,! ,gaekwad ,/udies 9 ,religion & ,philosophy3 ,x ,,"s ,,religi\s ,,& ,,moral ,,tea*+s ,,( ,,al-,,ghazzali ,pr9t$ by ,mr4 ,k4 ,g4 ,patel at ! ,lak%mi ,vilas ,p4 ,press ,co4 ,ltd4 & publi%$ by ,a4 ,g4 ,widg]y1 ! ,college1 ,b>oda1 #e-a-aiba4 ,o!r ,works by ,pr(essor ,nawab ,ali ,,maa',,rij-,,udd94 ,! ,ladd] ( ,religion4 ,a ,comp>ative ,/udy ( ,religions4 ,,t>ikhi-,,sohaf4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,holy ,scriptures4 ,,tazkiral-,,ul-,,mu/afa4 ,life ( ,prophet ,mohamm$4 ,may be _h f ,! ,sem9>1 ,! ,college1 ,,b>oda ,,"s ,,religi\s ,,& ,,moral ,,tea*+s ,,( ,,al-,,ghazzali ,be+ brief extracts f 8 ,ihya-u-,ulum-id-d9 ,freely r5d]$ into ,engli% by ,,sy$ ,,nawab ,,ali ,m4 ,a4 ,pr(essor ( ,p]sian1 ! ,college1 ,b>oda4 ,) an introduction by ,,alban ,g4 ,,widg]y ,m4 ,a4 ,pr(essor ( ! ,comp>ative ,/udy ( ,religions1 ,! ,college1 ,b>oda4 ,,b>oda ,,preface ,! p]usal ( ! con/ructive treatises ( ! =emo/ lead]s ( ! diff]5t religions %\ld help to promote at lea/ m mutual respect1 if n1 inde$1 actual co-op]ation1 among _! devotees ?an ! /udy ( ! critical discussions ( less] m9ds4 ,= ?is reason ! pres5t small volume ( extracts f ! *ief con/ructive "w ( ,al ,ghazzali has be5 includ$ 9 ! ,gaekwad ,/udies 9 ,religion & ,philosophy4 ,! purpose ( t s]ies is to be con/ructive r ?an critical1 & fur!r1 x is meant to conta9 volumes appeal+ to ! g5]al public z well z to ! s*ol>4 ,= a wid] & m correct und]/&+ & appreciation ( ! _s ( ,islam1 x is to be regrett$ t !re are s few ,engli% translations ( ,muslim works 9 ,arabic & ,p]sian4 ,x is to be hop$ t 9 future m att5tion w be turn$ 9 ?is direction4 ,9 ! meantime ! pres5t volume may s]ve at lea/ to ar\se "s int]e/4 ,?is "w 0 und]tak5 at ! reque/ ( ,pr(essor ,widg]y1 to :om ,i am indebt$ = sev]al sugge/ions & = go+ ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! manuscript & ! pro(s4 ,,nawab ,,ali ,b>oda1 #aibj4 ,,cont5ts ,preface ,page #e ,introduction #i ,li/ ( ,al ,ghazzali's works #cj ,i4 ,! ,nature ( ,man #da ,,ii4 ,human ,fre$om & ,responsibility #ec ,,iii4 ,pride & ,vanity #gh ,,iv4 ,fri5d%ip & ,s9c]ity #ie ,v4 ,! ,nature ( ,love1 & ,man's highe/ ,happ9ess #aaf ,,vi4 ,! ,unity ( ,god #ach ,,vii4 ,! ,love ( ,god & its ,signs #ade ,,viii4 ,riza or ,joy\s ,submission to ,8 ,w #afd ,,introduction ,! ,comp>ative ,/udy ( ,religions1 int]e/+ z a =m ( intellectual rese>*1 has = _m a fur!r value 9 ! influ5ce x may ex]t ^u ! wid5+ & ! deep5+ ( ! religi\s life4 ,! practical value may become m & m ackn[l$g$1 if1 z signs sugge/1 ! reality ( ! religi\s exp]i5ce is m ke5ly felt & mank9d recognise ! place ( religi\s goods 9 ! highe/ type ( life4 ,?\gh x is c]ta9ly premature to say t !re is mu* s]i\s ackn[l$gem5t & recognition ( ^! values among/ ! peoples ( ! _w1 !re are reasons to ?9k t t5d5cies ( ?\ght & feel+ 9 ?is direction are increas+ 9 p[]4 ,"o ( ! be/ means ( aid+ ! ,comp>ative ,/udy ( ,religions & promot+ ^! t5d5cies is by ! publication ( important books connect$ ) ! religions1 repres5t+ ! views ( lead+ ?9k]s & sa9ts4 ,if we turn to ,islam1 we f9d t "s ,we/]n writ]s describe x z 9 a condition ( progressive decay1 :ile o!rs w\ld h u believe t its onw>d m>* is a m5ace4 ,x is well to be able to avoid ! obvi\s purpose :i* lies beh9d bo? cont5tions4 ,nev]!less1 to ! pres5t writ] x appe>s true to say t !re is mu* /agnation 9 ,islam 7,9 :i* religion is !re n871 & t its _s is (t5 lo/ & its real tea*+s neglect$ ow+ to ! g5]al use ( ,arabic 9 ! recitation ( ! ,quran by p]sons entirely ignorant ( t language1 & also to ! preval5t me*anical conception ( ! "* ( ! ,quran z a =m ( div9e revelation4 ,we believe t ! ,comp>ative ,/udy ( ,religions w help to turn ! att5tion ( ,muslims away f ^! to ! emphasis+ ( ! ess5tial _s ( ,islam4 ,?is %\ld be c5tral & normative 9 ! ris+ movem5ts ( re=m & rejuv5esc5ce4 ,9 ?is connection1 z br++ out ?is _s1 x is especially appropriate1 bo? = ! /ud5ts ( ! religions & = ^? directly int]e/$ 9 ! spiritual revival 9 ,islam1 to publi% 9 an easily accessible =m "s ( ! religi\s & moral tea*+s ( ,ghazzali4 ,a ,we/]n s*ol> has writt5 ( him t he is 8! greate/1 c]ta9ly ! mo/ sympa!tic figure 9 ! hi/ory ( ,islam 444 ! only tea*] ( ! aft] g5]ations ev] put by ,muslims on a level ) ! f\r great ,imams40#a ,& he goes on to rem>k fur!r2 8,9 ! r5aissance ( ,islam :i* is n[ ris+ to view1 8 "t w come & ! new life w proce$ f a r5ew$ /udy ( 8 works40#b ,b ,diet]ici says ( him3 8,z a despair+ sceptic he spr+s suicidally into ! all-,god 7i4e4 all-p]vad+ deity ( ! ,pan!i/s7 to kill all sci5tific reflection40#c ,to ju/ify su* a judgm5t w\ld inde$ be impossible if ! :ole c\rse ( ,ghazzali's works is tak5 into consid]ation4 ,! greate/ eulogy is p]haps t ( ,?oluck3 8,all t is good1 wor?y1 & sublime1 :i* 8 great s\l _h compass$1 he be/[$ ^u ,muhamm$anism1 & he adorn$ ! doctr9es ( ! ,quran ) s mu* piety & le>n+ t 9 ! =m giv5 !m by him !y seem1 9 my op9ion1 wor?y ( ! ass5t ( ,*ri/ians4 ,:atsoev] 0 mo/ excell5t 9 ! philosophy ( ,ari/otle or 9 ! ,sufi my/icism1 he discreetly adapt$ to ! ,muhamm$an !ology4 ,f e s*ool he s\ght ! means ( %$d+ light & hon\r ^u religion1 :ile 8 s9c]e piety & l(ty consci5ti\sness imp>t$ to all 8 writ+s a sacr$ maje/y40#d ,"o feature ( ,ghazzali's attitude has consid]able significance 9 look+ to an increas$ /udy ( 8 works z a factor t[>ds ! revivification ( ,islam3 8 tol]ance4 ,al?\gh reg>d+ ,al ,hallaj's expressions1 7= example1 ,i am ! tru?1 i4e4 ,god7 z incauti\s1 he help$ to def5d him & to save him f execution on a *>ge ( blasphemy4 ,he wrote a treatise on tol]ance3 ,! ,crit]ion ( ! ,diff]5ce betwe5 ,islam & ,h]esy4 ,9 ?is tea*+ ( tol]ance he felt himself to be po9t+ back to ! policy ( ! e>lie/ ,muslim times & to ! greate/ au?orities ( e>ly ,islam4 ,he 8/rove to attract ! s\ls ( 8 fell[ ,muslims to spiritual fai? :i* unifies1 to wor%ip at ! alt>s :i* are 9 ! he>ts ( m504#e ,! influ5ce ( ,ghazzali has be5 repres5t$ by ,mr4 ,macdonald z *iefly t he l$ m5 back f s*ola/ic lab\rs ^u !ological dogmas to liv+ contact )1 /udy & exegesis ( ! ,quran & ,traditions2 gave ,sufiism an assur$ position )9 ! ,*ur* ( ,islam2 & br\ght philosophy & philosophical !ology )9 ! range ( ! ord9>y m9d4#f ,al ,ghazzali has giv5 "s acc\nt ( 8 own religi\s developm5t 9 a "w entitl$3 ,munqidh m9-ad-dalal4 ,?is acc\nt is significant1 b z ! ,b>on ,c>ra de ,vaux rem>ks1 8 ev5tual explicit adoption ( a ,sufi my/icism 0 n m]ely a consequ5ce ( ! failure ( 8 o!r attempts to f9d a solution to life's pr(\nde/ problems b a result ( 8 e>ly influ5ces4 ,=1 soon aft] 8 bir? at ,tus 9 ,khorassan 9 #dej ,a4,h4 7#ajei ,a4,d471 8 fa!r di$ & he 0 br\ght up by a ,sufi4 ,nev]!less 8 my/ical lean+s did n ass]t !mselves vigor\sly till he 0 well on to maturity4 ,up to t "t he devot$ himself to ! usual /udies ( canon law1 ! or?odox !ology1 ! doctr9es ( ! ,mutazillites1 & a v>iety ( o!r subjects includ+ ! works ( ! ,sufis4 ,= a "t he 0 a /ud5t ( ! ,a%>ite ,imam ,al ,h>amayn at ,nysabur4 ,he himself repres5ts 8 attitude z at ?is "t t ( "o work+ & wi%+ = reputation & weal?4 ,9 #dhd ,a4,h4 he 0 hon\r$ by appo9tm5t to ! 8,univ]sity0 or 8,academy0 ( ,baghdad1 :]e he soon acquir$ great r5[n z lawy] & !ologian4 ,on ! ?re%old ( maturity he 0 afflict$ by d\bts z to ! validity & wor? ( ! !ological & philosophical bases ( 8 religi\s belief4 ,! /ra9 ( 8 reflection & ! int5sity ( 8 anxiety to rea* a secure fai? seem to h caus$ a breakd[n ( heal?4 ,) unexpect$ sudd5ness he left ,baghdad4 ,t 0 9 #dhh ,a4,h4 7#ajie ,a4,d47 ,he _h exam9$ 9 all details ! traditional or?odox s*ola/ic sy/em ( ! ,kalam1 ! positions ( ! ,mutazilites & ! philosoph]s1 & 9 ! light ( 8 new d\bts & exp]i5ces turn$ aga9 also to a clos] /udy ( ! writ+s ( ! lead+ my/ics1 su* z ,abu ,talib1 ,al ,muhasibi1 & ,al ,junayd4 ,8 e>ly tra9+ _h pr$ispos$ him to ! acceptance ( my/icism1 & ?is acceptance 0 l$ up to by ! conclusions ( 8 reflection1 9 :i* x has be5 ma9ta9$ he c>ri$ d\bt z f> back z did ,desc>tes4 ,?us he himself writes3 8,a ?ir/ to compreh5d ! ess5tial natures ( all ?+s 01 inde$1 my idiosyncrasy & di/9ctive *>act]i/ic f ! beg9n+ ( my c>e] & prime ( my life3 a natural gift & temp]am5t be/[$ on me by ,god1 & implant$ by ,him 9 my nature by no *oice or device ( my own1 till at l5g? ! bond ( bl9d con=mity 0 loos$ f me1 & ! beliefs :i* ,i _h inh]it$1 7 brok5 away :5 ,i 0 little m ?an a boy40#g ,c>ra de ,vaux#h ?us graphically describes ! process 9 ,al ,ghazzali's m9d1 z he himself sugge/s x to u3 8,religi\s beliefs1 he reflect$1 are transmitt$ by ! au?ority ( p>5ts2 b au?ority is n pro(4 ,to arrive at c]titude x 0 necess>y = him to recon/ruct all 8 k f ! v f\ndation4 ,) a vivid feel+ ( ?is necessity1 he aspir$ to c]titude1 def9+ x 9 a purely psy*ological fa%ion z a /ate 9 :i* ! m9d is s b\nd up ) & s satisfi$ ) a piece ( k t no?+ might h5ce=? deprive him ( x4 ,?is curi\s def9ition1 :i* is appli$ to religi\s fai? z well z to sci5tific k1 does n escape f be+ purely subjective4 ,z "o might =esee1 ! great desire = c]titude only l$ him at fir/ into a s]ies ( d\bts4 ,z he s\ght ?is /ate ( p]fect assurance1 /ep by /ep he saw x rec$e be=e him4 ,he look$ = c]titude 9 ! p]ceptions ( ! s5ses1 ) ! result t he c\ld no long] tru/ 8 s5ses4 ,sight1 ! mo/ p[]ful ( ! faculties ( s5se1 = example1 l$ him to ! p]ception ( an immovable %ad[ on ! sun & an h\r aft]w>ds ?is %ad[ 0 gone4 ,sight %[$ him a /> :i* is v small1 & geometry made him recognise x to be great] ?an ! e>?4 ,!n he turn$ to ! fir/ pr9ciples ( reason2 b ! p]ception ( ! s5ses took its rev5ge 9 say+ to him3 #8,previ\sly y believ$ 9 me & y ab&on$ me :5 ?is judge reason pres5t$ itself4 ,if ?is judge _h rema9$ hidd5 y w\ld h cont9u$ to believe 9 me4 ,:o c tell y t beyond ! reason !re is no o!r judge1 :i* if x made itself evid5t1 w\ld convict reason ( falsehood8'4 ,t is a movem5t ( ?\ght :i* is dramatic en\gh1 ?\gh p]haps a little artificial4--,! ?9k] cont9u$ 8 se>* = ! c]ta94 ,he halt$ & conc]n$ himself ) ! fam\s comp>ison ( life ) a dream & dea? ) an awak5+4 ,p]haps aft] t awak5+ he w\ld see ?+s 9 a diff]5t mann] f t 9 :i* he !n saw !m4 ,my/icism ?us sugge/$ itself to him3 ,?is actual dream ( dea? c\ld be anticipat$ by ! condition ( ec/asy1 by less ?an ec/asy1 by a light :i* ,god p\rs into ! he>t4 ,9 ?is light1 he saw n only ! tru? ( ! dogmas ( ! fai? or ! beauty ( ! moral life1 b he 0 assur$ ( ! tru? ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( reason1 ! basis ( all k & all reason+4 ,he d\bt$ no long]2 he 0 cur$ ( 8 pa9s2 he _h f\nd c]titude & peace40 ,on leav+ ,baghdad1 he retir$ to m$itate 9 ! mosques ( ,damascus1 & is fur!r report$ to h made pilgrimages to ,j]usalem1 ,hebron 7! burial place ( ,abraham71 ,m$9a & ,mecca4 ,9 ab&onm5t to 8 imm$iate religi\s exp]i5ce ( ! love ( ,god he f\nd m peace4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t he associat$ aga9 m def9itely ) 8 family4 ,ev5tually 9 #dii ,a4 ,h4 7#aajf ,a4,d47 he 0 ord]$ by ! ,sultan to tea* 9 ! ,academy at ,nysabur4 ,aft] a life 9 :i* he _h writt5 a l>ge numb] ( indep5d5t treatises & inde$ br\ght ab\t a great *ange 9 ! t5d5cies ( ,islam1 he di$ at 8 native t[n ( ,tus 9 #eje 7#aaaa ,a4,d474 ,if 9 8 initial process ( d\bt ,ghazzali resembl$ ,desc>tes1 9 8 view ( causality he rem9ds u ( ,hume2 9 8 g5]al attitude he approa*es ,kant & ,s*lei]ma*]4 ,on ! "o h& he insi/s on ! limitation ( ! effici5cy ( ! !oretical reason1 on ! o!r he f9ds 9 w1 9 ! moral & ! religi\s exp]i5ce a m imm$iate av5ue to real k4 ,= ! /udy ( religion 9 our day x is important to note t ,ghazzali 7"h unlike ,kant7 sees 9 religi\s exp]i5ce a way to c]titude4 ,b 9 ?is he is l$ to ackn[l$ge t ! advance ( ! human m9d t[>ds its goal ( real k & peace is dep5d5t ^u an active influ5ce ( ,god ^u man4 ,x may be ma9ta9$ t he puts "h 9 religi\s t]m9ology ! c5tral idea ( ! ,ari/otelian conception ( ,s*ola/ic times1 ! relation ( ! 8,active ,intellig5ce0 to ! m9ds ( m54 ,8 view enabl$ him to give a due position to ! ,prophet & ! ,quran4 ,= ! k ( ,god is to be conceiv$ z com+ n 9 imm$iate my/ical intuition to all alike1 b :ile 9 "s degree to all1 to "s 9 a special degree4 ,^! are ! prophets4 ,! position :i* ,maimonides pres5ts 9 8 ,guide to ! ,p]plex$#i ) relation to religi\s k & ! functions ( ! prophets is p>allel ) t ( ,ghazzali4 ,f ! accompany+ li/ & classification ( ! works ( ,ghazzali1 x w be se5 t he 0 a writ] on all sides ( ! !ory & practice ( 8 religion4 ,he 0 an au?ority on canon law & jurisprud5ce1 & a comm5tator ( ! ,quran4 ,he exam9$ ! positions ( ! ,s*ola/ic !ologians1 & f\nd t !y dep5d$ entirely on ! acceptance ( _! initial dogmatic assumptions4 ,! disputes ( ! ,s*ola/ics among/ !mselves appe>$ to h little or no relation ) religi\s life1 r if any?+ !y 7 a h9drance to true religion4 ,& 9 face ( ! philosoph]s ! ,s*ola/ic !ologians 7 almo/ helpless4 ,b ! books :i* ex]t$ ! greate/ influ5ce bo? )9 & beyond ,muslim circles1 & ! books t /ill reta9 _! int]e/ today are ! ,maqasid ul ,falasafa 7,! ,aim or ,goal ( ! ,philosoph]s7 ! ,tahafat ul ,falasafa 7! ,refutation ( ! ,philosoph]s7 & ! ,ihya-u-,ulum-id-,d9 7,! ,r5ovation ( ! ,sci5ces ( ,religion47 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! he gives an acc\nt ( ! diff]5t philosophical positions :i* 7 m or less preval5t4 ,9 ! second he critically exam9es ^? positions4 ,9 ! ?ird he gives a g5]al survey ) a con/ructive purpose *iefly moral & religi\s4 ,x is due to ?is la/ "w m ?an all o!rs t ,ghazzali has be5 call$ 8,! ,reg5]ator ( ,religion01 8,! ,pro( ( ,islam04 ,! ,ihya 8exp\nds !ology & e?ics f ! mod]ate ,sufi s*ool04 ,?\gh x 0 committ$ to ! flames1 *iefly 9 ,spa91 probably by ^? hold+ op9ions :i* ,ghazzali _h bitt]ly attack$1 x soon e/abli%$ its position 9 ! ,muslim _w1 9 :i* x has be5 widely /udi$ up to today4 ,f x ! passages translat$ 9 ?is book are tak54 ,! foll[+ table ( cont5ts w %[ ! range ( ! subjects ) :i* x deals4 ,,! ,,r5ovation ,,( ,,! ,,sci5ces ,,( ,,religion4 ,,"p ,i4 #a4 ,on ,k4 ,articles ( ,fai?4 #b4 ,on ,purification4 #c4 ,pray] & ,its ,mean+4 #d4 ,zakat & ,its ,mean+4 #e4 ,fa/+ & ,its ,mean+4 #f4 ,pilgrimage & ,its ,mean+4 #g4 ,! ,read+ ( ! ,quran4 #h4 ,v>ieties ( ,orisons4 #i4 ,! ,ord] ( ,pray+1 & ,vigils4 ,,"p ,,ii4 #a4 ,on ,eat+4 #b4 ,on ,m>riage4 #c4 ,on ,bus9ess4 #d4 ,! ,lawful & ! ,unlawful4 #e4 ,social ,relations & ,etiquette4 #f4 ,on ,retirem5t4 #g4 ,on ,travel4 #h4 ,on ,music4 #i4 ,on ,en=c+ ,good & ,*eck+ ,evil4 #aj4 ,good ,liv+3 ,description ( ! ,prophet's ,mode ( ,liv+4 ,,"p ,,iii4 #a4 ,psy*ological ,description ( ! ,nature ( ,man4 #b4 ,on ,virtues & ! ,purification ( ! ,he>t4 #c4 ,on ,appetite & ,passion4 #d4 ,on ! ,tongue3 ,its ,goods & ,evils4 #e4 ,on ,ang]3 ,enmity & ,envy4 #f4 ,! ,evils ( ! ,_w4 #g4 ,p>simony & ! ,evils ( ! ,love ( ,weal?4 #h4 ,on ! ,evils ( ,reputation & ,hypocrisy4 #i4 ,pride & ,vanity4 #aj4 ,self-deception4 ,,"p ,,iv4 #a4 ,rep5tance4 #b4 ,pati5ce & ,?anksgiv+4 #c4 ,hope & ,fe>4 #d4 ,! ,poor & ! ,h]mit1 #e4 ,unity ( ,god1 & ,dep5d5ce on ,him4 #f4 ,on ,love1 ,ec/asy1 & ,joy\s ,submission to ,8 w4 #g4 ,on ,int5tion1 ,s9c]ity & ,tru?4 #h4 ,m$itation4 #i4 ,contemplation & tak+ a ,w>n+4 #aj4 ,on ,dea? & ! ,aft]-,life4 ,aga9/ ! philosoph]s he argu$ = ! belief 9 ! reality ( ! div9e attributes & aga9/ ! view ( ! et]nity ( ! _w4 ,he cont5d$ aga9/ ! !ory t !re w\ld be no physical puni%m5ts & rew>ds h]eaft]1 ma9ta9+1 z he did1 ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection ( ! body4 ,he virtually d5i$ t !re is real causal connection 9 ev5ts z exp]i5c$ by u3 b only sequ5ce3 9 ?is he adumbrates ! !ory ( ,hume4 ,= ,ghazzali1 ,god is ! only effici5t cause4 ,f ! scepticism to :i* 8 consid]ation ( philosophy l$ him he turn$ to ! acceptance ( revelation1 ?is z f\nd 9 ! my/ic exp]i5ce & 9 ! words ( sa9ts & prophets1 especially ! ,prophet ,muhamm$4 ,! k ( moral pr9ciples ,ghazzali conceiv$ z com+ n ?r\gh rational reflection b by imm$iate intuition ( ! div9e "* reveal+ itself4 ,moral tru?s come especially ?r\gh moral & religi\s tea*]s1 z ! mo/ fit p]sons = ! transmission ( ^! revelations4 ,he possess$ great skill 9 psy*ological analysis ( moral conditions1 & passages 9 illu/ration ( ?is h be5 includ$ "h1 treat+ ( pride & vanity1 fri5d%ip & s9c]ity4 ,z almo/ all great practical moral & religi\s tea*]s1 ,ghazzali makes consid]able use ( apt /ories1 & ( /rik+ say+s f ! sa9ts & prophets4 ,he cont9ually h>ks back to ! "t ( ! ,prophet & 8 8,companions04 ,ghazzali's ab&onm5t ( 8 academic position at ,baghdad1 8 retirem5t to mosques & j\rney+s on pilgrimage1 are suffici5t evid5ce t he recognis$ t ! tru? ( my/icism c\ld n be te/$ by !oretical reflection b only by an attempt at practice4 ,only ! exp]i5ce itself c\ld prove its own reality4 ,he appe>s to h held t = ! atta9m5t ( ! condition ( ec/asy ! means ( asceticism & m$itation %\ld be us$4 ,b x does n seem q correct to sugge/ z does ,c>ra de ,vaux t ,ghazzali did n recognise ! fact ( div9e 8grace01 ?