,,! ,,jewi% ,,religion4 ,,by ,m4 ,,fri$l,,nd]4 ,,second ,,edition1 ,,revis$ ,,& ,,enl>g$4 ,,london3 ,p4 ,,vall5t9e ,,son1 #g1 ,,nor? ,,cresc5t1 ,,tott5ham ,,c\rt ,,road1 ,w4,c4 ,,& #cc1 ,,duke ,,/reet1 ,,aldgate1 ,e4,c4 #aijj4 ,,preface4 ,9 pres5t+ ?is volume to ! public ! au?or does n claim mu* orig9ality4 ,he m]ely desires to reproduce ! religi\s pr9ciples :i* 7 s[n into 8 he>t by 8 p>5ts1 1 & cultivat$ by ! great tea*]s ( ,israel--! ,prophets1 ! ,s(]im1 & _! successors--9 ord] t ! bless+ :i* he himself has always d]iv$ f ^! pr9ciples may also be enjoy$ by 8 bre?r54 ,! orig9al s\rces ( religi\s k1 viz41 ! ,scriptures & ,po/-,biblical ,jewi% ,lit]ature1 are ( c\rse accessible to all1 & e "o may sit at ! feet ( our great tea*]s & li/5 to _! in/ruction4 ,b !re are _m :o are 9 ne$ ( assi/ance1 :o require ! aid ( an int]pret]4 ,! pres5t volume is int5d$ to r5d] t assi/ance & to s]ve z su* int]pret]4 ,! au?or !re=e addresses himself to 8 bre?r51 especially to 8 disciples1 9 ! words ( an anci5t tea*] ( ! ,mi%nah 7,abo? v4 #be71 8,turn x1 & turn x ov] aga920 & if he _c add also 8= ev]y?+ is 9 x10 he hopes t t :i* is 9 x w be f\nd useful to ^? :o seek religi\s k1 & t x w prove an inc5tive to _m 8to le>n & tea*1 to he$ & d1 & to fulfil 9 love all ! words ( in/ruction 9 ! ,div9e ,law40 ,to a great ext5t ?is "w owes its orig9 to ! w>m int]e/ :i* ! late ,mr4 ,jacob ,a4 ,frankl91 1 took 9 all matt]s connect$ ) ,judaism4 ,he repeat$ly urg$ ^u ! au?or ! necessity ( publi%+ a book on ! ,jewi% ,religion4 ,a plan 0 sugge/$1 discuss$1 & f9ally adopt$2 b ! progress ( ! "w 0 sl[ on acc\nt ( o!r lit]>y engagem5ts ( ! au?or4 ,al?\gh ,mr4 ,frankl9 dep>t$ f our mid/ long be=e x 0 complet$1 8 philan?ropy1 :i* surviv$ him1 has a %>e 9 its completion1 ! book be+ pr9t$ at ! exp5se ( ! ,jacob ,a4 ,frankl9 ,tru/ ,fund = ! advancem5t ( ,judaism4 ,9 recognition ( ^! facts ! au?or d$icates ?is "w-- ,9 ,piety1 ,,to ,,! ,,memory ,,( ,,8 ,,late ,,fri5d1 ,,jacob ,a4 ,,frankl91 ,o4,b4,m4 ,,& ,,( ,,8 ,,belov$ ,,late ,,gr&*ildr53 ,,azriel ,,uriel ,,ga/]4 ,9 conclusion1 ! au?or begs to ?ank ! ,rev4 ,s4 ,s+] = 8 assi/ance & 8 _m valuable sugge/ions :ile ! book 0 pass+ ?r\gh ! press ,m4 ,,fri$l,,nd]4 ,jews' ,college1 #c ,iy> #efea4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition4 ,! fir/ edition be+ exhau/$ a second edition has be5 prep>$4 ,!re is no cause = any *ange 9 ! body ( ! book4 ,religion1 bo? 8,glaub5slehre0 & 8,pfli*t5lehre10 are giv5 z objectively z possible1 & ! mo/ rigid exam9ation ( all t is taught 9 8,! ,jewi% ,religion10 discov]$ no mis/atem5t4 ,a few unimportant errors1 :i* accord+ to ! ,psalmi/ 7,ps4 xix7 are excusable1 are rectifi$ 9 ! li/ ( ,errata4 ,que/ions conc]n+ religi\s pr9ciples :i* h aris5 9 ! ,community s9ce ! publication h be5 =ese5 & dealt ) accord+ to ,law & ,tradition4 ,a few notes are add$ 9 ! second edition1 :]e fur!r elucidations seem$ necess>y4 ,!re is also app5d$ ! bibliography ( text-books ( ,jewi% ,religion1 an ab/ract ( a pap] on ,religi\s ,education1 read be=e ! ,jews' ,college ,lit]>y ,society1 & ! pray] :i* 9 ! ,spani% & ,portuguese ,synagogues is (f]$ up by ! ,b>mitzvah :5 call$ to ! ,law4 ,! latt] practice is wor?y ( imitation4 ,m4 ,f4 ,london1 ,ad> ,i41 #effj4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,introduction #a-ah ,:at is ,judaism8 #b ,,our ,,cre$4 ,fai? z comm5d$ 9 ,bible & ,tradition #e ,fai? accord+ to ,saadiah #i 11 11 11 ,ibn ,gabirol #aa 11 11 11 ,duna% b5 ,tamim1 ,ba*ya b4 ,joseph #ab 11 11 11 ,%em-tob2 ,abraham b4 ,david2 ,jehudah hallevi #ac 11 11 11 ,ibn ,ezra2 ,maimonides2 ,joseph ,albo #ad 11 11 11 ,eliah del ,m$igo #ae 11 11 11 ,moses ,m5delssohn #af ,! ,?irte5 ,pr9ciples ( ,fai? #ai ,fir/ ,gr\p ( ,pr9ciples--,exi/5ce ( ,god #bb ,natural ,religion #bb ,poly!ism #be ,pan!ism #bf ,a!ism #bg ,deism2 ,!ism #bi ,! ,fir/ ,pr9ciple3 ,god1 ! ,creator & ,rul] ( ! ,univ]se #cj ,natural ,laws & ,miracles #ca ,evolution & ,creation #cc ,pr9ciple ,,ii4--,unity ( ,god #ch 11 ,,iii4 #da ,an?ropomorphism 9 ! ,bible #da ,pr9ciple ,,iv4 #dc 11 ,v4 #dd ,v>i\s ,attributes ( ,god #da ,second ,gr\p ( ,pr9ciples--,revelation #df ,g5]al ,rem>ks--,e>ly ,revelations #df ,prophet #di ,text ( ,prophecies #ec ,massorah #ee ,names & ,au?ors ( ! ,books ( ! ,bible #ee ,p5tateu* #eg ,e>li] ,prophets #fb ,latt] ,prophets #ff ,isaiah #ff ,j]emiah #gj ,ezekiel #ge ,m9or ,prophets #gh ,hagiographa #hg ,psalms #hg ,prov]bs #if ,job #ajh ,! ,song ( ,solomon #aab ,ru?2 ,lam5tations #aac ,ecclesia/es #aad ,e/h]2 ,daniel #aaf ,ezra2 ,nehemiah #abe ,*ronicles #abf ,apocrypha #abg ,! ,book ( ,wisdom #abg ,! ,wisdom ( ,jesus1 ,son ( ,sira* #abh ,b>u* #abi ,tobit2 ,judi? #acj ,! ,books ( ! ,maccabees #aca ,pr9ciple ,,vi4--,tru? ( ! ,prophecies #aca 11 ,,vii4--,di/9ction ( ,moses f o!r ,prophets #acc 11 ,,viii4--,au!nticity ( ! ,torah #acd ,! ,oral ,law #acf ,pr9ciple ,,ix4--,immutability ( ! ,torah #aci ,?ird ,gr\p ( ,pr9ciples--,rew>d & ,puni%m5t #adb ,div9e ,ju/ice & ,man's ,free-w #adb ,pr9ciple ,x4--,god's ,omnisci5ce #adh 11 ,,xi4--,rew>d & ,puni%m5t #aej ,pr9ciple ,,xii4--,messiah #aee 11 ,,xiii4--,resurrection--,future ,life #afc ,notes on ! ,numb] ( ,pr9ciples #afi ,on ,pr9ciple ,i4 #agd ,creation accord+ to ,maimonides #agd 11 11 11 ,saadiah #agg ,bible & ,sci5ce #agh ,on ,pr9ciple ,v4--,efficacy ( ,pray] #ahc 11 ,revelation #aij 11 ,pr9ciple ,,vi4 #aib ,revelation accord+ to ,saadiah #aib 11 11 11 ,jehudah hallevi #aid 11 11 11 ,ibn ,ezra #aig 11 11 11 ,maimonides #aig 11 11 11 ,albo #bja ,on ,pr9ciple ,,vii4 #bja 11 11 ,,viii4 #bjb 11 ,v>i ,lectiones1 ,tikkun ,s(]im1 ,ittur ,s(]im #bjc 11 ,al-tikre1 ,biblical ,quotations 9 ,talmud & ,midra% #bjd 11 ,bible ,criticism #bje 11 ! ,p5tateu* #bje ,explanation ( #b ,k+s xxii4 #h sqq4 #bjg ,abraham ibn ,ezra's ,view on ! ,integrity ( ! ,p5tateu* #baj ,au!nticity ( ! ,book ( ! ,prophet ,isaiah #bab ,au!nticity ( ! ,book ( ,daniel #bad ,on ,pr9ciple ,,ix4 #bae ,explanation ( ,j]4 xxxi4 #ca-cc #baf 11 11 "s ,talmudical ,passages #baf ,! ,immutability ( ! ,torah accord+ to ,maimonides #bag ,! ,immutability ( ! ,torah accord+ to ,jehudah hallevi #bah ,! ,immutability ( ! ,torah accord+ to ,albo & ,r4 ,abraham b4 ,david #bai ,on ,pr9ciple ,x4 #bbj 11 11 ,,xi4 #bba 11 ,et]nal ,puni%m5t #bbc 11 ,vic>i\s ,atonem5t #bbd 11 ,pr9ciple ,,xii4 #bbe ,maimonides on ,messiah1 ,jesus1 & ,mohamm$ #bbf ,pr9ciple ,,xiii4 #bca ,,our ,,duties4 ,on ,religi\s ,duties 9 ,g5]al #bcc ,classification ( ! ,div9e ,precepts #bci ,object ( ! ,div9e ,law #bdb ,i4 ,! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts #bdg-bgb ,notes on ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts #bff-bgb ,diff]5t ,op9ions on ! ,division ( ! ,comm&m5ts #bff ,ibn ,ezra on ,exod4 xx4 #b #bfi ,ab>banel & ,r4 ,s4 ,hirs* on ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts #bgj ,p>allels to ! ,decalogue #bgb ,,ii4 ,g5]al ,moral ,pr9ciples #bgb-cbh ,duties t[>ds ,god #bgc-bia 7a47 ,duties ( ! ,he>t #bgc-bgh ,fe> & ,love ( ,god #bgc ,gratitude t[>d ,him #bge ,rev]5ce = ,8 ,"n #bge ,ob$i5ce to ,8 ,w #bgf ,fai? & ,confid5ce 9 ,8 ,goodness #bgg ,resignation to ,8 ,w #bgg 7b47 ,duties ) ref]5ce to ,spee* #bgh-bhh ,pray] #bhj ,/udy ( ,8 ,^w #bhe 7c47 ,duties ) ref]5ce to ,action #bhh-bia ,sanctification ( ,god's ,"n #bhi ,imitation ( ,8 ,ways #bij ,duties t[>ds our ,fell[-creatures #bib-cai ,g5]al ,pr9ciples #bib ,duties 9 ref]5ce to ! ,life & ! ,prop]ty ( our ,fell[-man #bib ,prohibition ( ,int]e/ & ,usury #bid ,duties 9 ref]5ce to our ,fell[-m5's ,hon\r & ,well-be+ #bih ,*>ity1 & #cjb ,special ,duties #cje-cah ,*ildr5 & ,p>5ts #cje ,fri5ds #cjf ,husb& & ,wife #caj ,fell[-citiz5s #caj ,fell[-memb]s ( a ,community #cab ,duties t[>ds ,memb]s ( ano!r ,community #cab ,employ]s & ,employ$ #cac ,sup]iors & ,inf]iors #cac ,tea*] & ,pupil2 ,ma/] & ,s]vant2 ,ri* & ,poor #cad ,duties t[>ds ! ,old1 ,magi/rates1 & all to :om ,hon\r is due #cag ,k9dness to ,animals #cah ,duties to ,ourselves #cai-cbh ,,iii4 ,signs z ,outw>d ,rem9d]s ( ,god & ,8 ,w #cbh-cch ,tsitsi? #cbi ,tefill9 #cca ,mezuzah #cce ,circumcision #ccf ,notes #ccf ,,iv4 ,sabba?1 ,fe/ivals1 & ,fa/s #cci-dac ,on ,sabba? & ,fe/ivals 9 ,g5]al #cci-cfj #a4 8,rememb]0 #cdj-cdi ,kiddu% & ,habhdalah #cdj ,lessons f ! ,p5tateu* & ! ,prophets #cde #b4 8,take ,he$0 #cdi-cec ,"w ,=bidd5 #cdi #c4 8,delight0 #cec-cee ,sabba? & ,fe/ivals ,days ( ,*e]fulness #cec #d4 8,hon\r0 #cee-ceh ,sabba? & ,fe/ival ,bread & ,lights #cee ,notes #ceh ,! ,jewi% ,cal5d> #cfj ,notes #cfg ,! ,fe/ivals #cfh-dji ,! ,?ree ,fe/ivals #cfi-djj ,! ,f\r ,di/+ui%$ ,sabba?s #cfi ,passov] #cgb-cib ,s$]-ev5+ #cgi ,c\nt+ ( ! ,om] #chi ,! ,days ( ! ,c\nt+ ( ! ,om] #cib ,! ,fea/ ( ,weeks #cic-cid ,! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles #cie-djj ,solemn ,days #djj-dji ,new-ye> #djb ,day ( ,atonem5t #dje ,hi/orical ,fea/s & ,fa/s #dji-dac ,*anuccah #dji ,purim #daa ,! ,f\r ,fa/s #dab ,optional ,fa/s #dac ,v4 ,div9e ,wor%ip #dac-dee ,beg9n+s ( ,div9e ,wor%ip #dac ,sacrifices #dad ,pray] #dah-dee ,devotion #dai ,m9hag or ,cu/om #dai ,pray] 9 ,hebrew #dbj ,efficacy ( ,pray] #dbb ,synagogue #dbc ,in/rum5tal ,music 9 ,synagogue #dbg ,! ,ritual1 9 ,talmud & ,midra% #dbi ,pray]s at ,fix$ ,times #dce ,%ema1 #dcf ,amidah or ,tefillah #dcg ,abridg$ ,=ms ( ! ,amidah #dci ,o!r ,con/itu5t ,elem5ts ( ! ,s]vice #dci ,night-pray] #ddj ,public ,s]vice #dda ,kaddi% #dda ,k$u%ah #ddb ,repetition ( ,amidah #ddb ,prie/s' ,b5$iction #ddb ,! ,read+ ( ! ,law #ddb ,occasional ,pray]s2 ,b5$ictions2 ,grace #ddb ,notes on ,cu/oms 9 ,synagogue #ddd ,tempor>y ,sub/itutes = ! ,s]vice #ddf ,repetition ( ! ,amidah #ddf ,k$u%ah2 ,kaddi% #ddg ,s]mons & ,lectures #ddh ,special ,pray]-,meet+s #ddi ,re=m ( ! ,ritual #ddi ,congregations & _! ,religi\s ,guide #ded ,,vi4 ,! ,diet>y ,laws #dee-dff ,_! ,object #dee ,fruit ( ,trees 9 ! ,fir/ ,?ree ,ye>s #deg 1 1 #deg ,mean+ ( #deh ,! ,kill+ ( ,animals = ,food #dei ,prohibition ( ,blood #dei ,trefah #dei ,clean & ,unclean ,animals #dei ,=bidd5 ,fat #dfa ,! ,s9ew t ,%rank #dfa ,meat & ,milk #dfa ,notes4--,explanation ( ,g54 ix4 #d--,sev5 ,noa*ide ,precepts #dfb ,on ,%e*itah #dfc ,h[ to ,ka%] ! ,meat #dfc ,explanation ( ,num4 xi4 #bb & ,lev4 xvii4 #ac #dfd ,on ,clean & ,unclean ,birds #dfe ,meat & ,milk #dfe ,honey #dff ,w9e ( ,libation #dff ,,vii4 ,jewi% ,life #dfg-dif ,guid+ ,pr9ciples 9 ,jewi% ,life #dfg ,torah & ,abodah2 ,be?-hammidra% & ,synagogue #dfi ,*>ity #dfi ,jewi% ,wom5 #dgj ,! ,days ( ! ,week #dgc ,anticipation ( ,sabba?1 ,fea/1 & ,fa/ #dgd ,friday ,ev5+4--,sabba? & ,fe/ivals #dge ,new-moon & ,full-moon #dgf ,important ,mom5ts 9 ! ,life ( ! ,jew #dgf-did ,bir?4--,initiation ( ! ,male ,*ild into ! ,cov5ant ( ,abraham #dgg ,r$emption ( ! ,fir/-born #dgh ,?anksgiv+ ( ! ,"m aft] ,conf9em5t #dgi #dgi ,education #dgi ,b>-mitsvah #dha ,*oice ( ,vocation #dhb ,m>riage #dhc ,divorce #dhg ,obligatory ,m>riage 77 & ,obligatory ,divorce 77 #dhh ,dea? & ,m\rn+ #dhi ,reg>d = ! ,memory ( ! ,deceas$ #did ,notes on ,cu/oms 9 ,connection ) ! ,burial ,rites #dif ,app5dices3-- ,i4 ,! ,?irte5 ,pr9ciples 9 ,hebrew #dig-dih ,,ii4 ,! ,jewi% ,cal5d> #dih-eja ,,iii4 ,religi\s ,education #eja99-ejd99 ,,iv4 ,pray] = ,b>mitzvah #eje99-ejf99 ,v4 ,bibliography #ejg99-eaj99 ,i4 ,index ( ,quotations f ,bible & ,po/-,biblical ,lit]ature #ejb-eab ,,ii4 ,g5]al ,index #eac-ebj ,,iii4 ,index ( ,names #eba-ebc ,,iv4 ,index ( ,hebrew ,t]ms #ebd-ebh ,errata #ebi-ecj ,,! ,,jewi% ,,religion4 ,,introduction4 8,man is ! mo/ privileg$ ( creatures2 he has be5 made 9 ! image ( ,god4 ,8 privilege is /ill fur!r enhanc$ by ! fact t he has be5 made aw>e ( 8 di/9ction0 7,abo? iii4 #ad74 ,!re is 9 man a consci\sness or feel+ ( a c]ta9 relation betwe5 him & a sup]ior ,be+1 on ^: ,w 8 own exi/5ce dep5ds4 ,?is consci\sness is ! basis ( religion1 b is n religion itself4 ,x is ! influ5ce :i* ?is feel+ ex]cises ov] man's actions & conduct 9 life t =ms ! ess5ce ( religion4 ,:5 man beg9s to feel t he is responsible = 8 actions to a high] ,be+1 & =ms 8 actions 9 h>mony ) ?is feel+1 he may be call$ religi\s4 ,two elem5ts mu/ !re=e be di/+ui%$ 9 religion3 ! notion ( man's dep5d5ce on & responsibility to a sup]ior ,be+1 & ! influ5ce ( ?is notion on 8 actions3 religi\s belief & religi\s practice1 or fai? & duty4 ,religi\s belief or fai?1 9 its mo/ simple & mo/ g5]al =m1 may be said to be common almo/ to all mank9d2 & 9 ! great v>iety ( fai?s1 produc$ by v>i\s circum/ances & exp]i5ces1 ?is simple idea may easily be detect$ z ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( all ( !m4 ,! same c be said ) reg>d to religi\s practice4 ,!re are c]ta9 fundam5tal pr9ciples ( duty :i* are recognis$ & adopt$ by ! mo/ div]se religi\s sects2 !y =m1 z x 71 ! common /em f :i* a l>ge numb] ( bran*es spr+ =? 9 all directions4 ,^! bran*es div]ge m & m ! l>g] !y gr[ & ! m num]\s !y become4 ,judaism is "o ( ^! v>i\s religions4 ,x has be5 ! s\rce ( mo/ ( ! religions ( ! civilis$ _w1 & is de/9$ to become1 9 its simple/ pr9ciples1 ! univ]sal religion4 ,:at is ,judaism8 or :at does ,judaism tea* its adh]5ts to believe1 & :at does x tea* !m to d8 ,! answ]s to ^! two que/ions =m ! ma9 subject ( e book on our holy religion4 ,! answ] to ! fir/ "q mu/ include our doctr9e ab\t ,god1 ,8 attributes1 ,8 relation to ! mat]ial _w1 & especially to man2 ! mission ( man1 8 hopes & fe>s4 ,! answ] to ! second "q mu/ include our duties t[>d ,god1 t[>d our fell[-m51 & t[>d ourselves4 ,bo? answ]s mu/ be bas$ on t :i* we are taught 9 ! ,holy ,writ+s1 & especially 9 ! ,torah4 ,rec\rse may be _h to philosophic speculation1 to :i*1 inde$1 ! fir/ "q peculi>ly invites1 b ! result mu/ be rectifi$ by ! tea*+ ( ! ,torah4 ,9 accordance ) ! maxim1 8,! secret ?+s belong to ! ,"l our ,god2 b ^? ?+s :i* are reveal$ belong unto u & to our *ildr5 = ev]3 t we may d all ! words ( ?is ,law10 ab/ruse metaphysical disquisitions ab\t ! ess5ce & ! attributes ( ! ,div9e ,be+ w be avoid$ 9 ! pres5t "w1 z also e attempt at prov+1 philosophically or ma!matically1 tru?s :i* h be5 reveal$ unto u 9 a sup]natural way4 #a ,b ! simple tru?s taught 9 ! ,holy ,writ+s & expla9$ by our sages w be exp\nd$1 ! diff]5t op9ions ab\t !m w be exam9$1 & x w be %[n t ^! tru?s are n contradict$ by common s5se or by ! results ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,! second "q1 h[ev]1 ,:at does ,judaism tea* u to d8 ref]s to 8! ?+s :i* are reveal$10 & mu/ be treat$ m fully4 ,c>e w be tak51 z f> z possible1 t no?+ be omitt$ t is requir$ = ! "r und]/&+ & ! correct e/imate ( our religi\s duties4 ,religion !re=e includes two elem5ts3 fai? & practice4 ,9 religi\s life1 z well z 9 ! tea*+ ( religion1 bo? elem5ts are equally ess5tial2 fai? )\t religi\s practice does n suffice1 nor ! latt] )\t fai?4 ,we are accu/om$ to look ^u c]ta9 dogmas z fundam5tal1 & c]ta9 practices z ess5tial1 & are !re=e prone to r5\nce beliefs :i* are n fundam5tal 9 our eyes1 & to ab&on su* religi\s practice z seems to u less ess5tial4 ,h5ce ! frequ5t inquiry z to :at is ! m9imum ( belief1 & :at ! m9imum degree ( con=mity to ! ,law1 t ,judaism dem&s4 ,b 9 reality !re c be no compromise 9 religion1 :e!r 9 matt]s ( fai? or ( practice4 ,conv9c$ ( a c]ta9 numb] ( tru?s1 x is impossible = u to ab&on any ( !m )\t be+ false to ourselves2 be+ conv9c$ ( ! b9d+ "* ( c]ta9 religi\s comm&s & prohibitions1 x w\ld be p]v]se to pron\nce at ! same "t "p ( !m z sup]flu\s4 ,judaism is ! adh]5ce to ! tru?s taught 9 ! ,holy ,law1 & ! fai?ful ob$i5ce to its precepts4 ,! pr9cipal ,hebrew equival5ts = ! mod]n t]m 8,religion10 & 1 confirm ?is view4 ,9 ! ,bible signifies 8in/ruction10 & is appli$ to ! tea*+ ( religions tru?1 z well z to t ( religi\s precepts4 ,! same is ! case ) ! second t]m :i* signifies 8firmness10 8p]sev]ance10 or 8p]man5ce10 & is us$ ( 8consi/5cy0 9 fai? z well z ( consci5ti\sness 9 ! practice ( ! ,div9e ord9ances4 #b ,i4 ,,our ,,cre$4 ,,introduction4 ,fai? is ! implicit & absolute belief 9 ! tru? ( ! communication made to u & 9 ! tru/wor?9ess ( him :o makes x to u4 ,! *ild has fai? 9 its p>5ts t _! wi%es or comm&s are = its good2 ! pupil 9 8 tea*]s t !y imp>t correct k2 we h fai? 9 our fri5ds t !y h no int5tion to deceive u2 9 ! m5 ( sci5ce & le>n+ t ! results ( _! rese>*es may be accept$ z well e/abli%$4 ,9 all ^! cases ! fai? is b imp]fect & ( a relative & tempor>y "*4 ,"t1 inve/igation1 & ext5d$ obs]vation & k may ei!r confirm ! cont5ts ( our fai? or may conv9ce u t we h be5 9 error4 ,?is is n ! case ) religi\s fai?4 ,x keeps )9 ! b\nd>ies ( its own doma9 & does n encroa* on t ( ! s5ses & ( reason4 ,:atev] c be kn[n by means ( sci5tific rese>* & ?or\gh inve/igation we ne$ n accept on fai?4 ,religion--,i h1 ( c\rse1 our own religion1 ! ,jewi%1 9 m9d--does n only n =bid su* exam9ation1 b ev5 enc\rages x4 ,?us we read 9 ! ,book ( ,prov]bs1 8,a fool believe? e ^w1 b ! prud5t man looke? well to 8 go+0 7xiv4 #ae74 ,= ?is purpose ,god has giv5 u intellectual faculties t we %\ld employ !m 9 our se>* = tru?4 ,at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 ,he has set limits to our faculties1 & !re are ?+s :i* are beyond ^! limits1 be+ ni/>o?1 8?+s hidd50 f our s5ses1 ^: exi/5ce has be5 made kn[n to u ?r\gh ! grace ( ,god1 by su* means z ,8 inf9ite wisdom det]m9$4 ,we se>* & inve/igate1 exam9e & demon/rate1 )9 ! sph]e ( our s5ses2 b all t is beyond _! rea* belongs to ! ni/>o?1 ! k ( :i* c only be imp>t$ to u directly by ! ,almighty1 or indirectly by ^? to :om !y h be5 communicat$ by ,him4 ,our belief ) reg>d to ^! ni/>o? may be support$ or /r5g!n$ by philosophical or dialectical argum5ts1 b c nev] be prov$ by ma!matical or logical demon/ration4 ,! s\rces f :i* we d]ive our k ( ^! ni/>o? are ,revelation & ,tradition4 ,god reveals ?+s o!rwise unkn[n to man to su* p]sons or to su* a g5]ation z ,8 wisdom *ooses1 & f ^? ?us privileg$ ! k spreads to ! re/ ( mank9d by means ( ,tradition4 ,9 addition to ^! two s\rces !re is a ?ird "o 9 ourselves3 ,god implant$ 9 our s\ls c]ta9 ideas common to all ( u z ess5tial elem5ts ( our inn] life1 & ^! ideas =m to "s ext5t ! basis ( our fai?4 ,su* is1 e4g41 ! idea ( an all-p[]ful ,be+1 ,god1 :o is ! s\rce & orig9 ( ev]y?+ 9 exi/5ce4 ,!re is no real conflict betwe5 fai? & reason4 ,x may sometimes seem z if !re 7 su* a conflict1 & we !n naturally beg9 to d\bt4 ,9 su* cases ! tru? ( our fai? may be d\bt$1 b ! correctness ( our reason+ is no less subject to d\bt4 ,we may h errone\sly includ$ 9 our fai? beliefs :i* d n belong to x1 & on becom+ aw>e t !y are contr>y to reason1 we ca/ !m aside )\t ! lea/ injury to our fai?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 our reason is n p]fect2 we frequ5tly discov] mi/akes 9 our argum5ts & conclusions1 & reject op9ions :i* we hi!rto h consid]$ z firmly e/abli%$4 ,?r\gh pati5t & ?or\gh inve/igation ( our d\bts1 )\t ov]-e/imation ( our reason+ faculties1 we %all be able to settle ! seem+ conflict betwe5 reason & fai? 9 a satisfactory mann]4 ,! exam9ation ( our d\bts w prove t none ( ! tru?s :i* ! ,almighty reveal$ to mank9d are contr>y to reason4 ,9 ?is way we are enabl$ to sep>ate f our fai? all elem5ts t 9 reality are =eign to x2 we %all be able to di/+ui% betwe5 fai? & sup]/ition4 ,! latt] consi/s ( errone\s notions & beliefs :i* c be te/$ & subject$ to ! ord9>y means ( inquiry4 ,sup]/ition is n tol]at$ by true religion2 /rict adh]5ce to ! tea*+s ( our holy religion is ! be/ *eck to sup]/iti\s beliefs4 ,! importance :i* ! ,bible atta*es to implicit fai? 9 ,god & ,8 ^w may be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ passages3-- 8,& he 7,abraham7 believ$ 9 ! ,"l1 & ,he reckon$ x to him z righte\sness0 7,g54 xv4 #f74 ,! ,hebrew = 8righte\sness0 is 9 ! orig9al :i* is us$ 9 ! ,bible z ! sum-total ( ev]y?+ good & noble 9 man's life4 ,:5 ! ,israelites _h cross$ ! ,r$ ,sea1 x is said ( !m3 8,& ,israel saw ! great "w :i* ! ,"l did ^u ! ,egyptians1 & ! p fe>$ ! ,"l3 & !y believ$ 9 ! ,"l1 & 9 ,moses ,8 s]vant0 7,exod4 xiv4 #ca74 ,aga91 :5 ,moses & ,a>on _h s9n$ at ! wat]s ( ,m]ibah by /rik+ ! rock in/ead ( speak+ to x1 !y 7 rebuk$ = want ( 8fai?10 9 ! foll[+ words3 8,because ye believ$ n 9 me 7 7 to sanctify me 9 ! eyes ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 !re=e ye %all n br+ ?is assembly into ! l& :i* ,i h giv5 !m0 7,numb4 xx4 #ab74 ,:5 ,moses 9 8 song blam$ ! ,israelites = _! evil do+s1 he call$ !m 8*ildr5 9 :om !re is no fai?0 7,deut4 xxxii4 #bj74 ,k+ ,jeho%aphat1 address+ ! army be=e ! battle1 says3 8,h fai? 9 ! ,"l & y w be safe2 h confid5ce 9 ,8 prophets & y w succe$0 7#b ,*ron4 xx4 #bj74 ,9 ! same s5se ,isaiah says to ,k+ ,ahaz3 8,if y h no fai?1 surely y w n be safe0 7,isa4 vii4 #i74 ,also ,j]emiah1 speak+ ( ,israel's disob$i5ce to ! ^w ( ,god1 exclaims3 8,! fai?1 is p]i%$1 & x is cut (f f _! m\?0 7,j]4 vii4 #bh74 ,! prophet ,habakkuk1 pray+ to ,god = an explanation :y evil-do]s succe$ & prosp]1 receives ! div9e answ]3 8,! righte\s %all live by 8 fai?0 7,hab4 ii4 #d72 & :5 ,hosea pr$icts ! future r$emption ( ,israel1 he tells !m 9 ! "n ( ,god1 8,& ,i w betro? !e unto me by fai?0 7,hos4 ii4 #bb74 ,our tea*]s1 ! sages & rabbis1 :o succe$$ ! prophets1 h be5 equally emphatic 9 comm5d+ religi\s fai?4 ,! foll[+ are a few ( _! say+s conc]n+ fai?3-- 8,great is ! m]it ( fai?4 ,?r\gh _! fai? 9 ! ,creator ( ! univ]se ! ,israelites 7 inspir$ by ! holy _s1 & 7 enabl$ to s+ praises to ! ,"l40 8,fai? 9 ! ,"l 0 ! s\rce ( all ! temporal & et]nal bless+s :i* 7 be/[$ ^u ,abraham2 x gave him ! enjoym5t ( ?is _w & ! _w to come40 8,:5 ! ,psalmi/ says3 #8,?is gate leads to ! ,"l2 righte\s p 77 %all come 9 ?r\gh x1' he d5ot$ by ! t]m #8righte\s' ^? :o possess fai? 9 ,god0 7,yalkut on ,ex4 xiv4 #ca74 ,9 spite ( ! fact t ! ,torah & ! prophets mo/ emphatically decl>e fai? to be a v ess5tial elem5t 9 ,judaism1 x does n seem to h ! same importance 9 ! writ+s ( ,jewi% !ologians & philosoph]s1 "s ( :om h endeav\r$ to sub/itute reason+ & logical argum5ts = simple fai?1 & to rebuild ^u sci5tific rese>* ! religi\s edifice erect$ on ! f\ndation ( fai?4 ,! foll[+ are ! utt]ances ( ! pr9cipal ,jewi% !ologians s9ce ! close ( ! ,talmud on ! relation betwe5 fai? & reason3-- ,! ,gaon ,saadiah ( ,fayyum wrote a book on cre$s & religi\s beliefs 7 74 ,9 ! ,introduction to ?is "w ! philosoph] describes ! causes ( human error & d\bt1 & assumes f\r classes ( believ]s4 ,!re are1 fir/1 ^? :o recognise ! tru? f\nd by !m1 cl+ to x1 & are happy 9 x4 ,!re are1 secondly1 ^? :o h ! true pr9ciple be=e !m1 b d n recognise x1 d\bt its correctness1 & ab&on x aga94 ,! ?ird class includes ^? :o adopt an op9ion )\t hav+ recognis$ x z true2 !y mi/ake falsehood = tru?4 ,! la/ division consi/s ( ^? :o =m no def9ite op9ion1 b rema9 cont9ually 9 an unsettl$ /ate ( m9d4 ,saadiah is anxi\s to see at lea/ 8 co-religioni/s 9 ! fir/ class1 & 8 "w 0 int5d$ to help !m t[>ds ?is end4 ,accord+ to ,saadiah1 belief or fai? mu/ be an integral "p ( our s\l2 ! v>i\s tru?s :i* =m ! fai? are /or$ up 9 ! s\l z 9 a repository1 completely ready = use :5ev] requir$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 possible t we /ore up op9ions z true :i* are false4 ,te/s mu/ be appli$ to ea* op9ion 9 ord] to asc]ta9 its "r "*4 ,?ree ( ! te/s are ( a g5]al nature1 b ! f\r? has its =ce only = u1 ! believ]s 9 ! tru? ( ! ,holy ,writ+s4 ,! fir/ ?ree te/s w %[ u :e!r a c]ta9 op9ion is confirm$ or contradict$ by our s5ses1 by our innate ideas1 or by our logical reason+4 ,9 addition to ^! we possess a f\r? te/ 9 ! tru/wor?y communication 7 71 i4e41 ! cont5ts ( ,holy ,writ & ,tradition4 ,holy ,writ recognises ! necessity ( ! ?ree g5]al te/s1 & frequ5tly exhorts u to apply !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,saadiah is conv9c$ t ! cont5ts ( ,holy ,writ & ,tradition are nev] contradict$1 b 9 _m cases are confirm$ by ^! te/s4 ,su* confirmation is 9 reality sup]flu\s2 b ! human m9d feels m at ease :5 x f9ds t ! tea*+ ( ,holy ,writ is support$ by o!r pro(s4 ,besides1 attacks on ! ,bible come frequ5tly f ^! te/s1 & x is !re=e useful to le>n h[ to refute !m4 ,accord+ to ,saadiah1 ! tru? taught 9 ! ,bible c nev] be contradict$ by ! results ( sci5tific or philosophical rese>*4 ,?us to ,saadiah philosophy & sci5ce are m]e luxuries1 & _c be consid]$ z h&maids to ! ,torah4 ,!y are n /udi$ on acc\nt ( _! intr9sic value or z helps = ! und]/&+ ( ,holy ,writ1 b m]ely = ! purpose ( procur+ prop] weapons = !ological w>f>e1 or ( sup]add+ ! conviction t :at is kn[n to u f ! mo/ tru/wor?y s\rce is confirm$ f o!r less reliable s\rces4 ,! poet & philosoph] ,solomon ibn ,gabirol1 :o is lo/ 9 en?usiasm 9 contemplat+ ! p[]s ( ! human s\l1 humbly ackn[l$ges t x 0 8 fai? t sav$ him f fall & ru94 ,ref]r+ to man's faculty ( acquir+ k1 he says 9 8 8,royal ,cr[n0 3 8,:o c compreh5d ,?y wisdom 9 giv+ to ! s\l ! faculty ( acquir+ k1 on :i* h] exi/5ce dep5ds1 k be+ h] f\ndation8 ,%e is p]man5t & immortal 9 ! same measure z h] f\ndation is well e/abli%$40 ,b1 reflect+ on human weakness1 he expresses 8 feel+ ( gratitude to ! ,creator = ,8 guidance 9 ! foll[+ words3 8,?\ ha/ done yet m = me4 ,?\ ha/ implant$ 9 my he>t a p]fect fai?1 s t ,i believe 9 ,!e z ! true ,god1 & 9 ,?y prophets z true prophets2 ,?\ ha/ n ca/ my lot among ^? t rebel aga9/ ,!e1 or among ^? :o provoke ,?y "n1 despise ,?y ,law1 attack ,?y s]vants1 & disbelieve ,?y prophets40 ,k--philosophy & sci5ce--is ! v ess5ce1 ! immortal elem5t ( ! s\l1 & yet )\t ! ,^w ( ,god man w\ld g a/ray & be lo/4 ,! b\nd>ies betwe5 fai? & reason are m di/9ctly set =? 9 ! ,comm5t>y on ,sef] ,yetsirah by ,duna% b5 ,tamim 7ed4 ,l4 ,dukes 9 ,%ire ,%elomoh1 i4 p4 vi4 seq473 8,all ^! be+s above & bel[ h be5 creat$ by ,god1 & x is )9 ! prov9ce ( man to explore & to exam9e all ( !m2 b he mu/ n pass beyond ^! b\nd>ies to inve/igate into ! ess5ce ( ,god2 #8= 9 ! city ( 8 refuge %all he dwell1' & #8if he goe? out ( 8 place1 & ! av5g] ( blood smite him1 he ha? no rem$y4' ,besides1 wisdom & sci5ce ackn[l$ge t man is unable to compreh5d by 8 own intellect any?+ t exi/s outside ! sph]e ( creat$ be+s40 ,r4 ,ba*ya1 son ( ,joseph hasseph>di1 :o liv$ 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 treats1 9 ! ,introduction to 8 8,duties ( ! ,he>t10 ( ! ?ree s\rces ( human k--,holy ,writ1 ,tradition1 & ,reason4 ,ba*ya is fully conv9c$ t ! k d]iv$ f ! fir/ two s\rces is complete & correct4 8,if y are a man end[$ ) k & reason1 & are able to demon/rate ! pr9ciples ( y\r belief & y\r religi\s practice1 :i* y h be5 taught by ! ,sages 9 ! "n ( ! prophets1 x is y\r duty to d s1 & to let reason confirm :at ,tradition tea*es4 ,if y ab/a9 f attempt+ ?is inve/igation1 y neglect y\r duty t[>ds y\r ,creator40 ,/ill m emphatic is ,%em-tob ibn ,palq]a 9 dem&+ ! "r ( free inquiry into ev]y?+ taught by ,revelation & ,tradition4 ,9 a dialogue betwe5 ! believ] & ! inquir] 7,hammebhakke%7 ! =m] is repres5t$ z ignorant ( ev]y?+ our m9d desires to "k2 :il/ ! wise man1 :o comb9es belief & confid5ce 9 ,tradition ) ! "r use ( 8 reason1 kn[s h[ to satisfy ! inquir]1 & lays d[n ! rule1 8,let ! /udy ( ! ,torah be ! f\ndation1 & ! /udy ( o!r ?+s second>y2 believe no?+ t is n prov$ by reason or by ,god0 7i4e41 by ! ^w ( ,revelation74 ,r4 ,abraham b5 ,david1 9 ,emunah ramah3 8,because ?ree out ( f\r s*ol>s 7,r4 ,akiba1 ,b5-azai1 ,b5-zoma1 & ,eli%a7 7 unsuccessful 9 _! philosophical rese>*es1 !re=e _m turn _! backs ^u sci5ce1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is neglect !y rema9 ignorant ( ! *ief pr9ciples ( our religion40 ,! object ( 8 book is to reconcile religion & sci5ce4 ,r4 ,judah hallevi1 9 8 8,kuz>i10 endeav\rs to conv9ce ! ,kuz>ite k+ ( ! tru? ( ! ,jewi% religion by philosophical argum5ts1 b gives unhesitat+ly ! pref]5ce & ! high] au?ority to ,div9e revelation4 ,he is conv9c$ t reason or philosophical argum5t c\ld nev] refute any pr9ciple taught 9 ! ,law4 ,he says3 8,prophecy is c]ta9ly /rong] ?an logical inf]5ce40 ,r4 ,abraham ibn ,ezra believes t man's intellectual faculties are insuffici5t to solve all transc5d5tal problems2 ?us1 e4g41 ! nature ( ! _s ( man is unkn[n to mo/1 & is only compreh5d$ by him 8^: ?\ghts are weigh$ 9 ! balance ( reason1 & are e/abli%$ on ! f\r elem5ts ( wisdom1 viz41 ! ?ree ,r's3 read+1 writ+1 & reckon+2 79 ,hebrew1 ! ?ree 3 7 & ! ,div9e ,law40 ,ibn ,ezra recomm5ds ! /udy ( sci5ce1 unit$ ) ! belief 9 ,div9e revelation4 8,! ,torah10 ,ibn ,ezra rem>ks 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ,ps4 xix4 #h1 8is p]fect 9 itself2 x requires no evid5ce f )\t = ! tru?s :i* x tea*es40 ,maimonides' 8,guide to ! ,p]plex$0 is entirely devot$ to ! problem h[ to reconcile ,scripture & reason4 ,scripture _c conta9 any?+ contr>y to reason2 nor c ! result ( sci5tific rese>* & philosophical speculation be conceiv$ z contr>y to reason1 :i* is _! v basis4 ,b :]e any su* contradiction is p]ceiv$1 we are at fault ei!r 9 our reason+ or 9 our int]pretation ( ! ,div9e ,writ+s4 ,! ,incorporeality & ,unity ( ,god are doctr9es t h be5 fully prov$1 & ,scripture _c tea* any?+ t is contr>y to !m4 ,:]e we believe !m to be contradict$ 9 ! ,holy ,writ+s ! contradiction is only app>5t1 & by assum+ an allegorical use ( words & phrases ! seem+ contradiction is remov$4 ,r4 ,joseph ,albo prefaces 8 book on ! pr9ciples ( ,judaism z foll[s3 8,z ! human und]/&+ is incapable ( f9d+ out :at is true & :at is good1 !re mu/ be a high] ,be+ t assi/s u 9 det]m9+ :at is good & 9 compreh5d+ :at is true4 ,x is !re=e necess>y1 above all1 to /udy & to "k ! div9e ,law t guides man 9 ^! problems40 ,r4 ,eliah del ,m$igo1 9 8 ,be*9a? hadda? 7,exam9ation ( ,religion7 says z foll[s3-- 8,let u fir/ see :e!r or n ! /udy ( philosophy is p]mitt$ to ! foll[]s ( our religion2 &1 if x be p]mitt$1 :e!r ! /udy is to be consid]$ a duty & a laudable act4 ,! "r-m9d$ ,jew does n d\bt t ! ,law aims at lead+ u to humane conduct1 good de$s1 & true k1 ! common p accord+ to _! capacity1 & ! m gift$ accord+ to _! abilities4 ,c]ta9 fundam5tal tru?s are !re=e set =? 9 ! ,law & ! ,prophets 9 an au?oritative1 poetical1 or dialectical /yle2 b ! high] ord] ( intellects are enc\rag$ to se>* = prop] pro(s4 ,?us ! :ole nation is address$ by ,isaiah3 #8,lift up y\r eyes on high & see :o ha? creat$ ^!1' & ! l4 ,also ! *ief ( ! ,prophets tells ! ,israelites3 #8,he>1 ,o ,israel1 ! ,"l is our ,god2 ! ,"l is ,"o4' ,^? :o are m highly end[$ ?an _! fell[-m5 are exhort$1 ei!r directly or indirectly1 to foll[ ! c\rse :i* is suitable to !m4 ,! direct exhortation to philosophical rese>* is conta9$ 9 ! words3 #8,"k !n ?is day1 & take x to ?y he>t1 t ! ,"l ,he is ,god1' c42 & indirectly x is conta9$ 9 ! comm&m5t to love & to fe> ,god1 z has be5 expla9$ by ,r4 ,moses ,maimonides4--,! /udy ( sci5ce w c]ta9ly be ( use to ! s*ol>2 x leads to a k ( ! creat$ ?+s1 & ?r\gh ^! to a k ( ! ,creator4 ,su* /udy may ev5 be consid]$ z necess>y to ! ,jewi% s*ol>1 ?\gh n to ! ord9>y ,jew4 ,! s*ol> mu/1 h[ev]1 n entirely rely on 8 rese>*1 b on t :i* is taught 9 ! ,law4 ,9 ?is ! s*ol> & ! ord9>y man are equal1 t bo? accept ! tea*+ ( ! ,torah z infallible2 only ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ! s*ol> c 9 addition satisfy 8 ?ir/ = k & confirm by sci5tific pro( :at he has already accept$ z true on ! au?ority ( ! ,bible40 ,( mod]n s*ol>s ,i only quote ,moses ,m5delssohn's !ory4 ,he accepts unconditionally ! tea*+ ( ! ,bible2 all its tru?s are absolute & p]fect2 no reason+ :atev] c refute !m2 b difficulties may sometimes pres5t !mselves to u 9 reconcil+ ! tea*+ ( ! ,bible ) t ( our reason4 ,:at h we !n to d8 ,! philosoph] decl>es3 8,if ,i 7 to f9d my reason 9 contradiction to ! ,^w ( ,god1 ,i c\ld comm& reason to be sil5t2 b ! argum5ts1 s long z !y h n be5 refut$1 w nev]!less ass]t !mselves 9 ! inn]mo/ recesses ( my he>t2 ! argum5ts w assume ! =m ( disquiet+ d\bts1 :i* w resolve !mselves into *ildlike pray]s1 e>ne/ supplication = enlight5m5t4 ,i %\ld utt] ! words ( ! ,psalmi/3 #8,"l1 s5d me ,?y light1 ,?y tru?1 t !y may guide me1 & br+ me to ,?y holy m\nt1 to ,?y dwell+-place6'0 ,! conception :i* ,moses ,m5delssohn _h ( ,jewi% belief & its relation to reason we le>n f ! foll[+ passage3--8,i recognise no o!r et]nal tru?s ?an ^? :i* are n only compreh5sible to ! human m9d1 b also demon/rable by human p[]s4 ,?is pr9ciple by no means br+s me into conflict ) my own religion2 on ! contr>y1 ,i consid] x an ess5tial elem5t 9 ,judaism1 & ! *>act]i/ic diff]5ce betwe5 ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity4 ,judaism has no reveal$ religion 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,*ri/ianity has4 ,! ,jews h a reveal$ legislation :i* in/ructs !m 9 ! div9ely orda9$ means by :i* !y may atta9 ! et]nal bliss4 ,laws & rules = conduct 9 life 7 reveal$ to ,moses 9 a sup]natural way1 b no doctr9es1 no sav+ tru?1 & no g5]al laws ( logic4 ,! latt] ! ,et]nal reveals to u1 z to all m51 ?r\gh nature & ?r\gh ! ?+s !mselves2 nev] ?r\gh words & lett]s4 ,! div9e book reveal$ to ,moses1 ?\gh a book ( laws1 includes an inexhau/ible treasure ( tru?s & doctr9es4444 ,! m we /udy x ! m we wond] at ! dep? ( ! k conta9$ 9 x4 ,b ^! tru?s are taught1 & n =c$ ^u u z dogmas4 ,belief does n all[ itself to be comm&$2 x is bas$ ^u conviction4 ,9 ! ,hebrew language1 ! v ^w :i* is g5]ally translat$ #8fai?1' viz41 d5otes orig9ally confid5ce1 tru/ t ! promise made w also be fulfill$1 & n :at we und]/& by #8religi\s fai?4'0 ,^! words ( ,m5delssohn %[ h[ greatly ^? err :o quote 8 op9ions 9 support ( ! dictum t ,judaism recognises no dogmas4 ,accord+ to ,m5delssohn1 ,judaism does n consi/ entirely ( laws2 x tea*es also c]ta9 tru?s4 ,we h c]ta9 dogmas )\t :i* ! laws c h no mean+1 yet !re is no precept1 8,?\ %alt believe40 ,n[h]e 9 our ,law1 :e!r writt5 or oral1 is a solemn decl>ation ( our cre$ dem&$4 ,9 s f> ,m5delssohn's view is correct2 b :5 he believes t all ! tru?s we are taught 9 ,scripture c be made evid5t by logical demon/ration he is mi/ak54 ,z to ! mean+ ( comp4 supra1 p4 #d4 ,,! ,,?irte5 ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,our ,,cre$4 ,! ma9 s\rce ( our cre$ is ! ,bible1 & among ! ,biblical books1 *iefly ! ,p5tateu* 774 ,9 ^! books we f9d _m tru?s taught by ,god ,himself1 or by ,8 inspir$ mess5g]s1 & !y =m ! sub/ance ( our cre$4 ,x matt]s little h[ we arrange !m1 h[ we collect !m into gr\ps1 & subdivide ^! aga91 provid$ we believe 9 !m implicitly4 ,9 ! ,bible !y are n arrang$ sy/ematically2 !y are int]m+l$ )1 & are conta9$ implicitly 91 ! hi/ory & ! laws t =m ! subject-matt] ( ! ,scriptures2 x is ! obs]vance ( ^? laws :i* con/itutes ! be/ evid5ce ( ! belief seat$ 9 ! he>t4 ,no decl>ation or recital ( a cre$ is comm&$ 9 ! ,p5tateu*2 no tribunal is appo9t$ = inquir+ :e!r ! belief ( a man is "r or wrong2 no puni%m5t is inflict$ or ?reat5$ = want ( belief4 ,x became1 h[ev]1 necess>y to =mulate ! tru?s taught 9 ! ,bible1 :5 disputes arose z to _! mean+ & to _! validity4 ,! ,mi%nah1 !re=e1 decl>es c]ta9 op9ions z un-,jewi% & contr>y to ! tea*+ ( ! ,div9e ,^w4 ,lat] on1 :5 controv]sies multipli$ betwe5 ! v>i\s sections ( ! ,jewi% nation1 z well z betwe5 ,jews & ,*ri/ians & ,jews & ,mohamm$ans1 x 0 f\nd mo/ important to settle ! =m & arrangem5t ( our beliefs4 ,moses ,maimonides1 ! great religi\s philosoph]1 taught1 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ! ,mi%nah1 ?irte5 pr9ciples ( fai?1 :i* f\nd g5]al acceptance among ! ,jews1 & are kn[n z ! ,?irte5 ,pr9ciples4 ,!y h f\nd _! way into ! ,pray]-book 9 two diff]5t =ms1 "o 9 prose & "o 9 poetry4 ,maimonides1 9 comm5d+ !m to ! read]1 says3 8,read !m aga9 & aga9 & /udy !m well1 & let n y\r he>t entice y to believe t y h compreh5d$ _! full mean+ aft] hav+ read !m a few times2 y w\ld !n be 9 a great error1 = ,i h n writt5 d[n :at occurr$ to my m9d at fir/ ?\ght4 ,i fir/ ?or\ghly /udi$ & exam9$ :at ,i 0 go+ to write1 comp>$ ! v>i\s doctr9es1 ! correct ones & ! incorrect ones1 & :5 ,i arriv$ at :at we ought to accept z our cre$1 ,i 0 able to prove x by argum5ts & reason+40 ,! ?irte5 articles z put =? by ,maimonides1 & call$ by him pr9ciples & f\ndations ( our religion1 are ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,! fir/ pr9ciple3 ,! belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! ,creator2 t is1 ! belief t !re exi/s a ,be+ :o requires no o!r cause = ,8 exi/5ce1 b is ,himself ! cause ( all be+s4 #b4 ,! second pr9ciple3 ,! belief 9 ! ,unity ( ,god2 t is1 ! belief t ! ,be+ :o is ! cause ( ev]y?+ 9 exi/5ce is ,"o2 n l ! unity ( a gr\p or class1 compos$ ( a c]ta9 numb] ( individuals1 or ! unity ( "o individual consi/+ ( v>i\s con/itu5t elem5ts1 or ! unity ( "o simple ?+ :i* is divisible ad inf9itum1 b z a unity ! l ( :i* does n exi/4 #c4 ,! ?ird pr9ciple3 ,! belief 9 ! ,incorporeality ( ,god2 t is1 ! belief t ?is ,"o ,creator has nei!r bodily =m nor sub/ance1 t ,he is n a =ce conta9$ 9 a body1 & t no corporeal quality or action c be attribut$ to ,him4 #d4 ,! f\r? pr9ciple3 ,! belief 9 ! ,et]nity ( ,god2 t is1 ! belief t ,god alone is )\t a beg9n+1 :il/ no o!r be+ is )\t a beg9n+4 #e4 ,! fif? pr9ciple3 ,! belief t ! ,creator alone is to be wor%ipp$1 & no o!r be+1 :e!r angel1 />1 or ought else1 all ^! be+ !mselves creatures4 #f4 ,! six? pr9ciple3 ,! belief 9 ,prophecy2 t is1 ! belief t !re h be5 m5 end[$ ) extraord9>y moral & intellectual p[]s1 by :i* !y 7 enabl$ to rea* a degree & k9d ( k unatta9able to o!rs4 #g4 ,! sev5? pr9ciple3 ,! belief t our tea*] ,moses 0 ! greate/ ( all prophets1 bo? ^? be=e him & ^? aft] him4 #h4 ,! eigh? pr9ciple3 ,! belief 9 ! ,div9e orig9 ( ! ,law2 ! belief t ! :ole ,p5tateu* 0 communicat$ to ,moses by ,god1 bo? ! precepts & ! hi/orical acc\nts conta9$ !re94 #i4 ,! n9? pr9ciple3 ,! belief 9 ! integrity ( ! ,law2 t bo? ! writt5 & ! oral ,law are ( ,div9e orig91 & t no?+ may be add$ to x or tak5 f x4 #aj4 ,! t5? pr9ciple3 ,! belief t ,god kn[s & notices ! de$s & ?