,,hypatia ,,to-,,day ,,and ,,to-,,morrow ,,series ,d,,dalus1 or ,science and the ,future ,by ,j4 ,b4 ,s4 ,haldane ,,icarus1 or ,the ,future of ,science ,by the ,hon4 ,bertrand ,russell1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,the ,,mongol ,,in ,,our ,,midst ,by ,f4 ,g4 ,crookshank1 ,m4,d4 ,fully ,illustrated ,,wireless ,,possibilities ,by ,prof4 ,a4 ,m4 ,low4 ,with four ,diagrams4 ,,narcissus1 or ,an ,anatomy of ,clothes ,by ,gerald ,heard4 ,illustrated ,,tantalus1 or ,the ,future of ,man ,by ,dr4 ,f4 ,c4 ,s4 ,schiller ,,the ,,passing ,,of ,,the ,,phantoms ,by ,prof4 ,c4 ,j4 ,patten1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,d41 ,sc4,d41 ,f4,r4,a4,i4 ,,callinicus1 ,a ,defence of ,chemical ,warfare ,by ,j4 ,b4 ,s4 ,haldane ,,quo ,,vadimus8 ,some ,glimpses of the ,future ,by ,e4 ,e4 ,fournier d',albe1 ,d4,sc41 ,f4,inst4,p4 ,,the ,,conquest ,,of ,,cancer ,by ,h4 ,w4 ,s4 ,wright1 ,m4,s41 ,f4,r4,c4,s4 ,,hypatia1 or ,woman and ,knowledge ,by ,dora ,russell 7,hon4 ,mrs4 ,bertrand ,russell7 ,,lysistrata1 or ,woman's ,future and ,future ,woman ,by ,a4 ,m4 ,ludovici ,,what ,i ,,believe ,by the ,hon4 ,bertrand ,russell1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,in ,preparation ,,perseus1 of ,dragons ,by ,h4 ,f4 ,scott ,stokes1 ,m4,a4 ,,the ,,future ,,of ,,sex ,by ,rebecca ,west ,,the ,,evocation ,,of ,,genius ,by ,alan ,porter ,,aesculapius1 or ,disease and ,the ,man ,by ,f4 ,g4 ,crookshank1 ,m4,d4 ,other ,volumes in ,preparation ,e4 ,p4 ,,dutton ,,company ,,hypatia ,,or ,,woman ,,and ,,knowledge ,,by ,,dora ,,russell 7,,mrs4 ,,bertrand ,,russell7 ,illustration ,,new ,,york ,e4 ,p4 ,,dutton ,,company ,copyright #aibe ,by ,e4 ,p4 ,dutton ,company ,all ,rights ,reserved ,first ,printing ,july1 #aibe ,second ,printing ,july1 #aibe ,third ,printing ,february1 #aibf ,printed in the ,united ,states of ,america ,to ,,my ,,daughter ,,kate ,,russell ,,preface ,hypatia was a ,university lecturer denounced by ,church dignitaries and torn to pieces by ,christians4 ,such will probably be the fate of this book3 therefore it bears her name4 ,what ,i have written here ,i believe1 and shall not retract or change for similar episcopal denunciations4 ,,dora ,,russell4 ,january1 #aibe4 ,,table ,,of ,,contents ,i ,,jason ,,and ,,medea ,is there a ,sex ,war8 #a ,,ii ,,artemis ,the ,early ,struggles of ,feminism #ac ,,iii ,,aspasia ,the ,younger ,feminists #bf ,,iv ,,hecuba ,feminist ,mothers #dj ,v ,,jason ,,and ,,admetus ,men #ga ,,hypatia ,i ,,jason ,,and ,,medea ,is there a ,sex ,war8 ,a feature of modern life is that matrimonial quarrels1 like modern war1 are carried on on a large scale1 involving not individuals1 nor even small groups of individuals1 but both sexes and whole classes of society4 ,in the past1 ,jason and ,medea1 neither of them quite an exemplary character1 measured their strength against one another as individuals2 and1 though each voiced the wrongs and the naked brutality of their sex1 it did not occur to either to seek in politics or in social reform a solution or a compromise4 ,jason1 indeed1 as the reactionary face to face with a turbulent and insurgent female1 called to his aid the powers of kingship and the ,stateto suppress and exile1 but not to remedy4 ,medea1 driven madlike so many able and remarkable womenby the contempt and ingratitude of men as individuals or in the mass1 and aware that the law was a mockery where she was concerned1 expressed herself in savage protest after the manner of a militant suffragette4 ,while ,i can open my newspaper to-day and read of mothers desperate with hunger1 misery1 or rage drowning themselves and their children1 ,i cannot bring myself to look upon ,medea as some elemental being from a dark and outrageous past4 ,as for ,jason1 he never did appear to anybody as other than an ordinary male4 ,during the last twenty or twenty-five years1 when women were struggling for their right as citizens to a vote and to a decent education1 began what has been called the sex war4 ,no woman would deny that we began it1 in the sense that we were rebels against a system of masculine repression which had lasted almost unbroken since the beginning of history4 ,in a similar sense1 the proletarian to-day begins the class war4 ,those who remember the heroic battles of suffrage days know that the sequence of events was as follows3 ,we made our just demands and were met with ridicule4 ,we followed with abuseall the pent-up anger1 misery1 and despair of centuries of thwarted instinct and intelligence4 ,man retaliated with rotten eggs4 ,we replied with smashed windows2 he with prison and torture4 ,people forget so readily1 that it is well to remember that this was in the immediate past2 it is not a nightmare picture of one of those future sex wars with which our modern ,jasons delight to terrify the timorous of both sexes4 ,is there a sex war8 ,there has been4 ,it was a disgraceful exhibition1 and would not have come to a truce so soon1 but that it was eclipsed by the still more disgraceful exhibition of the ,european ,war4 ,in #aiah they bestowed the vote1 just as they dropped about a few ,dames and ,m4,b4,e4's1 as a reward for our services in helping the destruction of our offspring4 ,had we done it after the fashion of ,medea1 the logical male would have been angry4 ,they gave the vote to the older women1 who were deemed less rebellious4 ,such is the discipline of patriotism and marriage1 as it is understood by most women1 that the mother will sacrifice her son with a more resigned devotion than the younger woman brings to the loss of her lover4 ,there may be more in this than discipline4 ,if honesty of thought1 speech1 and action were made possible for women1 it might transpire that on the average a woman's love for her mate is more compelling than love for her offspring4 ,maternal instinctgenuine1 not simulatedis rarer1 but1 when found1 more enduring4 ,there was a promise1 as yet unredeemed by any political partyfor the politician has yet to be found who will realize that the sex problem is as fundamental in politics as the class war1 and more fundamental than foreign trade and imperial expansionto extend this franchise on equal terms with men4 8,good fellowship0 between the sexes as between classes was the key-note of the war4 ,it was held that women had proved their mettle and that mutual aid was to be the basis of all future activities1 public and private4 ,the sex question was deemed settled1 and everyone was led to suppose that all inequalities would be gradually eliminated4 ,on this partial victory and this promise feminists called a truce1 and abandoned the tactics of militarism4 ,but you never know where you have ,jason4 ,he was a soldier1 mark you1 and a gentleman4 ,forbidden open warfare1 he takes to sniping4 ,he snipes the married women out of those posts for which they are peculiarly fittedas teachers or maternity doctorsalthough it is against the law to bar women from any public activity on the ground of marriage4 ,he cheats unemployed women out of their unemployment insurance more craftily and brutally than he cheats his fellow-men4 ,instead of realizing that the competition of women in industry and the professions is a competition of population pressure rather than of sex1 he seeks by every means in his power to drive woman back to matrimonial dependence and an existence on less than half a miserably inadequate income2 and then he mocks at her when she claims the right to stem the inevitable torrent of children whose advent will but aggravate man's difficulties as well as her own4 ,but worse than all the sniping is the smoke-screen of propaganda4 ,while feminists have1 in a large measure1 stayed their hand1 anybody who has anything abusive to say of women1 whether ancient or modern1 can command a vast public in the popular press and a ready agreement from the average publisher4 ,it is a very insidious propaganda4 ,thus the fashion-papers tell us that grandmamma's ways are coming back into their own2 elsewhere we are flattered for the frank honesty of the modern girl and then warned not to ask for equal pay or opportunity4#a ,again1 we hear that woman1 like the ,labour ,party when in office1 has done nothing with the opportunities given her by the vote2 or that the country rejected the women candidates wholesale4 ,this1 regardless of the fact that the steady increase of the ,labour poll has been due in great part to the votes and more to the organization and propaganda of large numbers of intelligent working women who know not only what they want1 but how to get it4 ,they are backed now by many of the middle-class women who were young enough to be revolted by war politics in #aiad1 and are old enough to claim their citizenship in #aibd4 ,hundreds of thousands of others1 now between twenty and thirty1 mothers1 professional and working women1 will make themselves heard before long4 ,to them1 the principle of feminine equality is as natural as drawing breaththey are neither oppressed by tradition nor worn by rebellion4 ,i venture to think that1 had the ,labour ,party machine been less dominated by the masculine perspective1 to which the equal franchise bill was a matter of secondary importance1 they would not have lost so heavily in the #aibd election4 ,votes for women at #ba would have greatly increased the poll of many ,labour candidates4 ,i have seen young mothers almost sobbing outside the polling-station on polling-day because they had no vote to cast for the future of themselves and their children4 ,as for the defeat of women candidates1 everybody1 including the leader-writers who spread the adverse propaganda1 knew perfectly well that the majority of them stood in constituencies where even a man of their party would not have had the ghost of a chance4 ,here again ,jason at headquarters displayed his well-known chivalry4 #a ,lovat ,fraser in a cunning article in ,the ,sunday ,pictorial1 ,january #d1 #aibe4 ,it is no part of my thesis to maintain that women display their feminism in proportion as they vote for any particular political party,labour1 for example4 ,but ,i do suggest that it is the progressive working woman rather than the woman of the middle class who will in the future make the most important contribution to the thought of feminism and to a solution of our practical difficulties4 ,one of the most inveterate anti-feminists1 the author of ,lysistrata1 as an avowed anti-democrat1 has based his thesis and his strictures on observations that do not go beyond the bounds of upper- and middle-class people1 barely even beyond the bounds of the night club or the suburban dance-hall4 ,in his eyes we are to blame for everything4 ,our worst crime is to 8blaspheme life and man02 our next1 not to have prevented food being put into tins2 our next1 to have adhered faithfully to that ascetic view of life and sex so firmly instilled into us by medieval monks and bullying ,puritan fathers and brothers4 ,we are to blame for the industrial revolution in that we let weaving1 spinning1 milling1 and baking go out of our hands4 ,we are to blame for the iniquities of doctors in that we did not maintain our position as the dispensers of healing potions and simples4 ,we are to blame in that we have not learned to bring