\gh he did n use a correspond+ t]m4 ,! beatific vision ( ! my/ic c]ta9ly dep5d$ 9 "p1 = ,ghazzali1 on ,god's m]cy 9 remov+ ! veil4 ,h[ f> he himself 0 successful 9 atta9+ ! bliss ( ! my/ic vision x is impossible to tell3 9 ?is direction he ga9$ no su* reputation z did sev]al o!r ,sufis4 ,he taught t rep5tance1 a moral conv]sion1 is a necess>y prelim9>y to ! my/ic life1 & he f\ght aga9/ a common t5d5cy ( my/ics t[>ds ant9omianism4 ,simil>ly he tri$ to avoid ! dang] ( int]pret+ ! union ( ! s\l ) ,god z its id5tification ) ,god 9 a pan!i/ic view ( ! univ]se4 ,goldzieh] says he diff]$ f ! ,sufis g5]ally 9 ! rejection ( _! pan!i/ic aims & l[ e/imate ( religi\s ord9ances4#aj ,a ,,li/ ,,( ,,works ,,by ,,al ,,ghazzali#aa ,a3 ,,canon ,,law4 ,title4 ,subject4 ,place & date ( publication4 ,k4 ,wajiz 7,comp5dium74 ,canon ,law4 ,cairo #acag ,a4 ,h4 ,risalat-ul-,qudsiyya4 7,transc5d5ce ( ,god7 includ$ 9 ,ihya z ! #crd section ( ! #bnd ,*apt] ( its ,book #a4 ,anqud ul ,mkhtasir4 ,summ>y ( ,j[im's ,mukhtas>4 ,ghait ul ,ghor fi ,masail ,divorce4 il dor4 ,gaur ul ,dur>4 ,qanun ul ,rasul4 ,! ,canon ,law ( ! ,prophet4 ,b3 ,,jurisprud5ce4 ,al ,mu/afa4 ,jurisprud5ce4 ,b\lac #acbb ,a4 ,h4 ,al ,manhul wal ,muntahal4 ,doctr9es falsely attribut$ to o!rs & falsely claim$ by "s4 ,jurisprud5ce4 ,wajiz fil ,furu4 ,jurisprud5ce4 ,egypt #acje ,a4 ,h4 ,khulasat ul ,fikh ,jurisprud5ce4 7,qu9tess5ce ( ,jurisprud5ce74 ,al-durr ul ,manzum fi ,an ,exposition ( sirr il ,muktum ,wasit4 ,%afite ,jurisprud5ce4 ,c3 ,,logic4 ,mizan ul ,amal4 ,logic4 ,cairo #acbh ,a4 ,h4 ,mihakkul ,naz> fil ,logic4 ,cairo ,mantaq4 7,:et/one ( reflection74 ,maay> ul ,ilm4 ,logic4 ,al ,ma>if ul ,aqliyyah ,disc\rses on ,logic4 wal ,allahiyyah ,al ,mutaqid4 ,may> ul ,ilm ,fannil ,on ,logic4 ,cairo #acbi ,a4 ,h4 ,mantaq4 7! weigh+ scale ( ! sci5ce74 ,d3 ,,philosophy4 ,ihya u-,ulum-id-,d94 7,! mo/ important ,cairo #acbb1 book = 8 philosophy74 #acbd ,a4 ,h4 ,egypt #abhb 0 ,luckn[ #abha 0 ,me]ut #abhj 0 ,maqasid ul ,falasafa4 ,cairo #acbf 0 7,! aims ( ! philosoph]s74 ,maznun bihi ala ,ghairi ,exposition ( ,ghazzali's 0 #acbh 0 ,ahlihi4 own views4 ,kitab-ul-,arba94 ,abridgem5t ( ,ihya4 0 #acbh 0 ,risalat ul ,luduniyya4 ,k 7,ilham & ,wahi7 0 #acbh 0 ,al-,ka%fu-wat-,taby9 fi ,on ! delusion ( m5 9 0 #acbd 0 ,ghurur il khalqi ,ajma94 g5]al4 7,on ! m>g9 ( ,z-,%ura9's ,tanbihal ,mught>r947 ,faysalut-,tafriqa baynal ,refutation ( ,a!i/s4 ,cairo #acbe ,a4 ,h4 ,islami-wa-z ,z&iqah4 ,al ,fikratu al ,ibrah4 ,m$itation & ,contemplation4 ,tahafat ul ,falasafa4 ,de/ruction ( ! 0 #acba 0 ,philosoph]s4 ,iljam ul ,awam4 ,abbreviation ( ! ,ihya4 ,al-,imla-u-' an ,/atem5ts on disput$ ,9 ! m>g9 ( i%kalat-il-,ihya4 passages ( ,ihya4 #accd edition ( ,ihya4 ,mu/azhiry4 ,a guide = novices4 ,al ,hikmat-u-fi- ,wisdom ( ,god4 ,cairo #acbf ,a4 ,h4 ,makhluq-i-,ilahi4 ,hakikat ul ,ruh4 ,on ,s\l4 ,e3 ,,e?ics4 ,badayat ul ,hidayah4 ,e?ics4 ,cairo #acag1 #acbf ,a4 ,h4 ,kimiya i ,saadat4 ,e?ics4 0 ,tibr ul ,masbuk4 ,an e?ical mirror = 0 #acag 0 pr9ces4 ,a lett]4 ,ayyuh al ,walad4 ,a lett] ( fai? & 0 #acbh 0 conduct4 ,f3 ,,!ology3 ,,exegetical ,,& ,,dogmatical4 ,al durr ul ,fakhira4 ,on es*atology4 0 #acbb 0 ,yaqut ul ,tawil fi ,tafsir ,a comm5t>y on ! ,quran il ,tanzil4 9 #dj vols4 ,n f\nd4 ,k4 ,iqtisad fil-,i'tiqad4 ,exposition ( ,fai?4 ,cairo ,fadhaih ul ,abahiya4 ,! exposure ( ! ,doctr9es ( ! ,free-?9k]s ,al ,qui/as ul ,mu/aqim4 7,no ,imam is necess>y 0 except ! ,prophet himself74 ,al ,qual ul ,jamil fil ,criticism ( ^? :o ,raddi ,ala man ,ghayy> h *ang$ ! text al ,injil4 ( ! ,bible4 ,haqiqat ul ,quala94 ,an ,exposition ( tru? ( two say+s4 ,tadlis ,iblis4 ,! intrigue ( ! devil4 ,jawahir ul ,quran4 ,a collection ( ! be/ 0 #acbi ,a4 ,h4 v]ses ( ! ,quran4 ,risalat ul ,wahdah ,a brief lett] on prea*+ wal-,i'tiqad4 & ,belief4 ,risalat-ul-',aqaid4 ,doctr9es ( ,islam & ,cairo #acbe ,a4 ,h4 ! duties ( rul]s4 ,al ,maqasid ul ,khilaf ,diff]5t !ories ( fi fan il ,kalam4 ,kalam4 ,g3 ,,sufiism4 ,al-,adab-fid-d94 7,fitt+ behavi\r 9 0 #acbh 0 religion74 ,al-,qawaid ul-,a%>a4 7,a v brief summ>y 0 #acbh 0 ( g5]al advice ( religi\s matt]s74 ,maqasid ul ,hasana ,%>h ,an exposition ( ,div9e 0 #acbb 0 ,asma i-illahi'l ,husna4 names4 ,m9haj ul ,abid94 ,! pa? ( ! dev\t4 ,cairo #acac ,a4 ,h4 7,said to be ! la/ ( 8 "w74 ,nasihat-ul ,talmiz4 ,an ,epi/le4 0 #abie 0 ,kitab ,asr> al ,anw>4 ,madkhal ul ,suluk ila ,a ,guide = k+s4 ,manazil il ,muluk4 ,al ,munqid m9 ad ,dalal4 ,autobiographical /atem5t 0 #acjc1 7,deliv]] f error74 ( 8 spiritual progress4 #acbj ,a4 ,h4 ,tajrid fil-,kalimat il ,exposition ( ,kalima4 0 #acbe 0 ,tauhid4 ,mur%id ul ,talib94 ,a ,guide = novices4 ,mi%kat ul anw> fi ,esot]ic exposition ( ! 0 #acbe 0 ,lataif il ,akhb>4 v]se 8,god is ! light ( 7,ni*e = ! lights74 heav5 & e>?40 ,kitab ul-,madnun-i-,saghir4 ,esot]ic exposition ( ,cairo #acbh ,a4 ,h4 ! v]se 8,!n %ap$ him & brea!d ( ,8 ,_s into him40 ,maka%ifat-ul-,qulub4 7,abridgem5t ( a "w ,b\laq ,cairo ( d\btful au?or%ip #acfj ,a4 ,h4 ascrib$ to ,al ,ghazzali74 ,cairo #acjf ,a4 ,h4 ,,moral ,,& ,,religi\s ,,tea*+s ,,( ,,al ,,ghazzali ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,man#ab ,?\gh man %>es ) ! o!r animals ext]nal & int]nal s5ses1 he is at ! same "t also end[$ ) two qualities peculi> to himself1 k & w4 ,by k is meant ! p[] ( g5]alisation1 ! conception ( ab/ract ideas1 & ! possession ( intellectual tru?s4 ,by w is meant t /rong desire to acquire an object :i* aft] due consid]ation ( its consequ5ces has be5 pron\nc$ by reason to be good4 ,x is q diff]5t f animal desire1 nay1 x is (t5 ! v opposite ( x4 ,9 ! beg9n+ *ildr5 also lack ^! two qualities4 ,!y h passion1 ang]1 & all ! ext]nal & int]nal s5ses1 b w f9ds its expression only lat]4 ,k diff]s accord+ to ! capacity = x1 accord+ to ! lat5t p[]s 9 a man4 ,h5ce !re is a v>iety ( /ages among/ ,prophets1#ac ! ,ulamas1 ! ,sufis & ! ,philosoph]s4 ,fur!r progress is possible ev5 beyond ^! /ages1 = div9e k kn[s no b\nds4 ,! highe/ /age is rea*$ by "o to :om all tru?s & realities are reveal$ intuitively1 :o by virtue ( 8 exalt$ position enjoys direct communion & close relation ) ! ,mo/ ,holy4 ,! real nature ( ?is position is kn[n only to him :o enjoys x4 ,we v]ify x by fai?4 ,a *ild has no k ( ! atta9m5ts ( an adult2 an adult is n aw>e ( ! acquisitions ( a le>n$ man4 ,simil>ly1 a le>n$ man is n cogniscant ( ! holy communion ( ! sa9ts & ! prophets1 & ( ! fav\rs be/[$ on !m4 ,al?\gh ! div9e bless+s desc5d freely1 ^? are fit recipi5ts ( !m1 ^: he>ts are pure & :olly devot$ to ,him4 8,v]ily10 says ! ,hadis1 8! desire ( ! virtu\s is to hold communion ) me1 & ,i long to look at !m04 8,he :o approa*es me a span1 ,i approa* him an arm04#ad ,! div9e fav\rs are n )held1 b he>ts b$imm$ by impurity fail to receive !m4 8,_h x n be5 t ! devils hov] r\nd ! he>ts ( m51 !y w\ld h se5 ! glories ( ! ,k+dom ( ! ,heav504#ae ,! sup]iority ( man consi/s ?us 9 8 be+ cogniscant ( div9e attributes & actions4 ,!re9 lies 8 p]fection2 ?us he may be wor?y ( admission to ,god's pres5ce4 ,! body s]ves z a vehicle = ! s\l1 & ! s\l is ! abode = k :i* is its fundam5tal "* z well z its ultimate object4 ,! horse & ! ass are bo? bea/s ( burd51 b a sup]iority ( ! =m] is f\nd 9 its be+ gracefully adapt$ = use 9 battle4 ,if ! horse fails 9 ?is x is degrad$ to ! rank ( m]e burd5 be>+ animals4 ,simil>ly ) man4 ,9 c]ta9 qualities man resembles a horse & an ass1 b 8 di/+ui%+ trait is 8 p>ticipation 9 ! nature ( ! angels1 = he holds a middle position betwe5 ! bea/ & ! angel4 ,consid]+ ! mode ( 8 n\ri%m5t & gr[? he is f\nd to belong to ! vegetable _w4 ,consid]+ 8 p[] ( movem5t & impulses he is a d5iz5 ( ! animal k+dom4 ,! di/+ui%+ quality ( k lifts him up to ! cele/ial _w4 ,if he fails to develop ?is quality & to translate x into action he is no bett] ?an a grunt+ pig1 a sn>l+ dog1 a pr[l+ wolf1 or a crafty fox4 ,if he wi%es = true happ9ess1 let him look ^u reason z a mon>* sitt+ on ! ?rone ( 8 he>t1 imag9ation z its ambassador1 memory z treasur]1 spee* z int]pret]1 ! limbs z cl]ks1 & ! s5ses z spies 9 ! realms ( col\r1 s\nd1 smell1 etc4 ,if all ^! prop]ly dis*>ge ! duties allott$ to !m1 if e faculty does t = :i* x 0 creat$--& su* s]vice is ! real mean+ ( ?anksgiv+ to ,god--! ultimate object ( 8 soj\rn 9 ?is transitory _w is realis$4 ,man's nature is made up ( f\r elem5ts1 :i* produce 9 him f\r attributes1 namely1 ! bea/ly2 ! brutal1 ! satanic1 & ! div9e4 ,9 man !re is some?+ ( ! pig1 ! dog1 ! devil1 & ! sa9t4 ,! pig is ! appetite :i* is repulsive n = its =m b = its lu/ & its gluttony4 ,! dog is passion :i* b>ks & bites1 caus+ injury to o!rs4 ,! devil is ! attribute :i* in/igates ^! =m] two1 embelli%+ !m & b$imm+ ! sight ( reason :i* is ! div9e attribute4 ,div9e reason1 if prop]ly att5d$ to1 w\ld repel ! evil by expos+ its "*4 ,x w\ld prop]ly control appetite & ! passions4 ,b :5 a man fails to obey ! dictates ( reason1 ^! ?ree o!r attributes prevail ov] him & cause 8 ru94 ,su* types ( m5 are _m4 ,:at a pity x is t ^! :o w\ld f9d fault ) ^? :o wor%ip /ones d n see t on _! "p !y wor%ip ! pig & ! dog 9 !mselves3 ,let !m be a%am$ ( _! deplorable condition & leave no /one unturn$ = ! suppression ( ^! evil attributes4 ,! pig ( appetite begets %amelessness1 lu/1 sl&]1 & su* l2 ! dog ( passion begets pride1 vanity1 ridicule1 wra? & tyranny4 ,^! two1 controll$ by ! satanic p[] produce deceit1 trea*]y1 p]fidy1 meanness etc4 b if div9ity 9 man is upp]mo/ ! qualities ( k1 wisdom1 fai?1 & tru?1 etc4 w be acquir$4 ,"k !n t m9d is l a mirror :i* reflects images4 ,b j z ! mirror1 ! image1 & ! mode ( reflection are ?ree diff]5t ?+s s m9d1 objects1 & ! way ( kn[+ are also di/9ct4 ,!re are five reasons :i* may prev5t ! object f be+ reflect$ 9 ! mirror4 #a4 ,!re may be some?+ wrong ) ! mirror4 #b4 ,some?+ o!r ?an ! mirror may prev5t ! reflection4 #c4 ,! object may n be 9 front ( x4 #d4 ,some?+ may come betwe5 ! object & ! mirror4 #e4 ,! position ( ! object may n be kn[n1 s t ! mirror may be prop]ly plac$4 ,simil>ly1 = five reasons1 ! m9d fails to receive k4 #a4 ,! m9d may be imp]fect1 l ! *ild's4 #b4 ,s9 & guilt may b$im ! m9d & ?r[ a veil ov] x4 #c4 ,! m9d may be div]t$ f ! real object4 ,= example1 a man may be ob$i5t & good1 b in/ead ( ris+ high] to ! acquisition ( tru? & contemplation ( ,god is cont5t$ ) bodily devotions & acquirem5t ( means ( liv+4 ,su* a m9d1 ?\gh pure1 w n reflect ! div9e image = 8 objects ( ?\ght are o!r ?an ?is4 ,if ?is is ! condition ( su* m9d1 ?9k :at w be ! /ate ( ^? m9ds :i* are absorb$ 9 ! gratification ( _! inord9ate passions4 #d4 ,an ext]nal scre51 may z x 71 come be=e ! objects4 ,sometimes a man :o has subjugat$ 8 passions /ill ?r\gh bl9d imitation or prejudice fails to "k ! tru?4 ,su* types are f\nd among/ ! vot>ies ( ! ,kalam4 ,ev5 _m virtu\s m5 also fall a prey to x & bl9dly /ick to _! dogmas4 #e4 ,!re may be ignorance ( ! means = ! acquisition ( tru?4 ,?us = illu/ration1 a man wants to see 8 back 9 a mirror3 if he places ! mirror be=e 8 eyes he fails to see 8 back2 if he keeps x fac+ 8 back x w /ill be out ( sight4 ,let him !n take ano!r mirror & place "o be=e 8 eyes & ! o!r fac+ 8 back 9 su* a position t ! image ( ! latt] is reflect$ 9 ! =m]4 ,?us he w be able to see 8 back4 ,simil>ly ! k ( ! prop] means is a key to ! k ( ! unkn[n f ! kn[n4 ,! div9e disp5sation is lib]al 9 ! di/ribution ( its b\nties1 b = reasons m5tion$ above1 m9ds fail to pr(it by !m4 ,= human m9ds p>take ( ! nature ( ! div9e & ! capacity to appreh5d tru? is innate4 ,! ,quran says3 8,surely we (f]$ ! tru/ to ! heav5s & ! e>? & ! m\nta9s1 b !y decl9$ to be> x up & 7 afraid ( x & man took x up4 ,surely he is n j 7to himself7 & is ignorant04#af ,9 ?is passage ! innate capacity ( man is h9t$ at & ref]s to ! secret p[] ( kn[+ ,god1 lat5t 9 human m9ds by virtue ( :i* !y h pref]5ce ov] o!r objects & ! univ]se4 ,! ,prophet says3 8,e *ild is born 9 ! "r /ate 7,fitrat7 b 8 p>5ts make him a ,jew1 a ,*ri/ian1 or a ,magian40 ,& aga93 8,_h x n be5 t evil spirits hov] r\nd ! he>ts ( ! sons ( ,adam !y w\ld h se5 ! k+dom ( heav504 ,ibn ,um> reports t ! ,prophet 0 once ask$ z to :]e ,god is f\nd ei!r on e>? or 9 heav54 8,he is 9 ! he>ts ( 8 fai?ful s]vants01 repli$ ! ,prophet4 ,x w n be out ( place to ?r[ "s light "h on ! foll[+ t]ms :i* are (t5 vaguely appli$ :ile deal+ ) ! "q ( human nature4 #a4 ,qalb 7he>t7 has two mean+s4 7a7 a conical %ap$ piece ( fle% on ! left side ( ! *e/1 circulat+ blood1 ! s\rce ( animal spirits4 ,x is f\nd 9 all animals4 ,! he>t ?us belongs to ! ext]nal _w & c be se5 ) ! mat]ial eyes4 7b7 ,a my/]i\s div9e sub/ance :i* is relat$ to ! mat]ial he>t l ! relation betwe5 ! dwell] & ! h\se or ! artisan & 8 implem5ts4 ,x alone is s5ti5t & responsible4 #b4 ,ruh 7_s7 means 7a7 a vap\ry sub/ance :i*1 issues f ! mat]ial he>t1 & quick5s e "p ( ! body4 ,x is l a lamp :i* is plac$ 9 a h\se & %$s its light on all sides4 7b7 ,! s\l :i* is express$ 9 ! ,quran z #8div9e comm&m5t'#ag & is us$ 9 ! same s5se z ! second mean+ ( ,qalb1 m5tion$ above4 #c4 ,nafs 7self7 :i* means 7a7 ! sub/ratum = appetite & passion4 ,! ,sufis call x ! embodim5t ( vices4 7b7 ,! ego :i* receives diff]5t names 9 accordance ) ! qualities acquir$ f *anges 9 its conditions4 ,:5 9 subjugat+ passions x acquires ma/]y ov] !m & feels undi/urb$1 x is call$ ! peaceful self 7,nafsi mutma9na74 ,! ,quran says3 8,nafs t art at re/4 ,return to ?y ,"l well pleas$ ) ,him1 well pleas+40 ,:5 x upbraids man = 8 actions x is call$ consci5ce 7,nafsi lauwama74 ,:5 x freely indulges 9 ! gratification ( 8 passions1 x is call$ ! inord9ate self 7,nafsi amm>a74 ,,human ,,fre$om ,,& ,,responsibility#ah ,actions are ei!r volunt>y or involunt>y4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is n ( k9d b ( degree4 ,analyse ! process ( an involunt>y action & y w f9d t if1 = example1 a man int5ds to ?ru/ a ne$le 9 y\r eye or draws a sword to /rike on y\r head1 y\r eye 9 ! =m] case w at once close & 9 ! latt] y\r h& w sudd5ly be rais$ up to %ield y\r head4 ,?is prompt action on ! "p ( y\r eye & h& is due to y\r consci\sness ( ! evil to be evad$1 & ?is gives rise to volition :i* moves ! eye & ! h& )\t ! lea/ delay4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 cases ! desirability or rejection ( :i* ne$s m$itation1 b ! mom5t m9d decides1 ! decision is c>ri$ out z promptly z 9 ! above example4 ,?is m$itation translat$ into *oice or rejection con/itutes w4 ,n[ w makes its *oice betwe5 two alt]natives & takes its cue ei!r f imag9ation or reason4 ,= example1 a man may be unable to cut 8 own ?roat1 n because 8 h& is weak or a knife is n available1 b because w is lack+ :i* w\ld give ! /imulus to suicide4 ,= man loves 8 own life4 ,b suppose he gets tir$ ( 8 life1 ow+ to hav+ h>r[+ pa9s & unbe>able m5tal suff]+s4 ,he has n[ to *oose betwe5 two alt]natives :i* are bo? undesirable4 ,a /ruggle comm5ces & he hangs betwe5 life & dea?4 ,if he ?9ks t dea? :i* w put an end to 8 suff]+s quickly is pref]able to life ) its l+]+ intol]able pa9s1 he w *oose dea? al?\gh he loves 8 life4 ,?is *oice gives rise to w1 ! comm& to :i*1 communicat$ ?r\gh prop] *annels1 w\ld !n be fai?fully execut$ by 8 h& 9 ! mann] ( suicide4 ,?us1 ?\gh ! process f ! comm5cem5t ( m5tal /ruggle = ! *oice betwe5 too alt]natives d[n to ! /imulus to physical action is uni=mly det]m9ate !re is at any rate a sort ( fre$om traceable 9 ! w4 ,man holds ! balance betwe5 det]m9ism & fre$om4 ,! uni=m succession ( ev5ts is on ! l9es ( det]m9ation b 8 *oice :i* is an ess5tial elem5t ( w is 8 own4 ,our ,ulamas h !re=e co9$ a sep>ate phrase3 ,kasb 7acquisition71 di/+ui%+ x f ,jabr 7necessity7 & ,ikhtiy> 7fre$om7 ,!y say t fire burns ( necessity 7,jabr7 b man may acquire fire ?r\gh ! appropriate me?ods1 :ile 9 ,almighty ,god is ! ultimate cause ( fire 7,ikhtiy>74 ,b x mu/ be not$ t :5 we use ! ^w ,ikhtiy> = ,god1 we mu/ exclude ! notion ( *oice1 :i* is an ess5tial elem5t ( w 9 man4 ,let x be "h recognis$ once = all z a g5]al pr9ciple t all ! words ( man's vocabul>y :5 us$ = ,god's attributes are simil>ly metaphorical4#ai ,! "q may be ask$3 ,if ,god is ! ultimate cause :y %\ld !re be a causal connection 9 ! ord]ly succession ( ev5ts8 ,! answ] to ?is lies 9 ! correct und]/&+ ( ! nature ( causation4 ,no?+ causes any?+4 ,antec$5ts h consequ5ts4#bj ,god alone is ! effici5t cause1 b ! ignorant h misund]/ood & misappli$ ! ^w p[]4 ,z to ! ord]ly succession ( ev5ts1 let x be und]/ood t ! two ev5ts are conjo9$ l ! relation betwe5 ! condition & ! condition$4 ,n[ c]ta9 conditions are v app>5t & c be kn[n easily by p ( little und]/&+1 b !re are conditions :i* are und]/ood only by ^? :o see ?r\gh ! light ( intuition3 h5ce ! common error ( miscalculat+ ! uni=mity ( ev5ts4 ,!re is a div9e purpose l9k+ ! antec$5ts to ! consequ5ts & manife/+ itself 9 ! exi/+ ord]ly succession ( ev5ts1 )\t ! lea/ break or irregul>ity4 8,v]ily01 says ! ,quran4 8,we did n create ! heav5s & ! e>? & :at is betwe5 !m 9 sport4 ,we did n create !m bo? b ) tru?1 b mo/ ( !m d n "k04#ba ,surely1 !re is a set purpose p]vad+ ! univ]se4 ,! uni=m succession ( ev5ts is n at r&om4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z *ance4 ,"h aga9 x may be ask$3 ,if ,god is ! effici5t cause1 h[ w y acc\nt = actions attribut$ to man 9 ! scriptures8 ,are we to believe t !re are two causes = "o effect8 ,my answ] to ?is w be t ! ^w cause is vaguely und]/ood4 ,x c be us$ 9 two diff]5t s5ses4 ,j z we say t ! dea? ( ,a 0 caus$ by 7#a7 ,b4 ! execution]1 & 7#b7 ,c ! k+'s ord]4 ,bo? ^! /atem5ts are correct4 ,simil>ly ,god is ! cause ( actions z ,he has creative p[] & effici5cy4 ,at ! same "t man is ! cause ( actions z he is ! s\rce ( ! manife/ation ( uni=m succession ( ev5ts4 ,9 ! =m] case we h a real causal connection1 :ile 9 ! latt] a relation ( ! antec$5t to ! consequ5t aft] ! mann] ( ! connection betwe5 ! condition & ! condition$4 ,!re are passages 9 ! ,quran :]e ! ^w cause is us$ 9 diff]5t s5ses4 8,! angel ( dea? :o is giv5 *>ge ( y %all cause y to die3 !n to y\r ,"l y %all be br\ght back04#bb 8,allah takes ! s\ls at ! "t ( _! dea?04#bc 8,h y consid]$ :at y s[80#bd 8,we p\r d[n ! wat]1 p\r+ x d[n 9 abundance4 ,!n we cleave ! e>?2 cleav+ x asund]4 ,!n we cause to gr[ !re9 ! gra904#be 8,fight !m3 ,allah w *a/ise !m by y\r h&s & br+ !m to disgrace04#bf 8,s y did n slay !m1 b x 0 ,allah :o slew !m1 & ?