\ghts ( man4 #aa4 ,! elev5? pr9ciple3 ,! belief t ,god rew>ds ^? :o p]=m ! comm&m5ts ( ,8 ,law1 & puni%es ^? :o transgress !m4 #ab4 ,! twelf? pr9ciple3 ,! belief t ,messiah w come at "s future "t1 :i* x is impossible = u to det]m9e2 t he w be ( ! h\se ( ,david1 & w be end[$ ) extraord9>y wisdom & p[]4 #ac4 ,! ?irte5? pr9ciple3 ,! belief 9 ! revival ( ! dead1 or ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,^! ?irte5 pr9ciples 7 7 may be divid$ into ?ree gr\ps1 accord+ to _! relation to ! ?ree pr9ciples3--#a4 ,exi/5ce ( ,god4 #b4 ,revelation4 #c4 ,rew>d & puni%m5t4 ,! fir/ gr\p includes ! fir/ five pr9ciples1 ! second ! next f\r1 & ! ?ird ! rema9+ f\r4 ,9 ?is ord] !y w n[ be consid]$4 #a4 ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,god 4 ,! notion ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 ( an invisible p[] :i* ex]cises its influ5ce 9 ev]y?+ t is go+ on 9 nature1 is widespread1 & common to almo/ ! :ole human race4 ,x is f\nd among all civilis$ nations & _m uncivilis$ tribes4 ,! exi/5ce ( ,god may be reg>d$ z an innate idea1 :i* we possess f our e>lie/ days4 ,?is is ! orig9 ( ,natural ,religion4 ,?9k]s ( all ages & nations h attempt$ to confirm ?is innate idea by conv9c+ argum5ts4 ,prophets & div9e poets h frequ5tly direct$ ! att5tion ( ^? :om !y address$ to ! m>vels ( nature 9 ord] to inspire !m ) ! idea ( an ,all-wise & ,all-p[]ful ,creator4 8,lift up y\r eyes on high1 & behold :o ha? creat$ ^!8 ,:o is ,he :o br+e? !m =? by numb]8 ,all ( !m ,he calle? by "n1 by ! greatness ( ,8 might1 & = t ,he is /rong 9 p[]1 n "o is lack+0 7,isa4 xl4 #bf74 8,! heav5s decl>e ! glory ( ,god1 & ! firmam5t %ewe? ,8 h&ywork0 7,ps4 xix4 #b74 ,! regul>ity 9 ! ris+ & sett+ ( ! heav5ly bodies1 :i* enables u to =etell ! exact "t & duration ( an eclipse ( ! sun or ! moon1 is c]ta9ly a /rong argum5t = ! belief t !re is a mighty & wise ,creator :o fix$ ! laws 9 accordance ) :i* ^! lum9>ies move4 8,beautiful are ! lum9>ies :i* our ,god has creat$4 ,he has =m$ !m ) k1 reason1 & und]/&+2 ,he end[$ !m ) p[] & /r5g? to rule 9 ! mid/ ( ! _w4 ,full ( spl5d\r & beam+ ) light1 !y illum9e ! :ole _w2 !y rejoice :5 !y rise1 !y are glad :5 !y set1 do+ 9 rev]5ce ! w ( _! ,ma/]0 7,sabba? ,morn+ ,s]vice74 ,a simil> regul>ity we notice :5 look+ on ! face ( ! e>?4 ,! v>i\s seasons ( ! ye>1 ea* ) its peculi> aspect & influ5ce1 ! sequ5ce ( day & night at regul> int]vals1 ! gradual & sy/ematic developm5t ( vegetable & animal life--all po9t =cibly to ! fact t ^! ?+s d n owe _! exi/5ce to *ance1 b to ! w ( an ,almighty & ,all-wise ,creator4 ,aga91 if we consid] ! /ructure ( a s+le plant1 or ( a s+le animal1 we f9d t e "o ( ! memb]s & p>ts ( :i* x is compos$ has its peculi> function or purpose 9 ! economy ( ! :ole plant or ! :ole animal4 ,let "o ( ^! compon5t p>ts refuse its function or cease to fulfil its purpose & ! :ole is disorganis$4 ,c]ta9ly !re mu/ be a ,be+ :o makes ! diff]5t memb]s ( an organism co-op]ate = ! developm5t & advantage ( ! :ole4 ,! idea ( purpose :i* regulates ?is co-op]ation _c h orig9at$ 9 ! p>ts nor 9 ! :ole1 b 9 ! conception ( ,him by ^: ,w ^! 7 creat$4 8,! f+] ( ,god0 is fur!r recognis$ 9 ! important ev5ts ( ! life ( ! individual z well z 9 ! hi/ory ( :ole nations4 ,we are frequ5tly rem9d$ ( ! lesson1 8,! he>t ( man devise? 8 way1 b ! ,"l directe? 8 /ep0 7,prov4 xvi4 #i74 8,salvation is ! ,"l's1 & on ,?y p x is incumb5t to bless ,!e0 7,ps4 iii4 #i74 ,ano!r argum5t 9 support ( ! belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,god is tak5 f ! moral consci\sness :i* e human be+ possesses4 ,?is po9ts to ! exi/5ce ( a high] ,be+1 p]fect 9 goodness1 z ! orig9 & cause ( ! moral consci\sness 9 our own he>t4 ,^! & simil> argum5ts are employ$ to /r5g!n & purify our belief 9 ,god4 ,! "q1 h[ev]1 arises1 are ^! argum5ts alone suffici5t to conv9ce u8 ,are !y /rong en\gh to resi/ ! attacks ( scepticism8 ,on exam9+ !m ?or\ghly we %all f9d !m ( excell5t s]vice to ! believ]4 ,8 belief is /r5g!n$ aga9/ _m d\bts by :i* he may be assail$2 & scepticism w be kept at bay by ^! argum5ts4 ,b ( !mselves & unsupport$ !y may n always suffice to e/abli% belief 9 ,god2 & if !y c>ry conviction ) !m = ! mom5t1 we are n sure :e!r fre% argum5ts ( oppon5ts might n aga9 unsettle ! m9d4 ,ano!r me?od 0 !re=e *os5 by ! ,almighty1 by :i* c]ta9ty is atta9$1 & a sure guide is giv5 = our moral & religi\s life4 ,x is ,revelation4 ,( ?is we %all speak lat] on4 ,! pr9cipal =ms ( religion or wor%ip t sprang f ! natural belief 9 ,god are ,poly!ism1 ,pan!ism1 ,a!ism1 ,!ism1 & ,deism4 #a4 ,! fir/ =m ( ,div9e wor%ip ( :i* hi/ory & ar*ology give u in=mation is ,poly!ism4 ,! creat+ & rul+ p[] ( "s invisible ,be+ 0 notic$ ev]y:]e4 ,e manife/ation ( su* influ5ce 0 ascrib$ to its peculi> deity1 :i* 0 wor%ipp$ accord+ to ! peculi> conception ( ! deity 9 ! m9d ( ! individual p]son1 family1 or nation4 ,?is is *iefly ! k9d ( idolatry m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible & combat$ by ! prophets4 ,a v g5]al object ( wor%ip 7 ! />s4 ,rabbi ,jehudah ha-,levi1 9 ,kuz>i iv4 #a1 9 try+ to expla9 ! orig9 ( ?is practice1 says z foll[s3--8,! sph]es ( ! sun & ! moon d n move 9 ! same way4 ,a sep>ate cause or god 0 !re=e assum$ = ea*1 & p did n ?9k t !re 0 a high] =ce on :i* all ^! causes dep5d$40 ,! anci5t monum5ts & ! treasures /or$ up 9 our museums %[ h[ great 0 ! v>iety ( =ms :i* idolatry took1 & to h[ great an ext5t p adh]$1 & /ill adh]e1 to ?is k9d ( wor%ip4 ,b !re h be5 ?9k]s & philosoph]s ev5 among ! idolatr\s nations :o s\ght a unity 9 ! con/ruction & work+ ( ! univ]se1 & e>ly arriv$ at ! idea ( a ,fir/ ,cause z ! sole s\rce ( all t exi/s4 #b4 ,! fact t ! influ5ce ( ! ,div9e p[] makes itself p]ceptible to ! obs]v+ eye ( man ev]y:]e produc$ ano!r k9d ( human error3 ,pan!ism 7,all-,god74 ,mod]n ,pan!ism dates f ,sp9oza2 b long be=e ,sp9oza1 :5 ! secret =ces at "w 9 ! *anges notic$ by u 9 all mat]ial objects 7 recognis$ z prop]ties inh]5t 9 ! sub/ance ( ?+s1 ^! =ces 7 consid]$ z ! sole indep5d5t causes ( ! exi/+ univ]se1 & ! comb9ation ( ^! =ces1 call$ ,nature1 0 consid]$ to be ! ,fir/ ,cause1 or ,god4 ,a modification ( ?is !ory is conta9$ 9 ! philosophy ( ,sp9oza4 ,accord+ to ?is great philosoph]'s sy/em1 ! univ]se 9 its entirety has ! attributes ( ! ,deity3 !re exi/s no?+ b ! ,sub/ance 7,god71 its attributes1 & ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* ^! attributes become p]ceptible to man4 ,sp9oza tri$ to def5d himself f ! reproa* ( describ+ ,god z corporeal1 b he did n succe$4 ,! attribute ( ext5sion or space :i* ,god possesses1 accord+ to ,sp9oza1 is only conceivable 9 relation to corporeal ?+s4 ,! philosophy ( ,sp9oza is 9 ?is dilemma3 ei!r ,god is corporeal1 or ! corporeal _w does n exi/4 ,bo? assumptions are equally absurd4 ,x is true1 9 "o ( 8 lett]s he compla9s t he has be5 misrepres5t$1 z if he believ$ ,god to consi/ ( a c]ta9 corporeal mass4 ,b we _c help assum+ ! exi/5ce ( a c]ta9 corporeal mass1 & if ?is is n ,god1 we mu/ di/+ui% 9 our m9d ,god & some?+ t is n ,god1 contr>y to ! fundam5tal doctr9e ( ,pan!ism4 ,besides1 !re are _m incongruities & improbabilities involv$ 9 ?is !ory4 ,x has no f\ndation = a moral consci\sness4 ,! wick$ & ! good are alike insep>able f ,god4 ,!y bo? result ) necessity f ! attributes ( ,god1 & !y _c be o!rwise ?an !y actually are4 ,if we1 by ! consid]ation t injury done to u by our fell[-man 0 n done by t p]son alone1 b by a s]ies ( pr$et]m9$ necess>y causes1 may be induc$ to conqu] hatr$ aga9/ ! app>5t cause ( our injury1 we may equally be induc$ by ! same reason+ to consid] ! k9dness & b5efits ( our fri5ds n wor?y ( gratitude1 believ+ t !y 7 compell$ to act 9 ?is mann]1 & c\ld n act o!rwise4 #c4 ,pan!ism1 by tea*+ ,all 9 ,"o & ,"o 9 ,all1 is oppos$ to ! !ory ( man's responsibility to a high] ,be+1 d5ies ! exi/5ce ( ,god 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w1 & is1 9 its relation to true religion1 equal to a!ism4 ,9 ! ,bible a!ism is /igmatis$ z ! s\rce ( all evils4 ,?us ! patri>* ,abraham suspect$ ! p ( ,g]>1 t !re 0 8no fe> ( ,god0 9 ! place1 & 0 afraid 8!y might slay him0 7,g54 xx4 #aa72 :il/ ,joseph p]suad$ 8 bro!rs to h confid5ce 9 him by ! ass]tion1 8,i fe> ,god0 7,ib4 xlii4 #ah74 ,! fir/ in/ance ( an a!i/ we meet 9 ,ph>aoh1 k+ ( ,egypt1 :5 he defiantly said1 8,i "k n ! ,"l1 nei!r w ,i let ,israel g0 7,exod4 v4 #b74 ,ano!r =m ( a!ism is w>n$ aga9/ 9 ! words ( ,moses3 8,le/ ?\ saye/ 9 ?9e he>t1 ,my /r5g? & ! p[] ( my h& has got = me all ?is weal?0 7,deut4 viii4 #ag72 & 8,le/ !y say1 ,our h& is high1 & x is n ! ,"l t ha? done all ?is0 7,ib4 xxxii4 #bg74 ,! prophets likewise rebuke ! p = want ( belief 9 ,god4 ,9 ! ,psalms1 ! crimes & evil designs ( oppressors are trac$ to godlessness4 8,! wick$ says 9 8 he>t1 ,!re is no ,god0 7,ps4 xiv4 #a74 ,b ?is a!ism ( ! ,bible is n a !oretical or dogmatic "o2 x is n ! result ( ?\ght1 or ( deep inquiry into ! causes ( ?+s1 b m]ely ! voice ( an evil incl9ation :i* tempts man to act contr>y to ! comm& ( ,god1 & assures him ( immunity1 "u ! impression t 8 actions are n wat*$ by a high] au?ority4 ,9 po/-,biblical lit]ature we meet ) ! phrase1 8,!re is no judgm5t1 & !re is no judge10 z ! basis ( a!ism4 #d4 ,al?\gh ! conviction ( man's responsibility to a high] au?ority is ! ess5tial elem5t 9 ! belief 9 ,god1 yet ! notion ( godlessness 0 s intimately connect$ ) crime & wick$ness1 t ^? :o reject$ ! au?ority & ma/]%ip ( ! ,deity refus$ to be call$ godless or a!i/s4 ,_m philosoph]s reta9$ ! "n 8,god0 7!os1 deus7 = _! 8,fir/ ,cause0 ( ! univ]se1 al?\gh x is depriv$ ( ! *ief attributes ( ,god4 ,?us we h z ! pr9cipal religi\s !ories result+ f philosophical inve/igations1 ,!ism & ,deism4 ,lit]ally ^! two t]ms d5ote1 ,!ory ( ,god1 or ,belief 9 ,god2 ! "o ^w be+ d]iv$ f ! ,greek !os1 ! o!r f ! ,lat9 deus1 bo? mean+ 8,god40 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 an ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! two !ories4 ,!ism & ,deism h ?is 9 common1 t bo? assume a spiritual p[]1 a div9e be+1 z ! cause & s\rce ( ev]y?+ t exi/s4 ,!y diff] 9 ?is3 to ,!ism ?is p[] is imman5t 9 u & ! ?+s r\nd u2 ,deism consid]s ?is p[] z sep>ate f ! ?+s4 ,revelation or prophecy is altoge!r d5i$ by ! ,dei/s1 :il/ ! ,!i/s w\ld accept x aft] _! own fa%ion & rationalise x4 ,all ^! v>i\s sy/ems ( religion h ?is 9 common1 t !y attempt to remove f religion ev]y?+ t _c be compreh5d$ by human reason4 ,b all attempts to sub/itute human reason = ,div9e au?ority h fail$4 ,a limit has be5 set to human reason1 & t _c be ov]come4 ,9 e sy/em ( religion--! natural & ! rational includ$--!re is a my/ic elem5t1 :i* may be envelop$ 9 a mi/ ( phrases1 b rema9s unexpla9$4 ,:e!r we call ! ,creator & ,rul] ( ! univ]se ,god1 ,deus1 or ,!os1 ,8 relation to ! univ]se1 & to man 9 p>ticul>1 _c be det]m9$ by ! laws :i* det]m9e ! natural ph5om5a 9 ! univ]se1 creat$ by ,8 ,w4 ,:at is our conception ( ! ,deity8 ,! fundam5tal idea1 f :i* all our notions conc]n+ ,god are d]iv$1 & :i* we h 9 common ) all o!r believ]s 9 ,god1 is t ,he is ! ,fir/ ,cause1 ! ,creator ( ! univ]se4 ,?is idea express$ 9 ! t]m =ms ! basis ( our cre$4 ,x is ! ,creator t is describ$ 9 x4 ,sev5 ( ! articles beg91 8,i believe ) a p]fect fai? t ! ,creator1 bless$ be ,8 "n10 c4 ,we d n use ! t]m 8,fir/ ,cause10 because x is too n>r[2 x only expresses "p ( ! tru?1 n ! :ole ( x4 ,by 8,fir/ ,cause0 "s und]/& ! cause ( ! gradual developm5t ( ! primitive matt] into ! innum]able v>iety ( ?+s conta9$ 9 ! univ]se2 ! developm5t ( ! orig9al *aos into sy/em & ord]4 ,x is true t ! ,creator is ! cause ( all ?is2 b ,he is m ?an ?is3 ,he is ! cause ( ! primitive matt]1 & ( ! orig9al *aos4 ,= ,he has creat$ ! _w out ( no?+4 ,! fir/ v]se ( ! ,bible tea*es u creation f no?+ 7creatio ex nihilo73 8,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ ! heav5 & ! e>?0 7,g54 i4 #a72 t is1 ! :ole univ]se4 ,x is true t !re 7 m5 :o expla9$ ! mean+ ( ! ,hebrew root 9 a diff]5t mann]1 & desir$ to assign to x ! mean+3 cutt+ out1 =m+ out ( a giv5 mat]ial4 ,b !y c]ta9ly misund]/ood ! _s ( ! ,scriptures4 ,! et]nal coexi/5ce ( ,god & matt] w\ld imply a dualism utt]ly incompatible ) ! tea*+ ( ! ,bible4 ,! frequ5tly repeat$ decl>ation1 8,he is our ,god2 !re is none besides0 7 71 cle>ly excludes e =m ( dualism4 ,^? :o ass]t t ! univ]se c\ld n come f no?+ belong to ! class ( p ( :om ! ,psalmi/ says1 8,& !y return$ & tempt$ ,god1 & set limits to ! ,holy ,"o ( ,israel0 7,ps4 lxxviii4 #da74 ,if we _c und]/& ! act ( ! ,creation1 x is our own intellect t is limit$2 & if we 7 to p]suade ourselves t we und]/& bett] ! et]nity ( matt]1 we %\ld deceive ourselves4 ,we _c conceive matt] )\t =m z exi/+ 9 reality1 nor c we h a cle> notion ( any?+ inf9ite4 ,we are human be+s1 end[$ by ! w & wisdom ( ! ,creator ) limit$ physical & intellectual faculties1 & 9 ?+s t surpass our p[]s we _c d bett] ?an foll[ ! guidance ( ! ,div9e ,^w4 ,if we d s we may be sure t we %all be on ! "r way to tru?4 ,! fir/ pr9ciple decl>$ 9 our cre$ is ?is3 ,god is n only ! ,creator ( ! heav5s & ! e>?1 ) all _! ho/s2 ,he is also ! con/ant rul] ( all creat$ be+s2 ,he is 4 ,we !re=e praise ,him 9 our daily ,morn+ pray] z 8,do+ wond]s2 r5ew+ 9 ,8 goodness ! "w ( ! creation e day40 ,:5 we obs]ve ! ord9>y ph5om5a 9 nature1 occurr+ 9 accordance ) c]ta9 fix$ laws :i* h be5 discov]$ & describ$ by man1 we see 9 !m ! greatness ( ! ,creator by ^: w ^! laws are /ill 9 =ce1 & by ^: w any or all ( ^! laws may "o day cease to cont9ue4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ t any int]ruption or *ange ( ^! fix$ laws w\ld indicate a weakness & want ( =esight on ! "p ( ! ,creator1 & a fault 9 ! plan ( ! ,creation4 ,?is notion has l$ p ei!r to d5y ! tru? ( ! ,biblical acc\nts conc]n+ ! miracles wr\ght by ! ,almighty1 or to admit ! correctness ( ! facts :ile d5y+ _! miracul\s "*1 or to consid] ! fix$ laws ( nature1 toge!r ) _! exceptions1 z design$ 9 ! orig9al plan ( ! ,creation4 ,h[ %ort-sight$ is man6 ,he _c ev5 fully compreh5d 8 own %ort-sight$ness6 ,god made him rul] ov] ! works ( ,8 h&s1 & he presumes to be ! rul] ( ,god ,himself6 ,:5 we le>n f num]\s obs]vations & exp]im5ts ! law t seems to regulate c]ta9 recurr+ ph5om5a1 h we !n fa?om$ ! inf9ite wisdom ( ,god 9 ! ,creation8 ,d we "k ! reason :i* l$ ,him to produce c]ta9 ?+s accord+ to c]ta9 laws1 & n o!rwise8 ,h we 9 discov]+ a law ( nature obta9$ ! p[] ( prescrib+ ! same law to ,god1 & disall[+ ,him to deviate !refrom8 ,f> be x f u human be+s1 du/ & a%es1 to arrogate to ourselves su* a "r6 ,x may ev5 be "o ( ! objects ) :i* miracles 7 wr\ght to tea* u t we d n yet "k all ?+s1 t ev5ts may happ5 :i* we are unable to =esee1 t ph5om5a may appe> :i* we are unable to expla9 accord+ to ! laws hi!rto discov]$2 9 %ort1 t our k & wisdom are limit$4 ,! fact t ,god has creat$ ! univ]se ex nihilo has be5 express$ by ,jewi% philosoph]s z foll[s3--,god is ! only ,be+ :o dem&s no cause = ,8 exi/5ce2 ! v idea ( ,god implies exi/5ce1 & _c be conceiv$ )\t x4 ,all o!r be+s owe _! exi/5ce to c]ta9 causes1 9 ! abs5ce ( :i* !y w\ld n exi/4 ,god alone is !re=e only active1 )\t ev] be+ passive1 only cause )\t ev] be+ effect1 :il/ e o!r be+ is bo? active & passive1 cause & effect2 x has be5 produc$ by c]ta9 causes1 & is 9 its turn ! cause ( ! exi/5ce ( o!r be+s4 ,9 ! fir/ article a phrase express+ ?is idea has be5 add$3 8,& ,he alone is ! active cause ( all ?+s1 :e!r pa/1 pres5t1 or future40 ,by ! addition ( ?is s5t5ce x 0 int5d$ to d5y ! ,et]nity ( matt] 7 74 ,! ref]5ce to pa/1 pres5t1 & future is to emphasise ! con/ant action ( ! ,creator1 & ! dep5d5ce ( ! natural =ces on ,8 ,w4 ,! fir/ pr9ciple has1 !re=e1 ! foll[+ =m3-- 8,i firmly believe t ! ,creator1 bless$ be ,8 "n1 is bo? ,creator & ,rul] ( all creat$ be+s1 & t ,he alone is ! active cause ( ,,all ?+s1 :e!r pa/1 pres5t1 or future40 #c ,be=e pass+ on to ! second pr9ciple conc]n+ ,god1 let u briefly answ] a "q t has frequ5tly be5 ask$3 ,:at is ! relation betwe5 ! !ory ( evolution1 or 9 g5]al ! results ( mod]n sci5ce1 & ! hi/ory ( ! creation z relat$ 9 ! ,bible8 ,9 ! ,biblical acc\nt ( ! creation ! v>i\s k9ds ( plants & animals are describ$ z ! result or diff]5t & di/9ct acts ( ! ,creator1 :il/ accord+ to ! !ory ( ,evolution "o creative act suffic$1 & ! great v>iety ( creatures is ! result ( gradual developm5t accord+ to c]ta9 laws inh]5t 9 ! ?+s creat$4 ,! ,bible tells u ( six days ( ! creation1 :il/ accord+ to ! !ory ( evolution x mu/ h tak5 millions ( ye>s be=e ! v>i\s species c\ld h develop$ ! "o f ! o!r4 ,:il/ ! ,biblical acc\nt describes ! e>? z ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 a/ronomy %[s t ! e>? is "o ( ! mo/ insignificant ( ! bodies t fill ! inf9ite space ( ! univ]se4 ,accord+ to a/ronomy & geology1 ! age ( ! e>? numb]s millions ( ye>s2 f ! ,biblical acc\nt we inf] t ! e>? is comp>atively "y4 ,9 ! ,bible man is describ$ z ! aim & end ( ! :ole creation2 natural hi/ory & ! !ory ( evolution consid] man simply z "o ( ! =ms result+ f a natural developm5t ( ! animal _w4 ,:at %all be our decision 9 ?is discrepancy8 ,%all we %ut our eyes to ! results ( mod]n sci5ce 9 our firm belief 9 ! tru? ( ! ,bible8 ,or %all we accept ! =m] & ab&on ! latt]8 ,we %\ld adopt nei!r ( ^! alt]natives4 ,we h great confid5ce 9 our reason+ p[]1 & 9 ! results ( sci5ce bas$ on reason1 b we h /ill great] confid5ce 9 ! tru?fulness ( ,div9e tea*+4 ,! conflict is n a mod]n product2 x exi/$ 9 =m] times z well4 ,:5 ! ,jews fir/ became acqua9t$ ) ,greek lit]ature & philosophy1 fai? 0 %ak5 9 ! he>t ( _m a ,jew t 0 l$ away by ! attractive language & ! p]suasive argum5ts ( ! ,greek4 ,su* 0 ! case ) ! ,jews 9 ,alex&ria1 :o 7 almo/ m ,greek ?an ,jewi%4 ,feel+ t _! fai? 9 _! old traditions 0 beg9n+ to give way1 !y look$ ab\t !m = ! means ( reconcil+ fai? & philosophy4 ,:]e ! lit]al s5se ( ,holy ,writ 0 awkw>d1 ! allegorical int]pretation 0 sub/itut$ = x2 b ! au?ority ( ! ,bible 0 recognis$4 ,lat] on1 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 :5 ,ari/otle1 z und]/ood & int]pret$ 9 ! ,arabic s*ools1 0 infallible1 p]plexity aga9 became g5]al1 among ! educat$ & le>n$1 z to ! c\rse to be pursu$ 9 case ( a conflict2 :e!r to rema9 true to ! ,bible or to jo9 ! bann] ( ,ari/otle4 ,! mo/ prom95t among/ ! ,jewi% !ologians :o s\ght ! way ( reconciliation 0 ,moses ,maimonides4 ,?is philosoph] wrote 8 fam\s "w1 8,guide ( ! ,p]plex$10 expressly = ^? s*ol>s :o1 :il/ firmly adh]+ to ! inh]it$ fai?1 _h be5 tra9$ 9 ! /udy ( philosophy1 & 7 unwill+ to ab&on ei!r4 ,maimonides %[s ! way h[ to expla9 ,biblical passages imply+ /atem5ts contr>y to philosophical tea*+s1 & h[ to reconcile !ology & philosophy4 ,a simil> task 0 und]tak5 9 mod]n times by ,moses ,m5delssohn 9 8 8,j]usalem0 & 8,morg5/und510 9 ord] to %[ t /rict adh]5ce to ! ,jewi% religion is q compatible ) ! tea*+ ( philosophy4 ,! v>i\s sy/ems ( philosophy 9 ,alex&ria1 9 ! ,mohamm$an c\ntries 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & 9 ,g]many 9 ! la/ c5tury1 :i* ?reat5$ to endang] our religion1 h liv$ _! "t & h gone to _! fa!rs1 giv+ way to new sy/ems & new ideas1 :il/ ! au?ority ( ! ,^w ( ,god has ma9ta9$ its place4 ,?is hav+ be5 ! case 9 =m] days1 !re is no reason :y we %\ld n 9 ! pres5t conflict assume1 prim facie1 t ! sci5tific & philosophical dogmas n[ 9 fav\r1 alike ) ,jews & non-,jews1 w h _! "t1 & w ultimately give way to o!r !ories1 & ! pres5t conflict w !n likewise t]m9ate1 dy+ a natural dea?4 ,?is reflection %\ld put u on our gu>d le/ we be p]suad$ by ! plausibility ( ! mod]n philosophical & sci5tific dogmas1 & ?r[ aside our religi\s fai? & traditions4 ,we ought to be> 9 m9d t1 h[ev] correct ! conclusions ( mod]n sci5ce may appe> t c be te/$ by our s5ses1 !ories :i* are n subject to su* te/s are 9 reality no?+ b hypo!ses to :i* a great] or less] degree ( probability atta*es4 ,suppose n[--always be>+ 9 m9d ! imp]fect "* ( our p[]s ( obs]vation--we 7 to obs]ve t c]ta9 plants or species ( animals develop$ by tra9+ & circum/ances into new species1 or to see plants be+ trans=m$ into animals1 or ev5 to notice lit]ally 8! foal ( a wild ass born a man10 :at w\ld all ?is prove8 ,t ! ,creator end[$ ! species ( plants & animals ) su* prop]ties z w\ld enable !m to trans=m into new species1 or into any o!r ( ! species already 9 exi/5ce2 b x does n foll[ t ! ,creator mu/ h adopt$ ! same me?od 9 ! act ( creation4 ,he creat$ z _m species z ,8 wisdom det]m9$1 al?\gh !y might all h be5 able to develop f "o s+le species4 ,suppose ! problem :i* ! ,al*ymi/s ( ! ,middle ,ages propos$ to !mselves1 viz41 to produce an animal be+ by m]e *emical comb9ation1 _h actually be5 solv$1 w\ld any "o h believ$ t all animals _h be5 produc$ 9 t way8 ,or does ! success ( artificial hat*+ ( eggs conv9ce any p]son t all birds h sprung f artificially hat*$ eggs8 ,! same argum5t applies to ! geological =mation ( ! e>?4 ,we notice *anges br\ght ab\t ?r\gh natural =ces1 & m>k ! am\nt ( *ange effect$ 9 a c]ta9 p]iod2 we are !n able to calculate :at "t w\ld be requir$ = su* or su* a *ange--provid$ t only ^? laws be 9 =ce :i* we h notic$ 9 our calculation4 ,is x reasonable or logical to apply to ! act ( creation ! laws :i* h be5 br\ght into =ce ?r\gh ?is v act8 8,he said1 & x 03 ,he comm&$1 & !y 7 creat$0 7,ps4 xxxiii4 #i74 ,! ^w ( ,god produc$ 9 a mom5t :at ! natural =ces e/abli%$ by ! ,creator w\ld effect by gradual developm5t 9 millions ( ye>s4 ,x is true t ! e>? is "o ( ! mo/ insignificant bodies 9 ! univ]se1 & man is a small portion ( ! creatures on e>?1 & yet x is nei!r impossible nor unreasonable to believe t ! b5efits :i* man d]ives f ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! creation1 f ! sun1 ! moon1 & ! />s1 7 ess5tial elem5ts 9 ! s*eme ( ! ,all-wise ,creator4 ,attempts h frequ5tly be5 made to int]pret ! ,biblical acc\nt ( ! creation 9 su* a mann] z to reconcile x ) ! sci5tific !ories ( ! "t4 ,?us x has be5 argu$ t ! p]iod betwe5 ! creation ( 8heav5 & e>?0 & ! creation ( 8! light0 is n describ$ 9 ! ,bible1 & may h be5 millions ( millions ( ye>s4 ,x has likewise be5 sugge/$ t ! t]m 8day0 is to be und]/ood 9 ! s5se ( 8p]iod40 ,x has fur!r be5 po9t$ out t ! acc\nt ( ! creation ( animals indicates a process ( developm5t r ?an a creatio ex nihilo2 = x says1 8,& ,god said1 ,let ! wat]s br+ =? abundantly liv+ be+s10 c4 7,g54 i4 #bj74 8,let ! e>? br+ =? liv+ be+s10 c4 7,ibid4 #bd74 ,^! int]pretations may be true1 & may suffice tempor>ily to *eck sceptical ideas t rise 9 our m9d2 b )\t ! firm belief 9 ! ,^w ( ,god1 & ! consci\sness ( ! insuffici5cy ( human reason ?or\ghly to und]/& ! plans & ways ( ,god1 our fai? c nev] be safe4 ,support$ by ?is belief we %all always be able to brave ! ev]-recurr+ bill[s ( scepticism4 #b4 ,! next pr9ciple conta9$ 9 our ,cre$ conc]n+ ,god is ! ,unity ( ,god4 8,i am ! ,"l ?y ,god1 :o br\ght !e out f ! l& ( ,egypt1 out ( ! h\se ( bondage3 ?\ %alt h no o!r gods be=e me0 7,exod4 xx4 #b-c74 ,?is is ! fir/ lesson ! ,israelites 7 taught :5 ,god reveal$ ,himself to !m on ,m\nt ,s9ai4 ,! words1 8,he>1 ,o ,israel2 ! ,"l is our ,god1 ! ,"l is ,"o0 7,deut4 vi4 #d71 are proclaim$ by u ?rice e day2 we recite !m :5 we rise2 keep !m 9 memory dur+ ! day1 & repeat !m 9 ! ev5+ be=e we g to re/2 !y =m our wat*word ?r\gh\t our life1 & ) ^! words ^u our lips we end our e>?ly exi/5ce4 ,! ,unity ( ,god is ! doctr9e t di/+ui%es ! ,jews f o!r religi\s sects1 9 s f> z ! ,jews 7 ! fir/ nation ( ,mono!i/s4 ,f !m ,mono!ism has spread among o!r peoples1 :o1 h[ev]1 did n always receive or pres]ve x 9 its orig9al purity4 ,we n only proclaim ,god z ,"o1 refus+ to recognise z div9e any p[] beside ,him1 b refra9 also f attribut+ to ,god any?+ t might directly or indirectly involve any notion contr>y to ! ,unity ( ,god4 ,= ?is reason c]ta9 ,jewi% philosoph]s consid]$ x unlawful to assign to ,god any positive attribute4 ,!y fe>$ ?is might lead to dualism1 to believe 9 ,god & 9 ,8 attribute z two di/9ct be+s1 because attributes are s easily p]sonifi$ & address$ z sep>ate deities4 ,"s !ologians ev5 7 ( op9ion t ! admission ( ,god's attributes is itself a =m ( dualism :i* mu/ be exclud$ f our fai?4 ,nev]!less1 attributes are assign$ to ,god bo? 9 ! ,scriptures & 9 our ,pray]s4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 =get t su* attributes d n describe any?+ inh]5t 9 ! ,div9e ,be+1 b only ,god's relation to man & ,8 actions 9 su* t]ms z are intelligible to human be+s4 ,mo/ ( ! attributes are int]pret$ z be+ ( a negative "*1 indicat+ :at we mu/ n say ( ,god4 ,:5 we speak ( ! ,w1 ,wisdom1 & ,_s ( ,god1 we d n speak ( any?+ sep>ate f ! ,div9e ,be+1 b ( ! ,div9e ,be+ ,himself4 ,! ,jewi% doctr9e ( ! ,unity ( ,god does n admit any k9d ( dualism 9 ! ,div9e ,be+1 & !re=e rejects ! exi/5ce ( ,div9e ,attributes z di/9ct f ,god ,himself4 ,he is ,"o1 simple & indivisible4 ,ev5 ?is prop]ty ( be+ ,"o seem$ to "s !ologians to be contr>y to /rict unity1 & we are !re=e taught t we mu/ n und]/& x 9 ! s5se ( a num]ical unit1 9 :i* s5se ! t]m is us$ :5 appli$ to creat$ be+s4 ,! second article !re=e decl>es3 8,! ,creator is ,"o1 & !re is no ,on5ess l ,8 9 any way40 ,! ,unity ( ,god is ! cre$ :i* ! ,jews h always proclaim$ by ^w ( m\?1 to :i* !y h giv5 expression ?r\gh\t _! lit]ature1 & = :i* !y h will+ly sacrific$ _! lives z m>tyrs4 ,:5 p]secut$ by ,mohamm$ans or ,*ri/ians ! ,jews 7 frequ5tly =c$ to break ! ,sabba?1 to ignore ! diet>y laws1 & to neglect ,div9e wor%ip4 ,!y bore all ?is pati5tly :5 "u pressure ( p]secution1 b :5 !y 7 ask$ to r5\nce ! belief 9 ,god's ,unity !y did n d\bt = a mom5t z to :at _! duty 02 !y adh]$ firmly to 8! belief 9 ,god's ,unity10 & sacrific$ _! lives = 8! sanctification ( ,god's "n40 ,! ,jews h be5 victori\s4 ,9 spite ( p]secution & oppression !y h ma9ta9$ _! fai?4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,unity ( ,god1 = :i* !y _h to suff] s mu* 9 pa/ c5turies1 is n[ admitt$ z true by mo/ ( _! =m] p]secutors4 ,9 ord] to make cle> :at we mean by unity1 & to express t ,god c\ld n be conceiv$ z exi/+ at any "t 9 a d\ble =m1 we add ! words3 8,& ,he alone 01 is1 & w be our ,god40 ,! second article runs !re=e z foll[s3-- 8,i firmly believe t ! ,creator1 bless$ be ,8 "n1 is ,"o2 t !re is no ,on5ess l ,81 9 any way1 & t ,he alone 01 is1 & w be our ,god40 #c4 ,! /rict ,unity ( ,god1 9 ! s5se expla9$ above1 implies ,8 ,incorporeality1 :i* =ms ! subject ( ! ?ird article4 ,corporeality implies sub/ance & =m1 a dualism :i* mu/ be rigidly exclud$ f ,god4 ,x w\ld n h be5 necess>y to =mulate a special article = ! exclusion ( corporeality f ! idea ( ,god b = ! fact t _m errone\s notions h be5 ent]ta9$ on ! subject4 ,besides ! fact t ! corporeality ( ,god 0 assum$ by c]ta9 religi\s sects1 !re h be5 s*ol>s among ! ,jews :o def5d$ ! lit]al s5se ( an?ropomorphic phrases 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,9 ! ,bible an?ropomorphic expressions are employ$ 9 ord] to illu/rate ! diff]5t acts ( ,div9e ,provid5ce 9 su* a way z to r5d] !m m intelligible to u human be+s4 ,we consi/ ( body & s\l1 & we produce an impression or ex]cise an influ5ce on o!rs by means ( our body & by ! activity ( our bodily organs4 ,h[ an incorporeal be+ acts ^u ! corporeal _w we are unable fully to compreh5d1 mu* less to describe4 ,if we desire to picture to ourselves or to o!rs ! fact t ?r\gh ,div9e ,provid5ce some?+ has be5 produc$ on e>?1 we mu/ employ ! same phrases :i* we use 9 describ+ human acts :i* effect a simil> result4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 !re is no comp>ison or simil>ity betwe5 ,god & corporeal be+s1 betwe5 ,8 actions & ours4 ,:5 we !re=e speak ( ! h\se ( ,god we mean ! h\se :i* we devote to our pray]s1 9 :i* we feel ! omnipres5ce ( ! ,almighty m ?an 9 any o!r place4 ,! heav5 is call$ ! ?rone ( ,god & ! e>? ,8 foot/ool only to express ! idea t ! maje/y ( ,god is f> beyond comp>ison ) t ( any e>?ly rul]1 & t ! h\se ( ,god built by human h&s is n int5d$ to satisfy ! requirem5ts ( ! ,supreme ,be+ b ^? ( man4 ,we call ,him our ,fa!r & ,he calls u ,8 *ildr51 because we love ,him z we love our fa!r1 & ,he loves u z a fa!r loves 8 *ildr54 ,9 ! same s5se ! ,psalmi/ 7ii4 #g7 repeats ! words ( ,god to him1 8,?\ art my son2 ,i h ?is day begott5 !e40 ,su* expressions z ^! are an?ropomorphic4 ,! ,bible frequ5tly exhorts u n to imag9e or ascribe to ,god any =m or lik5ess4 ,comp4 ,deut4 iv4 #ae1 8,take ye !re=e good he$ unto y\rselves2 = ye saw no mann] ( =m on ! day t ! ,"l spake unto y 9 ,horeb out ( ! mid/ ( fire40 ,9 ! same s5se ! prophet asks 9 ! "n ( ,god 7,isa4 xl4 #ah71 8,to :om !n w y lik5 ,god1 or :at lik5ess w y comp>e unto ,him80 8,to :om !n w y lik5 ,me1 t ,i %\ld be equal to ,him8 sai? ! ,holy ,"o0 7,ibid4 #be74 ,we decl>e !re=e 9 ! ?ird article3-- 8,i firmly believe t ! ,creator1 bless$ be ,8 "n1 is n a body1 t corporeal relations d n apply to ,him1 & t !re exi/s no?+ t is 9 any way simil> to ,him40 #d4 ,! next prop]ty we decl>e ( ,god 9 ! ,cre$ is ! et]nity ( ,god4 ,z ,he is ! cause ( ev]y?+ 9 exi/5ce1 & requires no cause = ,8 exi/5ce1 & z x is impossible to sep>ate ! idea ( exi/5ce f ! idea ( ,god1 x foll[s t ,god is always 9 exi/5ce1 & t nei!r beg9n+ nor end c be fix$ to ,8 exi/5ce4 ,maimonides1 9 express+ 8 belief 9 ! et]nity ( ,god1 lays /ress only on ,god be+ )\t a beg9n+1 & 9 ?is s5se he int]prets ! phrase ,dip 7,deut4 xxxiii4 #bg71 8! et]nal ,god0 :o is )\t a beg9n+4 ,t ,god is )\t end is equally true1 b ,maimonides did n desire to introduce ?is idea into ! f\r? article z a di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic1 z x is n necess>y to believe t ! univ]se w once come to an end4 ,if x please ! ,almighty to give ! univ]se exi/5ce = ev]1 x w cont9ue = ev]4 ,foll[+1 h[ev]1 ! example ( ! prophets1 :o told u 9 ! "n ( ,god1 8,i am ! fir/1 & ,i am ! la/10 we express ?is idea 9 our ,cre$1 & und]/& x ?us3 ,if1 by ! w ( ! ,almighty1 ! entire univ]se %\ld come to an end1 ,god's exi/5ce w\ld /ill cont9ue4 ,?us ! ,psalmi/ says1 8,( old ha/ ,?\ laid ! f\ndation ( ! e>?2 & ! heav5s are ! "w ( ,?y h&s4 ,!y %all p]i%1 b ,?\ %alt endure2 yea1 all ( !m %all wax old l a g>m5t3 z a ve/ure %alt ,?\ *ange !m1 & !y %all be *ang$3 b ,?\ art ! same1 & ,?y ye>s %all h no end0 7,ps4 cii4 #bf-bh74 ,! f\r? article is3-- 8,i firmly believe t ! ,creator1 bless$ be ,8 "n1 0 ! fir/1 & w be ! la/40 #f4 ,aft] hav+ decl>$ our fai? 9 ,god z ! sole ,rul] ( ! univ]se1 :o is ,"o1 incorporeal & et]nal1 we proclaim ,him z our ,supreme ,ma/]1 :o alone is capable ( grant+ our petitions4 ,all exi/+ ?+s are "u ,8 control2 all =ces 9 nature only "w at ,8 w & by ,8 comm&4 ,no o!r be+ possesses ! p[] & indep5d5ce to fulfil our wi%es ( its own accord1 if x 7 approa*$ by u ) our pray]s4 ,x is1 !re=e1 to ,him alone t we c reasonably address our petitions1 & 9 do+ s we h confid5ce 9 ! efficacy ( our pray]s1 = 8! ,"l is nigh to all ^? :o call ^u ,him1 to all :o call ^u ,him 9 tru?0 7,ps4 cxlv4 #ah74 ,?is article1 al?\gh expressly direct$ aga9/ idolatry1 & prim>ily aga9/ ! wor%ip ( 8! angels1 ! />s1 & ! sph]es10 implies our belief 9 ,god z ! ,omnipot5t1 :o c d ev]y?+1 & c help u :5 we h n any prospect ( relief4 ,we !re=e decl>e 9 ! fif? article3-- 8,i firmly believe t ! ,creator1 bless$ be ,8 "n1 alone is wor?y ( be+ wor%ipp$1 & t no o!r be+ is wor?y ( our wor%ip40 ,! ,omnipot5ce ( ,god is also impli$ 9 ! fir/ article1 :i* decl>es ,him ! ,creator & ! ,rul] ( ! univ]se4 ,t ,maimonides does n directly make omnipot5ce1 l unity1 incorporeality1 c41 ! subject ( a sep>ate article has its good reason1 & is n 8! result ( m]e *ance40 ,silly que/ions 7 frequ5tly ask$2 e4g41 h[ f> ! omnipot5ce ( ,god ext5d$1 :e!r x impli$ ! p[] ( mak+ twice two equal to ?ree1 or ! :ole ( a magnitude l>g] ?an ! sum ( its p>ts1 & simil> logical impossibilities4 ,to avoid misund]/&+1 ,maimonides did n express our belief 9 ! omnipot5ce ( ,god 9 a sep>ate article1 b ! fir/ & ! fif? articles imply x4 ,we believe ( ,god t ,he is immutable or un*angeable4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n necess>y to express ?is 9 a sep>ate article4 ,by decl>+ ! ,unity ( ,god we proclaim also ,8 ,immutability1 s9ce unity1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we conceive x1 is incompatible ) any k9d ( *ange4 ,:atev] ! *ange might be t we assum$ 9 ,god1 x w\ld de/roy ! idea ( ,8 unity4 ,!re are o!r qualities :i* we ascribe to ,god4 ,we call ,him p]fect1 all-wise1 good1 k9d1 m]ciful1 long-suff]+1 & ! l2 9 %ort1 :atev] we f9d 9 our own p]son good & noble we believe to be pres5t 9 ,god 9 a high] degree1 9 ! mo/ p]fect =m4 ,b ^! attributes approa* v closely an?ropomorphisms1 :i* ,maimonides rigidly excludes f ! ,cre$4 ,!y express r ! impressions produc$ 9 our s\l by ! diff]5t acts ( ,god's ,provid5ce1 & d n describe ,god ,himself4 ,( ?is class ( attributes are ! ?irte5 div9e attributes1 7,exod4 xxxiv4 #f74 ,!y describe 9 ?irte5 t]ms ! goodness & m]cy ( ,god t[>ds man 9 8 v>i\s conditions ( innoc5ce1 guilt1 & rep5tance4 ,^! are n di/9ctly m5tion$ 9 our ,cre$1 b :5 we decl>e t ,he is ! only ,be+ :om we c address 9 our pray]s1 we are c]ta9ly consci\s & conv9c$ t ,he1 be+ good1 k9d1 & m]ciful1 li/5s to our supplications4 #b4 ,,revelation1 4 ,! second gr\p ( pr9ciples ref]s to ,revelation4 ,! real process ( revelation1 by :at means & 9 :at mann] ! inf9ite & incorporeal ,be+ makes ,8 ,w kn[n to man1 & h[ ! latt] becomes consci\s & conv9c$ ( ! fact t a ,div9e communication has be5 made to him1 rema9s a my/]y to all b ^? privileg$ p]sons :o h be5 actually address$ by ! ,almighty4 8,z ! bl9d man :o _h nev] possess$ ! s5se ( sight is incapable ( compreh5d+ ! actual process ( see+1 s are we1 born )\t t wond]ful prophetic eye1 )\t ! prophetic faculty ( ! m9d1 incapable ( compreh5d+ & depict+ ! process ( inspiration t goes on )9 ! m9d ( ! privileg$0 7,s*mi$l1 ,/udi51 p4 #ahc74 ,god reveals ,himself also 9 nature1 9 ! p[] & wisdom display$ 9 its ph5om5a4 ,he reveals ,himself 9 ! hi/ory ( nations1 & especially 9 ! hi/ory ( ,israel4 ,he reveals ,himself 9 ! intellig5ce ( man4 ,9 all ^! cases ! revelation is made to all alike4 ,^? :o h eyes may see1 ^? :o h e>s may he>1 & recognise1 e "o accord+ to 8 capacity1 ! pres5ce ( ! ,almighty 9 ! work+ ( ! laws ( nature1 9 ! developm5t & fates ( nations1 & 9 ! life ( e individual p]son4 ,9 all ^! cases we c te/ & prove ! revelation by ourselves1 & ne$ n exclusively rely on au?ority4 ,:51 h[ev]1 a ,div9e communication is made to "o privileg$ individual1 ?r\gh :om x is made kn[n to a :ole community1 or to mank9d1 !re is no o!r means ( te/+ ! correctness ( ! revelation ?an ! tru/wor?9ess ( ! privileg$ individual4 ,! fir/ lesson or pro( giv5 to ! ,israelites ( ! fact t su* revelation 0 n only possible1 b _h actually be5 v\*saf$ by ! ,almighty1 0 ! revelation on ,m\nt ,s9ai1 ! 1 :i* became ! f\ndation ( ! fai? ( ,israel4 8,& ! ,"l said unto ,moses1 ,lo1 ,i come unto !e 9 a ?ick cl\d1 t ! p may he> :5 ,i speak ) !e1 & may also believe !e = ev]0 7,exod4 xix4 #i74 ,! tru/wor?9ess ( ,moses hav+ ?us be5 te/$ & e/abli%$ 8= ev]10 8 tea*+ rema9$ ! f\ndation ( ! tea*+ ( all succe$+ prophets1 & ! te/ ( _! tru?fulness & g5u95ess4 ,a prophet :o taught any?+ oppos$ to ! law ( ,moses c\ld n be a true prophet1 al?\gh he support$ 8 words by signs & miracles 7,deut4 xiii4 #b1 sqq474 ,besides1 revelation ( ! ,div9e ,be+ _h tak5 place be=e4 ,god reveal$ ,himself to ! fir/ man4 ,adam he>d ! voice ( ,god2 he felt ! pres5ce ( ! ,almighty1 & le>nt ! am\nt ( evil man br+s ^u himself by disobey+ ! ^w ( ,god4 ,! consci\sness ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 & ( ! fact t ,he has reveal$ ,himself to man1 has be5 inh]it$ by ! desc5dants ( ,adam4 ,x has n be5 pres]v$ 9 all m5 9 ! same /r5g? & purity4 ,! notion ( a ,div9e ,be+1 & ( ,8 revelation to man1 became 9 c\rse ( "t corrupt1 & l$ to ! corruption ( ! human race1 ) ! exception ( ,noah & 8 family4 8,noah 0 a righte\s man2 p]fect he 0 9 8 g5]ations3 ) ,god did ,noah walk0 7,g54 vi4 #i74 ,! inh]it$ consci\sness ( ,god's exi/5ce & ( ,8 rule ov] man 0 /r5g!n$ 9 him by fre%1 direct revolution ( ,god4 ,he 0 told t ! wick$ w\ld be de/roy$ by a flood1 & t he ) 8 family w\ld be sav$4 8,! righte\s man0 witness$ ! infliction :i* ! wick$ br\ght ^u !mselves by evil de$s1 & also t protection ( himself & 8 family :i* _h be5 promis$ & grant$ by ! ,almighty4 ,aft] ,noah _h left ! ark ! ^w ( ,god 0 aga9 communicat$ to him1 promis+ t nev] aga9 w\ld a flood be s5t to de/roy all liv+ be+s--a promise :i* succe$+ g5]ations up to ! pres5t h se5 fulfill$4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ra9 ! 8sign ( cov5ant10 ! ra9b[1 rem9ds u /ill ( ,8 promise & its fulfilm5t4 ,( ! desc5dants ( ,noah ! ,semites alone seem to h pres]v$ ! belief 9 ,god's exi/5ce & ,8 revelation to man 9 its orig9al purity2 & ( ! ,semites x 0 ,abraham :o 0 *os5 by ,provid5ce to be ! f\nd] ( a family ( fai?ful believ]s 9 ,god1 :o =m$1 z x 71 ! c5tre f :i* ! true fai? %\ld spread 9 all directions ov] ! :ole face ( ! e>?4 ,abraham receiv$ ,div9e communications1 & s also 8 son ,isaac & 8 gr&son ,jacob4 ,ev5 :5 ! *ildr5 ( ,israel 7 9 ,egyptian slav]y1 & :5 !y did n he>k5 to ,moses 8because ( angui% ( _s1 & because ( cruel bondage10 ! memory ( ^! revelations 0 nev] entirely ext+ui%$ 9 _! m9ds2 & :5 aga9 address$ by ,moses & ,a>on 8! p believ$2 & :5 !y he>d t ! ,"l _h visit$ ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 & t ,he _h se5 _! affliction1 !n !y b[$ _! heads & wor%ipp$0 7,exod4 iv4 #ca74 ,_! fai? 0 /r5g!n$ :5 !y witness$ ! fulfilm5t ( ! ,div9e message :i* 0 br\ght to !m by ,moses3 8,& !y believ$ 9 ! ,"l1 & 9 ,moses ,8 s]vant0 7,ibid4 xiv4 #ca74 ,! f\ndation ( ! belief 9 ! possibility ( ,div9e revelation hav+ ?us be5 laid1 t belief 0 fur!r /r5g!n$ ?r\gh ! revelation on ,m\nt ,s9ai1 :5 e ,israelite he>d & und]/ood ! words address$ to him by ,god1 8:o _h br\ght !m out ( ,egypt1 ( ! h\se ( bondage20 !y he>d ! v words :i* ,moses subsequ5tly told !m 9 ! "n ( ,god1 & !y 7 conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( ! words ( ,moses4 ,he taught !m t !re w\ld be o!r p]sons *os5 by ,god to br+ messages f ,him to ! *ildr5 ( ,israel or to mank9d1 & at ! same "t he laid d[n ! rule by :i* ! tru? ( su* messages c\ld be te/$4 ,a p]son fav\r$ by ,div9e communications 0 call$ a prophet1 4 ,t :i* *>act]is$ a prophet & di/+ui%$ him f ! ord9>y man 0 ! privilege ( be+ *os5 by ,provid5ce to be 8! mess5g] ( ,god0 to man4 ,?is notion ( ! *>act]i/ics ( a prophet expla9s ! circum/ance t1 al?