forth our children without pain1 those children whose brows bear the marks of obstetric instruments that were used to spare their mothers1 and whose lips have not been laid to those inhuman mothers' breasts4 7,there are no scars of war1 ,o ,jason67 ,where is salvation for us1 and how shall we rid us of the burden of our iniquity8 ,we who have waxed so arrogant that we have even aspired to let science build our children outside their mothers' bodies must humble ourselves once more and take upon us the whole duty of woman4 ,we must use our votes to restore aristocracy#b and take the food out of tins2 spin and weave1 no doubt1 the while we nurse and bear our yearly child1 delivering it over to infanticide when necessary1 since birth-control is artificial and displeasing to the male4 ,in our leisure momentsof which1 doubtless1 we shall find many under this humane rgimewe are to discover by what means of diet1 or exercise it may be1 we can fulfil our maternal functions with pleasure instead of suffering4 #b ,an ingenious method of accomplishing this suggests itself4 ,since women do not sit in the ,house of ,lords1 suppose that all ,peers' wives1 following the example of the ,duchess of ,atholl1 stand for ,parliament where their husbands have estates4 ,this would obviate the necessity1 now felt by ,conservatives1 of restoring the veto of the ,house of ,lords4 ,a joke1 you say8 ,no1 no1 my poor ,medea1 it is a man called ,rousseau1 risen from the dead4 ,not long ago he preached this sort of thing to women who pinched their waists and wore a dozen petticoats4 ,they were not educated enough to follow ,voltaire1 so they listened to what ,rousseau called the ,voice of ,nature4 ,soon thereafter1 they found they were being abused for being less civilized1 more ape-like than the male1 irrational and unsuited to take a part in public life4 ,so they tried again1 poor things1 and then there was an awful thing called the ,industrial ,revolution1 and the food got into tins4 ,they may be pardoned1 as may all of us1 if at this point they became a little bewildered4 ,some people blamed science1 some civilization1 some the meat-trusts and the millers1 but the true culprit1 as ever1 was ,woman4 ,a thousand voices cried her downshe hadn't enough children2 she had too many2 she was an ape2 she was a dressed-up doll2 she was a ,puritan2 she was an immoral minx2 she was uneducated2 they had taught her too much4 ,her pinched waist was formerly abusednow it was her slim and boyish body4 ,eminent surgeons#c committed themselves to the view that the boyish figure with its pliable rubber bust-bodices and corselets would be the ruin of the race1 that race which had been superbly undegenerate through four centuries of armour-plate corset and eighteen-inch waists1 that race which1 then or now1 can hardly compete in toughness with the ,chinese1 among whom the boyish figure has been for centuries the ideal1 and whose women cannot conceivably be accused of shirking any of the responsibilities of maternity4 ,others told us that the woman-doctor has no nerve to tend confinements1 and conveniently forgot that1 since the world began1 and until quite modern times1 it is women who have ministered to one another in that agony which now as in the past is the lot of every mother4 ,is there truth in the words of ,jason8 ,is there truth or justice in the passion of ,medea8 ,let us not ask the protagonists1 but let us summon the inquiring intelligence of ,hypatia to find us a way out of the intolerable tangle in which their quarrelling has landed us4 #c ,sir ,arbuthnot ,lane1 for whom ,i have hitherto entertained an entirely unqualified admiration1 in a recent article4 ,vide ,the ,weekly ,dispatch1 ,december #bh1 #aibd4 ,,ii ,,artemis ,the ,early ,struggles of ,feminism ,when the feminist struggle began during the last century1 ignorance and beauty were the two qualities most admired in women4 ,it is necessary to remind our masculine critics what was the soil from which the feminist movement sprang and what the current morality which influenced its direction4 ,it was customary in those days to make fun of old or ugly women and to scorn those who showed any signs of intelligence4 ,a man chose a young1 beautiful1 and blushing creature for his bride1 and transformed her by one year of marriage and one childbirth into a gentle and submissive matron4 ,ugly or intelligent women1 for the most part1 paid a heavy price4 ,not only were they rejected in youth1 and starved of all their natural joys1 but as 8old maids0 they were the object of general scorn and derision4 ,small wonder that women adopted artificial aids to beauty and artificial hindrances to their native intelligence4 ,strongest of all the taboos laid by masculine custom and religion on feminine minds was that regarding sex-knowledge4 ,their purity was to be preserved only by ignorance1 and even as matrons and mothers it was scarcely decent for them to refer to any of the physical changes of their bodies4 ,it is impossible to over-estimate the strength of this tradition1 or the harm which has been worked by it to the cause of women4 ,the feminists were1 and are still1 howled down by men on the pretence that they invented chastity and scorn of bodily values4 ,history disproves such a ridiculous assertion4 ,the early feminists were what history and tradition made them1 and could not at the time of their rebellion have been otherwise4 ,the origin of the stupid ideal of womanhood against which men as well as women to-day are still fighting was the asceticism of the ,christian religion2 and1 unless ,st4 ,paul was a woman in disguise1 ,i fail to see how woman is to be blamed for a conception of her place and duty from which she has suffered more than anybody else4 ,before the conversion of the ,west to ,christianity1 barbarian women of the ,north enjoyed a certain rough equality with their husbands4 ,they stride through the sagas1 these fierce women1 brides of heroes1 glad to reward the warrior with their favours1 quick to avenge an insult or a wrong4 ,they had no need to stoop to cajolery4 ,savage and untamed1 they were the fit and equal mates of savage men4 ,then came the monks1 and the white wimples and courtly dresses and chivalry1 chants and cathedrals1 and meek and reverent casting up and casting down of eyes4 ,the savage breast that had swelled and throbbed untrammelled in love or anger learnt to flutter and to sigh4 ,quenched were the fires of ,brunhilde1 her sunlit rock deserted4 ,agnes and ,mary1 tamed and pious1 sat cooing in the shade4 ,but for meekness and maternity1 the early days of asceticism might have seen a crusade to destroy that temptresswoman4 ,barely allowed a soul1 she slipped through a life of oblivion1 praying that it might be a pretty crown with which ,heaven would reward her patience and submission at the last4 ,then came the ,puritans and denied her even that1 substituting ugliness in this life as well as the negation of body1 and a heaven of people in starched nightshirts1 rendered oblivious to the horrid spectacle of their figures by the still more horrid chanting of their nasal psalms4 ,a breath of rationalismbrief1 soon choked1 a breath of 8nature0and so to crinolines1 pantalettes1 and a life still lived in terror of hell-fire1 terror of parents1 dread of husband1 horror of the least breath of adverse public opinion4 ,anyone who reads the ,fairchild ,family must marvel that from such nerve-destroying parental tyranny and the intolerable weight of prejudice and religious superstition the nineteenth-century woman ever found the courage to rebel4 ,was it astonishing that the revolt had in it something frenzied and asceticthat it seemed to express the anger of the spinster thwarted and despised in the current schemes of values8 ,i do not think the pioneers were so much ,puritan as votaries1 hanging the tablet of each achievement in the temple of ,athene or of ,artemis1 pressing on1 breathless1 swift of foot1 sure of aim1 in dread of the fate of ,atalanta whom the ,golden ,apples lured to destruction and the marital embrace4 8,chaste as the icicle1 that hangs on ,dian's temple40 ,they had need to be1 perhaps1 who1 in an atmosphere of swoons and ringlets1 won for us schools and colleges1 free limbs1 health and the open air2 unlocked for us the classics1 science1 medicine1 the history of our world2 drew us from our paltry1 ladylike accomplishments2 wrote upon our school-books3 8,knowledge is now no more a fountain sealed10 and flung wide the gate into the world4 ,they1 these pioneers1 childless1 unwed1 created and bore thousands of women1 made them anew1 body and soul1 for lives of mental and physical activity unknown in the past to any but the very exceptional few4 ,just like the new learning of the ,renaissance to men's minds in ,europe was the opening of high school and university to the feminine mind of to-day4 ,thousands of women of the last generation and this1 who would otherwise have passed their existence in genteel poverty and vacancy of mind1 have found their happiness in teaching1 in medicine1 or in some other profession4 ,thousands of mothers have watched with delight the unfolding of their children's minds1 and enjoyed co-operating over 8lessons0 and arguing politics with the adolescent4 ,we1 who in a sense are the children of the feminist pioneers1 whose thoughts embrace the universe1 whose lives are one long round of mental and physical delight1 at times intense to ecstasywe at least will pay our tribute to those who lit the sacred fires1 before we take up pen and paper to criticize4 ,when one reads the lamentations of would-be intelligent men about the iniquities of modern young people1 chiefly those of the female sex1 one cannot but laugh at their method of approach4 ,it would seem according to them that our modern women just happened like that3 no one had a part in forming their bodies or in training their minds4 ,in so far as these people consider education or early training at all1 it is to blaspheme at the sex-hating feminists who have trained modern women to dispense with their birth-rightthe love of man4 ,how this squares with the wail of the ,bishops against the sexual immorality of the younger generation we will leave ,jason or the eloquent author of ,lysistrata to decide4 ,our business is not to condemn woman1 past or present1 but to chronicle faithfully the forces that have made her1 and the aspirations which will mould her future4 ,for she1 and she alone1 shall be the arbiter of her fate1 and neither man nor creed stand between her and the realization of her ideals4 ,men have blasphemed woman and life too long1 and it will not be until the issues are clearer1 the battle more advanced1 that the basis for co-operation between man and woman can be finally established4 ,there is too much evidence at present that man1 professing friendship and concern1 is still ready to snatch from us what little we have won4 ,to those elderly gentlemen1 then1 who watch with horror the upper- and middle-class woman perpetrating similar follies to those of upper- and middle-class men1 the first question we would put is3 8,what education did they give their daughters1 and what was taught to their mothers before them8 ,what were the current ideas