\ did/ n smite :5 ?\ did/ smite1 b x 0 ,allah :o smote1 t he might conf] ^u ! believ]s a good gift f himself04#bg ,^! passages %[ t ! ^w1 cause1 signifies creative p[]1 & mu/ be appli$ to ,god alone4 ,b z man's p[] is ! image ( ,god's p[] ! ^w 0 appli$ to him figuratively4 ,yet1 j z ! dea? ( a culprit is caus$ by ! actual kill+ by ! h& ( ! execution] & n ! k+'s ord]1 s ! ^w cause actually appli$ to man is contr>y to fact4 ,god alone is ! real effici5t cause1 & ! ^w mu/ be appli$ to him 9 its root s5se ( p[]4 ,x may be ask$ !n1 :y man %\ld be rew>d$ = 8 good actions & puni%$ = 8 misde$s4 ,let u consid] fir/ ! nature ( rew>d & puni%m5t4 ,exp]i5ce tells u t ?+s h natural prop]ties & t physical laws op]ate 9 a uni=m mann]4 ,take1 = example1 ! sci5ce ( m$ic9e4 ,c]ta9 drugs are f\nd to possess c]ta9 qualities4 ,if a man swall[s poison ( 8 own accord he has no "r to ask :y poison kills him4 ,its natural prop]ty has simply op]at$ 9 8 sy/em & caus$ 8 dea?4 ,simil>ly actions make an impression on m9d4 ,good & bad actions are inv>iably foll[$ by pleasure & pa9 respectively4 ,a good action is its own rew>d ( pleasure & a bad "o ( pa94 ,! =m] works l an elixir2 ! latt] l poison4 ,! prop]ties ( actions h be5 discov]$1 l discov]ies 9 m$ic9e1 b by ! physicians ( ! he>t1 ! sa9ts & ! prophets4 ,if y w n li/5 to !m y mu/ suff] ! consequ5ce4 ,n[ he> a p>able3 ,a c]ta9 k+ s5t a horse1 a robe ( hon\r1 & travell+ exp5ses to "o ( 8 suz]a9s 9 a di/ant l&4 ,al?\gh ! k+ _h no ne$ ( 8 s]vices1 ! royal gift 0 a fav\r %[n to 8 suz]a91 s t he might come to ! k+'s c\rt & be happy 9 8 pres5ce4 ,if ! suz]a9 und]/&s ! k+'s int5tion f ! nature ( ! gift & utilizes x prop]ly ) a grateful he>t1 he w wait on ! k+ & live happily1 b if he misuses ! gift or takes no he$ ( x1 he w prove an ungrateful wret*4 ,x is ?us t ! b\ndless m]cy ( ! omnipot5t & omnisci5t ,god be/[$ on u ! gift ( life1 provid+ u ) bodily organs1 m5tal & moral faculties1 s t we uplift ourselves by utiliz+ !m prop]ly1 & be wor?y ( be+ admitt$ into 8 holy pres5ce4 ,if we misuse !m or pay no reg>d to !m1 surely we %all be 7,kafirs7 7lit]ally 8ungrateful07 = 8 bless+s be/[$ on u = our good1 & ?us be doom$4 8,v]ily10 says ! ,quran1 8we creat$ man 9 ! be/ make4 ,!n we r5d] him ! l[e/ ( ! l[4 ,except ^? :o believe & d good1 s !y %all h a rew>d nev] to be cut (f04#bh4bi4 ,! ,allegory ( ! ,p5 ,a c]ta9 devotee :o 0 on ! way to illum9ation saw a piece ( pap] ) l9es writt5 on x4 8,:y01 said ! devotee1 8ha/ ?\ black5$ ?y bright face80 8,x is n fair to take me to task01 repli$ ! pap]1 8,i h done no?+4 ,ask ! ink :y %e has salli$ =? f ! ink/& :]e %e 0 q at ease1 & =cibly black5$ my face04 8,y are "r0 said ! devotee4 ,!n he turn$ to ! ink & enquir$ ( h]4 8,:y d y ask me01 %e said1 8,i 0 sitt+ /ill 9 ! ink/& & _h no m9d to come out b ?is trucul5t p5 ru%$ at me1 drew me out & scatt]$ me ov] ! page4 ,!re y see me ly+ helpless1 g to ! p5 & ask him04 ,! devotee turn$ to ! p5 & int]rogat$ him ab\t 8 high-h&$ness4 8,:y d y tr\ble me01 answ]$ ! p51 8,look1 :at am ,i8 an insignificant re$4 ,i 0 gr[+ by ! banks ( silv]y /reams amid/ %ady gre5 trees1 :5 lo3 a h& /ret*$ at me4 ,x held a knife1 :i* uproot$ me1 flay$ me & sep>at$ my jo9ts1 hew$ me1 cleav$ my head !n1 *opp$ x (f4 ,i 0 s5t headlong t[>ds ! ink1 & h to s]ve abjectly4 ,d n add insult to my injuries1 g to ! h& & ask him04 ,! devotee look$ at ! h& & said3 8,is x true8 ,are y s cruel80 8,d n be angry1 ,sir0 repli$ ! h& 8,i am a bundle ( fle%1 bones1 & blood4 ,h y ev] se5 a piece ( fle% ex]t+ p[]8 ,c a body move ( itself8 ,i am a vehicle us$ by "o call$ vitality4 ,he rides on me & =ces me r\nd & r\nd4 ,y see1 a dead man has h&s b _c use !m because vitality has left !m4 ,:y %\ld ,i1 a m]e vehicle1 be blam$8 ,g to vitality & ask him :y he makes use ( me40 8,y are "r01 said ! devotee1 & !n que/ion$ vitality4 8,d n f9d fault ) me01 answ]$ vitality1 8,_m a "t a c5sur] himself is reprov$1 :ile ! c5sur$ is f\nd faultless4 ,h[ d y "k t ,i h =c$ ! h&8 ,i 0 already !re be=e he mov$1 & _h no idea ( ! motion4 ,i 0 unconsci\s & ! on-look]s 7 also unaw>e ( me4 ,sudd5ly an ag5t came & /irr$ me4 ,i _h nei!r /r5g? en\gh to disobey nor will+ness to obey him4 ,t = :i* y w\ld take me to task ,i _h to d accord+ to 8 wi%1 ,i d n "k :o ?is ag5t is4 ,he is call$ w & ,i "k him by "n only4 ,_h ! matt] be5 left to me ,i ?9k ,i %\ld h done no?+40 8,all "r01 cont9u$ ! devotee1 8,i %all put ! "q to w1 & ask him :y he has =cibly employ$ vitality :i* ( its own accord w\ld h done no?+04 8,d n be 9 too great a hurry01 exclaim$ w1 8p]*ance ,i may give y suffici5t reason4 ,8 maje/y1 ! m9d1 s5t an ambassador1 nam$ k1 :o deliv]$ 8 message to me ?r\gh reason1 say+3 #8,rise up1 /ir vitality'4 ,i 0 =c$ to d s1 because ,i h to obey k & reason1 b ,i "k n :y4 ,z long z ,i receive no ord] ,i am happy1 b ! mom5t an ord] is deliv]$ ,i d>e n disobey4 ,:e!r my mon>* be a j rul] or a tyrant1 ,i mu/ obey him4 ,on my oa?1 z long z ! k+ hesitates or pond]s ov] ! matt] ,i /& quiet1 ready to s]ve1 b ! mom5t 8 ord] is pass$ my s5se ( ob$i5ce :i* is innate =ces me to /ir up vitality4 ,s1 y %\ld n blame me4 ,g to k & get in=mation !re04 8,y are "r10 cons5t$ ! devotee1 & proce$+1 ask$ m9d & its ambassador1 k & reason1 = an explanation4 ,reason excus$ himself by say+ he 0 a lamp only1 b knew n :o _h light$ x4 ,m9d plead$ 8 innoc5ce by call+ himself a m]e tabula rasa4 ,k ma9ta9$ t x 0 simply an inscription on ! tabula rasa1 inscrib$ aft] ! lamp ( reason _h be5 light$4 ,?us he c\ld n be consid]$ ! au?or ( ! inscription :i* may h be5 ! "w ( "s invisible p54 ,! devotee 0 puzzl$ by ! reply1 b collect+ himself1 he spoke ?us to k3 8,i am w&]+ 9 ! pa? ( my enquiry4 ,to :omsoev] ,i g & ask ! reason ,i am ref]r$ to ano!r4 ,nev]!less1 !re is pleasure 9 my que/1 = ,i f9d t ev]yone gives me a plausible reason4 ,b p>don me1 ,sir if ,i say t y\r reply1 k1 fails to satisfy me4 ,y say t y are a m]e inscription record$ by a p54 ,i h se5 p51 ink1 & tablet4 ,!y are ( re$1 a black mixture1 & ( wood & iron1 respectively4 ,& ,i h se5 lamps light$ ) fire4 ,b "h ,i d n see any ( ^! ?+s1 & yet y talk ( ! tablet1 ! lamp1 ! p5 & ! inscription4 ,surely y are n trifl+ ) me80 8,c]ta9ly n01 return$ k1 8,i spoke 9 "r e>ne/4 ,b ,i see y\r difficulty4 ,y\r means are scanty1 y\r horse is jad$1 & y\r j\rney is long & dang]\s4 ,give up ?is ent]prise1 z ,i fe> y _c succe$4 ,if1 h[ev] y are prep>$ to run ! risk1 !n li/54 ,y\r j\rney ext5ds ?r\gh ?ree regions4 ,! fir/ is ! t]re/rial _w4 ,its objects p51 ink1 pap]1 h& etc4 are j :at y h se5 !m to be4 ,! second is ! cele/ial _w1 :i* w beg9 :5 y h left me beh9d4 ,!re y w come across d5se =e/s1 deep wide riv]s & high impassable m\nta9s & ,i "k n h[ y w\ld be able to proce$4 ,betwe5 ^! two worlds !re is a ?ird int]m$i>y region call$ ! ph5om5al _w4 ,y h cross$ ?ree /ages ( x1 vitality1 w1 & k4 ,to use a simile3 a man :o is walk+ is tread+ ! t]re/rial _w3 if he is sail+ 9 a boat he ent]s ! ph5om5al _w3 if he leaves ! boat & swims & walks on ! wat]s1 he is admitt$ 9 ! cele/ial _w4 ,if y d n "k h[ to swim1 g back4 ,=1 ! wat]y region ( ! cele/ial _w beg9s n[ :5 y c see t p5 inscrib+ on ! tablet ( ! he>t4 ,if y are n ( :om x 0 said3 #8,o ye ( little fai?1 :]e=e did/ ?\ d\bt8'#cj prep>e ?yself4 ,=1 by fai? y %all n simply walk on ! sea b fly 9 ! air04 ,! wond]+ devotee /ood spee*less = a:ile1 !n turn+ to k1 began3 8,i am 9 a difficulty4 ,! dang]s ( ! pa? :i* y h describ$ unn]ve my he>t1 & ,i "k n :e!r ,i h suffici5t /r5g? to face !m & to succe$ 9 ! end04 8,!re is a te/ = y\r /r5g?01 repli$ k1 8,op5 y\r eyes & fix y\r gaze on me4 ,if y see ! p5 :i* writes on ! he>t1 y w 9 my op9ion1 be able to proce$ fur!r on4 ,= he :o crosses ! ph5om5al _w1 knocks at ! door ( ! cele/ial _w1 !n sights ! p5 :i* writes on he>ts04 ,! devotee did z he 0 advis$1 b fail$ to see t p51 because 8 notion ( p5 0 no o!r b ( a p5 ( re$ or wood4 ,!n k drew 8 att5tion1 say+3 8,!re's ! rub4 ,d y n "k t ! furniture ( a palace indicates ! /atus ( its "l8 ,no?+ 9 ! univ]se resembles ,god1#ca !re=e 8 attributes are also transc5d5tal4 ,he is nei!r body nor is 9 space4 ,8 h& is n a bundle ( fle%1 bone1 & blood4 ,8 p5 is n ( re$ or wood4 ,8 writ+ is n f ink prep>$ f vitriol & gall4 ,b !re are _m :o ignorantly cl+ to an an?ropomorphic view ( ,him1 !re are few :o *]i% a transc5d5tally pure conception ( ,him1 & believe t ,he is n only above all mat]ial limitation b ev5 above ! limitation ( metaphor4 ,y seem to be oscillat+ betwe5 ^! two views1 because on ! "o h& y ?9k t ,god is immat]ial1 t ,8 words h nei!r s\nd nor %ape2 on ! o!r h& y _c rise to ! transc5d5tal conception ( ,8 h&1 p5 & tablet4 ,d y ?9k t ! mean+ ( ! tradition 8,v]ily ,god creat$ ,adam 9 ,8 own image0#cb is limit$ to ! visible face ( man8 ,c]ta9ly n3 x is ! inw>d nature ( man se5 by ! inw>d sight :i* c be call$ ! image ( ,god4 ,b li/53 ,y are n[ at ! sacr$ m\nt1 :]e ! invisible voice f ! burn+ bu% speaks3 8,i am t ,i am20#cc 8,v]ily ,i am ?y ,"l ,god1 put (f ?y %oes04#cd ,! devotee1 :o li/5+ ) rapture1 sudd5ly saw z x 7 a fla% ( lightn+1 !re appe>$ work+ ! p5 :i* writes on he>ts-=mless4 8,a ?\s& bless+s on !e1 ,o k1 :o ha/ sav$ me f fall+ into ! abysm ( an?ropomorphism 7,ta%bih74 ,i ?ank !e f ! bottom ( my he>t4 ,i t>ri$ long1 b n[1 adieu04 ,! devotee !n resum$ 8 j\rney4 ,halt+ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! invisible p51 politely he ask$ ! same "q4 8,y "k my reply0 answ]$ ! my/]i\s p51 8,y _c h =gott5 ! reply giv5 to y by ! p5 9 ! t]re/rial _w04 8,yes1 ,i rememb]10 repli$ ! devotee1 8b h[ c x be ! same reply1 because !re is no similitude betwe5 y & t p504 8,!n x seems y h =gott5 ! tradition3 ,v]ily ,god creat$ ,adam 9 8 own image04 8,no1 ,sir01 int]rupt$ ! devotee1 8,i "k x by he>t04 8,& y h =gott5 also t passage 9 ! ,quran3 8,& ! heav5s roll$ up 9 8 "r h&40#ce 8,c]ta9ly n01 exclaim$ ! devotee1 8,i c repeat ! :ole ( ! ,quran by rote04 8,yes1 ,i "k1 & z y are n[ tread+ ! sacr$ prec9cts ( ! cele/ial _w ,i ?9k ,i c n[ safely tell y t y h simply le>nt ! mean+ ( ^! passages f a negative po9t ( view4 ,b !y h a positive value1 & %\ld be utilis$ z con/ructive at ?is /age4#cf ,proce$ fur!r & y w und]/& :at ,i mean04 ,! devotee look$ & f\nd himself reflect+ ^u ! div9e attribute omnipot5ce4 ,at once he realis$ ! =ce ( ! my/]i\s p5's argum5t1 b goad$ by 8 inquisitive nature he 0 ab\t to put ! "q to ! holy be+1 :5 a voice l ! deaf5+ s\nd ( ?und] 0 he>d f above1 proclaim+3 8,he is n que/ion$ = 8 actions b !y %all be ask$04 ,fill$ ) surprize2 ! devotee b5t 8 head 9 sil5t submission4 ,! h& ( ! div9e m]cy /ret*$ t[>ds ! helpless devotee2 into 8 e> 7 :isp]$ 9 zephyr tones3 8,v]ily ^? :o /rive 9 our way we w c]ta9ly %[ !m ! pa? :i* leads to u0#cg4 ,op5+ 8 eyes1 ! devotee rais$ 8 head & p\r$ =? 8 he>t 9 sil5t pray]4 8,holy art ?\1 ,o ,god ,almighty3 bless$ is ?y "n ,o ,"l ( ! univ]se4 ,h5ce=? ,i %all fe> no mortal3 ,i put my entire tru/ 9 !e3 ?y =giv5ess is my solace3 ?y m]cy is my refuge40 7,light may be ?r[n on ! matt] by consid]ation ( ! unity ( ,god4#ch7 ,,pride ,,& ,,vanity#ci ,:5 a man feels a sup]iority ov] o!rs & ) ?is a sort ( inw>d elation1 ?is is call$ pride4 ,x diff]s f vanity 9 z mu* z vanity means consci\sness ( "o's elation :ile pride requires a subject1 an object & a feel+ ( elation4 ,suppose a man is born solit>y 9 ! _w1 he may be va9 b n pr\d1 because 9 pride man consid]s himself sup]ior to o!rs = c]ta9 qualities ( 8 self4 ,he allots "o position to 8 self & "o to ano!r1 & !n ?9ks t 8 position is high] & is !re=e elat$4 ,?is 8puff$ up0 feel+ :i* imp>ts a s5se ( 8t\* me n0 is call$ pride4 ,! ,prophet says3 8,o ,god save me f ! puff+ up ( pride04 ,ibn ,abbas says t ! s5t5ce 9 ! ,quran 8,& !y h pride 9 _! he>ts & w fail to rea* x0 means t ! ?\ght ( inw>d greatness w be d5i$ to !m4 ,?is ?\ght is ! s\rce ( inw>d & outw>d actions1 :i* are s to speak ! fruits ( x4 ,a pr\d man w n tol]ate any o!r to be on equal t]ms ) himself4 ,9 private & 9 public he expects t all %\ld assume a respectful attitude t[>ds him & ackn[l$g+ 8 sup]iority treat him z a high] be+4 ,!y %\ld greet him fir/1 make way = him :]ev] he walks2 :5 he speaks ev]yone %\ld li/5 to him & nev] try to oppose him4 ,he is a g5ius & p are l asses4 ,!y %\ld be grateful to him see+ t he is s condesc5d+4 ,su* pr\d m5 are f\nd especially among ulamas4 ,sages are ru9$ by _! pride4 ,! ,prophet says3 8,he :o has an atom ( pride 9 8 he>t w fail to ent] p>adise40 ,?is say+ requires explanation1 & %\ld be c>efully li/5$ to4 ,virtues are ! doors ( ,p>adise1 b pride & self e/eem lock !m all4 ,s long z man feels elat$ he w n l = o!rs :at he likes = himself4 ,8 self e/eem w deprive him ( humility1 :i* is ! ess5ce ( righte\sness4 ,he w nei!r be able to disc>d enmity & envy1 res5tm5t & wra?1 sl&] & scorn1 nor w he be able to cultivate tru? & s9c]ity1 & calmly li/5 to any advice4 ,9 %ort1 !re is no evil :i* a pr\d man w n inevitably d 9 ord] to pres]ve 8 elation & self-e/eem4 ,vices are l a *a9 ( r+s l9k$ toge!r :i* entangle 8 he>t4 ,!re=e1 an atom ( pride is ,satan's sp>k1 :i* secretly consumes ! nature ( ! sons ( ,adam4 ,"k !n t pride is ( ?ree k9ds3 #a4 ,aga9/ ,god2 #b4 ,aga9/ prophets & sa9ts2 #c4 ,aga9/ fell[m54 #a4 ,aga9/ ,god4 ,x is due to m]e fooli%ness :5 a bip$ creature consid]s himself z if ,"l ( ! univ]se4 ,namrud & ,ph>oah 7 su* types1 :o disda9$ to be call$ ,god's creatures on e>?3 8,v]ily1 ,v]ily10 says ! ,quran1 8! ,messiah does by no means disda9 t he %\ld be a s]vant ( ,allah1 nor d ! angels :o are ne> to ,him1 & :oev] disda9s ,8 s]vice & is pr\d ,he w ga!r !m all toge!r to ,himself40#dj #b4 ,aga9/ prophets & sa9ts4 ,x is due to unw>rant$ self e/eem :5 "o consid]s ob$i5ce to any mortal be+ z l[]+ 8 own position4 ,su* a p]son ei!r fails to reflect on ! nature ( prophet%ip & !reby feels pr\d ( himself & does n obey ! prophet1 or refuses to consid] ! claims ( prophet%ip z be+ d]ogatory to 8 elat$ self & !re=e pays no reg>d to ! prophet4 ,! ,quran quotes ! words ( su* p]sons3--8,& !y say3 :at is ! matt] ) ?is ,apo/le t he eats food & goes ab\t 9 ! m>kets1 :y has n an angel be5 s5t d[n to him s t he %\ld h be5 a w>n] ) him4 ,or 7:y is n7 a treasure s5t d[n to him or he is made to h a g>d5 f :i* he %\ld eat04 ,& ^? :o d n fe> our meet+1 say3 8,:y h n angels be5 s5t d[n to u1 or 7:y7 d we n see our ,"l8 ,n[ c]ta9ly !y are too pr\d ( !mselves & h revolt$ 9 great revolt40#da ,our ,prophet ,mohamm$ 0 an orphan & _h scanty means ( livelihood1 s ! ,korai%ite *ief ,walid b9 ,mogh]a & ,abu ,masood ,sakfi us$ to speak contemptu\sly ( him4#db ,& :5 p believ$ 9 him & accept$ ,islam1 ! pr\d ,korai%ites us$ to say3 ,mohamm$ is surr\nd$ by poor m51 let him s5d !m (f & !n we ( ! ari/ocracy ( ,mecca w li/5 to him4 ,b ,god spoke to ,mohamm$ 8,& )hold ?yself ) ^? :o call on _! ,"l morn+ & ev5+1 desir+ ,8 good w1 & let n _! eyes pass f !m1 desir+ ! beauties ( ?is _w's life1 & d n foll[ him1 ^: he>t we h made unm9dful to our resemblance1 & he foll[s 8 l[ desires1 & 8 case is "o 9 :i* due b\nds are exce$$40#dc #c4 ,aga9/ fell[m54 ,a pr\d man consid]s himself a sup]ior be+ & w\ld l to see ev]ybody humbl$ be=e him4 ,he is !re=e qu>rell+ ) ,god1 try+ to %>e ) ,him ,8 attribute omnipot5ce4 ,god is spok5 ( 9 ! ,hadi?1 z say+3 8,omnipot5ce is my mantle1 he :o qu>rels ) me = x1 him w ,i cru%04 ,surely m5 are all ,8 s]vants & no s]vant has a "r to treat 8 fell[ s]vants z _! ma/]4 ,b a pr\d man 9 ! intoxication ( 8 elation takes himself z ,god on e>?4 ,he is too haughty to li/5 to tru? f ! lips ( any ( 8 fell[m54 ,ibn ,masud says3 8,x is en\gh = s9 if a p]son1 :o is advis$ to fe> ,god answ]s 8 advisor3 ,look to ?9e own self40 ,! consci\sness ( sup]iority :i* begets pride is due to c]ta9 attributes or accompli%m5ts :i* c be summ$ up z3 a4 ,spiritual1 divid$ into 7#a7 k2 7#b7 devotion4 b4 ,worldly1 ( five k9ds3 7#c7 p$igree2 7#d7 beauty2 7#e7 /r5g?2 7#f7 weal?2 7#g7 ki? & k94 ,!re are ?us sev5 causes 9 all1 & ^! ne$ "s description4 ,k is p[]4 ,consci\sness ( p[] easily elates a man1 :o consid]s himself sup]ior to o!rs & treats !m 9 a sup]cili\s mann]4 ,if he accepts ! greet+s or ! invitation ( 8 fell[m5 or receives !m 9 audi5ce he ?9ks !y %\ld be ?ankful to him = 8 condesc5sion4 ,p %\ld obey & s]ve him1 = by virtue ( 8 k he ?9ks he has a "r ov] !m4 ,su* a pr\d 8,alim0 is sorry = ! s9s ( o!rs