\gh ,daniel 0 fav\r$ ) num]\s prophetic visions1 ! book call$ aft] 8 "n 0 n plac$ among ! ,prophets1 b among ! ,hagiographa4 ,x is on acc\nt ( 8 address+ 8 bre?r5 & in=m+ !m ( ! ,w ( ,god t a p]son 0 call$ a prophet4 #d ,by simply receiv+ a communication1 )\t ! direction to imp>t ! k acquir$ to o!rs1 a p]son may become a man ( ,god1 a man 9 :om !re is ! _s ( ,god1 b n a prophet4 ,x is our belief t ,god w\ld n reveal ,himself to any "o t is unwor?y ( su* di/9ction4 ,z a conditio s9e qu non x 0 necess>y t ! prophets di/+ui%$ !mselves 9 e k9d ( virtue1 t !y set to _! fell[-m5 an example ( purity 9 ?\ght1 l(t9ess 9 spee*1 & nobility 9 action4 ,z reg>ds g5]al k & exp]i5ce !y 7 inf]ior to none ( _! contempor>ies4 ,9 ! ,talmud ! say+ occurs3 8,! ,div9e _s does n re/ on man1 unless he is wise1 /rong1 & ri*0 7,babyl4 ,talm4 ,%abba?1 #ib;a74 ,?is is c]ta9ly a true conception ( ! "* ( a prophet1 8/rong0 & 8ri*0 be+ und]/ood 9 a figurative s5se3 8/rong0 9 possess+ ma/]y ov] 8 passions1 & 8ri*0 9 be+ cont5t$ ) :at he has 7,abo? iv4 #a74 ,x 0 a matt] ( indiff]5ce1 h[ev]1 :e!r ! prophet 0 /rong 9 body or weak1 :e!r he _h _m e>?ly possessions or none at all4 ,9 spite ( 8 di/9ction f 8 fell[-m5 9 wisdom1 moral /r5g?1 & cont5t$ness1 ! prophet rema9$ a human be+2 he 01 l e o!r p]son1 expos$ to ! temptation to s9 & liable to error4 ,! s9s & errors ( prophets are record$ 9 ord] to save u f despair :5 we are consci\s ( our s9fulness1 & to %[ u ! way to rep5tance4 ,?is is illu/rat$ especially 9 ! hi/ory ( ! prophet ,jonah4 ,! records ( ! s9s ( prophets s]ve z a w>n+ t we %\ld n consid] any man z p]fect or deify him4 ,al?\gh ! prophet is assum$ to h be5 wise1 surpass+ 8 fell[-m5 9 k & wisdom1 x is by no means necess>y to believe t he 0 famili> ) all sci5ces1 or t he knew any ( ! discov]ies made 9 lat] times4 ,! prophet _h frequ5tly to in=m 8 bre?r5 ( :at w\ld happ5 9 future1 to tell !m ( ?+s :i* no human eye c\ld =esee4 ,b he _h 9 g5]al no great] k ( com+ ev5ts ?an o!r m51 except 9 ref]5ce to ^? ev5ts conc]n+ :i* he _h receiv$ a message f ,god = ,8 p or = mank9d4 ,c a man be tra9$ = ! (fice ( a prophet8 ,0 !re a s*ool or in/itution = ?is purpose8 ,e "o c\ld c]ta9ly be tra9$ 9 ! prim>y conditions ( a prophet1 9 ! ex]cise ( all human virtues1 & 9 ! acquisition ( all available k2 & x 0 ! duty & ! aim ( ! prophets to enc\rage all _! bre?r5 to su* tra9+ by _! own example4 ,b ! pr9cipal elem5t 9 prophecy ! ,div9e communication1 dep5d$ solely on ! ,w ( ,god4 8,! sons ( ! prophets0 are g5]ally believ$ to be ! pupils ( ! prophets2 !y =m$ 8! s*ools ( ! prophets40 ,^! s*ools1 h[ev]1 c\ld n h be5 s*ools or colleges 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w4 ,! sons ( ! prophets 7 in/ruct$ by ! prophets1 b n ) ! purpose ( tra9+ !m z prophets4 ,x seems t ! sons ( ! prophets s]v$ z ag5ts = promulgat+ ! inspir$ messages ( _! *ief4 ,mo/ probably !y l$ a simple1 pi\s life1 7 ,god-fe>+1 & sp5t _! "t :5 meet+ toge!r 9 music & song1 repeat+ hymns & lessons taught by _! ma/]4 ,an acc\nt ( "s ( ! messages & de$s ( ! prophets is giv5 9 ! ,biblical books2 "s ( _! spee*es also are pres]v$1 9 ! section ( ! ,bible call$ 8,latt] ,prophets10 4 ,! spee*es ( ! prophets 7 9 "s cases prep>$ & writt5 d[n be=e !y 7 spok51 9 o!rs deliv]$ ex tempore )\t prep>ation1 & 7 writt5 d[n aft]w>ds f memory1 ei!r by ! prophet himself or by "o ( 8 he>]s1 or 7 h&$ d[n viv voce f g5]ation to g5]ation be=e !y 7 committ$ to writ+4 ,!re is ano!r k9d ( ,div9e revelation :i* did n f9d expression 9 any message to ! ,israelites or to mank9d1 b 9 a c]ta9 sup]natural impulse giv5 to ! ?\ght or w ( a p]son z reg>ds 8 words & actions4 ,su* an impulse is call$ inspiration1 & ! inspir$ p]son is mov$ to speak or act by ! 8_s ( ! ,"l40 ,x 0 ! _s ( ! ,"l t mov$ ,samson to h]oic de$s aga9/ ! enemies ( 8 p2 ,david likewise felt t ,div9e impulse :5 p\r+ =? 8 he>t be=e ! ,"l 9 8 ,psalms4 ,he says3 8,! _s ( ! ,"l spake 9 me1 & ,8 ^w 0 on my tongue0 7#b ,sam4 xxiii4 #b74 ,x 0 ! _s ( ! ,"l t fill$ ! he>ts ( ^? :o collect$ & sift$ ! ,holy ,writ+s conta9+ law1 hi/ory1 prophecies1 & poetry1 & gave !m ! =m 9 :i* we possess !m n[4 ,we are n q c]ta9 z to ! =m ( ! lett]s 9 ! orig9al copies ( ! ,holy ,writ+s2 b f ! way 9 :i* ! ,p5tateu* is writt5 n[ 9 ! ,synagogue scrolls1 we may inf] ) c]ta9ty t ! anci5t copies ( ! ,torah conta9$ no v[els or acc5ts1 & t ^! h come d[n to u by oral tradition4 ,= ! multiplication ( copies1 human copyi/s _h to be employ$4 ,x is by no means contr>y to our fai? 9 ! ,bible to assume t1 z f> z ! human "w ( ^! copyi/s is conc]n$1 x mu/ h be5 subject to ! fate ( all human "w1 to error & imp]fection4 ,&1 9 fact1 !re are _m copies ( ! ,bible t ab\nd 9 mi/akes2 !re are passages 9 ,scripture t v>y 9 ! diff]5t manuscripts2 h5ce ! num]\s v>i lectiones met ) 9 ! critical editions ( ! ,bible4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x w\ld n be reasonable to assume t ! holy lit]ature & ! national treasure1 v limit$ 9 size1 %\ld h be5 neglect$ by ! religi\s au?orities ( ! "t to su* an ext5t t no reliable1 correct copy 0 kept1 to be consult$ 9 case ( d\bt or diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,?is be+ ! case ) all ,biblical books1 x applies ) special =ce to ! ,torah or ,p5tateu*1 :i* conta9s ! ,div9e comm&m5ts4 ,! lea/ alt]ation made by copyi/s--unkn[+ly or kn[+ly--might involve a "q ( life & dea?4 ,mu/ x n h be5 ! duty ( ! judicial au?ority to keep a correct au?oris$ copy 9 a safe place8 ,x is c]ta9ly mo/ reasonable to assume t su* a copy 0 kept1 & t !re 7 9 e g5]ation among ! prie/s or prophets m5 :o _h a ?or\gh k ( ! ,law1 & c\ld easily detect any int]f]5ce ) ! text4 ,z ! laws d n =m a sep>ate section ( ! ,bible1 b are int]wov5 ) a hi/orical acc\nt ( important ev5ts f ! ,creation to ! dea? ( ,moses1 ! entire ,p5tateu*1 compos$ ( bo? laws & hi/ory1 0 pres]v$ ) ! same anxiety & wat*fulness4 ,t great c>e 0 tak5 9 copy+ ! ,law we le>n f ! fact m5tion$ 9 ! ,talmud1 t ,ezra m9utely exam9$ ! ?ree scrolls he f\nd 9 ! ,temple1 & 9 ?ree passages notic$ diff]5t read+s1 ( :i* he adopt$ ! "o f\nd 9 two copies4 ,! o!r books ( ! ,bible are ( less importance1 b ! exclusion ( error on ! "p ( ! copyi/1 ?\gh x has n ! same1 has yet a high degree ( c]ta9ty1 inasmu* z !y too =m$ "p ( ! holy1 national lit]ature4 ,if a mi/ake %\ld be cle>ly prov$1 x w\ld n be contr>y to our religi\s pr9ciples to admit x4 ,b we %all f9d1 aft] ?or\gh /udy & exam9ation ( ! impugn$ passages1 t !re is 9 ea* case f> great] d\bt z to ! correctness ( any ( ! num]\s em5dations sugge/$ ?an ( ! traditional & ,massoretic text be=e u4 ,x may frequ5tly occur t "s em5dations appe> /rik+ly correct1 & yet aft] due reflection !y are f\nd m d\btful ?an ! orig9al4 ,x is !re=e our duty ?or\ghly to exam9e ea* propos$ em5dation1 & to hesitate long be=e admitt+ ! incorrectness ( ! receiv$ text & ! correctness ( ! em5dation4 ,"o ( ! means ( pres]v+ ! text ( ! ,scriptures 9 its integrity has be5 ! ,massorah4 ,! notes :i* are f\nd 9 ! m>g9 ( ,biblical books =m "p ( ! ,massorah4 ,at fir/ ! ,massorah 0 "p ( ! oral tradition2 exceptional =ms ( lett]s1 punctuation1 & words 7 probably taught viv voce1 & le>nt by he>t1 especially by scribes1 read]s1 & tea*]s4 ,:]e a conf\nd+ ) o!r & simil> =ms 0 appreh5d$1 att5tion 0 call$ to ! fact1 & by c]ta9 notes & rules x 0 gu>d$ aga9/4 ,! mat]ial = ! ,massorah increas$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 9 ! same degree z1 ) ! multiplication ( copies ( ! ,scriptures1 ! numb] ( misread+s & mis9t]pretations increas$4 ,al?\gh ^! notes 7 arrang$ & writt5 d[n at a late p]iod1 !y help$ to pres]ve ! ,biblical text 9 its integrity1 & x is !re=e /at$ 9 ! ,mi%nah 7,abo? iii4 #ac73 8,massorah 7tradition7 is a f5ce to ! ,law40 ,z to ! "n ( ! au?or ( ea* book or section1 & ! "t & place ( its composition1 we are guid$ by ! head+s :]e su* are extant2 9 ! abs5ce ( ^! we are left to ! res\rces ( our own judgm5t or fancy4 ,!re is no reason :atev] to d\bt ! correctness ( ^! head+s1 z ! religi\s & le>n$ au?orities ( ! "t 7 tru/wor?y m51 :o w\ld n add a head+ :]e none 0 h&$ d[n to !m by tradition4 ,sev]al books & _m psalms are !re=e left )\t a head+2 !re 0 no sure tradition ab\t !m4 ,h[ f> ! head+ ( a book or section ext5ds1 :e!r x 0 meant only = ! beg9n+ or = ! :ole ( x1 is 9 "s cases d\btful1 & mu/ be decid$ by ! nature & cont5ts ( ! book4 ,= in/ance1 ! second "p ( ,isaiah1 f *ap4 xl4 to ! end1 has no head+ ( its own2 x is !re=e op5 to discussion :e!r ! head+ 9 ! fir/ v]se ( ! fir/ *apt] describes only ! fir/ ?irty-n9e or all ! sixty-six *apt]s ( ! book4 ,x is possible t ,psalms1 ascrib$1 accord+ to _! head+1 to ,david1 consi/ ( two or m p>ts1 ( :i* "o only 0 compos$ by ,david4 ,! names ( ! books d n necess>ily imply a ref]5ce to ! au?or4 ,! ,book ( ,jo%ua1 e4g41 may h receiv$ its "n f its cont5ts1 ! hi/ory ( ! ,israelites "u ,jo%ua be+ conta9$ 9 x4 ,! two books ( ,samuel c\ld n h be5 writt5 by ,samuel1 n ev5 ! :ole ( ! fir/ book1 s9ce ! dea? ( ,samuel is !re9 record$2 b !y owe _! "n to ! fact t ! fir/ book comm5ces ) ! hi/ory ( ,samuel4 ,,! ,,books ,,( ,,! ,,bible1 ,! collection ( books kn[n by ^! names are or 8holy books0 or 8holy writ+s10 because ! au?ors ( ^! books 7 holy m5 _! object is a holy "o1 viz41 to tra9 man to hol9ess1 & ! cont5ts ( ! books is holy1 free f all blemi% & error4 ,! books v>y greatly 9 "*1 9 /yle1 & 9 purpose1 b tru?fulness is common to all ( !m4 ,:e!r !y n>rate ev5ts or proclaim ,god's decrees1 or in/ruct or edify _! he>]s1 :at !y say is true4 ,! "n ,bible is d]iv$ f ! ,greek 1 8book40 7pron\nc$ t5a*7 has no mean+ 9 itself1 & is a ^w =m$ ( ! initials ( 4 ,sometimes 7! initials ( ! ,*aldee 7 is us$ in/ead ( 4 ,ano!r "n is 8text = read+10 z oppos$ to viv voce tradition4 ,a passage quot$ f ! ,bible is call$ or or 4 ,*ri/ians call ! books ( ! ,hebrew ,bible ! ,old ,te/am5t z di/+ui%$ f ! ,new ,te/am5t4 #a4 ,,law4 ,! ,torah or ,law is divid$ into five books1 & is !re=e call$ or ,p5tateu* 7,fivefold or ,five-book74 ,! names ( ! five books are3 7#a7 ,g5esis 7,creation72 7#b7 ,exodus 7dep>ture1 scil41 ( ! ,israelites f ,egypt72 7#c7 ,leviticus 7on ! laws conc]n+ ! ,levites or prie/s71 also call$ 8law ( ! prie/s20 7#d7 ,numb]s2 7#e7 ,deut]onomy1 a ,greek t]m d5ot+ 8second-law0 or 8repetition ( ! law10 a translation ( ! ,hebrew 4 ,^! names are d]iv$ f ! beg9n+s ( ! books4 ,! ,hebrew names are ei!r ! fir/ ^w ( ! book1 z is ! case 9 ! fir/ & ! ?ird books 7 & 71 or ! fir/ *>act]i/ic ^w1 z is ! case 9 ! o!r ?ree books 7 ! second ^w1 ! fif?1 ! second74 ,! ,engli% or ,greek names describe ! subject-matt] ( ! fir/ section ( ! book4 ,?is applies also to ! re/ ( ! ,biblical writ+s4 ,! cont5ts ( ! five books are z foll[s3-- ,! fir/ book 774--,x beg9s ) ! important lesson1 ! basis ( all t is taught 9 ! :ole ,bible3 t ,god is ! ,creator ( ! :ole univ]se4 ,!n foll[s an acc\nt ( ! ,creation1 ! hi/ory ( ! fir/ man & ! fir/ woman1 _! transition f ! /ate ( innoc5ce & happ9ess to ! /ate ( s9 & toil1 _! desc5dants1 ! beg9n+s ( indu/ry & civilisation1 ! det]ioration ( mank9d1 ! flood1 ,noah1 & ! succe$+ g5]ations to ,abraham2 ! hi/ory ( ! patri>*s ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob1 or ,israel2 ! immigration ( ,jacob ) 8 family into ,egypt2 & ) ! dea? ( ,joseph1 ! son ( ,jacob1 ! book concludes4 ,! book conta9s pr9cipally hi/ory1 b m5tion is made also ( "s religi\s in/itutions4 ,ref]5ce is ?us made to ! in/itution ( m>riage 7ii4 #bc-be72 ,sabba? 7ii4 #a-c72 ! ,cov5ant ( ,abraham or ! comm&m5t ( circumcision 7xvii4 #a-ad72 ! prohibition ( eat+ fle% cut (f f an animal :ile alive 7ix4 #d1 71 ( murd] 7ix4 #e-f71 & ( eat+ 8! s9ew t %rank0 7xxxii4 #cc1 74 ,! second book 774--,! hi/ory ( ! family ( ,jacob1 ! ,israelites1 is cont9u$3 _! soj\rn 9 ,egypt1 ! ,exodus1 ! j\rney to ,m\nt ,s9ai1 ! ,revelation1 ! erection ( ! ,tab]nacle1 & ! ev5ts 9 ! camp ( ! ,israelites dur+ _! /ay 9 ! wild]ness ( ,s9ai4 ,! ,div9e precepts take a m prom95t place 9 ?is book4 ,*ief among ^! are ! in/itution ( ! ,jewi% ,cal5d>1 appo9t+ ! mon? ( ,abib--,nisan--to be ! fir/ mon? 7xii4 #b72 ! ,sacrifice ( ! ,passov] & ! ,fea/ ( ,unleav5$ ,bread 7*ap4 xii472 ! ,sabba? 7xvi4 #bb-cj72 ! ,decalogue 7*ap4 xx4 #a-ab72 civil legislation 7xxi4 to xxiii472 ! ye> ( release 7xxiii4 #aj1 #aa72 & ! or fe/ivals ( pilgrimage to ! sanctu>y ( ! ,"l2 viz41 ,passov]1 ,p5teco/1 & ,tab]nacles 71 & xxiii4 #ad-ag74 ,! ?ird book 77 conta9s ! laws reveal$ dur+ ! /ay ( ! ,israelites ne> ,m\nt ,s9ai4 ,a few hi/orical incid5ts are m5tion$ 9 illu/ration ( ! ,law4 ,leviticus conta9s ! laws conc]n+ ! sacrifices 7i4 to vii472 ! initiation ( ,a>on & 8 sons z prie/s 7viii4 to x472 diet>y laws 7xi472 laws ab\t cleanness & uncleanness 7 7 9 man & woman 7xii4 to xv472 ! ,day ( ,atonem5t 7xvi472 prohibition ( blood 7xvii4 #aj-ad72 m>riage laws 7xviii4 & xx4 #aj-bb72 laws conc]n+ ! hol9ess ( man 7xix472 laws conc]n+ ! prie/s 7xxi41 xxii4 #af7 & sacrifices 7xxii4 #ag-cc72 ! ,fe/ivals ( ! ,"l 7xxiii472 ! ye> ( release & ! ye> ( jubilee1 & l&-laws connect$ ) ^! 7xxv472 laws conc]n+ ! transf] ( prop]ty to ! sanctu>y & ! prie/s4 ,! f\r? book records ! dep>ture ( ! ,israelites f ,m\nt ,s9ai1 _! j\rney+s until !y came to ! ea/ ( ! ,jordan 9 ! pla9s ( ,moab2 ! *ief incid5ts dur+ ^! travels1 viz41 ! consecration ( ! alt>1 & ! in/alm5t ( ! ,levites z assi/ants to ! prie/s 9 ! p]=mance ( ! ,div9e ,s]vice2 ! fir/ appo9tm5t ( a c\ncil ( sev5ty eld]s2 ! puni%m5t ( ,miriam = sl&]2 ! spies2 ! rebellion ( ,korah2 dea? ( ,miriam2 ,moses & ,a>on's s9 at ,m]ibah1 & _! puni%m5t2 dea? ( ,a>on2 w>s ) ,sihon & ,og2 ! bless+s ( ,bileam in/ead ( 8 int5d$ curs+s2 ! zeal & di/9ction ( ,ph9eas2 w> aga9/ ,midian2 ! appo9tm5t ( ,jo%ua z future lead] ( ,israel4 ,!re is also 9 ! book a li/ ( all ! /ations :]e ! ,israelites _h encamp$ dur+ _! travels ?r\gh ! ,arabian des]t 7*ap4 xxxiii471 & a m9ute description ( ! b\nd>ies ( ! l& ( ,canaan 7*ap4 xxxiv474 ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal laws m5tion$ 9 ,numb]s3 ! laws conc]n+ ,nazirites2 conc]n+ a woman suspect$ ( fai?lessness aga9/ h] husb&2 ! second ,passov] 7 7 = ^? :o c\ld n fulfil _! duty on ! #ad? ( ,nisan2 ! law ( fr+es 772 ! law ( purification ( p]sons :o h become unclean ?r\gh contact ) ! dead body ( any p]son 7 *ap4 xix472 ! law ( inh]itance 7xxvii472 ! sacrifices = ! fe/ivals 7xxviii41 xxix472 ! laws ( v[s 7xxx472 laws conc]n+ murd] & cities ( refuge 7xxxv474 ,! fif? book 77 conta9s spee*es ( ,moses :i* he address$ to ! ,israelites dur+ ! la/ ye> ( 8 life1 rem9d+ !m ( _! repeat$ disob$i5ce to ! ,div9e comm&1 & _! want ( confid5ce 9 ,him1 & exhort+ !m to be fai?ful to ,god4 ,he frequ5tly emphasises ! tru? t bless+ & happ9ess c only be obta9$ ?r\gh ob$i5ce1 tr\ble & curses be+ ! c]ta9 result ( s9 & transgression4 ,*apt] xxviii41 call$ 8exhortation0 or 8rebuke0 7see also ,lev4 xxvi471 is especially devot$ to ?is pr9ciple4 ,9 ! song 7*ap1 xxxii471 :i* all ! p 7 to le>n by he>t1 ,moses rebukes 8 bre?r5 = _! +ratitude to ,god1 & =etells !m t1 9 ! remote future1 simil> conduct w be visit$ sev]ely1 & t aft] a p]iod ( puni%m5t ,god w %[ m]cy to !m1 & aga9 re/ore !m to a /ate ( happ9ess & glory4 ,be=e 8 dea? he gives a special bless+ to ea* tribe4 ,! book concludes ) ! dea? ( ,moses1 ! succession ( ,jo%ua1 & ! praise ( ,moses z ! greate/ ( all prophets4 ,_m ( ! comm&m5ts are repeat$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! exhortations3 ! ,decalogue1 ! laws conc]n+ ! ?ree agricultural & national fe/ivals 7 71 & su* o!r laws z ,moses consid]$ necess>y to impress on ! he>t ( ! ,israelites be=e he dep>t$ f among !m4 ,! ,israelites be+ ne> ,jordan1 & ab\t to take possession ( ! promis$ l&1 _! att5tion is call$ to su* laws z w\ld !n come into practice1 e4g41 ^? :i* ref] to ! political & judicial arrangem5ts ( ! c\ntry 7xvi4 to xviii472 & ! solemn decl>ation ( allegiance to ! ,w ( ,god 7xxvii474 ,! ,p5tateu* is divid$ into v]ses 771 p>agraphs 771 & into sections call$ or 8weekly portions40 ,! division into *apt]s is ( comp>atively mod]n orig94 #b4 ,,! ,,prophets are divid$ into two gr\ps3 ,e>li] & ,latt] ,prophets 7 74 ,! ,e>li] ,prophets d n conta9 prophecies 9 ! usual mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,!y conta9 ! hi/ory ( ,israel f ! accession ( ,jo%ua to ! lead]%ip ( ,israel1 to ! capture ( ,j]usalem by ,nebu*adnezz>1 k+ ( ,babylon4 ,!y are1 nev]!less1 call$ 8,prophets10 = two reasons3-- 7#a47 ,! hi/ory is writt5 9 a prophetic _s1 ) ! view ( illu/rat+ ! pr9ciple t ob$i5ce to ! ^w ( ,god 0 ! cause ( ,israel's prosp]ity & success1 disob$i5ce ! cause ( tr\ble & mis]y4 7#b47 ,! ,e>li] ,prophets include ! hi/ory ( ,deborah1 ,samuel1 ,na?an1 ,ahijah1 ,elijah1 ,eli%a1 & a few anonym\s prophets4 ,no collection ( _! spee*es has be5 made or pres]v$ 9 ! ,scriptures1 & !y are ?us di/+ui%$ f ! latt] prophets1 ^: prophecies h be5 collect$ & =m ! cont5ts ( ! 8,latt] ,prophets40 ,! foll[+ books belong to ! ,e>li] ,prophets3-- #a4 ,! ,book ( ,jo%ua 771 conta9+ ! hi/ory ( ! conque/ & division ( ! l& ( ,canaan by ! ,israelites1 f _! cross+ ! ,jordan to ! dea? ( ,jo%ua4 ,among ! v>i\s incid5ts relat$ 9 ! book ! foll[+ are notewor?y3--,! circumcision ( ^? :o _h be5 born dur+ ! w&]+ ( ,israel 9 ! wild]ness2 ! celebration ( ! fir/ ,passov] 9 ! ,holy ,l&2 ! appe>ance ( 8! pr9ce ( ! ho/ ( ! ,"l0 7v4 #ad71 j be=e ! w> comm5c$1 9 ord] to rem9d ,jo%ua t 8! place ^u :i* he /ood 0 holy20 #e ! cross+ ( ! ,jordan2 ! tak+ ( ,j]i*o2 ! disa/r\s consequ5ces ( ,a*an's s91 z an illu/ration ( ! pr9ciple t ! :ole community is made responsible = ! crime ( ! individual till ! crime is discov]$ & puni%$2 ! battle at ,gibeon1 fam\s ?r\gh ,jo%ua's exclamation1 8,sun1 /& ?\ /ill ^u ,gibeon2 & ?\ moon1 9 ! valley ( ,ajalon60 7x4 #ab72 & ! appo9tm5t ( ! cities ( refuge4 #b4 ,! ,book ( ,judges 77 conta9s episodes ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,israelites f ! dea? ( ,jo%ua to ! days ( ! high-prie/ ,eli4 ,! "n 8,judge0 is id5tical ) t ( *ief magi/rate1 or simply *ief or lead]4 ,! judges 7 p]sons *os5 by ,god1 & inspir$ ) an extraord9>y _s ( c\rage & brav]y1 to be ! lib]ators ( ! c\ntry1 or "p ( ! c\ntry1 f ! tyranny ( oppressors4 ,! virtues t 7 requir$ 9 ord] to qualify !m = ?is mission 7 patriotism & c\rage4 ,"s ( !m may h cont9u$ 9 p[] aft] ! re/oration ( peace & ord]1 b on ! :ole _! mission z judges 0 fulfill$ ) ! cessation ( w>4 ,!y 7 n ! religi\s tea*]s ( ! nation1 nor are !y set up z examples ( piety4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( ! judges ! tribes ( ,israel 7 n unit$ 7song ( ,deborah1 ,judges v4 #ae-ag74 ,!re 0 no common gov]nm5t1 or if !re 0 "o1 x mu/ h possess$ little p[] & influ5ce4 ,! p became degrad$2 _m wor%ipp$ idols & altoge!r ignor$ ! ,div9e comm&m5ts4 ,b ! consci5ce ( ! nation 0 r\s$ :5 a %ock+ crime 0 committ$ at ,gibeah 9 ! tribe ( ,b5jam91 & all ,israel unit$ 9 dem&+ ! puni%m5t ( ! evil-do]s 7*aps4 xix4 to xxi474 ,! book conta9s two beautiful poetical passages1 ! song ( ,deborah 7v47 & ! p>able ( ,jo?am 7ix474 #c4 ,! two books ( ,samuel 7 7--also call$ ! fir/ & second books ( ,k+s--conta9 ! hi/ory ( ,israel dur+ ! "t ( ! high-prie/ ,eli1 ! prophet ,samuel1 & ,saul1 ! fir/ k+ ( ,israel 7,book ,i472 & ! reign ( ,david 7,book ,,ii474 ,! foll[+ passages are notewor?y3-- ii4 #f-g3 8,! ,"l kille? & make? alive2 ,he br+e? d[n to ! grave & br+e? up4 ,! ,"l make? poor & make? ri*2 ,he br+e? l[ & lifte? up40 xii4 #bb3 8,! ,"l w n =sake ,8 p1 = ,8 great "n's sake2 because x ha? pleas$ ! ,"l to make y ,8 p40 xv4 #bb-bc3 8,ha? ! ,"l z great delight 9 burnt (f]+s & sacrifices z 9 obey+ ! voice ( ! ,"l8 ,behold1 to obey is bett] ?an sacrifice1 & to he>k5 ?an ! fat ( rams4 ,= rebellion is z ! s9 ( wit*craft1 & /ubbornness is z iniquity & idolatry2 because ?\ ha/ reject$ ! ^w ( ! ,"l1 ,he ha? also reject$ !e f be+ k+40 xvi4 #g3 8,! ,"l see? n z man see?2 = man looke? on ! outw>d appe>ance1 b ! ,"l looke? on ! he>t40 xxiv4 #ad3 8,wick$ness proce$e? f ! wick$40 ,,ii41 xxiv4 #ad3 8,i am 9 a great /rait2 let u fall n[ into ! h& ( ! ,"l2 = ,8 m]cies are great3 & let me n fall into ! h& ( man40 ,! foll[+ poetical passages ( ! book %\ld also be m>k$3-- ,! pray] ( ,hannah 7ii4 #a-aj72 ,david's lam5t ov] ,saul's dea? 7,,ii41 i4 #ah-bg72 ,p>able ( ! prophet ,na?an 7xii4 #a-f72 ,song ( ?anksgiv+ by ,david 7xxii472 ,david's fai? 9 ,god's ju/ice 7xxiii4 #a-g74 #d4 ,! fir/ & ! second books ( ,k+s 7 71 also call$ ! ?ird & f\r? books ( ,k+s1 conta9 ! hi/ory ( ,israel f ! dea? ( ,david to ! ,babylonian exile4 ,! fir/ book describes ! la/ days ( ,k+ ,david1 ! reign ( ,solomon1 ! division ( ! c\ntry into two k+doms1 ,judah & ,israel1 ! hi/ory ( ! k+dom ( ,judah f ,rehoboam to ,jeho%aphat1 & ! hi/ory ( ! k+dom ( ,israel f ,j]oboam to ,ahab4 ,! second book cont9ues ! hi/ory ( ! k+dom ( ,israel f ,ahab to ! conque/ ( ,sam>ia by ,%almaness>1 k+ ( ,assyria1 & t ( ! k+dom ( ,judah f ,abijam1 son ( ,jeho%aphat1 to ! conque/ ( ,j]usalem by ,nebu*adnezz>1 k+ ( ,babylon4 ,i41 ii4 #b3 8,i g ! way ( all ! e>?2 be ?\ /rong !re=e1 & %[ ?yself a man40 xviii4 #ba3 8,h[ long halt ye betwe5 two op9ions8 ,if ! ,"l be ,god4 foll[ ,him2 b if ,baal1 !n foll[ him40 ,,ii41 xiv4 #i3 8,! ?i/le t 0 9 ,lebanon s5t to ! c$> t 0 9 ,lebanon1 say+1 ,give ?y daught] to my son to wife3 & !re pass$ by a wild bea/ t 0 9 ,lebanon & trod d[n ! ?i/le40 #f ,note1 besides1 pray] ( ,solomon 7,i41 viii4 #ab-fa7 & message ( ,isaiah to ,k+ ,hezekiah 7,,ii41 xix4 #ba-ca74 ,! ,latt] ,prophets1 conta9 ! foll[+ books3-- ,i4 ,isaiah 774--,isaiah prophesi$ *iefly dur+ ! ,assyrian invasions 9 ,pale/9e 9 ! reign ( ,uzziah1 ,jo?am1 ,ahaz1 & ,hezekiah1 k+s ( ,judah4 ,! book is divid$ into two ma9 sections1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by ! n>rative ( ,s5na*]ib's invasion & defeat1 ,hezekiah's illness & recov]y1 & ! congratulatory message ( ! ,babylonian k+ to ,hezekiah 7*aps1 xxxvi4 to xxxix474 ,! fir/ section is divid$ into five p>ts ) sep>ate head+s3-- 7#a47 ,*ap4 i4--,?is prophecy 0 probably repeat$ by ,isaiah _m times f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( 8 prophetic mission4 ,! ,israelites 9 ,j]usalem & ,judah are rebuk$ = _! rebellion aga9/ ,god1 :i* has br\ght a s]ies ( mis=tunes ^u ! nation2 ,god does n accept _! sacrifices unless !y return to ,him & improve _! conduct4 ,!y w be puni%$1 b ! puni%m5t is only ! means = _! purification4 ,:5 ?is effect is obta9$ _! r$emption w foll[4 7#b47 ,*aps4 ii4 to v4--,! fulfilm5t ( ! mission ( ! ,israelites--! ,messianic p]iod--is depict$1 :5 ! ,israelites w be s p]fect 9 ! k & ! wor%ip ( ,god1 t all nations w seek enlight5m5t & guidance 9 ! h\se ( ! ,god ( ,jacob4 ,! prophet %[s 8 bre?r5 h[ !y rec$$ f t aim1 &1 e/rang+ !mselves f ! ,almighty1 tru/$ 9 ?+s t are p[]less4 ,b all ^! ?+s1 gr& & high z !y may appe>1 w prove wor?less1 & ! glory ( ,god w 9 ! end be recognis$4 ,! prophet illu/rates ! conduct ( ! ,israelites & _! puni%m5t 9 ! beautiful p>able ( ! v9ey>d 7v4 #a-g74 ,z special s9s are nam$3 gre$9ess1 lu/1 mock]y1 & inju/ice4 ,! puni%m5t ?reat5$ is ! invasion ( a cruel conqu]or4 7#c47 ,*ap4 vi4--,on ! occasion ( ! dea? ( ,k+ ,uzziah1 :o _h presum$ to approa* ,god & to (f] inc5se 9 ! ,holy ( ,holies1 contr>y to ! ,law1 & 0 puni%$ ) leprosy1 ,isaiah _h a vision 9 :i* he despair+ly contra/$ ! inf9ite hol9ess ( ! ,almighty ) 8 own s9fulness1 liv+ z he did among p ( unclean lips4 ,he is reassur$1 & %[n t 8 s9 is remov$ :5 8 words are inflam$ by ! holy fire tak5 f ! alt> ( ,god4 ,he mu/1 nev]!less1 n expect a spe$y effect f 8 words to ! p2 !y w cont9ue 9 disob$i5ce & br+ ^u !mselves cont9u$ puni%m5ts1 b ultimately1 :5 ! leaves h fall5 (f1 ! /em w rema9--a se$ ( hol9ess4 7#d47 vii4 to xii4--,! invasion ( ,judah by ,pekah1 k+ ( ,israel1 & ,rez91 k+ ( ,aram1 br+s to light ! want ( fai? 9 ,god & ,8 ^w on ! "p ( ,ahaz1 k+ ( ,judah4 ,isaiah1 tak+ ) him 8 son ,%'ar-ya%ub 78,a-remnant-w-return071 a rem9d] ( puni%m5t & ( r$emption1 rebukes ,ahaz1 & gives him a sign 773 8,! "y woman is ) *ild1 & w be> a son1 & call 8 "n ,immanuel0 7 8,god-is-)-u074 8,cream & honey %all he eat1 :5 he w "k to reject ! evil & to *oose ! good40 ,by ?is sign ,ahaz is in=m$ 7#a7 t at ! "t ( ! bir? ( ! *ild ,judah w be fre$ f ! armies ( ! two k+s1 & ! "n ,immanuel 0 to be ! expression ( ?anks = ! deliv]y2 7#b7 ano!r m s]i\s invasion ( ! ,assyrians w come & deva/ate ! c\ntry2 & aft] _! dep>ture ! ,israelites w n h any corn or bread2 8cream & honey w e "o eat t is left 9 ! mid/ ( ! l&40 ,! invasion ( ,syria & ,pale/9e by ! ,assyrians is also =etold 9 ! v "n ( ,isaiah's own son1 ,mah]-%alal-'ha%-baz 78,! spoil] ha/5s to be quick ) ! spoil074 ,9 spite ( su* d>k prospect ! prophet sets =? ! te/imony & ! lesson 71 73 8,hope 9 ! ,"l1 ?\gh ,he hides ,8 face f ! h\se ( ,jacob4 ,= (t5 h p 9 affliction se5 great light40 8,a *ild #g has be5 born unto u1 call$ ,! ,almighty1 ! ,et]nal1 ! ,pr9ce ( ,peace1 devises wond]s1 = ! purpose ( increas+ ! dom9ion & e/abli%+ endless peace ^u ! ?rone ( ,david & 8 k+dom1 to ord] x & support x by judgm5t & righte\sness f n[ ev5 = ev]0 7ix4 #e1 #f74 ,! ,assyrian invasion is a puni%m5t = ! s9s ( ! ,israelites1 & its success w cont9ue s long z ! ,israelites refuse to rep5t & to return to ,god4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w ultimately come to pass1 & ,a%ur w !n receive ! p5alty = 8 insol5ce & presumptu\sness4 ,israel w 9 ! end be guid$ by a wise & j rul]1 :o w spr+ =? f ! roots ( ,jesse4 ,! ,messianic times w !n beg91 & amid/ univ]sal peace all mank9d w jo9 9 ! praises ( ,god4 7#e47 xiii4 to xxxv4--,?is gr\p ( prophecies 0 probably deliv]$ dur+ ! ,assyrian invasion4 ,isaiah takes a survey ( ! neighb\r+ /ates1 _! conduct 9 times ( success1 & _! well-des]v$ puni%m5t 9 ! imm$iate or ! remote future4 ,! prophecies are direct$ aga9/ ,babylon1 ,ple%e?1 ,moab1 ,damascus1 ,egypt1 ,a%dod1 ,babylon1 ,dumah1 ,arab1 ! ,assyrian ,%ebnah1 ,tyre1 ,edom1 & ,ephraim4 ,great confusion w ensue1 amid :i* ,judah w suff] mu*1 b he w ultimately be deliv]$ ?r\gh ! ,div9e int]v5tion1 & w ?us be /r5g!n$ 9 8 fai? 9 ,god4 ,isaiah rebukes ,judah = seek+ help f ,egypt aga9/ ,assyria1 because su* an act indicates want ( fai? 9 ,god4 ,x is only ! ,almighty t c help 9 times ( di/ress4 7#f47 xxxvi4 to xxxix4--,! hi/orical *apt]s :i* int]v5e betwe5 ! two l>ge prophetical sections ( ! book conclude ) an acc\nt ( ,hezekiah's conduct t[>ds ! ,babylonian ambassadors1 & ! rebuke he receiv$ ( ,isaiah1 :o ann\nc$ to ! k+ t ! ,babylonians w\ld "o day be conqu]ors ( ,j]usalem4 7#g47 xl4 to xlviii4--,! pr$iction ( ! ,babylonian exile is foll[$ by com=t+ messages & by ! good tid+s ( ! promis$ ,re/oration4 ,contra/+ ! omnipot5ce ( ,god ) ! helplessness ( e>?ly p[]s & idols1 ! prophet calls = absolute fai? 9 ,god1 :o has already appo9t$ ! conqu]or ( ,babylon & ! lib]ator ( ! exil$ ,jews4 7#h47 xlviii4 to liv4--,x is n only deliv]ance f exile t ! ,jews h to hope =1 b f> great] ?+s4 ,! p ( ! ,"l are to become glori\s1 & to be ! s\rce ( salvation to all mank9d4 ,!y w suff] at ! h& ( ! nations1 b ! latt] w ultimately see :at wrong !y h done to ,israel4 ,not)/&+ all app>5t ob/acles1 ?is prophecy w be fulfill$4 7#i47 lv4 to lx4--,! prophet exhorts ! p to foll[ ! ^w ( ,god1 to ab&on idolatry1 & to be s9c]e 9 _! pray] & rep5tance2 only !n might !y hope = salvation4 ,god has puni%$ ,israel1 b ! r$eem] w come unto ,zion4 7#aj47 lxi4 to lxvi4--,enc\ragem5t is giv5 especially to ! 8! meek10 8! brok5-he>t$20 ! day ( v5geance is ann\nc$ aga9/ ! haughty & s9n]s4 ,! prophet prays to ,god1 & ,god answ]s him ) ! promise ( ! ultimate triumph ( ! & 8! meek & ! ,god-fe>+40 #b4 ,j]emiah 774--,j]emiah prophesi$ 9 ! ?irte5? ye> ( ,josiah1 & cont9u$ to prophesy dur+ 8 reign & t ( 8 successors1 & aft] ! fall ( ,j]usalem1 b x is n c]ta9 h[ long he liv$ aft] ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple1 & :]e he di$4 ,he 0 ! son ( ,hilkiah1 ( ! prie/s 9 ,ana?o?1 9 ! tribe ( ,b5jam94 ,he 0 expos$ to cruel p]secutions1 b ^! did n det] him f deliv]+ ! ,div9e message ) :i* he 0 entru/$ to ! k+ & to ! p4 ,! prophecies ( ,j]emiah 7 writt5 d[n by ,b>u*1 at ,j]emiah's dictation 7*ap4 xxxvi471 b ! book 0 seiz$ by ,k+ ,jehoiakim1 & burnt by him4 ,! ,book ( ,j]emiah1 9 our ,bible1 is probably ! copy made lat] on by ,b>u*1 & m5tion$ 9 ,j]4 xxxvi4 #cb4 ,! book is compos$ ( ! foll[+ p>ts3-- 7#a47 ,*ap4 i4--,! appo9tm5t ( ,j]emiah z prophet 8ov] ! nations & ! k+doms1 to pluck up & to break d[n1 & to de/roy & to ov]?r[1 to build & to plant0 7v]4 #aj74 7#b47 ,*aps1 ii4 to vi4--,j]emiah addresses ! inhabitants ( ,j]usalem4 8,israel is a holy portion1 belong+ to ! ,"l2 :osoev] eats ( x is guilty1 & w be puni%$40 ,israel ought !re=e to be fai?ful to ,god4 ,?is !y are n1 9 spite ( ! b5efits be/[$ on !m2 !y are exhort$ to rep5tance3 9 va94 ,!y are !re=e ?reat5$ ) a ho/ile invasion f ! nor?4 7#c47 ,*aps1 vii4 to x4--,! prophet addresses ! p 9 ! gate ( ! ,temple1 exhort+ !m to true rep5tance4 ,)\t ob$i5ce to ,god ! ,temple & sacrificial s]vice h no value4 ,! f\ndation ( ! ,law is1 8,y %all be to me a p1 & walk 9 ! way :i* ,i comm& y40 ,y h n obey$1 & puni%m5t is det]m9$ ^u4 ,j]emiah1 =esee+ ! desolation ( ! c\ntry & ! ru9 ( ! nation1 lam5ts & weeps1 b he is sure t ,god is 8"o :o do? lov+-k9dness1 judgm5t1 & righte\sness10 & t ^? nations :i* indulg$ 9 cruelties aga9/ ! ,israelites :5 "u ,div9e puni%m5t w !mselves n escape retribution4 7#d47 xi4 to xiii4--8,! cov5ant 03 ,he> my voice1 & d :at ,i comm& y3 ye %all be my p1 & ,i w be y\r ,god40 ,y h brok5 ?is cov5ant & wor%ipp$ idols2 evil mu/ come ^u y4 ,?is ,j]emiah proclaim$ 9 8! cities ( ,judah & ! /reets ( ,j]usalem10 & probably also 9 ,ana?o?2 :]eupon he 0 ?reat5$ ) dea?4 ,su* conduct gave occasion to fur!r prophecies conc]n+ ! wick$ness ( ! p & _! imp5d+ puni%m5t4 ,! fact t ,israel has be5 *os5 to be ! p ( ! ,"l & has %[n himself unwor?y ( ! di/9ction1 is symbolis$ by a girdle1 =m+ at fir/ an ornam5t to man1 b :i* :5 rott5 by moi/ure 9 ! crevices ( rocks1 is no long] ( any use4 7#e47 ,*aps1 xiv4 to xvii4--,dr\ght visits ,judah2 ,j]emiah prays to ,god = relief f fam9e4 ,god rejects 8 petition4 ,! prophet is disappo9t$1 b he is assur$ t ,god w protect him f ! attacks ( ! p1 if he tries 8to br+ =? a preci\s ?+ f ! vile40 ,he tries1 b 9 va94 7#f47 xvii4 #ai-bg4--;,exhortation to keep ! ,sabba?1 to ab/a9 f all mann] ( "w1 & f c>ry+ burd5s out ( or into ! t[n4 7#g47 xviii4--,god *anges ,8 decrees accord+ to ! de$s ( man1 z a pott] trans=ms ! clay f "o vessel to ano!r4 ,j]emiah is aga9 insult$ & ?reat5$1 & he prays to ,god aga9/ 8 p]secutors4 7#h47 xix4 & xx4--,9 ! valley ( ,h9nom1 ,j]emiah d5\nces ! idolatry ( ,israel1 & z a symbol ( ! imp5d+ ru9 ( ,israel1 he breaks a pot ( e>!nw>e4 ,return+ f ! valley1 he ann\nces ! com+ evil 9 ! c\rt ( ! ,temple 9 ! pres5ce ( ! p2 he is tak5 into prison by ,pa%*ur1 ! *ief ( ! ,temple1 = "o day4 ,:5 releas$ he repeats ! same prophecy1 b feels t he has giv5 (f5ce1 & 9 utt] despair curses ! day ( 8 bir?4 7#i47 ,*aps1 xxi4 to xxiv4--,nebu*adnezz> attack$ ,judah1 & ,z$ekiah 7lat] k+ ( ,judah7 s5t to ,j]emiah ask+ him to pray = ! safety ( ! p4 ,b ,j]emiah prophesi$ defeat & disgrace on acc\nt ( _! iniquity4 ,he w5t ev5 by ! comm& ( ,god to ! royal palace1 & repeat$ !re ! ,div9e decree aga9/ ! royal family1 ,%allum 7 ,joahaz71 ,jojakim1 & ,coniah 7 ,jeboia*974 ,!re w come1 h[ev]1 "o day a righte\s (fspr+ ( ,david1 :o w rule ju/ly & prosp]\sly2 ,he %all be call$ 8,! ,"l is our salvation40 ,= ! pres5t x w\ld be bett] to submit to ! ,babylonian rule4 ,!y are false prophets :o flatt] & speak 9 ! "n ( ,god ( victories ov] ! ,babylonians4 ,! false prophets w all be puni%$--^? :o proclaim z _! own prophecy ! v words !y he>d f true prophets1 ^? :o 9 diff]5t words reproduce messages ( ! true prophets z _! own1 & ^? :o inv5t falsehood4 ,! advisability ( submitt+ to ! ,babylonian p[] is also illu/rat$ by ! vision ( two baskets ( figs2 good figs repres5t+ ^? :o w submit1 & bad figs ^? :o pref] w> ) ! ,babylonians4 7#aj47 xxv4 to xxvii4--,j]emiah cont9ues1 dur+ ! reign ( ,jehoiakim1 8 prophecies 9 fav\r ( a peaceful submission to ! ,babylonians1 ) ! ,div9e promise ( a r$emption f ! exile & ! re/oration to _! own c\ntry & dom9ion4 7#aa47 xxviii4--,! same prophecy is cont9u$ dur+ ! reign ( ,z$ekiah4 ,he 0 oppos$ by ! false prophet ,hananiah1 to :om ,j]emiah =etold t he w\ld be puni%$ & die ! same ye>2 ?is came also to pass4 7#ab47 xxix4 to xxxi4--,to ! ,jews already 9 ,babylon ,j]emiah s5ds a lett] ( consolation & enc\rages !m 9 _! hopes = ! r$emption f exile4 ,( ! same t5or 7 ! messages spok5 by ,j]emiah to all ,jews4 ,9 days to come a new cov5ant w be in/itut$2 new 9 s f> z x w n be brok5 aga91 ! ,law rema9+ p]man5tly writt5 on _! he>t1 8,i %all be _! ,god1 & !y %all be my nation40 7#ac47 xxxii4 & xxxiii4--,j]emiah1 kept 9 prison1 b\ght prop]ty f 8 uncle ,hanamel1 wrote & sign$ ! docum5t ( transf]1 & h&$ x to ,b>u*4 ,by ?is he express$ 8 conviction t ! ,jews w\ld return f exile & take possession ( _! l&4 ,9 addition to ?is he s5t =? f ! prison a ,messianic prophecy1 describ+ ! future greatness ( ! se$ ( ,david1 & ! re/oration ( ! prie/s & ,levites to ! sacrificial s]vice4 7#ad47 xxxiv4 & xxxv4--,j]emiah exhorts ! p to keep 8! ye> ( release10 & held up ! family ( ! ,re*abites z patt]ns ( piety1 :o c\ld n be induc$ to break _! v[ ( ab/95ce1 ?\gh x 0 volunt>ily und]tak54 7#ae47 xxxvi4 to xlv4--,j]emiah cont9ues to prophesy1 advis+1 ?\gh fruitlessly1 submission to ! ,babylonian k+4 ,z$ekiah made w> aga9/ ,nebu*adnezz>1 0 defeat$1 & ,j]usalem 0 tak5 by ! ,babylonians4 ,:5 "s ,jews want$ to emigrate to ,egypt1 ,j]emiah w>n$ !m 9 ! "n ( ,god n to d s4 ,he 0 n li/5$ to2 he 0 ev5 =c$ to g ) !m2 b he prophesi$ aga9/ !m1 & =etold _! ru94 ,b>u*1 to :om ,j]emiah dictat$ 8 prophecies1 0 discont5t$ at be+ driv5 f place to place2 ,j]emiah appeas$ & enc\rag$ him4 7#af47 xlvi4 to lii4--,j]emiah prophesies aga9/ ,egypt1 ! ,phili/9es1 ,moab1 ,ammon1 ,edom1 ,damascus1 ,k$>1 ,elam1 & ,babylon4 ,! book concludes ) an acc\nt ( ! fall ( ,j]usalem1 simil> to t giv5 at ! end ( ! second book ( ,k+s4 #c4 ,,ezekiel 77--,ezekiel prophesi$ 9 exile4 7#a47 ,*ap4 i4 to vii4--,9 ! fif? ye> ( ! exile ( ,joia*91 ,ezekiel1 9 ! vision ( ! *>iot1 repres5t+ ! rule ( ,god ov] ! univ]se1 is appo9t$ a ,div9e mess5g]1 to w>n ! p & tell !m ( ! imp5d+ dang]1 t !y might n be ignorant ( ! fate await+ !m1 :e!r !y li/5$ or =bore to li/54 ,! message ) :i* he is inspir$ is repres5t$ z a scroll :i* he swall[s4 ,! ?reat5$ dang] he indicates by symbolic acts1 foll[$ by _! explanation4 ,! siege ( ,j]usalem is illu/rat$ by ! prophet besieg+ a brick repres5t+ ,j]usalem1 & ! ru9 ( ! nation by cutt+ & scatt]+ ! hair ( 8 head & be>d4 7#b47 viii4 to xi4--,9 ! six? ye>1 on ! six? day ( ! fif? mon?1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! eld]s ( ,judah1 ,ezekiel is c>ri$ 9 a prophetic vision to ,j]usalem1 is %[n !re ! s9s committ$ by ! ,israelites 9 ! v ,temple1 & ! consequ5t dep>ture ( ! ,div9e ,pres5ce f ! ,temple4 ,israel w suff] = 8 s9s1 b w at la/ rep5t & improve4 ,god promises1 8,i w give !m "o he>t1 & ,i w put a new _s )9 y2 & ,i w take ! /ony he>t out ( _! fle%1 & w give !m a he>t ( fle%2 t !y may walk 9 my /atutes1 & keep m9e ord9ances1 & d !m2 & !y %all be my p1 & ,i w be _! ,god0 7xi4 #ai1 #bj74 7#c47 xii4 & xiii4--,! prophet indicates ! com+ captivity by ! symbolic act ( prep>+ ! ?+s necess>y = go+ into exile4 ,! false prophets & prophetesses1 :o tell ! p to h no dread ( any com+ exile1 w be disappo9t$ & puni%$4 ,! falsehood ( ! prov]b1 8,9 ! l5g? ( "t e vision faile?10 w !n be evid5t4 7#d47 xiv4 to xix4--,ezekiel describes ! s9fulness ( ,israel1 & exhorts !m to return to ,god1 or else ! ?reat5$ calamity w ov]come !m4 ,he illu/rates ! approa*+ calamity by ! figure ( a c$>-tree & ! eagle4 ,al?\gh ! fa!rs h s9n$1 if ! sons ab/a9 f s9n+ !y may prev5t ! cata/rophe2 = ! prov]b1 8,! fa!rs h eat5 ! s\r grapes1 & ! tee? ( ! *ildr5 are set on edge10 w prove untrue4 ,if !y d n improve1 ! cata/rophe mu/ take place :i* ! prophet depicts 9 ! p>ables ( ! lioness caught & ( ! v9e consum$ by fire4 7#e47 xx4--,9 ! sev5? ye>1 ! ,eld]s ( ,israel came to ,ezekiel 8to inquire ( ! ,"l10 4 ,ezekiel describes ! wick$ness ( ,israel1 & ! puni%m5t !y des]v$4 7#f47 xxi4 to xxiii4--,comp>+ ,j]usalem & ,sam>ia to two si/]s1 ,oholibah & ,oholah1 he compla9s t ! =m]1 hav+ witness$ ! puni%m5t ( ! latt]1 has n pr(it$ by x4 7#g47 xxiv4--,on ! t5? day ( ! t5? mon? 9 ! n9? ye> ,ezekiel prophesies ! siege & fall ( ,j]usalem on ! v day on :i* ! siege comm5c$4 ,! greatness ( ! calamity1 to express :i* ! usual outw>d signs ( grief w\ld be inadequate1 is indicat$ by ! ,div9e comm& t ! prophet on ! dea? ( 8 wife %\ld exhibit no signs ( m\rn+4 7#h47 xxv4 to xxxii4--,l ,isaiah & ,j]emiah1 he =etells ! fate ( ! neighb\r+ nations1 ,ammonites1 ,moabites1 ,edomites1 ,phili/9es1 ,tyrians1 & ,egyptians4 ,! la/-nam$ are promis$ recov]y aft] =ty ye>s' desolation ( _! c\ntry4 7#i47 xxxiii4 & xxxiv4--,! prophet describes ! duties & responsibilities ( wat*m5 & %eph]ds1 & blames ^? ( 8 own "t z n fulfill+ _! duties3 8,b ,i w save my flock1 & !y %all no m be a prey2 & ,i w judge betwe5 cattle & cattle4 ,& ,i w set up "o %eph]d ov] !m1 & he %all fe$ !m1 ev5 my s]vant ,david3 he %all fe$ !m1 & he %all be _! %eph]d4 ,& ,i ! ,"l w be _! ,god1 & my s]vant ,david pr9ce among !m0 7xxxiv4 #bb-bd74 7#aj47 xxxv4--,he prophesies aga9/ ,seir1 = _! enmity aga9/ ,israel4 7#aa47 xxxvi4 & xxxvii4--,ezekiel =etells ! re/oration ( ,israel 9 ! p>able ( ! dry bones4 ,! union ( ,israel & ,judah is symbolically %[n by ! union ( two /aves4 7#ab47 xxxviii4 & xxxix4--,gog1 ! pr9ce ( ,ro%1 ,me%e*1 & ,tubal1 w make ! la/ ef=ts = ! de/ruction ( ,israel4 ,all 8 prep>ations w be 9 va94 ,he & 8 army w fall 9 ! l& ( ,israel4 ,& ! ,div9e promise is giv53 8,!y %all "k t ,i am ! ,"l _! ,god1 9 t ,i caus$ !m to g into captivity among ! nations1 & h ga!r$ !m into _! own l&1 & ,i w leave none ( !m any m !re3 nei!r w ,i hide my face any m f !m2 = ,i h p\r$ out my _s ^u ! h\se ( ,israel1 sai? ! ,"l ,god0 7xxxix4 #bh1 #bi74 7#ac47 xl4 to xlviii4--,9 ! f\rte5? ye> aft] ! fall ( ,j]usalem1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>1 on ! t5? day ( ! mon?1 ,ezekiel is c>ri$ 9 a vision to ! l& ( ,israel1 & is %[n !re ! rebuild+ ( ! future ,temple1 & ! division ( ! l& among ! twelve tribes1 ! ,levites & ! prie/s4 #d4 ,,! ,,twelve ,,m9or ,,prophets1 -- 7#a47 ,hosea 774--,hosea1 a contempor>y ( ,isaiah1 prophesi$ ab\t ! s9fulness ( ! nor!rn k+dom ( ! t5 tribes1 & turns 8 att5tion to ,judah only 9 s f> z ,judah p>ticipat$ 9 ! s9s ( ,israel1 & _! consequ5ces4 7a47 ,*aps1 i4 to iii4--,9 an allegory ( a fai?less woman & h] ?ree *ildr5 ! s9 ( ! t5 tribes is repres5t$1 :o fai?lessly turn$ away f ! wor%ip ( ,god 9 ,j]usalem4 ,! consequ5t ?ree /ages ( puni%m5t are repres5t$ by ! names ( ! ?ree *ildr53 ,jezreel1 ref]r+ to ! cata/rophe ( ! h\se ( ,ahab1 end+ 9 ! dea? ( ,jezebel 9 ,jezreel2 ,lo-ruhama 78,n piti$071 indicat+ ! fall ( ! h\se ( ,jehu1 f :i* ! m]cy ( ,god 0 )drawn aft] x _h be5 %[n 9 ! successes ( ,k+ ,j]oboam ,,ii42 & ! ?ird1 ,lo-ami 78,n-my-p071 pr$ict+ ! f9al dissolution ( ! k+dom4 ,b a "t ( m]cy & ,div9e protection is =etold by ! prophet :5 he said 9 ! "n ( ,god1 8,i w betro? !e unto me = ev]2 & ,i w betro? !e unto me 9 righte\sness & judgm5t & 9 lov+-k9dness & 9 m]cy2 & ,i w betro? !e unto me 9 fai?fulness1 & ?