phosphates4 ,expel ! excess ( ammonia by boil+1 all[ to settle1 decant ! cle> solution ?r\gh a filt]2 add to ! flask fifty cubic c5timet]s ( hot di/ill$ wat]1 boil1 settle1 & decant z be=e4 ,aft] p\r+ (f all ! cle> solution possible1 dissolve ! residue ) a few drops ( w>m hydro*loric acid & add j en\gh ammonium hydroxid to precipitate ! oxids4 ,wa% by decantation ) fifty cubic c5timet]s ( di/ill$ wat]1 & !n transf] all ! precipitate to ! filt] & wa% ) hot di/ill$ wat] till ! filtrate becomes free f *lorids4 ,save ! filtrate & wa%+s :i* =m solution ,b4 ,dry ! filt] & precipitate at #aaj1 transf] ! precipitate to a t>$ plat9um crucible1 burn ! filt] & add ! a% to ! precipitate1 heat ! :ole r$ hot1 cool 9 a desiccator1 & weigh4 ,! increase ( weight1 m9us ! a% ( filt] & ! phosphoric acid 7f\nd 9 a sep>ate process71 repres5ts ! weight ( ! f]ric & alum9um oxids4 7#c7 ,f]ric ,oxid4--,precipitate #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( solution ,a1 z "u 7#b71 except t only "o precipitation is made2 wa% ) hot wat]2 dissolve 9 dilute sulfuric acid2 r$uce ) z9c & e/imate z f]r\s oxid by a /&>d solution ( potassium p]manganate4 ,to prep>e ! potassium p]manganate solution1 dissolve #c4aef grams ( pure cry/alliz$ potassium p]manganate 9 #a1jjj cubic c5timet]s ( di/ill$ wat]1 & pres]ve 9 a glass-/opp]$ bottle1 %ield$ f ! light4 ,/&>dize ?is solution ) pure f]r\s sulfate1 ammonium f]r\s sulfate or oxalic acid4 7#d7 ,alum9a4--,! calculat$ weight ( f]ric oxid d$uct$ f t ( f]ric oxid & alum9a ) corrections = filt] a% & phosphoric acid1 w give ! weight ( alum9a 9 two grams ( air-dri$ soil4 7#e7 ,phosphoric ,acid4--,?is may be e/imat$ 9 ! above iron solution1 if ! soil is suffici5tly ri*1 by ! molybdate me?od1 giv5 "u f]tiliz]s2 or if ! quantity ( soil repres5t$ 9 ! iron solution is n suffici5t1 a fre% portion ( solution ,a may be tak51 & ! phosphoric acid det]m9$ directly by ! molybdate me?od4 7#f7 ,manganese4--,conc5trate ! filtrate & wa%+s 7solution ,b7 to #bjj cubic c5timet]s or less2 add ammonium hydroxid to alkal9ity2 add brom9 wat] & heat to boil+1 keep+ ! beak] cov]$ ) a wat*-glass2 z ! brom9 escapes1 ! beak] is all[$ to cool some:at1 ammonia & brom9 wat] aga9 add$1 & heat$ z be=e4 ,?is process is cont9u$ until ! manganese is completely precipitat$1 :i* requires f ?irty to sixty m9utes1 & ! solution filt]$ :ile /ill w>m2 ! precipitate is wa%$1 dri$1 ignit$ & weigh$2 e/imate z manganese protosesquioxid4 7#g7 ,lime4--,if no manganese is precipitat$1 add to solution ,b1 or ! filtrate & wa%+s f 7#f7 tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( a /rong solution ( ammonium *lorid & =ty cubic c5timet]s ( saturat$ solution ( ammonium oxalate to completely precipitate all ! lime z oxalate & conv]t ! magnesia into soluble magnesium oxalate4 ,heat to boil+ & let /& = six h\rs till ! calcium oxalate settles cle>1 decant ! cle> solution on a filt]1 p\r fifty cubic c5timet]s ( hot di/ill$ wat] on ! precipitate & aga9 decant ! cle> solution on ! filt]1 transf] ! precipitate to ! filt]1 & wa% x free f all traces ( oxalates & *lorids4 ,dry & ignite ! precipitate ov] ! bla/-lamp until x ceases to lose weight1 weigh & e/imate z calcium oxid2 c>efully moi/5 ) sulfuric acid1 heat ! incl9$ cov]$ crucible g5tly to avoid loss1 !n int5sely1 & weigh z calcium sulfate4 7#h7 ,magnesia4--,conc5trate ! filtrate & wa%+s 7f #g7 to #bjj cubic c5timet]s1 place 9 a half-lit] erl5mey]1 add ?irty cubic c5timet]s ( a saturat$ solution ( sodium phosphate & tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( conc5trat$ ammonium hydroxid1 cork ! flask1 & %ake viol5tly at int]vals ( a few m9utes till cry/als =m1 !n set ! flask 9 a cool place = twelve h\rs4 ,filt] ! cle> liquid ?r\gh a t>$ goo*1 transf] ! precipitate to ! filt]1 & wa% ) dilute ammonium hydroxid 7#a 3 #c7 till ! filtrate is free f phosphates2 dry & ignite ! crucible1 at fir/ g5tly & !n int5sely1 to =m magnesium pyrophosphate4 ,! increase ( weight #j4cfjbd ,mg,o4 ,by us+ an erl5mey] free f scrat*es & m>ks1 & %ak+ viol5tly in/ead ( /irr+ ) a glass rod1 ! dang] is almo/ entirely avoid$ ( cry/als adh]+ to ! sides ( ! vessel2 b if cry/als d adh]e !y are readily remov$ by a rubb]-tipp$ glass rod4 7#i7 ,sulfuric ,acid4--,evaporate #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( solution ,a 7#a7 ne>ly to dryness on a wat]-ba? to expel ! excess ( acid2 !n add #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( di/ill$ wat]1 heat to boil+ & add t5 cubic c5timet]s ( a solution ( b>ium *lorid1 & cont9ue ! boil+ = five m9utes4 ,:5 ! precipitate has settl$1 p\r ! cle> liquid on a t>$ goo*1 treat ! precipitate ) fifty cubic c5timet]s ( boil+ wat]1 & transf] ! precipitate to ! filt] & wa% ) boil+ wat] till ! filtrate is free f *lorids4 ,dry ! filt] & ignite /rongly4 ,! increase 9 weight is b>ium sulfate1 :i* multipli$ by #j4cdcca ,,s 9 two grams ( air-dri$ soil4 7#aj7 ,pota% & ,soda4--,to ano!r portion ( #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( solution ,a1 add b>ium *lorid 9 slight excess1 & make alkal9e ) ammonia to precipitate sulfuric & phosphoric acids1 f]ric oxid1 etc4 ,!n precipitate ! calcium & b>ium by ammonium oxalate4 ,evaporate ! filtrate & wa%+s to dryness1 heat to a l[ r$ heat to decompose oxalates & expel ammonia salts1 dissolve 9 tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( di/ill$ wat]1 filt] & wa% ! precipitate2 add to ! filtrate & wa%+s t5 cubic c5timet]s ( b>yta wat]1 & dige/ = an h\r4 ,filt] & wa% ! precipitate1 add ammonium c>bonate to ! filtrate to complete precipitation ( b>yta1 filt] & wa% ?is precipitate4 ,evaporate ! filtrate & wa%+s 9 a t>$ plat9um di%1 g5tly ignite ! residue to expel ammonia salts1 cool & weigh4 ,! increase ( weight repres5ts ! potassium & sodium *lorids 9 two grams ( air-dri$ soil4 #cdb4 ,hilg>d's ,me?ods4#bba--7a7 ,soluble ,silica4-- ,! acid filtrate obta9$ by ! process giv5 9 p>agraph #ccc is employ$ = ! foll[+ det]m9ations4 ,aft] ! solution obta9$ has be5 evaporat$ to dryness to r5d] silica insoluble1 x is moi/5$ ) /rong hydro*loric acid & two or ?ree drops ( nitric acid4 ,! mass is w>m$1 & aft] all[+ to /& = a few h\rs on a /eam-ba? is tak5 up ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,aft] cle>+1 x is filt]$ f ! insoluble residue1 :i* is /rongly ignit$ & weigh$4 ,if ! filtrate %\ld be turbid ! insoluble residue :i* has gone ?r\gh ! filt] c be recov]$ 9 ! iron & alum9a det]m9ation4 ,! insoluble residue is next boil$ = fifte5 or tw5ty m9utes 9 a conc5trat$ solution ( sodium c>bonate1 to :i* a few drops ( cau/ic lye %\ld !n be add$ to prev5t reprecipitation ( ! dissolv$ silica4 ,! solution mu/ be filt]$ hot4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! weight ( ! total residue & t ( undissolv$ s& & m9]al p[d] is record$ z soluble silica1 be+ ! aggregate ( t set free by ! acid treatm5t & t previ\sly exi/+ 9 ! soil4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 r>ely rea*es five p] c5t4 7#b7 ,de/ruction ( ,organic ,matt]4--,! acid filtrate f ! total insoluble residue is evaporat$ to a conv5i5t bulk4 ,9 case ! filtrate %\ld indicate by its color1 ! pres5ce ( any organic matt]1 x %\ld be oxidiz$ by aqua regia1 o!rwise !re w be difficulty 9 sep>at+ alum9a4 7#c7 ,precipitation ( ,iron & ,alum9a4--,! filtrate ?us prep>$ is n[ br\ght to boil+ & treat$ sp>+ly ) ammonia1 :]eby iron & alum9a are precipitat$4 ,x is kept boil+ until ! excess ( ammonia is driv5 (f1 & !n filt]$ hot4 7,filtrate ,a47 ,! previ\s addition ( ammonium *lorid is usually unnecess>y4 ,if ! boil+ is cont9u$ too long1 filtration becomes v difficult & a "p ( ! precipitate may r$issolve 9 wa%+4 ,filtration may be begun z soon z ! nose fails to note ! pres5ce ( free ammonia2 te/ pap] is too delicate4 ,failure to boil long en\gh involves ! contam9ation ( ! iron-alum9a precipitate ) lime & manganese4 7#d7 ,e/imation ( ,iron & ,alum9a4--,! iron & alum9a precipitate ) filt] ( 7#c7 is dissolv$ 9 a mixture ( ab\t five cubic c5timet]s ( hydro*loric acid & tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,!n filt] & make up to #aej cubic c5timet]s4 ,take fifty cubic c5timet]s = ! det]m9ation ( iron & alum9a toge!r by precipitation ) ammonia1 aft] oxidiz+ ! organic matt] 7filt]7 ) aqua regia2 also fifty cubic c5timet]s = iron alone2 keep fifty cubic c5timet]s 9 res]ve4 ,det]m9e ! iron by means ( a /&>d solution ( potassium p]manganate aft] r$uction2 ?is latt] is done by evaporat+ ! fifty cubic c5timet]s almo/ to dryness ) /rong sulfuric acid1 add+ wat] & transf]r+ ! solution to a flask1 & !n r$uc+ by means ( pure metallic z9c 9 ! usual way4 ,! alum9a is !n det]m9$ by diff]5ce4 ,?is me?od ( det]m9+ ! two oxids 9 _! int]mixture is 9 sev]al respects m satisfactory ?an ! sep>ation ) alkal9e lye1 :i*1 h[ev]1 has s]v$ = mo/ det]m9ations made1 until )9 ! la/ t5 ye>s4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 mu* m liable to misc>ry 9 unpractic$ h&s ?an ! o!r4 7#e7 ,e/imation ( ,lime4--,! filtrate ,a f iron & alum9a is acidifi$ slightly ) hydro*loric acid1 & if too bulky is evaporat$ to ab\t tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s1 unless ! soil is a v calc>e\s "o1 & ! lime is precipitat$ f x by neutraliz+ ) ammonia & add+ ammonium oxalate4 ,! precipitation ( ! lime %\ld be done 9 ! hot solution1 z ! precipitate settles mu* m easily4 ,x is all[$ to /& = twelve h\rs1 !n filt]$ 7filtrate ,b71 wa%$ ) cold wat]1 & dri$4 ,by ignition ! lime precipitate is p>tially conv]t$ into ! oxid4 ,x is !n heat$ ) excess ( p[d]$ ammonium c>bonate1 moi/5$ ) wat]1 & expos$ to a g5tle heat 7#ej-hj7 until all ! ammonia is expell$4 ,x is !n dri$ bel[ r$ heat & weigh$ z calcium c>bonate4 ,:5 ! am\nt ( lime is at all consid]able1 ! treatm5t ) ammonium c>bonate mu/ be repeat$ till a con/ant weight is obta9$4 7#f7 ,e/imation ( ,sulfuric ,arid4--,! filtrate ,b f ! calcium oxalate is put into a bohemian flask1 boil$ d[n ov] ! s&-ba?1 & ! ammoniacal salts de/roy$ ) aqua regia4 ,f ! flask x is remov$ to a small beak] & evaporat$ to dryness ) excess ( nitric acid4 ,?is process usually occupies f\r to five h\rs4 ,! residue %\ld be cry/all9e-granul>2 if :ite-opaque1 ammonium nitrate rema9s & mu/ be de/roy$ by hydro*loric acid4 ,! dry residue is n[ moi/5$ ) nitric acid1 & ! floccules ( silica usually pres5t sep>at$ by filtration f ! filtrate1 :i* %\ld n am\nt to m ?an t5 or fifte5 cubic c5timet]s2 sulfur trioxid is !n precipitat$ by treatm5t ) a few drops ( b>ium nitrate1 bo? ! solution & ! reag5t be+ heat$ to boil+4 ,if ! quantity ( sulfuric acid is l>ge x may be filt]$ aft] ! lapse ( f\r or five h\rs 7filtrate ,c74 ,if v small let x /& twelve h\rs4 ,! precipitate is wa%$ ) boil+ wat]1 dri$1 ignit$1 & weigh$4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 9 add+ ! b>ium nitrate to use only ! lea/ possible excess1 because 9 su* a small conc5trat$ acid solution ! excess ( b>ium nitrate may cry/allize & w n readily dissolve 9 hot wat]4 ,c>e mu/ also be tak5 n to leave 9 ! beak] ! l>ge heavy cry/als ( b>ium sulfate1 ( :i* a few sometimes con/itute ! entire precipitate1 r>ely exce$+ a few milligrams4 ,%\ld ! ignit$ precipitate %[ an alkal9e reaction on moi/5+ ) wat]1 x mu/ be treat$ ) a drop ( hydro*loric acid1 refilt]$ & weigh$4 ,! use ( b>ium acetate involves unnecess>y tr\ble 9 ?is det]m9ation4 7#g7 ,e/imation ( ,sodium & ,potassium4--,filtrate ,c is n[ evaporat$ to dryness 9 a plat9um di%2 ! residue is treat$ ) an excess ( cry/alliz$ oxalic acid1 moi/5$ ) wat]1 & expos$ to g5tle heat4 ,x is !n /rongly ignit$ to *ange ! oxalates to c>bonates4 ,?is treatm5t ) oxalic acid mu/ be made 9 a vessel :i* c be kept well cov]$1 o!rwise !re is dang] ( loss ?r\gh spatt]+4 ,z little wat] z possible %\ld be us$1 z o!rwise loss f evolution ( c>bon dioxid is difficult to avoid4 ,spatt]s on ! cov] %\ld n be wa%$ back into ! bas9 until aft] ! excess ( oxalic acid has be5 volatiliz$4 ,! ignit$ mass %\ld h a slightly blacki% t+e to prove ! conv]sion ( ! nitrates into c>bonates4 ,:ite portions may be locally retreat$ ) oxalic acid4 ,! ignit$ mass is treat$ ) a small am\nt ( wat]1 :i* dissolves ! alkal9e c>bonates & leaves ! magnesium c>bonate1 manganese protosesquioxid1 & ! excess ( b>ium c>bonate beh9d4 ,! alkalies are sep>at$ by filtration into a small plat9um di% 7filtrate ,d71 & ! residue is well b sp>+ly wa%$ ) wat] on a small filt]4 ,:5 ! filtrate exce$s t5 cubic c5timet]s x may1 on evaporation1 %[ s mu* turbidity f dissolv$ e>?y c>bonates z to r5d] refiltration on a small filt] necess>y1 s9ce o!rwise ! soda p]c5tage w be f\nd too l>ge & magnesia too small4 ,if1 on dissolv+ ! ignit$ mass1 ! solution %\ld appe> gre5i% f ! =mation ( alkal9e manganates1 add a few drops ( alcohol to r$uce ! manganese to insoluble dioxid4 ,! residue ( b>ium1 magnesium1 & manganese comp\nds is treat$ on ! filt] ) hydro*loric acid1 & ! plat9um di% is wa%$ ) w>m nitric acid 7n hydro*loric1 = ! plat9um di% may be attack$ by *lor9 f ! manganese oxid7 dissolv+ any small traces ( precipitate t may h be5 left beh9d4 ,! filtrate ,d1 :i* %\ld n be m ?an t5 or fifte5 cubic c5timet]s1 conta9+ ! c>bonates ( ! alkalies1 is evaporat$ to dryness & g5tly fus$1 s z to r5d] insoluble any magnesium c>bonate t may h gone ?r\gh2 !n r$issolv$ & filt]$ into a small weigh$ plat9um di% conta9+ a few drops ( dilute hydro*loric acid1 to *ange ! c>bonates into *lorids2 evaporat$ to dryness1 expos$ to a gradually ris+ temp]ature 7bel[ r$ heat71 by :i* ! *lorids are ?or\ghly dri$ & fre$ f moi/ure1 s z to prev5t ! decrepitation t w\ld o!rwise occur on ignition4 ,!n1 hold+ ! plat9um bas9 firmly by =ceps grasp+ ! clean edge1 pass x c>efully ov] a v l[ buns5 flame1 s z to cause1 successively1 e portion ( ! scaly or p[d]y residue to collapse1 )\t fully fus+4 ,!re is ?us no loss f volatilization1 & no difficulty 9 obta9+ an accurate1 con/ant weight4 ,! weigh$ *lorids are wa%$ by means ( a little wat] into a small beak] or porcela9 di%1 treat$ ) a suffici5t quantity ( plat9um *lorid1 & evaporat$ to dryness ov] ! wat]-ba?4 ,! dri$ residue is treat$ ) a mixture ( ?ree p>ts absolute alcohol & "o "p e!r1 leav+ ! potassium plat9o*lorid undissolv$4 ,?is is put on a filt]1 & wa%$ ) e!r-alcohol4 ,:5 dri$1 ! precipitate & filt] are put into a small plat9um crucible & expos$ to a heat suffici5tly int5se to r$uce ! plat9um *lorid to metallic plat9um & to volatilize ! great] "p ( ! potassium *lorid4 ,?is is easily accompli%$ 9 a small crucible1 :i* is r\gh5$ by be+ con/antly us$ = ! same purpose 7& no o!r71 ! spongy metal caus+ a ready evolution ( ! gases4 ,! r$uc$ plat9um is n[ fir/ wa%$ 9 ! crucible ) hot acidulat$ wat]1 !n ) pure wat]2 !n all moi/ure is driv5 (f & x is weigh$4 ,f ! weight ( ! plat9um1 is calculat$ ! potassium *lorid & ! oxid correspond+2 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! weights ( ! total alkal9e *lorids & potassium *lorid gives ! sodium *lorid1 f :i* may be calculat$ ! sodium oxid4 ,:5 ! heat+ ( ! plat9um precipitate has n be5 suffici5t 9 "t or int5sity1 in/ead ( be+ 9 a solid spongy mass ( ! color ( ! crucible itself1 small black p>ticles ( metallic plat9um w ob/9ately float on ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ! crucible1 & x becomes difficult to wa% )\t loss4 7#h7 ,e/imation ( ,manganese4--,! solution conta9+ ! magnesium & manganese *lorids is fre$ f b>ium salts by hot precipitation ) sulfuric acid1 & ! b>ium sulfate1 aft] settl+ a few h\rs1 is sep>at$ by filtration4 ,! filtrate is neutraliz$ ) ammonia1 any result+ small precipitate 7( iron7 is filt]$1 & ! manganese precipitat$ ) ammonium sulfid1 let /& twelve h\rs & filt]$ 7filtrate ,e72 wa% ) cold wat]1 dry1 ignite1 & weigh z manganese protosesquioxid1 ,mn,o4 ,if pref]r$ ! manganese may be precipitat$ ) *lor9 or brom9 wat] z dioxid2 b ! process requires a r long] "t & may fail 9 inexp]t h&s m readily ?an ! o!r4 7#i7 ,e/imation ( ,magnesium4--,! filtrate ,e f ! manganese is n[ fre$ f sulfur by acidulat+ ) hydro*loric acid1 evaporat+1 if necess>y1 & filt]+4 ,f ! filtrate ! magnesia is precipitat$ by add+ an equal bulk ( ammonia wat] & !n sodium phosphate4 ,aft] /&+ at lea/ tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ! magnesium salt may be filt]$1 wa%$ ) ammoniacal wat]1 dri$1 ignit$1 & weigh$ z magnesium pyrophosphate4 #cdc4 ,exam9ation ( ,acid ,extract by ! ,me?ods ( ,pet]mann4--,e/imation ( ! ,silica4--,! ,gembl\x me?od ( e/imat+ silica consi/s 9 tak+ up ! dry extract obta9$ f ! treatm5t ( ! e>?1 9 ! mann] describ$ 9 p>agraph #ccf1 ) wat] & a few drops ( hydro*loric acid1 heat+ = a %ort "t on a s&-ba? to facilitate ! solution1 & filt]+1 wa%+1 dry+1 ignit+1 & weigh+ ! residue obta9$ z silica4 ,e/imation ( ! ,sulfuric ,acid4--,! me?od employ$ consi/s 9 heat+ ! filtrate obta9$ 9 ! e/imation ( silica = half an h\r ) a few drops ( nitric acid & mak+ ! volume up to #ejj cubic c5timet]s4 ,"o hundr$ cubic c5timet]s ( ?is are precipitat$ ) b>ium *lorid1 dilut$ to d\ble its volume1 heat$ = "s "t1 ! precipitate ( b>ium sulfate collect$ & weigh$1 & ! quantity ( sulfuric acid calculat$ !refrom4 ,pota% & ,soda4--,pota% & soda are e/imat$ at ! ,gembl\x ,/ation by heat+ ! filtrate obta9$ 9 ! e/imation ( ! sulfuric acid & precipitat+ ! excess ( b>ium 9 ! hot solution aft] ! addition ( ammonia by ammonium oxalate & c>bonate4 ,! :ole is all[$ to dige/ = six h\rs at a g5tle heat & !n all[$ to rema9 at re/ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 filt]$1 wa%$1 & ! filtrate evaporat$ to dryness 9 a l>ge plat9um di% & ! ammoniacal salts driv5 (f at a l[ temp]ature4 ,at ! end1 ! temp]ature is c>ri$ a little high] until x rea*es l[ r$ness4 ,! residue is tak5 up by di/ill$ wat]1 filt]$ into a weigh$ plat9um di%1 a few drops ( hydro*loric acid add$1 evaporat$1 dri$1 heat$ ) great c>e & ! sodium & potassium *lorids obta9$ weigh$ toge!r4 ,! respective quantities ( pota% & soda 9 ! e>? are e/imat$ 9 ! usual way by precipitat+ ! pota% ) plat9um *lorid4 ,e/imation ( ! ,iron & ,alum9um ,oxids4--,! iron & alum9um oxids are e/imat$ by tak+ tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ! primitive solution obta9$ ) hydro*loric acid & add+ ammonium c>bonate almo/ to complete neutralization1 t is to say until ! precipitate =m$ is j r$issolv$ 9 ! feeble excess ( hydro*loric acid :i* rema9s4 ,dilute ) di/ill$ wat] & precipitate ) a little excess ( ammonium acetate1 & boil = a mom5t2 aft] boil+1 ! basic iron & alum9um acetate & ! small quantity ( iron & alum9um phosphate pres5t are easily deposit$1 & ! sup]natant liquid %\ld be completely limpid & colorless4 ,wa% ! precipitate by decantation1 boil+ ea* "t1 filt]1 wa% ! filt] ) boil+ wat] to :i* a little ammonium acetate has be5 add$1 dry1 ignite1 & weigh4 ,! mat]ial obta9$ consi/s ( f]ric oxid1 alum9um oxid1 & iron & alum9um phosphates4 ,d$uct f ! :ole1 ! phosphoric acid det]m9$ 9 ano!r portion4 ,! residue w be ! sum ( ! iron & alum9um oxids4 ,e/imation ( ! ,lime4--,! filtrate f ! portion us$ = ! e/imation ( ! iron & alum9a is treat$ ) ammonium oxalate4 ,! mixture is kept at a l[ temp]ature = at lea/ twelve h\rs1 aft] :i* x is filt]$1 wa%$ ) hot wat]1 dri$1 & ignit$ ov] a bla/-lamp to con/ant weight & weigh$ z calcium oxid4 ,e/imation ( ! ,magnesia4--,= ! e/imation ( ! magnesia ! filtrate obta9$ 9 ! e/imation ( lime is evaporat$ to dryness 9 a plat9um di%1 ! ammoniacal salts driv5 (f1 ! residue tak5 up ) wat] slightly acidifi$ ) hydro*loric acid1 filt]$1 ! filtrate saturat$ ) ammonia & heat$ "s "t to ! boil+ po9t to precipitate any traces ( iron & alum9a :i* may h rema9$ 9 solution4 ,filt]1 wa%1 all[ to cool & precipitate ! magnesia by ! addition ( sodium phosphate4 ,x is !n all[$ to /& = twelve h\rs1 collect$ on a filt]1 ignit$1 & weigh$ z pyrophosphate1 & ! quantity ( magnesia calculat$ f ! weight ( salt obta9$4 ,e/imation ( ! ,phosphoric ,acid4--,! phosphoric acid is e/imat$ by tak+ #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! orig9al solution obta9$ by ! treatm5t ( ! soil ) hydro*loric acid & evaporat+ x to dryness on ! wat]-ba?4 ,! residue is tak5 up ) wat] to :i* a few drops ( nitric acid h be5 add$ & filt]$4 ,! total phosphoric acid is !n obta9$ by precipitation ) ammonium molybdate 9 ! usual way4 #cdd4 ,analysis ( ! ,insoluble ,residue4--,! insoluble residue left aft] dige/ion ) hydro*loric acid is n )\t int]e/ f an agricultural & analytical po9t ( view4 ,:ile x is true t ! plant food1 !re9 conta9$1 is n imm$iately available1 yet x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! me?od ( ! *emi/ may n fix a limit to nature's me?od ( collect+ nutrim5t = plants4 ,9 h[ev] refractory a /ate !y may exi/1 x is possible t all nutritive elem5ts may ev5tually become available = assimilation4 ,= ! completion ( an e/imate ( ! total nutritive p[] ( a soil1 !re=e a fur!r exam9ation ( ! insoluble residue %\ld be made4 ,! me?ods ( secur+ ?is are ess5tially ^? ( mak+ a bulk analysis ( ! soil4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! me?od dep5ds on ! r$uction ( ! sample to an impalpable p[d] & ! subsequ5t decomposition ( ! insoluble portions by treatm5t ) hydr(luoric & sulfuric acids or by fusion ) ! alkalies4 #cde4 ,me?od ( ,wolff = ,treat+ ,residue ,insoluble 9 ,hot ,acid4--,! well-wa%$ residue is dri$ ) ! filt]1 !n sep>at$ !refrom1 ! filt] burn$ & ! a% weigh$ ) ! :ole ( ! residue4 ,ab\t eight grams ( ! residue are ignit$ & s]ve = ! e/imation ( ! insoluble m9]al matt]4 ,ano!r portion ( t5 grams ( ! dri$1 b n ignit$1 residue is boil$ ) a conc5trat$ solution ( sodium c>bonate ) ! addition ( cau/ic soda1 & ! quantity ( dissolv$ silicic acid e/imat$4 ,a ?ird portion ( ab\t fifte5 grams is treat$ ) ab\t five times its weight ( pure conc5trat$ sulfuric acid1 & is evaporat$ until ! mass has tak5 ! =m ( a dry p[d]4 ,aft] moi/5+ ) conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid ! mass is boil$ ) wat]1 filt]$1 & ! filtrate exam9$ accord+ to ! ord9>y me?ods = silicic acid1 alum9a1 iron1 lime1 magnesia1 & alkalies4 ,! residue aft] treatm5t ) conc5trat$ sulfuric acid is dri$1 b n ignit$1 & boil$ ) a conc5trat$ solution ( sodium c>bonate ) ! addition ( a little cau/ic soda1 filt]$1 heat$1 & ! silicic acid sep>at$ f ! solution4 ,aft] ?or\gh wa%+1 ! residue1 aft] ignition1 is weigh$ & repres5ts ! mat]ial insoluble 9 conc5trat$ hydro*loric & sulfuric acids4 ,! silicic acid f\nd z be=e1 toge!r ) ! small quantity dissolv$ 9 ! hydro*loric acid extract1 gives1 9 connection ) ! alum9a conta9$ 9 ! sulfuric acid extract1 approximately ! quantity ( pure wat]-free clay conta9$ 9 ! soil4 ,9 six samples ( soils ( v diff]5t compositions :i* 7 exam9$ by ! above process1 x 0 f\nd t ! clay _h ! foll[+ mean composition3 ,silicic acid1 #ee4a to #fa4e p] c5t1 alum9a1 #ch4f to #dd4i p] c5t2 z a mean #eh4je p] c5t silicic acid & #da4ie p] c5t alum9a4 ,f9ally1 f\r or five grams ( ! residue1 aft] treatm5t ) sulfuric acid & sodium c>bonate1 are rubb$ up 9 an agate mort> & completely sep>at$ into silt by wat]4 ,! silt mass is dri$1 lightly ignit$1 & ?ree grams ( x spread 9 a flat plat9um di% moi/5$ ) sulfuric acid1 & subject$ to ! action ( hydr(luoric acid 9 a lead ov5 at #fj1 until a complete decomposition ( ! mat]ial is accompli%$4 ,9 ! solution all ! diff]5t bases c be det]m9$4 #cdf4 ,me?od ( ! ,belgian ,*emi/s4--,! me?od employ$ by ,pet]mann#bbb at ! ,gembl\x ,/ation 9 ! exam9ation ( ! "p ( ! soil insoluble 9 hydro*loric acid consi/s 9 wa%+ ! insoluble portion by decantation ) di/ill$ wat] until all acid reaction is remov$4 ,place ! cont5ts ( ! flask & ( ! filt] 9 a porcela9 di% & dry4 ,aft] a c>eful mix+ ( ! mass take out ab\t fifty grams & wa% ^u ! filt] until all reaction = *lor9 has disappe>$1 dry1 deta* ! mass f ! filt]1 & inc9]ate4 ,place 9 a plat9um crucible two grams ( ! gr\nd & ignit$ residue & mix x1 us+ a plat9um /irr+ rod1 ) twelve grams ( ammonium fluorid2 heat slightly ov] a buns5 burn] 9 a muffle ) a good draught & regulate ! flame 9 su* a way t ! op]ation %all cont9ue = ab\t "o h\r4 ,aft] complete decomposition add ab\t two cubic c5timet]s ( sulfuric acid 9 su* a way z to moi/5 completely ! residue1 drive (f ! sulfuric acid c>efully at a l[ r$ heat & take up ! residue ) wat] slightly acidulat$ ) hydro*loric acid & wa% ! :ole into a flask ( #ejj cubic c5timet]s capacity4 ,oxidize by heat+ = an h\r ) nitric acid1 make up to ! m>k & filt]4 ,! p]c5tages ( pota%1 soda1 lime1 magnesia1 & ! silicates are det]m9$ exactly z 9 ! hydro*loric acid extract4 #cdg4 ,bulk ,analysis4--,x is frequ5tly desirable to det]m9e ! total composition ( a soil sample z well z ! nature ( t "p ( x soluble 9 any ( ! solv5ts usually employ$4 ,! late/ me?ods = ?is purpose h be5 well /udi$ by ,pack>d#bbc :o f9ds t ! v>iations :i* occur betwe5 duplicates are probably due to ! small quantities ( mat]ial tak5 = analysis1 x be+ difficult to obta9 av]age samples ( a mat]ial :i* is n v f9ely p[d]$ :5 small quantities are tak54 ,moreov]1 z x is likely to become ( importance to "k :e!r ! proportions ( lime & magnesia v>y by z mu* z "o-t5? p] c5t1 & su* small v>iations are )9 ! limits ( error ( an analysis1 & z ! total proportion ( lime & magnesia 9 highly silice\s soils1 probably does n exce$ "o-t5? p] c5t1 x is deem$ be/ to take a l>ge quantity ( soil = ! bulk analysis 9 ea* case4 ,! am\nt adopt$ = ! highly silice\s soils conta9+ mu* qu>tz is t5 grams4 ,?is quantity1 tak5 aft] qu>t]+ d[n ! entire sample1 is gr\nd to an impalpable p[d] & us$ = ! det]m9ation ( ! lime1 magnesia1 & alkalies1 ! silica1 iron oxid1 alum9a1 & loss on ignition1 be+ det]m9$ 9 "o gram samples4 ,! t5 grams are decompos$ by hydr(luoric & sulfuric acids 9 a l>ge plat9um di%1 ! solution evaporat$1 at fir/ on ! wat]-ba? until all wat] is remov$ & !n at a high] temp]ature until all ! free sulfuric acid is driv5 (f1 :5 ! residue is heat$ 9 a muffle at a l[ r$ heat = sev]al h\rs4 ,at ?is temp]ature ! sulfuric acid comb9$ ) ! iron oxid & alum9a is driv5 (f1 leav+ ! rema9+ sulfates un*ang$ & ! iron oxid & alum9a are 9 ! =m ( a p[d] ( no great volume :i* is easily & quickly wa%$4 ,?is op]ation is usually successful at fir/ b 9 "s cases ! decomposition is n complete z is %[n by ! appe>ance ( a precipitate on add+ ammonia to ! filtrate f ! alum9um & iron oxids4 ,9 su* cases ! precipitate is dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid1 reprecipitat$ by ammonia & remov$ by filtration4 ,9 ! filtrate f ! ?or\ghly wa%$ alum9um & iron oxids1 lime is precipitat$ z oxalate & sep>at$ by filtration2 ! filtrate is evaporat$ to dryness & ! ammonia salts driv5 (f by heat2 ! magnesia 9 ! unfilt]$ wat]y extract ( ?is residue is precipitat$ by b>yta wat]1 :i* also removes ! sulfuric acid ) :i* ! bases _h be5 comb9$4 ,9 ! filtrate f ?is precipitate b>yta is precipitat$ by ammonium c>bonate & remov$ by filtration1 leav+ ! alkalies to be det]m9$ 9 ! usual way aft] conv]sion into *lorids4 ,! mix$ precipitate ( magnesia & b>ium sulfate is treat$ ) hydro*loric acid1 filt]$1 ! b>yta pres5t remov$ z sulfate1 & ! magnesia precipitat$ 9 ! filtrate f ! latt] z phosphate4 ,! advantages ( ?is me?od are t ! l>ge quantity ( mat]ial employ$ gives "s assurance t an av]age sample has be5 op]at$ on1 & all ! bases pres5t 9 small proportions are e/imat$ 9 ! same sample4 ,! objection to x is ! "t consum$ bo? 9 gr9d+ ! samples & 9 det]m9+ all ! bases 9 "o solution4 ,z a small quantity ( mat]ial is g5]ally us$ = det]m9+ ! silica1 iron oxid1 alum9a1 & loss by ignition1 & a l>g] quantity = ! rema9+ bases1 slight diff]5ces 9 ! ungr\nd samples are unavoidable1 especially :5 ! qu>tz gra9s are some:at l>ge1 x be+ practically impossible to take two small samples ( su* a soil :i* w\ld h ! same numb] ( qu>tz gra9s4 ,consequ5tly t$i\s gr9d+ ( l>ge quantities ( ! soils = ! bulk analysis is necess>y4 ,?is objection does n apply to ! (ficial analysis or assay ( soils 9 :i* consid]able quantities are extract$ by acid & ! solution analyz$1 & silica is n det]m9$4 ,9 any case1 x may be said1 :5 x becomes an object to "k :e!r a soil conta9s a total ( #j4a or #j4b p] c5t ( lime or magnesia1 ( #j4g or #j4e p] c5t ( pota%1 "o analysis ev5 ( ! l>ge quantity ( t5 grams w\ld be insuffici5t to decide ! po9t1 & at lea/ ! mean ( two det]m9ations %\ld be tak54 ,,special ,,me?ods ,,( ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,soil ,,con/itu5ts4 #cdh4 ,prelim9>y ,consid]ations4--,9 ! =ego+ p>agraphs ! g5]al outl9e ( ! *emical me?ods ( soil exam9ation h be5 giv54 ,!re are (t5 occasions1 h[ev]1 :i* dem& a special /udy ( "s p>ticul> soil con/itu5t4 ,x has be5 ?\ght prop]1 !re=e1 to add "h "s ( ! be/ approv$ me?ods ( special det]m9ations :i* h be5 approv$ 9 ?is & o!r c\ntries4 ,9 ! ma91 ! f9al det]m9ation ( any p>ticul> elem5t ( ! soil1 & its previ\s sep>ation f accompany+ elem5ts1 are bas$ on ! g5]al processes already giv54 ,! v>iations 9 _m in/ances1 h[ev]1 seem to require special m5tion4 #cdi4 ,condition ( ,pota% 9 ,soils4--,pota% exi/s 9 ! soil 9 v diff]5t /ates4 ,t "p ( x :i* is comb9$ ) ! humus mat]ial1 or ) ! hydrat$ silicates1 is easily set free f its comb9ations & is to be reg>d$ z ! m assimilable portion4 ,! pota% 9 ! soil is f\nd *iefly 9 comb9ation ) silicates1 & p>ticul>ly ) ! hydrat$ alum9um silicates1 =m+ clay4 ,z ! p>ticles ) :i* x is comb9$ are f\nd 9 a /ate ( great] or less f95ess1 ! pota% itself is set free "u ! influ5ces ( ! ag5ts :i* are active 9 ! soil1 ) great] or less rapidity1 pass+ into a =m 9 :i* x c be utiliz$ by plants4 ,9 silicates :i* are v f9ely divid$1 su* z clay1 ! pota% becomes active 9 a relatively %ort "t1 :ile 9 ! dbris ( rocks 9 a less advanc$ /ate ( decomposition x may re/ = an indef9ite p]iod 9 an in]t /ate4 ,! e/imation ( ! pota% :i* is assimilable 9 ! clay is q z important = agricultural purposes z to det]m9e t :i* may be pres5t 9 ! soil 9 firm] comb9ation4 ,treat+ ! sample ( soil ) wat] does n furni% any useful in=mation 9 reg>d to ! pota% :i* x conta9s4 ,inde$1 ! absorb+ prop]ties ( ! soil t5d to prev5t ! elim9ation ( ! pota% 9 ?is way1 ev5 :5 x is f\nd 9 ! soluble /ate4 ,x is !re=e1 necess>y to employ an acid to set ! pota% free1 b v>iable results are obta9$1 accord+ to ! employm5t ( acids ( great] or less conc5tration & = long] or %ort] p]iods ( contact4 #cej4 ,e/imation ( ! ,pota% ,soluble 9 ,conc5trat$ ,acids4--,9 ! me?od ( ! ,fr5* agricultural *emi/s#bbd tw5ty grams ( ! e>? are plac$ 9 a di% ) a flat bottom1 elev5 c5timet]s 9 diamet]1 & rubb$ up ) tw5ty to ?irty cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,!re is add$ c>efully1 & 9 small quantities1 "s nitric acid ( #cf ,baum until all eff]vesc5ce has ceas$1 ! mass mean:ile be+ ?or\ghly /irr$4 ,:5 ! c>bonates h be5 decompos$1 :i* c be told by ! cessation ( ! eff]vesc5ce1 tw5ty cubic c5timet]s m ( ! same acid are add$4 ,! di% is heat$ on ! s&-ba? = five h\rs1 regulat+ ! heat+ 9 su* a way t !re /ill rema9s "s acid at ! end ( ! op]ation & ! mass is n ?or\ghly dry4 ,! acid mass is !n tak5 up ) hot wat]1 filt]$1 & wa%$ ) hot wat] until ! am\nt ( filtrate is ab\t #cjj cubic c5timet]s4 ,! filtrate %\ld be receiv$ 9 a flask ( ab\t "o lit] capacity4 ,! filtrate w conta9 ! dissolv$ pota%1 soda1 magnesia1 lime1 iron & alum9um oxids1 & traces ( sulfuric & phosphoric acids4 ,= ! elim9ation ( ! o!r sub/ances1 ) ! exception ( pota%1 soda & magnesia1 a few drops ( b>ium nitrate are add$1 aft]w>ds suffici5t ammonia to r5d] ! solution alkal9e1 & f9ally an excess ( ammonium c>bonate 9 p[d] add$ 9 small portions4 ,^! mat]ials are add$ successively & ! :ole is left to /& = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,by ?is op]ation ! sulfuric acid is sep>at$ 9 ! =m ( b>ium sulfate2 ! iron & alum9um oxids are precipitat$1 c>ry+ d[n ) !m ! phosphoric acid1 & ! lime is ?r[n d[n 9 ! =m ( c>bonate4 ,! mass is n[ filt]$ & wa%$ sev]al times ) hot wat]4 ,! filtrate conta9s 9 addition to pota%1 soda1 magnesia1 & ! ammoniacal salts :i* h be5 introduc$4 ,! ammonium salts are de/roy$ by add+ aqua regia & evaporat+ ! liquid to a v small volume1 z describ$ 9 ! me?od = ! e/imation ( magnesia4 ,! mass is n[ evaporat$ 9 a porcela9 di% ) a flat bottom1 ( ab\t sev5 c5timet]s diamet]1 & an excess ( p]*loric acid add$4 ,! evaporation is c>ri$ to dryness on a s&-ba?1 & ! heat+ prolong$ until ! la/ :ite fumes ( p]*loric acid are dis5gag$4 ,! mass is n[ left to cool4 ,!re are !n add$ five cubic c5timet]s ( alcohol1 ( #ij /r5g?4 ,! mass is triturat$ by a /irr+ rod1 ! extremity ( :i* is flatt5$1 9 su* a mann] z to r$uce x all to an impalpable p[d]4 ,x is !n left to settle & ! sup]natant liquid is decant$ ^u a small filt]4 ,! treatm5t ) alcohol ( ! k9d1 quantity1 & /r5g? describ$1 is cont9u$ f\r or five times4 ,aft]w>ds1 z !re may /ill rema9 a trace ( ! sodium & magnesium p]*lorates 9 ! int]ior ( ! cry/als ( potassium p]*lorate1 !re are add$ to ! capsule 9 :i* all ( ! alkal9e residue has be5 collect$1 two or ?ree cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 & x is evaporat$ aga9 to dryness & tak5 up twice ) small quantities ( alcohol4 ,!re are ?us remov$ ! traces ( sodium & magnesium p]*lorates4 ,by means ( a jet ( boil+ wat] ! /irr+ rod & ! filt]1 :i* conta9s ! small quantities ( potassium p]*lorate1 are wa%$1 & ! liquid pass+ ?r\gh is receiv$ 9 ! capsule :i* conta9s ! l>g] "p ( ! salt4 ,x is !n evaporat$ to dryness & weigh$4 ,:5 !re is v little magnesia pres5t1 z is g5]ally ! case1 ! e/imation ( ! pota% is made )\t any difficulty by ! process j m5tion$1 b :5 ! proportion ( magnesia is high x is f\nd useful to sep>ate x be=e ! trans=mation into p]*lorates4 ,! magnesia is sep>at$ by c>bonat+ ! residue z indicat$ 9 ! me?od = ! e/imation ( magnesia1 by treatm5t ) oxalic acid & ignition4 ,by extract+ ! c>bonates =m$ ) v small quantities ( wat]1 & filt]+1 ! alkalies are obta9$ free f magnesia4 ,x is advisable to te/ ! purity ( ! potassium p]*lorate =m$ :i* sometimes conta9s a little silica4 ,= ?is purpose x is dissolv$ 9 boil+ wat]1 & any residue :i* rema9s is weigh$1 & t weight d$uct$ f ! total weight ( p]*lorate4 ,by multiply+ ! weight ( potassium p]*lorate f\nd by ! coeffici5t #j4cci1 ! quantity ( pota% conta9$ 9 ! tw5ty grams ( e>? submitt$ to analysis is obta9$4 ,e/imation ( ! ,pota% ,soluble 9 ,cold1 ,dilute ,acids4--7,me?od ( ,s*loes+47 ,introduce #ajj grams ( ! soil into a "o or "o & a half lit] flask ) #fjj to #hjj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,a little nitric acid1 ( #cj ,baum1 is add$ until ! c>bonate is decompos$ & a slight acid reaction is obta9$4 ,aft]w>ds five cubic c5timet]s ( ! same acid are add$ & x is left to dige/ = six h\rs1 %ak+ e fifte5 m9utes4 ,in/ead ( tak+ ! :ole ( ! wa%-wat] = ! exam9ation1 x is bett] to extract only a portion ( x & s disp5se ) wa%+4 ,?is process is conduct$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! weight ,p ( ! full flask hav+ be5 det]m9$1 z mu* z possible ( ! solution1 is decant$ by means ( a v small siphon1 ( :i* ! fl[ is mod]at$ by fix+ a rubb] tube ) a p9*-cock to its l[] extremity4 ,aft] ! decantation is complete1 ! flask is aga9 weigh$1 giv+ ! weight ( ,p2 ! weight ( liquid tak51 !re=e1 is equal to ,p ,p4 ,to det]m9e ! total weight ( ! liquid1 ?r[ ^u a filt] ! e>?y residue insoluble 9 ! acid1 & aft] wa%+ & dry+ x det]m9e its weight r4 ,! weight ( ! empty dry flask p is also det]m9$4 ,! total weight ( ! soil w be1 !re=e1 ,p r p4 ,! "p ( ! liquid :i* 0 extract$ f ! flask1 & ^u :i* ! analytical op]ation is to be conduct$ is repres5t$ by ! fraction 7,p ,p7_/7,p r p74 ,?is me?od avoids wa%+ & evaporation :i* w\ld be ( v long duration4 ,x re/s ^u ! supposition t ! solid matt] f :i* ! liquor is sep>at$ has no aff9ity = ! dissolv$ sub/ances1 & t ! total ( ^! sub/ances has pass$ into ! liquor1 & t ! solution is homog5e\s4 ,9 ! liquor fir/ decant$ z describ$ be=e1 ! pota% is e/imat$4 ,?is liquor conta9s 9 addition to pota%1 soda1 lime1 magnesia1 iron & alum9um oxids1 z well z phosphoric1 sulfuric1 & hydro*loric acids4 ,!re is fir/ add$ to x a little b>ium *lorid to precipitate ! sulfuric acid4 ,x is !n heat$ to ab\t #dj 9 a glass flask & "s ammonium c>bonate add$ 9 a solution conta9+ an excess ( ammonium hydroxid4 ,by ?is process ! lime & b>yta are precipitat$ 9 ! =m ( c>bonates2 ! alum9a & iron z oxids1 & ! phosphoric acid 9 comb9ation ) ! la/ two bases4 ,! magnesium c>bonate is n precipitat$ because x is soluble 9 ! ammonium c>bonate ) :i* x =ms a d\ble salt4 ,! employm5t ( a g5tle heat favors ! =mation ( ! precipitate ( calcium c>bonate 9 a granul> =m :i* l5ds itself easily to filtration4 ,! cont5ts ( ! flask are n[ ?r[n ^u a filt] & ! insoluble residue wa%$4 ,! filtrate conta9s ! pota%1 soda1 magnesia1 ammonia1 & nitric & hydro*loric acids4 ,x is conc5trat$ z rapidly z possible by heat+ 9 a flask1 & aft]w>ds ! ammoniacal salts are de/roy$ by weak aqua regia & ! :ole is !n transf]r$ to a porcela9 di% & evaporat$ to dryness4 ,!re is ?us obta9$ a mixture ( potassium1 sodium1 & magnesium nitrates1 f :i* ! pota% is sep>at$ by means ( p]*loric acid 9 ! mann] already describ$4 ,e/imation ( ! ,total ,pota%4--,beside ! pota% :i* c be dissolv$ by ! boil+ conc5trat$ acids ! soil conta9s pota% comb9$ ) silicates1 :i* becomes useful = plant life ) extreme sl[ness4 ,x is (t5 ( great int]e/ to e/imate ! total pota% conta9$ 9 a soil1 t is to say1 ! res]ve = ! future4 ,9 ?is case x is necess>y to free entirely ?is base f its comb9ations by means ( hydr(luoric acid4 ,! op]ation is conduct$ ^u two grams ( e>? previ\sly ignit$ & r$uc$ to an impalpable p[d]4 ,! decomposition is conduct$ 9 a plat9um capsule by spr9kl+ ! sample ) a few cubic c5timet]s ( hydr(luoric acid1 or solution ( ammonium fluorid1 & add+ a few drops ( sulfuric acid4 ,x is !n evaporat$ to dryness & dissolv$ 9 boil+ hydro*loric acid4 ,! "p :i* rema9s insoluble is treat$ a second "t by hydr(luoric & sulfuric & aft]w>ds by hydro*loric acid4 ,all ( ! pota% is ?us br\ght into solution4 ,! e/imation ( ! pota%1 aft] hav+ obta9$ x 9 a soluble /ate1 is conduct$ 9 ! mann] previ\sly describ$4 ,e/imation ( ! ,pota% z ,plat9o*lorid4--,in/ead ( e/imat+ ! pota% z p]*lorate x c also be trans=m$ into plat9o*lorid4 ,?is process gives z good results z ! prec$+ "o b x is necess>y 9 all cases1 to sep>ate ! magnesia4 ,aft] hav+ treat$ ! soil z indicat$ 9 ! case ( ! e/imation ( ! pota% z p]*lorate1 ! sep>ation ( ! sulfuric & phosphoric acids1 ( alum9a & iron1 ( magnesia1 & ! de/ruction ( ! ammoniacal salts 9 ! mann] already describ$1 !re are f9ally left ! alkalies pota% & soda 9 ! =m ( c>bonates4 ,^! are trans=m$ into *lorids by add+ hydro*loric acid2 aft]w>ds !y are evaporat$ to dryness & ! mixture ( ! two *lorids weigh$ 9 ord] to det]m9e :at quantity ( plat9um *lorid x is necess>y to add1 9 ord] t x be 9 excess4 ,! quantity ( *lorid to be add$ is calculat$ s z to be 9 suffici5t quantity to saturate ! :ole ( ! *lorids weigh$1 :e!r !y may be compos$ :olly ( sodium or potassium4 ,9 ?is way !re is a c]ta9ty ( hav+ an excess ( plat9um4 ,! solution ( plat9um *lorid us$ %\ld conta9 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s sev5te5 grams ( plat9um4 ,ea* cubic c5timet] ( ?is solution w be suffici5t = a decigram ( ! sodium & potassium d\ble *lorids4 ,aft] ! addition ( ! plat9um *lorid ! mixture is evaporat$ 9 a capsule ) a flat bottom1 on a wat]-ba?4 ,x is important t ! temp]ature %\ld n exce$ #ajj4 ,if ! temp]ature %\ld g above ?is !re w\ld be a t5d5cy to =m "s plat9um sub*lorids insoluble 9 alcohol4 ,! evaporation is cont9u$ until ! cont5ts ( ! di% are 9 a pa/y condition & =m a r solid mass on cool+4 ,x is necess>y to avoid a complete desiccation4 ,aft] cool+1 ! residue is tak5 up by alcohol ( #ie /r5g?4 ,x is all[$ to dige/ ) alcohol ( ?is /r5g? = "s "t1 aft] hav+ be5 ?or\ghly mix$ & %ak5 !re) 9 ord] to obta9 a complete precipitation ( ! plat9o*lorid4 ,?is dige/ion %\ld take place "u a small bell-j> re/+ ^u a piece ( gr\nd glass4 ,! evaporation ( ! alcohol is ?us prev5t$4 ,! mass is !n wa%$ by means ( alcohol ( ! same /r5g? & ! liquors decant$ ^u a small filt] plac$ )9 ano!r filt] ( id5tical weight1 :i* s]ves z a t>e = x on ! balance4 ,! wa%+ is prolong$ until ! filtrate becomes colorless4 ,all ( ! p>ticles 9 ! di% %\ld be br\ght ^u ! filt] by means ( a hair-bru%4 ,! filt]s are n[ dri$ at a temp]ature n exce$+ #ie & ! plat9o*lorid receiv$ ^u ! int]ior filt] is weigh$4 ,! precipitate may also be wa%$ f ! small filt] into ! capsule 9 :i* x 0 =m$ by means ( a jet ( alcohol4 ,! alcohol is evaporat$ & ! precipitate weigh$ 9 ! capsule4 ,! weigh+ %\ld be made rapidly on acc\nt ( ! hygroscopicity ( ! mat]ial4 ,! weight obta9$ multipli$ by #j4aic gives ! correspond+ quantity ( pota% 9 ! soil4 ,purification ( ! ,oxalic ,acid4--,! comm]cial oxalic acid us$ 9 sep>at+ ! magnesia1 (t5 conta9s lime1 magnesia1 & pota%4 ,:5 ?is reag5t is us$ 9 a suffici5tly l>ge quantity 9 ! e/imation ( ! above sub/ances1 x is indisp5sable to free x entirely f !m4 ,?is is secur$ by submitt+ ! oxalic acid to successive recry/allizations :i* are obta9$ by dissolv+ x 9 w>m wat]1 filt]+ & leav+ to cool4 ,! "m wat]s are ?r[n away4 ,aft] two or ?ree successive cry/allizations ! traces ( pota% & magnesia h disappe>$ & ! oxalic acid obta9$ aft] ignition leaves no trace ( residue4 ,! purification may also be secur$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,at a temp]ature ( #fj a saturat$ solution ( oxalic acid is made2 ! liquid is decant$1 c>ri$ to ! boil+ po9t & filt]$4 ,five p] c5t ( nitric acid are add$ & x is all[$ to cool4 ,! cry/als :i* are deposit$ are collect$ ^u a funnel 9 :i* a plug ( cotton has be5 plac$1 & are wa%$ ) a little cold wat]4 ,purity ( ! ,ammonium ,c>bonate4--,! ammonium c>bonate employ$ %\ld n leave any residue :atev] aft] volatilization4 ,9 g5]al1 x may be said ( all ! reag5ts employ$ 9 analyses & especially ( ^? employ$ 9 l>ge quantities1 t x is indisp5sable to be sure t !y conta9 no traces ( ! sub/ances :i* are to be e/imat$4 ,! acids1 ammonia1 etc41 %\ld always be exam9$ ) ?is po9t 9 view4 ,e/imation ( ! ,soda4--,x is (t5 ( int]e/ to e/imate ! soda 9 ! soil1 n t x is an elem5t ( any great f]tility b r because x is hurtful :5 9 excess4 ,x is det]m9$ 9 ! residue obta9$ 9 ! e/imation ( pota% & is e/imat$ by diff]5ce4 ,! weight ( ! mixture ( sodium & potassium *lorids be+ kn[n :5 ! pota% is det]m9$1 ! weight ( its *lorid is to be d$uct$ f ! weight ( ! two *lorids & ?us ! direct weight ( ! sodium *lorid is obta9$4 ,a bett] way is to make a direct e/imation4 ,! soda is f\nd entirely dissolv$ 9 ! alcoholic solution obta9$ by wa%+ ! pota% salt z be=e describ$1 = ! sep>ation ( ! potassium plat9o*lorid4 ,?is alcoholic liquor is evaporat$ to dryness on a wat]-ba?1 9 a bohemian flask ( ab\t #ajj cubic c5timet]s capacity4 ,! residue obta9$ consi/s ( sodium plat9o*lorid & a little plat9um *lorid4 ,!re is n[ fitt$ to ! bohemian flask a cork /opp] c>ry+ two tubes4 ,! app>atus is plac$ ^u a wat]-ba? & kept at ab\t #ajj4 ,?r\gh ! tube :i* rea*es to ! bottom ( ! bohemian flask1 a curr5t ( pure hydrog5 is pass$4 ,! hydrog5 passes (f ?r\gh ! second tube4 ,! hydrog5 completely r$uces ! salts ( plat9um4 ,9 ord] t ! decomposition may g on m rapidly a few drops ( wat] are add$4 ,:5 ! :ole mass 9 ! flask has become black ow+ to ! sep>ation ( ! plat9um1 x is %ak51 evaporat$ to dryness & hydrog5 pass$ ?r\gh a second "t4 ,?is op]ation is repeat$ ?ree or f\r times1 be+ /opp$ :5 ! wat] no long] %[s a yell[ color4 ,!re is !n 9 ! flask only a mixture ( r$uc$ plat9um & sodium *lorid4 ,no trace ( sodium *lorid has be5 lo/ because ! temp]ature has nev] exce$$ #ajj4 ,! sodium *lorid is dissolv$ by wa%+ ) wat] & filt]$4 ,! liquor1 :i* mu/ be absolutely colorless1 is evaporat$ to dryness 9 a plat9um capsule & weigh$4 ,!re is ?us obta9$ ! weight ( ! sodium *lorid4 ,= v]ification1 ! sum ( ! weight ( potassium *lorid calculat$ f ! plat9o*lorid & ! weight ( ! sodium *lorid %\ld be equal to ! initial weight ( ! mixture ( ! two *lorids4 #cea4 ,pota% ,me?ods ( ! ,g]man ,exp]im5t ,/ations4#bbe--;a4 ,to "o volume ( air-dri$ f9e e>? :i* is obta9$ by sift+ ?r\gh a ?ree millimet] sieve1 two volumes ( tw5ty-five p] c5t hydro*loric acid are add$1 or m if ! soil conta9s mu* c>bonate4 ,! acid is all[$ to act ) frequ5t /irr+ = =ty-eight h\rs at room temp]ature4 b4 ,to "o volume ( ! soil1 z above prep>$1 are add$ two volumes ( hydro*loric acid & all[$ to /& = ?ree h\rs ) frequ5t %ak+1 at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]4 c4 7,halle me?od47 ,"o hundr$ grams ( ! f9e e>? are treat$ ) #ejj cubic c5timet]s ( =ty p] c5t hydro*loric acid1 made up to "o lit] ) wat] & all[$ to /& = =ty-eight h\rs ) frequ5t %ak+4 ,aft] filt]+1 a l>ge aliquot "p ( ! filtrate is evaporat$ = ! e/imation ( ! pota%4 ,! evaporat$ residue is wa%$ into a half-lit] flask 9 :i* ! sulfuric acid is precipitat$ ) b>ium hydroxid ! flask fill$ to ! m>k & an aliquot "p ( ! filtrate 9 a half-lit] flask1 treat$ ) ammonium c>bonate1 filt]$ & ! pota% e/imat$ z plat9o*lorid by ! usual me?od4 #ceb4 ,me?od ( ,raul9 = ! ,e/imation ( ,pota% 9 ,soils4#bbf--,! process re/s ^u ! v feeble solubility 9 aque\s solution ( potassium phosphomolybdate1 :ile sodium1 magnesium1 calcium1 iron1 & alum9um phosphomolybdates are m or less soluble4 ,! process does n require complicat$ sep>ation & p]mits ( ! treatm5t ( a small quantity ( soil1 s9ce ! weight ( ! phosphomolybdate obta9$ is equival5t to n9ete5 times t ( ! pota%4 ,! reag5t is prep>$ by dissolv+ #ajj grams ( cry/alliz$ ammonium molybdate 9 z little wat] z possible & add+ six & a half grams ( neutral cry/alliz$ ammonium phosphate dissolv$ 9 a little wat]4 ,aqua regia is n[ add$ cold & "s ammonium phosphomolybdate is precipitat$4 ,! mixture is heat$1 add+ a little aqua regia f "t to "t1 until ! solution ( ! precipitate is accompli%$4 ,! :ole is !n evaporat$ to dryness1 ! f9al temp]ature ( evaporation n be+ c>ri$ above #gj4 ,f\r hundr$ cubic c5timet]s ( wat] are n[ add$ & five cubic c5timet]s ( nitric acid1 & ! cont5ts ( ! di% heat$ & filt]$4 ,! reag5t is !n ready = use4 ,! liquid to be us$ = wa%+ ! potassium phosphomolybdate is prep>$ by dissolv+ tw5ty grams ( sodium nitrate 9 "o lit] ( wat]1 two cubic c5timet]s ( pure nitric acid1 & a mixture ( ab\t tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( ! phosphomolybdic reag5t & "o & a half cubic c5timet]s ( a solution ( potassium nitrate conta9+ eighty grams p] lit]1 slightly heat$ 9 ord] to saturate ! liquid ) potassium phosphomolybdate4 ,! solution is %ak51 all[$ to re/1 & ! liquid decant$4 ,= ! prep>ation ( ! solution 9 :i* ! pota% is to be e/imat$1 a sample ( soil is c>efully weigh$ ( su* magnitude z to conta9 ab\t fifte5 milligrams ( anhydr\s pota%4 ,! pota% salts are dissolv$ by ! usual processes & are sep>at$ f ! l>ge/ "p ( ! calcium1 iron1 & alum9um salts1 & conv]t$ into nitrates4 ,! solution is r$uc$ to a volume ( a few cubic c5timet]s & slightly acidulat$ ) nitric acid4 ,f\r cubic c5timet]s ( ! phosphomolybdic reag5t are add$ = e t5 milligrams ( anhydr\s pota% suppos$ to be pres5t4 ,! solution is evaporat$ to dryness at #ej & imm$iately br\ght ^u v small weigh$ filt]s1 ( :i* ea* "o is d\ble1 by us+ sixty cubic c5timet]s ( ! wa%+ liquor m5tion$ above4 ,! t>$ filt] is likewise wa%$ ) ! same liquid at #ej & weigh$4 ,! weight multipli$ by #j4jeb gives ! anhydr\s pota%4 ,?is me?od = a direct precipitation ( ! pota% salts does n h ! m]its ( ! p]*lorate process & bo? are inf]ior 9 accuracy to ! usual plat9o*lorid proc$ure4 #cec4 ,russian ,me?od = ,e/imat+ ,pota% 9 ,soils4#bbg--,t5 grams ( ! soil are dige/$ ) #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( t5 p] c5t hydro*loric acid on a /eam-ba? = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,aft] add+ five cubic c5timet]s ( nitric acid to ! filtrate x is evaporat$ to dryness1 tak5 up ) dilute hydro*loric acid1 filt]$1 ! filtrate saturat$ ) ammonia1 ! excess ( ammonia driv5 (f1 aga9 filt]$1 & ! lime sep>at$ by ammonium oxalate4 ,! filtrate is treat$ ) a little b>ium *lorid = ! removal ( sulfuric acid & aft]w>ds ) ammonium c>bonate 9 excess1 & dige/$ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,aft] filt]+1 ! solution is evaporat$ 9 a plat9um di%1 ! excess ( ammonia driv5 (f1 ! residue tak5 up ) wat]1 filt]$1 treat$ ) hydro*loric acid1 evaporat$ to dryness1 & ignit$ at l[ heat4 ,! residue is aga9 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 filt]$1 & ! pota% precipitat$ ) plat9um *lorid & e/imat$ 9 ! usual way4 #ced4 ,pota% ,me?od ( ! ,italian ,/ations4#bbh--,! pota% 9 ! soil %\ld be det]m9$ 9 ?ree =ms2 viz41 #a4 ,assimilable pota%4 #b4 ,pota% soluble 9 conc5trat$ acid4 #c4 ,total pota%4 ,= det]m9ation ( ! fir/1 #ajj grams ( e>? are put into a retort hold+ a lit] & dige/$ ) dilute nitric acid4 ,= ! analysis1 an aliquot portion ( ! cle> liquid is tak5 or weigh$1 & ! det]m9ation ( ! pota% is made by ! common me?ods4 ,= an alt]nate me?od1 f tw5ty to fifty grams ( e>? are put into a retort ( #ejj cubic c5timet]s1 moi/5$ ) wat]1 & nitric acid is gradually add$4 ,aft] "o or two h\rs !re are add$ f #bjj to #cjj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]2 ! liquid is p\r$ )\t filt]+ into a retort & ! residue wa%$ by decantation4 ,9 ! liquid1 aft] ! elim9ation ( ! o!r sub/ances ) b>ium *lorid1 ammonium c>bonate1 etc41 ! pota% is det]m9$ by ! ord9>y me?ods4 ,9 ! second case1 by us+ w>m conc5trat$ acids1 a portion ( ! insoluble silica is decompos$1 b ?is decomposition is always p>tial & ! quantity ( ! pota% extract$ dep5ds ^u ! temp]ature1 ^u ! conc5tration1 ^u ! duration ( ! action1 & ^u ! nature ( ! acid4 ,! me?od ( moi/5+ tw5ty to fifty grams ( e>? ) wat] & add+1 !reto1 conc5trat$ nitric acid ( #a4bj d5sity1 9 su* a mann] t ! e>? %all be completely saturat$1 may also be employ$4 ,!n ! temp]ature is kept at #ajj dur+ two h\rs4 ,9 ! solution1 ! pota% is det]m9$ z usual4 ,9 ! ?ird case ! soil is to be decompos$ by hydr(luoric & sulfuric acids1 or by fusion ) alkal9e c>bonates1 & ! total pota% det]m9$ by "o ( ! /&>d me?ods4 ,if x is desir$ to adopt a g5]al me?od = ! det]m9ation ( ! pota% ! foll[+ po9ts mu/ be c>efully consid]$3 #a4 ,! quantity ( ! e>? to be exam9$4 #b4 ,! /ate ( humidity or dryness ( ! same4 #c4 ,! quantity1 nature1 & conc5tration ( ! acid4 #d4 ,! quantity ( ! wat]4 #e4 ,! duration ( ! treatm5t4 #cee4 ,me?od ( ,j4 ,lawr5ce ,smi? = ,pota%4--,?is me?od1 design$ especially = m9]al analysis1 has be5 fully approv$ by ! g5]al exp]i5ce ( analy/s4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! me?od#bbi dep5ds ^u ! decomposition ( silicates on ignition ) calcium c>bonate & ammonium *lorid4 ,! object ( ?is mixture is to br+ into contact ) ! m9]al1 cau/ic lime 9 a nasc5t /ate at a r$ heat1 ! cau/ic lime be+ soluble to "s ext5t 9 calcium *lorid at a high temp]ature4 ,pure calcium c>bonate1 made by precipitation ( m>ble1 %\ld be us$4 ,! ammonium *lorid %\ld be prep>$ by tak+ cry/als ( pure1 sublim$ sal ammoniac1 dissolv+ 9 wat]1 & filt]+1 & evaporat+ ! solution until small cry/als are deposit$1 ! solution be+ well-/irr$ until "o-half or two-?irds ( ! :ole has cry/alliz$4 ,! "m-liquor is p\r$ (f :ile /ill hot1 & ! cry/als dri$ on an asbe/os filt] at ord9>y room temp]ature4 ,a special plat9um crucible %\ld be us$ 9 ! ,smi? me?od1 b ! common crucible1 especially if v deep1 c be employ$4 ,! special crucible is ( ab\t d\ble ! usual l5g?4 ,smi? recomm5ds a crucible n9ety-five millimet]s 9 l5g?1 diamet] at top tw5ty-two millimet]s1 at bottom sixte5 millimet]s1 & weigh+ ?irty-five to =ty grams4 ,! object ( ! long crucible is to h ! "p ( ! bottom conta9+ ! silicate subject$ to a high heat1 :ile ! top ( ! crucible is at a mu* l[] temp]ature1 ?us prev5t+ ! loss ( alkalies by volatilization4 ,me?od ( ,analysis4--,! samples ( soil or silicate conta9+ ! alkalies are well pulv]iz$ 9 an agate mort>1 & f "o-half to "o gram ( ! f9ely pulv]iz$ mat]ial tak5 = analysis4 ,?is is c>efully mix$ ) ! same weight ( f9ely p[d]$ sal ammoniac & ! m9]al & sal ammoniac rubb$ well toge!r 9 a mort>4 ,eight p>ts by weight ( calcium c>bonate are next add$ 9 ?ree or f\r portions1 & ! :ole intimately mix$ aft] ea* addition4 ,! cont5ts ( ! mort> are empti$ on a piece ( glaz$ pap] & !n introduc$ into ! crucible1 :i* is tapp$ g5tly ^u ! table until ! cont5ts are well settl$4 ,x is !n fix$ 9 ! furnace :i* is us$ = heat+1 & a small buns5 burn] is plac$ b5ea? ! crucible1 & ! heat appli$ j ab\t at ! top ( ! mixture & gradually c>ri$ t[>d ! l[] "p until ! sal ammoniac is completely decompos$1 :i* requires f f\r to five m9utes4 ,! heat is !n appli$ by means ( a bla/-lamp & ! crucible kept at a bright r$ heat = f =ty to sixty m9utes4 ,! crucible is all[$ to cool1 ! cont5ts deta*$ & plac$ 9 a plat9um or porcela9 di% ( ab\t #aej cubic c5timet]s capacity1 & sixty to eighty cubic c5timet]s ( di/ill$ wat] add$4 ,! solution ( ! flux may be ha/5$ by heat+ ! wat] to ! boil+ po9t4 ,! crucible & its cov] are also well wa%$ ) hot wat] until all matt] adh]+ to !m is dissolv$4 ,aft] ! slak+ ( ! mass x is be/ to cont9ue ! dige/ion ) hot wat] = six or eight h\rs1 al?\gh ?is is n absolutely necess>y4 ,! cont5ts ( ! crucible are filt]$ & wa%$ well ) ab\t #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,! filtrate conta9s 9 solution all ! alkalies ( ! m9]al1 or soil1 toge!r ) calcium *lorid & cau/ic lime4 ,a solution ( pure ammonium c>bonate conta9+ ab\t "o & "o-half grams ( ! pure salt is add$ to ! filtrate4 ,?is precipitates ! lime z c>bonate4 ,! di% conta9+ ! mat]ial is plac$ on a wat]-ba? & its cont5ts evaporat$ to ab\t =ty cubic c5timet]s4 ,two additional drops ( ammonium c>bonate are add$1 & a few drops ( cau/ic ammonia1 to precipitate any lime :i* may be r$issolv$ by ! action ( ! ammonium *lorid solution on ! calcium c>bonate4 ,filt] on a small filt] & wa% ) z little wat] z possible & collect ! filtrate 9 a small beak]4 ,! filtrate conta9s all ! alkalies z *lorids1 toge!r ) a little ammonium *lorid4 ,add a drop ( ammonium c>bonate solution to be sure all ! lime is precipitat$1 evaporate on a wat]-ba? 9 a deep plat9um di%1 9 :i* ! alkalies are to be weigh$4 ,! di% %\ld h f ?irty to sixty cubic c5timet]s capacity1 & dur+ ! evaporation %\ld nev] be m ?an two-?irds fill$4 ,aft] ! evaporation has be5 complet$ ! di% is sl[ly heat$ & !n g5tly ignit$ ov] a gas-flame to drive (f any ammonium *lorid :i* may be pres5t4 ,dur+ ?is process ! plat9um di% may be cov]$ ) a ?9 piece ( plat9um to prev5t any possible loss by ! spitt+ ( ! salt aft] ! ammonium *lorid has be5 driv5 (f4 ,! heat %\ld be gradually increas$ until x is br\ght to a po9t a little bel[ r$ness1 leav+ ! cov] (f4 ,! plat9um di% is aga9 cov]$1 & :5 suffici5tly cool$ plac$ on a balance & weigh$4 ,if li?ium *lorid be pres5t x is necess>y to weigh x quickly z ! salt be+ v deliquesc5t takes up moi/ure rapidly4 ,! alkalies may n[ be sep>at$ 9 ! usual way4 ,if ! sample "u exam9ation conta9s magnesia ! residue 9 ! capsule %\ld be dissolv$ 9 a little wat] & suffici5t pure lime-wat] add$ to r5d] ! solution alkal9e4 ,x %\ld !n be boil$ & filt]$4 ,! magnesia w1 9 ?is way1 be completely sep>at$ f ! alkalies4 ,! solution :i* has pass$ ?r\gh ! filt] is treat$ ) ammonium c>bonate 9 ! mann] fir/ describ$1 & ! process cont9u$ & complet$ z above m5tion$4 ,if x be suspect$ t ! :ole ( ! alkalies h n be5 obta9$ by ! fir/ fusion1 ! residue ^u ! filt] c be rubb$ up 9 a mort> ) an am\nt ( ammonium *lorid equal to "o-half ! weight ( ! m9]al1 mix$ ) fre% portions ( calcium c>bonate & treat$ exactly z 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,any trace ( alkali rema9+ f ! fir/ fusion is ?us recov]$ 9 ! second "o4 ,me?od ( ,heat+ ! ,crucible4--,! app>atus us$ by ,smi? = ignit+ ! crucible is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fg4 ,x consi/s ( an iron filt]-/& ,,hg1 a clamp1 ,,ed1 c>ry+ ! muffle ,,nc1 atta*$ by ! supports ,,ab1 & heat$ by ! lamp ,f4 ,! muffle ,,nc is a *imney ( %eet iron1 eight to n9e c5timet]s long1 t5 c5timet]s high1 ! wid? at ! bottom be+ ab\t f\r c5timet]s on "o side & ?ree c5timet]s on ! o!r4 ,x is made ) ! sides /raight = ab\t f\r c5timet]s & !n incl9+ t[>d ! top s z to leave ! op5+ at ! top ab\t "o c5timet] 9 wid?4 ,a piece is cut out ( ! front ( ! *imney ( ! wid? ( ! diamet] ( ! hole 9 ! iron support & ab\t f\r c5timet]s 9 l5g?1 be+ semi-circul> at ! top1 fitt+ ov] ! plat9um crucible4 ,j above ?is "p ( ! *imney1 is rivet$ a piece ( %eet iron 9 ! =m ( a flatt5$ hook1 ,n1 :i* holds ! *imney 9 place by be+ slipp$ ov] ! top ( ! crucible support2 x s]ves z a protection to ! crucible aga9/ ! cool+ effects ( ! curr5ts ( air4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #fg4 ,,smi?',s ,,muffle ,,= ,,decomposition ,,( ,,silicates4 #cef4 ,int]national ,me?od = ,assimilable & ,total ,pota%4--,9 ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,*emi/s held 9 ,p>is 9 #ahhi1bcj ! discrim9ation betwe5 ! assimilable & total pota% 0 decl>$ to be ( prime importance4 ,un=tunately no me?od is kn[n by :i* ! pota% :i* is pres5t 9 ! soil 9 a /ate suit$ to ! wants ( plants c be det]m9$ ) approximate accuracy4 ,9 g5]al1 t portion :i* is giv5 up to weak acids may be assum$ to be available4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( soils ) weak acid1 z po9t$ out 9 ! ,congress1 x is demon/rable t ) a #j4je to #j4a p] c5t nitric acid solution1 ! quantity ( pota% :i* goes into solution increases by cont9u$ /irr+ ( ! mixture ) ! "t ( action ( ! acid up to a c]ta9 maximum :i* is rea*$ 9 f ?ree to f\r h\rs1 & aft] t1 x is n *ang$ ev5 :5 ! /r5g? ( ! acid mixture is increas$ to two p] c5t4 ,f ?is "t on1 conc5trat$ acids )draw f ! soil :i* has already be5 exhau/$ by ! weak acid1 a new quantity ( pota%4 ,! soils :i* h be5 exhau/$ by conc5trat$ acids yield also an additional quantity ( pota% :5 !y are treat$ ) hydr(luoric acid1 or melt$ ) b>ium or sodium c>bonate4 ,pota%1 !re=e1 appe>s to exi/ 9 ! soil 9 v>i\s =ms4 ,fir/4 ,9 ! =m ( indecomposable silicates :i* h1 agriculturally p]haps1 v little int]e/4 ,second4 ,9 ! =m ( silicates :i* are m basic ?an ^? j m5tion$4 ,^! silicates are attack$ by /rong acids & give up probably e ye> a portion ( _! pota% to vegetation4 ,?ird4 ,9 a =m :i* is easily soluble 9 weak acids & consequ5tly directly assimilable by plants4 ,9 view ( ! fact t x w\ld be ( int]e/ to *emi/s & agronomi/s to e/abli% c]ta9 me?ods ( inve/igation s z to be able to obta9 comp>ative results1 x 0 decid$ to adopt ! orig9al me?od recomm5d$ by ,gasp>9 = ! e/imation ( ! pota% decomposable by conc5trat$ acids4 ,?is me?od consi/s 9 ! treatm5t ( ! soil ) boil+ aqua regia until ! s& :i* is n decompos$1 is :ite4 ,det]m9ation ( ! ,f95ess ( ! ,e>? :i* is ,us$ = ,analysis4--,= ! e/imation ( pota%1 ! soil %\ld be divid$ z f9ely z possible1 & pass$ ?r\gh a sieve ( ?irty me%es to ! c5timet]4 ,! decomposition is !n complet$ 9 two h\rs1 :ile if a sieve ( only t5 p]=ations p] c5timet] is us$1 ! acid mu/ be all[$ to "w = twelve h\rs4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! pota% aft] solution1 is accompli%$ by any ( ! /&>d me?ods4 #ceg4 ,me?od ( ,tatlock z ,us$ by ,dy]4--,att5tion 0 call$ 9 p>agraph #cbh to ! e/imation ( ! total plant food 9 ! soil by extraction ( ! sample ) citric acid4 ,dy] fir/ det]m9es ! total pota% by ,tatlock's me?od :i* is z foll[s3 ,to det]m9e pota% t5 grams ( f9e dry soil are treat$ ) t5 cubic c5timet]s ( hydro*loric acid & evaporat$ to dryness on ! wat]-ba?1 ! residue tak5 up ) ano!r t5 cubic c5timet]s ( acid1 w>m$1 dilut$ ) wat]1 boil$1 filt]$1 & wa%$4 ,! filtrate & wa%+s are conc5trat$ & g5tly inc9]at$ to get rid ( organic matt]1 & ! residue r$issolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid1 & evaporat$ sl[ly ) a consid]able quantity ( plat9um *lorid4 ,if ! evaporation be conduct$ sl[ly1 ! potassium plat9o*lorid settles out well1 despite ! iron1 alum9um1 & calcium salts1 & is easily wa%$ ) "s m plat9um *lorid solution1 foll[$ by alcohol4 ,! application ( ?is modification ( ! plat9um *lorid process to solutions conta9+ comp>atively m9ute quantities ( pota% amid an ov]:elm+ excess ( iron1 alum9um1 & calcium salts is probably new to _m *emi/s4 ,x works admirably1 & obviates ! necessity = remov+ iron1 alum9um1 calcium1 magnesium1 etc41 ) ! necess>y use ( ammonia1 & ! t$i\s processes ( conc5tration & f9al volatilization ( ! ammonium salts2 b1 ( c\rse1 ! process _c be employ$ if soda also is to be det]m9$4 ,! pota%1 soluble 9 hydro*loric acid1 hav+ be5 ?us det]m9$1 ! undissolv$ silice\s matt] is inc9]at$1 weigh$1 & f9ely gr\nd 9 an agate mort>4 ,a weigh$ portion ( x is !n1 z 9 ! ,smi? me?od1 mix$ ) a l>ge bulk ( pure calcium c>bonate & a little ammonium *lorid & heat$1 beg9n+ ) a l[ temp]ature1 ris+ sl[ly to bright r$ness4 ,! mass is !n boil$ ) wat]1 wa%$1 inc9]at$1 regr\nd1 mix$ ) "s m ammonium *lorid1 & aga9 heat$1 boil$1 & wa%$4 ,! process is repeat$ & ! filtrates f all ! treatm5ts conc5trat$1 ! calcium be+ remov$ z c>bonate1 & ! pota% det]m9$ 9 ! filtrate1 aft] evaporation & inc9]ation at a l[ temp]ature1 by means ( plat9um *lorid4 ,five hundr$ cubic c5timet]s ( ! citric acid solution ( ! soil1 made z describ$ 9 p>agraph #cbh1 correspond+ to fifty grams ( soil1 are evaporat$ to dryness 9 a plat9um di% & ignit$ at a l[ temp]ature4 ,! residue is dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid filt]$ & wa%$1 & ! filtrate aga9 evaporat$ to dryness & treat$ aga9 z j describ$4 ,! pota% is !n det]m9$ z above4 #ceh4 ,e/imation ( ,total ,alkalies & ,alkal9e ,e>?s4--,to prop]ly det]m9e ! exact am\nt ( ^! sub/ances 9 a sample ( soil x is necess>y fir/ to remove ! silica4 ,?is is accompli%$ 9 ! process ( ,b]!lot & ,&r#bca by intimately incorporat+ ) ! sample1 9 a /ate ( v f9e p[d]1 f\r or five times its weight ( ammonium fluorid4 ,! mixture1 9 a plat9um di%1 is moi/5$ ) /rong sulfuric acid & all[$ to /& = a few h\rs4 ,x is !n g5tly heat$ until all fumes ( hydr(luosilicic acid h disappe>$1 b ! mass is n rais$ to a r$ heat4 ,if !re is any d\bt ab\t ! complete decomposition ( ! silica ! treatm5t is repeat$4 ,at ! end ( ! op]ation !re rema9 only sulfates )\t excess ( sulfuric acid4 ,! sulfates likely to be pres5t are ( pota%1 soda1 lime1 magnesia1 alum9a1 & iron4 ,! sep>ation ( ^! bodies is conduct$ 9 ! ord9>y mann]4 ,fus+ ! soil ) pota% does n give reliable results b x c be us$ 9 c]ta9 cases = ! rapid e/imation ( alum9a & iron4 ,9 ?is case aft] ! sep>ation ( ! silica 9 ! ord9>y way ! iron c be det]m9$ z f]ric oxid4 ,! iron c also be directly det]m9$ by r$uc+ to ! f]r\s /ate & titrat+ ) potassium p]manganate4 ,comp>ison ( ,fluor9 ,me?od ) ,common ,me?ods4--,to e/abli% ! diff]5ce 9 ! data obta9$ by ! old & new processes samples ( ! same e>? 