about feminine destiny which encircled them in their impressionable years80 ,many would answer1 still far too many1 that their daughters were given the education of a gentlewoman and fitted to become the wives of gentlemen4 ,this we know of old4 ,the lady eats1 drinks1 digests1 wears clothes1 tinkles the piano1 dances1 sings1 handles a golf-club1 submits to sex1 bears a child without the smallest notion of anatomy1 turns from the whole thing disgusted1 and probably bears no more4 ,whose fault8 ,not hers4 ,they do not teach mothercraft or physiology in finishing schools for gentlemen's daughters1 and it is no part of the duty of gentlemen's wives to reproduce their kind4 ,perhaps there is comfort in that4 ,a great many parents1 however1 would tell us that they gave their daughters a good and liberal education in such schools as were available1 good ordinary boarding- and day-schools which have sprung up during the last fifty years in response to the feminist propaganda4 ,then we have the working woman1 who has shared with her brothers in what education is permitted to trickle through the elementary schools4 ,it must not be forgotten that this ends at fourteen4 ,is there something wrong with this education of women1 and if so1 what8 ,i think we must judge that there is4 ,the reason lies in the sense of inferiority bred in women by so much oppression1 and the natural result that their chief aim as they struggled upwards was to prove that in all respects they were just as good as men4 ,the second aim was to prove that they could jolly well do without them4 ,in exactly the same way the worker1 rising in the social scale1 seeks to prove himself a bourgeois4 ,both efforts are mistaken4 ,each class and sex has that to give to the common stock of achievement1 knowledge1 thought1 which it alone can give1 and robs itself and the community by inferior imitation4 ,the feminist movement1 like one dissentient voice in an excited public meeting1 was querulous1 hysterical1 uncertain of itself4 ,it dared not cry out that women had bodies4 ,its one hope of success was to prove that women had minds4 ,and it was right in this1 that the primary fact about men and women is not that they are two sexes apart1 but that they are human beings and as such should share all knowledge in the world and make it the basis of their partnership and the rearing of their children4 ,many an ardent feminist spinster in a girls' secondary school has sighed over the state of public opinion which forced her to drive her girls' minds along channels for which they were not always suited1 that they might do well at college and show that women could surpass the men4 ,many another1 well drilled by a mother or tradition in ideals of feminine virtue1 gloried in the sexless learned women she was creating and in the thought that one day they would force those savage1 lustful men to conform to the ideals which they set up for women4 ,why blame her8 ,lay the blame where it is due4 ,it will be but a just retribution for that lustful male and his ideal of feminine virtue if one day1 in a world full of prohibitions1 he finds himself forced to kneel before the ,mumbo-,jumbo#d he himself built up to terrify his wives and daughters to submission4 #d ,mumbo-,jumbo was an idol set up by the men in ,nigeria to terrify erring women4 ,the men1 but not the women1 knew him to be a fake4 ,see ,mungo ,park's ,travels4 ,feminist ideals of education1 then1 had the defect that they did in a certain measure deny sex1 or ignore it4 ,the feminists had a pathetic hope that by so doing they would convince the dominant male that a woman might be learned and yet remain a lady4 ,but ,i wish to emphasize the fact that this feature has belonged to all education of women1 especially of ladies1 from time immemorial1 and it is1 therefore1 unbecoming in a male1 whether young or old1 to use this as a cause for reproach to our sex4 ,we went as far as we dared with an eye to male hostility4 ,young feminists to-day would be the first to admit that it would probably have paid us to go further4 ,there never has been a period when education has trained women for the possibility of motherhood1 and it is time that such training was begun4 ,there never was a period when the education of women was completely honest1 and it is time that that training was begun4 ,what knowledge is of more vital importance to women than anatomy and physiology8 ,they were allowed it if they were to be doctors1 and then only with caution4 ,turning casually the pages of a book on anatomy in a girls' secondary school library1 ,i found the diagrams connected with sex and maternity carefully stuck fast4 ,what is more calculated to inspire prying and prurience8 ,we have no right to blame young women for shirking marriage1 sex1 or motherhood1 or for moulding their figures on boyish lines1 when we carefully treat them as boys and withhold from them as long as we can all knowledge of the difference of their physique and possibly of their destiny4 ,i have no wish to go back on the great achievements of feminism1 or to drive women from the professions in which they have a just right to be employed4 ,i want to break down the last barriers4 ,artemis is slim and bold2 ,athene is stately4 ,we have done well to worship at their shrines4 ,but the call of ,demeter the ,fruitful is insistent4 ,if we would add to the achievements of those who came before us1 let us freely admit that we have but been playing mock modesty1 and that to us the body is no mere box to hold the mind1 but a temple of delight and ecstasy3 a temple to hold the future if we will4 ,to me the important task of modern feminism is to accept and proclaim sex2 to bury for ever the lie that has too long corrupted our societythe lie that the body is a hindrance to the mind1 and sex a necessary evil to be endured for the perpetuation of our race4 ,to understand sexto bring to it dignity and beauty and knowledge born of science1 in place of brute instinct and squalorthat is the bridge that will span the breach between ,jason and ,medea4 ,,iii ,,aspasia ,the ,younger ,feminists ,while we have admitted that the first aim of the feminist movement was to open to women the stores of learning1 to develop their minds and to teach them to think1 and that no attempt was made to handle the problem of sex1 it is not quite fair to say that even early feminism has consistently denied or despised the body4 ,the schools and colleges made it their business to give to women opportunities for physical development1 for open-air exercise1 swimming1 tennis1 hockey1 lacrosse4 ,the ,victorian young woman learnt gradually to be ashamed of her tiny waist and fat hips4 ,she learnt that a healthy appetite#e as well became a young woman as a young man1 gave up her snacks in private and did justice to good meals taken at proper intervals4 ,quietly1 and without mention of the fatal word 8sex10 the spinster feminists1 by emphasis on health and vigour1 built up a generation of young women who were to be frank about other desires besides eating and drinking4 #e ,there may be a biological cause of the alleged smallness of feminine appetite4 ,watching a raven and his consort with fresh meat1 ,i observed that she obtained only a minute portion beneath the contempt of the male4 ,can it be that1 in the savage state1 only those females survived who could exist on the little the male allowed them8 ,is this a case of sex-linked heredity8 ,i cannot see what is the matter with our figures4 ,steel rods and rubber are more modern materials than oak beams and pink plaster4 ,neither we nor our modern lovers admire the opulent ,venuses1 indolent and rose-embowered1 who adorned the ceilings of old-fashioned ballrooms4 ,they were stupid1 self-indulgent creatures1 not even good mothers1 whatever the sentimental elderly gentlemen in their top-hats and whiskers may have to say4 ,what is a good mother we will discuss in a later chapter1 but for the present it is enough to say that more dangerous childbirths are due to narrow pelves caused by rickets than to hips contracted by the corsets of vanity4 ,let the doctors turn socialist and feed the poor1 instead of spending their time lamenting the inadequacy for childbirth of a few fashionable women who don't very much matter4 ,middle- and upper-class girls nowadaysand most working-class girls1 toogo corsetless up to maturity4 ,they do gymnastic exercises1 and dances that give suppleness to the body4 ,they swim and they play out of doors4 ,those who are rich enough to be adequately fed are graceful and active as kittens1 and as healthy4 ,by the time adolescence brings1 as it always does1 a few years of intensive sex-vanity1 the corset can do very little harm4 ,the muscular little body does not tolerate it stiff1 or very tight1 and the bones are well grown4 ,the mystery of feminine dress helps the appearance of slimness4 ,there are few clothes1 and no lumpy gathers4 ,beneath that boyish outline are firm little breasts1 clean arching hips1 abdominal curves and thighs1 lovely as anything the ,venus of ,milo has to show4 ,artemis fashioned this modern woman4 ,that is admitted4 ,has ,artemis her vows8 ,i'm afraid for once we have to admit that the ,bishops are right4 ,in spite of everything the ,church can do1 in spite of an education committed1 so far as the authorities can control it1 to sour or religious spinsters1 the modern young woman is not very moral4 ,it is a pathetic picture which the author of ,lysistrata has drawn for us1 of sexless beings going to and fro in tube and bus-like shuttles in a machine to dull work robbed of all joy1 earning their livelihood and turning their backs on man in response to feminist propaganda4 ,man1 the enemyto be defeated in his own professions1 to be repelled in every onslaught upon feminine virtue3 ,i wonder8 ,i would hazard a guess that1 relatively to the population1 fewer women retain their virginity till death than in the ,victorian period or the ,middle ,ages4 ,in all probability it is sex1 not sexlessness1 which makes women cling so tenaciously to the right to earn their living4 ,marriage brings a jealous intolerant husband1 children1 prying and impertinent neighboursdegraded and humiliating slavery for the vast majority of women4 ,thirty shillings a week and typing or working in a shop1 a still tongue1 or a toss of the head and the assertion that independence is the best2 and1 in the background a lover with whom somehow evenings are spenta lover who has no claim and cannot tyrannize4 ,a lover1 perhaps1 who pleads to become a husband1 but has no chance unless his income is good or secure4 ,marriage would change him3 ,aspasia knows it4 ,marriage would also rob her of that thirty shillings a week1 which alone stands between her and the abyss of primeval submission4 ,or else ,aspasia teaches in a school or college4 ,she is a skilled teacher1 devoted to her work and pupils4 ,she may be a ,research ,fellow in some difficult branch of learning which is to her the very breath of life4 ,she may be a doctor in the public service1 tending and advising mothers and children4 ,she is lovely1 vital1 creative4 ,man approaches4 ,there are holidays of delight and secret dread of the scandal which will end the work ,aspasia