\ %alt "k ! ,"l2 & ,i w s[ !m unto me 9 ! l&1 & ,i w %[ m]cy to ,lo-ruhama2 & ,i w say to ,lo-ami1 ,?\ art my p2 & he %all say1 ,my ,god0 7ii4 #ba1 #bb1 #be74 ,?is happy "t1 h[ev]1 w only come aft] a p]iod ( trial1 repres5t$ 9 ! allegory by ! p]iod ( trial ( a fai?less woman be=e ! husb& has aga9 full confid5ce 9 h]4 8,= _m days %all ! *ildr5 ( ,israel dwell )\t k+1 )\t pr9ce1 )\t sacrifice1 )\t a /atue1 & )\t ephod & t]aphim4 ,aft] t ! *ildr5 ( ,israel w return & seek ! ,"l _! ,god1 & ,david _! k+2 & !y w anxi\sly ha/5 to ! ,"l & to ,8 goodness 9 latt] days0 7iii4 #d1 #e74 7b47 iv4 to viii4--,hosea rebukes ,ephraim = _! s9fulness & ob/9acy4 ,:5 an attempt is made at rep5tance x is n made 9 e>ne/1 & is soon ab&on$4 ,! s9s ( ,ephraim f9d imitation 9 ,judah1 & !re=e ! puni%m5t ( ,ephraim w also affect ,judah4 7c47 ix4 to xiv4--,! prophet blames ,israel = seek+ help 9 _! di/ress 9 ,egypt or ,assyria4 ,he c5sures _! conduct1 & contra/s x ) ! k9dness ( ,god 9 ! c\rse ( ! hi/ory ( ,israel s9ce ! "t ( ! patri>*s4 ,sam>ia mu/ fall1 b ,israel ne$ b e>ne/ly return to ,god1 & 8he w be l dew to ,israel1 :o w blossom l ! lily1 & ext5d 8 roots l ! c$>s ( ,lebanon0 7xiv4 #f72 = 8/raight are ! ways ( ! ,"l3 :il/ ! righte\s walk by !m1 transgressors /umble by !m0 7,ibid4 #aj74 7#b47 ,joel 774--,joel is a contempor>y ( ,isaiah4 ,locu/s h deva/at$ ! fields 9 ,judah4 ,joel exhorts ! p to rep5tance & pray]4 ,8 exhortation is act$ ^u1 & relief is promis$4 ,at ! same "t ! puni%m5t ( ! enemies ( ,israel 9 ! valley ( ,jeho%aphat is ann\nc$4 8,! day ( ! ,"l1 great & wond]ful10 w be indicat$ by extraord9>y ph5om5a 9 heav5 & on e>?1 s cle> t all w und]/& _! significance & =esee ! com+ judgm5t4 7#c47 ,amos 77--,amos1 a contempor>y ( ! =m]1 prophesi$ dur+ ! reign ( ,uzziah1 k+ ( ,judah1 & ,j]oboam1 k+ ( ,israel4 ,amos fir/ m5tions 9 %ort p>agraphs ! s9ful conduct ( ! neighb\r+ /ates1 ,damascus1 ,gaza1 ,tyre1 ,edom1 ,ammon1 ,moab1 & ,judah1 & ! puni%m5t decre$ aga9/ !m1 introduc+ ea* p>agraph ) ! words1 8,= ?ree s9s ( 444 7scil41 w ,i take back ! decree ( puni%m5t71 b = ! f\r?1 ,i w n take x back40 ,he !n dwells on ! s9s ( ,israel1 lay+ special /ress on ! luxuries ( ! ri*1 obta9$ ?r\gh oppression ( ! poor1 & tells !m t1 ?\gh ,god has frequ5tly p>don$1 ,he w p>don no m4 ,amaziah1 a prie/ ( ,be?-el1 w>ns ,amos1 & bids him leave ! c\ntry1 b ! prophet1 nev]!less1 cont9ues to proclaim ! com+ judgm5t ( ,god1 viz41 ! exile ( ,israel1 add+1 h[ev]1 ! com=t+ prophecy t ! "t w come :5 ,israel %all be re/or$ to 8 own l& & enjoy la/+ happ9ess4 7#d47 ,obadiah 774--,obadiah prophesies aga9/ ! ,edomites1 & ann\nces ! ,div9e decree aga9/ !m = _! cruel treatm5t ( ,judah 9 times ( di/ress4 7#e47 ,jonah 774--,jonah1 son ( ,amittai1 prophesi$ success to ,k+ ,j]oboam ,,ii4 7#b ,k+s xiv4 #be74 ,he 0 s5t to ?reat5 ! inhabitants ( ,n9eveh ) ! de/ruction ( _! city 9 =ty days4 ,in/ead ( go+ to ,n9eveh he set out 9 a boat = ,t>%i%2 dur+ a /orm he 0 ?r[n ov]bo>d1 swall[$ by a fi%1 & aga9 br\ght to ! %ore4 ,he !n c>ri$ out ! ,div9e mission1 ! result ( :i* 0 t ! ,n9evites rep5t$ ( _! evil de$s & obta9$ a respite4 ,jonah1 disappo9t$ t ! ?reat ( :i* he 0 ! be>] 0 n fulfill$1 0 rebuk$ by ,god1 & taught by 8 own grief at ! de/ruction ( a plant 8t _h come up 9 a night0 h[ wrong x 0 to wi% t ,god %\ld n %[ m]cy ^u ! inhabitants ( ,n9eveh1 & to neglect any?+ t c\ld lead to _! rep5tance & consequ5t salvation4 7#f47 ,micah 774--,micah ( ,more%a 0 likewise a contempor>y ( ,isaiah4 ,he prophesi$ 9 ,judah4 #a4 7i4-iii47 ,he raises 8 voice especially aga9/ ! pr9ces1 magi/rates1 & false prophets1 :o unite 9 oppress+ & ru9+ ! p4 ,:5 ,micah tells !m _! s9s & ! com+ puni%m5t1 !y say to him1 8,d n prea*2 !y d n prea* = su* ?+s2 !y d n (f5d0 7ii4 #f74 ,b ! prophet ( ! ,"l is n det]r$ f 8 mission1 b cont9ues to d5\nce _! wick$ness3 8,h] *iefs judge = brib]y1 & h] prie/s tea* = paym5t1 & h] prophets decide = silv]2 yet w !y lean ^u ! ,"l1 & say1 ,is n ! ,"l 9 our mid/8 no evil %all come ^u u4 ,!re=e %all ,zion be pl[$ into a field1 & ,j]usalem %all become heaps1 & ! m\nta9 ( ! ,temple z ! high places ( a =e/0 7iii4 #aa1 #ab74 #b4 7iv4-v47 ,l ,isaiah1 he depicts ! ,messianic p]iod1 9 :i* ! h\se ( ,jacob w be an example ( true fai? 9 ,god to all nations2 9 :i* ,israel w be re/or$ to 8 l&1 "u ! rule ( a desc5dant ( ,david4 ,b a p]iod ( trials & tr\bles mu/ prec$e ^? happy days1 9 ord] to puni% ,israel1 & to purify & prep>e him = 8 future greatness4 #c4 7vi4-vii47 ,! same pr9ciples are taught 9 ! next "p 7vi4 & vii47 9 ! =m ( a controv]sy 7 7 betwe5 ! ,"l & ,8 p4 ,! latt] are rem9d$ ( ! b5efits ,god has be/[$ on !m2 & :5 !y ask h[ !y are expect$ to %[ _! gratitude1 ! prophet says1 8,o man1 ,he has told !e :at is good2 & :at does ! ,"l require ( !e b to d ju/ice1 love k9dness1 & to walk humbly ) ?y ,god80 7vi4 #h74 7#g47 ,nahum 774--,! fall ( ,n9eveh is pr$ict$4 ,! p[] ( ! mighty ,assyrian ,empire1 hi!rto a t]ror to ,judah & o!r k+doms1 w come to an end2 no rem$y c save h] any m4 7#h47 ,habakkuk 774--,habakkuk prophesi$ at ! "t :5 ! ,casdim or ,*aldeans 7 ab\t to occupy ! place ( ! ,assyrians z conqu]ors ( ,syria1 ,pale/9e1 & ,egypt1 & to become ! rod 9 ! h& ( ,god = ! puni%m5t ( ,israel4 ,habakkuk1 on receiv+ ! mission to ann\nce ! ,casdim z ! executors ( ! ,div9e decree1 is at a loss to und]/& :y ^! wick$ & cruel p %\ld be *os5 to *a/ise ^? :o are f> less wick$2 :y ! evil-do] %\ld swall[ him :o is m righte\s4 ,! answ] he receives is1 8,b ! j %all live by 8 fai?40 ,! evil-do] w 9 due "t receive 8 full puni%m5t4 ,habakkuk !n gives expression to 8 implicit fai? 9 ! ju/ice ( ,god1 9 a hymn :i* is sup]scrib$1 8,pray] 77 ( ! prophet ,habakkuk on acc\nt ( errors20 = 9 x he rectifies1 z x 71 8 previ\s gr\ndless d\bt4 7#i47 ,zephaniah 774--,he prophesi$ 9 ! days ( ,k+ ,josiah4 ,he proclaims ! approa* ( ! great day ( ! ,"l1 on :i* all ^? :o turn$ away f ,him w receive _! puni%m5t1 all ! ri* & p[]ful :o say ! ,"l does nei!r good nor evil4 ,he appeals to ! humble 9 ! l& 7 7 to seek ! ,"l 9 pray]1 9 ord] to be sav$ on 8! day ( ! ang] ( ! ,"l40 ,= ! ,phili/9es1 ! ,phnicians1 ,moab1 ,ammon1 & ,assyria w be puni%$1 nor w ,j]usalem escape free4 8,i w !n turn10 he says 9 ! "n ( ,god1 8a pure language to ! nations1 t all ( !m w call by ! "n ( ,god1 & s]ve ,him ) "o accord0 7iii4 #i74 8,9 t day %alt ?\ n be a%am$ = all ?y do+s :]e9 ?\ ha/ transgress$ aga9/ me2 = !n ,i w take away out ( ! mid/ ( !e !m t rejoice 9 ?y pride1 & ?\ %alt no m be haughty on my holy m\nta94 ,& ,i w leave 9 ?y mid/ a poor & humble p1 & !y %all tru/ 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l4 ,! remnant ( ,israel %all n d iniquity1 & !y %all n speak falsehood1 & a tongue ( deceit %all n be f\nd 9 _! m\?0 7iii4 #i1 #aa-ac74 7#aj47 ,haggai 77--,! ,israelites1 :o by ! comm& ( ,cyrus _h discont9u$ ! rebuild+ ( ! ,temple aft] ! f\ndation _h be5 laid by 8 p]mission1 7 exhort$ by ,haggai1 9 ! second ye> ( ! reign ( ,d>ius1 to resume ! "w4 ,guid$ by ,z]ubbabel & ,jo%ua1 son ( ,jehozadak1 !y obey$1 & ! prophet describes to !m ! bless+ :i* !y w h5ce=? enjoy4 7#aa47 ,ze*>iah 773-- #a4 7i4 to vii47 ,ze*>iah1 a contempor>y ( ,haggai1 exhorts ! ,israelites to li/5 to ! words ( ! prophets1 see+ t ! words ( =m] prophets h be5 fulfill$4 ,! ,div9e s*eme = ! re/oration ( ,israel & ! rebuild+ ( ! ,temple 9 spite ( all ob/acles1 is %[n to ! prophet 9 v>i\s visions4 ,9 "o vision ,jo%ua is appo9t$ high-prie/1 not)/&+ ! asp]sions ( 8 adv]s>y 771 & ,z]ubbabel or ,zema*1 ! political *ief ( ! community4 ,jo%ua is exhort$ 8to walk 9 ! ways ( ! ,"l1 to keep ! *>ge entru/$ to him1 & to gu>d ! ,h\se ( ,god & ,8 c\rts20 & ,z]ubbabel is rem9d$ t success is n obta9$ 8by might & /r5g?1 b by ! _s ( ! ,"l40 8,?us ! "o--,zema* by "n--%all sit on 8 ?rone & be rul]1 & ! o!r--,jo%ua--%all sit on 8 ?rone & be prie/1 & a c\nsel ( peace %all be betwe5 ! two0 7vi4 #ac74 #b4 ,*ap4 viii4--,! prophet is ask$ :e!r ! day ( m\rn+ 9 ! fif? mon? is to be cont9u$4 ,! prophetic answ] is z foll[s3 ,! reason = ! m\rn+ 01 t y\r fa!rs did n li/5 to ! ^w ( ,god1 & 7 puni%$ = _! disob$i5ce4 ,n[1 z ! "t ( puni%m5t is ov]1 x is = y to prev5t a recurr5ce ( ^! sad exp]i5ces4 ,:at y h to d is ?is3 ,speak ! tru? "o to ano!r2 tru? & judgm5t ( peace judge 9 y\r gates4 ,let no "o plan 9 8 he>t ! ru9 ( 8 neighb\r1 & d n love to swe> falsely4 ,let ! fa/s ( ! f\r?1 fif?1 sev5?1 & t5? mon?s be to ! h\se ( ,judah = rejoic+1 joy1 & good seasons2 love tru? & peace 7viii4 #af1 #ag1 #ai74 ,at ! same "t ! promise is giv5 t ! "t w come :5 nations w seek ! ,"l 9 ,j]usalem1 & say to ! ,jews1 8,we w g ) y1 = ,god is ) y0 7viii4 #bc74 #c4 7ix4-xi47 ,! prophet enc\rages ,zion to rejoice 9 h] future mission2 h] enemies r\nd ab\t w be br\ght to sil5ce1 & h] k+1 meek & humble1 8poor & rid+ on an ass10 8w speak peace to ! nations1 & 8 rule w ext5d f sea to sea1 & f ! riv] to ! ends ( ! e>?0 7ix4 #i1 #aj74 ,judah & ,ephraim w unite1 & bo? w enjoy ! ,div9e protection4 ,if ?is has n yet tak5 place1 x is ! fault ( ! 8bad %eph]ds10 i4e41 ! bad lead]s ( ! p4 #d4 7xii4-xiv47 ,! prophet =etells tr\bles :i* w come ^u ,j]usalem :5 ! nations w make ! la/ ef=t to take t city4 ,!y w be defeat$1 & ,judah w be fill$ on t occasion ) 8a _s ( grace0 7 71 & w pray to ,god = ! safety ( 8 enemy2 ! v ,jews1 8:om ! enemy desir$ to pi]ce10 w pray = him1 & m\rn = 8 dea? z a fa!r m\rne? = ! loss ( 8 only *ild4 ,judah w !n be free f false prophets & bad %eph]ds4 ,god w make ,himself kn[n to all3 8,& ! ,"l w be a ,k+ ov] ! :ole e>?2 on t day w ! ,"l be ,"o & ,8 "n ,"o0 7xiv4 #i74 ,all w come to ,j]usalem 8to wor%ip ! ,k+1 ! ,"l ,zebao?1 & to celebrate ! fea/ ( ,succo?0 7,ibid4 #af71 express+ !reby _! conviction t ,god alone is able to af=d protection & bless+4 7#ab47 ,mala*i 774--,mala*i1 ! la/ ( ! prophets1 exhorts ! prie/s to true rev]5ce ( ! sanctu>y1 & to consci5ti\s fulfilm5t ( _! duties4 ,! di/9ction ( ! prie/ 0 bas$ on ! di/9ction ( 8 conduct3 8,! law ( tru? 0 9 8 m\?1 & iniquity 0 n f\nd on 8 lips2 9 peace & uprightness he walk$ ) me1 & _m turn$ he back f iniquity4 ,= ! lips ( ! prie/ %all keep k1 & in/ruction %all !y seek ( 8 m\?1 = he is a mess5g] ( ! ,"l ,zebao?0 7ii4 #f1 #g74 ,judah is !n rebuk$ = 8 fai?lessness4 ,bo?1 ! ,levites 7includ+ ! prie/s7 & ,judah1 w pass ?r\gh a process ( ref9+2 ! wick$ w be remov$1 :il/ = 8^? :o fe> ! "n ( ,god0 ! sun ( salvation w %9e4 ,^? :o desire to obta9 a place among ^! latt] mu/ 8rememb] ! law ( ,moses1 ! s]vant ( ,god1 :i* ,god comm&$ him on ,horeb = all ,israel2 /atutes & judgm5ts0 7iii4 #bb74 ,be=e ! great day ( ! ,"l1 ! day ( judgm5t1 ! ,"l w s5d 8! prophet ,elijah1 :o w cause ! he>ts ( fa!rs & *ildr5 to unite 9 return+ to ,god40 #c4 ,,! ,,hagiographa 774 ,! ,hagiographa =m ! la/ collection ( holy writ+s1 compos$ by m5 :o1 al?\gh !y 7 n prophets1 7 fill$ ) ! _s ( ! ,"l 7 74 ,!y include ! ?ree l>g] works3 7a7 7or 7 ,psalms1 ,prov]bs1 & ,job2 7b7 ! ,five ,scrolls 7 71 viz41 ,song ( ,songs1 ,ru?1 ,lam5tations1 ,ecclesia/es1 ,e/h]2 7c7 ! hi/orical books3 ,daniel1 ,ezra1 ,nehemiah1 & ! two books ( ,*ronicles4 #a4 ,psalms 774--,! ,psalms are hymns conta9+ praises ( ,god's greatness1 pray]s = ,8 m]cy1 & m$itations on ,8 wisdom1 p[]1 ju/ice1 & goodness4 ,h[ev] v>i\s ! ,psalms are 9 =m & cont5ts1 !y h ?is 9 common1 t !y all are bas$ on ! pure/ & s9c]e/ tru/ 9 ,god's ju/ice & goodness4 8,! mighty & pr\d1 :o rely on _! own /r5g? & are guid$ by ! dictates ( _! own w1 _c succe$ = ev]2 ! poor & humble1 :o rely on ,god's m]cy & are guid$ by ! ^w ( ,god1 w n suff] = ev]40 ,?is is ! tru? :i* ! ,psalmi/ proclaims 9 8 songs ov] & ov] aga94 ,yet !re is a great v>iety 9 ! cont5ts ( ! ,psalms4 ,"s are simply praises ( ,god's greatness1 e4g41 viii41 xix41 xxxii41 xcii41 xcv4 to xcix41 ciii41 civ41 c4 ,o!rs are ! expression ( gratitude1 e4g41 ix41 xviii41 xxxiv41 lxvi41 lxviii41 c4 ,_m are pray]s 9 "t ( tr\ble2 9 mo/ ( ^! ! suppliant feels sure t ,god w accept 8 pray]1 & is confid5t t help w come4 ,su* psalms are iii41 iv41 v41 vi41 xii41 xiii41 c4 ,to ?is class belong also all ! psalms :i* ref] to ! tr\bles ( ,david dur+ ! reign ( ,saul1 z lii41 liv41 lvi41 lix41 lxiii41 c42 "s ( ! ,asaph-psalms1 lxxiii41 lxxvii41 lxxix41 lxxx42 ! p5it5tial psalms1 9 :i* ! s9n] prays = m]cy1 z xxv41 xxxii41 xxxviii41 li42 & ^? 9 :i* a long+ is express$ = ! ,h\se ( ,god1 e4g41 xxvii41 xlii41 xliii41 lxv41 lxxxiv4 ,"s psalms are a prote/ aga9/ ^? :o rely on human =ce & human cunn+ in/ead ( hav+ fai? 9 ,god1 a prote/ ( ! aga9/ ! view & cre$ ( ! & or e4g41 ix4 & x41 xi41 xiv41 xvi41 xvii41 c4 ,"s psalms are ( a m didactic "*1 %[+ ! way ( true happ9ess 7,ps4 i471 depict+ a truly pi\s life 7xv41 xxiv471 or ! excell5ce ( ! ^w ( ,god1 z xix41 cxix42 or ! uselessness ( sacrifice )\t purity ( he>t 7xl41 l41 li474 ,! poetical =m ( ! ,psalms1 z ( ,hebrew poetry 9 g5]al1 is p>allelism4 ,! s5t5ces are =m$ 9 su* a mann] t ! psalm c be arrang$ 9 l9es divisible into two p>ts1 :i* are ei!r two elem5ts ( a s+le idea1 or a d\ble expression ( ! same idea1 or a comb9ation ( two ideas or ?+s oppos$ to ea* o!r1 illu/rat+ an idea by its anti!sis4 ,9 "s ( ! ,psalms ! p>allelism is p]fect ?r\gh\t1 9 o!rs x is p>tly ab&on$1 probably 9 ord] n to slavi%ly subord9ate ! idea to ! =m ( its expression4 ,! same is to be notic$ z reg>ds o!r =ms ( ! ,psalms4 ,"s are arrang$ alphabetically1 t is1 ! successive v]ses beg9 ) successive lett]s ( ! alphabet2 b deviations f ! plan are met ) almo/ 9 all su* psalms4 ,!re are psalms :i* are divid$ into a c]ta9 numb] ( p>ts or /rophes1 ea* "p beg9n+ or end+ ) ! same phrase or v]se2 b almo/ inv>iably ^! phrases or v]ses und]go "s modification4 ,! /yle is naturally poetical1 & figurative language is employ$ ?r\gh\t4 ,god is a ,rock 771 an habitation 771 a ,%eph]d 771 :o fe$s ,8 flock ) great c>e & love2 ,he is an eagle1 "u ^: w+s 71 7 ! weak f9d protection2 ,he rides 9 ! heav5s ( ! heav5s ( old 7 74 ,man is comp>$ to 8grass t )]s10 to a 8fl[] t blossoms 9 ! morn+1 & 9 ! ev5+ x is )]$ & dri$ up20 ! life ( man is b a brea? 772 a lie 772 light 9 ! balance 7 72 he *anges l a g>m5t1 l a raim5t4 ,! days ( a long life are l ! days ( ! heav5s1 ! sun or ! moon 7 1 1 or 74 ,! mighty are m\nta9s ) _m peaks 7 71 !y h horns l ^? ( ! unicorns1 :il/ ! weak are 8a wall b5t0 7 71 8a f5ce ?ru/ d[n0 7 72 8!y h sunk 9 deep mire20 8!y h come into fire & into wat]20 8! wat]s h come unto ! s\l40 ,! meek are 8brok5 9 he>t10 8cru%$ 9 _s40 ,! wick$ & unju/ are l lions & dogs2 !y h poison 8l ! poison ( a s]p5t1 l a deaf add] t /oppe? its e>s1 t does n li/5 to ! voice ( *>m]s1 to ! clev] sorc]]40 ,_! words are smoo? l cream & oil1 :il/ 9 ! he>t !re are w>1 dagg]s1 %>p swords4 ,! ?reat5$ "o runs l a h9d1 escapes l a bird4 ,^? :o h no high] aim ?an mat]ial enjoym5ts are l 8%eep driv5 to dea?20 8man 9 8 dignity1 )\t und]/&+1 is l cattle t p]i%40 ,mi%aps come ^u man l ! waves ( ! sea4 ,! ,div9e judgm5t visits ! wick$ l a ?und]/orm2 x %akes ! e>? l an e>?quake or volcano4 ,s9n]s receive 8! cup ( confusion0 7 7 at ! h& ( ,god2 = 8a cup is 9 ! h& ( ! ,"l1 & ! w9e !re9 is r$2 x is full ) dr9k1 & ,he p\rs out f x1 b its dregs all ! wick$ ( ! e>? w suck & dr9k40 ,! s9n] is puni%$ by 8 own de$2 8he digs a pit & falls into x20 he feels l a sick p]son ^: 8bones are tr\bl$1 & )]20 8 purification is toe heal+ ( ! s\l2 he is purifi$ ) hyssop2 he becomes :it] ?an sn[ 7li4 #i74 ,:5 man s9s he feels z if he _h become a *ang$ creature1 z if he _h n[ be5 born & conceiv$ 9 s9 7v]4 #g72 :5 he rep5ts & improves1 ,god creates 9 him a new he>t1 & r5ews a firm _s )9 him 7v]4 #ab74 ,! wife ( ! ,god-fe>+ man is comp>$ to ! fruitful v9e1 8 *ildr5 to "y olive-trees 7cxxviii474 ,! righte\s w fl\ri% l a palm-tree1 w gr[ high l a c$> ^u ,lebanon 7xcii4 #ac74 ,:il/ ! righte\s is l a tree plant$ by ! brook ( wat]1 ! wick$ are l *aff :i* ! w9d drives away 7i4 #c1 #d74 ,israel is lik5$ to a v9e br\ght f ,egypt & plant$ 9 ,pale/9e 7lxxx4 #i74 ,peacefulness & bro!rly love1 betwe5 high & l[1 ! mighty & ! weak1 ! ri* & ! poor1 ! wise & ! simple1 are illu/rat$ by ! f9e oil t fl[s d[n f ! head to ! be>d1 ! be>d t desc5ds ov] ! g>m5ts1 & ! dew ( ! high ,h]mon t comes d[n to ! l[] m\nta9s ( ,zion 7cxxx474 ,!re are "s in/ances ( play ^u words 7lvi4 #i71 & ( rhymes 7cxlv4 #aa2 xxxiv4 #f72 ! latt] are app>5tly n int5tional4 ,al?\gh we g5]ally speak ( ! ,psalms ( ,david1 only a portion ( !m 0 compos$ by ,k+ ,david2 ! head+s ascribe also "o psalm to ,moses1 two to ,k+ ,solomon1 twelve to ,asaph1 "o to ,heman1 & "o to ,e?an2 & "s h no au?or m5tion$ 9 ! head+4 ,_m h no sup]scription at all1 & mo/ ( ^! seem to belong to a lat] p]iod4 ,! individual psalms h v>i\s names4 ,! mo/ g5]al ( !m is a poem1 set 9 music4 ,( "s x is di/9ctly /at$ t !y 7 int5d$ to be sung2 ?is is express$ 9 ! head+ by ! ^w 8song10 :i* ei!r prec$es or foll[s ! title or /&s alone )\t 4 ,! t]m1 8song10 is fur!r qualifi$ by 8( ! d$ication ( ! h\se10 8( love10 & or 8( degrees lead+ upw>d10 i4e41 t[>ds ,god4 ,ano!r "n occurr+ 9 twelve psalms is 8in/ructive song20 ! mas*il proclaims ! lesson t ,god is ,k+ ( ! univ]se1 & t ^? are happy :o tru/ 9 ,8 ju/ice & m]cy4 ,a simil> mean+ atta*es to ! ^w sup]add$ to 9 ,ps4 lx42 lit4 8to tea*10 i4e41 t ! song be le>nt by all1 9 ord] t p may /r5g!n _! confid5ce 9 ,god 9 times ( tr\ble 7comp4 #b ,sam4 i4 #ah74 ,! mean+ ( :i* occurs 9 two psalms 7xxxviii4 & lxx471 is 8= pray]40 ,!re is "o psalm 7c471 8= ?anksgiv+20 ano!r 8= ! ,sabba?-day10 7xcii474 ,f\r psalms are call$ 8pray]0 7xvii41 lxxxvi41 xc1 cii472 "o 7cxlv471 8praise20 "o 7vii471 8an error10 #h ref]r+ to ! miscalculation ( ! wick$ 9 prep>+ weapons aga9/ ! innoc5t1 :i* weapons are turn$ aga9/ !mselves2 & six are sup]scrib$ 8a jewel40 ,su* a jewel is ! ,psalmi/'s 8fai? 9 ,god10 t inspires him ) hope & pure joy 9 ! mid/ ( mis=tune4 ,! head+s include also in/ructions = ! s+]s & ref]5ces to ! musical in/rum5ts :i* are to be us$4 ,! mo/ g5]al t]m is 8to ! *ief10 scil41 ( ! s+]s or ,levites2 x ref]s to ! *ief ( a p>ticul> division ( ! ,levites if x is foll[$ by a qualify+ phrase1 & to ! *ief ( all ! ,levites if x is n foll[$ by any qualification4 ,! t]m describes ! psalm z a ,temple-song1 al?\gh ?is may n h be5 its orig9al object4 ,ev5 poems :i* h be5 compos$ by ,david on c]ta9 p]sonal ev5ts became--p]haps slightly modifi$--national songs1 & =m$ "p ( ! public s]vice4 ,! adaptation 0 easy1 because ^! hi/orical psalms r>ely conta9 any allusion to ! p>ticul> ev5t m5tion$ 9 ! sup]scription4 ,! t]m is qualifi$ by 8on a /r+$ in/rum5t10 be+ ! p>ticul> in/rum5t ( ! ,levites1 ( :om ?is 0 ! ma/]4 ,! t]m :i* 9 sev]al psalms foll[s ! ^w is grammatically unconnect$ ) ! latt]2 x means 8on /r+$ in/rum5ts10 & is ! in/ruction = ! 4 ,!re 7 sev]al k9ds ( su* in/rum5ts2 two k9ds are nam$ & 8! neg9a? ) eight /r+s0 or 8*ords10 & 8! gitti?0 com+ f ,ga?1 a t[n 9 ! l& ( ! ,phili/9es4 ,o!r k9ds ( musical in/rum5ts are 7v471 7liii471 & 7xlvi472 ^! are holl[ flute-l in/rum5ts1 also call$ 7#a ,*ron4 xv4 #bj74 ,9 "s cases ! division ( ,levites is nam$ in/ead ( ! in/rum5t3 8,j$u?un0 7xxxix41 lxii4 & lxxvii42 comp4 #a ,*ron4 xxv4 #c72 8to ! sons ( ,korah0 7xlii4 to xlix41 & lxxxiv4 to lxxxviii472 once ! direction occurs 7lxxxviii471 8to s+ alt]nately10 ref]r+ to ! two divisions ( ,levites head$ by & 8! ,ezrahite ,heman10 & 8! ,ezrahite ,e?an0 7lxxxviii4 & lxxxix474 ,a few t]ms are met ) 9 ! head+s :i* describe ! cont5ts ( ! psalm 9 a poetical /yle4 ,su* are 7a47 1 & 7lx41 lxxx41 xlv41 & lxix471 8,te/imony = ! lily or lilies10 or 8= lilies40 ,! poet calls by ?is "n ! fl[] ( ! nation1 ! meek & ,god-fe>+1 :o are "u ! special protection ( ,god1 & are de/9$ to be cr[n$ 9 ! end ) glory & victory1 7b47 7xxii471 8,! /r5g? ( ! dawn40 ,! phrase ref]s to ! /r5g? giv5 to ! suff]] 9 ! d>kness ( 8 despair by ! awak5+ ( 8 fai? 9 ,god1 :i* is comp>$ by ! poet to ! dawn z ! =]unn] ( daylight1 7c47 8,d n de/roy0 7lvii41 lviii41 lix41 & lxxv474 ,by ?is head+ ! au?or indicates t ! psalm is a prote/ aga9/ ! self-confid5ce ( ! wick$ 9 ! success ( _! wick$ness1 ei!r ) ref]5ce to _! evil designs aga9/ ! au?or himself1 or to _! plans 9 g5]al4 7d47 8,dove 9 ! =ce ( ^? f>10 scil41 f ,god 7lvi474 ,! psalm conta9s ! expression ( ,david's fai? 9 ,god :5 he 0 caught by ! ,phili/9es 9 ,ga?4 ,9 "s ( ! head+s ! ev5t is m5tion$ :i* prompt$ ! ,psalmi/ to compose ! psalm3 ,david's flight f ,j]usalem :5 ,absalom rebell$ aga9/ him 7iii472 ! sl&] ( ! ,b5jamite ,ku% 7vii472 ! dea? ( ,labb5 7ix472 rescue f ! h&s ( ,saul & o!r enemies 7xiii472 d$ication ( ! h\se 7xxx472 ,david's escape f ,abimele*1 k+ ( ! ,phili/9es 7xxxiv472 8 capture by ! ,phili/9es 9 ,ga? 7lvi472 8 /ay 9 ! cave ( ,adullam 7lvii41 cxlii472 dang] ( be+ put to dea? by ! s]vants ( ,saul 7lix472 w> ) ,aram & ,edom 7lx472 soj\rn 9 ! wild]ness ( ,judah 7lxiii474 ,! ord] ( ! ,psalms is n *ronological2 e4g41 *ap4 iii4 ref]s to ! rebellion ( ,absalom1 :il/ *ap1 cxlii4 0 compos$ be=e ! dea? ( ,saul4 ,! pr9ciple :i* guid$ ! collector 9 fix+ ! place ( ea* psalm is n kn[n4 ,b x is c]ta9ly n ! result ( m]e *ance t ! fir/ two psalms speak ( ! ,law ( ,god1 & ( ! puni%m5t ( ^? :o rebel aga9/ ,god & aga9/ ,8 ano9t$2 & t ! la/ psalm calls ^u all to praise ,god ) all _! s\l3 8,let e ?+ t ha? brea? praise ! ,"l1 ,hallelujah60 ,nor is x m]e *ance t ! psalms are divid$1 l ! ,law1 into five gr\ps or books1 ea* "o end+ ) a doxology4 ,x is possible t ! psalms 7 recit$ or sung at ! public s]vice 9 a mann] correspond+ to ! read+ ( ! ,law & ! ,prophets4 ,! fir/ two books conta9 mo/ ( ! psalms sup]scrib$ 8by ,david10 b !re are also "s 9 ! o!r books 7"o 9 ,,iii41 two 9 ,,iv41 f\rte5 9 ,v474 ,at ! end ( ! second book 7lxxii4 #bj7 ! foll[+ words are add$3 8,! pray]s ( ,david1 ! son ( ,jesse1 are end$20 i4e41 ! hope :i* has j be5 express$ 9 ! words 8,& ! :ole e>? %all be fill$ ) ! glory ( ,god10 =ms ! aim & end ( all ! pray]s ( ,david1 ! son ( ,jesse4 ,! v]se does n mean t ! fir/ sev5ty-two *apt]s ( ! ,psalms conta9 all ! pray]s ( ,david1 z !re are sev]al psalms ( ,david betwe5 *aps1 lxxiii4 & cl4 ,! ,psalms 7 compos$ by ,david & o!r au?ors p>tly = private use1 p>tly = ! public s]vice 9 ! ,temple & o!r places ( wor%ip4 ,( ^? t 7 orig9ally = private use "s 7 subsequ5tly adapt$ = public s]vice1 & ev5 ^? int5d$ f ! beg9n+ = public wor%ip 7 adapt$ to ! diff]5t modes ( recitation or s++4 ,! ,book ( ,psalms includes1 !re=e1 two rec5sions ( sev]al *apt]s2 e4g41 xiv4 & liii42 xviii4 & #b ,sam4 xxii42 lx4 #g-ad & cviii4 #g-ad2 lvii4 #h-ab & cviii4 #b-f2 cv4 #a-ae & #a ,*ron4 xvi4 #h-bb2 xcvi4 & #a ,*ron4 xvi4 #bc-cc2 cxxxv4 & cxxxvi4 ,a consid]able portion ( our daily pray]s consi/s ( psalms4 ,we di/+ui% ! foll[+ gr\ps3--7a47 8,v]ses ( song10 ,ps4 cxlv4 to cl42 to :i* ! foll[+ are add$ on ,sabba?s & ,fe/ivals3 xix41 xxxiv41 xc1 xci41 cxxxv41 cxxxvi4 7call$ 8! great ,hallel071 xxxiii41 xcii41 & xciii4 7b47 8,song ( ! day20 a diff]5t psalm is recit$ ea* day ( ! week aft] ! morn+ pray] 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 xxiv41 xlviii41 lxxxii41 xciv41 lxxxi41 xciii41 xcii4 7c47 8,friday ev5+ psalms10 xcv4 to xcix4 7d47 ,sabba? aft]noon psalms3 civ41 cxx4 to cxxxiv4 7e47 8,praise10 cxiii4 to cxviii4 7f47 ,p5it5tial psalms aft] ev5+ pray] on week-days1 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 xxv41 xxxii41 xxxviii41 li41 lxxxvi4 #b4 ,prov]bs ( ,solomon1 ! son ( ,david1 k+ ( ,israel4 ,! ,book ( ,prov]bs belongs to ^? ,biblical books :i* are call$ 8books ( wisdom40 ,!y appeal to ! reason ( man1 & d n support _! words by ! au?ority ( ,revelation1 al?\gh ! au?ors & ^? :o gave !m ! f9al %ape 7 inspir$ & guid$ by ! 8! div9e _s40 ,! comm&m5ts ( ,god & ,8 ways are ref]r$ to z ! safe/ guide = man 9 all conditions ( life4 ,?ree books are includ$ 9 ?is class3 ,prov]bs1 ,job1 & ,ecclesia/es4 8,! ,prov]bs ( ,solomon0 are divid$ into ! foll[+ six sections3--7,a47 ,introduction1 i4 to ix42 7,b47 ,collection ( ,prov]bs3 7a47 ,prov]bs ( ,solomon1 x4 to xxii4 #af2 7b47 ,words ( ! ,wise1 xxii4 #ag to xxiv4 #bb2 7c47 ,second gr\p ( ,words ( ! ,wise1 #bc to #cd2 7d47 ,prov]bs ( ,solomon collect$ by ! m5 ( ,hezekiah1 xxv4 to xxviii42 7e47 ,words ( ,agur-b9-yakeh1 xxx42 7f47 ,words ( ,lemuel1 xxxi4 ,! f\r? section 7*aps1 xxv4 to xxix47 is introduc$ by ! foll[+ sup]scription3--8,also ^! are ! ,prov]bs ( ,solomon1 :i* ! m5 ( ,hezekiah1 k+ ( ,judah1 _h remov$40 ,! m5 ( ,hezekiah seem to h be5 unc]ta9 :e!r ?is section %\ld =m "p ( ! book1 because ( ! seem+ contradiction betwe5 ! f\r? & fif? v]ses ( ! tw5ty-six? *apt]4 ,! m5 ( ! ,great ,synagogue decid$ ! "q 9 fav\r ( its incorporation 9 ! book1 & reconcil$ ! seem+ contradiction by _! int]pretation4 ,! fif? collection ( prov]bs is ascrib$ to ,agur-b9-yakeh1 an allegorical phrase mean+ 8collection des]v+ respect40 ,! collection is fur!r call$ 8! burd50--! usual head+ ( prophecies--9 ord] to give x m weight4 ,also ! re/ ( ! sup]scription1 8,! say+ ( ! man ,le?iel10 ,le?iel ve-uc*al1 is ( an allegorical "*1 signify+1 8,god--i4e41 ! ^w ( ,god--is my task1 & ,i %all prevail40 ,! phrase is set =? m cle>ly 9 ! succe$+ v]ses3 human k is insuffici5t1 b 8,all ! ^w ( ,god is pure2 he is a %ield to ^? :o tru/ 9 him0 7xxx4 #e74 ,! second half ( ?is collection has ! head+ ,la-alukah1 8,= a necklace0 7comp4 i4 #i71 simil> 9 mean+ to ! head+ 8,jewel10 9 ! ,psalms4 ,! =m ( ^! prov]bs1 bas$ on ! numb]s two1 ?ree1 & f\r1 is simil> to t ( ! prophecies ( ,amos 7*aps1 i4 & ii474 ,! la/ collection is head$1 8,words to ,lemuel1 ! k+2 ! burd5 :]e) 8 "m in/ruct$ him40 ,! cont5ts ( ! in/ruction is1 8,be n lic5ti\s & intemp]ate2 help ! poor & oppress$40 ,! "n ,lemuel is likewise allegorical1 mean+ 8,god-w>d40 ,! book concludes ) ! praises ( a virtu\s woman4 7,a47 ,introduction4--,! object ( ! book is set =? 9 v]ses #b to #g ( ! fir/ *apt] z foll[s3 8,to make man "k wisdom & in/ruction1 compreh5d words ( und]/&+1 & take ! in/ruction ( act+ wisely1 ) ju/ice1 judgm5t1 & righte\sness2 to give skill to ! simple2 to ! "y k & discretion2 t ! wise may he> & increase doctr9e1 & ! prud5t acquire clev]ness to und]/& prov]b & figure1 ! words ( wise m5 & _! allegories4 ,! beg9n+ ( k is ! fe> ( ! ,"l2 wisdom & in/ruction fools despise40 ,?is la/ s5t5ce is ! basis ( ! book4 ,)\t fe> ( ! ,"l all k & wisdom w prove insuffici5t = e/abli%+ man's true happ9ess4 ,! ,introduction consi/s ( sev]al connect$ addresses1 9 :i* ! au?or p]suades ! read] to li/5 to 8 advice1 & keep away f wick$ p be=e x is too late4 ,he exhorts man to entru/ himself to ! guidance ( ! ,"l1 & n to rely on 8 own und]/&+4 8,be n wise 9 ?9e eyes1 fe> ! ,"l1 & dep>t f evil0 7iii4 #g74 ,he w>ns aga9/ bad society1 aga9/ becom+ security = debtors1 & aga9/ idl5ess4 ,! two ways op5 to man are allegorically repres5t$ by two wom51 ! "o wise1 ! o!r fooli%2 ! "o lead+ to happ9ess1 ! o!r to ru92 ea* "o invit+ man to h] h\se1 & display+ 9 ! v act ( invitation h] full "*4 7,b47 ,! collections ( prov]bs beg9 ) ! t5? *apt]4 ,! prov]bs h ! =m ( p>allelism1 ea* v]se be+ divid$ into two p>ts1 mo/ly conta9+ an anti!sis illu/rat+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! wise & ! fooli%1 ! good & ! bad1 ! j & ! unju/1 ! indu/ri\s & ! idle1 ! ri* & ! poor1 & ! l4 ,ea* v]se is a prov]b by itself1 & is indep5d5t ( ! v]ses :i* prec$e & foll[4 ,!re are only a few passages 9 :i* sev]al v]ses are connect$1 & ^! occur 9 ! lat] collections1 e4g41 xxii4 #bb-bc1 #bd-be1 #bf-bg2 xxiii4 #a-c1 #d-e1 #f-i1 #aj-aa1 #ab-ac1 #bj-ba1 #bi-ce2 xxiv4 #c-g1 #aj-ab1 #cj-cd2 xxvii4 #bc-bg4 ,! :ole ( ! ?irtie? *apt] consi/s ( small p>agraphs ( ?ree or f\r v]ses1 & ! la/ *apt] consi/s ( two cont9u\s p>ts4 ,9 ^! collections ( prov]bs we f9d advice = e condition ( our life4 ,our relation to ,god is %[n2 h[ ,he loves ! good & j3-- 8,! way ( ! wick$ is an abom9ation ( ! ,"l2 b he love? him :o pursues righte\sness0 7xv4 #i74 8,! sacrifice ( ! wick$ is an abom9ation ( ! ,"l1 b ! pray] ( ! righte\s is 8 pleasure0 7xv4 #h74 8,! ,"l is f> f ! wick$1 b he he>e? ! pray] ( ! righte\s0 7xv4 #bi74 8,to d ju/ice & judgm5t is m acceptable to ! ,"l ?an sacrifice0 7xxi4 #c74 ,he protects ! poor1 ! weak1 ! wid[1 & ! orphan3-- 8,he :o oppresse? ! poor1 blaspheme? 8 ,mak]2 & he :o is graci\s to ! ne$y1 hon\re? him0 7xiv4 #ca74 8,he :o is graci\s to ! poor1 l5de? to ! ,"l1 & he w repay him 8 rew>d0 7xix4 #ag74 8,d n rob ! poor because he is poor2 & d n cru% ! poor 9 ! gate1 = ! ,"l w plead _! cause1 & w take ! s\l ( ^? :o rob !m0 7xxii4 #bc74 8,! ,"l w pull d[n ! h\se ( ! pr\d1 & w e/abli% ! bord] ( ! wid[0 7xv4 #be74 8,! ri* & ! poor meet2 ! ,mak] ( !m all is ! ,"l0 7xxii4 #b74 ,he puni%es ! evil-do] & rew>ds ! righte\s3-- 8,d n say1 ,i w repay evil2 hope 9 ! ,"l1 & he w help !e0 7xx4 #bb74 8,he :o close? 8 e> because ( ! cry+ ( ! poor1 he also w call & w n be answ]$0 7xxi4 #ac74 8,he :o keepe? a comm&1 keepe? 8 s\l2 he :o despise? 8 ways %all die0 7xix4 #af74 8,:5 ! ,"l is pleas$ ) ! ways ( man1 he w cause ev5 8 enemies to make peace ) him0 7xvi4 #g74 8,! ,"l w n let ! s\l ( ! righte\s be hungry1 b ! desire ( ! wick$ w he ?ru/ back0 7x4 #c74 ,he kn[s ! he>t ( man3-- 8,!re is a te/ = silv]1 & a ref9+ pot = gold2 b ,god trie? ! he>ts0 7xvii4 #c74 ,he directs all ev5ts3-- 8,man's he>t planne? 8 way1 b ! ,"l directe? 8 /ep0 7xvi4 #i74 8,! horse is prep>$ = ! day ( w>1 b ! victory is ! ,"l's0 7xxi4 #ca74 ,8 bless+ is a true bless+3-- 8,! bless+ ( ! ,"l1 x make? ri*1 & do? n increase tr\ble ) x0 7x4 #bb74 ,8 ,w alone mu/ be obey$3-- 8,!re is no wisdom1 & no und]/&+1 & no c\nsel aga9/ ! ,"l0 7xxi4 #cj74 8,:oso despise? a ^w w be puni%$1 b he :o fe>e? a comm&m5t w be rew>d$0 7xiii4 #ac74 8,)\t a vision ! p come? into disord]2 b he :o keepe? ! ,law1 happy is he0 7xxix4 #ah74 ,! fe> ( ! ,"l is ! basis ( a virtu\s & happy life3-- 8,! fe> ( ! ,"l is ! beg9n+ ( k 7i4 #g72 ! f\nta9 ( life 7xiv4 #bg72 ! fe> ( ! ,"l adds days1 b ! ye>s ( ! wick$ w be %ort0 7x4 #bg74 ,accord+ z we display wisdom or folly we make o!rs & ourselves happy or unhappy3-- 8,a wise son give? joy to 8 fa!r1 & a fooli% son is ! sorr[ ( 8 "m0 7x4 #a74 8,! wisdom ( woman builde? h] h\se1 & folly pulle? x d[n by h] h&s0 7xiv4 #a74 8,eat1 my son1 honey1 = x is good1 & honeycomb1 :i* is sweet = ?y palate2 "k t ?us is wisdom = ?y s\l2 if ?\ ha/ f\nd x1 !re is a future1 & ?y hope w n be cut (f0 7xxiv4 #ac1 #ad74 8,! prud5t see? evil1 & is hidd52 ! ignorant pass by1 & are puni%$0 7xxvii4 #ab74 8,z a jewel ( gold 9 a sw9e's sn\t1 s is a fair woman )\t discretion0 7xi4 #bb74 8,! simple believe? e ^w2 b ! prud5t man looke? well to 8 go+0 7xiv4 #ae74 ,! ways ( wisdom & folly are frequ5tly display$ 9 our words3-- 8,9 ! multitude ( words !re wante? n s91 b he :o sp>e? 8 words acts wisely0 7x4 #ai74 8,a s(t answ] turne? back wra?1 b a h>% ^w raise? ang]0 7xv4 #a74 8,also a fool :5 sil5t is consid]$ wise2 he :o close? 8 lips is prud5t0 7xvii4 #bh74 8,he :o keepe? 8 m\? & 8 tongue1 keepe? 8 s\l f tr\bles0 7xxi4 #bc74 8,by long-suff]+ ! pr9ce is p]suad$2 & a s(t tongue breake? a bone0 7xxv4 #ae74 8,answ] n a fool l 8 folly1 le/ ?\ be equal to him4 ,answ] a fool accord+ to 8 folly1 le/ he be wise 9 8 eyes0 7xxvi4 #d1 #e74 ,! pr9cipal virtues recomm5d$ to man are righte\sness 771 hone/y 771 tru?fulness 771 meekness 771 indu/ry1 ?rift1 temp]ance1 cont5tm5t1 & mod]ation3-- 8,treasures ( wick$ness are ( no pr(it1 b righte\sness deliv]e? f dea?0 7x4 #b74 8,bett] a little 9 ! fe> ( ! ,"l ?an a l>ge treasure1 & confusion !re)0 7xv4 #af74 8,! righte\sness ( ! upright make? 8 way /raight1 b ! wick$ falle? by 8 wick$ness0 7xi4 #e74 8,! remembrance ( ! righte\s is = bless+2 b ! "n ( ! wick$ w rot0 7x4 #g74 8,guilt is ! int]pret] ( fools1 b fav\r t ( ! /raight=w>d0 7xiv4 #i74 8,to d ju/ice is joy to ! righte\s1 & a t]ror to evil-do]s0 7xxi4 #ae74 8,l a f\nta9 made turbid & a well t is corrupt$1 is ! righte\s t yielde? 9 ! pres5ce ( ! wick$0 7xxv4 #bf74 8,:]e a man ( hone/y is1 !re is multitude ( bless+s2 b he :o ha/5e? to become ri* w n be guiltless0 7xxviii4 #bj74 8,! lip ( tru? w be e/abli%$ = ev]1 b ! tongue ( falsehood = a mom5t0 7xii4 #ai74 8,a witness ( fai?fulness is he :o does n lie1 b he :o utt]e? falsehood is a false witness0 7xiv4 #e74 #i 8,a lip ( excell5cy become? n a l[ man2 h[ mu* less do? a lip ( falsehood a noble man60 7xvii4 #g74 8,pride came1 & %ame came2 b ) ! meek is wisdom0 7xi4 #b74 8,meekness come? be=e hon\r0 7xv4 #cc74 8,pride come? be=e ! fall1 & haught9ess ( _s be=e ! /umbl+0 7xvi4 #ah74 8,let ano!r praise !e1 & n ?y m\?2 a /rang]1 & n ?y lips0 7xxvii4 #b74 8,he is poor :o worke? ) a slack h&1 b ! h& ( ! indu/ri\s make? ri*0 7x4 #d74 8,bett] is he :o ?9ke? little ( himself1 & is a slave to himself1 ?an he :o ?9ke? mu* ( himself & lacke? bread0 7xii4 #i74 8,! h& ( ! indu/ri\s %all rule1 b ! slack h& %all be tribut>y0 7xii4 #bd74 8,9 all lab\r !re is pr(it2 b :5 !re is only a ^w ( lips x leads b to want0 7xiv4 #bc74 8,also he :o is lazy 9 8 "w is a bro!r to ! man t de/roye?0 7xviii4 #i74 8,i pass$ by ! field ( a slo?ful man1 & ! v9ey>d ( a man want+ he>t2 & behold1 ?orns h come up ov] ! :ole ( x2 its surface is cov]$ ) ?i/les1 & its /one-f5ce is pull$ d[n4 ,& ,i beheld1 ,i turn$ my he>t1 ,i saw1 ,i took in/ruction3 a little ( sleep1 a little ( slumb]1 a little ( jo9+ ! h&s to lie d[n2 !n ?y pov]ty come? l a travell]1 & ?y want l an arm$ man0 7xxiv4 #cj-cd74 8,! righte\s eate? to ! fulness ( 8 s\l1 b ! belly ( ! wick$ %all want0 7xiii4 #be74 8,w9e is a mock]1 /rong dr9k ro>e?1 & e "o t erre? !re9 w n be wise0 7xx4 #a74 8,:o ha? woe8 :o ha? sorr[8 :o ha? cont5tions8 :o ha? compla9+8 :o ha? w\nds )\t cause8 :o ha? r$ness ( eyes8 ,^? :o t>ry long at ! w9e2 ^? :o come to se>* mix$ dr9k4 ,d n look ^u ! w9e ?\gh x be r$1 ?\gh x s5d =? its col\r ?r\gh ! cup1 ?\gh x fl[ smoo?ly2 9 ! end x bite? l a s]p5t & /+e? l an asp2 ?9e eyes %all see /range ?+s1 & ?y he>t %all speak p]v]se ?+s2 & ?\ %alt be l "o t lie? 9 ! mid/ ( ! sea1 & l "o t lie? on ! top ( ! ma/4 ,!y h /rick5 me1 %alt ?\ say1 & ,i 0 n sick4 ,!y h beat5 me2 ,i felt x n4 ,:5 %all ,i awake8 ,i w seek x yet aga90 7xxiii4 #bi-ce74 8,he :o is gre$y aft] ga9 tr\ble? 8 h\se1 b he :o hate? gifts %all live0 7xv4 #bg74 8,he ^: desire is wide /irre? up /rife1 b he :o tru/e? 9 ! ,"l %all be fatt5$0 7xxviii4 #be74 8,!re are :o sp5d lib]ally1 & !re is an increase2 & !re are :o )hold m ?an is "r1 & yet x leads to want0 7xi4 #bd74 8,"k well ! /ate ( ?y flock2 set ?y he>t to ! droves2 = treasure is n = ev]1 nor a cr[n = g5]ation & g5]ation4 ,:5 hay is gone1 & grass is spoilt1 & ! h]bs ( ! field are ga!r$ 91 !re are lambs = ?y clo?+1 & he-goats are ! price ( a field3 & !re w be goats' milk en\gh = ?y food1 = ! food ( ?y h\se1 & ma9t5ance = ?y maid5s' 7xxvii4 #bc-bg74 8,lu/ ov]come is sweet to ! s\l2 b to dep>t f evil is ! abom9ation ( fools0 7xiii4 #ai74 8,bett] is he :o is long-suff]+ ?an a h]o2 & he :o rule? 8 _s is bett] ?an he :o conqu]e? a city0 7xvi4 #cb74 8,l an op5 t[n )\t a wall is ! man ^: _s is )\t re/ra9t0 7xxv4 #bh74 ,! foll[+ prov]bs ref] to ! relation betwe5 husb& & wife1 & betwe5 man & 8 neighb\r z fri5d or enemy1 fa!r & *ild1 ri* & poor1 k+ & p3-- 8,he :o ha? f\nd a wife ha? f\nd a good ?+1 & obta9$ fav\r ( ! ,"l0 7xviii4 #bb74 8,a virtu\s wife is ! cr[n ( h] husb&1 b a wick$ woman is l rott5ness 9 8 bones0 7xii4 #d74 8,h\se & weal? are ! inh]itance ( fa!rs1 b a wise wife is f ! ,"l0 7xix4 #ad2 *ap4 xxxi4 #aj to end74 8,he :o reveale? a secret is a sl&]]1 b he :o is fai?ful 9 _s cov]e? a ?+0 7xi4 #ac74 8,hatr$ /irre? up /rifes1 b love cov]e? all s9s0 7x4 #ab74 8,bett] is a meal ( h]bs :]e love is1 ?an a /all$ ox & hatr$ !re)0 7xv4 #ag74 8,he :o cov]e? transgression seeke? love1 b he :o repeate? a matt] sep>ate? a fri5d0 7xvii4 #i74 8,op5 rebuke is bett] ?an secret love0 7xxvii4 #e74 8,he :o sai? to ! wick$1 ,?\ art righte\s1 him %all ! p curse1 nations %all abhor him2 b to !m t rebuke him %all be delight1 & a good bless+ %all come ^u !m0 7xxiv4 #bd1 #be74 8,fai?ful are ! w\nds ( a fri5d1 b ! kisses ( an enemy are l smoke0 7xxvii4 #f74 8,:5 !re is no wood ! fire goe? out2 s :5 !re is no tale-be>] /rife cease?0 7xxvi4 #bj74 8,a k9d man do? good to 8 s\l1 & a cruel man tr\ble? 8 fle%0 7xi4 #ag74 8,rejoice n :5 ?9e enemy falle?1 & let n ?y he>t be glad :5 he /umble?1 le/ ! ,"l see x & x displease ,him1 & ,he turn away ,8 wra? f him0 7xxiv4 #ag1 #ah74 8,! righte\s kn[e? ! feel+s ( 8 cattle1 b ! he>t ( ! wick$ is cruel0 7xii4 #aj74 8,he :o curse? 8 fa!r & 8 "m1 8 lamp %all be put out 9 obscure d>kness0 7xx4 #bj74 8,*ildr5's *ildr5 are ! cr[n ( old m51 & ! glory ( *ildr5 are _! fa!rs0 7xvii4 #f74 8,! eye t mocke? at 8 fa!r1 & despise? to obey 8 "m1 ! rav5s ( ! valley %all pick x out1 & ! "y eagles %all eat x0 7xxx4 #ag74 8,:]e !re is ! in/ruction ( ! fa!r1 !re is a wise son2 b a mock] w he be :o he>d no rebuke0 7xiii4 #a74 8,he :o sp>e? 8 rod hate? 8 son1 & he :o love? him *a/ise? him e>ly0 7xiii4 #bd74 8,*a/ise ?y son :ile !re is hope1 & let n ?y s\l turn to 8 cry+0 7xix4 #ah74 8,tra9 ! lad 9 8 way1 & :5 he is old he w n dep>t f x0 7xxii4 #f74 8,fooli%ness is b\nd 9 ! he>t ( a *ild1 b ! rod ( correction %all drive x f> f him0 7xxii4 #ae74 8,)hold n correction f ! *ild2 = if ?