b unm9dful ( 8 own condition4 ,:ile he freely di/ributes ,heav5 & ,hell among 8 fell[m51 he claims salvation & ,heav5 = himself4 ,! "q is :e!r he is really ju/ifi$ 9 hold+ ! title ( ,alim4 ,= an ,alim is "o :o1 kn[+ himself kn[s ,god1 :o fe>s ! ,"l mo/1 :o holds himself m responsible = 8 actions = he kn[s good & evil & feels ! awful pres5ce ( a mighty & j ,be+ :o looks to righte\sness alone4 ,let u consid] :y m5 ( k become pr\d4 ,!re are two ma9 causes :i* %\ld be not$4 ,fir/ !re is a false conception ab\t ! nature ( real k4 ,devot$ to c]ta9 sci5ces & arts su* z ma!matics1 physics1 lit]ature1 & dialectics1 !y ?9k t pr(ici5cy 9 !m makes a man p]fect4 ,b real k means ! lift+ ( ! veil f be=e ! eyes ( ! he>t s z to see ! my/]i\s relation betwe5 man & 8 mak] & to be fill$ ) a s5se ( awe & rev]5ce 9 ! pres5ce ( an omnisci5t holy ,be+ :o p]vades ! univ]se4 ,?is attitude ( m9d1 ?is enlight5m5t is real k4 ,x produces humility & repels pride4 ,secondly1 !re is an indiff]5ce to moral tra9+ dur+ /ud5t life4 ,wick$ habits ?us produce bitt] fruits ( pride4 ,wahb has well illu/rat$ ?is po9t1 :5 he says3 8,k is l ra9 fall+ f above1 s pure & sweet b ! plants :5 !y absorb x1 embitt] or sweet5 x1 accord+ to _! ta/es4 ,man 9 acquir+ k acquires p[]1 :i* gives /r5g? to ! hidd5 qualities ( 8 he>t4 ,if he 0 prone t[>ds pride & paid no att5tion to ! subjugation ( x1 he w\ld prove m pr\d :5 he acquires k40 8,!re w be m510 says ! ,prophet 8:o w h ! ,quran on _! lips b x w n g d[n _! ?roats4 ,!y w claim k ( x1 call+ !mselves le>n$ ,q>i4 ,!y w be f among y my companions1 b woe to !m1 = !y w see ! consequ5ce ( x 9 ,hell04#dd ,w>n$ by _! ,prophet1 8 companions liv$ a life ( humility & _! example taught its lesson to _! successors4 ,a p]son came to ,khalif ,om> aft] morn+ pray]s & said3 8,i %\ld l to give public s]mons04 8,my fri5d01 said ! ,khalif1 8,i am afraid y w\ld soon be puff$ up ) pride04 ,huzaifa1 ! companion ( ! ,prophet1 0 a lead] ( pray]4 ,"o day he said to 8 congregation3 8,bre?r51 h ano!r lead]1 or g & pray alone1 = ,i beg9 to feel puff$ up ) y\r lead]%ip04 ,?us1 ! companions ( ! ,prophet liv$ meekly1 ! humble s]vants ( ,god on e>?1 ke5ly wat*+ ! *ang+ phases ( _! ,he>ts & promptly seek+ ! rem$y4 ,b we :o call ourselves _! foll[]s n only d n try to purify our he>ts b d n ev5 ?9k x wor? :ile to consid] ! means = _! purification4 ,h[ c we expect salvation8 ,b we ought n to lose he>t4 ,! apo/le ( m]cy = ! worlds 7,rahmet ul lilalam97 has said3 8,soon a "t w come :5 if any p]son w d ev5 "o t5? ( :at y are do+ n[1 he w h 8 salvation04#de ,devotion & religi\s s]vice elicit admiration & praise = ! devotee1 :o f9d+ himself respect$ by ! p is elat$4 ,?is elation quietly develops into pride & !n ! devotee consid]s himself a sup]ior be+ & fav\r$ ( ,god4 ,he despises 8 fell[ m5 & calls !m s9n]s1 :o w be doom$ = ev]4 ,b he does "k t he himself w be doom$ = despis+ 8 fell[m5 & ?9k+ too mu* ( himself4 ,! ,prophet says3 8,:5 y he> any p]son1 say+3 #8,woe to ! p !y are doom$1' "k t he himself w be doom$ fir/04 ,x is record$ t a c]ta9 s9n] among ! ,jews pass$ by a well kn[n ,ph>isee4 ,/ruck ) ! appe>ance ( ! ,ph>isee's piety & devotion1 ! poor s9n] sat d[n by him1 believ+ 9 ! sav+ grace ( 8 holy t\*4 ,b ! pr\d ,ph>isee disda9fully spoke out3 8,t\* me n ?\ fil?y s9n]1 & leave my pres5ce04 ,:]eupon ,god s5t ,8 ^w to ! prophet ( t age3 8,g & tell t s9n]2 ?\ art =giv54 ,z = t ,ph>isee1 8 devotion is ca/ aside & he is doom$04 #c4 ,p are usually pr\d ( _! l9eage1 & look d[n on m5 ( l[ bir?4 ,!y refuse to treat !m on equal t]ms1 & boa/fully speak ( _! ance/ors 9 ! pres5ce ( m51 :o are treat$ by !m 9 a haughty mann]4 ,?is evil lurks ev5 9 ! he>ts ( good & virtu\s m51 al?\gh _! mann]s & actions ?r[ a veil ov] x4 ,b 9 an ungu>d$ mom5t ( excitem5t & fury1 ?is demon ( p$igree is let loose f ! inn]mo/ corn] ( ! he>t4 ,! ,prophet's companion ,abuz> says3 8,i 0 qu>rell+ ) someone 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,prophet :5 sudd5ly 9 a fit ( rage ,i abus$ ! man2 ,?\ son ( a negress60 ,on ?is ! ,prophet coax+ly said to me3 8,abuz>1 bo? ! scales are equal4 ,! :ite has no pref]5ce ov] ! black40 ,he>+ ?is ,i fell & said to ! p]son3 8,bro!r come & trample on my face & !n =give me40 ,x is report$ 9 ! ,hadi? t two m5 7 qu>rell+ be=e ! ,prophet4 ,"o said to ! o!r2 8,i am ! son ( su* & su* illu/ri\s man1 tell me :o ?y fa!r is80 ,! ,prophet1 address+ ! boa/ful man said2 8,!re 7 two m5 9 ! "t ( ,moses :o boa/fully spoke ( _! p$igree4 ,"o said to ! o!r3 8,look h[ my n9e ance/ors all 9 "o l9e 7 m5 ( r5[n40 ,& ,god said to ,moses3 8,tell ?is man3 ,all ?y n9e ance/ors are 9 ,hell & ?\ art ! t5?40 #d4 ,wom5 g5]ally feel pr\d ( _! beauty4 ,?is leads to f9d+ fault ) o!rs1 & ?is gradually assumes ! =m ( contempt & disda94 ,aye%a1 ! wife ( ! ,prophet1 says3 8,"o day a woman came to ! ,prophet & ,i said to him3 #8,look at ?is dw>f4' ,! ,prophet turn$ t[>ds me & said3 #8,aye%a1 rep5t ( :at ?\ ha/ said1 = x is sl&]4'0 #e1 #f1 #g4 ,p feel a sort ( elation at ! sight ( _! possessions4 ,a m]*ant is elat$ ) 8 /ores1 a l&[n] ) 8 fields & groves1 & a nobleman ) 8 ret9ue & ri*es4 ,9 %ort1 e p]son feels pr\d ( 8 worldly possessions & looks d[n on ^? :o are lack+ 9 !m4 ,he believes 9 ri*es & wor%ips mammon4#df ,he has no idea ( :at is meant by3 8,bless$ are ! poor 9 _s3 = _!'s is ! k+dom ( ,heav504#dg ,we may quote a p>able f ! ,quran4 8,& set =? to !m a p>able ( two m54 ,= "o ( !m we made two g>d5s ( grape v9es1 & we surr\nd$ !m bo? ) palms1 & 9 ! mid/ ( !m we made corn-fields4 ,bo? ^! g>d5s yield$ _! fruits & fail$ no?+4 ,we caus$ a riv] to gu% =? 9 _! mid/4 ,! man possess$ mu* weal? & he said to 8 companion :ile he disput$ ) him3 ,i h great] weal? ?an y & am mighti] 9 foll[]s4 ,:ile he ent]$ 8 g>d5 he 0 unju/ to himself4 ,he said3 ,i d n ?9k t ?is w ev] p]i%4 ,i d n ?9k ! h\r w come1 yet ev5 if ,i return to my ,"l ,i %all mo/ c]ta9ly f9d a place bett] ?an ?is4 ,8 companion said to him1 :ile disput+ ) him3 ,d y disbelieve 9 ,him :o creat$ y f du/1 !n f a small g]m life1 !n he made y a p]fect man8 ,b z = me1 ,allah is my ,"l & ,i d n associate any "o ) my ,"l4 ,:5 y ent]$ y\r g>d51 :y did y n say3 ,x is z ,allah has pleas$4 ,!re is no p[] save ,allah4 ,if y consid] me to be inf]ior to y 9 weal? & *ildr51 p]haps my ,"l w give me some?+ bett] ?an y\r g>d51 & s5d on x a reckon+ f heav51 s t x %all become ev5 gr\nd ) no liv+ plant4 ,or ! wat]s may s9k into ! gr\nd s t y are unable to f9d !m4 ,8 weal? 0 inde$ de/roy$1 & he began to wr+ 8 h&s = :at he _h sp5t on x4 ,:ile x lay !re 7= x _h fall5 d[n f ! ro(s7 he said3 ,ah me6 w\ld t ,i _h n associat$ anyone ) my ,"l4 ,he _h none to help him besides ,allah nor c\ld he def5d himself4 ,9 ,allah1 alone is protection1 ! ,true ,"o4 ,9 ! be/[al ( rew>d & 9 requital he is be/4 ,set =? to !m also ! p>able ( ! life 9 ?is _w4 ,x is l ! wat] :i* we s5d d[n f ! cl\ds on acc\nt ( :i* ! h]bs become luxuriant4 ,!n ^! become dry1 break into pieces & ! w9ds scatt] !m4 ,allah holds p[] ov] all ?+s4 ,weal? & *ildr5 are an adornm5t ( ! life ( ?is _w4 ,! good works1 ! ev]-abid+1 are ) y\r ,"l bett] 9 rew>d ?an 9 expectation04#dh ,h[ fleet+ are our worldly ga9s1 & h[ fooli% are we 9 feel+ pr\d ( !m6 ,let u !n1 live z meek & humble s]vants ( ,god on e>?4 ,,fri5d%ip ,,& ,,s9c]ity#di ,fri5d%ip is "o ( ,god's fav\rs1 says ! ,quran4 ,& hold fa/ by ! cov5ant ( ,allah all toge!r & be n disunit$1 & rememb] ! fav\r ( ,allah on y :5 y 7 enemies1 !n ,he unit$ y\r m>ts s by ,8 fav\r y became bre?r5#ej4 ,! ,prophet says3 ,^? among/ y are my close companions :o h good dispositions1 are affectionate & t5d]ly love ea* o!r4 ,& aga93 8,god :5 ,he %[s ,8 k9dness t[>ds any p]son gives him a ,good fri5d40#ea 8,v]ily ,god w say on ! day ( resurrection :]e are ^? :o lov$ ea* o!r = my sake2 today !y %all re/ "u my %elt] :5 !re is no o!r %elt]40#eb 8,sev5 k9ds ( m5 w1 on ! ,day ( ,judgm5t1 re/ "u ,8 %elt] :5 !re w be no o!r %elt]3--7#a7 ,a j ,imam1 7#b7 ,an adult :o is devot$ to ,god1 7#c7 ,a man :o aft] com+ out f ! mosque f9ds 8 he>t atta*$ to x till he ent]s aga91 7#d7 ,two fri5ds :o liv$ & di$ 9 _! fri5d%ip = ,god's sake1 7#e7 ,he :o = fe> ( ! ,"l wept 9 secret1 7#f7 ,he :om a beautiful woman ( good bir? allures b he replies3 ,i h fe> ( my ,"l1 7#g7 ,he :o gives alms 9 a mann] t 8 left h& does n "k :at is giv5 by 8 "r h&40#ec ,fri5d%ip1 !n1 is ,god's fav\r & %\ld be cultivat$ = ,8 sake4 ,b if we %un ! company ( our fell[m5 let x also be = ,god's sake4 8,! /ronge/ rope ( ,fai?01 says ! ,prophet1 8is love & hate bo? = ,god's sake40 ,*ri/ says1 8,love ,god by avoid+ ! wick$2 seek ,8 ne>ness by %unn+ _! company & please ,him by c\rt+ _! displeasure40 8,) :om %\ld we keep company1 ,o ,^w ( ,god01 ask$ ! p4 ,& ,*ri/ repli$1 8,sit ) ^? ^: appe>ance rem9ds y ( ,god1 ^: words add to ! /ock ( y\r k & ^: actions s]ve z an inc5tive = acquir+ ! k+dom ( ,heav540 ,god spoke to ,moses say+1 8,son ( ,amran be up & f9d out a fri5d = !e & he :o w\ld n be ) !e = my good w is ?y enemy40 ,*oose a fri5d :o has five qualities viz3 wisdom1 good disposition1 ab/95ce f s91 h]esy & gre$4 ,a fool's company gives no good1 x ends 9 gloom4 ,good disposition is necess>y 9 z mu* z a man may be wise b be subs]vi5t to 8 inord9ate passion & h5ce unfit = company4 ,& a s9n] & a h]etic are to be avoid$ = ! simple reason t !y :o h no fe> ( ! ,"l & are reg>dless ( committ+ =bidd5 actions are n to be reli$ on4 ,besides contagion w secretly spread & he too w ?9k ( s9 lightly & gradually lose p[] ( resi/+ x4 ,& a gre$y worldl+ is to be avoid$ because 8 company w dead5 ! he>t 9 ! que/ ( ! k+dom ( ,heav54 ,alkama on 8 dea? b$ gave a f9e description ( a fri5d4 8,my son01 said he1 8,if y wi% to keep company try to f9d out su* a fri5d :o1 :5 y live ) him def5ds y1 adds to y\r pre/ige1 be>s ! load ( y\r h>d%ips1 helps y 9 y\r do+s1 c\nts y\r virtues1 dissuades y f vices1 readily responds to y\r reque/s1 inquires himself = y\r ne$s :5 y keep quiet1 %[s 8 deep sympa?y 9 y\r suff]+s1 be>s witness to y\r say+s1 gives good advice :5 y int5d to d "s "w & pref]s y to 8 own self :5 diff]5ce arises betwe5 y & him40 ,?is piece ( advice gives ! qualities ( a fri5d 9 a nut%ell4 ,:5 ,caliph ,mamun ! ,abbaside he>d ( x1 he said1 8,:]e %\ld we f9d su* a fri5d04 ,& ,yahya repli$1 8,alkama's description means t we %\ld live 9 retirem5t40 ,imam ,jaf> #8,assadiq' 7! v]aci\s7 gives a negative description ( a fri5d4 8,d n keep company ) five sorts ( m5 viz3 a false man :o deceives y l a mirage2 a fool :o _c b5efit y1 7ev5 if he tries to d s he w\ld d h>m ?r\gh 8 fooli%ness27 a mis] :o :5 y ne$ 8 help ! mo/1 sev]s himself f y2 a c[>d :o w leave y :5 y are 9 dang]2 a wick$ s9n] :o w sell y = a piece ( bread40 ,sahl ( ,ta/] says1 8,avoid ! company ( #c k9ds ( m51 7#a7 tyrants :o =get ,god1 7#b7 ,ulamas :o practise dissimulation1 7#c7 ,sufis :o are ignorant40 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ "h t ! above passages s]ve z an ideal b = purposes we %\ld look to ! pres5t practical conditions & try to get z mu* good z may be _h f !m4 ,= man's life seems dre>y :5 he has no fri5ds4 ,& m5 are l trees4 ,"s are fruit-be>+ & %ady1 "s are %ady only & "s are m]e ?orns & ?i/les4 ,simil>ly "s fri5ds are a bless+ bo? "h & h]eaft]2 "s are = worldly ga9 = ! _w is a %ad[1 & "s are ( no good 9 ?is _w & ! next z if !y are scorpions 9 human =m4 8,& !y 7 n enjo9$ any?+ except t !y %\ld s]ve ,allah1 be+ s9c]e to ,him 9 ob$i5ce1 upright1 & keep up pray] & pay ! poor rate 7zakat7 & t is ! "r religion04#ed 8,!n s]ve ,god1 be+ s9c]e 9 religion unto ,him1 ,aye1 ,god's is ! s9c]e religion04 ,musab says t 8 fa!r ,saad 0 consid]+ himself sup]ior to o!r poor & de/itute companions ( ! ,prophet4 8,god01 said ! ,prophet1 8has help$ my p ) my poor & humble foll[]s' pray] & s9c]ity40#ee 8,s9c]e action10 says ! ,prophet 8ev5 if x be little w suffice = !e40#ef ,! foll[+ say+ ( ! ,prophet is report$ by ,abu ,huraira3 8,?ree p]sons %all be que/ion$ fir/ on ! day ( resurrection4 ,"o w be ! le>n$ man :o w\ld be ask$ z to :at he _h done ) 8 le>n+04 8,day & night10 ! le>n$ man w reply 8,i tri$ my be/ to propagate x1 ,o ,"l04 8,?\ speake/ falsely01 ,god w answ] & ! angels w also jo9 ) him4 8,?y sole aim 0 to be call$ a le>n$ man by ! p1 & ! title 0 ?9e04 ,! second w be ! ri* man :o w\ld be ask$ ab\t 8 ri*es4 8,day & night01 ! ri* man w reply1 8,i gave x 9 *>ity40 8,?\ speak] ( untru?01 ,god & 8 angels w say4 8,?\ wi%e/ to be labell$ a g5]\s man1 & x 0 done04 ,! ?ird w be ! m>tyr :o too w be ask$ ab\t 8 de$4 8,o ,"l01 ! m>tyr w reply1 8,?\ did/ comm& u to wage ,holy w> 7,jehad71 ,i obey$ !e & fell fight+04 8,?\ lie/10 ,god & ,8 angels w answ]4 8,?y aim 0 to be trumpet$ z a h]o & x 0 done04 8,!n10 says ,abu ,huraira1 8! ,prophet aft] f9i%+ ! s]mon press$ me & said3 ,^! ?ree w\ld be ! fir/ to be ?r[n into ! flames ( hell04 ,9 ! n>ratives ( ! ,israelites1 a /ory is told ( a c]ta9 devotee :o _h s]v$ ,god = _m ye>s4 ,once he 0 in=m$ ( ! apo/acy ( a tribe1 :i*1 =sak+ ! true wor%ip ( ,yahweh _h tak5 to tree wor%ip4 ,! h]mit fill$ ) ! _s ( ! 8jeal\s0 ,god took an axe & set out to level ! tree to ! e>?4 ,b ! devil 9 ! %ape ( an old man met him on ! way & inquir$ ( 8 int5tion4 ,! h]mit told him ( 8 det]m9ation1 :]eupon ,satan address$ him ?us3 8,:y on e>? are y leav+ aside y\r pray]s & vigils & devot+ y\rself to o!r "w60 8,b ?is too is a sacr$ cause0 repli$ h]mit4 8,no1 nor w ,i all[ y to d s0 exclaim$ ! devil4 ,:]eupon ! h]mit 9 ! :ite heat ( 8 pi\s rage caught hold ( ! devil & =cibly held him d[n4 8,sp>e me ,sir01 begg$ ! devil1 8,i h some?+ to say to y40 ,! h]mit let him g4 ,!n spoke ,satan2 8,i ?9k ,god has n comm&$ y to d ?is ?+4 ,y d n wor%ip ! tree1 y are n responsible = ! s9s ( o!rs4 ,if ,god wills x he w s5d "s prophet1 & !y are s _m1 :o w\ld c>ry out 8 ord]4 ,s ,i ?9k x is n y\r duty1 :y !n tr\ble y\rself80 8,b ,i belong to ! *os5 p ( ,yahweh1 & ,i am 9 duty b\nd to d s01 repli$ ! h]mit4 ,:]eupon !y aga9 began to wre/le & ev5tually ,satan 0 ?r[n d[n4 8,o6 ,i see0 cri$ ,satan4 8,an idea has j come into my m9d2 let me g please1 & ,i w tell y40 ,?us obta9+ 8 release1 ! ,evil ,"o address$ him z foll[s3 8,is x n ! case t y are poor & h to live on ! alms ( ^? :o are devot$ to y8 ,b 9 y\r he>t ( he>ts y w\ld l to %[] y\r b\nties on y\r bre?r5 & neighb\rs s g5]\s & compassionate is y\r nature4 ,:at a pity t su* a noble s\l lives on alms04 8,y h read my m9d aright10 quietly respond$ ! h]mit4 8,may ,i hope10 said ! ,evil ,"o entreat+ly1 8t y w be pleas$ to accept two gold5 d9>s :i* y w f9d at y\r b$ side e morn+ f tomorr[4 ,y w !n be reliev$ ( dep5d+ on o!rs & be 9 a position to d *>ity to y\r poor relations & bre?r54 ,z = t wret*$ tree1 :at if t be cut d[n4 ,surely y\r poor ne$y bre?r5 w\ld get no?+ & y w\ld lose ! opportunity ( help+ !m :ile ! tree w\ld gr[ aga904 ,! h]mit pond]$ ov] ^! words & said to himself 8,?is old man speaks q reasonably1 b let me ?9k ov] ! pros & cons ( ! case4 ,am ,i a prophet8 ,no1 ,i am n2 !re=e ,i am n b\nd to cut x d[n4 ,am ,i comm&$ to d s8 ,no4 ,!n if ,i d n d x ,i %all n be guilty ( ! iniquity4 ,%\ld ,i accept 8 proposal8 ,no d\bt f ! religi\s po9t ( view x is m useful4 ,no d\bt4 ,i ?9k ,i %\ld accept x3 yes1 ,i mu/40 ,?us ! two pl$g$ _! words & ! h]mit return$4 ,next morn+ he f\nd ! two d9>s at 8 b$ side & 0 highly pleas$4 ,ano!r morn+ ! glitt]+ gold 0 !re1 b on ! ?ird morn+ ! h]mit se>*$ = !m 9 va94 ,8 fury knew no b\nds4 ,he ru%$ = 8 axe1 & hurri$ ) x t[>ds ! place ( idolatry4 ,satan aga9 met him 9 ! way z be=e4 8,?\ wret*1 ?\ ar*-devil01 cri$ out ! h]mit 8wilt ?\ prev5t me f my sacr$ duty80 8,y _c d x1 y d>e n d x01 retort$ ! ,evil "o4 8,ha/ ?\ =gott5 ! te/ ( my p[]s01 %>ply repli$ ! infuriat$ h]mit & ru%$ at him4 ,b to 8 great discom=t & humiliation ! h]mit in/antly fell flat on ! gr\nd l a dry leaf f a tree4 ,! devil plant$ 8 foot on 8 *e/1 hold+ him by ! ?roat1 dictat+ ! foll[+ t]ms3 8,ei!r swe> n to t\* t tree or be prep>$ to die04 ,! h]mit f9d+ himself q helpless said1 8,i swe>1 b tell me :y ,i am s discomfitur$04 8,li/501 answ]$ ,satan4 8,at fir/ ?y wra? 0 = ,god's sake1 & zeal\s v9dication ( 8 comm&m5ts4 ,h5ce ,i 0 defeat$1 b n[ ?\ art furi\s = ?yself1 & worldly ga904 ,! /ory illu/rates ! say+ 8,i w c]ta9ly cause !m all to deviate f ! way except ?y s]vants f among ^? :o are s9c]e04 ,a devotee _c be immune f ,satan's temptation except by s9c]ity & !re=e sa9t ,ma>uf ( ,k>kh us$ to upbraid himself1 say+3 8,if ?\ wi%e/ salvation1 be s9c]e04 ,yacub1 ! ,sufi1 says3 8,he :o conceals 8 virtues l vices1 is s9c]e40 ,9 a dream a man saw a ,sufi :o 0 dead & inquir$ ab\t ! actions ( 8 previ\s life4 8,all ^? actions0 said ! ,sufi1 8:i* 7 = ,god's sake ,i 0 rew>d$ =1 ev5 ! lea/ ( !m4 ,= example1 ,i _h ?r[n aside a pomegranate's peel f ! ?or\ghf>e4 ,i f\nd my dead cat b lo/ my ass wor? "o hundr$ d9>s1 & a silk5 ?read on my cap 0 f\nd on ! side ( iniquities4 ,once1 ,i gave some?+ 9 *>ity1 & 0 pleas$ to see p look+ at me1--?is action has nei!r rew>d nor puni%m5t = me04 8,h[ is x t y got y\r cat & lo/ y\r ass80 said ! man to ! ,sufi4 8,because01 respond$ ! latt]1 8,:5 ,i he>d ( ! dea? ( my ass ,i said3 #8,damn x'4 ,i ought to h ?