7 treat$ by ,b]!lot & ,&r by diff]5t me?ods ) ! foll[+ results3 ,by ! ,by ! cold ,by ! ,by fluor9 dilute conc5trat$ inc9]ation me?od4 hydro*loric hydro*loric & acid me?od4 acid me?od4 subsequ5t treatm5t ) boil+ hydro*loric acid me?od4 ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,pota% #j4hhf #j4jba #j4adi #j4agf ,soda #j4baa #j4jbd #j4jcc #j4jdb ,magnesia #j4jhg #j4jcc #j4jcc #j4jfg ,lime #a4afj #j4hgi #a4abj #a4jfj ,alum9a #c4iej #j4ajb #a4jji #b4fca ,f]ric oxid #b4aej #j4bif #a4dja #a4fgh ,! impossibility ( gett+ all ! alkalies & oxids into solution by ev5 ! prolong$ action ( a boil+ acid is cle>ly set =? 9 ! above table4 ,boil+ sulfuric acid might d a little bett] b w\ld n give correct results4 ,lime alone ( ! elem5ts 9 ! soil c be correctly det]m9$ by solution 9 boil+ hydro*loric acid1 a circum/ance due to ! fact t lime is f\nd *iefly z c>bonate1 sulfate1 & phosphate 9 ! soil1 & ^! comp\nds are easily soluble 9 hot hydro*loric acid ) ! exception ( ! sulfate4 ,ev5 lime c\ld n be ?us det]m9$ 9 soils conta9+ silicates ri* 9 lime4 ,! o!r m9]al elem5ts _c be det]m9$ by ! wet me?od4 ,?is is due to ! =ms 9 :i* !y occur1 be+ mo/ly silicates ( diff]5t composition1 ) excess ( silica4 ,z to ! silicates !y may be divid$ into two gr\ps4 ,! fir/ ( ^! are ! hydrat$ silicates1 resembl+ ! zeolites1 capable ( be+ completely decompos$ by boil+ acids4 ,! fir/ gr\p ( silicates is d\btless ( great] importance to vegetable life ?an ! second s9ce x w\ld1 d\btless1 give up its alkalies ) great] ease4 ,?is di/9ction is1 h[ev]1 arbitr>y4 ,x is1 9 fact1 impossible to place on "o side ! soluble & on ! o!r ! insoluble silicates4 ,?is di/9ction repres5ts only ! unequal degrees 9 ! spe$ ( decomposition ( ! diff]5t silicates conta9$ 9 ! primitive rocks "u ! influ5ce ( atmosph]ic ag5ts1 ! soil be+ no?+ m ?an ! products ( ! decomposition ( ^! rocks ) vegetable mold4 ,! second gr\p is insoluble 9 acids4 ,t "p ( ! silicates lea/ decompos$ at any giv5 mom5t w be attack$ m easily by acids1 :ile t portion ^: decomposition has be5 pu%$ fur!/ w be m sl[ly attack$4 ,! action ( ! acid w gr[ m feeble z ! "t ( contact is prolong$1 & aft] a "t a po9t is app>5tly rea*$ :]e ! results are ne>ly con/ant4 ,b x is evid5t t ?is di/9ction is purely conv5tional & be>s no necess>y or ev5 probable connection ) ! quantity ( alkali really assimilable by plants4 ,vegetables1 moreov]1 ex]t on a soil1 = ! extraction ( its alkalies & o!r matt]s1 *emical reactions peculi> to !mselves1 altoge!r di/9ct f ! t>dy action ( atmosph]ic ag5ts & /ill m di/9ct f ! rapid action ( m9]al acids4 ,x is well kn[n ) :at en]gy1 x ought to be said ) :at admirable in/9ct1 plants take f ! soil ! lea/ traces ( phosphorus1 ( sulfur1 ( pota%1 ( iron1 & o!r sub/ances necess>y to _! su/5ance4 ,^! specific actions ( vegetables on ! soil m]it1 9 ! highe/ degree1 ! att5tion ( analy/s & agronomi/s4 ,_! int]v5tion plays a mo/ important "p 9 ! re/itution to ! soil1 by means ( complem5t>y f]tiliz]s1 ! m9]al elem5ts remov$ by vegetable gr[?4 #cei4 ,e/imation ( ,lime by ! ,fr5* ,me?od4--,! quantity ( lime conta9$ 9 ! soil v>ies )9 wide limits4 ,sometimes ?is base is entirely abs5t to su* a degree t x is ev5 impossible to discov] feeble traces ( x4 ,sometimes x composes almo/ ! :ole ( ! e>?y mass4 ,lime is f\nd 9 ! soil pr9cipally 9 ! /ate ( c>bonate4 ,x is also f\nd comb9$ ) organic matt] "u ! =m ( humates1 ) sulfuric acid1 etc4 ,x is cu/om>y to e/imate ! lime z a :ole1 )\t di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! diff]5t /ates 9 :i* x exi/s4 ,! quantity ( mat]ial :i* is us$ 9 ! ,fr5* me?od#bcb v>ies 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( calc>e\s matt] conta9$ 9 x4 ,= a soil :i* conta9s a l>ge am\nt ( lime1 "o or two grams w\ld be suffici5t = ! analysis4 ,= a soil :i* is poor 9 calc>e\s matt] t5 or ev5 tw5ty grams mu/ be tak54 ,! quantity ( lime dissolv$ diff]s accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! acids employ$ & l5g? ( contact ( ! acid ) ! soil4 ,! calcium c>bonate1 ! sulfate1 ! nitrate1 & ! humate rapidly pass into solution :5 treat$ ) acid z above1 b ?is is n ! case ) calcium silicates :i* are attack$ mu* m sl[ly4 ,sometimes ! silicates give only an insignificant increase 9 ! am\nt ( lime1 & 9 ?is case x is immat]ial :at process ( solution is employ$4 ,= simplicity x is be/ to adopt ! me?od ( solution 9 boil+ conc5trat$ nitric acid1 prolong+ ! boil+ = a p]iod ( five h\rs4 ,?is me?od ( op]ation is suffici5t to br+ into solution at "o treatm5t1 n only ! lime1 b also ! pota% & magnesia4 ,aft] hav+ heat$ ) acid = ! necess>y "t !re are add$ 9 ! capsule 9 :i* ! solution took place t5 cubic c5timet]s ( nitric acid & fifty cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,! mixture is heat$1 collect$ ^u a filt] & ! residue wa%$4 ,to ! filtrate1 ! volume ( :i* %\ld be f #djj to #ejj cubic c5timet]s1 a suffici5t quantity ( ammonia is add$ to r5d] x slightly alkal9e4 ,!re is =m$ a precipitate ( alum9a & ( iron oxid conta9+ phosphoric acid & also sometimes a trace ( ! lime comb9$ ) ! same acid4 ,9 ord] to keep ! :ole ( ! lime 9 solution x is necess>y to add a little acetic acid1 ab\t t5 cubic c5timet]s m ?an is necess>y to neutralize ! ammonia :i* has be5 add$ 9 excess4 ,if ! liquid is turbid on acc\nt ( ! pres5ce ( ! iron & alum9um phosphates x is necess>y to filt] x4 ,!re is aft]w>ds add$ a slight excess ( ammonium oxalate 9 solution1 & ! :ole is left = tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 ord] t ! calcium oxalate may deposit4 ,inde$1 ! complete precipitation is n always imm$iate1 & especially 9 ! pres5ce ( magnesia x takes place ) sl[ness4 ,! calcium oxalate is collect$ ^u a filt] & wa%$ ) hot wat]4 ,to det]m9e ! quantity ( ! lime ! be/ proc$ure consi/s 9 trans=m+ ! oxalate into c>bonate by a c>eful ignition1 & aft]w>ds heat+ 9 a ,s*loes+ or ,lecl]c furnace = f\r or five m9utes4 ,! oxalate = ?is purpose %\ld be conta9$ 9 a cov]$ plat9um crucible4 ,by ?is me?od ! calcium c>bonate is trans=m$ into calcium oxid1 9 :i* =m x is weigh$ rapidly to avoid absorption ( moi/ure4 ,9 laboratories :i* h no means ( secur+ s high a temp]ature z is m5tion$ be=e1 ! lime may be weigh$ z sulfate4 ,= ?is purpose ! calcium oxalate is trans=m$ into c>bonate by ignition 9 a plat9um crucible4 ,aft]w>ds x is treat$ ) nitric acid until ! c>bon dioxid is completely driv5 (f4 ,! plat9um crucible is n[ cov]$ ) a funnel :i* is aft]w>ds wa%$ 9 ord] to br+ back into ! di% ! small drops :i* h be5 project$ 9 ! process ( boil+4 ,an excess ( sulfuric acid is add$ & evaporat$ to dryness on a s&-ba?4 ,aft]w>ds1 9 a muffle1 ! temp]ature is c>ri$ to a feeble r$ness until ! vapors ( sulfuric acid are all driv5 (f4 ,! lime is weigh$ 9 ! =m ( sulfate1 & ! weight multipli$ by #j4dab gives ! lime conta9$ 9 ! quantity ( e>? analyz$4 ,9 special rese>*es 9 :i* x is desir$ to avoid attack+ ! silice\s pebbles ( ! soil1 ! conc5trat$ nitric acid is replac$ by dilute nitric acid 9 slight excess1 & heat$ = a few mom5ts only4 ,! calcium c>bonate is !n dissolv$ ) ! o!r calc>e\s salts n comb9$ ) silica 9 ! rock products4 ,! analysis is cont9u$ 9 o!r respects z j describ$4 #cfj4 ,e/imation ( ! ,actual ,calcium ,c>bonate4--,! lime :i* is f\nd 9 ! /ate ( c>bonate plays "o ( ! mo/ important rles 9 ! *emical ph5om5a :i* take place 9 ! soil4 ,x is (t5 ( great importance to det]m9e x4 ,! mo/ c]ta9 process is to e/imate ! c>bon dioxid :i* is dis5gag$ f ! c>bonate "u ! influ5ce ( an acid & to receive ?is gas 9 a j> graduat$ to measure x by volume4 ,! flask recomm5d$ by ! ,fr5* ,commission = ?is purpose conta9s ab\t #cjj cubic c5timet]s4 ,! neck ( ! flask is connect$ ) a cond5s+ tube ( ab\t "o c5timet] int]ior diamet]1 :i* is cool$ by a curr5t ( wat]4 ,accord+ to ! presum$ ri*ness 9 calcium c>bonate v>y+ quantities ( e>? are tak5 = analysis1 f z little z half a gram = soils :i* are ri* 9 c>bonate1 up to five or ev5 t5 grams = soils :i* are poor 9 c>bonate4 ,! app>atus is connect$ ) a m]cury pump = ! purpose ( exhau/+ ! air z completely z possible !refrom4 ,= ?is purpose ! flask 9 :i* ! c>bonate is dis5gag$ is made 9 ! %ape ( a tubulat$ retort4 ,?r\gh ! op5+ into ! retort1 a n>r[ tube is introduc$ & connect$ ) a small funnel by means ( a rubb] tube suppli$ ) a p9*-cock4 ,:5 ! retort has be5 connect$ ) ! m]cury pump a slight vacuum is produc$ & ! p9*-cock is op5$ & =ty cubic c5timet]s ( di/ill$ wat] all[$ to ent]4 ,! p9*-cock is clos$ soon en\gh to reta9 a portion ( ! wat] 9 ! funnel4 ,! retort is !n heat$ & a vacuum p>tially produc$ by means ( ! pump4 ,:5 ! flask is boil+1 ! /eam drives out ! air4 ,a refrig]at+ jacket is connect$ ) ! tube lead+ f ! retort to ! pump by means ( :i* ! /eam is cond5s$ & falls back into ! flask4 ,aft] "s m9utes ( boil+1 a vacuum is produc$2 ! lamp is !n tak5 away & a cyl9d]1 graduat$ at #ajj cubic c5timet]s & fill$ ) m]cury1 is plac$ ov] ! l[] orifice ( ! pump1 & !re is introduc$ into ! app>atus1 by ! funnel above describ$1 "s hydro*loric acid 9 small quantities1 b suffici5t only to saturate ! :ole ( ! c>bonate 9 ! sample ( soil tak54 ,usually ?ree or f\r cubic c5timet]s w be suffici5t4 ,! acid %\ld be add$ 9 su* quantities z to prev5t ! production ( any l>ge am\nt ( foam4 ,if fro?+ %\ld be excessive a little oil c be add$ to ! flask4 ,! :ole ( ! c>bon dioxid produc$ 9 ! reaction is )drawn by means ( ! m]cury pump & collect$ 9 ! graduat$ j>4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! op]ation ! flask is heat$ anew 9 ord] to produce an ebullition :i* is cont9u$ = "s "t4 ,! volume ( gas collect$ is measur$ aft] mak+ ! prop] corrections = pressure & temp]ature4 ,aft]w>ds ! c>bon dioxid :i* has be5 produc$ is absorb$ by two or ?ree cubic c5timet]s ( a solution ( pota% ( #db baum4 ,?is pota% is introduc$ into ! graduat$ j> by means ( a pipette b5t into ! =m ( a 9 ! l[] portion4 ,if ! :ole ( ! gas is n absorb$ ! volume :i* rema9s is read1 & ?is is subtract$ f ! orig9al volume aft] hav+ made ! prop] corrections = pressure & temp]ature4 ,! diff]5ce gives ! quantity ( c>bon dioxid conta9$ 9 ! am\nt ( e>? employ$4 ,f ?is ! actual weight ( ! calcium c>bonate is comput$4 ,?is (ficial ,fr5* me?od does n appe> to possess any advantage 9 accuracy to ! usual absorption me?od & is f> m complicat$4 #cfa4 ,e/imation ( ! ,active ,calc>e\s ,matt] 9 ,soils4--,l o!r soil elem5ts1 ! calcium c>bonate exi/s 9 diff]5t degrees ( f95ess & availability 9 ! soil4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! f9e p>ticles play ! mo/ important rle4 ,! calcium c>bonate1 :i* exi/s 9 l>ge fragm5ts1 pres5ts only a circumscrib$ surface & rema9s almo/ inactive1 al?\gh x is easily corrod$ by ! rootlets ( plants4 ,x is possible to e/imate 9 a rapid way1 ! quantity ( f9e c>bonate 9 ! soil1 consid]+ t 9 a "t relatively %ort1 feeble acids act ^u calc>e\s matt] proportionally to ! surface :i* x pres5ts1 & t x attacks1 !re=e1 especially ! f9e/ p>ticles4 ,by measur+ ! am\nt ( c>bon dioxid set free "u ! action ( dilute acids x is possible to e/imate ! cont5t ( available calc>e\s matt] 9 ! soil4 ,! app>atus ( ,mondesir is us$ = ?is purpose by ! ,fr5* *emi/s4 ,x is compos$ ( a tubulat$ flask ( ab\t #fjj cubic c5timet]s capacity4 ,! int]ior tubulature c>ries a manomet] fix$ by means ( a /opp]4 ,?is is =m$ ( a rubb] tube1 t]m9at$ by a glass tube1 ^: extremity is unit$ to a little rubb] bag1 v flexible1 plac$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! flask4 ,graduation ( ! ,app>atus4--,if ! app>atus is new x is necess>y to beg9 by graduat+ x4 ,! rubb] bag is fill$ ) wat]1 ! air be+ c>efully exclud$1 9 su* a way t ! level ( ! wat] comes j a little above ! b5d 9 ! tube4 ,!re are plac$ 9 ! flask #abe cubic c5timet]s ( wat] & x is %ak5 = a few seconds4 ,! flask & ! manomet] are !n un/opp]$ & ! level ( ! wat] 9 ! manomet] is made to equal ! level ( ! wat] 9 ! flask4 ,) a rubb] r+ ! level ( ! wat] 9 ! manomet] tube is m>k$4 ,! manomet] is !n /opp]$4 ,!re are !n add$ to ! flask two-t5?s gram ( pure calcium c>bonate4 ,! flask is clos$ & %ak5 = a m9ute4 ,!re are !n add$1 enclos$ 9 a little piece ( filt] pap]1 six-t5?s ( a gram ( pulv]iz$ t>t>ic acid & ! flask imm$iately clos$ & %ak5 sev]al times4 ,! manomet] tube is !n uncork$ & mov$ until ! level ( ! wat] rea*es ! po9t m>k$ be=e4 ,! diff]5ce 9 level aft] ! height ( ! wat] rema9s con/ant is !n read4 ,! depression 9 ! level obs]v$1 corresponds to two-t5?s gram ( pure calcium c>bonate4 #cfb4 ,e/imation ( ! ,available ,calc>e\s ,matt] 9 ! ,soil4--,!re is introduc$ into ! flask ( ! app>atus a quantity ( soil v>y+ 9 am\nt 9 accordance ) ! cont5t ( c>bonate :i* x is suppos$ to conta94 ,!re are add$ #abe cubic c5timet]s ( wat] & ! flask is %ak5 = a m9ute4 ,z 9 ! te/ giv5 be=e1 ! level ( ! wat] 9 ! manomet] is !n made to correspond to t ( ! wat] 9 ! flask4 ,! level 9 ! manomet] is m>k$ z be=e ) a rubb] b&1 & ! manomet] is !n clos$4 ,!re are !n add$1 conta9$ 9 a piece ( filt] pap]1 two grams ( pulv]iz$ t>t>ic acid & ! op]ation is f9i%$ z describ$ be=e4 ,! am\nt ( t>t>ic acid add$1 9 g5]al1 %\ld be ?ree times z mu* z ! am\nt ( calcium c>bonate suppos$ to be conta9$ 9 ! e>?4 ,! pressure 9 ! manomet] be+ proportional to ! quantity ( c>bon dioxid dis5gag$1 x is easy to calculate ! quantity ( calcium c>bonate 9 a /ate ( f9e division conta9$ 9 ! soil tak5 = ! te/4 ,9 ord] to fill ! rubb] bag x is necess>y to put x 9 its prop] place 9 ! app>atus4 ,! flask is fill$ ) wat] 9 ord] to flatt5 ! rubb] bag & expel ! air f x4 ,x is !n clos$ ) a cork4 ,aft]w>ds1 ) ! aid ( a small funnel & ) a copp] wire plac$ 9 ! tube1 ! l[] extremity ( :i* desc5ds j to ! elb[1 ! air 9 ! tube is replac$ by wat]4 ,! op]ation is f9i%$ by uncork+ ! flask & incl9+ x or %ak+ x aft] a p>tial vacuum has be5 e/abli%$4 ,x is useless to attempt to drive (f ! la/ p>ticles ( ! air4 ,! rubb] bag %\ld h a cont5t ( ab\t d\ble ! volume ( ! :ole ( ! int]ior ( ! manometric tube4 ,9 ! wa%+ :i* is necess>y betwe5 two successive op]ations1 x is well to fill ! flask entirely ) wat] 9 ord] to expel all ! c>bon dioxid :i* x may conta94 ,! same rem>k may be made ( ?is me?od ( det]m9ation z 0 made ( ! la/ "o4 ,9 ! pres5t case1 h[ev]1 ! op]ation is n q s complicat$4 ,:5 ! app>atus is once arrang$1 x w admit ( rapid det]m9ations4 #cfc4 ,lime ,me?od at ! ,riga ,/ation4--,t5 grams ( ! non-ignit$ sample ( ! f9e e>? are dige/$ ) #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( t5 p] c5t hydro*loric acid1 9 a #bej cubic c5timet] erl5mey] = tw5ty-f\r h\rs on ! /eam-ba?1 ) frequ5t %ak+4 ,! filtrate1 ) wa%+s aft] ! addition ( five cubic c5timet]s /rong hydro*loric acid1 is evaporat$ to dryness 9 a porcela9 di% & ! residue tak5 up ) dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,aft] filt]+1 ammonia is add$ 9 excess1 ! excess remov$ by evaporation1 & ! mass is aga9 filt]$4 ,9 ! filtrate1 ! lime is ?r[n d[n ) ammonium oxalate1 filt]$1 ignit$1 & weigh$ z calcium oxid4 ,! above me?od _c give exact results *iefly because m or less lime may be c>ri$ d[n ) ! phosphoric acid4 ,also if manganese be pres5t x w be ?r[n d[n ) ! lime4 ,^! errors are comp5satory1 b only by *ance c\ld ! comp5sation lead to exactness4 ,x w\ld be bett] 9 all cases to remove ! iron & alum9a 9 su* a way z w\ld avoid loss ( "t4 #cfd4 ,e/imation ( ,assimilable ,lime4--,9 ! det]m9ation ( ! total lime 9 soils or ev5 ( t "p pres5t z c>bonate1 x is n to be assum$ t ! quantity assimilable by plants is kn[n2 p>ticles ( lime m9]als 9 soils are corrod$ only sup]ficially by ! rootlets ( plants & any process :i* w\ld attack only ! sup]ficies ( ! lime p>ticles w\ld ?us m ne>ly resemble ! activity ( ! solv5t =ces ( plant gr[?4 ,oxalic acid is a reag5t ( ?is k9d1 attack+ only ! surfaces ( lime p>ticles4 ,rev]d9 & de la ,h>pe guid$ by ?is fact h bas$ a me?od = det]m9+ ! am\nt ( lime pres5t 9 ! soil 9 an available /ate on ! solv5t action ( oxalic acid4#bcc ,aft] ! total lime cont5t has be5 det]m9$1 tw5ty grams ( ! soil sample are cov]$ ) #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( a solution conta9+ 9 molecul> proportion a kn[n quantity ( sodium oxalate & c>bonate4 ,! mixture is dige/$ on ! wat]-ba? = "o h\r4 ,by ?is treatm5t all lime m9]als are conv]t$ sup]ficially into oxalate :ile p>ticles conta9+ magnesia are n affect$4 ,aft] filt]+ & wa%+ well1 ! filtrate & wa%-wat]s are acidulat$ ) hydro*loric acid4 ,if any precipitate ( organic matt] be produc$ sep>ate x by filtration4 ,treat ! filtrate ) a slight excess ( sodium acetate by :i* process ! excess ( hydro*loric acid is replac$ ) acetic aft] :i* ! oxalic acid may be sep>at$ by treatm5t ) calcium *lorid & subsequ5tly titrat$ ) potassium p]manganate 9 pres5ce ( excess ( sulfuric acid4 ,! oxalic acid obta9$1 d$uct$ f ! quantity orig9ally pres5t w give ! am\nt consum$ on ! surfaces ( ! lime p>ticles & consequ5tly ! am\nt ( lime correspond+ !reto :i* may be consid]$ z available = plant gr[?4 #cfe4 ,me?od ( ! ,halle ,/ation = ,lime4#bcd--;a4 ,9 ,phosphates1 ,lime/ones1 etc4--,f\r grams ( ! prep>$ sub/ance are heat$ ) fifty cubic c5timet]s ( hydro*loric acid & five cubic c5timet]s ( nitric acid1 9 a porcela9 di% on ! wat]-ba? to dryness1 & left = a few h\rs at #aje = ! purpose ( sep>at+ ! silicic acid4 ,! dry residue is moi/5$ ) hot wat] & a few drops ( hydro*loric acid1 & all[$ to /& = "s "t ) frequ5t /irr+4 ,! cont5ts ( ! di% are !n wa%$ into a half-lit] flask1 fill$ up to ! m>k & ! sep>at$ silicic acid remov$ by filtration4 ,if ! silicic acid is n tak5 into acc\nt1 ! solution c be made directly 9 a half-lit] flask4 ,aft] filtration1 an aliquot "p ( ! filtrate is neutraliz$ 9 a #ejj or #bej cubic c5timet] flask ) ammonia1 aga9 acidifi$ ) a few drops ( hydro*loric acid & all[$ to /& six h\rs at lea/1 9 ! cold1 ) ammonium acetate4 ,= ea* f\r grams ( ! sub/ance fifty cubic c5timet]s ( an ammonium acetate solution are us$1 made by dissolv+ 9 "o lit] ( wat] #ajj grams ( ammonium acetate4 ,if phosphoric acid is pres5t 9 excess1 iron & alum9um oxids are precipitat$ completely z phosphates4 ,if iron & alum9um oxids are 9 excess1 ! excess mu/ be precipitat$ by ammonia4 ,if x is fe>$ t 9 ! subsequ5t precipitation ( ! lime by ammonium oxalate !re may be /ill "s phosphoric acid 9 solution1 be=e precipitation ) ammonium acetate ! prop] am\nt ( f]ric *lorid is add$ & ! iron is aft]w>ds precipitat$ ) ammonia4 ,x is c]ta9 t 9 ! pres5ce ( oxalic acid & phosphoric acid ! lime is precipitat$ z oxalate1 b %\ld x be fe>$ t traces ( calcium phosphate are precipitat$ ) ! iron & alum9um phosphates ! precipitate ( iron & alum9um phosphates may be dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid1 neutraliz$ ) ammonia1 aga9 acidifi$ & a second "t precipitat$ ) ammonium acetate & ! filtrate add$ to t fir/ obta9$4 ,= ! fur!r e/imation ! filtrates are unit$ & a quantity correspond+ to a giv5 "p ( ! orig9al sample1 & be+ 9 volume f fifty to "o hundr$ cubic c5timet]s is made slightly acid ) acetic acid & :ile hot precipitat$ ) dilute ammonium oxalate4 ,! filtrate mu/ conta9 acetic acid s9ce calcium oxalate is be/ precipitat$ f a slightly acetic acid solution4 ,! filt]+ ( ! calcium oxalate %\ld n take place until f six to twelve h\rs aft] precipitation1 & dur+ ?is "t x %\ld /& 9 a w>m place4 ,filt] pap] ( ! be/ quality %\ld be us$ = ! purpose4 ,! dri$ precipitate is br\ght into a plat9um crucible toge!r ) ! filt]2 ! filt] is fir/ inc9]at$ ov] an ord9>y buns5 & ! calcium oxalate conv]t$ into calcium oxid by ignition = fifte5 m9utes ov] ! bla/4 ,x is !n cool$ 9 a well-clos$ desiccator & weigh$ z oxid4 ,if 9 ! precipitation ( ! iron & alum9um phosphates sodium acetate be employ$ in/ead ( ammonium acetate1 ! precipitation mu/ take place hot & filtration also be accompli%$ on a hot filt]4 b4 ,e/imation ( ,lime 9 ,soils4--,= ! e/imation ( lime 9 soils !re may be us$ ei!r ! acid soil-extract1 prep>$ z "u ! direction = ! e/imation ( pota%1 or tw5ty grams ( ! soil may be treat$ ) hydro*loric acid & a few drops ( nitric acid1 & evaporat$ to dryness 9 a porcela9 di% & ! silicic acid sep>at$ z describ$ = ! e/imation ( lime 9 phosphates & lime/ones4 ,9 ! case ( soils1 iron & alum9um oxids c be precipitat$ directly ) ammonia s9ce ! small quantity ( phosphoric acid usually conta9$ 9 soils is n suffici5t to influ5ce 9 any way ! e/imation ( ! lime4 ,= example suppose !re is #j4aj p] c5t ( phosphoric acid conta9$ 9 a soil4 ,9 case ! :ole ( ?is phosphoric acid is tak5 d[n ) ! lime x w\ld only am\nt to ab\t #j4aj p] c5t ( calcium oxid precipitat$ z phosphate4 ,?is case1 h[ev]1 is v improbable s9ce x is mu* m likely t ! iron & alum9um phosphates w be precipitat$ & ! :ole ( ! phosphoric acid be c>ri$ d[n ) !m in/ead ( be+ precipitat$ ) ! lime4 ,! precipitation ( ! lime & its subsequ5t treatm5t are to be conduct$ z j describ$4 #cff4 ,e/imation ( ! ,magnesia4--,magnesia is a mu* m r>e elem5t 9 ! soil ?an lime4 ,x is usually necess>y to op]ate ^u consid]able quantities ( e>? 9 ord] to det]m9e ! magnesia ) any degree ( precision4 ,f t5 to tw5ty grams ( ! soil are tak54 ,! decomposition is accompli%$ z 9 ! case ( lime4 ,a few drops ( b>ium nitrate are add$ = ! purpose ( precipitat+ any sulfuric acid pres5t4 ,"s ammonia & ammonium c>bonate are add$ to precipitate ! iron & alum9um oxids1 ! lime & ! excess ( b>ium introduc$1 z well z ! phosphoric acid4 ,! op]ation is be/ conduct$ on a dilute solution hav+ a volume ( f #djj to #ejj cubic c5timet]s4 ,! solution f :i* ! lime has be5 precipitat$1 conta9s ) ! magnesia1 l>ge quantities ( ammoniacal salts :i* x is necess>y to de/roy4 ,= ?is purpose ! solution is conc5trat$ 9 a flask until its volume is ab\t t5 cubic c5timet]s4 ,ab\t t5 cubic c5timet]s ( nitric acid are add$ & ! :ole br\ght to ! boil+ po9t4 ,aft]w>ds a few drops ( hydro*loric acid are add$4 ,cont9u+ ! heat+1 hydro*loric acid is add$ 9 small portions &1 f "t to "t1 "s nitric acid until ! bubbles indicat+ ! sett+ free ( gase\s nitrog51 result+ f ! action ( ! nasc5t *lor9 ^u ! ammonia1 h completely ceas$ to appe>4 ,! :ole is !n evaporat$ on a s&-ba? 9 a porcela9 di% 9 ord] to sep>ate ! silica4 ,! residue is tak5 up by wat] conta9+ a few drops ( nitric acid4 ,x is filt]$ & evaporat$ to dryness 9 a cov]$ porcela9 di%4 ,^u ! residue f\r or five grams ( oxalic acid1 9 a /ate ( p[d]1 are plac$4 ,a little wat] is add$ 9 su* a way t ! moi/ mass cov]s entirely ! matt] 9 ! di%4 ,9 ord] to avoid all losses !re is plac$ ^u ! di% a funnel :i* s]ves z a cov]4 ,! di% is heat$ on a s&-ba?1 b :5 ! film :i* is =m$ beg9s to break !re are add$ f "t to "t1 a little m oxalic acid & wat] until !re is no long] any dis5gagem5t ( ! vapor ( nitric acid4 ,aft]w>ds x is evaporat$ to dryness & ! heat rais$ to a l[ r$ness4 ,! magnesia is f\nd 9 a free /ate or mix$ ) alkalies4 ,x is wa%$ ) a small quantity ( wat] & collect$ ^u a v small filt] pap]4 ,! filt] pap] is dri$1 burn$1 ! ignition c>ri$ to r$ness & aft]w>ds cool$ & weigh$4 ,9 ord] to te/ ! purity ( ! magnesia x is trans=m$ into sulfate by ! addition ( a few drops ( sulfuric acid4 ,! excess ( sulfuric acid is driv5 (f by heat+ mod]ately by means ( a gas-burn] mov+ x 9 a circul> mann] r\nd ! bottom ( ! capsule & lift+ ! cov] f "t to "t 9 ord] to all[ ! vapors ( sulfuric acid to escape4 ,! weight ( ! magnesium sulfate %\ld correspond to t ( ! magnesia f :i* x 0 =m$4 ,magnesia exi/s mo/ (t5 9 ! soil 9 ! /ate ( c>bonate or silicate4 ,9 ?is la/ /ate x is especially abundant 9 "s soils1 su* z ^? :i* are d]iv$ f mica s*i/s1 s]p5t9es1 etc4 ,9 treat+ e>? ( ?is la/ quality ) conc5trat$1 nitric acid !re is dissolv$ also a notable "p ( ! magnesia ( ! silicates4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is treat$ = "s m9utes only ) dilute hydro*loric acid ! am\nt ( magnesia pres5t z c>bonate alone c be e/imat$ sep>ately4 #cfg4 ,e/imation ( ,magnesia 9 ,soils4--,me?od ( ! ,halle ,/ation4--,= ! e/imation ( magnesia ! sample ( soil or f]tiliz] is br\ght into solution 9 ! same way z is giv5 = ! e/imation ( lime4 ,aft] ! sep>ation ( ! silicic acid1 ! iron & alum9a are precipitat$ ) sodium acetate4 ,9 ! case ( phosphoric f]tiliz]s1 f]ric *lorid %\ld fir/ be add$ 9 ord] t ! excess ( phosphoric acid %all be 9 all cases c]ta9ly comb9$ ) ! iron4 ,aft] ?is ! lime is sep>at$ z usual ) ammonium oxalate4 ,aft] ! precipitation ( ! lime1 ! magnesia is precipitat$ 9 an ammoniacal solution ) sodium phosphate & ! ammonium magnesium phosphate e/imat$ exactly z 9 ! case ) ! e/imation ( phosphoric acid1 z magnesium pyrophosphate4 ,a simpl] me?od = ! e/imation ( magnesia consi/s 9 precipitat+ x z ammonium magnesium phosphate 9 ! pres5ce ( a solution ( ammonium citrate1 ! o!r bases rema9+ 9 solution4 ,9 ?is case ! op]ation is c>ri$ on 9 an inv]se way z describ$ "u ! e/imation ( phosphoric acid1 ! prop] quantity ( ! acid solution be+ neutraliz$ ) ammonia & aft] ! addition ( sodium phosphate1 ! requir$ quantity ( citrate solution add$ & a fur!r excess ( ammonia suppli$4 #cfh4 ,e/imation ( ,manganese4--,! e/imation ( manganese 9 ! pres5ce ( ,fe,o1 ,al,o1 ,ca,o1 etc41 pres5ts peculi> difficulties4 ,9 ord9>y alluvial clays ! quantity ( manganese is proportionately small & its e/imation may be neglect$4 ,9 volcanic clays ! quantity ( manganese1 9 proportion to ! lime & magnesia1 is mu* l>g]4 ,! me?od us$ = e/imat+ manganese is t ( ,c>not4#bce ,! hydro*loric acid extract ( ! soil is evaporat$ to dryness & heat$ ) potassium bisulfate 9 ord] to de/roy ! organic sub/ance1 ! neutraliz$ solution ( ! residue precipitat$ ) tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( hydrog5 p]oxid solution & ?irty cubic c5timet]s ( ammonia4 ,! colorless filtrate gives1 ) nitric acid & bismu? p]oxid1 no trace ( reaction = manganese4 ,! precipitate1 wa%$ by decantation1 is c>ri$ into a c>bon dioxid app>atus & treat$ ) oxalic acid & dilute sulfuric acid4 ,f ! am\nt ( c>bon dioxid obta9$1 ! quantity ( manganese is calculat$ on ! supposition t ! precipitate corresponds to ! =mula ,mn,o4 #cfi4 ,e/imation ( ! ,manganese by ! ,fr5* ,me?od4--,manganese exi/s 9 all plants & its pres5ce 9 small quantities seems necess>y to vegetation4 ,! me?od ( e/imation adopt$ by ! ,fr5* ,commission is ! "o propos$ by ,lecl]c & is applicable ev5 :5 ! base exi/s 9 small quantities4 ,tw5ty grams ( ! soil are tak5 & ! organic matt] de/roy$ by inc9]ation4 ,9 a flask ( #bjj cubic c5timet]s capacity1 are plac$ ?irty cubic c5timet]s ( wat] &1 little by little1 "s hydro*loric acid = ! purpose ( decompos+ ! calcium c>bonate4 ,:5 eff]vesc5ce has ceas$ t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! same acid are add$ & boil$ = half an h\r1 filt]$1 wa%$1 & ! wa%-wat] & filtrate evaporat$ to dryness 9 a porcela9 di%4 ,aft]w>ds !re are add$ tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( nitric acid ( "o & two-t5?s d5sity1 & t5 cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,! liquor is boil$ ) con/ant %ak+4 ,aft]w>ds !re are ?r[n 91 9 two or ?ree portions1 t5 grams ( lead dioxid4 ,! boil+ is /opp$ j at ! mom5t :5 all ! lead oxid is introduc$ into ! liquor & ! mixture is !n %ak5 vigor\sly4 ,! manganese is trans=m$ by ?is treatm5t into a highly oxyg5iz$ comp\nd hav+ a deep rose coloration4 ,x is transf]r$ imm$iately aft]w>ds to a graduat$ cyl9d] ( #ajj cubic c5timet]s capacity1 ) ! wa%-wat]s ! volume is complet$ to #ajj cubic c5timet]s & x is vigor\sly /irr$ ) a rod1 flatt5$ at its extremity1 9 ord] to obta9 a complete homog5eity ( ! liquid4 ,! /irr+ rod is )drawn & ! liquid left to settle4 ,at ! end ( "s m9utes ! pr9cipal "p ( ! liquid is cle>1 & x is decant$ by means ( a pipette graduat$ at fifty cubic c5timet]s1 & ?is quantity ( ! cle> liquid is p\r$ into a small glass precipitat+ j> to :i* is add$ imm$iately1 ) con/ant /irr+1 a solution ( m]cur\s nitrate f a graduat$ burette4 ,! addition ( ! nitrate is arre/$ at ! mom5t :5 ! rose color ( ! liquor disappe>s1 & ! volume ( ! m]cur\s nitrate employ$ is read f ! burette4 ,x is n[ necess>y to det]m9e ! /r5g? ( ! m]cur\s nitrate1 t is ! quantity necess>y to decolorize "o milligram ( manganese4 ,= ?is purpose dissolve by means ( five cubic c5timet]s ( hydro*loric acid #aej milligrams ( manganese dioxid1 :i* is prep>$ p]fectly pure by means ( precipitation4 ,:5 ! solution is complete evaporate to dryness1 add "o cubic c5timet] ( sulfuric acid & heat on a s&-ba? until :ite fumes ( sulfuric acid appe>4 ,r$issolve 9 wat] & make ! volume up to #ajj cubic c5timet]s4 ,ea* cubic c5timet] ( ?is solution %\ld conta9 "o milligram ( manganese4 ,take five cubic c5timet]s ( ?is solution1 equival5t to five milligrams ( manganese1 treat 9 a capsule ) tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( nitric acid & t5 cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 aft]w>ds add t5 grams ( lead dioxid1 c>ry+ on ! op]ation exactly z describ$ above4 ,fifty cubic c5timet]s1 tak5 z be=e describ$1 are !n decoloriz$ by ! solution ( m]cur\s nitrate1 & ?us x is easy to calculate ! quantity ( manganese :i* corresponds to "o cubic c5timet] ( ! m]cur\s nitrate employ$4 ,by a simple proportion ! quantity ( manganese conta9$ 9 ! tw5ty grams ( e>? to be analyz$ is calculat$4 ,! m]cur\s nitrate is prep>$ by dissolv+ five grams ( cry/alliz$ m]cur\s nitrate 9 "o lit] ( wat]2 x is all[$ to repose = "s "t & is pres]v$ 9 a well-/opp]$ flask4 #cgj4 ,e/imation ( ,iron4--,iron1 9 g5]al1 is q abundant 9 ! soil :]e x is met )1 pr9cipally 9 ! /ate ( anhydr\s sesquioxid or ! hydrat$ sesquioxid ( silicates4 ,"s soils1 h[ev]1 only conta9 iron 9 small proportions & x c happ5 t ! introduction ( iron z a f]tiliz+ elem5t may be useful4 ,plants assimilate iron only 9 small quantities1 b x appe>s to be indisp5sable to _! developm5t & to ! prop] functional activity ( _! assimilat+ faculties4 ,! me?od ( e/imation :i* is recomm5d$ is bas$ ^u ! decoloration ( potassium p]manganate by iron 9 ! f]r\s /ate4 ,! foll[+ description1 bas$ on ! me?od propos$ by ! ,fr5* ,commission1 w illu/rate ! process to be foll[$4 ,t5 grams ( ! soil are ignit$ 9 a porcela9 capsule until all organic matt] is de/roy$4 ,! ignit$ mass is !n introduc$ into a flask ( #ajj cubic c5timet]s capacity ) ?irty cubic c5timet]s ( hydro*loric acid & fifte5 cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,x is boil$ = ab\t half an h\r4 ,! iron oxid is dissolv$ & is f\nd 9 solution 9 ! =m ( f]ric *lorid4 ,aft] filt]+ & wa%+1 ! volume ( ! filtrate is r$uc$ by evaporation to ab\t tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s4 ,! liquor is aft]w>ds plac$ 9 a flask ( f #ajj to #aej cubic c5timet]s capacity1 :i* is clos$ by a /opp] c>ry+ a tube furni%$ ) a valve de/9$ to prev5t ! re-entrance ( ! air4 ,t5 cubic c5timet]s ( dilute sulfuric acid are add$ f a mixture conta9+ tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( /rong acid & eighty cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,aft]w>ds ! iron is r$uc$ to ! f]r\s /ate by introduc+ into ! flask1 9 quantities ( ab\t five decigrams1 metallic z9c & wait+ aft] ea* addition until ! portion la/ add$ is dissolv$ be=e add+ ano!r4 ,?is addition ( z9c is cont9u$ until ! iron is all r$uc$4 ,:5 ?is po9t is rea*$ & ! la/ portion ( z9c add$ is dissolv$1 ! cont5ts ( ! flask are transf]r$ rapidly to a precipitat+ glass ( ab\t "o lit] capacity1 9 :i* !re has be5 plac$ a little lately boil$ b cold wat]4 ,! flask is wa%$ sev]al times ) cold wat]1 previ\sly boil$1 to remove f x all traces ( oxyg54 ,! volume is made up to #ejj cubic c5timet]s1 & aft]w>ds1 )\t any loss ( "t1 by means ( a graduat$ burette & ) con/ant /irr+1 a solution ( potassium p]manganate is add$ :i* is /opp$ exactly at ! mom5t :5 ! liquor beg9s tak+ on a light rose t9t4 ,! quantity ( p]manganate employ$ is read f ! burette & is proportional to ! am\nt ( iron conta9$ 9 ! soil4 ,a blank op]ation is made = ! purpose ( detect+ traces ( iron :i* ! z9c may conta94 ,if1 z (t5 happ5s1 ! soil conta9s a l>ge am\nt ( iron x is advisable to use only "o gram ( x = ?is op]ation4 ,! aspect ( ! e>? w indicate 9 g5]al if x be v f]rug9\s4 ,prep>ation & ,/&>dization ( ! ,p]manganate ,liquor4--,9 "o lit] ( wat] are dissolv$ t5 grams ( cry/alliz$ potassium p]manganate & ! quantity ( iron :i* corresponds to "o cubic c5timet] ( ?is liquor is det]m9$4 ,x may be well en\gh to rem>k t ?is liquor does n rema9 con/ant & x is necess>y to titrate x f "t to "t4 ,= ?is purpose pure iron is tak54 ,piano wire may be us$1 be+ almo/ pure iron4 ,"o-t5? ( a gram ( ?is wire is dissolv$ 9 a flask 9 ! mann] recomm5d$ = treat+ ! soil & ) ! same quantities ( acid & wat]4 ,:5 ! solution is complete x is transf]r$ to ! flask to be e/imat$4 ,x is made up to "o lit] & p]manganate add$1 j z 9 ! case be=e m5tion$1 until ! rose color p]si/s4 ,!re is ?us det]m9$ ! quantity ( iron :i* corresponds to ea* cubic c5timet] ( ! p]manganate1 & by a simple proportion1 ! quantity ( iron conta9$ 9 ! soil analyz$ is det]m9$4 ,! ,italian agricultural *emi/s proce$ ess5tially 9 ! same mann] 9 det]m9+ ! iron 9 soils1 fir/ ignit+ ! sample & aft]w>ds extract+ ! iron 9 ! f]ric /ate ) boil+ hydro*loric acid1 r$uc+ ) hydrog51 & titrat+ ) potassium p]manganate4 ,! foll[+ are ! reactions :i* take place3 ,fe,o #f;,h,cl ,fe,cl #c;,h,o4 ,fe,cl #b;,h #b;,fe,cl #b;,h,cl4 #aj;,fe,cl ,k,mn,o #af;,h,cl #e;,fe,cl #b,k,cl #b,mn,cl #h;,h,o4 ,sulfuric may take ! place ( hydro*loric acid 9 ! above reactions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #fh4 ,,app>atus ,,by ,,sa*sse ,,& ,,beck]4 #cga4 ,me?od ( ,sa*sse & ,beck]4#bcf--;,f]ric oxid 7n z silicate7 9 soils c be e/imat$ by r$uc+ ) hydrog51 & measur+ ! hydrog5 :i* is evolv$ by ! action ( ! r$uc$ iron on an acid4 ,! sample ( soil is weigh$ 9 a plat9um boat1 ! boat put into a wide glass tube & heat$ 9 a /ream ( dry hydrog54 ,:ile ?is is go+ on1 wat] is boil$ 9 ! flask ,a 7see ,fig4 #fh7 f :i* ! /opp] has be5 remov$1 to drive out ! air4 ,:5 ! r$uction ( ! f]ric oxid is complete1 ! boat is slipp$ out ( ! tube into ! flask )\t int]rupt+ ! hydrog5 evolution4 ,9 ord] to accompli% ?is )\t all[+ ! r$uc$ iron to come 9 contact ) ! air ! flask is incl9$1 ! end ( ! glass tube ins]t$ until x is cov]$ ) wat] & ! boat is !n dropp$ b5ea? ! wat]4 ,! flask is clos$ ) a cork provid$ ) a funnel tube1 ,b1 & a deliv]y tube ,c2 ! tap a is op5$1 & tube b connect$ ) a c>bon dioxid app>atus f :i* ! gas is pass$ into ,a until all ! air is displac$4 ,?is po9t is det]m9$ by fill+ ! burette ,d ) pota%-lye by aspiration at ,c & all[+ ! escap+ gas f ,c to ent] ! burette z indicat$ 9 ! figure4 ,any residual gas 9 ,d is remov$ by aspiration at ,c & all[+ ! pota%-lye 9 e to ent] 9 its place4 ,! end ( ! tube ,c is n[ plac$ "u ! measur+ tube ,d1 & ! clamp f op5$ & ! tap a clos$4 ,! funnel is fill$ ) dilute1 boil$ sulfuric acid1 ! cork ( b replac$ & connect$ ) ! c>bon dioxid app>atus4 ,! burn] "u ,a is light$ & acid let 94 ,by cont9u$ boil+1 all ! hydrog5 is driv5 into ,d1 ! c>bon dioxid be+ absorb$4 ,! measur+ tube is !n plac$ 9 a tall cyl9d] ( wat]1 ! volume ( gas read & r$uc$ to #j & #gfj millimet]s b>ometric pressure4 ,to be c]ta9 t all c>bon dioxid is absorb$1 "s fre% pota%-lye may be introduc$ into ,d by c>efully op5+ d4 ,! iron is !n comput$ f ! volume & weight ( ! hydrog5 by ! =mula 7#a7 ,fe ,h,,s #b;,h ,fe,s,o4 ,if ! sub/ance analyz$ conta9s iron silicates1 ^! may be p>tly decompos$ ) =mation ( f]r\s sulfate1 accord+ to ! reaction 7#b7 #b;,fe ,fe7,,s7 #c;,fe,s,o4 ,?is w r$issolve a "p ( ! metallic iron & yield f]r\s oxid4 ,9 ?is case ! cont5ts ( ! flask are cool$ 9 an atmosph]e ( c>bon dioxid1 made up to #ejj cubic c5timet]s1 ( :i* #bej cubic c5timet]s are quickly filt]$ & titrat$ ) p]manganate4 ,9 ord] to prop]ly di/ribute ! iron 9 h>mony ) its previ\sly exi/+ /ates ! foll[+ computations may be made3 ,repres5t ! f]r\s oxid correspond+ to =mula 7#a7 by x & t 7#b7 by z & t f\nd by titration ) p]manganate by a4 ,we h !n ! equation x z a4 ,s9ce sev5ty-two p>ts by weight ( f]r\s oxid =m$ by =mula 7#a7 are equival5t to two p>ts by weight ( hydrog51 x p>ts ( f]r\s oxid w\ld set free x_/#cb p>ts ( hydrog52 & ?is corresponds to ! hydrog5 f\nd 9 ,d2 viz41 b4 ,if a !n by solv+ ! equations3 ,z a #cf;b & ,x #cf;b4 ,! f]r\s oxid aris+ accord+ to =mula 7#b71 h[ev]1 is d]iv$ 9 su* a way t only "o-?ird ( x corresponds to metallic iron4 ,!n3 ,x 77z 77a #bd;b4 ,= comput+ ! total f]ric oxid r$uc$ by hydrog5 !re mu/1 !re=e1 be add$ tw5ty-f\r p>ts by weight ( hydrog5 = "o-?ird ( ! f]r\s oxid f\nd by titration ) p]manganate1 & ?is quantity ( f]r\s calculat$ to f]ric oxid4 ,"s silicates1 su* z ! micas1 give f]r\s oxid ) hot dilute sulfuric acid4 ,a correction = ?is is made by mak+ "o or m det]m9ations )\t previ\sly r$uc+ ) hydrog54 ,! me?od ( proc$ure above describ$ appe>s to be capable ( giv+ 9 an easily atta9able mann] "s valuable indications ( ! /ate 9 :i* iron exi/s 9 a soil4 ,:ile plants d n use any notable quantity ( iron dur+ _! gr[? nev]!less its physiological importance is unque/ion$4 ,! *ief po9ts ( difficulty to be consid]$ are f\nd 9 ! *anges :i* ! iron may und]go ev5 :ile heat+ 9 a /ream ( hydrog51 & ! practical difficulties ( obta9+ c>bon dioxid entirely free ( air4 ,! latt] difficulty may be ov]come by mak+ blank exp]im5ts ) c>bon dioxid alone & e/imat+ ! volume ( residual gas4 ,! total volume ( hydrog5 obta9$ is !n to be dim9i%$ by ! asc]ta9$ am\nt4 ,9 reg>d to ! second po9t x is kn[n t bo? f]r\s & f]ric oxids :5 ignit$ ) hydrat$ silicates p>tly decompose & =m new silicates4 ,c>e %\ld !re=e be tak5 n to c>ry ! temp]ature too high dur+ ! process ( ignition4 #cgb4 ,c>not's ,me?od = ,e/imat+ ,phosphoric ,acid 9 ,soils4--,c>not#bcg proposes ! foll[+ proc$ure = ! e/imation ( phosphoric acid 9 soils4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is me?od dep5ds ^u ! isolation ( silica by ! d\ble precipitation ( phosphomolybdate4 ,t5 grams ( ! sift$ soil1 dri$ at #ajj1 are *>r$ if organic matt] be pres5t4 ,! *>r$ mass is next moi/5$ ) wat] & aft]w>ds ) nitric acid1 until ! c>bonates are decompos$4 ,aft]w>ds ! mass is dige/$ ) t5 cubic c5timet]s ( nitric acid = two h\rs at ab\t #ajj1 ) frequ5t /irr+ & ! addition ( fre% acid1 f "t to "t1 to replace t :i* has be5 evaporat$4 ,aft] filt]+ & wa%+ ) hot wat] ! filtrate is evaporat$ to a volume ( fifty cubic c5timet]s & treat$ ) five cubic c5timet]s ( conc5trat$ nitric acid & half a gram ( cry/als ( *romic acid4 ,aft] cov]+ ! di% ) a funnel to return cond5s$ vapors its cont5ts are heat$ to ! boil+ po9t = half an h\r4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t five grams ( ammonium nitrate are add$ & aft]w>ds fifty cubic c5timet]s ( molybdate solution & ! mixture kept at a temp]ature ( ab\t #ajj = an h\r4 ,! precipitate obta9$ is wa%$ twice by decantation ) wat] conta9+ "o-fif? ( its volume ( ammonium molybdate solution4 ,x is !n dissolv$ 9 ?irty cubic c5timet]s ( ammonia dilut$ ) an equal bulk ( w>m wat]4 ,! solution & ! wa%+s %\ld measure eighty cubic c5timet]s & ! ammonia !re9 is neutraliz$ ) nitric acid1 keep+ ! temp]ature bel[ #dj4 ,:5 ! yell[ precipitate =m$ ceases to r$issolve on /irr+1 a mixture ( ?ree cubic c5timet]s ( pure nitric acid & five cubic c5timet]s ( wat] is add$1 toge!r ) ! same quantity ( molybdate solution4 ,! precipitate is br\ght ^u a filt]1 wa%$ fir/ ) wat] conta9+ "o p] c5t ( nitric acid & f9ally ) a little pure wat]1 & dri$ at #ajj & weigh$4 ,! weight ( ! precipitate multipli$ by ! factor #j4jcgc gives ! quantity ( phosphoric acid4 ,! object ( ! second precipitation is to relieve ! process ( ! necessity ( r5d]+ ! silica insoluble1 z ! pres5ce ( silica 9 ! solution z above treat$ does n int]f]e ) ! complete precipitation ( ! phosphate4 ,?is 0 prov$ by ! au?or1 by ! introduction ( consid]able quantities ( sodium silicate & ^! 7 f\nd n to int]f]e ) ! accuracy ( ! op]ation4 ,! results are z accurate z ^? obta9$ by ! me?ods ( ! consult+ committee ( ! agricultural /ations4 ,! coeffici5t employ$2 viz41 #j4jcgc1 is n ! same z t recomm5d$ by ! committee2 viz41 #j4jdc4 ,! committee1 h[ev]1 itself has recogniz$ ! inaccuracy ( ! latt] numb]4 ,! composition ( ! comp\nd obta9$ by d\ble precipitation accord+ to ,c>not is ,p,o#bd,mo,o#c7,,nh7,o #c;,h,o4 #cgc4 ,me?od ( ! ,halle ,exp]im5t ,/ation4--,! available or easily soluble phosphoric acid 9 soils is e/imat$ by ,ma]ck] & ,g]la*1 z foll[s3#bch ,sixty grams ( ! air-dri$ soil z prep>$ = analysis1 are plac$ 9 an erl5mey] ) #cjj cubic c5timet]s ( two p] c5t citric acid solution & dige/$ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 ! cold4 ,x is necess>y 9 ?is "t to %ake ! flask f\r or five times & to put ! /opp]s 9 loosely 9 ord] to all[ ! escape ( any evolv$ c>bon dioxid4 ,( ?is mixture #bjj cubic c5timet]s are filt]$ & evaporat$ 9 a #cjj cubic c5timet] di% to dryness4 ,!re rema9s1 9 mo/ cases1 a sirupy-l mass f :i* ev5 by /rong heat+ ! silica is n completely sep>at$4 ,9 ord] to rea* ?is result ! residue is treat$ ) tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( conc5trat$ sulfuric & five cubic c5timet]s ( fum+ nitric acid & heat$ ov] a buns54 ,z soon z ! appe>ance ( foam d5otes ! beg9n+ ( ! reaction ! lamp mu/ be remov$4 ,) /rong foam+ & ! evolution ( r$-br[n vapors ! citric acid is completely oxidiz$4 ,aft] ! reaction is end$ ! cont5ts ( ! di% are heat$ = ab\t fifte5 m9utes ov] a small flame s t a cont9u\s1 yet n too viol5t evolution ( sulfuric acid fumes takes place4 ,aft] ! silicic acid & ! great] "p ( ! lime h be5 sep>at$ 9 ?is way ! cont5ts ( ! di% are dilut$ ) wat]1 /irr$ ) a glass rod1 wa%$ into a #bjj cubic c5timet] flask1 cool$1 fill$ up to ! m>k1 & filt]$4 ,f ! filtrate #ajj cubic c5timet]s1 correspond+ to tw5ty grams ( ! e>?1 are tak51 made slightly alkal9e ) ammonia1 acidifi$ by a few drops ( hydro*loric acid1 & aft] cool+ treat$ ) fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! citrate solution & tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ! magnesia mixture4 ,! complete sep>ation ( ! precipitate requires ab\t =ty-eight h\rs & %ak+ ( ! precipitate is n necess>y4 #cgd4 ,e/imation ( total ,phosphoric ,acid 9 ,soils4--,9 ! me?od us$ at ! ,halle ,/ation#bci tw5ty-five grams ( ! soil sample are boil$ ) tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( nitric acid & fifty cubic c5timet]s ( conc5trat$ sulfuric acid = half an h\r4 ,) v clayey soils only half ! quantity ( ! sample m5tion$ above is us$ 9 ord] to avoid ! too great accumulation ( soluble alum9a4 ,! oxidation ( ! organic sub/ances ( ! soils mu/ be c>ri$ on at a mod]ate heat to avoid foam+4 ,dur+ ! boil+1 ! flask is to be (t5 %ak5 to prev5t ! soil con/itu5ts f accumulat+ too firmly at ! bottom4 ,! total volume is f9ally made up to #ejj cubic c5timet]s4 ,= ! e/imation1 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! solution1 correspond+ to five 7or two & a half7 grams ( ! soil1 are tak54 ,9 ord] to ne>ly completely saturate ! acid1 ! solution is treat$ ) tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( tw5ty-f\r p] c5t ammonia1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! precipitate ( iron & alum9a :i* is =m$ is aga9 completely dissolv$4 ,! solution is cool$ & treat$ ) fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! citrate solution1 & !n ) tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( ammonia ( above /r5g?1 & precipitat$ ) ! magnesia mixture4 ,! filtration ( ! precipitate %\ld n be made = at lea/ =ty-eight h\rs1 dur+ :i* "t ! flask %\ld be (t5 %ak5 to prev5t ! atta*m5t ( ammonium magnesium phosphate to its sides & bottom4 ,a detail$ description ( ! citrate me?od = e/imat+ phosphoric acid w be f\nd 9 ! *apt] devot$ to ?is subject "u f]tiliz]s4 #cge4 ,fr5* ,me?od = ,phosphoric ,acid4--,phosphoric acid is f\nd 9 ! soil pr9cipally 9 comb9ation ) alum9a & iron oxid1 ) organic matt]s1 or ) lime & magnesia4 ,:atev] may be ! /ate 9 :i* x is f\nd all ! phosphoric acid1 ) ! exception ( t :i* ent]s into ! con/itution ( insoluble m9]al p>ticles1 c be br\ght into solution by acids & det]m9$ by "s ( ! approv$ me?ods4 ,?is me?od ( solution1 !re=e1 is capable ( det]m9+ v accurately ! total proportion ( phosphoric acid 9 ! soil1 b x is incapable ( r5d]+ acc\nt to u ( ! /ate 9 :i* ! phosphorus is f\nd & ( its aptitude to be utiliz$ by plants4 ,! e/imation ( soil phosphorus1 z recomm5d$ by ! ,fr5* ,commission1 is c>ri$ on 9 ! foll[+ way3#bdj ,tw5ty grams ( ! e>? are submitt$ to ignition 9 a muffle heat$ to ! temp]ature ( r$ness b n high]4 ,?is calc9ation elim9ates ! organic mat]ials1 ^: int]v5tion 9 subsequ5t reactions might be able to prev5t ! precipitation ( a "p ( ! phosphoric acid4 ,! calc9$ e>? is plac$ 9 a capsule ( ab\t elev5 c5timet]s diamet] & saturat$ ) wat]4 ,!re is !n add$ 9 small quantities1 z long z eff]vesc5ce is produc$1 nitric acid ( #cf baum4 ,:5 ! eff]vesc5ce has ceas$1 aft] ?or\gh %ak+ & ! addition ( a new quantity ( acid1 x w be f\nd t ! :ole ( ! calcium c>bonate 9 ! soil has be5 decompos$4 ,x is necess>y !n to proce$ to ! solution ( ! phosphoric acid by add+ tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( nitric acid & heat+ on ! /eam-ba? = five h\rs1 %ak+ f "t to "t1 & avoid+ complete desiccation4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t ! :ole ( ! phosphoric acid has ent]$ into solution4 ,x is tak5 up by w>m wat]1 filt]$1 & ! insoluble residue wa%$ ) small quantities ( boil+ wat]4 ,b f ! solution obta9$1 :i* holds 9 addition to phosphoric acid1 "s oxid ( iron1 alum9a1 lime1 magnesia1 etc41 x is necess>y to sep>ate ! silica :i* has pass$ into solution4 ,= ?is purpose ! mass is evaporat$ to dryness on a s&-ba?1 heat+ t[>d ! end ( ! op]ation ) precaution & n all[+ ! temp]ature to pass beyond #aaj-abj4 ,9 ^! conditions !re is obta9$ a magma :i* sometimes rema9s q sirupy :5 ! e>? is v highly impregnat$ ) calcium c>bonate1 b 9 :i* ! silica is insoluble4 ,x is indisp5sable t x be elim9at$ :olly because x w\ld introduce grave errors into ! results1 z w be se5 lat] on4 ,if ! temp]ature be c>ri$ too high dur+ ! desiccation ?is silica w\ld react ^u ! e>?y salts & alkal9e e>?s =m+ silicates & x w\ld be f\nd ultimately aga9 9 solution4 ,! application ( a too high temp]ature w\ld also r5d] some:at insoluble 9 nitric acid ! iron & alum9um oxids1 & ^! w\ld reta9 small quantities ( phosphoric acid4 ,! desiccation1 !re=e1 requires to be conduct$ ) great precaution4 ,:5 x is accompli%$ !re are plac$ 9 ! capsule five cubic c5timet]s ( nitric acid & five cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 & ! :ole heat$ on ! s&-ba? until ! entire am\nt ( iron oxid is dissolv$1 t is to say1 until !re is no f]rug9\s deposit p]si/+ 9 ! liquid4 ,! solution is !n filt]$ & wa%$ ) small quantities ( boil+ wat] 9 su* a way t ! total volume ( ! filtrate w n exce$ tw5ty-five to ?irty-five cubic c5timet]s4 ,aft]w>ds !re are add$ tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( ammonium nitromolybdate & ! :ole is left at re/ = twelve h\rs at ! ord9>y temp]ature4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t ! :ole ( ! phosphoric acid is precipitat$ 9 ! =m ( ammonium phosphomolybdate4 ,9 ord] to be c]ta9 t an excess ( nitromolybdate has be5 us$ 9 ! precipitation1 :i* is indisp5sable to ! total precipitation ( ! phosphoric acid1 a few cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate are remov$ by means ( a pipette & are mix$ ) _! own volume ( ! ammonium nitromolybdate4 ,if1 at ! end ( an h\r or two1 no precipitate is =m$ ! op]ation c be reg>d$ z t]m9at$4 ,9 ord] to collect & weigh ! ammonium phosphomolybdate "s precautions are necess>y4 ,two smoo? filt]s are us$1 "o ( :i* s]ves z a c\nt]-weight = ! o!r on ! balance4 ,"o ( ^! filt]s is plac$ )9 ! o!r & ! phosphomolybdate is collect$ ^u ! inn] filt]4 ,! "p ( ! phosphomolybdate adh]+ to ! precipitat+ j> is deta*$ by ! aid ( a /irr+ rod1 "o ( ! ends ( :i* is cov]$ ) a piece ( rubb] tub+4 ,! wa%+ is accompli%$ ) v small quantities ( wat] conta9+ five p] c5t ( its volume ( nitric acid4 ,:5 all ( ! precipitate is collect$ ^u ! filt] & ! wa%+ is t]m9at$ a few drops ( wat] are ?r[n ^u ! upp] bord]s ( ! filt]s2 ?is is done to displace ! acid liquor :i* has be5 us$ 9 wa%+4 ,! filt]s are !n c>ri$ to ! dry+ ov5 :]e !y are dri$ at a temp]ature n exce$+ #ij4 ,! application ( a high] temp]ature w\ld decompose ! ammonium phosphomolybdate & lead to results :i* w\ld be too l[4 ,aft] ! dry+ is complet$ ! two filt]s are sep>at$ & plac$ ^u ! arms ( ! balance & ! increase 9 weight corresponds to ! ammonium phosphomolybdate4 ,?is1 multipli$ by ! coeffici5t #j4jdc1 7see page #djd7 gives ! quantity ( phosphoric acid conta9$ 9 ! weight ( ! soil :i* has be5 employ$4 ,! ammonium phosphomolybdate is pure if all ! silica has be5 elim9at$1 b if a "p ( t has rema9$ 9 solution x w\ld furni% an ammonium silicomolybdate ^: weight w\ld be add$ to t ( ! phosphomolybdate4 ,! elim9ation ( ! silica1 !re=e1 %\ld be made ) ! greate/ c>e4 ,diff]5t processes h be5 propos$ 9 ord] to det]m9e ! =ms "u :i* phosphoric acid %\ld be reg>d$ z mo/ assimilable4 ,deh]a9 has propos$ acetic acid z a solv5t = ?is purpose4 ,o!r sci5ti/s1 oxalic or citric acid1 & ! ammonium oxalate or citrate4 ,! solubility ( phosphoric acid 9 ^! diff]5t reag5ts gives "s in=mation 9 reg>d to its /ate1 b ! relations :i* exi/ betwe5 ?is solubility & ! assimilability ( ! acid h n yet be5 fix$4 ,prep>ation ( ! ,ammonium ,nitromolybdate4--,"o hundr$ grams ( molybdic acid are dissolv$ 9 #djj grams ( ammonia ) a d5sity ( n9ety-five4 ,! mixture is filt]$1 & ! filt]$ liquor is receiv$ drop by drop 9 #a1ejj grams ( nitric acid ( "o & two-t5?s d5sity1 con/antly /irr+4 ,?is mixture is left /&+ = "s days 9 an unexpos$ locality1 dur+ :i* "t a deposit is =m$4 ,! cle> "p is decant$ & us$4 ,! above me?od ( ! ,fr5* *emi/s un=tunately attempts to det]m9e ! phosphorus cont5t ( ! soil by weigh+ ! yell[ precipitate & us+ an empirical factor = ! calculation1 a factor :i* is probably too high4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t at ?is po9t x is f> m accurate to cont9ue ! process by dissolv+ ! yell[ precipitate1 & subsequ5tly obta9+ ! phosphoric acid 9 comb9ation ) ammonia & magnesia1 or accord+ to ! process ( ,pemb]ton ! cont5t ( phosphoric acid 9 ! yell[ precipitate might be det]m9$ by titration4 ,9 reg>d to ! latt] me?od :i* w be giv5 9 full "u f]tiliz]s1 x may be said t x has be5 f\nd q accurate by sev]al analy/s1 al?