\ beate/ him ) ! rod1 he %all n die4 ,?\ %alt beat him ) ! rod1 & %alt deliv] 8 s\l f dea?0 7xxiii4 #ac1 #ad74 8,! b5evol5t %all be bless$1 = he ha? giv5 ( 8 bread to ! poor0 7xxii4 #i74 8,! lib]al s\l %all be made fat1 & he t /ille? ! ?ir/ ( o!rs %all also h 8 ?ir/ /ill$0 7xi4 #be74 8,he :o despise? 8 neighb\r s9ne?1 b :oso is graci\s to ! poor is happy0 7xiv4 #bd74 8,9 ! multitude ( p is ! glory ( ! k+2 b 9 ! want ( p is ! de/ruction ( ! pr9ce0 7xiv4 #bh74 8,! k+'s wra? is l mess5g]s ( dea?2 b a wise man w pacify x0 7xvi4 #ad74 8,! he>t ( a k+ is 9 ! h& ( ! ,"l l brooks ( wat]2 ,he turne? x :i!rsoev] ,he like?0 7xxi4 #a74 ,on miscellane\s subjects3-- 8,!re is t make? himself ri*1 yet ha? no?+2 !re is t make? himself poor1 yet ha? great ri*es0 7xiii4 #g74 8,! he>t kn[e? its own bitt]ness1 & a /rang] do? n int]m$dle ) its joy0 7xiv4 #aj74 8,if c>e is 9 ! he>t ( man1 let him /ill x2 if a good ?+1 let him bright5 x up0 7xii4 #be74 8,he is a guide to life :o keepe? in/ruction1 b he t refuse? repro( misleade?0 7x4 #ag74 8,boa/ n ?yself ( to-morr[2 = ?\ kn[e/ n :at a day may br+ =?0 7xxvii4 #a74 8,all ! ways ( man are clean 9 8 own eyes2 b ! ,"l weighe? ! spirits0 7xvi4 #b74 ,job1 --,! ,book ( ,job consi/s ( ! foll[+ ?ree p>ts3-- 7a47 ,introduction 7i4 & ii474--,god is figuratively repres5t$ z presid+ ov] a c\ncil ( m9i/]s 7 8sons ( ,god071 among/ :om also ! accus] 7 8! h9d]]10 "o :o is ho/ile to ! ^w ( ,god7 appe>s4 ,:ile ,god prais$ ! piety ( ,job1 ! accus] d\bt$ ! purity ( 8 he>t1 & sugge/$ t if any adv]sity 7 to befall ,job he w\ld no long] be pi\s2 ,job1 expos$ to h>d trials1 rema9$ firm 9 8 fai? 9 ,god4 8,nak$ came ,i =? f my "m's womb1 & nak$ %all ,i return ?i!r2 ! ,"l ha? giv51 & ! ,"l ha? tak53 let ! "n ( ! ,"l be prais$0 7i4 #ba74 8,sk9 = sk910 said ! accus]1 8& ev]y?+ t man ha?1 he give? = 8 s\l2 b /ret* n[ =? ?y h& & t\* 8 bone & 8 fle%3 surely he w take leave ( !e 9 ?y pres5ce0 7ii4 #e74 ,! trial 0 grant$4 ,& :5 ,job's wife 0 surpris$ t ,job 0 /ill hold+ to 8 integrity1 add+ 8,take leave ( ,god & die10 he repli$1 8,?\ speake/ l ! speak+ ( "o ( ! wick$ wom54 ,are we to accept ( ,god ! good1 & %all we n accept ! evil80--8,9 all ?is did ,job n s9 ) 8 lips1 & did n f9d fault ) ,god0 7i4 #bb74 ,8 fri5ds came to see him1 b felt s di/ress$ t !y sat ) him = sev5 days )\t utt]+ a ^w4 7b47 ,discussion betwe5 ,job & 8 fri5ds ,eliphaz1 ,bildad1 ,zoph>1 & ,elihu2 ,job ass]t+ 8 innoc5ce1 & consequ5t inability to see ! ju/ice ( 8 afflictions2 8 fri5ds cont5d+ t he has s9n$1 & has be5 ju/ly puni%$2 ,elihu attempts to ju/ify ,job's suff]+s1 on ! plea t !y are m]ely a rem9d] s5t by ,god t ,job has s9n$1 & mu/ seek reconciliation ) ,god1 :o is ,all-wise1 ,all-good1 & ,all-p[]ful2 ,god addresses ,job1 & %[s him man's inability to compreh5d ! ,div9e p[] & wisdom 9 ! creation & 9 ! rul+ ( ! univ]se2 :]eupon ,job rep5ts4 7c47 ,conclusion4--,god rebukes ! fri5ds ( ,job1 t !y h n spok5 rightly l ,8 s]vant ,job 7xlii4 #g71 & ri*ly comp5sates ,job = 8 suff]+s & losses4 ,! book has no head+1 & !re=e we d n "k by :om or :5 x 0 writt54 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a tradition1 m5tion$ 9 ! ,talmud 7,baba ,ba?ra1 p4 #ad;b71 t ,moses wrote ! ,book ( ,job4 ,ev5 ab\t ,job himself x is impossible to asc]ta9 at :at "t he liv$4 ,b ! description ( 8 ri*es & ! l5g? ( 8 life leads u to ?9k ( ! "t ( ! patri>*s4 ,8 "n is m5tion$ only 9 "o o!r book ( ! ,bible4 ,! prophet ,ezekiel names him toge!r ) ,noah & ,daniel z a righte\s man :o w\ld1 by 8 piety1 save himself 9 ! "t ( g5]al calamity1 ?\gh he w\ld n be able to save 8 g5]ation 7,ezek4 xiv4 #ad74 ,!re is also an op9ion t ,job nev] exi/$ at all4 8,job nev] liv$2 nor has he _h any exi/5ce2 ! /ory is all only an allegory0 7,babyl4 ,talm4 ,baba ,ba?ra1 #ae;a74 ,?is dictum c only ref] to ! detail$ acc\nt ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! mis=tune came ^u ,job1 & ! poetical discussion ( ,job & 8 fri5ds4 ,b x is und5iable t a pi\s man ( ! "n ( ,job liv$1 & escap$ f a calamity to :i* o!rs succumb$2 s9ce x is cle> t ,ezekiel ref]s to real & n to imag9>y p]sonages4 ,job & 8 fri5ds 7 n ,israelites4 ,! patri>* liv$ 9 ! l& ( ,uz 9 ,arabia2 ! fri5ds came f ,teman1 ,%uah1 ,naamah1 & ,buz1 9 ! s\?1 ea/1 we/1 & nor? ( ,uz4 ,l ! ,book ( ,jonah1 ?is book conveys ! lesson1 8,! pi\s ( all nations h a portion 9 ! _w to come0 7,maim41 ,mi%neh-torah ,i4 ,hil*o? ,te%ubah1 iii4 #e74 ,god rew>ds ! righte\s ( all nations1 puni%es ^? among !m :o des]ve puni%m5t1 & p>dons ! p5it5t4 ,! introduction & conclusion are writt5 9 prose1 b ! pr9cipal "p ( ! book is poetical1 & consequ5tly p>allelism is a pr$om9ant feature ( ! book4 ,! foll[+ are a few s5t5ces f ! book3-- 8,%all we receive good at ! h& ( ,god1 & %all we n receive evil80 7ii4 #aj74 8,! small & great are !re 79 ! grave71 & ! s]vant is free f 8 ma/]0 7iii4 #ai74 8,%all mortal man be m j ?an ,god8 %all a man be m pure ?an 8 ,mak]80 7iv4 #ag74 8,behold1 happy is ! man :om ,god correcte?3 !re=e despise n ?\ ! *a/5+ ( ! ,almighty0 7v4 #ag74 8,is !re n an appo9t$ "t to man ^u e>?8 are n 8 days also l ! days ( an hirel+80 7vii4 #a74 8,he is wise 9 he>t1 & mighty 9 /r5g?2 :o ha? h>d5$ himself aga9/ him1 & ha? prosp]$80 7ix4 #d74 8,?\gh he slay me1 yet w ,i tru/ 9 him0 7xiii4 #ae74 8,= ,i "k t my ,r$eem] live?1 & he w rise 9 ! end ov] ! du/0 7xix4 #be74 8,& :5 my sk9 is gone1 :5 worms h de/roy$ ?is body1 & :5 my fle% is no m1 yet %all ,i see ,god0 7xix4 #bf74 8,& unto man he said1 ,behold1 ! fe> ( ! ,"l1 t is wisdom2 & to dep>t f evil1 t is und]/&+0 7xxviii4 #bh74 ,! foll[+ passages are notewor?y1 on acc\nt ( bo? _! l(ty ?\ght & _! poetical =m3-- ,eliphaz mildly rebukes ,job1 exhort+ him to rep5tance 7iv474 ,job's *>ge aga9/ ! cruelty ( 8 fri5ds 7v4 #ab-cj74 ,bildad's view ( ,god's ju/ice 7viii4 #c-ac74 ,job's conception ( ,god's ,omnipot5ce 7ix4 #b-ab74 ,zoph>'s explanation ( ,god's ju/ice 7xi4 #b-g1 #aj-ae74 ,job's decl>ation ( 8 fai? 9 ,god 7xiii4 #f-af2 xix4 #bc-bg2 xxiii4 #c-ab74 ,job's confession ( man's dep5d5ce on ,god's wisdom 7xxviii4 #a1 #b1 #ab-bh74 ,job's def5ce ( 8 innoc5ce 7xxxi474 ,elihu's def5ce ( ,god's ju/ice 7xxxiii4 #h1 #i1 #ab-cj74 ,job is %[n 8 ignorance 7xxxviii4 #c-bd72 8 impot5ce 7xl4 #i-ad74 ,job's contrition 7xlii4 #b-f74 ,! ?ree books1 ,psalms1 ,prov]bs1 & ,job1 are di/+ui%$ f ! re/ ( ! ,bible by _! peculi> acc5ts1 :i* are on ?is acc\nt call$ 8! acc5ts ( ! books1 1 & 40 ,! ,song ( ,solomon1 7lit41 ,! ,song ( ,songs ! mo/ poetical song74--,! fai?fulness ( ! belov$ to h] lov]1 h] resi/ance to all temptation1 & ! conc5tration ( all h] ?\ghts on ! well-be+ ( h] lov]1 =m ! !me ( ! book4 ,! relation betwe5 lov] & belov$ has be5 int]pret$ allegorically z repres5t+ ! relation betwe5 ,god & ,israel4 ,! latt] rema9s fai?ful to 8 ,god1 ?r\gh\t all vicissitudes ( =tune4 8,i am = my lov]1 & my lov] is = me10 is ! c5tre ( ?is feel+ ( fai?4 ,accord+ to ! head+ & ! tradition1 ,k+ ,solomon is ! au?or ( ! book4 ,ru?1 --,! book conta9s ! hi/ory ( ,ru?1 a ,moabite woman1 :o1 by h] m>riage ) ,boaz1 became ! f\nd] ( ! h\se ( ,david4 ,elimele* ( ,be?-lehem 9 ,judah1 ) 8 wife ,naomi & 8 two sons1 left 8 c\ntry 9 "t ( fam9e 9 ord] to /ay 9 ! l& ( ,moab4 ,!re ! two sons m>ry ,moabite wom51 ,orpah & ,ru?4 ,elimele* & ! two sons die4 ,naomi returns to ,judah2 ,orpah1 at ! reque/ ( ,naomi1 rema9s 9 ,moab & goes back to h] family1 b ,ru? insi/s on accompany+ ,naomi1 say+1 8,:i!r ?\ goe/ ,i w g1 & :]e ?\ lodge/ ,i w lodge2 ?y p %all be my p1 & ?y ,god my ,god3 :]e ?\ die/ w ,i die1 & !re w ,i be buri$3 s ! ,"l d to me1 & m also1 if ought b dea? w "p !e & me0 7i4 #af1 #ag74 ,naomi hav+ lo/ h] prop]ty1 ,ru? 0 oblig$ to glean e>s ( corn 9 ! fields 9 ord] to ma9ta9 h]self & h] "m-9-law4 ,%e happ5$ to glean 9 ! field ( ,boaz1 a ne> relative ( ,elimele*4 ,boaz hav+ notic$ h]1 & hav+ he>d ( h] conduct t[>d ,naomi1 m>ri$ h]2 8 son 0 ,ob$2 ! son ( ! latt] 0 ,jesse1 ! fa!r ( ,david4 ,?us ! virtues ( ,ru?1 mode/y1 fai?fulness1 & indu/ry1 7 rew>d$2 ?is is "o ( ! lessons d]iv$ f ! book4 ,! pr9cipal object ( ! book1 h[ev]1 is to %[ ! orig9 ( ! h\se ( ,david4 ,! ,lam5tations ( ,j]emiah1 --,! "n ( ! au?or is n m5tion$ 9 ! book1 b tradition in=ms u t ! prophet ,j]emiah compos$ ^! lam5tations4 ,! fir/ f\r *apt]s are alphabetical2 9 ! ?ird *apt] !re are ?ree v]ses = ea* lett]2 ! fif? *apt] is n alphabetical4 ,! cause ( ! lam5tations is ! cata/rophe ( ! k+dom ( ,judah ?r\gh ! victories ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 k+ ( ,babylon1 al?\gh nei!r ,nebu*adnezz> nor ,babylon is m5tion$ 9 ! book4 ,ecclesiates1 --,?is book conta9s reflections on ! vanity ( man's lab\rs & plans2 :atev] man aims at z ! s\rce ( 8 happ9ess & bless+ proves 9 ! end useless & deceptive4 ,man is disappo9t$ to f9d ev]y?+ transi5t2 he discov]s j p 9 mis]y1 & wick$ p 9 app>5t com=t2 he beg9s to d\bt :e!r virtue & wisdom are really conducive to true happ9ess4 ,?us man1 left to himself1 is at a loss to f9d ! "r way to happ9ess4 ,! au?or !re=e concludes 8 reflections ) ! exhortation3 8,! end ( ! ^w 9 :i* ev]y?+ is he>d is1 ,fe> ,god1 & keep ,8 comm&m5ts1 = t is ! :ole ( man4 ,= e de$ w ,god br+ to acc\nt1 toge!r ) e hidd5 ?\ght1 :e!r good or bad0 7xii4 #ac1 #ad74 ,kohele? m5tion$ 9 ! head+ is ,k+ ,solomon4 ,! philosophical reflections are frequ5tly int]mix$ ) prov]b-l lessons & maxims1 ( :i* ! foll[+ are a few examples3-- 8,= 9 mu* wisdom is mu* grief2 & he t increase? k increase? sorr[0 7i4 #ah74 8,to e ?+ !re is a season1 & a "t to e purpose "u ! heav50 7iii4 #a74 8,! fool folde? 8 h&s toge!r1 & eate? 8 own fle%0 7iv4 #e74 8,bett] is an h&ful ) quietness1 ?an bo? ! h&s full ) travail & vexation ( _s0 7iv4 #f74 8,keep ?y foot :5 ?\ goe/ to ! h\se ( ,god1 & read9ess to he> is bett] ?an ! fools' giv+ ( sacrifice2 = !y consid] n t !y d evil0 7iv4 #ag74 8,be n ra% ) ?y m\?1 & let n ?9e he>t be ha/y to utt] any ?+ be=e ,god3 = ,god is 9 heav51 & ?\ ^u e>?2 !re=e let ?y words be few0 7v4 #a74 8,:5 ?\ v[e/ a v[ unto ,god1 def] n to pay x2 = ,he ha? no pleasure 9 fools3 pay t :i* ?\ ha/ v[$0 7v4 #c74 8,a good "n is bett] ?an preci\s o9tm5t2 & ! day ( dea? bett] ?an ! day ( "o's bir?0 7vii4 #a74 8,be n ha/y 9 ?y _s to be angry2 = ang] re/e? 9 ! bosom ( fools0 7vii4 #i74 8,be n righte\s ov] mu*2 nei!r make ?yself ov] wise3 :y %\ld/ ?\ de/roy ?yself80 7vii4 #af74 8,be n ov] mu* wick$1 nei!r be ?\ fooli%3 :y %\ld/ ?\ die be=e ?y "t80 7vii4 #ag74 8,!re is n a j man ^u e>?1 t do? good1 & s9ne? n0 7vii4 #bj74 8,let ?y g>m5ts be always :ite2 & let ?y head lack no o9tm5t0 7ix4 #h74 8,a wise man's he>t is at 8 "r h&2 b a fool's he>t at 8 left0 7x4 #b74 8,he t digge? a pit %all fall into x2 & :oso breake? an h$ge1 a s]p5t %all bite him0 7x4 #h74 8,he t obs]ve? ! w9d %all n s[2 & he t reg>de? ! cl\ds %all n reap0 7xi4 #d74 8,rememb] n[ ?y ,creator 9 ! days ( ?y y\?1 :ile ! evil days come n1 nor ! ye>s draw nigh :5 ?\ %alt say1 ,i h no pleasure 9 !m0 7xii4 #a74 8,!n %all ! du/ return to ! e>? z x 01 & ! _s %all return to ! ,god :o gave x0 7xii4 #g74 ,e/h]1 --,! hi/ory ( ! conception & fru/ration ( ! wick$ plans ( ,haman aga9/ ,mordecai & ! ,jews is describ$ 9 ?is book4 ,ahasu]us1 k+ ( ,p]sia1 s5t ,va%ti1 8 wife1 away1 & m>ri$ ,e/h]1 a c\s9 ( ,mordecai4 ,haman1 enrag$ aga9/ ! ,jews because ,mordecai did n b[ be=e him1 plann$ to kill ! ,jews on ! ?irte5? ( ,ad>2 b ,e/h] fru/rat$ ,haman's design2 ,haman himself & 8 t5 sons 7 kill$2 & ! ,jews 7 all[$ to take up arms aga9/ ^? :o attack$ !m4 ,! ,jews def5d$ !mselves victori\sly on ! ?irte5? ( ,ad>2 9 ,%u%an1 ! capital1 also on ! f\rte5?4 ,?is deliv]ance 0 ! cause ( ! in/itution ( ,purim4 ,! "n ( ! au?or is n m5tion$2 ! book 0 probably writt5 by ,mordecai & ,e/h] 7comp4 ,e/h] ix4 #bi74 ,daniel1 --,! au?or ( ?is book is n nam$4 ,! book is call$ ,daniel because x conta9s ! hi/ory & ! visions ( ,daniel4 ,accord+ to a tradition m5tion$ 9 ! ,babylonian ,talmud 7,baba ,ba?ra1 #ae;a71 ! m5 ( ! ,great ,synagogue wrote or edit$ ! book probably f tru/wor?y traditions1 p>tly writt51 p>tly oral4 ,! la/ six *apt]s seem to h be5 writt5 by ,daniel himself2 he speaks 9 !m ( himself 9 ! fir/ p]son4 ,! object ( ! book is to %[ t ,god is ! ,rul] ( ! ,univ]se4 ,! au?or1 !re=e1 gives1 on ! "o h&1 examples ( m5 ( great piety & g5u9e fai? 9 ,god--,daniel & 8 fri5ds2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 examples ( m5 ( great wick$ness--,nebu*adnezz> & ,bel%azz>2 ! =m] enjoy$ glori\s victories1 ! latt] receiv$ _! due puni%m5t4 ,! /yle is ?r\gh\t bold & emphatic2 ! frequ5t heap+ ( synonyms is to s]ve ! purpose ( emphasis4 ,9 ! la/ *apt]s ! au?or %[s t ! misde$s ( ! wick$ & ! suff]+s ( ! pi\s are =ese5 by ,god1 & t bo? ! puni%m5t ( ! =m] & ! r$emption ( ! latt] =m "p ( ! ,div9e plan 9 ! gov]nm5t ( mank9d4 ,we are ?us exhort$ to rema9 firm 9 our fai? 9 "t ( oppression1 & to wait pati5tly = deliv]ance1 :i* is sure to come4 ,al?\gh ,daniel belong$ to ^? di/+ui%$ m5 to :om ,god communicat$ com+ ev5ts 9 visions1 he is n class$ among ! prophets1 because he _h no ,div9e message to br+ to 8 fell[-m51 & he 0 n *>g$ to address !m 9 ! "n ( ,god4 ,daniel 0 br\ght to ,babylon1 toge!r ) o!r captives1 9 ! ?ird ye> ( ,jehoiakim1 & rema9$ !re dur+ ! reigns ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 ,bel%azz>1 ,d>ius ! ,m$e1 & ! fir/ ye>s ( ,cyrus ! ,p]sian4 ,he di/+ui%$ himself by great piety & wisdom1 s t 9 a prophecy ( ,ezekiel 7xiv4 #ad71 9 ! six? ye> ( ! exile ( ,k+ ,jehoia*91 he is m5tion$1 toge!r ) ,noah & ,job1 z fam\s = piety1 z "o ( ^? :om ,god protects f dang] because ( _! righte\sness1 al?\gh _! piety c\ld n save _! fell[-m54 ,! same prophet m5tions him z a wise man 7xxviii4 #c74 ,! book is divid$ into two p>ts3 7,a47 ,an acc\nt writt5 9 ,*aldee ( ,daniel's wisdom & piety1 ) a ,hebrew ,introduction 7i4 to vi474 7#b47 ,! visions ( ,daniel 9 ,*aldee & ,hebrew 7vii4 to xii474 ,9 ! introductory *apt] ! au?or n>rates ! pr9cipal facts ( ! tra9+ ( ,daniel 9 ,babylonian wisdom1 & 8 great success at ! c\rt ( ,nebu*adnezz>4 ,!n foll[s ! ,*aldee portion1 includ+ ! foll[+ subjects3-- 7#a47 ,nebu*adnezz>'s ,dream4--,! k+ dem&s t ! sages initiat$ 9 ,babylonian wisdom %all tell him 8 dream1 :i* he himself has =gott51 & its int]pretation4 ,!y _c d x1 & _m ( !m are put to dea?4 ,daniel arre/s ! slaught]2 = he prays to ,god1 & ,god reveals to him ! k+'s dream4 ,:5 ,daniel appe>$ be=e ! k+ he began ?us3 8,! secret :i* ! k+ wants to "k1 no wise m5 c tell4 ,b !re is a ,god 9 heav51 ! reveal] ( secrets1 & ,he has let ,k+ ,nebu*adnezz> "k :at w come to pass 9 ! remote future0 7ii4 #bg1 #bh74 ,! dream 0 ?is3 ,he saw a big /atue1 its head ( gold1 brea/ & arms ( silv]1 belly & ?ighs ( brass1 legs & feet ( iron & clay4 ,a l>ge /one fell ^u ! legs ( ! /atue1 broke !m1 & ! :ole /atue fell toge!r & 0 cru%$ into pieces2 !n ! /one grew l>g]1 & fill$ ! :ole e>?4 ,! foll[+ 0 ! int]pretation ( ! vision3 ,! /atue repres5t$ a s]ies ( e>?ly k+doms2 ! gold 0 ,nebu*adnezz>1 ! silv] ref]r$ to 8 successors1 ! brass to ! ,p]sian gov]nm5t1 ! iron to ! ,greek1 & ! mixture ( iron & clay to ! k+doms t w\ld !n foll[1 all ( :i* w\ld ultimately be ov]?r[n1 & ! ,div9e k+dom w\ld !n be recognis$ by all4 ,daniel 0 greatly rew>d$2 he & 8 fri5ds receiv$ high positions 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! empire4 7#b47 ,nebu*adnezz> erect$ a l>ge /atue1 & comm&$ t at c]ta9 times all %\ld wor%ip x2 disob$i5ce 0 to be puni%$ ) dea?4 ,daniel's fri5ds did n b[ be=e x1 & 7 accus$ be=e ! k+4 ,!y said to ! k+1 8,!re is a ,god :om we wor%ip2 ,he c save u f ! burn+ furnace & f ?y h&1 ,o k+4 ,& if ,he does n save u1 let x be kn[n to !e1 ,o k+1 t we %all n wor%ip ?y god1 & n b[ d[n be=e ! gold5 image :i* ?\ ha/ set up0 7iii4 #ag1 #ah74 ,!y 7 ?r[n into ! furnace1 & miracul\sly sav$4 ,!reupon ,nebu*adnezz> s5ds lett]s to all ! peoples ( 8 empire1 te/ify+ to ! greatness ( ,god1 & n>rat+ :at wond]ful ?+ _h occurr$ to him4 ,he _h a /range dream1 & none b ,daniel 0 able to int]pret x2 ! dream 0 lit]ally fulfill$ accord+ to ,daniel's int]pretation4 ,! dream1 :i*1 aft] ! mann] ( su* ph5om5a1 introduc$ & m+l$ toge!r div]se elem5ts1 0 ?is3 ,he saw a high tree ) _m bran*es & mu* foliage4 ,sudd5ly an angel f heav5 came1 & ord]$ ! tree to be cut d[n1 b ! root to be left = sev5 seasons1 b\nd ) fett]s ( iron & brass1 9 ! mid/ ( ! grass ( ! field4 ,! he>t ( man 0 to be tak5 f x1 & replac$ by a he>t ( bea/s4 ,! int]pretation 01 t ! mighty ,nebu*adnezz> w\ld be remov$ f ! society ( man1 & live l a bea/ ) bea/s = sev5 seasons4 ,?is happ5$ to him j :5 he 0 boa/+ ( 8 greatness & said1 8,is ?is n great ,babylon :i* ,i h built = ! royal h\se1 9 my great p[]1 & to my great glory80 7iv4 #bg74 ,he 0 humbl$1 recognis$ ! dom9ion ( ,god ov] ! :ole univ]se1 & 0 aga91 aft] sev5 seasons1 re/or$ to 8 =m] p[] & dignity4 8,prais$ be ,god10 he exclaim$1 8^: de$s are all tru?1 & ^: ways are ju/ice1 & :o c humble ^? :o walk 9 pride0 7,ibid4 #cd74 7#c47 ,k+ ,bel%azz>1 9 ! mid/ ( a banquet1 at :i* ! holy vessels ( ! ,temple 9 ,j]usalem 7 us$1 p]ceiv$ a h& writ+ on ! wall opposite him /range signs :i* none c\ld read4 ,daniel 0 call$1 & read ! writ+3 8,m5e1 m5e1 tekel uph>s910 & expla9$ x ?us3 ,! days ( ?y gov]nm5t are c\nt$ & br\ght to a close2 ?\ ha/ be5 weigh$ & f\nd want+2 ?y k+dom is divid$1 & giv5 to ! ,m$es & ,p]sians 7v4 #be-bh74 ,t same night ,k+ ,bel%azz> 0 kill$1 & ! ,m$e ,d>ius 0 made k+ 7v4 #cj-vi4 #a74 7#d47 ,k+ ,d>ius1 advis$ by 8 (fic]s1 :o s\ght to f9d an opportunity = ov]?r[+ ,daniel1 issu$ an ord]1 t )9 ?irty days no god or o!r be+ except ,d>ius %\ld be pray$ to1 & t transgressors aga9/ ?is decree %\ld be puni%$ ) dea?4 ,daniel pray$ to ,god ?ree times a day at 8 op5 w9d[4 ,he 0 ?r[n into ! lions' d52 b ,god protect$ him f ! m\?s ( ! lions4 ,:5 he 0 tak5 out ( ! d51 8 accus]s 7 ?r[n into x1 & ! lions imm$iately dev\r$ !m4 ,?us ,d>ius 0 =c$ publicly to recognise ! ,omnipot5ce ( ,god4 7#e47 ,a dream ( ,daniel is relat$ by ! au?or 9 ,daniel's own words1 :o _h writt5 d[n ! dream1 & expla9$ ! *ief po9ts4 #aj ,! foll[+ is ! dream3--,he saw f\r bea/s1 viz41 a lion1 a be> ) ?ree ribs 9 its m\?1 a leop>d ) f\r w+s & f\r heads1 & a f\r? bea/ ) iron tee? & t5 horns1 "o ( ! horns be+ small1 b hav+ 8a m\? speak+ haughtily40 ,9 a c\rt ( ju/ice ! latt] bea/ 0 s5t5c$ to dea?1 & ! o!r bea/s 7 to be depriv$ ( _! p[]2 b respite 0 grant$ to !m = a "t & a season4 ,! royal p[] 0 giv5 to "o :o approa*$ ! judge appe>+ l a human be+1 & n l any ( ! bea/s4 ,8 rule 0 to rema9 = ev]4 ,! int]pretation ( ! dream is ?is3 ,!re w be f\r diff]5t k+doms2 out ( ! f\r? t5 diff]5t k+doms w be =m$4 ,"o ( ^! w haughtily presume to oppose ! ,w ( ,god1 & to aboli% ! fe/ivals & ! religion ( ! holy ones4 ,x w succe$ = 8a season1 seasons1 & half a season10 & w !n be utt]ly de/roy$1 :il/ ! rule ( 8! holy ones0 #aa w 9 ! end be firmly e/abli%$ & cont9ue = ev]4 ,! indef9ite "* ( ! vision %[s t x 0 int5d$ to apply to all ^? oppressors ( ! ,jews :o at diff]5t times h presum$1 or /ill presume1 to be able to aboli% ! religion ( 8! holy ones40 ,:e!r ! oppression la/s a 8season ( seasons0 7or 8a season & seasons071 i4e41 a v long "t1 or 8half a season10 i4e41 a v %ort "t1 ! holy ones are exhort$ to rema9 firm 9 _! fai? 9 ,god's ju/ice4 ,! tru? ( ?is vision is especially illu/rat$ by ! failure ( ! attempts ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes aft] a tempor>y success4 ,m def9ite are ! numb]s #bcjj 8ev5+-morn+s0 7viii4 #ad71 #abij days & #acce days 7xii4 #aa1 #ab72 b ! abs5ce ( any fur!r description z to ! date ( ! fir/ ( ^! days leaves ev5 to ^! numb]s a c]ta9 degree ( indet]m9ation4 ,f ! context we le>n t !y are someh[ connect$ ) ! p]secution to :i* ! ,jews 7 subject$ by ,antio*us ,epiphanes4 #bcjj days 7or #f ye>s #aaj days7 pass$ betwe5 ! decree ( ! ,syrian k+ en=c+ idolatry & ! peace ) ,lysias grant+ religi\s lib]ty2 !re 7 #abij days betwe5 ! decree =bidd+ ! practice ( ! holy religion & ! en=cem5t ( idolatry 9 ! ,temple ( ,j]usalem1 & #acce days is ! p]iod betwe5 ! latt] ev5t & ! dea? ( ,antio*us4 7,b47 ,! second "p conta9s visions ( ,daniel z writt5 d[n by himself4 7#a47 ,9 ! ?ird ye> ( ,bel%azz>1 ,daniel _h ! foll[+ vision3--,be+ 9 ,susan1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,elam1 ne> ! riv] ,ulai1 he saw a ram ) two unequal horns pu%+ t[>ds we/1 nor?1 & s\?4 ,f ! we/ came a goat ) "o horn1 & ov]?rew ! ram2 9 ! place ( ! "o horn f\r horns grew up 9 all directions2 !re 0 "o small horn :i* pu%$ on aga9/ ! s\?1 ! ea/1 & ,pale/9e2 x rose ev5 aga9/ ! ho/ ( heav5 & ! *ief ( ! ho/1 & de/roy$ 8 holy place4 ,daniel he>d "o holy "o say+ to ano!r1 8,?is /ate ( ?+s w la/ till #8ev5+-morn+ #bcjj4'0 ,! angel ,gabriel gave him ! int]pretation ( ! vision3 ,! ram repres5t$ ! empire ( ! ,m$es & ! ,p]sians1 ! goat t ( ! ,greeks1 out ( :i* f\r k+doms w\ld be =m$2 9 "o ( ^! a wick$ k+ w\ld v5ture to rise aga9/ ! ,pr9ce ( pr9ces1 b 8 p[] w\ld 9 ! end be de/roy$4 ,daniel 0 told to keep ! vision secret1 = x ref]r$ to a di/ant future 7viii4 #bf74 7#b47 ,9 ! fir/ ye> ( ,d>ius1 son ( ,ahasu]us1 ( ! se$ ( ! ,m$es1 ,daniel reflect$ on ! sev5ty ye>s ( exile =etold by ,j]emiah1 & f]v5tly pray$ to ,god = p>don & ! re/oration ( ,j]usalem4 ,at ! end ( 8 pray] ! angel ,gabriel appe>$ to him1 & told him t ! hop$-= re/oration w\ld n take place be=e ! lapse ( sev5ty weeks ( tr\ble & anxiety4 ,!re w\ld elapse sev5 weeks be=e ! 8pr9cely ano9t$0 7 7 l$ ! ,jews back to ,pale/9e2 sixty-two weeks ( tr\ble & anxiety 7 pr$ict$ = ! "t ( ! rebuild+ ( ,j]usalem & ! ,temple2 & "o week's mis]y on ! arrival ( a new pr9ce or gov]nor1 :o w\ld /r5g!n ! cov5ant ( ! enemies & entirely susp5d ! ,div9e ,s]vice 9 ! ,temple = a %ort "t4 #ab 7#c47 ,9 ! ?ird ye> ( ,cyrus1 k+ ( ,p]sia1 ,daniel1 aft] ?ree weeks' m\rn+ & fa/+1 _h ! foll[+ vision on ! tw5ty-f\r? day ( ! fir/ mon?3--,he saw ne> ! riv] ,tigris 7,hiddekel7 a man ( extraord9>y appe>ance1 :o told him t he came 9 answ] to 8 pray]s2 t = tw5ty-"o days 7x4 #ac7 he 0 oppos$ by ! pr9ce ( ! k+dom ( ,p]sia1 & _h on 8 side only "o ( ! pr9ces1 ,mi*ael4 ,future ev5ts are =etold3 ! fall ( ,p]sia1 ! division ( ! ,greek k+dom1 ! w>s betwe5 ! ,nor!rn c\ntry 7,syria7 & ! ,s\!rn 7,egypt71 ! tr\bles ( ! ,jews1 ! ultimate deliv]ance ( ! ,jews out ( dang]1 & ! glori\s victory ( ! tea*]s 8:o taught _m1 & l$ !m to righte\sness0 7 xii4 #c74 ,:5 ,daniel ask$1 8,till :5 h we to wait = ! end ( ^! wondr\s ?+s80 7 ,ibid4 #f71 he 0 told1 8,aft] a season1 seasons1 & a half 7 ,ibid4 #g7 #ac all ^! ?+s w come to an end40 ,he fur!r asks1 8,:at !n80 ,he is told1 8,! ?+s mu/ rema9 seal$ till ! "t ( ! end 7 ,ibid4 #i71 :5 ! wise & good 77 w und]/& !m40 ,! vision ends ) ! words address$ to ,daniel3 8,b ?\ g t[>d ! end1 & ?\ wilt re/1 & rise = ?y lot at ! end ( ! days0 7xii4 #ac74 ,ezra1 --,! ,book ( ,ezra relates ! fir/ return ( ! ,jews "u ,z]ubbabel f ,babylon to ,pale/9e by ! p]mission ( ,k+ ,cyrus 77 ( ,p]sia1 ! con/ruction ( ! alt>1 ! f\ndation & ! build+ ( ! ,temple by p]mission ( ,k+ ,d>ius4 ,x also describes ! second settlem5t ( ,jews f ,babylon 9 ,pale/9e "u ,ezra1 ! ,scribe1 9 ! reign ( ,artax]xes1 & 8 en]gy 9 purify+ ! community f int]m>riages ) hea!n p4 ,! book is writt5 9 ,hebrew1 ) ! exception ( iv4 #h-vii4 #bg1 :i* includes sev]al docum5ts writt5 9 ,*aldee by ! ,p]sian k+s4 ,! au?or ( ! book is probably ,ezra2 he speaks ( himself 9 ! fir/ p]son 7vii4 #bh2 viii4 #a1 c472 he is also nam$ z ! au?or ( ! book 9 ! ,babylonian ,talmud2 & la/ly1 ! "n ( ! book is ,ezra1 al?\gh ,ezra is only m5tion$ 9 ! second half ( ! book4 ,! special m]it ( ,ezra 0 ! promotion ( ! /udy ( ! ,law2 8 "n is foll[$ by ! title1 8,a ready scribe ( ! ,law ( ,moses0 7 vii4 #f71 & 8,scribe ( ! words ( ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,"l & ,8 /atutes = ,israel0 7 vii4 #aa72 ! task he set to himself 0 8to /udy ! ,law ( ,god 7 71 & to practise x1 & to tea* 9 ,israel ,law & judgm5t0 7vii4 #aj74 ,nehemiah1 --,! head+ probably indicates ! au?or1 8,words ( ,nehemiah1 son ( ,ha*aliah40 #ad ,! book conta9s ! hi/ory ( ,nehemiah's visit to ,j]usalem by ! p]mission ( ,k+ ,artax]xes1 & ! build+ ( ! walls ( ,j]usalem "u ,nehemiah's sup]vision1 9 spite ( ! opposition ( ,sanballat & ,tobiah ! ,ammonite2 8 example ( dis9t]e/$ness & ( lib]ality t[>ds ! poor1 :i* is foll[$ by ! pr9ces & ! ri*2 ! read+ & exp\nd+ ( ! ,law by ,ezra2 ! celebration ( ! fe/ival ( ! fir/ ( ,ti%ri & ( ,tab]nacles2 ! r5ewal ( ! cov5ant 8to walk 9 ! ,law ( ,god1 :i* 0 giv5 ?r\gh ,moses ! s]vant ( ,god10 to keep ,sabba?1 to ab/a9 f int]m>ry+ ) ! hea!n1 & to contribute t[>ds ma9ta9+ ! ,sanctu>y2 ! provision = fill+ ,j]usalem ) inhabitants by select+ by lot "o-t5? ( ! g5]al population to dwell 9 ! holy city2 ! d$ication ( ! walls ( ,j]usalem2 & ,nehemiah's en]gy 9 en=c+ ! laws ( ,sabba? & ( m>riages4 ,! two books ,ezra & ,nehemiah are also call$ by "s 8two books ( ,ezra10 & by "s 8! book ( ,ezra40 ,nehemiah is writt5 9 ,hebrew4 ,! ,*ronicles1 --,! two books ( ,*ronicles conta9 ! foll[+ ?ree p>ts3 7#a7 ,g5ealogical tables 7,i41 i4-ix472 7#b7 ! hi/ory ( ! dea? ( ,k+ ,saul1 ! hi/ory ( ,david & ,solomon 7,i41 x4-,,ii41 ix472 7#c7 ! hi/ory ( ! k+dom ( ,judah f ,rehoboam till ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem by ,nebu*adnezz> 7,,ii41 x4-xxxvi474 ,special att5tion has be5 giv5 by ! au?or to ! arrangem5ts made at v>i\s p]iods = ! ,temple-s]vice1 by ,k+ ,david 7,i41 xxiii4 sqq471 ,k+ ,hezekiah 7,,ii41 xxix471 & ,k+ ,josiah 7,,ii41 xxxiv41 xxxv474 ,! au?or is n nam$ 9 ! book2 accord+ to ! tradition x is ,ezra4 ,z ! g5ealogical tables give six g5]ations aft] ,z]ubbabel 7,i41 iii4 #ai-bd71 we may assume t ! au?or wrote ab\t fifty ye>s aft] ,z]ubbabel2 t is1 ! la/ ye>s ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah4 ,! s\rces f :i* ! au?or d]iv$ 8 in=mation 71 besides ! ,biblical books1 ! foll[+3--,! book ( ! k+s ( ,judah2 ! book ( ! k+s ( ,israel1 regi/]s probably kept 9 ! ,temple ar*ives2 ! hi/ories ( ,samuel ! ,se]1 ,na?an ! prophet1 & ,gad ! ,se]2 ! prophecy ( ,ahijah ( ,%ilo2 ! visions ( ,j$o2 ! ,midra% ( ! prophet ,iddo2 ! hi/ory ( ,jehu1 son ( ,hanani2 ! hi/ory ( ,isaiah1 son ( ,amoz1 & ! hi/ory ( ,hozai4 ,?is is ! la/ book ( ! s]ies ( ,holy ,writ+s4 ,books t 7 writt5 lat]1 :atev] _! intr9sic value may be1 7 n consid]$ holy1 & 7 n receiv$ into ?is collection4 ,!re are a numb] ( books kn[n z ,apocrypha 771 lit4 8,hidd5 ?+s0 or 8put aside10 t is1 kept sep>ate f ! ,holy ,scriptures4 ,!y 7 n consid]$ z g5u9e1 z !y consi/$ ( a mixture ( fact & fiction1 tru? & error4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 n suppress$ or =bidd52 9 ! ,talmud sev]al quotations f ^! books are met )4 ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal books belong+ to ! ,apocrypha3-- 7#a47 ,! ,book ( ,wisdom1 or ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon4 ,wisdom bas$ on ! fe> ( ,god1 & guid$ by x1 is ! s\rce ( man's true happ9ess1 & if wisdom & virtue are n rew>d$ by success 9 mundane affairs1 ! rew>d is sure to come 9 ! future _w4 ,?is is ! qu9tess5ce ( ! lessons taught 9 ?is book4 ,! k+s & pot5tates ( ! e>? are frequ5tly exhort$ to be j & k9d t[>ds _! p1 & to rememb] t !y are b human be+s1 weak & mortal1 l ! re/ ( mank9d2 wisdom alone c raise !m to high] p]fection & happ9ess4 8,= ! v true beg9n+ ( h] is ! desire ( discipl9e1 & ! c>e ( discipl9e is love4 ,& love is ! keep+ ( h] laws2 & ! giv+ he$ unto h] laws is ! assurance ( incorruption4 ,& incorruption make? u ne> ,god4 ,!re=e ! desire ( wisdom br+e? to a k+dom4 ,if y\r delight be !n 9 ?rones & sceptres1 ,o ye k+s ( ! p1 hon\r wisdom1 t ye may reign = ev]more0 7vi4 #ag-ba74 8,= reg>d+ n wisdom1 !y got n only ?is hurt1 t !y knew n ! ?+s :i* 7 good1 b also left beh9d !m to ! _w a memorial ( _! fooli%ness1 s t 9 ! ?+s :]e9 !y (f5d$ !y c\ld n s mu* z be hid4 ,b wisdom deliv]$ f pa9 ^? t att5d$ ^u h]4 ,:5 ! righte\s fl$ f 8 bro!r's wra?1 %e guid$ him into "r pa?s1 %ew$ him ! k+dom ( ,god1 & gave him k ( holy ?+s t made him ri* 9 8 travels1 & multipli$ ! fruit ( 8 lab\rs0 7x4 #h-aj74 7#b47 ,! ,wisdom ( ,jesus1 son ( ,sira*4--,prov]bs1 maxims1 & moral lessons collect$ by ,jo%ua 7,jesus71 son ( ,sira* ( ,j]usalem4 ,aft] hav+ /udi$ ! ,law1 ! ,prophets1 & ! o!r ,holy ,writ+s1 he ?\ght x advisable to write a book on k & wisdom = ^? :o seek in/ruction1 9 ord] to lead !m to great] ob$i5ce to ! ,law4 ,jo%ua's gr&son migrat$ f ,pale/9e to ,egypt1 & translat$ ! "w ( 8 gr&fa!r into ,greek = ^? :o c\ld n read ! ,hebrew orig9al4 ,! translation 0 made 9 ! ?irty-eigh? ye> ( ,k+ ,eu]getes ,,ii4 ( ,egypt 7#chhh ,a4,m474 ,! cont5ts ( ! book are simil> to ^? ( ! ,prov]bs ( ,solomon3 ! au?or recomm5ds ! acquisition ( wisdom1 pati5ce1 fai? 9 ,god1 meekness1 ob$i5ce ( *ildr5 to p>5ts1 *>ity1 cauti\sness 9 ! use ( ! tongue1 temp]ance1 hone/y1 & ! l4 ,z models ( piety & wisdom ! pr9cipal h]oes 9 ! ,bible1 f ,adam to ,jo%ua1 son ( ,jehozadak1 are nam$1 & 9 addition to ^! ,simon ! high prie/4 8,my son1 if ?\ come to s]ve ! ,"l1 prep>e ?y s\l = temptation4 ,set ?y he>t aright1 & con/antly endure1 & make n ha/e 9 "t ( tr\ble4 ,cleave unto him1 & dep>t n away1 t ?\ maye/ be increas$ at ?y la/ end4 ,:atsoev] is br\ght ^u !e take *e]fully1 & be pati5t :5 ?\ art *ang$ to a l[ e/ate4 ,= gold is tri$ 9 ! fire1 & acceptable m5 9 ! furnace ( adv]sity4 ,believe 9 him1 & he w help !e3 ord] ?y way aright1 & tru/ 9 him0 7ii4 #a-f74 8,b he t give? 8 m9d to ! law ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 & is occupi$ 9 ! m$itation !re(1 w seek out ! wisdom ( ! mo/ anci5t1 & be occupi$ 9 prophecies4 ,he w keep ! say+s ( mo/ r5[n$ m51 & :]e subtle p>ables are1 ,he w be !re also4 ,he w seek out ! secrets ( grave s5t5ces1 & be conv]sant 9 d>k p>ables0 7xxxix4 #a-c74 7#c47 ,b>u*4--,! book may be divid$ into two p>ts4 ,9 ! fir/ "p ,b>u*1 son ( ,n]ijah1 ! amanu5sis ( ! prophet ,j]emiah1 addresses1 9 ,babylon1 ,jehoia*91 ! captive k+ ( ,judah1 & ! o!r captive ,jews2 !y s5d money to ,j]usalem = sacrifices1 ) a lett] exhort+ _! bre?r5 to return to ,god1 & com=t+ !m ) ! prospect ( a glori\s future4 ,! second "p conta9s a lett] ( ,j]emiah to 8 bre?r5 9 ,j]usalem d5\nc+ idolatry4 ,! lett]s are probably n g5u9e1 n be+ 9 h>mony ) ! facts relat$ 9 ! books ( ,j]emiah & ,k+s4 7#d47 ,! ,book ( ,tobit4--,tobit1 ( ! tribe ( ,naphtali1 a good & pi\s man1 0 "o ( ^? :o 7 c>ri$ away into ! ,assyrian captivity4 ,"o ( ! *>itable acts to :i* he devot$ himself ) special zeal 0 ! bury+ ( ! dead4 ,twice 0 mis=tune br\ght ^u him = practis+ ?is de$ ( piety4 ,once he _h to flee1 & to rema9 away f 8 family 9 mis]y & want1 & a second "t some?+ fell into 8 eyes1 & he became bl9d4 ,9 bo? cases he 0 sav$ out ( 8 tr\ble1 & 0 greatly rew>d$ = 8 pati5ce1 8 fai? 9 ,god1 & 8 p]sev]ance 9 ! p]=mance ( ! ,div9e comm&m5ts4 ,! au?or ( ! book is n kn[n4 7#e47 ,judi?4--,an incid5t ( ,jewi% hi/ory dur+ ! ,p]sian rule4 ,judi? is set =? z an ideal ( piety1 beauty1 c\rage1 & *a/ity4 ,hol(]nes1 a g5]al 9 ! s]vice ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 k+ ( ,assyria1 conqu]s _m l&s1 b meets ) vigor\s resi/ance 9 ,judea2 he besieges ,be?ulia & endeav\rs to suppress ! ,jewi% religion4 ,he falls by ! h&s ( ,judi?4 ,?us ! /ratagem & ! c\rage ( ! ,jewi% h]o9e1 comb9$ ) ! plans ( ,div9e ju/ice1 fru/rat$ ! wick$ plans ( ! hea!n conqu]or1 & deliv]$ ! besieg$ city4 7#f47 ,additions to ! ,books ( ,daniel & ,ezra1 conta9+-- 7a47 ,! song ( ! ?ree m5 9 ! furnace 7,dan4 iii474 7b47 ,! false *>ges br\ght aga9/ ,susanna1 & h] deliv]ance ?r\gh ,daniel4 7c47 ,bel & ! ,dragon4 ,cyrus1 ! ,p]sian1 wor%ipp$ ^! idols1 b 0 conv9c$ by ,daniel t !y _h no claim :atev] to man's wor%ip4 7d47 ,! apocryphal ,book ( ,esdras1 conta9+ portions ( ! ,books ( ,*ronicles1 ,ezra1 & ,nehemiah2 only *aps4 iii4 & iv4 be+ orig9al4 ,9 ^! x is relat$ h[ ,z]ubbabel di/+ui%$ himself be=e ,k+ ,d>ius 9 describ+ ,woman & ,tru? z ! mightie/ rul]s ( mank9d1 & ?us obta9$ p]mission to return to ,pale/9e & rebuild ! ,temple4 ,a second apocryphal ,book ( ,esdras is nam$1 9 :i* ,ezra is repres5t$ z a prophet address+ 8 bre?r5 9 ! "n ( ,god1 & tell+ !m ! visions he _h4 7#g47 ,! ,books ( ! ,maccabees4--,?ree books conta9+ ! hi/ory ( ! ,maccabees1 & v>i\s episodes ( ! w>s aga9/ ! ,syrian oppressors1 bo? leg5d>y & hi/orical4 ,six? ,pr9ciple4--8,i firmly believe t all ! words ( ! ,prophets are true40 ,by 8! ,prophets0 ! prophets ?us designat$ 9 ! ,bible are to be und]/ood :o h prov$ !mselves to be ! true mess5g]s ( ,god1 & 7 accept$ z su* by ! p4 ,!y ei!r c\nsell$ ! p :at to d "u v>i\s circum/ances1 9 times ( peace & 9 times ( w>1 9 times ( security & 9 times ( dang]1 or !y ann\nc$ ! com+ cata/rophe z a puni%m5t s5t by ! ,almighty = disob$i5ce1 & =etold future happ9ess & prosp]ity 9 case ( improvem5t & return to ,god4 ,^? prophecies t ref]r$ to ! proximate future h be5 v]ifi$ by subsequ5t ev5ts1 & s also w ^? prophecies t ref] to ! remote future & h n yet be5 fulfill$4 8,a prophet out ( ?y mid/1 ( ?y bre?r51 l unto me1 w ! ,"l ?y ,god raise up unto !e2 unto him ye %all he>k50 7,deut4 xviii4 #ae74 8,! =m] ?+s1 behold1 !y are come to pass1 & new ?+s d ,i decl>e2 be=e !y w spr+ =?1 ,i %all let y he>0 7,isa4 xlii4 #i74 8,i h also spok5 unto ! prophets1 & ,i h multipli$ visions1 & by ! m9i/ry ( ! prophets h ,i us$ similitudes0 7,hosea xii4 #aa74 8,& by a prophet ! ,"l br\ght ,israel out ( ,egypt1 & by a prophet 0 he pres]v$0 7,ibid4 #ad74 ,9 ! six? article we decl>e our belief 9 ! fact t ! ,almighty has communicat$ ,8 ,w to human be+s1 al?\gh we are incapable ( =m+ a cle> & def9ite idea ( ! mann] 9 :i* su* communication took place4 ,! selection ( ! individual = ! (fice ( a prophet1 z well z ( ! "t1 ! place1 & ! object ( ! ,div9e communication1 is dep5d5t solely on ! ,w ( ,god1 ^: ,wisdom & ,plan no mortals are able to fa?om4 ,we "k only ! fact t ,mala*i clos$ ! s]ies ( ,prophets1 b are ignorant ( ! reason :y s9ce ,mala*i no human be+ has 8f\nd a vision f ! ,"l40 ,mank9d is1 h[ev]1 n altoge!r depriv$ ( ! b5efit ( prophecy2 ! holy book ne$ only be op5$1 & ! message ( ! prophets is he>d once m4 ,sev5? ,pr9ciple4--8,i firmly believe t ! prophecy ( ,moses 0 a direct prophecy1 & t ,moses 0 ! *ief ( ! prophets1 bo? ( ^? :o prec$$ him & ( ^? :o foll[$ him40 ,all t has be5 said ) reg>d to ! six? article applies to ! prophecy ( ,moses4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ?is di/9ction betwe5 ! words ( ,moses & ! words ( o!r prophets3--:il/ o!r prophets *iefly address$ _! own g5]ation1 blam+ _! bre?r5 = disob$i5ce to ! ,div9e ,law1 ?reat5+ ) puni%m5ts & com=t+ ) bless+s ( :i* exp]i5ce 0 to be made 9 ! remote future1 ,moses addresses all times & g5]ations1 communicat+ to !m laws 8= all g5]ations10 8ev]la/+ /atutes10 8! ?+s :i* h be5 reveal$ = u & our *ildr5 = ev]40 ,he is !re=e proclaim$ by ! ,almighty z ! greate/ prophet4 ,:5 ,miriam & ,a>on _h spok5 aga9/ ,moses1 ,god rebuk$ !m1 say+1 8,if !re be among y a prophet ( ! ,"l1 ,i w make myself kn[n unto him 9 a vision1 ,i w speak ) him 9 a dream4 ,my s]vant ,moses is n s2 he is fai?ful 9 all my h\se2 ) him w ,i speak m\? to m\?1 ev5 manife/ly1 & n 9 d>k spee*es2 & ! =m ( ! ,"l %all he behold0 7,num4 xii4 #f-h74 ,! ,torah concludes ) ! praise ( ,moses1 z foll[s3 8,& !re ha? n aris5 a prophet s9ce 9 ,israel l unto ,moses1 :om ! ,"l knew face to face3 9 all ! signs & ! wond]s1 :i* ! ,"l s5t him to d 9 ! l& ( ,egypt1 to ,ph>aoh1 & to all 8 s]vants1 & to all 8 l&2 & 9 all ! mighty h&1 & 9 all ! great t]ror1 :i* ,moses wr\ght 9 ! sight ( all ,israel0 7,deut4 xxxiv4 #aj-ab74 ,! phrase 8knew ,god face to face10 or 8,i w speak ) him m\? to m\?10 & ! l1 d5otes figuratively 8! cle>e/1 mo/ direct1 & mo/ simple communication10 ! figure be+ tak5 f ! way 9 :i* m5 communicate to ea* o!r ?+s :5 !y desire to be cle>ly und]/ood1 & to leave no d\bt z to ! tru? & ! mean+ ( ! communication4 ,eigh? ,pr9ciple4--8,i firmly believe t ! ,law :i* we possess n[ is ! same :i* has be5 giv5 to ,moses on ,s9ai40 ,! :ole ,torah1 includ+ bo? hi/ory & precepts1 is ( ,div9e orig92 no?+ is conta9$ 9 ! ,torah t 0 n reveal$ to ,moses by ! ,almighty1 al?\gh we d n "k 9 :at mann] ,moses receiv$ ! in=mation4 ,! hi/ory ( prec$+ g5]ations 0 probably h&$ d[n to 8 "t by tradition2 9 "p x may h be5 conta9$ 9 docum5ts !n extant1 z is likely to h be5 ! case ) ! v>i\s g5ealogies m5tion$ 9 ! ,p5tateu*4 ,b x 0 by ,div9e inspiration t ,moses knew to di/+ui% betwe5 tru? & error1 betwe5 fiction & reality4 ,! ev5ts record$ 9 ! ,p5tateu* are to demon/rate & to keep con/antly be=e our eyes ! fact t !re is a high] ,p[] t orda9s ! fate ( m5 & nations accord+ to _! de$s4 ,ev]y?+ is describ$ 9 a simple & objective mann]4 ,al?\gh ! :ole ,torah is ! "w ( ,moses1 ! great prophet speaks ( himself ev]y:]e 9 ! ?ird p]son1 except 9 ! ,book ( ,deut]onomy1 9 :i* he records 8 addresses to ! p 9 ! la/ ye> ( 8 life4 ,! la/ few v]ses1 :i* describe ! dea? ( ,moses1 ! m\rn+ ( ! ,israelites = ! dea? ( _! tea*]1 & 8 exaltation above all o!r prophets1 h be5 add$ to ! ,torah by ,jo%ua ! son ( ,nun1 ! lead] ( ! ,israelites aft] ! dea? ( ,moses4 ,?us1 f t day until ! pres5t ! ,torah1 9 its integrity1 has be5 9 ! h&s ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel4 ,x 0 gu>d$ z ! mo/ valuable national treasure1 & al?\gh !re h be5 n a few g5]ations :i* 7 corrupt & idolatr\s1 ,israel has nev] be5 entirely b]eav$ ( pi\s & fai?ful wor%ipp]s ( ! true ,god2 & :5 9 "o g5]ation or p]iod ! /udy & ! practice ( ! ,torah 7 neglect$1 !y 7 resum$ ) great] vig\r & zeal 9 ! next4 ,!re is a tradition record$ 9 ! ,talmud t aft] ! ,babylonian exile ,ezra1 ! ,scribe1 replac$ ! anci5t ,hebrew *>act]s 9 :i* ! ,torah _h orig9ally be5 writt5 by ! squ>e *>act]s /ill 9 use4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 0 omitt$ f or add$ to ! cont5ts ( ! ,torah1 :5 ! pres5t =ms ( ! lett]s 7 introduc$ by ,ezra4 ,9 ! scrolls ( ! ,law ! lett]s 7 n provid$ ) v[el-po9ts & acc5ts2 ! mann] 9 :i* ! words1 phrases1 & s5t5ces 7 to be read 0 a subject ( oral tea*+4 ,also _m explanations & details ( ! laws 7 supplem5t$ by oral tea*+2 !y 7 h&$ d[n by ^w ( m\? f g5]ation to g5]ation1 & only aft] ! de/ruction ( ! second ,temple 7 !y committ$ to writ+4 ,! latt] are1 nev]!less1 call$ ,oral ,law 7 71 z di/+ui%$ f ! ,torah or ,writt5 ,law 7 71 :i* f ! fir/ 0 committ$ to writ+4 ,^? oral laws :i* 7 reveal$ to ,moses on ,m\nt ,s9ai are call$ 8,laws giv5 to ,moses on ,m\nt ,s9ai40 ,!re are sev]al passages 9 ! ,bible f :i* x appe>s t a c]ta9 unwritt5 law mu/ h supplem5t$ ! writt5 ,law2 e4g41 :5 a man 0 f\nd 9 ! wild]ness ga!r+ /icks on ! ,sabba?