\ght ( ,god's w04 ,sa9t ,sufyan ,saori1 :5 he he>d ( ?is dream1 said1 8,! ,sufi 0 =tunate z no puni%m5t 0 met$ out to him = t *>ity :i* pleas$ him :5 p wat*$ him04 ,!re is a report t a man1 putt+ on a woman's dress us$ to frequ5t purdah p>ties 9 m>riage & fun]al processions4 ,once a lady's pe>l 0 lo/ 9 a p>ty4 ,ev]ybody 0 be+ closely se>*$1 & ! man 0 v mu* afraid ( ! disclosure ( 8 id5tity1 z x w\ld mean ! loss ( 8 life4 ,he s9c]ely rep5t$ 9 8 he>t1 nev] to d ! same ?+ aga91 & ask$ ,god's =giv5ess & help4 ,!n he f\nd t x 0 n[ ! turn ( himself & 8 companion to be se>*$4 ,8 pray] 0 he>d1 ! pe>l be+ f\nd 9 8 companion's clo!s & he 0 sav$4#eg ,a ,sufi n>rates ! foll[+ /ory3 8,i jo9$ a naval squadron :i* 0 go+ on holy w> 7,jehad74 ,"o ( u 0 sell+ 8 provision bag1 & ,i b\ght x1 ?9k+ x w\ld prove useful 9 ! w>1 & t :5 ! w> 0 ov] ,i might dispose ( x ) pr(it4 ,t same night ,i dreamt t two angels came d[n f heav54 ,"o ( !m said to ! o!r3 ,make a complete li/ ( ! crusad]s4 ,! o!r began to write d[n3 ,s & s goes on a trip2 s & s = trad+1 s & s = reputation2 s & s = ,god's sake4 ,!n he look$ at me say+3 ,put ?is man d[n z trad]4 ,b ,i spoke3 ,= ,god's sake d n misrepres5t me4 ,i am n go+ = bus9ess4 ,i h no capital1 ,i h simply />t$ = ! holy w>4 8,b ,sir01 said ! angel 8,did y n buy t provision bag ye/]day1 & 7 y n ?9k+ ( mak+ "s pr(it80 ,i wept & entreat$ !m n to put me d[n z a trad]4 ,! angel look$ at ! o!r1 :o said3 8,well1 write ?us3 ,?is man set out = ! holy w>1 b on ! way b\ght a provision bag = pr(it+3 n[ ,god w judge ! man04 ,sa9t ,s>i ,saqati says3 8,two rakats ( pray] (f]$ ) s9c]ity 9 seclusion are bett] ?an copy+ sev5ty or sev5 hundr$ traditions ) ! complete li/ ( au?orities4 ,"s say t "o mom5t's s9c]ity is salvation1 b x is v r>e4 ,k is ! se$1 practice is ! crop1 & s9c]ity is ! wat] n\ri%+ x4 ,"s say t ,god's displeasure is reveal$ 9 a p]son :o is giv5 ?ree ?+s2 & is d5i$ ! same numb]4 ,he gets access into ! society ( ! virtu\s1 b d]ives no b5efit !refrom4 ,he p]=ms good actions b lacks s9c]ity4 ,he le>ns philosophy b fails to und]/& tru?40 ,says ,susi3 8,god looks to s9c]ity only1 & n to ! action ( 8 creatures04 ,says ,junaid3 8,!re are "s s]vants ( ,god :o are wise1 :o act z wise m51 :o are s9c]e :5 !y act1 !n s9c]ity leads !m to virtue40 ,mohamm$1 son ( ,said ,m>wazi1 says3 8,! :ole c\rse ( our actions t5ds t[>ds two pr9ciples1 viz4 7#a7 ,8 treatm5t met$ out to !e2 7#b7 ?y action = him4 ,!n will+ly submit to :at is met$ out to !e & be s9c]e 9 all ?y deal+s4 ,if ?\ art successful 9 ^! two ?+s ?\ %alt be happy 9 bo? ! worlds04 ,says ,sahl3 8,s9c]ity means t all our actions or int5tions--all ! /ates ( our m9ds :e!r we are do+ any?+ or at re/1 be solely = ,god40 ,b ?is is v difficult to acquire z x does n 9 ! lea/ attract ! ego itself4 ,r[im says3 8,s9c]ity means disreg>d ( recomp5se = action 9 bo? ! worlds04 ,9 ?is he wi%es to po9t out t ! gratifications ( our s5su\s desires :e!r 9 ?is _w or ! next are all insignificant & l[4 ,he :o wor%ips ,god 9 ord] to atta9 joy 9 p>adise is n s9c]e4 ,let him act = ,god's 8,riza04 ,?is /age is rea*$ by ,siddiks 7,s9c]ely devot$ to ,god71 & is s9c]ity p> excell5ce4 ,he :o does good actions = fe> ( hell or hope ( heav5 is s9c]e 9 z mu* z he gives up at pres5t 8 s5sual worldly enjoym5t1 b wi%es = ! future1 ! gratification ( 8 appetite & passion 9 p>adise4 ,! long+ ( true devotees is _! ,belov$'s ,riza4 ,x may be object$ "h t m5's motive is pleasure1 t fre$om f su* pleasures is a purely div9e attribute4 ,b ?is objection is bas$ on misund]/&+4 ,x is true t man desires pleasure b pleasure has diff]5t mean+s4 ,! popul> view is gratification ( s5su\s desires 9 ,p>adise b x has no idea ( ! nature ( high] pleasures ( communion & beatitude or ! vision ( ,god1 & h5ce fails to consid] !m z pleasures4 ,b ^! are ! pleasures & he :o enjoys !m w n ev5 look to ! popul> pleasures ( ,p>adise = 8 highe/ pleasure4 ,8 summum bonum is ! love ( ,god4 ,tufail says3 8,to d good = m5's sake is hypocrisy2 n to d is infidelity2 s9c]e is he :o is free f bo? & works = ,god only04 ,^! def9itions sugge/ ! ideal ( s9c]ity aim$ at by noble s\ls4 ,let u n[ look to ! practical side ( x = ! sake ( ! av]age man4 ,actions make an impression on ! he>t1 & /r5g!n t quality ( x :i* s]v$ z a /imulus = !m4 ,= example1 hypocrisy dead5s ! he>t & godly motive leads to salvation4 ,bo? ( !m w ga!r /r5g? 9 proportion to ! actions :i* proce$ f _! respective s\rces4 ,b z !y are intr9sically oppos$ to ea* o!r an action :i* gets an equal /imulus at "o & ! same "t w be /ation>y 9 its effect on ! he>t4 ,n[ take a mix$ action :i* draws ! do] ne>] to virtue1 say1 by "o span1 b removes him away by two spans1 ! inw>d result ( 8 progress w be t he w\ld rema9 :]e he 01 al?\gh he w\ld be rew>d$ or puni%$ accord+ to 8 motive4 ,a man />ts = 8,haj0 b takes ) him "s articles = trade1 he w get 8 rew>d ( pilgrimage b if 8 motive 0 trade only1 he c\ld n be consid]$ a 8,haji04 ,a crusad] :o fights = 8 religion w\ld h 8 recomp5se al?\gh he acquires booty1 = s long z 8 sole motive is to uphold ! cause ( religion ! lat5t desire ( booty w\ld n come 9 ! way ( 8 recomp5se4 ,grant$ t he is inf]ior to ^? noble s\ls :o are :olly absorb$ 9 ,him 8:o see ?r\gh ,him1 :o he> ?r\gh ,him1 :o act ?r\gh ,him10 7,hadis7 ,he /ill belongs to ! good & ! virtu\s4 ,= if we apply ! highe/ /&>d to all1 religion w be consid]$ a hopeless task1 & w ultimately be r$uc$ to pessimism4 ,at ! same "t we mu/ s\nd a note ( w>n+ = ^? :o are satisfi$ ) ! l[ /&>d4 ,!y are v (t5 deceiv$4 ,!y consid] _! motive is purely = ,god's sake :ile 9 reality !y aim at "s hidd5 s5su\s pleasure4 ,let a do]1 aft] he has ex]t$ himself & pond]$ ov] 8 motive1 be n ov]-confid5t ( 8 s9c]ity4 ,) ! fe> ( its rejection let him hope = its acceptance--?is is ! cre$ ( ! righte\s :o fe>s ! ,"l & hopes f him4 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,love#eh ,exp]i5ces are ei!r agreeable & !re=e desir$ or disagreeable & avoid$4 ,incl9ation t[>ds a desir$ object :5 deeply root$ & /rong con/itutes love4 ,k & p]ception ( ! belov$ is ! fir/ requisite = love :i* is consequ5tly divid$ accord+ to ! division ( ! five s5ses ea* ( :i* is incl9$ t[>ds its desir$ object4 ,?us ! eye appreh5ds beautiful =ms1 ! e> h>moni\s s\nds1 etc4 ,?is k9d ( exp]i5ce we %>e ) ! animals4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o m s5se1 peculi> to man1 :i* delights ! s\l4 ,! prophet has said3 8,i desire ?ree ?+s f y\r _w1 sweet smell1 t5d] sex1 & pray]1 :i* is ! delight ( my eye04 ,n[ pray] is nei!r smelt nor t\*$--9 fact its delight is beyond ! scope ( ! five s5ses & yet x has be5 describ$ z ! 8delight ( my eye01 :i* means ! inn] eye--! s\l ) h] six? s5se4 ,concepts ( ?is special s5se are m beautiful & *>m+ ?an s5su\s objects--nay1 !y are m p]fect & /rongly attract ! s\l4 ,is x n1 !n1 possible1 t ,"o :o is n p]ceiv$ by ! five s5ses may yet be f\nd & felt attractive by t s5se & lov$ by ! s\l8 ,let u n[ enum]ate ! circum/ances :i* excite love4 #a4 ,e liv+ be+ fir/ ( all loves 8 own self1 t is to say1 ! desire = cont9uity ( 8 exi/5ce z oppos$ to annihilation is innate4 ,?is desire is augm5t$ by ! desire ( ! p]fection ( 8 self by means ( s\nd body1 weal?1 *ildr51 relations & fri5ds4 ,= all ( ^! s]ve z a means to ! end ( ! cont9uity ( 8 self & !re=e he *]i%es love = !m4 ,ev5 8unselfi%0 love ( 8 de> son1 if prob$1 smacks ( love = ! cont9uity ( 8 self1 because 8 son :o is "p ( 8 self s]ves z a liv+ repres5tative ( 8 self's cont9uity4 #b4 ,! second cause is ! love = "o's b5efactor t[>ds :om ! he>t is naturally attract$4 ,ev5 if he be a /rang]1 a b5efactor w always be lov$4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! b5efactor is lov$ n = himself1 b = 8 b5efic5ce1 ! ext5t ( :i* w be a dom9at+ factor 9 det]m9+ ! degree ( love4 #c4 ,! ?ird cause is love ( beauty4 ,x is g5]ally suppos$ t beauty consi/s 9 r$ & :ite complexions1 well proportion$ limbs1 & s =?1 b we c also say 8beautiful writ+01 8beautiful horse01 etc4 ,h5ce beauty ( an object consi/s 9 its possession ( all possible befitt+ p]fections4 ,x w v>y 9 proportion to ! p]fections atta9$4 ,t writ+ 9 :i* all ! rules ( caligraphy are prop]ly obs]v$ w be call$ beautiful & s on4 ,at ! same "t !re c be no "o /&>d = judg+ ! beauty ( diff]5t objects4 ,! /&>d = a horse _c be ! same =1 say1 writ+ or man4 ,x mu/ also be rememb]$ t beauty is n connect$ ) s5sible objects only b is also relat$ to concepts4 ,a p]son is n always lov$ = 8 ext]nal beauty1 b (t5 ! beauty ( 8 k or virtues attracts ! he>t4 ,x is n necess>y t ! object ( su* k9d ( love be p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses4 ,we love our sa9ts1 imams1 & prophets b we h nev] se5 !m4 ,our love = !m is s /rong t we w\ld will+ly lay d[n our lives = uphold+ _! good "n4 ,if we wi% to create love = !m 9 "y m9ds we c produce x by giv+ graphic acc\nts ( _! virtues4 ,/ories ( ! h]oes ( any nation w excite love = !m4 8,love looks n ) ! eyes b ) ! m9d2 & !re=e is w+$ ,cupid pa9t$ bl9d04 #d4 ,! f\r? cause is a sort ( secret aff9ity betwe5 two s\ls1 meet+ & attract+ ea* o!r4 ,x is :at is call$ 8love at fir/ sight04 ,?is is :at ! prophet meant :5 he said 8,! s\ls _h _! r5dezv\s3 ,^? :o lik$ ea* o!r1 !n love "h2 ^? :o rema9$ /rang]s !n d n jo9 "h04 ,if a believ] goes to a meet+ :]e !re are a hundr$ manafiks 7hypocrites7 & "o mom9 7fai?ful7 he w take 8 seat by ! side ( ! mom94 ,x seems t likes are attract$ by _! likes4 ,malik b9 ,d9> says3 ,j z birds ( ! same fea!r fly toge!r two p]sons hav+ a quality common to bo? w jo94#ei ,let u n[ apply ^! causes & f9d out :o may be ! true object ( love4 ,fir/1 man :o is directly consci\s ( 8 own self 9 :om ! love = cont9uity ( ! self is innate1 if he deeply ?9ks on ! nature ( 8 exi/5ce w f9d t he does n exi/ ( 8 own self1 nor are ! means ( ! cont9uity ( 8 self 9 8 p[]4 ,!re is a be+1 self-exi/5t1 & liv+ :o creat$ & su/a9s him4 ,! ,quran says3 8,!re surely came ov] man a p]iod ( "t :5 he 0 n a ?+ t c\ld be spok5 (4 ,surely we h creat$ man f a small life g]m unit+4 ,we mean to try him1 s we h made him he>+1 see+4 ,surely we h %[n him ! way1 he may be ?ankful or un?ankful40#fj ,?is contemplation w be> ! fruit or love = ,god4 ,= h[ c\ld x be o!rwise :5 man loves 8 own self :i* is dep5d5t on ,him1 unless he be giv5 up to ! gratification ( 8 passions & !reby =gett+ 8 true self & 8 su/a9]4 ,secondly1 if he ?9ks ov] ! aim & scope ( b5efic5ce1 he w f9d t no creature c %[ any purely dis9t]e/$ fav\r to ano!r because 8 motive w be ei!r #a4 praise or self-gratification = 8 g5]osity1 or #b4 hope ( rew>d 9 ! next _w or div9e pleasure4#fa ,p>adoxical ?\gh x s\nds1 deep insight into human nature leads u1 inevitably to ! conclusion t man _c be call$ 8b5efactor01 9 z mu* z 8 action is prompt$ by ! idea ( ga9 & b>t]4 ,a true b5efactor is "o :o 9 be/[+ 8 fav\rs has n ! lea/ idea ( any sort ( ga94 ,purely dis9t]e/$ b5efic5ce is ! quality ( ! ,all-m]ciful ,provid5ce & h5ce ,he is ! true object ( love4 ,?irdly1 ! appreciation ( inw>d beauty1 t is to say ! contemplation ( any attractive quality or qualities ( ! belov$ causes a /rong] & m durable love ?an ! passionate love ( ! fle%4 ,h[ev] su* a belov$ w /ill be f\nd lack+ 9 beauty f ! /&po9t ( p]fection because ! ?ree g5d]s are creatures & !re=e _c be call$ p]fect4 ,god alone is p]fect beauty--holy1 indep5d5t1 omnipot5t1 all-maje/y1 all-b5efic5t1 all-m]ciful4 ,) all ?is k ( ,8 attributes we /ill d n "k ,him z ,he is4 ,! prophet says3 8,my praise ( ,!e _c be compreh5sive1 ,?\ art su* z w\ld/ praise ,?yself04#fb ,are n ^! attributes suffici5t to evoke love = him8 ,b beatitude is d5i$ to ! inw>dly bl9d4 ,!y d n und]/& ! attitude ( ! lov]s ( ,god t[>ds ,him4 ,jesus once pass$ by "s ascetics :o 7 r$uc$ 9 body4 8,:y are y ?us08 he said to !m4 ,& !y repli$ 8,fe> ( hell & hope ( heav5 h r$uc$ u to ?is condition04 8,:at a pity01 rejo9$ ,jesus1 8y\r fe> & hope is limit$ to creatures04 ,!n he w5t onw>d & saw "s m devotees1 & put ! same "q4 8,we are devot$ to ,god & rev]e him = 8 love01 !y repli$ ) d[nca/ eyes4 8,ye are ! sa9ts0 exclaim$ ,jesus1 8y w h my company04#fc ,f\r?ly1 ! aff9ity betwe5 two s\ls meet+ & lov+ ea* o!r is a my/]y1 b m my/]i\s is ! aff9ity betwe5 ,god & 8 lov+ devotee4 ,x _c & mu/ n be describ$ be=e ! un9itiat$4 ,suffice x to say t ! s\ls possess+ ! high] qualities ( b5efic5ce1 sympa?y1 m]cy1 etc4 h t aff9ity h9t$ at 9 ! foll[+ say+ ( ! prophet3 8,imitate div9e attributes04 ,= man has be5 creat$ 9 ! image ( ,god1 nay he is1 9 a way1 ak9 to ,him1 says ! ,quran4 8,& :5 ! ,"l said to ! angels3 ,surely ,i am go+ to create a mortal f du/1 s :5 ,i h made him complete1 & brea!d into him ( ,my ,ruh 7s\l71 fall d[n mak+ obeisance to him04#fd ,x is ?is aff9ity :i* is po9t$ out 9 ! foll[+ tradition3 ,god said to ,moses 8,i 0 sick & ?\ did/ n visit ,me04 ,moses repli$ 8,o ,god1 ?\ art ,"l ( heav5 & e>?3 h[ c\ld/ ?\ be sick80 ,god said 8,a c]ta9 s]vant ( m9e 0 sick3 had/ ?\ visit$ him1 ?\ w\ld/ h visit$ me04 ,!re=e our prophet ,mahomm$ has said3 8,says ,god3 ,my s]vant seeks to be ne> me t ,i may make him my fri5d1 & :5 ,i h made him my fri5d1 ,i become 8 e>1 8 eye1 8 tongue40#fe ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$ t my/ical aff9ity vaguely conceiv$ leads to extremes4 ,"s h fall5 into abject an?ropomorphism2 o!rs h gone s f> z to believe 9 ! airy no?+s ( pan!ism4 ,^! are all vag>ies ( ! imag9ation1 :e!r !y take ! =m ( 8,ibn ,allah01 7,son ( ,god7 or 8,anal ,haq0 7,i am ,god74#ff ,!y are to a great ext5t responsible = ! evils ( sup]/ition & scepticism4 ,^! f\r causes :5 prop]ly und]/ood1 demon/rate t ! true object ( our love is ,god & !re=e x has be5 enjo9$3 8,?\ %alt love ! "l ?y ,god ) all ?y he>t & ) all ?y s\l & ) all ?y m9d04#fg ,man's highe/ happ9ess ,! con/itution ( man possesses a numb] ( p[]s & prop5sities1 ea* ( :i* has its own di/9ctive k9d ( enjoym5t suit$ to x by nature4 ,! appetite ( hung] seeks food :i* pres]ves our body & ! atta9m5t ( :i* is ! delight ( x1 & s ) e passion & prop5sity :5 _! p>ticul> objects are atta9$4 ,simil>ly ! moral faculty--call x inw>d sight1 light ( fai? or reason--any "n w d provid$ ! object signifi$ by x is rightly und]/ood--delights 9 ! atta9m5t ( its desid]atum4 ,i %all call x "h ! faculty ( reason 7n t wrangl+ reason ( ! ,s*ola/ics & ! dialecticians7--t di/9ctive quality :i* makes him "l ( creation4 ,?is faculty delights 9 ! possession ( all possible k4 ,ev5 an exp]t 9 *ess boa/fully delights 9 ! k ( ! game h[ev] insignificant x may be4 ,& ! high] ! subject matt] ( our k ! great] our delight 9 x4 ,= in/ance we w\ld take m pleasure 9 kn[+ ! secrets ( a k+ ?an ! secrets ( a vizi]4 ,n[ delights are ei!r 7a7 ext]nal1 d]iv$ f ! five s5ses1 or 7b7 int]nal1 su* z love ( sup]iority & p[]1 love ( ! k1 etc4 enjoy$ by ! m9d4 ,& ! m ! m9d is noble ! m !re w be a desire = ! second k9d ( delights4 ,! simple w delight 9 da9ty di%es1 b a great m9d leav+ !m aside w endang] 8 life & 8 hon\r & reputation f ! jaws ( dea?4 ,ev5 s5su\s delights pres5t an amus+ example ( pref]5ce4 ,an exp]t 9 *ess :ile absorb$ 9 play+ w n come to 8 meals ?\gh hungry & repeat$ly summon$1 because ! pleasure ( *eck-mat+ 8 adv]s>y is great] to him ?an ! object ( 8 appetite4 ,?us we see t inw>d delights & !y are *iefly love ( k & sup]iority are pref]r$ by noble m9ds4 ,if !n a man believes 9 a p]fect be+1 w n ! pleasure ( ,8 contemplation be pref]r$ by him & w x n absorb 8 :ole self8 ,surely ! delights ( ! righte\s are indescribable1 = !y are ev5 9 ?is life1 9 a p>adise :i* no eye has se5 & no e> has he>d4 ,abu ,sulaiman ,d>ani1#fh ! r5[n$ ,sufi1 says3 8,!re are s]vants ( ,god :om nei!r fe> ( hell nor ! hope ( heav5 c deviate f ! div9e love1 h[ c ! _w ) its temptations come 9 _! way804 ,abu ,mahfuz ,k>khi 0 once ask$ by 8 disciples3 8,tell u :at l$ y to devotion0 b he kept quiet4 8,is x ! appreh5sion ( dea?40 said "o ( !m4 8,x matt]s little0 repli$ ! sa9t 8,is x due to hell or to p>adise01 inquir$ ano!r4 8,:at ( !m0 said ! sa9t 8bo? belong to a supreme ,be+1 if y love him y w n be tr\bl$ by !m04 ,sa9t ,rabia#fi 0 once ask$ ab\t h] fai?3 8,god =bid01 answ]$ ,rabia3 8,if ,i s]ve him l a bad lab\r] ?9k+ ( 8 wages only04 ,& !n %e sang3 8,love draws me nigh1 ,i "k n :y04 ,?us we see t ! he>ts ( ^? :o ate & drank & brea!d l u felt delights ( div9e love :i* 0 _! highe/ happ9ess4 ,if we ?9k ov] man's gradual developm5t we f9d t e /age ( 8 life is foll[$ by a new sort ( delight4 ,*ildr5 love play+ & h no idea ( ! pleasures ( c\rt%ip & m>riage exp]i5c$ by "y m51 :o 9 _! turn w\ld n c>e to ex*ange _! enjoym5ts = weal? & greatness :i* are ! delights ( ! middle ag$ m5 :o consid] all previ\s delights z insignificant & l[4 ,^! la/ m5tion$ delights are also look$ ^u z unsub/antial & transitory by pure & noble s\ls fully develop$4 ,! ,quran says3 8,"k t ?is _w's life is only sport & play & boa/+ among y\rselves1 & vy+ 9 ! multiplication ( weal? & *ildr504 8,say1 %all ,i tell y :at is bett] ?an ^!8 ,= ! righte\s are g>d5s ) _! ,"l1 b5ea? :i* riv]s fl[1 to abide 9 !m & pure mates & ,allah's pleasure & ,allah sees ! s]vants04 8,^? :o say3 ,our ,"l1 surely we believe1 s =give u our faults1 & keep u f ! *a/isem5t ( fire2 ! pati5t & ! tru?ful & ! ob$i5t & ^? :o sp5d 7b5evol5tly7 & ^? :o ask =giv5ess 9 morn+ times04#gj ,let u n[ po9t out "s drawbacks :i* h9d] ! pa? ( ! div9e love4 ,man f 8 infancy is accu/om$ to enjoy s5sual delights :i* are firmly implant$ 9 him4 ,bl9d imitation ( ! cre$ ) vague conception ( ! deity & 8 attributes fails to eradicate s5sual delights & evoke ! raptures ( div9e love4 ,x is ! dynamic =ce ( direct contemplation ( 8 attributes manife/$ 9 ! univ]se t c prove an inc5tive = 8 love4 ,to use a figure3 a nation loves its national poet1 b ! feel+ ( "o :o /udies ! poet w be ( exce$+ /rong love4 ,! _w is a ma/]piece2 he :o /udies x loves its invisible ,au?or 9 a mann] :i* _c be describ$ b is felt by ! fav\r$ few4 ,ano!r drawback :i* s\nds l a p>adox1 %\ld be deeply /udi$4 ,x is z foll[s3 :5 we f9d a p]son writ+ or do+ any o!r "w1 ! fact t he is liv+ w be mo/ app>5t to u3 t is to say1 8 life1 k1 p[] & w w be m app>5t to u ?an 8 o!r int]nal qualities1 e4g4 col\r1 size1 etc4 :i* be+ p]ceiv$ by ! eye may be d\bt$4 ,simil>ly /ones1 plants1 animals1 ! e>?1 ! sky1 ! />s1 ! elem5ts1 9 fact ev]y?