lovesor marriage and the certainty of that end at once4 8,choose10 say the ,bishops and the school-managers 7often the same thing73 8,choose10 say the public authorities who support the ,church and rather wish women would get out of this indelicate profession of surgery and medicine2 8choose between love and duty to the male and service to the community40 ,this is not feminismfeminists have fought it persistentlyit is medieval ,christianity4 ,it presents a choice between physical pleasure and service to the mind or soul2 it upholds the time-honoured theory that renunciation of the world1 the flesh1 and the devil is the path to duty and salvation4 ,i am fully aware of all the arguments about economic pressure1 the primary right of married men to work1 the awful situation of their dependent children and their wives4 ,none of this is fundamental1 and the jealous male knows it4 8,divide to conquer0 is the principle in dealing with trade unions2 it works equally well in the feminist struggle4 ,persuade the single women that the married woman is an unfair competitor1#f terrify them so far as you can into believing that to succumb to sex is something unbecoming and disgraceful and punishable with misery everlasting1 whether in marriage or outside of it1 and you can prevent the women combining against you4 #f ,this scheme no longer works1 as is evidenced by the attitude of the ,national ,union of ,women ,teachers this year 7#aibe74 ,intelligent women are more appreciated than they were1 and teachers know they may all want to marry some day4 ,but not if ,aspasia will speak4 ,if she but would1 and put an end to this lie for ever4 ,she could tell us how1 especially during the years of war1 young women took the last step towards feminine emancipation by admitting to themselves and their lovers the mutual nature of sex-love between man and woman4 ,it sounds a platitude1 but is1 in fact1 a revolution4 ,strange to say1 the nearness of death from enemy bombs or enemy fire did not intensify the thought of holiness and heaven4 ,it made the little footrules to measure morality look absurd2 it mocked the emptiness of female virtue4 ,while poverty and parents forbade the certainty of marriage1 with nothing but instability and death around them1 our modern ,aspasias took the love of man and gave the love of woman1 and found this union1 free and full on either side1 the most priceless gift the immortal gods can bestow4 ,there is nothing new in this1 the moralist will sayit is just wickedness4 ,yes1 there is this that is new3 that1 though these younger women may be driven from fear of starvation to the outward acceptance of old codes and conventions1 inwardly they know they have done no wrong and will not admit a conviction of sin4 ,sex1 even without children and without marriage1 is to them a thing of dignity1 beauty1 and delight4 ,all ,puritansand most males so long as they can rememberhave tried to persuade women that their part in sex is pregnancy and childbirth1 and not momentary delight4 ,as well tell a man his part is the hunting and skinning of animals for food and clothing4 ,to enjoy and admit we enjoy1 without terror or regret1 is an achievement in honesty4 ,we will go further and say that polygamy1 proffered by the male as a solution to our sexless lives1 is no solution at all when we are polyandrous4 ,it is useless to go on pretending1 as both sexes do1 about this question4 ,the plain truth is that there are as many types of lover among women of all classes as among men1 and that nothing but honesty and freedom will make instinctive satisfaction possible for all4 ,grant each man and woman the right to seek his or her own solution without fear of public censure4 ,moral questions of this kind cannot be decided by some abstract rule4 ,it would not be wrong for a man to have six wives1 provided he and they all found mutual happiness in that arrangement2 nor for a woman to have six husbands and a child by each1 if she and they found such a life satisfactory4 ,the wrong lies in rules that are barriers between human beings who would otherwise reach a fuller and more intense understanding of one another4 ,and any man or woman of intelligence and vitality can testify that to have known each other as lovers is to have completed mental and spiritual1 as well as physical1 understanding1 and to have permanently enriched each other's lives1 capacities1 energies1 imaginations4 ,there is no need to make these divisions into mind and body4 ,there is no difference4 ,a way of walking1 laughter1 thoughts spoken or written1 gestures of love or anger1 colour and light of eyes or hairthese are the human being1 man or woman4 ,it is thus that modern individuals think of one another4 ,when we think so1 it seems absurd to argue whether or no love between man and woman should stop short of a certain kind of physical expression4 ,it is useless to say that a mental exchange is sufficient4 ,on the contrary1 lovers know that it is through sexual understanding they best apprehend the quality of each other's minds4 ,it is equally futile to argue that woman is cheated of her full rights if children do not result4 ,that is not true4 ,it is said that modern human beings1 by dint of not valuing the body1 are physically degenerate and lose the finest ecstasies of love4 ,their digestions are poor1 we are told1 their breath foul1 their teeth bad4 ,was love more delightful1 then1 in the old days when baths were unknown1 when 8sweet breath0 in a woman was so rare as to be sung by poets1 and the reek of stale sweat was barely stifled by a strong perfume8 ,john ,donne wrote verses to the flea he saw nestling in his lady's bosom4 ,there is scarcely a fine gentleman to-day who could face the prospect of making love to one of the fine ladies of the past six or seven hundred years in ,europe1 if she could be presented to him just as she was to her contemporary lovers4 ,it is true that neither vermin1 filth1 nor squalorbeing equal for bothcan stay the passion of sex whether now or in the past1 but ,i do not believe in the theory that the rougher our physique the more intense our bodily delights4 ,health1 to be sure1 is essential2 but health is to be secured in the modern world1 not by a return to savagery1 but by the use of intelligence4 ,i believe the bodies of young people of to-day to whom fair opportunities have been given are more healthy within and without than they were in past times4 ,and ,i believe that the disappearance of religious and moral dualism between mind and matternot by an oppressive victory of either1 neither by rational and moral control1 nor by abandonment to sensual materialism1 but by a better understanding of psychology and physiology based on the discoveries of physical scienceis bringing to the whole of life1 but especially to sex-love1 maternity1 the rearing and education of children1 joy and rapture and promise surpassing anything known to the purely instinctive life of the past4 ,of course we are bewildered4 ,civilization without decay is at last a possibility4 ,let us have knowledge and patience3 blaspheming and violence will ruin all4 ,it is for modern women and for men who can understand the problem to make an end to secrecy1 shame1 and starvation where sex is concerned4 ,there has been a good deal of freedom in action1 but less boldness in speech1 because of the heavy penalties involved4 ,for some women speech is impossible2 those who are secure must fight their battle4 ,how old and proper people love a vigorous and god-like young male6 ,how they look askance upon1 brow-beat1 and bully his equivalent in the opposite sex6 ,here is a community for ever starving and choking its finest women1 stifling their voices in education and public life2 then turning and rending the submissive residue for being what years of intimidation have made them4 ,let them marry1 you say1 and make a success of that and their children4 ,that would be well enough but for the taboos and disabilities with which marriage is surrounded4 ,feminism led women away from the home that they might return armed and unsubdued to make marriage tolerable4 ,women who have been free remember the horror of the approach to marriage3 a barrier for most of us to free public activity2 a life-long contract only to be broken in disgrace and public disgust2 aunts1 uncles1 social duties that exasperate and are totally unnecessary2 the common view that henceforward husband and wife are one and indivisible1 and the wife for ever to be burdened with her husband's duties and affairs2 looks of surprise and reproach if we enjoy other male society2 constraint in the manner of men formerly our friends2 income1 if we have any or can still earn1 taxed as a part of our husband's2 children1 which1 had we had them illegitimate1 would have been our own but now are our husband's2 worst of all1 the looks and smiles from silly women broken in to slavery1 congratulating us on having done well and made ourselves secure for life4 ,let no one think this is petulant abuse4 ,it is the accumulation of these details1 and the pressure of public opinion which gradually destroy the nerve and independent judgment of married women who1 in their free state1 have been brilliant and remarkable4 ,it is the fact that1 by marriage1 we conform and place ourselves in a line with millions of others whose view of what we have done is entirely foreign to our own4 ,as a ,labour ,minister is corrupted by ,court dress1 so is a free woman by the marriage-contract4 ,nothing but our desire for children would make us endure it4 ,we1 to whom the mutual nature of sex-love is sacred1 to whom a partnership involving children is of equal dignity on both sides1 to whom the surrender of our whole being in love is a free giftthe highest we can bestow2 who would neither bind ourselves nor others where love is non-existent2 we must submit to a contract based on rights of property and possession1 buying and selling of our bodies2 a law whose conception of conjugal wrongs is sin1 punishment1 and just revenge2 and a ,church whose utmost concession is to bid us 8serve0 instead of 8obey0 our husbands4 ,build1 ,o ,aspasia1 a trade union of lovers to conquer the world1 and cry aloud that feminism is nowhere so much needed as in the home4 ,,iv ,,hecuba ,feminist ,mothers ,so far ,i have refrained from any detailed discussion of modern women and maternity because it is still necessary to make it clear that a full life of activity for women is perfectly possible and permissible without it4 ,i am quite aware that certain religious people assert as a moral principle that the purpose of sex-love is not mutual enjoyment but the perpetuation of the race4 ,i am also aware that militarists enjoin on women the necessity of marriage and large families as a patriotic duty4 ,further1 certain doctors have gone out of their way to try to prove that the use of contraceptives is contrary to health and nature4 ,these same people1 we may note1 have no aversion from the wearing by women of internal remedial rubber supports for months on end nor to patching up with silver1 papier mch1 and other foreign materials1 the insides and outsides of human beings mutilated in the natural and healthy pursuit called war4 ,i am not concerned