-day1 ! p]sons :o discov]$ him br\ght him to ,moses4 ,!y mu/ h be5 taught be=e1 t ! ga!r+ ( /icks con/itut$ a 1 lab\r prohibit$ on ! ,sabba?-day1 al?\gh ?is _h n be5 di/9ctly /at$ 9 ! writt5 ,sabba?-laws4 ,_h ?is n be5 ! case ! ,sabba?-break] c\ld n h be5 put to dea?1 s9ce he w\ld h committ$ ! s9 9 ignorance4 ,! same c be said ( ! man :o curs$ ! "n ( ,god2 he mu/ h kn[n t curs+ ! "n ( ,god 0 a capital crime2 = he w\ld n h be5 put to dea? if ! ,israelites _h n yet be5 taught t dea? w\ld be inflict$ = su* an act4 ,! "q :i* ! prophet ,haggai 7ii4 #aa7 address$ to ! prie/s1 & ! answ]s :i* ! prie/s gave1 lead to ! conclusion t ! details ( ! laws on uncleanness & cleanness 7 7 mu/ h be5 kn[n to ! prie/s & ! prophets to a great] ext5t ?an has be5 expla9$ 9 ! writt5 ,law4 ,besides1 !re 7 _m precepts t came at once into =ce4 ,^! mu/ h be5 fully expla9$ to ! p1 :o 7 anxi\s to obey ! ^w ( ,god4 ,all ^! explanations & ! detail$ rules ) reg>d to ! writt5 ,div9e precepts ( ! ,p5tateu*1 toge!r ) laws & in/itutions e/abli%$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t by ! highe/ au?orities ( ! nation 9 ob$i5ce to ! dictates ( ! ,p5tateu*1 =m ! cont5ts ( ! ,oral ,law4 ,! ,oral ,law or ! ,tradition has be5 h&$ d[n 9 two diff]5t =ms3 7a7 9 ! =m ( a runn+ ,comm5t>y on ! ,p5tateu*2 su* ,comm5t>ies 7 call$ ,midra%im2 7b7 arrang$ accord+ to ! diff]5t subjects1 & treat$ indep5d5tly ( ! text ( ! ,torah4 ,?is is done 9 ! ,talmud 78lesson10 8tradition074 ,! pr9cipal ,midra%im are3 ,me*ilta 7lit4 8measure07 on ,exodus2 ,sifra 78book07 on ,leviticus2 ,sifre 78books07 on ,numb]s & ,deut]onomy4 ,rabbo? on ! ,p5tateu* & ! five ,megillo?4 ,yalkut 78collection07 on all ! books ( ! ,bible4 ,! ,talmud--:i* exi/s 9 two diff]5t rec5sions1 viz41 ! ,j]usalem ,talmud & ! ,babylonian ,talmud--consi/s ( two elem5ts1 :i* h to ea* o!r ! relation ( text & comm5t>y1 & are call$ ,mi%nah 7 8le>nt by he>t071 & ,gem>a 7 lit4 8completion10 8a ?+ settl$072 ! =m] conta9s ! traditional laws mo/ly )\t argum5tation2 9 ! latt] ^! laws are fur!r discuss$1 exam9$1 & f9ally settl$4 ,foll[+ ! example ( ! ,p5tateu*1 ! ,talmud includes two elem5ts3 laws & n>ratives1 or ,hala*ah 77 & ,agada 772 ! latt]1 ! ,agada1 conta9s hi/ory1 fables1 allegory1 m$itations1 pray]s1 reflections1 philosophical & religi\s discussions1 & a l>ge numb] ( moral say+s4 ,! ,midra%im likewise include ^! two elem5ts4 ,! ,mi%nah is divid$ into ! foll[+ six ord]s or sections 773 #ae-- #a4 8,se$s40 ,laws ref]r+ to agriculture2 prec$$ by laws on ,div9e ,wor%ip4 #b4 8,seasons40 ,on ,sabba? & ,fe/ivals4 #c4 8,wom540 ,m>riage ,laws4 #d4 8,damages40 ,civil & crim9al legislation2 ! ,gov]nm5t4 #e4 8,holy ?+s40 ,on ,sacrifices4 #f4 8,purity40 ,on ! di/9ction betwe5 clean & unclean4 ,! laws taught 9 ! ,talmud are3 7i7 ^? :i* are directly or indirectly d]iv$ f ! text ( ! ,p5tateu*2 !y are call$ 8laws d]iv$ f ! ,torah0 7 or 72 7#b7 ^? :i* trace _! orig9 to ! "t ( ,moses1 or1 9 g5]al1 to ! remote pa/2 !y are call$ 8,law giv5 to ,moses on ,s9ai20 7#c7 ^? laws :i* orig9at$ betwe5 ! p]iod ( ! ,p5tateu* & ! close ( ! ,bible2 !y are call$ 78words ( tradition072 7#d7 ^? :i* h be5 introduc$ 9 po/-,biblical times2 !y are laws 8laws introduc$ by our tea*]s40 ,^! are ei!r prev5tives aga9/ break+ any ( ! ,div9e precepts1 & are !n call$ or 8a f5ce10 or tekano? 7 8in/itutions0 or 8regulations07 made 9 ord] to ensure ob$i5ce to ! ,law & improvem5t ( conduct1 to remove abuses & prev5t error & misund]/&+2 7#e7 ,m9hag1 8,cu/om0 772 religi\s practices :i* h n be5 introduc$ by any au?ority or bas$ on a p>ticul> ,biblical text1 b 9 consequ5ce ( long usage h become z sacr$ z a law e/abli%$ by ! prop] au?ority4 ,^! laws1 z f9ally settl$1 7 aga9 codifi$1 9 v>i\s works1 ! mo/ important ( :i* are ! foll[+ two3 7#a7 ,mi%neh-torah 7 or #af lit4 8,copy ( ! ,law10 or 8,/rong ,h&071 by ,moses ,maimonides 7twelf? c5tury7 9 f\rte5 books2 7#b7 ,%ul*an-aru* 7 1 lit4 8,table-arrang$071 by ,rabbi ,joseph ,c>o 7sixte5? c5tury74 ,n9? ,pr9ciple4--8,i firmly believe t ?is ,law w n be *ang$1 & t !re w n be any o!r ,law giv5 by ! ,creator1 bless$ be ,8 ,"n40 ,9 ?is article we pron\nce our belief 9 ! immutability ( ! ,law4 ,ov] & ov] aga9 ! phrase 8an ev]la/+ /atute0 7 7 occurs 9 ! ,p5tateu*4 ,x is true t ! ,hebrew t]m is us$ 9 ! ,bible 9 ! s5se ( 8a v long "t10 b 9 ! phrase ! ^w _c h t mean+4 ,"s indication w\ld h be5 necess>y to in=m ! p :5 ! laws w\ld cease to be 9 =ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! te/ ( a prophet address+ 8 bre?r5 9 ! "n ( ,god1 z a ,div9e mess5g]1 consi/s 9 ! h>mony ( 8 words ) ! precepts ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,a prophet :o1 speak+ 9 ! "n ( ,god1 abrogates any ( ! laws ( ! ,p5tateu* is a false prophet4 8,if !re arise 9 ! mid/ ( !e a prophet or a dream] ( dreams1 & he give !e a sign or a wond]1 & ! sign or wond] come to pass :]e( he spake unto !e1 say+1 ,let u g aft] o!r gods :i* ?\ ha/ n kn[n1 & let u s]ve !m3 ?\ %alt n he>k5 unto ! words ( t prophet or unto t dream] ( dreams4444 ,ye %all walk aft] ! ,"l y\r ,god1 & fe> him1 & keep 8 comm&m5ts1 & obey 8 voice1 & ye %all s]ve him1 & cleave unto him4 ,& t prophet or t dream] ( dreams %all be put to dea?2 because he ha? spok5 rebellion aga9/ ! ,"l y\r ,god1 :i* br\ght y out ( ! l& ( ,egypt1 444 to draw !e aside out ( ! way :i* ! ,"l ?y ,god comm&$ !e to walk 90 7,deut4 xiii4 #b-f74 ,moses di/9ctly says1 8,! ?+s t are reveal$ belong unto u & to our *ildr5 = ev]1 t we may d all ! words ( ?is law0 7,ibid4 xxix4 #bh74 ,!re is also an express comm&m5t giv53 8,ye %all n add unto ! ^w :i* ,i comm& y1 nei!r %all y dim9i% f x1 t ye may keep ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,"l y\r ,god :i* ,i comm& y0 7,ibid4 iv4 #b74 ,9 two ways ?is law may appe> to h be5 disreg>d$3 !re are c]ta9 sections ( ! ,law :i* are at pres5t n 9 =ce2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 !re are _m app>5tly new precepts at pres5t 9 =ce :i* h be5 introduc$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t by ! religi\s au?orities ( ! nation4 ,b ^! are only app>5t exceptions2 9 reality !y are entirely 9 h>mony ) ! ,p5tateu*4 ,z to ! fir/ class1 !re are _m ( ! ,div9e comm&m5ts ! fulfilm5t ( :i* dep5ds on c]ta9 conditions2 e4g41 ! exi/5ce ( ! ,tab]nacle or ( ! ,temple & its s]vice1 ! possession ( ,pale/9e by ! ,israelites1 ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,jewi% ,/ate4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ^! conditions su* laws _c be fulfill$4 ,! laws ( sacrifices belong to ?is class4 ,we are1 9 ref]5ce to ^! laws1 9 ! same condition z a p]son :o is physically prev5t$ f do+ :at he is comm&$ to d1 & :at he is actually long+ to d4 ,! ,law is n alt]$2 our circum/ances dem& a tempor>y susp5se ( su* laws & n _! abrogation4 ,! second class conta9s all ^? precepts :i* are kn[n z 8,rabb9ical precepts10 & 8,in/itutions0 & 8,cu/oms40 ,b ^! imply no addition to ! ,torah2 !y are m]ely byelaws & regulations z reg>ds ! me?od ( c>ry+ out ! laws ( ! ,p5tateu*1 & are design$ to facilitate or ensure _! fulfilm5t1 & to prev5t ourselves f =gett+ or disreg>d+ !m4 ,our tea*]s1 ! ,rabbis1 made x a matt] ( consci5ce to describe _! own regulations z non-,p5tateu*ical1 & ?r\gh\t ! ,oral ,law & ! entire ,talmudic lit]ature ! di/9ction betwe5 & is not$ & scrupul\sly upheld4 ,x is useless to inve/igate :e!r x w\ld be 9 h>mony ) ! immutability ( ! ,div9e ,be+ to *ange ! laws or any ( !m1 or to grant a new revelation4 ,c]ta9ly ! words 8,i1 ! ,"l1 h n *ang$0 7,mal4 iii4 #f7 h great weight2 s also1 8,= ,god is n a son ( man t he %\ld *ange 8 m9d0 7,num4 xxiii4 #ai74 ,b ! fact t ! laws 7 giv5 by ,god z 8an ev]la/+ /atute = all g5]ations0 makes all philosophical speculation on t po9t sup]flu\s4 ,p]sons :o address u 9 ! "n ( ,god z ,8 mess5g]s1 & bid u turn away f any ( ! laws comm&$ 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 are 9 our eyes impo/ors1 :o1 kn[+ly or unkn[+ly1 give =? _! own op9ions z ,div9e inspirations4 #c4 ,,rew>d ,,& ,,puni%m5t1 4 8,behold ,i h set be=e !e ?is day life & good1 & dea? & evil3 9 t ,i comm& !e ?is day to love ! ,"l ?y ,god1 to walk 9 8 ways1 & to keep 8 comm&m5ts & 8 /atutes & 8 judgm5ts1 t ?\ maye/ live & multiply1 & t ! ,"l ?y ,god may bless !e 9 ! l& :i!r ?\ passe/ ov] ,jordan to g 9 to possess x0 7,deut4 xxx4 #ae74 8,i call heav5 & e>? to witness aga9/ y ?is day1 t ,i h set be=e !e life & dea?1 ! bless+ & ! curse3 !re=e *oose life1 t ?\ maye/ live1 ?\ & ?y se$3 to love ! ,"l ?y ,god1 to obey 8 voice1 & to cleave unto him3 = t is ?y life & ! l5g? ( ?y days0 7,ibid4 xxx4 #ai1 #bj74 ,! doctr9e taught 9 ?is passage is ! alpha & ! omega ( ! sacr$ lit]ature4 ,! :ole hi/ory relat$ 9 ! ,bible f ! ,creation to ! ,babylonian captivity & ! re/oration ( ! ,jews to _! l& is b "o cont9u\s s]ies ( illu/rations ( ?is doctr9e4 ,ob$i5ce to ,god's ^w is foll[$ by ,8 bless+s1 :ile disob$i5ce is ! cause ( ru9 & mis]y4 ,?us1 9 ,lam5tations ! poet exclaims 9 ! "n ( 8 nation1 8,j is ! ,"l1 = ,i rebell$ aga9/ 8 comm&m5t0 7,lam4 i4 #ah74 ,moses1 9 8 la/ song exhort+ ! p to ob$i5ce to ! ,almighty1 beg9s 8 address ) a praise ( ,god's ju/ice1 say+1 8,! ,rock1 8 "w is p]fect1 = all 8 ways are judgm5t3 a ,god ( fai?fulness1 & )\t wrong1 j & "r is he0 7,deut4 xxxii4 #d74 ,ev5 ^? :o d\bt$ ! ,div9e ju/ice1 9 respect to ! fate ( individual p]sons or nations1 admitt$1 8,surely ,i "k t x %all be well ) !m t fe> ,god1 :i* fe> be=e him3 b x %all n be well ) ! wick$1 nei!r %all he prolong 8 days1 :i* are z a %ad[3 because he fe>e? n be=e ,god0 7,eccles4 viii4 #ab1 #ac74 ,job1 wond]+ :y he %\ld be subject$ to ! greate/ trials1 _c help confess+1 8,ev5 he w be to me an help1 = !re %all n come be=e him an hypocrite0 7,job xiii4 #af74 ,god is !re=e call$ 8,god ( judgm5t10 7,mal4 ii4 #ag72 8,judge0 7#a ,sam4 xxiv4 #ae72 8j10 8j ,judge0 7,ps4 vii4 #ab72 8a jeal\s ,god0 7,exod4 xx4 #e72 8,god ( v5geance0 7,ps4 xciv4 #a72 8,god0 9 ! s5se ( 8,judge40 ,! rejection ( ?is belief by ! wick$ is express$ by ! phrase 8,!re is no ,god40 ,?us ,david exclaims1 8,! fool ha? said 9 8 he>t1 ,!re is no ,god2 !y are corrupt2 !y h done abom9able ?+s2 !re is none t doe? good0 7,ps4 xiv4 #a74 ,9 po/-,biblical lit]ature we f9d ?is unbelief1 :i* is *>act]is$ z ! s\rce ( all corruption & wick$ness1 express$ by ! phrase1 8,!re is no judgm5t1 & !re is no judge0 7,t>g4 ,ps4 ,jona?an1 ,g54 iv4 #h74 ,!re are two diff]5t s\rces f :i* su* unbelief spr+s =?--limitation ( ,god's p[]s & limitation ( man's capacities4 ,! "o ( ^! s\rces leads to a d5ial ( ,god's ,omnisci5ce1 :il/ ! o!r deprives man ( 8 freewill4 ,!re are "s :o argue t ,god is too high to notice ! ways & ! acts ( individual m51 & t ^! mu/ be utt]ly insignificant 9 comp>ison ) ,god's greatness4 8,!y cru% ?y p1 ,o ,"l1 & afflict ?9e h]itage4 ,!y slay ! wid[ & ! /rang]1 & murd] ! fa!rless4 ,& !y say1 ,! ,"l %all n see1 nei!r %all ! ,god ( ,jacob consid]0 7,ps4 xciv4 #e-g74 8,& ?\ saye/1 ,:at do? ,god "k8 ,c he judge ?r\gh ! ?ick d>kness8 ,?ick cl\ds are a cov]+ to him1 t he see? n2 & he walke? 9 ! sph]e ( heav50 7,job xxii4 #ac1 #ad74 ,! v words :i* ! ,psalmi/ addresses to ,god ) a he>t full ( gratitude1 8,:at is man t ?\ art m9dful ( him1 & ! son ( man t ?\ visite/ him80 7,ps4 viii4 #e71 are utt]$ 9 a rebelli\s _s by ! unbeliev]1 :o ?us 8sets limits to ! ,holy ,"o ( ,israel0 7,ps4 lxxviii4 #da74 ,b ! p[] ( ,god is n limit$1 nor is ,8 wisdom or ,8 goodness2 ,he is n only 8! ,god ( heav510 b also 8! ,god ( ! e>?40 ,he :o has creat$ ev]y?+ has c]ta9ly a k ( ev]y?+4 8,lift up y\r eyes on high & see :o ha? creat$ ^! ?+s4 ,he :o br+e? =? by numb] _! ho/1 calle? all ( !m by "n2 n "o ( !m escape? ! k ( him :o is great 9 might & /rong 9 p[]0 7,isa4 xl4 #bf74 ,! ,psalmi/ ?us replies to ^? :o d5y ,god's ,omnisci5ce3 8,consid]1 ye bruti% among ! p2 & ye fools1 :5 w ye be wise8 ,he t plant$ ! e>1 %all he n he>2 he t =m$ ! eye1 %all he n see8 ,he t *a/ise? ! nations1 %all he n correct1 ev5 he t tea*e? man k8 ,! ,"l kn[e? ! ?\ghts ( man1 h[ev] va9 !y be0 7,ps4 xciv4 #h-aa74 ,x w\ld inde$ be absurd to imag9e t ! ,creator ( all ?+s %\ld n take notice ( ev]y?+ t ,8 h&s h made4 ,:at diff]5ce c x make to ! ,almighty :e!r ,he provides = ! :ole human race or = "o individual man8 ,x w\ld be attribut+ to ! ,div9e ,be+ human weakness & false pride if we assum$ t ,he is too great to take notice ( any s+le creature ( ,86 ,rabbi ,jo*anan said :]ev] 9 ! ,bible we f9d a description ( ! greatness ( ,god1 !re we f9d ,8 meekness4 ,?us1 e4g41 x is said 9 ! ,torah3 8,= ! ,"l1 y\r ,god1 he is ! ,god ( gods & ! ,"l ( lords1 ! mighty1 ! great1 ! /rong1 & ! t]rible1 :o reg>de? n p]sons1 nor take? rew>d4 ,he do? execute ! judgm5t ( ! fa!rless & wid[1 & love? ! /rang] 9 giv+ him food & raim5t0 7,deut4 x4 #ag1 #ah74 ,t man is n insignificant 9 ! eyes ( ,god is cle>ly express$ 9 ! acc\nt ( ! ,creation1 :]e we are taught t man 0 made by ,god rul] 8ov] ! fi% ( ! sea & ov] ! f[l ( ! air1 & ov] ! cattle1 & ov] all ! e>?1 & ov] e creep+ ?+ t creepe? ^u ! e>?0 7,g54 i4 #bf74 8,man is lov$ by ! ,almighty10 say our ,sages1 8because he is creat$ 9 ! image ( ,god2 b x 0 by a love /ill great] t x 0 made kn[n to him t he 0 creat$ 9 ! image ( ,god0 7,mi%nah ,abo?1 iii4 #ah74 ,"o ( ! *ief bless+s man receiv$ at ! h&s ( 8 ,creator is freewill4 ,)9 c]ta9 limits man c det]m9e 8 own actions4 ,:5 he is ab\t to d a ?+1 he c reflect on x1 exam9e its nature1 inve/igate into its consequ5ces1 & accord+ly ei!r d x or refra9 f do+ x4 ,god said to ! ,israelites1 8,i call heav5 & e>? to witness aga9/ y ?is day1 t ,i h set be=e !e life & dea?1 ! bless+ & ! curse2 & ?\ %alt *oose life0 7,deut4 xxx4 #ai74 ,our fre$om1 h[ev]1 is n unlimit$4 ,!re are v>i\s causes t prev5t u f rema9+ firm to our w4 ,if we resolve to d :at is beyond our physical condition1 we _c c>ry x out4 ,aga91 if a man *ooses to d :at w\ld int]f]e ) ! w ( 8 fell[-m51 he w frequ5tly be compell$ to ab&on or *ange 8 own det]m9ation2 especially z he is 9 mo/ cases ignorant ( ! ?\ghts & plans ( 8 fell[-m54 ,9 a /ill high] degree ?is is ! case ) reg>d to ! designs ( ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,h5ce ! great diff]5ce betwe5 our w & our actual de$s4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 ! conviction t 8,he :o wi%es to purify himself is help$ by ,heav5 t[>ds 8 aim1 :ile he :o desires to defile himself w f9d ! means !reto0 7,babyl4 ,tal4 ,%abba?1 p4 #ajd74 ,we admit t !re are influ5ces ov] :i* man has no control1 & :i*1 on ! contr>y1 help to %ape 8 w4 ,no man is s isolat$ z to be entirely inaccessible to outw>d influ5ces4 ,man inh]its c]ta9 ideas & habits f 8 p>5ts2 o!rs are =c$ ^u him by 8 surr\nd+s1 especially 9 8 e>lie/ y\?2 society & ! ,/ate compel him to con=m to c]ta9 notions & laws2 climate & temp]ature also h no small %>e 9 ! =mation ( man's w4 ,b 9 spite ( all ^! influ5ces man's w is free1 & x is by reason ( 8 free-w t he *ooses to con=m to ! rules ( society & ! laws ( ! ,/ate4 ,h5ce x happ5s t individuals1 subject to almo/ ! same influ5ces1 /ill v>y greatly 9 _! resolutions4 ,:at ! "o praises is an abhorr5ce to ! o!r2 :at repels ! "o attracts ! o!r2 :at is recomm5d$ by ! "o is d5\nc$ by ! o!r4 ,al?\gh !re may be _m :o pr(ess to believe 9 pr$e/9ation or fate1 z a matt] ( fact all nations1 anci5t & mod]n1 h bas$ _! con/itutions on ! belief 9 man's responsibility = 8 actions4 ,e ,/ate has its laws1 its sy/em ( rew>d & puni%m5t4 ,a pr9ciple s g5]al & s ess5tial = ! safety & welf>e ( society1 z well z ( ea* individual1 _c be a m]e illusion2 its good effect has be5 te/$ & is g5]ally recognis$4 ,9 case ( crim9als & s9n]s1 we make all[ance = ! possible outw>d influ5ces "u :i* ! (f5d] may h fall52 we assume ! broad pr9ciple1 8,no "o s9ne? unless ! _s ( folly has ent]$ into him0 7,babyl4 ,talm4 ,sotah1 #c;a72 b no "o w\ld g s f> z to acquit ! s9n] altoge!r f blame4 ,we pity him & try to tea* him h[ to return to ! "r pa?1 & h[ to ov]come outw>d evil influ5ces4 ,:5 ,david _h become aw>e ( ! greatness ( 8 s9 & s9c]ely rep5t$1 he pray$1 8,create 9 me a clean he>t1 ,o ,god2 & r5ew a "r _s )9 me4 ,ca/ me n away f ?y pres5ce2 & take n ?y holy _s f me4 ,re/ore unto me ! joy ( ?y salvation2 & uphold me ) a will+ _s4 ,!n w ,i tea* transgressors ?y ways2 & s9n]s %all return unto !e0 7,ps4 li4 #aj-ac74 ,bo? elem5ts are "h h>moni\sly unit$4 ,god's int]f]5ce is ask$ =2 ,he helps man to c>ry out 8 good resolution2 b man has free-w1 & ! au?or ( ! psalm1 9 seek+ ! assi/ance ( ,god1 feels nev]!less ! weight ( 8 own responsibility4 ,t5? ,pr9ciple4--8,i firmly believe t ! ,creator1 bless$ be ,8 "n1 kn[e? all ! actions ( m5 & all _! ?\ghts1 z x is said1 #8,he t fa%ione? ! he>ts ( !m all1 ,he t consid]e? all _! works' 7,ps4 xxxiii4 #ae740 ,9 ! rhym$ =m ( ! ,cre$ 77 ?is article is express$ ?us3 8,he wat*e? & kn[e? our secret ?\ghts2 ,he beholde? ! end ( a ?+ 9 its beg9n+40 ,"h ! au?or proclaims n only ! ,omnisci5ce ( ,god1 b also ,8 =esight2 ,8 k is n limit$1 l ! k ( mortal be+s1 by space & "t4 ,! entire pa/ & future lies unroll$ be=e ,8 eyes1 & no?+ is hidd5 f ,him4 ,al?\gh we may =m a fa9t idea ( ! k ( ,god by consid]+ t faculty ( man t enables him1 )9 a limit$ space ( "t1 to look backw>d & =w>d1 & to unroll be=e him ! pa/ & ! future1 z if ! ev5ts t h happ5$ & ^? t w come to pass 7 go+ on 9 ! pres5t mom5t1 yet ! true nature ( ,god's k no man c conceive4 8,god consid]e? all ! de$s ( man10 )\t depriv+ him ( 8 free-w2 he may 9 ?is respect be comp>$ to a p]son :o obs]ves & notices ! actions & ! conduct ( 8 fell[-m51 )\t int]f]+ ) !m4 ,x is ! ,w ( ,god t man %\ld h free-w & %\ld be responsible = 8 actions2 & ,8 =esight does n necess>ily include pr$et]m9ation4 ,9 "s cases ! fate ( nations or ( individual m5 is pr$et]m9$2 we may ev5 say t ! ultimate fate or developm5t ( mank9d is "p ( ! design ( ! ,creation4 ,b z ! actual design 9 ! ,creation is conceal$ f man's se>*+ eye1 s is also ! ext5t ( ! pr$et]m9ation a my/]y to him4 ,to solve ?is problem is beyond ! intellectual p[]s ( %ort-sight$ mortals2 x is "o ( 8! hidd5 ?+s t belong to ! ,"l our ,god40 ,david1 9 ,ps4 cxxxix4 #a-ab1 describes ! ,omnisci5ce & ! ,omnipres5ce ( ,god 9 ! foll[+ way3 8,o ,"l1 ?\ ha/ se>*$ me1 & kn[n me4 ,?\ kn[e/ my d[n-sitt+ & m9e up-ris+2 ?\ und]/&e/ my ?\ghts af> (f4 ,?\ se>*e/ out my pa? & my ly+ d[n1 & art acqua9t$ ) all my ways4 ,= !re is n a ^w 9 my tongue1 b lo1 ,o ,"l1 ?\ kn[e/ x altoge!r4 ,?\ ha/ beset me beh9d & be=e1 & laid ?9e h& ^u me4 ,su* k is too wond]ful = me2 x is high1 ,i _c atta9 unto x4 ,:i!r %all ,i g f ?y _s8 or :i!r %all ,i flee f ?y pres5ce8 ,if ,i asc5d up into heav51 ?\ art !re2 if ,i make my b$ 9 ! grave1 behold1 ?\ art !re4 ,if ,i take ! w+s ( ! morn+1 & dwell 9 ! utt]mo/ p>ts ( ! sea3 ev5 !re %all ?y h& lead me1 & ?y "r h& %all hold me4 ,if ,i say1 ,surely ! d>kness %all cov] me1 & ! light ab\t me %all be night2 ev5 ! d>kness hide? n f !e2 b ! night %9e? z ! day2 ! d>kness & ! light are bo? alike to !e40 ,our belief 9 ,god's ,omnisci5ce is beautifully express$ 9 ! ,musaph pray] ( ,new-ye>3 8,?\ rememb]e/ ! "w ( bygone times1 & ?9ke/ ( all ! imag9ations ( =m] days2 all hidd5 ?+s are reveal$ be=e !e2 also all ! multitude ( hidd5 ?+s :i* are f ! beg9n+4 ,= !re is no =gett+ be=e ! ?rone ( ?y glory1 & no?+ is conceal$ f ?9e eye4 ,?\ rememb]e/ e de$1 & no ?\ght is hidd5 f !e4 ,ev]y?+ is reveal$ & kn[n be=e !e1 ,o ,"l our ,god1 :o beholde/ & see/ to ! end ( all g5]ations40 ,elev5? ,pr9ciple4--8,i firmly believe t ! ,creator1 bless$ be ,he1 rew>ds ^? :o keep ,8 comm&m5ts1 & puni%es ^? :o transgress ,8 comm&m5ts40 ,! imm$iate rew>d & puni%m5t = our conduct we receive 9 ! pleasure & happ9ess we exp]i5ce 9 do+ some?+ good1 & 9 ! grief & remorse we ought to feel on le>n+ t we h displeas$ ! ,almighty by our conduct4 ,z a rule1 e good act leads to fur!r good acts1 & e s9 to fur!r s9s2 & our ,sages say !re=e3 8,! rew>d ( a good act 77 is ano!r good act1 & ! puni%m5t = a transgression is ano!r transgression40 ,b :5 we speak ( ! pr9ciple ( ,retribution1 we g5]ally mean su* rew>d & puni%m5t z is giv5 9 addition to ! feel+ ( happ9ess or unhapp9ess insep>able f our actions4 ,?is pr9ciple ( retribution has be5 proclaim$ 9 ! gr& ,revelation made to all ,israel on ,m\nt ,s9ai1 9 ! ,decalogue :i* has be5 accept$ by all civilis$ nations z ! basis ( religion3 8,i ! ,"l ?y ,god am a jeal\s ,god1 visit+ ! iniquity ( ! fa!rs ^u ! *ildr51 ^u ! ?ird & ^u ! f\r? g5]ation ( !m t hate me2 & %[+ m]cy unto ?\s&s ( !m t love me & keep my comm&m5ts0 7,exod4 xx4 #e1 #f74 ,we und]/& ! doctr9e ( retribution only 9 its g5]al outl9es2 we are conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( ! ,div9e words1 8,!re is no peace to ! wick$0 7,isa4 lvii4 #ba72 b h[ ! law is appli$ 9 e s+le case is kn[n to ,god alone4 ,x is presumptu\s on ! "p ( %ort-sight$ man to criticise ,god's judgm5ts1 & to f9d inju/ice 9 ! seem+ prosp]ity ( ! wick$ & ! seem+ mis]y ( ! righte\s4 ,:at man is able to e/imate ! m]its ( 8 neighb\r fully & correctly8 8,= ! ,"l see? n z man see?2 = man looke? on ! outw>d appe>ance1 b ! ,"l looke? on ! he>t0 7#a ,sam4 xvi4 #g74 ,?is our inability ( rightly e/imat+ ! m]its ( our neighb\r's actions1 is illu/rat$ by ! ,biblical n>rative ( ,ca9 & ,abel4 ,bo? br\ght sacrifices to ! ,"l2 & we _c discov] any diff]5ce 9 _! actions1 & yet ! sacrifice ( ,ca9 0 reject$ by ,god & t ( ,abel 0 accept$4 ,"s important elem5t !re mu/ !re=e be 9 man's de$s :i* is hidd5 f 8 neighb\r's eye1 b is kn[n to ! ,almighty4 ,! inability ( man to p5etrate into ! secret ( ,god's rule is also illu/rat$ by ! prophet ,habakkuk4 ,he ask$1 8,:]e=e looke/ ?\ ^u !m t deal trea*]\sly1 & holde/ ?y peace :5 ! wick$ swall[e? up ! man t is m righte\s ?an he2 & make/ m5 z ! fi%es ( ! sea1 z ! creep+ ?+s t h no rul] ov] !m80 ,:]eupon he receives ! ,div9e answ]3 8,write ! vision1 & make x pla9 ^u tables1 t he may run t reade? x4444 ,behold1 !re is crook$ness 9 ! eyes ( him ^: s\l is n /raight2 b ! j w live by 8 fai?0 7,hab4 i4 #ac1 #ad1 & ii4 #b1 #d74 ,"o ( ! ,psalmi/s 7,asaph2 ,ps4 lxxiii4 #b seq47 confesses t ?is problem _h greatly tr\bl$ him & endang]$ 8 fai?4 ,he says3 8,z = me1 my feet 7 almo/ gone2 my /eps _h well nigh slipp$4 ,= ,i 0 envi\s ( ! arrogant1 :5 ,i saw ! prosp]ity ( ! wick$4 ,= !re are no b&s 9 _! dea?2 b _! /r5g? is firm4 ,!y are n 9 tr\ble z o!r m52 nei!r are !y plagu$ l o!r m54444 ,!re=e 8 p return hi!r3 & wat]s ( a full cup are wrung out by !m4 ,& !y say1 ,h[ do? ,god "k8 & is !re k 9 ! ,mo/ ,high8 ,behold1 ^! are ! wick$1 & be+ always at ease1 !y increase 9 ri*es4 ,surely 9 va9 h ,i cleans$ my he>t1 & wa%$ my h&s 9 innoc5cy2 = all ! day long h ,i be5 plagu$1 & *a/5$ e morn+4 ,if ,i _h said1 ,i w speak ?us2 behold1 ,i _h dealt trea*]\sly ) ! g5]ation ( ?y *ildr54 ,:5 ,i ?9k h[ ,i might "k ?is1 x is tr\ble 9 m9e eyes3 until ,i come into ! sanctu>y ( ,god2 !n %all ,i consid] _! latt] end40 ,! tempor>y success & seem+ prosp]ity ( ! wick$ does n %ake ! firm belief ( ! s+] 9 ! ju/ice ( ,god2 8 communion ) ,god1 8 com+ into ! sanctu>ies ( ,god1 is a bless+ :i* ! s\l ( ! pi\s ye>ns =1 & 9 comp>ison ) :i* all ! weal? & p[] ( ! wick$ is b a deceitful %ad[4 ,! ,book ( ,job illu/rates ! vanity ( man's attempts to lift ! veil t conceals ! plan ( ,god's decrees4 ,! read] is in=m$ be=eh& :y ,job is afflict$ ) pa9s & tr\bles4 ,b ,job & 8 fri5ds h n be5 in=m$4 ,job desires to "k :at act ( 8 has br\ght ^u him t t]rible calamity1 if x is to be endur$ z a puni%m5t2 he prote/s 8 innoc5ce1 & criticises ! ju/ice ( ! ,almighty4 ,! ?ree fri5ds decl>e ) c]ta9ty t ,job's suff]+s are a puni%m5t = s9s committ$1 & are angry t ,job does n accept _! view4 ,god appe>s1 rebukes ,job = 8 presumption1 b decl>es t ! view express$ by 8 fri5ds1 ins9uat+ s9ful conduct to ,job1 0 wrong1 & t ,job1 :o cont5d$ t he did n "k ! cause ( ! suff]+1 spoke m rightly ?an 8 fri5ds4 ,= ,job _h n be5 afflict$ because ( 8 s9s1 & ?is 0 %[n to ! fri5ds ( ,job by ! comp5sation :i* ,god gave ,job = all t he _h lo/ & suff]$4 ,kohele? likewise %[s ! futility ( man's endeav\r to f9d indep5d5tly ( ,div9e revelation ! aim & object ( man's life on e>?1 or ! %>e 8 free-w has 9 ! p]=mance ( 8 actions & ! det]m9ation ( 8 fate4 ,man is lo/ 9 a labyr9? ( problems1 out ( :i* he c extricate himself only by fai? 9 ,god & ,8 guidance4 ,! result to :i* ! inve/igations ( ,kohele? l$ him is express$ ?us3 8,fe> ,god1 keep 8 comm&m5ts2 = ?is is ! :ole ( man's duty4 ,= e action ,god w br+ to judgm5t toge!r ) all hidd5 ?\ghts1 :e!r good or evil0 7,eccles4 xii4 #ac74 ,! acts ( ,div9e ju/ice record$ 9 ! sacr$ lit]ature s]ve z a w>n+ to ! evil & an enc\ragem5t to ! good4 ,!y are all ( a mat]ial "*1 z only 9 ?is %ape c !y be p]ceiv$ by man4 ,b by no means d !y exhau/ all ! ways ( ,god4 ,! ,div9e retribution s frequ5tly ref]r$ to 9 ! ,law po9ts mo/ly to ! good or evil consequ5ces :i* ! conduct ( ! ,israelites w br+ ^u ! :ole community or /ate1 because ! :ole community is b5efit$ by ! virtues & injur$ by ! misconduct ( ea* ( ! memb]s compos+ x2 x is ! duty ( ! au?orities1 by wat*fulness & by well-def9$ puni%m5ts1 to prev5t ! spread ( disob$i5ce to ! ,div9e ,law4 ,:at o!r rew>ds or puni%m5ts await ! individual 9 ?is life or aft] dea? we d n "k4 ,b !re are1 especially 9 ! ,psalms1 num]\s indications t ! pi\s suff]] 0 sure t ev]la/+ happ9ess w\ld m ?an comp5sate = ! abs5ce ( mat]ial & transi5t success 9 ?is life4 ,! foll[+ passages may s]ve z an illu/ration3-- 8,_m sorr[s %all be to ! wick$1 b he t tru/e? 9 ! ,"l1 m]cy %all compass him ab\t0 7,ps4 xxxii4 #aj74 8,h[ preci\s is ?y lov+-k9dness1 ,o ,god6 & ! *ildr5 ( m5 take refuge "u ! %ad[ ( ?y w+s4 ,!y %all be abundantly satisfi$ ) ! fatness ( ?y h\se2 & ?\ %alt make !m dr9k ( ! riv] ( ?y pleasures4 ,= ) !e is ! f\nta9 ( life3 9 ?y light %all we see light0 7xxxvi4 #h-aj74 8,= evil-do]s %all be cut (f3 b ^? t wait ^u ! ,"l1 !y %all inh]it ! l&0 7xxxvii4 #i74 8,= ! ,"l love? judgm5t1 & =sake? n 8 sa9ts2 !y are pres]v$ = ev]3 b ! se$ ( ! wick$ %all be cut (f0 7,ibid4 #bh74 8,m>k ! p]fect man2 & behold ! upright3 = ! latt] end ( t man is peace4 ,z = transgressors1 !y %all be de/roy$ toge!r2 ! latt] end ( ! wick$ %all be cut (f0 7,ibid4 #cg1 #ch74 ,9 ^! & simil> passages ! pi\s & en?usia/ic s+] has 9 8 m9d some?+ m durable & p]man5t ?an ?is %ort life1 or o!rwise ! conflict betwe5 8 hopes & ! reality w\ld h %ak5 8 fai?4 ,twelf? ,pr9ciple4--8,i firmly believe 9 ! com+ ( ,messiah2 & al?\gh he may t>ry1 ,i daily hope = 8 com+40 ,:5 ,abraham 0 *os5 by ,god to be ! f\nd] ( a nation proclaim+ ! ,unity ( ,god1 :5 he 0 comm&$ to sep>ate f 8 relatives & fri5ds & to travel a /rang] 9 a =eign l&1 ! bless+ promis$ to him 0 n to be enjoy$ by him 9 ! pres5t1 b by 8 desc5dants 9 remote future3 8,all ! families ( ! e>? %all be bless$ 9 !e0 7,g54 xii4 #c74 ,! same promise 0 repeat$ :5 ,abraham /ood ! trial1 & 0 ready to br+ any sacrifice 9 ob$i5ce to ! ,w ( ! ,supreme ,be+3 8,all ! nations ( ! e>? %all bless !mselves 9 !e0 7,ibid4 xxii4 #ah74 ,! conviction t ! se$ ( ,abraham h ! di/9ction & ! mission to become a s\rce ( a bless+ to all mank9d 0 transmitt$ f g5]ation to g5]ation2 f ,abraham ?r\gh ,isaac to ,jacob or ,israel1 ^: desc5dants1 ! ,israelites1 gu>d$ ! inh]it$ *>ge1 z _! peculi> treasure4 ,be=e receiv+ ! ,decalogue on ,m\nt ,s9ai1 ! ,israelites 7 rem9d$ ( ?is _! mission 9 ! words1 8,& ye %all be unto me a k+dom ( prie/s & a holy nation0 7,exod4 xix4 #f74 ,x 0 n by =ce ( arms or by p]suasion t !y 7 to influ5ce ! :ole e>?1 b by sett+ an example ( noble1 pure1 & holy conduct4 ,a special spot 0 select$ = !m :]e !y %\ld1 9 seclusion f ! re/ ( ! _w1 be tra9$ 9 ! true wor%ip ( ,god & 9 ! practice ( virtue4 ,zion & ,j]usalem became 9 c\rse ( "t ! religi\s c5tre f :i* 8in/ruction came =? & ! ^w ( ! ,"l40 ,! ,israelites became neglig5t 9 _! mission & fai?less to _! holy *>ge4 ,in/ead ( lead+ o!r nations to ! true wor%ip ( ,god1 !y all[$ !mselves to be misl$ by !m to idolatry2 in/ead ( liv+ a pure life ( ju/ice & righte\sness1 !y yield$ to luxury & lu/1 & committ$ acts ( inju/ice & oppression4 ,!y 7 puni%$4 ,tr\bles foll[$ tr\bles2 !y lo/ _! indep5d5ce & _! religi\s c5tre4 ,! m5 ( ,god1 ! prophets1 f ,moses to ! la/ ( ! prophets1 ,mala*i1 =etold ! cata/rophe1 b at ! same "t add$ words ( com=t & enc\ragem5t1 po9t+ to a di/ant future1 :5 8h] appo9t$ "t ( tr\ble w be complete1 & h] guilt aton$ =20 :5 ,israel w be re/or$ to 8 l&1 & "u ! guidance ( ,messiah1 8! ,ano9t$ ( ! ,"l10 he w be fill$ ) ! fe> ( ! ,"l & an e>ne/ desire to d t :i* is j & "r4 ,moses1 9 "o ( 8 la/ addresses to ,israel1 said1 8,& x %all come to pass1 :5 all ^! ?+s h come ^u !e1 ! bless+ & ! curse1 :i* #a h set be=e !e2 & ?\ %alt call !m to m9d among all ! nations :i!r ! ,"l ?y ,god ha? driv5 !e1 & %alt return unto ! ,"l ?y ,god1 & %alt obey 8 voice1 accord+ to all t ,i comm& !e ?is day1 ?\ & ?y *ildr51 ) all ?9e he>t1 & ) all ?y s\l2 t ! ,"l ?y ,god w return ?y captivity1 & h compassion on !e1 & w return1 & ga!r !e f all ! peoples :i!r ! ,"l ?y ,god ha? scatt]$ !e4 ,if any ( ?y outca/s be 9 ! utt]mo/ p>ts ( heav51 f !nce w ! ,"l ?y ,god ga!r !e1 & f !nce w he fet* !e10 c4 7,deut4 xxx4 #a-c74 ,! glori\s times ( ,messiah are describ$ by ,isaiah 9 ! foll[+ words3 8,& x %all come to pass 9 ! end ( days1 t ! m\nta9 ( ! ,"l's h\se %all be e/abli%$ 9 ! top ( ! m\nta9s1 & %all be exalt$ above ! hills1 & all nations %all fl[ unto x4 ,& _m peoples %all g & say1 ,come ye1 & let u g up to ! m\nta9 ( ! ,"l1 to ! h\se ( ! ,god ( ,jacob1 & he w tea* u ( 8 ways1 & we w walk 9 8 pa?s1 = out ( ,zion %all g =? ! ,law1 & ! ^w ( ! ,"l f ,j]usalem4 ,& he %all judge among ! nations1 & %all reprove _m peoples2 & !y %all beat _! swords into pl\gh-%>es1 & _! spe>s into prun+-hooks3 nation %all n lift up sword aga9/ nation1 nei!r %all !y le>n w> any m0 7,isa4 ii4 #b-d74 ,! same has be5 prophesi$ 9 almo/ id5tical words by ,micah 7iv4 #a-d71 a contempor>y ( ,isaiah4 ,! peace ( ! ,messianic p]iod is figuratively describ$ by ,isaiah 9 ! foll[+ v]ses3 8,& ! wolf %all dwell ) ! lamb1 & ! leop>d %all lie d[n ) ! kid2 & ! calf1 & ! "y lion1 & ! fatl+ toge!r2 & a little *ild %all lead !m4 ,& ! c[ & ! be> %all fe$3 _! "y ones %all lie d[n toge!r1 & ! lion %all eat /raw l ! ox4 ,& ! suck+ *ild %all play on ! hole ( ! asp1 & ! wean$ *ild %all put 8 h& on ! basilisk's d54 ,!y %all n hurt nor de/roy 9 all my holy m\nta92 = ! e>? %all be full ( ! k ( ! ,"l1 z ! wat]s cov] ! sea0 7,isa4 xi4 #f-i74 ,9 ! days ( ,messiah all p w unite 9 ! proclamation ( ! ,unity ( ,god & 9 ,8 wor%ip3 8,& ! ,"l %all be ,k+ ov] all ! e>?3 9 t day %all ! ,"l be "o1 & 8 "n "o0 7,ze*4 xiv4 #i74 8,!n w ,i turn to ! peoples a pure language1 t !y may all call ^u ! "n ( ! ,"l1 to s]ve him ) "o cons5t0 7,zeph4 iii4 #i74 ,! di/9ction giv5 to ,israel & to 8 l& w aga9 appe> 9 all its glory4 ,israel is puni%$1 depriv$ ( indep5d5ce1 ev5 despis$ & ill-treat$ at times2 b ) all ?is he is lov$ by ,god1 & n reject$ by ,him = ev]4 ,isaiah prophesies z foll[s3 8,rememb] ^! ?+s1 ,o ,jacob & ,israel1 = ?\ art my s]vant3 ,i h =m$ !e2 ?\ art my s]vant2 ,o ,israel1 ?\ %alt n be =gott5 ( me0 7,isa4 xliv4 #ba74 8,= ! m\nta9s %all dep>t1 & ! hills be remov$2 b my k9dness %all n dep>t f !e1 nei!r %all my cov5ant ( peace be remov$1 sai? ! ,"l t ha? m]cy on !e0 7,ibid4 liv4 #aj74 ,comp4 lix4 #bj1 #ba2 lx4 #ai-ba2 lxvi4 #bb2 ,j]4 xxxiii4 #be1 #bf2 ,hos4 ii4 #ba1 #bb4 ,^? :o dur+ ! ye>s ( ,israel's puni%m5t h despis$ & ill-treat$ him w rep5t ( _! conduct :5 !y witness 8 wond]ful r$emption4 ,_! rep5tance is beautifully depict$ by ,isaiah 9 ! passage beg9n+1 8,behold1 my s]vant w be successful0 7lii4 #ac74 ,israel1 ! s]vant ( ,god1 pati5tly be>s insults & p]secution1 fai?fully wait+ = ! fulfilm5t ( ! ,div9e promise4 ,israel's oppressors w !n1 on see+ h[ ,god loves him1 confess _! wrong & own t ,israel has innoc5tly suff]$ at _! h&s4 ,) ! r$emption ( ,israel is connect$ ! re/oration ( ! ?rone ( ,david4 8,a bran* ( ! h\se ( ,david0 w be at ! head ( ! nation1 ^u :om 8! _s ( ! ,"l w re/1 ! _s ( wisdom & und]/&+1 ! _s ( c\nsel & might1 ! _s ( k1 & ( ! fe> ( ! ,"l0 7,isa4 xi4 #b74 ,?us ,j]emiah prophesies3 8,behold1 ! days come1 sai? ! ,"l1 t ,i w raise unto ,david a righte\s bran*1 & he %all reign z k+1 & deal wisely1 & %all execute judgm5t & ju/ice 9 ! l&4 ,9 8 days ,judah %all be sav$1 & ,israel %all dwell safely3 & ?is is 8 "n1 :]eby he %all be call$1 ,! ,"l is our righte\sness0 7xxiii4 #e1 #f74 ,all ! attributes ( ,messiah are ^? ( a human be+ 9 8 highe/ possible p]fection4 ,no sup]human qualities are ascrib$ to him2 all 8 glory1 all 8 success1 is dep5d5t on ! ,w ( ,god4 ,he is an ideal man1 & an ideal k+1 b n m2 if miracles are to be wr\ght1 x is n ,messiah :o w p]=m !m1 b ,god1 :o w act wondr\sly = ,messiah & ,israel4 ,! adv5t ( ,messiah is n expect$ to *ange ! nature ( man1 mu* less ! c\rse ( ! _w ar\nd u4 ,! only *ange we expect is1 t ! ,unity ( ,god w be ackn[l$g$ univ]sally1 & t ju/ice & righte\sness w fl\ri% ov] all ! e>?4 ,^? :o believe 9 a sup]human nature ( ,messiah are guilty ( idolatry4 ,our ,sages express ?is pr9ciple 9 ! words1 1 8,!re is no o!r diff]5ce betwe5 ! pres5t "t & ! days ( ,messiah b ! re/oration ( ,israel's indep5d5ce40 ,an op9ion is m5tion$ 9 ! ,talmud 9 ! "n ( a ,rabbi ,hillel--n ! great ,hillel1 ! ,babylonian--t 8!re is no ,messiah = ! ,israelites1 because !y h already enjoy$ ! bless+s ( ,messiah 9 ! reign ( ,hezekiah0 7,babyl4 ,talm4 ,sanh$r91 #ih;b74 ,?is c only ref] to ! miracul\s defeat ( ! enemy1 & ! direct b5efits d]iv$ !refrom by ! ,israelites4 ,b ! ,rabbi by no means rejects our belief t ,messiah w come1 & ) him ! univ]sal wor%ip ( ! ,"o ,god1 ! univ]sal practice ( virtue 9 all its =ms1 & univ]sal peace & prosp]ity4 #ag ,hillel1 h[ev]1 f\nd no support = 8 view2 on ! contr>y1 8 error is at once %[n to him1 t he =got ! prophets :o prophesi$ aft] ,hezekiah4 ,!re are "s !ologians :o assume ! ,messianic p]iod to be ! mo/ p]fect /ate ( civilisation1 b d n believe 9 ! re/oration ( ! k+dom ( ,david1 ! rebuild+ ( ! ,temple1 or ! repossession ( ,pale/9e by ! ,jews4 ,!y altoge!r reject ! national hope ( ! ,jews4 ,^! !ologians ei!r mis9t]pret or :olly ignore ! tea*+ ( ! ,bible1 & ! ,div9e promises made ?r\gh ! m5 ( ,god4 ,! hopes ) :i* our religion inspires u c nev] lead u to intrigues1 political comb9ations1 insurrection1 or w>f>e = ! purpose ( rega9+ ,pale/9e & appo9t+ a ,jewi% ,gov]nm5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 our religion tea*es u to seek ! welf>e ( ^? nations 9 ^: mid/ we live1 & to consci5ti\sly take "p 9 ! "w = _! national progress & prosp]ity1 :il/ pati5tly wait+ = ! miracul\s fulfilm5t ( ! prophecies4 ,ev5 if a b& ( adv5tur]s 7 to succe$ 9 reconqu]+ ,pale/9e = ! ,jews by means ( arms1 or reacquir+ ! ,holy ,l& by pur*as+ x f ! pres5t own]s1 we %\ld n see 9 su* an ev5t ! consummation ( our hopes4 ,does ! adv5t ( ,messiah & ! rebuild+ ( ! ,temple 9 ,j]usalem imply ! re/oration ( ! ,sacrificial ,s]vice8 ,! la/ ( ! prophets1 ,mala*i1 decl>es t 8!n ! (f]+ ( ,judah & ,j]usalem %all be pleasant unto ! ,"l1 z 9 ! days ( old1 & z 9 anci5t ye>s0 7,mal4 iii4 #d74 ,9 ! same _s all ! prophets spoke1 & :5 9 "s cases prophets d5\nce sacrifices1 x is only ! sacrifices ( ! wick$ t !y d5\nce4 ,sacrifices mu/ be prec$$ by purification ( ! he>t1 & by ! e>ne/ resolve to obey ! ^w ( ,god1 o!rwise !y con/itute an increase ( s94 ,:5 we express our long+ = ! rebuild+ ( ! ,temple & ! re/oration ( ! ,temple-,s]vice--! return ( ! prie/s to _! s]vice1 & ! ,levites to _! song & music--x is solely our desire = ! opportunity ( s]v+ ,god accord+ to ,8 ,w & comm&1 & is n a feel+ t %\ld be modifi$ by fa%ion or ta/e4 ,x is because ( our s9s t we h be5 depriv$ ( our ,temple2 ! rebuild+ ( ! ,temple & ! re/oration ( ! ,sacrificial ,s]vice w be ! result ( our own purification1 & ! consequ5t ,div9e p>don4 ,:5 w ?is take place8 ,we d n "k1 & are cont5t to be> 9 m9d t ! "t ( our r$emption is "o ( ! 8hidd5 ?+s :i* are ! ,"l our ,god's20 8,if x t>ries10 says ,habakkuk1 8wait = x1 = x w surely come1 & n lat] ?an ! "t fix$0 7ii4 #c74 ,c]ta9 numb]s ( days & weeks are m5tion$ 9 ,daniel1 #ah b x is n /at$ h[ ^! are to be c\nt$2 to :i* p]iod !y are int5d$ to apply2 :e!r to ! "t ( ! re/oration "u ,z]ubbabel1 to ! p]iod ( ! ,maccabees1 to ! de/ruction ( ! second ,temple1 or to ! future & f9al r$emption4 ,x is also possible t ^! numb]s h "s symbolic signification4 ,9 ref]5ce to ^! my/]i\s numb]s ,daniel says 7xii4 #h-aj73 8,& ,i he>d1 b ,i und]/ood n2 !n said ,i1 ,o my "l1 :at %all be ! issue ( ^! ?+s8 ,& he said1 ,g ?y way1 ,daniel2 = ! words are %ut up & seal$ till ! "t ( ! end4 ,_m %all purify !mselves & make !mselves :ite1 & be ref9$2 b ! wick$ %all d wick$ly1 & none ( ! wick$ %all und]/&2 b !y t be wise %all und]/&40 ,^! words ( ,daniel are a w>n+ to all ^? :o are incl9$ to compute by means ( ! numb]s giv5 9 ,daniel ! exact ye> ( ,messiah4 ,_m h disreg>d$ ! w>n+ & h fall5 into gross error4 ,x is ! duty ( ! pi\s ,israelite to h fai? 9 ,god's wisdom1 goodness1 & p[]3 8,! righte\s %all live 9 8 fai?0 7,hab4 ii4 #d74 ,?irte5? ,pr9ciple4--8,i firmly believe t !re w take place a revival ( ! dead at a "t :i* w please ! ,creator1 bless$ be ,8 "n & exalt$ ,8 memorial = ev] & ev]40 ,z imp]fect z is our conception ( a creation f no?+1 s imp]fect is our notion ( ! resurrection ( ! dead4 ,we only p]ceive ! dissolution ( ! body into its elem5ts1 :i* ent] into new comb9ations & =m new bodies2 & x is almo/ impossible = u to imag9e a recon/ruction ( ! orig9al body out ( its own elem5ts4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! ,almighty produces fre% life f dea?