+ 9 ! univ]se reveals to u ! k1 p[] & ! w ( its orig9ator4 ,nay1 ! fir/ & ! =emo/ pro( is our consci\sness1 because ! k t ,i exi/ is imm$iate1#ga & m app>5t ?an our p]ceptions4 ,?us we see t man's actions are b "o pro( ( 8 life1 k1 p[] & w1 b ) ref]5ce to ,god ! :ole ph5om5al exi/5ce ) its law ( causation & ord] & adaptability be>s te/imony ( him & 8 attributes4 ,!re=e1 ,he is s dazzl+ly app>5t t ! und]/&+ ( ! p fails to see ,him j z ! bat p]eeaes at night fails to see 9 daylight1 because its imp]fect sight _c be> ! light ( ! sun1 s our und]/&+ is blurr$ by ! effulg5t light ( 8 manife/ations4 ,! fact is t objects are kn[n by _! opposites b ! conception ( "o :o exi/s ev]y:]e & :o has no opposite w\ld be mo/ difficult4 ,besides1 objects :i* diff] 9 _! respective significances c also be di/+ui%$ b if !y h common significances ! same difficulty w be felt4 ,= in/ance if ! sun w\ld h %one always )\t sett+1 we c\ld h =m$ no idea ( light1 kn[+ simply t objects h c]ta9 col\rs4 ,b ! sett+ ( ! sun reveal$ to u ! nature ( light by comp>+ x ) d>kness4 ,if !n light1 :i* is m p]ceptible & app>5t w\ld h nev] be5 und]/ood _h !re be5 no d>kness not)/&+ its und5iable visibility1 !re is no wond] if ,god :o is mo/ app>5t & all p]vad+ true light 7,nur7#gb rema9s hidd51 because if he w\ld h disappe>$ 7:i* means ! annihilation ( ! univ]se71 !re w\ld h be5 an idea ( him by comp>ison z 9 ! case ( ! light & d>kness4 ,?us we see t ! v mode ( 8 exi/5ce & manife/ation is a drawback = human und]/&+4 ,b he ^: inw>d sight is ke5 & has /rong intuition 9 8 balanc$ /ate ( m9d nei!r sees nor kn[s any o!r active p[] save ,god omnipot5t4 ,su* a p]son nei!r sees ! sky z ! sky nor ! e>? z ! e>?--9 fact sees no?+ 9 ! univ]se except 9 ! light ( its be+ "w ( an all p]vad+ ,true ,"o4 ,to use a figure3 if a man looks at a poem or a writ+1 n z a collection ( black l9es scribbl$ on :ite %eets ( pap] b z a "w ( a poet or an au?or1 he ought n to be consid]$ z look+ to any?+ o!r ?an ! au?or4 ,! univ]se is a unique ma/]piece1 a p]fect song1 he :o reads x looks at ! div9e au?or & loves him4 ,! true ,m[ahhid is "o :o sees no?+ b ,god4 ,he is n ev5 aw>e ( 8 self except z s]vant ( ,god4 ,su* a p]son w be call$ absorb$ 9 ,him2 he is effac$1 ! self is annihilat$4 ,^! are facts kn[n to him :o sees intuitively1 b weak m9ds d n "k !m4 ,ev5 ,ulamas fail to express !m adequately or consid] ! publicity ( !m z unsafe & unnecess>y = ! masses4 ,,! ,,unity ,,( ,,god#gc ,!re are f\r /ages 9 ! belief 9 ! unity ( ,god4 ,! fir/ is to utt] ! words3 8,!re is no ,god b ,god0 )\t exp]i5c+ any impression 9 ! he>t4 ,?is is ! cre$ ( ! hypocrites4 ,! a second is to utt] ! above words & to believe t _! mean+ is also true4 ,?is is ! dogma ( ord9>y ,muslims4 ,! ?ird is to p]ceive by ! inw>d light ( ! he>t ! tru? ( ! above ,kalima4 ,?r\gh ! multiplicity ( causes ! m9d arrives at ! conception ( ! unity ( ! f9al cause4 ,?is is ! /age ( ! initiates4 ,! f\r? is to gaze at ! vision ( an all-compreh5sive1 all-absorb+ ,"o1 los+ sight ev5 ( ! duality ( "o's own self4 ,?is is ! highe/ /age ( ! true devotee4 ,x is describ$ by ! ,sufis z ,fanafittauhid 7i4e4 ! effacem5t ( "o's individuality 9 contemplat+ ! unity ( ,god74#gd ,to use a simile ^! f\r /ages may be comp>$ ) a walnut :i* is compos$ ( an ext]nal h>d r9d1 an int]nal sk91 ! k]nel1 & oil4 ,! h>d r9d1 :i* is bitt] 9 ta/e1 has no value except t x s]ves z a cov]+ = "s "t4 ,:5 ! k]nel is extract$ ! %ell is ?r[n away4 ,simil>ly ! hypocrite :o1 utt]+ ! ,kalima1 is associat$ ) ! ,muslims & safely enjoys _! privileges1 b at dea? is cut (f f ! fai?ful & falls headlong into p]dition4 ,! int]nal sk9 is m useful ?an ! ext]nal 9 z mu* z x pres]ves ! k]nel & may be us$1 b is 9 no way equal to ! k]nel itself4 ,simil>ly ! dogmatic belief ( ! ord9>y ,muslim is bett] ?an ! lip s]vice ( ! hypocrite1 b lacks t broad cle> insight :i* is describ$ z 8,he ^: he>t ,allah has op5$ to ,islam walks 9 8 light04 ,! k]nel is und\bt$ly ! desir$ object1 b x conta9s "s sub/ance :i* is remov$ :5 oil is be+ press$ out4 ,simil>ly ! conception ( an effici5t f9al cause is ! aim & object ( ! devotees1 b is inf]ior to ! vision ( ! all-p]vad+ ,holy ,"o1 because ! conception ( causality involves duality4 ,b ! objection may be urg$3 ,h[ c we ignore ! div]sities & multiplicities ( ! univ]se8 ,man has h&s & feet1 bones & blood1 he>t & s\l1--all di/9ct--yet he is "o individual4 ,:5 we are ?9k+ ( a de> old fri5d & sudd5ly he /&s be=e u1 we d n ?9k ( any multiplicity ( 8 bodily organs1 b are delight$ to see him4 ,! simile1 ?\gh n q appropriate is sugge/ive1 especially = beg9n]s4 ,:5 !y rea* t /age !y w !mselves see its tru?4 ,words fail to express ! beatitude ( t highe/ /age4 ,x c be enjoy$1 b n describ$4#ge ,let u consid] ! nature ( ! ?ird /age4 ,man f9ds t ,god alone is ! prime cause ( ev]y?+4 ,! _w1 its objects1 life1 dea?1 happ9ess1 mis]y1 all h _! s\rce 9 8 omnipot5ce4 ,none is associat$ ) ,him 9 ?is4 ,:5 man comes to recognise ?is1 he has no fe> ( any?+1 b puts 8 tru/ 9 ,god alone4 ,b ,satan tempts him by misrepres5t+ ! ag5cies ( ! inorganic & organic worlds z pot5t factors indep5d5t 9 ! %ap+ ( 8 de/9y4 ,?9k fir/ ( ! inorganic _w4 ,man ?9ks t crops dep5d on ra9 desc5d+ f cl\ds1 & t cl\ds ga!r toge!r ow+ to normal climatic conditions4 ,simil>ly 8 sail+ on ! sea dep5ds on fav\rable w9ds4 ,)\t d\bt1 ^! are imm$iate causes1 b !y are n indep5d5t4 ,man :o 9 ! h\r ( ne$ calls = ,god's my/]i\s help1 =gets ,him & turns to ext]nal causes z soon z he f9ds himself safe & s\nd4 8,s1 :5 !y ride 9 %ips1 !y call ^u ,allah1 be+ s9c]ely ob$i5t to ,him1 b :5 he br+s !m safe to l&1 !y associate o!rs ) ,him4 ,?us !y become ungrateful = :at we h giv5 !m1 s !y might enjoy3 b !y %all soon "k04#gf ,if a culprit1 ^: dea? s5t5ce is revok$ by ! k+1 looks to ! p5 z 8 deliv]]1 w x n be %e] ignorance & +ratitude8 ,surely1 ! sun1 ! moon1 ! />s1 ! cl\ds1 9 fact1 ! :ole univ]se is l a p5 9 ! h& ( an omnipot5t dictator4 ,:5 ?is k9d ( belief takes hold ( ! m9d1 ,satan is disappo9t$ 9 cov]tly tempt+ man1 & uses subtle means1 ins9uat+ ?us3 8,d y n see t ! k+ has full p[] ei!r to kill or fav\r y1 & ?\gh ! p51 9 ! above simile1 is n y\r deliv]]1 ! writ] c]ta9ly is08 ,z ?is sort ( reflection l$ to ! vex$ "q ( free w1 we h dealt ) x already at "s l5g?4 ,at ! outset1 let u po9t out t j z an ant1 ow+ to its limit$ sight w see ! po9t ( ! p5 black5+ a blank %eet ( pap] & n ! f+]s & h& ( ! writ]1 s ! p]son ^: m5tal sight is n ke5 w attribute ! actions to ! imm$iate do] only4 ,b !re are m9ds1 :i*1 ) ! se>*light ( intuition1 expose ! lurk+ dang] ( wrongly attribut+ p[] to any except ! all-p[]ful omnisci5t be+4 ,to !m e atom 9 ! univ]se speaks out ! tru? ( ?is revelation4 ,!y f9d tongues 9 trees1 books 9 ! runn+ brooks1 s]mons 9 /ones4 ,! worldl+ w say3 ,?\gh we h e>s1 we d n he> !m4 ,b asses also hav+ e>s d n he>4 ,v]ily !re are su* e>s :i* he> words t h no s\nd1 t are nei!r ,arabic nor any o!r language1 kn[n to man4 ,^! words are drops 9 ! b\ndless unfa?omable ocean ( div9e k3 8,if ! sea 7 ink = ! words ( my ,"l1 ! sea w\ld surely be consum$ be=e ! words ( my ,"l are exhau/$40#gg ,,! ,,love ,,( ,,god ,,& ,,its ,,signs#gh ,love ( ,god is ! highe/ /age ( our s\l's progress & h] summum bonum4 ,rep5tance1 pati5ce1 piety1 & o!r virtues are all prelim9>y /eps4 ,al?\gh r>e ^! qualities are f\nd 9 true devotees & ! commonality1 ?\gh devoid ( !m1 at any rate believe 9 !m4 ,love ( ,god is n only v r>e3 ! possibility ( x is d\bt$1 ev5 by "s ,ulamas :o call x simply s]vice4 ,=1 9 _! op9ion love exi/s among/ species ( ! same k9d1 b ,god be+ ultra-mundane & n ( our k9d1 ,8 love is an impossibility & h5ce ! mu* talk$ ( ec/atic /ates ( ! 8true lov]s ( ,god0 are m]e delusions4 ,z ?is is f> f tru? & imp$es ! progress ( ! s\l1 by spread+ false notions1 we %all briefly discuss ! subject4 ,fir/ we %all quote passages f ! ,quran & ! ,hadi? te/ify+ to ! exi/5ce ( ! love ( ,god4 8,o y :o believe1 :osoev] f among y turns back f 8 religion1 !n ,allah w br+ a p3 ,he %all love !m1 & !y %all love him1 l[ly be=e ! believ]s1 mightily aga9/ ! unbeliev]s1 !y %all /rive h>d 9 ,allah's way & %all n fe> ! c5sure ( any c5sur]3 ?is is ,allah's grace1 ,he gives x to :om ,he pleases & ,allah is ample-giv+1 kn[+40#gi 8,& !re are "s among m5 :o take = !mselves objects ( wor%ip besides ,allah1 :om !y love4 ,allah & ^? :o believe are /rong] 9 love ( ,allah40#hj ,^! passages n only ref] to ! exi/5ce ( ! love ( ,god b po9t to ! diff]5ce 9 degree4 ,! ,prophet has taught u t ! love ( ,god is "o ( ! conditions ( fai?4 8,none among y %all be a believ] until he loves ,allah & 8 apo/le m ?an any?+ else40#ha ,true1 z ! ,quran says 8,if y\r fa!rs & y\r sons & y\r bre?r5 & y\r mates & y\r k9sfolk & prop]ty :i* y h acquir$ & trade1 ! dullness ( :i* y fe>1 & dwell+s :i* y l1 are de>] to y ?an ,allah & ,8 apo/le & /riv+ 9 ,8 way1 !n wait till ,allah br+s ab\t ,8 comm&1 & ,allah does n guide ! transgress+ p40#hb ,a man came to ! ,prophet & said3 8,i love !e1 ,o ,apo/le ( ,god04 8,be ready = pov]ty40 repli$ ! ,prophet4 8,& ,i love ,allah01 said ! man4 8,prep>e to face tribulations0#hc repli$ ! ,prophet4 ,! foll[+ tradition is n>rat$ by ! ,khalif ,om>3 ,! ,prophet "o day saw ,masah1 son ( ,umair com+ to him ) a lambsk9 r\nd 8 lo9s4 8,look0 said ! ,prophet to 8 companions1 8h[ ,god has illum9$ 8 he>t4 ,i h se5 him liv+ 9 ease & well provid$ by 8 p>5ts b n[ ! love ( ,allah & ,8 apo/le has wr\ght a *ange 9 him40#hd ,! ,prophet us$ to pray ?us3 8,my ,god1 give me ?y love & ! love ( him :o loves !e & ! love ( t action :i* w br+ me ne>] to !e & make ?y love sweet] ?an cold wat] to ! ?ir/y04#he 8,v]ily ,allah loves ^? :o rep5t & ^? :o purify !mselves40#hf ,say 8,if y love ,allah1 !n foll[ me4 ,allah w love y & =give y y\r faults1 & ,allah is =giv+1 m]ciful04#hg ,we h said be=e t love means ye>n+ t[>ds a desir$ object & t b5efic5ce & beauty1 :e!r p]ceiv$ or conceiv$1 equally attract our he>ts4 ,b 9 us+ ! ^w love = ,god1 no su* mean+ is possible z x implies imp]fection4 ,god's love t[>ds m5 is ! love ( ,8 own "w4 ,someone read ! foll[+ v]se ( ! ,quran3 8,he loves !m & !y love him0 9 front ( ,%aikh ,abu ,said ( ,mohanna1 :o int]pret$ x say+3 8,he loves ,himself because he alone exi/s4 ,surely an au?or :o likes himself2 8 love is limit$ to 8 self40 ,god's love means ! lift+ ! veil f ! he>t ( ,8 s]vant1 s t he might gaze at ,him4 ,x also means draw+ him close to ,himself4 ,let u give an illu/ration4 ,a k+ p]mits "s ( 8 slaves to approa* 8 pres5ce1 n because he requires !m b because ! slaves possess or are acquir+ c]ta9 qualities :i* are wor?y ( be+ display$ be=e ! royal pres5ce4 ,?is privilege1 ?is lift+ ( ! veil1 br+s u ne>] to ! conception ( ,god's love4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t approa*+ ! div9e pres5ce %\ld entirely exclude ! idea ( space1 = !n x w\ld imply *ange 9 ,him1 :i* is absurd4 ,div9e proximity means ! atta9m5t ( godly virtues by ab/a9+ f ! prompt+s ( ! fle% & h5ce x implies approa* f ! po9t ( view ( quality & n ( space4 ,= example1 two p]sons meet toge!r ei!r :5 bo? ( !m proce$ t[>ds ea* o!r or "o is /ation>y & ! o!r />ts & approa*es him4 ,aga9 a pupil /rives to come up to ! level ( 8 tea*]'s k :o is re/+ 9 8 elevat$ position4 ,8 uphill j\rney t[>ds k keeps him re/less1 & he climbs high] & high] till he cat*es a glimpse ( ! halo :i* surr\nds 8 ma/]'s c\nt5ance4 ,! nature ( div9e proximity resembles ?is inw>d j\rney ( ! pupil2 t is1 ! m a man acquires insight into ! nature ( ?+s1 & by subjugat+ 8 passions leads ! life ( righte\sness1 ! ne>] w he be com+ to 8 "l4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t a pupil may equal 8 tea*]1 ev5 be great] ?an he1 b z reg>ds div9e proximity1 no su* equality is possible4 ,god's love means t :i* purifies ! he>t ( 8 s]vant 9 a mann] t he may be wor?y ( be+ admitt$ be=e 8 holy pres5ce4 ,x may be ask$3 8,h[ c we "k t ,god loves a c]ta9 p]son80 ,my answ] is t !re are signs :i* be> te/imony to x4 ,! ,prophet says3 ,:5 ,god loves 8 s]vant1 ,he s5ds tribulations1 & :5 ,he loves him mo/ he sev]s 8 connection f ev]y?+4 ,"s "o said to ,jesus3 8,:y d y n buy a mule = y\rself08 ,jesus answ]$3 8,my ,god w n tol]ate t ,i %\ld conc]n myself ) a mule04 ,ano!r say+ ( ,mohamm$ is report$ ?us3 ,:5 ,god loves any ( ,8 s]vants ,he s5ds tribulations1 if he pati5tly be>s !m1 he is fav\r$1 & if he *e]fully faces !m1 he is s+l$ out z *os5 ( ,god4 ,surely x is ?is joy\s attitude ( 8 m9d :e!r evil befalls him or good1 t is ! *ief sign ( love4 ,su* m9ds are provid5tially tak5 c>e ( 9 _! ?\ghts & de$s & 9 all _! deal+s ) m54 ,! veil is lift$ & !y live 9 wrapp$ communion4 ,z = ! signs ( a man's love = ,god1 let x be borne 9 m9d t e body claims ,8 love1 b few really love ,him4 ,bew>e ( self-deception2 v]ify y\r /atem5t by introspection4 ,love is l a tree root$ 9 ! gr\nd s5d+ its %oots above ! />ry heav52 its fruits are f\nd 9 ! he>t1 ! tongue & ! limbs ( ! lov]--9 fact 8 :ole self is a witness to love j z smoke is a sure sign ( fire burn+4 ,let u1 !n1 trace ! signs :i* are f\nd 9 ! true lov]4 ,dea? is a pleasure to him1 = x removes ! b>ri] ( body & lets ! flutt]+ s\l free to so> & s+ 9 ! blissful abode ( 8 belov$4 ,sufyan ,?auri & ,hafi us$ to say3 8,he :o d\bts dislikes dea?1 because a fri5d w nev] dislike meet+ a fri5d04#hh ,a c]ta9 ,sufi ask$ a h]mit :e!r he wi%$ = dea?1 b he gave no answ]4 ,!n ! ,sufi said to him3 8,_h y be5 a true h]mit y w\ld h lik$ dea?4 ,! ,quran says3 ,if ! future abode ) ,allah is especially = y to ! exclusion ( ! p1 !n invoke dea? if y are tru?ful4 ,!y w nev] wi% x on acc\nt ( :at _! h&s h s5t on be=e1 & ,allah kn[s ! unju/04#hi ,! h]mit repli$3 8,b ! ,prophet says3 #8,d n wi% = dea?'04 8,!n y are suff]+01 said ! ,sufi1 8because acquiesc5ce 9 div9e decree is bett] ?an try+ to escape x04 ,x may be ask$ "h3 ,c he :o does n l dea? be ,god's lov]8 ,let u consid] fir/ ! nature ( 8 dislike4 ,x is due to 8 atta*m5t to ! worldly objects1 wife1 *ildr51 & s =?1 b x is possible t ) ?is atta*m5t1 :i* no d\bt comes 9 ! way ( 8 love ( ,god !re may be "s incl9ation t[>ds ,8 love1 because !re are degrees ( ,8 love4 ,or x may be t 8 dislike is due to 8 feel+ ( unprep>$ness 9 ! pa? ( love4 ,he w\ld l to love m s t he might be able to purify himself j z a lov] he>+ ( 8 belov$'s arrival w\ld l to be giv5 "s "t = mak+ prep>ations = a fitt+ reception4 ,= ^! reasons if a devotee dislikes dea?1 he c /ill be ,8 lov]1 ?\gh ( inf]ior type4 ,he %\ld pref]1 bo? inw>dly & outw>dly1 ,god's pleasure to 8 desires4 ,= he :o foll[s ! dictates ( 8 desires is no true lov]1 = ! true lov]'s w is 8 belov$'s4 ,b human nature is s con/itut$ t su* selfless be+s are v r>e4 ,pati5ts w\ld l to be cur$ b !y (t5 eat ?+s :i* are injuri\s to _! heal?4 ,simil>ly1 a p]son w\ld l to love ,god b v (t5 foll[s 8 own impulses4 ,naaman 0 a s9n]1 :o be+ repeat$ly excus$ by ! ,prophet 0 at la/ flogg$4 ,:ile he 0 be+ flogg$ a c]ta9 p]son curs$ him = 8 iniquity4 8,d n curse him01 said he 8he has a reg>d = ,god & 8 apo/le04 ,exp]i5ce tells u t he :o loves loves ! ?