with the morals of convention or superstition1 but with the morals of experience4 ,it is the experience of modern women that sex is an instinctive need to them as it is to men1 and further that the prevention of conception brings to them no loss of poise1 health1 or happiness4 ,on the contrary1 when once they embark on the task of maternity1 contraception is a blessed safeguard to health and recovery in the periods of rest between pregnancies4 ,i am not going to deny that the most perfect delight known to human beings is the completely reckless1 mutually adoring union of two people of vitality and intelligence who hope to create another human being as a constant reminder of the beauty of that moment4 ,but many considerations1 which we shall discuss1 forbid a yearly child4 ,i read recently in an article by ,g4 ,k4 ,chesterton1 that sex without gestation and parturition is like blowing the trumpets and waving the flags without doing any of the fighting4 ,from a woman such words1 though displaying inexperience1 might come with dignity2 from a man they are an unforgivable1 intolerable insult4 ,what is man's part in sex but a perpetual waving of flags and blowing of trumpets and avoidance of the fighting8 ,the vast majority of men are not even tender or kindly to their pregnant or nursing wives1 nor will they give help or consideration to the care of their young children4 ,a revolt against motherhood under present conditions is not surprising1 nor is it entirely regrettable4 ,there are quite a number of women whose minds and bodies are not fitted or have not been fitted by their upbringing and education to produce and care for children4 ,this is a source of distress to many people1 who1 as was suggested earlier1 did not think of it at the right moment1 when the education of women in public and private schools was being developed4 ,even now these same people stand in the way of the surest remedy3 which is to teach science1 physiology1 and the beauty of sex and maternity to boys and girls at an early age4 ,the ,london ,county ,council1 many of whom are certainly distressed beyond measure at the falling birth-rate and the discontent and irresponsibility of modern young people1 have just1 in consultation with suitably selected moral headmasters and mistresses1 turned down the suggestion of sex-teaching in elementary and secondary schools4 ,we are always told that boys and girls of all classes nowadays acquire this knowledge easily for themselves1 but the mere knowledge is not the only thing to the adolescent mind4 ,things not spoken of by parents or teachers1 things dealt with in hushed voices by moral and spiritual leaders1 surrounded by cant and humbug and false sentiment1 are bound to be thought nasty by mild young people and to provide ribald laughter for the obstreperous4 ,this is not to say that sex-information should be given in a spirit of evangelical solemnity and exhortation1 nor even of soft sentimentality4 ,all that is needed is lessons in physiology1 taught as a matter of course1 as botany or nature-study are often taught2 and then explanations to boys of the working of their bodies1 how to keep them in health1 how not to dissipate and destroy their energies too soon4 ,further1 they should be told that woman is neither a chattel nor a servant1 nor even an inferior1 but a partner in joy as in the business of life2 that there is no question or difficulty1 public or private1 which cannot be brought to her for discussion and judgment2 and that she has a right to share in all decisions affecting a joint life1 children1 money1 and the conduct of affairs of ,state4 ,to girls in the same way could be explained the physical changes of puberty1 marriage1 and maternity1 how the child grows1 what food and care the mother1 and afterwards the baby1 will need4 ,there is nothing in this too difficult or shocking to young or adolescent minds4 ,so many of us can remember the secret conclaves with our friends when we puzzled out and pieced together what scraps of information we could glean1 awakening instinct darkly supplementing this knowledge4 ,some of us can remember1 perhaps1 having noticed obscene writing on school-walls1 instantly reported by shocked prefects1 instantly effaced by school-mistresses with an awful and portentous gravity which made us feel we had stumbled on the brink of a secret of incredible wickedness and horror4 ,one straightforward lecture of concise information could have dispelled the lurking mystery once and for all and imparted a sense of magic and wonder and ambition4 ,some of the more fortunate of us1 through study in libraries and dreaming over poems1 created for ourselves a finer attitude4 ,with no teaching other than that we might find someone who would marry us some day1 and that marriage was an excellent destiny even for educated women1 and with no belief in any of the moral taboos current around us1 some of us can none the less remember the pride of caring for the body1 safeguarding health and looks1 avoiding excess1 severe strain1 and overwork1 because we cherished our dreams of the children that our bodies were to makenot ordinary children1 of course not3 ,promethean creatures1 endowed with every gift that mortal man could steal from the jealous gods1 strong1 beautiful1 intelligent and boldkings and conquerors1 not of their fellow-creatures but of nature and the mystery of the world4 ,there is not a woman1 unless completely warped by early training1 in whom such dreams and visions will not stir if we try to wake them4 ,if not1 then let her pass3 we do not need her to perpetuate the race4 ,and do not trick her into motherhood by false sentiment and information1 or by withholding from her the means to protect herself if she is not fully resolved upon bearing a child4 ,we want better reasons for having children than not knowing how to prevent them4 ,nor should we represent motherhood as something so common and easy that everyone can go through it without harm or suffering and rear her children competently and well4 ,without arousing dread or horror1 we should tell young women frankly the pain and agony of childbirth1 and the anxiety and griefs which are the fate of every woman who is a mother by choice and therefore loves her children4 ,nothing whatever is to be gained by driving the timorous and weak by lies or compulsion into pain which they will resent and responsibility which they will evade4 ,everything is to be gained by training a woman in knowledge1 courage1 and physical strength1 and leaving it then to her own instinct and her mind to tell her that to create new human beings is worth the discomfort and the suffering which she must necessarily undergo4 ,those in whom the courage to create survives when choice is free and all the facts are known are those best fitted to bring children into the world1 and breed in them eagerness and intrepidity4 ,the others will only pass on fear and distaste for life from which individuals and the community suffer far too much already4#g #g ,the anti-feminists who see in emancipated women nothing but persecuting spinsters should take comfort from the fact that voluntary motherhood will ultimately destroy feminism1 if they are right4 ,the children of women passionately desirous of maternity will inherit strong parental and survival instincts1 the occasional feminist 8sport0 not reproducing herself6 ,i do not mean by this that we should1 scorning the aid of science1 return to natural childbirth1 and let its pangs scare off the weaklings and the cowards4 ,in this matter the charges of our critics are conflicting4 ,they condemn us for having sought the aid of science to mitigate our suffering1 and in the same breath tell us that a return to natural child-bed will bring back a primitive exhilaration and freedom from pain lost for thousands of years4 ,i do not believe that for any comparatively civilized race1 any race really worthy the name of man1 childbirth has ever been painless4 ,the upright position1 held by eighteenth-century divines to be a source of pride in man1 was the first injustice to women4 ,nor do ,i believe that the sufferings of modern women are any worse or their confinements any more difficult than those of women in the past4 ,they are more closely observed and the difficulties known1 and1 where skill is available1 the dangerous ones are less likely to be fatal4 ,in the past the fragile woman died1 or continued ailing1 unobserved by a doctor and afraid to complain4 ,people who live and breed in a state of nature are by no means so healthy and vigorous as our modern ,rousseaus would have us believe3 more children die than survive1 and those who are left have physical defects and deformities which could have been remedied by knowledge and care4 ,these and the ravages of smallpox and other diseases1 and the deformities due to the natural accidents of life unmitigated by medical care1 produce far more ugliness than the mark of an obstetric instrument on temple or forehead4 ,then1 again1 youth passes more quickly4 ,the men and women we see in modern life1 still reasonably young and fresh with rounded faces and teeth stopped or supplemented by art1 would in a more primitive community be dead1 or else crouching useless and despised1 toothless and with sunken cheeks by the fireside of their sons and daughters4 ,decay and pain belong to nature4 ,to arrest the one and mitigate the other has been the task which the sciences that deal in physiology have set themselves4 ,remedial at first1 they pass on to the stage of prevention4 ,already the principle of intelligent medicine is to strengthen what is weak in the body by nourishment and exercise rather than provide artificial substitutes4 ,paralysed limbs return to life2 women retain their teeth white and strong through several pregnancies4 ,this is not done by a return to nature1 but by an increase in civilization and knowledge4 ,in that way our very landscapes have been formed4 ,we prune1 we nourish the soil1 we cross-breed our plants4 ,the vegetables upon which the enthusiast for nature urges us to live are the product of science and artifice3 thousands of years of cultivation1 nitrates from ,chile1 skill of the experimenter1 skill of the gardener's hand4 ,the same is true of the animals we breed for meat1 eggs1 or milk supply4 ,agriculture and stock-breeding seem natural to usthey were not natural in the distant past4 ,as regards the human body1 to me at least it seems that we are now beginning to approach the right attitude4 ,there was more dosing and doctoring of petty ailments among intelligent people in the last century4 ,to-day we try to learn how best to live in order that such ailments may not occur1 and substitute a well-balanced diet for aids to digestion and the normal functioning of our bodies4 ,we do the same in rearing our children4 ,and this attitude would become more general if those who rule us1 ,press1 ,church1 rich men and politicians1 would consider it really important that every man1 woman1 and child in the ,state should have health and happiness1 and therefore supply broadcast the necessary rules of life and sufficient of healthy and staple foods for all1 in place of advertisement of quack remedies and patent substitutes prepared by