--we ne$ only obs]ve ! action ( ,nature 9 ! _w ar\nd u to conv9ce ourselves t ,god is 8t he gives life to ?+s dead40 ,b h[ ?is w be done 9 ref]5ce to our own selves1 :e!r we %all enjoy ! same life1 :e!r our future life w be an improv$ edition ( ! pres5t "o1 :e!r all w be re/or$ to life1 or :e!r ! new life aft] dea? w be enjoy$ by ! s\l alone1 or by body & s\l jo9tly3 ^! & simil> que/ions transc5d ! b\nds ( human k4 ,we "k no?+ b ! b>e fact t ,god c re/ore to life t :i* is dead1 & t a resurrection w take place4 ,b all fur!r description ( ?is ev5t re/s on man's imag9ative p[]s4 ,! fact itself is /at$ by ,daniel 7xii4 #b73 8,& _m ( !m t sleep 9 ! du/ ( ! e>? %all awake1 "s to ev]la/+ life1 & "s to %ame & ev]la/+ contempt20 x is indicat$ 9 ! ,p5tateu* 9 ! words1 8,i %all kill & ,i %all make alive2 ,i h w\nd$ & ,i %all heal0 7,deut4 xxxii4 #ci74 ,accord+ to ,maimonides1 ! au?or ( ! ,?irte5 ,pr9ciples1 ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection ( ! dead is id5tical ) t ( ! immortality ( ! s\l1 call+ ! life ( ! s\l aft] sep>ation f ! body1 resurrection2 ! v]se quot$ f ,daniel is accord+ly int]pret$ 9 a figurative s5se4 ,! belief 9 8! resurrection ( ! dead10 emphatically enjo9$ 9 ! ,talmud1 0 ?us re/rict$ by ,maimonides to ! sep>ate life ( man's s\l aft] 8 dea?1 because ! immortality ( ! s\l appe>$ to him m rational & m acceptable to ?9k+ man4 ,?is may be ! case1 b we1 human be+s1 a comb9ation ( s\l & body1 are1 9 reality1 z unable to conceive ! sep>ate exi/5ce ( our s\l z we are to compreh5d ! resurrection ( our body4 ,we are taught t !re exi/s = u a life beyond ! pres5t "o4 ,b any attempt to describe t life mu/ be consid]$ m]ely z an act ( imag9ation r ?an ( k4 ,x is probably = ?is reason t no di/9ct ord9ance 9 ! ,p5tateu* sanction$ ! belief 9 future life1 or 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,! belief1 nev]!less1 exi/$ among ! ,israelites1 & f\nd expression 9 sev]al passages ( ! ,bible4 ,=emo/ among ^! is ! foll[+ v]se ( ,kohele? 7xii4 #g73 8,& ! du/ %all return to ! e>? z x 01 & ! _s %all return unto ,god :o gave x40 ,david also gives frequ5t expression to ?is belief 9 8 ,psalms4 ,9 ! ,sev5te5? ,psalm1 e4g41 he speaks ) contempt ( ! weal? & ! success ( ! wick$1 & says ( himself3 8,z = me1 ,i %all see ?y face 9 righte\sness2 ,i %all be satisfi$1 :5 ,i awake1 ) behold+ ?y lik5ess0 7,ps4 xvii4 #ae74 ,simil>ly he says 9 ,ps4 xvi4 #h-aa3 8,i h set ! ,"l always be=e me2 because he is at my "r h&1 ,i %all n be mov$4 ,!re=e my he>t is glad & my glory rejoice?3 my fle% also %all dwell 9 safety4 ,= ?\ wilt n leave my s\l to dea?1 nei!r wilt ?\ suff] ?9e holy "o to see corruption4 ,?\ wilt %[ me ! pa? ( life2 9 ?y pres5ce is fulness ( joy1 9 ?y "r h& !re are pleasures = ev]more40 ,9 ! ,book ( ,prov]bs 7xii4 #bh7 we read3 8,9 ! pa? ( righte\sness !re is life1 & a smoo!d way :]e !re is no dea?40 ,^! & simil> v]ses %[ t ! belief 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l 0 firmly e/abli%$ among ! ,israelites1 & f\nd frequ5t expression 9 ! words ( ! m5 ( ,god4 ,! belief 9 ! ,resurrection assi/s u 9 our endeav\r ( reconcil+ ! app>5t contradictions betwe5 ! ju/ice ( ,god & our own exp]i5ce4 ,! latt] comprises only ! transi5t pleasures ( ! wick$ & ! suff]+s ( ! j 9 ?is %ort life1 & _c be comp>$ ) ! pleasure ( ! good & ! suff]+ ( ! bad 9 ! future1 et]nal life4 ,ano!r b5efit d]iv$ f ?is belief consi/s 9 its rais+ u above ! ord9>y sph]e ( e>?ly ga9s & losses2 x turns our m9ds to high] aims2 x purifies our he>t & elevates x4 ,oppon5ts ( ?is belief quote "s passages f ,job 9 support ( _! view2 e4g43 8,be=e ,i g :5ce ,i %all n return1 ev5 to ! l& ( d>kness & ( ! %ad[ ( dea?0 7x4 #ba74 8,z ! cl\d is consum$ & vani%es away1 s he t goe? d[n to ! grave %all come up no m0 7vii4 #i74 ,^! & simil> words 7 utt]$ by ,job :5 he suff]$ great pa91 & wi%$1 z _m w\ld wi% "u simil> circum/ances1 to be reliev$ by dea? f 8 mom5t>y tr\bles1 unconc]n$ z to :at might happ5 9 di/ant future4 ,besides1 ,job is n an ,israelite2 he is describ$ z a man j & upright1 b ne$ n h _h ! same convictions & beliefs z ! ,israelites4 ,h[ little ! above v]ses repres5t ! exact view ( ,job may be le>nt f ! fact t he gives also expression to ! opposite belief3 8,if a man die?1 w he live aga98 ,all ! days ( my appo9t$ "t w ,i wait1 till my relief come?0 7xiv4 #ad74 8,& :5 my sk9 is gone1 :5 worms h de/roy$ ?is body1 & :5 my fle% is no m1 yet %all ,i see ,god0 7xix4 #bf74 ,,notes4 ,on page #ai sqq4 ,! ,numb] ( ! ,pr9ciples ( our ,cre$4--,! cont5ts ( our ,cre$ has its s\rce 9 ! ,bible2 !re ! ,pr9ciples are taught1 "s directly1 o!rs indirectly2 b !y are nei!r =mulat$ nor enum]at$4 ,! mo/ anci5t decl>ation ( fai? is conta9$ 9 ! v]se3 8,he>1 ,o ,israel1 ! ,"l is our ,god2 ! ,"l is ,"o0 7,deut4 vi4 #d74 ,!re is ev5 a tradition 7,midra% ,rabbo? ,g54 *4 xcviii47 t ^! words 7 fir/ utt]$ by ! sons ( ,jacob1 :5 _! fa!r1 9 ! la/ h\r ( 8 life1 wi%$ to "k :e!r all 8 *ildr5 7 fai?ful to ! inh]it$ religion4 ,we repeat ^! words ?rice a day1 9 ! morn+ & 9 ! ev5+2 ) ^! words on _! lips ! m>tyrs ( our nation suff]$ dea?2 ^! words are ! la/ :i* ! pi\s ,israelite utt]s be=e 88 _s returne? to him :o ha? giv5 x40 ,:5 ! ,israelites took possession ( ,pale/9e1 at ! solemn assembly betwe5 ! m\nta9s ( ,g]izim & ,ebal1 !y 7 n comm&$ to recite or sign a s]ies ( articles ( fai?1 b to decl>e _! det]m9ation to obey ! ,w ( ,god z express$ 9 ! ,torah4 ,?is 0 also done by our =efa!rs :5 /&+ r\nd ,s9ai4 ,!y decl>$1 8,all t ! ,"l ha? said1 w we d & he>0 7,exod4 xxiv4 #g74 ,:5 ,elijah on ,m\nt ,c>mel _h demon/rat$ ! p]v]s5ess ( ! ,baal-wor%ip1 ! ,israelites decl>$1 8,! ,"l1 he is ,god40 ,jonah describes himself ?us3 8,i am a ,hebrew2 & ,i fe> ! ,"l1 ! ,god ( ! heav5s1 :o ha? made ! sea & ! dry l&0 7,jonah i4 #i74--;,also1 aft] ! ,re/oration 9 ! days ( ,z]ubbabel1 ,ezra1 & ,nehemiah1 ! ,jews 7 exhort$ to act accord+ to ! words ( ! ,torah1 & !y r5ew$ _! cov5ant ) ,god 9 ?is respect1 b no?+ is kn[n ( a decl>ation ( belief1 ( recit+ or sign+ articles ( fai?4--,! /ruggle ) ! ,sam>itans produc$ special legislation ) reg>d to c]ta9 religi\s obs]vances1 b !re 0 no ne$ = ! =mulation ( a cre$4 ,b c>e has be5 tak5 t ! pr9ciples ( our fai? %\ld f9d expression 9 our daily pray]s4 ,?us ! sections :i* prec$e & foll[ ! ,%ema conta9 an indirect decl>ation ( ! ?ree fundam5tal pr9ciples ( our religion1 ! ,exi/5ce ( ! ,creator1 ,revelation1 & ,div9e ,ju/ice4 ,! fir/ section1 call$ praises ,god z ! sole s\rce ( ev]y?+1 ( light & d>kness1 ( good & evil4 ,9 ! second section 7 7 we ackn[l$ge 9 gratitude ! b5efits ( ,revelation2 & 9 ! ?ird 7 7 we ?ank ,god = ! r$emption ( our =efa!rs f ,egypt1 by inflict+ puni%m5t on our oppressors4 ,al?\gh mu* /ress is laid on fai? 771 & he :o 0 f\nd want+ 9 fai? 0 /igmatis$ z or unbeliev] or infidel1 yet no cre$ 0 (ficially =mulat$4 ,ev5 ! discussions betwe5 ! ,sadducees & ,ph>isees1 :i* conc]n$ also ! pr9ciples ( fai?1 br\ght only ab\t c]ta9 *anges 9 ! pray]--su* z ! sub/itution ( = 9 ! responses ( ! congregation dur+ ! public s]vice1 9 ord] to e/abli% ! belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ano!r _w & ano!r life beyond ! grave4 ,! necessity ( =mulat+ ! pr9ciples ( fai? arose :5 ! contact & int]c\rse ) o!r religi\s communities gave frequ5t occasion to discussions on ^! & simil> subjects4 ,)\t "s fix$ basis1 x 0 fe>$1 disord] & confusion w\ld di/urb ! peace 9 ! camp ( ,israel4 ,?us ,saadiah says 9 ,emuno? ,ve-deo?3 8,i h se5 m5 dr[n$1 z x 71 9 ! sea ( d\bts1 cov]$ by ! waves ( error1 & !re 0 no div] to br+ !m up f ! dep?1 nor any swimm] to take hold ( !m & draw !m out4 ,z ,i possess$ en\gh ( :at ,god taught me to support !m1 & _h ! p[] = uphold+ !m grant$ to me1 ,i consid]$ x my duty to assi/ & guide my fell[-m5 accord+ to ! be/ ( my abilities40 ,9 t5 *apt]s ,saadiah discusses ! v>i\s !ological problems1 & def5ds ! foll[+ articles ( fai?3 ,exi/5ce ( ,god2 ,8 ,unity2 ,revelation2 ,free-w2 ,immortality ( ! ,s\l2 ,resurrection ( ! ,dead2 ,f9al ,r$emption ( ,israel2 ,rew>d & ,puni%m5t4 ,al?\gh ^! pr9ciples d n seem to h be5 %ap$ into ! =m ( a solemn decl>ation or embodi$ 9 ! pray]1 !y are treat$ z !mes famili> to ! read]1 & z elem5ts ess5tial 9 ! ,jewi% fai? 7 74 ,rabbi ,abraham b5 ,david 7,rabad1 71 9 8 ,haemunah h>amah 78,! ,l(ty ,fai?071 seems to assume ?ree pr9ciples3 ,exi/5ce ( ,god1 ,prophecy1 & ,rew>d & ,puni%m5t1 :i* to def5d f ! attacks ( ! unbeliev]1 he consid]s z ! fir/ duty ( ! ,jewi% s*ol> 772 b he does n foll[ ?is decision 9 8 book4 ,he comprises all religi\s tru?s :i* he has to demon/rate "u six heads 774 ,! fir/ ( !m he calls 8,root ( ! fai?20 x expresses ! conviction t all ?+s 9 ! univ]se owe _! exi/5ce to a 8,fir/ ,cause0--,god4 ,next comes 8,unity ( ,god10 :i* is foll[$ by 8,attributes ( ,god10 8,! int]m$iate causes ( natural *anges40 8,prophecy0--or 1 8! subsequ5t belief10 i4e41 ! belief :i* foll[s ! belief 9 ,god--& 8,div9e ,provid5ce40 ,rabbi ,jehudah ha-levi expla9s to ! ,kuz>ite k+ 8 fai? z foll[s3 8,we believe 9 ! ,god ( our =efa!rs1 :o br\ght ! ,israelites =? f ,egypt by signs & miracles1 su/a9$ !m 9 ! wild]ness ) manna1 divid$ = !m ! sea & ,jordan1 gave !m ! ,law ?r\gh ,moses1 exhort$ !m ?r\gh ,8 prophets to obey ,8 comm&m5ts3 9 %ort1 we believe all t is writt5 9 ! ,torah0 7,kuz>i1 i4 #h74 ,he !n expla9s philosophically 8! root ( ! fai?0 9 ! foll[+ t5 propositions3 7#a7 ,! univ]se is f9ite2 7#b7 x _h a beg9n+2 7#c7 ! "t ( ! beg9n+ _h to be det]m9$ by ! ,div9e ,be+2 7#d7 ,god is )\t a beg9n+2 7#e7 ,god is et]nal 7i4e41 )\t an end72 7#f7 incorporeal2 7#g7 omnisci5t2 7#h7 all-wise1 all-p[]ful1 liv+2 7#i7 free 9 ,8 actions2 7#aj7 )\t *ange4 ,to ^! mu/ be add$ ! belief 9 prophecy1 9 ! tru? ( ! prophecies1 & 9 man's free-w1 :i* he fully discusses 9 ! c\rse ( ! book4 ,rabb5u ,ba*ya1 9 8 8,duties ( ! ,he>ts0 7 71 consid]s also fai? z "o ( ^! duties1 & expresses x 9 ! mo/ simple =m1 8,belief 9 ,god & 9 ,8 ,law40 ,he does n1 h[ev]1 devote a special *apt] to fai?4 ,! fir/ *apt] treats ( ! di/9ctively ,jewi% cre$ ( ,god's ,unity1 b less z a duty ( belief ?an z a duty ( rese>* & /udy = ! purpose ( philosophically e/abli%+ t ,god is ,"o4 ,! au?or /ates only briefly 9 ! prefatory notes to ! fir/ *apt]1 t x is our duty to believe 9 ! ,exi/5ce1 ,provid5ce1 & ,unity ( ,god1 z comm&$ 9 ! v]se1 8,he>1 ,o ,israel1 ! ,"l is our ,god1 ! ,"l is ,"o40 ,maimonides compreh5d$ our belief 9 ?irte5 articles1 kn[n z ! ,?irte5 ,pr9ciples ( our ,cre$4 ,he insi/s on ! fact t ^! articles are n ! product ( *ance2 !y are ! result ( long /udy & deep rese>*4 ,e "o ( !m is ess5tial1 & he :o rejects any ( !m is an infidel 771 & puts himself by su* rejection outside ! ,jewi% community 7 74 ,rabbi ,joseph ,albo criticis$ ,maimonides' ?irte5 articles ( fai? 774 ,:il/ recognis+ all ( !m z true1 he w\ld make a diff]5ce betwe5 fundam5tal pr9ciples 77 & second>y beliefs 774 ,! =m] are all ^? dogmas by :i* ,judaism falls & /&s1 )\t :i* ,jewi% fai? _c be imag9$2 ! latt] are ^? pr9ciples :i* are actually true1 b ,judaism c be conceiv$ )\t !m4 ,to ! =m] he c\nts1 e4g41 ! belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 to ! latt] ! belief t to ,him alone pray] is to be (f]$4 ,= ,judaism _c be conceiv$ )\t ! belief 9 ,god's exi/5ce1 b c\ld be conceiv$ )\t ! belief t only ,god is to be pray$ to4 ,albo fur!r f9ds fault ) ,maimonides = n hav+ embodi$ 9 ! ,cre$ ! belief 9 man's free-w1 9 ! tru? ( ! ,biblical acc\nt ( ! miracles1 9 ! ,creatio ex nihilo1 & ! l4 ,to ^! objections ,maimonides w\ld reply1 t ! articles enum]at$ by him 7 all actually fundam5tal1 ! "q :e!r ,judaism c\ld be imag9$ )\t ?is or t pr9ciple be+ ( no importance :atev]2 & t ! dogmas nam$ by ,albo z omitt$1 7 impli$ 9 ! ,?irte5 ,pr9ciples4 ,accord+ to ,albo !re are ?ree fundam5tal pr9ciples 773 ,exi/5ce ( ,god1 ,revelation1 & ,rew>d & ,puni%m5t4 ,! fir/ includes f\r articles 773 ,unity ( ,god1 ,8 ,incorporeality1 ,et]nity1 & ,p]fection2 ! second implies ?ree3 ,god's ,omnisci5ce1 ,div9e inspiration1 & ,div9e mess5g]s 7prophets72 ! ?ird only "o3 ,provid5ce4 ,albo's criticisms on ,maimonides h pass$ away )\t effect4 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,fai? z =mulat$ by ,maimonides h f\nd _! way into ! daily ,pray]-book 9 prose & poetry1 & h s9ce =m$ an ess5tial elem5t 9 e text-book ( ,jewi% religion4 ,mod]n !ologians errone\sly quote ,albo 9 fav\r ( reject+ "s ( ! articles1 because he speaks ( ?ree fundam5tal pr9ciples2 b !y =get t ,albo nev] rejects any ( ! ?irte5 pr9ciples2 he only insi/s on mak+ a diff]5ce betwe5 ^? :i* are m & ^? :i* are less fundam5tal4 ,on ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciple1 pp4 #bb sqq4 ,maimonides does n m5tion ! t]m ,creator except 9 ! beg9n+ ( ea* p>agraph z a sub/itute = 8,god40 ,he employs ! philosophical t]m 8,fir/ ,cause0 9 def9+ ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,9 ! sixty-n9? *apt] ( ! fir/ book ( 8,! ,guide0 we f9d ! explanation !re(4 ,he says3 8,! philosoph]s1 z y "k1 call ,god ! ,fir/ ,cause 7 & 72 b ^? :o are kn[n by ! "n ,mutakallemim 7,mohamm$an !ologians7 are v mu* oppos$ to ! use ( t "n1 & pref] to call ,him #8,mak]' 771 believ+ t !re is a great diff]5ce :e!r we use ! "o t]m or ! o!r4 ,!y argue ?us3 ,^? :o say t ,god is ! ,cause1 implicitly assume ! coexi/5ce ( ! ,cause ) t :i* 0 produc$ by t ,cause1 & believe t ! univ]se is et]nal1 & t x is insep>able f ,god4 ,^?1 h[ev]1 :o say t ,god is ! ,mak] d n assume ! coexi/5ce ( ! mak] ) 8 "w2 = ! mak] c exi/ ant]ior to 8 "w2 we _c ev5 imag9e h[ a mak] c be 9 action unless he exi/$ be=e 8 own "w4 ,?is is an argum5t advanc$ by p]sons :o d n di/+ui% betwe5 ! pot5tial & ! actual4 ,= !re is no diff]5ce :e!r we say #8cause' or #8mak]2' #8cause' z a m]e pot5tiality prec$es its effect2 & #8cause' z actuality coexi/s ) its effect4 ,! same is ! case ) #8mak]2' s long z ! "w is n done1 he is a mak] pot5tially1 & exi/s be=e 8 "w2 he is an actual mak] :5 ! "w is done1 & !n he coexi/s ) 8 "w40 8,! reason :y ! philosoph]s call$ ,god #8! ,cause' & did n call ,him #8! ,mak]' is n to be s\ght 9 _! belief t ! univ]se is et]nal1 b 9 o!r pr9ciples1 :i* ,i w briefly expla9 to y4 ,ev]y?+ owes its orig9 to ! foll[+ f\r causes3 ! sub/ance1 ! =m1 ! ag5s1 ! f9al cause4 ,! philosoph]s believe--& ,i d n diff] f !m--t ,god is ! ag5s1 ! =m1 & ! f9al cause ( ev]y?+2 9 ord] to express ?is1 !y call ,god #8! ,cause' ( all ?+s4 ,e "o ( ^! ?ree causes leads1 ?r\gh a *a9 ( causes1 to ,god z ! ,fir/ ,cause40 ,maimonides fur!r po9ts out 9 ?is *apt] t ! *oice ( ! t]m by no means decides ! "q :e!r ! univ]se has _h a beg9n+ or n4 ,maimonides has be5 sev]ely criticis$ by 8 successors = ! abs5ce ( ! belief 9 8,creation f no?+0 f ! ,cre$4 ,9 8,! ,guide0 ,maimonides di/9ctly /ates t ! argum5ts = 8,creation f no?+0 & ! argum5ts aga9/ x are equi-balanc$1 & t = ?is reason he foll[s ! lit]al int]pretation ( ! ,scripture z reg>ds ,creation4 ,7 ! argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! et]nity ( ! univ]se /rong]1 he w\ld n h f\nd any difficulty 9 int]pret+ ,scripture accord+ly4 ,su* be+ ! view ( our great philosoph]1 he c\ld n make ! belief 9 ,creation "p ( ! ,cre$1 or decl>e t all :o d5i$ ! ,creation f no?+ 7 unbeliev]s4 ,h[ev] /range ?is argum5tation ( ,maimonides may appe>1 & h[ev] arbitr>y 8 treatm5t ( ,scriptural tea*+1 8 view is n )\t ju/ification4 ,x seems /range t1 9 spite ( all 8 rev]5ce = ! ,bible1 he %\ld h entru/$ himself entirely to ! guidance ( 8 own reason1 & =c$1 z x 71 ! ,bible by peculi> int]pretations to foll[ 8 reason+4 ,9 tru?1 h[ev]1 ! me?od ( ,maimonides is nei!r /range nor arbitr>y4 ,!re is no d\bt t figurative language is ext5sively us$ 9 ! ,scriptures1 especially 9 ! poetical & ! prophetical books4 ,:e!r a c]ta9 expression or phrase 0 to be und]/ood 9 its lit]al mean+ or 9 a figurative s5se mu/ be le>nt f ! context2 9 "s cases--z1 e4g41 9 ! exhortation1 8,ye %all circumcise ! =esk9 ( y\r he>t0 7,deut4 x4 #af7--! figurative s5se is accept$ by all1 :il/ 9 o!r cases op9ions are divid$4 ,our decision 9 fav\r ( ! "o int]pretation or ! o!r is bas$ on our conviction t ! ,bible conta9s no?+ b tru?4 ,:5 we discov] a contradiction betwe5 a ,biblical /atem5t & ! dictates ( our reason1 we are sure t we h err$ ei!r 9 ! "r und]/&+ ( ! words ( ! ,bible or 9 our reason+4 ,on f9d+ ! mi/ake 9 our reason+ we ab&on :at we h hi!rto consid]$ z fully e/abli%$2 b s long z we are unable to discov] :]e our reason+ is faulty1 we ei!r susp5d our judgm5t = ! pres5t & consid] ! "q z "o ( ! problems :i* we h n yet be5 able to solve satisfactorily1 or1 :5ev] possible1 we attempt to reconcile by figurative int]pretation ! tea*+ ( ! ,bible ) ! results ( our rese>*4 ,maimonides is !re=e ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t s long z reason does n decide aga9/ ! tea*+ ( ! ,bible 9 its lit]al s5se he w\ld adh]e to ! latt]1 & only if reason 7 to decide aga9/ ! ,creatio ex nihilo1 he w\ld foll[ reason & int]pret ,scripture accord+ly4 ,x _c be d5i$ t ,maimonides travell$ "h on r slipp]y gr\nd1 & set a dang]\s example :5 he admitt$ t he w\ld int]pret ,scripture accord+ to 8 preconceiv$ view ( ! _w's beg9n+4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ be own$ t _m passages ( ! ,bible admit ( a figurative int]pretation1 & ! read] mu/ foll[ 8 own reason & discretion 9 decid+ 9 ea* p>ticul> case :i* ( ! two int]pretations is ! correct "o4 ,maimonides has n made excessive use ( ?is lic5se4 ,saadiah 9 8 ,emuno? ,ve-deo? devotes ! fir/ *apt] to ! problem ( ! ,creation4 ,x is head$ 8,creation10 & exam9es ?irte5 diff]5t op9ions z to ! orig9 ( ! univ]se4 ,9 ! conclusion ( ?is *apt] he makes ! foll[+ rem>ks3 8,p]haps "s "o might ask 9 :at mann] some?+ 0 produc$ f no?+4 ,to ?is we reply z foll[s3 ,if we 7 able to und]/& ?is1 we %\ld n h ascrib$ ! creative act to ,god alone4 ,b we decl>e ,god z ! only ,creator1 because we c =m no idea z to ! mann] 9 :i* some?+ is creat$ f no?+4 ,^? :o desire u to %[ !m h[ to d ?is1 desire1 9 fact1 t we %\ld make !m & ourselves creators4 ,we only conceive 9 our m9d ! fact ( ! ,creation1 b _c =m an idea or image ( ! process itself4444 ,!re may be "s :o ?9k little ( ! univ]se1 & wond] t ?is %\ld be ! result ( all ! p[] & wisdom ( ,god4 ,we reply t ,he creat$ z mu* z1 accord+ to ,8 k1 w\ld be )9 ! range ( man's obs]vation & p]ception1 & w\ld be suffici5t to tea* man ! exi/5ce ( ,god4444 ,h[ c we conceive ! idea t ! univ]se c\nts only #dfcc ye>s8 ,b ! univ]se has be5 creat$1 z we believe1 & mu/ h _h a beg9n+ at a c]ta9 "t4 ,suppose we _h be5 liv+ 9 ! ye> #ajj2 we %\ld !n n h be5 surpris$3 :y %\ld we be surpris$ n[80 ,! "q z to ! purpose = :i* ! univ]se 0 creat$1 ,saadiah makes ?ree attempts to answ]4 ,maimonides1 h[ev]1 9 8,! ,guide10 m correctly1 %[s t ! "q is unansw]able & sup]flu\s4 ,=1 :atev] purpose we assume1 we mu/ always fur!r inquire :at is ! purpose ( ?is purpose1 & s on ad inf9itum1 till we arrive at ! answ]1 x 0 ! ,w ( ,god4 ,if ! prophet decl>es t ,god 8ha? n creat$ x 9 va91 b ha? =m$ x = dwell+10 he likewise says implicitly x 0 ! ,w ( ,god t ! e>? %\ld be = a dwell+4 ,! "q1 h[ev]1 arises :e!r ! ,biblical acc\nt ( ! ,creation h>monises 9 all its p>ts ) ! results ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,to prove ! exi/5ce ( h>mony betwe5 ! two discordant elem5ts has be5 s9ce days ( old ! task :i* !ologians propos$ to !mselves2 philosophic culture =c$ !m to accept ! doctr9es ( a c]ta9 s*ool ( ?\ght z e/abli%$ tru?s1 :il/ religi\s feel+ w\ld n all[ !m to ab&on ! tea*+ ( ! inspir$ writ]s4 ,b ! se>* aft] ?is h>mony 0 sup]flu\s1 & ! h>mony f\nd 0 illusory4 ,=1 :il/ ! tea*+ ( ! ,bible rema9s un*ang$1 ! sy/ems ( philosophy & sci5ce1 l ev]y?+ human1 h no claim to p]man5cy2 ea* sy/em has its season2 x beg9s to %9e1 & rises high] & high]2 & :5 x has rea*$ ! z5i?1 x beg9s /eadily to decl9e till x disappe>s b5ea? ! horizon ( sci5ce4 ,s long z ,ari/otle & ,ptolemy 7 dom9ant1 !ologians ex]t$ !mselves to %[ t ! acc\nt conta9$ 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis fully h>monises ) ,ari/otle & ,ptolemy4 ,:5 ^! pr9ces 7 de?ron$1 & _! places 7 occupi$ by o!rs1 ! old h>mony 0 gone1 & a new me?od _h to be inv5t$4 ,maimonides has cle>ly po9t$ out h[ ! conflict betwe5 reason & fai?1 :]e x exi/$1 c\ld be/ be br\ght to a conclusion4 ,su* ( ! laws ( nature z h be5 e/abli%$ by human acum5 & human obs]vation h be5 discov]$ 9 ! ph5om5a ( exi/+ nature2 b ! ph5om5on ( creation has nev] be5 obs]v$ 9 nature f :i* we c\ld le>n ! laws ( creation4 ,9 ! sev5te5? *apt] ( ! ,second ,book ( 8,! ,guide0 ,maimonides says z foll[s3 8,ev]y?+ produc$ comes into exi/5ce f non-exi/5ce2 ev5 :5 ! sub/ance ( a ?+ has be5 9 exi/5ce1 & has only *ang$ its =m1 ! ?+ itself :i* has gone ?r\gh ! process ( g5esis & developm5t1 aft] hav+ arriv$ at its f9al /ate1 has prop]ties diff]5t f ^? :i* x possess$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! transition f pot5tiality to reality or be=e t "t4444 ,x is q impossible to inf] f ! qualities :i* a ?+ possesses aft] hav+ pass$ ?r\gh all ! /ages ( its developm5t :at its condition 0 at ! mom5t :5 ?is process comm5c$2 nor does ! condition ( a ?+ at t mom5t %[ :at its previ\s condition _h be54 ,if y make ?is mi/ake1 & attempt to prove ! nature ( a ?+ 9 pot5tial exi/5ce by its prop]ties :5 actually exi/+1 y w fall into great confusion2 y w reject evid5t tru? & admit false op9ions4444 ,if philosoph]s w\ld consid] ?is well1 & reflect on x1 !y w\ld f9d t x repres5ts exactly ! dispute betwe5 ,ari/otle & ourselves4 ,we1 ! foll[]s ( ,moses1 our tea*]1 & ( ,abraham1 our fa!r1 believe t ! univ]se has be5 produc$ f no?+1 & has develop$ 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 & t x has be5 creat$ 9 a c]ta9 ord]4 ,! ,ari/otelians oppose u1 & f\nd _! objections on ! prop]ties :i* ! ?+s 9 ! univ]se possess :5 9 actual exi/5ce & fully develop$4 ,we admit ! exi/5ce ( ^! prop]ties1 b hold t ^! prop]ties !mselves h come into exi/5ce f absolute non-exi/5ce4 ,! argum5ts ( our oppon5ts are ?us refut$2 !y h demon/rative =ce only aga9/ ^? :o hold t ! nature ( ?+s z at pres5t 9 exi/5ce proves ! ,creation4 ,b ?is is n my op9ion40 ,?is reason+ holds good ) reg>d to ! mod]n !ory ( ,evolution4 ,we may be able to discov] num]\s facts 9 evid5ce ( ?is !ory1 we may well conceive ! idea ( a protoplasm develop+ into a :ole sy/em ( worlds1 & yet our belief 9 ! tru? ( ! ,biblical acc\nt ( ! ,creation is n %ak5 9 ! lea/4 ,! laws ( ,evolution are ! result ( ! creative act ( ! ,almighty1 & n its causes2 !y include no?+ t c\ld disprove ! correctness ( ! !ory ( ,creatio ex nihilo4 ,rabbi ,s4 ,r4 ,hirs*1 9 8 8,comm5t>y on ,g5esis0 7i47 says3 8,! ^w #89 ! beg9n+1' tea*es t no?+ prec$$ ! act ( ,creation2 t !re 0 a ,creatio ex nihilo4 ,?is tru? =ms ! f\ndation ( ! fai? :i* ! ,div9e ,law is int5d$ to e/abli% 9 our he>ts4 ,! opposite !ory is ! doctr9e ( ! et]nity ( ! sub/ance1 a !ory :i* leaves to ! ,creator no?+ b ! function ( giv+ =m to ! sub/ance t has exi/$ already f et]nity1 & :i* has be5 ! basis ( ! hea!n belief up to ! pres5t day4444 ,! fir/ ^w ( ! ,torah dispels ! d>kness ( ?is false belief2 & ! words1 #8,! op5+ ( ?y ^w give? light' 7,ps4 cxix4 #acj71 h 9 ! ,midra% correctly be5 appli$ to ! ^w 4 ,ev]y?+1 ! matt] & ! =m ( all be+s1 is ! result ( ! free w ( ! ,creator1 :o cont9ues to rule matt] & =m1 & to det]m9e bo? ! natural =ces & ! laws ( _! action4 ,= x is ,8 free w t creat$ matt]1 end[$ x ) c]ta9 =ces1 & fix$ ! laws by :i* ! =ces impress ! diff]5t =ms on x40 ,! idea ( developm5t & evolution is n entirely exclud$ f ! acc\nt ( ! ,creation4 ,n 9 "o mom5t or 9 "o day 0 ! univ]se produc$1 b 9 six days by successive creations ( a sy/ematic ord]4 ,9 ,mi%nah ,abo? 7v4 #a7 ?is is express$ 9 ! foll[+ way3 8,by t5 words 77 ! univ]se 0 creat$1 al?\gh ?is c\ld h be5 done by "o ^w40 ,comm5tators h v>i\sly attempt$ to expla9 ?is fact1 & to %[ t ! ord] obs]v$ 9 ! ,creation 0 det]m9$ by ! nature ( ! ?+s !mselves4 ,?us ,ibn ,ezra believes t ! successive creations 7 ! results ( ! cont9u$ action ( light & heat4 #ai ,b x is by no means necess>y to reconcile ! ,biblical acc\nt ) e !ory t happ5s to be consid]$ by "s s*ol> or s*ool z ! "r "o4 ,!re may be f\nd 9 nature & 9 ! work+ ( ! natural laws "s facts analog\s to c]ta9 acts ( ! creation2 b a p]fect equality ( two su* incongru5t ?+s z ! creation f no?+ & developm5t ( creat$ be+s is impossible4 ,by =c+ ! text ( ! ,bible into su* h>mony we deprive ! acc\nt ( its poetry & beauty1 & weak5 ! =ce ( its tea*+4 ,sci5ce tea*es t millions ( millions ( ye>s mu/ h elaps$ be=e ! e>? receiv$ its pres5t =m2 t x took millions ( ye>s be=e ! light ( c]ta9 />s c\ld rea* ! e>?4 ,9 all ^! calculations "o important factor is ignor$1 viz41 t = e developm5t some?+ mu/ be giv51 :i* is subject to ! process ( develop+2 to det]m9e 9 :at condition t some?+ 01 :5 x pass$ f ! passive /ate ( creation to ! active /ate ( develop+1 is a problem = ! solution ( :i* !re is no analogy 9 nature4 ,he :o c\ld create a g]m end[$ ) all ! natural =ces requir$ = developm5t & diff]5tiation into ! great v>iety ( =ms :i* we p]ceive at pres5t1 mu/ c]ta9ly h be5 able to create ! ?+s actually end[$ ) ^! =ms4 ,?us1 also1 ! v>i\s /rata ( ! e>?1 :atev] =ms !y conta91 _c ) c]ta9ty be describ$ z ! results ( developm5t2 !y may j z well h come directly f ! h& ( ! ,creator4 ,maimonides 7,! ,guide1 xxx47 says 9 ref]5ce to ?is "q3 8,y %\ld also "k ! dictum ( our ,sages--#8,all ! be+s ( ! "w 9 ! beg9n+ 7 7 7 creat$ 9 _! full height1 _! fully develop$ reason1 & end[$ ) ! be/ ( prop]ties4' ,note ?is1 = x involves an important pr9ciple4--,! "w ( ! ,creation w5t on = six days2 e day br\ght to light a new =ce1 a new result ( a creative action1 b on ! sev5? day #8,god decl>$ #bj ! "w :i* ,he _h done z f9i%$1' z end[$ ) ! prop]ties & =ces requir$ = _! fur!r developm5t0 7,! ,guide1 ,i4 lxvii474 ,sci5ce has prov$1 x is ma9ta9$1 t ! e>? does n =m ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 & t man does n =m ! pr9cipal object 9 nature1 9 opposition to ! tea*+ ( ! ,scriptures t ! e>? is ! c5tre r\nd :i* ! :ole univ]se revolves1 & t man on e>? is ! "l ( ! creation4 ,:atev] view ! au?ors ( ! ,biblical books held z reg>ds ! sy/ems ( ! univ]se1 :e!r !y plac$ ! e>? 9 ! c5tre or n1 :e!r all ! />s & sy/ems ( />s exi/$1 9 _! op9ion1 only = ! sake ( ! e>? or = ! b5efit ( man1 _! object 0 to address man1 to in/ruct him1 & to tea* him ! omnipot5ce1 wisdom1 & goodness ( ,god4 ,= ?is reason ! acc\nt ( ! ,creation is giv5 9 su* a mann] t man %\ld be able to reproduce 9 8 m9d ! "w ( ea* day ( ! ,creation1 to view x f 8 /&po9t1 & to recognise ! b5efits ea* day's "w be/[$ on him4 ,! fact t o!r be+s are b5efit$ at ! same "t1 & t ! b5efit !y d]ive is likewise "p ( ! ,creator's design1 is by no means d5i$ by ^? :o believe t ! well-be+ ( man 0 includ$ 9 ! design ( ! ,creator4 ,x is "p ( our duty ( gratitude to ascribe ! b5efits we enjoy to _! ,au?or4 ,! prophets & ! inspir$ s+]s knew well ! place :i* weak & mortal man occupies 9 ! univ]se2 b !y did n ignore ! dignity & importance ) :i* ! ,creator end[$ him 9 spite ( all 8 weakness & app>5t insignificance4 8,:at is man10 exclaims ! ,psalmi/1 8t ?\ art m9dful ( him8 & ! son ( man1 t ?\ visite/ him8 ,& yet ?\ ha/ made him a little l[] ?an angels1 & ha/ cr[n$ him ) glory & hon\r0 7,ps4 viii4 #e1 #f74 ,on ! ,fif? ,pr9ciple1 p4 #dd4 ,! pr9ciple t no o!r be+ b ,god is wor?y ( be+ address$ 9 pray] implies ! belief t ,god c fulfil our petitions4 ,we believe 9 ! efficacy ( pray]4 ,x is true t :5 we communicate our wi%es to ! ,mo/ ,holy1 our j ,"l & our lov+ ,fa!r1 we are eo ipso rem9d$ to exam9e our desires1 :e!r !y conta9 any?+ unholy1 any?+ unju/ or ignoble4 ,pray] to ,god has !re=e ! salut>y effect ( purify+1 ref9+1 & ennobl+ our he>t4 ,x bani%es evil ?\ghts1 & ?us saves u mu* pa9 & sorr[4 ,?is effect may h be5 design$ by ! ,creator1 & x may be = ?is purpose t ,he has end[$ u ) a natural impulse to pray1 & has taught u to pray 9 ,8 ,holy ,^w4 ,b ?is _c be ! direct object ( pray]4 ,! imm$iate effect s\ght to be obta9$ by ?is act is ! fulfilm5t ( our wi%es4 ,e su* fulfilm5t implies a miracle1 a deviation f ! regul> c\rse ( nature4 ,we are n 9 ! habit ( pray+ = ?+s :i* we expect z ! sure result ( ! natural laws2 we may praise & admire nature 9 its work+s1 b we %all nev] ask nature = ! fulfilm5t ( our desires4 ,only ^? ?+s :i* we believe to be dep5d5t solely on ! free decision ( ! ,supreme ,be+ c =m ! sub/ance ( our petitions2 & s9ce we believe t ev]y?+1 ! regul> work+ ( ! natural laws n except$1 dep5ds on ! ,w ( ,god1 we include 9 ! objects ( pray] :atev] conc]ns ! well-be+ ( individual man & society at l>ge4 ,!re h be5 ?9k]s t =m$ su* an idea ( ,god t !y 7 compell$ to d5y ,him e direct influ5ce on human affairs4 ,"s ?\ght x incompatible ) ! notion ( ,god's ,unity & ,immutability t ,he %\ld be mov$ by man's pray] to d some?+ :i* o!rwise ,he w\ld n h done4 ,aga91 o!rs believe t ! laws ( nature--:e!r giv5 by ,god or n--are s p]man5t t !y nev] *ange "u any circum/ances4 ,pray] has !re=e be5 expla9$ to be ( a purely subjective "*1 & to effect only ! above-m5tion$ improvem5t ( man's he>t4 ,b c\ld we really pray to ,god to grant u ! "o ?+ or ! o!r if we 7 conv9c$ t ,he _c grant u any?+1 b mu/ all[ nature to take its c\rse8 ,c a pray] (f]$ 9 su* a frame ( m9d be call$ a 8pray] )\t lips ( deceit08 ,9 opposition to su* !ories our tea*]s purposely introduc$ into ! daily pray] "h & !re a rem9d] ( ! true !ory 9 words l ! foll[+3 8,:o repeate? anew e day regul>ly ! "w ( ! ,creation40 ,he is con/antly 1 1 2 ,he con/antly 8=me? light10 8create? d>kness10 8give? life to ! dead10 c42 !y h express$ our gratitude to ,god 8= ,8 miracles :i* 9 our behalf ,he p]=ms e day1 & = ,8 wond]s & k9dnesses %[n at all times40 8,?is idea ( ,god's real & active rule 9 ! univ]se is ! basis ( pray]4 ,x is n only ! belief 9 ! tru? ( ! ,biblical acc\nt ( miracles t enables u to pray to our ,fa!r1 b ! conviction t wond]s & miracles are con/antly wr\ght by ,him4 ,9 ! ,talmud & 9 ! ,midra% man's e>n+ 8 daily bread 77 is decl>$ to be a miracle by no means inf]ior to ! miracles wr\ght = ! deliv]ance ( ! ,israelites f ,egypt4--#8,is ne$ greate/1 is ,god ne>e/1' is a well-kn[n say+1 ! tru? ( :i* _m h exp]i5c$ 9 ! c\rse ( _! life4 ,^? :o h be5 dang]\sly ill1 & aft] hav+ f\nd t man1 ) all 8 sci5ce & res\rces1 0 incapable ( af=d+ relief1 gradually recov] _! =m] heal?2 ^? :o h %>$ ) o!rs a common dang]1 & :ile _! companions1 "u exactly ! same circum/ances1 p]i%$1 7 !mselves sav$2 ^? :o1 hav+ exhau/$ e means conceivable to !m ( obta9+ a livelihood1 at l5g? f9d a new pa? ( subsi/5ce op5$ to !m3 all ^! h exp]i5c$ ! ,div9e help & ,8 ne>ness 9 _! di/ress2 !y h le>nt to recognise ! miracul\s p[] ( ,provid5ce4 ,b x is n only 9 su* extraord9>y ev5ts t ! f+] ( ,god is se52 to him :o has eyes to see !y appe> daily & h\rly4 ,we are expos$ to _m dang]s1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* we frequ5tly only le>n :5 we are safe2 we escape !m by a miracle40 #ba ,! ,immutability ( ,god & ( ,8 decrees is frequ5tly insi/$ ^u 9 ,scripture4 8,i1 ! ,"l1 ,i *ange n0 7,mal4 iii4 #f74 8,god is n a man1 t he %\ld lie2 nei!r ! son ( man1 t he %\ld rep5t0 7,num4 xxiii4 #ai74 8,! ,/r5g? ( ,israel w n lie nor rep5t2 = he is n a man1 t he %\ld rep5t0 7#a ,sam4 xv4 #bi74 8,& he ha? e/abli%$ !m = ev] & ev]3 he ha? made a decree1 & x %all n pass away0 7,ps4 cxlviii4 #f74--,?is immutability1 h[ev]1 does n int]f]e ) ! free-w ( man & its consequ5ces4 ,! tea*+ ( ! ,bible is beautifully express$ 9 ! well-kn[n s5t5ce3 8,rep5tance1 pray]1 & good de$s remove ! evil ( ! div9e decree0 7,musaf ( ,ro% ha-%anah72 :atev] a man has =feit$ by evil de$s1 he may recov] by pray] & improv$ conduct4 ,?is lesson is taught 9 ! ,bible on e page1 & is illu/rat$ by ! hi/ory ( ,israel4 ,= ?is reason ! prophets 7 s5t to ! p ( ,israel to exhort !m1 & to %[ !m h[ !y c\ld1 by means ( rep5tance1 w>d (f ! imp5d+ cata/rophe4 ,to non-,israelites ! same m]cy 0 ext5d$1 z is %[n by ! hi/ory ( ! mission ( ! prophet ,jonah4--,mi%nah ,abo? 7iv4 #ac7 !re=e decl>es1 8,rep5tance & good de$s are l a %ield aga9/ puni%m5t10 4 ,! seem+ incongruity ( ! two pr9ciples1 ,god's immutability & man's hope = m]cy & p>don f ,god1 has to "s ext5t occupi$ ! att5tion ( our anci5t tea*]s4 8,if our condition = a :ole ye> is det]m9$ 9 advance1 :at is ! good ( our daily pray]s & our supplication = ,god's help 9 times ( tr\ble80 ,su* is ! "q ask$ 9 ! ,babylonian ,talmud1 ,ro% ha-%anah 7#af;a71 & ! answ] is giv51 8,pray] is ( good effect bo? be=e ! decree & aft]w>ds40 ,x is always 9 ! p[] & 9 ! w ( ! ,almighty to acc$e to our petitions & to fulfil our wi%es4 ,! "q has s9ce be5 repeat$ frequ5tly1 b no bett] solution has z yet be5 suppli$4 ,abraham1 :o 0 ! fir/ tea*] ( mono!ism1 has also be5 made by tradition ! fa!r ( pray]4 ,9 ! ,biblical acc\nt he is ! fir/ :o utt]$ a pray]2 a pray] 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 n = himself1 b = 8 fell[-m54 ,! words ( ,ca91 8,my puni%m5t is great] ?an ,i c be>10 h n ! "* ( pray]1 nor c ! 8call+ by ! "n ( ,god0 9 ! age ( ,eno% be consid]$ ) c]ta9ty z an expression ( pray]4 ,tradition relates1 !re=e1 t be=e ,abraham !re 0 no "o t call$ ,god by ! "n 8,"l40 ,abraham 0 ! fir/ :o recognis$ ,god z ,"l ( man1 9 ^: h& 8 fate lies1--! condition s9e qu non ( pray]4 ,f ,abraham onw>ds pray] rema9$ ! *ief refuge 9 dang]1 & ! be/1 solace & relief 9 "t ( tr\ble4 ,:il/1 h[ev]1 insi/+ on ! belief 9 ! efficacy ( pray]1 our ,sages tea* u t x w\ld be wrong to expect t e petition utt]$ be=e ,god mu/ be grant$4 ,we pray to ! ,almighty1 be+ conv9c$ t x is 9 ,8 p[] to grant :at we pray =2 b we mu/ tru/ 9 ! wisdom & m]cy ( ,god1 t ! rejection ( our petition is also = our good4 8,he is ne> to all ^? :o call on him1 to all ^? t call on him 9 tru?10 :o cont9ue to tru/ 9 ,him & ,8 goodness ev5 :5 _! wi%es are n fulfill$4 ,x w\ld be almo/ equal to sup]/ition to believe t any words1 h[ev] e>ne/ & dev\t1 utt]$ by u w infallibly h ! desir$ effect4 ,! ,mi%nah 7,abo? ii4 #ac7 !re=e tea*es3 8,d n make ?y pray] a fix$ claim or dem&1 :i* mu/ be fulfill$1 b a supplication = m]cy1 :i* may or may n be grant$40 ,! belief t ! pray] w und\bt$ly be fulfill$ is d5\nc$ 9 ! ,talmud z 8,look+ out ) c]ta9ty = ! effect ( ! pray]40 #bb ,s9ce ! pr9cipal object ( pray] is ! grant+ ( our petitions1 pray] w be sup]flu\s :5 no wants w any long] be felt1 8,9 future pray]s w be discont9u$20 only 8,! pray] ( ?anksgiv+ w nev] be discont9u$40 8,9 ! enjoym5t ( ! pure/ bless+s our feel+s ( gratitude w nev] die out0 7,yalkut on ,ps4 lvi474 ,rabbi ,joseph ,albo1 9 ! book ,ikk>im1 says 7,,iv4 xvi473 8,al?\gh ,pray] is n "o ( ! pr9ciples ( our ,torah1 x is intimately connect$ ) ! belief 9 ,provid5ce1 & e "o :o believes 9 ,provid5ce ought to believe 9 ! efficacy ( pray]4 ,= he :o does n pray to ,god 9 "t ( tr\ble ei!r does n believe 9 ,div9e ,provid5ce1 or if he does believe1 he d\bts :e!r ,god is able to supply 8 wants2 9 bo? cases man is an unbeliev]4 ,x is also possible t a p]son :o believes 9 ,div9e ,provid5ce & 9 ,god's ,omnipot5ce d\bts :e!r he des]ves t 8 pray] %\ld be grant$--a feel+ ( humility :i* ought inde$ to fill ! he>t ( e p]son--b ?is idea mu/ n prev5t him altoge!r f pray+ to ,god conc]n+ 8 wants4 ,if he does n pray f ?is reason1 he may believe 9 ,god's ju/ice1 b he does n believe 9 ,8 m]cy & k9dness4 ,x is also contr>y to ! tea*+ ( ! ,bible4 #8,n rely+ on our righte\sness d we (f] our supplication be=e y1 b on y\r great m]cy6' ,= ! b5efits be/[$ by ,god on ,8 creatures are acts ( love1 n ( recomp5se4444 ,man receives b5efits1 :e!r he is entitl$ to !m or n1 because pray] gives him a qualification :i* he does n possess by nature1 & enables him to receive su* good ?+s z c\ld n be obta9$ f any o!r be+ or ?r\gh any o!r means4444 8,!re are "s :o d\bt ! efficacy ( pray]2 !y argue ?us3 ,we mu/ assume t a c]ta9 good ?+ has be5 ei!r decre$ or n decre$ 9 fav\r ( a c]ta9 p]son3 if x has be5 decid$1 pray] is n want$2 & if x has n be5 decid$1 h[ c pray] effect a *ange 9 ! ,w ( ,god1 :o is un*angeable8 ,nei!r righte\sness 9 action1 nor pray]1 is ( any avail 9 procur+ any good ?+ t has n be5 orda9$1 or 9 escap+ any evil t has be5 decre$4 ,?is is also ! argum5t ( ,job 9 *ap4 xxi4 ,b ! answ] to ^! argum5ts is ?is3 ,:atev] may h be5 decre$1 c]ta9 conditions mu/ be fulfill$ be=e ! decree is execut$4 ,if a good h>ve/ is decre$ to a c]ta9 p]son1 he mu/ pl\gh & s[ be=e he c secure su* a h>ve/2 if puni%m5t is decre$ aga9/ him1 ! puni%m5t is n inflict$ 9 ! abs5ce ( cont9u$ & repeat$ s9n+4 ,! hi/ory ( ,k+ ,ahab %[s t ! evil decre$ aga9/ any s9n] takes no effect if ! s9n] rep5ts & is turn$ into ano!r man4 ,! *ange t takes place 9 man himself is ! direct effect ( pray] & righte\sness2 x prep>es & qualifies him = receiv+ b5efits & protection f evil4 ,our ,sages say !re=e3 ,pray] has its good effect bo? be=e & aft] ! ,div9e decree4 ,! ,immutability ( ,god is n less consi/5t ) ,efficacy ( ,pray] ?an x is ) ,8 k ( ?+s :i* are possible1 & may happ5 or may n happ54 ,god & ,8 k be+ un*angeable1 ev]y?+ mu/ be c]ta9 & no?+ m]ely possible4 ,& yet we are conv9c$ ( ! exi/5ce ( ^! ?+s1 & believe at ! same "t 9 ! ,immutability ( ,god's k4 ,9 ! same mann] we are conv9c$ ( ! ,efficacy ( ,pray] )\t d\bt+ ! ,immutability ( ,god's ,w40 ,on ,revelation1 p4 #df4 ,! t]m 8prophet0 only express$ ! prophet's function ( address+ 8 fell[-m5 :5 inspir$ & impell$ by ! ,_s ( ! ,"l4 ,! v]b 8to prophesy0 is !re=e 9 ,hebrew express$ by ! nifal or passive4 ,9 s f> z ! ,^w ( ,god has be5 reveal$ to him he is call$ 1 & 8,se]10 8,man ( ,god10 8,! inspir$40 ,9 ! "t ( ,samuel ! title 0 g5]ally giv5 to ! prophet in/ead ( 7#a ,sam4 ix4 #i71 z 8 advice 0 also s\ght by _m :o believ$ him to be able to =esee com+ ev5ts & to "k ev]y?+4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! ^w only describes ! prophet z address+ 8 fell[-m51 x is us$ bo? ( ! true & ! false prophets1 & also ( tea*]s & prea*]s g5]ally4 ,! ,t>gum on ! ,prophets 7,j]4 xxix4 #ae2 ,isa4 xxix4 #aj7 r5d]s1 !re=e1 ! t]m 9 "s in/ances3 8tea*]s10 8s*ol>s40 ,! en?usiasm manife/$ by ! prophet 9 8 mode ( address1 or 9 8 endurance ( insult & ill-treatm5t1 made him sometimes appe> 9 ! eyes ( ! public z ?