+s connect$ ) 8 belov$4 ,!re=e ano!r sure sign ( ,god's love is ! love ( 8 creatures :o are creat$ by & are dep5d5t on him2 = he :o loves an au?or or poet1 w he n love 8 "w or poem8 ,b ?is /age is rea*$ :5 ! lov]'s he>t is imm]s$ 9 love & ! m he is absorb$ 9 ,him1 ! m w he love ,8 creatures1 s mu* s t ev5 ! objects :i* hurt him w n be dislik$ by him--9 fact ! problem ( evil is transc5d$ 9 8 love = him4 ,x may be object$ "h t x foll[s t he loves ! evil-do]s & s9n]s4 ,b a deep insight into ! nature ( su* love %[s t he loves !m z creatures ( ,god1 b at ! same "t hates _! actions :i* are contr>y to ! comm& ( 8 belov$4 ,if ?is po9t is lo/ sight (1 p are apt to be misguid$ 9 _! love or hatr$ ( ,8 creatures4 ,if !y %[ _! love t[>ds any s9n]1 let x be 9 pure compassion1 & n any s5se ( tak+ ! s9 lightly4 ,simil>ly _! hatr$ %\ld proce$ f ! consci\sness ( ,8 /]n law & ju/ice & n f ru?less bigotry4 ,9 "o ( ! ,hadisi-,qudsi#ij ,god has said3 8,my sa9ts are ^? :o cry l a *ild = my love1 :o rememb] me l a fe>less lion at ! sight ( iniquities04 ,a rev]5t attitude ( m9d is ano!r sign ( 8 love4 ,"s hold t fe> is oppos$ to love1 b ! tru? is t j z ! conception ( beauty g5]ates love1 ! k ( 8 sublime maje/y produces ! feel+ ( awe 9 u4 ,lov]s meet ) fe>s :i* are unkn[n to o!rs4#ia ,!re is ! fe> ( be+ disreg>d$4 ,!re is fe> ( ! veil be+ drawn d[n4 ,!re is ! fe> ( _! be+ turn$ away4 ,:5 ! ,sura ,hud 0 reveal$1 9 :i* ! awful doom ( ! wick$ nations is n>rat$13 8,away ) ,samood1 away ) ,midian10 ! ,prophet heav$ a sigh & said3 8,?is ,sura has turn$ me into an old man40 ,he :o loves ,8 ne>ness w feel acutely ! fe> ( be+ way f ,him4 ,!re is ano!r fe> ( rema9+ at a p>ticul> /age & n ris+ high]1 = ! asc5d+ degrees ( ,8 ne>ness are inf9ite4 ,a true lov] is always try+ to draw ne>] & ne>] to ,him4 8,a ?9 veil cov]s my he>t10 says ! ,prophet1 8!n ,i ask = ,8 =giv5ess sev5ty times 9 day & night40#ib ,?is means t ! ,prophet 0 always asc5d+ ! scales ( 8 ne>ness1 ask+ = ,8 =giv5ess at e /age :i* 0 f\nd l[] ?an ! next "o4 ,!re is ano!r fe> ( ov] confid5ce :i* slack5s ! ef=ts & m>s progress4 ,hope ) fe> %\ld be ! guide ( love4 ,"s ,sufis say t he :o wor%ips ,god )\t fe> is liable to err & fall2 he :o wor%ips him ) fe> turns gloomy & is ca/ (f1 b he :o lov+ly wor%ips him ) hope & fe> is admitt$ by him & fav\r$4 ,!re=e lov]s %\ld fe> him & ^? :o fe> him %\ld love him4 ,ev5 excess ( 8 love conta9s an inkl+ ( fe>3 x is l salt 9 food4 ,= human nature _c be> ! :ite heat ( ,8 love1 if x is n *a/5$ & temp]$ by ! fe> ( ! ,"l4 ,keep+ love secret & giv+ no publicity to x is ano!r sign ( ,8 love4 ,= love is ! belov$'s secret3 x %\ld n be reveal$ nor op5ly pr(ess$4 ,h[ev]1 if he is ov]-p[]$ by ! =ce ( 8 love1 & unwitt+ly & )\t ! lea/ dissimulation 8 secret is out1 he is n to be blam$4 ,"s ,sufis say3 ,he :o is v (t5 po9t+ t[>ds ,him is f> f ,him1 because he feigns & makes a %[ ( 8 love ( ,him4 ,zunnun#ic ( ,egypt once w5t to pay a visit to "o ( 8 bro!r ,sufis1 :o 0 9 di/ress1 & :o us$ to talk ( 8 love op5ly4 8,he :o feels ! sev]ity ( pa9 inflict$ by ,him10 said ,zunnun1 8is no lov]40 8,he :o f9ds no pleasure 9 su* pa910 return$ ! ,sufi1 8is no lov]40 8,true10 repli$ ,zunnun1 8b ,i say to y t he :o trumpets 8 love ( ,him is no lov]40 ,! ,sufi felt ! =ce ( ,zunnun's words & fell d[n pro/rate be=e ,god & rep5t$ & did n talk aga9 ( 8 love4 ,x may be object$3 ,div9e love is ! highe/ /age1 x w\ld be bett] to manife/ x1 :]e is ! h>m8 ,no d\bt love is good & if ( itself x is evid5t1 !re is no h>m1 b ^? :o give !mselves tr\ble to make x kn[n are blameable4 ,let our he>ts speak1 let our de$s proclaim x1 b n our tongue4 ,nay1 he %\ld always aim at mak+ x evid5t be=e 8 belov$4 ,! gospel says3 8,take he$ t ye d n give y\r alms be=e m5 to be se53 o!rwise ye h no rew>d ( y\r ,fa!r :i* is 9 heav54 ,!re=e1 :5 ?\ doe/ ?9e alms d n s\nd a trumpet be=e !e z ! hypocrites d 9 ! synagogues & 9 ! /reets1 t !y may h ! glory ( m54 ,v]ily ,i say unto y !y h _! rew>d4 ,b :5 ?\ doe/ alms let n ?y left h& "k :at ?y "r h& doe?4 ,t ?9e alms may be 9 secret1 & ?y ,fa!r :i* see? 9 secret himself %all rew>d !e op5ly4 ,moreov] :5 ye fa/1 be n z ! hypocrites1 ( sad c\nt5ance3 = !y disfigure _! faces1 t !y may appe> unto m5 to fa/4 ,v]ily ,i say unto y !y h _! rew>d4 ,b ?\1 :5 ?\ fa/e/1 ano9t ?9e head & wa% ?y face1 t ?\ appe> n unto m5 to fa/1 b unto ?y ,fa!r :i* is 9 secret2 & ?y ,fa!r :i* see? 9 secret %all rew>d !e op5ly40#id ,! ess5ce ( religion is love2 "s signs ( :i* h be5 enum]at$ above4 ,! love ( ,god may be ( two k9ds4 ,"s love him = 8 b\nties1 o!rs = 8 p]fect beauty irrespective ( b\nties4 ,! =m] love increases accord+ to ! b\nties receiv$1 b ! latt] love is ! direct result ( ! contemplation ( 8 p]fect attributes & is con/ant ev5 9 tribulations4 8,^! are ,8 fav\r$ few10 says ,junaid ( ,baghdad4#ie ,b !re are _m :o pose z 8 lov]s & ) mu* talk ( 8 love lack ! signs ( true love4 ,!y are delud$ by ! devil1 slaves ( _! passions1 seek+ a holl[ reputation1 %ameless hypocrites :o try to deceive ! omnisci5t ,"l _! creator4 ,!y are all enemies ( ,god1 :e!r !y are rev]$ z div9es or ,sufis4 ,sahl ( ,ta/] :o us$ to address ev]yone z 8,fri5d01 0 once ask$ by a p]son ! reason ( 8 do+ s1 z all m5 c\ld n be 8 fri5ds4 ,sahl :isp]$ 9 8 e> say+3 8,he w ei!r be a believ] or a hypocrite2 if he is a believ]1 he is ,god's fri5d2 if a hypocrite1 ! devil's fri5d40 ,abu ,turab ,nak%abi has compos$ "s v]ses describ+ ! signs ( love4 ,_! translation is z foll[s3 ,d n pr(ess y\r love4 ,he>k5 to me3 ,^! are ! signs ( 8 love4 ,! bitt]ness ( tribulations is sweet to him1 he is happy = he believes t ev]y?+ proce$s f him2 = praise or c5sure he c>es n1 ! w ( 8 belov$ is 8 w4 ,:ile 8 he>t is burn+ ) love 8 c\nt5ance is radiant ) joy4 ,he gu>ds ! secret ( love ) all 8 might1 & no ?\ght save ( 8 belov$ ent]s into 8 m9d4 ,yahya b9 ,maaz ,razi#if adds "s l9es3 8,ano!r sign is t he is up & ready l a div] at ! bank ( a riv]2 ,he sighs & %$s te>s 9 ! gloom ( night1 & day & night he appe>s z if fight+ = ! sacr$ cause ( 8 love4 ,he entru/s 8 :ole self to 8 love & gladly acquiesc+ abides 9 8 love40#ig 8,,riza0 ,,or ,,joy\s ,,submission ,,to ,,8 ,,w#ih ,riza is ! qu9tess5ce ( love & is "o ( ! highe/ /ages ( ! fav\r$ few4 ,b "s d\bt its exi/5ce1 say+1 ,h[ c man be joy\s = :at is aga9/ 8 own w4 ,he may submit to ,god's w1 b x does n foll[ t he also %>es ! feel+ ( joy4 ,we %all discuss ! nature ( ,riza & prove its exi/5ce4 ,let u fir/ turn to ! ,quran & ! ,hadis4 8,allah has promis$ to ! believ+ man & ! believ+ wom5 g>d5s1 b5ea? :i* riv]s fl[1 to abide 9 !m1 & goodly dwell+s 9 g>d5s ( p]petual abode & be/ ( all is ,allah's goodly pleasure--t is ! gr& a*ievem5t04#ii ,9 ?is passage ,god's pleasure 7,rizwan7 is describ$ z be/ ( all bless+s4 ,9 ano!r passage ?is bless+ is also be/[$ on ^? :o joyfully submit to 8 w1 8,allah is well pleas$ ) !m & !y are well pleas$ ) him2 t is = him :o fe>s 8 ,"l40#ajj 8,:o fe> ! b5efic5t ,god 9 secret & come ) a p5it5t he>t1 ent] x 9 peace t is ! day ( abid+4 ,!y h !re9 :at !y wi% & ) u is m yet40 ,"s comm5tators :ile comm5t+ on ! words 9 italics say t ?ree gifts w be giv5 9 p>adise3 7i7 a r>e gift ( :i* 8no s\l kn[s 79 ?is _w7 :at is hidd5 = !m ( t :i* w refre% ! eyes04#aja 7ii7 ,! salutation z m5tion$ 9 ! ,quran3 8,peace 7,salam7 a ^w f ! m]ciful ,"l04#ajb 7iii7 ,8 goodly grace & pleasure z m5tion$ 9 8wa ,rizwanumm9allahi akb>0 7& be/ ( all is ,allah's goodly pleasure74 ,! ,prophet once ask$ "s ( 8 companions to po9t out ! signs ( ! fai? :i* !y pr(ess$4 8,o apo/le ( ,god10 said ! companions1 8we are pati5t 9 tribulations1 grateful 9 felicity & pleas$ ) :at is orda9$04 8,ye are ,muslims0 said ! ,prophet4 ,aga9 ! ,prophet said3 8,ye :o are poor be pleas$ ) :at ,god has put y 9 & !n y %all h y\r rew>d04 ,let u discuss ! nature ( ,riza4 ,^? :o d5y ! exi/5ce ( ,riza1 say+ t man c be pati5t 9 suff]+s b joy\s submission to ,8 w is n possible1 really d5y ! exi/5ce ( love & its all-absorb+ nature4 ,a lov] always loves 8 belov$'s actions4 ,n[ ?is love ( actions is ( two k9ds3 7#a7 ,r$emption f ! exp]i5ce ( pa9 caus$ 9 m5tal or physical suff]+4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t _m w>riors :ile enrag$ d n feel ! pa9 ( _! w\nds1 & "k x only :5 !y see blood gu%+ f !m4 ,ev5 :5 a man is engag$ 9 "s action :i* absorbs 8 att5tion1 ! pa9 ( a ?orn prick+ him w n be felt4 ,if !n 9 su* cases--& !re are _m su*--pa9 is n felt1 w x n be possible t a devotee :o is absorb$ 9 him does n feel pa91 :i* 9 8 belief is inflict$ by 8 belov$8 ,or 7#b7 al?\gh pa9 is felt1 he w\ld desire x j z a pati5t :o feels ! pa9 caus$ by ! surgeon's lancet is glad to be op]at$ ^u & is pleas$ ) ! surgeon's action4 ,simil>ly he :o firmly believes t tribulations are l ,god-s5t curatives w be pleas$ ) !m & be ?ankful to ,god4 ,anyone :o pond]s ov] ! nature ( ! above m5tion$ k9ds & !n 9 ! light ( !m reads ! lives & ! say+s ( ! lov]s ( ,god1 w1 ,i believe1 be conv9c$ ( ! exi/5ce ( ,riza4 ,sa9t ,ba%]1 son ( ,h>i?1 n>rates ! /ory3 ,9 ! ,%>kia ,lane ( ,baghdad1 ,i saw a man :o receiv$ a ?\s& /ripes1 b did n cry 9 8 agony4 ,he 0 !n s5t to prison & ,i foll[$ him4 8,:y h y be5 puni%$ s m]cilessly80 ,i ask$4 8,because !y h f\nd out ! secret ( my love04 8,b :y 7 y s /rangely quiet :ile y 7 puni%$ s sev]ely01 ,i ask$ 9 a/oni%m5t4 8,because01 answ]$ ! poor fell[ ) a sigh1 8,%e 0 look+ at me f h] balcony04 8,oh t y might see ! true ,belov$01 ,i murmur$4 ,he>+ ?is1 8 col\r at once *ang$1 & ) a l\d cry he fell dead4 ,! same sa9t tells ano!r /ory3 8,:ile ,i 0 a /ud5t ( ,sufiism ,i w5t to ,jazirai ,abbadan1#ajc :]e ,i saw a bl9d epileptic lep]1 ly+ on ! gr\nd :ile worms 7 eat+ 8 fle%4 ,i sat by 8 side & plac$ 8 head on my lap & spoke g5tly to him4 ,:5 he came to 8 s5ses1 he spoke3 #8,:o is ?is /rang] :o comes betwe5 me & my ,"l4 ,ev5 if ea* & e limb is sev]$ f my body1 ,i w love ,him4' ,t sc5e ( ,riza1 says ! sa9t1 ,i %all nev] =get2 x is a life-long lesson = me40 ,x is said t ,*ri/ once saw a bl9d =lorn lep] :o 0 pray+3 8,bless$ art ?\1 ,o ,"l1 :o ha/ sav$ me f su* maladies :i* h ov]tak5 _m ( u04 8,art ?\ n 9 mis]y0 ask$ ,*ri/1 8,tell me :i* is t malady :i* has n ov]tak5 !e04 8,?ank ,god01 cri$ ! lep]1 8,i am n l him :o does n "k ,god04 8,y are "r01 said ,*ri/1 8,give me y\r h&04 ,& ! brea? ( ,*ri/ in/antly heal$ ! lep]1 & he became "o ( 8 foll[]s4 ,! ,prophet's companion ,said b9 ,wakas1#ajd lo/ 8 eyesight 9 old age1 & resign+ 8 po/ return$ to ,mecca4 ,p flock$ to him = bless+ z he 0 kn[n to be "o ^: pray]s 7 always he>d4 ,says ,abdullah b9 ,said3 8,i 0 !n a m]e boy2 ,i too w5t to pay my respects to ! v5]able ,said4 ,he spake k9dly to me & bless$ me4 ,!n ,i said3 #8,uncle1 h[ is x t y :o are pray+ = ev]ybody w\ld n pray = ! re/oration ( y\r eyesight8' #8,my son'1 answ]$ ,said ) a smile1 #8to be pleas$ ) ,8 sweet w is bett] ?an eyesight'04 ,"s p w5t to see ,%ibli#aje at ,m>i/an1 :]e he 0 imprison$4 8,:o are y80 ask$ ! sa9t4 8,fri5ds01 !y all repli$ ) "o voice4 ,he>+ ?is ,%ibli fet*$ "s /ones & began to ?r[ !m at !m1 & !y all fl$ call+ him a madman4 8,:at's ?is01 exclaim$ ,%ibli1 8,y call y\rselves my fri5ds b if y are s9c]e1 be> pati5tly :at ye receive f me10 & !n he sang3 8,8 love has turn$ my bra94 ,h y ev] se5 a lov] :o is n intoxicat$ ) love60 ,^! n>ratives po9t out t ,riza or joy\s submission to ,god's w is possible & is "o ( ! highe/ /ages to :i* ! s\ls ( true devotees c\ld aspire4 ,p believe 9 ecc5tricities ( ,cupid's vot>ies b give no e> to ! ec/asies ( ! true lov]s ( ,god4 ,p]haps !y h no eyes to look at ! manife/ation ( ,8 beauty2 no e>s to li/5 to ! music ( ,8 love1 no he>t to gaze at & enjoy ,8 sweet pres5ce4 ,p]haps !y are pr\d ( _! le>n+ & ?9k too mu* ( _! good de$s b !y h no idea ( humble & brok5 he>ts4 ,a c]ta9 nobleman ( ,bu/am1 comely 9 appe>ance & lordly 9 be>+1 us$ to att5d ! s]mons ( sa9t ,bayazid ( ,bu/am4#ajf ,"o day he said to ! sa9t3 8,= ?irty ye>s ,i h be5 keep+ fa/s wak+ = ! :ole night & (f]+ my pray]s1 b /ill ,i d n f9d 9 me ! animat+ =ce ( :at y tea*1 al?\gh ,i believe 9 x & *]i% love = y40 8,?irty ye>s03 ejaculat$ ! sa9t3 8,:y = ?ree hundr$ ye>s if y d z y h done till n[ y w n h a bit ( x40 8,h[ is t80 ask$ ! a/oni%$ nobleman4 8,because0 answ]$ ! sa9t 8! veil ( y\r egotism has fall5 heavily on y\r m9d's eye04 ,! *ief !n ask$ ! sa9t to tell him ( "s rem$y1 b he decl9$ say+ t ! *ief w\ld n l to take x4 8,b d tell me01 entreat$ ! nobleman1 8,& ,i w try my be/ to foll[ y\r k9d advice04 8,li/5 !n01 calmly answ]$ ! sa9t1 8,?is v mom5t g to ! b>b]1 get y\r head & be>d %av51 take (f ?is app>el1 & gird y\r lo9s ) a piece ( blanket2 ga!r *ildr5 r\nd y & tell !m t :osoev] gives y a slap ) ! h& w get a walnut2 pass ?r\gh ! ?rongs 9 all ! baz>s1 foll[$ by ^? *ildr5 & !n %[ y\rself to y\r intimate fri5ds04 8,subhan ,allah0 exclaim$ ! *ief1 8,d y say t to me04 8,hold ?y tongue01 retort$ ! sa9t1 8?y ,subhan ,allah is blasphemy40 8,h[ is t01 ask$ ! *ief4 8,because10 repli$ ! sa9t1 8y utt]$ ,subhan ,allah n = any rev]5ce = ! ,holy ,be+ b out ( respect = y\r own va9 self04 8,well01 said ! *ief1 8tell me "s o!r rem$y1 please04 8,try ?is rem$y fir/01 cont9u$ ! sa9t4 8,i _c d s10 rejo9$ ! *ief4 8,!re y are01 spoke ! sa9t f9ally1 8,did ,i n tell y t y w\ld n l ! rem$y40 ,our egoi/ic t5d5cies imp$e ! progress ( our s\ls t[>ds high] virtues1 & h5ce "s ( u g ! l5g? ( d5y+ ! possibility ( _! exi/5ce4 ,let ! lives ( ! true lov]s ( ,god be our guide4 ,,footnotes #a ,d4 ,b4 ,macdonald3 ,muslim ,!ology ,london #aijc4 p4 #bae4 ,?is book gives ! be/ acc\nt ( ,al ,ghazzali's "w yet available 9 ,engli%4 #b ibid4 p4 #bdj4 #c ,quot$ 9 ,e4 ,g4 ,br[ne3 ,lit]>y ,hi/ory ( ,p]sia #aijc4 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bid4 #d ibid4 p4 #bic4 #e ,i4 ,goldzieh]3 ,vorlesung5 ub] d5 ,islam ,leipzig #aiaj4 p4 #ahe4 ,see translation 9 ! ,indian ,philosophical ,review by ! pres5t writ]3 ,vol4 #a4 pp4 #bfj-f4 #f ,op4 cit4 pp4 #bch-dj4 #g ,f ,al ,munqidh m9 ad'-,dalal4 #h ,gazali4 ,p>is #aijb4 pp4 #dd-de4 #i ,see ! ,engli% translation ( ! ,guide by ,fri$lnd]2 ,! ,guide to ! ,p]plex$1 ,london1 especially pp4 #bbe ff4 ,al ,ghazzali's works 7 s widely /udi$ t x is h>dly possible to suppose t ,maimonides 0 n influ5c$ by !m4 ,! influ5ce may h be5 direct1 z ,maimonides 0 n only a /ud5t 9 ,spa9 b also physician 9 ! c\rt ( ,salad9 9 ,alex&ria4 ,indirectly ! influ5ce may h come ?r\gh ! ,jewi% poet ,yehuda ,halevi4 #aj op4 cit4 p4 #agi4 #aa ,?is li/ is tak5 f ,a ,*ronological ,li/ ( ,muslim ,works on ,religion & ,philosophy :i* has be5 = a %ort "t 9 prep>ation at ! ,sem9> = ! ,comp>ative ,/udy ( ,religions1 ,b>oda1 by ,pr(essor ,j4 ur ,rehman ( ,hyd]abad1 & ,pr(essor ,f4 ,s4 ,gilani ( ,surat1 ,fell[s ( ! ,sem9>4 ,! li/ has be5 comp>$ ) t ( ,%ibli 9 8 ,urdu life ( ,ghazali 7,cawnpore #aijb7 ^: classification is foll[$ ) slight modification4 #ab ,ihya ,,iii4 #a4 #ac ,?is ^w is us$ bo? = ,rasul & ,nabi1 b ! ,muslim notion ( ,rasul diff]s f t ( ,nabi4 ,mala*i 0 a prophet 7,nabi71 b ,moses 0 m ?an a prophet 7,rasul74 ,?us 9 ,/4 ,mat!w ,,xi4 #i we h3 8,b :]e=e w5t ye out8 to see a prophet8 ,yea1 ,i say unto y1 & mu* m ?an a prophet04 #ad ,abuhuraira's report giv5 9 ,bokh>i & ,muslim4 #ae ,report$ by ,abuhuraira 9 ,ahmad's ,masnav4 ,egypt #acjj ,a4 ,h4 #af ,quran ,,xxxiii4 #gb4 #ag ,quran ,,xvii4 #he4 #ah ,ihya ,,iv4 #e4 #ai ,x is int]e/+ to note "h ! foll[+ passage f a mod]n ,european au?or3 8,if we =m a conception ( a ,p]fect or ,inf9ite ,m9d x is 9 ?is s5se t we mu/ speak ( su* a m9d z free4 ,to speak ( *oice betwe5 alt]natives is to sugge/ t ano!r ?an ! be/ might be *os5 & ?is w\ld be inconsi/5t ) ! idea ( p]fection4 ,a f9ite m9d1 limit$ 9 k & p[] & di/ract$ by desires o!r ?an ! w to goodness1 may yet h a p>tial measure ( self-det]m9ation :i* is complete only 9 ! inf9ite4 ,x is incompletely det]m9$ by =ces ext]nal to itself4 ,& if x /&--z x does /&--betwe5 ! realm ( nature & ! realm ( goodness1 consci\s ( ! good & yet beset by _m temptations to fall to a l[] level1 !n ! relative indep5d5ce or p>tial spontaneity ( su* a m9d may be exhibit$ 9 ! p[] to direct its own pa? t[>d ! goal ( goodness or to all[ x to lapse into evil4 ,its fre$om w be nei!r complete indep5d5ce ( ext]nal det]m9ation nor complete agreem5t ) ! ideal ( goodness2 b x w exclude total subord9ation to ! =ces beyond itself1 & x w give opportunity = *oos+ & s]v+ ! good4 ,9 spite ( its re/rictions human activity w be recogniz$ z possess+ a core ( spontaneity04 ,w4 ,r4 ,sorley3 ,moral ,values & ! ,idea ( ,god4 ,cambridge #aiah pp4 #ddf-g4 #bj ,ghazzali "h anticipat$ ,hume4 8,sev5 hundr$ ye>s be=e ,hume1 ,ghazzali cut ! bond ( causality ) ! edge ( 8 dialectic04 ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,ori5tal ,society vol4 ,,xx4 #ajc4 #ba ,quran ,,xliv4 #ch1 #ci4 #bb ,quran ,,xxxii4 #aa4 #bc ,quran ,,xxxix4 #db4 #bd ,quran ,,lvi4 #fc4 #be ,quran ,,lxxx4 #be-g4 #bf ,quran ,,ix4 #ad4 #bg ,quran ,,viii4 #ag4 ,?is passage ref]s to ! battle ( ,badr1 ! fir/ battle ( ! ,prophet4 ,! ,muslims slew ! enemy b x is affirm$ t really !y did n slay1 b x 0 ,allah :o slew !m2 ! mean+ app>5tly be+ t ,allah's h& 0 work+ 9 ! battle1 :i* is also cle> f ! fact t ?ree hundr$ ,muslims mo/ly raw & equipp$ ) nei!r horses nor suffici5t arms1 prevail$ aga9/ a ?\s& ( ! mo/ r5[n$ w>riors :o _h come to cru% ! gr[+ p[] ( ,islam4 8,& ,?\ did/ n smite :5 ?\ did/ smite04 ,ghazzali po9ts out t negation & affirmation = "o & ! same action ?r[ new light on ! nature ( causation4 ,negation affirms ,god z ! effici5t & real cause2 affirmation e/abli%es man's free-w fai?fully execut+ div9e ord]4 ,^: bran*es are ev] %ak5 by ! w9d1 ,& ^: fruit is %[]$ on ! sleep]'s heads4 ,fatalism means sleep+ amid/ highwaym54 ,c a cock :o cr[s too soon expect peace8 ,if ye cavil at & accept n ,god's h9ts1 ,?