profiteers4 ,to return to the application of science and nature to maternity4 ,a special sentimentality and superstition inherited from the completely savage periods of history cling about this1 as about sex4 ,the avoidance of suffering in childbirth is taboo in the ,japanese moral code1 as it was until recently in ,christian morals4 ,religion has persisted in regarding the female body as unclean when engaged in its most important functions1 and purifying it afterwards by special prayers to the ,deity4#h ,we find this savagery current in ,judaism#i as in ,christianity1 together with an exhortation to be fruitful and multiply1 and therefore to pass through shame and uncleanness as often as we can4 ,it was thought a horror and an outrage when chloroform was used to help us4 ,it is a still greater horror when means are discovered of not having children at all4 ,to this day most doctors and dentists refuse to give an ansthetic and draw a rotten tooth which is wearing down a pregnant mother's strength by sleepless nights and days of agony4 ,yet this can be done with reasonable care and skill4 ,behind all this there is the mystic belief that somehow or other nature does the work best unaided and unhindered2 and this mysticism is rooted in a savage taboo4 ,life is1 indeed1 so pertinacious that somehow some of us will survive whatever we do1 but this does not seem to me an adequate attitude for the rational mother4 #h ,see the service for the ,churching of ,women in the ,prayer ,book4 #i ,leviticus1 xii1 #a-h4 ,the truth is that it is not desired or expected that mothers should be rational4 ,maternal instinct is so wonderful1 maternal devotion so sublime1 cry our sentimental brutes4 ,whatever we may have known of life and the outside world1 it is still expected in modern times that1 once married1 we shall descend into a morass of instinct and ignorance from which we shall never1 if the male and the vindictively-minded spinster can prevent it1 emerge again4 ,we are privileged1 so we are told1 in that we may bear each year a child for the ,state1 rock the cradle1 wash1 mend1 and make1 pass on the lore of housekeeping and infant-care to our daughters just as we received it from our mothers4 ,it is such a beautiful picture3 a pity it is entirely false4 ,the old-fashioned mother had no lore1 and her instinct was inadequate4 ,she succeeded by luck rather than by knowledge4 ,she adored1 or disciplined2 she killed by kindness or by severity and neglect4 ,she would coddle when she should have hardened1 harden when she should have coddled2 she would over-feed and under-feed1 or give the wrong kind of food4 ,since it has been the fashion for women to have minds1 the books for mothers have become more scientific and our intelligent inquiries have been met by research and more adequate replies4 ,every mother with any intelligence who has reared one or more children through the first year of life and up to five years of age would admit nowadays that scientific knowledge was of more service to her than all the instinct and adoration at her command4 ,indeed1 ,i believe the so-called maternal instinct in handling and understanding babies consists of habit almost imperceptibly learnt in tending the first1 blossoming into a smooth instinctive unity with the coming of the second4 ,the fashionable mother1 said to be devoid of maternal instinct because she neglects her child1 has simply not learnt it1 because necessity does not compel her to practical duties4 ,this is even true1 though less so1 of well-to-do mothers who feed their babies at the breast4 ,people will persist in imagining that uncivilized women were always able to feed their children in natural fashion4 ,very often they were obliged to seek the help of another mother1 and1 when that was not forthcoming1 the baby died4 ,it is quite true that our adaptation to modern conditions of life1 nerve-stress1 combined with overwork for women in towns and industrial districts1 has caused breast-feeding to be less common than it was in the past4 ,but here again the way of life is not back to nature1 which is impossible because we cannot at a blow destroy industrialism and the townsbut onwards1 to greater knowledge4 ,instead of bullying the mothers and telling them it is wicked not to feed their babies at the breast1 let them know how1 by pre-natal care of health and strength1 by diet1 by deliberate nerve-control1 they can feed their babies with comfort and delight and without detriment to their health and the work which they must necessarily door even to their beauty4 ,here again1 if choice is free and the child therefore ardently desired1 there is more chance of success with breast-feeding4 ,and knowledge of the chemical constituents of cow's milk and patent foods as compared with human milk is more likely to induce the modern mother to suckle her child than volumes of abuse or sentimental twaddle4 ,then as to the hygiene of pregnancy4 ,could our mothers have taught us about the different food-values1 about protein1 nitrogenous foods1 calcium from the green foods for teeth and bones1 avoidance of too many albuminous foods8 ,knowledge of what diet can do to help us in pregnancy and our children in early youth is in its infancy1 but it is there1 none the less4 ,shall we fling it aside and return to pure instinct8 ,what massage and remedial exercises have taught can be applied to our bodies during pregnancy and after childbirth4 ,it is probable that closer study of the functions of the muscles of the back and the abdomen would enable us to teach women to exercise and control them in a way that would make childbirth almost painless1 and the recovery of poise and activity afterwards more rapid and more thorough4 ,under present conditions1 muscles that are often too rigid or too feeble expand and never recover their tone2 othersthe back muscles1 it may bego out of use temporarily and similarly do not recover4 ,in the middle-class woman laziness is often the cause of difficult confinements and poor recovery of the figure2 in the working mother a too speedy return to work which is too hard and does not exercise the body harmoniously2 in both the ignorance which leads to wrong kinds of nourishment during pregnancy1 and fear of doing harm to the child which leads to rigid and over-careful movement1 are responsible for a good many troubles4 ,psychological effects may be serious4 ,most women develop during pregnancy sensitiveness and a timidity protective to the child4 ,from this the very fertile mother has no opportunity to recover4 ,hence many of the silly old ladies who cannot cross roads unaided by a policeman4 ,with birth-control1 in two years a determined mother can completely restore her nerve1 her joy in life1 and her full muscular powers4 ,the author of ,lysistrata suggests that by diet we may produce thin babies and therefore have easier confinements4 ,this may be true1 but it is a curious fact that the experience of some mothers and doctors goes to show that much protein 7which ,mr4 ,ludovici suggests we should avoid7 produces a thin baby and a corpulent mother2 that1 on the other hand1 light and nitrogenous foods1 while keeping the mother slim and supple1 yield a plump #h to #i lbs4 baby4 ,i think the size of our babies is perhaps not so much under our control as many might wish to suggest4 ,heredity enters in4 ,children sometimes have large fathers4 ,the sheep-breeder knows that he dare not mate certain larger types of rams with small-made ewes4 ,in all these problems1 however1 it is the frankness and intelligence which feminism has made possible for women which will bring solution and progress1 rather than a return to the unguided instincts of our forefathers4 ,the lore of motherhood is a science which is now beginning1 but it is not following the lines which convention and the moralists expect4 ,it defies sentiment1 ridicules unnecessary and unintelligent sacrifice1 is not content to suffer1 but makes demands4 ,it begins with birth control1 which to many seems the negation of motherhood1 but which to the creative mother is the key-stone of her work4 ,suppose we have educated our young women sanely about physical matters1 as suggested earlier in this chapter4 ,as they reach the age of maturity and activity1 what will they find8 ,if they are middle- or upper-class1 an existence that is not too intolerable4 ,feminism has won for them the right of entry to most professions and1 provided they are fairly able1 they can get work4 ,none the less1 it must be admitted that the years since the ,war have borne hardly upon wage-earning women of all classes4 ,the lack of sexual freedom is a terrible burden1 but the remedy ultimately lies in their own hands4 ,life in marriage still offers reasonable comfort and good food for man and wife and two or three children4 ,but late marriages1 from the lack of opportunity for men and the expense of living1 cause girls' young bodies to be worn with longing unless they are bold enough to follow our modern ,aspasias4 ,this waiting to marry is a real danger to young women's health which conventional1 unimaginative people refuse to face4 ,it produces nervous disorders bordering at times on insanity4 ,as regards the care of her body in pregnancy and childbirth1 and the feeding of her children1 the middle-class mother is in a position to carry out what modern science has to teach4 ,she cannot have a large family1 it is true1 and the cry goes up on all sides that it is very hard for the middle-classes to pay for the proper education of their children4#aj ,the best stocks are being penalized and extinguished1 so we are told4 ,this is part of a much bigger problem1 and a problem that involves the class-war4 ,all ambitious mothers1 from miners' wives to the aristocracy1 would like to breed the fine types who receive a thorough education and then enter one of the intellectual professions4 ,obviously this cannot be4 ,and1 given equal ability in two children of different classes of life1 there is no just reason for driving the worker's child1 who has less good food and conditions and is therefore less fitted to stand the strain1 through the worry of the scholarship system1 whilst the other child's path is made smooth to a ruling position4 ,man for man1 woman for woman1 the workers would be the equals of the middle-class in strength and ability1 given the same nourishment1 comfort and training4 ,in actual fact1 the middle-class is perpetually being replenished in one generation1 or two at most1 from below4 ,middle-class fathers and mothers have no right to claim the privilege of a large family unless their children1 if they are strong but not clever1 are prepared to work the railways or dig coal in the mines4 ,professional people1 scientists1 artists1 research workers1 pure mathematicians1 as well as skilled engineers1 are1 indeed1 the salt of the earth1 and the community that fails to produce them and give them scope is doomed in this modern world4 ,but they are supported by manual labor1 and it cannot be denied that their number cannot be indefinitely extended except by an increase of productivity and wealth4 ,a more equal system of society will diminish drudgery and make it possible for all to have a fine development of intelligence