\gh x is difficult to see h[ a precipitate :i* is s v>iable 9 its con/itution z to be e/imat$ ) little safety by weight may yet be capable ( r exact det]m9ation by titration4 #cgf4 ,pet]mann's ,me?od = ! ,e/imation ( ! ,phosphoric ,acid ,soluble 9 ,alkal9e ,ammonium ,citrate4#bda--;,f tw5ty-five to fifty grams ( ! sample ( soil are triturat$ ) #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( alkal9e ammonium citrate & plac$ 9 a flask ( #bej cubic c5timet]s capacity1 & all[$ to dige/ = "o h\r at a temp]ature ( f #ce-dj4 ,aft] cool+1 make up to ! m>k1 filt]1 take #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate1 evaporate to dryness on a s&-ba? 9 a plat9um di%1 heat lightly at fir/1 & aft]w>ds to a high] temp]ature4 ,take up ! residue ( ! inc9]ation ) wat] & ab\t two cubic c5timet]s ( nitric acid1 heat a few m9utes g5tly1 filt] into a bohemian flask & precipitate ) fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ammonium molybdate solution1 & e/imate ! phosphoric acid 9 ! usual way4 #cgg4 ,me?od ( ,dy] = ,total & ,assimilable ,phosphoric ,acid4--,= ! det]m9ation ( phosphoric acid1 soluble 9 citric acid1 secur$ z describ$ 9 p>agraph #cbh1 #ejj cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate obta9$1 correspond+ to fifty grams ( ! soil1 are evaporat$ to dryness 9 a plat9um di%1 g5tly ignit$1 extract$ ) hydro*loric acid1 aga9 evaporat$1 ignit$ & extract$1 & ! phosphoric acid det]m9$ z bel[ 9 ! me?od appli$ to ! hydro*loric acid extract ( ! soil itself4 ,! total phosphoric acid is det]m9$ 9 ea* case 9 t5 gra9s ( ! dri$ soil & also 9 tw5ty-five grams1 ! mean ( ! two results be+ tak54 ,! numb]s obta9$ 9 ea* case are1 h[ev]1 all b id5tical1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! duplicate p]c5tages be+ 9 mo/ cases only a small "o 9 ! ?ird place ( decimals4 ,! soil is inc9]at$ & dige/$ ) hydro*loric acid1 & evaporat$ to dryness1 r$ige/$ ) acid1 filt]$1 & wa%$4 ,! filtrate & wa%+s are conc5trat$ to a small bulk1 & treat$1 9 ! cold1 ) excess ( a solution ( ammonium molybdate 9 nitric acid4 ,aft] /&+ =ty-eight h\rs1 ! liquor is decant$ ?r\gh a filt]1 ! precipitate wa%$ sev]al times by decantation1 fir/ ) dilute acid1 !n ) pure wat] 9 v small doses1 & f9ally transf]r$ to ! filt] & wa%$ free f excess ( acid4 ,! ammonium phosphomolybdate is !n dissolv$ 9 ammonia1 evaporat$ to dryness 9 a plat9um capsule1 & dri$ to con/ant weight at #ajj4 ,! residue conta9s ?ree & "o-half p] c5t ( its weight ( phosphoric acid4 ,?is is ! me?od ( ,hehn]2 & = det]m9+ small quantities ( phosphoric acid1 su* z occur 9 soils or 9 solutions ( iron & /eel1 is 9 ! op9ion ( ,dy] v mu* to be pref]r$ to ! old-fa%ion$ me?od ( conv]sion into magnesium ammonium phosphate4 ,! solubility ( ! yell[ precipitate 9 ! small quantity ( wa%-wat] us$ is 9 mo/ cases negligible4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! quantity ( wa%-wat] us$ 9 ^! analyses 0 f\nd capable ( dissolv+ only #j4jje gram ( precipitate1 ( :i* only #j4jjjag is phosphoric acid1 mak+ an error ( #j4jjag p] c5t on ! soil if t5 grams be us$1 or ( only #j4jjjf if tw5ty-five grams be us$4 ,9 ! citric acid exp]im5ts ! solution f fifty grams ( soil is us$1 :5 ! error due to solubility ( precipitate %r9ks to #j4jjjc p] c5t4 ,! correction = ?is solubility is1 h[ev]1 made 9 ea* case4 ,x may be obs]v$ t ! me?od ( ,hehn] is n applicable if ! molybdic solution be add$ to a hot liquid1 s9ce1 9 t case1 "s molybdic acid is sure to cry/allize ) ! yell[ precipitate4 ,mod]ate & c>eful w>m+ to ab\t #ce ha/5s precipitation1 b x is pref]able1 :5 spe$ is n a special object1 to precipitate cold1 & leave ! beak] /&+ at ! laboratory temp]ature ov] night1 or long] if ! quantity to be det]m9$ is v m9ute4 #cgh4 ,me?ods ( ,b]!lot & ,&r4--,! phosphorus 9 ! soil may be f\nd "u ?ree =ms2 viz41 #a4 ,phosphoric acid 9 phosphates4 #b4 ,phosphoric acid 9 e!rs :i* alkalies decompose sl[ly & oxidiz+ ag5ts de/roy ) reg5]ation ( phosphoric acid4 #c4 ,organic comp\nds or m9]al comp\nds ( phosphorus :i* are resolv$ by alkal9e solutions ) =mation ( phosphoric acid & :i* are n r$uc$ to ?is /ate by ! reag5ts employ$ 9 ! wet way ( decomposition except aft] a contact ( indef9ite l5g? & unc]ta9ty4 ,x is1 !re=e1 se5 t ! employm5t ( oxidiz+ ag5ts = ! valuation ( phosphoric acid 9 soils & vegetables is n a v reliable proc$ure4 ,! same is true aft] inc9]ation by :i* m or less phosphorus may be lo/ or r5d]$ insoluble 9 acids4 ,! me?ods us$ by ,b]!lot & ,&r = ! e/imation ( ^! =ms ( phosphorus are z foll[s3#bdb ,total ,phosphorus4--,! sample is at fir/ oxidiz$ by a curr5t ( air ne> a r$ heat & ! vapors are conduct$ ov] a column ( sodium or potassium c>bonate at ! same temp]ature4 ,! combu/ion is f9i%$ 9 a curr5t ( pure oxyg54 ,all phosphorus comp\nds1 ev5 ^? :i* are volatile1 are by ?is treatm5t conv]t$ into phosphoric acid4 ,! "p ( ! acid held by ! c>bonate is to be det]m9$ ) ! non-volatile portions4 ,a less c]ta9 me?od ( oxidation consi/s 9 mix+ ! mat]ial ) potassium nitrate & c>efully ?r[+ x little by little into a r$ hot plat9um crucible4 ,e/imation ( ! ,phosphoric ,acid ,pre-exi/+ z ,phosphates4--,! sample is treat$ ) a cold dilute acid incapable ( ex]cis+ an oxidiz+ or decompos+ effect on ! e!rs4 ,! dissolv$ acid is precipitat$ & weigh$ 9 ! usual way4 ,! precipitate fir/ obta9$ %\ld be ignit$ & ! phosphoric acid tak5 up & reprecipitat$4 ,?is is necess>y to remove any organic matt] or silica :i* ! fir/ precipitate may conta94 ,e/imation ( ,e!real ,phosphoric ,acid4--,! sample is boil$ = "s "t ) a non-oxidiz+ acid or ) a conc5trat$ solution ( pota%4 ,! phosphoric acid dissolv$ repres5ts t :i* 0 pres5t z phosphates & z e!rs4 ,f ?is1 d$uct t portion pre-exi/+ z phosphates & ! rema9d] repres5ts ! "p d]iv$ f ! e!real comp\nds4 ,e/imation ( ,phosphorus 9 ,organic ,comp\nds & ,special ,m9]als4--,f ! total phosphoric acid d$uct t f\nd z phosphates & e!rs4 ,! diff]5ce repres5ts ! quantity comb9$ z not$ 9 ! caption4 ,illu/ration4 ,a sample ( soil conta9$3 ,total phosphoric acid #j4bib p] c5t4 ---------- ,( ?is1 pre-exi/+ z phosphoric acid #j4aji ,z e!real phosphoric acid #j4jgd ,z organic phosphoric acid #j4aji ---------- ,sum #j4bib #cgi4 ,me?od ,us$ at ! ,riga ,/ation4--,9 ! me?od pursu$ at ! exp]im5tal /ation at ,riga#bdc ! organic matt] 9 ! f9e e>? is fir/ de/roy$ by ignit+ tw5ty-five grams 9 a muffle4 ,! ignit$ residue is plac$ 9 a #bej cubic c5timet] erl5mey] & dige/$ ) #aej cubic c5timet]s ( t5 p] c5t hydro*loric acid4 ,! dige/ion is cont9u$ = =ty-eight h\rs ) frequ5t %ak+4 ,! filtrate is evaporat$ to dryness 9 a porcela9 di% to sep>ate any dissolv$ silica4 ,! residue is tak5 up ) dilute hot nitric acid1 filt]$1 & ! phosphoric acid precipitat$ ) ammonium molybdate4 ,! f9al weigh+ is made z magnesium pyrophosphate1 foll[+ ! usual proc$ure 9 respect ( precipitation & wa%+4 ,exp]im5ts %[ t approximately n9ety-five p] c5t ( ! phosphoric acid are obta9$ by "o extraction & five p] c5t by a second1 conduct$ exactly z ! fir/4 ,?oms draws ! foll[+ conclusions f a long s]ies ( det]m9ations3 7#a7 ,= ! simple purpose ( det]m9+ ! ne$ ( a soil = phosphorus f]tiliz] a s+le extraction ) t5 p] c5t hydro*loric acid is suffici5t4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! fir/ & second extraction2 viz41 five to six p] c5t is too small to be ( any value f a practical po9t ( view4 7#b7 ,a soil :i* has be5 ignit$ until organic matt] is de/roy$ gives up to ! hydro*loric acid solv5t ab\t f\rte5 p] c5t m phosphoric acid ?an a non-ignit$ sample w\ld4 7#c7 ,! mean temp]ature 9 ! flask dur+ extraction on a /eam-ba? is #gd4 #chj4 ,me?od ( ,hilg>d4#bdd--,! weigh$ quantity ( soil 7usually f ?ree to five grams7 is ignit$ 9 a plat9um crucible1 c>e be+ tak5 to avoid all loss4 ,! loss ( weight aft] full ignition gives ! am\nt ( *emically comb9$ wat] & volatile & combu/ible matt]4 ,! ignit$ soil is n[ remov$ to a porcela9 or glass beak]1 treat$ ) f\r or five times its bulk ( /rong nitric acid1 dige/$ = two days1 evaporat$ to dryness1 fir/ ov] ! wat]-ba? & !n ov] ! s&-ba?1 moi/5$ ) nitric acid1 heat$ & treat$ ) wat]4 ,aft] /&+ a few h\rs on ! wat]-ba? x is filt]$ & ! filtrate is evaporat$ to a v small bulk 7t5 cubic c5timet]s7 & treat$ ) ab\t twice its bulk ( ! usual ammonium molybdate solution1 ?us precipitat+ ! phosphoric acid4 ,aft] /&+ at lea/ twelve h\rs1 fir/ at a temp]ature ( ab\t #ej1 x is filt]$ & wa%$ ) a solution ( ammonium nitrate acidifi$ ) nitric acid4 ,! wa%$ precipitate is dissolv$ on ! filt] ) dilute ammonia wat]4 ,aft] wa%+ ! filt] c>efully1 ! ammoniacal solution is treat$ ) magnesia mixture1 by :i* ! phosphoric acid is precipitat$4 ,aft] all[+ x to /& tw5ty-f\r h\rs x is filt]$1 wa%$ 9 ! usual way1 dri$1 ignit$1 & weigh$ z magnesium pyrophosphate1 f :i* ! phosphoric acid is calculat$4 ,:5 a gelat9\s residue rema9s on ! filt] aft] dissolv+ ! phosphomolybdate ) ammonia x may consi/ ei!r ( silica n r5d]$ fully insoluble 9 ! fir/ evaporation1 or1 m r>ely1 ( alum9a conta9+ phosphate4 ,x %\ld be treat$ ) /rong nitric acid1 & ! filtrate ) ammonium molybdate2 any precipitate =m$ is1 ( c\rse1 add$ to ! ma9 quantity be=e precipitat+ ) magnesia solution4 #cha4 ,sep>ation ( ,phosphoric ,acid ,f ,iron & ,alum9a4--,! foll[+ me?ods are sugge/$ by ,wolff#bde = ! complete sep>ation ( ! phosphoric acid f ! iron & alum9a 9 soil analysis1 :]e l>ge quantities ( ^! bases are f\nd 9 solution3 #a4 ,aft] ! sep>ation ( ! great] "p ( ! iron & alum9a ! phosphoric acid is precipitat$ f ! solution 9 nitric acid by molybdic acid4 ,! process is c>ri$ on z foll[s3 ,! acid extract is heat$ 9 a flask to boil+ & ! iron oxid completely r$uc$ by ! gradual addition ( small p>ticles ( sodium sulfite4 ,:ile /ill w>m ! free acid is neutraliz$ ) soda-lye1 & ammonia add$ until ! f]r\s hydroxid & ! alum9um hydroxid are completely sep>at$4 ,acetic acid is n[ add$ 9 excess & until ab\t f\r-fif?s ( ! :ole precipitate h pass$ aga9 into solution4 ,!n1 aft] boil+ = a mom5t1 ! :ole is quickly filt]$ ?r\gh a l>ge filt] ) a cov]1 & ! cont5ts ( ! filt] f9ally wa%$ slightly4 ,all ! phosphoric acid is ?us obta9$ 9 comb9ation ) "s alum9a & a v little iron4 ,ne>ly ! :ole ( ! iron & ! l>g] "p ( ! alum9a1 by ?is precipitation1 are f\nd 9 ! filtrate & !re=e _c di/urb ! e/imation ( phosphoric acid 9 succe$+ portions4 ,! filt] is n[ fill$ ) boil+ wat] & a little nitric acid add$4 ,! precipitate is dissolv$ & receiv$ 9 a beak]4 ,! precipitation ( ! phosphoric acid is !n accompli%$ by ammonium molybdate 9 ! pres5ce ( nitric acid4 ,aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs all ! phosphoric acid is ?us precipitat$ & ! precipitate is free f iron4 #b4 ,by ! me?od ( ,s*ulze#bdf ! iron is completely1 & ! alum9a1 ) ! exception ( a small quantity1 sep>at$1 & ! precipitation ( ! phosphoric acid is accompli%$ ei!r by ! addition ( a small quantity ( t>t>ic acid & aft]w>ds magnesium sulfate1 or directly by means ( ammonium molybdate4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! sep>ation dep5ds on ! fact t :5 ! hydro*loric acid is ne>ly neutraliz$ ) soda or ammonia1 & ! solution boil$ aft] treatm5t ) ammonium =mate1 ! great] "p ( ! alum9a rema9s 9 solution4 ,! precipitate is quickly filt]$1 wa%$ ) hot wat]1 dri$1 tak5 f ! filt] & fus$ 9 a silv] crucible ) pure cau/ic alkali1 ei!r soda or pota%4 ,on solution & boil+ ) wat]1 ! iron is completely sep>at$ f ! phosphoric acid1 & f ! small quantity ( ! alum9a pres5t ! precipitation ( ! phosphoric acid c n[ be accompli%$1 ei!r by saturation ( ! alkal9e solution ) hydro*loric acid & ! direct addition ( ! magnesia solution aft] ! addition ( a little t>t>ic acid & ammonia1 or aft] ! addition ( nitric acid by ammonium molybdate4 #chb4 ,e/imation ( ,phosphoric ,acid 9 ,muck & ,peat ,soils4--,! am\nt ( phosphoric acid obta9$ by extraction ) hydro*loric or sulfuric acid is m>k$ly less 9 ^! soils ?an t obta9$ aft] ! inc9]ation ( ! sample1 z po9t$ out by ,s*moeg]4#bdg ,?is is due to ! fact t ! phosphoric acid is ord9>ily comb9$ 9 ! =m ( nucle94 ,extraction ( ! soils ) e!r %[s t x is n pres5t 9 ! =m ( leci?94 ,! nucle9 products1 z is well kn[n1 are decompos$ by heat+ 9 pres5ce ( a liquid at a high temp]ature = "s "t4 ,! heat+ c ei!r take place 9 an autoclave or 9 seal$ glass tubes4 ,! me?od is z foll[s3 ,! sample ( soil is ?or\ghly rubb$ up 9 a mort> ) wat]1 & !n hydro*loric acid add$ until "o gram ( ! wat]-free peat is susp5d$ 9 ab\t t5 cubic c5timet]s ( twelve p] c5t hydro*loric acid4 ,! sample is plac$ 9 a glass or porcela9 vessel 9 an autoclave & heat$ to #adj-afj = t5 h\rs4 ,! phosphoric acid is !n det]m9$ 9 ! extract 9 ! usual way4 ,! p]c5tage ( phosphoric acid det]m9$ 9 ?is way is f\nd to correspond to ! am\nt det]m9$ by ! inc9]ation ( ! sub/ance4 ,! total phosphoric acid is det]m9$ 9 peats by ! inc9]ation ( ! sample & ! e/imation ( ! phosphoric acid 9 ! a%4 ,! phosphoric acid soluble 9 hydro*loric acid solution is det]m9$ by extract+ a sample ( ! soil ) twelve p] c5t hydro*loric acid 9 ! usual way4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & ! total is calculat$ z phosphoric acid 9 organic comp\nds4 ,or ! total phosphoric acid is det]m9$ by treat+ ! soil ) twelve p] c5t hydro*loric acid1 9 ! proportion ( "o gram ( soil to t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! acid1 & ! solution is plac$ 9 an autoclave & heat$ = t5 h\rs to #adj-afj1 z above describ$4 ,! phosphoric acid is !n det]m9$ by ! usual me?od4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! total phosphoric acid z ?us det]m9$ & ! phosphoric acid soluble 9 hydro*loric acid is calculat$ z phosphoric acid 9 organic comp\nds4 #chc4 ,me?od ( ,goss4--,on acc\nt ( ! l5g? ( "t requir$ to det]m9e ! phosphoric acid 9 soils by ! usual me?ods1 ,goss#bdh has propos$ ! foll[+ modification :i* 9 8 h&s has giv5 satisfactory results3 ,weigh t5 grams ( ! air-dri$ soil1 :i* has be5 sift$ ?r\gh a "o millimet] me% sieve1 & transf] to a pe>-%ap$1 /raight neck$1 kjeldahl dige/ion flask1 :i* has be5 m>k$ to hold #bej cubic c5timet]s4 ,add approximately sev5-t5?s gram ( yell[ m]curic oxid & tw5ty to ?irty cubic c5timet]s ( conc5trat$ sulfuric acid1 z = ! det]m9ation ( nitrog54 ,tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( acid are ne>ly always suffici5t1 b 9 ! case ( unusually f9ely divid$ clay soils conta9+ little or no s& x is necess>y to use ?irty cubic c5timet]s to prev5t cak+ ( cont5ts ( flask4 ,9 d\btful cases tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( acid %\ld fir/ be add$ & at ! end ( five or t5 m9utes1 if cont5ts %[ a t5d5cy to cake1 t5 cubic c5timet]s m %\ld be introduc$4 ,?or\ghly mix ! cont5ts ( ! flask by %ak+1 place on a suitable support ov] a burn]1 boil = "o h\r1 cool1 add ab\t #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 five cubic c5timet]s ( conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid1 & two cubic c5timet]s ( conc5trat$ nitric acid1 boil g5tly = two m9utes to oxidize iron1 cool1 make up to volume1 & filt] ?r\gh a dry fold$ pap] until p]fectly cle>4 ,9 ord] to secure a cle> filtrate x w usually be f\nd necess>y to p\r ! fir/ portion ( ! filtrate back ?r\gh ! pap] ?ree or f\r times4 ,transf] #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate to an ord9>y flask ( ab\t #dej cubic c5timet]s capacity1 add /rong ammonia until a p]man5t precipitate =ms1 !n six or eight cubic c5timet]s ( nitric acid to dissolve ! precipitate1 & boil until cle>4 ,9 ! case ( _m soils x is n absolutely necess>y to oxidize ) hydro*loric & nitric acids1 z a cle> solution c be secur$ at ?is po9t )\t fur!r oxidation4 ,9 ! case ( "s soils1 h[ev]1 & especially 9 subsoils1 ! solution _c be cle>$ up ev5 by prolong$ boil+ ) nitric acid1 b if ! solution h be5 previ\sly oxidiz$1 a cle> solution c be secur$ )\t any difficulty :atev]4 ,remove ! flask f ! lamp & aft] two m9utes add sev5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( molybdate solution1 place ! un/opp]$ flask 9 an op5 wat]-ba? kept at a temp]ature ( #hj = fifte5 m9utes1 %ak+ vigor\sly f\r or five times :ile 9 ! ba?2 !n remove1 let /& t5 m9utes to all[ precipitate to settle1 filt] ?r\gh a n9e c5timet] filt] avoid+ too /rong a pressure at fir/1 wa% ! flask & precipitate ?or\ghly ) ammonium nitrate solution1 place ! flask 9 :i* ! precipitation 0 made "u ! funnel1 %ut (f pump & close all valves to filt]+ j> to =m an air-cu%ion & prev5t too rapid filtration1 fill pap] two-?irds full ( hot wat]1 add a few cubic c5timet]s ( /rong ammonia1 aid solution1 if necess>y1 by /irr+ precipitate ) a small glass rod4 ,z po9t$ out by ,hilg>d1 alum9um is sometimes c>ri$ d[n ) ! phosphoric acid ^u precipitat+ ) molybdate solution1 9 :i* case "s ( ! phosphoric acid w n be dissolv$ 9 ! treatm5t ) ammonia4 ,?is w be indicat$1 fir/1 by ! appe>ance ( a :ite precipitate ^u dissolv+ ! yell[ precipitate 9 ammonia2 &1 second1 by ! difficulty exp]i5c$ aft]w>d 9 wa%+4 ,if su* a precipitate be pres5t 9 any appreciable quantity1 proce$ z foll[s3 ,aft] wa%+ out all ! ammoniacal solution 9 ! usual mann]1 place a small beak] "u ! funnel1 close all valves1 fill ! filt] "o-?ird full ( hot wat]1 add ! same am\nt ( conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid1 proce$ z if dissolv+ phosphomolybdate 9 ammonia1 & receive f9al solution & wa%+s 9 flask us$4 ,z soon z ! yell[ precipitate is dissolv$ op5 ! valve to filt]+ j> b d n turn on ! pump2 aft] ! solution has all pass$ ?r\gh r9se ! filt] once ) a small am\nt ( hot wat]2 aft] ! la/ portion has pass$ ?r\gh remove ! flask & place a ,no4 #a lipp$ beak] "u ! funnel & heat ! solution 9 ! flask to boil+4 ,if ! solutions h n be5 oxidiz$1 a blue color is sometimes pres5t ^u dissolv+ ! yell[ precipitate 9 ammonia4 ,?is c be dis*>g$ by boil+ ! ammoniacal solution = a m9ute or two & %ak+ at ! same "t4 ,aga9 p\r ! solution ?r\gh ! filt]1 avoid+ use ( pump at fir/1 o!rwise loss f spatt]+ is likely to ensue1 wa% out flask & filt] ) a small am\nt ( hot wat]1 7! total filtrate %\ld n exce$ fifty cubic c5timet]s71 add hydro*loric acid to cont5ts ( beak] :ile hot1 until yell[ color appe>s1 !n add a few drops ( ammonia until solution cle>s1 cool1 add fifty cubic c5timet]s ( filt]$ magnesia mixture f a burette1 a drop at a "t ) con/ant /irr+1 let /& fifte5 m9utes1 add tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( /rong ammonia specific gravity n9e-t5?s1 let /& ov] night1 filt]1 wa% precipitate ) dilute ammonia1 dry1 ignite int5sely ov] bla/-lamp = t5 m9utes1 cool 9 desiccator & weigh ,mg,p,o secur$4 ,"t ( ,dige/ion4--,exp]i5ce has %[n t v little phosphoric acid is extract$ f ! sample by dige/ion ) sulfuric acid aft] ! fir/ ?irty m9utes4 ,"t ,requir$ to ,precipitate ,phosphomolybdate4-- ,:5 ! yell[ precipitate is obta9$ accord+ to ! me?od ( ,goss practically ! :ole ( x w be ?r[n d[n 9 five m9utes4 ,agreem5t ) ,/&>d ,me?ods4--,comp>ative te/s ( ! ,goss me?od aga9/ /&>d me?ods h %[n t x gives almo/ id5tical results ) !m4 ,! v>iations 7 nev] m ?an #j4jb to #j4jc p] c5t4 ,:ile ?is me?od has n be5 suffici5tly tri$ to receive unconditional recomm5dation x possesses m]its :i* entitle x to ! att5tion ( analy/s4 #chd4 ,e/imation ( ! ,sulfuric ,acid4--,sulfuric acid is g5]ally pres5t 9 small proportions 9 soils4 ,s9ce ! plants h ne$ ( sulfur x is prop] to inquire into ! pres5ce ( ! comp\nd :i* is its pr9cipal s\rce4 ,x is 9 comb9ation ) lime t sulfuric acid exi/s almo/ always4 ,9 addition to ?is !re is also "s sulfur comb9$ ) ! organic matt] ( ! soil4 ,by dige/+ a soil = six h\rs ) hot1 conc5trat$ nitric acid ! sulfates are dissolv$1 & !re is trans=m$ into sulfuric acid an important "p ( ! sulfur :i* is comb9$ ) ! humic sub/ances4 ,! quantity ( soil to be op]at$ ^u %\ld be ab\t fifty grams4 ,aft] filt]+ & wa%+ ) hot wat] ! filt]$ liquor is collect$1 9 ! ,fr5* ,commission me?od1#bdi 9 a flask & c>ri$ to boil+1 & five cubic c5timet]s ( a saturat$ solution ( b>ium *lorid or suffici5t to be 9 slight excess are add$4 ,! boil+ is cont9u$ = "s m9utes & ! flask is all[$ to /& = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! filtrate is receiv$ ^u a filt] & wa%$ ) boil+ wat]4 ,! filt] is dri$ & inc9]at$1 all[$ to cool1 & z !re may h be5 a slight r$uction ( ! sulfate a few drops ( nitric acid are add$ & a drop ( sulfuric acid4 ,x is n[ evaporat$ to dryness on a wat]-ba?1 heat$ to r$ness = a few mom5ts1 cool$ & weigh$4 ,! weight ( ! b>ium sulfate obta9$ multipli$ by #j4cdcc1 gives ! quantity ( sulfuric acid obta9$ f ! fifty grams ( soil4 ,if x is desir$ to e/imate only ! sulfur :i* exi/s 9 ! =m ( sulfate x is necess>y to treat ! soil ) hydro*loric acid 9 a v dilute /ate1 heat+ = a few mom5ts only & aft]w>ds precipitate by b>ium nitrate4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x is desir$ to e/imate ! total sulfur :i* is sometimes ( great int]e/1 x is necess>y to employ ! process ( ,b]!lot & ,&r4 #che4 ,me?od ( ,b]!lot & ,&r4--,sulfur may exi/ 9 ! soil 9 ?ree =ms2 viz41 #a4 ,m9]al comp\nds1 consi/+ g5]ally ( sulfates & sometimes ( sulfids4 #b4 ,sulfur1 exi/+ 9 e!real comp\nds or _! analogues1 z 9 ur9e4 #c4 ,organic comp\nds conta9+ sulfur4 ,e/imation ( ,total ,sulfur4--,! pr9ciple on :i* ?is op]ation1 z describ$ by ,b]!lot & ,&r1 re/s is t already describ$ = phosphorus2 viz41 oxidation 9 a curr5t ( oxyg5 & pass+ ! vapors ov] a column ( alkal9e c>bonate at or ne> a r$ heat4#bej ,! ord9>y me?ods ( oxidation 9 ! wet way give g5]ally inexact results4 ,e/imation ( ,sulfur ,pre-exi/+ z ,sulfates4--,! sample is treat$ ) cold1 dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,! filtrate is treat$ ) b>ium *lorid1 ! precipitate collect$1 dri$1 ignit$1 wa%$ ) a mixture ( sulfuric & hydr(luoric acids to remove silica1 & aft]w>ds weigh$ z b>ium sulfate4 ,e/imation ( ,sulfur z ,sulfids4--,! sample is di/ill$ ) dilute hydro*loric acid1 & ! hydrog5 sulfid produc$ is made to pass ?r\gh an acidulat$ solution ( copp] sulfate 9 su* a way z to trans=m ! sulfur 9 ! hydrog5 sulfid into a sulfid1 :i* is aft]w>ds collect$ & weigh$ 9 ! usual way4 ,! use ( a titrat$ solution ( iod9 is n advisable on acc\nt ( ! organic matt] :i* may be pres5t4 ,e/imation ( ,sulfur 9 ,e!real ,comp\nds4--,^! comp\nds c be decompos$ by boil+ ) a solution ( pota% or conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid4 ,! result+ sulfuric acid is precipitat$ ) b>ium *lorid4 ,subtract f ! sulfates ?us obta9$ ^? pre-exi/+ z sulfates2 ! diff]5ce repres5ts ! sulfur pres5t 9 e!rs4 ,e/imation ( ,sulfur 9 ,o!r ,organic ,comp\nds4--,?is is e/imat$ indirectly by subtract+ f ! total sulfur t pres5t z sulfates1 sulfids1 & e!rs4 #chf4 ,me?od ( ,von ,bemmeln4--,z ,von ,bemmeln#bea obs]ves1 ! e/imation ( sulfuric acid 9 soils pres5ts a numb] ( difficulties4 ,a small "p ( x c be pres5t z sulfate insoluble 9 wat]4 ,9 addition to ?is1 !re is always "s sulfur 9 ! organic bodies pres5t4 ,if ! soil is extract$ ) wat] !n ! sulfuric acid c be e/imat$ !re9 :5 only a trace ( humus sub/ance has gone into solution4 ,on ! contr>y1 if !re is mu* humus sub/ance 9 solution1 & also iron oxid1 z is ! case :5 ! extraction is made ) hydro*loric acid1 !n bo? ( ^! mu/ be remov$1 o!rwise ! e/imation is v inexact4 ,by fus+ ! residue ( ! solution ) sodium c>bonate & a little potassium nitrate ! organic sub/ance is de/roy$1 & aft] treatm5t ) wat] ! iron oxid is sep>at$4 ,if any sulfur has be5 dissolv$ 9 ! organic sub/ance pres5t1 ?is is !n oxidiz$ to sulfuric acid4 ,! e/imation ( ! sulfuric acid & ( ! sulfur1 !re=e1 rema9s unsatisfactory4 ,9 a sample ( clay f ,java1 :i* 0 ri* 9 calcium c>bonate1 b :i* conta9$ no basic iron sulfate1 !re 0 f\nd ! foll[+ p]c5tages ( sulfuric acid3 ,exhau/$ 9 ! cold ) v weak hydro*loric acid1 #j4jd p] c5t2 ! residue treat$ 9 ! cold ) conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid1 ! solution evaporat$ & fus$ ) sodium c>bonate & potassium nitrate1 #j4jg p] c5t2 aga91 ! residue treat$ ) aqua regia to oxidize ! sulfur1 ! solution evaporat$ to dryness1 fus$ ) sodium c>bonate & potassium nitrate1 #j4ad p] c5t2 9 all #j4be p]c5t4 ,a sample ( ! same soil treat$ directly ) aqua regia1 & !n evaporat$ & fus$ z above1 gave two-t5?s p] c5t sulfuric acid4 ,a sample ( ! same soil ignit$ 9 a crucible ) sodium c>bonate & potassium nitrate gave #j4af p] c5t ( sulfuric acid4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 #j4jd & #j4jg p] c5t c be attribut$ to ! sulfur 9 ! organic sub/ance :i* 0 dissolv$ by ! conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid2 ! quantity1 h[ev]1 is too small to draw any safe conclusion4 ,possibly x might h be5 t ! v dilute hydro*loric acid did n dissolve all ( ! sulfate4 ,! quantity ( sulfur comb9$ 9 ! organic sub/ance 9 ! above soil may be d]iv$ f ! foll[+ equation2 viz41 7#j4b-j4jg7_/7hj7 #cb #j4je p] c5t ( sulfur4 ,! e/imation ( ! sulfur 9 a sample ( soil f ,deli 0 c>ri$ on ) /ill great] exactness by ?ree diff]5t me?ods4 ,! quantities ( hydro*loric acid1 nitric acid1 & sodium c>bonate employ$ 7 measur$ or weigh$1 & ! m9ute cont5t ( sulfuric acid !re9 e/imat$ & subtract$ f ! f9al results4 ,! me?ods employ$ 7 z foll[s3 7,a7 ,extraction ) wat] & aft]w>ds ) v dilute hydro*loric acid4 7,b7 ,extraction ) cold hydro*loric acid1 "o "p to ?ree ( wat]4 7,c7 ,extraction ) aqua regia4 7,d7 ,ignition ) sodium c>bonate & potassium nitrate4 7,f7 ,ignition 9 a combu/ion tube ) sodium c>bonate 9 a /ream ( oxyg54 ,! p]c5tages ( sulfuric acid obta9$ by ! diff]5t me?ods 7 z foll[s3 7,a7 #j4jeh p] c5t4 7,b7 #j4jgj 7,c7 #j4adj 7,d7 #j4abe 7,f7 #j4ajf #chg4 ,me?od ( ,wolff4--,9 reg>d to ! sulfuric acid ,wolff calls att5tion to ! fact t 9 soils :i* h be5 ignit$1 a l>g] quantity ( ?is acid is f\nd ?an 9 soils conta9+ humus4#beb ,?is1 d\btless1 arises f ! oxidation ( ! organic sulfur4 ,! foll[+ special me?od = det]m9+ ! sulfuric acid is !re=e propos$3 ,fifty grams ( fre% air-dri$ soil are plac$ 9 a plat9um di% ) a conc5trat$ solution ( pure sodium nitrate4 ,aft] dry+1 ! heat is rais$ gradually to r$ness4 ,9 ?is way ! complete ignition ( ! humus pres5t takes place4 ,aft] cool+1 ! mass is dilut$ ) hydro*loric acid1 ) ! addition ( a little nitric acid1 & boil$4 ,9 ! solution1 ! silicic acid is fir/ sep>at$ & ! sulfuric acid e/imat$ 9 ! usual way ) b>ium sulfate4 #chh4 ,me?od ( ! ,italian ,*emi/s4--,! det]m9ation ( ! sulfuric acid is conduct$ z foll[s by ! ,italian *emi/s3#bec ,! soil is completely extract$ by dilut$ hydro*loric acid & ! sulfuric acid precipitat$ 9 ! solution ) b>ium *lorid4 ,if a soil is v ri* 9 calcium sulfate x %\ld fir/ be treat$ ) a w>m solution ( sodium c>bonate to decompose ! calcium sulfate1 & ! sulfuric acid det]m9$ 9 ! solution aft] hav+ add$ hydro*loric acid4 #chi4 ,e/imation ( ! ,*lor94--,! e/imation ( ! *lor9 is ( great importance 9 c]ta9 cases4 ,:5 ?is elem5t is lack+ 9 ! soil1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is r>e1 c]ta9 plants appe> to suff] f its abs5ce4 ,! quality ( ! =age plants 9 p>ticul> is influ5c$ by x2 b :5 ! *lorids are too abundant1 :i* is a frequ5t case1 !y prev5t or arre/ completely ! progress ( vegetation4 ,salty soils are1 9 g5]al1 completely /]ile4 ,9 ! proportion ( "o p\nd 9 a ?\s& 9 ! e>?1 sodium *lorid is to be reg>d$ z injuri\s4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 9 analysis to take acc\nt ( two cases2 viz41 ^? ( soils poor 9 *lorids & ^? ( soils ri* 9 *lorids4 ,= soils poor 9 *lorids ! ,fr5* me?od directs t#bed #bjj grams ( ! e>? are to be wa%$ on a filt] ) boil+ wat]4 ,! liquor is evaporat$ to dryness & g5tly heat$ to a temp]ature inf]ior to r$ness 9 ord] to de/roy ! organic matt]4 ,! residue is tak5 up by small quantities ( wat] & to ! filt]$ liquor ! volume ( :i* %\ld n exce$ =ty to fifty cubic c5timet]s are add$ t5 cubic c5timet]s ( pure nitric acid & a suffici5t quantity ( silv] nitrate to produce a complete precipitation4 ,! precipitate is vigor\sly %ak5 & all[$ to /& = a few h\rs 9 a d>k5$ locality4 ,! precipitate is collect$ ^u a d\ble filt] & ! silv] *lorid1 aft] prop] desiccation1 is weigh$4 ,:5 ! soil is ri* 9 *lorids x is wa%$ z has j be5 describ$ ^u a filt]4 ,! wa%-wat]s are made up to "o lit] & fifty cubic c5timet]s1 equival5t to t5 grams ( ! soil1 are tak5 = analysis4 ,?is quantity is treat$ exactly z describ$ above4 #cij4 ,wolff's ,me?od ( ,e/imat+ ,*lor9 9 ,soils4#bee--,?ree hundr$ grams ( ! soil are treat$ ) #ijj cubic c5timet]s ( pure wat] conta9+ a little nitric acid = =ty-eight h\rs ) frequ5t %ak+4 ,f\r hundr$ & fifty cubic c5timet]s are !n filt]$ & ! cle> liquid evaporat$ to #bjj cubic c5timet]s4 ,! *lor9 is !n precipitat$ ) silv] nitrate4 ,! quantity obta9$1 corresponds to t f\nd 9 #aej grams ( ! air-dri$ soil4 ,a second me?od1 ,mohr's1 is z foll[s3 ,fifty grams ( ! soil are plac$ 9 a plat9um di% & moi/5$ ) a conc5trat$ solution ( potassium nitrate1 free f *lor94 ,! mass is evaporat$ to dryness & gradually heat$ to a r$ heat4 ,aft] cool+ x is moi/5$ ) wat] & wa%$ into a beak] & ! solid mass quickly sep>at$4 ,! cle> liquid is p\r$ (f & ! residue aga9 wa%$ ) wat]4 ,! cle> liquid obta9$ is saturat$ ) acetic acid1 c>efully evaporat$ to dryness & aft] solution 9 wat]1 filtration & ! addition ( a little nitric acid1 ! *lor9 !re9 is precipitat$ by a silv] nitrate solution1 & ! precipitate collect$ & weigh$ z usual4 #cia4 ,me?od ( ,pet]mann4#bef--;,*lor9 9 ! soil is e/imat$ at ! ,gembl\x /ation by dige/+ #a1jjj grams ( ! sample ) two lit]s ( di/ill$ wat] ) frequ5t %ak+ = ?irty-six h\rs4 ,aft] all[+ to /& = twelve h\rs ) ! addition ( "o gram ( p[d]$ magnesium sulfate to facilitate ! deposition ( susp5d$ matt] "o lit] ( liquid is siphon$ & evaporat$ 9 a plat9um di% ) ! addition ( a few drops ( a solution ( potassium c>bonate free f *lor9 & nitric acid4 ,! conc5trat$ solution is filt]$1 wa%$1 & made up to #bej cubic c5timet]s4 ,take #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! solution add "s nitric acid & precipitate ! *lor9 ) silv] nitrate4 ,! re/ ( ! solution is res]v$ = ! e/imation ( nitrate4 #cib4 ,e/imation ( ,silicic ,acid4--,direct ,e/imation4--,! sample ( soil 9 ! me?od ( ,b]!lot & ,&r#beg is mix$ ) two or ?ree times its weight ( pure sodium c>bonate & fus$ 9 a silv] crucible until complete decomposition has tak5 place4 ,! residue is dissolv$ 9 wat] & dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,! silicates are decompos$ by ?is treatm5t & ! solution is evaporat$ to dryness on ! wat]-ba?1 & :5 dry slightly heat$4 ,! silicic acid 7silica7 is by ?is treatm5t r5d]$ insoluble4 ,x is collect$ on a filt]1 wa%$1 ignit$1 & weigh$4 ,! result+ comp\nd %\ld be mix$ ) ammonium fluorid & sulfuric acid1 & aft] ! disappe>ance ( ! silica ! residue %\ld be dri$ & weigh$4 ,! loss 9 weight repres5ts ! true silica4 ,! loss 9 weight %\ld be correct$ by calculat+ ! sulfates ( ! alkalies back to oxids4 ,?is correction c be neglect$ :5 ! "w has be5 c>efully done1 & ! wa%+ ( ! orig9al silica has be5 well p]=m$4 ,indirect ,e/imation4--,! total silica may be e/imat$ indirectly by subtract+ f ! total weight ( ! sample ! sum ( ! weights ( ! o!r con/itu5ts result+ f ! sep>ate e/imation ( ea* ( !m aft] decompos+ ! sample ) hydr(luoric acid4 #cic4 ,simultane\s ,e/imation ( ,diff]5t ,elem5ts4--,! op]ations & processes = ! e/imation ( ea* ( ! elem5ts h be5 describ$1 b x is (t5 be/ to c>ry on an op]ation 9 su* a way z to ga9 "t by mak+ a s+le decomposition ^u a quantity ( soil ( "s consid]able magnitude1 & us+ ! results ( ! solution = ! det]m9ation ( ! diff]5t sub/ances4 ,f ! op]ations already describ$ x w be easy to make a comb9ation ( me?ods by :i* all or ne>ly all ! important con/itu5ts 9 a soil may be det]m9$ 9 a s+le sample4 ,( ! v>i\s me?ods propos$1 t ( ! commission ( ! ,fr5* agricultural *emi/s may be tak5 z a type4#beh ,9 ! case ( ! e/imation ( lime1 pota%1 magnesia1 & sulfuric acid1 9 :i* ! op]ation is c>ri$ on 9 a soil :i* is n inc9]at$1 "t may be sav$ by dige/+ a consid]able quantity ( ! soil ) conc5trat$ nitric acid = a p]iod ( five h\rs4 ,x is be/ to take #ajj grams ( ! soil & increase proportionally ! nitric acid4 ,! filtrate1 aft] wa%+1 is made up to "o lit] & ?or\ghly %ak54 ,f ?is am\nt ( liquid1 portions are tak5 correspond+ to ! weights ( soil ^u :i* ! op]ation = ! det]m9ation ( ea* ( ! con/itu5ts w\ld be conduct$4 ,= example1 = ! e/imation ( lime 9 ! case ( a v calc>e\s e>?1 t5 cubic c5timet]s repres5t+ "o gram ( ! orig9al sample1 9 ! case ( a soil poor 9 c>bonates #ajj cubic c5timet]s repres5t+ t5 grams1 & = ! e/imation ( pota%1 magnesia1 & sulfuric acid #bjj cubic c5timet]s1 repres5t+ tw5ty grams ( ! soil1 %\ld be tak54 ,?is me?od avoids frequ5t weigh+s ( ! e>? & sep>ate treatm5ts !re( by ! acid4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! same portion ( ! solution1 ! diff]5t elem5ts c be e/imat$4 ,= example1 = ! e/imation ( ! pota% z has be5 indicat$1 9 ! place ( precipitat+ z a :ole ! sulfuric acid1 lime1 etc41 & ( aft]w>ds sep>at+ ! magnesia 9 ! sole aim ( elim9at+ ^! bodies1 !y c be collect$ sep>ately & weigh$1 ?us secur+ at a s+le op]ation sev]al det]m9ations4 ,at ! end1 "s b>ium *lorid is add$ & if ! b>ium sulfate is !n collect$ & weigh$1 ! e/imation ( ! sulfuric acid is effect$4 ,to ! filtrate !re are aft]w>ds add$ "s ammonia & ammonium c>bonate to precipitate1 at once1 ! excess ( b>ium & ! iron & alum9um oxids1 ! lime & ! phosphoric acid4 ,?is sep>ation be+ effect$ ! filtrate conta9s /ill ! magnesia & ! alkalies4 ,! fir/ c be sep>at$ by c>bonation by means ( oxalic acid1 collect$1 & weigh$4 ,f9ally ! pota% itself c be e/imat$ 9 ! /ate ( p]*lorate4 ,x has ?us be5 possible 9 ! same suite ( op]ations to e/imate 9 a giv5 quantity ( ! liquid1 ! sulfuric acid1 ! magnesia1 ! lime1 & ! pota%4 #cid4 ,e/imation ( ,kaol9 9 ,soils4--,true kaol9 is a hydrat$ alum9um silicate1 hav+ ! =mula ,h,al,si,o4 ,?is sub/ance is1 ev5 9 conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid1 almo/ completely insoluble4 ,x conta9s1 !oretically1 #ac4id p] c5t ( wat] ( comb9ation4 ,! foll[+ me?ods1 due to ,sa*sse & ,beck]1#bei c be us$ = its det]m9ation4 ,e/imation ( ! ,wat] ( ,comb9ation4--,heat f "o to two grams ( kaol91 dri$ at #ajj1 = half an h\r 9 a cov]$ plat9um crucible to a temp]ature :i* %[s an incipi5t r$ heat :5 ! crucible is p>tly protect$ f ! daylight ) ! h&4 ,?is treatm5t does n q give ! :ole ( ! wat] ( comb9ation b ne>ly all ( x4 ,a kaol9 is *ang$ by ?is treatm5t into a sub/ance :i* is easily soluble 9 dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,e/imation ( ! ,kaol9 9 ,impure ,kaol9s4--,m9]al kaol91 or ! kaol9 obta9$ by silt analysis1 is dri$ at #ajj to con/ant weight4 ,x is !n heat$ ) /rong hydro*loric acid until all ! matt]s :i* w pass into solution h be5 dissolv$4 ,! residual kaol9 is !n wa%$ ?or\ghly ) wat] & ignit$ = half an h\r at a l[ r$ heat4 ,! residual mass is a second "t extract$ ) hydro*loric acid until silica no long] passes into solution4 ,! soluble silica is !n e/imat$ 9 ! usual way & calculat$ to kaol94 ,! result w give ! pure kaol9 9 ! sample exam9$4 ,! e/imation may also be made z foll[s3 ,two samples ( ! impure kaol9 are tak5 & dri$ to con/ant weight at #ajj4 ,"o is extract$ ) hydro*loric acid 9 ! mann] describ$ above & ! am\nt ( silica det]m9$4 ,! second is treat$ directly by ignition to l[ r$ness = half an h\r1 dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid & ! am\nt ( silica det]m9$4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! two p]c5tages ( silica corresponds to ! silica equival5t to ! pure kaol94 ,/atem5t ( ,results4--,x is conv5i5t to incorporate ! data obta9$ by ! above me?ods ) ! complete mass analysis ( ! silicate exam9$4 ,9 ! sample giv5 bel[ ! analysis 0 made on a clay silt obta9$ ) a velocity ( two-t5?s millimet] p] second4 ,! mass analysis gave ! foll[+ data3 ,loss on ignition #aj4jd ,si,o #ea4eb ,al,o #ag4ic ,fe,o #g4db ,ca,o #a4eg ,mg,o #f4bg ,k,o #d4a ,na,o #a4fa ,! loss on ignition 0 made up ( ! comb9$ wat] & a trace ( humus4 ,on g5tle ignition only #g4eb p] c5t ( wat] came (f4 ,! exam9ation ( ! non-ignit$ & ! g5tly ignit$ silica by means ( dilute hydro*loric acid1 gave ! foll[+ data3 ,non-ignit$4 ,g5tly ignit$4 ,diff]5ce4 ,wat] #aj4jd #aj4jd ,insoluble residue #dj4 #cd4ed -#e4df ,al,o #i4jd #aj4 #j4if ,fe,o #e4if #g4bg #a4ca ,si,o #be4bg #bh4 #b4gc ,alkalies & alkal9e e>?s #i4fi #aj4ae #j4df ,by a comp>ison ( ^! data ) ^? obta9$ by ! mass analysis1 ! foll[+ repres5tation ( ! di/ribution ( ! v>i\s compon5ts 9 ! clay is obta9$3 #bc4eb p] c5t ,si,o 9 ! =m ( qu>tz & undecompos$ silicates4 #b4gc p] c5t ,si,o 9 ! =m ( kaol94 #be4bg p] c5t 9 ! =m ( easily decomposable silicates & ( ! hydrates ( ,si,o4 #g4ic p] c5t ,al,o 9 ! =m ( undecompos$ silicates4 #j4if p] c5t ,al,o 9 ! =m ( kaol94 #i4jd p] c5t ,al,o 9 ! =m ( easily decompos$ silicates & ( hydrates4 #j4ae p] c5t ,fe,o 9 ! =m ( undecompos$ silicates4 #a4ca p] c5t ,fe,o 9 ! =m ( kaol94 #e4if p] c5t ,fe,o 9 ! =m ( easily decomposable silicates & hydrates4 #c4dj p] c5t ( alkalies & alkal9e e>?s 9 ! =m ( undecompos$ silicates4 #i4fi p] c5t ( alkalies & alkal9e e>?s 9 ! =m ( easily decomposable silicates4 #aj4jd p] c5t ( wat]1 includ+ a trace ( humus4 ,collect+ ^! results ! foll[+ /atem5t is obta9$4 ,! clay analyz$ conta9$3 #aj4jd p] c5t ( wat]1 a trace ( humus4 #ce4ae p] c5t ( undecompos$ silicates & qu>tz4 #e4jj p] c5t ( kaol94 #ej4bg p] c5t ( easily decomposable silicates1 hydrates ( ,si,o & hydroxids4 ,,e/imation ,,( ,,nitrog5 ,,9 ,,soils4 #cie4 ,introductory ,consid]ations4--,! great economic & biologic value ( nitrog5 z a plant food r5d]s its e/imation 9 soils ( especial importance4 ,x is necess>y1 fir/ ( all1 to rememb] t ! nitrog5 pres5t 9 soils may be f\nd 9 ?ree =ms2 viz41 fir/1 9 organic comp\nds1 second1 z ammonia1 & ?ird1 z nitric or nitr\s acid4 ,fur!r ?an ?is ea* ( ^! classes ( nitrog5 may be subdivid$4 ,! organic nitrog5 may be 9 a =m easily nitrifi$ & r5d]$ available = plant food1 or x may be in]t & resi/ant to nitrification1 z 9 humus1 or exi/ 9 an amid /ate4 ,! ammoniacal nitrog5 may exi/ 9 small quantities z gase\s ammonia1 or be comb9$ ) m9]al or organic acids4 ,z nitric or nitr\s acid ! nitrog5 w be f\nd comb9$ ) bases1 or p]haps 9 m9ute quantities z free acid1 9 pass+ "u ! influ5ce ( ! nitrify+ f]m5t f ! organic to ! inorganic /ate4 ,to ! latt] /ate x mu/ f9ally come be=e x is suit$ to absorption by plants4 ,9 g5]al1 f> ! l>ge/ "p ( soil nitrog51 exclud+ ! atmosph]e diffus$ 9 ! pores ( ! soil1 is f\nd 9 ! organic /ate & is d]iv$ f ! dbris ( animal & vegetable life & f add$ f]tiliz]s4 ,z ammonia1 ! nitrog5 c only be reg>d$ z 9 a transition /ate1 aris+ f ! processes ( decay1 or incomplete nitrification4 ,z nitric acid1 x is f\nd z a complet$ product ( nitrification1 or z ! result ( electrical action4 ,! processes ( nitrification & ! isolation & det]m9ation ( ! nitrify+ organisms w be consid]$ 9 a special *apt] ( ?is manual4 ,by reason ( ! great solubility ( ! nitrates1 & ! inability ( ! soil to reta9 !m1 !re c nev] be a great accumulation ( nitric acid 9 ! soil save 9 localities defici5t 9 ra9-fall or 9 specially protect$ spots1 su* z caves4 ,! nitric acid1 !re=e1 produc$ 9 ! soil passes at once into gr[+ vegetation1 or is f\nd ev5tually 9 ! dra9age wat]s4 ,! =mation ( ammonia 9 soil conta9+ mu* vegetable matt] is ?\ght by ,b]!lot & ,&r#bfj to be due to ! progressive decomposition ( amid pr9ciples "u ! influ5ce ( dilute acids or alkalies1 ei!r 9 ! cold or at an elevat$ temp]ature4 ,soils ( ! above description1 ( !mselves1 conta9 nei!r free ammonia nor ammoniacal salts1 & ! ammonia :i* is f\nd 9 ! analysis ( ^! soils comes f ! reaction above indicat$4 ,! ammonia :i* comes f ^! soils1 9 place ( :at is giv5 (f to ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e1 comes f ! same class ( decompositions1 & ^! decompositions1 9 ?is case1 are effect$ by ! wat] itself1 & by ! alkal9e c>bonates ( ! soil4 ,! amid pr9ciples :i* are ?us decompos$ belong ei!r to ! class ( amids prop]1 d]iv$ by ! displacem5t ( hydrog5 9 ammonia by acids1 or to ! class ( alkalamids d]iv$ f nitrog5\s bases1 bo? volatile & fix$4 ,among ^! alkalamids "s are soluble 9 wat] & "s insoluble1 & ! decomposition ( ^! la/ by acids or by alkalies may furni% bodies :i* !mselves are ei!r soluble or insoluble 9 wat]4 ,to det]m9e ! nature ( ! nitrog5\s pr9ciples 9 a soil r ri* 9 humus1 ,b]!lot & ,&r appli$ ! foll[+ treatm5t3 ,a soil conta9+ #ai4a grams ( c>bon & #a4fg grams ( nitrog5 p] kilogram 0 fir/ subject$ to treatm5t1 at room temp]ature1 ) a conc5trat$ solution ( pota%4 ,by ?is treatm5t #ag4d p] c5t ( ! nitrog5 cont5t 0 set free "u ! =m ( ammonia4 ,"o-qu>t] ( ?is 0 obta9$ dur+ ! fir/ ?ree days2 "o-eigh? dur+ ! next ?ree days4 ,aft]w>d ! action became mu* m feeble & 0 cont9u$ dur+ =ty days long]1 & ! evolution ( ! gas 0 dim9i%$ almo/ proportionately to ! "t4 ,x appe>s f ! above obs]vations t ! amid pr9ciples ( ! soil1 decomposable by pota%1 belong to two di/9ct gr\ps1 :i* are brok5 up ) v unequal velocities4 ,! soil1 treat$ on ! wat]-ba? = ?ree h\rs at #ajj ) /rong pota%1 %[$ ! foll[+ behavior 9 respect ( its nitrog5\s con/itu5ts3 ,nitrog5 elim9at$ 9 ! =m ( ammonia1 sixte5 p] c5t2 nitrog5 rema9+ 9 ! "p soluble 9 pota%1 t5 p] c5t2 nitrog5 rema9+ 9 ! "p insoluble 9 pota%1 sev5ty-f\r p] c5t4 ,treatm5t ) ,acid4--,! nitrog5\s comp\nds ( ! soil are also decompos$ by dilute acids1 & (t5 m rapidly ?an by ! alkalies4 ,! me?od ( treatm5t is sub/antially ! same z t set =? above4 ,! decompositions effect$ ei!r by alkalies or by acids t5d 9 g5]al to l[] ! molecul> weights ( ! result+ products4 ,! prolong$ action ( alkalies at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat] r5d]$ soluble1 aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs ( treatm5t1 #ic4f p] c5t ( ! organic nitrog5 f\nd 9 ! vegetable m\ld4 ,by treat+ ! e>? successively ) alkalies & acids #ie4e p] c5t ( ! total nitrog5 7 decompos$4 ,^! exp]im5ts %[ h[ ! insoluble nitrog5 9 humic comp\nds c be gradually r5d]$ assimilable4 ,! action ( vegetables is n assur$ly id5tical ) ^? :i* acids & alkalies ex]cise4 ,h[ev]1 bo? pres5t c]ta9 degrees ( comp>ison f ! po9t ( view ( ! me*anisms set 9 play by ! e>?y c>bonates & c>bon dioxid1 z well z by ! acids =m$ by vegetation4 ,! reactions :i* take place naturally1 :ile !y are n s viol5t z ^? produc$ 9 ! laboratory1 make up by _! duration :at !y lack 9 int5sity4 ,= a m detail$ /udy ( ! nature ( ! nitrog5\s elem5ts 9 soil ! foll[+ me?od ( treatm5t1 due to ,b]!lot & ,&r1 is recomm5d$3 ,treatm5t ( ! ,soil ) ,alkalies4--#a4 ,reaction ) cold1 dilute solution ( pota%4 ,take fifty grams ( ! sample1 dri$ at #aaj1 & mix ) a l>ge excess ( t5 p] c5t pota% solution & place "u a bell-j> conta9+ /&>d sulfuric acid4 ,! mixture is left = a long "t 9 ord] to secure z fully z possible ! ammonia set free4 ,example3 ,fifty grams ( a soil conta9$ #j4jhad gram ( nitrog54 ,treat$ z above x gave ! foll[+ quantities ( nitrog5 z ammonia3 ,nitrog5 z ,ammonia4 ,aft] #c days #j4jjcd gram4 #f #j4jjed #aa #j4jjfe #ag #j4jjgh #be #j4jjic #da #j4jajg #df #j4jada ,x is se5 t ! action /ill cont9u$ aft] =ty days4 ,9 ! space ( =ty days #ag4d p] c5t ( ! total nitrog5 conta9$ 9 ! soil _h be5 conv]t$ into ammonia by dilute pota%4 ,accord+ to ! above obs]vations ! amid pr9ciples trans=m$ into ammonia "u ! influ5ce ( dilute pota%1 exi/ 9 gr\ps :i* are act$ on ) v unequal rapidity4 #b4 ,reaction ) hot dilute solution ( pota%4 ,take #bjj grams ( ! soil sample1 mix ) "o & "o-half lit]s ( dilute pota% solution conta9+ fifty grams ( pota%4 ,place 9 a flask & heat on boil+ wat]-ba? = six h\rs4 ,! flask is furni%$ ) a /opp] & tubes1 & a curr5t ( pure hydrog5 is made to pass ?r\gh ! liquid1 hav+ ! d\ble object ( prev5t+ any oxidiz+ effect f ! air & ( c>ry+ away ! ammonia :i* may be =m$4 ,! escap+ hydrog5 & ammonia are pass$ into a bulb app>atus conta9+ titrat$ sulfuric acid4 ,! sample ( soil employ$ conta9$ 9 #bjj grams1 #j4cbef gram ( nitrog54 ,!re 0 obta9$ at ! end ( six h\rs' heat+1 #j4jcff gram ( nitrog54 ,9 o!r words1 #aa4bd p] c5t ( ! total nitrog5 9 ! sample appe>$ z ammonia4 ,exam9ation ( ,residue4--,aft] ! sep>ation ( ! ammonia z above describ$1 p\r ! residue 9 ! flask on a filt]1 wa% ) hot wat]1 & det]m9e nitrog5 9 filtrate & 9 solid matt] on ! filt] by combu/ion ) soda-lime4 ,! filtrate is1 ( c\rse1 fir/ evaporat$ to dryness aft] be+ neutraliz$ ) sulfuric acid4 ,! insoluble "p conta9$ #j4jda gram ( nitrog51 i4 e41 #ab4hd p] c5t ( ! entire am\nt4 ,! soluble "p conta9$ #j4bdaa gram ( nitrog51 i4 e41 #gd4je p] c5t ( ! :ole4 ,summ>y ( ,data4--,9 ! sample analyz$ ! foll[+ data 7 obta9$3 ,( ! :ole4 ,nitrog5 z ammonia #aa4bd p] c5t4 9 insoluble "p #ab4hd soluble "p #gd4je n det]m9$ #a4hg ------------ ,sum #ajj4jj ,! same exp]im5t 9 :i* ! heat+ on ! wat]-ba? 0 cont9u$ = ?irte5 h\rs gave ! foll[+ data3 ,( ! :ole4 ,nitrog5 z ammonia #af4jc p] c5t4 9 insoluble "p #i4ih soluble "p #gd4ja ------------ ,sum #ajj4jj ,fur!r ,treatm5t ( ,matt] ,insoluble 9 ,hot ,dilute ,pota%4--,a portion ( ! insoluble portion f ! la/ exp]im5t 0 treat$ = ?irte5 h\rs long] "u ! same conditions ) dilute hot pota%4 ,! soluble & insoluble portions 7 det]m9$ z already describ$4 ,( ! nitrog5 insoluble aft] ?irte5 h\rs1 #fd4ba p] c5t rema9$ insoluble aft] ! second ?irte5 h\rs4 ,?is fact %[s t sl[ & progressive decomposition ( ! alkalamids 9 ! soil occurs "u ! influ5ce ( hot dilute pota%4 ,treatm5t ( ,matt] ,insoluble 9 ,hot ,dilute ,pota% ) ,hydro*loric ,acid4--,a "p ( ! mat]ial insoluble 9 hot pota% aft] ?irte5 h\rs is mix$ ) dilute hydro*loric acid1 9 su* proportion z to h "o-fif? ! weight ( pure hydro*loric acid to ! dry solid matt]4 ,heat 9 flask on a boil+ wat]-ba? = ?irte5 h\rs4 ,det]m9e ! nitrog5 9 ! insoluble residue4 ,example3 ,9 ! case giv5 x 0 f\nd t #ed4ia p] c5t ( ! nitrog5 insoluble 9 dilute hot pota% 7 dissolv$ by ! hot hydro*loric acid4 ,?is fact %[s t insoluble nitrog5 comp\nds conta9$ 9 ! soil are dissolv$ by dilute acids ev5 m readily ?an by dilute alkalies at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]4 ,sev]al reactions appe> to take place simultane\sly :5 pota% is br\ght into contact ) ! nitrog5\s pr9ciples ( arable e>?4 ,"s ( ^! pr9ciples1 dur+ ! fir/ p]iod ( ! action become soluble & ev5 =m comp\nds :i* are n precipitable by acids4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! action ( ! pota% is prolong$1 ! dissolv$ bodies lose little by little a "p ( _! nitrog5 z ammonia or z soluble alkalamids4 ,!y become ?us *ang$ ei!r to comp\nds no long] soluble 9 ! pota%1 or to ^? insoluble 9 ! solution :5 acidifi$4 ,^! comp\nds1 x is true1 conta9 nitrog51 b are poor] 9 ?is elem5t & h a high] molecul> weight1 or1 9 o!r words1 are cond5sation products4 ,^! la/ pr9ciples are n absolutely /able 9 ! pres5ce ( pota%1 b are decompos$ mu* m sl[ly ?an ! orig9al pr9ciples f :i* !y 7 d]iv$4 ,9 g5]al1 x may be said t "u ! influ5ce ( alkalies on ! nitrog5\s pr9ciples ( ! soil !re is a t5d5cy to =m two classes ( bodies1 ! "o m soluble ) a l[] molecul> weight1 ! o!r less soluble ) a high] molecul> weight4 ,! inv]se relation betwe5 solubility & cond5sation is 9 agreem5t ) :at is obs]v$ 9 simil> reactions ) organic bodies 9 g5]al4 ,x c]ta9ly plays an important rle 9 ! trans=mations :i* an arable soil und]goes1 ei!r ?r\gh ! mild influ5ces ( ! air & natural wat]s1 or ! m en]getic action ( vegetables !mselves4 ,! me?ods ( e/imat+ nitric nitrog5 w be made ! !me ( a special /udy 9 connection ) ! *apt] on nitrification4 ,!re w be consid]$ fir/1 !re=e1 ! me?ods ( det]m9+ organic & ammoniacal nitrog5 ) only su* incid5tal treatm5t ( ! me?ods = nitric nitrog5 z ! processes applicable to ! o!r =ms may conta94 #cif4 ,provisional ,me?ods ( ! ,association ( ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s4#bfa--,! nitrog5 comp\nds 9 ! soil are usually plac$ 9 ?ree classes4 #a4 ,! nitrog5 comb9$ ) oxyg5 z nitrates1 or nitrites1 exi/+ z soluble salts 9 ! soil4 #b4 ,! nitrog5 comb9$ ) hydrog5 z ammonia1 or organic nitrog5 easily conv]tible into ammonia4 ,! ammonia may exi/ z salts1 or may be occlud$ by hydrat$ f]ric or alum9um oxids & organic matt] 9 ! soil4 #c4 ,! in]t nitrog5 ( ! soil or ! humus nitrog54 ,active ,soil ,nitrog54--,! mat]ial propos$ = r$uc+ ! nitrates to ammonia1 & at ! same "t to br+ ammonia salts & organic nitrog5 into a condition = sep>ation by di/illation1 is sodium amalgam4 ,liquid sodium amalgam may be readily prep>$ by plac+ #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( m]cury 9 a flask ( half a lit] capacity1 cov]+ ! w>m$ m]cury ) melt$ p>aff91 & dropp+ into ! flask at %ort int]vals pieces ( metallic sodium1 ! size ( a l>ge pea 7tak+ c>e t ! viol5ce ( ! reaction does n project ! cont5ts f ! flask71 till #f4ge grams ( sodium h comb9$ ) ! m]cury4 ,! amalgam conta9s "o-half p] c5t ( sodium & may be pres]v$ indef9itely "u ! cov]+ ( p>aff94 ,to e/imate ! active soil nitrog51 weigh fifty grams ( air-dri$ soil & place x 9 a clean mort>4 ,take #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( ammonia-free di/ill$ wat]1 rub up ! soil ) a "p ( ! wat] to a smoo? pa/e1 transf] ?is to a flask ( "o lit] capacity1 wa%+ ! la/ traces ( ! soil into ! flask ) ! re/ ( ! wat]4 ,add tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ! liquid sodium amalgam & %ake ! flask s z to break ! sodium amalgam into small globules di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! soil4 ,ins]t a /opp] ) a valve & set aside 9 a cool place = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,p\r into ! flask fifty cubic c5timet]s ( milk ( lime1 & di/ill1 on a s&-ba?1 #ajj cubic c5timet]s into a flask conta9+ tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( dec9ormal sulfuric acid1 & titrate ) dec9ormal soda solution1 us+ dime?yl-orange z indicator4 ,e/imate ! nitrog5 ( ! ammonia f\nd z active soil nitrog54 ,if ! ammonia produc$ is too small 9 am\nt to be readily e/imat$ volumetrically1 det]m9e ! ammonia by nessl]iz+ ! di/illate4 ,e/imation ( ,nitrates 9 ! ,soil4--,:5 x is desir$ to e/imate sep>ately ! nitrates 9 ! soil ! foll[+ me?od may be us$3 ,evaporate #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! soil extract to dryness on ! wat]-ba?1 dissolve ! soluble portion1 ( ! residue 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ammonia-free di/ill$ wat]1 filt]+ out any insoluble residue1 place ! solution 9 a flask & add t5 cubic c5timet]s ( liquid sodium amalgam1 ins]t /opp] ) valve1 set x aside to dige/ 9 a cool place = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 add fifty cubic c5timet]s ( milk ( lime1 di/ill & titrate z above1 & e/imate ! nitrog5 z ,n,o4 ,nessl]iz+ may be sub/itut$ = titration :5 ! am\nt ( nitrates is small4 ,an approximate e/imation ( ! am\nt ( nitrates w be ( value 9 det]m9+ :i* me?od ( e/imation to use4 ,?is may be done by evaporat+ a measur$ quantity ( ! soil extract1 say five cubic c5timet]s1 on a porcela9 crucible cov] on a /eam-ba? or radiator1 hav+ fir/ dissolv$ a m9ute fragm5t ( pure bruc9 sulfate 9 ! soil extract4 ,:5 dry p\r ov] ! residue conc5trat$ sulfuric acid1 free f nitrates1 & obs]ve ! color reactions produc$4 ,if ! nitrate 7reckon$ z ,,kno7 left ^u evaporat+ ! quantity ( wat] tak5 does n exce$ ! two-?\s&? "p ( a milligram1 only a p9k color w be develop$ by add+ ! sulfuric acid2 ) ! ?ree-?\s&? "p ( a milligram1 a p9k ) fa9t r$di% l9es2 ) ! f\r-?\s&? "p1 a r$di% color2 ) ! five-?\s&? "p1 a r$ color4 ,by increas+ or dim9i%+ ! am\nt ( soil extract evaporat$ to secure a color reaction ( a c]ta9 int5sity1 an approximate e/imate may be made ( ! am\nt ( nitrates pres5t4 ,blank exp]im5ts to te/ ! acid & ! bruc9 sulfate w be requir$ be=e confid5ce c be plac$ 9 su* e/imations4 ,total ,nitrog5 ( ,soils4--,! total nitrog5 ( soils may be det]m9$ by ! usual combu/ion ) soda-lime1 b ?is process is (t5 unsatisfactory because ( ! l>ge am\nt ( mat]ial requir$ :5 ! organic matt] or humus is small 9 am\nt4 ,a modification ( ! kjeldahl me?od is m easy to c>ry out & gives results equally satisfactory4 ,place tw5ty grams ( soil 9 a kjeldahl flask1 & add tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( sulfuric acid 7free f ammonia7 hold+ 9 solution "o gram ( salicylic acid4 ,if ! soil conta9 mu* lime or magnesia 9 ! =m ( c>bonate1 en\gh m sulfuric acid mu/ be add$ to secure a /rongly acid condition ( ! cont5ts ( ! flask4 ,add gradually two grams ( z9c du/1 %ak+ ! cont5ts ( ! flask to secure intimate mixture4 ,place ! flask 9 a s&-ba? & heat till ! acid boils1 & ma9ta9 ! boil+ = t5 m9utes4 ,add "o gram ( m]cury & cont9ue ! boil+ = "o h\r1 add+ t5 cubic c5timet]s ( sulfuric acid if ! cont5ts ( ! flask are likely to become solid4 ,cool ! flask & wa% out ! soluble mat]ials ) #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( pure wat]1 leav+ ! heavy e>?y mat]ials4 ,r9se ! residue ) #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 & add ?is to ! fir/ wa%+s4 ,place ?is soluble acid extract 9 a lit] dige/ion flask1 add ?irty-five cubic c5timet]s ( a solution ( potassium sulfid1 & %ake ! flask to secure intimate mixture ( ! cont5ts4 ,introduce a few fragm5ts ( granulat$ z9c1 p\r 9 sev5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( a saturat$ solution ( cau/ic soda1 connect ! flask ) a cond5s] & di/ill #aej cubic c5timet]s into a flask conta9+ tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( acid1 us+ ! same acid & alkali = titration us$ 9 ! kjeldahl me?od "u f]tiliz]s4 ,ent] ! nitrog5 f\nd 9 ?is op]ation z total soil nitrog54 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! total soil nitrog5 & ! active soil nitrog5 w express ! in]t nitrog5 ( ! soil4 #cig4 ,hilg>d's ,me?od4#bfb--,! humus det]m9ation w1 9 ! case ( virg9 soils1 usually indicate approximately ! /ore ( nitrog5 9 ! soil1 :i* mu/ be gradually made available by nitrification4 ,ord9>ily 7outside ( ! arid regions7 ! det]m9ation ( ammonia & nitrates pres5t 9 ! soil is ( little int]e/ = g5]al purposes1 s9ce ^! factors w v>y ) ! season & f day to day4 ,k$zie proposes to e/imate ! active soil nitrog5 7ammonia plus nitrates & nitrites7 by treatm5t ( ! :ole soil ) sodium amalgam & di/illation ) lime4 ,! objection to ?is process is t ! =mation ( ammonia by ! reaction ( ! alkali & lime ^u ! humus amids w\ld greatly exagg]ate ! active nitrog5 & lead to a s]i\s ov]e/imate ( ! soil's imm$iate res\rces4 ,! usual cont5t ( nitrog5 9 black soil-humus is f six to eight p] c5t 9 ! regions ( summ] ra9s4 ,f late det]m9ations x w\ld seem t 9 ! arid regions ! usually small am\nt ( humus 7(t5 less ?an two-t5?s p] c5t7 is mat]ially comp5sat$ by a high] nitrog5 p]c5tage4 ,x ?us becomes necess>y to det]m9e ! humus nitrog5 directly2 & ?is is easily done by sub/itut+ 9 ! gr&eau process ( humus extraction pota% or soda-lye = ammonia wat]1 & det]m9+ ! nitrog5 by ! kjeldahl me?od 9 ! filtrate4 ,! lye us$ %\ld h ! /r5g? ( f\r p] c5t 9 ! case ( potassium hydroxid1 ?ree p] c5t 9 t ( sodium hydroxid4 ,! black humus filtrate is c>efully neutraliz$ ) sulfuric acid1 evaporat$ to a small bulk 9 a beak] or evaporat+ bas91 & ! r$uc$ liquid f9ally evaporat$ to dryness 9 ! kjeldahl flask itself by means ( a curr5t ( air4 ,! beak] or bas9 is wa%$ ei!r ) "s ( ! alkal9e lye1 or1 aft] evaporation1 ) w>m conc5trat$ sulfuric acid1 :i* is !n us$ 9 ! nitrog5 det]m9ation 9 ! usual way4 ,= ! det]m9ation ( nitrates 9 ! soil x is1 ( c\rse1 usually necess>y to use l>ge am\nts ( mat]ial1 say n less ?an #ajj grams1 &1 accord+ to circum/ances1 five or m times t am\nt4 ,9 ! evaporat$ solution ! nitric acid is be/ det]m9$ by ! r$uction me?od1 z ammonia4 ,usually ! soil filtrate is cle> & conta9s no appreciable am\nt ( organic matt] t w\ld int]f]e ) ! det]m9ation2 yet 9 ! case ( alkal9e soils 7impregnat$ ) sodium c>bonate7 a v d>k color$ solution may be obta9$4 ,9 t case ! soil may advantage\sly be mix$ ) a few p] c5t ( p[d]$ gypsum be=e lea*+2 or ! gypsum may be us$ 9 ! filtrate to discolor x by ! decomposition ( sodium c>bonate & ! precipitation ( calcium humate4 ,! evaporat$ filtrate c !n be us$ = ! nitrate det]m9ation by ei!r ! kjeldahl1 griess1 or ! nessl] process1 :i* w1 ( c\rse1 include su* portions ( ! ammoniacal salts z may h be5 lea*$ out4 ,= ! sep>ate det]m9ation ( ^! & ( ! occlud$ ammonia1 :5 desir$1 x is probably be/ to mix ! wett$ soil intimately ) ab\t t5 p] c5t ( magnesium oxid & di/ill into titrat$ hydro*loric acid4 ,= g5]al purposes1 h[ev]1 ?is det]m9ation is usually ( little int]e/4 #cih4 ,mll]'s ,modifi$ ,kjeldahl ,me?od4--,num]\s difficulties1 z /at$ by ,mll]1#bfc h att5d$ ! attempts to apply ! kjeldahl me?od = ! e/imation ( nitrog5 to samples ( soil1 & he has modifi$ ! me?od to "s ext5t & made comp>isons ( ! quantity ( nitrog5 by ?is modifi$ me?od & by ! soda-lime me?od4 ,! pr9cipal difficulty enc\nt]$ by him has be5 9 ! regul> heat+ ( ! mixture ( fum+ sulfuric acid & soil4 ,! p>ticles ( soil are deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! flask & ! result is t ! bottom lay]s become ov]heat$1 &1 be+ poor conductors ( heat1 fail to transmit a suffici5t quantity ( heat to p5etrate to ! upp] lay]s ( ! liquid to complete ! reaction4 ,9 ord] to avoid ?is difficulty ,mll] heats 8 flask 9 a small /ove =m$ ) a /raight v]tical cyl9d] ( iron or copp]1 ! upp] end ( :i* is cov]$ ) a %eet ( iron pi]c$ ) a hole :i* all[s ! neck ( ! flask to pass ?r\gh1 :ile ! l[] end is clos$ ) a piece ( %eet iron furni%$ on its upp] surface ) a lay] ( asbe/os4 ,?is cyl9d] ( metal is surr\nd$ ) a second "o1 conc5tric ) ! fir/ ?r\gh :i* passes a curr5t ( heat$ gases furni%$ by an ord9>y buns54 ,by heat+ ! flask 9 ?is /ove or furnace an ev5 di/ribution ( ! heat is secur$ to all p>ts ( ! mixture1 b ! little drops ( sulfuric acid1 :i* are cond5s$ on ! cold "p ( ! neck1 sometimes lead to ! fracture ( ! glass z !y run d[n ! sides ( ! flask to ! hot portions4 ,to prev5t ! reflux ( ?is cond5s$ acid1 :i* only ne$s to be done ne> ! end ( ! reaction1 :5 x is necess>y to heat to a v high temp]ature1 ! neck ( ! flask is b5t at ! po9t imm$iately above its em]g5ce at ! upp] surface ( ! furnace1 & c>ri$ into a flask ( ab\t sev5ty-five cubic c5timet]s capacity1 :i* w receive ! drops ( sulfuric acid cond5s$ dur+ ! op]ation4 ,! furnace has ! foll[+ dim5sions2 height1 twelve c5timet]s2 diamet] ( int]ior cyl9d]1 five & "o-half c5timet]s2 diamet] ( ext]ior cyl9d]1 sev5 & "o-half c5timet]s4 ,x is support$ on a triangle ( l>ge iron wire & is heat$ by an ord9>y buns51 or by a conc5tric buns51 accord+ to ! temp]ature :i* x is necess>y to obta94 ,! proportions :i* %\ld be obs]v$ betwe5 ! am\nt ( e>? employ$ & ! sulfuric acid are ab\t z foll[s3 ,( ! dry e>?1 fifte5 grams2 ( ! fum+ sulfuric acid1 ?irty cubic c5timet]s4 ,!re %\ld also be add$ to ! mixture ab\t ?ree-t5?s ( a gram ( pure /e>ic acid1 or bett]1 b5zoic acid4 ,:5 ! soil to be analyz$ does n conta9 c>bonate1 ! sulfuric acid %\ld be add$ 9 two portions4 ,at fir/ add ab\t tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( ! acid1 & aft] %ak+ x1 ! o!r t5 cubic c5timet]s1 runn+ x 9 f a burette or a pipette 9 su* a mann] z to wa% ?or\ghly ! neck & sides ( ! flask4 ,if ! e>? conta9 c>bonate1 h[ev]1 x is necess>y to add ! fum+ acid 9 small portions ( ab\t five cubic c5timet]s at a "t1 wait+ ea* "t until ! dis5gagem5t ( ! gas caus$ by ! previ\s addition has ceas$4 ,a soil :i* conta9s f ?irty to =ty p] c5t ( calcium c>bonate %\ld be c>efully treat$ 9 a porcela9 capsule ) a slight excess ( sulfuric acid1 pure & dilute4 ,! mixture is aft]w>d to be evaporat$ to dryness ^u a s&-ba? & ! residue heat$ 9 a dry+ ov5 to #aaj4 ,! mass is !n pulv]iz$1 introduc$ into ! flask1 treat$ ) ?ree-t5?s ( a gram ( b5zoic acid & ?irty cubic c5timet]s ( fum+ sulfuric acid1 & treat$ z indicat$ above4 ,9 all cases x is necess>y to cont9ue ! heat+ until ! cont5ts ( ! flask are colorless4 ,) soils conta9+ consid]able quantities ( iron1 h[ev]1 a slight r$ color w probably be obs]v$ :i* w n int]f]e ) ! accuracy ( ! te/s4 ,! heat+ %\ld at fir/ be g5tle & ! temp]ature aft]w>d elevat$ little by little1 & f9ally ! heat %\ld be suffici5tly great to di/ill ab\t "o & "o-half cubic c5timet]s ( sulfuric acid4 ,! op]ation la/s f twelve to ?irte5 h\rs4 ,z ! reaction is t]m9at$ ! cool$ mass is tak5 up ) wat] absolutely free f ammonia4 ,x is filt]$ into a flask1 & wa%$ ^u ! filt] until ! volume ( ! filt]$ liquid is ab\t #cej cubic c5timet]s4 ,aft]w>d an excess ( soda-lye1 at #ej baum is add$1 !n a few pieces ( qu>tz to facilitate boil+4 ,! flask is !n connect$ ) a cond5s]1 ! liquid di/ill$ & receiv$ 9 a conical flask clos$ by a cork hav+ two holes1 ( :i* "o p]mits ! entrance ( ! end ( ! cond5s]1 & ! o!r a glass tube :i* is connect$ ) a small flask conta9+ wat]1 ! neck ( ! receiv+ flask be+ incl9$ t[>d ! cond5s] to avoid ! entra9m5t ( any ( ! alkal9e liquid :i* may be di/ill$4 ,! receiv+ flask re/s ^u two or ?ree pieces ( %eet iron & is heat$ ) an ord9>y burn]1 & ebullition is p]fectly regul>4 ,f #agj to #ahj cubic c5timet]s ( ! liquid are di/ill$ 9 f ?ree & "o-half to f\r h\rs4 ,! di/ill$ liquid1 treat$ ) a few drops ( litmus1 is titrat$ by a solution ( sulfuric or hydro*loric acid1 ( :i* "o cubic c5timet] corresponds to #j4jja cubic c5timet] ( nitrog54 #cii4 ,modification ( ! ,kjeldahl ,me?od by ,arnold & ,w$emey]4#bfd--;,= ! oxidiz+ liquid a mixture ( ?ree grams ( b5zoic acid ) =ty cubic c5timet]s ( ,h,,s is employ$4 ,aft] plac+ 9 ! dige/ion flask ) ! nitrog5\s body ! :ole is g5tly %ak5 = a few m9utes to prev5t clott+4 ,! temp]ature is !n rais$ until acid vapors beg9 to come (f1 :5 "o gram ( copp] sulfate & "o gram ( m]curic oxid are add$2 & aft] t5 to fifte5 m9utes1 to avoid foam+1 t5 to tw5ty grams ( potassium sulfate4 ,! sublimate notic$ on ! walls ( ! flask is b5zoic acid & does n int]f]e ) ! accuracy ( ! det]m9ation4 ,?is me?od has giv5 good results ) ! alkal9e nitrates1 ! nitrates ( b>ium1 m]cury1 silv]1 lead1 & ) /ry*nia1 ammonia1 pyrid91 azob5zol1 d9itrob5zol1 & picric acid4 #djj4 ,prev5tion ( ,bump+ ,dur+ ,di/illation4--,daff]t has employ$ ! modifi$ kjeldahl me?od1 b f\nd consid]able difficulty 9 us+ ! same ow+ to ! viol5t bump+ ( ! liquid 9 ! di/illation4 ,?is 0 especially ! case :]e ! sample conta9$ a l>ge proportion ( s&4 ,to ov]come ?is annoyance & dang] he devis$ ! foll[+ process3#bfe ,fit into ! m\? ( a l>ge-m\!d di/illation flask a /opp] hav+ two p]=ations4 ,?r\gh "o ( ! p]=ations pass ! usual di/illation tube1 ?r\gh ! o!r a simil> tube connect$ ) a supply ( /eam4 ,br+ ! cont5ts to a brisk boil1 aft] :i* a small curr5t ( /eam is turn$ on1 all[+ ! same to pass 9 a small /ream ?r\gh\t ! di/illation4 ,by ?is means1 n only is all dang] f bump+ avoid$1 b ! "t requir$ = ! di/illation %ort5$4 ,by ! old me?od x usually requires f fifte5 to tw5ty m9utes1 :]eas ! =m] requires f six to t5 m9utes4 ,x is advisable to filt] all samples ( soils hav+ a l>ge proportion ( s&4 #dja4 ,det]m9ation ( ,organic ,nitrog5 by ! ,soda-,lime ,me?od4--,9 ! description ( ! me?od foll[+1 ! directions ( ! ,fr5* ,commission ( ,agricultural ,*emi/s h be5 tak5 z ! basis ( ! analytical process4#bff ,?is me?od is1 9 ?is c\ntry1 almo/ sup]s$$ by ! moi/ combu/ion process ) sulfuric acid4 ,by reason ( its long use1 h[ev]1 & because x is /ill reg>d$ z ! be/ me?od by ! agricultural *emi/s ( ,france1 ,italy1 & ,engl&1 x m]its a full description4 ,x is recomm5d$ also by ,b]!lot & ,&r1#bfg by ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,*emi/s1 held 9 ,p>is 9 #ahhi1 by ! ,italian *emi/s1 & by ! (ficial ,belgian me?od1#bfh 9 all cases :]e nitrates are n pres5t 9 notable quantities4 ,! nitrog5 :i* is f\nd 9 soils 9 ! organic /ate is trans=m$ into ammonia :5 x is heat$ ) soda-lime4 ,?is reaction is ! base ( ! process ( analysis :i* has s long be5 us$ = ?is class ( bodies4 ,! analytical process is conduct$ z foll[s3 ,a well-clean$ glass combu/ion tube1 clos$ at "o end1 is us$4 ,! l5g? ( ! tube is f ?irty-five to =ty c5timet]s4 ,x is fill$ fir/ to a dep? ( two c5timet]s ) calcium oxalate2 aft]w>ds to a dep? ( five c5timet]s ) soda-lime 9 small fragm5ts2 aft]w>ds ) ! mixture to be analyz$2 viz41 ( t5 grams ( ! sample ( soil1 or tw5ty grams if poor 9 nitrog5 & organic matt]s1 ) soda-lime r$uc$ to a co>se p[d]4 ,?is mixture %\ld occupy a l5g? ( ab\t tw5ty c5timet]s 9 ! tube4 ,! soil & soda-lime are mix$ 9 a mort>4 ,aft]w>ds ! mort> is rubb$ ) small quantities ( soda-lime1 & ?is1 toge!r ) ! copp] boat :i* has be5 us$ 9 introduc+ ! mixture1 is ?or\ghly wa%$ ) ! soda-lime1 :i* is p\r$ into ! tube until x is fill$ to )9 f\r c5timet]s ( its op5 extremity4 ,! op5 end ( ! tube is !n clos$ ) a wad ( asbe/os pack$ suffici5tly tight to prev5t ! c>ry+ (f ( ! soda-lime by ! gas :i* may be g5]at$ dur+ ! combu/ion4 ,! combu/ion %\ld be comm5c$ by heat+ ! tube ne> ! op5 extremity until x is r$ & c>ry+ ! heat progressively t[>ds ! "p conta9+ ! soil mix$ ) ! soda-lime4 ,an ord9>y gas combu/ion furnace %\ld be us$ & ! heat graduat$ 9 su* a way t ! bubbles ( gas pass (f regul>ly & n too rapidly4 ,! gas is conduct$ into a bulb tube conta9+ a dec9ormal /&>d sulfuric acid color$ ) litmus4 ,! combu/ion is cont9u$ until ! :ole ( ! organic mat]ial is decompos$1 c>e be+ tak5 n to raise ! combu/ion tube above a l[ r$ness 9 ord] to avoid its s(t5+4 ,at ! end1 h[ev]1 ! temp]ature ( ! combu/ion tube %\ld be rais$ to a bright r$1 & ! "p conta9+ ! calcium oxalate %\ld be heat$ little by little = ! purpose ( evolv+ hydrog51 :i* is us$ to drive out ! la/ traces ( ammonia4 ,aft] ! combu/ion is complet$1 & ! la/ traces ( ammonia driv5 out1 ! /&>d acid :i* has receiv$ ! evolv$ ammonia is remov$1 ! tube lead+ to x wa%$1 ! wa%-wat] collect$ ) ! re/ ( ! liquid & titrat$ ) a /&>d solution ( lime-wat]1 ! /r5g? ( :i* has previ\sly be5 det]m9$ aga9/ /&>d sulfuric acid4 #djb4 ,prep>ation ( ! ,/&>d ,sulfuric ,acid4--,! sulfuric acid to be us$ 9 mak+ ! /&>d solutions %\ld be previ\sly boil$ = half an h\r 9 a plat9um di% & all[$ to cool 9 a desiccator4 ,x %\ld conta9 #fa4be grams ( sulfuric acid 9 "o lit]4 ,x is recomm5d$ t ! flask :i* holds ! sulfuric acid %\ld be "o :i* has be5 us$ = a long "t = hold+ conc5trat$ sulfuric acid1 9 ord] to avoid any action ( ! alkali 9 ! glass ^u ! acid aft] its /r5g? has be5 det]m9$4 ,! solution be=e describ$ is ( su* /r5g? z to h ea* cubic c5timet] equival5t to "o milligram ( nitrog54 ,= ! e/imation ( ! nitrog5 9 ! soil a t5? normal solution %\ld be us$1 :i* is prep>$ by tak+ #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! normal solution1 describ$ above1 & dilut+ to "o lit]4 ,prep>ation ( ! ,lime-,wat]4--,f #bjj to #cjj grams ( slak$ lime are plac$ 9 a clos$ flask ( ab\t five lit]s capacity4 ,?is is fill$ ) wat] & %ak5 frequ5tly1 & left to deposit ! matt] 9 susp5sion4 ,! wat] :i* conta9s ! sal9e p>ticles :i* may h be5 pres5t 9 ! lime is !n p\r$ (f4 ,fre% wat] is !n p\r$ on & ! flask %ak5 f "t to "t4 ,to use ?is lime-wat] ! cle> "p ( x is decant$ into a flask1 avoid+1 z mu* z possible1 access to ! air4 ,! flask is clos$ ) a cork c>ry+ two tubes drawn out & b5t at a "r angle4 ,"o ( ^! s]ves = p\r+ (f ! wat] & ! o!r s]ves = ! entrance ( ! air4 ,^! two tubes are !mselves clos$ by means ( a rubb] tube c>ry+ a p9*-cock4 ,! /r5g? ( ! lime-wat] is fix$ by titration ) ! dec9ormal /&>d sulfuric acid4 ,prep>ation ( ! ,soda-,lime4--,six hundr$ grams ( slak$ lime 9 f9e p[d] are saturat$ ) #cjj grams ( cau/ic soda dissolv$ 9 #cjj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,! :ole is rubb$ into a pa/e & introduc$ into a crucible :i* is heat$ to r$ness4 ,! cont5ts ( ! crucible1 /ill hot1 are p\r$ out1 & rapidly r$uc$ to fragm5ts 9 a copp] mort> 9 su* a mann] z to h ! pieces ab\t ! size ( a pea1 & )\t hav+ too mu* f9ely p[d]$ soda-lime mix$ ) x4 ,:ile ! matt] is /ill hot x is plac$ 9 a flask & well-/opp]$4 ,9 ord] t ?is reag5t %\ld conta9 no nitrog5 x is indisp5sable to use 9 its prep>ation mat]ials :i* conta9 no trace ( nitrates4 ,prep>ation ( ! ,calcium ,oxalate4--,9 a small copp] vessel place #ajj grams ( oxalic acid & add gradually1 br++ x to boil+1 en\gh wat] to dissolve x4 ,aft]w>ds place 9 ! solution small portions ( slak$ lime 9 a /ate ( p[d]1 con/antly te/+ x until turm]ic pap] indicates t !re is a little lime 9 excess4 ,x is !n evaporat$1 /irr+ vigor\sly on ! op5 fire1 & ! evaporation is f9ally f9i%$ on a /eam-ba?4 ,! dri$ mat]ial is plac$ 9 a flask & well-/opp]$4 ,! oxalic acid :i* is us$ 9 ?is prep>ation %\ld be free f e trace ( nitrog54 ,prep>ation ( ! ,litmus ,solution4--,five grams ( litmus are plac$ 9 a flask ) a flat bottom4 ,aft]w>ds a few cubic c5timet]s ( ammonia are add$1 tw5ty five grams ( cry/alliz$ sodium c>bonate1 & t5 cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,?is mixture is left to dige/ = sometime1 ) frequ5t /irr+1 at a temp]ature ( f #fj-hj4 ,! dige/ion is f9i%$ 9 ab\t f\r or five days1 dur+ :i* "t1 at int]vals1 a few drops ( ammonia are add$1 suffici5t to ma9ta9 always ! ammoniacal odor4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( wat] are add$ & ! dige/ion all[$ to cont9ue sev]al days