\gh ye c\nt y\rselves m51 see1 ye are wom54 ,! quantum ( reason ye possess$ is lo/1 ,& ! head ^: reason has fl$ is a till4 ,inasmu* z ! un?ankful are despicable1 ,!y are at la/ ca/ into ! fi]y pit4 ,if ye really h tru/ 9 ,god1 ex]t y\rselves1 ,& /rive 9 con/ant reliance on ! ,almighty4 7,translation by ,e4 ,:9field4 ,masnavi4 #bnd ed4 #ahih4 ,bk4 ,i1 pp4 #ai-bj47 #bh ,quran ,,xcv4 #d-f4 ,:e!r man is by nature good or bad is a "q :i* has vex$ great ?9k]s f anci5t times4 ,v>i\s answ]s h be5 sugge/$1 :i* are summ$ up 9 ?ree di/9ct !ories3 #a4 ,evil is innate4 ,education simply muzzles ! brute 9 man4 ,civilisation is m]e v5e]+ process4 ,?is cynical view ( human nature is ! religion ( despair4 #b4 ,man is nei!r good nor bad4 ,m9d is a tabula rasa4 ,good or bad actions leave _! impression4 ,?orns & roses are alike ga!r$ by x4 #c4 ,good & evil are mix$ up 9 man4 ,he has an angelic z well z a satanic nature4 ,! developm5t ( ?is d\ble nature dep5ds on ! =ce ( ext]nal circum/ances & surr\nd+ influ5ces4 ,good & evil are l two se$s3 :i*ev] is s[n & tak5 c>e ( w gr[ into a tree4 ,! ,quranic expression3 8we creat$ man 9 ! be/ make0 emphasises ! purity ( 8 nature4 ,he is born ) good & = good1 b has to pres]ve & to develop 8 goodness to 8 full capacity 9 ! /ruggle ( life4 ,he has b "o se$ :i* is good if x gr[s & be>s fruit x is call$ goodness2 if x be cru%$ or nipp$ 9 ! bud x is call$ evil4 ,evil1 !re=e has no sep>ate entity 9 him1 x is simply a negative :i* w lose 8 s\l & r$uce him to ! l[] dep?s4 #bi ,x is int]e/+ to note a p>allel passage f ! ,masnavi ( ,jal al udd9 ,rumi1 :o 0 born 9 #abjg ,a4,d4 n9ety-sev5 ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,al ,ghazzali3 ,:5 a ma/] places a spade 9 ! h& ( a slave1 ,! slave kn[s 8 mean+ )\t be+ told ,l ?is spade1 our h&s are our ,ma/]'s h9ts to u2 ,yea1 if ye consid]1 !y are 8 directions to u ,:5 ye h tak5 to he>t ,8 h9ts1 ,ye w %ape y\r life 9 reliance on _! direction2 ,:]e=e ^! h9ts disclose ,8 int5t1 ,take ! burd5 f y1 & appo9t y\r "w1 ,he t he>s x make x he>able by y4 ,he too is able to make x )9 y\r ability4 ,accept 8 comm& & y w be able to execute x ,seek union ) ,him1 & y w f9d y\rselves unit$4 ,ex]tion is giv+ ?anks = ,god's bless+s2 ,?9k ye t y\r fatalism gives su* ?anks2 ,giv+ ?anks = bless+s increases bless+s ,b fatalism snat*es ^? bless+s f y\r h&s ,y\r fatalism is to sleep on ! road2 sleep n ,till ye behold ! gates ( ! ,k+'s palace4 ,ah6 sleep n1 unreflect+ fatali/s1 ,till ye h rea*$ t fruit-lad5 ,tree ( ,life4 ,e4 ,:9field1 trs1 ,masnavi4 #cj ,/4 ,mat!w ,,xiv4 #ee-ca4 8,& 9 ! f\r? wat* ( ! night he came unto !m1 walk+ on ! sea4 ,& :5 ! disciples saw him walk+ on ! sea1 !y 7 tr\bl$ say+1 ,x is an app>ition & !y cri$ out = fe>4 ,b /raightway ,jesus spake unto !m1 say+3 ,be ( good *e]1 x is ,i1 be n afraid4 ,& ,pet] answ]$ him & said3 ,"l1 if x be ?\1 bid me come unto !e ^u ! wat]4 ,& ,pet] w5t d[n f ! boat & walk$ ^u ! wat]s to come to ,jesus4 ,b :5 he saw ! w9d he 0 afraid1 & beg9n+ to s9k he cri$1 say+13 ,"l1 save me4 ,& imm$iately ,jesus /ret*$ =? 8 h&1 & took hold ( him & said unto him3 ,o ?\ ( little fai?1 :]e=e did/ ?\ d\bt80 #ca ,comp4 ,quran ,,xlii4 #aa3 ,no?+ is l a lik5ess ( ,him4 ,he is ! he>+1 ! see+4 #cb ,comp4 ,g5esis ,i4 #bg4 #cc ,exodus ,,iii4 #ad4 #cd ,quran ,,xx4 #ab4 ,x is g5]ally suppos$ t ,moses 0 ord]$ to take (f 8 8lea!r %oes0 out ( respect = ! sacr$ place4 ,b ,razi 9 8 ,comm5t>y calls x an idiom & says t ! ,arabs us$ ! ^w ,na'al 7%oe7 = wife & family4 ,! comm& to put (f ! %oes is !re=e a metaphorical expression = mak+ ! he>t vacant f c>e ( family4 ,see ,tafsir-i-,razi vol4 ,,vi4 #ai4 ,/amb\l edition4 #ce ,quran ,,xxxix4 #ig4 ,! full text runs3 ,& !y h n hon\r$ ,allah ) ! hon\r due to him3 & ! :ole e>? %all be 9 8 grip on ! day ( resurrection & ! heav5s roll$ up 9 8 "r h&2 glory be to him & may he be exalt$ above :at !y associate ) him4 #cf ,ghazzali has dealt ) ! "q fully 9 8 "w entitl$ #8,iljamal awam'4 ,he says t e object has f\r /ages ( exi/5ce4 ,to use a figure3 8,fire0 is 7#a7 writt5 on pap]3 7#b7 pron\nc$ z ,fire 7#c7 burns2 & 7#d7 is p]ceiv$ by ! m9d to be inflammable4 ,! fir/ two are purely conv5tional b h an educational value4 ,simil>ly ! an?ropomorphism ( ! passages ( ! ,scriptures %\ld be /udi$ 9 ! light ( ! above /ages4 #cg ,quran ,,xxix4 #fi4 #ch ,see ,section vi ( ?is book4 #ci ,ihya ,,iii4 #i4 #dj ,quran ,,iv4 #agb4 #da ,quran ,,xxv4 #g1 #h2 #ba4 #db ,quran ,,xliii4 #ca4 8,& !y say3 :y 0 n ?is ,quran reveal$ to a man ( importance 9 ! two t[ns40 7,mecca & ,taif74 #dc ,quran ,,xviii4 #bh4 #dd ,ibn ,abbas4 #de ,trimizi3 ,abu ,huraira's report4 #df ,comp4 ,matt ,,vi4 #bd 8,no man c s]ve two ma/]s = ei!r he w hate ! "o & love ! o!r2 or else he w hold to ! "o & despise ! o!r4 ,ye _c s]ve ,god & mammon04 #dg ,matt ,v4 #c4 #dh ,quran ,,xviii4 #cb-df4 #di ,ihya #aae2 ,,iv4 #g4 #ej ,quran ,,iii4 #ajb4 #ea ,tibrani & ,abu ,daud4 #eb ,muslim4 #ec ,bokh>i & ,muslim4 #ed ,quran ,,xviii4 #e4 #ee ,nasai & ,bokh>i4 #ef ,adu ,mansur4 #eg ,rumi has beautifully describ$ ?is /ory ( ,nasuh 9 ,masnavi ,bk4 ,v4 #eh ,ihya ,,iv4 #f4 #ei ,bukh>i & ,muslim4 #fj ,quran ,,lxxvi4 #a-c4 #fa ,ghazzali's rem>k %\ld n be conf\nd$ ) ei!r egoi/ic or univ]sali/ic h$onism4 ,see 8 rem>k on ! aff9ity ( s\ls 7pages #ie ff74 #fb ,muslim4 #fc ,f uncanonical say+s ( ,*ri/4 #fd ,quran ,,xxxviii4 #ga1 #gb4 #fe ,see ,bukh>i ,haddis ,qudsi4 #ff ,al ,ghazzali condemns all su* expressions :i* are call$ by ,c>d9al ,newman 8ecc5tricities ( ! sa9ts40 ,he is aw>e ( _! liability to abuse & po9ts out _! error 9 a mann] :i* six hundr$ ye>s lat] took ! =m ( ,bi%op ,butl]'s dictum t reason _c abdicate its "r ( judg+ obvi\s improprieties 9 religi\s doctr9es & p]sons4 8,ibn ,allah01 7,son ( ,god7 ref]s to ! or?odox ,*ri/ian view ( ,jesus4 8,anal ,haq0 7,i am ! tru?1 i4e4 ,god7 ref]s to ! expression ( ,husa9 b9 ,mansur al ,hallaj1 :o 9 #cji ,a4,d4 0 crucifi$ 9 ,bagdad = 8 blasphemy4 ,! poet ,hafiz says ( him3 8,jurma% an bud ki asr> huwaida bik>d40 7,8 crime 0 t he reveal$ ! secrets47 #fg ,/ ,mat!w ,,xxii #ce-eg4 8,& "o ( !m1 a lawy]1 ask$ him a "q1 tempt+ him13 ,ma/]1 :i* is ! great comm&m5t 9 ! law8 ,& he said unto him3 ,?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god ) all ?y he>t & ) all ?y s\l1 & ) all ?y m9d40 ,9 ! above passage ! law ref]r$ to is ,deut]onomy ,,vi4 #e1 :]e in/ead ( m9d1 ! ^w might is us$4 #fh ,d>an1 a village ne> ,damascus1 :]e he di$ 9 #bae ,a4,h4 #fi ,a fam\s ,muslim woman sa9t ( ,basrah1 consid]$ to be an au?ority on ,sufiism4 ,%e di$ 9 #hja ,a4 ,d4 #gj ,quran ,,lvii4 #bj & ,,iii4 #ad-af4 #ga ,comp>e ,desc>tes'3 ,cogito ergo sum4 #gb ,comp>e ,quran ,,xxiv4 #ce4 8,allah is ! light ( ! heav5s & ! e>?3 a lik5ess ( 8 light is a pill> on :i* is a lamp1 ! lamp is 9 a glass 7&7 ! glass is z x 7 a brightly %9+ /> lit f a bless$ olive tree1 nei!r ea/]n nor we/]n1 ! oil :]e( almo/ gives light ?\gh fire t\*es x n 7heads daf=47 ,allah guides to 8 light :om he pleases1 & ,allah sets =? p>ables = m5 & ,allah is cogniscant ( all ?+s40 ,al ,ghazzali has writt5 a sep>ate treatise call$ ,mi%kat ul ,anw> deal+ exhau/ively ) ! above passage4 ,an excell5t summ>y ( 8 views is giv5 by ,razi 9 8 ,comm5t>y1 vol4 ,,vi4 #cic-djh4 7,/amb\l edition74 ,9 ! above p>able ,islam is repres5t$ z a lik5ess ( ! div9e light1 a light plac$ high on a pill> s z to illum9e ! :ole _w1 a light gu>d$ by be+ plac$ 9 a glass s t no puff ( w9d c put x out1 a light s respl5d5t t ! glass itself 9 :i* x is plac$ is z a brilliant />4 ,j z a fig tree /&s = a symbol ( ,judaism 7see ,/4 ,mat!w ,,xxi4 #ai7 ! olive /&s = ,islam1 :i* mu/ give light to bo? ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/1 & does n specifically belong to ei!r "o ( !m4 ,! doctr9e ( ,fana is misund]/ood by _m ,we/]n s*ol>s4 ,t5nyson puts x3 8,t ea*1 :o seems a sep>ate :ole1 ,%\ld move 8 r\nds & fus+ all ,! skirts ( self aga91 %\ld fall ,rem]g+ 9 ! g5]al s\l1 ,is fai? z vague z all unsweet40 7,9 ,memoriam ,,xlvii47 ,ghazzali's vivid description is nei!r vague nor unsweet4 ,to him ,fana is 8a pray] ( rapture04 8,9 t /ate man is effac$ f self1 s t he is consci\s nei!r ( 8 body nor ( outw>d ?+s1 nor ( inw>d feel+s4 ,he is rapt f all ^!1 j\rney+ fir/ to 8 ,"l & !n 9 8 ,"l1 & if ! ?\ght t he is effac$ f self occurs to him1 t is a defect4 ,! highe/ /ate is to be effac$ f effacem5t04 ,e4 ,:9field3 ,masnavi1 ,introduction p4 xxxvii4 #gc ,ihya ,,iv4 #e4 #gd ,usually ,fana is translat$ z 8annihilation10 b ,al ,ghazzali "h means :at is impli$ 9 ! /atem5t3 8,to live1 move1 & h our be+ 9 ,him04 #ge 8,& ?\ %alt "o day1 if f\nd wor?y1 s def9$ ,see ?y ,god face to face1 z ?\ do/ n[40 ,byron ,*ilde ,h>old's ,pilgrimage4 ,,clv4 #gf ,quran ,,xxix4 #fe-ff4 #gg ,quran ,,xviii4 #aji4 ,comp>e ,jalal-ud-,d9 ,rumi3-- ,air1 e>?1 wat]1 & fire are ,god's s]vants4 ,to u !y seem lifeless1 b to ,god liv+4 ,9 ,god's pres5ce fire ev] waits to d its s]vice1 ,l a submissive lov] ) no w ( its own4 ,:5 y /rike /eel on fl9t fire leaps =?2 ,b 'tis by ,god's comm& x ?us /eps =?4 ,/rike n toge!r ! fl9t & /eel ( wrong1 ,= ! pair w g5]ate m1 l man & woman4 ,! fl9t & /eel are !mselves causes1 yet ,look high] = ! ,fir/ ,cause1 ,o righte\s man6 ,= t ,cause prec$es ?is second cause4 ,h[ c a cause exi/ ( itself )\t prec$5t cause8 ,t ,cause makes ?is cause op]ative1 ,& aga9 helpless & inop]ative4 ,t ,cause1 :i* is a guid+ light to ! prophets1 ,t1 ,i say1 is high] ?an ^! second causes1 ,man's m9ds recognise ^! second causes1 ,b only prophets p]ceive ! action ( ! ,fir/ ,cause4 ,e4 ,:9field3 ,masnavi1 #bnd ed4 #ahih4 p4 #af4 #gh ,ihya ,,iv4 #f4 #gi ,quran ,v4 #ed4 #hj ,quran ,,ii4 #afe4 #ha ,bukh>i & ,muslim4 #hb ,quran ,,ix4 #bd4 #hc ,tirmizi4 #hd ,abu ,naim4 #he ,tirmizi4 #hf ,quran ,,ii4 #bbb4 ,rep5tance is ! fir/ /ep t[>ds ,god4 ,comp4 ,/4 ,mat!w ,,iii4 #b4 #hg ,quran ,,iii4 #cj4 ,keep+ ,god's comm&m5ts reveal$ ?r\gh 8 holy prophets con/itutes love ( ,him4 ,comp4 ,/4 ,john4 ,,xv4 #aj 8,if ye keep my comm&m5ts ye %all abide 9 my love2 ev5 z ,i keep my ,fa!r's comm&m5ts & abide 9 8 love04 #hh ,a ,sufi ( great r5[n3 di$ at ,baghdad 9 #hdj ,a4,d4 #hi ,quran ,,ii4 #id-ie4 #ij ,hadisi ,qudsi is t k9d ( tradition 9 :i* ,god is himself report$ to speak4 #ia ,comp3 ,let k gr[ f m to m1 ,b m ( rev]5ce 9 u dwell2 ,t m9d & s\l1 accord+ well1 ,may make "o music z be=e1 ,b va/]4 ,we are fools & slight2 ,we mock !e :5 we d n fe>2 ,b help ,?y fooli% ones to be>1 ,help ,?y va9 worlds to be>1 ?y light4 ,t5nyson4 #ib ,see ,bukh>i4 #ic ,call$ ! 8fa!r ( ,sufiism04 ,he f\nd$ a sect ( ,sufis 9 ,egypt4 ,he di$ 9 #hfj ,a4,d4 #id ,/4 ,mat!w ,,vi4 #a-d2 #af-ah4 #ie ,a celebrat$ ,sufi call$ ,sy$ ,uttaifa 7*ief ( ! sect74 ,he di$ at ,baghdad 9 #iaa ,a4,d4 #if ,a !ologian & ,sufi ( ,ray 9 ,p]sia4 ,he di$ 9 #hga ,a4,d4 #ig ,comp3 ,good %eph]d1 tell ?is y\? :at 'tis to love4 ,x is to be all made ( sighs & te>s2 ,x is to be all made ( fai? & s]vice2 ,x is to be all made ( fantasy1 ,all made ( passion & all made ( wi%es2 ,all adoration1 duty1 & obs]vance1 ,all humbl5ess1 all pati5ce & impati5ce1 ,all purity1 all trial1 all obs]vance4 ,%akespe>e3 ,z y l x4 ,act ,v4 #ih ,ihya ,,iv4 #f4 #ii ,quran ,,ix4 #gb4 #ajj ,quran ,,xcviii4 #h4 #aja ,quran ,,xxxii4 #ag4 #ajb ,quran ,,xxxvi4 #eh4 #ajc ,9 ,tigris4 #ajd ,he conqu]$ ,p]sia 9 ! "t ( ! ,khalifa ,om>4 #aje ,! ,arabs address eld]s 9 ?is way4 #ajf ,"o ( ! mo/ r5[n$ ( ! e>ly ,sufis4 ,8 gr&fa!r 0 a ,magian :o accept$ ,islam4 ,he 0 born 9 #ggg ,a4 ,d4 & di$ at a great age 9 #hgh ,a4 ,d4 ,"s ,prelim9>y ,ann\ncem5ts ( ,,! ,,gaekwad ,,/udies ,,9 ,,religion ,,& ,,philosophy ,edit$ by ,,alban ,g4 ,,widg]y ,m4,a41 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy & ! ,comp>ative ,/udy ( ,religions1 ,b>oda4 ,?is ,s]ies is e/abli%$ ) ! sanction & f9ancial support ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,8 ,highness ! ,mah>ajah ,gaekwad ( ,b>oda4 ,! aim is to provide an opportunity = ! publication ( works on religi\s & philosophical subjects4 ,"s ( ! volumes w be m popul> & "s m te*nical 9 nature4 ,only books writt5 9 ! tol]ant _s ( g5u9e s*ol>%ip w be includ$4 ,! ,manag]1 ,,! ,,college1 ,,b>oda4 ,,! ,,gaekwad ,,/udies ,,9 ,,religion ,,& ,,philosophy ,fir/ issues3 ,p]sonality & ,atonem5t4 ,by ! ,editor4 ,human ,ne$s & ,! ,ju/ification ( ,religi\s ,beliefs4 ,by ! ,editor4 ,! ,he>t ( ! ,bhagavatgita4 ,by ,l+e%a ,mahabhagavat4 ,zoroa/rian ,e?ics4 ,by ,m4 ,a4 ,bu*4 ,kant & ,sank>a*>ya4 ,pr(4 ,c4 ,g4 ,bhate1 ,poona4 ,selections f ,al-,ghassali4 ,by ,pr(essor ,sy$ ,nawab ,ali4 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,k>ma4 ,a ,volume ( ,essays by v>i\s writ]s4 ,immortality & ,o!r ,essays4 ,by ! ,editor4 ,! ,comp>ative ,/udy ( ,religions4 ,by ! ,editor4 ,a ,buddhi/ ,bibliography4 ,by v>i\s s*ol>s4 ,a ,*ronology & ,bibliography ( ,muslim ,lit]ature on ,religion & ,philosophy4 ,by ,pr(essor ,m4 ,jamil ur ,rehman & ,f4 ,s4 ,gilani1 ,m4 ,a4 ,"s ,mod]n ,religi\s ,movem5ts4 ,by v>i\s writ]s4 ,jesus4 ,by ! ,editor4 ,goods & ,bads3 ,outl9es ( a ,philosophy ( ,life4 ,by ! ,editor4 ,,human ,,ne$s ,,& ,,! ,,ju/ification ,,( ,,religi\s ,,beliefs ,! ,burney ,prize ,essay ,cambridge #aiji & ,,p]sonality ,,& ,,atonem5t ,essays 9 ! ,philosophy ( ,religion4 by ,,alban ,c4 ,,widg]y ,clo?3 ,six ,rupees ,,! ,,he>t ,,( ,,! ,,bhagavad-,,gita ,,by ,8 ,hol9ess ,sri ,vidya ,sank>a ,bh>ati ,swami1 ,jagadguru ,sank>a*>ya ( ,k>vir ,pi?a4 ,9 ?is book "o ( ! mo/ enlight5$ lead]s ( ,mod]n ,h9du religi\s life discusses ! important & ev] int]e/+ "q3 8,:at is ! value ( ! ,gita z a guide to practical life80 ,x %\ld be read by all educat$ ,h9dus & by all non-,h9dus :o wi% to "k ! religi\s attitude ( a prom95t ,h9du s*ol> & devotee4 ,! ,manag]1 ,,! ,,college1 ,,b>oda4 ,,immortality ,,& ,,o!r ,,essays ,,by ,,alban ,g4 ,,widg]y ,pap] cov]s3 ,two rupees ,clo?3 ,?ree rupees4 ,! ,manag]1 ,,! ,,college1 ,,b>oda4 ,,! ,,confutation ,,( ,,a!ism ,translat$ by ,,vali ,,mohamm$ ,,*haganbhai ,,mom94 ,?is %ort treatise :i* comes d[n f ! six? ,imam1 ,hazrat ,imam ,jaf>-u-,sadak1 %\ld prove ( great int]e/ to all ,muslims4 ,x w attract o!rs also by ! beauty ( its /yle & ! rem>kable lik5ess x be>s to ! argum5ts ( ,bi%op ,butl] 9 8 ,analogy ( ,religion4 ,f\rte5 annas1 po/ free4 ,! ,manag]1 ,,! ,,college1 ,,b>oda4 ,,zoroa/rian ,,e?ics ,,by ,,maganlal ,a4 ,,bu* ,m4 ,a41 ,fell[ ( ! ,sem9> = ! ,comp>ative ,/udy ( ,religions1 ,b>oda4 ,,cont5ts ,introduction4 ,bibliography4 ,"p ,i ,i4 ,! ,available ,zoroa/rian ,lit]ature4 ,,ii4 ,! ,hi/orical & ,social ,conditions4 ,,iii4 ,psy*ological ,conceptions4 ,"p ,,ii ,,iv4 ,! ,g5]al ,moral ,attitude4 ,v4 ,! ,value ( ,life3 ,indu/ry & ,indol5ce4 ,,vi4 ,tru?fulness & ,deceit3 ,purity & ,impurity4 ,,vii4 ,! ,e?ics ( ,sex ,relations4 ,,viii4 ,b5evol5ce3 o!r ,vices & ,virtues4 ,,ix4 ,! ,e?ical 9 ,legal ,ref]5ces 9 ,zoroa/rian ,lit]ature4 ,x4 ,!ological & ,metaphysical ,conceptions4 ,index4 ,pap] cov]s3 ,two ,rupees4 ,clo? cov]s3 ,?ree ,rupees4 ,! ,manag]1 ,,! ,,college1 ,,b>oda4 ,9 ! ,press ,,! ,,comp>ative ,,/udy ,,( ,,religions ,a ,sy/ematic ,survey ,by ,,alban ,g4 ,,widg]y ,m ,a41 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy & ! ,comp>ative ,/udy ( ,religions1 ,b>oda4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,introduction3 ,sci5tific ,!ology & ! ,comp>ative ,/udy ( ,religions4 ,i4 ,! ,s\rces & ,nature ( ,religi\s ,tru?4 ,,ii4 ,sup]natural ,be+s1 ,good & ,bad4 ,,iii4 ,! ,s\l3 its ,nature1 ,orig91 & ,de/9y4 ,,iv4 ,s9 & ,suff]+3 ,salvation & ,r$emption4 ,v4 ,religi\s ,practices4 ,,vi4 ,! ,emotional ,attitudes & ,religi\s ,ideals4 ,app5dices2 ,maps2 ,illu/rations2 ,bibliography2 & ,index4 ,?is volume is meant to be a sy/ematic introduction to ! subject4 ,mu* ( ! te*nical detail be+ 9 ! =m ( notes ! book is ?us adapt$ to ! g5]al read] z well z to ! ne$s ( /ud5ts4 ,clo?1 sup]ior pap] ,rs4 #ab42 #aes4 #j;d4 ,clo?1 ord9>y pap] ,rs4 #aj42 #abs4 #f;d4 ,! ,manag]1 ,,! ,,college1 ,,b>oda4 ,9 prep>ation ,an important volume ( ,essays on ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,k>ma ,by ,repres5tatives ( ! diff]5t great religions4 ,! purpose ( ! volume is to pres5t = comp>ison ! views ( c]ta9 writ]s ( di/9ction f ! diff]5t religions ^u ! !ory t ! suff]+ & happ9ess ( ! individual is due solely to 8 own action1 pa/ or pres5t4 ,"s ,contributors ,%ams-ul-,ulama ,j4 ,j4 ,modi1 ,c4 ,i4 ,e41 ,ph4 ,d4 ,! ,v ,rev4 ,ha/+s ,ra%dall1 ,d4 ,lit2 ,d4,c4,l4 ,s4 ,khuda ,buks*1 ,m4 ,a41 ,b4 ,c4 ,l41 7,oxon47 ,*ampat ,rai ,ja91 ,au?or ( ,! ,key ( ,k ,israel ,abrahams1 ,d4 ,lit4 ,alban ,g4 ,widg]y ,m4 ,a4 7,cantab47 ,! ,manag]1 ,,! ,,college1 ,,b>oda4 ,9 prep>ation by ,v>i\s ,s*ol>s ,a ,,buddhi/ ,,bibliography ,,cont5ts ,preface4 ,introduction4 ,,book ,i4 ,i4 ,buddhi/ ,lit]ature 9 ,pali ) translations1 ,comm5t>ies1 & ,ref]5ces to specific works 9 ,european ,languages4 ,,ii4 ,buddhi/ ,lit]ature 9 ,sanskrit ) translations1 ,comm5t>ies1 & ,ref]5ces to specific works 9 ,european ,languages4 ,,iii4 ,ref]5ces to ,buddhism 9 non-,buddhi/ ,sanskrit ,lit]ature4 ,,iv4 ,buddhism 9 ,g5]al ) special ,ref]5ces to ,buddhi/ ,doctr9e & ,practice 9 ,european ,languages4 ,,book ,,ii4 ,i4 ,buddhism 9 ,india 7works 9 ,european ,languages only74 ,,ii4 ,buddhism 9 ,ceylon4 ,,iii4 ,buddhism 9 ,burma4 ,,iv4 ,buddhism 9 ,malay & ,java4 ,v4 ,buddhism 9 ,siam & ,cambodia4 ,,vi4 ,buddhism 9 ,himalayan ,tracts4 ,,vii4 ,buddhism 9 ,tibet4 ,,viii4 ,buddhism 9 ,c5tral ,asia & ,mongolia4 ,,ix4 ,buddhism 9 ,*9a4 ,x4 ,buddhism 9 ,korea4 ,,xi4 ,buddhism 9 ,japan4 ,app5dices1 ,maps1 ,indices4 ,! ,manag]1 ,,! ,,college1 ,,b>oda4