and understanding1 whatever the work on which they are employed4 #aj ,an instance of the incredible snobbery surrounding this question is given by the decision of the conference of ,headmasters of ,secondary ,schools1 ,january1 #aibe1 against free secondary education4 ,while the middle-class parent groans against the cost of his children's education1 he also refuses to take the obvious remedy of making education free1 for fear the working class should get some of it4 ,class difficulties would not exist if health and education were adequately dealt with4 ,feminism in the mother has led us far from maternity4 ,that is what it is bound to do4 ,the working mother to-day looks straight from her kitchen1 if she is lucky enough to have one1 on to one of the most complex situations in history4 ,and the intelligent ones are not blind to the situation4 ,that is why ,i suggested that1 though middle-class feminism has conquered the professions1 the feminism of working mothers might bring a new and powerful contribution to our work4 ,the life of the working woman who intends maternity is becoming well-nigh impossible1 and she knows it4 ,when she has found a husband the community denies them a decent house4 ,possibly they find one room or two at an exorbitant rent1 with no water and a grate unsuited for cooking4 ,there are no restaurants at which the pair can afford to feed4 ,therefore they exist on partially or casually-cooked food1 innutritious bread1 and food from tins4 ,things may not be so bad if the wife can go on with work at a mill and get food that is fairly good at the canteen1 her wages helping the meals taken at home4 ,the coming of a baby too often means a search for another lodging4 ,the ,bishops and the ,generals like babies1 but landladies don't4 ,another room is found1 perhaps4 ,the mother works till the last moment1 has a difficult confinement and inadequate attention1 and gets up too soon4 ,it is not easier for her than for a delicately-nurtured woman1 and it is not less painful4 ,probably it is worse1 because the working mother has from birth been underfed and has weaknesses and deformitiesa contracted pelvis1 perhapsthat a woman well-fed and cared for escapes4 ,then it goes on1 baby after baby up to ten and eleven1#aa always in one room and no more money coming in4 ,the mother works whenever she can to help keep the family4 ,frequently she is cursed or beaten by her husband for her fertility4 ,should the husband die1 she must work continually and harder or send her children to the workhouse4 ,in the opinion of the ,bishops1 she deserves the 8stigma of the ,poor ,law10 and1 in the opinion of all right-thinking people1 anything done for her by individuals or the ,state is in the nature of a charity4 #aa ,a woman of #de years of age gave birth recently at ,queen ,charlotte's ,hospital1 ,paddington1 to her #bcrd child4 ,ten children is not uncommon4 ,if ,i but had the eloquence of ,hecuba mourning her slaughtered sons6 ,the crime of war is bad enough3 this butchery of hope and promise and human lives is one so black that the heart and mind of every woman who has borne a child should revolt against it until it is tolerated no more4 ,it is easy to escape into an aristocratic theory of society4 ,it has been done before1 and ends in the guillotine4 ,these working mothers are the people who must be lied to and terrified by bogies for fear that they use their votes to help themselves4 ,and it is they who1 when they sit in conference1 demand of the ,state the right to stem the tide of children1 to endow mothers1 to pension widows1 to teach and tend maternity and ensure rest for pregnant and nursing women2 to see that houses and schools are built1 and to control and purify the food-supply4 ,here is the most serious problem for the mothers1 and one which the middle-class politician does not touch1 because for the middle-class pure and fresh food is almost always obtainable4 ,it is for the working mother to tackle those tins4 ,she cannot now destroy industrialism1 which dragged her work and her after it to the mill2 but she can claim her right to control it in the name of life and the destiny of her children4 ,control of the population is essential to solving the food-problem and improving national health4 ,women in small houses know it4 ,they know1 moreover1 that contraceptives are better than infanticide and war4 ,the survival of the fittest is a false doctrine in child-bearing as in fighting4 ,every child which starts with a reasonably good constitution can1 by the right care up to one year and food up to five1 grow up to be strong and well4 ,and1 if the weak and unhealthy are discouraged from breeding and healthy mothers given proper care1 great improvements are possible4 ,poor food and over-crowding are the ladder down which we go to mental deficiency and ultimate complete feebleness of mind4#ab ,if we cared for life1 the best food would by law go to the pregnant and nursing mothers instead of1 as at present1 to clubs for fat old gentlemen and the frequenters of palatial hotels4 ,it is probable that at present we do not produce enough milk1 or produce and import enough butter and eggs to distribute adequately to all4#ac ,but1 by stabilizing or decreasing our population1 and by co-operation1 intensive culture and control of marketing abroad and of marketing and purity at home1 we could see to it that everybody had enough and that what they had was really good4 #ab ,professor ,mac,bride1 dealing recently with the 8,inheritance of ,defect0 7,daily ,telegraph1 ,january #h1 #aibe7 said3 8,the question of questions was whether the failure of the lowest strata of society was due to their surroundings or to their inborn characters4 ,such questions must be ultimately decided by experiment2 and proper experimental work could only be done with animals2 we were not entitled to make corpora vilia of our fellow human beings4 ,for this reason he would direct attention to the common goldfish1 whose weird monstrosities were all originally due to the starvation of the eggs with respect to light and air in the earliest stages of development4 ,the result of this starvation was to weaken the developmental power and to produce a disharmonious arrest of growth of various organs4 ,similar arrests of growth occurred in human beings1 and were the causes of mental and bodily defects4 ,their original cause1 however1 must be sought in the starvation and poisoning of the blood of the mother1 but1 once started1 they were hereditary40 #ac ,working people live on tinned milk1 margarine1 and substitute eggsall deficient in necessary vitamins4 ,to feed an industrial population in a small island is a peculiar and special problem and one demanding expert care and advice4 ,food must come long distances and must 8keep40 ,hence the preservatives and tins and the need to be watchful beyond measure against poisoning and the loss of what is vital to our well-being4 ,with research1 the problem would be easy2 but we must make it clear that it is important4 ,science would easily enable us to produce more from the soil1 and1 as regards the food of mothers1 since the assimilation of extra minerals1 salts1 etc41 in their natural state is not always satisfactory or easy during pregnancy1 we might find ways of growing food1 through treatment of the soil1 to provide for the special needs of their condition4 ,what then must feminist mothers demand8 ,the right first of all to the recognition of their workthe most dangerous of all trades and the most neglected and despised4 ,they should ask for endowment from the community4 ,this is opposed by many on the ground that fathers delight to support their children1 and it is they who should claim from the community an adequate family-wage4 ,but1 after all1 it is the mother who bears and tends the child1 and1 although many women receive the whole of their husbands' wages1 others must fight a humiliating battle against drink and tobacco for the wherewithal to build their children's bodies4 ,this struggle is exemplified on a large scale in the spending of ,state revenue1 most of which goes on armaments and the forces of destruction1 and an infinitesimal portion to aid and support life4 ,if ,jason cannot give up his murderous playthings1 let him have neither sons to destroy nor daughters to drag through misery4 ,his children shall never be conceived4 ,i have indicated that this is happening already1 not as a deliberate revolt1 but as a counsel of despair in a world which offers no hope1 no joy1 and no opportunity to the young4 ,the mother has a right to demand two years' rest between pregnancies2 and the right to decide the number of her children4 ,for some the call of motherhood is insistent and its charm grows with experience2 they would be good mothers and might well have large families4 ,they could help others by superintending nursery-schools in which children from one to five years might have their important meal of the day4 ,but it is imperative that the woman who has children should not be shut out from public life4 ,the ideal would be for a woman to continue her education at least till eighteen1 have the first child at twenty-four1 then perhaps three others at two-year intervals4 ,this assumes that large numbers of women do not choose to breed4 ,at thirty-five every mother of four children would1 in a community of good schools1 convenient houses1 and well-run restaurants1 be free again to take part in public life4 ,it does not follow that she would be separated from her children2 they would go to day-schools4 ,but the mother would do the work for which she was best fitted in school1#ad kitchen1 hospital1 shop1 mill1 or ,parliament4 ,in this way her opinion would count1 and her attitude to life help to permeate the community1 which is otherwise left to be guided by the outlook of the single woman and the male4 ,problems of unemployment and competition due to married women's work are really questions of population pressure1 muddled thinking1 and bad organization4 ,to discuss all this in close detail is hardly within the scope of this book4 #ad ,i am strongly of opinion that experience of maternity1 even more than of marriage alone1 would help the teacher4 ,some women1 even teachers1 are bored by children until they have one of their own1 whereupon all children of all ages become interesting4 ,in conclusion1 it may be said that the community should never1 except on the strongest grounds1 deny parenthood to man or woman4 ,therefore marriages which after two years did not result in a child should be dissoluble at the wish of either party to the contract4 ,this1 apart from all other reasons for which the cancelling of marriage should be allowed4 ,partnership in marriage should in effect be regarded as a partnership for parenthood1 and as such should not be entered upon lightly4 ,v ,,jason ,,and ,,admetus ,men ,before we pass on to an attempt at a summary and conclusion of the argument1 it may be as well to re-state briefly what is the matter with men4 ,certainly they are not such fierce tyrants as when first we fought them2 certainly they have some grounds to complain of the feminine arrogance which1 not content with proving equality1 wants to go on and prove women the superior