m1 /ill ma9ta9+ ! solution alkal9e ) ammonia4 ,a slight excess ( hydro*loric acid is add$1 & ! matt] :i* is precipitat$ is receiv$ ^u a filt] :]e x is wa%$ sev]al times ) cold wat] & all[$ to dry at a l[ temp]ature4 ,= use1 f "o to two grams ( ?is dry precipitate are dissolv$ 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( alcohol1 & !re is ?us obta9$ a litmus solution ( extreme s5sibility4 #djc4 ,treatm5t ( ,soil ,conta9+ ,nitrates4--,nitrates exi/ 9 small quantities 9 all arable soils4 ,:5 treat$ = nitrog5 by ! soda-lime me?od above describ$1 a "p ( ! nitric nitrog5 is *ang$ to ! /ate ( ammonia1 :ile ano!r "p escapes e/imation altoge!r1 caus+ an error :i* x is important to po9t out4 ,:5 ! soils conta9 only small quantities ( nitrates ?is error is insignificant & does n affect s5sibly ! results1 b 9 ! case ( e>?s ri* 9 nitrates x is necess>y fir/ to elim9ate !m be=e ! det]m9ation ( ! nitrog5 by ! soda-lime me?od4 ,! op]ation is c>ri$ on z foll[s3 ,tw5ty grams ( ! soil are wa%$ on a small funnel1 furni%$ ) a plug ( asbe/os1 ) small quantities ( pure wat]1 9 su* a way z to cause ?irty to =ty cubic c5timet]s ( wat] to pass ?r\gh4 ,! :ole ( ! nitrate is ?us remov$4 ,! soil is n[ dri$ & submitt$ to analysis by ! soda-lime me?od z j describ$4 ,!re are remov$ ) ! nitrate only small traces ( organic nitrog51 too small to influ5ce ! results ( ! analysis4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is desir$ to remove altoge!r ?is slight cause ( error1 evaporate ! wa%-wat]s1 above describ$1 to two or ?ree cubic c5timet]s2 add a few drops ( a conc5trat$ solution ( f]r\s *lorid & z mu* hydro*loric acid1 & boil "s m9utes 9 ord] to drive (f1 9 ! /ate ( nitrog5 dioxid1 all ! nitric acid4 ,! residue is evaporat$ to dryness & conta9s ! traces ( organic nitrog54 ,?is is add$ to ! soil :i* is to be treat$ by ! soda-lime me?od4 #djd4 ,mll]'s ,me?od4--,! det]m9ation ( nitrog5 9 ! soil by soda-lime is c>ri$ on z foll[s by ,mll]3#bfi ,fifte5 grams ( f9e e>?1 dri$ & mix$ ) a little sug>1 are mix$ ) ?irty grams ( soda-lime 9 p[d]4 ,! bottom ( ! combu/ion tube conta9s a little moi/ soda-lime1 :i* is heat$ at ! end ( ! op]ation at ! same "t t a curr5t ( pure hydrog5 is made to pass ?r\gh x1 & ! temp]ature ( ! tube is rais$1 little by little1 to a di/9ct r$ness4 ,! cont5ts ( ! receiv+ bulbs are di/ill$1 aft] ! addition ( wat] & soda1 9 ! same app>atus :i* s]v$ 9 ! e/imation ( nitrog51 by ! kjeldahl me?od2 ! det]m9ations & titrations are made also "u ! same conditions4 ,blank det]m9ations are also made "u ! same conditions to det]m9e ! am\nt ( correction to be made by ! two me?ods4 ,soda-lime1 heat$ ) pure sug>1 gave #j4jjjb gram ( nitrog5 = a total weight ( fifty-five grams ( ! soda-lime conta9$ 9 ! tube4 ,! fum+ sulfuric acid gave #j4jjaa cubic c5timet]s ( ammoniacal nitrog5 = ! volume ( ?irty cubic c5timet]s4 ,! numb]s obta9$ by ! kjeldahl me?od 9 g5]al1 are l[] ?an ^? obta9$ by ! soda-lime me?od :5 no /e>ic or b5zoic acid is us$4 ,! numb]s obta9$ :5 /e>ic acid alone 0 us$ 7 sometimes inf]ior to ^? obta9$ by ! soda-lime me?od4 ,! numb]s obta9$ :5 b5zoic acid is us$ are1 9 g5]al1 ab\t ! same z ^? obta9$ by ! soda-lime me?od4 ,x w\ld seem t ! d\ble di/illation1 outl9$ above1 = ! kjeldahl me?od1 w\ld n be necess>y if due c>e 7 ex]cis$ 9 ! fir/ di/illation4 ,?is v>iation1 !re=e1 seems to be unnecess>y4 ,9 ! soda-lime me?od1 "t w\ld be sav$ by ! reception ( ! ammonia 9 /&>d acid1 & its titration 9 ! usual way1 unless a fur!r purification ( ! nitrog5\s products ( ! combu/ion by ! f9al di/illation be desir$4 #dje4 ,volumetric ,det]m9ation ( ! ,nitrog54--,in/ead ( sep>at+ ! nitrates1 ! total nitrog5 9 ! soil c be det]m9$ directly by ! classic me?od ( ,dumas1 :i* consi/s 9 br++ ! :ole ( ! nitrog5 into a gase\s /ate & aft]w>ds measur+ its volume4 ,! foll[+ me?od illu/rates ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ! det]m9ation3 ,a glass combu/ion tube clos$ at "o end1 ab\t "o met] 9 l5g?1 is select$4 ,9 ! bottom ( ?is tube is plac$ "s potassium bic>bonate 9 a cry/all9e =m1 9 small pieces1 fill+ ! tube to a di/ance ( ab\t tw5ty c5timet]s4 ,aft]w>ds copp] oxid is plac$ to ! dep? ( t5 c5timet]s & f9ally a mixture ( f tw5ty to ?irty grams ( ! e>? ) ?irty to =ty grams ( copp] oxid 9 a f9e /ate ( subdivision1 & ab\t t5 grams ( metallic copp] obta9$ by r$uc+ ! copp] oxid by hydrog54 ,next ! tube is fill$ ) copp] oxid to a dep? ( f tw5ty to tw5ty-five c5timet]s1 & aft]w>ds ) r$uc$ copp] to ! dep? ( at lea/ tw5ty-five c5timet]s1 & aft] ?is ano!r lay] ( copp] oxid ( ab\t five c5timet]s1 & f9ally a plug ( asbe/os4 ,! combu/ion tube is clos$ ) a /opp] c>ry+ a glass tube ( ab\t n9ety c5timet]s 9 l5g?1 ( :i* ! extremity1 b5t into ! =m ( a 1 ext5ds to a m]cury tr\gh4 ,! glass combu/ion tube is surr\nd$ ) brass gauze1 except t "p :i* conta9s ! potassium bic>bonate4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! op]ation consi/s 9 heat+ ! tube to decompose a "p ( ! potassium bic>bonate1 until ! :ole ( ! app>atus is fill$ ) c>bon dioxid4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e t ! :ole ( ! air has be5 expell$ & t ! app>atus is entirely fill$ ) c>bon dioxid1 a "p ( ! gas :i* is dis5gag$1 is receiv$ into a j> fill$ ) m]cury1 9 :i* a little pota%-lye has be5 plac$4 ,if ! gas is entirely absorb$ by ! pota%1 s t !re rema9 only unappreciable p>ticles1 ! tube c be reg>d$ z completely free ( air4 ,:5 assurance is giv5 t ! air is all out ( ! app>atus1 a j> ( ab\t #cjj cubic c5timet]s capacity1 fill$ ) m]cury & conta9+ f ?irty to =ty cubic c5timet]s ( a solution ( pota% ( a d5sity ( #db baum1 is plac$ ov] ! outlet tube4 ,! combu/ion is comm5c$ by heat+ ! ant]ior "p ( ! tube1 avoid+ ! heat+ ( ! "p conta9+ ! e>?4 ,:5 ! fir/ "p ( ! tube has rea*$ ! r$ /age ! "p conta9+ ! e>? is gradually heat$ 9 ord] to obta9 a g5tle evolution ( gas4 ,! temp]ature ( ! tube is c>ri$ to r$ness & ! heat+ gradually c>ri$ back t[>d ! clos$ extremity1 b avoid+ rais+ ! temp]ature ( ! "p conta9+ ! potassium bic>bonate4 ,! r$ heat is cont9u$ z long z bubbles ( gas are dis*>g$ into ! res]voir4 ,:5 ! evolution ( gas has ceas$ ! app>atus is aga9 fill$ ) c>bon dioxid = ! purpose ( driv+ out ! la/ traces ( nitrog51 by heat+ aga9 ! "p ( ! tube conta9+ ! potassium bic>bonate4 ,! evolution ( ! c>bon dioxid %\ld be ma9ta9$ = ab\t fifte5 m9utes4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t all ! nitrog5 w be f\nd 9 ! receiv+ j>4 ,sometimes a small quantity ( nitrog5 dioxid is =m$ incid5tally 9 ! op]ation4 ,aft] wait+ = a qu>t] ( an h\r1 9 ord] to p]mit all ! c>bon dioxid :i* may h escap$ into ! res]voir to be completely absorb$1 ! receiv+ j> is c>ri$ to a wat]-bas9 & ! m]cury all[$ gradually to escape2 its place be+ tak5 by ! wat]4 ,! gas is !n transf]r$ into an azotomet] :]e its volume & temp]ature are read 9 ! usual way4 ,9 ord] to absorb any nitrog5 dioxid :i* may be admix$ ) ! nitrog5 itself1 a little cry/al ( f]r\s sulfate is introduc$4 ,! res]voir conta9+ ! nitrog5 is c>ri$ to ! m]cury tr\gh1 & ! wat] :i* x conta9s is ne>ly all run out 9 su* a way z to be replac$ ) m]cury1 great c>e be+ ex]cis$ to avoid any escape ( gas4 ,aft]w>ds !re is introduc$ ov] ! m]cury a cry/al ( f]r\s sulfate & ! azotomet] is %ak5 until ?is cry/al is dissolv$ by ! wat] :i* x /ill conta9s4 ,x is !n all[$ to rema9 = tw5ty h\rs4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t ! nitrog5 dioxid is absorb$ & ! volume ( ! gas is aga9 read z be=e4 ,"o-half only ( ! total loss %\ld be subtract$1 s9ce ! volume ( ! nitrog5 dioxid is twice ! volume ( ! nitrog5 itself4 ,= ! practice ( ?is me?od1 9 connection ) ! use ( a m]cury pump1 ! directions :i* w be giv5 "u f]tiliz]s may be consult$4 #djf4 ,e/imation ( ,ammonia4--,ammonia exi/s ord9>ily only 9 v small quantities 9 ! soil1 s9ce x is incessantly trans=m$ into nitrate or diffus$ 9 ! air4 ,nev]!less1 x is sometimes int]e/+ to det]m9e its quantity4 ,! me?od ( det]m9+ ! ammonia 9 soils is "o ( extreme delicacy on acc\nt ( ! small proportion !re91 & ! difficulty ( expell+ x )\t at ! same "t conv]t+ "s ( ! organic nitrog5 into ammoniacal comp\nds4 ,! v>i\s me?ods employ$ = ?is purpose may be classifi$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,treatm5t ( ! soil ) soda-lye 9 ! cold1 & ! absorption ( ! ammonia giv5 (f by /&>d sulfuric acid4 #b4 ,! me?od ( ,b\ss+ault1 :i* consi/s 9 replac+ ! soda-lye ) magnesia & di/ill+ ! ammonia at a boil+ temp]ature1 absorb+ ! di/illate 9 a /&>d acid4 #c4 ,a modification ( ! above me?od1 due to ,s*loes+1 :i* consi/s fir/ 9 extract+ ! ammonia by hydro*loric acid & subject+ ! extract to di/illation ) magnesia4 #d4 ,! me?od ( ,knop consi/s 9 treat+ ! soil 9 a clos$ cyl9d] ) soda-lye conta9+ brom94 ,! ammonia set free by ! lye is decompos$ 9 ! pres5ce ( brom9 into free nitrog5 & hydro*loric acid4 ,! nitrog5 is collect$ & measur$ 9 an azotomet]4 ,! brom-soda-lye is prep>$ by dissolv+ #ajj grams ( sodium hydroxid 9 #a1bjj cubic c5timet]s ( wat] & add+ tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( brom94 #e4 ,! process describ$ "u #d1 z %[n by ,baumann1#bgj does n give accurate results & x has be5 modifi$ by him z foll[s3 ,two hundr$ grams ( soil are treat$ ) #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( dilute hydro*loric acid 7"o "p acid & f\r ( wat]7 free ( ammonia2 #cjj cubic c5timet]s ( ammonia-free di/ill$ wat] are add$ & ! :ole dige/$ = two h\rs ) frequ5t /irr+4 ,if a soil conta9 mu* calcium c>bonate l>g] quantities ( acid mu/ be us$4 ,two hundr$ cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate are plac$ 9 an evolution flask1 connect$ ) an azotomet]1 ) five grams ( fre%ly burn$ magnesia4 ,! mixture is !n oxidiz$ z foll[s3 ,ozone is g5]at$ by add+ ?ree p>ts by weight ( sulfuric acid to "o "p ( dry & p[d]$ potassium p]manganate4 ,a /ream ( air is drawn ?r\gh ! ozone g5]ator by an aspirator1 & ! ozone is conduct$ into a flask conta9+ ! hydro*loric acid extract ( ! soil & magnesia4 ,! oxidation is complet$ 9 ab\t t5 m9utes4 ,! mixture is !n br\ght into ! evolution flask ( ! azotomet] & ! nitrog5 set free & measur$ 9 ! usual way4 ,x has be5 %[n t if asp>ag9 or glutam9 be pres5t 9 ! soil !y are decompos$ by ! soda-lye & ! results obta9$ are too high4 ,x has be5 fur!r prov$ t soils :i* conta9 a notable quantity ( humus give1 ) soda-lye 9 ! cold1 a practically cont9u\s evolution ( ammonia4 ,moreov]1 soils :i* are ri* 9 humus & :i* h be5 treat$ by di/illation ) magnesia give1 on subsequ5t treatm5t ) soda-lye1 consid]able additional quantities ( ammonia4 ,comp>ison ( ,me?ods ( ,e/imat+ ,ammonia4--,baumann has det]m9$ ! ammonia-nitrog5 9 v>i\s soils by ! soda-lime me?od2 di/illation ( ! hydro*loric acid extract ) magnesia1 & ! azotometric me?od modifi$ z indicat$ above4 ,^! me?ods w be designat$ z #a1 #b1 #c1 respectively 9 ! foll[+ table4 ,,me?od4 #a4 #b4 #c4 ,ammonia-nitrog5 9 "o kilogram ( soil4 ------------ ------------ ------------ ,no4 ( sample4 ,gram4 ,gram4 ,gram4 #a #j4jddh #j4jbbbg #j4jbgha #b #j4jafh #j4jaaje #j4jacbf #c #j4jccf #j4jagga #j4jbbad #d #j4jjef #j4jjddc #j4jjddc #e #j4jbhj #j4jbccg #j4jbhid #f #j4jaif #j4jabdc #j4jafgb ,f ! above figures x is se5 t ! me?od usually attribut$ to ,s*loes+ gives uni=mly high] numb]s ?an ei!r ( ! o!r processes1 :ile ! ?ird gives slightly high] values ?an ! second4 #djg4 ,! ,magnesia ,di/illation ,process4--,if a sample ( soil be di/ill$ directly ) magnesia & wat]1 !re is dang] on ! "o side ( n extract+ all ! ammonia1 by reason ( ! absorb+ p[] ( ^! bodies1 & on ! o!r1 ( trans=m+ into ammonia ! nitrog5 ( ! organic matt]s4 ,x is !re=e pref]able to sep>ate ! ammonia f ! soil 9 ! =m ( *lorid1 & to subject ?is extract to di/illation4 ,9 fifty grams ( ! soil ! humidity is det]m9$ by dry+ at #ajj until !re is no fur!r loss ( weight4 ,! quantity ( moi/ure be+ kn[n1 #bjj grams ( soil are tak5 & moi/5$ ) wat]1 & !n !re is add$1 9 small portions1 "s dilute hydro*loric acid1 %ak+ frequ5tly until ! :ole ( ! calcium c>bonate pres5t is decompos$4 ,! liquor %\ld rema9 acid at ! end ( ! op]ation1 b )\t conta9+ a notable excess ( acidity4 ,kn[+ be=eh& ! quantity ( moi/ure conta9$ 9 ! #bjj grams1 wat] is add$ until ! total quantity %all be equal to #ejj cubic c5timet]s4 ,! :ole is !n %ak5 & all[$ to repose1 & filt]$ rapidly1 cov]+ ! funnel ) a glass vessel & receiv+ ! liquid :i* runs ?r\gh 9 a flask ) a n>r[ op5+4 ,two hundr$ & fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ?is liquor1 or mixture1 repres5t #ajj grams ( e>? ( kn[n humidity4 ,?is quantity is introduc$ into a flask = det]m9+ ! ammonia & five grams ( calc9$ magnesia add$4 ,be=e comm5c+ ! di/illation1 assurance %\ld be _h t ! magnesia has completely saturat$ ! acid 9 excess1 & t ! liquor is alkal9e4 ,if1 by *ance1 ! liquor %\ld be /ill acid x w\ld be necess>y to add suffici5t magnesia 9 ord] t ! reaction %\ld be manife/ly alkal9e4 ,aft]w>ds ! di/illation is begun & ! ammonia is receiv$ 9 an appropriate vessel conta9+ "o-t5? normal sulfuric acid & titrat$ 9 ! usual way1 or nessl]iz$4 ,inasmu* z ! quantities ( ammonia conta9$ 9 ! e>? are g5]ally v small x is necess>y to be v p>ticul> 9 ord] to avoid errors4 ,! di/ill$ wat] :i* is employ$ %\ld be depriv$ ( all traces ( ammonia by prolong$ ebullition1 & ! hydro*loric acid %\ld be di/ill$ 9 ! pres5ce ( a little sulfuric acid4 ,! treatm5t ) hydro*loric acid is = ! purpose ( de/roy+ ! absorb+ prop]ties ( ! soil = ammonia1 & to p]mit ?is la/ to ent] into solution z *lorid4 ,:5 !re is ne$ ( v great precision x is conv5i5t to make a blank op]ation ) ! hydro*loric acid & wat] :i* are employ$1 9 ord] to make a correction = ! traces ( ammonia :i* ^! reag5ts may conta94 #djh4 ,e/imation ( ,ammoniacal & ,amid ,nitrog5 by ! ,me?od ( ,b]!lot & ,&r4#bga--;,heat "o hundr$ grams ( e>? = ?irty h\rs on a /eam-ba? ) ab\t 4#ejj cubic c5timet]s ( dilute hydro*loric acid 7fifte5 grams ( hydro*loric acid to #ejj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]74 ,at ! end ( ?is "t ?r[ ! cont5ts ( ! flask on a filt] & wa% ) hot wat] until acid reaction has ceas$4 ,det]m9e bo? ! ammoniacal & amid nitrog5 9 ! soluble1 & ! total nitrog5 9 ! insoluble portion1 ! ammoniacal by di/illation ) magnesia1 & ! amid & total ) soda-lime4 ,example4 ,a soil conta9$ #j4affi p] c5t total nitrog54 ,( ?is !re 7 obta9$3 ,z ammoniacal nitrog5 #ac4g p] c5t ,9 ! soluble "p z amid nitrog5 #ef4b ,9 ! insoluble "p1 total nitrog5 #bi4g -------- ,sum #ii4f ,treatm5t ( ! ,insoluble ,portion4--,treat ! "p insoluble 9 hydro*loric acid ) a ?ree p] c5t solution ( pota% on a /eam-ba? = ?irty h\rs4 ,e/imate ! nitrog5 rema9+ insoluble1 f :i* ! "p dissolv$ c be det]m9$ by diff]5ce4 ,! pota% w dissolve usually ab\t two-?irds ( ! rema9+ nitrog54 ,ab\t n9ety p] c5t ( ! total nitrog5 pres5t 9 an arable soil w be r5d]$ soluble by successive treatm5t ) acid & alkali4 ,! rev]se treatm5t w give practically ! same result4 ,x is !re=e immat]ial1 f an analytical /&po9t1 :e!r ! acid or alkali be us$ fir/4 #dji4 ,e/imation ( ,volatile ,nitrog5\s ,comp\nds ,emitt$ by ,arable ,soil4--,! foll[+ me?od1 due to ,b]!lot & ,&r1#bgb may be practic$3 ,porcela9 pots1 conta9+ "o kilogram ( soil1 are plac$ "u bell-j>s ( fifty lit]s capacity adju/$ to glass di%es design$ to receive ! wat]s ( cond5sation4 ,dur+ ! fir/ p]iod ! pots are to be spr9kl$ f "t to "t1 dur+ ! duration ( ! exp]im5t1 ?r\gh ! upp] tubulature1 s z to prev5t ! soil f becom+ dry4 ,! wat] is p>tly cond5s$ on ! sides ( ! bell-j>4 ,x is remov$ ea* week ?r\gh ! inf]ior tubulature1 treat$ ) a little dilute sulfuric acid1 & pres]v$ = fur!r /udy4 ,a small vessel conta9+ dilute sulfuric acid is plac$ ne> ! porcela9 pot = ! purpose ( collect+1 z f> z possible1 ! evolv$ ammonia4 ,dur+ ! second p]iod ! pots are n spr9kl$1 ! soil becomes dry & !re is no long] any cond5sation ( wat] on ! walls ( ! bell-j>4 ,! two p]iods %\ld include ab\t five mon?s1 f ,may to ,octob]4 ,at ! end ( ! second p]iod ! foll[+ det]m9ations are to be made3 #a4 ,! ammonia absorb$ by ! dilute sulfuric acid4 #b4 ,! ammonia set free by di/illation ) magnesia1 su* z may h accumulat$ 9 ! cond5s$ wat]4 #c4 ,! organic nitrog5 conta9$ 9 ! latt] aft] elim9ation ( ! ammonia4 ,?is is det]m9$ by add+ a slight excess ( acid1 evaporation to dryness1 & combu/ion ) soda-lime1 or by moi/ combu/ion ) sulfuric acid4 ,example3 ,e>? ,employ$4--,"o kilogram ( s&y clay conta9+ total nitrog51 #j4ji gram4 ,nitrog5 9 spr9kl+ wat]1 #j4jjjjdh gram4 ,nitrog5 9 ,exhal$ ,products4-- ,,fir/ ,,p]iod4 ,,spr9kl+4 ,ammoniacal nitrog5 collect$ 9 ! dilute sulfuric #j4jjjab gram4 acid ,ammoniacal nitrog5 collect$ 9 ! cond5sation wat]s #j4jjjab ,organic nitrog5 9 cond5sation wat]s #j4jjbbj ---------------- ,sum #j4jjbdd ,,second ,,p]iod4 ,,no ,,spr9kl+4 ,ammoniacal nitrog5 9 dilute sulfuric acid #j4jjjjjg gram4 cond5s$ wat] #j4jjjjjg ,organic #j4jjjjdj ---------------- ,sum #j4jjjjed ,conclusions4--,! exhalation ( nitrog5\s comp\nds takes place ) a c]ta9 relative activity1 ab\t two milligrams 9 two mon?s & a half1 z long z ! soil is kept moi/ by spr9kl+4 ,9 ! second p]iod1 )\t spr9kl+1 ! exhalation is r$uc$ to a m]e trace4 ,! vessel conta9+ ! dilute sulfuric acid plac$ ne> ! porcela9 pot absorbs only ab\t "o-half ( ! ammoniacal nitrog5 set free4 ,! nitrog5 emitt$ "u o!r =ms ?an ammonia is1 9 e in/ance1 greatly sup]ior 9 quantity1 & ?is is ! mo/ important ( ! obs]v$ ph5om5a4 ,?is is true at lea/ ) ! k9d ( soil ) :i* ! exp]im5t 0 made4 ,) arable soil conta9+ tw5ty times z mu* nitrog5 z ! soil describ$ above ?is ord] is rev]s$1#bgc ! ammoniacal prevail+ ov] ! non-ammoniacal nitrog5 volatiliz$4 ,^! ph5om5a are d\btless greatly influ5c$ 9 soil "u culture by microbes1 & ! l[e/ ord]s ( vegetation to :i* are d\btless due ! traces ( non-ammoniacal volatile nitrog5\s comp\nds1 a sort ( vegetable ptoma9es4 #daj4 ,g5]al ,conclusions4--,9 ! light ( our pres5t k conc]n+ ! me?ods ( nitrog5 det]m9ation 9 ! soil 9 ! =m ( organic comp\nds & ammonia1 moi/ combu/ion ) sulfuric acid is to be pref]r$ to ! old] soda-lime process4 ,= ! nitrog5 comb9$ z ammonia1 ! extraction ( ! sample ) hydro*loric acid & subsequ5t di/illation ) an excess ( fre%ly calc9$ magnesia1 are recomm5d$4 ,= ! /udy ( ! progressive decomposition ( ! nitrog5\s comp\nds1 ! v>i\s processes devis$ by ,b]!lot & ,&r are ! be/4 ,! orig9 ( ! nitric acid 9 ! soil1 ! me?ods ( /udy+ ! v>i\s nitrify+ organisms1 & ( e/imat+ ! nitric acid produc$1 w =m ! subject ( ! next "p4 ,,note4--,at ! ,elev5? ,annual ,conv5tion ( ! ,association ( ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s1 held 9 ,wa%+ton1 ,augu/ #bc1 #bd & #be1 #ahid1 ! foll[+ process ( soil extraction 0 adopt$ z ! (ficial me?od3 ,prep>ation ( ! ,sample4--#ejj grams or m1 ( ! air-dri$ soil1 :i* may be ei!r ! orig9al soil or t :i* has be5 pass$ ?r\gh a sieve ( co>s] me%1 are sift$ ^u a sieve ) circul> op5+s "o-half millimet] 9 diamet]1 rubb+1 if necess>y1 ) a rubb] pe/le 9 a mort>1 until ! f9e e>? has be5 sep>at$ z completely z possible f ! p>ticles t are too co>se to pass ?r\gh ! sieve4 ,! f9e e>?s ?or\ghly mix$ & pres]v$ 9 a tightly /opp]$ bottle f :i* ! portions = analysis are weigh$ out4 ,! co>se "p is weigh$ & may be subject$ to fur!r exam9ation1 7z 9 ,bullet9 #ch1 ,div4 ( ,*em41 pp4 #fe1 #ge & #bjj47 ,x may sometimes be necess>y to wa% ! soil ?r\gh ! "o-half millimet] sieve ) wat]1 9 :i* case proce$ z direct$ on pp4 #fe & #ge ( ! above ,bullet94 ,! use ( wat] is to be avoid$ :5ev] possible4 ,det]m9ation ( ,moi/ure4--,heat two to five grams ( ! air-dri$ soil 9 a flat-bottom$1 t>$ plat9um di%2 heat = five h\rs 9 a wat]-ov5 kept briskly boil+2 cov] ! di%1 cool 9 a desiccator1 & weigh4 ,repeat ! heat+1 cool+1 & weigh+ at int]vals ( two h\rs till con/ant weight is f\nd1 & e/imate ! moi/ure by ! loss ( weight4 ,weigh rapidly to avoid absorption ( moi/ure f ! air4 ,an air-ba? mu/ n be us$ 9 ?is det]m9ation4 ,det]m9ation ( ,volatile ,matt]4--,! plat9um di% & soil us$ to det]m9e moi/ure are us$ also to det]m9e volatile matt]4 ,heat ! di% & dri$ soil to full r$ness until all organic matt] is burn$ away4 ,if ! soil conta9 appreciable quantities ( c>bonates1 ! cont5ts ( ! di%1 aft] cool+1 are to be moi/5$ ) a few drops ( a saturat$ solution ( ammonium c>bonate1 dri$ & heat$ to dull r$ness to expel ammonium salts1 cool$ 9 ! desiccator & weigh$4 ,! loss 9 weight repres5ts ! organic matt]1 wat] ( comb9ation1 ammonium salts1 etc4 ,extraction ( ,acid-,soluble ,mat]ials4--,9 ! foll[+ s*eme = soil analysis x is int5d$ to use ! air-dri$ soil f ! sample bottle = ea* sep>ate inve/igation4 ,! det]m9ation ( moi/ure1 made once = all on a sep>ate portion ( air-dri$ soil1 w af=d ! datum = calculat+ ! results ( analysis ^u ! soil dri$ at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]4 ,x is n desirable to ignite ! soil be=e analysis or to heat x s z to *ange its *emical prop]ties4 ,! acid dige/ion is to be p]=m$ 9 a flask s arrang$ t ! evaporation ( acid %all be r$uc$ to a m9imum1 b to take place "u atmosph]ic pressure & at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]4 ,any flask resi/ant to acids is suitable1 b x is n necess>y to use a cond5s]1 z a simple bohemian glass tube eighte5 in*es 9 l5g? w answ] ! purpose ( prev5t+ loss ( acid4 ,:]e x is n desir$ to det]m9e sulfur trioxid1 an erl5mey] fitt$ ) a rubb] /opp] & h>d glass tube w answ]4 ,! flask mu/ be imm]s$ 9 ! wat]-ba? up to ! neck or at lea/ to ! level ( ! acid & ! wat] mu/ be kept boil+ cont9u\sly dur+ ! dige/ion4 ,9 ! foll[+ s*eme1 t5 grams ( soil are tak51 ?is be+ a conv5i5t quantity 9 mo/ soils1 9 :i* ! insoluble matt] is ab\t eighty p] c5t4 ,if desir$1 a l>g] quantity ( su* soil may be tak51 us+ a proportionately l>g] quantity ( acid & mak+ up ! soil solution to a proportionately l>g] volume4 ,9 v s&y soils1 :]e ! proportion ( insoluble matt] is n9ety p] c5t or m1 tw5ty grams ( soil are to be dige/$ ) #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( acid & ! solution made up to #ejj cubic c5timet]s or a l>g] quantity may be us$1 pres]v+ ! same proportions4 ,x is v important t ! analy/ assure himself ( ! purity ( all ! reag5ts to be us$ 9 ! analysis ( soils be=e beg9n+ ! "w4 ,acid ,dige/ion ( ! ,soil4--,place t5 grams ( ! air-dri$ soil 9 a #aej to #bjj cubic c5timet] bohemian flask1 add #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( pure hydro*loric acid ( specific gravity #a4aae1 ins]t ! /opp] ) cond5s+ tube1 place 9 a wat] or /eam-ba? & dige/ = t5 h\rs cont9u\sly at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]1 %ak+ once ea* h\r4 ,p\r ! cle> liquid f ! flask into a small beak]1 wa% ! residue out ( ! flask ) di/ill$ wat] on a filt] add+ ! wa%+s to ! cont5ts ( ! beak]4 ,! residue aft] wa%+ until free ( acid1 is to be dri$ & ignit$ z direct$ bel[4 ,add "o or two cubic c5timet]s ( nitric acid to ! filtrate1 & evaporate to dryness on ! wat]-ba?1 f9i%+ on a s& or air-ba? to complete dryness2 take up ) hot wat] & a few cubic c5timet]s ( hydro*loric acid1 & aga9 evaporate to complete dryness4 ,take up z be=e1 filt] & wa% ?or\ghly ) cold wat] or ) hot wat] slightly acidifi$ at fir/ ) hydro*loric acid4 ,cool & make up to #ejj cubic c5timet]s4 ,?is is solution 8,a40 ,! residue is to be add$ to ! ma9 residue & ! :ole ignit$ & weigh$1 giv+ ! insoluble matt]4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! v>i\s compon5ts ( ! solution rema9s ess5tially z describ$ 9 ! provisional me?ods ( ! ,association :i* h already be5 giv54 ,x is direct$ t all results ( soil analysis be calculat$ on ! basis ( ! sample dri$ to con/ant weight at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]4 ,,au?orities ,,cit$ ,,9 ,,"p ,,six?4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique1 sixime s]ie1 ,tome #be1 pp4 #bib1 et seq4 ,footnote #aij3 ,l',analyse du ,sol1 p4 #ad4 #c4 ,die ,l&wirts*aftli*5 ,v]su*s-,/ation51 ,b& #ch1 ,s4 #caa4 ,footnote #aia3 ,bullet9 #ch1 ,*emical ,division ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 p4 #bja4 ,footnote #aib3 ,unt]su*ung ,l&wirts*aftli* und ,gew]bli* ,wi*tig] ,/(fe1 ,s4 #ad4 ,footnote #aic3 ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra4 ,footnote #aid3 ,vid4 op4 cit4 #a4 ,footnote #aie3 ,vid4 op4 cit4 #c1 ,b& #cg1 ,s4 #bgi4 ,footnote #aif3 ,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society1 ,septemb]1 #ahhj1 p4 #fag4 ,footnote #aig3 ,wanklyn1 ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 ,s]ies #e1 ,vol4 #e1 p4 #dff4 ,footnote #aih3 ,vid4 op4 cit4 #a4 ,footnote #aii3 ,trait d',analyse des ,matires ,agricoles1 p4 #adh4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,bullet9 #ch1 ,division ( ,*emi/ry1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 pp4 #hd1 et seq4 ,footnote #bja3 ,encyclop$ie ,*imique1 ,tome #d1 p4 #ahb4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,die ,l&wirts*aftli*5 ,v]su*s-,/ation51 ,b& #cg1 ,s4 #bhj4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 ,b& #bh1 ,s4 #bbi4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,comptes r5dus1 #ahij1 pp4 #bij1 et seq4 ,footnote #bje3 ,annales ,agronomiques1 #ahij1 p4 #eeh4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,bullet9 #ac1 ,division ( ,*emi/ry1 p4 #eij4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,bullet9 de la ,socit ,*imique1 ,s]ie #c1 ,tome #b1 pp4 #dhc1 et seq4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,zeits*rift fr analytis*e ,*emie1 ,b& #c1 ,s4 #afe4 ,footnote #bji3 ,pet]mann1 ,l',analyse du ,sol1 p4 #bj4 ,footnote #baj3 ,zeits*rift fr analytis*e ,*emie1 ,b& #c1 ,s4 #ib4 ,footnote #baa3 ,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society1 ,m>*1 #ahid1 p4 #ada4 ,footnote #bab3 ,agricultural ,sci5ce1 ,janu>y1 #ahid1 p4 #b4 ,footnote #bac3 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,vol4 #g1 #ahgd1 p4 #bj4 ,footnote #bad3 ,geological & ,agricultural ,report ( ,k5tucky1 ,vol4 #c4 ,footnote #bae3 ,bullet9 #ch1 ,division ( ,*emi/ry1 p4 #gg4 ,footnote #baf3 ,op4 cit4 supra1 p4 #hc4 ,footnote #bag3 ,die ,l&wirts*aftli*5 ,v]su*s-,/ation51 ,b& #cg1 ,s4 #caa4 ,footnote #bah3 ,zeits*rift fr analytis*e ,*emie1 ,b& #c1 ,s4 #ib4 ,footnote #bai3 ,trait d',analyse des ,matires ,agricoles1 p4 #add4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,op4 cit4 #bh1 pp4 #bjb1 et seq4 ,footnote #bba3 ,op4 cit4 #bh1 pp4 #gg1 et seq4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,op4 cit4 #bb1 p4 #ba4 ,footnote #bbc3 ,manuscript communication to au?or4 ,footnote #bbd3 ,annales de la ,sci5ce ,agronomique1 ,huitime ,anne1 ,tome #a1 p4 #bgh4 ,footnote #bbe3 ,die ,l&wirts*aftli*5 ,v]su*s-,/ation51 ,b& #cg1 ,s4 #caa4 ,footnote #bbf3 ,comptes r5dus1 #ahij1 p4 #bhi4 ,footnote #bbg3 ,?oms1 ,zur ,w]?s*tzung d] ,ack]]de1 ,s4 #abj4 ,footnote #bbh3 ,le ,/azioni ,sp]im5tali ,agr>ie ,italiane1 ,vol4 #af1 p4 #fgi4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,crookes' ,select ,me?ods 9 ,*emical ,analysis4 ,footnote #bcj3 ,*emik] ,zeitung1 ,b& #ac1 ,s4 #acia4 ,footnote #bca3 ,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique1 s]ie sixime1 ,tome #ae1 p4 #cji4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,vid4 op4 cit4 #cg1 pp4 #bgj1 et seq4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,*emik] ,zeitung1 ,b& #ac1 ,s4 #gbf4 ,footnote #bcd3 ,die ,agrikultur ,*emis*e ,v]su*s-,/ation1 ,halle1 a_/,s41 ,s4 #hj4 ,footnote #bce3 ,comptes r5dus1 ,tome #ajg1 pp4 #iii & #aaej4 ,footnote #bcf3 ,die ,l&wirts*aftli*5 ,v]su*s-,/ation51 ,b& #da1 ,s4 #dec4 ,footnote #bcg3 ,bullet9 de la ,socit ,*imique de ,p>is1 #ahic1 p4 #cdc4 ,footnote #bch3 ,die ,agrikultur ,v]su*s-,/ation1 ,halle1 a_/,s41 ,s4 #gj4 ,footnote #bci3 ,op4 cit4 supra41 ,s4 #fh4 ,footnote #bdj3 ,op4 cit4 #cg1 p4 #bfg4 ,footnote #bda3 ,l',analyse du ,sol1 p4 #bj4 ,footnote #bdb3 ,op4 cit4 #a1 pp4 #cjc1 et seq4 ,footnote #bdc3 ,op4 cit4 #dj1 ,s4 #aad4 ,footnote #bdd3 ,bullet9 #ch1 ,division ( ,*emi/ry1 p4 #hj4 ,footnote #bde3 ,zeits*rift fr analytis*e ,*emie1 ,b& #c1 ,s4 #ib4 ,footnote #bdf3 ,*emis*es ,c5tralblatt1 #ahfa1 p4 #c4 ,footnote #bdg3 ,b]i*te d] deuts*5 *emis*5 ,gesells*aft1 ,b& #bf1 ,s4 #chf4 ,footnote #bdh3 ,manuscript communication to au?or4 ,footnote #bdi3 ,op4 cit4 #cg1 p4 #bhe4 ,footnote #bej3 ,op4 cit4 #dd1 pp4 #cje1 et seq4 ,footnote #bea3 ,die ,l&wirts*aftli*5 ,v]su*s-,/ation51 ,b& #cg1 ,s4 #bhd4 ,footnote #beb3 ,op4 et loc4 cit4 #eh4 ,footnote #bec3 ,op4 et loc4 cit4 #da4 ,footnote #bed3 ,op4 et loc4 cit4 #cg4 ,footnote #bee3 ,op4 et loc4 cit4 #eh4 ,footnote #bef3 ,l',analyse du ,sol1 p4 #ag4 ,footnote #beg3 ,op4 cit4 #dd1 p4 #cjh4 ,footnote #beh3 ,op4 cit4 #cg4 ,footnote #bei3 ,op4 cit4 #fd1 ,b& #dj1 ,s4 #bea4 ,footnote #bfj3 ,bullet9 de la ,socit ,*imique1 ,may1 #ahia1 pp4 #fdc1 et seq4 ,footnote #bfa3 ,bullet9 #ch1 ,division ( ,*emi/ry1 p4 #bjd4 ,footnote #bfb3 ,bullet9 #ch1 ,division ( ,*emi/ry1 p4 #ha4 ,footnote #bfc3 ,op4 cit4 #dd1 ,m>*1 #ahia1 pp4 #cic1 et seq4 ,footnote #bfd3 ,op4 cit4 #eh1 ,b& #ca1 ,s4 #ebe4 ,footnote #bfe3 ,relatorio ,annual d ,in/ituo ,agronomico d ,e/ado de ,san ,paulo 7,brazil71 #ahib1 p4 #ajg4 ,footnote #bff3 ,op4 cit4 #cg1 pp4 #bec1 et4 seq4 ,footnote #bfg3 ,op4 cit4 #dd1 ,tome1 #be1 pp4 #bii1 et seq4 ,footnote #bfh3 ,pet]mann1 ,l',analyse du ,sol1 p4 #ag4 ,footnote #bfi3 ,op4 et4 loc4 cit4 #gf4 ,footnote #bgj3 ,die ,l&wirts*aftli*5 ,v]su*s-,/ation51 ,b& #cc1 ,ss4 #bdg1 et seq4 ,footnote #bga3 ,op4 cit4 #dd1 ,tome #be1 pp4 #cbg1 et seq4 ,footnote #bgb3 ,op4 cit4 #dd1 ,tome #be1 pp4 #ccj1 et seq4 ,footnote #bgc3 ,op4 et loc4 cit4 supra4 ,,"p ,,sev5?4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,e/imation ,,( ,,oxidiz$ ,,nitrog5 ,,9 ,,soils1 ,,ra9 ,,& ,,dra9age ,,wat]s4 #daa4 ,introductory ,consid]ations4--,! e/imation ( oxidiz$ nitrog5 9 ! soil w\ld prop]ly f9d a place 9 ! prec$+ "p2 b on acc\nt ( ! late progress 9 our k ( ! s\rce ( ?is indisp5sable & co/ly plant food x has become necess>y to give x especial att5tion4 ,! pres5t "p w1 !re=e1 be devot$ to a brief /atem5t ( our pres5t k 9 respect ( ! orig9 ( oxidiz$ nitrog51 a description ( ! nitrify+ f]m5ts & me?ods = _! isolation & det]m9ation & f9ally ! mo/ approv$ me?ods ( e/imat+ ! ammonia1 nitr\s1 & nitric acids =m$ !reby bo? 9 ! soil & ! wat]s p]ta9+ !reto or proce$+ !refrom4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to caution ! read] n to consid] ?is "p 9 any s5se a treatise on ! bact]ia active 9 soil *emi/ry4 ,its object is r to place 9 ! h&s ( ! soil analy/ data :i* w enable him to intellig5tly /udy ! soil ph5om5a dep5d+ on ^! organisms & to det]m9e ! ext5t & "* ( _! biological & *emical functions4 ,^! are matt]s :i*1 up to ! pres5t "t1 h f\nd no place 9 manuals d$icat$ to agricultural analysis4 #dab4 ,organic ,nitrog5 9 ! ,soil4--,) ! exception ( ! small quantities ( nitric acid add$ to ! soil directly by ra9 wat]1 ! :ole ( ! supply ( ?is sub/ance is d]iv$ f ! products ( ! oxidation ( nitrog5\s bodies4 ,^! products are ei!r /or$ z ! results ( pa/ nitrification or are =m$ syn*ron\sly ) _! consumption by ! gr[+ plant4 ,nitrog5\s comp\nds are pres5t z organic vegetable or animal rema9s & z humus4 ,all vegetable & animal mat]ial deposit$ 9 or on ! soil conta9s m or less ( ^! proteid or nitrog5\s matt]s :ile ! am\nt ( nitric acid suppli$ 9 ?is way is probably repres5t$ entirely by ! quantity 9 ! organism ( ! plant or animal & unabsorb$ at ! "t ( its dea?4 ,9 o!r words x is n demon/rat$ t nitrates or nitrites are 9 any s5se a special product ( plant gr[? save 9 ! case ( nitrify+ organisms !mselves :i* are suppos$ to be ( a vegetable nature4 ,animal organisms d n 9 any s5se assimilate nitric nitrog54 ,) mo/ plants1 ! quantity ( proteid nitrog5 :i* !y c deliv] to ! soil is 9 no case great] ?an ! sum ( organic & nitric nitrog5 suppli$ 9 _! food & !y c !re=e be reg>d$ only z ! c>ri]s & cons]v]s ( ?is sub/ance4 ,on ! o!r h& !re are "s plants notably ^? belong+ to ! legum9\s family :i* p]mit ( ! developm5t on _! rootlets ( colonies ( bact]ia :i* h ! faculty ( r5d]+ atmosph]ic nitrog5 available = plant gr[?4 ,:e!r or n !re exi/ plants o!r ?an ! micro-organisms m5tion$ :i* are capable ( directly oxidiz+ & fix+ atmosph]ic nitrog5 is /ill an unansw]$ "q4 ,x is n probable1 h[ev]1 t ! difficult task ( oxidiz+ atmosph]ic or free nitrog5 w\ld be accompli%$ 9 nature 9 only "o way4 ,9 fact x has already be5 e/abli%$ t organisms d exi/ :i* are capable ( oxidiz+ free nitrog5 9 a mann] :olly indep5d5t ( o!r plant life & to produce weighable quantities ( nitric acid :5 develop$ 9 m$ia ( m9]al matt]s & pure c>bohydrates to :i* free nitrog5 has access4 ,x is1 !re=e1 fair to assume t ! fixation ( free nitrog5 is a function ( *emical activity q indep5d5t ( ord9>y plant life & t ! legum9\s plants take no fur!r "p 9 ?is process ?an t ( provid+ 9 _! radical developm5t a favorable nidus = ! gr[? ( ! nitrify+ organism4 ,by ! action ( d5itrify+ organisms a portion ( ! nitrog5 ( nitric acid is con/antly re/or$ to a free /ate1 a f> l>g] portion1 p]haps1 ?an is fix$ 9 ! atmosph]e itself by ! action ( electricity4 ,7 x n1 !re=e1 = ! activity ( ! nitrify+ f]m5ts ! /ores ( nitrog5 available = gr[+ plants w\ld con/antly become less4 ,in/ead ( ?is be+ ! case1 h[ev]1 x is probable t ! contr>y is true & t1 by a wise sy/em ( agriculture1 ! total nitrog5 at ! disposal ( plants may become great] & great] 9 quantity4 #dac4 ,developm5t ( ,nitric & ,nitr\s ,acids 9 ,soils4--,ow+ to ! solubility ( nitrates !re c be b little accumulation ( !m 9 soils 9 ^? c\ntries :]e !re is any consid]able am\nt ( ra9-fall4 ,on ! o!r h& 9 arid regions !re may be f\nd ext5sive deposits ( nitrates4 ,! occurr5ce ( a c]ta9 quantity ( nitrates 9 ! soil1 h[ev]1 is ess5tial to ! gr[? ( plants4 ,until )9 a few ye>s little 0 kn[n ( ! orig9 ( nitric acid 9 ! soil4 ,! pres5ce ( nitrates 9 dra9age wat]s 0 well e/abli%$1 likewise ! consumption ( nitric acid by ! gr[+ plant1 b ! me?od ( its supply 0 unkn[n4 ,9 a g5]al way x 0 said t ! nitric acid came f electrical action & ! oxidation ( ! album9\s bodies 9 ! soil1 b )\t specify+ ! mann] 9 :i* ?is *ange takes place4 ,! rese>*es ( ,s*loes+ & ,mntz1 ( ,spr+]1 ,w9ogradsky1 ,frankl&1 ,w>+ton & o!rs h demon/rat$ ! fact t ?is oxidation is caus$ by means ( bact]ia & t ! nitrates =m$ c be consum$ & de/roy$ by o!r species ( ?is organism4 ,9 ! "o case ! process has be5 call$ nitrification & 9 ! o!r d5itrification4#bgd ,! influ5ce ( ^! l[ organisms bo? 9 produc+ f]tility 9 a soil & ma9ta9+ x 9 a /ate ( f]tility is ( ! highe/ importance4 #dad4 ,conditions ,necess>y = ,nitrification4--,9 ord] to prop]ly und]/& ! reasons = _m ( ! /eps 9 inve/igat+ a soil = nitrify+ organisms1 x w be useful to /ate ! g5]al conditions on :i* nitrification dep5ds4 ,! nitrify+ organism1 l e o!r "o1 fir/ ( all feels ! necessity = food4 ,9 g5]al1 food :i* is giv5 to microbes ( all k9ds consi/s ( "s organic matt] toge!r ) ! addition ( m9]al sub/ances necess>y to gr[?4 ,^! sub/ances 9 g5]al are phosphoric acid1 pota%1 & lime4 ,( ^! articles ( bact]ial food phosphoric acid seems to be ! mo/ important4 ,) ! nitrify+ organisms1 h[ev]1 x has be5 f\nd t ! organic matt] c be omitt$4 ,9 fact1 z w be se5 fur!r on1 ! omission ( organic matt] supplies ! be/ condition = ! prop] isolation ( ! organisms4 ,9 o!r words "s =ms ( ! nitrify+ organisms h ! prop]ty ( subsi/+ :olly on m9]al sub/ances1 i4 e41 are true vegetables4 ,! pres5ce ( oxyg5 is also necess>y to ! gr[? ( ! common nitro-organisms4 ,9 an atmosph]e depriv$ ( oxyg5 or 9 :i* ! oxyg5 is r$uc$ to a v l[ p]c5tage1 ! process ( nitrification is ret>d$ or /opp$ z ! oxyg5 dim9i%es or disappe>s4 ,! pres5ce ( a base ) :i* ! nitr\s or nitric acid =m$ may unite is also ess5tial to ! prop] conduct ( ! process4 ,= ?is reason ! nitrification %\ld take place 9 a solution :i* is feebly alkal9e or 9 ! pres5ce ( a base :i* c be easily decompos$ s t no acidity c take place4 ,calcium c>bonate is a base well suit$ to favor ! nitrify+ process & its pres5ce 9 a soil favors ! rapid oxidation ( proteid matt]4 ,! mi/ake mu/ n be made1 h[ev]1 ( suppos+ t an excess ( alkali w\ld favor nitrification4 ,! contr>y is true4 ,a slight excess ( alkali may prev5t nitrification altoge!r :5 x is due to ! common organisms pres5t 9 an arable soil4 ,x may be t 9 soils *>g$ ) alkali a diff]5t organism exi/s :i* is capable ( ex]cis+ its functions :5 ! alkali is 9 excess4 ,! temp]ature to :i* ! nitrify+ body is subject$ is also a matt] ( importance4 ,! nitrify+ organisms h ! prop]ty ( rema9+ active at l[] temp]atures ?an mo/ bodies ( _! class4 ,on ! contr>y _! action is ret>d$ & de/roy$ by high temp]atures4 ,! mo/ favorable temp]ature = nitrification is ab\t t ( blood heat2 viz41 #cg4 ,at #ej ! organism %[s v little activity & at #ee its activity ceases altoge!r4 ,nitrification1 h[ev]1 accord+ to ,w>+ton1 _c be />t$ 9 a solution if ! initial temp]ature is #dj4 ,desiccation has ! same ret>d+ influ5ce on nitrification t a high temp]ature has4 ,ev5 ?or\ghly air-dry+ a soil may de/roy its nitrify+ qualities4 ,d>kness is also necess>y to ! prop] progress ( nitrification4 ,9 a /rong light1 ! activity ( ! organism is v mu* dim9i%$ or de/roy$ altoge!r4 ,a bright light l sun%9e may ev5 /op nitrification :i* has set 94 #dae4 ,effect ( ,potassium ,salts on ,rate ( ,nitrification4--,dumont & ,cro*etelle h describ$ "s exp]im5ts to det]m9e ! effect ( potassium salts alone & 9 comb9ation ) lime on nitrification4#bge ,soil ri* 9 vegetable mold 7#ah4e p] c5t ( humus & #j4bi p] c5t ( lime7 0 treat$ ) v>y+ am\nts ( potassium sulfate & c>bonate & kept = tw5ty days at #be4 ,9 ! untreat$ soil ! am\nt ( nitric acid produc$ 0 tw5ty-five p>ts p] million4 ,:5 potassium c>bonate 0 appli$ 9 quantities ( f "o-t5? to six p] c5t ! am\nt ( nitric acid increas$ f =ty-sev5 p>ts p] million to #dch p>ts :5 f\r & "o-half p] c5t ( ! potassium salt 7 us$4 ,l>g] quantities caus$ a decrease 9 ! am\nt ( nitric acid produc$4 ,v little effect1 on ! contr>y1 0 produc$ by ! action ( potassium sulfate4 ,:5 "o-half p] c5t 0 employ$ ! quantity ( nitric acid =m$ rose to fifty p>ts p] million1 :ile ) quantities z high z five p] c5t x fell bel[ ! normal2 viz41 tw5ty-five p>ts p] million4 ,:5 calcium c>bonate 0 add$ to ! soil 9 conjunction ) potassium sulfate !re 0 a m>k$ increase 9 ! am\nt ( nitrog5 oxidiz$4 ,! activity ( potassium sulfate 9 promot+ nitrification is !re=e increas$ by ! pres5ce ( ! calcium salt1 potassium c>bonate & calcium sulfate be+ =m$4 #daf4 ,production ( ,nitr\s & ,nitric ,acids4--,9 ! foll[+ pages ! /udy ( ! me?ods ( isolat+ ! nitr\s & nitric f]m5ts w be consid]$ z "o process1 ! f9al isolation ( ! two classes ( bodies be+ ! result ( _! syn*ron\s cultivation 9 appropriate m$ia4 ,! special process ( ! production ( ammonia by oxidation is n s well-kn[n1 & w !re=e be describ$ 9 brief4 ,x is n[ g5]ally conc$$ t ! action ( ! nitr\s organism is prec$5t to t ( ! nitric1 b ! two processes g on s ne>ly toge!r z to prev5t ! accumulation ( any l>ge quantities ( ! l[] salt 9 ! soil4 ,:e!r or n ! =mation ( ammonia prec$es t ( nitr\s acid is /ill a subject = exp]im5tal demon/ration4 ,*emically1 bo? nitr\s acid & ammonia may be produc$ by ! r$uction ( nitric acid4 ,9 nature1 ! rev]se ( ?is process may be ! cu/om>y me?od4 #dag4 ,production ( ,ammonia 9 ! ,soil by ! ,action ( ,microbes4--,x is highly probable t organic nitrog5 9 ! soil 9 pass+ into ! =m ( nitric acid exi/s at "s p]iod ( ! process 9 ! =m ( ammonia4 ,m>*al has isolat$ & /udi$ "s ( ^! ammonia-mak+ bact]ia4#bgf ,bacillus mycoides is ! mo/ active ( ^! organisms4 ,x occurs con/antly 9 surface soils & is pres5t 9 ! air & 9 natural wat]s4 ,9 decompos+ album5 x produces a /rongly alkal9e solution due to ammonium c>bonate4 ,organic c>bon1 dur+ ?is process1 is conv]t$ *iefly into c>bon dioxid1 b small quantities ( =mic1 propionic1 & butyric acids are also produc$4 ,any organic sulfur :i* is pres5t is conv]t$ into acid4 ,no hydrog5 or nitrog5 is elim9at$ 9 a free /ate4 ,:ile slight alkal9ity is favorable to ! developm5t ( ?is bact]ium1 yet x may be propagat$ 9 a feeble sulfuric acid solution :5 ! acid is less ?an "o p] c5t4 ,! greate/ activity ( ?is organism is manife/$ at #cj4 ,bel[ #e & above #db no ammonia is produc$4 ,! bacillus w n develop 9 an atmosph]e ( hydrog5 or c>bon dioxid1 except 9 solutions ( organic matt] & nitrate4 ,9 addition to its action on egg album5 x decomposes o!r proteid bodies z well z leuc91 tyros91 creat91 & asp>ag94 ,x1 h[ev]1 does n oxidize urea1 nor does x develop 9 solutions ( ammonium salts & nitrates1 except z m5tion$ above4 ,:5 soluble c>bohydrates are pres5t1 acids are =m$4 ,x is conclud$ f ^! exp]im5ts t ! f9al oxidation ( organic nitrog5\s matt] is prec$$ by its conv]sion into ammonium c>bonate4 #dah4 ,summ>y ( ,/atem5ts4--,all nitrog5\s matt]s :i* w\ld be naturally pres5t 9 ! soil may become subject to nitrification :5 ! prop] conditions are suppli$4 ,munro has also succe$$ 9 nitrify+ e?ylam91 ?iocyanates1 & gelat91 urea1 asp>ag91 & ! album9oids ( milk & rapese$4 ,! products ( nitrification are ammonia1 nitr\s or nitric acid1 c>bon dioxid1 & wat]4 ,! ammonia & nitr\s acid may n appe> 9 soils z ! f9al products ( nitrification1 z ! nitric organism attacks ! latt] at once & conv]ts x into nitric acid4 ,nitr\s acid & ammonia may also be produc$ 9 soils z "o ( ! retrograde /eps 9 d5itrification4 ,to summ>ize ! conditions necess>y = nitrification x may be said t fir/1 ! prop] mat]ial mu/ be suppli$2 viz41 an organic or inorganic nitrog5\s comp\nd capable ( oxidation4 ,9 ! second place1 ! m$ium mu/ be fa9tly alkal9e1 ! temp]ature mu/ n be too high1 ! nitrify+ organisms mu/ h abundant food1 & ! process mu/ take place 9 ! d>k4 #dai4 ,ord] ( ,oxidation4--,x is q def9itely det]m9$ t activity ( ! ammoniacal & nitr\s organisms is ! fir/ /ep 9 ! process1 s9ce ! nitric organism appe>s to h no p[] :atev] to oxidize proteid comp\nds2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! nitr\s organism c n1 9 any case1 complete ! conv]sion ( nitr\s into nitric acid4 ,! conditions :i* p]mit c]ta9 organisms to oxidize free nitrog5 h n be5 def9itely det]m9$4 ,! pres5ce ( su* bodies 9 ! tub]cles atta*$ to ! rootlets ( c]ta9 legum9\s plants has be5 e/abli%$4 ,lately1 ,w9ogradsky has isolat$ f ! soil a nitrify+ organism :i* is capable ( conv]t+ free nitrog5 into =ms suit$ to n\ri% plant gr[?4 ,?is organism is cultivat$ 9 dextrose ) c>eful exclusion ( all nitrog51 save t :i* exi/s 9 ! air c>efully fre$ ( e trace ( ammonia or oxidiz$ nitrog54 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ! gr[? ( ?is organism ! sug> und]goes a butyric f]m5tation1 & nitrog5 9 an oxidiz$ =m is assimilat$ 9 an am\nt app>5tly equal to ab\t "o five-hundr$? ( ! sug> consum$4 ,?is result leads ,w>+ton#bgg to rem>k t x is a fact ( extraord9>y int]e/1 bo? to ! physiologi/ & *emi/1 t a vegetable organism %\ld be able to acquire f ! air all ! nitrog5 x ne$s4 #dbj4 ,! ,nitrification ( ,ammonia4--,! same organism :i* conv]ts organic nitrog5 into nitr\s acid acts also on ammonia & its comp\nds ) a simil> result4 ,9 fact1 ! =mation ( ammonia may be reg>d$ z "o ( ! /ages on ! road f album9oid to nitric nitrog54 ,data h be5 collect$ by ,s*loes+ on ! nitrification ( ammonia tak+ place 9 arable soil1 t5d+ to %[ t ?is ph5om5on is accompli%$ )\t appreciable loss ( nitrog5 9 ! gase\s /ate4#bgh ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n hold good :5 ! quantity ( ammonium c>bonate introduc$ into ! e>? is l>gely increas$4 ,9 two exp]im5ts1 conduct$ by ,s*loes+1 ) a l>g] quantity ( ammonium c>bonate1 ! loss ( nitrog5 0 v notable4 ,9 c]ta9 conditions ! production ( nitr\s acid may take place1 & x is int]e/+ to "k :e!r ! appe>ance ( nitrites has any influ5ce on ! dis5gagem5t ( free nitrog54 ,9 ord] to det]m9e ?is "q a solution ( calcium nitrite 0 prep>$ by decompos+ silv] nitrite ) calcium *lorid4 ,f ! results ( ! exp]im5ts made x 0 se5 t ! nitrites 7 only ! results ( a ret>d$ & p>tially incomplete nitrification4 ,!y are1 moreov]1 ?us an ob/acle to ! normal "w ( ! nitrify+ organisms4 ,x is also e/abli%$ t :5 !y are pres5t a dis5gagem5t ( gase\s nitrog5 takes place1 :e!r ! nitrites are =m$ dur+ ! progress ( ! exp]im5t1 or :e!r !y 7 orig9ally pres5t4 ,h[ev]1 x is n be/ to say t ! nitrites !mselves h be5 ! cause ( ! dis5gagem5t ( ! nitrog54 ,x may happ5 t ! dis5gagem5t ( ! nitrog5 & ! pres5ce ( nitrites are simply simultane\s & due to "o & ! same cause4 ,! de/ruction ( nitrates 9 ! mid/ ( r$uc+ ag5ts furni%es1 accord+ to ! nature ( ^! bodies & ! circum/ances1 nitr\s acid1 nitrog5 dioxid1 nitrog5 protoxid1 free nitrog51 & ev5 ammonia4 ,?is de/ruction ( nitrates & ! appe>ance ( oxids ( nitrog5 & ( free nitrog5 are m likely to be due to ! pres5ce ( a sep>ate d5itrify+ f]m5t z po9t$ out by ,spr+] ?an to h aris5 9 ! mann] m5tion$ above by ,s*loes+4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 moreov]1 we c h>dly reg>d ! pres5ce ( nitrites z an ob/acle to complete nitrification4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x seems to be well e/abli%$ t ! production ( nitrites or ammonia is a necess>y /ep betwe5 organic nitrog5 & nitric acid4 #dba4 ,occurr5ce ( ,nitrify+ ,organisms4--,accord+ to ! obs]vations ( ,s*loes+ & ,mntz ! nitrify+ organisms are widely di/ribut$4#bgi ,arable soil conta9+ consid]able humus seems to be ! m$ium 9 :i* !y gr[ mo/ freely & 9 :i* !y accompli% _! mo/ important functions4 ,sewage wat]s are also ri* 9 nitrify+ f]m5ts1 &1 9 fact1 all wat]s conta9+ organic matt]4 ,!y are also f\nd 9 runn+ wat]s b n 9 great numb]s4 ,!y affect *iefly ! surface ( bodies1 & especially are f\nd on ! bottom ( culture-flasks4 ,^! au?ors h n f\nd ! nitrify+ organisms 9 normal air4 ,!y c\ld n se$ /]iliz$ flasks by admitt+ air freely4 ,! abs5ce ( ^! f]m5ts f ! air is expla9$ by reason ( _! s5sitiv5ess to desiccation4 ,! me?od us$ by ,s*loes+ & ,mntz = ! sep>ation ( ! organism consi/$ 9 ! prep>ation ( orig9al & subcultures 9 /]iliz$ solutions conta9+ nitrifiable matt]s4 ,! pro( ( isolation 0 assum$ :5 a giv5 subculture conta9$ only "o k9d ( organism z se5 ) ! microscope4 ,! appe>ance ( ?is organism1 z describ$ by ! au?ors1 0 t ( ! lat] isolations by ,w>+ton & ,w9ogradsky1 b ! me?od us$ c\ld h>dly n[ be reg>d$ z decisive4 #dbb4 ,det]m9ation ( ,nitrify+ ,p[] ( ,soils4--,9 /udy+ ! di/ribution ( ! nitrify+ organisms 9 a soil ! g5]al me?od ( proc$ure is bas$ on ! production ( nitrification 9 a conv5i5t solution by ! organisms pres5t 9 a giv5 sample ( soil4 ,if ! solution se$$ ) ! giv5 portion ( soil rema9 unaffect$1 x w %[ t !re 7 no nitrify+ organisms pres5t 9 ! se$ us$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! vigor ( ! nitrify+ process :5 once x is />t$1 may be tak5 z an evid5ce ( ! numb] & activity ( ! organisms 9 ! soil1 a sample ( :i* 0 us$ = se$4 #dbc4 ,composition ( ! ,culture ,m$ium4--,! solution recomm5d$ by ,w>+ton = ! culture & isolation ( ! nitrify+ f]m5ts has ! foll[+ composition3 ,ammonium *lorid #hj milligrams4 ,sodium potassium t>trate #hj ,potassium phosphate #dj ,magnesium sulfate #bj calcium c>bonate ab\t #bjj ,pure bact]ia-free wat] to make "o lit]4 #dbd4 ,app>atus & ,manipulation4--,! exp]im5ts are conduct$ 9 %ort1 wide-m\!d bottles4 ,! initial volume ( ! solution 9 ea* bottle is #ajj cubic c5timet]s1 & ! bottle %\ld be ( su* size z to give a dep? ( liquid ( f ?ree to five c5timet]s4 ,! neck ( ! bottle is clos$ ) a plug ( cotton & ?is is protect$ f du/ by ty+ ov] x a cap ( filt] pap]4 ,arrang$ 9 ?is way1 filt]$ air has free access to ! solution4 ,! bottle ) ! solution ?us protect$ is plac$ 9 a wat]-ov5 & kept ne> ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat] = six to eight h\rs to de/roy any organisms pres5t4 ,:5 cool1 ! solution is ready = use4 ,! calcium c>bonate us$ %\ld be prep>$ by precipitation & add$ 9 a moi/ /ate4 ,! calcium c>bonate solution %\ld be add$ aft] ! /]ilization ( ! liquid1 ! precipitat$ c>bonate be+ boil$ j be=e x is add$4 ,prep>ation ( ,se$4--,! se$ employ$ to />t ! nitrification %\ld be a small quantity ( fre% soil1 usually ab\t "o-t5? ( a gram4 ,if a previ\sly nitrifi$ solution be us$ = se$ x %\ld be ?or\ghly %ak5 & ab\t "o cubic c5timet] ( ! solution remov$ = se$+ ! new bottle4 ,9 introduc+ ! nitrify+ liquor into ! bottle ! plug %\ld be lift$ slightly & a small pipette ins]t$ by means ( :i* ! liquor is add$4 ,! op]ation %\ld be c>ri$ on 9 a room p]fectly free f du/ & to :i* no "o b ! op]ator has access4 ,! greate/ c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ to prev5t any p>ticles ( matt] ent]+ ! solution except t :i* is purposely add$4 ,9 )draw+ ! liquor f ! nitrify+ solution cotton wool %\ld be press$ ar\nd ! top ( ! pipette s t ! ent]+ air may be filt]$ be=e admission to ! int]ior ( ! bottle4 ,! pipette :i* is us$ %\ld be kept 9 boil+ wat] until x is requir$ = use4 ,aft] use x %\ld be wa%$ & replac$ 9 boil+ wat] until aga9 requir$4 ,aft] se$+1 ! bottles %\ld be plac$ 9 a d>k cupbo>d & expos$ to ! ord9>y temp]ature ( ! laboratory4 ,if a high] or /at$ temp]ature be desir$1 ! bottle %\ld be plac$ 9 a metal box ! temp]ature ( :i* c be regulat$ to any degree4 ,te/ ( ! ,comm5cem5t ( ,nitrification4--,! beg9n+ ( ! nitrification c be det]m9$ 9 a solution by te/+ x ) diph5ylam94 ,"o cubic c5timet] ( ! solution )drawn z above indicat$1 is plac$ 9 a small beak]1 a drop ( solution ( diph5ylam9 sulfate 9 sulfuric acid add$1 & !n two cubic c5timet]s ( conc5trat$ sulfuric acid & ! cont5ts ( ! beak] well %ak54 ,! developm5t ( a violet-blue color %[s ! pres5ce ( nitric or nitr\s acid4 ,?is te/ w detect "o "p ( nitric nitrog5 9 tw5ty million ( wat]4 ,det]m9+ ! ,progress ( ,nitrification4--,! progress ( nitrification is det]m9$ by repeat$ exam9ations = ammonia by nessl]iz+1 & = nitr\s acid ) metaph5yl5$iam94 ,ea* exp]im5t is made ) five cubic c5timet]s ( ! solution )drawn z above indicat$ & plac$ 9 te/-tubes1 always ( ! same size4 ,! reaction ) ! nessl] solution is !n made by add+ x 9 ! usual way4 ,! colorations are record$ z1 trace1 small1 mod]ate1 consid]able1 l>ge1 & abundant4 ,if ! *ange produc$ by ! organism consi/$ 9 ! =mation ( nitrites only1 ! ammonia 9 ! orig9al solution w\ld fall f l>ge to trace1 :ile ! nitr\s acid w\ld increase f trace to l>ge4 ,if ! nitrification consi/$ 9 ! production ( nitrates only1 ! ammonia w\ld dim9i% )\t any correspond+ production ( nitr\s acid4 ,9 "m solutions :i* conta9 ammonium c>bonate in/ead ( sulfate1 x %\ld n be =gott5 t ! ammonia might gradually disappe> ow+ to ! volatilization ( ! c>bonate )\t any correspond+ production ( free nitrites or nitrates4 ,! complete disappe>ance ( ! ammonia 9 ! above exp]im5ts %[s ! completion ( ! process4 #dbe4 ,to ,det]m9e ! ,di/ribution ( ! ,nitrify+ ,organism 9 ! ,soil4--,! pr9ciple on :i* ! det]m9ation ( ! di/ribution ( ! nitrify+ organism 9 ! soil dep5ds1 re/s ^u se$+ ! gr[? solutions ) samples ( soil tak5 at diff]5t dep?s & c>efully protect$ f ! "t ( sampl+ until ! "t ( se$+ f any admixture ( accid5tal organisms4 ,! me?od ( ,w>+ton is ! simple/ & be/ to foll[4#bhj ,! samples ( soil are tak5 by digg+ a pit ( conv5i5t dep? usually f eight to t5 feet4 ,a fre% surface is !n cut on "o ( ! sides ( ! pit at ! spot select$ = sampl+4 ,?is surface is scrap$ ) a fre%ly ignit$ plat9um spatula4 ,! spatula %\ld !n be wa%$1 re-ignit$1 & cool$1 & a small portion ( ! soil1 at ! dep? requir$1 deta*$ ) ! spatula & transf]r$ at once into "o ( ! gr[? bottles already describ$4 ,! gr[? solution be/ suit$ = ! purpose conta9s f\r cubic c5timet]s ( ur9e p] lit]4 ,ea* bottle %\ld also conta9 "s fre%ly precipitat$ calcium c>bonate4 ,9 /]iliz+ ur9e solutions ! calcium c>bonate %\ld be add$ be=e ! heat+ in/ead ( aft]w>ds4 ,! quantity ( soil tak5 = ea* se$+ %\ld be ab\t "o-t5? ( a gram4 ,inasmu* z ! cotton /opp] has to be lift$ to introduce ! soil1 opportunity is giv5 = ! entrance ( any organisms float+ 9 ! air4 ,exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 has %[n t air free f soil du/ v seldom conta9s nitrify+ organisms4 ,! se$$ bottles are plac$ 9 a d>k cupbo>d ( mod]ate temp]ature z already describ$4 #dbf4 ,/]iliz$ ,ur9e ,solution4--,! /]iliz$ ur9e solution us$ = ! det]m9ation ( ! di/ribution ( ! nitrify+ organisms 9 ! soil1 is made by tak+ f\r cubic c5timet]s ( heal?y ur9e1 dilut+ to "o lit]1 add+ "s fre%ly precipitat$ calcium c>bonate1 /opp]+ ) cotton wool & heat+ = sev]al h\rs at ! boil+ temp]ature ( wat]4 ,z a result ( ,w>+ton's exp]im5ts x 0 %[n t ! nitrify+ organism 9 ! soil did n exi/1 at lea/ 9 portions ( "o-t5? ( a gram1 to a great] dep? ?an eighte5 in*es4 ,9 only "o case 0 nitrification produc$ f a sample ( soil tak5 at a great] dep? & ?is may h be5 due to ! accid5tal introduction ( organisms f o!r s\rces4 ,x may be assum$ t any long delay 9 ! comm5cem5t ( nitrification "u favorable conditions1 implies ! pres5ce ( a v limit$ quantity ( organisms 9 ! solution4 ,?us a comp>ative /udy ( ! p]iod ( incubation & ! progress ( nitrification 9 solutions se$$ ) soils tak5 at diff]5t dep?s or at diff]5t places1 becomes a fair index ( ! numb] & vitality ( ! nitrify+ organisms conta9$ !re94 #dbg4 ,dep? to ,:i* ,micro-,organisms are ,f\nd4--,ko* /ates t at ! dep? ( ab\t "o met]1 ! soil is ne>ly free f e k9d ( bact]ia4#bha ,^! obs]vations h be5 corroborat$ by ,pumpelly & ,smy? :o f9d t no infection ( a bact]ial nature is produc$ 9 a /]iliz$ solution f samples ( clay tak5 at ! dep? ( n9e feet bel[ ! surface4#bhb ,x is evid5t f ! nature ( ! exp]im5ts above describ$ t ! nitrify+ processes g on almo/ exclusively 9 ^? portions ( ! soil :i* are subject to cultivation1 :ile 9 ! subsoil & bel[ ! processes ( nitrification are ei!r ret>d$ or arre/$4 ,any /ores ( nitrog5\s matt]1 !re=e1 9 an insoluble /ate1 re/+ 9 ! subsoil1 are pres]v$ f oxidation & consequ5t wa/e until su* "t z !y may be remov$ to ne> ! surface4 #dbh4 ,isolation ( ! ,nitr\s & ,nitric ,organisms 9 ! ,soil4--,! action ( ! organisms :i* produce nitrification ei!r 9 =m ( nitrites or nitrates1 hav+ be5 ?or\ghly e/abli%$1 & ! me?od ( te/+ ! soil !re= giv51 x rema9s to describe a me?od by means ( :i* ^! organisms 9 ! soil may be isolat$ & obta9$ 9 a /ate ( purity4 ,! difficulties att5d+ ?is process are extremely great on acc\nt ( ! simil>ity ( ! two organisms4 ,all e>li] attempts to make pure cultures ( ! two sep>ate organisms 7 att5d$ ) b little success4 ,accord+ to ,w9ogradsky ! me?od ( culture on gelat9 s long practic$ is n to be reli$ ^u4#bhc ,x is v difficult to elim9ate by ?is process ! organisms :i* gr[ rapidly 9 gelat9 & :i* mature _! colonies 9 two or ?ree days1 b :]e !y require eight or t5 days to produce a colony ! me?od is successful4 ,9 fact1 by ! gelat9 process z x 0 at fir/ practic$1 a good deal 0 ow+ to *ance1 b sometimes by a happy accid5t a pure nitro-bact]ium might be isolat$4 ,=m]ly x 0 consid]$ t a liquid c\ld be reg>d$ z /]ile if x gave no gr[? ^u gelat94 ,x has1 h[ev]1 n[ be5 demon/rat$ t a liquid may conta9 l>ge numb]s ( nitro-bact]ia & /ill produce no gr[? ^u gelat94 ,h[ev]1 = ! organisms :i* accompany ! nitro-bact]ia 9 soils1 x is reg>d$ z c]ta9 t if no gr[? on gelat9 is produc$ by !m !y are abs5t4 ,!re=e 9 ! case ( a solution :i* has be5 se$$ ) a soil1 if x c be br\ght to su* a /ate z to produce no gr[? on gelat91 x may be safely assum$ t x conta9s no bact]ial organisms save ^? :i* are capable ( produc+ nitrites or nitrates4 ,!re=e if su* a solution produce nitrification & at ! same "t no gr[? ^u gelat91 x may be consid]$ z a pro( ( ! isolation ( ! nitro-organisms f all o!rs4 ,?is me?od 0 also work$ out indep5d5tly by ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,frankl&4#bhd ,w9ogradsky says fur!r he confesses t he has advanc$ ^! views only provisionally & )\t be+ conv9c$ ( _! infallibility4 ,/rictly speak+1 ! pro( ( se$+ gelat9 is n suffici5t alone because ! abs5ce ( gr[? c n be reg>d$ z ! exclusive privilege ( ! nitro-bact]ia4 ,su* might be ! case sometimes = an accid5tal mixture ( microbes1 introduc$ ) any giv5 sample ( soil into ! cultures1 b ! crit]ion is n absolute4 ,microbes1 = example1 ( a sulfur\s or f]rug9\s nature may be cit$1 = :i* ! gelat9 lay] is n only unfavorable b ev5 fatal4 ,x may ?us happ5 t !re may be elim9at$ f ! solution all t w gr[ ^u gelat9 )\t free+ x f "s special k9ds ( cultures1 refractory l ! nitro-bact]ia1 b :i* might reappe> if !y %\ld be res[n 9 "s favorable nutritive solution4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is fault 9 ! process1 ,w9ogradsky has be5 impress$ ) ! necessity ( br++ out a bett] me?od4 ,9 us+ ! gelat9 m$ia x is necess>y to f9d ! "o t is suit$ to n\ri% ^! organisms1 :i* w\ld evid5tly be ! way promis+ ! greate/ success4 ,?is hav+ be5 f\nd1 & ^? organisms :i* produce colonies be+ easily recognizable1 a great /ep t[>ds ! solution ( ! problem w h be5 made & ! m s z ! m$ium w\ld be at ! same "t absolutely unfavorable to o!r =ms ( microbes4 ,on acc\nt ( ! sl[ degree ( developm5t ( ! nitro-organisms1 all o!rs w\ld probably h opportunity to gr[ & /r5g!n to _! exclusion1 unless ^! int]f]+ organisms c\ld be completely remov$4 #dbi4 ,! ,culture ,solution4--,! culture-solution1 fir/ propos$ by ,w9ogradsky1 _h ! foll[+ composition3 ,to t5 grams ( gelat9 or "o "p ( ag>-ag> 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( wat] add potassium phosphate1 "o-t5? ( a gram2 magnesium sulfate1 five-hundr$?s ( a gram2 calcium *lorid1 trace2 & sodium c>bonate1 half a gram4 ,! solution be+ /]iliz$ 9 ! usual way by heat+1 !re are add$ to x a few cubic c5timet]s ( a /]iliz$ solution conta9+ two-t5?s p] c5t ( ammonium sulfate4 ,su* a solution has be5 prov$ to be v favorable to nitro-organisms4 ,nev]!less ! exp]im5ts ) su* solutions gave no def9ite results & !y 7 ab&on$4 ,! non-success ( ?is me?od l$ ,w9ogradsky to adopt a nitrify+ solution :i* absolutely exclud$ all organic sub/ances4 ,in/ead ( us+ an animal or vegetable gelat9\s sub/ance he us$ "o ( a m9]al nature1 fir/ propos$ by ,graham & ,khne4#bhe ,two ( ^! gelat9\s m9]al sub/ances 7 consid]$2 viz41 ! alum9um hydroxid & ! hydrate ( silica4 ,! latt] 0 *os54 #dcj4 ,prep>ation ( ! ,m9]al ,gelat9\s ,solution4--,! soluble glass :i* is f\nd 9 comm]ce is g5]ally ( a ?ick1 sirupy consi/5ce4 ,x is fir/ dilut$ ) ?ree times its volume ( wat]4 ,"o hundr$ cubic c5timet]s ( ?is liquid are p\r$ ) con/ant /irr+ into fifty cubic c5timet]s ( dilute hydro*loric acid & ! mixture plac$ 9 a dialyz]4 ,x is useless to employ a /&>d solution ( silica4 ,all t is necess>y is to submit to dialysis a liquid ) an excess ( acid & suffici5tly dilute n to be expos$ to ! dang] ( be+ spontane\sly gelat9iz$ 9 ! dialyz]4 ,! dialyz] is left = "o day 9 runn+ wat] & two days 9 di/ill$ wat]1 (t5 r5ew$4 ,! solution is !n ready = use4 ,?is is ! case :5 x is no long] r5d]$ turbid on ! addition ( silv] nitrate1 %[+ t ! hydro*loric acid has be5 entirely extract$4 ,! solution is !n to be /]iliz$ by boil+1 & pres]v$ 9 a glass flask clos$ ) a plug ( cotton4 ,m rec5t in/ructions by ,w9ogradsky = prep>+ ! gelat9\s silica recomm5d dialyz+ ! soluble glass aft] treatm5t ) hydro*loric acid 9 a p>*m5t tube4#bhf ,! proportions ( silicate & acid are #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! silicate solution 7#a4jf specific gravity7 & #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( hydro*loric acid 7#a4a specific gravity74 ,) a dialyz+ tube plac$ two days 9 runn+ wat] & "o day 9 di/ill$ wat] frequ5tly *ang$ x w be f\nd t ! acid is completely remov$4 ,"o hundr$ cubic c5timet]s ( ! residual liquor giv+ no reaction = hydro*loric acid are conc5trat$ to tw5ty cubic c5timet]s4 ,:5 cold !re is add$ "o cubic c5timet] ea* ( a solution ( ammonium sulfate & ( sodium c>bonate1 toge!r ) correspond+ quantities ( ! o!r nutri5t salts commonly employ$4 ,! ammonium sulfate %\ld nev] exce$ two to two & a half1 & ! sodium c>bonate f\r p>ts p] ?