sex4 ,we might1 on grounds of science perhaps1 advance this claim1 urging that1 since a female being needs one more chromosome for its creation than a male1 it must1 therefore1 be of higher importance4 ,should we do so1 and seek to live alone on the planet1 producing our children by parthenogenesis1 our pride would be doomed to a fall4 ,such children1 there is reason to believe1 would all be males4 ,at least1 that is what happens when the experiment is tried by sea-urchins4 ,men1 on the other hand1 like to pretend that our assumption of intelligence and independence is but a momentary spurt in a race which must end in masculine victory and feminine submission4 ,they admit that the great development of our freedom in body and mind has given us a serious advantage1 and the more discerning among them urge their fellows to press on and catch us up4 ,others trundle the golden apples beseechingly1 but still ,atalanta runs4 ,i believe it to be true that the education and outlook of men is more old-fashioned than that of women reared in the freedom of feminist traditions4 ,men have not yet realized how women's outlook is changing1 nor attempted very seriously to adapt themselves to the change4 ,they will do so1 of a certainty2 for1 true as it may be that above all desires in woman is that to be pleasing to men1 it is still truer that the desire of desires in man is to be pleasing to women4 ,i believe that ,puritanism or asceticism1 of which they accuse us1 is very strong in them4 ,one of the compliments or insults that has been hurled during the sex-war is that the feminine mind is pervaded by the physical harmony of the feminine body4 ,one may perhaps retort that the dualism of mind and matter is a very masculine philosophy2 and one which1 moreover1 men have translated into their everyday lives by the sharp division they like to make between fighters and thinkers1 games-playing idiots and thin intellectuals4 ,too often a woman of vitality and intelligence must choose between a soldier-gentleman and ,chaucer's clerk4#ae ,should she choose the former1 she takes a plunge into the past4 ,this man exults in murder1 whether of animals or of his fellow-creatures2 deep down within him he is still convinced that women are divided into good and badand both require the handling of a master4 ,his wife must beware how she responds to his advances2 she may be thought forward or impure4 ,decency must above all things be preserved4 ,though games and the classics may have taught the ,english gentleman the beauty of paganism and the joy of the naked body where man is concerned1 he is still stuffy in his approach to sex4 ,he rarely brings the freshness of the morning and the joy of the open skies to the love of mistress or of wife4 ,plush1 gilt and silk stockings express the one2 pipe1 the armchair at the fireside1 dinner1 and a coldly furnished bedroom1 the other4 ,conversation is a masculine monologue1 punctuated by assent4 ,he will be good to his children1 provided they are not odd1 and will protect his wife4 ,he will never lift her to rapture4 ,she fears1 and will probably deceive him4 #ae ,a clerk ther was of ,oxenford also ,that unto logyk hadde longe y-go4 ,as leene was his hors as is a rake1 ,and he nas nat right fat1 ,i undertake1 99 99 99 99 99 ,and him was lever have at his beddes heed ,twenty bokes clad in black or reed4 ,the intellectualperhaps by reason of the monastic tradition of learning1 perhaps because he finds ,jason so revoltingdoes all that he can to forget the needs of the body4 ,woman counts as one of them4 ,she is a burden1 a responsibility1 a distraction1 an incursion of the material into a world of contemplation4 ,as for children and domestic life1 they would make an end to all thought1 to all art4 ,an instinctive lifeso he thinksis possible only in spasm1 if at all1 for a man with serious mental work to accomplish4 ,if woman persists in keeping him company1 then she must shoulder the burdens1 tend him and care for him1 and leave him alone when he doesn't want her4 ,it is this contempt for the natural play of instinct which eats the heart out of life for many intellectuals1 men and women1 of to-day4 ,they dread the gift of themselves1 the loss of independence which passion would bring1 and therefore they never give freely4 ,in part1 they are cherishing the medieval tradition that to be worthy of spiritual or mental labour man and woman must go aside and renounce2 in part1 they are inspired by a tight conception of materialism1 in which individuals are hurled like lumps of matter by dynamic forces through space1 unable to do more than come near1 but never mingle one with another4 ,this view of life and the medieval are combining to destroy our world in lovelessness and despair4 ,the old-fashioned mind clings to spiritual duties and consolations and the framework of ,church discipline1 as a bulwark against personal licence2 the more modern mind is dominated by mechanismwhich is1 after all1 no more than the rational control of matterand seeks in an intelligent organization of the ,state1 a framework within which each individual is to perform the duties for which he is best fitted4 ,to neither conception is love between individuals1 or sex-love between man and woman1 important4 ,in effect1 personal relationships do not matter4 ,the ,christian doctrine of all-embracing love was once potent1 but fails to-day because of the foundation of ,god1 dogma1 and ,church on which it is built and which modern people cannot accept4 8,to love thy neighbour as thyself0 is also inadequate without knowledge and understanding4 ,but the rational materialists' attitudesuch1 for instance1 is that of the ,bolsheviksto human relationships1 in particular to women and sex1 is as lacking in the sense of human dignity as the ,christian4 ,monogamy and undiscriminating licence rest upon a common basis of contempt for love and personality1 both asserting that the desire of a man is for a woman1 of a woman for a man1 but no matter whom4 ,dualism1 as ever1 is the culprit4 ,sex-love is to be no more than a physical needno part of the serious business of life4 ,science has brought a more modern attitude to matter which by its effect upon the imagination may change our conception of personality and sex4 ,force1 struggle1 solidity1 contact1 may yield to gentleness1 non-resistance1 intermingling and unitingnot by an ethical change1 but by a change in scientific thought4 ,we shall no longer think of mind and matter as wronging or thwarting one another1 because they are not different forces2 and we shall no longer be able to separate physical from mental virtue or depravity4 ,we shall no longer value a love that suppresses or disregards the union of personality4 ,taboos and superstitions1 struggling dynamic individuals or ,stateshow may we set up a new vision8 ,perhaps what ,i have written above seems far-fetched to the reader1 but ,i do not think our life can be cut up into compartments4 ,philosophy and sex are more important in politics than ,general ,elections4 ,the revolt against the all-powerful ,christian ,state began in the assertion of certain people that their love of good fruit and wine or their enjoyment of sex were not worthy of hell-fire4 ,on personal conduct1 on our standards of personal relationship1 man to woman1 parents to children1 are built the customs and laws of ,states and ultimately their national and international policy4 ,it is here1 then1 with man and woman1 that we must begin4 ,i have in mind1 as ,i write1 a piece of ,chinese porcelain1 on which the sage or poet sits with his book and long pipe2 a lovely and elegant lady peeps over his shoulder1 and close at hand plays an impish child4 ,i do not think that the ,chinese who conceived it expected that poet to write bad verses1 or1 if a sage1 to compose worthless philosophy4 ,on the contrary1 to love with devotion1 to be learned1 to have children1 are ideas which have shaped the harmony of ,chinese life4 ,as compared with their generous acceptance of instinct our ,christian dread of sex and horror of the body are obscene4 ,if we are to make peace between man and woman1 and by their unity and partnership change the ideas that govern our politics and our outlook on the world1 it is essential that men should make a more determined attempt to understand what feminists are seeking4 ,it is useless to go on abusing1 or pretending that this is a matter of minor importance4 ,it is essential also that women should think clearly and continue in courage and honesty of word and action1 neither abandoning all for the pursuit of pleasure nor glorying in opportunities for an oppressive morality belonging to past ages4 ,first and foremost1 man or woman1 we are human beings4 ,there is a great deal of the work in the community which we can each do with equal ability1 given equal training and opportunity4 ,there are other tasks which we must agree to delegate to one another1 and neither despise the other for performing them4 ,life and harmony1 generosity and peace are the ideals which the best thought of feminism has set before us4 ,we believe that ,states and individuals can put them into practice4 ,will man not pause to understand before he continues on the path of destruction and strife1 cupidity and war8 ,can we not persuade ,jason from barbarity and ,admetus to the abandonment of his fears8 ,to live with vigour1 body and mind and imagination1 without fear or shame or dread of death2 to drive these baser passions from the hold they have upon our morality and our politicsthis is what we ask of modern men and women4 ,they can come to it only in a reckless love of one another1 a passion that gives again and again without fear of hurt or exhaustion4 ,it is not an abandonment to nature and to instinct that we need4 ,pure and barbaric instinct is no more4 ,our bodies are too much impregnated by inherited habit and knowledge1 too much surrounded in their growth by the findings of science4 ,men and women are not creatures of clay1 nor disembodied spirits2 but things of fire intertwining in understanding1 torrents leaping to join in a cascade of mutual ecstacy4 ,there is nothing in life to compare with this uniting of minds and bodies in men and women who have laid aside hostility and fear and seek in love the fullest understanding of themselves and of the universe4 ,you cannot measure it in inches1 nor turn it on and off like a tap4 ,you cannot stay it now and indulge it another time4 ,you cannot come to it by religion or by unaided reason1 or by the brute courage of sheer physical vitality4 ,jealousy is death4 ,dualism is nonsense1 compartments unavailing4 ,you must have in you the thought that is creation2 life's spring1 and the daring of its unconquered watersso may you transform the world and people it with gods who know no more the hates and littleness of men4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,text in italics is enclosed by underscores 7italics74 ,a ,table of ,contents has been provided for the convenience of the reader1 and is granted to the public domain4 ,punctuation and spelling inaccuracies were silently corrected4 ,archaic and variable spelling has been preserved4 ,variations in hyphenation and compound words have been preserved4