\s&4 ,to ! flask conta9+ ! above sub/ances is add$ "o drop ( ! se$-liquor1 :i* may be a soil wat] or a drop f "s previ\s culture4 ,! flask is %ak5 & ! mixture p\r$ into a l[ circul> glass di% :i* is cov]$ by "o slightly l>g] 9 diamet] 7,petri d\ble di%74 ,to ! liquid 9 ! di% is add$ a drop ( a cold saturat$ solution ( common salt1 & x is !n /irr$ ) a plat9um spatula4 ,! addition ( ! salt greatly favors ! sett+ ( ! jelly4 ,! jelly may set 9 f two to ?ree h\rs1 b a long] "t secures bett] results 9 ! end4 ,9 employ+ ^! prep>ations z se$1 aft] ! organisms h gr[n1 x is absolutely necess>y to use ! isolat$ cellules & n ! aggregat$ masses 7zogl74 ,! latt] are r>ely free ( =eign g]ms :i* adh]e to _! gelat9\s envelope4 ,s9ce ! zogl c n be brok5 up by any artificial means x is necess>y to await _! spontane\s dis9tegration 9 ord] to sep>ate ! mobile monads4 ,! opalesc5ce ( ! culture-liquid is a sure index ( ?is sep>ation4 ,! p>ticles ( m9]al gelat9 to be us$ z se$ = nitrify+ are be/ tak5 z foll[s3 ,a glass tube is drawn out imm$iately prec$+ ! op]ation1 until ! end is z f9e z a hair4 ,! surface ( ! m9]al gelat9 is magnifi$ by means ( a dissect+ microscope magnify+ #hj to #ajj1 to ! prop] degree & ! prep>ation table is s arrang$ z to give a p]fect support to ! "r h& :i* %\ld hold ! filam5t ( glass4 ,! smalle/ colony is !n prick$ ) ! ne$le & ! end ( ! glass is brok5 & dropp$ into ! flask :i* is to be se$$4 ,! se$ is ?us select$ 9 z small a p>ticle z may be desir$1 only a few cells1 b x c always be asc]ta9$ ) c]ta9ty t "s ( ! p>ticles h be5 obta9$ by ?is op]ation4 ,! me?od ( cultivation on m9]al jelly is consid]$ by ,w9ogradsky an important res\rce 9 ! /udy ( ! nitrify+ organisms4 ,x removes ! *ief difficulties h]et(ore exi/+ 9 discov]+ & *>act]iz+ ^! organisms among ! innum]able micro-organisms ( ! soil4 ,! long s]ies ( cultures necess>y to sep>ate ! organisms are r5d]$ nugatory4 ,by directly introduc+ a little ( ! e>? into ! silicic jelly ! active organisms 9 nitrification c be at once discov]$4 ,x is pref]able1 h[ev]1 z indicat$ bel[1 to previ\sly produce a nitrification 9 an aque\s solution by a trace ( e>? & to take f x ! se$ = impregnat+ ! solid m$ium4 ,9 ord] to %[ at once a pro( ( its nitrify+ "*1 x is only necess>y to take a small bit ( ! m9]al jelly1 ! size ( a gra9 ( rye1 & to ?r[ x into a little sulfuric acid :i* has be5 treat$ ) diph5ylam94 ,!re is at once =m$ a blue spot equal 9 int5sity to a saturat$ solution ( anil9 blue4 ,9 reg>d to ! gr[?s :i* nitro-organisms make 9 a m$ium ( ! k9d describ$1 !y are f> f be+ s m>k$ z are ^? produc$ by ord9>y micro-organisms4 ,a nitro-bact]ium is n capable ( ! en]gy ( gr[? :i* is recogniz$ = ! great] numb] ( microbes4 ,! colonies conta9$ 9 ! gelat9 always rema9 small4 ,! l>ge/ among !m are j visible to ! nak$ eye l :ite po9ts4 ,along ! /riae1 on ! contr>y1 !re is =m$ q a ?ick :ite cru/4 ,to ! nak$ eye1 9 g5]al1 !re is no?+ v *>act]i/ic 9 ! =mation ( colonies 9 a m$ium ( ?is nature4 ,b ?is impression *anges altoge!r :5 ! placques are exam9$ ) a l[ magnify+ p[]4 ,! colonies1 especially ^? ( ! int]ior surface1 reveal !n an aspect s curi\s z to be well rememb]$ :5 once se54 ,?is m9]al gelat91 z has already be5 notic$1 is v unfavorable to ! gr[? ( microbes o!r ?an nitro-bact]ia & becomes alt]$ only "u ! action ( ! air4 ,if ! placques be c>efully pres]v$ f desiccation ! culture ( ^! organisms c be cont9u$ = sev]al weeks4 ,al?\gh !y d n seem to increase1 ! colonies1 z well z ! jelly1 are /ill 9 a good condition at ! end ( t "t4 ,nev]!less ! expectation t ?is m$ium w\ld prev5t ! =mation ( any =eign organism has n be5 realiz$4 ,"s ( ! organisms :i* accompany ! nitro-bact]ia 9 soil1 also gr[ ^u ! silicic jelly2 b !y d n =m colonies1 prop]ly s-call$1 & _! gr[? is extremely sl[4 ,!y g5]ally make _! appe>ance be=e ! nitro-bact]ia & spread exclusively ^u ! surface 9 =m ( :ite spots1 s transp>5t t )\t c>eful exam9ation !y w\ld n be discov]$4 ,hav+ rea*$ a c]ta9 size ! spots d n *ange dur+ entire weeks4 ,?is circum/ance r5d]s ! op]ations ( isolation some:at delicate1 b does n prev5t !m4 #dca4 ,prep>ation & ,treatm5t ( ! ,solution to be ,nitrifi$4--,! organisms hav+ be5 gr[n on ! silice\s gelat9 9 ! mann] describ$ !y are te/$ = _! nitrify+ p[] z foll[s3 ,! m9]al solution :i* is to be nitrifi$ ) ! above prep>ation is compos$ ( ammonium sulfate1 f\r-t5?s gram2 magnesium sulfate1 half a gram2 potassium phosphate1 "o-t5? gram2 calcium *lorid1 trace2 sodium c>bonate1 six-t5?s to n9e-t5?s gram2 & di/ill$ wat]1 #ajj cubic c5timet]s4 ,! sulfates ) ! calcium *lorid on ! "o h&1 & ! phosphate & c>bonate on ! o!r1 are dissolv$ sep>ately & ! two solutions /]iliz$ sep>ately & mix$ aft] cool+4 ,! se$+ is !n done z describ$ above4 #dcb4 ,isolation ( ! ,nitr\s & ,nitric ,organisms4--,in/ead ( proce$+ imm$iately to ! isolation ( special organisms 9 ! soil1 ! prelim9>y p]iod ( purification is prolong$ by ,w9ogradsky by all[+ ! free gr[? to take place ( all ! organisms :i* c be ma9ta9$ 9 ! ord9>y m$ium4#bhg ,! composition ( ! culture solution employ$ is z foll[s3 ,di/ill$ wat]1 #a1jjj p>ts2 potassium phosphate1 "o "p2 magnesium sulfate1 half a "p2 calcium *lorid1 trace4 ,ea* flask receives besides ?is "s magnesium c>bonate1 fre%ly wa%$ ) boil+ wat] & add$ 9 slight excess4 ,! flasks ?us *>g$ are /]iliz$1 & aft] /]ilization !re are add$ two cubic c5timet]s ( a solution ( two p] c5t ( ammonium sulfate1 :i*1 :5 add$ to fifte5 or tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( liquid give f two to two & a half p>ts p] ?\s&4 ,!y are !n se$$ ) soil4 ,! reasons = ?is prelim9>y treatm5t are z foll[s3 ,fir/1 all ! obs]vations ^u ! enfeeblem5t ( ! oxidiz+ p[] ( ^! organisms h be5 made ^u cultures se$$ simply by ! fre% soil1 & 9 cultures d]iv$ !refrom4 ,9 ! second place1 ! exi/5ce ( ! two =ms1 "o nitr\s & ! o!r nitric1 prev5ts at once ! isolation ( a s+le organism4 ,samples ( soil f ,europe1 ,africa1 ,asia1 ,au/ralia1 & ,am]ica1 7 us$ = se$ = ! exp]im5ts4 ,fir/1 ! cultures 7 made by se$+ ) a small quantity ( ea* ( ^! samples ( soil1 & ea* "o ( ^! cultures s]v$ z a po9t ( dep>ture = a s]ies ( subcultures4 ,! temp]ature ( ! cultures %\ld be kept con/antly at #cj4 ,! me?od ( foll[+ ! nitrification adopt$ by ,w9ogradsky is ess5tially t ( ,w>+ton1 ! p]c5tage ( ammonia rema9+ at any "t be+ det]m9$ by nessl]iz+4 ,to detect ! pres5ce ( nitric acid ! nitr\s acid is decompos$ by boil+ ) ammonium *lorid 9 excess1 or ) urea1 & !n diph5ylam9 is us$ z a reag5t4 ,by treatm5t ) ammonium *lorid & boil+1 ! ammonium nitrite is resolv$ into free nitrog5 & wat] z indicat$ by ! equation ,,nh,,no ,n #b;,h,o4 ,or ! total oxidiz$ nitrog5 may be e/imat$ by ! ,s*loes+ me?od or by any ( ! /&>d me?ods h]eaft] giv54 ,! nitr\s acid is !n det]m9$ by potassium p]manganate & ! nitric acid by diff]5ce4 ,a great diff]5ce is to be not$ betwe5 fre%ly tak5 e>? & t :i* has be5 kept = a long :ile1 especially :5 seal$4 ,) fre% e>? tak5 ne> ! surface a m]e trace is suffici5t to produce nitrification4 ,) samples ( e>? :i* h be5 kept = a long :ile & ?or\ghly dri$1 sev]al grams mu/ be add$ 9 ord] to secure p]fect nitrification4 ,! p]iod ( incubation ) ! samples ( e>? ranges f ?ree to tw5ty days4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! ph5om5on is reveal$ by ! appe>ance ( nitr\s acid1 ( :i* ! quantity is increas$ v rapidly1 b 9 ! end x disappe>s & is trans=m$ into nitric acid4 #dcc4 ,/atem5t ( ! ,results4--,! me?od ( /at+ ! results ( exam9ation ( soils = nitrify+ organisms is illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ example3 ,soil f ,zuri*4 ,! culture 0 se$$ on ! #aa? ( ,octob]1 "o gram ( soil be+ tak54 ,on ! #bj? ( ,octob] ! nitr\s acid _h rea*$ its maximum ( int5sity & !re 0 no ammonia left4 ,on ! #bi? ( ,octob] ! nitr\s acid rema9$ almo/ /ation>y & !re 0 h>dly any nitric acid pres5t4 ,on ! #a/ ( ,novemb] ! reaction = nitr\s acid began to decrease4 ,on ! #e? ( ,novemb] ! reaction = nitric acid 0 v int5se4 ,on ! #aa? ( ,novemb] ! nitr\s acid _h all disappe>$ except a m]e trace4 ,! above ord] ( ph5om5a 0 obs]v$ ) all ! samples ( soil tri$1 f :i* x is conclud$ ) c]ta9ty t nitrify+ organisms transplant$ directly f _! natural m$ium 9 ! soil into a liquid easily nitrifiable produce at once nitr\s acid 9 abundance4 ,! ph5om5on ( nitrification is divid$ into two p]iods !re=e1 ( :i* ! fir/ is devot$ to ! production ( nitrites1 & ! second consi/s 9 ! oxidation ( ! nitrites1 & ?is does n comm5ce until ! total disappe>ance ( ! ammonia4 ,occasionally ! =mation & oxidation ( ! nitrites practically g on toge!r1 b nev] equally1 ! oxidation ( ! nitrites be+ always s5sibly beh9d _! =mation4 #dcd4 ,me?od = ,subcultures4--,f ! "m cultures describ$ above1 ,w9ogradsky makes subcultures z foll[s3 ,! solution to be nitrifi$ is prep>$ z 9 ! "m cultures4 ,! se$+ is accompli%$ by add+ a small quantity ( ! liquor ( ! "m culture aft] %ak+4 ,subcultures c be made 9 ?is way to ! sev5? g5]ation4 ,9 respect ( ! oxidation ( ! nitrites ! results may be ent]$ z negative if !y h n disappe>$ at ! end ( two mon?s4 ,to det]m9e :e!r ! process ( oxidiz+ ! nitrites is 9 progress or n ! total nitr\s acid is e/imat$1 & ! process repeat$ at ! end ( eight or t5 days4 ,%\ld !re be no dim9ution ( ! nitr\s acid )9 ?is "t x may be consid]$ t ! fur!r oxidiz+ action is n tak+ place4 #dce4 ,use ( a ,solid ,m$ium4--,x may be ju/ly claim$ t ! action ( nitrify+ organisms 9 a liquid is n to be comp>$ ) _! action 9 a solid m$ium1 su* z a soil :i* is _! natural habitat4 ,x might be1 !re=e1 t ! inability ( ! nitr\s organism to produce nitrates is due to ! nature ( ! m$ium 9 :i* x is cultivat$4 ,w9ogradsky 9 ord] to det]m9e ?is "q cultivat$ ! organism 9 a solid m$ium ( two k9ds1 fir/ a silicate gelat9 impregnat$ ) an ammonium salt & second 9 /]iliz$ e>?4 ,! silicate jelly is prep>$ z foll[s3 ,mix a jelly ( silica conta9+ "s ammonium sulfate ) /]iliz$ soil4 ,! se$+ is done ) "o ( ! subcultures :i* no long] has ! p[] ( produc+ nitrates4 ,9 ! case ( ! jelly ! se$+ is accompli%$ z foll[s3 ,a m9ute drop ( a culture liquid is tak5 ) a capill>y glass tube & appli$ 9 /riae to diff]5t p>ts ( ! solid jelly2 or a m9ute drop ( ! culture liquid may be mix$ ) ! jelly be=e solidification4 ,! ,petri di%es 9 :i* ^! cultures are made c be pres]v$ 9 a moi/ atmosph]e & ?us ! desiccation be easily prev5t$ = a long "t4 ,f "t to "t small pieces ( ! jelly z l>ge z a pea c be tak5 & te/$ = ! progress ( nitrification4 ,results4--,! nitr\s reaction1 bo? 9 ! prep>$ jelly & 9 /]iliz$ soil1 w appe> 9 a few days4 ,at ! end ( f sev5 to twelve days x w h atta9$ its maximum int5sity & w !n rema9 /ation>y indef9itely4 ,/]iliz$ soil has no p[] to g5]ate ! nitric f ! nitr\s f]m5t4 ,! two organisms are1 !re=e1 ( diff]5t species4 ,aft] a few g5]ations ! p[] ( produc+ nitrates seems to be lo/ al?\gh ! nitr\s f]m5t may /ill be active4 ,?is suppression ( ! p[] to oxidize ! nitrites is n due to any p]nici\s influ5ce ( ! culture-m$ium b to ! condition ( ! successive solutions at ! "t ( tak+ ! se$+ samples4 #dcf4 ,microscopic ,exam9ation4--,a small p>ticle ( ! deposit 9 ! culture-liquid is spread on a glass slide & dri$4 ,!re is !n add$ a drop ( v dilute p]fectly transp>5t mala*ite gre5 solution4 ,mala*ite gre5 is ,bitt]m&ellgrn1 or tetrame?yldiamidotriph5ylc>b9ol4 ,use ! z9c *lorid d\ble salt or oxalate4 ,9 ab\t half a m9ute x is wa%$ & color$ by a v dilute solution ( g5tian violet :i* is left to act = "s "t4 ,! cells !n appe> di/9ctly color$ on a colorless backgr\nd4 ,9 exam9+ 9 ?is way nitr\s cultures "u a mod]ate enl>gem5t !re are se5 p>ticles ( mat]ial cov]$ ) scatt]$ gr\ps & massive zogl compos$ ( cells :i* are1 d\btless1 id5tical4 ,by _! r\nd or r\ndi% =ms1 by _! relative size & especially by _! numb]s & uni=mity !y are at once di/+ui%$ f ! o!r vegetations :i* are g5]ally ( a purely bacillus %ape4 ,) ! exception ( "s %r$s ( mycelium com+ f "s oidium 9 ! soil ! microscope reveals no?+ b ! organisms describ$4 ,! microscopic appe>ance#bhh ( ! nitr\s f]m5t is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fi4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #fi4 7,upp] figure47 ,nitr\s f]m5t prep>$ by ,w9ogradsky f soil f ,cito4 ,figure #gj4 7,l[] figure47 ,nitric f]m5t prep>$ by ,w9ogradsky f soil f ,cito4 ,! g5]al conclusions ( ,w9ogradsky are3 #a4 ,ea* soil possesses b "o organism capable ( oxidiz+ ammonia4 #b4 ,soils f "o locality h always ! same k9d ( nitrify+ f]m5t4 #c4 ,soils f diff]5t & di/ant c\ntries conta9 nitrify+ organisms :i* diff] f "o ano!r 9 "s respects s mu* s t x may be necess>y to di/+ui% a few species or ev5 g5]a 9 ^! bodies4 #dcg4 ,isolation ( ! ,nitric ,f]m5t 9 ,soils4--,! pr9ciple ( ! sep>ation ( ?is f]m5t z describ$ by ,w9ogradsky re/s ^u ! fact t 9 culture solutions ( a m9]al nature free f ammonia ! nitr\s f]m5t w n gr[1 :]eas if nitrite or nitr\s acid be pres5t ! nitric f]m5t w gr[4#bhi ,9 a few g5]ations1 !re=e1 ! nitr\s f]m5t w be entirely elim9at$4 ,solution employ$3 ,di/ill$ wat] #a1jjj grams4 ,potassium phosphate #a gram4 ,magnesium sulfate #j4e ,calcium *lorid trace4 ,potassium nitrite #j4bb gram4 ,to culture-flasks conta9+ #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! above mixture aft] /]ilization ab\t "o-t5? gram ( fre% soil is add$4 ,9 favorable conditions ! nitr\s acid w disappe> 9 ab\t fifte5 days4 ,subcultures are made by se$+ fre% portions ( ! /]iliz$ solution ) "o or two cubic c5timet]s ( ! "m culture4 ,! op]ation is cont9u$ until ! nitr\s f]m5t is elim9at$4 ,! organisms 9 ! deposit 9 ! culture-flasks are !n subject$ to microscopic exam9ation 9 ! mann] already describ$ = ! nitr\s f]m5t2 or proce$ z foll[s3 #dch4 ,culture on ,solid ,m$ia4--,take a liquid :i* has be5 employ$ 9 ! culture ( a nitr\s f]m5t & evaporate to "o ?ird ( its bulk4 ,gelat9ize ! residue by add+ d\ble its volume ( ! silicic acid solution prep>$ z already direct$4 ,! jelly is plac$ 9 ! glass vessels usually employ$4 ,! se$+ may be done ) a few drops ( a culture-liquid conta9+ ! nitric f]m5t z obta9$ above4 ,! fir/ reaction w appe> 9 f eight to t5 days4 ,9 ab\t =ty-five days ! nitr\s acid 9 ! jelly w h entirely disappe>$4 ,two classes ( colonies are notic$ "u ! microscope4 ,! fir/ to appe> are small colonies :i* nev] ext5d b5ea? ! surface ( ! jelly4 ,9 cultures se$$ ) ^! colonies !re is no oxidation ( nitr\s acid4 ,! second class ( colonies ext5ds into ! int]ior ( ! jelly4 ,!y are mu* l>g] ?an ! fir/1 ( a yell[i%-gray color & n sph]ical b r l5ticul> 9 %ape4 ,cultures se$$ ) ^! colonies w lose _! nitr\s acid 9 ab\t t5 days or two weeks4 ,! gr[? ( ^! organisms 9 a liquid sc>cely m]it ! "n ( cultures4 ,! nak$ eye c usually di/+ui% no =m ( vegetation4 ,! liquid rema9s cle>1 ! surface is free f any film1 no flocks are deposit$4 ,color$ & exam9$ 9 ! microscope ! organisms f\nd are s puny z to make d\btful _! oxidiz+ p[]4 ,!re is an app>5t contradiction betwe5 ! p[]ful *emical action t ^! organisms c produce & _! app>5t defici5cy 9 physical prop]ties4 ,^! organisms are be/ f\nd by cultivat+ !m 9 a v limpid solution4 ,! bottoms ( ! culture boxes w be f\nd cov]$ ) an extremely t5u\s gelat9\s deposit communicat+ to ! glass a feeble grayi%-blue t9t4 ,! culture bottle is incl9$ & ! bottom scrat*$ ) a rec5tly drawn-out capill>y tube4 ,! colonies rise 9 ! tube toge!r ) a little ( ! liquid4 ,! colonies are dri$1 m\nt$1 & color$ z already describ$ & :5 exam9$ ) ! microscope are f\nd to be compos$ exclusively ( masses ( an organism ( extreme m9ut5ess4 ,! organism rema9s atta*$ s firmly to ! bottom ( ! culture bottle t x c be wa%$ sev]al times ) pure wat] )\t dang] ( deta*m5t & ?us r5d]$ m pure4 ,9 old cultures :i* are su/a9$ by new additions ( nitrite an extremely transp>5t pellicle on ! bottom ( ! flask c be di/+ui%$4 ,by %ak+ ! liquid "s fragm5ts may be deta*$ & made to float ?r\gh ! fluid4 ,) a little c>e & pati5ce ^! flocks c be captur$1 m\nt$1 & color$4 ,s9ce !y %[ ! nitric organism 9 its natural /ate _! prep>ations are ( ! greate/ int]e/4 ,! be/ prep>ations are made by color+ ) mala*ite gre5 & g5tian violet & !n color+ aga9 hot ) mag5ta4 ,aft]w>ds ! prep>ation is wa%$ ) w>m wat] at #ej-fj :i* takes almo/ ! :ole ( ! color f ! gelat9\s matt]4 ,! cells are !n cle>ly pres5t$ color$ a r$di% violet on a rose backgr\nd4 ,^! organisms#bij are %[n 9 figure #gj4 ,! figure %[s ! cells unit$ by a gelat9\s membrane & gr\p$ 9 small d5se masses compos$ (t5 ( a s+le lay] ( organisms4 ,! cells are g5]ally elongat$1 r>ely regul>ly sph]ical or oval4 ,_! mean l5g? does n exce$ half a micromillimet] & _! ?ickness is f two to ?ree times less4 ,! diff]5ce 9 =m ( ! nitr\s & nitric f]m5ts is v m>k$ & leaves no d\bt ( ! exi/5ce ( ^! two =ms :i* are z di/9ct z c\ld be desir$ 9 microbic discrim9ation4 #dci4 ,dilution ,me?od ( ,w>+ton4--,! me?od pursu$ by ,w>+ton 9 prep>+ pure cultures ( ! nitrify+ f]m5t is bas$ on ! well-kn[n pr9ciple ( dilution :i* may be express$ z foll[s3#bia ,9 a liquid conta9+ bact]ial f]m5ts dilution may be practic$ until a drop ( ! liquid may be tak5 :i* w conta9 no m ?an a s+le organism ( any "o k9d4 ,if n[ prop] solutions be se$$ ) s+le drops ( ?is solution1 "s ( !m may give colonies ( pure cultures ( any giv5 organism4 ,! solution to be nitrifi$ employ$ by ,w>+ton _h ! foll[+ composition3 ,wat] #ajjj p>ts4 ,ammonium c>bonate #j4be ,ammonium *lorid #j4ej ,potassium phosphate #j4jd ,magnesium sulphate #j4jb ,calcium sulphate #j4jb ,! ammonium *lorid is add$ to prev5t ! precipitation ( magnesium & calcium phosphates4 ,! solution is kept 9 wide-m\!d1 /opp]$ bottles to prev5t ! loss ( ammonium c>bonate1 ! bottles be+ only half full4 ,ab\t #ajj cubic c5timet]s are tak5 = ea* exp]im5t4 ,^! bottles are /]iliz$ & se$$ ) fre% soil 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,!y are !n cov]$ ) pap] caps & plac$ 9 a d>k cupbo>d at a con/ant temp]ature ( #bb4 ,special ,m$ia4--,a quantity ( arable soil is exhau/$ ( nitrates by wa%+ ) cold wat] "u pressure4 ,! soil is !n boil$ ) wat] & filt]$4 ,! cle> amb]-color$ solution obta9$ may be us$ in/ead ( wat] 9 ! above =mula4 ,solid ,m$ia4--7#a7 ,ord9>y t5 p] c5t gelat9 made ) beef bro? & peptone4 7,p7 7#b7 ,a t5 p] c5t ur9e solution solidifi$ ) six p] c5t ( gelat94 7,u7 7#c7 ,a solution ( "o gram ( asp>ag91 "o-half gram sodium acetate1 "o-half gram potassium phosphate1 two-t5?s gram magnesium sulfate1 two-t5?s gram calcium sulfate1 & "o lit] ( wat] solidifi$ ) six p] c5t gelat94 7,z7 ,o!r solid m$ia may also be employ$ = ! purpose ( favor+1 z mu* z possible1 ! gr[? ( ! nitrify+ organisms4 ,! fir/ culture 9 ! ammonium c>bonate solution giv5 above1 is always made by se$+ ) a little unmanur$ arable soil4 ,subcultures are se$$ f ?is "m culture by se$+ new solutions ) a few drops ( ! orig9al4 ,9 all cases tri$ by ,w>+ton ! subcultures produc$ only nitr\s f]m5tation :ile ! orig9al cultures produc$ ! nitric f]m5tation4 #ddj4 ,microscopic ,exam9ation4--,! microscopic exam9ation ( ! organisms =m$ is conduct$ z foll[s3 ,! cov] glasses = microscopic objects are plac$ at ! bottom ( ! culture-flask1 ! cov] glasses be+ previ\sly /]iliz$4 ,at ! end ( ! nitrification ! liquid is remov$ ) a pipette & ! flask conta9+ ! cov] glasses dri$ at #ce4 ,! cov] glasses are !n remov$ & /a9$4 ,! microscopic appe>ance ( ! organisms obta9$ by ! previ\s cultures %[$ masses ( corpuscles usually ( oval %ape & hav+ a l5g? g5]ally exce$+ "o micromillimet]4 ,an imm]sion objective giv+ a magnification ( #hjj diamet]s is suitable = ?is "w4 ,o!r =ms ( organisms are also met1 ! :ole s]ies be+ *>act]iz$ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,! corpuscles already m5tion$4 ,l>g] ones are frequ5tly r\gh 9 outl9e resembl+ masses ( silice\s sea-s&4 ,! small] oval corpuscles are regul> 9 =m4 7#b7 ,"s v small circul> organisms (t5 appe>+ z m]e po9ts & /a9+ mu* m pla9ly ?an ! prec$+4 7#c7 ,a few sl5d] bacilli1 /a9+ fa9tly4 ,all ! cultures obta9$ by ! above me?od give abundant gr[? on gelat94 #dda4 ,trials ) ! ,dilution ,me?od4--,"o "p ( ! ?ird subculture 9 ! ammonium c>bonate solution describ$ above1 is mix$ ) #ejj p>ts ( ?or\ghly boil$ wat] & "o drop f a /]iliz$ capill>y tube is add$ to ea* ( five bottles conta9+ ! /]iliz$ ammonium c>bonate solution4 ,9 ,w>+ton's exp]im5ts "o ( ! five bottles 0 f\nd to h nitrifi$ aft] =ty-"o days4 ,aft] n9ety-"o days two m 7 nitrifi$4 ,two bottles did n nitrify at all4 ,all ?ree solutions :i* nitrifi$ gave gr[?s on gelat94 ,! gr[?s took place m spe$ily on gelat9 ,u & ,z ?an on ,p4 ,! organisms obta9$ on gelat9 7 se$$ 9 appropriate liquid m$ia b no nitrification 0 obta9$4 ,a subculture f solution ,no4 #b ( ! fir/ dilution m5tion$ above1 0 dilut$ to "o "o-?\s&?1 "o t5-?\s&?1 "o "o-hundr$-?\s&?1 & "o "o-million?4 ,ea* ( ^! dilutions 0 us$ = se$+ ) five /]iliz$ solutions ( ammonium c>bonate1 us+ ! me?od ( se$+ above describ$4 ,at ! end ( #aij days n "o ( ^! solutions _h nitrifi$4 ,w>+ton suppos$ t ! cause ( failure 9 ! me?od j m5tion$ might be due to ! alkal9ity ( ! ammonium c>bonate4 ,:ile ?is solution c\ld be se$$ 9 ! ord9>y way ) fre% e>? x might be t ! fa9t alkal9ity :i* x pres5t$ might prev5t x altoge!r f action :5 ! nitrify+ ag5t 0 r$uc$ to a few organisms4 ,he !re=e *ang$ ! solution to "o ( ! foll[+ composition3 ,wat] #a1jjj p>ts4 ,ammonium *lorid #j4jb "p4 ,potassium phosphate #j4jf ,magnesium sulfate #j4jc ,calcium sulfate #j4jc ,! solution 0 divid$ 9 tw5ty /opp]$ bottles :i* 7 half fill$4 ,! bottles 7 divid$ into f\r s]ies1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ea* "o consi/+ ( five bottles1 & ^! 7 respectively se$$ ) "o drop f dilutions to "o "o-?\s&?1 "o t5-?\s&?1 "o "o-hundr$-?\s&?1 & "o "o-million? ( a second subculture ( ,no4 #c 9 ! fir/ dilution s]ies4 ,aft] #aae days1 nitrification _h occurr$ 9 t5 ( ! bottles4 ,! o!r t5 did n nitrify at all4 ,ea* ( ! nitrify+ solutions 0 spread on gelat91 ,p & ,u be+ employ$4 ,gr[? took place f> m easily on gelat9 ,u ?an on gelat9 ,p4 ,( ! t5 nitrifi$ solutions !re 7 ?ree :i* gave no gr[? on gelat9 ,u1 ei!r :5 spread on ! surface or introduc$ into ! sub/ance ( ! jelly4 ,!re 7 !re=e secur$ nitrify+ solutions :i* did n conta9 organisms capable ( gr[+ on gelat94 ,! supposition is !re=e fair t !y 7 pure nitrify+ organisms4 ,^! fre%1 pure organisms _h ! faculty ( conv]t+ ammonia into nitr\s acid only & n into nitric acid4 ,) ! organisms ?us prep>$ a numb] ( solutions ( potassium nitrite conta9+ phosphates & o!r m9]al +r$i5ts 7 se$$4 ,9 no case 0 any loss ( nitrite f\nd1 :i* is pro( t ! solution conta9$ no organisms capable ( oxidiz+ nitr\s acid4 ,! organisms prep>$ z above1 h ! p[] ( nitrify+ organic sub/ances conta9+ nitrog5\s bodies4 ,! organism isolat$ z describ$ & exam9$ "u ! microscope is se5 to conta9 two =ms4 ,! fir/ "o is ne>ly sph]ical 9 %ape1 ! corpuscles v>y+ 9 size f m]e po9ts to a diamet] ( "o micromillimet]4 ,! =m is v /rik+ & easily /a9$4 ,! second =m is oval-%ap$ & atta9s a l5g? di/9ctly exce$+ "o micromillimet]4 ,sometimes x is a regul> oval & sometimes x is egg-%ap$4 ,?is =m is /a9$ less easily ?an ! prec$+ or sph]ical =m4 #ddb4 ,me?od ( ,/a9+4--,! me?od ( /a9+ employ$ is z foll[s3 ,a drop ( ! culture-liquid is plac$ on a glass slide & mix$ ) ! filt]$ /a9 by means ( a wire4 ,a cov] glass is plac$ on ! drop & all[$ to /& = half an h\r4 ,x is !n press$ d[n on ! slide & ! liquid :i* exudes wip$ (f & hollis glue run ar\nd ! cov] glass4 ,9 ?is way ! organism is /a9$ 9 its own culture-fluid & c be se5 9 its true =m )\t any possibility ( ! de/ruction ( its %ape by dry+4 ,! plate is bright & cle> ?\gh color$4 ,if ! prep>ation is to be m\nt$ 9 balsam a drop ( ! culture is dri$ 9 ! c5t] ( a cov] glass4 ,x is !n plac$ = "s m9utes 9 dilute acetic acid to remove matt] :i* w\ld cause turbidity4 ,! cov] glass ) its cont5ts is !n wa%$1 dri$1 & /a9$ = "s h\rs 9 me?yl violet4 #ddc4 ,classification ( ,nitrify+ ,organisms4--,! names propos$ by ,w9ogradsky = ! v>i\s organisms are ! foll[+3 ,= ! g5]al gr\p ( microbes trans=m+ ammonia into nitric acid1 ,nitro-bact]ia4 ,= ! nitr\s f]m5ts ( ! ,old ,_w ,g5us1 ,nitrosomonas3 ,species1 ,nitrosomonas europaea4 ,nitrosomonas javan5sis4 ,= ! nitr\s microbes ( ! ,new ,_w3 ,g5us1 ,nitrosococcus4 ,species1 n det]m9$4 ,= ! nitric f]m5t3 ,g5us1 ,nitrobact]4 #ddd4 ,nitrification 9 ,/]iliz$ ,soil4--,! process ( nitrification 9 /]iliz$ soil1 :5 se$$ ) pure cultures1 is det]m9$ z foll[s3 ,prep>ation ( ,sample4--,! fre% sample ( arable soil is fre$ f pebbles & vegetable dbris & r$uc$ to z f9e a /ate ( subdivision z is possible 9 ! fre% /ate4 ,x is plac$ 9 quantities ( ab\t #hjj grams 9 l>ge cry/alliz+ di%es4 ,"o di% is set aside = use 9 ! natural /ate1 & ! o!r1 h]metically clos$1 is plac$ 9 a /]iliz+ app>atus & subject$ to ! action ( /eam = two & a half h\rs4 ,?is treatm5t is repeat$ ?ree times on z _m successive days4 ,se$+ ( ,sample4--,ea* ( ! two di%es is moi/5$ ) fifty cubic c5timet]s ( pure wat] conta9+ #ejj milligrams ( ammonium sulfate4 ,! /]iliz$ portion is !n se$$ ) a prep>ation ( ! pure nitr\s f]m5t1 produc$ z be=e describ$4 ,! se$ is prep>$ by filt]+ a few cubic c5timet]s ( ! nitr\s culture liquid ?r\gh asbe/os4 ,! asbe/os is well wa%$ & !n ?r[n into a flask conta9+ a few cubic c5timet]s ( /]iliz$ wat] & well %ak54 ,! wat] c>ry+ ! filam5ts ( asbe/os is p\r$ drop by drop on ! surface ( ! soil 9 z _m places z possible4 ,! two di%es ( soil are kept at an ev5 temp]ature ( #bj 9 a d>k place4 ,w9ogradsky f\nd t1 treat$ 9 ?is way1 ! un/]iliz$ soil produc$ only nitrates1 :ile ! /]iliz$ portions produc$ only nitrites4#bib #dde4 ,v>iation ( ! ,det]m9ations4--,to v>y ! conditions ( ! exp]im5t ,w9ogradsky uses twelve flasks ( ! erl5mey] %ape1 f\r hav+ bottoms twelve c5timet]s 9 diamet]1 & eight ( !m five c5timet]s 9 diamet]4 ,9 ea* ( ! f\r l>ge flasks are plac$ #ajj grams ( fre% soil1 & 9 ea* ( ! eight small flasks tw5ty-five grams4 ,! eight small flasks are designat$ a1 b1 c1 d1 & a1 b1 c1 d1 & ! f\r l>ge flasks ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d4 ,! flasks a1 b1 c1 d1 & a1 b1 c1 d1 are plac$ 9 a /ove at #cj = sev]al days be=e use1 :ile ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 & ,d1 are kept at #bb-bc = ! same l5g? ( "t4 ,! soil 9 ! small flasks is1 !re=e1 some:at dri] ?an t 9 ! l>ge ones4 ,! flasks are treat$ z foll[s3 a1 a1 ,a1 conta9 ! soil z prep>$ above = control4 b1 b1 ,b1 are /]iliz$ at #ace & se$$ ) a drop ( ! pure nitr\s culture4 c1 c1 ,c1 /]iliz$ z above & se$$ ) a little ( ! un/]iliz$ e>?4 d1 d1 ,d1 /]iliz$ z above & se$$ ) pure nitr\s & pure nitric cultures4 ,aft] /]ilization !re 0 add$ to ! small flasks two cubic c5timet]s ( a tw5ty p] c5t /]iliz$ ammonium sulfate solution1 & to ! l>ge ones six cubic c5timet]s4 ,at ! end ( a mon? or six weeks ! cont5ts ( ! flasks are ?r[n on a filt] & wa%$ ) cold wat] until a drop ( ! filtrate gives no blue color ) diph5ylam94 ,! respective quantities ( nitrite & nitrate are !n det]m9$ 9 ! filtrates by ! usual processes1 :i* w be fully describ$ fur!r along4 #ddf4 ,/]ilization4--,"o ( ! *ief requisites = success 9 ! bact]iological inve/igation ( soils is f\nd 9 ! ?or\ghness ( ! /]iliz+ processes4 ,! value ( cultures dep5ds *iefly on ! c>e ) :i* ! introduction ( =eign g]ms is prev5t$4 ,9 ! foll[+ description a m]e outl9e ( ! me?od ( /]ilization is pres5t$1 :ile ^? :o wi% to /udy m c>efully ! details ( ! process are ref]r$ to ! /&>d works on bact]iology4 #ddg4 ,/]ilization ( ! ,h&s4--,x is important t ! h&s ( ! op]ator h&l+ app>atus & mat]ials = bact]iological "w %\ld be /]iliz$4 ,! /]ilization may be accompli%$ 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,! nails %\ld be cut %ort & ?or\ghly clean$ ) soap & bru%4 ,! h&s are ?or\ghly wa%$ 9 hot wat] ) soap4 ,aft] wa%+ 9 hot wat] ! h&s %\ld be wa%$ 9 alcohol & e!r4 ,!y are !n dipp$ 9 ! /]iliz+ solution4 ,?is liquid may consi/ ( a ?ree p] c5t solution ( c>bolic acid1 :i* is ! "o mo/ commonly employ$4 ,a solution ( corrosive sublimate1 h[ev]1 is p]haps ! be/ dis9fectant4 ,x %\ld conta9 f "o to two p>ts ( ! cry/alliz$ salt to #a1jjj p>ts ( wat]4 ,x has lately be5 advis$ to use ! sublimate 9 an acid solution4 ,acetic acid or citric acid may be employ$1 b hydro*loric acid is recomm5d$ z ! be/1 9 a prep>ation ( "o-half "p p] #a1jjj4 ,= /rong] solutions ( sublimate conta9+ m ?an a half p] c5t1 equal quantities ( common salt %\ld be add$4 ,! solution %\ld be made ) /]iliz$ wat]4 ,aft] dipp+ ! h&s 9 ! /]iliz+ solution !y %\ld be dri$ ) a napk9 tak5 directly f a /]iliz+ ov51 :]e x has be5 kept = "s "t at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]4 ,:]e only ord9>y "w 9 bact]iology is contemplat$ ?is /]ilization ( ! h&s is n necess>y4 ,x is practic$ *iefly 9 antiseptic surg]y4 #ddh4 ,/]iliz+ ,app>atus4--,) plat9um in/rum5ts ! mo/ effective & easie/ way = /]iliz+ is to hold !m 9 ! flame ( a buns5 until !y are r$ hot4 ,/eel & copp] in/rum5ts c n be treat$ 9 ?is way )\t injury4 ,!y are be/ /]iliz$ by submitt+ !m to dry heat 9 a dry+ ov5 at a temp]ature ( #aej-afj = two h\rs4 ,glass & porcela9 app>atus c be /]iliz$ be/ 9 ! same way4 ,all app>atus & mat]ials employ$ %\ld be us$ 9 a space z free z possible f du/1 s t any g]ms :i* might be c>ri$ 9 ! du/ c be exclud$ f ! app>atus 9 transf]r+ x f "o place to ano!r4 #ddi4 ,me?ods ( ,apply+ ,heat4--,/]ilization by means ( heat may take place 9 sev]al ways4 ,fir/4 ,submitt+ ! ,mat]ials to ,dry ,heat ,)\t ,pressure4--,! temp]ature 9 /]ilization ( ?is k9d may v>y f ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat] at sea-level to #afj obta9$ by an oil-ba? or by an air-ov54 ,second4 ,/]ilization 9 a ,liquid ,"u ,pressure4--,?is =m ( /]ilization may be effect$ by seal+ ! liquid 9 a /rong vessel & submitt+ x to ! requir$ temp]ature4 ,if ! temp]ature requir$ be great] ?an t ( boil+ wat] ! vessel c be imm]s$ 9 a solution ( "s m9]al salt :i* w raise ! boil+-po9t4 ,?ird4 ,/]ilization 9 ,/eam ,"u ,pressure4--,?is me?od ( /]ilization consi/s 9 plac+ ! body 9 a prop] receptacle 9 vessels to :i* ! /eam c h access & !n admitt+ /eam f a boil] at any requir$ pressure4 ,9 ! case ( small app>atus1 su* z ! autoclave1 ! /eam c be g5]at$ 9 ! app>atus itself4 ,! v>iety ( app>atus us$ 9 ! above me?od ( /]ilization is v great1 b all ! =ms ( app>atus employ$ dep5d ^u ! pr9ciples indicat$4 #dej4 ,! ,/]iliz+ ,ov54--,! app>atus = /]ilization by means ( hot1 dry air usually consi/s ( a d\ble-wall$ vessel made ( %eet-iron1 usually ) a copp] bottom4 ,! app>atus is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ga4 ,! temp]ature is controll$ by means ( a !rmomet]1 ,t1 & ! gas-regulator1 ,r4 ,?is is "o ( ! ord9>y gas-regulators by means ( :i* ! am\nt ( gas suppli$ to ! lamp is increas$ if ! temp]ature %\ld fall1 & dim9i%$ if x %\ld rise above ! requir$ degree4 ,! be/ =m ( ! /]iliz+ ov5s is provid$ ) a means = circulat+ ! hot air s t ! temp]ature may be made uni=m ?r\gh\t ! mass4 ,?is c be accompli%$ by introduc+ a me*anical /irr]1 or by ! movem5t ( ! air itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ga4 ,,/]iliz+ ,,ov54 ,betwe5 ! walls ( ! vessel may be plac$ wat]1 provid$ ! temp]ature ( /]ilization be t ( boil+ wat]4 ,if x %\ld require a high] temp]ature ?an boil+ wat]1 a solution ( salt c be add$ until ! requir$ temp]ature is rea*$1 or ! space betwe5 ! two walls may be left vacant & hot air made to circulate ar\nd ! ov54 ,! ext]ior ( ! ov51 except at ! bottom :]e ! lamp /rikes ! copp] surface1 %\ld be protect$ by ?ick lay]s ( asbe/os or o!r non-conduct+ mat]ial4 ,to avoid dang] ( fly+ filam5ts1 ?is cov]+ %\ld be coat$ ) "s smoo? pa9t :i* w leave an ev5 surface n easily abrad$4 #dea4 ,/]ilization ) ,/eam at ,high ,pressure4--,! app>atus us$ = ?is is commonly call$ an autoclave & is %[n 9 ,fig4 #gb4 ,! top is movable & held 9 place by ! clamp1 a1 :i* is fix$ by ! screw work$ by ! lev]1 b4 ,! vessel itself is d\ble-jacket$ & ! pressure is obta9$ f wat] 9 ! vessel heat$ by means ( ! lamp1 c4 ,! actual /eam pressure is indicat$ by ! index d4 ,! safety-valve1 e1 all[s any excess ( /eam to escape above ! am\nt requir$ = ! ma9t5ance ( ! pressure4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is be/ regulat$ by ! lamp4 ,! out] jacket p]mits ! heat f ! lamp to circulate ar\nd ! inn] pressure vessel1 & ! holes ne> ! top1 oo1 are = ! escape ( ! heat$ gases4 ,en\gh wat] is plac$ 9 ! bottom ( ! inn] pressure vessel to supply all ! aque\s vapor necess>y to produce ! requir$ pressure & /ill leave "s wat] 9 excess4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #gb4 ,,autoclave ,,/]iliz]4 ,! mat]ials to be /]iliz$ are held on ! %elves ( ! /& & ! vessels may be ( v>i\s k9ds accord+ to ! nature ( ! mat]ial to be /]iliz$4 ,! vessels conta9+ ! mat]ial be+ cov]$1 ! /eam does n come 9 actual contact ) x4 ,at ! end ( ! op]ation ! safety-valve mu/ n be op5$ to all[ ! escape ( ! /eam1 o!rwise ! rema9+ wat] w\ld be rapidly conv]t$ into vapor & w\ld be project$ ov] ! mat]ials on ! %elves4 ,! lamp %\ld be ext+ui%$ & ! app>atus all[$ to cool4 ,! autoclave is n only useful = /]iliz+ purposes b c be made ( g5]al use 9 ! laboratory :]e heat "u pressure1 z 9 ! e/imation ( />*1 etc41 is requir$4 ,^! two =ms ( app>atus are suffici5t to illu/rate ! g5]al pr9ciples ( /]ilization by hot air & /eam4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m v>iations ( ^! =ms design$ = special use 9 c]ta9 k9ds ( "w4 ,= full descriptions ( ^!1 ref]5ce is made to catalogues ( bact]iological app>atus4 #deb4 ,arnold's ,/]iliz+ ,app>atus4--,a v simple & *eap /eam /]iliz] has be5 devis$ by ,arnold4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #gc4 ,,arnold',s ,,/]iliz]4 ,wat] is p\r$ into ! pan or res]voir1 ,b1 ,fig4 #gc1 :5ce x passes ?r\gh ?ree small ap]tures into ! %all[ copp] vessel1 ,a4 ,x is !re conv]t$ into /eam by be+ heat$ ) any conv5i5t lamp1 & rises ?r\gh ! funnel 9 ! c5t] to ! /]iliz+ *amb]4 ,"h x accumulates "u mod]ate pressure at a temp]ature ( #ajj4 ,! excess ( /eam escapes ab\t ! cov]1 becomes imprison$ "u ! hood1 ,e1 & s]ves to =m a /eam-jacket betwe5 ! wall ( ! /]iliz+ *amb] & ! hood4 ,z ! /eam is =c$ d[n f above & meets ! air x cond5ses & drips back into ! res]voir4 ,su* an app>atus z ?is is bett] suit$ to comm]cial purposes1 z ! /]iliz+ ( milk1 ?an = sci5tific uses4 #dec4 ,!rmo/ats = ,culture ,app>atus4--,x is important 9 ! culture ( micro-organisms t ! temp]ature %\ld be kept con/ant dur+ ! entire "t ( gr[?4 ,inasmu* z "s op]ations cont9ue = z mu* z ?ree mon?s x is necess>y to h special =ms ( app>atus by means ( :i* a giv5 temp]ature1 dur+ ! "t specifi$1 c be ma9ta9$4 ,?is is secur$ by means ( an ov5 ) an automatic temp]ature regulator1 practically built on ! pr9ciple ( ! hot air /]iliz+ ov5 already describ$4 ,! ess5tial pr9ciples ( con/ruction are1 h[ev]1 t ! regulator = ! temp]ature %\ld be delicate & t ! non-conduct+ m$ium surr\nd+ ! app>atus %\ld be z p]fect z possible1 s t ! v>iations 9 temp]ature f *anges 9 ! ext]ior temp]ature1 are r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,?is delicacy is secur$ by introduc+ a drop ( *lor(orm-e!r into a conf9$ space ov] ! m]cury ( ! regulat+ app>atus4 ,! doors ( ! *amb] are d\ble1 ! int]ior "o be+ ( glass s t ! ext]ior door c be op5$ = inspection ( ! progress ( ! bact]ial gr[? )\t mat]ially int]f]+ ) ! int]ior temp]ature4 ,a conv5i5t =m is %[n 9 ,fig4 #gd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #gd4 ,,laut5s*l,,g]',s ,,!rmo/at4 ,! app>atus figur$1 is oval 9 %ape1 al?\gh circul> or o!r =ms are equally z effective4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! lamp1 a1 !rmomet]s1 t t t1 & gas-regulator1 g1 & ! d\ble doors1 d d1 is %[n 9 ! engrav+ & does n require fur!r description4 ,! usual temp]atures = cultures range f #bb to #ce1 & ! app>atus once set at any temp]ature w rema9 fix$ ) extremely m9ute v>iations = an indef9ite "t4 ,! app>atus possesses a heat zone :i*1 by ! arrangem5t ( ! regulator1 is kept absolutely con/ant4 ,! space betwe5 ! walls ( ! app>atus be+ fill$ ) wat]1 ! temp]ature is ma9ta9$ ev5 9 e "p4 ,! app>atus1 z con/ruct$1 is indep5d5t n only ( ! surr\nd+ temp]ature )9 ord9>y v>iations1 b also ( ! pressure ( ! b>omet]4 ,?ree !rmomet]s are employ$ to det]m9e ! temp]ature ( ! heat+ zone1 ! wat] space & ! inn] space4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! gas-regulator is ( an especial k9d1 z m5tion$ above1 by means ( :i* ! consumption ( gas is r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,?is app>atus c be regulat$ to suit ! "* ( ! "w4 #ded4 ,microscopic ,app>atus ,requir$4--,any good microscope1 capable ( accurate obs]vation1 ( high p[]1 may be us$ = ! bact]iological obs]vations necess>y to soil analysis4 ,pref]5ce %\ld be giv5 to ! patt]ns adapt$ to receive any additional accessories :i* may be subsequ5tly requir$ = advanc$ "w4 ,! /age1 9 addition to be+ fitt$ ) a slid+ b>1 %\ld h a l>ge circul> or horse%oe op5+ to facilitate focus+ op]ations4 ,a me*anical /age is a desirable acquisition if really well made1 b a pla9 /age is pref]able = _m purposes4 ,a rackwork1 c5t]+ sub-/age is ess5tial = advanc$ "w1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( ! m complete =m1 !re %\ld at lea/ be a fitt+ b5ea? ! /age to take ! diaphragm & cond5s]4 ,an iris diaphragm w be f\nd m useful ?an any o!r k9d 9 practice1 s9ce ! size ( ! op5+ c be increas$ v gradually at w4 ,"o ( ! be/ lamps is kn[n z ! p>aff9 lamp & is fitt$ ) a half-in* wick4 ,?is w give ev5 m light ?an is actually requir$1 & a /eady flame1 p]fectly "u control1 may be obta9$4 ,= ! m9ute details to be obs]v$ 9 high-grade microscopic "w1 su* z is requir$ 9 ! bact]iological exam9ation ( soils1 ref]5ce mu/ be _h to ! /&>d works on bact]iology & microscopy4 #dee4 ,g5]al ,conclusions4--,! nitrog5\s food ( plants is provid$ 9 sev]al ways2 viz41 7#a7 ,by ! nitrog5 br\ght to soil 9 ra9 & sn[4 ,?is nitrog5 is *iefly 9 ! =m ( ammonia & nitric acid4 ,! nitrog5 gas 9 solution 9 ra9 wat] has no significance z a plant food4 7#b7 ,by ! action ( c]ta9 ana]obic organisms h]d+ 9 ! rootlets ( legum9\s plants1 free nitrog5 may be oxidiz$ & put into =m = assimilation4 7#c7 ,by ! action ( c]ta9 organisms on nitrog5\s comp\nds pre-exi/+ 9 ! soil1 ammonia1 nitr\s acid1 & f9ally1 nitric acid1 are produc$4 ,x is believ$ t ! plant organism1 unaid$ by ! activity ( a micro-organism1 is unable to assimilate nitrog5 unless x be fully oxidiz$ to nitric acid4 7#d7 ,!re exi/ micro-organisms capable ( act+ directly on free nitrog5 indep5d5t ( o!r plant gr[?1 b ! significance ( ?is possible s\rce ( plant food is1 at ! pres5t "t1 unkn[n4 7#e7 ,! micro-organisms ( importance to agriculture may be isolat$ & develop$ to ! exclusion ( o!r organisms ( a simil> "*4 ,?is isolation is be/ accompli%$ 9 culture-m$ia consi/+ ess5tially ( a m9]al gelat9 to :i* is add$ only pure c>bohydrates & ! necess>y m9]al n\ri%m5t4 7#f7 ,! nitrify+ f]m5ts consi/ probably ( sev]al species1 ( diff]5t geographic di/ribution4 ,diff]5t types ( soils probably h nitrify+ organisms ( diff]5t prop]ties4 ,?is is illu/rat$ by ! fact t nitrification is accompli%$ 9 dry alkal9e soils "u conditions 9 :i* ! ord9>y nitrify+ organisms w\ld fail to develop4 7#g7 ,! /udy ( typical soils 9 respect ( ! k9d1 activity1 & vigor ( _! nitrify+ organisms has become z important a factor 9 soil analysis z ! usual det]m9ation ( physical & *emical composition4 ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,nitric ,,& ,,nitr\s ,,acids ,,9 ,,soils4 #def4 ,classification ( ,me?ods4--,! m9ute quantities 9 :i* highly oxidiz$ nitrog5 exi/s 9 soils r5d] ! op]ations ( its quantitative e/imation extremely delicate4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! easy solubility ( ^! =ms ( comb9ation & ! abs5ce ( absorptive p[]s !re=1 9 ! soil1 r5d] ! sep>ation ( !m f ! soil a matt] ( great ease4 ,x is possible1 !re=e1 to secure all ! nitrates & nitrites pres5t 9 a l>ge quantity ( e>? 9 a solution :i* c be conc5trat$ "u prop] precautions to a volume conv5i5t = manipulation4 ,! me?od ( ?is extraction is ! same = all ! processes ( det]m9ation4 ,! me?ods ( analysis suit$ to soil extracts1 z a rule1 may also be us$ 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! same comp\nds 9 ra91 dra9age1 & sewage wat]s1 & = ! qualitative & quantitative control ( ! progress ( nitrification4 ,! v>i\s processes employ$ may be classifi$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,! conv]sion ( ! nitrog5 into ! gase\s /ate & ! det]m9ation ( its volume directly4 ,?is is accompli%$ by combu/ion ) copp] oxid & metallic copp]4 #b4 ,! conv]sion ( ! nitrog5 into nitric oxid & ! volumetric det]m9ation !re(4 ,! decomposition ( a nitrate ) f]r\s *lorid 9 ! pres5ce ( free hydro*loric acid is an in/ance ( ?is type ( me?ods4 #c4 ,! oxidation ( color$ organic solutions & ! consequ5t disappe>ance ( ! *>act]i/ic color1 or its *ange into a diff]5t t9t4 ,! indigo & indigot9 processes are examples ( ?is me?od4 #d4 ,! production ( color1 9 a colorless or practically colorless solution1 by ! treatm5t !re( ) ! nitrate 9 pres5ce ( an acid :i* decomposes x ) ! lib]ation ( oxidiz+ comp\nds4 ,! dep? ( color produc$ is comp>$ ) t =m$ by a kn[n quantity ( a pure nitrate solution until ! two colorations are alike4 ,! me?ods dep5d+ on ! use ( c>bazol or acid ph5ol sulfate illu/rate ?is class ( reactions4 #e4 ,! conv]sion ( ! nitrog5 into ammonia by moi/ combu/ion ) sulfuric acid 9 ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 organic comp\nds1 e4 g41 salicylic acid1 & ! collection ( ! ammonia 9 /&>d acid1 ! excess ( :i*1 is det]m9$ by titration4 #f4 ,! r$uction ( nitrates to ammonia by nasc5t hydrog5 & ! recov]y ( ! ammonia produc$ by di/illation & collection 9 /&>d acid4 #g4 ,! r$uction ( nitrates by electrolytic action & ! collection ( ! ammonia z above4 #h4 ,! decomposition ( nitrates ) ! quantitative evolution ( a diff]5t elem5t1 & ! direct or indirect measurem5t ( ! evolv$ sub/ance4 ,! quantitative evolution ( *lor9 on treat+ a nitrate ) hydro*loric acid1 ! collection ( ! *lor9 9 potassium iodid1 & ! det]m9ation ( ! iod9 set free1 =m a process belong+ "h4 #deg4 ,relative ,m]it ( ,me?ods4--,! processes m5tion$ 9 ! classifications embrac$ "u numb]s 7#a7 & 7#e7 ( ! prec$+ s*$ule are suffici5tly describ$ 9 ! p>agraphs devot$ !reto1 "u soil & f]tiliz]s4 ,9 practice at ! pres5t "t x is r>e to det]m9e ! nitrog5 9 nitrates by ! copp] oxid me?od4 ,! m rapid & equally exact processes ( colorimetric comp>ison or r$uction by nasc5t hydrog5 are 9 all respects to be pref]r$4 ,! indigo me?ods among ! colorimetric processes are n s mu* 9 use n[ z ^? :i* dep5d on ! developm5t ( a color4 ,lawes & ,gilb]t consid]$ !m f> inf]ior to ! ,s*loes+ me?od4 ,! develop$ color me?ods are especially delicate & are to be pref]r$ 9 all cases :]e ! detection ( ! m]e/ traces ( nitrates is desir$4 ,:]e nitrates are pres5t 9 consid]able quantities ! r$uction me?od ) nasc5t hydrog5 is to be pref]r$ ov] all o!rs4 ,9 all ^! cases ! judgm5t ( ! analy/ mu/ be ex]cis$4 ,! p>ticul> me?od to be employ$ 9 any giv5 case c n be det]m9$ save by ! intellig5t discrim9ation ( ! op]ator4 #deh4 ,! ,extraction ( ,nitric ,acid f ! ,soil4--,! easy solubility ( nitric acid & ( nitrates 9 wat] is tak5 advantage ( 9 ! sep>ation ( ^! bodies f ! soil4 ,a conv5i5t quantity1 usually ab\t #a1jjj grams ( ! f9e soil1 is tak5 = ! extraction4 ,in/ead ( free+ ! soil entirely f wat]1 x is bett] to det]m9e ! am\nt ( wat] 9 ! air-dri$ or prep>$ sample1 & base ! calculation on #a1jjj grams ( ! wat]-free soil4 ,all samples ( soil1 :5 tak5 = ! purpose ( exam9+ = nitrates1 %\ld be rapidly dri$ to prev5t ! process ( nitrification f cont9u+ aft] ! sample is tak54 ,= ?is purpose ! soil %\ld be plac$ 9 a ?9 lay] 9 a w>m place1 #ej-fj1 until air-dri$4 ,x /ill conta9s 9 ?is case a little moi/ure b n en\gh to p]mit nitrification to g on4 ,"o ?\s& grams ( soil prep>$ z above are treat$ ) #b1jjj cubic c5timet]s ( di/ill$ wat]1 free ( nitric acid1 & all[$ to /& = =ty-eight h\rs ) frequ5t %ak+4 ,"o ?\s& cubic c5timet]s ( ! extract are !n filt]$1 correspond+ to #ejj grams ( ! dry soil4 ,a small quantity ( pure sodium c>bonate %\ld be add$ to ! filtrate :i* is !n evaporat$ on a wat]-ba? to a volume ( ab\t #ajj cubic c5timet]s4 ,%\ld a precipitate be =m$ dur+ evaporation x %\ld be sep>at$ by filtration1 ! filt] wa%$ ?or\ghly1 & ! filtrate aga9 evaporat$ to a volume ( #ajj cubic c5timet]s4 ,9 tak+ a soil = ! det]m9ation ( nitrates1 x is well to ext5d ! sampl+ to a consid]able dep?4 ,if ! sample be tak5 only to ! dep? ( n9e in*es1 x %\ld be 9 dry wea!r :5 ! nitrates are ne> ! surface4 ,! temp]ature at :i* a soil is dri$ has also an influ5ce on ! quality ( nitric nitrog5 rema9+ aft] desiccation4 ,if a wet soil be dri$ at #ajj1 ! nitrates pres5t w suff] p>tial decomposition4 ,?is is probably due to deoxidation by organic matt] pres5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ord9>y air-dry+ af=ds opportunity = cont9u$ nitrification1 ?us increas+ ! residuum ( oxidiz$ nitrog54 ,! above me?od is ess5tially t foll[$ by ,w>+ton at ,ro?am/ead4 ,! me?od ( dry+ practic$ at ,ro?am/ead1 9 ord] to secure results z ne>ly accurate z possible is ! foll[+3#bic ,! soil is brok5 up directly aft] x is tak5 f ! field1 & spread on trays 9 lay]s "o in* deep4 ,! trays are !n plac$ 9 a room at #ee4 ,! dry+ is complet$ 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,aft] dry+1 /ones & roots are remov$1 & ! soil is f9ely p[d]$ & plac$ 9 bottles4 ,= extract+ ! nitrates1 a funnel is prep>$ by cutt+ (f ! bottom f a bottle f\r & a half in*es 9 diamet]4 ,a nicely fitt+ disk ( copp] gauze is plac$ 9 ! bottom ( ?is funnel1 & ?is is cov]$ ) two filt] pap]s1 ! upp] "o hav+ a slightly great] diamet] ?an ! l[]4 ,! pap] is fir/ moi/5$1 & !n f #bjj to #ejj grams ( ! dry p[d]$ soil introduc$4 ,! funnel is connect$ ) ! receiv+ flask ( a filt] pump1 & pure wat] p\r$ on ! soil until x is ?or\ghly saturat$4 ,! wat] is !n add$ 9 small quantities4 ,:5 ! filtrate am\nts to #ajj cubic c5timet]s ! process may be discont9u$1 s9ce all ! nitrates 9 ! soil w be f\nd 9 ?is "p ( ! filtrate4 ,! extract obta9$ above is evaporat$ to conv5i5t bulk = ! det]m9ation ( nitric nitrog54 ,,! ,,nitric ,,oxid ,,process4 #dei4 ,me?od ( ,s*loes+4--,! processes = e/imat+ nitrog5 by combu/ion ) copp] oxid & by moi/ combu/ion ) sulfuric acid h bo? be5 us$ = ! det]m9ation ( ! quantity ( nitrog5 exi/+ 9 a highly oxidiz$ /ate4 ,^! processes w be fully discuss$ "u ! head ( f]tiliz]s4 ,9 ! case ( soil extracts1 dra9age wat]s1 etc41 x w be suffici5t to discuss1 = ! pres5t1 only ^? processes adapt$ especially to a quick & accurate e/imation ( oxidiz$ nitrog54 ,! pr9ciple ( ! me?od ( ,s*loes+ dep5ds on ! decomposition ( nitrates 9 ! pres5ce ( a f]r\s salt & a /rong m9]al acid4#bid ,! nitrog5 9 ! process appe>s z nitric oxid1 ! volume ( :i* may be directly measur$1 or x may be conv]t$ into nitric acid & titrat$ by an alkali4 ,! typical reactions :i* take place are repres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ equation3 #f;,fe,cl #b,,kno #h;,h,cl #c;,fe,cl #b,k,cl #d;,h,o #b,,no4 #dfj4 ,s*loes+'s ,modifi$ ,me?od4--,! ,s*loes+ me?od z n[ practic$ by ! ,fr5* *emi/s is conduct$ 9 ! app>atus %[n 9 ,fig4 #ge4bie ,! c>bon dioxid is g5]at$ by ! action ( ! hydro*loric acid 9 ,f on ! fragm5ts ( m>ble 9 ,a4 ,aft] pass+ ! wa%-bottle ! gas ent]s ! small tubulat$ retort1 ,c1 :i* conta9s ! nitrate 9 solution4 ,= ord9>y soils #ajj grams are plac$ 9 an extraction flask1 plugg$ ) cotton1 & a lay] ( ! same mat]ial is plac$ ov] ! soil = ! purpose ( secur+ an ev5 di/ribution ( ! extract+ liquid4 ,?is liquid is di/ill$ wat] conta9+ 9 ea* lit] "o gram ( calcium *lorid4 ,! purpose ( us+ ! calcium *lorid is to prev5t ! soil f becom+ compact$ :i* w\ld r5d] ! extraction ( ! nitrate difficult4 ,! extract+ liquid is all[$ to fall drop by drop f a m>iotte bottle until ! filtrate am\nts to #ejj cubic c5timet]s4 ,?is volume is conc5trat$ on a s&-ba? until x is r$uc$ to t5 or fifte5 cubic c5timet]s :5 x is transf]r$ to a flat-bottom$ di% & ! evaporation f9i%$ ov] /eam1 c>e be+ tak5 n to all[ ! temp]ature to exce$ #ajj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ge4 ,,s*loes+',s ,,app>atus ,,= ,,nitric ,,acid4 ,ano!r & m rapid me?od = dissolv+ ! nitrate1 may also be practic$4 ,9 a flask hold+ ab\t "o lit]1 place #bbj grams ( ! soil & #ffj cubic c5timet]s ( di/ill$ wat] & %ake vigor\sly1 or en\gh wat] to make #ffj cubic c5timet]s toge!r ) ! moi/ure rema9+ 9 ! air-dri$ sample tak54 ,all ! nitrates pass into solution4 ,?r[ ! cont5ts ( ! flask into a filt] & take #fjj cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate :i* w conta9 all ! nitrates 9 #bjj grams ( ! sample tak54 ,?is filtrate is evaporat$ z describ$ above4 ,9 ! flat di% conta9+ ! dri$ nitrates1 p\r ?ree or f\r cubic c5timet]s ( f]r\s *lorid solution & /ir ) a small glass rod until complete solution ( ! nitrate takes place4 ,by means ( a small funnel ! solution is p\r$ into ,c1 & ! capsule & funnel are well r9s$ ) two cubic c5timet]s ( hydro*loric acid4 ,! wa%+ is repeat$ ?ree times z above describ$1 & once ) "o cubic c5timet] ( wat]1 :i* is add$ cauti\sly s z to =m a lay] ov] ! surface ( ! heavi] liquid4 ,! tubulat$ flask is !n connect$ ) ! c>bon dioxid app>atus1 previ\sly fre$ f air1 & ! gas all[$ to fl[ ev5ly until ! :ole ( ! app>atus is completely air-free4 ,! o!r details ( ! me?od are ess5tially ! same z ^? adopt$ by ! ,commission ( ,fr5* ,agricultural ,*emi/s :i* w be giv5 bel[4 #dfa4 ,! ,fr5* ,agricultural ,me?od4--,! ,s*loes+ me?od z practic$ by ! ,fr5* agricultural *emi/s is v slightly diff]5t f ! proc$ure j describ$4#bif ,! process ) soils is c>ri$ on z foll[s3 ,five hundr$ grams ( ! soil are tak5 & introduc$ into a flask ( ab\t two lit]s capacity & %ak5 ?or\ghly ) a lit] ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,! :ole ( ! nitrates ( ! soil is ?us pass$ into solution4 ,! solution is filt]$ & #djj cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate are tak51 :i* correspond to #bjj grams ( ! soil4 ,?is liquid is evaporat$ 9 a flask1 add+ a fragm5t ( p>aff9 to prev5t foam+1 until its volume is r$uc$ to fifte5 or tw5ty cubic c5timet]s4 ,x is aft]w>ds transf]r$ ?r\gh a filt] into a capsule ) a flat bottom 9 :i* ! evaporation is f9i%$ on a /eam-ba?1 tak+ c>e t ! temp]ature does n exce$ #ajj4 ,an important precaution is1 n to all[ ! contact ( ! wat] ) ! soil to be too prolong$1 to avoid ! r$uction ( ! nitrates :i* c\ld take place "u ! influ5ce ( ! d5itrify+ organisms :i* are develop$ ) s great a rapidity 9 moi/ e>?4 ,! app>atus 9 :i* ! trans=mation ( ! nitrates into nitric oxid takes place is ess5tially t already describ$ 7,fig4 #ge74 ,! c>bon dioxid g5]ator is connect$ by means ( a rubb] tube & a small wa%-bottle to ! small retort 9 :i* ! reaction takes place1 & f :i* ! exit tube leads to a m]cury tr\gh4 ,! gas :i* is dis5gag$ is receiv$ "u a j> drawn out to a f9e po9t 9 its upp] "p1 :i* c>ries ab\t fifte5 cubic c5timet]s ( pota% solution conta9+ two p>ts ( wat] to "o ( pota%4 ,! op]ation is conduct$ z foll[s3 ,into ! small capsule :i* conta9s ! dri$ matt]1 ?ree or f\r cubic c5timet]s ( f]r\s *lorid are p\r$4 ,by means ( a /irr+ rod ! residue /ick+ to ! sides ( ! capsule is deta*$ ) c>e & all ! matt] is ?us collect$ 9 ! bottom4 ,by means ( a small funnel ! cont5ts ( ! capsule are introduc$ into ! retort4 ,ab\t two cubic c5timet]s ( hydro*loric acid are us$ = wa%+ out ! mat]ials & ?is acid is also introduc$ into ! retort4 ,! wa%+ ) hydro*loric acid is repeat$ ?ree or f\r times1 & f9ally ! app>atus is wa%$ ) "o cubic c5timet] ( wat]1 :i* is also p\r$ 9 by ! small funnel ) great c>e1 s t ?is wat] may =m a lay] ov] ! surface ( ! liquid4 ,! app>atus is n[ connect$ & fill$ completely ) c>bon dioxid4 ,s9ce x is necess>y t ?is gas %\ld be completely free ( air1 ! flask1 :i* g5]ates x1 is fir/ fill$ ) ! acidulat$ wat] f ! acid flask1 & ! air is ?us almo/ totally displac$ by ! liquid4 ,! evolution ( c>bon dioxid gas :i* foll[s1 completely frees ! app>atus f air4 ,:5 ?is is accompli%$ ! retort is connect$ ) ! re/ ( ! app>atus & ! gas all[$ to pass = ab\t two m9utes until ! air is completely driv5 out ( all ! connections4 ,! curr5t is arre/$ = a mom5t by p9*+ ! rubb] tube :i* conducts ! c>bon dioxid into ! retort1 & ! vessel :i* is to receive ! gas is !n plac$ ov] ! deliv]y-tube1 ?is vessel be+ fill$ ) m]cury & a /rong solution ( pota%4 ,! communication betwe5 ! retort & ! c>bon dioxid flask is brok5 & ! flask is heat$ slightly by means ( a small lamp4 ,! fir/ bubbles ( gas evolv$ %\ld be entirely absorb$ by ! pota%4 ,?is w be an indication ( ! complete abs5ce ( ! air4 ,:5 ! liquid is 9 a /ate ( ebullition ! nitrog5 dioxid is set free4 ,! boil+ is regulat$ 9 su* a way t ! evolution is regul> & ! liquid ( ! retort may n1 by a too viol5t boil+1 pass into ! receiv]4 ,! boil+ is cont9u$ until ! l>g] "p ( ! liquid is di/ill$ & only ?ree or f\r cubic c5timet]s rema9 9 ! retort4 ,at ?is "t a few bubbles ( c>bon dioxid are all[$ to fl[ ?r\gh 9 ord] to cause to pass into ! receiv] ! la/ traces ( nitric oxid4 ,! gas receiv$ is left = "s m9utes 9 contact ) ! pota%4 ,aft]w>d 9 a small flask1 ,g1 ! neck ( :i* is drawn out to a f9e po9t1 & c>ry+ a bulb-tube1 ,h1 & a piece ( rubb] tub+1 !re are boil$ tw5ty-five or ?irty cubic c5timet]s ( wat] = five or six m9utes 9 ord] to drive all ! air out ( ! flask1 & :ile ! boil+ is cont9u$ ! rubb] tub+ is fa/5$ to ! drawn-out "p ( ! j> conta9+ ! nitric oxid4 ,)9 ! rubb] tub+ ! drawn-out po9t is brok5 & ! vapor ( wat] is =c$ into ! j> & drives be=e x ! solution ( pota% :i* has fill$ ! capill>y "p ( ! drawn-out tube4 ,z soon z ! po9t is brok51 ! boil+ ( ! flask is /opp$ & by its cool+ ! nitric oxid passes into x4 ,x is necess>y to press ! rubb] tub+ ) ! f+]s 9 ord] t ! passage ( ! gas into ! flask be n too rapid4 ,z ! solution ( pota% rises 9 ! bell-j> :i* conta9s ! nitric oxid ne> to ! po9t :]e ! rubb] tub+ cov]s its drawn-out portion1 ! f+]s are remov$ & a clamp put 9 _! place4 ,!re /ill rema9s a little nitric oxid 9 ! flask & to drive ?is out x is necess>y to introduce five or six cubic c5timet]s ( pure hydrog51 :i* are all[$ to pass ov] into ! receiv+ flask1 by releas+ ! clamp 9 ! same way z ! nitric oxid4 ,! hydrog5 be+ introduc$ 9 successive portions1 f9ally c>ries all ! nitric oxid into ! flask )\t all[+ any ( ! pota% to ent]4 ,! flask conta9+ ! nitric oxid is n[ connect$ ) a res]voir ( oxyg54 ,! oxyg5 is all[$ to ent]1 bubble by bubble1 by means ( cool+ ! flask by imm]sion 9 wat]4 ,! trans=mation ( nitric oxid into nitric acid is n entirely complete = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 to wait t long aft] ! introduction ( ! oxyg5 be=e det]m9+ ! am\nt ( nitric acid produc$4 ,! cont5ts ( ! flask are plac$ 9 a titration-j>1 ! flask be+ wa%$ two or ?ree times & a few drops ( t9cture ( litmus be+ add$4 ,! nitric acid is !n det]m9$ by a /&>d solution ( calcium hydroxid or "s o!r /&>d alkali4 ,f ! titration ! cont5t ( nitric acid is calculat$4 ,! ,fr5* ,committee fur!r sugge/s t ?is me?od may be modifi$ 9 ! way ( mak+ x m rapid by collect+ ! nitric acid 9 a graduat$ tube fill$ ) m]cury & conta9+ "s pota%4 ,! volume ( ! gas is det]m9$ & ! pressure ( ! b>omet] & ! temp]ature obs]v$1 & ! usual calculations made to r$uce ! volume to z]o & to a pressure ( #gfj millimet]s ( m]cury4 ,ea* cubic c5timet] ( nitric oxid ?us measur$ corresponds to #b4dag milligrams ( nitric acid4 ,! pres5ce ( organic matt] does n int]f]e ) ! det]m9ation ( nitric acid by ei!r ( ! me?ods giv5 above4 #dfb4 ,modification ( ,w>+ton4--,! me?od ( proc$ure & description ( app>atus us$1 z employ$ by ,w>+ton1 are z foll[s3 ,! vessel 9 :i* ! reaction takes place is a small tubulat$ receiv]1 ,a 7,fig4 #gf71 ab\t f\r c5timet]s 9 diamet]1 m\nt$ & connect$ z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! deliv]y-tube dips into a j> ( m]cury 9 a tr\gh conta9+ ! same liquid4 ,! long supply funnel-tube a is ( small bore1 hold+ 9 all only "o-half cubic c5timet]4 ,! connect+ tube ,f1 c>ry+ a clamp1 is also ( small diamet] & s]ves to connect ! app>atus ) a supply ( c>bon dioxid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #gf4 ,,w>+ton',s ,,app>atus ,,= ,,nitric ,,acid4 ,9 practice1 ! supply-tube a is fir/ fill$ ) /rong hydro*loric acid & c>bon dioxid pass$ ?r\gh ! app>atus until ! air is all expell$4 ,?is is indicat$ :5 a portion ( ! gas collect$ ov] ! m]cury1 is entirely absorb$ by cau/ic alkali4 ,at ?is po9t ! curr5t ( c>bon dioxid is /opp$ by ! clamp ,c1 & a ba? ( calcium *lorid1 ,b1 heat$ to #adj is br\ght "u ! bulb ,a1 until ! latt] is half imm]s$ !re94 ,! temp]ature ( ! ba? is ma9ta9$ by a lamp4 ,by all[+ a few drops ( hydro*loric acid to ent] ! receiv]1 ! c>bon dioxid is almo/ :olly expell$4 ,! end ( ! deliv]y-tube is !n connect$ ) ! tube1 ,t1 fill$ ) m]cury1 & ! app>atus is ready = use4 ,! nitrate1 9 :i* ! nitric acid is to be det]m9$1 9 a dry /ate1 is dissolv$ 9 two cubic c5timet]s ( ! f]r\s *lorid solution 7"o gram ( iron 9 t5 cubic c5timet]s71 "o cubic c5timet] ( /rong hydro*loric acid is add$1 & ! :ole is !n introduc$ into ! receiv] ?r\gh ! supply-tube1 be+ foll[$ by successive r9s+s ) hydro*loric acid1 ea* r9s+ n exce$+ "o-half cubic c5timet]4 ,! cont5ts ( ! receiv] are1 9 a few mom5ts1 boil$ to dryness2 a little c>bon dioxid is admitt$ be=e dryness is rea*$1 & aga9 aft]w>ds to drive ov] all rema9s ( nitric oxid4 ,9 ! recov]$ gas ! c>bon dioxid is fir/ absorb$ by cau/ic pota%1 & aft]w>ds ! nitric oxid by f]r\s *lorid4 ,all measurem5ts ( ! gas are made 9 ,frankl&'s modification ( ,regnault's app>atus4 ,! c>bon dioxid %\ld be z free z possible f oxyg54 ,! c>bon dioxid g5]ator is =m$ ( two vessels1 ! l[] "o consi/+ ( a bottle ) a tubule 9 ! side ne> ! bottom2 ?is bottle is support$ 9 an inv]t$ position & conta9s ! m>ble f :i* ! gas is g5]at$4 ,! upp] vessel consi/s ( a simil> bottle /&+ upright & conta9+ ! hydro*loric acid requir$ to act on ! m>ble4 ,! two vessels are connect$ by a glass tube pass+ f ! side tubule ( ! upp] vessel to ! inv]t$ m\? ( ! l[] vessel4 ,! acid f ! upp] vessel ?us ent]s bel[ ! m>ble4 ,c>bon dioxid is g5]at$ & remov$ at pleasure by op5+ a /op-cock atta*$ to ! side tubule ( ! l[] vessel ?us all[+ hydro*loric acid to desc5d & come 9 contact ) ! m>ble4 ,a good ,kipp's g5]ator ( any approv$ =m may also be us$ in/ead ( ! simple app>atus1 above describ$4 ,! fragm5ts ( m>ble us$ are previ\sly boil$ 9 wat] 9 a /rong flask4 ,aft] boil+ has proce$$ = "s "t1 a rubb] /opp] is fix$ 9 ! neck ( ! flask & ! flame remov$4 ,boil+ w !n cont9ue = "s "t 9 a p>tial vacuum4 ,! hydro*loric acid is also well boil$ & has dissolv$ 9 x a mod]ate quantity ( cupr\s *lorid4 ,z soon z ! acid has be5 plac$ 9 ! upp] res]voir1 x is cov]$ by a lay] ( oil4 ,! app>atus be+ ?us *>g$ is at once set 9 active "w by op5+ ! /op-cock ( ! m>ble res]voir2 ! acid desc5ds1 ent]s ! m>ble res]voir1 & ! c>bon dioxid produc$ drives out ! air4 ,z ! acid res]voir is kept on a high] level ?an ! m>ble res]voir1 ! latt] is always "u int]nal pressure1 & leakage ( air f )\t1 into ! app>atus1 _c occur4 ,! pres5ce ( ! cupr\s *lorid 9 ! hydro*loric acid n only insures ! removal ( dissolv$ oxyg51 b af=ds an indication to ! eye ( ! ma9t5ance ( ?is condition4 ,:ile ! acid rema9s ( an olive t9t1 oxyg5 is abs5t2 b %\ld ! color *ange to a blue-gre51 m cupr\s *lorid mu/ be add$4 ,all ! reag5ts employ$ %\ld be previ\sly boil$4 ,9 ord] to secure absolute fre$om f air1 ! foll[+ modifications on ! above process h be5 adopt$ by ,w>+ton3 ,! app>atus hav+ be5 m\nt$ z describ$1 ! funnel-tube atta*$ to ! bulb retort is fill$ ) wat]1 & ! app>atus connect$ ) ! c>bon dioxid g5]ator4 ,c>bon dioxid is !n pass$ ?r\gh ! app>atus until a mod]ate /ream ( bubbles rises 9 ! m]cury tr\gh4 ,! /op-cock is left 9 ?is position1 & ! admission ( gas is controll$ by ! p9*-cock4 ,! ba? ( calcium *lorid is s adju/$ z to cause ! bulb retort to be almo/ entirely subm]g$1 & ! temp]ature ( ! ba? is kept at #acj to #adj4 ,small quantities ( wat] are next admitt$ into ! bulb & expell$ z /eam 9 ! curr5t ( c>bon dioxid1 ! supply ( ?is gas be+ %ut (f be=e ! evaporation is entirely complet$1 s z to leave z little c>bon dioxid z possible 9 ! app>atus4 ,previ\s to v delicate exp]im5ts x is advisable to introduce ?r\gh ! funnel-tube a small quantity ( potassium nitrate1 f]r\s *lorid1 & hydro*loric acid1 r9s+ ! tube ) ! latt] reag5t4 ,any trace ( oxyg5 rema9+ 9 ! app>atus is !n consum$ by ! nitric oxid =m$2 & aft] boil+ to dryness & driv+ out ! nitric acid ) c>bon dioxid1 ! app>atus is 9 a p]fect condition = a quantitative exp]im5t4 #dfc4 ,prep>ation ( ! ,mat]ials to be ,analyz$4--,accord+ to ,w>+ton1 soil extracts may be us$ )\t o!r prep>ation ?an conc5tration4 ,vegetable juices :i* coagulate :5 heat$1 require to be boil$ & filt]$ or else evaporat$ to a ?9 sirup1 treat$ ) alcohol1 & filt]$4 ,a cle> solution be+ ?us obta9$1 x is conc5trat$ ov] a wat]-ba? to a m9imum volume 9 a beak] ( small size4 ,z soon z cool1 x is mix$ ) "o cubic c5timet] ( a cold saturat$ solution ( f]r\s *lorid & "o cubic c5timet] ( hydro*loric acid1 bo? reag5ts hav+ be5 boil$ & cool$ imm$iately be=e use4 ,9 mix+ ) ! reag5ts1 c>e mu/ be tak5 t bubbles ( air are n entangl$1 :i* is apt to occur ) viscid extracts4 ,! quantity ( f]r\s *lorid m5tion$ is amply suffici5t = mo/ soil extracts1 b x is well to use two cubic c5timet]s 9 ! fir/ exp]im5t1 ! pres5ce ( a consid]able excess ( f]r\s *lorid 9 ! retort be+ ?us insur$4 ,) bulky vegetable extracts m f]r\s *lorid %\ld be employ$4 ,to ! sirup f tw5ty grams ( mangel-wurzel sap1 five cubic c5timet]s ( f]r\s *lorid & two cubic c5timet]s ( hydro*loric acid are usually add$4 #dfd4 ,measurem5t ( ! ,gas4--,! measurem5t ( ! gas 0 = "s "t conduct$ by ! use ( conc5trat$ pota% = absorb+ ! c>bon dioxid1 & f]r\s *lorid = absorb+ ! nitric oxid4 ,! use ( ! f]r\s *lorid1 h[ev]1 0 f\nd to introduce a s\rce ( error4 ,! treatm5t ( ! gas ) oxyg5 & pyrogallol ov] pota% has !re=e be5 sub/itut$ by ,w>+ton = its absorption by f]r\s *lorid4 ,! *ief s\rce ( error att5d+ ! oxyg5 process lies 9 ! small quantity ( c>bon monoxid produc$ dur+ ! absorption ) pyrogallol2 ?is error becomes negligible if ! oxyg5 be only us$ 9 small excess4 ,! am\nt ( oxyg5 employ$ c be regulat$ by ! use ( ,bis*('s gas deliv]y-tube4 ,?is may be made ( a te/-tube hav+ a small p]=ation half an in* f ! m\?4 ,! tube is p>tly fill$ ) oxyg5 ov] m]cury1 & its m\? is !n clos$ by a f9ely p]=at$ /opp] made f a piece ( wide tube & fitt$ tightly into ! te/-tube by means ( a cov]+ ( rubb]4 ,:5 ?is tube is incl9$1 ! side p]=ation be+ d[nw>ds1 ! oxyg5 is dis*>g$ 9 small bubbles f ! p]=at$ /opp]1 :ile m]cury ent]s ?r\gh ! op5+4 ,us+ ?is tube1 ! supply ( oxyg5 is p]fectly "u control & c be /opp$ z soon z a fre% bubble ceases to produce a r$ t+e on ent]+4 ,w>+ton concludes 8 description by /at+ t 9 ! reaction propos$ by ,s*loes+ ! analy/ has a means ( det]m9+ a v small quantity ( nitric acid ) consid]able accuracy1 ev5 9 ! pres5ce ( organic matt]2 b to accompli% ?is1 ! v>i\s simplifications consi/+ 9 ! omission ( ! /ream ( c>bon dioxid1 & ! collection ( ! gas ov] cau/ic soda mu/ be ab&on$1 & special precautions mu/ be tak5 to exclude all traces ( oxyg5 f ! app>atus4 #dfe4 ,spiegel's ,modification4--,spiegel notic$ inaccuracies 9 ! results ( ! f]r\s *lorid me?od ( e/imat+ nitric acid :5 c>bon dioxid is us$1 :i* sometimes am\nt$ to ?ree p] c5t ( ! nitric acid pres5t 9 ! sample4 ,! foll[+ sugge/ions are made by him = ! improvem5t ( ! process3#big ,z reg>ds ! use ( c>bon dioxid 9 ! op]ation1 ! fir/ difficulty consi/s 9 obta9+ x entirely free f air4 ,by ! use ( small pieces ( m>ble1 :i*1 be=e be+ plac$ 9 ! ,kipp app>atus1 are kept = a long :ile 9 boil+ wat]1 a product is obta9$ :i*1 aft] ?irty m9utes ( mod]ate evolution1 leaves only a trace ( unabsorb$ gas 9 contact ) pota%-lye4 ,! app>atus us$ is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #gg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #gg4 ,,spiegel',s ,,app>atus ,,= ,,nitric ,,acid4 ,a is a r\nd flask ( ab\t #aej cubic c5timet]s capacity1 furni%$ ) a well-fitt+ rubb] /opp] provid$ ) two holes1 "o = ! entrance ( ! funnel-tube ,b & ! o!r = ! deliv]y-tube ,c4 ,! tube ,b ends ab\t two c5timet]s above ! bottom ( ,a & c>ries a bulb-%ap$ funnel at its top capable ( hold+ ab\t fifty cubic c5timet]s4 ,! gas-tube ,d is gr\nd into ! bulb ( ,b z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,aft] ! flask _h be5 fill$ ) ! solution to be exam9$1 c>bon dioxid is conduct$ ?r\gh ,d & ! flask is heat$ to boil+ until ! gas :i* escapes ?r\gh ,c no long] conta9s any air4 ,! measur+ tube is br\ght ov] ! end ( ! deliv]y-tube ,c1 9 ! usual mann]1 b n %[n 9 ! figure4 ,9 ! funnel ( ,b are plac$ tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( previ\sly prep>$ & boil$ f]r\s *lorid solution & ?is liquid is all[$ to fl[ p>tly into ,a by lift+ slightly ! gas-tube1 ,d4 ,ab\t =ty cubic c5timet]s ( conc5trat$1 boil$ hydro*loric acid are aft]w>ds add$ to x 9 ! same way4 ,z soon z ! liquid 9 ! flask ,a is aga9 boil+1 ! /ream ( c>bon dioxid is %ut (f & all[$ to fl[ aga9 only t[>ds ! end ( ! op]ation1 :5 ! cont5ts ( ! flask are r$uc$ almo/ to dryness4 ,z w be se5 f ! above directions no unboil$ liquids ( any k9d are to be us$ z reag5ts 9 ! app>atus describ$4 ,if ! flask ,a 7 made mu* small] ! effici5cy ( ?is app>atus w\ld be increas$4 ,x appe>s to h few1 if any1 advantages ov] ,w>+ton's process4 #dff4 ,s*ulze-,tiemann ,me?od4--,! modification ( ,s*ulze-,tiemann 9 ! f]r\s salt me?od consi/s *iefly 9 ! omission ( ! use ( c>bon dioxid1 & 9 ! simplifi$ =m ( app>atus1 :i* p]mits rapid "w & gives1 also1 accord+ to "s au?orities1 v exact & reliable results4#bih ,! extract1 repres5t+ #ejj grams ( ! f9e soil1 is r$uc$ by evaporation to #ajj cubic c5timet]s & plac$ 9 a glass flask1 ,a 7,fig4 #gh71 ( #ejj cubic c5timet]s capacity4 ,! flask is clos$ ) a rubb] /opp]1 c>ry+ two b5t glass tubes :i* pass ?r\gh x4 ,! tube a b c is drawn out into a po9t at a & rea*es ab\t two c5timet]s bel[ ! surface ( ! rubb] /opp]4 ,! tube e f g passes j to ! l[] surface ( ! rubb] /opp]4 ,! two tubes m5tion$ are connect$1 by means ( rubb] tubes & p9*-cocks1 ) ! tubes d & h4 ,! p9*-cocks at c & g mu/ be capable ( clos+ ! tubes air-tight4 ,! end ( ! tube g h passes into a cry/alliz+ di%1 ,b1 & is b5t upw>d to a po9t pass+ two to ?ree c5timet]s into ! measur+ tube ,c4 ,! po9t )9 ! tube is cov]$ ) a piece ( rubb] tub+4 ,! measur+ tube ,c is divid$ into t5?s ( a cubic c5timet]1 & toge!r ) ! cry/alliz+ di% ,b1 is fill$ ) a t5 p] c5t solution ( boil$ soda-lye1 :i* is obta9$ by dissolv+ #ab4i p>ts ( sodium hydroxid 9 #ajj p>ts ( wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #gh4 ,,s*ulze-,,tiemann',s ,,nitric ,,acid ,,app>atus4 ,! liquid :i* is to be exam9$ = nitric acid1 ! p9*-cocks be+ op5$ & ! tube g h n dipp+ into ! cry/alliz+ di%1 is boil$ = "o h\r 9 ord] to drive ! air out ( ! flask ,a4 ,! end ( ! tube e f g h is !n br\ght into ! cry/alliz+ di% conta9+ ! sodium hydroxid solution s t ! /eam escap+ f ! flask ,a1 escapes p>tly ?r\gh ! tube b c d1 & p>tly ?r\gh ! tube f g h1 n all[+1 h[ev]1 ! bubbles to ent] ! measur+ tube ,c4 ,to det]m9e :e!r ! air is all expell$1 ! p9*-cock at g is clos$ & ! soda-lye w !reupon rise to g 9 case no air int]f]es4 ,x is be/ to close ! tube at g fir/ ) ! ?umb & f+] & !n ! rise ( ! soda-lye to t po9t c be det]m9$ by ! impulse felt4 ,! tube is !n firmly clos$ by means ( ! p9*-cock g4 ,! re/ ( ! /eam is all[$ to escape ?r\gh ! tube a b c d1 & ! evaporation is cont9u$ until ! cont5ts ( ! flask are evaporat$ to ab\t t5 cubic c5timet]s4 ,! flask into :i* ! tube c d dips1 is fill$ ) fre%ly boil$ wat]4 ,! lamp is remov$ f ! flask ,a1 ! p9*-cock is clos$1 :]eupon ! tube c d becomes fill$ ) ! fre%ly boil$ wat]4 ,! measur+ tube ,c1 fill$ ) fre%ly boil$ soda-lye is clos$ ) ! ?umb & br\ght into ! di% ,b1 c>e be+ tak5 t no bubble ( air ent]s4 ,x is plac$ ov] ! end ( ! tube g h4 ,! pressure ( ! ext]nal air w n[ flatt5 ! rubb] tubes at c & g4 ,! flask at ! end ( c d hold+ fre%ly boil$ wat] is !n replac$ ) "o fill$ ) a ne>ly saturat$ solution ( f]r\s *lorid conta9+ "s hydro*loric acid4 ,! flask conta9+ ! f]r\s *lorid solution %\ld be graduat$ s t ! am\nt :i* is suck$ into ! flask ,a c be det]m9$4 ,! p9*-cock c is op5$ & f fifte5 to tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( ! f]r\s *lorid solution all[$ to fl[ into ,a4 ,! end ( ! tube c d is !n plac$ 9 ano!r flask conta9+ /rong hydro*loric acid1 & ! latt] all[$ to fl[ into ! tube 9 small quantities at a "t until all ! f]r\s *lorid is wa%$ out ( ! tube b c d into ,a4 ,at ! po9t b !re is sometimes =m$ a little bubble ( hydro*loric acid 9 ! /ate ( gas1 :i* by heat+ ! flask ,a completely disappe>s4 ,! flask ,a is next w>m$ g5tly until ! rubb] tubes at ! p9*-cocks beg9 to assume _! normal condition4 ,! p9*-cock at g is n[ replac$ by ! ?umb & f+]1 & z soon z ! pressure )9 ! flask ,a is some:at /rong]1 caus$ by ! nitric oxid gas evolv$ f ! mixture1 x is all[$ to pass ?r\gh ! tube e f g h & escape into ! measur+ cyl9d] ,c4 ,by a manipulation ( ! f+] & ?umb at g1 x is possible to prev5t regurgitation ( ! sodium hydroxid into ,a1 & at ! same "t to relieve ! pressure ( ! nitric oxid 9 ,a1 :i* w\ld be difficult to d by means ( ! p9*-cock alone4 ,! boil+ ( ! liquid is cont9u$ until !re is no long] any increase ( ! volume ( gas 9 ! measur+ cyl9d] ,c4 ,aft] ! end ( ! op]ation ! tube g h is remov$ f ! di% ,b & ! measur+ tube ,c is clos$ by means ( ! ?umb :ile its end is /ill b5ea? ! surface ( ! soda-lye1 & x is %ak5 until all traces ( any hydro*loric acid1 :i* may h escap$ absorption1 are remov$4 ,x is !n plac$ 9 a l>ge glass cyl9d] fill$ ) wat] at ! temp]ature at :i* ! volume ( gas is to be read4 ,aft] be+ kept at ?is con/ant temp]ature = ab\t half an h\r ! volume ( ! nitric oxid c be read4 ,= ?is purpose ! measur+ cyl9d] ,c is sunk into ! wat] ( ! l>ge cyl9d] until ! level ( ! liquids )9 & )\t ! tube is ! same4 ,! usual correction = pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 z det]m9$ by ! b>omet]1 & = ! t5sion ( ! aque\s vapor at ! temp]ature at :i* ! read+ is made1 is appli$4 ,! correction is made by means ( ! foll[+ =mula3 ,v 7,v #bgc 7,b f77 77#bgc t7 #gfj7 ,9 ?is =mula ,v d5otes ! volume ( ! gas at ! temp]ature ( z]o1 & at #gfj millimet]s b>ometric pressure2 ,v ! volume ( ! gas z read at ! b>ometric pressure obs]v$1 ,b1 & ! temp]ature obs]v$1 t1 :ile f d5otes ! t5sion ( ! aque\s vapor 9 millimet]s ( m]cury pressure at ! obs]v$ temp]ature t4 ,! t5sion ( ! aque\s vapor at temp]atures f z]o to #bf1 express$ 9 millimet]s ( m]cury1 is giv5 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,temp4 ,t5sion 9 mm4 m]cury4 #j #d4f #a #d4i #b #e4c #c #e4g #d #f4a #e #f4e #f #f4i #g #g4d #h #h4j #i #h4e #aj #i4a #aa #i4g #ab #aj4d #ac #aa4a #ad #aa4i #ae #ab4g #af #ac4e #ag #ad4d #ah #ae4c #ai #af4c #bj #ag4d #ba #ah4e #bb #ai4f #bc #bj4i #bd #bb4b #be #bc4e #bf #be4j ,f ! gas volume r$uc$ by ! above =mula ! nitric acid is calculat$ z foll[s3 ,"o cubic c5timet] ( nitric oxid weighs at #j & #gfj millimet]s b>ometric pressure #a4cdc milligrams4 ,s9ce two molecules ( ,,no 7molecul> weight sixty7 correspond to "o molecule ( ,n,o 7#ajh7 we h ! foll[+ equation3 #fj 3 #ajh #a4cdc 3 x4 ,:5ce x #b4dag milligrams1 ! weight ( nitric acid correspond+ to "o cubic c5timet] ( nitric oxid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #gi4 ,,de ,,konick',s ,,app>atus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #hj4 ,,end ,,( ,,deliv]y-,,tube4 #dfg4 ,de,konick's ,modification ( ,s*loes+'s ,me?od4--,?is modification consi/s 9 an arrangem5t ( ! gas deliv]y-tube1 :]eby ! regurgitation ( ! wat] 9 ! measur+ burette into ! evolution flask is prev5t$ by a device = seal+ ! deliv]y-tube ) m]cury4#bii ,! app>atus is arrang$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #gi4 ,! flask 9 :i* ! decomposition takes place is provid$ ) a long neck1 into :i* a side tube is seal$ & b5t upw>ds1 c>ry+ a small funnel atta*$ to x by rubb] tub+4 ,! piece ( rubb] tub+ c>ries a p9*-cock1 by means ( :i* ! solution conta9+ ! nitrate & hydro*loric acid c be introduc$ into ! flask4 ,! small gas deliv]y-tube is arrang$ z %[n 9 ! figure1 & c>ries at ! end next ! burette a device %[n 9 ,fig4 #hj4 ,! cork repres5t$ 9 ?is device has radial not*es cut 9 x1 s z to p]mit ( a free communication betwe5 ! wat] 9 ! burette & 9 ! pneumatic tr\gh4 ,! op5 end ( ! burette1 :5 ! app>atus is m\nt$ ready = use1 re/s on ! not*$ surface ( ! cork1 & ! end ( ! deliv]y-tube is plac$ 9 ! cry/alliz+ di% re/+ on ! bottom ( ! pneumatic tr\gh4 ,! end ( ! deliv]y-tube1 z indicat$1 has fus$ onto x a v]tical tube op5 at bo? ends & six to sev5 c5timet]s 9 l5g?1 & c>ry+ ! not*$ cork already describ$4 ,! cry/alliz+ di% 9 ! bottom ( ! pneumatic tr\gh is fill$ ) m]cury until ! po9t ( union ( ! deliv]y-tube ) ! v]tical end is seal$ to ! dep? ( a few millimet]s4 ,z ! gas is evolv$ x bubbles up ?r\gh ! m]cury into ! measur+ tube & ! displac$ wat] passes out ?r\gh ! not*es 9 ! cork4 ,%\ld any back pressure sup]v5e ! m]cury at once rises 9 ! deliv]y-tube :i* is ( su* a l5g? z to prev5t its entrance into ! flask4 ,! op]ation c !n be c>ri$ on ) absolute safety4 ,to make an e/imation !re are plac$ 9 ! flask ab\t =ty cubic c5timet]s ( f]r\s *lorid solution conta9+ ab\t #bjj grams ( iron to ! lit]1 & also an equal volume ( hydro*loric acid ( "o & "o-t5? specific gravity4 ,! side tube is also fill$ up to ! funnel ) ! acid4 ,! cont5ts ( ! flask are boil$ until all air is expell$1 :i* c be det]m9$ by hold+ a te/-tube fill$ ) wat] ov] ! end ( ! deliv]y-tube4 ,! solution conta9+ ! nitrate is next plac$ 9 ! funnel1 ! p9*-cock op5$ & ! liquid all[$ to run into ! flask by means ( ! p>tial vacuum produc$ by /opp+ ! boil+ & all[+ ! m]cury to rise 9 ! deliv]y-tube4 ,all ! solution is wa%$ into ! flask by successive r9s+s ( ! funnel ) hydro*loric acid1 be+ c>eful to all[ no bubble ( air to ent]4 ,! cont5ts ( ! flask are aga9 rais$ to ! boil+-po9t & ! nitric oxid evolv$ collect$ 9 ! nitromet]4 ,! solution exam9$ %\ld conta9 en\gh nitrate to af=d f sixty to eighty cubic c5timet]s ( gas4 ,)\t refill+ ! flask1 f eight to n9e det]m9ations c be made by reg5]at+ ! f]r\s *lorid by treatm5t ) z9c *lorid4 ,c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ n to add ! z9c *lorid 9 excess1 o!rwise ammonia & n nitric oxid w be produc$4 ,! side tube & funnel mu/ also be c>efully fre$ f z9c *lorid by wa%+ ) hydro*loric acid4 #dfh4 ,s*midt's ,process4--,9 ! case ( a wat]1 or ! aque\s extract ( a soil1 accord+ to ! cont5t ( nitric acid1 f fifty to "o hundr$ cubic c5timet]s are evaporat$ to ?irty cubic c5timet]s1 & ! residue suck$ into ! g5]at+ flask ( ! app>atus1 ,fig4 #ha1 &1 ) ! r9s+s ) di/ill$ wat]1 evaporat$ aga9 to f tw5ty to ?irty cubic c5timet]s1 & ! flask !n connect$1 z %[n 9 ! figure1 to a ,s*liff measur+ app>atus1 ,b4#cjj ,?is app>atus is previ\sly fill$ to i ) m]cury1 & ! bulb g connect$ ) k by a rubb] tube4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ha4 ,,s*midt',s ,,app>atus4 ,! app>atus is !n fill$ ) a tw5ty p] c5t1 previ\sly boil$ & /ill w>m1 cau/ic soda solution until ! bulb g is p>tially fill$ :5 rais$ a little above ! cock h4 ,!n h is clos$ & g held1 by an appropriate support1 on ab\t ! same level ) h4 ,! cock at b is !n clos$ & e op5$4 ,mean:ile ! ebullition 9 ! flask is cont9u$1 & ! air bubbles ris+ 9 ! ,s*liff app>atus are remov$1 f "t to "t1 by c>efully op5+ h & rais+ g4 ,:5 bubbles no long] come ov]1 ! cock at e is clos$ & at b op5$1 & ! /eam issu+ at a is conduct$ ?r\gh a mixture ( f]r\s *lorid & /rong hydro*loric acid to free x1 z f> z possible1 f air4 ,:5 ! cont5ts ( ! flask h be5 evaporat$ to ab\t five cubic c5timet]s1 b is clos$ & ! lamp at once remov$4 ,by c>efully op5+ b ab\t t5 cubic c5timet]s ( a mixture ( f]r\s *lorid & hydro*loric acid are all[$ to ent] ! flask1 :5 b is clos$ & ! flask sl[ly heat$ until ! positive pressure is re/or$4 ,! p9*-cock e is !n op5$ & ! cont5ts ( ! flask evaporat$ ne>ly to dryness4 ,! cock e is aga9 clos$ & ! flame remov$4 ,ano!r quantity 7fifte5 cubic c5timet]s7 ( f]r\s *lorid & hydro*loric acid solution is suck$ into ! flask & ! process ( di/illation repeat$1 :]eby ! :ole ( ! nitric oxid is collect$ 9 h4 ,! nitric oxid evolv$ is measur$ 9 ! usual way & calculat$ to nitric acid1 "o cubic c5timet] ( nitrog5 dioxid be+ equal to #b4dag milligrams ( nitric acid4 #dfi4 ,m]its ( ! ,f]r\s ,*lorid ,process4--,! possibility ( an accurate det]m9ation ( nitrates2 by decomposition ) a f]r\s salt 9 pres5ce ( an excess ( acid1 has be5 e/abli%$ by _m ye>s ( exp]i5ce & by ! te/imony ( _m analy/s4 ,! me?od is applicable especially :]e ! quantity ( nitrate is n too small & :5 organic matt] is pres5t4 ,9 ! case ( m9ute quantities ( nitrate1 h[ev]1 ! process is inapplicable & mu/ give way to "s ( ! colorimetric me?ods to be h]eaft] describ$4 ,9 respect ( ! app>atus mod]n practice has l$ to ! pref]5ce ( t =m :i* does n require ! use ( c>bon dioxid = displac+ ! air4 ,/eam appe>s to be q z effective z c>bon dioxid & is mu* m easily employ$4 ,t =m ( app>atus %\ld be us$ :i* is ! simple/ 9 con/ruction & has ! lea/ cubical cont5t4 ,! measurem5t ( ! evolv$ gas is mo/ simply made by collect+ ov] lye 9 an azotomet]1 read+ ! volume1 not+ ! read+ ( ! b>omet] & !rmomet] & !n r$uc+ to /&>d conditions ( pressure & temp]ature by ! cu/om>y calculations4 ,:]e a v /rong lye is us$ ! t5sion ( ! aque\s vapor may be neglect$4 ,:ile e analy/ %\ld h a ?or\gh k ( ! f]r\s *lorid me?od & ! pr9ciples on :i* x is bas$ x c n be comp>$ 9 simplicity to ! lat] me?ods ) pure nitrates :i* are bas$ on ! conv]sion ( ! nitric acid into ammonia by ! action ( nasc5t hydrog54 ,9 accuracy1 moreov]1 x does n appe> to h any m>k$ advantage ov] ! r$uction me?ods4 #dgj4 ,m]cury & ,sulfuric ,acid ,me?od4--,?is simple & accurate me?od ( det]m9+ nitric acid 9 ! abs5ce ( organic matt] is kn[n z ! ,crum-,frankl& process4#cja ,! me?od re/s on ! pr9ciple ( conv]t+ nitric acid into nitric oxid by ! action ( m]cury 9 ! pres5ce ( sulfuric acid4 ,! op]ation z at fir/ describ$ is conduct$ 9 a glass j> eight in*es long by "o & a half in*es 9 diamet] fill$ ) m]cury & inv]t$ 9 a tr\gh conta9+ ! same liquid4 ,! nitrate to be exam9$1 9 a solid =m1 is pass$ into ! tube toge!r ) ?ree cubic c5timet]s ( wat] & five ( sulfuric acid4 ,) occasional %ak+1 two h\rs are all[$ = ! dis5gagem5t ( ! gas1 :i* is !n measur$4 #dga4 ,w>+ton's ,modification4--,a graduat$ %ak+ tube is employ$ :i* all[s ! nitrate solution & oil ( vitriol to be br\ght to a def9ite volume4 ,! nitrate solution1 ) r9s+s1 is always two cubic c5timet]s & en\gh sulfuric acid is add$ to increase ! volume to five cubic c5timet]s4 ,! sulfuric acid %\ld give no gas :5 %ak5 ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,any gas giv5 (f 9 ! app>atus be=e %ak+1 is n expell$ b is includ$ 9 ! f9al result4 ,! p]si/5t fro? sometimes notic$ :]e "s k9ds ( organic matt] are pres5t1 is r$uc$ by ! addition ( a few drops ( hot wat] ?r\gh ! /op-cock ( ! app>atus4 ,! nitric oxid is f9ally measur$ 9 ,frankl&'s modification ( ,regnault's app>atus4 ,?is me?od1 accurate = pure nitrates1 un=tunately fails 9 ! pres5ce ( any consid]able am\nt ( organic matt]4 ,accord+ to ,w>+ton's obs]vations ! pres5ce ( *lorids is no h9drance to ! accurate det]m9ation ( bo? nitric & nitr\s acids by ! m]cury me?od4 ,?is simplifies ! op]ation z c>ri$ on by ,frankl& :o directs t any *lor9 pres5t1 be remov$ be=e ! det]m9ation ( ! nitric acid is comm5c$4 #dgb4 ,noyes' ,me?od4--,9 ! analyses made by ,noyes = ! ,national ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 ! ,crum-,frankl& me?od 0 employ$4#cjb ,! app>atus us$ 0 ess5tially t :i* is n[ kn[n z ,lunge's nitromet] & x w be describ$ 9 ! next p>agraph4 ,no correction is made by ,noyes = ! t5sion ( aque\s vapor 9 ! measurem5t ( ! nitric oxid because ( ! mod]ate dilution ( ! sulfuric acid by ! liquid hold+ ! nitric comp\nds 9 solution4 ,! *lor9 0 n remov$ f ! dry residue ( ! evaporat$ wat] z its pres5ce 9 mod]ate quantity does n int]f]e ) ! accuracy ( ! process4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ! am\nt ( nitrog5 9 ! =m ( nitrates1 ! total volume ( nitric oxid mu/ be dim9i%$ by t due to nitrites pres5t1 :i* mu/ be det]m9$ 9 a sep>ate analysis4 ,! me?od ( manipulation is giv5 9 ! foll[+ p>agraph4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #hb4 ,,lunge',s ,,nitromet]4 #dgc4 ,lunge's ,nitromet]4--,! app>atus employ$ by ,noyes1 9 a some:at m elaborate =m1 is kn[n z ,lunge's nitromet]4#cjc ,?is app>atus is %[n 9 ,fig4 #hb4 ,x consi/s ( a burette1 a1 divid$ into "o-fif? cubic c5timet]s4 ,at its upp] end x is exp&$ into a cup-%ap$ funnel atta*$ by a ?ree-way glass /op-cock4 ,bel[1 ! burette is jo9$ to a pla9 tube1 b1 ( simil> size1 by means ( rubb] tub+4 ,! app>atus is fir/ fill$ ) m]cury ?r\gh ! tube b1 ! /op-cock be+ s adju/$ z to all[ ! m]cury to fill ! cup at ! top ( a4 ,! cock is !n turn$ until ! m]cury 9 ! cup fl[s out ?r\gh ! side tube c>ry+ ! rubb] tube & clamp4 ,! ?ree-way cock is clos$1 & ! solution conta9+ ! nitrate plac$ 9 ! cup4 ,by l[]+ ! tube b & op5+ ! cock ! liquid is c>efully pass$ into a1 be+ c>eful to close ! cock be=e all ! liquid has pass$ out ( ! cup4 ,by repeat$ r9s+s ) pure conc5trat$ sulfuric acid1 e p>ticle ( ! nitric comp\nd is f9ally introduc$ into a1 toge!r ) a l>ge excess ( sulfuric acid4 ,! total volume ( ! introduc$ liquid %\ld n exce$ t5 cubic c5timet]s4 ,! mixture ( ! m]cury1 nitric comp\nd1 & sulfuric acid is effect$ by deta*+ a f its support1 compress+ ! rubb] connection betwe5 a & b1 plac+ a ne>ly 9 a horizontal position1 & quickly br++ x into a v]tical position ) vigor\s %ak+4 ,aft] ab\t five m9utes ! reaction is complete1 & ! level ( ! liquids 9 ! two tubes is s adju/$ z to comp5sate = ! diff]5ce 9 specific gravity betwe5 ! acid mixture 9 a & ! m]cury 9 b2 9 o!r words1 ! m]cury column 9 b %\ld /& above ! m]cury column 9 a "o-sev5? ( ! l5g? ( ! acid mixture 9 a4 ,?is secures atmosph]ic pressure on ! nitric oxid :i* has be5 collect$ 9 a4 ,! measur$ volume ( nitric oxid %\ld be r$uc$ to #j & #gfj millimet]s b>ometric pressure4 ,ea* cubic c5timet] ( nitric oxid ?us obta9$ corresponds to #a4cdc milligrams ,,no2 #b4dag milligrams ,n,o2 #d4eba milligrams ,,kno2 #a4gja milligrams ,n,o2 #b4hbj milligrams ,,hno2 & #c4hje milligrams ,na,n,o4 #dgd4 ,lunge's ,improv$ ,app>atus4--,lunge has lately improv$ 8 app>atus = g5]at+ & measur+ gases & ext5d$ its applicability4#cjd ,! "p ( x design$ to measure ! volume ( a gas is ! same 9 all cases4 ,= g5]at+ ! gas1 ! app>atus v>ies accord+ to ! "* ( ! sub/ance "u exam9ation4 ,! measur+ app>atus is %[n 9 ,fig4 #hc4 ,x is compos$ ess5tially ( ?ree tubes1 conv5i5tly m\nt$ on a wood5 hold] ) a box base = secur+ any spill$ m]cury4 ,! support is n %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! tubes ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 are mutually connect$ by means ( a ?ree-way tube & rubb] tub+ ) v ?ick walls to safely hold ! m]cury )\t expansion4 ,9 ! middle ( ! measur+ tube ,a1 is f\nd a bulb ( sev5ty cubic c5timet]s capacity4 ,above & bel[ ! bulb ! tube is divid$ into t5?s ( a cubic c5timet]1 & its diamet] is su*1 viz41 #aa4c millimet]s1 t ea* cubic c5timet] occupies a l5g? ( "o c5timet]4 ,! upp] end ( ,a is clos$ ) a glass cock ) two oblique p]=ations1 by means ( :i* communication c be e/abli%$ at w1 ei!r ?r\gh e ) ! app>atus = g5]at+ ! gas1 or ?r\gh d ) ! absorption app>atus1 or ! op5+ be completely clos$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure4 #hc4 ,,lunge',s ,,improv$ ,,app>atus4 ,! volume ( air "u ! obs]v$ conditions :i* w\ld measure exactly #ajj cubic c5timet]s at #j & #gfj millimet]s pressure ( m]cury1 is calculat$ by ! =mula ,v 7#ajj7bgc t7#gfj7_/7bgc7;b f772 :]e t equals obs]v$ temp]ature1 b ! b>ometric pressure less ! correction not$ above & f ! t5sion ( ! vapor ( wat] "u exi/+ conditions4 ,= example3 ,let ! temp]ature be #ah ,b>ometric read+ #gee ,correction = t #b ,correct$ b>omet] #gec ,vapor ( wat] t5sion #af ,!n ,v 7#ajj7bgc #ah7gfj7_/7bgc7gec #af77 #aji4i4 ,?is indicates t #aji4i cubic c5timet]s ( air w\ld occupy a volume ( #ajj cubic c5timet]s :5 subject$ to /&>d conditions4 ,! tubes ,a1 ,b1 & ,c are fill$ ) m]cury ( :i* ab\t two & a half kilograms w be requir$4 ,by means ( ! level+ tube ,b1 ! /opp] 9 ,c be+ op5$1 ! m]cury 9 ,c is br\ght exactly to #aji4i cubic c5timet]s4 ,! /opp] 9 ,c is !n clos$1 m]cury p\r$ into ,d1 :i* is !n clos$ ) a rubb] /opp]1 c>ry+ a small glass tube z indicat$ 9 ! figure4 ,! level+ tube ,b s]ves to regulate ! pressure on ! gas 9 ,a & ?is is secur$ by depress+ or elevat+ x z ! case may require4 ,! tube = r$uc+ ! volume to /&>d conditions ( temp]ature & pressure1 viz41 #j & #gfj millimet]s ( m]cury1 is %[n 9 ,c4 ,9 its n>r[ "p :i* has ! same int]nal diamet] z ,a x is graduat$ into t5?s ( a cubic c5timet]4 ,! upp] end ( ,c is furni%$ ) a heavy glass neck ,d surm\nt$ by a glass cup4 ,9 ! neck is plac$ a gr\nd-glass /opp]1 c>ry+ a groove bel[1 :i* corresponds to a simil> groove above 9 ! side ( ! neck :]eby communication c be e/abli%$ at w betwe5 ! int]ior ( ,c & ! ext]ior4 ,! jo9t is also seal$ by p\r+ m]cury into ,d z is %[n 9 ! figure4 ,:5 ! /opp] is well gr\nd & greas$ ! r$uction tube may be rais$ or l[]$ z mu* z may be necess>y )\t any dang] ( escape or entrance ( gas4 ,to det]m9e ! position ( ! r$uction tube ,c ! read+ ( ! b>omet] & !rmomet] at room temp]ature is tak54 ,f ! read+ ( ! b>omet] subtract "o millimet] if ! temp]ature be bel[ #ab1 two millimet]s at a temp]ature f #ab to #ai1 ?ree f #bj to #be1 & f\r above #be4 ,:5 a gas has be5 introduc$ into ! measur+ tube ,a x is br\ght to ! volume :i* x w\ld assume "u /&>d conditions by adju/+ ! tube ,c 9 su* a way z to br+ ! level ( m]cury 9 ,c & ,a to ! same po9t & ! level ( ! m]cury 9 ,c is exactly at #ajj cubic c5timet]s4 ,! gas 9 ,a is !n at ! volume :i* x w\ld occupy "u /&>d conditions & ?is volume c be directly read4 ,?is adju/m5t is secur$ by mov+ ! tubes ,b & ,c up or d[n4 ,if gases are to be measur$ wet1 a drop ( wat] %\ld be put on ! side ( ! upp] "p ( ,c1 &1 if dry1 ( sulfuric acid1 be=e ! adju/m5t = temp]ature & pressure4 #dge4 ,me?od ( ,manipulation4--,by ! action ( m]cury 9 ! pres5ce ( sulfuric acid1 ! nitrog5 9 nitrates1 nitrites1 nitrosulfates1 nitroses1 nitrocellulose1 nitroglyc]ol1 & ! great] numb] ( explosives1 may be obta9$ & measur$ z nitric oxid4 ,! nitrog5 comp\nds are decompos$ 9 ! app>atus %[n 9 ,fig4 #hd4 ,to make an analysis1 ! app>atus is fill$ ) m]cury1 ?r\gh ,f1 until ! two op5+s 9 ! cock & i are entirely occupi$ ) t liquid4 ,! cock h is !n clos$1 & ! nitrog5 comp\nd1 9 solution1 introduc$ ?r\gh g1 c>e be+ tak5 t no air ent]s g :5 ,f is depress$ & h op5$ to admit ! sample4 ,! funnel g is wa%$ sev]al times ) a few drops ( sulfuric acid1 :i* are successively introduc$ into ,g4 ,! total liquid introduc$ %\ld n exce$ t5 to fifte5 cubic c5timet]s1 ( :i* ! great] "p %\ld be sulfuric acid4 ,! rubb] tube connect+ ,g & ,f is c>efully clos$ ) a clamp & ,g viol5tly %ak5 = a few m9utes until no fur!r evolution ( nitric oxid takes place4 ,9 %ak+1 ! app>atus %\ld be s held z to prev5t ! escape ( ! m]cury f ! small tube i by keep+ x clos$ ) ! f+] or draw+ ov] x a rubb] cap4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #hd4 ,,lunge',s ,,analytic ,,app>atus4 ,aft] ! evolution ( ! gas has ceas$1 ! tube e1 ,fig4 #hc1 is br\ght into contact ) i1 ,fig4 #hd1 & ! two are jo9$ by a tight-fitt+ piece ( rubb] tub+ 9 su* a way z to exclude any p>ticle ( air4 ,! tube ,f1 ,fig4 #hd1 is lift$ & ,b & ,c1 ,fig4 #hc1 depress$4 ,on c>efully op5+ ! cocks h & b & br++ i & e into union1 ! gas is pass$ f ,g into ,a4 ,:5 all ! gas has ent]$ ,a & ! acid mixture f ,g has rea*$ b ! latt] is clos$1 & also h4 ,! app>atus ,g is disconnect$ & remov$4 ,! gas 9 ,a is !n r$uc$ to normal conditions by manipulat+ ! r$uction tube ,c 9 ! mann] already describ$4 ,! gas 9 ,a is measur$ dry by reason ( hav+ be5 g5]at$ 9 pres5ce ( r /rong sulfuric acid4 ,consequ5tly1 = ?is op]ation ! adju/m5t ( ! volume ( gas 9 ,c %\ld be made 9 contact ) a drop ( /rong sulfuric acid4 ,9 ord] to make ! read+s1 a quantity ( mat]ial mu/ be tak5 :i* w give less ?an ?irty or f #ajj to #adj cubic c5timet]s ( nitric oxid4 ,! quantities ( ! diff]5t comp\nds ( nitric acid correspond+ to ! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( nitric oxid1 measur$ "u /&>d conditions1 are %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,,correspond+ ,,to ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ,cubic ,weight 9 ,n,o 9 ,,hno 9 ,na,n,o 9 c5timet]s milligrams4 milligrams4 milligrams4 milligrams4 ( ,,no4 #a #a4cdc #a4gja #b4hbj #c4hje #b #b4fhb #c4djb #e4fdj #g4faj #c #d4jbi #e4ajc #h4dfj #aa4dae #d #e4cgb #f4hjd #aa4bhj #ae4bbj #e #f4gae #h4ejf #ad4ajj #ai4jbe #f #h4jeh #aj4bjf #af4ibj #bb4hcj #g #i4dja #aa4ijg #ai4gdj #bf4fce #h #aj4gdd #ac4fjh #bb4efj #cj4ddj #i #ab4jhg #ae4cji #be4chj #cd4bde #dgf4 ,utility ( ! ,me?od4--,:]e x is desirable t ! nitric oxid me?od be us$1 & at ! same "t heat+ be avoid$1 ! decomposition ( a nitrate by means ( metallic m]cury & sulfuric acid af=ds a conv5i5t & accurate proc$ure4 ,b1 z a rule1 !re is no objection to ! application ( ! lamp1 & 9 su* cases ! m]cury me?od appe>s to h no advantage ov] ! f]r\s *lorid process4 ,nev]!less1 9 ! h&s ( a skill$ work] ! results are reliable1 & ! process is a quick] "o1 on ! :ole1 ?an by di/illation ) f]r\s *lorid & hydro*loric acid4 ,?is me?od1 h[ev]1 c n be recomm5d$ z 9 any way sup]ior to ! r$uction me?ods to be h]e9aft] describ$4 ,,e/imation ,,( ,,nitric ,,acid ,,by ,,oxidation ,,( ,a ,,color$ ,,solution4 #dgg4 ,me?od ( ,b\ss+ault4--,! process = ! e/imation ( nitric acid by ! decoloration ( a solution ( indigo is due orig9ally to ,b\ss+ault4#cje ,9 ?is me?od ! extract1 obta9$ by wa%+ sl[ly #bjj grams ( soil until ! filtrate am\nts to #cjj cubic c5timet]s1 is evaporat$ until its volume is no great] ?an two or ?ree cubic c5timet]s1 & x is transf]r$ to a te/-tube1 ) wa%+s1 & aga9 evaporat$ 9 ! tube until ! volume is n great] ?an t la/ m5tion$4 ,a few drops ( solution ( indigo are add$1 & !n two cubic c5timet]s ( pure hydro*loric acid2 ! :ole is !n heat$4 ,z ! color ( ! indigo disappe>s m is add$4 ,:5 ! color ceases to fade1 ! liquid 9 ! te/-tube is conc5trat$ by boil+4 ,if conc5tration fail to de/roy ! blue or gre5 color1 ano!r "o-half cubic c5timet] ( hydro*loric acid is introduc$4 ,! reaction is complet$ :5 nei!r conc5tration nor fre% addition ( hydro*loric acid de/roys ! excess ( indigo pres5t4 ,! color produc$ by a small excess ( indigo is a bright sap-gre52 ?is t9t is ! f9al reaction s\ght4 ,! small excess ( indigo necess>y to produce a gre5 color is d$uct$ 9 e exp]im5t4 ,:5 m ?an m]e traces ( organic matt] are pres5t1 ,b\ss+ault advises t ! nitric acid be fir/ sep>at$ by di/illation & !n r$uc$ by ! indigo solution4 ,= ?is purpose ! conc5trat$ solution ( ! nitrate1 two or ?ree cubic c5timet]s1 is plac$ 9 a small tubulat$ retort ) two grams ( manganese dioxid 9 f9e p[d]4 ,! retort is next half fill$ ) fragm5ts ( brok5 glass1 ov] :i* is p\r$ "o cubic c5timet] ( conc5trat$ sulfuric acid4 ,! retort is heat$ c>efully by means ( a small flame1 :i* is kept 9 motion s z to successively come 9 contact ) all p>ts ( ! bottom ( ! retort4 ,! di/illate is receiv$ 9 a graduat$ te/-tube :i* is kept cool4 ,! di/illation is cont9u$ until ! vapors ( sulfuric acid beg9 to appe>4 ,! app>atus is all[$ to cool1 ! /opp] ( ! retort remov$1 two cubic c5timet]s ( wat] introduc$1 & ! di/illation aga9 made until fumes ( sulfuric acid are aga9 se54 ,! di/illation ) wat] is made twice 9 ord] to remove e trace ( nitric acid f ! retort4 ,! di/illate is neutraliz$ ) a solution ( potassium hydroxid & conc5trat$ to two cubic c5timet]s1 & ! nitric acid e/imat$ 9 ! mann] already describ$4 ,! manganese dioxid us$ %\ld be previ\sly well wa%$ & ! sulfuric mu/ be free ( nitric acid4 ,prep>ation ( ! ,indigo ,solution4--,fifty grams ( indigo 9 f9e p[d] are dige/$ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 at #dj1 9 a lit] ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,! wat] is !n p\r$ (f & replac$ ) a fre% supply4 ,aft] ! second decantation ! residue is treat$ ) #gej cubic c5timet]s ( equal p>ts ( wat] & pure conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid & boil$ = an h\r4 ,aft] cool+1 ! undissolv$ portion is collect$ on a filt] & wa%$ at fir/ ) hot1 & aft]w>ds ) cold wat]1 until ! filtrate is no long] color$ & is free ( acid4 ,! dri$ residue is treat$ ) e!r "u a bell-j>1 or 9 a cont9u\s extraction app>atus1 until ! e!r is only ( a fa9t blue t9t4 ,! fifty grams ( indigo at fir/ tak5 w give ab\t tw5ty-five grams ( ! purifi$ article1 :i*1 h[ev]1 w /ill leave a little a% on combu/ion4 ,solution 9 ,sulfuric ,acid4--,five grams ( ! purifi$ indigo are plac$ 9 a flask hav+ a gr\nd-glass /opp]1 treat$ ) tw5ty-five grams ( fum+ sulfuric acid1 & all[$ to dige/ two or ?ree days at a temp]ature ( f #ej to #fj4 ,f sev5ty to #bjj drops ( ! solution ?us made are plac$ 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( wat] = use 9 ! process4 ,/&>dization ( ! ,indigo ,solution4--,! solution z prep>$ above is /&>diz$ by a solution ( "o gram ( pure potassium nitrate 9 #a1jjj cubic c5timet]s ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,! oxidation ( ! indigo solution is accompli%$ z describ$ above4 ,= ?is /r5g? ( /&>d nitrate solution two cubic c5timet]s are tak5 correspond+ to two milligrams ( potassium nitrate4 ,! indigo solution = ?is /r5g? %\ld h only tw5ty drops ( ! sulfuric acid solution ( indigo to #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,if tw5ty grams ( potassium nitrate are tak5 = #a1jjj cubic c5timet]s ( ! /&>d solution !n #bjj drops ( ! sulf9digotic acid %\ld be us$ to #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 #dgh4 ,me?od ( ,m>x4--,z usually practic$1 ! indigo me?od is conduct$ accord+ to ! v>iation describ$ by ,m>x4#cjf ,!re are requir$ = ! process ! foll[+ reag5ts & app>atus3 a4 ,a solution ( pure potassium nitrate conta9+ #a4hgbd grams p] lit]4 ,"o cubic c5timet] ( ! solution is equival5t to "o milligram ( nitric anhydrid 7,n,o74 b4 ,a solution ( ! be/ indigo c>m9e 9 wat] :i* %\ld be approximately /&>diz$ by solution 9 ! mann] describ$ h]eaft]1 & !n dilut$ s t six to eight cubic c5timet]s equal "o milligram ( nitric acid4 c4 ,*emically pure sulfuric acid ( specific gravity #a4hdb1 p]fectly free f sulfur\s & ars5i\s acids & nitrog5 oxids4 d4 ,sev]al ?9 flasks ( ab\t #bjj cubic c5timet]s capacity4 e4 ,a small cyl9drical measure hold+ fifty cubic c5timet]s & divid$ into cubic c5timet]s4 f4 ,a ,mohr's burette divid$ into t5?s ( a cubic c5timet]4 g4 ,a tw5ty-five cubic c5timet] pipette or ano!r burette4 h4 ,a five cubic c5timet] pipette divid$ into cubic c5timet]s or half cubic c5timet]s4 i4 ,a measur+ flask ( #bej cubic c5timet]s capacity4 ,prelim9>y ,trial4--,tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ! sample are transf]r$ to a flask2 ! fifty cubic c5timet] measure is fill$ ) sulfuric acid & ! burette ) indigo solution4 ,! sulfuric acid is add$ to ! sample all at once1 %ak5 = a mom5t1 & ! indigo run 9 z quickly z possible ) %ak+ until a p]man5t gre5i% t9t is produc$4 ,if ! sample d n require m ?an tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( indigo solution ( ! above /r5g?1 x c be titrat$ directly1 o!rwise x mu/ be dilut$ ) a prop] quantity ( pure wat]1 & subject$ aga9 to ! prelim9>y trial4 ,! ,actual ,titration4--7#a7 ,tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ! sample prop]ly dilut$ if necess>y1 are measur$ & p\r$ into a flask1 & z mu* indigo z 0 us$ 9 ! prelim9>y trial1 is add$2 a quantity ( sulfuric acid1 equal 9 volume to ! liquid 9 ! flask1 is add$ all at once1 ! mixture %ak51 & indigo solution run 9 quickly out ( ! burette until ! liquid rema9s p]man5tly ( a gre5i% t9t4 7#b7 ,! la/ exp]im5t is repeat$ z (t5 z may be necess>y add+ to ! wat] at fir/ half a cubic c5timet] less indigo ?an ! total quantity us$ previ\sly1 aft]w>ds proce$+ z 9 7#a7 until ! f9al te/ %[s too little indigo us$4 7#c7 ,f ! r\gh titration ( ! indigo1 calculate ! am\nt ( potassium nitrate solution correspond+ ) ! indigo solution us$ 9 7#b71 multiply ! result by t51 transf] ?is quantity ( ! /&>d nitrate solution to a #bej cubic c5timet] flask1 fill ) pure wat] to ! m>k1 & titrate tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ?is fluid ) indigo z 9 7#b74 ,if ! quantity ( indigo solution us$ is ne>ly ! same z t requir$ 9 7#b71 its exact value may be calculat$1 b if x is n1 ano!r nitrate solution may be made up 9 ! #bej cubic c5timet] flask1 m closely resembl+ ! sample 9 /r5g?1 & ! titration ) ! indigo solution mu/ be repeat$4 7#d7 ,if ! wat] conta9 any consid]able am\nt ( organic matt]1 x mu/ fir/ be de/roy$ by potassium p]manganate4 ,9 ?is case1 ! e/imation ( ! organic matt] & nitric acid may be conv5i5tly comb9$4 ,! use ( p]manganate 9 ! above case is likely to introduce an error z has be5 %[n by ,w>+ton4 ,! me?od !re=e c n be recomm5d$ 9 ! pres5ce ( organic matt]4 #dgi4 ,me?od ( ,w>+ton4--,! modification ( ! indigo me?od z us$ by ,w>+ton1 applicable only 9 abs5ce ( organic matt]1 is ! "o *iefly employ$ 9 ,engl&4#cjg ,in/ead ( ! ord9>y indigo ( comm]ce1 indigot9 is us$4 ,! normal solution ( ! color+ matt] is made ( su* a /r5g? z to be equival5t to a solution ( potassium nitrate conta9+ #j4ad gram ( nitrog5 p] lit]4 ,:]e l>ge quantities ( ! color+ matt] are to be us$ x is advisable to prep>e x ab\t f\r times ! /r5g? giv5 above & !n dilute x z requir$4 ,f\r grams ( sublim$ indigot9 w furni% m ?an two lit]s ( ! color solution4 ,! solution is prep>$ z foll[s3 ,f\r grams ( indigot9 are dige/$ = a few h\rs ) five times t weight ( ,nordhaus5 sulfuric acid1 dilut$ ) wat]1 filt]$1 & made up to a volume ( two lit]s4 ,! /r5g? ( ! indigot9 solution is det]m9$ ) a solution ( potassium nitrate ( ! /r5g? m5tion$ above4 ,! process is p]=m$ z foll[s3 ,f t5 to tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( ! /&>d nitrate solution are plac$ 9 a wide-m\!d flask ( ab\t #aej cubic c5timet]s capacity4 ,a portion ( ! indigot9 solution is next add$1 su* z w be deem$ suffici5t = ! process1 & ! :ole is well mix$4 ,/rong sulfuric acid is next measur$ out f a burette into a te/-tube1 9 volume equal to ! unit$ volumes ( ! nitrate solution & indigot94 ,! :ole ( ! sulfuric acid is !n p\r$ z quickly z possible1 into ! solution 9 ! flask & rapidly mix$1 & ! flask transf]r$ to a calcium *lorid ba?1 ! temp]ature ( :i* %\ld be ma9ta9$ at #adj4 ,x is ess5tial to ! success ( ! op]ation t ! sulfuric acid %\ld be mix$ ) ! greate/ rapidity4 ,x %\ld be p\r$ 9 at once & ! :ole well %ak5 )\t wait+ = ! te/-tube conta9+ ! acid1 to dra94 ,! flask %\ld be cov]$ by a wat*-glass :ile x is held 9 ! ba?4 ,z soon z ! l>g] "p ( ! indigot9 is oxidiz$ ! flask 9 ! ba? %\ld be g5tly rotat$4 ,) v weak solutions ( nitrate x may be necess>y sometimes to keep ! flask 9 ! ba? = five m9utes4 ,:5 ! indigo color is quickly dis*>g$ x %[s ! pres5ce ( nitric acid 9 consid]able excess & a consid]ably l>g] quantity ( indigo mu/ be tak5 9 ! next exp]im5t4 ,! exp]im5ts are cont9u$ until j ! quantity ( indigo necess>y to consume ! nitric acid is tak51 ! am\nt ( indigo be+ 9 v slight excess1 n exce$+ "o-t5? cubic c5timet] ( ! indigo solution us$4 ,! t9t produc$ by ! small excess ( indigo rema9+ is be/ se5 by fill+ ! flask ) wat]4 ,on sub/ances ( approximately kn[n /r5g? ab\t f\r exp]im5ts are usually necess>y to det]m9e ! am\nt ( indigo to be tak51 b ) unkn[n sub/ances a l>g] numb] may be necess>y4 ,usually 9 det]m9ations ( ?is k9d x is direct$ to use d\ble ! volume ( sulfuric acid m5tion$ above4 ,9 ?is case n only is ! quantity ( indigo oxidiz$ mu* great] ?an ) a small] portion ( acid1 b ! prejudicial effect ( organic matt] is also great] ?an :5 ! small] quantity ( acid is employ$4 ,an indigo solution /&>diz$ z above is /rictly to be us$ = a solution ( nitrate ( ! /r5g? employ$ dur+ ! /&>dization4 ,! quantity ( indigo oxidiz$ 9 proportion to ! nitric acid pres5t dim9i%es z ! nitrate solution becomes m dilute4 ,in/ead ( det]m9+ ?is dur+ ea* s]ies ( exp]im5ts x may be e/imat$ once = all & a table ( corrections us$4 ,! foll[+ table is bas$ ^u exp]im5tal det]m9ations3 ,/r5g? ( ,indigo ,diff]5ce ,nitrog5 ,diff]5ce ,diff]5ce nit] requir$1 betwe5 correspond+ betwe5 ! 9 ! solution cubic am\nts ( to "o cubic nitrog5 nitrog5 us$4 c5ti- indigo1 c5timet] ( values1 values = a met]s4 cubic indigo1 gram4 gram4 diff]5ce c5ti- ( "o cubic met]s4 c5ti- met] 9 ! am\nt ( indigo1 gram4 ,normal #aj4jj #j4jjjjcejjj #h4ga #a4bi #j4jjjjceafa #j4jjjjjjafa #j4jjjjjjabe #g4dc #a4bh #j4jjjjceccj #j4jjjjjjafi #j4jjjjjjacb #f4ad #a4bi #j4jjjjcefbg #j4jjjjjjbih #j4jjjjjjbca #d4hf #a4bh #j4jjjjcfjjh #j4jjjjjjcha #j4jjjjjjbih #c4eg #a4bi #j4jjjjcfgfc #j4jjjjjjgef #j4jjjjjjehf #b4bi #a4bh #j4jjjjchbji #j4jjjjjadde #j4jjjjjaabi #a4jj #a4bi #j4jjjjdcgej #j4jjjjjeeda #j4jjjjjdbie ,! table is us$ z foll[s3 ,suppose t tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( wat] "u exam9ation h requir$ #e4cf cubic c5timet]s ( indigo solution = ! oxidation ( ! nitric acid conta9$ !re94 ,by inspection ( ! table x is se5 t ?is numb] is five-t5?s cubic c5timet] above ! ne>e/ quantity giv52 viz41 #d4hf cubic c5timet]s4 ,f ! la/ column 9 ! table x is f\nd t ! correction = five-t5?s cubic c5timet] ( indigo solution is #j4jjjjjjadi cubic c5timet]1 be+ half t = ! "o cubic c5timet] giv5 9 ! table4 ,?is is to be subtract$ f ! unit value 9 nitrog5 giv5 9 ! fir/ 8gram0 column ( ! table2 viz41 #j4jjjjcfjjh4 ,x is ?us se5 t ! #e4hf cubic c5timet]s ( indigo solution are equival5t to #j4jjjjcehei gram ( nitrog5 p] cubic c5timet]4 ,! wat] "u exam9ation1 !re=e1 conta9s n9e & six-t5?s p>ts ( nitrog5 z nitric acid p] million4 ,att5tion mu/ also be paid 9 /&>diz+ indigo solutions to ! initial temp]ature ( ! solutions4 ,a rise 9 ! initial temp]ature w be att5d$ by a dim9ution 9 ! quantity ( indigo oxidiz$4 ,exp]im5ts ) a room temp]ature ( #aj & a room temp]ature ( #bj1 be+ ! initial temp]atures ( ! exp]im5ts1 %[$ t at ! high] temp]ature ! am\nt ( indigo consum$ 0 ab\t five p] c5t less :5 ! /rong solutions ( nitrate 7 employ$4 ,! indigo solution %\ld1 !re=e1 be /&>diz$ at ! same temp]ature at :i* ! det]m9ations are made4 ,if tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( ! /&>d nitrate solution employ$ be us$ 9 sett+ ! indigo solution1 ?is /&>d w enable ! op]ator to det]m9e nitric acid up to #ag4e p>ts ( nitrog5 p] million 9 wat] or soil extracts4 ,! pres5ce ( an abundance ( *lorids 9 ! wat] "u exam9ation t5ds to dim9i% ! cont5t ( nitric acid f\nd1 & also t5ds to introduce an error1 :i* is sometimes ( a plus & sometimes ( a m9us quantity1 accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! nitric acid pres5t4 ,! reaction is %ort5$ 9 weak solutions by ! pres5ce ( *lorids1 & ! quantity ( indigo consum$ is consequ5tly increas$4 ,! error introduc$ by *lorids is usually ( an insignificant nature4 ,on acc\nt ( ! int]f]5ce ( organic matt]s ) ! reaction ( indigo x is n ( mu* use 9 ! exam9ation ( nitrates wa%$ out ( soils1 al?\gh 9 "s cases ! results may be q accurate4 ,?is me?od mu/1 !re=e1 be consid]$ z applicable1 9 g5]al1 to wat]s or soil extracts :i* conta9 little or no organic matt]4 ,9 analytical "w p]ta9+ p>ticul>ly to agriculture1 ! use ( ! indigo me?od = det]m9+ nitric acid has be5 l>gely employ$1 bo? 9 ! analyses ( soil extracts & dra9age & irrigation wat]s4 ,! me?od1 h[ev]1 c h>dly survive z an important "o 9 su* "w 9 competition ) m mod]n & spe$y processes ( analysis4 ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,nitric ,,nitrog5 ,,by ,,r$uction ,,to ,,ammonia4 #dhj4 ,classification ( ,me?ods4--,:5 nitrog5 is pres5t 9 a highly oxidiz$ /ate1 e4 g41 z nitric acid1 x may be quickly & accurately e/imat$ by r$uction to ammonia4 ,?is action is effect$ by ! r$uc+ p[] ( nasc5t hydrog51 & ?is sub/ance may be secur$ 9 ! active /ate by ! action ( an acid or alkali on a metal1 or by means ( an electric curr5t4 ,! processes dep5d+ on ! use ( a f9ely divid$ metal 9 ! pres5ce ( an acid or alkali h come into g5]al use )9 a few ye>s1 & are n[ employ$ g5]ally in/ead ( ! m elaborate e/imations dep5d+ on ! use ( copp] oxid or indigo4 ,! typical reaction :i* takes place 9 all cases is repres5t$ by ! foll[+ equation3 #b;,,hno #h;,h #b,,nh #f;,h,o4 ,! me?od w be consid]$ "u ?ree heads2 viz41 #a4 ,r$uction 9 an alkal9e solution2 #b4 ,r$uction 9 an acid solution2 #c4 ,r$uction by means ( an electric curr5t4 ,9 ! fir/ class ( processes ! r$uction & di/illation may g on toge!r4 ,9 ! second class ! r$uction is accompli%$ fir/ & ! di/illation effect$ aft]w>ds1 ) ! addition ( an alkali4 ,9 ! ?ird class ( op]ations ! r$uction is accompli%$ by means ( an electric curr5t & ! ammonia subsequ5tly obta9$ by di/illation1 or det]m9$ by nessl]iz+4 ,^! processes may be appli$ to ra9 & dra9age wat]s1 & to soil extracts4 ,on acc\nt ( ! ease ) :i* ! analyses are accompli%$1 ! %ort "t requir$ & ! accuracy ( ! results1 ! r$uction me?ods = nitrates h already comm5d$ !mselves to analy/s1 & are q likely to sup]s$e all o!rs = practical use :]e weighable quantities ( nitrates are pres5t4 ,= ! m9ute traces ( nitrates f\nd 9 ra9 & dra9age wat]s1 & 9 "s soil extracts1 ! r$uction me?od may also be appli$1 b 9 ^! cases ! ammonia :i* is =m$ mu/ be det]m9$ by colorimetry 7nessl]iz+7 & n by di/illation4 ,! processes ab\t to be describ$ are especially applicable to ! exam9ation ( soils & wat]s ri* 9 nitrates4 ,,r$uction ,,9 ,,alkal9e ,,solutions4 #dha4 ,provisional ,me?od ( ! ,association ( ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s4#cjh-- ,extraction ( ! ,nitrates4--,place "o kilogram ( ! dri$ soil1 calculat$ to wat]-free sub/ance1 on a p]colator ( glass or t94 ,moi/5 ! soil ?or\ghly ) pure di/ill$ wat]1 & all[ to /& = half an h\r4 ,add fre% portions ( pure di/ill$ wat] until ! filtrate secur$ am\nts to "o lit]4 ,if ! fir/ filtrate be cl\dy be=e use x may be refilt]$4 ,qualitative ,te/ = ,nitrates4--,evaporate five cubic c5timet]s ( ! soil extract 9 a porcela9 crucible1 hav+ fir/ dissolv$ a small quantity ( pure bruc9 sulfate !re94 ,:5 dry1 add to ! residue a drop ( conc5trat$ sulfuric acid free ( nitrates4 ,if ! nitrate calculat$ z potassium nitrate does n exce$ ! two-?\s&? "p ( a milligram only a p9k color w be develop$2 ) ! ?ree-?\s&? "p ( a milligram a p9k color ) r$di% l9es2 ) ! f\r-?\s&? "p ( a milligram a r$di% color2 ) ! five-?\s&? "p ( a milligram a di/9ct r$ color4 ,e/imation ( ! ,nitrates4--,evaporate #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! soil extract to dryness on a /eam-ba?4 ,dissolve ! soluble portions ( ! residue 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ammonia-free di/ill$ wat]1 filt]+ out any insoluble residue4 ,place ! solution 9 a flask1 add t5 cubic c5timet]s ( sodium amalgam1 /opp] ! flask ) a valve :i* w p]mit ! escape ( hydrog51 & all[ to /& 9 a cool room = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,add fifty cubic c5timet]s ( milk ( lime & titrate ! ammonia produc$ by di/illation1 ) /&>d acid & e/imate z nitrog5 p5toxid4 ,:]e ! am\nt ( ammonia is small1 nessl]iz+ may be sub/itut$ = titration4 ,prep>ation ( ,sodium ,amalgam4--,place #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( m]cury 9 a flask ( half a lit] capacity2 w>m until p>aff9 w rema9 melt$ ov] ! surface2 drop successively 9 ! p>aff9-cov]$ m]cury1 pieces ( metallic sodium ( ! size ( a pea until #f4ge grams h unit$ ) ! m]cury4 ,! amalgam conta9s !n #j4e p] c5t ( metallic sodium & may be pres]v$ indef9itely "u ! cov]+ ( p>aff94 #dhb4 ,me?od ( ! ,exp]im5t ,/ation at ,mck]n4#cji--,! pr9ciple ( ?is reaction is bas$ on ! r$uc+ action ex]cis$ by nasc5t hydrog5 on a nitrate1 ! hydrog5 be+ g5]at$ by ! action ( soda-lye on a mixture ( z9c du/ & f9ely divid$ iron4 ,t5 grams ( nitrate are dissolv$ 9 #ejj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,( ?is solution tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s1 correspond+ to "o-half gram1 are plac$ 9 a di/illation flask ( ab\t #djj cubic c5timet]s capacity1 #abj cubic c5timet]s ( wat] add$1 & ab\t five grams ( well-wa%$ & dri$ z9c du/ & an equal weight ( r$uc$ iron4 ,to ! solution are add$ eighty cubic c5timet]s ( soda-lye ( #cb ,b4 ,! flask is !n connect$ ) ! cond5s+ app>atus & ! di/illation c>ri$ on syn*ron\sly ) ! r$uction1 ! ammonia be+ collect$ 9 tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( titrat$ sulfuric acid4 ,! di/illation is cont9u$ f "o to two h\rs1 or until #ajj cubic c5timet]s h be5 di/ill$1 & ! rema9+ sulfuric acid is titrat$ 9 ! usual way4 ,soil extracts & sewage wat]s %\ld be conc5trat$ until !y h approximately ! proportion ( nitrates giv5 above4 #dhc4 ,me?od ( ,dev>da4--,! inconv5i5ce due to sl[ action & o!r causes1 aris+ f ! use ( pure metals 9 ! r$uction ( nitrates to ammonia1 has be5 ov]come1 to "s ext5t1 by ,dev>da1 by use ( an alloy1 9 a /ate ( f9e p[d]1 consi/+ ( alum9um1 copp]1 & z9c4#caj ,! alloy consi/s ( =ty-five p] c5t ( alum9um1 fifty p] c5t ( copp]1 & five p] c5t ( z9c4 ,9 dissolv+1 ! copp] is left 9 a f9ely divid$ /ate1 :i* is a great help 9 di/illation 9 prev5t+ bump+4 ,! analytical process is c>ri$ out z foll[s3 ,! solution conta9+ ! nitrate1 9 quantity equival5t to ab\t "o-half gram ( potassium nitrate1 is plac$ 9 a flask hav+ a capacity ( ab\t "o lit]1 & dilut$ ) sixty cubic c5timet]s ( wat] & five cubic c5timet]s ( alcohol1 & !n =ty cubic c5timet]s ( cau/ic pota% solution add$ ( specific gravity "o & ?ree-t5?s4 ,f two to two & "o-half grams ( ! alloy1 describ$ above1 are introduc$1 & ! flask atta*$ to a cond5s] ) a receiv] conta9+ /&>d acid4 ,! connection betwe5 ! flask & ! cond5s] is made by means ( a tube hav+ on ! limb next ! flask a bulb fill$ ) glass beads to prev5t ! cont5ts ( ! flask spla%+ ov] into ! receiv]1 & on ! o!r limb ano!r bulb to prev5t ! acid 9 ! receiv] f9d+ its way into ! di/illation flask1 %\ld regurgitation occur4 ,:5 ! flask has be5 ?us connect$ ) ! cond5s] x is g5tly heat$ = half an h\r1 at ! end ( :i* "t ! evolution ( hydrog5 w h slack5$ or ceas$1 & !n ! di/illation is begun1 at fir/ cauti\sly1 until ! z9c ( ! alloy has completely dissolv$1 & !n m vigor\sly1 ! "t necess>y be+ ab\t tw5ty m9utes f ! "t :5 ! cont5ts ( ! flask beg9 to boil4 ,! di/illate is caught 9 /&>d acid & ! ammonia det]m9$ by backw>d titration 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,x is to be not$ t ! /r5g? ( ! alkali us$ is ( importance1 z if x be too /rong1 ! action on ! alloy is unduly vigor\s at ! beg9n+ ( ! op]ation1 & if too weak1 ! cont5ts ( ! flask h to be heat$ ov]mu*1 ! result 9 bo? cases be+ ! =mation ( a f9e spray ( cau/ic solution1 :i* is v difficult to /op1 ev5 ) complicat$ wa%+ atta*m5ts to ! di/ill+ flask4 ,! te/ analyses on pure nitrates are satisfactory4 ,?is me?od has be5 us$ ) satisfaction 9 ! laboratory ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 b does n appe> to h any special advantage ov] ! process ( ,uls*1 to be describ$ fur!r on4 #dhd4 ,v>iation ( ,/oklassa4--,/oklassa has subject$ ! me?od ( ,dev>da to a comp>ative te/ ) ! foll[+ me?ods3#caa #a4 ,wagn]'s ,s*loes+-,gr&eau me?od4 #b4 ,lunge's nitromet] me?od4 #c4 ,/utz]'s me?od4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #he4 ,,/oklassa',s ,,nitric ,,acid ,,app>atus4 ,! r$uction takes place 9 a copp] erl5mey]1 ,a1 ,fig4 #he1 9 :i*1 9 addition to ! solution conta9+ ! nitrate1 are plac$ #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 =ty cubic c5timet]s ( potassium hydroxid solution ( #cc ,b41 five cubic c5timet]s ( alcohol1 & f9ally two & "o-half grams ( ! f9ely p[d]$ ,dev>da alloy4 ,! di/illate passes ?r\gh a tube1 ,b1 fill$ ) glass pe>ls & into ! cond5s] ,d1 ?r\gh ! bulbs1 ,c ,c4 ,aft] ! flask is connect$ ) ! di/ill+ app>atus1 x is g5tly w>m$ & ! r$uction is end$ 9 ab\t tw5ty m9utes4 ,! ammonia :i* is =m$ is !n di/ill$ into ,e1 conta9+ ! /&>d acid1 ,s1 requir+ ab\t tw5ty m9utes m4 ,! comp>ative results giv51 %[ t ! ,dev>da me?od is equally z accurate z any ( ! o!r me?ods m5tion$1 giv+ practically !oretical results4 ,9 s f>1 h[ev]1 z spe$ ( an analysis1 is conc]n$ ! fir/ place is aw>d$ to ! ,lunge nitromet] me?od1 ) :i* a complete analysis c be made 9 f ?irty to =ty m9utes4 ,9 ! second rank1 s f> z spe$ is conc]n$1 ! ,dev>da me?od is recomm5d$4 ,all ! me?ods give accurate results4 #dhe4 ,me?od ( ,siev]t4#cab--,two grams ( potassium or sodium nitrate are dissolv$ & made up to #a1jjj cubic c5timet]s4 ,fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! solution are plac$ 9 a #fjj cubic c5timet] flask & dilut$ ) fifty cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 & f eighte5 to tw5ty grams ( cau/ic alkali add$4 ,aft] ! alkali is dissolv$1 sev5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( n9ety-six p] c5t alcohol are add$ & a few pieces ( bone-black to prev5t foam+4 ,f t5 to fifte5 grams ( z9c or iron du/ are !n add$ to ! flask :i* is clos$ & connect$ ) a tube hold+ ab\t #bjj cubic c5timet]s1 :i* conta9s ab\t t5 cubic c5timet]s ( normal sulfuric acid4 ,?is tube is kept cool by be+ imm]s$ 9 wat]4 ,! :ole mixture is n[ all[$ to /& = ?ree or f\r h\rs & !n ! alcohol is di/ill$ sl[ly & ! ammonia =m$ by ! r$uction ( ! nitrates is c>ri$ ov] ) x4 ,! di/illation la/s = ab\t two h\rs4 ,! cont5ts ( ! tube are c>efully r9s$ into a di% & ! excess ( sulfuric acid titrat$ ) "o-f\r? normal soda-lye4 ,= soil extracts & sub/ances conta9+ unkn[n quantities ( nitric acid1 a prelim9>y te/ w indicate approximately ! am\nt !re(1 & ?is w be an indication = ! quantity to be us$ 9 ! analysis4 ,! me?od ( ,/utz] diff]s f ! =ego+ 9 ! sub/itution ( alum9um du/ in/ead ( iron or z9c4#cac ,! r$uc+ p[] ( alum9um1 h[ev]1 v>ies greatly accord+ to ! me?od 9 :i* ! metal has be5 prep>$4 ,pure alum9um prep>$ by ! electric me?od1 r$uces ! nitric acid mu* less vigor\sly ?an ! metal prep>$ by ! old] me?ods ( fusion ) sodium4 ,= ?is reason ! me?od ( ,/utz] is n to be pref]r$ to t ( ,siev]t4 ,,r$uction ,,9 ,,an ,,acid ,,solution4 #dhf4 ,v>iation ( ! ,sodium ,amalgam ,process4--,?is me?od is describ$ by ,monni] & ,auriol4#cad ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #hf4 ,,v>iation ,,( ,,! ,,sodium ,,amalgam ,,process4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! op]ation dep5ds on ! r$uction ( ! dissolv$ nitrate by titrat$ sodium amalgam 9 pres5ce ( an acid1 & ! e/imation ( ! quantity ( nitric acid pres5t f ! deficit 9 ! volume ( hydrog54 ,! app>atus employ$ is conv5i5tly m\nt$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #hf4 ,! brass vessel ,a is movable by means ( ! cord on ! pulley ,b1 9 su* a way z to be fix$ at any requir$ altitude4 ,x is fill$ ) wat] & connect$ by a rubb] tube to ! cool+ tube ,d4 ,)9 ! cool+ tube !re is a graduat$ cyl9d] op5 at its l[] end4 ,its upp] end is connect$ directly ) ! app>atus ,c4 ,! cool+ tube ,d has a small side tube1 c1 ne> its upp] end1 by means ( :i* ! air c ent] or escape :5 ! position ( ,a is *ang$4 ,! app>atus ,c1 9 :i* ! reaction takes place1 is a glass cyl9d]4 ,its upp] end is cont9u\s ) ! tube provid$ ) ! /op-cocks a & b4 ,"o arm ( ! p]mits connection ) ! graduat$ measur+ tube by means ( a rubb] union4 ,! l[] end ( ,c is clos$ ) a l>ge holl[ gr\nd-glass /opp]1 c>ry+ a small receptacle )91 s t x =ms two sep>ate wat]-tight comp>tm5ts1 op5 at ! top4 ,! sodium amalgam is prep>$ z foll[s3 ,9 a clay crucible are heat$ #djj grams ( m]cury1 &1 little by little1 ) con/ant /irr+1 f\r grams ( dry sodium are add$4 ,:5 cold1 ! amalgam is plac$ 9 a burette1 hav+ a gr\nd-glass /opp]1 & cov]$ ) petroleum4 ,! /r5g? ( ! amalgam is e/abli%$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,a small glass ?imble1 gr\nd ev5 at ! top1 is fill$ ) ! amalgam & /ruck (f ev5 ) a gr\nd-glass /raight edge4 ,9 ?is way ! same quantity ( amalgam is tak5 = ea* te/4 ,?is measur$ portion ( ! amalgam is plac$ 9 ! inn] vessel ( ! glass /opp] to ,c4 ,t5 cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 conta9+ sixty c5tigrams ( t>t>ic acid1 are plac$ on ! out] r+ ( ! glass /opp]1 :i* is !n ins]t$1 well oil$1 9 ,c1 clos+ x air- & wat]-tight4 ,! t>t>ic acid solution also c>ries a piece ( litmus pap]1 s t its con/ant acidity may be insur$4 ,! vessel ,a is !n fix$ 9 a position :i* br+s ! wat] 9 ! graduat$ burette & tube ,d exactly to ! #j m>k4 ,! cock a is next clos$1 b op5$1 & ,c is inv]t$ until all ! amalgam is p\r$ into ! solution ( t>t>ic acid4 ,! evolv$ hydrog5 mix$ ) ! air conta9$ 9 ! app>atus1 is pass$ into ! graduat$ burette4 ,aft] fifte5 m9utes1 ! reaction is end$4 ,! wat] level )9 & )\t ! graduat$ tube is re/or$ & ! volume ( gas evolv$ not$ & r$uc$ by ! usual tables to #j & #gfj millimet]s pressure ( ! b>omet]4 ,an amalgam prep>$ z above w give ab\t ?ree cubic c5timet]s ( hydrog5 = ea* gram4 ,! ?imble %\ld hold f twelve to fifte5 grams4 ,! e/imation ( nitric acid %\ld be made 9 a solution conta9+ ab\t "o-t5? p] c5t ( nitrate4 ,t5 cubic c5timet]s are tak51 to :i* six-t5?s gram ( t>t>ic acid is add$1 & plac$ 9 ! out] "p ( ! glass /opp]4 ,! re/ ( ! process is conduct$ exactly z describ$ above4 ,! deficit 9 hydrog5 is calculat$ to nitrog5 p5toxid4 ,! r$uction by sodium amalgam is n s conv5i5t a =m ( e/imat+ nitric acid z _m ( ! o!r =ms ( us+ nasc5t hydrog54 ,z practic$ by calculat+ f ! deficit ( hydrog51 h[ev]1 x has "s advantages by reason ( ! fact t no heat+ is requir$4 ,! pres5ce ( organic neutral bodies1 or ev5 ^? ( an acid nature1 l humus1 does n1 !re=e1 int]f]e ) ! "w4 ,likewise1 m9]al bodies 9 solution1 :i* are n r$uc$ by nasc5t hydrog51 d n int]f]e ) ! accuracy ( ! reaction4 #dhg4 ,me?od ( ,s*mitt4--,9 ! me?od ( ,s*mitt =ty cubic c5timet]s ( glacial acetic acid are plac$ 9 a flask ( #fjj cubic c5timet]s cont5t1 & fifte5 grams ( a mixture ( z9c & iron du/ add$4#cae ,to ?is a quantity ( ! solution conta9+ ! nitrate1 repres5t+ ab\t half a gram ( ! pure nitrate1 is add$ ) con/ant %ak+1 9 portions :i* d n evolve hydrog5 too rapidly4 ,aft] ab\t fifte5 m9utes :5 ! evolution ( nitrog5 has some:at dim9i%$1 an additional fifte5 grams ( ! metal du/ are add$4 ,if ! cont5ts ( ! flask %\ld become ?ick !y c be dilut$ ) ?irty cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,! r$uction is complete 9 f ?irty to =ty m9utes4 ,! cont5ts ( ! flask are n[ saturat$ ) en\gh soda-lye n only to neutralize ! excess ( acetic acid1 b to keep ! z9c hydroxid also 9 solution4 ,= ?is purpose ab\t #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( soda-lye ( #a4be specific gravity are necess>y4 ,! ammonia is obta9$ by di/illation into /&>d acid 9 ! usual way4 #dhh4 ,me?od ( ,uls*4--,9 practice ! me?od ( ,uls* has come into g5]al use4#caf ,= ! det]m9ation ( nitrog5 by ?is me?od half a gram ( saltpet] or f\r-t5?s gram ( sodium nitrate is tak5 & dissolv$ 9 tw5ty five cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 9 a flask ) a cont5t ( ab\t #fjj cubic c5timet]s4 ,five grams ( iron r$uc$ by hydrog51 & t5 cubic c5timet]s ( sulfuric acid dilut$ ) two volumes ( wat] are !n add$ to ! flask4 ,to avoid me*anical losses dur+ ! evolution ( hydrog5 a pe>-%ap$ glass /opp] is hung 9 ! neck ( ! flask4 ,aft] ! fir/ viol5t evolution ( hydrog5 has pass$1 ! flask is sl[ly heat$ until 9 ab\t f\r m9utes x is br\ght to a g5tle boil4 ,! boil+ is cont9u$ = ab\t six m9utes :5 ! r$uction is complete4 ,ab\t fifty cubic c5timet]s ( wat] are !n add$2 also an excess ( soda-lye & a few p>ticles ( z9c & ! ammonia is di/ill$ & collect$ 9 /&>d acid 9 ! usual way4 ,! me?od ( ,uls* c also be appli$1 accord+ to ,fricke1 to ! analysis ( nitrates conta9$ 9 dr9k+ & dra9age wat]s1 & x is reg>d$ by him z "o ( ! be/ me?ods to be employ$ 9 su* inve/igations4#cag ,! me?od ( ,uls* 9 ?is laboratory has giv5 entirely satisfactory results1 & is g5]ally us$ 9 pref]5ce to o!r me?ods 9 cases :]e a consid]able quantity ( nitrates is pres5t4 ,x is bas$ on ! foll[+ reactions3 #b,,kno ,h,,s ,k,,s #b;,,hno #b;,,hno #h;,h #b,,nh #f;,h,o #b,,nh ,h,,s 7,,nh7,,s4 ,,r$uction ,,by ,,! ,,electric ,,curr5t4 #dhi4 ,me?od ( ,williams-,w>+ton4--,f ! losses :i* naturally occur dur+ ! evaporation ( wat]1 ev5 ) all ! precautions not$1 ,w>+ton 0 l$ to try "s me?od = ! det]m9ation ( nitrates & nitrites 9 wat]s )\t previ\s conc5tration4#cah ,! r$uction ( ^! bodies by ! copp]-z9c c\ple =m$ ! basis ( ^! exp]im5ts1 & !y result$ 9 ! foll[+ me?od ( manipulation1 :i* is bas$ on a process devis$ by ,williams4#cai ,! me?od consi/s 9 boil+ rapidly "o lit] ( ! ra9 wat] 9 a retort1 ) a little magnesia previ\sly rais$ to a l[ r$ heat & !n wa%$1 until #bej cubic c5timet]s h di/ill$ ov]4 ,! residue is !n made up to #hjj cubic c5timet]s1 transf]r$ to a wide-m\!d1 /opp]$ bottle suppli$ ) /rips ( copp] & z9c =m+ electric c\ples1 & set aside1 at a con/ant temp]ature ( f #ba-bd1 = ?ree days4 ,a measur$ portion ( ! solution is !n di/ill$1 & ! ammonia det]m9$ 9 ! di/illate by nessl]iz+4 ,?is plan has two advantages3 ,fir/1 ! ammonia1 z well z ! nitrog5 z nitrates & nitrites1 c be det]m9$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! same op]ation & 9 ! same sample ( wat]4 ,= ?is purpose x is only necess>y to fit ! retort to an effici5t cond5s] & to remove all ammonia f ! app>atus by boil+ di/ill$ wat] 9 ! retort be=e introduc+ ! ra9 wat]4 ,! di/illate ( #bej cubic c5timet]s f ! ra9 wat]1 z describ$ above1 is well mix$ & ! ammonia det]m9$1 9 f tw5ty-five to "o hundr$ cubic c5timet]s !re(1 dilut$ to #aej cubic c5timet]s ) ammonia-free wat]4 ,second1 ! nitrog51 z nitrates & nitrites1 is det]m9$ directly & alone2 ! error ( ! det]m9ation is z small z nessl]iz+ admits (1 s9ce x is possible1 if necess>y1 to di/ill #fjj cubic c5timet]s ( ! boil$ ra9 wat] correspond+ to #gej cubic c5timet]s ( ! orig9al1 & ?us obta9 a full am\nt ( ammonia = det]m9ation1 ev5 :5 ! ra9 wat] has be5 poor 9 nitrates4 ,! det]m9ation ( nitric nitrog51 9 a giv5 sample1 by ! above me?od gave a mean quantity ( product ( #j4afb "p p] million1 :ile ! det]m9ation1 9 ! same lot ( samples1 by ! modifi$ ,s*loes+ me?od gave #j4abe "p p] million4 ,?is result confirms ! supposition t 9 ! complete evaporation necess>y to ! manipulation ( ! ,s*loes+ me?od !re is a loss ( nitrog54 ,! am\nt ( nitrog5 z nitrates & nitrites 9 ! ra9 wat] at ,ro?am/ead1 = ! twelve mon?s end+ ,april #a1 #ahhh1 0 f\nd1 by ! ,s*loes+ me?od1 to be #j4fad p\nd p] acre1 ! total ra9-fall be+ #ba4if in*es4 ,= ! ye> end+ ,april #a1 #ahhi1 by ! copp]-z9c me?od1 x am\nt$ to #j4iag p\nd p] acre1 ! total ra9-fall be+ #bi4bg in*es4 ,! am\nts f\nd 9 o!r localities are q diff]5t f ! above1 z = in/ance1 ! mean ( sev5 /ations 9 ,g]many = ?irte5 ye>s1 beg9n+ 9 #ahfd1 %[$ #aj4ah p\nds ( nitrog5 p] acre4 ,! av]age am\nt = t5 ye>s at ! obs]vatory ( ,mont ,sauris1 ne> ,p>is1 %[$ #ab4cf p\nds ( nitrog5 p] acre4 ,! av]age = ?ree ye>s at ,l9coln1 z det]m9$ by ,pr(essor ,g4 ,gray1 %[s "o & six-t5?s p\nds ( nitrog5 p] acre p] annum4 ,at ,tokio1 9 ,japan1 ,kelln] f\nd1 = "o ye>1 #a4jb p\nds p] acre4 #dij4 ,det]m9ation ( ! ,ammonia4--,! me?od us$ at ,ro?am/ead is to make "o det]m9ation ( ammonia 9 ! :ole ( ! di/illate obta9$1 ! /r5g? ( :i* is regulat$ by v>y+ ! am\nt introduc$ into ! retort1 s t x %all be equal to ab\t two cubic c5timet]s ( ! /&>d ammonia solution4 ,a #aej cubic c5timet] cyl9d] is fir/ fill$ ) ! ra9 wat]1 & fifty cubic c5timet]s ( nessl] reag5t add$4 ,! dep? ( t9t indicates :at quantity ( ra9 wat] w be requir$ = di/illation4 ,?is hav+ be5 det]m9$1 ! appropriate volume ( ! ra9 wat]1 provid$ x d n exce$ #fjj cubic c5timet]s1 is plac$ 9 ! retort describ$ above1 & ! di/illation cont9u$ until ! #aej cubic c5timet] cyl9d] is fill$4 ,! titration is made 9 ! usual way4 #dia4 ,prep>ation ( ! ,copp]-,z9c ,c\ple4--,= #hjj cubic c5timet]s ( boil$ ra9 wat]1 prep>$ z describ$1 six /rips ( z9c foil1 f\r in*es long by "o & a qu>t] in*es wide1 are tak5 & b5t at "r angles along _! c5t] to obta9 /iffness4 ,! c\ple is cleans$ & coat$ by wa%+ 9 a s]ies ( five beak]s conta9+1 respectively1 dilute solution ( sodium hydroxid1 v dilute sulfuric acid1 a ?ree p] c5t solution ( copp] sulfate1 ord9>y di/ill$ wat]1 & di/ill$ wat] free f ammonia4 ,?r\gh ^! five beak]s ! z9c foil is successively pass$4 ,x is r9s$ bo? aft] ! alkali & ! acid4 ,b aft] ! copp] has be5 deposit$1 ! /rips are simply dra9$ & c>efully plac$ 9 ! di/ill$ wat]1 x be+ difficult to r9se )\t remov+ ! copp]4 ,! c\ples %\ld be entirely subm]g$ :5 plac$ 9 ! ra9 wat]4 ,! /rips %\ld rema9 9 ! copp] sulfate solution long en\gh to be well cov]$ ) copp]4 #dib4 ,sub/itution ( an ,alum9um-,m]cury ,c\ple = ,copp]-,z9c4--,orm&y & ,coh5 h propos$ to use an alum9um-m]cury c\ple = ! copp]-z9c 9 ! process describ$ above4#cbj ,?is c\ple acts m quickly ?an ! copp]-z9c1 & ! results are equally z accurate4 ,nitrites are r$uc$ 9 ab\t "o h\r by ?is app>atus1 :ile ! z9c-copp] c\ple ( ,glad/one & ,tribe requires ab\t six times z long4 ,alum9um foil1 free ( grease1 %\ld be us$4 ,! foil %\ld be heat$ ov] a buns5 j be=e amalgamation4 ,! clean1 v ?9 foil is coat$ ) m]cury by %ak+ ) a conc5trat$ solution ( m]curic *lorid4 ,x %\ld be prep>$ imm$iately be=e use4 ,! amalgamat$ foil is introduc$ into ! sample ( wat] to be analyz$1 & left until all ! alum9um is conv]t$ into oxid4 ,! pres5ce ( ! oxid favors ! prev5tion ( bump+ dur+ ! subsequ5t di/illation4 ,! di/ill$ ammonia1 collect$ 9 dilute acid1 is det]m9$ by nessl]iz+1 ! free ammonia 9 ! sample hav+ be5 previ\sly det]m9$4 ,! increase 9 ammonia is due to nitrates or nitrites r$uc$ by ! c\ple4 ,,iodometric ,,e/imation ,,( ,,nitric ,,acid ,,9 ,,nitrates4 #dic4 ,me?od ( ,de ,kon9ck & ,nih\l4--,?is process is applicable only 9 ! abs5ce ( organic bodies & o!r r$uc+ ag5ts4 ,! pr9ciple on :i* x re/s1 z appli$ by ,mc,gowan1 is z foll[s3#cba ,:5 a fairly conc5trat$ solution ( a nitrate is w>m$ ) an excess ( pure1 /rong hydro*loric acid1 ! nitrate is completely decompos$1 & ! production ( nitrosyl *lorid & *lor9 is quantitative4 ,! reaction1 z %[n by ,tild51 is repres5t$ by ! foll[+ equation3#cbb ,,hno #c;,h,cl ,n,o,cl ,cl #b;,h,o4 ,"o molecule ( nitric acid ?us yields two atoms ( *lor9 & "o molecule ( nitrosyl *lorid capable ( sett+ free ?ree atoms ( iod94 ,! iod9 c be e/imat$ 9 ! usual mann] by titration ) sodium ?iosulfate4 ,! nitrosyl *lorid is decompos$ by ! potassium iodid1 nitric oxid escap+4 ,! app>atus employ$ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #hg4 ,a is a small1 r\nd-bottom$ flask1 into ! neck ( :i* a glass /opp]1 x1 is accurately gr\nd 7) f9e em]y & oil74 ,! capacity ( ! bulb is ab\t =ty-six cubic c5timet]s1 & ! l5g? ( ! neck1 f x to y1 n9ety millimet]s4 ,! fir/ cond5s] is a simple tube1 slightly enl>g$ at ! foot into two small bulbs4#cbc ,! l5g? f a to b is #cjj millimet]s1 f b to c #ahj millimet]s1 & f e to f ?irty millimet]s4 ,! capacity ( ! bulb ,b is tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s1 & ! total capacity ( ! two bulbs & tube1 up to ! top ( ,c1 =ty-"o cubic c5timet]s4 ,?is cond5s] is imm]s$1 up to ! level ( c1 9 a beak] full ( wat]4 ,d is a geissl] bulb app>atus1 ,e is a calcium *lorid tube1 fill$ ) brok5 glass1 :i* acts z a t[] & g is a small funnel1 atta*$ by rubb] & clip to ! bran* tube h4 ,betwe5 ! tube i & ! wa%-bottle = ! c>bon dioxid is plac$ a %ort piece ( glass tub+1 s1 conta9+ a /rip ( filt] pap]1 slightly moi/5$ ) iodid ( />* solution4 ,?is tube s is really h>dly necess>y1 z no *lor9 escapes backw>ds if a mod]ate curr5t ( c>bon dioxid is kept pass+1 b x s]ves z a *eck4 ,a glance at ! jo9ts o1 p1 & q1 :i* are ( n>r[ india-rubb] tub+1 is suffici5t to %[ t1 by us+ ?is arrangem5t1 practically no rubb] is expos$ to ! action ( ! *lor94 ,! t9y piece ( rubb] tub+ at ! jo9t o may be done away )1 ! n>r[] tube !re be+ accurately gr\nd into ! wid] "o2 ?is makes ! cond5s+ app>atus practically p]fect4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #hg4 ,,mcg[an',s ,,app>atus ,,= ,,! ,,iodometric ,,e/imation ,,( ,,nitric ,,acid4 ,! actual op]ation is p]=m$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! evolution flask is wa%$ & ?or\ghly dri$1 & ! nitrate 7say1 ab\t #j4be gram ( potassium nitrate7 is tapp$ into x f ! weigh+ tube4 ,two cubic c5timet]s ( wat] are n[ add$1 & ! bulb is g5tly w>m$1 s z to br+ ! nitrate into solution1 aft] :i* ! /opp] ( ! flask is firmly ins]t$4 ,ab\t fifte5 cubic c5timet]s ( a solution ( potassium iodid 7"o 9 f\r7 are run into ! fir/ cond5s+ tube1 any iodid adh]+ to ! upp] portion ( ! tube be+ wa%$ d[n ) a little wat]1 & five cubic c5timet]s ( ! same solution1 mix$ ) eight to t5 cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 are suck$ into ! geissl] bulbs :il/ ! glass 9 ! t[] ,e is also ?or\ghly moi/5$ ) ! iodid4 ,! geissl] bulbs %\ld be s arrang$ t gas only bubbles ?r\gh ! la/ ( !m1 ! liquid 9 ! o!rs rema9+ quiesc5t4 ,all ! jo9ts hav+ be5 made tight ! c>bon dioxid is turn$ on briskly & pass$ ?r\gh ! app>atus until a small tubeful collect$ at l1 ov] cau/ic pota% solution1 %[s t no appreciable am\nt ( air is left 9 x4 ,! small outlet tube l1 is n[ replac$ by a calcium *lorid tube1 fill$ ) brok5 glass :i* has be5 moi/5$ ) ! above-m5tion$ iodid solution1 & clos$ by a cork ?r\gh :i* an outlet tube passes1 ! object ( ?is trap tube be+ to prev5t any air gett+ back into ! app>atus4 ,! brisk curr5t ( c>bon dioxid is cont9u$ = a m9ute or two long]1 s z to practically expel all ! air f ?is la/ tube4 ,! /ream ( gas is n[ /opp$ = an in/ant1 & ab\t fifte5 cubic c5timet]s ( pure conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid1 free f *lor91 run into ,a ?r\gh ! funnel g 7into ! tube ( :i* x is well to h run a few drops ( wat] be=e beg9n+ to expel ! air f ! app>atus71 & ,a is %ak5 s z to mix its cont5ts ?or\ghly4 ,a sl[ curr5t ( c>bon dioxid is n[ aga9 turn$ on 7"o to two bubbles ?r\gh ! wa%-bottle p] second71 & ,a is g5tly w>m$ ov] a burn]4 ,x is a di/9ct advantage t ! reaction does n beg9 until ! mix$ solutions are w>m$1 :5 ! liquid becomes orange-color$1 ! color aga9 disappe>+ aft] ! nitrosyl *lorid & *lor9 h be5 expell$4 ,! w>m+ %\ld be v g5tle at fir/ 9 ord] to make sure ( ! conv]sion ( all ! nitric acid1 & also because ! fir/ escap+ vapors are relatively v ri* 9 *lor92 aft]w>ds ! liquid 9 ,a is briskly boil$4 ,a v little practice enables ! op]ator to judge z to ! prop] rate ( w>m+4 ,:5 ! volume ( liquid 9 ,a has be5 r$uc$ to ab\t sev5 cubic c5timet]s 7by :i* "t x is aga9 colorless7 ! /ream ( c>bon dioxid is slightly quick5$ & ! app>atus all[$ to cool a little4 ,! burn] is n[ set aside = a few m9utes1 & two cubic c5timet]s m ( hydro*loric acid1 previ\sly w>m$ 9 a te/-tube1 run 9 g5tly ?r\gh g2 !re is no fe> ei!r ( ! iodid solution runn+ back1 or ( any bubbles ( air escap+ ?r\gh y if ?is is done c>efully4 ,?is is a precaution>y measure1 9 case a trace ( ! lib]at$ *lor9 might h lodg$ 9 ! comp>atively cool liquid 9 ! tube h4 ,! c>bon dioxid is once m turn$ on sl[ly & ! liquid 9 ,a is boil$ aga9 until x is r$uc$ to ab\t five cubic c5timet]s4 ,x is n[ only necess>y to all[ ! app>atus to cool1 pass+ c>bon dioxid all ! "t1 aft] :i* ! cont5ts ( ! cond5s]s are transf]r$ to a flask & titrat$ ) ?iosulfate4 ,at ! end ( a prop]ly conduct$ exp]im5t1 ! glass 9 ! upp] "p ( t[] ,e %\ld be q colorless & !re %\ld be only a m]e trace ( iod9 %[+ 9 ! l[] "p ( ! t[]1 :ile ! liquid 9 ! la/ bulb ( ! geissl] app>atus ought to be pale yell[4 ,dur+ ! op]ation1 ! /opp] ( ,a & ! v>i\s jo9ts c be te/$ f "t to "t by means ( a piece ( iodid ( />* pap]1 & be=e disjo9t+ x is well to te/ ! escap+ gas 7say at m7 9 ! same way1 to make sure t all nitric oxid has be5 ?or\ghly expell$4 ,! me?od is capable ( giv+ accurate results1 b x c n be pref]r$ to ! r$uction or colorimetric processes4 #did4 ,me?od ( ,goo* & ,gru5]4--,! pr9ciple on :i* ?is me?od re/s dep5ds on ! decomposition ( a nitrate 9 pres5ce ( a hot saturat$ solution ( mangan\s *lorid & hydro*loric acid 9 an atmosph]e ( c>bon dioxid4#cbd ,! products ( decomposition are pass$ into a solution ( potassium iodid & ! lib]at$ iod9 is titrat$ ) /&>d sodium ?iosulfate4 ,! products ( ! reaction are *lor91 nitric oxid1 & possibly nitrosyl *lorid1 & "u prop] precautions ! iod9 set free is quantitively proportional to ! weight ( nitrate decompos$4 ,! mangan\s mixture is act$ on sl[ly at ord9>y temp]atures1 b on heat+1 ! nitrate is decompos$ ) ! =mation ( a high] manganese *lorid & nitric oxid4 ,:5 ! heat is cont9u$ a suffici5t l5g? ( "t ! *lor9 f ! high] *lorids is evolv$ & only mangan\s *lorid rema9s4 ,dur+ ! heat+ ! color ( ! solution passes f gre5 to black & at ! end ! gre5 color is re/or$4 ,! app>atus employ$ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #hh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #hh4 ,,app>atus ,,( ,,goo* ,,& ,,gru5]4 ,a pla9 pipette b5t z is %[n 9 ! figure s]ves z ! g5]at+ flask & = ! atta*m5t on ! "o h& to ! c>bon dioxid app>atus & on ! o!r to ! sy/em ( absorption bulbs = conta9+ ! potassium iodid4 ,! latt] %\ld be glass1 seal$ to ! evolution bulb ( ! pipette to prev5t ! action ( ! evolv$ gases on organic mat]ials4 ,! po9t ( ! potassium iodid app>atus is drawn out s z to be pu%$ well into ! second receiv]1 be+ held 9 place by a piece ( rubb] tub+4 ,! ?ird tube acts simply z a trap to exclude ! air f ! absorption app>atus4 ,! fir/ receiv] conta9s 9 solution ?ree grams1 ! second two1 & ! ?ird "o gram ( potassium iodid4 ,dur+ ! reaction ! fir/ receiv] is kept cool by imm]sion 9 wat]4 ,be=e connect+ ! app>atus ) ! c>bon dioxid g5]ator ! solution ( mangan\s *lorid & aft]w>ds ! nitrate solution are drawn into ! bulb ( ! pipette by g5tle suction4 ,aft] connect+ ! app>atus ! curr5t ( c>bon dioxid is />t$ & kept up until all ! air is expell$4 ,heat is !n appli$ to ! bulb ( ! pipette & ! di/illation cont9u$ until all ! liquid has pass$ ov]4 ,at ! end ( ! reaction ! cont5ts ( ! receiv]s are unit$ by disconnect+ ! app>atus f ! c>bon dioxid g5]ator & pass+ wat] ?r\gh ! pipette4 ,! introduction ( ! mangan\s *lorid into ! mixture does n int]f]e ) ! titration ( ! iod94 ,?is is accompli%$ 9 ! usual way ) sodium ?iosulfate us+ />* z an indicator4 ,! quantity ( mat]ial us$ %\ld conta9 ab\t ! am\nt ( nitric acid t is f\nd 9 two-t5?s ( a gram ( potassium nitrate4 ,?is me?od1 s simil> to ! prec$+1 is some:at less complex1 &1 to t ext5t1 pref]able to x4 ,,e/imation ,,( ,,nitric ,,acid ,,by ,,colorimetric ,,comp>ison4 #die4 ,delicacy ( ! ,me?od4--,! rem>kable delicacy ( ^? me?ods ( *emical analysis1 :i* dep5d on ! production ( a pron\nc$ color1 :i* c be comp>$ ) t produc$ by a kn[n quantity ( a giv5 sub/ance1 has be5 long illu/rat$ by ! nessl]iz+ process = ! e/imation ( ammonia4 ,by su* me?ods m9ute qualities ( sub/ances c be quantitively det]m9$ ) great accuracy1 :5 !y w\ld escape all ef=t = _! e/imation by gravimetric me?ods4 ,processes bas$ on ?is pr9ciple are1 !re=e1 peculi>ly applicable to ! detection & e/imation ( oxidiz$ nitrog5 9 wat]s & soil extracts1 :e!r !y be pres5t z nitric1 nitr\s1 or ammoniacal comp\nds4 ,9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs w be giv5 ) suffici5t detail = ! ne$s ( ! analy/1 ! pr9ciples & practice ( ! colorimetric comp>ison me?ods :i* h be5 approv$ z be/ by ! exp]i5ce ( analy/s4 ,^! me?ods are applicable especially to cases 9 :i* only m9ute quantities ( ! sub/ances look$ = are pres5t1 & :]e cel]ity ( det]m9ation is especially desirable4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 ( especial value 9 ! analysis ( ra91 dra9age1 & irrigation wat]s1 & ( soil extracts poor 9 oxidiz$ nitrog54 #dif4 ,hook]'s ,me?od4--,! quantitive action dep5ds ^u ! deep gre5 coloration giv5 by nitric acid1 :5 dissolv$ 9 sulfuric acid & c>bazol4#cbe ,o!r oxidiz+ bodies1 su* z iron1 *lor91 brom91 *romic acid1 etc41 give ! same reaction1 b n 9 su* a prom95t mann]4 ,su* bodies ) ! exception ( *lor9 & iron1 are n (t5 f\nd 9 wat]s4 ,9 ! application ( ! process1 iron1 if pres5t 9 quantities great] ?an "o-t5? "p p] "o hundr$ ?\s&1 mu/ be remov$4 ,*lorids also1 ev5 :5 pres5t 9 v small quantities1 int]f]e ) ! delicacy ( ! reaction & mu/ be remov$4 ,easily de/ructible organic matt] t5ds to l[] ! result1 b n mat]ially1 unless pres5t 9 l>ge excess4 ,calcium c>bonate & sulfate1 soda1 & o!r alkalies1 9 ! quantities 9 :i* !y are usually pres5t 9 wat]1 d n affect ! result4 ,! foll[+ reag5ts are requir$3 #a4 ,conc5trat$ sulfuric acid4 #b4 ,an acetic acid solution ( c>bazol2 diph5ylimid1 7,c,h_/,c,h_/ ,,nh47 #c4 ,a sulfuric acid solution ( c>bazol4 #d4 ,/&>d solutions ( potassium nitrate4 #e4 ,a solution ( alum9um sulfate4 #f4 ,a solution ( silv] sulfate4 #a4 ,! sulfuric acid1 us$ = all purposes 9 ! process1 %\ld be entirely free f nitrog5 oxids4 ,x may be readily te/$ by dissolv+ 9 x a small quantity ( c>bazol4 ,if ! solution be at fir/ gold5-yell[ or br[n1 ! acid is suffici5tly pure2 if x be gre5 or gre5i%1 ano!r & bett] sample mu/ be tak54 ,x is ess5tial also t ! specific gravity ( ! acid be fully #a4hd1 & x is well to asc]ta9 t ?is is really ! case4 #b4 ,! acetic acid solution ( c>bazol is prep>$ by dissolv+ six-t5?s gram 9 ab\t n9ety cubic c5timet]s ( /ronge/ acetic acid1 by ! aid ( g5tle heat4 ,x is all[$ to cool1 & is !n made up to #ajj cubic c5timet]s by ! fur!r addition ( acetic acid4 ,! exact /r5g? ( ?is solution1 is ( no mat]ial importance to ! success ( ! process1 & ! above proportions h be5 select$ pr9cipally because !y are conv5i5t4 ,! solution w rema9 un*ang$ = sev]al mon?s4 ,! use ( ?is solution m]ely facilitates ! prep>ation ( t next describ$1 :i* w n keep1 & has1 consequ5tly1 to be fre%ly prep>$ = ea* s]ies ( det]m9ations4 #c4 ,! sulfuric acid solution ( c>bazol is easily made 9 a few seconds1 b x is advisable to all[ x to /& f "o & "o-half to two h\rs be=e us+4 ,x is prep>$ by rapidly add+ fifte5 cubic c5timet]s ( sulfuric acid1 to "o cubic c5timet] ( ! above-describ$ acetic acid solution4 ,?is quantity usually suffices = f two to ?ree nitrate e/imations4 ,:5 fre%ly prep>$ x is gold5-yell[ or br[n2 x *anges gradually1 h[ev]1 & 9 ! c\rse ( "o & "o-half or two h\rs x becomes olive-gre54 ,?is *ange is probably due to traces ( oxidiz+ ag5ts1 :i* occur 9 ! sulfuric & acetic acids1 & :i*1 al?\gh n pres5t 9 suffici5t quantity to act imm$iately1 gradually br+ ab\t ! reaction describ$4 ,! gre5i% color does n int]f]e ) ! process1 z might at fir/ be suppos$2 on ! contr>y1 ! solution is n s5sitive to small quantities ( nitric acid until x has und]gone ! *ange to olive-gre51 & x is = ?is reason1 t x %\ld be prep>$ ab\t two h\rs be=e requir$ = use4 ,?is solution may be ?or\ghly dep5d$ on = six h\rs aft] prep>ation4 ,! int5sities ( color produc$ by ! m conc5trat$ solutions ( nitrates aft] ?is "t1 gradually approa* ea* o!r & become ultimately ! same4 #d4 ,! /&>d solutions ( potassium nitrate are v readily prep>$4 ,! solutions :i* are to be comp>$ directly ) ! wat]s exam9$1 may be prep>$ z requir$1 b if _m det]m9ations are to be made ) a v>iety ( wat]s1 x w be f\nd be/ to prep>e a complete s]ies1 diff]+ f ea* o!r by #j4jb "p nitrog5 9 #ajj1jjj4 ,?is s]ies may include solutions conta9+ quantities ( nitrog5 9 #ajj1jjj p>ts1 repres5t$ by all ! odd numb]s f #j4jc up to #j4ci4 ,x w be f\nd conv5i5t to prep>e !m 9 quantities ( #ajj cubic c5timet]s at a "t1 f a /ock solution ( potassium nitrate :i* conta9s #j4jjjja gram nitrog51 or #j4jjjjde nitric acid 9 "o cubic c5timet]4 ,ea* cubic c5timet] ( ?is solution1 :5 dilut$ to #ajj cubic c5timet]s1 repres5ts #j4ja nitrog5 9 #ajj1jjj1 & consequ5tly if x is desir$ to make a solution conta9+ #j4ce "p nitrog5 9 #ajj1jjj1 ?irty-five cubic c5timet]s are tak5 & made up to #ajj cubic c5timet]s1 & s on4 ,! solution ( potassium nitrate 7b7 is be/ prep>$ f a /rong] "o 7a7 conta9+ #j4jjja gram nitrog5 to ! cubic c5timet]1 or #j4gbad gram potassium nitrate to ! lit]2 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( 7a7 made up to "o lit] give ! solution 7b74 ,x is obvi\s t ! s]ies ( solutions1 above describ$1 c\ld be made directly f 7a71 b by fir/ mak+ 7b71 great] accuracy is secur$4 #e4 ,= purposes :i* w be pres5tly describ$1 a solution ( alum9um sulfate is requir$1 conta9+ five grams to ! lit]4 ,! salt us$ mu/ be free f *lor9 & iron2 & ! solution %\ld give no reaction :5 te/$ ) c>bazol4 #f4 ,! solution ( silv] sulfate is requir$ = ! removal ( *lor9 f ! wat] or soil extract to be exam9$4 ,x is prep>$ by dissolv+ #d4cidc grams ( ! salt 9 pure di/ill$ wat] & mak+ up to "o lit]4 ,! sulfate is pref]ably obta9$ by dissolv+ metallic silv] 9 pure sulfuric acid4 ,! solution %\ld be te/$ ) c>bazol 9 ! same way z w be pres5tly describ$ = wat]2 if p]fectly pure1 no reaction w be obta9$4 ,z silv] sulfate is (t5 prep>$ by precipitation f ! nitrate1 x is v apt to conta9 nitric acid1 & consequ5tly1 if ! s\rce ( ! salt be unkn[n1 ?is te/ %\ld on no acc\nt be omitt$4 ,! analytical process is c>ri$ on z foll[s3 ,two cubic c5timet]s ( ! wat] are c>efully deliv]$ by means ( a pipette into ! bottom ( a te/-tube2 f\r cubic c5timet]s ( sulfuric acid are add$1 & ! solution ?or\ghly mix$ by ! help ( a glass rod4 ,! te/-tube is !n imm]s$ 9 cold wat]1 & :5 well cool$1 "o cubic c5timet] ( ! sulfuric acid solution ( c>bazol is add$1 & ! :ole aga9 mix$ z be=e4 ,! int5sity ( ! color is n[ obs]v$1 & a little exp]i5ce enables a fairly good op9ion to be =m$ ( ! quantity ( nitric acid pres5t4 ,suppose t ! wat] be r\ghly e/imat$ to conta9 ab\t #j4ae "p nitrog5 p] #ajj1jjj2 9 su* a case solutions ( potassium nitrate conta9+ #j4aa1 #j4ae1 #j4ai "p nitrog5 are select$ f ! s]ies4 ,two cubic c5timet]s are tak5 f ea*1 & treat$1 side by side1 ) a fre% quantity ( ! wat]1 precisely z describ$ = ! prelim9>y exp]im5t1 ! v>i\s op]ations be+ p]=m$ z ne>ly simultane\sly z possible ) ea* ( ! samples1 & "u precisely simil> conditions4 ,two or ?ree m9utes aft] ! c>bazol has be5 add$1 ! int5sity ( ! color ( ea* is obs]v$4 ,if t giv5 by ! wat] is mat*$ by any ( ! /&>d solutions1 ! e/imation is at an end4 ,simil>ly1 if x falls betwe5 two ( ^!1 ! mean may be tak5 z repres5t+ ! nitrog5 pres5t 9 cases 9 :i* great accuracy is n requir$4 ,if ?is be done1 ! maximum error w be #j4jb "p nitrog51 or #j4ji "p nitric acid p] #ajj1jjj4 ,if great] exactness be requir$1 or x be f\nd t ! color giv5 by ! wat] is ei!r d>k] or light] ?an t giv5 by all ! /&>d solutions1 a new trial mu/ be made4 ,9 su* a case ! wat] mu/ be aga9 te/$ simultane\sly ) ! solutions ) :i* x is to be comp>$4 ,?is is r5d]$ necess>y pr9cipally = ! reason t ! %ade ( ! solutions to :i* ! c>bazol has be5 add$ is apt to *ange on /&+4 ,h5ce x is desirable t ! wat]1 & ! /&>d potassium nitrate ) :i* x is to be comp>$1 %\ld h ! c>bazol add$ at z ne>ly ! same "t z possible4 ,:5 f9ally ! color falls betwe5 t giv5 by any two consecutive memb]s ( ! /&>d potassium nitrate s]ies1 ! e/imation may be consid]$ at an end1 & ! mean ( ^! solutions tak5 z repres5t+ ! nitrog5 pres5t4 ,! greate/ neatness %\ld be obs]v$ 9 all /eps ( ! analysis4 ,! quantity ( wat] op]at$ ^u is s small t if ! greate/ c>e be n ex]cis$ ?r\gh\t1 s\rces ( error may be readily introduc$4 ,! te/-tubes %\ld be r9s$ out ) nitrate-free wat] be=e be+ us$ & !n dri$4 ,! t9t %\ld be det]m9$ by look+ ?r\gh ! tube & n ?r\gh ! l5g? ( ! column ( liquid4 ,influ5ce ( ,nitrites4--,if ! quantity ( nitr\s acid 9 ! wat] is kn[n a correction c be appli$ = nitrates by d$uct+ "o-fif? ( ! numb] f\nd = nitrites :5 e/imat$ z nitrates4 ,influ5ce ( ,iron4--,al?\gh f]r\s salts give no reaction ) c>bazol1 nitrates are apt to be ov]e/imat$ 9 _! pres5ce4 ,oh ! o!r h&1 f]ric comp\nds1 l o!r oxidiz+ ag5ts1 may give a *>act]i/ic gre5 color ) c>bazol4 ,9 all cases :5 iron is pres5t 9 any consid]able quantity x is be/ to remove x by r5d]+ ! wat] slightly alkal9e1 evaporat+ to dryness1 & r$issolv+ ! soluble residue until ! solution rea*es ! orig9al volume4 ,influ5ce ( ,*lorids4--,! pres5ce ( *lorids furni%es by f> ! mo/ s]i\s s\rce ( error 9 ! process by int5sify+ ! action ( ! nitric acid4 ,if1 h[ev]1 nitrates be abs5t *lorids give no reaction ) c>bazol4 ,! *lorids are remov$ by a /&>d silv] sulfate solution1 ! quantity ( *lorids pres5t hav+ be5 fir/ det]m9$ by a /&>d silv] nitrate solution4 ,= ?is purpose an ord9>y sug> flask c be employ$ m>k$ at #ajj & #aaj cubic c5timet]s4 ,?is flask is fill$ to ! #ajj cubic c5timet] m>k ) ! wat] to be exam9$2 ! necess>y quantity ( silv] sulfate is add$ & !n two cubic c5timet]s ( ! solution ( alum9um sulfate1 previ\sly describ$1 & ! cont5ts ( ! flask br\ght up to #aaj cubic c5timet]s by ! addition ( pure di/ill$ wat]4 ,! :ole is %ak5 up & filt]$1 ! fir/ portion ( ! filtrate be+ reject$4 ,! alum9um sulfate by react+ ) ! c>bonates usually pres5t 9 ! wat] & produc+ ! precipitation ( alum9a1 facilitates ! removal ( ! precipitat$ silv] *lorid4 ,! above-describ$ me?od on acc\nt ( its delicacy is n well suit$ to aque\s solutions ( soils except :]e ! quantity ( nitric nitrog5 pres5t is extremely m9ute4 ,hook] also fir/ sugge/$ ! use ( diph5ylam9 = detect+ ! pres5ce ( nitrates1#cbf a me?od aft]w>ds work$ out by ,spiegel4#cbg ,9 ! v>iation ( ! me?od z practic$ by ,rideal ! /&>d potassium nitrate & ! pure sulfuric acid m5tion$ bel[ are requir$1 & 9 addition1 ! foll[+ reag5ts3#cbh 7a7 ,silv] sulfate solution conta9+ #d4cide grams p] lit]4 7b7 ,alum9um sulfate solution free f *lorids & iron1 five grams p] lit]4 7c7 ,c>bazol solution2 six-t5?s gram c>bazol dissolv$ 9 glacial acetic acid & made up to #ajj cubic c5timet]s ) ! glacial acid4 ,= use1 "o cubic c5timet] ( ?is solution is )drawn by a pipette & mix$ ) fifte5 cubic c5timet]s ( pure r$i/ill$ sulfuric acid4 ,! process is c>ri$ out z foll[s3 ,to #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( wat] ! am\nt ( *lor9 :i* has be5 previ\sly asc]ta9$ is remov$ by ! silv] sulfate solution4 ,two cubic c5timet]s ( ! alum9um sulfate are add$ & ! :ole made up to a conv5i5t volume1 say ab\t #aaj cubic c5timet]s4 ,! liquid is filt]$ & two cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate tak5 = an e/imation ( nitrates4 ,to ! two cubic c5timet]s are add$ f\r cubic c5timet]s ( conc5trat$ sulfuric acid & ! mixture cool$4 ,"o cubic c5timet] ( ! c>bazol solution 9 sulfuric acid is add$ & a bright gre5 color appe>s 9 a few mom5ts1 if nitrates are pres5t4 ,comp>ison is made ) solutions ( /&>d potassium nitrate4 #dig4 ,ph5ylsulfuric ,acid ,me?od4--,rideal also proposes a v>iation ( ! me?od describ$ by ,hook]1 :i* consi/s 9 ! sub/itution ( ph5ylsulfuric acid = c>bazol4#cbi ,! solutions requir$ are3 7a7 ,a /&>d solution ( potassium nitrate conta9+ #j4gbae gram ( ! pure cry/alliz$ salt 9 a lit] ( wat]4 7b7 ,ph5ylsulfuric acid1 7acid ph5yl sulfate17 prep>$ by dissolv+ fifte5 grams ( pure cry/alliz$ ph5ol 9 #ib4e cubic c5timet]s ( pure1 r$i/ill$ sulfuric acid free f nitrates & dilut$ ) sev5 & "o-half cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,! process is conduct$ z foll[s3 ,a kn[n volume ( wat]1 f tw5ty-five to "o hundr$ cubic c5timet]s1 accord+ to its ri*ness 9 nitrates1 is evaporat$ to dryness 9 a porcela9 di%1 "o cubic c5timet] ( ph5ylsulfuric acid add$ !n "o cubic c5timet] ( pure wat] & ?ree drops ( /rong sulfuric acid & ! mixture g5tly w>m$4 ,a yell[ color %[s ! pres5ce ( nitrates4 ,dilute to ab\t tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ) wat] & add ammonia 9 slight excess4 ,p\r into a n>r[ nessl] tube & add ! wa%+s & make up to #ajj cubic c5timet]s4 ,imitate ! color ( ! solution ) ! /&>d potassium nitrate treat$ ) ! same reag5ts4 ,! ph5ylsulfuric acid %\ld be prep>$ "s "t be=e use1 z ! fre% solution imp>ts a gre5i% t9t to ! yell[ ( ! ammonium picrate =m$4 #dih4 ,v>iation ( ,leffmann & ,beam4--,! ph5yl sulfate process1 z describ$ by ,leffmann & ,beam1 is conduct$ z foll[s3#ccj ,solutions ,requir$4--,acid ph5yl sulfate3 #ah4e cubic c5timet]s ( /rong sulfuric acid are add$ to "o & "o-half cubic c5timet]s ( wat] & ?ree grams ( pure ph5ol4 ,pres]ve 9 a tightly-/opp]$ bottle4 ,/&>d potassium nitrate3 #j4gbb gram ( potassium nitrate1 previ\sly heat$ to a temp]ature j suffici5t to fuse x1 is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & ! solution made up to #ajjj cubic c5timet]s4 ,"o cubic c5timet] ( ?is solution w conta9 #j4jjja gram ( nitrog54 ,analytical ,process4--,a measur$ volume ( ! wat] is evaporat$ j to dryness 9 a plat9um or porcela9 bas94 ,"o cubic c5timet] ( ! acid ph5yl sulfate is add$ & ?or\ghly mix$ ) ! residue by means ( a glass rod4 ,"o cubic c5timet] ( wat]1 & ?ree drops ( /rong sulfuric acid are add$1 & ! di% g5tly w>m$4 ,! liquid is !n dilut$ ) ab\t tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 ammonium hydroxid add$ 9 excess1 & ! solution made up to #ajj cubic c5timet]s4 ,! reactions are3 ,acid ph5yl sulfate4 ,tr9itroph5ol 7picric acid74 ,,hc,h,,s #c;,,hno ,,hc,h7,,no7,o ,h,,s #b;,h,o4 ,ammonium picrate4 ,,hc,h7,,no7,o ,,nh,,ho ,,nh,c,h7,,no7,o ,h,o4 ,! ammonium picrate imp>ts to ! solution a yell[ color1 ! int5sity ( :i* is proportional to ! am\nt pres5t4 ,five cubic c5timet]s ( ! /&>d solution ( potassium nitrate are simil>ly evaporat$ 9 a plat9um di%1 treat$ z above1 & made up to #ajj cubic c5timet]s4 ,! color produc$ is comp>$ to t giv5 by ! wat]1 & "o or ! o!r ( ! solutions dilut$ until ! t9ts ( ! two agree4 ,! comp>ative volumes ( ! liquids furni% ! necess>y data = det]m9+ ! am\nt ( nitrate pres5t1 z ! foll[+ example w %[3 ,five cubic c5timet]s ( /&>d nitrate are treat$ z above1 & made up to #ajj cubic c5timet]s1 repres5t+ #j4jjje gram nitrog54 ,suppose #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( wat] simil>ly treat$ are f\nd to require dilution to #aej cubic c5timet]s be=e ! t9t w mat* t ( ! /&>d2 !n #ajj 3 #aej 33 #j4jje 3 #j4jjge i4 e41 ! wat] conta9s sev5 & "o-half milligrams ( nitrog5 z nitrate p] lit]4 ,! ammonium picrate solution keeps v well1 especially 9 ! d>k4 ,a good plan1 !re=e1 is to make up a /&>d solution equival5t to1 say1 t5 milligrams ( nitrog5 z nitrate p] lit]1 to :i* ! color obta9$ f ! wat] may be directly comp>$4 ,! results obta9$ by ?is me?od are q accurate4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! same quantity ( acid ph5yl sulfate be us$ = ! wat] & = ! comp>ison liquid1 o!rwise diff]5t t9ts in/ead ( dep?s ( t9ts are produc$4 ,) subsoil & o!r wat]s probably conta9+ mu* nitrates1 t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! sample w be suffici5t = ! te/1 b ) riv] & spr+ wat]s1 tw5ty-five to "o hundr$ cubic c5timet]s may be us$4 ,:5 ! organic matt] is suffici5t to color ! residue1 x w be well to purify ! wat] by addition ( alum & subsequ5t filtration1 be=e evaporat+4 ,! me?od may also be us$ to det]m9e small quantities ( nitrates 9 aque\s extracts ( soils :5 ! quantity is too small = e/imation by ! f]r\s *lorid or r$uction processes4 #dii4 ,v>iation ( ,johnson4--,! ammonium picrate me?od has giv5 v satisfactory results z practic$ by ,johnson1 :o v>ies ! process z describ$ bel[4#cca ,! /&>d solution ( potassium nitrate is prep>$ by dissolv+ #j4gbae gram ( ! pure salt 9 a lit] ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,dilute #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ?is solution to "o lit] ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ?is dilute solution conta9 nitrog5 equival5t to "o "p z nitrates 9 #ajj1jjj4 ,! ,solution ( ,acid ,ph5yl ,sulfate4--,?is is prep>$ by p\r+ two p>ts by measure ( pure cry/alliz$ ph5ol liquefi$ by hot wat] into five p>ts by measure ( pure conc5trat$ sulfuric acid & dige/+ ! :ole 9 ! wat]-ba? = eight h\rs4 ,aft] cool+1 add "o & "o-half volumes ( di/ill$ wat] & "o-half volume /rong hydro*loric acid to ea* volume ( ! above mixture4 ,! analytical processes are c>ri$ on z foll[s3 ,t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! wat] "u exam9ation & t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! /&>d potassium nitrate are plac$ 9 small beak]s & put ne> ! edge ( a hot plate4 ,:5 ne>ly evaporat$ !y are put on ! top ( ! wat]-ba? & left !re until completely dry4 ,! residue1 9 ea* case1 is !n treat$ ) "o cubic c5timet] ( ! acid ph5yl sulfate & ! beak]s plac$ on ! top ( ! wat]-ba?4 ,9 good wat]1 a r$ color ought n to appe> = ab\t t5 m9utes4 ,aft] /&+ ab\t fifte5 m9utes1 ! beak]s are remov$1 ! cont5ts ( ea* wa%$ successively into #ajj cubic c5timet] flasks1 ab\t tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( #j4if p] c5t4 ammonia add$1 & ! #ajj cubic c5timet]s made up by ! addition ( wat] & ! yell[ liquid transf]r$ to ! nessl] glass & ! t9ts appropriately comp>$4 #ejj4 ,e/imation ( ,nitric 9 ,pres5ce ( ,nitr\s ,acid4--,! detection ( nitr\s 9 pres5ce ( nitric acid c be accompli%$ by ! me?od propos$ by ,griess1 z describ$ fur!r on1 ?r\gh ! developm5t ( azocolors1 ) metaph5yl5$iam9 & o!r bodies1 :i* are n produc$ "u simil> conditions by nitric acid4 ,! detection & e/imation ( nitric 9 ! pres5ce ( nitr\s acid1 h[ev]1 is n s easy4 ,lunge & ,lw(f propose bruc9 = ?is purpose1 :i*1 contr>y to mo/ au?orities1 does n give ! r$-yell[ color ) nitr\s acid4#ccb ,! reag5t is prep>$ by dissolv+ two-t5?s gram ( bruc9 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( sulfuric acid1 pure & conc5trat$4 ,x is almo/ impossible to prep>e a sulfuric acid :i* does n give a trace ( color ) bruc92 b ) ! pure/ acids ?is trace may be neglect$4 ,a solution ( nitrate is also prep>$ conta9+ #j4ja milligram ( nitrog5 z nitric acid 9 "o cubic c5timet]4 ,x is made by dissolv+ #j4jgba gram ( pure potassium nitrate 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( di/ill$ wat]1 & dilut+ t5 cubic c5timet]s !re( ) pure conc5trat$ sulfuric acid to #ajj cubic c5timet]s4 ,bo? solutions are conv5i5tly pres]v$ 9 burettes ) glass /op-cocks4 ,! liquid to be te/$ = nitric acid %\ld be mix$ ) sulfuric acid 9 su* a way t ! mixture w h a specific gravity ( "o & sev5-t5?s4 ,if ! liquid to be te/$ is wat]1 ?is conc5tration is rea*$ by add+ ?ree times its volume ( ! /rong acid4 ,= ! comp>ison ( colors1 cyl9d]s ( colorless glass are employ$1 m>k$ at fifty cubic c5timet]s4 ,!y %\ld be ab\t tw5ty-f\r c5timet]s high & ext5d ab\t t5 c5timet]s above ! m>k4 ,!re is plac$ 9 ! cyl9d] "o cubic c5timet] ( ! solution ( nitrate 9 sulfuric acid1 & ! same quantity ( ! bruc9 mixture1 & x is fill$ to ! m>k ) pure sulfuric acid4 ,! cont5ts ( ! cyl9d] are p\r$ into a flask & w>m$ at f #gj-hj1 until ! f9al yell[ t9t is secur$1 & !n p\r$ into ! cyl9d] aga94 ,! liquid to be te/$ is treat$ 9 exactly ! same way4 ,! t9ts are !n equaliz$ by p\r+ out a "p ( ! cont5ts ( ! deep] color$ cyl9d]1 tak+ acc\nt ( ! volume1 & fill+ up ) pure conc5trat$ sulfuric acid4 ,9 ?is mann] ! cont5t ( nitric acid 9 ! liquid "u exam9ation c be comp>$ directly ) ! solution ( potassium nitrate ( kn[n /r5g?4 ,! coloration is di/9ctly produc$ ) #j4ja milligram 9 fifty cubic c5timet]s ( liquid1 at lea/ ?ree-f\r?s ( :i* mu/ be sulfuric acid4 #eja4 ,picc9i ,process4--,! me?od propos$ by ,picc9i may also be us$4#ccc ,ab\t five cubic c5timet]s ( ! nitrite solution are plac$ 9 a small beak]1 "s pure urea dissolv$ !re9 & a few drops ( sulfuric acid1 & !n held 9 boil+ wat] = ?ree m9utes4 ,! nitr\s acid is ?us completely de/roy$4 ,ammonium *lorid may be sub/itut$ = urea4 ,! reaction is giv5 on page #dgh4 ,! nitric acid pres5t is !n det]m9$ by diph5ylam9 or o!r suitable reag5ts4 ,diph5ylam9 reacts bo? ) nitr\s & nitric acids1 produc+ a violet t9t4 ,w>+ton calls att5tion to a slight diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 9 its deportm5t ) ^! two acids4 ,:5 ! solution ( ! reag5t is n too /rong a drop ( x produces b little turbidity :5 add$ to wat] or to a solution conta9+ nitric acid4 ,:51 h[ev]1 nitr\s acid is pres5t1 a cream-color$ turbidity is produc$4 ,! violet color also appe>s at once on add+ sulfuric acid :5 a nitrite is pres5t1 :ile 9 ! case ( nitrates1 m sulfuric acid is requir$1 except :5 ! solution is v /rong4 ,9 ?is connection1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t 9 heat+ nitrites ) urea or ammonium *lorid 9 ! pres5ce ( a slight excess ( sulfuric acid a trace ( nitric acid may be =m$4 ,,e/imation ,,( ,,nitr\s ,,acid ,,by ,,colorimetric ,,comp>ison4 #ejb4 ,application ( ! ,me?od4--,! mo/ m9ute traces ( nitr\s acid may be detect$ by colorimetric me?ods & ! det]m9ation ( ! quantity pres5t may be approximat$ ) great exactness by comp>ison ) a solution ( a nitrite ( kn[n /r5g?4 ,especially 9 foll[+ ! progress ( nitrification is ?is me?od1 9 "s ( its =ms1 ( ess5tial importance4 ,9 delicacy & cel]ity x has ! same advantages z ! colorimetric me?ods = ! det]m9ation ( nitric acid4 #ejc4 ,metaph5yl5$iam9 ,me?od4--,?is process dep5ds ^u ! developm5t ( a yell[ color 9 wat] conta9+ nitr\s acid on ! addition ( a reag5t conta9+ metaph5yl5$iam92 m-,c,h7,,nh74 ,?is v>iety ( ! ph5yl5$iam9s is readily obta9$ f common d9itrob5z5e4 ,x melts at #fc & boils at #bhg4 ,9 ord] to pres]ve ! reag5t 9 %ape = use x %\ld be prep>$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,dissolve two grams ( ! *lorid 9 t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ammonia1 & place ! solution 9 a glass-/opp]$ flask4 ,to ?is solution are add$ five grams ( p[d]$ animal-black1 & ! :ole vigor\sly %ak54 ,aft] all[+ to settle1 ! %ak+ is repeat$ at int]vals ( an h\r1 ?ree or f\r times1 & ! flask !n all[$ to rema9 at re/ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! sup]natant liquid is g5]ally suffici5tly decoloriz$ by ?is treatm5t4 ,if n1 ! %ak+ & subsid5ce mu/ be repeat$ until a completely colorless liquid is obta9$4 ,! solution c be kept1 indef9itely1 9 contact ) ! animal-black4 ,aque\s & alcoholic solutions ( ! salt c n be kept4 ,! te/ is appli$ by mix+ five drops ( ! reag5t ) five cubic c5timet]s ( sulfuric acid4 ,! mixture mu/ be colorless4 ,to ! mixture add #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! wat] to be te/$1 & heat on ! wat]-ba? = five m9utes4 ,a yell[ coloration indicates ! pres5ce ( nitr\s acid4 ,! metaph5yl5$iam9 te/ is fairly satisfactory 9 p]fectly colorless wat]s & aque\s extracts4 ,_m wat]s & soil extracts1 h[ev]1 h a yell[i% t9t1 & ?is int]f]es 9 a m>k$ way ) a prop] judgm5t ( ! yell[ triam9azob5zol develop$ 9 ! application ( ! above te/4 ,! decoloration ( su* wat]s by means ( sodium c>bonate or hydroxid & alum1 is a matt] ( "s difficulty & n :olly )\t action on ! nitrites :i* may be pres5t4 ,! me?od1 !re=e1 is inf]ior to ! "o next describ$4 #ejd4 ,sulfanilic ,acid & ,naph?ylam9 ,te/ = ,nitr\s ,acid4--,a v delicate te/ = ! pres5ce ( nitr\s acid1 fir/ describ$ by ,griess1 is ! coloration produc$ !reby 9 an acid solution ( sulfanilic acid & naph?ylam94#ccd ,sulfuric or acetic acid may be us$ z ! acidify+ ag5t1 pref]ably ! latt]4 ,! solutions are prep>$ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,dissolve "o-half gram ( sulfanilic acid 9 #aej cubic c5timet]s ( dilute acetic acid4 7#b7 ,boil "o-t5? gram ( naph?ylam9 ) tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 decant ! colorless solution f ! residue & acidify x ) #aej cubic c5timet]s ( dilute acetic acid4 ,! two solutions may at once be mix$ & pres]v$ 9 a well-/opp]$ flask4 ,! action ( light on ! mixture is n hurtful1 b air %\ld be c>efully exclud$ because ( ! traces ( nitr\s acid :i* x may conta94 ,:5ev] ! mix$ solutions %[ a r$ t9t x is an indication t !y h absorb$ "s nitr\s acid4 ,! r$ color may be dis*>g$ & ! solution aga9 fitt$ = use by ! introduction ( a little z9c du/1 & %ak+4 ,! wat]1 or aque\s solution ( a soil1 to be te/$ = nitrites1 9 portions ( ab\t tw5ty cubic c5timet]s1 is treat$ ) a few cubic c5timet]s ( ! mix$ reag5t & w>m$ to #gj-hj4 ,if nitr\s acid1 9 ! proportion ( "o "p to "o million be pres5t1 ! r$ color w appe> 9 a few m9utes4 ,if ! cont5t ( nitr\s acid be great]1 e4 g41 "o "p 9 "o ?\s&1 only a yell[ color w be produc$1 unless a great] quantity ( ! reag5t be us$4 ,leffmann & ,beam recomm5d ! foll[+ me?od ( conduct+ ! det]m9ations4#cce ,solutions requir$3 ,naph?ylammonium ,*lorid4--,saturat$ solution 9 wat] free f nitrites4 ,x %\ld be colorless2 a small quantity ( animal *>coal all[$ to rema9 9 ! bottle w keep x 9 ?is condition4 ,p>aamidob5z5e ,sulfonic ,acid 7,sulfanilic ,acid74--,saturat$ solution 9 wat]1 free f nitrites4 ,hydro*loric ,acid4--,tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( conc5trat$ pure hydro*loric acid add$ to sev5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 free f nitrites4 ,/&>d ,sodium ,nitrite4--#j4bge gram pure silv] nitrite is dissolv$ 9 pure wat]1 & a dilute solution ( pure sodium *lorid add$ until ! precipitate ceases to =m4 ,x is !n dilut$ ) pure wat] to #bej cubic c5timet]s & all[$ to /& until cle>4 ,= use1 t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ?is solution are dilut$ to #ajj4 ,x is to be kept 9 ! d>k4 ,"o cubic c5timet] ( ! dilute solution is equival5t to #j4jjjja gram ( nitrog54 ,! silv] nitrite is prep>$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,a hot conc5trat$ solution ( silv] nitrate is add$ to a conc5trat$ solution ( ! pure/ sodium or potassium nitrite available1 filt]$ :ile hot & all[$ to cool4 ,! silv] nitrite w sep>ate 9 f9e ne$le-l cry/als1 :i* are fre$ f ! "m-liquor by filtration ) ! aid ( a filt] pump4 ,! cry/als are dissolv$ 9 ! smalle/ possible quantity ( hot wat]1 all[$ to cool & cry/allize1 & aga9 sep>at$ by means ( ! pump4 ,!y are !n ?or\ghly dri$ 9 ! wat]-ba?1 & pres]v$ 9 a tightly-/opp]$ bottle away f ! light4 ,_! purity may be te/$ by heat+ a weigh$ quantity to r$ness 9 a t>$1 porcela9 crucible & not+ ! weight ( ! metallic silv]4 ,"o hundr$ & fifty-f\r p>ts ( silv] nitrite leave a residue ( #ajh p>ts ( silv]4 ,analytical ,process4--,"o hundr$ cubic c5timet]s ( ! wat] are plac$ 9 "o ( ! color-comp>ison cyl9d]s1 ! measur+ vessel & cyl9d] hav+ previ\sly be5 r9s$ ) ! wat] to be te/$4 ,by means ( a pipette1 "o cubic c5timet] ea* ( ! solutions ( sulfanilic acid1 dilute hydro*loric acid1 & naph?ylammonium *lorid is dropp$ into ! wat] 9 ! ord] nam$4 ,x is conv5i5t to h ?ree pipettes = ?is te/1 & to use !m = no o!r purpose4 ,9 any case ! pipette mu/ be r9s$ out ?or\ghly ) nitrite-free wat] ea* "t be=e us+1 z nitrites1 9 quantity suffici5t to give a di/9ct reaction1 may be tak5 up f ! air4 ,"o cubic c5timet] ( ! /&>d nitrite solution is plac$ 9 ano!r clean cyl9d]1 made up ) nitrite-free wat] to #ajj cubic c5timet]s & treat$ ) ! reag5ts1 z above4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( nitrites a p9k color is produc$1 :i*1 9 dilute solutions1 may require half an h\r = complete developm5t4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t ! two solutions are comp>$1 ! colors equaliz$ by dilut+ ! d>k]1 & ! calculation made z expla9$ "u ! e/imation ( nitrates4 ,! foll[+ are ! reactions3 ,p>aamidob5z5e ,nitr\s acid4 ,p>adiazob5z5e sulfonic acid4 sulfonic acid4 ,c,h,,nh,,hso ,,hno ,c,h,n,,s #b;,h,o4 ,naph?ylammonium ,azoalphaamidonaph?al5e p>azob5z5e *lorid4 sulfonic acid4 ,c,h,n,,s ,c,h,,nh,cl ,c,h7,,nh7,,nnc,h,,hso ,h,cl4 ,! la/ nam$ body gives ! color to ! liquid4 ,! me?od pursu$ by ,tann]1 9 ! prep>ation ( ! reag5t1 is z foll[s3 ,sulfanilic acid is prep>$ by mix+ ?irty grams ( anil9 sl[ly1 ) sixty grams ( fum+ sulfuric acid1 9 a porcela9 di%4 ,! br[n1 sirupy liquid =m$ is c>efully heat$ until q d>k 9 color1 & until ! evolution ( sulfur\s fumes is notic$4 ,aft] cool+1 ! ?ick1 semi-fluid mass is p\r$ into half a lit] ( cold wat] & all[$ to /& = "s h\rs4 ,! liquid portion is !n decant$ f ! ne>ly black undissolv$ cry/all9e mass4 ,to ! residue half a lit] ( hot wat] is add$ & all[$ to /& until cold1 & ! liquid aga9 decant$4 ,! undissolv$ portion is !n treat$ ) "o lit] ( hot wat] & filt]$4 ,! filtrate is treat$ ) animal *>coal to decolorize x1 & all[$ to /& = tw5ty-f\r h\rs & aga9 filt]$1 ! filtrate dilut$ to #a1ejj cubic c5timet]s & us$ z requir$4 ,?is solution t5ds to turn p9k on keep+1 & ?us its color int]f]es ) ! delicacy ( ! te/1 & a small am\nt ( animal-*> is kept 9 a small bottle conta9+ ! portion = imm$iate use1 & ?is bottle is fill$1 f "t to "t1 f ! l>g] "o4 ,! solution ( naph?ylam9 hydro*lorate is made ) "o gram ( ! salt dissolv$ 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,! solution is to be occasionally filt]$1 & n m ?an #ajj cubic c5timet]s %\ld be prep>$ at a "t4 ,! analytical op]ations are c>ri$ on z foll[s3 ,a /&>d solution ( pure potassium nitrite1 made f ! silv] salt 9 di/ill$ wat] p]fectly free f nitrites1 is plac$ 9 a color-glass1 simil> to ^? us$ 9 ! nessl] reaction1 toge!r ) a second glass conta9+ ! wat] to be te/$4 ,^! glasses %\ld be m>k$ to hold #ajj cubic c5timet]s at ! same dep?4 ,to ea* ( ! tubes a few drops ( pure hydro*loric acid are add$ & two cubic c5timet]s ( ! sulfanilic solution4 ,aft]w>ds1 to ea* tube are add$ two cubic c5timet]s ( ! solution ( naph?ylam9 hydro*lorate1 & x is all[$ to /& = tw5ty m9utes1 at ! end ( :i* "t ! color %\ld be fully develop$4 ,ea* tube is cov]$ by a piece ( glass 9 ord] to prev5t access ( air4 ,x is unnecess>y to add t ! /&>d solutions ( nitrite ( diff]5t /r5g? %\ld be employ$ until ! "o is f\nd :i* resembles1 z ne>ly z possible1 ! color develop$ 9 ! sample ( wat] "u exam9ation4 #eje4 ,lunge & ,lw(f's ,process = ,nitr\s ,acid4--,! reaction ( nitr\s acid ) naph?ylam91 fir/ describ$ by ,griess1 may be made reliable1 quantitatively1 by proce$+ z bel[3#ccf ,boil #j4ajj gram ( pure :ite naph?ylam9 = fifte5 m9utes ) #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 add five cubic c5timet]s ( glacial acetic acid1 or its equival5t ( dilute acid1 & aft]w>ds "o gram ( sulfanilic acid dissolv$ 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( hot wat]4 ,! mixture is kept 9 a well-clos$ flask4 ,a slight r$ t9t 9 ! mixture is ( no significance1 inasmu* z ?is completely disappe>s :5 "o "p ( x is mix$ ) fifty p>ts ( ! liquid to be exam9$4 ,if ! coloration be v /rong x c be remov$ by add+ a little z9c du/4 ,"o cubic c5timet] ( ?is reag5t w give a di/9ct coloration ) #j4jja milligram ( nitr\s nitrog5 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,! analysis is conduct$ 9 cyl9d]s ( :ite glass m>k$ at fifty cubic c5timet]s4 ,"o cubic c5timet] ( ! above reag5t is plac$ 9 ea* ( two cyl9d]s ) =ty cubic c5timet]s ( wat] & five grams ( solid sodium acetate4 ,9 "o ( ! cyl9d]s is plac$ "o cubic c5timet] ( a normal solution ( a nitrite prep>$ by dissolv+ #j4jdic gram ( pure sodium nitrite correspond+ to t5 milligrams ( nitrog5 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 & add+ t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ?is solution to n9ety cubic c5timet]s ( pure sulfuric acid4 ,?is secures a normal solution ( nitrosylsulfuric acid1 ( :i* ea* cubic c5timet] corresponds to #j4ja milligram ( nitrog54 ,9 ! o!r cyl9d] is plac$ "o cubic c5timet] ( ! solution to be exam9$1 & ! cont5ts ( bo? cyl9d]s are well mix$ s t ! nitr\s acid 9 a nasc5t /ate may act on ! reag5t4 ,! colors are comp>$ aft] any conv5i5t p]iod1 b1 z a rule1 aft] five m9utes4 ,! *ief improvem5t made by ,lunge & ,lw(f on ! me?od ( ,griess is 9 keep+ ! reag5t 9 a mix$ /ate ready = use1 by means ( :i* any nitr\s impurities 9 ! compon5ts !re( are surely indicat$4 ,its advantage ov] ! me?od ( ,ilosvay#ccg consi/s 9 us+ ! comp>ative normal nitrite solution z nitrosylsulfuric acid1 9 :i* /ate x is mu* m /able4 #ejf4 ,e/imation ( ,nitr\s ,acid ) ,/>* z ,indicator4--,! me?od ( proc$ure1 dep5d+ on ! blue color produc$ 9 a solution ( />* 9 pres5ce ( a nitrite & z9c iodid :5 treat$ ) sulfuric acid1 is n ( wide application on acc\nt ( ! int]f]5ce produc$ by organic matt]4 ,! soil extract or wat] is treat$ 9 a te/-tube1 ) a few drops ( />* solution & "s z9c iodid1 to :i* is add$ "s sulfuric acid4 ,! decomposition ( ! nitrite is att5d$ ) ! sett+ free ( an equival5t am\nt ( iod9 :i* gives a blue coloration to ! />* solution4 ,! dep? ( ! t9t is imitat$ by treat+ a /&>d solution ( nitrite 9 a simil> way until ! prop] quantity is f\nd1 :i* gives at once ! proportion ( nitrite 9 ! sample exam9$4 ,?is process1 h[ev]1 is sc>cely m ?an a qualitative "o4 #ejg4 ,e/imation ( ,nitrites by ! ,me?od ( ,*abri]4--,9 ord] to make ! e/imation ( ! evolv$ nitr\s acid m def9ite by ! iod9 me?od1 ,*abri] has elaborat$ a plan = titrat+ x ) a r$uc+ ag5t4#cch ,! sub/ance *os5 = ?is purpose is sodium hyposulfite4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 x is n ! nitr\s acid :i* is attack$ by ! hyposulfite1 b ! equival5t am\nt ( free iod9 repres5t+ x4 ,9 ! case ( a soil :]e ! quantity ( nitrites is usually v small1 x is well to take z mu* z "o kilogram4 ,! extraction %\ld be made rapidly1 ) wat]1 free ( nitrites1 9 ord] to avoid any r$uc+ action on ! nitrates :i* may be pres5t4 ,9 ! case ( wat]1 f five to t5 lit]s %\ld be evaporat$ to a small volume4 ,! conc5tration %\ld take place 9 a l>ge flask1 r ?an 9 an op5 di%1 9 ord] to avoid any possibility ( ! absorption ( nitrites produc$ by combu/ion4 ,:5 ! volume has be5 r$uc$ to ab\t #ajj cubic c5timet]s x is transf]r$ to a small flask & ! conc5tration cont9u$ until only t5 or fifte5 cubic c5timet]s are left4 ,! residue is filt]$ into a w\lff bottle1 ,f1 ,fig4 #hi1 ( ab\t #ajj cubic c5timet]s capacity4 ,"o ( ! side tubulures c>ries a burette1 ,b1 conta9+ five p] c5t sulfuric acid1 ! o!r "o fill$ ) a hyposulfite solution ( kn[n /r5g?4 ,! middle tubule s]ves to introduce a glass tube ?r\gh :i* c>bon dioxid or illum9at+ gas passes = ! purpose ( driv+ out ! air f ! solution & ! flask4 ,if c>bon dioxid be us$ x %\ld be g5]at$ by ! action ( sulfuric acid on m>ble4 ,! cork hold+ ?is is furni%$ ) a slot or valve to p]mit ! exit ( ! air & ! excess ( ! gas4 ,be=e ins]t+ ! middle /opp]1 a few cubic c5timet]s ( potassium iodid solution & a few drops ( ?9 />* pa/e are add$1 ! potassium salt be+ always us$ 9 excess ( ! nitrite suppos$ to be pres5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #hi4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,*abri]4 ,aft] ! air has all be5 expell$ f ! flask ! analytical process is comm5c$1 ! c>bon dioxid curr5t be+ sl[ly cont9u$4 ,at fir/1 a few drops ( ! dilute sulfuric acid are all[$ to fl[ into ! flask4 ,z soon z ! liquid is color$ blue a suffici5t quantity ( ! ?iosulfate solution is add$ to dis*>ge ! color4 ,! successive addition ( acid & ?iosulfate is cont9u$ until ano!r portion ( ! acid fails to develop ! blue color1 ?us indicat+ t all ! nitrite has be5 decompos$4 ,f ! volume ( ?iosulfate us$ ! quantity ( nitrite is calculat$4 ,! ,?iosulfate ,solution4--,! ?iosulfate solution is conv5i5tly prep>$1 :5 a l>ge numb] ( analyses is to be made1 by dissolv+ tw5ty-five grams ( pure cry/alliz$ sodium ?iosulfate 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( wat] & dilut+ any conv5i5t "p !re( to #ajj or #a1jjj cubic c5timet]s1 accord+ to ! suppos$ /r5g? ( nitrite solution "u exam9ation4 ,= fix+ ! /r5g? ( ! solution dissolve #c #cdh grams ( pure iod9 9 a solution ( potassium iodid & make ! volume up to "o lit]4 ,ea* cubic c5timet] ( ?is solution corresponds to "o milligram ( nitr\s acid4 ,a giv5 volume ( ! iod9 solution is titrat$ aga9/ ! ?iosulfate1 b x is be/ n to add ! />* pa/e until ! great] "p ( ! iod9 has be5 remov$4 ,! />* pa/e is !n add$ & ! titration cont9u$ until ! blue color has be5 dis*>g$4 ,t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! iod9 solution is a conv5i5t quantity = ! titration & ! ?iosulfate %\ld be dilut$ by add+ to t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! solution m5tion$ above1 #iij cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,ea* lit] ( ?is dilute solution conta9s two & a half grams ( ! sodium ?iosulphate4 ,example4--,let u suppose t x has requir$ #ba4c cubic c5timet]s ( ?iosulfate to absorb t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! iod9 solution2 fur!r t t5 lit]s ( wat] h be5 evaporat$ & titrat$ z describ$ above1 & t ! volume ( ?iosulfate employ$ 0 #ac4h cubic c5timet]s4 ,f ?is is d]iv$ ! foll[+ =mula3 7#ac4h #aj7_/7ba4c7 #f4dh milligrams ( nitr\s acid2 or #j4fdh milligram p] lit]4 #ejh4 ,e/imation ( ,nitr\s ,acid ,by ,coloration ( ,solution ( ,f]r\s ,salt4--,?is me?od1 due to ,pic9i is bas$ on ! production ( ! well-kn[n br[n color =m$ by ! action ( nitric oxid on a f]r\s salt4#cci ,! nitrite is decompos$ by heat+ ) acetic acid :ile nitrates ?us treat$ d n develop ! reaction4 ,! t9t produc$ is imitat$ z above by te/+ aga9/ a /&>d solution ( nitrite4 ,f]r\s *lorid is to be pref]r$ to o!r f]r\s salts = ! above purpose4 ,! process %\ld be c>ri$ on 9 solutions free ( air4 #eji4 ,e/imation ( ,nitr\s ,acid ,by ,decomposition ) ,potassium ,f]rocyanid4--,! me?od ( ,s*aeff] 0 fir/ describ$ 9 #ahea1 b little att5tion has be5 paid to x s9ce4 ,! me?od has lately be5 br\ght into notice aga9 by ,dev5t]4#cdj ,! reaction dep5ds ^u ! decomposition ( nitr\s acid by potassium f]rocyanid 9 ! pres5ce ( acetic acid ) ! =mation ( potassium f]ricyanid & acetate1 & nitric oxid4 ,! reaction is express$ by ! foll[+ equation3 #b,k,fe,cy #b;,,hno #b;,c,h,o ,k,fe,cy #b,,kc,h,o #b,,no #b;,h,o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ij4 ,,s*aeff]',s ,,nitr\s ,,acid ,,me?od4 ,a eudiomet] ) a glass /op-cock is arrang$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ij4 ,! l[] "p ( ! eudiomet] is clos$ ) a rubb] /opp] c>ry+ a glass tube :i* ends 9 ! pan f z %[n at e4 ,! eudiomet] is fill$ to ! /op-cock ) a solution ( potassium f]rocyanid ( ab\t f\rte5 p] c5t /r5g?4 ,! di% f is also fill$ up to ! height indicat$ 9 ! figure ) ! same solution4 ,! solution ( nitrite is us$ 9 su* quantities t ! nitric oxid evolv$ w occupy a space ( ab\t tw5ty cubic c5timet]s4 ,! :ole eudiomet] %\ld conta9 ab\t fifty-sev5 cubic c5timet]s4 ,! nitrite solution is add$ to ! eudiomet] by means ( a funnel1 a4 ,! vessel conta9+ x is wa%$ out ) a little wat] & !n ) acetic acid & f9ally ) a few cubic c5timet]s ( /rong potassium f]rocyanid solution4 ,! la/ fluid fl[s ?r\gh ! solution ( nitrite & acetic acid & ?us mixes x ) ! solution already 9 ! eudiomet]4 ,! liquids react+ on ea* o!r float toge!r on ! /rong f]rocyanid solution & ea* "o ( !m is at once press$ d[nw>d by ! gases :i* are evolv$4 ,:5 ! evolution ( gas becomes sl[] ! app>atus %\ld be %ak5 = ab\t tw5ty m9utes1 mov+ x back & =? )\t tak+ ! bottom ( x out ( ! di%4 ,:5 !re is no long] any evolution ( gas1 wat] is add$ ?r\gh a sl[ly1 until ! heavy potassium f]rocyanid solution is almo/ completely driv5 out ( ! eudiomet]4 ,! op5+ ( ! tube at e is !n clos$ ) ! ?umb1 ! app>atus is tak5 out ( ! di%1 %ak5 = "s "t 9 a v]tical direction & aga9 plac$ 9 ! di%4 ,wat] ( any requir$ temp]ature is n[ all[$ to fl[ ?r\gh ! jacket1 g1 h1 until ! temp]ature is con/ant1 :5 ! volume ( nitric oxid is read4 ,! :ole exp]im5t c be p]=m$ 9 less ?an an h\r4 ,op]at+ 9 ?is way1 at ! end !re is 9 ! eudiomet] a liquid :i* is n v diff]5t f wat] & "o ^: coeffici5t ( solubility = nitric oxid is practically ! same z t ( wat]4 ,! gas volume read is to be correct$ = temp]ature1 pressure1 t5sion ( ! aque\s vapor1 height ( ! wat] column 9 ! eudiomet]1 &1 aft] ! end ( ! calculation1 five p] c5t ( ! volume ( wat] rema9+ 9 ! eudiomet] is to be add$ to ! volume ( gas obta9$4 ,?is is to comp5sate = ! volume ( ! gas absorb$ by ! wat]4 ,! me?od gives good quantitive results4 #eaj4 ,me?od ( ,collect+ ,samples ( ,ra9 ,wat] = ,analysis4--,w>+ton collects ra9 wat] 9 a l>ge lead5 gauge hav+ an area ( #j4jja ( an acre4#cda ,( ! daily collection ( ra91 dew1 & sn[ wat]1 an aliquot "p am\nt+ to a gallon = ea* in* ( precipitation is plac$ 9 a c>boy2 at ! end ( ea* mon? ! cont5ts ( ! c>boy are mix$1 & a sample tak5 = analysis4 ,9 ! c>boy receiv+ ! ra9 = nitric acid e/imation a little m]curic *lorid is plac$ ea* mon? ) ! view ( prev5t+ any *ange ( ammonia into nitric acid4 ,x may be d\bt$1 h[ev]1 if ?is precaution is necess>y1 z ! ra9 wat] ?us collect$ always conta9s a v appreciable am\nt ( lead2 & exp]im5ts h %[n t on ! :ole1 ra9 wat] m frequ5tly ga9s ?an loses ammonia by keep+4 ,prep>ation ( ! ,sample4--,! me?od fir/ employ$ by ,w>+ton 0 to conc5trate t5 p\nds ( ! ra9 wat] 9 a retort1 a little magnesia be+ us$ to decompose any ammonium nitrite or nitrate pres5t4 ,conc5tration by evaporation 9 ! op5 air1 & especially ov] gas1 results 9 a di/9ct addition to nitrites pres5t4 ,:5 conc5trat$ to a small bulk1 ! wat] is filt]$ & evaporat$ to dryness 9 a v small beak]4 ,! nitrog5 z nitrates & nitrites is !n det]m9$ by means ( ! me?ods already describ$4 ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,free ,,& ,,album9oid ,,ammonia ,,9 ,,ra9 ,,& ,,dra9age ,,wat]s ,,& ,,soil ,,extracts4 #eaa4 ,nessl] ,process4--,! quantities ( free ammonia 9 ra9 & mo/ dra9age wat]s are m9ute1 b may rea* consid]able magnitude 9 "s sewages4 ,by reason ( ^! m9ute proportions1 gravi- & volumetric me?ods are n suitable = its quantitive det]m9ation4 ,rec\rse is !re=e _h to ! delicate colorimetric reaction fir/ propos$ by ,nessl]4 ,?is reaction is bas$ on ! yell[i%-br[n coloration produc$ by ammonia 9 a solution ( m]curic iodid 9 potassium iodid4 ,! coloration is due to ! =mation ( oxydim]curic ammonium iodid1 ,,nh,hg,,oi1 & takes place betwe5 ! molecule ( free ammonia & ! m]curic iodid dissolv$ 9 ! alkal9e potassium iodid z repres5t$ by ! foll[+ equation3 ,hg--,o--,hg--,i ,hg _/ _/ ,o #b;,h,n #b,o ,,nh,i ,h,o _/ ,hg--,o--,hg--,i ,,hg ,nessl] ,reag5t4--,dissolve ?irty-five grams ( potassium iodid 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,add to ?is solution gradually a solution ( sev5te5 grams ( m]curic *lorid 9 #cjj cubic c5timet]s ( wat] until a p]man5t precipitate ( m]curic iodid is =m$4 ,add n[ en\gh ( a tw5ty p] c5t solution ( sodium hydroxid to make #ajjj cubic c5timet]s4 ,! mix$ solutions1 at room temp]ature1 are treat$ ) additional m]curic *lorid until ! precipitate =m$1 aft] ?or\gh /irr+1 rema9s undissolv$4 ,?is precipitate is !n all[$ to subside1 & :5 ! sup]natant liquid is p]fectly cle>1 x is decant$ or filt]$ ?r\gh asbe/os & kept 9 a well-/opp]$ bottle 9 a d>k place4 ,! "p 9 use %\ld be transf]r$ to a small] bottle z requir$4 ,! solution %\ld be made = a few days be=e us+1 s9ce its delicacy is increas$ by keep+4 ,! nessl] reag5t %\ld %[ a fa9t yell[ t9t4 ,if colorless x is n delicate1 & %[s ! addition ( an insuffici5t quantity ( m]curic *lorid4 ,:5 prop]ly prep>$1 two cubic c5timet]s ( ! reag5t p\r$ into fifty cubic c5timet]s ( wat] conta9+ #j4je milligram ( ammonia w at once develop a yell[i%-br[n t9t4 ,prep>ation ( ,ammonia-,free ,wat]4--,to pure di/ill$ wat] add pure1 rec5tly-ignit$ sodium c>bonate1 f "o to two grams p] "o lit]1 & di/ill4 ,:5 "o-f\r? ( ! :ole has pass$ ov]1 ! di/illate may be reg>d$ z free f ammonia2 fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! foll[+ di/illate %\ld give no reaction ) ! nessl] reag5t4 ,! di/illation %\ld be cont9u$ until ! residual volume 9 ! retort is ab\t "o-f\r? ( ! orig9al1 & ! di/illate free ( ammonia is c>efully pres]v$ 9 close glass-/opp]$ bottles previ\sly wa%$ ) ammonia-free wat]4 ,pure wat]1 free ( ammonia may also be obta9$ by di/ill+ ) sulfuric acid4 ,comp>ative ,solution ( ,ammonium ,*lorid conta9+ #j4jjjja gram ,ammonia 9 "o cubic c5timet]4--,dissolve #c4ae grams ,h,n,cl 9 ammonia-free wat] & make ! volume up to "o lit]4 ,take t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! above solution & dilute to #ajjj ) wat]1 free f ammonia4 ,solution conta9+ #j4jjjja gram ,nitrog5 9 "o cubic c5timet]4--,dissolve #c4hb grams ,h,n,cl 9 wat]1 free f ammonia & dilute ) same to #ajjj cubic c5timet]s4 ,dilute t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! above solution to #ajjj4 ,! ,di/illation4--,any k9d ( suitable retort or flask connect$ ) a good cond5s] may be us$4 ,! capacity ( ! retort %\ld be f #gjj to #a1jjj cubic c5timet]s4 ,! retort & cond5s] pref]r$ by ,leffmann & ,beam are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ia4 ,any good lamp may be us$ 9 :i* ! flame is "u complete control4 ,! gauze burn] %[n 9 ! figure is easily controll$ & di/ributes ! heat ev5ly ov] ! surface ( ! retort ?us dim9i%+ ! dang] ( fracture4 ,! app>atus hav+ be5 previ\sly r9s$ ) di/ill$ wat] receives #ejj cubic c5timet]s ( ! liquid to be te/$ = ammonia1 toge!r ) a few pieces ( rec5tly ignit$ pumice /one to prev5t bump+ & five cubic c5timet]s ( ! tw5ty p]c5t sodium c>bonate solution to r5d] its cont5ts alkal9e4 ,! wat] is rais$ to ! boil+-po9t & ) g5tle ebullition fifty cubic c5timet]s ( di/illate collect$4 ,! di/illate is conv5i5tly collect$ 9 a color-comp>ison cyl9d] ( ?9 :ite glass & flat bottom1 ab\t two & a half c5timet]s 9 diamet]1 & m>k$ at fifty & "o hundr$ cubic c5timet]s4 ,two cubic c5timet]s ( ! nessl] reag5t are add$ & if ammonia be pres5t a yell[i%-br[n color w be develop$1 ! int5sity ( :i* is mat*$ by tak+ portions ( ! ammonium *lorid solution1 dilut+ to fifty cubic c5timet]s ) pure wat] & treat+ ) ! same quantity ( ! nessl] reag5t4 ,! process is repeat$ until a di/illate is obta9$ :i* gives no reaction = ammonia4 ,! sum ( ! quantities obta9$ 9 ! sev]al di/illates gives ! total am\nt ( ammonia 9 ! #ejj cubic c5timet]s ( ! wat] tak54 ,9 mo/ cases practically all ! ammonia is obta9$ 9 ?ree or f\r portions ( ! di/illate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ia4 ,,retort ,,= ,,di/ill+ ,,ammonia4 ,album9oid ,ammonia4--,! residue f ! process j describ$ is employ$ = ! purpose ( det]m9+ ! album9oid ammonia4 ,two hundr$ grams ( potassium hydroxid & eight grams ( potassium p]manganate are dissolv$ 9 #a1jjj p>ts ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! solution are plac$ 9 a porcela9 di% ) #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( di/ill$ wat] & evaporat$ to fifty cubic c5timet]s4 ,?is liquid is plac$ 9 ! retort & ! di/illation resum$ & cont9u$ until an ammonia-free di/illate is obta9$4 ,! total album9oid ammonia is det]m9$ by tak+ ! sum ( ! quantities 9 ! sev]al di/illates4 #eab4 ,nessl] ,reag5t ( ,ilosvay4--,to secure great] delicacy 9 nessl]iz+1 ,ilosvay uses a reag5t prep>$ z foll[s3#cdb ,dissolve two grams ( potassium iodid 9 five cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 heat ! solution g5tly1 & add ?ree grams ( m]curic iodid4 ,aft] ! solution is cool$1 add an additional portion ( ?ree grams ( ! m]cury salt1 & !n tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 & wait until ! precipitation is complete4 ,aft] filt]+1 !re are add$ to ! filtrate f tw5ty to ?irty cubic c5timet]s ( a tw5ty p] c5t solution ( potassium hydroxid4 ,only ! limpid sup]natant liquid is us$ 9 ! analytical "w4 ,) ?is reag5t1 ,ilosvay has be5 able to detect #j4jb milligram ( ammonia 9 #aaj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,,au?orities ,,cit$ ,,9 ,,"p ,,sev5?4 ,footnote #bgd3 ,comptes r5dus1 ,tome #hd1 pp4 #cja1 et seq4 ,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society1 7,transactions71 #ahgh1 p4 #dd2 #ahgi1 p4 #dbi2 #ahhd1 p4 #fcg4 ,am]ican ,*emical ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 #d1 p4 #deb4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 ,vol4 #da1 p4 #aje4 ,annales de l',in/itut ,pa/eur1 ,tome #d1 pp4 #bah1 #beg1 #gfj2 ,tome #e1 p4 #ib4 ,footnote #bge3 ,comptes r5dus1 ,tome #aah1 p4 #fjd4 ,footnote #bgf3 ,bullet9 de la ,academie royale de ,belgique1 #c1 ,tome #be1 p4 #gbg4 ,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society1 7,ab/racts71 ,june1 #ahid1 p4 #bdh4 ,footnote #bgg3 ,*emical ,news1 ,oct4 #ac1 #ahic1 p4 #agf4 ,footnote #bgh3 ,comptes r5dus1 ,tome #aji1 p4 #hhc4 ,footnote #bgi3 ,op4 cit4 supra1 ,tome #hi1 pp4 #hia1 et seq4 ,footnote #bhj3 ,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society1 7,transactions71 ,vol4 #de1 pp4 #fde1 et seq4 ,footnote #bha3 ,jahresb]i*t d] ,agricultur ,*emie1 #ahha1 ,s4 #dc4 ,footnote #bhb3 ,annual ,report ( ! ,briti% ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 #ahhc4 ,footnote #bhc3 ,annales de l',in/itut ,pa/eur1 #ahia1 ,s4 #ic4 ,footnote #bhd3 ,philosophical ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 ,vol4 #aha1 7#ahij74 ,footnote #bhe3 ,zeits*rift fr ,biologie1 ,b& #i1 ,s4 #agb4 ,footnote #bhf3 ,ar*ives de ,sci5ce ,biologique ,/4 ,pet]sb\rgh1 ,tome #a1 p4 #acca4 ,footnote #bhg3 ,annales de l',in/itut ,pa/eur1 #ahia1 pp4 #eha1 et seq4 ,footnote #bhh3 ,op4 cit4 supra1 #ahia1 ,plate #ah1 ,fig4 #b4 ,footnote #bhi3 ,op4 cit4 supra1 #ahia1 pp4 #eie1 et seq4 ,footnote #bij3 ,op4 cit4 supra1 #ahia1 ,plate #ah1 ,fig4 #a4 ,footnote #bia3 ,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society1 7,transactions71 #ahia1 pp4 #dih1 et seq4 ,footnote #bib3 ,annales de l',in/itut ,pa/eur1 #ahia1 pp4 #fje1 et seq4 ,footnote #bic3 ,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society1 7,transactions71 #ahhb1 p4 #ceg4 ,footnote #bid3 ,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique1 #ahed1 ,tome #dj1 p4 #dgi4 ,zeits*rift fr analytis*e ,*emie1 #ahgj1 ,s4 #bd2 #ahgg1 ,s4 #bia4 ,die ,l&wirts*aftli*5 ,v]su*s-,/ation51 ,b& #ab1 ,s4 #afd4 ,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society1 7,transactions71 #ahhj1 p4 #dfh2 #ahhb1 p4 #cde2 #ahhi1 p4 #ecg4 ,footnote #bie3 ,encyclop$ie ,*imique1 ,tome #d1 p4 #aea4 ,footnote #bif3 ,annales de la ,sci5ce ,agronomique1 #ahia1 pp4 #bfc1 et seq4 ,footnote #big3 ,b]i*te d] deuts*5 *emis*5 ,gesells*aft1 ,b& #bc1 ,s4 #acfa4 ,footnote #bih3 ,zeits*rift fr analytis*e ,*emie1 ,b& #i1 ,s4 #bd1 #dja4 ,die ,l&wirts*aftli*5 ,v]su*s-,/ation51 ,b& #i1 ,s4 #i4 ,b]i*te d] deuts*5 *emis*5 ,gesells*aft1 ,b& #f1 ,s4 #ajch4 ,footnote #bii3 ,zeits*rift fr analytis*e ,*emie1 ,b& #cc1 ,s4 #bjj4 ,footnote #cjj3 ,apo!k] ,zeitung1 #ahia1 ,b& #e1 ,s4 #bhg4 ,footnote #cja3 ,sutton's ,volumetric ,analysis1 #c;d edition1 p4 #caf4 ,w>+ton1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society1 7,transactions71 #ahgi1 p4 #cgf4 ,footnote #cjb3 ,report ( ! ,national ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 #ahhb1 p4 #bha4 ,footnote #cjc3 ,b]i*te d] deuts*5 *emis*5 ,gesells*aft1 ,b& #aa1 ,s4 #dcb4 ,footnote #cjd3 ,bullet9 de la ,socit ,*imique1 #c1 ,tomes #aa-ab1 p4 #fbe4 ,footnote #cje3 ,encyclop$ie ,*imique1 ,tome #d1 p4 #aed4 ,footnote #cjf3 ,zeits*rift fr analytis*e ,*emie1 ,b& #g1 ,s4 #dab4 ,fres5ius1 ,quantitative ,analysis1 ,grove's translation1 special "p1 p4 #aah4 ,footnote #cjg3 ,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society1 7,transactions71 #ahgi1 pp4 #egh1 et seq4 ,footnote #cjh3 ,bullet9 #ch1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,division ( ,*emi/ry1 p4 #bjd4 ,footnote #cji3 ,die ,l&wirts*aftli*5 ,v]su*s-,/ation51 ,b& #da1 ,s4 #afe4 ,footnote #caj3 ,*emik] ,zeitung1 #ahib1 ,b& #af1 ,s4 #aieb4 ,footnote #caa3 ,zeits*rift fr angew&te ,*emie1 #ahic1 ,s4 #afa4 ,footnote #cab3 ,*emik] ,zeitung1 #ahhi1 ,no4 #ae4 ,footnote #cac3 ,vid4 op4 cit4 #ch1 #ahij1 ,s4 #fie4 ,footnote #cad3 ,ar*ives de la ,socit ,physique de ,g5ve1 ,tome #ca1 p4 #ceb4 ,footnote #cae3 ,*emik] ,zeitung1 #ahij1 ,s4 #adaj4 ,footnote #caf3 ,*emis*es ,c5tralblatt1 #ahij1 ,b& #b1 ,s4 #ibf4 ,footnote #cag3 ,vid4 op4 cit4 #ch1 #ahia1 ,s4 #bda4 ,footnote #cah3 ,vid4 op4 cit4 #cd1 #ahhi1 p4 #ech4 ,footnote #cai3 ,op4 cit4 supra1 #ahha1 p4 #ajj4 ,footnote #cbj3 ,op4 cit4 supra1 ,vol4 #eg1 p4 #haa4 ,footnote #cba3 ,op4 cit4 supra1 #ahia1 pp4 #ecj1 et seq4 ,footnote #cbb3 ,op4 cit4 supra1 #ahgd1 p4 #fcj1 & #ahhe1 p4 #hf4 ,footnote #cbc3 ,sutton's ,volumetric ,analysis1 #d? edition1 p4 #ajc4 ,footnote #cbd3 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,vol4 #dd1 p4 #aag4 ,footnote #cbe3 ,am]ican ,*emical ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 #aa1 p4 #bdi4 ,footnote #cbf3 ,j\rnal ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 ,vol4 #abg1 p4 #fa4 ,footnote #cbg3 ,zeits*rift fr ,hygi5e1 ,b& #b1 ,s4 #afc4 ,footnote #cbh3 ,*emical ,news1 #ahhi1 ,nov4 #bi1 #bfa4 ,footnote #cbi3 ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 p4 #ea4 ,footnote #ccj3 ,exam9ation ( ,wat] = ,sanit>y & ,te*nical ,purposes1 p4 #bh4 ,footnote #cca3 ,*emical ,news1 #ahij1 ,jan4 #aj1 p4 #ae4 ,footnote #ccb3 ,zeits*rift fr angew&te ,*emie1 #ahid1 ,heft #ab1 ,s4 #cdg4 ,footnote #ccc3 ,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society1 7,ab/racts71 #ahia1 p4 #dhi4 ,footnote #ccd3 ,zeits*rift fr analytis*e ,*emie1 ,b& #ah1 ,s4 #eig4 ,zeits*rift fr angew&te ,*emie1 #ahhi1 ,s4 #fff4 ,bullet9 de la ,socit ,*imique1 #c1 ,tome #b1 p4 #cdg4 ,footnote #cce3 ,op4 cit4 #eg1 p4 #cj4 ,footnote #ccf3 ,zeits*rift fr angew&te ,*emie1 #ahid1 ,s4 #cdi4 ,footnote #ccg3 ,bullet9 de la ,socit ,*imique1 #c1 ,tomes #aa-ab1 p4 #bah4 ,footnote #cch3 ,encyclop$ie ,*imique1 ,tome #d1 p4 #bfb4 ,footnote #cci3 ,peligot1 ,trait de ,*imie ,analytique applique ,agriculture1 p4 #bfa4 ,footnote #cdj3 ,b]i*te d] deuts*5 *emis*5 ,gesells*aft1 #ahic1 ,s4 #ehi4 ,footnote #cda3 ,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society1 #ahhi1 p4 #ecg4 ,footnote #cdb3 ,op4 cit4 #fd1 p4 #baf4 ,,note4--,on page #aeh1 p>agraph #agb1 ?ird l9e1 ins]t1 8& det]m9+ matt]s dissolv$ !re910 aft] 8fl[40 ,,"p ,,eigh?4 ,,special ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,wat]s1 ,,vegetable ,,soils1 ,,& ,,unusual ,,soil ,,con/itu5ts4 #eac4 ,fur!r ,exam9ation ( ,wat]s4--,hav+ describ$ 9 ! prec$+ "p ! approv$ me?ods ( det]m9+ ! oxidiz$ nitrog5 9 wat]s & soil extracts !re rema9s to be consid]$ ! exam9ation ( wat]s = o!r sub/ances ( importance to agriculture4 ,ra9 wat]s add practically no?+ to ! soil b nitric acid & ammonia1 &1 !re=e1 dem& no fur!r discussion "h4 ,9 dra9age & sewage wat]s1 9 addition to ! oxidiz$ nitrog51 !re may be suffici5t quantities ( phosphoric acid & pota% to make _! fur!r analysis ( int]e/4 ,b by f> ! mo/ practical po9t to be consid]$ is 9 ! case ( wat]s us$ = irrigation purposes :]e ! cont9u$ addition to ! soil ( m9]al matt]s may ev5tually conv]t f]tile fields into b>r5 wa/es4 ,9 irrigat$ l&s !re is practically no dra9age & ! :ole ( ! wat] is remov$ by sup]ficial evaporation4 ,x is easily se5 h[ ^! m9]al matt]s t5d to accumulate 9 t "p ( ! soil 9 :i* ! rootlets ( plants seek _! n\ri%m5t4 #ead4 ,e/imation ( ,total ,solid ,matt]4--,! total solid cont5ts ( a sample ( wat] are det]m9$ by evaporat+ a kn[n volume or weight to dryness & weigh+ ! residue4 ,= comp>ative purposes a giv5 volume ( wat] may be tak5 if ! solid cont5ts d n exce$ f\r grams 9 a ,unit$ ,/ates gallon4 ,! wat] %\ld be measur$ at a temp]ature ( ab\t #ae4e4 ,:]e ! cont5t ( m9]al matt] is great] x is be/ to weigh ! wat] & calculate ! solid cont5ts to p>ts p] "o hundr$ ?\s&4 ,= practical purposes 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates x is cu/om>y to /ate ! cont5t ( solid matt] 9 gra9s p] gallon4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! gallon has s _m diff]5t values x is always necess>y to indicate :at p>ticul> measure is meant4 ,9 ord9>y spr+ & well wat]s ! volume to be us$ is conv5i5tly tak5 at #ajj cubic c5timet]s4 ,to avoid calculation a volume 9 cubic c5timet]s correspond+ to "s decimal "p ( a gallon 9 gra9s may be tak5 & ! weight 9 milligrams w !n be equival5t to ! gra9s p] gallon4 ,?us 9 ! imp]ial gallon :i* conta9s #gj1jjj gra9s ( di/ill$ wat] at #ae4e1 sev5ty cubic c5timet]s may be tak54 ,if ! residue weigh tw5ty-five milligrams ! wat] conta9s tw5ty-five gra9s ( solid matt] p] gallon4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates gallon at #ae4e conta9s #eh1cjd gra9s ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,9 ?is case #eh4c cubic c5timet]s %\ld be us$1 or d\ble ?is am\nt & ! weight 9 milligrams be divid$ by two4 ,! evaporation may be made 9 a plat9um1 porcela91 or alum9um di%1 pref]ably ) a flat bottom2 ,! di% does n ne$ to hold ! :ole volume at once1 b ! wat] may be add$ f "t to "t z ! evaporation cont9ues4 ,! di%1 h[ev]1 %\ld1 z a rule1 hold n less ?an #ajj cubic c5timet]s4 ,! evaporation is be/ conduct$ ov] a /eam-ba?1 & aft] ! complete disappe>ance ( ! liquid ! heat+ %\ld be cont9u$ until ! residue is p]fectly dry4 ,9 ! case ( m9]al wat]s highly impregnat$ ) inorganic salts1 a small] volume or weight may be tak51 & great] c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 dry+ ! residue4 ,= ! purpose ( qualitively det]m9+ ! p]c5tage ( special +r$i5ts1 quantities ( ! wat] %\ld be tak5 inv]sely correspond+ to ! cont5t ( ! +r$i5t desir$4 ,9 g5]al1 x w n be necess>y to evaporate ! sample to complete dryness1 b only to conc5trate x to a volume conv5i5t = ! application ( ! analytical process4 ,:]e a complete quantitive analysis ( ! solid residue is desir$1 a suffici5t quantity ( ! wat] is evaporat$ to give a weighable am\nt ( ! lea/ abundant +r$i5t4 ,! total solid cont5t ( ! wat] hav+ be5 previ\sly det]m9$1 ! actual weight or volume ( ! wat] tak5 to obta9 ! above residue is ( no importance4 #eae4 ,e/imation ( ! ,*lor94--,! *lor9 9 ! solid residue f a sample ( wat] may be det]m9$ directly by dissolv+ ! soluble salts 9 di/ill$ wat]1 to :i* en\gh nitric acid is add$ to pres]ve ! solution slightly acid4 ,aft] filt]+ & wa%+1 silv] *lorid is add$1 little by little1 ) con/ant %ak+ until a fur!r addition ( ! reag5t produces no fur!r precipitate4 ,! beak] or flask %\ld be plac$ 9 a d>k place1 on a %ak+ app>atus :i* is kept 9 motion until ! precipitate has entirely settl$ 9 a granul> /ate4 ,! silv] *lorid is !n collect$ on a goo*1 wa%$ free ( all soluble matt]1 dri$ at #aej & weigh$4 ,if ! precipitate be ignit$ to incipi5t fusion1 a porcela9 goo* %\ld be us$4 ,a m conv5i5t me?od is to det]m9e ! *lor9 directly 9 ! wat]1 or1 :]e ! quantity is too m9ute1 aft] prop] conc5tration1 volumetrically by means ( a titrat$ solution ( silv] nitrate1 us+ potassium *romate z indicator4 ,z soon z ! *lor9 has all unit$ ) ! silv]1 any additional quantity ( ! silv] nitrate w =m r$ silv] *romate1 ! p]man5t appe>ance ( :i* indicates ! end ( ! reaction4 ,?is process is especially applicable to wat]1 :i* 9 a neutral /ate conta9s no o!r acids capable ( precipitat+ silv]4 ,! *romate indicator does n "w well 9 an acid solution4 #eaf4 ,solutions ,employ$4--,a quantity ( pure silv] nitrate1 ab\t five grams1 is dissolv$ 9 pure wat] & made up to a volume ( "o lit]4 ,= det]m9+ ! actual /r5g? ( ! solution1 #j4hbd gram ( pure sodium *lorid is dissolv$ 9 wat] & ! volume made up to half a lit]4 ,tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ?is solution are plac$ 9 a porcela9 di%1 & a few drops ( ! solution ( potassium *romate add$4 ,! silv] nitrate solution is all[$ to fl[ into ! porcela9 di% f a burette graduat$ to t5?s ( a cubic c5timet]4 ,! r$ color produc$ z ea* drop falls1 disappe>s on /irr+ z long z !re is any undecompos$ *lorid4 ,f9ally a po9t is rea*$ :5 ! r$ color becomes p]man5t1 a s+le drop 9 excess ( ! silv] nitrate be+ suffici5t to imp>t a fa9t r$ t9t to ! cont5ts ( ! di%4 ,! solution ( potassium *romate is prep>$ by dissolv+ five grams ( ! salt 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,silv] nitrate solution is add$ until a p]man5t r$ precipitate is produc$1 :i* is remov$ by filtration1 & ! filtrate is employ$ z ! indicator z above describ$4 ,wat] ) any consid]able quantity ( *lor9 c be treat$ directly ) ! reag5ts2 :5 ! p]c5tage ( *lor9 is l[1 previ\s conc5tration to a conv5i5t volume is advisable4 ,9 wat]s conta9+ bromids & iodids ^! halog5s w\ld be includ$ ) ! *lor9 e/imat$ z above4 ,= agricultural purposes su* wat]s h little importance4 ,9 ! case ( soluble c>bonates capable ( precipitat+ silv] ?is action c be prev5t$ by acidify+ ! wat] ) nitric acid & aft]w>ds remov+ ! excess ( acid ) precipitat$ calcium c>bonate4 ,9 ?is reaction ,mc,elroy recomm5ds ! use ( ,congo pap]1 :i* is n affect$ by ! c>bon dioxid b is turn$ blue z soon z an excess ( nitric acid is add$4 ,aft] ! addition ( ! calcium c>bonate ! mixture %\ld be boil$ to expel c>bon dioxid4#cdc ,irrigation wat]s f natural s\rces or d]iv$ f sewage r>ely conta9 en\gh *lor9 to make _! use objectionable4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 wat] is obta9$ = ?is purpose f artesian wells x may (t5 conta9 a quantity ( *lor9 :i* w ev5tually d m h>m to ! arable soil ?an ! wat] w d good4 #eag4 ,c>bon ,dioxid4--,free c>bon dioxid 9 wat] has no significance 9 respect ( its use = irrigation purposes4 ,su* wat]s1 h[ev]1 are usually ( a highly m9]al nature & ?us are ju/ly op5 to suspicion :5 us$ = f>m animals & on ! field4 ,! pres5ce ( free c>bon dioxid z has already be5 po9t$ out 9 p>agraph #db1 gives to wat]1 "o ( its *ief s\rces ( p[] z an ag5t = dissolv+ rocks & ultimately =m+ soil4 ,! e/imation ( ! total free c>bon dioxid 9 a sample ( wat] issu+ f a spr+ or well is a matt] ( "s delicacy by reason ( ! t5d5cy ( ?is gas to escape z soon z ! wat] rea*es ! op5 air & is reliev$ f ! natural pressure to :i* x has be5 subject$4 ,! actual quantity ( ! gas rema9+ 9 solution at any giv5 "t is det]m9$ z foll[s3 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! wat] are plac$ 9 a flask ) ?ree cubic c5timet]s ( a saturat$ solution ( calcium & two ( ammonium *lorid4 ,to ?is mixture is add$ =ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( a titrat$ solution ( calcium hydroxid4 ,! flask is /opp]$1 well %ak51 & set aside = twelve h\rs to all[ ! complete sep>ation ( ! calcium c>bonate =m$4 ,:5 ! sup]natant liquid is p]fectly cle> an aliquot "p !re(1 f fifty to "o hundr$ cubic c5timet]s1 is remov$ & titrat$ ) dec9ormal acid ) ph5acetol9 or lacmoid z an indicator4 ,f ! quantity ( calcium hydroxid rema9+ unprecipitat$ ! am\nt :i* has be5 conv]t$ into c>bonate c be det]m9$ by diff]5ce4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! quantity ( calcium hydroxid orig9ally pres5t 9 ! solution & t rema9+ aft] ! above treatm5t multipli$ by ! factor #j4jjbb w give ! weight ( c>bon dioxid pres5t 9 ! wat] 9 a free /ate or 9 excess ( t pres5t z normal c>bonates4 ,,unusual ,,con/itu5ts ,,( ,,soil4 #eah4 ,boric ,acid4--,boron1 :ile n reg>d$ z an ess5tial plant food1 is yet f\nd q uni=mly 9 ! a%es ( a l>ge numb] ( plants4 ,x may1 !re=e1 be ( "s int]e/ to ! agricultural analy/ to det]m9e ! am\nt ( x :i* may be pres5t 9 a soil extract or m9]al wat]4 ,= ?is purpose ! foll[+ me?od due to ,goo* may be employ$4#cdd ,to "o lit] ( ! wat] suppos$ to conta9 boric acid add en\gh sodium c>bonate to produce di/9ct alkal9ity4 ,aft] evaporation to dryness acidify ! residue ) hydro*loric acid1 apply a piece ( turm]ic pap] & dry at a mod]ate heat4 ,! usual br[n-r$ t9t w reveal ! pres5ce ( boric acid4 ,! quantitive e/imation ( ! acid is accompli%$ z foll[s3 ,"o or m lit]s ( ! wat] r5d]$ alkal9e z above are evaporat$ to dryness4 ,) ! aid ( z small a quantity z possible ( acetic acid ! dry residue is transf]r$ to a di/illation flask & cond5s] arrang$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ib4 ,ab\t "o gram ( rec5tly ignit$ pure lime1 cool$ 9 a desiccator & weigh$ accurately1 is introduc$ into ! flask at ! bottom ( ! cond5s] & slak$ by a few cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,:5 ! flask is atta*$1 ! t]m9al tube ( ! cond5s+ app>atus %\ld dip into ! lime-wat] 9 ! flask4 ,! heat+-ba? is p>tly fill$ ) p>aff9 at a temp]ature ( ab\t #abj4 ,! p>aff9-ba? is rais$ s t ! entire bulb ( ! flask is imm]s$ !re9 & ! di/illation cont9u$ until all ! liquid has be5 di/ill$4 ,! ba? is remov$ & aft] cool+ some:at1 t5 cubic c5timet]s ( me?yl alcohol are introduc$ by means ( ! /opp]$ funnel-tube & ! process ( di/illation repeat$4 ,?is op]ation ) me?yl alcohol is repeat$ five times4 ,! boric acid passes (f ) ! di/illate & is f\nd 9 ! flask bel[ ! cond5s] z calcium borate4 ,! cont5ts ( ! di/illation flask are evaporat$ to dryness & ignit$ conv5i5tly 9 ! same crucible 9 :i* ! lime 0 burn$4 ,! increase 9 weight repres5ts ! quantity ( boric anhydrid1 ,b,o obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ib4 ,,goo*',s ,,app>atus ,,= ,,boric ,,acid4 #eai4 ,me?od ,( ,moissan4--,! pr9ciple ( ! me?od ( ,goo*1 :i* has j be5 describ$1 is appli$ by ,moissan 9 a slightly modifi$ mann]4#cde ,9 ?is me?od ! g5]at+ flask is made small] ?an 9 ! ,goo* app>atus1 & ! funnel at ! top is oval & provid$ ) a gr\nd-glass /opp]4 ,x is clos$ at ! bottom ) a glass /op-cock1 & ! sl5d] funnel-tube ent]s ?r\gh a rubb] /opp] & ends ab\t ! middle ( ! bulb ( ! flask4 ,! deliv]y-tube is long] ?an 9 ,fig4 #ia1 & is b5t upw>d at its middle "p 9 ! =m ( an obtuse angle4 ,! receiv+ flask is connect$ ) ! cond5s] by means ( a tube-%ap$ funnel1 :i* prev5ts any regurgitation into ! g5]at+ flask4 ,! receiv+ flask also has atta*$ to x a ?ree-bulb pota% absorption tube1 ?r\gh :i* all vapors escap+ f ! receiv+ flask mu/ pass4 ,! bulbs conta9 a five p] c5t solution ( ammonia4 ,! receiv+ flask %\ld be plac$ 9 a cry/alliz+ di% & kept surr\nd$ ) ice-wat]4 ,! boron :i* is to be e/imat$ %\ld be 9 ! =m ( boric acid4 ,?is c readily be accompli%$ by treat+ ! residue to be analyz$ ) nitric acid 9 a seal$ tube4 ,! mixture is introduc$ into ! g5]at+ flask1 wa%+ ) a little nitric acid1 & evaporat$ to dryness4 ,! heat is remov$1 &1 by means ( ! funnel1 t5 cubic c5timet]s ( me?yl alcohol add$1 & di/illation is r5ew$4 ,?is op]ation ) me?yl alcohol is repeat$ f\r times1 tak+ c>e to di/ill to dryness 9 ea* case be=e ! addition ( a fre% quantity ( alcohol4 ,aft]w>ds1 !re is introduc$ into ! app>atus "o cubic c5timet] ea* ( di/ill$ wat] & nitric acid & ! di/illation aga9 c>ri$ to dryness4 ,! treatm5t ) me?yl alcohol1 z describ$ above1 is !n repeat$ ?ree times4 ,to det]m9e :e!r all ! boric acid h pass$ ov]1 ! receiv+ flask at ! bottom ( ! cond5s] is disconnect$ & a drop ( ! alcohol tak5 f ! end ( ! cond5s+ tube by means ( a filam5t ( filt] pap]4 ,on burn+1 ! flame %\ld n %[ any trace ( gre54 ,9 case a gre5 color is obs]v$1 ! di/illation ) nitric acid & me?yl alcohol mu/ be repeat$4 ,! ammonia 9 ! pota% bulbs s]ves to arre/ any ( ! vapors c>ry+ boric acid :i* might escape f ! receiv+ flask4 ,! cont5ts ( ! bulbs are to be mix$ ) ! liquid 9 ! receiv+ di%1 & ! :ole p\r$ onto a kn[n weight ( rec5tly ignit$ calcium oxid conta9$ 9 a plat9um di%1 & ! mixture briskly /irr$4 ,if ! liquid be v acid ! plat9um di% %\ld be kept 9 ice-wat] to prev5t heat+4 ,aft] fifte5 m9utes ! liquid usually becomes alkal9e1 & x is !n evaporat$ at a temp]ature bel[ ! boil+-po9t ( me?yl alcohol 7#ff74 ,! mass1 aft] ! me?yl alcohol has disappe>$1 is dri$ at a gradually increas+ temp]ature1 & f9ally1 ! di% is ignit$ ov] a bla/1 at fir/ cov]$ & aft]w>ds op54 ,! di% is cov]$ & weigh$ & aga9 ignit$ until con/ant weight is obta9$4 ,! lime us$ %\ld be specially prep>$ by ignit+ calcium nitrate incompletely1 & reignit+ a portion ( ?is to con/ant weight j be=e beg9n+ ea* analysis4 ,! calcium oxid is !n obta9$ 9 a p]fectly fre% /ate4 ,x %\ld be employ$ 9 consid]able excess1 = ea* half gram ( boric acid at lea/ eight grams ( ! lime4 ,! op]ation is t$i\s b ! results are q accurate4 ,,special ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,muck ,,soils4 #ebj4 ,g5]al ,consid]ations4--,deposits ( muck :i* are to be us$ z soil = cultural purposes1 or m>% l&s1 conta9+ l>ge quantities ( organic matt]1 require a special treatm5t 9 addition to ! g5]al pr9ciples ( exam9ation illu/rat$ 9 ! previ\s pages4 ,^! soils1 ess5tially ( an organic orig91 d n p]mit ( ! same treatm5t ei!r *emical or physical z is practic$ ) soils ( a m9]al nature4 ,= in/ance1 x w\ld be useless to attempt a silt analysis ) organic soils1 & ! extraction ( !m ) hydro*loric acid = ! purpose ( det]m9+ ! mat]ials pass+ into solution w\ld prove ( little utility4 ,! object ( ! exam9ation is n only to obta9 k ( ! ultimate con/itution ( ! sample1 b also1 & ?is is ! practical po9t1 to ga9 "s idea ( its /ores ( plant food & ( ! prop] /eps necess>y to secure a supply ( ! defici5t nutri5ts4 ,! f9al analytical processes = ! e/imation ( ! con/itu5ts ( a muck or vegetable soil are ! same z ^? already giv51 b ! prelim9>y treatm5t is radically diff]5t4 #eba4 ,sampl+4--,fir/ ( all ! geologic & met]ologic conditions ( ! muck =mations mu/ be det]m9$ z ne>ly z possible4 ,x is fair to presume t ^! =mations are ( comp>atively rec5t orig91 9 fact t !y are /ill 9 progress4 ,! geologic =mation 9 ! vic9ity ( ! deposit %\ld be not$4 ,in=mation %\ld be giv5 9 respect ( ! "* ( ! wat]1 :e!r runn+ or /agnant1 fre%1 salt1 or bracki%1 & *anges ( level to :i* x is subject1 %\ld be not$4 ,x %\ld be p>ticul>ly /at$ :e!r ! vegetable gr[? contribut+ to ! =mation be subject to fro/ or freez+4 ,! "* ( ! gr[? is to be c>efully not$1 & obs]vation made ( any *anges 9 vegetation due to dra9age prep>atory to cultivation4 ,x is to ! orig9al vegetation t ! *ief vegetable accretions 9 ! muck mu/ be accr$it$4 ,9 all cases1 = purposes ( comp>ison1 "s samples mu/ be tak5 f p>ts ( ! field :i* h n be5 "u cultivation or f]tilization4 ,! orig9al prop]ties ( ! muck c ?us be det]m9$ & comp>$ ) ! portions :i* h be5 *ang$ "u cultivation4 ,if ! vegetation 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! field v>y x is an indication t ! muck is n homog5e\s1 & 9 su* cases all ! diff]5t k9ds mu/ be sep>ately sampl$4 ,any alluvial deposit %\ld be c>efully sep>at$ f ! muck f\nd 9 situ1 = ! two lay]s are radically diff]5t 9 nature4 ,! sampl+ %\ld be made by digg+ a pit1 if possible to ! bottom ( ! muck =mation1 & tak+ ! samples at dep?s ( "o foot f "o or all ( ! sides4 ,! samples f sections ( ev5 dep? are to be mix$ & ab\t five kilograms ( ! well-mix$ sample pres]v$4 ,blocks ( ! unbrok5 & un%att]$ mat]ial %\ld also be tak5 f ea* section = ! purpose ( det]m9+ p]meability to wat] & air4 ,all liv+ vegetable matt] %\ld be z fully z possible remov$ be=e ! sampl+ beg9s4 ,! nature ( ! subsoil mu/ be obs]v$1 & x %\ld be /at$ :e!r x be s&1 clay1 lime/one1 etc4 ,fre% samples %\ld be tak5 at v>i\s dep?s = ! purpose ( det]m9+ ! cont5t ( moi/ure 9 ! mann] describ$ 9 p>agraph #fe4 ,! tubes us$ are made %>p at ! end to be ins]t$ 9 ! soil1 & s arrang$ z to cut cyl9d]s ( soil a trifle small] ?an _! int]ior diamet]4 ,by ?is means ! sample slips easily into its place4 ,! same c>e & judgm5t mu/ be us$ 9 tak+ ^! samples z are requir$ 9 ! case ( common soils4 ,illu/ration4--,samples ( muck soil tak5 at ,runnym$e1 ,florida4 7a7 ,=mation4 ,littoral fre%-wat] lacu/r9e deposits1 v>y+ f a few in*es to f\r feet 9 dep?1 & f a few feet to half a mile 9 wid?4 7b7 ,vegetation be=e dra9age4 ,saw grass 7,cladium ,m>iscus or effusum74 7c7 ,pr9cipal pres5t vegetation 7see pages #ei-fj74 7d7 ,k9ds ( ,soil4--,! muck %[s two di/9ct colors1 black & br[n4 ,! vegetation1 h[ev]1 seems to be ! same 9 bo? cases4 ,! black muck has ! appe>ance ( be+ m ?or\ghly decompos$4 7e7 ,geologic ,=mation4--,?is portion ( ! ,florida p59sula is cov]$ g5]ally ) s& due to m>9e subm]g5ce dur+ rec5t geologic p]iods4 ,! =e/ gr[? is p9e4 ,! dra9age f ! p9e l& is t[>ds ! muck deposits4 ,! p9e l& lies f f\r to t5 feet high] ?an ! surface ( ! muck & is mu* less subject to fro/4 #ebb4 ,wat] ,cont5t4--,! capacity ( a muck soil = reta9+ wat] is v great4 ,9 a moi/ /ate ^! soils are heavy & app>5tly q firm4 ,:5 dry !y are light & fluffy & unsuit$ to hold ! rootlets ( plants4 ,saturat$ to _! greate/ capacity !y hold consid]ably m ?an _! own weight ( wat]4 ,att5tion has already be5 call$ to ! dang] ( dry+ su* samples at a high temp]ature4 ,z 9 mo/ cases ( dry+ exposure at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat] until a con/ant weight is obta9$ is a p]fectly safe way4 ,x is h>d to say :at comes (f 9 addition to wat] at a high] temp]ature4 ,all t comes (f ev5 at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat] is n wat]4 ,! me?od ( det]m9ation usually employ$ 9 ?is laboratory is ! foll[+3 ,f f\r to five grams ( ! mat]ial are spread z ev5ly z possible ov] ! flat bottom ( a circul> alum9um di%1 ab\t sev5 c5timet]s 9 diamet]4 ,! di% is expos$ = ?ree h\rs at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat] & !n kept = two h\rs 9 an air-ba? at #aaj4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t con/ant weight is obta9$4 ,additional dry+ at #aaj = five h\rs1 usually gives no fur!r loss ( volatile matt]4 ,! di% %\ld be cov]$ dur+ weigh+ on acc\nt ( ! hygroscopicity ( ! residue4 ,:5 well sampl$ ! dry matt] ?us obta9$ s]ves z ! basis ( calculation = ! g5]al analytical data4 ,results4--,samples ( muck soil tak5 9 brass tubes 9 ,m>* dur+ ! dry season _h ! foll[+ cont5ts ( moi/ure3 ,matt] volatile at #aaj1 p] c5t4 ,tak5 ne> ! surface #fa4fj "o foot bel[ ! surface #hd4ce two feet #ha4eb ,x is ?us se5 t ! normal cont5t ( moi/ure 9 su* a soil dur+ ! dry season1 exclusive ( ! top lay]1 is ab\t eighty p] c5t4 #ebc4 ,organic ,c>bon & ,hydrog54--,! organic c>bon & hydrog5 9 muck soils are det]m9$ on ! c>efully dri$ sample by combu/ion ) copp] oxid4 ,?is process gives n only ! quantities ( ^! bodies comb9$ z humus1 b also ^? 9 a less advanc$ /ate ( decomposition & pres5t z fatty bodies or res9s4 ,! me?od employ$ is giv5 on pages #cai-bj4 ,results4--,! data obta9$ on a sample ( muck soil f ,florida are z foll[3 ,p] c5t4 c>bon4 ,p] c5t4 hydrog54 ,"o foot f surface #eg4fg #d4dh ,two feet #dg4jg #e4ae ,?ree #h4eb #j4ec ,! la/ sample 0 l>gely mix$ ) s&1 ! muck at ! po9t :5 x 0 tak5 n be+ q ?ree feet deep4 #ebd4 ,total ,volatile & ,organic ,matt] & ,a%4--,! ignition ( ! sample %\ld be v c>efully conduct$ at ! l[e/ possible temp]ature4 ,ab\t five grams ( ! air-dri$ sample or d\ble t am\nt ( ! moi/ sample %\ld be tak54 ,9 ! latt] case ! calculations %\ld be made on ! basis ( ! dry mat]ial4 ,! ignition %\ld be cont9u$ ) frequ5t /irr+ ) a plat9um wire until all organic matt] is de/roy$4 ,at ! same "t 9 a l>ge di% "o or m kilograms ( ! sample %\ld be ignit$ 9 ord] to secure an a% = analysis4 ,! a% %\ld be quickly weigh$ to avoid absorption ( moi/ure4 #ebe4 ,sulfur4--,! sulfur pres5t 9 muck is comb9$ ei!r 9 an organic =m or ) iron4 ,x may be e/imat$ by ! me?od ( ,fleis*]4#cdf ,f five to t5 grams ( ! sample are ignit$ c>efully 9 a h>d glass tube 9 a /ream ( air or bett] ( oxyg54 ,! sulfur comp\nds escape z sulfuric or sulfur\s acid4 ,! combu/ion is c>ri$ on 9 ! app>atus %[n 9 ,fig4 #ic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ic4 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,det]m9+ ,,sulfur4 ,! end ( ! tube ,a1 next to ,b1 is lightly /opp$ ) a plug ( glass wool1 ! sub/ance introduc$ & held 9 place by a second plug ( glass wool next to ,c4 ,a is connect$ to ! work+ flask ,c1 conta9+ wat]1 z is %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! *ief object ( ! flask is to control ! rate ( aspiration ( ! air or oxyg54 ,a is also connect$ ) ! bulb-tube ,b1 z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,b conta9s pota%-lye1 free ( sulfur4 ,on ! top ( ,b is plac$ a dry+ tube fill$ ) glass pe>ls1 moi/5$ ) pota%-lye4 ,?is is connect$ ) ! aspirator by a small bulb-tube b5t at "r angles1 z indicat$4 ,! bulb ( ?is tube conta9s a little neutral litmus solution1 :i* mu/ suff] no *ange ( color dur+ ! progress ( ?is analysis4 ,! tube1 ?us arrang$1 is plac$ 9 a combu/ion furnace & gradually heat$ to r$ness1 beg9n+ ) ! "p next to ,b4 ,a mod]ate /ream ( air or oxyg5 is pass$ ?r\gh ! tube dur+ ! op]ation4 ,any product ( ! combu/ion collect+ 9 ! tube be=e rea*+ ,b1 is driv5 into ,b by c>eful heat+4 ,at ! end ( ! combu/ion ! cont5ts ( ,b are acidifi$ ) hydro*loric acid1 & treat$ ) brom9 to conv]t ! sulfur\s into sulfuric acid4 ,! excess ( brom9 is aft]w>ds remov$ by boil+1 & ! sulfuric acid precipitat$ by b>ium *lorid & e/imat$ 9 ! usual way4 ,! total sulfuric acid hav+ ?us be5 det]m9$1 ! sample is extract$ ) wat] & ! sulfuric acid e/imat$ 9 ! residue4 ,! sulfuric acid 9 a muck :i* is injuri\s to vegetation is classifi$ by ,fleis*]1 z foll[s3 7#a7 ,free sulfuric acid4 7,! residue :i* is obta9$ by calculation z sulfates ( ! bases 9 ! wat] extract47 7#b7 ,! sulfuric acid conta9$ z copp]as 7calculat$ f ! iron oxid cont5t ( ! aque\s extract74 7#c7 ,sulfuric acid aris+ f ! oxidation ( pyrites 7calculat$ f ! sulfuric acid obta9$ by treatm5t ( ! wat]-extract$ sample74 ,a bett] idea ( ! di/ribution ( ! sulfur 9 ! sample c be obta9$ by e/imat+ x accord+ to ! me?od giv5 9 p>agraph #che4 #ebf4 ,phosphoric ,acid4--,! me?od = det]m9+ ! phosphorus 9 muck is giv5 9 p>agraph #chb4 ,! process giv5 9 #cgh may also be us$4 ,! me?od ( extraction ) hydro*loric acid is :olly unreliable z a means ( det]m9+ ! available phosphoric acid 9 muck4 ,!re are "s vegetable soils :i* conta9 s mu* iron & lime t ! :ole ( ! acid ord9>ily us$ w\ld be consum$ !reby4 ,?is fact has be5 cle>ly po9t$ out by ,wiklund 9 det]m9+ ! phosphoric acid 9 a l>ge numb] ( peaty soils4#cdg ,8 exp]im5ts1 7 made ) acid ( only f\r p] c5t /r5g?4 ,9 "s cases1 h[ev]1 x may be f\nd useful to det]m9e ! quantity ( phosphoric acid :i* c be extract$ ) hydro*loric acid1 & aft]w>ds to sep>ate ! humus & det]m9e ! cont5t ( phosphoric acid !re94 #ebg4 ,humus4--,9 ?is laboratory ! humus is e/imat$ by ! me?od ( ,hu/on & ,mc,bride1 z giv5 9 p>agraph #cab4 ,9 samples s ri* 9 organic matt] ! me?od ( ,gr&eau does n give z good results4 ,(t5 m ?an half ! weight ( ! dry sub/ance is soluble 9 ammonia aft] treatm5t ) acid4 ,! nitrog5 9 ! orig9al sample & ! sep>at$ humus %\ld be e/imat$ by moi/ combu/ion ) sulfuric acid 9 ! usual mann]4 #ebh4 ,! ,m9]al ,cont5ts ( ,humus4--,! mat]ial obta9$ by precipitat+ ! alkal9e extract ( a vegetable e>? ) an acid does n consi/ alone ( oxyg51 c>bon1 hydrog51 & nitrog54 ,! complex molecules :i* make up ?is mixture conta9 c]ta9 quantities ( iron1 sulfur1 & phosphorus 9 an organic /ate4 ,^! bodies are left z inorganic comp\nds on ignition1 provid$ !re is en\gh ( base pres5t to comb9e ) all ! acid elem5ts4 ,mu* ( ! sulfur & phosphorus1 h[ev]1 9 ^! comp\nds might be lo/ by simple ignition4 ,9 su* cases moi/ oxidation ( ^! bodies mu/ be practic$1 or ! gases ( combu/ion pass$ ov] bodies capable ( absorb+ ! oxidiz$ mat]ials 9 ord] to detect & det]m9e !m4 ,! prop] me?ods ( accompli%+ ?is h already be5 po9t$ out = vegetable soils1 & ! same processes are applicable 9 ! case ( extract$ & precipitat$ humus4 ,ano!r pro( t bo? phosphorus & sulfur are pres5t 9 humus 9 an organic /ate is f\nd 9 ! fact po9t$ out by ,egg]tz & ,nilson1 t ! a% ( muck soils is always ri*] 9 sulfuric & phosphoric acids ?an ! solution obta9$ !refrom by hydro*loric acid4#cdh ,9 a sample ( muck exam9$ by !m !re 0 f\nd 9 ! a% #a4df p] c5t ,,s1 & 9 ! acid extract only #j4je p] c5t ,,s2 & 9 ! a% #j4c p] c5t ,p,o1 :ile 9 ! extract only #j4jd p] c5t ,p,o4 #ebi4 ,combu/ion ( ! ,humus4--,! p]c5tage composition ( ! extract$ humus c be det]m9$1 aft] dry+ to con/ant weight1 by combu/ion ) copp] oxid4 ,!re is little use 9 try+ to assign def9ite *emical =mulas to any ( ! compon5ts ( ! complex :i* we call humus4 ,"s ( ! suppos$ =mulas h be5 giv5 on pages #fa & #fb4 #ecj4 ,e!r ,extract4--,mo/ peaty soils1 :5 v dry1 are n easily moi/5$ ) wat]4 ,?is is due to a sup]ficial coat+ ( fatty or res9\s bodies :i* prev5ts ! wat] f rea*+ ! muck p>ticles4 ,9 su* cases wat] w pass betwe5 ! p>ticles & p]colate to a consid]able dep?1 b )\t wett+4 ,?is oily matt] c be remov$ by treat+ ! dry mat]ial ) e!r 9 any approv$ extraction app>atus4 ,= ! sep>ation ( ! m purely fatty bodies1 light petroleum may be us$1 :ile ! total ( su* matt]s is extractable ) sulfuric e!r4 ,! extract$ bodies %\ld be exam9$ to det]m9e _! nature1 :e!r fatty1 res9\s1 or ( o!r mat]ials soluble 9 e!r4 ,! quantity ( ?is mat]ial 9 "s muck soils is rem>kably high4 ,9 a ,florida muck1 exam9$ 9 ?is laboratory1 #ah4ie p] c5t 9 ! air-dri$ sub/ance1 :i* conta9$ /ill #da4hc p] c5t ( wat]1 or ab\t #cb4e p] c5t ( ! wat]-free mat]ial 7 f\nd to be soluble 9 e!r4 ,! color ( ! e!r extract may be almo/ black1 %[+ ! extraction ( a "p ( ! humus or color+ matt] 9 ! muck4 ,?is extractive color+ matt] may also be a p>tial oxidation product ( ! orig9al *lorophyl ( ! plant4 #eca4 ,fur!r ,exam9ation ( ! ,e!r ,extract4--,! e!r extract %\ld be fir/ treat$ ) petroleum e!r1 unless ?is sub/ance be us$ fir/ 9 extraction4 ,aft]w>ds1 x is to be exhau/$ ) /rong alcohol1 & ! quantities ( mat]ial soluble 9 ! ?ree reag5ts sep>ately det]m9$4 ,! nitrog5 is fur!r to be det]m9$ 9 ! sev]al extracts1 &1 = control1 9 ! residue ( ! muck4 ,! me?od ( proc$ure practic$ 9 ?is laboratory is to fir/ extract ! sample ) petroleum e!r1 :i* w yield any free fat acids1 fats1 or oils1 waxes1 & possibly "s res9\s matt]4 ,a weigh$ portion ( ! sample1 ab\t two grams1 is extract$ quantitively by "o ( ! me?ods :i* w be describ$ 9 ! second volume ( ?is manual4 ,f two to five kilograms ( ! sample are !n extract$ 9 bulk = ! purpose ( secur+ a suffici5t quantity ( ! mat]ial to use = fur!r analysis4#cdi ,9 ea* case ! petroleum is foll[$ by pure e!r1 & 9 ?is way ! *lorophyl1 res9s1 etc41 are obta9$4 ,?is extract is exam9$ also = its sev]al proximate con/itu5ts4#cej ,! treatm5t ) e!r is foll[$ by extraction ) absolute alcohol = ! removal ( tann9s & o!r glucosides1 res9s insoluble 9 e!r1 etc41 & ! extract subject$ to ! usual exam9ation4#cea ,in/ead ( absolute alcohol a _s ( n9ety-five p] c5t /r5g?1 or ev5 ( eighty p] c5t1 may be us$4 ,! f9al residue %\ld be subject$ to ! usual det]m9ation = nitrog51 volatile matt]1 a%1 etc41 9 ! mann] already describ$4 ,! l>ge am\nt ( res9\s & o!r matt]s soluble 9 petroleum & e!r1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! ,florida muck soils1 is probably due to ! proximity ( p9e =e/s1 ! dbris ( :i*1 soon] or lat]1 f9d _! way to ^! littoral deposits4 ,consid]able portions ( organic humic acids & ev5 humus itself1 may also be remov$ by e!r & alcohol & 9 e case nitrog5 %\ld be det]m9$ 9 ^! extracts4 ,,r>e ,,con/itu5ts ,,( ,,soils4 #ecb4 ,e/imation ( ,copp]4--,! natural occurr5ce ( copp] 9 _m vegetables has acquir$ additional significance by reason ( its relation to add$ copp] 9 cann$ peas & o!r pres]ves4 ,=m]ly1 copp] 0 n reg>d$1 9 any s5se1 z a plant food4 ,ev5 n[ x c sc>cely be consid]$ z m ?an an accid5tal & non-ess5tial con/itu5t ( vegetable matt]4 ,x is by no means c]ta91 h[ev]1 t copp] may n be1 9 "s s5se1 9 organic comb9ation1 z phosphorus & sulfur (t5 are4 ,x is said1 also1 to be f\nd 9 c]ta9 animal organisms1 notably 9 ! oy/]4 ,9 ! e/imation ( copp] 9 soils1 !re is fir/ made a hydro*loric acid solution ( ! sample4 ,! solution is treat$ ) well-wa%$ hydrog5 sulfid until well saturat$4 ,! precipitate is collect$ at once on a goo*1 & wa%$ ) wat] conta9+ ! precipitat+ reag5t4 ,! filtrate is dri$1 g5tly ignit$ or roa/$1 & dissolv$ 9 aqua regia4 ,aft] evaporat+ to dryness on a /eam-ba?1 wat] & hydro*loric acid are add$1 & ! copp] reprecipitat$ 9 ! mann] describ$ above4 ,if z9c be pres5t 9 ! sample ! solution %\ld be made v /rongly acid ) hydro*loric be=e ! treatm5t ) hydrog5 sulfid1 o!rwise "s z9c may be c>ri$ d[n ) ! copp]4#ceb ,if lead be pres5t x is also precipitat$ ) ! copp] & c be sep>at$ z describ$ bel[4 ,9 ! filtrate f ! solution 9 nitric acid aft] ! second precipitation ! copp] is precipitat$ z hydroxid by pota%1 collect$ 9 a porcela9 goo*1 dri$1 ignit$1 & weigh$ z ,cu,o4 ,or ! copp] may be secur$ z sulfate & e/imat$ electrolytically 9 ! mann] describ$ 9 volume second = ! gravimetric e/imation ( sug>4 #ecc4 ,e/imation ( ,lead4--,if ! soil conta9 lead ?is metal w be ?r[n d[n ) ! copp] z sulfid 9 ! mann] describ$ above4 ,9 ?is case ! mix$ sulfids are dissolv$ 9 nitric acid1 dilut$ ) wat]1 filt]$1 & wa%$4 ,! filtrate is treat$ ) sulfuric acid 9 consid]able excess1 & evaporat$ until all ! nitric acid has pass$ (f & ! sulfuric acid beg9s to escape4 ,aft] cool+1 wat] is add$ & ! lead sulfate collect$ on a porcela9 goo* & wa%$ ) wat] conta9+ sulfuric acid4 ,f9ally x is wa%$ ) alcohol1 dri$1 ignit$1 & ! lead weigh$ z ,pb,s,o4 #ecd4 ,e/imation ( ,z9c4--,if z9c be pres5t 9 ! hydro*loric acid extract ( a soil x may be e/imat$ z c>bonate aft] free+ x c>efully ( iron4 ,! pr9cipal "p ( ! iron %\ld fir/ be sep>at$ 9 ! usual way by sodium acetate4 ,9 ! w>m solution 7acid ) acetic7 ! z9c is precipitat$ by hydrog5 sulfid 9 excess4 ,! beak] 9 :i* ! precipitation takes place %\ld be left cov]$ 9 a w>m place at lea/ twelve h\rs4 ,aft] collect+ ! z9c sulfid on a filt] x is wa%$ ) wat] saturat$ ) hydrog5 sulfid4 ,9 ord] to free ! z9c f e trace ( iron x is bett] to dissolve ! precipitate 9 hot dilute hydro*loric acid & reprecipitate z above1 &1 aft] boil+ ) "s potassium *lorate1 saturate x ) ammonia4 ,any rema9+ trace ( iron is precipitat$ z f]ric hydroxid :ile ! z9c rema9s 9 solution4 ,! f]ric hydroxid is sep>at$ by filtration & ! filtrate1 aft] acidify+ ) acetic1 is treat$ ) hydrog5 sulfid z above4 ,! z9c sulfid is dissolv$ aga9 9 hot hydro*loric acid1 oxidiz$ ) potassium *lorate1 ! acid almo/ neutraliz$ ) soda & ! z9c precipitat$ z c>bonate ) ! sodium salt4 ,aft] precipitation1 ! cont5ts ( ! beak] are boil$ until all free c>bon dioxid is expell$1 ! c>bonate collect$ on a filt]1 wa%$ ) hot wat]1 dri$1 ignit$1 & weigh$ z ,zn,o4 #ece4 ,e/imation ( ,boron4--,boron has be5 f\nd 9 ! a%es ( _m plants & agricultural products4 ,:e!r or n x be an ess5tial or only accid5tal con/itu5t ( plants has n be5 det]m9$4 ,its occurr5ce 9 ! soil1 nev]!less1 is a matt] :i* ! agricultural *emi/ c n ov]look4 ,! boron %\ld be dissolv$ f ! soil by g5tly heat+ ) dilute nitric acid foll[$ by wa%+ ) hot wat]4 ,boil+ %\ld be avoid$ on acc\nt ( ! volatility ( boric acid4 ,9 ! solution ?us obta9$1 conc5trat$ on a ba? at a mod]ate temp]ature to a conv5i5t volume1 ! boron is to be e/imat$ by ! me?od giv5 9 p>agraphs #eah & #eai4 ,,au?orities ,,cit$ ,,9 ,,"p ,,eigh?4 ,footnote #cdc3 ,bullet9 #ac1 ,*emical ,division1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 p4 #ajba4 ,footnote #cdd3 ,sanit>y & ,te*nical ,exam9ation ( ,wat]1 p4 #fj4 ,footnote #cde3 ,bullet9 de la ,socit ,*imique1 #c1 ,tomes #aa-ab1 p4 #iee4 ,footnote #cdf3 ,anleitung zur ,wiss5s*aftli*5 ,bod5unt]su*ung1 ,s4 #abf4 ,footnote #cdg3 ,mitteilung5 b] die ,arbeit5 d] ,moor ,v]su*s-,/ation 9 ,brem52 dritt] ,b]i*t1 ,s4 #edj4 ,footnote #cdh3 ,bi$]mann's ,c5tralblatt1 #ahhi1 ,s4 #ffd4 ,footnote #cdi3 ,drag5dorff's ,plant ,analysis1 translation by ,gre5i%1 pp4 #h1 et seq4 ,footnote #cej3 ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 pp4 #ca1 et seq4 ,footnote #cea3 ,vid4 op4 cit4 #g1 pp4 #ch1 et seq4 ,footnote #ceb3 ,j\rnal fr praktis*e ,*emie1 ,b& #gc1 ,s4 #bda4 ,,note4--,on page #eeg1 p>agraph #ejj1 n9? l9e1 read 8r$-yell[0 in/ead ( 8blue40 ,,index4 ,a ,absorption1 cause 9 soils1 #aai det]m9ation1 #bhg ( heat1 by soils1 #aae wat]1 by soils1 det]m9ation1 #acf-adc ,acetic acid1 solv5t = soils1 #cdd ,acid ph5yl sulfate1 reag5t = nitric acid1 #eed1 #eee soluble mat]ials1 extraction1 #dee ,adobe1 analyses1 #eh soils1 #eg ,aeolian rocks1 #ch ,air1 absorption1 #bhf action1 #ea ,album9oid ammonia1 e/imation1 #egb ,alkali salts1 composition1 #ef ,alkalies & alkal9e e>?s1 e/imation1 #chd ,alkal9e soils1 #ec-ee ,alum9a1 e/imation1 #ced1 #ceg1 #cfb ,alum9um1 #ag -m]cury c\ple = nitric acid1 #edb micro*emical exam9ation1 #bff ,ammonia1 det]m9ation ( free & album9oid1 #egj-egc e/imation1 #ddh-deb =mation 9 soils1 #dbi magnesia di/illation process1 #dej nitrification1 #dff production1 by microbes1 #dfd ,ammonium *lorid1 solv5t = soils1 #cdc ,apocr5ic acid1 #fb ,app>atus = soil sampl+1 #hb-hf ,aque\s rocks1 #cb-ch vapor absorption1 #bhc1 #bhd ,armsby1 soil absorption1 #aba ,assimilable phosphoric acid1 me?od ( ,dy]1 #daj ,atomic masses1 table1 #c ,atwat]1 fi% nitrog51 #ad ,au?orities cit$ 9 ,"p ,eigh?1 #eic ,fif?1 #cjj ,fir/1 #fc1 #fd ,f\r?1 #bgi-bha ,second1 #ic1 #id ,sev5?1 #egc-ege ,six?1 #def-deh ,?ird1 #afi1 #agj ,b ,bact]ia1 action1 #ej ,b>ium1 #bc micro*emical exam9ation1 #bfe ,b>us1 !ory ( flocculation1 #agg-ahj ,beak] elutriation1 comp>ison ) ,hilg>d's me?od1 #bci me?od1 comp>ison ) ,s*loes+'s1 #bda ,belgian me?ods = soil extracts1 #cfa-cfc ,b5nigs51 me?od ( silt analysis1 #aid ,b]l9-,s*ne me?od1 #aid ,b]n>d1 calcimet]1 #cci ,b]!lot & ,&r1 det]m9ation ( residual wat]1 #cjh me?od ( wat] det]m9ation1 #cje nature ( nitrog5 9 soils1 #dcj-dcd odorif]\s matt]s 9 soils1 #ig phosphoric acid 9 soils1 #daa ,bigel[1 solubility ( dige/ion vessels1 #cdh ,boric acid1 #ehj1 #eha ,boron1 #ag e/imation1 #eic ,b\ss+ault & ,lewey1 me?od ( det]m9+ absorption1 #bij me?od = nitric acid1 #ebd-ebf ,braun's sep>at+ liquid1 #bga ,bron's me?od1 #bgb ,brew]1 *emical action1 #agg ,brgg]'s app>atus1 #bgf ,bruc91 reag5t = nitric acid1 #eeg ,bulk analysis1 #cfe-cfg ,c ,calcium1 #ah micro*emical exam9ation1 #bfd ,caldwell1 prelim9>y treatm5t ( soil samples1 #hh ,capill>y attraction1 det]m9ation1 #ade movem5t ( wat]1 #aec ,c>bazol1 reag5t = nitric acid1 #edh ,c>bon1 #e comp>ison ( me?ods = e/imat+1 #cba dioxid1 diffusion 9 soils1 #big e/imation 9 wat]1 #egi 9 soils1 app>atus = e/imat+1 #bic occurr5ce 9 soils1 #bhi solv5t = soils1 #cdc e/imation ( organic1 #cae oxidation ) *romic acid1 #caf p]manganate1 #cah ,c>bonates1 ,belgian me?od1 #cdb defici5cy 9 soils1 #cdj e/imation1 #ccg ,c>not1 me?od = manganese1 #cig phosphoric acid1 #djc ,*abri]1 me?od = nitr\s acid1 #efe ,*emical analysis ( soils1 #cja-ege ord] ( exam9ation1 #cjb prelim9>y consid]ations1 #cja elem5ts 9 soils1 #b ,*evreul1 ammonium phosphate 9 guanos1 #g ,*ile1 nitrate deposits1 #ae1 #af ,*lor91 #f e/imation1 #dbb 9 wat]1 #egg ,mohr's me?od1 #dbd ,pet]mann's me?od1 #dbd ,wolff's me?od1 #dbc ,citric acid1 solv5t = soils1 #cdd ,cl>ke1 relative abundance ( elem5ts1 #bc ,classification ( soils1 #eb ,clay1 *emical nature1 #bcb colloidal1 #bca me*anical det]m9ation1 #bdb prop]ties1 #bbc sep>ation1 #bcj susp5sion1 #agf ,clayey soils1 effect ( boil+ on texture1 #bdd-bdf elutriation1 #bci ,cleavage ( soil p>ticles1 #bfb ,coeffici5t ( evaporation1 det]m9ation1 #add-adf ,cohesion & adhesion ( soils1 #aaf1 #aag ,colloidal clay1 e/imation1 #bca ,color ( rocks1 #ca soil1 det]m9ation1 #ig ,colorimetric comp>ison1 delicacy1 #edh1 #eei ,compact soils1 #ij ,conductivity ( soils1 #aae ,copp]1 e/imation1 #eia -z9c c\ple = nitric acid1 #edj1 #edb ,cr5ic acid1 #fa ,crum-,frankl& process1 #eah ,cry/al angles1 measurem5t1 #bei ,culture m$ia1 composition1 #dfh1 #dgc1 #dgd1 #dgf1 #dgi1 #dha1 #dhc1 #dhd1 #dhf solid1 #dgi1 #dha ,d ,d>ton1 ,florida phosphates1 #i ,davidson1 orig9 ( ,florida phosphates1 #g ,decay ( rocks1 #dc-eb ,deh]a91 measurem5t ( p]colation1 #afg-afi ,desiccator1 dry+1 #cji ,dev>da's me?od = nitric acid1 #ecd v>iation ( ,/oklassa1 #ece ,diffusion ( gases1 g5]al conclusions1 #bii ,dietri*'s elutriator1 #bji ,dige/ion ( soil1 #def vessels1 #cdg ,dilution me?od1 exp]im5ts1 #dhc1 #dhe ,diph5ylimid1 reag5t = nitric acid1 #edi ,diph5ylam91 reag5t = nitric acid1 #eec ,di/illation1 prev5tion ( bump+1 #dda ,dob5eck1 me?od ( det]m9+ absorption1 #bhg-bij ,dra9age1 influ5ce on porosity1 #acb ,durham1 clay susp5sion1 #agf ,dy]1 citric acid solution1 #cdd ,dy]1 me?od = assimilable phosphoric acid1 #daj ,e ,e>? worms1 action1 #di ,eldridge1 ,florida phosphates1 #aj ,elem5ts1 diff]5t1 simultane\s e/imation1 #dbe relative abundance1 #bc ,elutriat+ tube1 #bcf ,eruptive rocks1 #da1 #db ,e/imation ( gases 9 soils1 #bhb-bii ,f ,f]ric oxid1 e/imation1 #cec1 #cef1 #ceg1 #cfb1 #cii1 #dja ,f9e soil1 capacity = hold+ wat]1 #ace ,fi% z f]tiliz]1 #ad ,flocculation1 #aga effect ( *emical action1 #agg !ory1 #agg ,floccules1 de/ruction1 #age ,florida phosphates1 orig91 #g-ab ,fluor91 #ag-bd ,=*hamm]1 agricultural value ( fucoids1 #ac ,fre>1 me?od ( det]m9+ soil temp]atures1 #aaa ,freez+ & ?aw+1 #dd ,fu*s & ,de ,launy1 orig9 ( pota% deposits1 #ba ,fuell+1 det]m9ation ( wat] absorption1 #aci ,g ,gases1 collection1 #bia me?ods ( /udy1 #bhc passage ?r\gh ! soil1 #adi1 #aej det]m9ation1 #aej relation to soil composition1 #bhb ,gasp>91 me?od ( silt analysis1 #aie ,gauti]1 occurr5ce ( olde/ phosphates1 #g ,gelat91 culture1 #dga-dgc m9]al1 #dgc1 #dgd ,gembl\x /ation1 me?od ( soil solution1 #cej ,g]man exp]im5t /ations1 me?od ( soil solution1 #cdi ,glaci]s1 action1 #de ,gluc9ic acid1 #fb ,goessmann1 analysis ( sea-we$s1 #ac ,goo* & ,gru5]1 me?od = nitric acid1 #edf e/imation ( boric acid1 #ehj ,goss1 me?od = phosphoric acid1 #daf-dah ,gr&eau1 me?od ( e/imat+ humus1 #cbd ,h ,h&s1 /]ilization1 #dhi ,hannn1 diffusion ( c>bon dioxid 9 soils1 #big ,h>ada's app>atus1 #bge ,he9ri*1 det]m9ation ( passage ( gases ?r\gh soils1 #aej wat] absorption1 #adc me?od ( det]m9+ cohesion1 #aaf1 #aag ,h5rici1 det]m9ation ( wat] capacity ( soils1 #adc ,hilg>d1 alkal9e soils1 #ee dige/ion vessels1 #cdg humus e/imation1 #cbd hygroscopic coeffici5t1 #bhd influ5ce ( surface t5sion1 #agd me?od = soil solution1 #cdh ( silt analysis1 #bbe me?ods ( analysis ( soil extract1 #cef-cfa prelim9>y exam9ation ( soils1 #hg ,hilg>d's elutriator1 #bbf me?od1 comp>ison ) ,osborne's1 #bci ,hook]'s me?od = nitric acid1 #edh ,humic acid1 #fa1 #fb e/imation1 #cca ,humus1 #fj combu/ion1 #ehi e/imation1 #cbd ,g]man me?od1 #ccc me?od ( ,pa/urel1 #ccf ,raul91 #ccd ,van ,bemmeln1 #ccb summ>y ( results1 #ccj m9]al cont5ts1 #ehi ,hu/on & ,mc,bride1 humus e/imation1 #cbf me?od ( det]m9+ soil absorption1 #abh ,hydro*loric acid1 solv5t = soils1 #cdd /r5g?1 #cde "t ( dige/ion1 #cde treatm5t ( soil ) cold1 #cej ,hydr(luoric acid1 solv5t = soils1 #ceb ,hydrog51 #e e/imation ( organic1 #cbc ,hygroscopic coeffici5t1 det]m9ation1 #bhd ,i ,ignition1 loss1 #cjg ,ilosvay1 nessl] reag5t1 #egc ,indiana1 lysimet] ( agricultural exp]im5t /ation1 #afe ,indigo me?od = nitric acid1 #ebd-eca ,insoluble residue1 analysis1 #cfc ,belgian me?od1 #cfd ,wolff's me?od1 #cfc ,int]/itial space1 det]m9ation1 #acd ,inv]se capill>ity1 #adf ,iron1 #bb & alum9a1 sep>ation f phosphoric acid1 #dad ,fr5* me?od1 #cii1 #djj me?od ( ,sa*sse & ,beck]1 #dja-djc micro*emical exam9ation1 #bff ,j ,j5k9s1 analysis ( sea-we$s1 #ac ,johnson1 me?od = nitric acid1 #eef ,k ,kaol91 e/imation1 #dbf-dbh ,k$zie1 dige/ion vessels1 #cdg influ5ce ( dra9age1 #acb ,k+1 app>atus = soil sampl+1 #hb capill>y movem5t ( wat]1 #aec me?ods ( wat] movem5t1 #aea ,knop1 me?od ( det]m9+ soil absorption1 #abh ,knop's silt cyl9d]1 #ahi ,knorr1 app>atus = c>bon dioxid1 #ccg ,ko/yt*(f1 orig9 ( humus1 #fj ,khn's silt cyl9d]1 #ahi ,l ,lat]al capill>y fl[1 #aec ,latitude1 effect on decay ( rocks1 #df ,lead1 e/imation1 #eib ,lime1 assimilable1 #cib e/imation1 #ced1 #ceg1 #cfb1 #cfe1 #chd1 #chf1 #chh-cid ( active1 #chi available1 #cij ,fr5* me?od1 #chf1 #chh me?od ( ,halle /ation1 #cic1 #cid ,russian me?od1 #cia ,li?ium1 micro*emical exam9ation1 #bfd ,log>i?mic con/ants1 #bed ,loges1 humus e/imation1 #ccc ,loose soils1 #hi ,l\ghridge1 "t ( dige/ion1 #cde1 #cdf ,lunge & ,lw(f1 me?od = nitr\s acid1 #efc ,lunge's nitromet]1 #eai improv$1 #ebj-ebd ,lysimetry1 #aeh1 #afe ,mc ,mc,gowan's me?od = nitric acid1 #edc ,m ,magnesia1 e/imation1 #ced1 #cfj1 #cfb1 #cfe1 #chd1 #cid1 #cif me?od ( ,halle /ation1 #cif ,magnesium1 #ah micro*emical exam9ation1 #bfd ,magnet1 sep>ation ( silt p>ticles1 #bgh ,manganese1 #bc e/imation1 #ced1 #cfj1 #cif1 #cig ,fr5* me?od1 #cig-cii ,m>x1 me?od = nitric acid1 #ebf-ebh ,masure's silt app>atus1 #baj ,matire noire1 #cbd ,may]1 det]m9ation ( wat] absorption1 #ach ,may]'s modification ( ,s*ne's me?od1 #bbj ,me*anical analysis ( soils1 #aga-agi ,m]cury & sulfuric acid me?od1 ,noyes' modification1 #eai ,w>+ton's modification1 #eah ,metamorphic rocks1 #ci ,metaph5yl5$iam91 reag5t = nitr\s acid1 #eeg1 #eei ,micro*emical exam9ation ( silt1 #bfb1 #bff ,microscopic app>atus1 #die exam9ation ( silt sep>ates1 #bef ,microscopical /ructure ( rocks1 #bh1 #bi ,m9]alogical exam9ation ( silt sep>ates1 #bed-bgh ,m9]als1 classification1 #bf 9 rocks1 #bd-bf ma*9e = mak+ sections1 #bfg ,mck]n1 r$uction me?od1 = nitric acid1 #ecc ,moissan1 e/imation ( boric acid1 #eha ,moi/ure1 effect on soil temp]ature1 #ajb e/imation1 #ded ,moore1 modification ( silt analysis1 #aib ,muck soils1 alcohol extract1 #eij e/imation ( humus1 #ehi phosphoric acid1 #ehh sulfur1 #ehg e!r extract1 #eij organic c>bon & hydrog51 #ehf petroleum e!r extract1 #eij phosphoric acid1 #dae sampl+1 #ehd special treatm5t1 #ehc total volatile & organic matt]1 #ehf wat] cont5t1 #ehe ,muld]1 humic acid1 #fb ,mll]1 me?od ( det]m9+ soil absorption1 #abf ,mntz & ,m>cano1 orig9 ( nitrate deposits1 #ad ,n ,naph?ylam91 reag5t = nitr\s acid1 #efj ,nessl]'s process1 #egj reag5t1 #egj ,nitrate deposits1 #ad-af ,nitrates1 e/imation1 #dce ,nitric acid1 classification ( r$uction me?ods1 #eca1 #ecb developm5t 9 soils1 #dfa e/imation by colorimetric comp>ison1 #edh-eei oxidation ( a color$ solution1 #ebd-eca r$uction to ammonia1 #eca-edc classification ( me?ods1 #dif-dih 9 pres5ce ( nitr\s acid1 #eeg extraction f soil1 #dih-ejj f]r\s salt process1 #ejj-eah iodometric e/imation1 #edc-edh m]cury & sulfuric acid me?od1 #eah me?ods1 relative m]it1 #dih nitric oxid process1 #ejj-ebd r$uction by electric curr5t1 #edj-edc solv5t = soils1 #cea f]m5t1 isolation1 #dga1 #dgg1 #dha ,nitrification1 app>atus & manipulation1 #dfh effect ( potassium salts1 #dfc g5]al conclusions1 #dif necess>y conditions1 #dfa-dfc prep>ation ( se$1 #dfh progress1 #dfi /atem5t ( results1 #dgh te/ ( comm5cem5t1 #dfi ,nitrify+ organisms1 classification1 #dhg di/ribution1 #dgj1 #dga microscopic exam9ation1 #dhj1 #dhd occurr5ce1 #dfg ,nitrites1 de/ruction1 #dgh1 #eeh ,nitrog51 #ab active soil1 #dcd ,arnold & ,w$emey]'s me?od1 #ddj ,dumas' volumetric me?od1 #ddf-ddh economic value1 #cie e/imation 9 soils1 #dbh-def ( amid1 #dea volatile comp\nds1 #deb-ded ,hilg>d's me?od1 #dcf ,me?ods ( ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s1 #dcd ,mll]'s me?od #dch-ddj soda-lime me?od1 #dde nature 9 soils1 #dcj-dcd ord] ( oxidation1 #dfe organic1 9 soils1 #dei-dfa oxidiz$1 e/imation 9 soils1 #dei-egj soda-lime me?od1 #dda-ddd 9 pres5ce ( nitrates1 #ddd ,nitr\s acid1 developm5t 9 soils1 #dfa e/imation1 by coloration ( a f]r\s salt1 #efg colorimetric comp>ison1 #eei potassium f]rocyanid1 #efg classification ( me?ods1 #dif-dih iodometric me?od1 #efd-efg f]m5t1 isolation1 #dga1 #dgg ,nbel's app>atus1 #bjg ,nlln]1 nitrate deposits1 #af ,norwacki & ,bor*>dt1 aug] = soil sampl+1 #hc ,o ,odorif]\s matt]s1 det]m9ation1 #ih 9 soils1 #ig ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s1 late/ me?ods1 #ded-def me?od = r$uction ( nitric acid1 #ecb1 #ecc ( analysis ( soil extract1 #cec-cef soil solution1 #cdi ,organic matt]1 e/imation1 #cad influ5ce on absorption1 #abd total1 #cae ,orig9 ( soils1 #dc ,or?1 classification1 #ahe ,osborne1 ,b]l9-,s*ne me?od1 #bbd me?od1 comp>ison ) ,s*loes+'s1 #bda ( silt analysis1 #aif -,s*ne me?od1 #bai comp>isons1 #bbc ,oxyg51 #c absorption1 #bhf e/imation ( organic1 #cbd ,p ,pack>d1 sep>ation ( silt p>ticles1 #bgc ,pa/urel1 e/imation ( humus1 #ccf ,peligot1 prelim9>y treatm5t ( samples1 #ia ,p]colation1 measurem5t1 #afa soils 9 situ1 #afd ,pet]mann1 det]m9ation ( wat] absorption1 #ach me?od = phosphoric acid1 #dji prelim9>y treatm5t ( samples1 #ib ,petrographic exam9ation ( silt p>ticles1 #bff microscope1 #bef ,pfaundl]1 specific heat me?od1 #ajd-aaj ,ph5ylsulfuric acid1 reag5t = nitric acid1 #eed ,phosphoric acid1 ,c>not's me?od1 #djc e/imation1 #ced1 #cfb1 #djc-djf1 #dji-daf ,fr5* me?od1 #djf-dji ,halle me?od1 #djd1 #dje 9 muck soils1 #dae me?od ( ,goss1 #daf-dah ,hilg>d1 #dac ,pet]mann's me?od1 #dji ,russian me?od1 #dab sep>ation f iron & alum9a1 #dad ,phosphorus1 #f micro*emical exam9ation1 #bff /ate ( exi/5ce 9 soils1 #daa ,picc9i me?od = nitric acid1 #eeh nitr\s acid1 #efg ,pillitz & ,zaloman(f1 me?od ( det]m9+ soil absorption1 #abe ,pissis1 nitrate deposits1 #af ,pol>iz$ light1 exam9ation1 #bfa ,porosity1 #aca det]m9ation1 #acc ,pota%1 condition 9 soils1 #cfg e/imation1 #cee1 #ceh1 #cfa1 #cfe1 #cfh1 #cgj-cgb1 #cge-cgh1 #cha1 #chb int]national me?od1 #cha ,italian me?od1 #cgg me?od ( ,g]man exp]im5t /ations1 #cge ,tatlock & ,dy]1 #chb ,russian me?od1 #cgf salts1 deposits1 #bj ,smi?'s me?od1 #cgh-cha soluble 9 cold dilute acid1 #cgj conc5trat$ acids1 #cfh ,potassium1 #ah micro*emical exam9ation1 #bfc ,pratt1 b[ld] phosphates1 #i ,q ,qualities ( soils1 #eb1 #ec ,r ,ra9 wat]1 me?od ( collect+1 #efi prep>ation = analysis1 #efi ,raul91 me?od ( e/imat+ humus1 #ccd pota%1 #cge ,reaction ( a soil1 #cjc ,refractive index1 det]m9ation1 #bei ,rideal1 me?od = nitric acid1 #eec ,rocks1 aeolian1 #ch aque\s1 #cb *emical composition1 #cj color1 #ca composition1 #dc decay1 #dc-eb eruptive1 #da-db k9ds1 #cb metamorphic1 #ci microscopical /ructure1 #bh m9]als1 #bd-bf s$im5t>y1 #ce types1 #bh ,rohrba*'s solution1 #bga ,r[l&1 fall ( p>ticles 9 liquid1 #ahj ,s ,sa*sse & ,beck]1 me?od = iron1 #dja-djc ,salts1 prep>ation = absorption1 #acj ,samples = moi/ure1 #gd p]meability1 #gd /aple crops1 #ge prep>ation1 #ded = elutriation1 #bbi ,sampl+1 g5]al directions1 #ff me?od ( ,caldwell1 #ga ,g]man exp]im5t /ations1 #fi ,gr&eau1 #gg ,hilg>d1 #fg ,lawes1 #hj ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s1 #gi ,fr5* ,commission1 #fi1 #hj ,peligot1 #gb ,ri*>ds1 #fi ,royal ,agricultural ,society1 #gf ,wahns*affe1 #gb1 #ha ,:itney1 #fh1 #gc ,wolff1 #ha ,s&/one1 #ce ,s*aeff] & ,dev5t]1 me?od = nitr\s acid1 #efg ,s*loes+ me?od1 comp>ison ) ,beak]1 #bda ,de,konick's modification1 #ead-eaf = nitric acid1 #ejj ,fr5* modification1 #ejj-eje ( collect+ soil gases1 #bia silt analysis1 #bjj ,s*midt's process1 #eaf ,s*ulze-,tiemann modification1 #eaj-ead ,spiegel's modification1 #eji ,w>+ton's modification1 #eje-ejh ,s*midt's me?od = nitric acid1 #eci ,s*ne's elutriator1 #bab ,s*ulze-,tiemann me?od1 #eaj-ead ,sea-we$s1 analysis1 #ac ,s$im5t>y rocks1 classification1 #ce ,s$im5ts1 sep>ation ( f9e1 #bcc weigh+1 #bce ,se$+1 me?od employ$1 #dge ,selective absorption ( soils1 #abb ,sep>ation ( silt p>ticles1 #bgb ,%al]1 phosphatic lime/ones1 #ab ,sieve analysis1 classification1 #ahe ,g]man exp]im5t /ations1 #ahc sep>ation1 #ahb ,siev]t's me?od = nitric acid1 #ecf ,sift+ ) wat]1 #ahc ,silica1 #d direct e/imation1 #dbd e/imation1 #cef1 #cfa1 #cfe ,silt analyses1 value1 #bgi analysis1 ,belgian me?od1 #bjd classification ( results1 #bce1 #bcf int]pretation1 #bea ,italian me?od1 #aie1 #bjf me?od ( ,hilg>d1 #bbe ,osborne1 #aif ,s*ne1 #bab-bbj me?ods1 #ahe ,moore's modification1 #aib ,s*loes+'s me?od1 #bjj /atem5t ( results1 #aid subsid5ce ( soil p>ticles1 #ahf-ahh ,wolff's me?od1 #aib classes1 illu/rations1 #beh p>ticles1 color & transp>5cy1 #bgh exam9ation1 ) pol>iz$ light1 #bfa =ms & dim5sions1 #beg micro*emical exam9ation1 #bfb-bff petrographic exam9ation1 #bff sep>ation by specific gravity1 #bfh-bgg /a9+1 #bfa p]c5tage 9 soils1 #bdi sep>ates1 microscopic exam9ation1 #bef ,m9]alogical exam9ation1 #bed-bgh ,siphon silt cyl9d]1 #aij ,soda1 e/imation1 #cee1 #ceh1 #cfa1 #cfe1 #cgd1 #chd ,sodium1 #bb amalgam process1 #ecg-eci micro*emical exam9ation1 #bfc ,soil absorption1 importance1 #abd me?od ( det]m9+1 #abe analyses1 special me?ods1 #cfg-dbh def9ition1 #a extracts1 me?od ( prep>+1 #aeh gases1 #adi1 #aej heat1 s\rces1 #ajb +r$i5ts1 di/ribution1 #bdg moi/ure1 #acb p>ticles1 numb]1 #bea-bec /&>d sizes1 #aha surface area1 #bec samples1 air dry+1 #hh prelim9>y exam9ation1 #hg-ic treatm5t 9 laboratory1 #hg sampl+1 g5]al pr9ciples1 #fe solutions1 analyses1 #ceb-cfg temp]atures1 me?od ( det]m9+1 #aaa !rmometry1 #aaa-aaf ,soils1 absorptive p[]1 #aag-aca & subsoils1 #fb1 #fc z a mass1 #ie c>bon dioxid1 #bic *emical elem5ts1 #b classification2 accord+ to deposition1 #eb cohesion & adhesion1 #aaf1 #aag color1 #ie compact1 #ij composition1 relation to gases1 #bhb conductivity = heat1 #aae defici5t 9 c>bonates1 #cdj dige/ion ) solv5ts1 #cdc-ceb e/imation ( c>bonates1 #ccg loose1 #hi me*anical analysis1 #aga-agi me?od ( e/imat+ absorption ( heat1 #aae nitrify+ p[]1 #dfg orig91 #a1 #dc prelim9>y treatm5t1 #hg-ic qualities1 #eb-ec reaction1 #cjc selective absorption1 #abb specific gravity1 #ih det]m9ation1 #ii unusual con/itu5ts1 #eia-eic volume1 #ajj weight ( "o hect>e1 #ajb ,sol> heat1 absorption1 #ajc ,specific gravity1 #cj ( soils1 #ih-aaj app>5t1 #aja det]m9ation ( app>5t1 #aja heat ( soils1 #ajb det]m9ation1 #ajd-aaj v>iations1 #aaj ,sp5c]1 photomicrographs1 #bei ,squanto1 manurial value ( fi%1 #ad ,/a9+ organisms1 me?od1 #dhg silt p>ticles1 #bfa ,/assfurt pota% salts1 #bj ,/]ilization1 #dhi by heat1 #dij high pressure /eam1 #dib ,/]iliz$ soil1 nitrification1 #dhg1 #dhh ,/]iliz+ app>atus1 #dij1 #dic ov51 #dia ,/ockbridge1 composition ( humus1 #fa soil moi/ure1 #acb ,/rontium1 micro*emical exam9ation1 #bfe ,/utz]'s me?od = nitric acid1 #ecg ,subcultures1 me?od1 #dgi ,subsid5ce1 physical explanation1 #ahj ,sulfanilic acid1 prep>ation1 #efb reag5t = nitr\s acid1 #efj ,sulfur1 #ea /ate ( exi/5ce 9 soils1 #dai ,sulfuric acid1 e/imation1 #cee1 #ceh1 #cfa ,fr5* me?od1 #dai ,italian me?od1 #dbb me?od ( ,b]!lot & ,&r1 #dai ,von ,bemmeln1 #dbj-dbb ,wolff1 #dbb ,surface area1 influ5ce on absorption1 #abc p>ticles1 effect ( pot5tial1 #agb t5sion1 influ5ce1 #agd me?od ( e/imat+1 #aeg ( f]tiliz]s1 #aef ,t ,!n>d1 humic acid1 #fb ,!rmometry1 g5]al pr9ciples ( soil1 #aaa ,!rmo/ats1 #did ,?\let's solution1 #bfh ,u ,ulmic acid1 #fa ,uls*'s me?od = nitric acid1 #eci ,v ,von ,bemmeln1 det]m9ation ( wat]1 #caj me?od ( humus e/imation1 #ccb ,vegetable life1 action1 #dh soils1 #eh-fj ,volatile matt]1 e/imation1 #dee ,w ,wahns*affe1 prelim9>y treatm5t ( samples1 #ia ,w>+ton1 absorption ( pota% & ammonia1 #abj & ,peake1 oxidation ( c>bon1 #caf exp]im5ts 9 nitrification1 #dfh-dgj1 #dhe-dhh indigo me?od1 #ebh-eca ,s*loes+ me?od1 #eje-ejh ,wat] absorption by soils1 det]m9ation1 #acf-adc capacity ( soils1 effect ( pressure1 #adc det]m9ation at #aaj1 #cjf g5]al conclusions1 #cac e/imation aft] air dry+1 #cje 9 wat]-free atmosph]e1 #adi 9 fre% samples1 #cjd soils1 det]m9ation1 #cjc-cad movem5t1 causes1 #aee 9 soils1 #aea-afi me?ods1 #aea relative fl[1 #aei residual am\nt1 dri$ at #aaj1 #cjh solv5t1 action1 #dg = soils1 #cdc special exam9ation1 #egf-ehc total solid matt]1 #egf ,way1 absorptive p[] ( soils1 #aah1 #abj ,weight ( soil1 #ajb ,welits*[sky1 measurem5t ( p]colation1 #afa-afc ,:eel] & ,h>twell1 analysis ( sea-we$s1 #ac ,:itney & ,m>v91 me?od ( det]m9+ soil temp]atures1 #aab-aae causes ( wat] movem5t1 #aee det]m9ation ( int]/itial space1 #acd effect ( pot5tial1 #agb influ5ce ( surface area on absorption1 #abc measurem5t ( p]colation1 #afc relative fl[ ( wat]1 #aei surface t5sion ( f]tiliz]s1 #aef !ory ( subsid5ce1 #ahj ,williams1 ma*9e = m9]al sections1 #bfg -,w>+ton me?od = nitric acid1 #edj1 #eda ,w9ogradsky1 exp]im5ts 9 nitrification1 #dga-dhc ,wolff & ,wahns*affe1 me?od ( det]m9ation ( wat] absorption1 #acf det]m9ation ( coeffici5t ( evaporation1 #adh me?od = silt analysis1 #aib prelim9>y treatm5t ( soil samples1 #hh ,wollny1 det]m9ation ( wat] absorption1 #adb occurr5ce ( c>bon dioxid1 #bhb ,wlf+'s app>atus1 #bgg ,wyatt1 phosphate deposits1 #h ,x ,xylic acid1 #fb ,z ,z9c1 e/imation1 #eib ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes #a4 ,sil5tly correct$ palpable typographical errors2 reta9$ non-/&>d spell+s & dialect4 #b4 ,correct$ ! items li/$ on p4 viii4 #c4 ,re9dex$ *apt] footnotes us+ numb]s & table footnotes us+ lett]s4 #d4 ,enclos$ italics font 9 und]scores4 #e4 ,enclos$ bold or blacklett] font 9 equals4 #f4 ,d5ot$ sup]scripts by a c>et be=e a s+le sup]script "* or a s]ies ( sup]script$ *>act]s enclos$ 9 curly braces1 e4g4 ,mr4 or ,mi/]4 #g4 ,d5ot$ subscripts by an und]score be=e a s]ies ( subscript$ *>act]s enclos$ 9 curly braces1 e4g4 ,h,o4