\gh he 7 /ruck ) madness1 s t sc(f]s us$ & 8mad10 z synonyms 7,j]4 xxix4 #bf71 & is bo? "o :o acts z a prophet & "o :o imitates ! appe>ance ( a prophet 7#a ,sam4 xviii4 #aj74 ,! false prophets are divid$ by ,j]emiah into ?ree classes3 !re 7 ^? :o 7 guilty ( a direct plagi>ism1 prea*+ ! ,div9e messages ( ! true prophets & describ+ !m z _! own inspiration4 ,!re 7 o!rs :o plagi>is$ & reproduc$ true prophecies 9 a =m & /yle ( _! own1 & o!rs aga9 :o altoge!r inv5t$ dreams & visions4 ,! pr9cipal te/ = di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! true & ! false prophets 0 ! purity ( moral & religi\s conduct4 ,9 matt]s :olly indiff]5t z reg>ds morality & religion ! prophet 0 believ$ aft] hav+ e/abli%$ 8 tru/wor?9ess 9 "s way or o!r1 & 8 advice 0 act$ ^u4 ,! prophet himself c\ld easily detect ! fraud ( a false prophet2 = :at he 0 comm&$ by ,god to d1 ano!r prophet c\ld n1 speak+ 9 ! "n ( ! same ,god1 ord] n to be done4 ,! prophet1 !re=e1 :o deceitfully induc$ 8! man ( ,god0 to return to ,be?-el by ! v way :i* ! ^w ( ,god _h =bidd5 him to g aga9 7#a ,k+s xiii4 #ah71 c\ld n h be5 a true prophet1 al?\gh he 0 subsequ5tly entru/$ ) a ,div9e message = 8! man ( ,god40 ,bileam 0 likewise = a c]ta9 purpose made ! be>] ( ,god's words1 al?\gh he 0 by no means a good man4 ,9 ei!r case ! s9ful int5tion ( ! false prophet 0 /igmatis$ z contr>y to ! ,w ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 & bo? _h1 z x 71 to own ! wick$ness ( _! int5tion or ! wrong ( _! actions4 ,! subject-matt] ( ! prophecy is call$ 8! vision10 8! ^w ( ,god10 or 8! burd5 ( ! ^w ( ,god40 ,9 ! days ( ,j]emiah ! t]m 8burd5 ( ! ,"l0 seems to h be5 us$ contemptu\sly ( ! prophetic utt]ances 9 ! s5se ( 8tr\ble0 & 8/rife0 7comp4 ,deut4 i4 #ab71 & ! prophet 0 ironically ask$ by ! p1 8,:at is ! burd5 ( ! ,"l80 ,j]emiah exhorts !m to say1 8,:at ha? ! ,"l answ]$ !e80 or 8,:at ha? ! ,"l spok580 8,b ! burd5 ( ! ,"l %all ye rememb] no m2 = ! burd5 %all be ! man's to :om ,8 ^w is br\ght0 7,j]4 xxiii4 #cf74 ,on ! ,six? ,pr9ciple1 p4 #aca4 ,saadiah 9 ,emuno? ve-deo? iii4 says3 8,"s m5 believe t we h no ne$ ( prophets1 our reason be+ able to di/+ui% betwe5 good & evil4 ,b if ?is 7 ! case1 ,god w\ld n h s5t mess5g]s to u1 because ,he does n d a ?+ t is purposeless4 ,i consid]$ ! "q ?or\ghly1 & f\nd t ! mission ( ! prophets 0 necess>y1 n only = ! promulgation ( categorical comm&s1 b also = t ( rational precepts4 ,?us ! duty ( ?anksgiv+ to ,god = ,8 goodness is dictat$ by our own reason1 b ! ,div9e mess5g]s _h to fix ! "t & ! =m ( ?anksgiv+4 ,aga91 adult]y is reject$ by our reason z a crime2 b ! ,div9e tea*+ det]m9es ! conditions ( ! bond t unites man & wife4444 8,z a te/ ( ! prophet's tru?fulness & tru/wor?9ess a sign is giv51 :i* consi/s ( an act imply+ a deviation f ! ord9>y laws ( nature 7comp4 ,exod4 iii4 & iv474 ,! ,israelites are !re=e frequ5tly rem9d$ ( #8! great wond]s :i* _! eyes saw' 7,deut4 vii4 #ai74 ,^? :o believ$ aft] ! sign 0 giv5 7 #8! righte\s1' :il/ ^? :o did n believe #8w5t a/ray4' 444 8,! object ( #8! wond]s' 0 to produce belief 9 ! prophecies2 except = su* a purpose z ?is1 ! regul> c\rse ( ,nature is n di/urb$1 s t man c make 8 plans & arrange 8 affairs on ! basis ( ! cont9uance ( ! laws ( ,nature4 ,! mess5g]s s5t by ,god 7 n angels1 b m5 l ourselves1 9 ord] t ! =ce ( ! sign may be m app>5t2 =1 see+ t be+s l ourselves p]=m ?+s :i* we _c p]=m1 we conclude t a high] ,be+ has end[$ !m ) extraord9>y p[] = a special purpose4 ,if1 h[ev]1 angels _h be5 *os5 = ! task ( prophets1 we %\ld n h consid]$ _! p]=mance z signs2 b1 n kn[+ ! nature ( angels1 we %\ld h ?\ght t su* acts 7 )9 ! regul> & natural p[]s ( angels4 ,prophets1 l o!r human be+s1 _c disp5se ) ! regul> functions ( ! organs ( _! body2 !y are subject to ! diff]5t conditions ( heal?2 to pov]ty1 ill-treatm5t on ! "p ( _! fell[-m51 & to ignorance ab\t future ev5ts1 except ^? communicat$ to !m by ,div9e inspiration4--,i f\nd x necess>y to /ate ?is "h1 because !re are p :o believe t ! prophet does n die l ord9>y p2 o!rs d5y him ! s5sation ( hung] & ?ir/2 o!rs aga9 ?9k t he does n suff] f viol5ce & wrong direct$ aga9/ him1 & "s ev5 believe t no?+ is hidd5 f him4 ,^! #8d n "k ! ?\ghts ( ! ,"l1 & d n und]/& ,8 c\nsel4' 8,x is1 fur!r1 my conviction t ! prophets 7 satisfi$1 by "s extraord9>y sup]natural ph5om5a1 t !y 7 address$ by ! ,almighty4 7,comp4 ,exod4 xxxiii4 #i & ,ps4 xcix4 #g3 #8,9 a pill> ( cl\d he speake? to !m4'7 8,z to ! relation ( ! ,egyptian ,magicians to ,moses1 we are in=m$ t t5 miracles 7 wr\ght by ,moses & only ?ree by ! ,magicians4 ,ev5 ^! ?ree 7 only m5tion$ 9 ord] to %[ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,moses & ! ,magicians4 ,moses act$ op5ly1 ! ,magicians secretly2 ! effect ( ,moses' do+ 0 felt ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\ntry1 t ( ! ,magicians only 9 a limit$ space4444 8,"s "o might ask1 #8,h[ c\ld ,jonah h be5 *os5 = 8 mission8 ,wisdom w\ld =bid u to appo9t = an important mission a mess5g] t is disob$i5t4' ,b ,i h exam9$ ! ,book ( ,jonah1 & h n f\nd any /atem5t z reg>ds ! disob$i5ce ( ,jonah4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i assume t he1 l all prophets1 br\ght ! ,div9e message to ! ,n9evites4 ,we frequ5tly f9d 9 ! ,p5tateu*4 #8,speak to ! *ildr5 ( ,israel & tell !m1' & we assume t ,moses told ! ,israelites1 al?\gh ?is is n di/9ctly m5tion$4 ,! reason :y ,jonah fl$ is ?is3 ! fir/ message :i* he actually br\ght to ! inhabitants ( ,n9eveh conta9$ simply a summons to rep5tance4 ,he fe>$ t he w\ld be aga9 s5t to ?reat5 ) puni%m5t if !y did n return2 & if !y return$ & ! ?reat5$ cata/rophe did n occur1 !y might 9 c\rse ( "t beg9 to d\bt ! v]acity ( 8 words4 ,he !re=e left ! l&1 :i* 0 di/+ui%$ z ! l& ( prophecy 7,jonah iv4 #b740 ,rabbi ,jehudah ha-levi1 9 ! book ,cuz>i 7,v4 xii471 describes prophecy z an extraord9>y gift grant$ by ! ,almighty to su* human be+s z are qualifi$ = x by ! highe/ degree ( intellectual developm5t1 moral conduct1 & an e>ne/ desire = communion ) ,god4 ,su* qualification is f\nd only 9 a few privileg$ individuals--8! he>t ( mank9d0 7 7--:o1 z x 71 possess x z an inh]itance transmitt$ f g5]ation to g5]ation1 b x c only be possess$ or acquir$ "u c]ta9 fav\rable conditions1 e4g41 t ! prophet live 9 ,pale/9e1 ! l& ( prophecy1 or h 8 att5tion direct$ to ,pale/9e 7,i4 xcv474 ,x 01 h[ev]1 necess>y t mank9d %\ld d]ive a b5efit f ! revelations made to ! prophets4 ,all _h to le>n t x 0 possible = a human be+ to receive a direct communication f ,god4 ,?is lesson 0 giv5 :5 ! ,israelites /ood r\nd ,m\nt ,s9ai1 & sudd5ly became prophets4 ,=1 al?\gh ! ,israelites believ$ 9 ! ,div9e mission ( ,moses aft] he _h done _m wond]ful de$s1 !re rema9$ yet a d\bt 9 _! m9ds :e!r ,god c\ld speak to man1 & :e!r ! ,torah did n orig9ate 9 ! plans & s*emes ( human be+s1 :i* by ! help & assi/ance ( ,god develop$ to p]fection2 = x seem$ /range to !m to ascribe spee*1 :i* is corporeal1 to a spiritual be+4 ,x is ?is d\bt :i* ,god int5d$ to remove f _! he>ts2 !y 7 !re=e comm&$ to sanctify !mselves inw>dly & outw>dly1 :]eby !y 7 prep>$ = ! condition ( prophets & = he>+ ! words ( ,god :i* 7 to be directly address$ to !m4 ,aft] a prep>ation ( ?ree days !y receiv$ ! ,decalogue1 n f any prophet or o!r p]son1 b f ,god ,himself4 ,b !y felt _! weakness & _! inability to witness su* a great sight aga94 ,!y 7 conv9c$ t ! ,torah 0 communicat$ by ,god to ,moses1 & 0 n ! result ( human inv5tion2 t prophecy does n consi/ 9 ! union ( ! s\l ( man ) ! active intellect1 9 8 atta9+ to great wisdom1 or 9 8 mi/ak+ 8 own words = ! words ( ,god4 ,su* errone\s op9ions 7 refut$ by ! revelation on ,m\nt ,s9ai4--,b1 objects ! k+ ( ! ,cuz>ites1 to believe t ,god spoke to ! ,israelites & wrote ! ,decalogue on ! tables ( /one am\nts to believ+ 9 a corporeification ( ! ,deity4--,to :i* objection ! foll[+ reply is giv53--8,f> be x f u to ?9k t ! ,torah conta9s any?+ contr>y to reason4 ,! ,decalogue comm5ces ) ! comm&m5t to believe 9 ,god1 & prohibits 9 ! second comm&m5t ! repres5tation ( ,god 9 any corporeal =m4 ,h[ c\ld we1 :o d5y corporeality ev5 to "s ( ,8 creatures1 attribute any corporeal prop]ty to ! ,supreme ,be+8 ,= x is n ! tongue1 he>t1 or bra9 ( ,moses t speaks to u1 in/ructs & guides u1 b 8 s\l :i* is rational1 incorporeal1 & n subject to ! relations ( space2 we ascribe to ! s\l attributes ( angels1 ( spiritual be+s4 ,h[ mu* m is ?is ! case ) ,god6 ,we h1 !re=e1 no reason = reject+ ! ,biblical acc\nt ( ! revelation on ,m\nt ,s9ai2 b we admit t we d n "k h[ ! idea became corporeal & 0 turn$ into audible spee*1 :at new ?+ 0 !n creat$ or :at ?+s !n 9 exi/5ce 7 annihilat$4 ,he is ,almighty1 & :5 we say t ,he creat$ ! tablets & cov]$ !m ) ,8 writ+1 x 0 done1 l ! creation ( ! heav5s1 by ,8 ^w2 t is1 x 0 ,8 ,w t ,8 ?\ght %\ld become corporeal to a c]ta9 ext5t & assume ! =m ( tables1 & t a c]ta9 writ+ be inscrib$ on !m4 ,j z ! division ( ! sea & ! =mation ( a broad pa? betwe5 ! walls ( wat] 0 done directly by ,8 ,w1 )\t us+ in/rum5ts or employ+ int]m$iate causes1 s ! air t rea*$ ! e> ( ! prophet assum$ su* a =m t s\nds 7 p]ceiv$ express+ ! idea :i* ,god desir$ to communicate to ! prophet or to ! p0 7,i41 lxxxvii4-lxxxix474 ,9 describ+ ! diff]5t mean+s ( ! names ( ,god1 ,elohim & ! ,tetragrammaton1 #bc ! au?or says3 8,! nature ( ,elohim c be p]ceiv$ by reason1 :i* tea*es u t !re exi/s a be+ :o gov]ns ! univ]se4 ,! op9ions at :i* p arrive v>y accord+ to ! diff]5t modes ( reason+ :i* !y employ2 ! op9ions ( ! philosoph]s h ! greate/ probability4 ,b ! idea conta9$ 9 ! ,tetragrammaton _c be f\nd by reason+1 b is p]ceiv$ intuitively by t prophetic vision dur+ :i* man is almo/ sep>at$ f 8 fell[-m51 trans=m$ into an angel1 & fill$ ) ano!r _s2 444 previ\s d\bts conc]n+ ,god disappe>1 he smiles at ! argum5ts by :i* m5 g5]ally arrive at ! idea ( a deity & unity2 he !n wor%ips ,god 9 love1 & w\ld r sacrifice 8 life ?an ab&on ! wor%ip ( ,god0 7,,iv41 xv474 ,abraham ,ibn ,ezra expla9s ! words 8,& ! ,"l spake to ,moses0 z ref]r+ to true spee* & n to spee* ) ! m\?1 :i* is m]ely a repres5tation ( ! o!r4 8,god spake to ,moses0 z man speake? to 8 neighb\r2 t is to say1 directly & n ?r\gh a mess5g] 7,on ,exod4 xxxiii4 #aa74--;,9 comm5t+ on ! ,n9ete5? ,psalm he says3 8,! fir/ "p %[s h[ ! intellig5t man c f9d 9 nature evid5ce = ! exi/5ce & p[] ( ! ,deity2 b !re is a f> bett] & m tru/wor?y witness3 ! ,law1 c1 call$ by ,david #8p]fect1' because no o!r evid5ce is requir$ 9 support ( ! ,div9e utt]ances conta9$ 9 ! ,holy ,writ+s0 7,on ,ps4 xix4 #h74--;,ibn ,ezra is s firm 9 8 belief 9 ! tru? ( ! ,div9e ,writ+s t he sets aside ! contr>y op9ions ( m5 z absurd4 8,we believe 9 ! words ( our ,god & ab&on ! va9 op9ions ( ! sons ( man0 7,on ,g54 vii4 #ai74--,:atev] message !y br\ght f ,god 0 true1 & its realisation c\ld be reli$ ^u provid$ t ! conditions 7 fulfill$1 :i* 7 ei!r express$ or impli$4 ,9 o!r ?+s1 h[ev]1 :i* 7 n conta9$ 9 ! ,div9e message !y 7 n infallible 7,on ,exod4 iv4 #bj74 ,! prophets 7 tra9$ = ! (fice4 ,! sons ( ! prophets 7or 8! disciples07 l$ a contemplative life ( seclusion1 9 ! hope ( receiv+ inspiration1 e "o accord+ to 8 faculty 7,on ,exod4 iii4 #ae74 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ?is prep>ation 0 8! tra9+ 9 ! fe> ( ! ,"l10 :i* leads man to he$ ! negative precepts ( ! ,law4 ,!n foll[s 8! wor%ip ( ,god10 :i* includes ! obs]vance ( all positive precepts 7,yesod ,mora1 vii474 ,maimonides 7,mi%neh torah1 ,i42 ,yesode ha-torah1 vii4 #a73--8,"o ( ! pr9ciples ( our fai? is to believe t ,god inspires m54 ,! inspiration c only take place 9 m5 :o di/+ui% !mselves by great wisdom & moral /r5g?2 :o are nev] ov]come by any passion1 b1 on ! contr>y1 ov]come all passions2 :o possess wide & pr(\nd k4 ,if ^? :o are end[$ ) ^! v>i\s gifts1 &1 be+ physically p]fect1 ent] ! g>d5 ( speculation1 are absorb$ 9 ^! great & difficult problems1 h ! m9d to und]/& & to compreh5d1 sanctify !mselves m & m1 ab&on ! ways ( ! common p t walk 9 ! deep d>kness ( ! "t1 & zeal\sly tra9 !mselves 9 free+ _! m9d f useless ?+s1 ! vanities & tricks ( ! "t1 9 ord] always to keep ! m9d free = reflect+ on high] ?+s1 on ! mo/ holy & pure =ms1 on ! :ole "w ( ! ,div9e ,wisdom f ! fir/ sph]e to ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 & to compreh5d !reby ! greatness ( ,god3 !n !y w at once be inspir$ ) ! holy _s1 _! s\l w !n be 9 ! society ( angels1 !y w become o!r be+s1 !y w feel t !y are n ! same z be=e1 t !y are above o!r m51 ev5 above ! wise4 ,?us x is said ( ,saul1 #8,& ?\ wilt prophesy ) !m1 & be turn$ into ano!r man'0 7#a ,sam4 x4 #f74 ,! same op9ion is express$ by ,maimonides 9 8 8,comm5t>y on ! ,mi%nah0 7,sanh$r91 xi4 #a71 & 9 8,! ,guide0 7,,iii41 xxxii474 ,9 ! latt] 7l4c47 ! v>i\s views on prophecy are fully discuss$1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! view ( ,maimonides & t ( ! 8philosoph]s0 is giv5 m di/9ctly4 ,accord+ to ! philosoph]s1 ! highe/ physical1 moral1 & intellectual developm5t is ! sole means = ! acquisition ( ! prophetic faculty4 ,maimonides dem&s 9 addition to ?is ! ,div9e ,w2 he res]ves1 z x 71 = ! ,supreme ,be+ a k9d ( veto1 & believes t ! prophetic faculty may1 by ,div9e int]f]5ce1 i4e41 by a miracle1 be )held f a p]son 9 spite ( all prep>ation & fitness4 ,he comp>es ?is int]f]5ce to ! sudd5 p>alysis & equally sudd5 recov]y ( ! h& ( ,k+ ,j]oboam 7#a ,k+s xiii4 #d74 ,al?\gh ! physical conditions = ! motion ( ! h& 7 pres5t1 ! motion c\ld n take place1 because x 0 ! ,w ( ,god t ! h& %\ld at t p>ticul> "t n be able to p]=m its natural functions4 ,! "q naturally sugge/s itself1 ,:y1 !n1 is ! numb] ( prophets s exce$+ly small8 ,:y are !re no prophets among/ ! l>ge ho/ ( philosoph]s ^: intellectual faculties h be5 mo/ highly develop$1 & :o app>5tly live 9 a sph]e ( ideals f> above e>?ly & ord9>y passions8 ,maimonides d5ies ! fact t ! conditions are fulfill$2 he believes t ! life ( ! philosoph]s is on ! :ole n s pure z w\ld qualify !m = ! (fice ( prophecy 7,,ii41 xxxvi474 ,b ,bileam1 ,laban1 & ,abimele* enjoy$ ! privilege ( ,div9e communication1 al?\gh !y _h n atta9$ to ! highe/ degree ( moral sanctity4 ,maimonides says 9 ref]5ce to ! dreams ( ,abimele* & ,laban 7ibid41 *ap4 xli473 8,! s5t5ce1 #8,& ,elohim 7an angel7 came to a c]ta9 p]son 9 ! dream ( ! night1' does n indicate a prophecy1 & ! p]son to :om ,elohim appe>$ is n a prophet2 ! phrase only in=ms u t ! att5tion ( ! p]son 0 call$ by ,god to a c]ta9 ?+1 & at ! same "t t ?is happ5$ at night4 ,= j z ,god may cause a p]son to move 9 ord] to save or kill ano!r1 s ,he may cause1 accord+ to ,8 ,w1 c]ta9 ?+s to rise 9 man's m9d 9 a dream by night4 ,we h no d\bt t ! ,syrian ,laban 0 a wick$ man & an idolat]4 ,abimele*1 ?\gh himself a virtu\s man1 is told by ,abraham1 #8,i said1 ,surely !re is no fe> ( ,god 9 ?is place' 7,g54 xx4 #aa74 ,& yet ( bo? x is said t ,elohim appe>$ to !m 9 a dream4 ,note & consid] ! di/9ction betwe5 ! phrases #8,elohim came' & #8,elohim said2' betwe5 #89 a dream by night' & #89 a vision by night4' ,9 ref]5ce to ,jacob x is said1 #8,& an angel said to ,israel 9 visions by night' 7,g54 xlvi4 #b71 :il/ 9 ref]5ce to ,abimele* & ,laban x is said1 #8,elohim came to ,abimele* 7or to ,laban7 9 ! dream by night' 7,ibid4 xx4 #c & xxxi4 #bd74 ,onkelos !re=e r5d]s ?is phrase3 #8,a ^w came f ! ,"l1' & n #8,god reveal$ himself4'0 ,bileam is1 accord+ to ,maimonides1 9 "s respect l ,laban & ,abimele*2 :at ,god told him 9 a dream by night 0 n a prophecy4 ,9 o!r respects he is describ$ by ?is philosoph] z a p]son end[$ ) 8! holy _s20 i4e41 he felt t "s influ5ce _h come ^u him1 & t he _h receiv$ a new p[] :i* enc\rag$ him to speak = a c]ta9 object 7,! ,guide1 xlv474 ,maimonides adds t at t "t ,bileam 0 /ill a virtu\s man4--,?is view ( ! position :i* ,bileam occupies 9 ! class ( inspir$ m5 is diff]5t f ! place assign$ to him 9 ! ,midra%1 :]e ! foll[+ passage occurs3 8#8,!re arose no prophet aga9 9 ,israel l ,moses2' t is to say1 9 ,israel none arose1 b among o!r nations !re 0 a prophet z great z ,moses1 namely1 ,bileam0 7,sifre1 ,deut4 xxxiv4 #aj74 ,:atev] may be ! mean+ ( ^! words--:e!r !y are meant z a satire or n--!y seem to indicate t ,bileam possess$ a high degree ( prophetic faculty4 ,b comp>+ ! de$s ( ,bileam ) ^? ( ,moses1 we f9d t ! latt] guid$ ! ,israelites & l$ !m to good de$s & to a virtu\s life1 :il/ ,bileam misl$ ^? :o foll[$ 8 guidance to s9 & vice4 ,! view ( ,maimonides1 t man aft] due prep>ation & tra9+ may /ill be deb>r$ f ! rank ( prophet1 is sev]ely criticis$ by ! ,comm5tators ( ! ,guide4 ,!y ma9ta9 t ,god1 aft] hav+ invit$ & enc\rag$ man to approa* ,him1 w\ld n !n ?w>t ! v hope ,he _h implant$4 ,accord+ to _! op9ion1 ,god's h& is ext5d$ to all2 e "o may acquire ! prophetic faculty1 & ^? :o h n acquir$ x h n be5 duly qualifi$ = x4 7,comp4 ! ,comm4 ( ,ephodi1 ,n>boni a4 o4 on 8,! ,guide10 ,,ii41 xxxii474 ,albo 7,ikk>im1 ,,iii41 vii4 sqq47 likewise admits t x is impossible to imag9e a prophet :o has n atta9$ a high degree ( moral & intellectual p]fection4 ,b he does n consid] ! prophetic faculty z a natural developm5t ( man's intellectual faculties4 ,x is solely & directly due to ,div9e inspiration 7 71 by means ( :i* man acquires a k ( ?+s :i* are o!rwise beyond ! limits ( human intellect4 ,( :at nature ! inspiration is1 h[ x gives c]titude to ! prophet1 & by :at psy*ical process x is accompli%$1 only ! prophet himself c fully compreh5d4 ,albo1 l ,maimonides1 assumes diff]5t degrees ( inspiration f ! inspiration 7 7 :i* mov$ ,samson to h]oic de$s & ,david to sacr$ songs1 to ! prophetic communion ( ,moses ) ,god 8face to face40 ,! cle>ness ( ! prophet's utt]ances v>ies accord+ to ! diff]5t degrees ( 8 prophetic faculty1 al?\gh all are equally true4 ,on ! ,sev5? ,pr9ciple1 p4 #acc4 ,! words h be5 wrongly translat$ 8t ! prophecy ( ,moses 0 true10 because ?is is conta9$ 9 ! six? pr9ciple1 :i* applies equally to ,moses & to all o!r prophets4 ,! t]m does "h n d5ote 8true10 b 8real10 8p]fect10 or 8direct20 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,div9e inspiration ( ,moses & t ( o!r prophets is express$ 9 ! above phrase1 9 accordance ) ! di/9ction made 9 ! ,p5tateu* 7,num4 xii4 #h74 ,x has be5 consid]$ necess>y to =mulate ?is di/9ction betwe5 ,moses & o!r prophets 9 a sep>ate article1 because x is ( great importance 9 ! pro( ( ! ,immutability ( ! ,law4 ,maimonides 9 8,! ,guide0 7*ap4 xxxv47 & ,mi%neh torah 7,i41 ,hil*o? ,yesode ha-torah vii4 #f7 fully describes ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,moses & o!r prophets4 ,he enum]ates f\r po9ts3--7#a47 ,o!r prophets receiv$ ! ,div9e message 9 a vision or a dream1 :il/ ,moses receiv$ x 9 a /ate ( complete consci\sness1 be+ awake1 & appreh5d+ ! words l ^? spok5 by a man to 8 fell[-m54 7#b47 ,o!r prophets receiv$ ! message 9 images1 :i* !y _h fir/ to int]pret be=e communicat+ x to _! fell[-m52 ,moses 0 address$ by ,god 9 cle> words & n 9 figurative spee*4 7#c47 ,o!r prophets 7 ov]come by ! sight1 & 7 9 a /ate ( fe> & trembl+2 ,moses exp]i5c$ no?+ ( ?is k9d4 7#d47 ,moses 0 sure to receive a ,div9e reply :5ev] he s\ght x2 n s ! o!r prophets4 ,maimonides comes ?us to ! conclusion t ! t]m 8prophet0 :5 appli$ to ,moses _c h ! same mean+ z x has :5 appli$ to o!r ,div9e mess5g]s2 & ! prophecy ( ,moses diff]s f t ( o!r prophets n only 9 degree1 b 9 k9d4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 o!r !ologians :o hold t ! prophecy ( ,moses is ( ! same k9d z t ( o!r prophets1 & excels ! re/ only by a high] degree ( prophetic faculty4 7,comp4 ,albo ,ikk>im1 ,,iii41 xvii47 ,on ! ,eigh? ,pr9ciple1 p4 #acd4 ,! integrity & au!nticity ( ! ,p5tateu* has be5 subject$ to all k9ds ( te/s by critics ( e age4 ,! ,massoretic rem>ks1 to :i* allusions are f\nd 9 ! ,talmud1 seem to include ! result ( critical exam9ation ( ! text ( ! ,bible4 ,?us we read 9 ! treatise ,abo? di-,rabbi ,na?an 7*ap4 xxxiv473 8,!re are t5 passages 9 ! ,p5tateu* :i* are provid$ ) po9ts on ! top ( ! lett]s1 namely1 ,g54 xvi4 #e2 xviii4 #i2 xix4 #cc2 xxxiii4 #d2 xxxvii4 #ab2 ,num4 iii4 #ci2 ix4 #aj2 xxi4 #cj2 xxix4 #ae2 ,deut4 xxix4 #bh4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ^! po9ts8 ,ezra--:o is suppos$ to h add$ !m--said1 #8,if ,elijah %\ld come & %[ me t ! read+ 0 wrong1 ,i %\ld tell him t = t reason ,i m>k$ !m ) po9ts2 & if he %\ld say t ,i wrote correctly1 ,i %\ld remove ! po9ts4'0 ,9 ! treatise ,s(]im 7vi4 #d7 ! foll[+ passage occurs3--8,rabbi ,simeon b5 ,laki% said1 ,?ree copies ( ! ,p5tateu* 7 f\nd 9 ! hall ( ! ,temple2 !y are call$ ,sef] meonah1 ,sef] zatute1 & ,sef] hee4 ,9 ! "o 0 writt5 in/ead ( 7,deut4 xxxiii4 #bg71 9 ! o!r 7,exod4 xxiv4 #e7 in/ead ( 1 & 9 ! ?ird elev5 times in/ead ( 4 ,! read+ t 0 f\nd only 9 "o ( ! ?ree copies 0 reject$1 & t ( ! o!r two pref]r$4 ,! receiv$ text has !re=e 1 1 & 40 ,^! in/ances :i* tradition has pres]v$1 are evid5ce ( ! great c>e & consci5ti\sness ) :i* ,ezra ! ,scribe & o!r m5 transcrib$ & multipli$ copies ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,we le>n fur!r f ^! in/ances t ! text 0 nev] alt]$1 ev5 :]e ! s5se did n seem q cle>2 & :]e ! read+ _h be5 *ang$ 9 "s cases1 ! ,massoretic notes %[ ! way h[ to read ! ^w :il/ ! text 0 reta9$ 9 its orig9al =m4 ,?is is ! cause ( ! ,k]i & ,ke?ib1 8,h[ ! ^w is read0 & 8,h[ x is writt540 ,9 ! ,talmud a c]ta9 numb] ( passages are describ$ z tikkun s(]im1 8,! /yle ( ! scribes20 o!rs z ittur s(]im1 8,elegance ( ! scribes40 ,comm5tators h int]pret$ ^! t]ms z indicat+ alt]ations ( ! text2 b ! in/ances quot$ = illu/ration d n conta9 any trace ( su* a process4 ,an in/ance ( tikkun s(]im is1 8,& ,abraham /ood yet be=e ! ,"l0 7,g54 xviii4 #bb74 ,^! words 7 believ$ to cont9ue ! acc\nt ( ! ,div9e vision introduc$ by ! words1 8,& ,god appe>$ to ,abraham0 7ibid4 xviii4 #a71 & int]rupt$ by ! n>rative ( ! visit ( ! ?ree angels4 ,! read] might h expect$1 8,& ,god /ood yet be=e ,abraham40 ,! me?od ( express+ ! same 9 ! above =m = ! sake ( euphemism is call$ tikkun s(]im4 ,f ! in/ances ( ittur s(]im quot$ 9 ! ,talm4 ,n$>im #cg;b1 we inf] t ! occasional omission ( ! copulative vav 0 designat$ by t "n4 7,comp4 ,g54 xviii4 #e1 74 ,9 ,midra%ic int]pretations ( ! ,bible we frequ5tly meet ) ! phrase 1 8,d n read10 seem+ly imply+ an em5dation ( ! ,biblical text4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 t ! au?ors ( su* int]pretations did n = a mom5t ent]ta9 ! idea t ! passage 9 "q 0 corrupt & requir$ correction4 ,:at 0 meant by ! above phrase is ?is3 ,a ,jewi% audi5ce 0 suppos$ to be famili> ) ! text ( ! ,bible1 & x 0 !re=e believ$ t ! lessons :i* ! tea*] or prea*] desir$ to imp>t w\ld bett] rea* ! he>t ( ! li/5]1 & be m easily reta9$ 9 8 memory1 if x 7 express$ 9 ! words ( "s ,biblical passage4 ,if a passage c\ld1 by a slight alt]ation1 be made to s]ve ?is purpose1 su* alt]ation 0 adopt$ & introduc$ ) ! words 1 8,d n read1 444 b 4440 ,!re are also "s in/ances 9 ! ,talmud & ! ,midra%im ( ,biblical quotations n 9 h>mony ) ! receiv$ text4 ,?is discrepancy is ei!r due to ! fact t prea*]s & exp\nd]s quot$ f memory1 & may h errone\sly conf\nd$ two simil> passages1 or x is due to ! c>elessness ( ! copyi/s4 ,indications ( a ,biblical text at v>iance ) ! receiv$ text are f\nd 9 ! anci5t ,v]sions4 ,b1 ) ! exception ( ! ,*aldee ,v]sion ( ! ,p5tateu* by ,onkelos1 & t ( ! ,prophets by ,jona?an1 we h no au?oris$ ,v]sion1 & x is unc]ta9 h[ _m ( ! discrepancies h _! orig9 9 a corrupt text 9 ! h&s ( ! translator1 & h[ _m ( !m are due to ! error ( ! translator 9 misread+ or mi/ranslat+ ! correct text be=e him4 ,by no means are ^! facts suffici5t gr\nd = d\bt+ ! correctness ( ! receiv$ text1 h[ev] plausible ! sugge/$ em5dations may appe>4 ,sam>itans & ,mohamm$ans h accus$ ! ,jews ( hav+ alt]$ ! text ( ! ,bible2 b !y h n prov$ ! *>ge4 7,see ,emunah-ramah1 #e? ,pr9ciple1 *ap4 ii47 ,mod]n critics h impugn$ ! au!nticity ( mo/ ( ! ,biblical books4 ,we w discuss _! op9ions conc]n+ ?ree ( ^! books1 & ^! are ! mo/ important ones conc]n+ :i* ,tradition speaks mo/ decid$ly1 viz41 ! ,p5tateu*1 ! ,prophecies ( ,isaiah1 & ! ,book ( ,daniel4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! ,p5tateu* at ! "t :5 ! o!r ,biblical books 7 writt5 is cle> f ! frequ5t ref]5ces to ! hi/ory & ! laws conta9$ 9 x4 ,su* are1 e4g43 8,only be ?\ /rong & v c\rage\s1 t ?\ maye/ obs]ve to d accord+ to all ! law :i* ,moses1 my s]vant1 comm&$ !e10 c4 8,?is book ( ! law %all n dep>t out ( ?y m\?10 c4 7,jos4 i4 #g1 #h74 8,z ,moses1 ! s]vant ( ! ,"l1 comm&$ ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 z x is writt5 9 ! book ( ! law ( ,moses10 c4 8,& he wrote !re ^u ! /ones a copy ( ! law ( ,moses :i* he wrote 9 ! pres5ce ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel4 ,& aft]w>d he read all ! words ( ! law1 ! bless+ & curs+1 accord+ to all t is writt5 9 ! book ( ! law0 7,ibid4 viii4 #ca1 #cb1 #cd74 8,keep ! *>ge ( ! ,"l ?y ,god1 to walk 9 8 ways1 to keep 8 /atutes & 8 comm&m5ts1 & 8 judgm5ts1 & 8 te/imonies1 z x is writt5 9 ! law ( ,moses10 c4 7#a ,k+s ii4 #c74 8,b ! *ildr5 ( ! murd]]s he slew n3 accord+ unto t :i* is writt5 9 ! book ( ! law ( ,moses10 c4 7#b ,k+s xiv4 #f74 8,keep ! passov] unto ! ,"l y\r ,god1 z x is writt5 9 ! book ( ! cov5ant0 7,ibid4 xxiii4 #ba74 8,rememb] ! law ( ,moses1 my s]vant1 :i* ,i comm&$ unto him 9 ,horeb = all ,israel1 /atutes & judgm5ts0 7,mal4 iii4 #af74 ,! au?ors ( ! o!r books ( ! ,bible %[ famili>ity ) ! words1 ! phrases1 & ! cont5ts ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,?us ,psalm civ4 is bas$ on ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis2 ! flood is m5tion$ 9 ,ps4 xxix4 & 9 ! prophecies ( ,isaiah 7liv4 #i72 ! hi/ory ( ! ,patri>*s & ( ! ,israelites 9 ,egypt & 9 ! wild]ness 9 ,ps4 cvi41 lxxviii42 ! hi/ory ( ,jacob is allud$ to 9 ,hosea xii42 ! de/ruction ( ,sodom & ,gomorrah 9 ,isa4 i4 #i1 ,amos iv4 #aa4 ,( ! laws conta9$ 9 ! ,p5tateu* _m are m5tion$ or allud$ to 9 ! books ( ! ,prophets & ! ,hagiographa2 ! fea/ ( ,passov] 7,jos4 iv471 ,tab]nacles 7,ze*4 xiv4 #af-bj1 ,ezra iii4 #d1 ,neh4 viii4 #ad-ah72 ! fir/ day #bd ( ! sev5? mon? 7,new-ye>7 is m5tion$ z a 8holy day0 7,neh4 viii4 #aj74 ,! diet>y laws are ref]r$ to by ,isaiah 7lxvi4 #ag72 ! laws ( cleanness & uncleanness =m ! text ( a prophecy ( ,haggai 7ii4 #aj sqq474 ,su* phrases z 8,uncircumcis$ 9 he>t0 7,j]4 ix4 #be7 & 8,?\ wilt purify me ) hyssop & ,i %all be clean0 7,ps4 li4 #i7 %[ famili>ity ) ! laws ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,sabba? & sacrifices are frequ5tly m5tion$4 ,critics1 h[ev]1 ass]t t c]ta9 laws seem to h be5 unkn[n or out ( practice 9 ! p]iod ( ! ,judges & ! ,k+s4 ,!re is1 e4g41 a p]fect sil5ce z to ! celebration ( 8! ,day ( ,bl[+ ! %(>0 & 8! ,day ( ,atonem5t10 ev5 :]e su* m5tion is sugge/$ by ! context1 z ,k+s viii4 #fe1 #ff1 & ,nehemiah viii4 ,b ! inspir$ hi/orians pref]r$ to describe ! celebration ( ^? fe/ivals t _h be5 neglect$1 or ^? t 7 also ( national & political importance by conc5trat+ ! mass ( ! p 9 ! capital2 su* fe/ivals 7 ,passov] & ,tab]nacles4 ,! ,day ( ,bl[+ ! %(> & ! ,day ( ,atonem5t 7 set aside = quiet1 private devotion & m$itation1 ! additional s]vice 9 ! ,temple be+ 9 ! h&s ( ! prie/s1 & ! obs]vation ( ^! days z holy days 9 accordance ) ! ,law 0 a matt] ( c\rse1 & 0 n consid]$ by ! au?ors z a memorable ev5t t requir$ special notice4 ,"o ( ! prophecies ( ,isaiah 7*ap1 lviii47 seems to h ref]5ce to ! ,day ( ,atonem5t4 ,t 9 ! days ( ! ,judges1 :5 8e man did :at 0 "r 9 8 eyes10 & dur+ ! reign ( wick$ k+s _m laws 7 ignor$ or brok5 is n at all surpris+4 ,:5 ! sacrifices (f]$ up by ,samuel & ,solomon are adduc$ z a pro( t ! ,law1 :i* only all[s prie/s to sacrifice1 0 n kn[n 9 ^? days1 ! argum5t is bas$ on a mis9t]pretation ( ! ,biblical text4 ,:5 laym5 br\ght sacrifices1 ! prie/s p]=m$ ! s]vice = !m2 ! pr9cipal ?+ to be m5tion$ 0 9 ^: "n or 9 ^: pres5ce ! sacrifice 0 br\ght2 x 0 unnecess>y to /ate t ! prie/s _h to spr9kle ! blood & to burn c]ta9 portions ^u ! alt>2 no "o d\bt$ x4 ,ano!r argum5t aga9/ ! au!nticity ( ! ,p5tateu* has be5 bas$ on ! fact relat$ 9 ! second book ( ,k+s 7xxii4 #h sqq473 8,& ,hilkiah ! high prie/ said unto ,%aphan ! scribe1 ,i h f\nd a book ( ! law 9 ! h\se ( ! ,"l4 ,& ,%aphan ! scribe %[$ ! k+1 say+1 ,hilkiah ! prie/ ha? deliv]$ me a book4 ,& ,%aphan read x be=e ! k+4 ,& x came to pass :5 ! k+ _h he>d ! words ( ! book ( ! law1 t he r5t 8 clo!s40 ,x is ma9ta9$ by "s s*ol>s t ! book1 :i* seems to h be5 an unkn[n ?+ to ^? :o f\nd x & to ! k+1 _h only j !n be5 writt54 ,?is is n :at is directly /at$ 9 ! ,bible4 ,hilkiah speaks ( ! ,law 1 ! well-kn[n ,torah2 he w\ld n h said s if ! ,torah _h n be5 9 exi/5ce be=e4 ,fur!rmore1 ! k+ on he>+ ! words ( ! book r5t 8 g>m5ts1 & s5t to inquire ( ! ,"l conc]n+ ! words ( ?is book2 = 8great is ! wra? ( ! ,"l t is k9dl$ aga9/ u because our fa!rs h n he>k5$ unto ! words ( ?is book40 ,^! words ( ! k+ cle>ly %[ t ! k+ 0 conv9c$ ( ! div9e "* ( ! book1 & also ( its exi/5ce 9 ! "t ( 8 =efa!rs4 ,! fact t ,k+ ,josiah accuses 8! fa!rs0 sugge/s ! foll[+ explanation ( ! ev5t3--,dur+ ! reign ( ! wick$ ,k+ ,manasseh ! read+ ( ! ,law 0 int]rupt$2 ! book itself 0 hidd5 le/ x %\ld be de/roy$ by ! idolatr\s prie/s2 n[ t x 0 f\nd aga91 ! k+ 0 rem9d$ t ! ,torah _h be5 neglect$ 9 ! int]val ?r\gh ! s9 ( ! prec$+ g5]ation4 ,:e!r !re 0 ano!r copy ( ! ,law 9 ! ,temple1 :e!r ! "o f\nd by ,hilkiah 0 complete1 or conta9$ only a portion ( ! ,law1 p]haps ,deut]onomy1 *ap4 xxvii4 & *ap4 xxviii41 :i* are 9 ! ,p5tateu* call$ 8! words ( ?is cov5ant0 & also 8! words ( ! curse10 titles :i* occur also 9 ref]5ce to ! above copy 9 ! books ( ,k+s & ,*ronicles2 to ^! & simil> que/ions ! ,biblical acc\nt gives no decid$ answ]4 ,only s mu* is c]ta9 t ! book f\nd 0 n new or unkn[n to ^? :o f\nd x1 & ! k+ recognis$ x z ! book ( ! ,torah4 ,f> f f9d+ 9 ! o!r books ( ! ,bible any evid5ce--:e!r positive or negative--( ! lat] orig9 ( ! ,torah1 we feel conv9c$ t _! cont5ts presuppose n only ! exi/5ce ( ! ,torah1 b also ! au?ors' famili>ity ) x4 ,)\t ! ,torah ! o!r books are un9telligible4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! ,p5tateu* t betrays a po/-,mosaic orig94 ,if ! ,p5tateu* _h be5 writt5 9 ! p]iod ( ! ,k+s1 ! au?or w\ld h m5tion$ ,j]usalem z ! appo9t$ place = ! ,sanctu>y2 9 ! rebukes 771 9 addition to idolatry1 ! social corruption po9t$ out by ! prophets w\ld h be5 m5tion$2 ! re/rictive law conc]n+ ! m>riage ( heiresses w\ld h be5 sup]flu\s1 z x only appli$ to ! fir/ g5]ation t ent]$ ,pale/9e4 ,! phrase has be5 quot$ z a pro( t ! au?or ( ! ,p5tateu* mu/ h liv$ 9 ,pale/9e1 or else he c\ld n h call$ ! ea/ banks ( ! ,jordan 8! o!r side ( ,jordan20 b ?is translation is wrong4 ,! phrase only means ! banks ( ,jordan4 ,9 ! ,talmud ! ,p5tateu* 9 its entirety is ascrib$ to ,moses4 8,moses wrote 8 book & ! book ( ,bileam0 7,babyl4 ,talm4 ,baba ,ba?ra1 #ad;b74 ,! book ( ,bileam is ! section ( ,numb]s :i* conta9s ! p>ables ( ,bileam 7f xxii4 #b to xxiv474 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a diff]5ce ( op9ion ) reg>d to ! la/ eight v]ses ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,accord+ to ,rabbi ,jehudah 7or ,rabbi ,nehemiah7 ,jo%ua wrote ?is passage4 ,rabbi ,%imeon object$3 8,is x possible t ! ,torah 0 incomplete :5 ,moses 0 told1 #8,take ?is book ( ! law8' 7,deut4 xxxi4 #bf74 #be ,god dictat$ ! la/ eight v]ses ( ! ,p5tateu* to ,moses1 & ! latt] wrote !m ) te>s40 ,) ?is exception1 no d\bt 0 ent]ta9$ by any ( ! ,rabbis z to ! integrity ( ! ,torah4 ,v>i\s1 h[ev]1 7 ! op9ions z to ! me?od foll[$ by ,moses 9 writ+ d[n ! ev5ts & ! laws4 ,rabbi ,jo*anan1 foll[+ ! op9ion ( ,rabbi ,banaah1 held t ! ,torah 0 writt5 by ,moses piecewise at diff]5t times1 j z ! ev5ts happ5$ or z ea* law 0 reveal$ to him4 ,rabbi ,%imeon b5 ,laki% said 8x 0 giv5 at "o "t 9 its entirety0 7,babyl4 ,talm4 ,gitt9 #fj;a74 ,passages ( ! ,torah :i* seem$ to contradict ea* o!r1 or to be contradict$ by /atem5ts f\nd 9 o!r books ( ! ,bible1 7 ?or\ghly discuss$ & expla9$4 ,! belief 9 ! integrity & div9ity ( ! ,torah 0 s /rong t ^? :o reject$ ei!r ( ^! beliefs 7 consid]$ z unwor?y ( ! bless+s ( ! future _w 7,babyl4 ,talm4 ,sanh$r9 #ii;a74 ,) ! rise ( ,k>aism ,bible criticism receiv$ new enc\ragem5t1 z 9 ! w>f>e betwe5 ,k>aism & ,rabb9ism1 or ,scripturali/s & ,traditionali/s1 x furni%$ bo? sides ) %>p weapons4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 ( ! comm5tators w5t fur!r1 & gave utt]ance to all sorts ( het]odox views4 ,?us a c]ta9 ,yitz*aki ( ,spa9 0 ( op9ion t ,g54 xxxvi4 #ca-dc 0 a lat] addition1 on acc\nt ( ! phrase1 8,^! 7 ! k+s :o rul$ ov] ,edom be=e a k+ rul$ ov] ,israel40 ,! critics =got t ?is passage is int5d$ to po9t out ! advance :i* ,esau's desc5dants _h made1 :5 ! prophecy1 8,& k+s %all come =? out ( !e0 7xxxv4 #aa7 _h n yet be5 fulfill$ 9 ! case ( ! ,israelites4 ,( ! ,comm5tators ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ,ibn ,ezra is g5]ally s+l$ out z an advanc$ s*ol> :o held c]ta9 passages ( ! ,p5tateu* z lat] additions4 ,ibn ,ezra 0 f> f su* views1 & he %>ply rebuk$ ^? :o ent]ta9$ !m4 ,?us he says ( ,yitz*aki1 ! au?or ( ! above criticism1 8,e "o :o w he> ?is w laugh at him1 & 8 book des]ves to be burnt40 ,) equal vig\r he criticises a gramm>ian :o po9t$ out c]ta9 passages z grammatically incorrect1 & also ano!r s*ol> :o 9 8 int]pretations ( ! ,bible did n take suffici5t notice ( ! traditional acc5ts4 ,! error conc]n+ ,ibn ,ezra has its orig9 9 8 habit ( add+ ! phrase1 8,! words h "s deep] s5se0 7 71 :5ev] ! lit]al int]pretation does n q satisfy him1 or :5 ! object ( ! au?or 9 add+ a seem+ly sup]flu\s s5t5ce is n cle> to him2 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! f\r passages ref]r$ to 9 ! ,comm5t>y on ,deut]onomy i4 #b1 namely1 8,! ,canaanite 0 !n 9 ! l&0 7,g54 xii4 #f71 8,on ! m\nt ( ! ,"l w x appe>0 7,ibid4 xxii4 #ad71 ! repetition ( ! sacrifices ( ! twelve pr9ces 7,num4 vii471 & ! /ations enum]at$ 9 ,numb]s 7*ap4 xxxiii471 9 addition to ! detail$ geographical description ( ,deut4 i4 #a sqq4 ,! mean+ ( ?is rem>k has be5 misund]/ood by ! e>ly exp\nd]s ( ,ibn ,ezra's ,comm5t>y1 & s9ce !n ! mi/ake has be5 repeat$ by mo/ ( ! critics ( ! ,bible4 ,sp9oza1 9 8 !ological treatise1 quotes ,ibn ,ezra1 ) ! usual mis9t]pretation1 9 support ( 8 view conc]n+ ! ,torah4 ,mod]n critics h attempt$ to analyse ! ,p5tateu*1 & to assign to x sev]al au?ors1 revis]s1 & editors4 ,b !re is little h>mony among ! critics2 ! "o consid]s z ! late/ addition :at ! o!r holds to be ! olde/ portions ( ! book4 ,num]\s em5dations are made by e "o ( !m 9 ord] to e/abli% 8 special !ory4 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( mo/ ( !m is t ! section 9 :i* ! "n ,elohim is preval5t c\ld n h be5 writt5 by ! au?or ( ano!r section 9 :i* ! ,tetragrammaton is employ$4 ,b ! two names1 ?\gh d5ot+ ! same ,be+1 are n id5tical 9 mean+3 ! "o signifies ! ,almighty1 :o is ! ,rul] ( ! univ]se1 ! ,ma/] & ,judge ( all be+s2 ! o!r is ! "n ( ! ,m]ciful ,fa!r1 :o reveals ,himself to man1 int]f]es 9 8 behalf1 & has especially reveal$ ,8 ,provid5ce & ,k9dness to ! ,israelites4 ,a c>eful /udy ( ! ,hebrew ,bible w %[ t x is n ! au?or1 or ! age ( ! au?or1 b ! cont5ts ( ! passage t det]m9$ :i* ( ! ,div9e names 0 to be us$4 ,! same au?or repeats ! same acc\nt ) "s v>iation1 accord+ to ! lesson :i* he int5ds to convey to ! read]4 ,! pro(s :i* are bas$ on ! diff]5ces discov]$ 9 two acc\nts ( app>5tly ! same ev5t1 or on seem+ contradictions or ana*ronisms1 are s indiff]5tly support$ t !y are n able to conqu] ! =tress ( ,fai? & ,tradition4 ,! difficulties po9t$ out by ! critics vani% be=e pati5t /udy & ! e>ne/ long+ = in/ruction & com=t (f]$ by ! ,bible4 ,! ,book ( ,isaiah has likewise be5 subject$ to ! analytical te/ ( ! critic1 & x is g5]ally believ$ t ! prophecies conta9$ 9 ! book h n all be5 writt5 by ! same au?or or 9 ! same age4 ,! book is divid$ into two l>ge sections2 ! second section1 f *ap4 xl4 to *ap1 lxvi41 is ?\ght to h be5 compos$ %ortly be=e ! return ( ! ,jews f ,babylon4 ,al?\gh x is possible t anonym\s prophecies 7 add$ to a book1 ! reasons :i* induc$ critics to make su* a division are unt5able4 ,! fir/ reason is ! diff]5ce 9 /yle2 b we mu/ take acc\nt ( ! diff]5ce 9 ! cont5ts ( ! two sections4 ,! prophecies 9 ! fir/ section h mo/ly a ?reat5+ t5d5cy ) reg>d to imm95t puni%m5t1 :il/ 9 ! second section ,israel is to be enc\rag$ 9 8 fai? 9 ! ,almighty & 9 8 hopes = a bett] future4 ,x is b natural t ! /yle %\ld n be ! same 9 bo? sections4 ,ano!r reason = ascrib+ ! second section to a lat] prophet is ! fact t ,kore% 7,cyrus71 k+ ( ,p]sia1 is m5tion$ by "n1 & ! fall ( ,babylon & ! consequ5t deliv]ance ( ! ,jews are describ$ z well-kn[n facts ( ! pa/4 ,?is & simil> argum5ts are bas$ on a misund]/&+ ( ! "* ( ! prophecies4 ,! critics ignore ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! writ+s ( inspir$ mess5g]s ( ,god & ^? ( ord9>y m54 ,!y d5y to ! man ( ,god ! p[] ( =esee+ & =etell+ com+ ev5ts ( :i* 8 fell[-m5 c\ld n h any k4 ,by su* argum5ts ! critics set limits to ! p[] & wisdom ( ,god1 & employ ! same measure = bo? t :i* is ,div9e & t :i* is human4 ,a ,div9e prophet has1 by ! ,w ( ! ,almighty1 ! future unroll$ be=e him2 he sees ! cata/rophe :i* is to come c5turies lat]1 & p]ceives its effect & its end4 ,ev5 :5 he reviews ! pres5t /ate ( affairs & takes ! imm$iate future into consid]ation1 8 eyes frequ5tly behold sc5es & ev5ts ( 8! end ( ! days0 7 71 :i* he po9ts out z ! goal ( our hopes & aspirations4 ,:5 he w>ns1 advises1 or enc\rages 8 bre?r5 ) reg>d to _! pres5t wants1 ! virtues & ! happ9ess ( ! ,messianic age are n r>ely introduc$4 ,e>li] ev5ts1 ?\gh /ill future 9 "t1 appe> !n 9 ! light ( accompli%$ facts1 & 9 _! description ! pa/ t5se is us$ in/ead ( ! future4 ,?us x happ5$ t ! prophet ,isaiah1 :o fl\ri%$ dur+ ! reign ( ,k+ ,hezekiah1 c\ld take 8 /&po9t on ! return ( ! ,jews f ,babylonia1 look back at ! exile z a ?+ ( ! pa/1 & reveal to 8 bre?r5 fur!r tr\bles1 ! succe$+ f9al r$emption1 & ! ultimate triumph ( ! fai?ful & ,god-fe>+ ov] ! fai?less & wick$4 ,x is true t x is an unusual ?+ = a prophet to "n a k+ :o is to rule c5turies aft] ! dea? ( ! prophet1 unless ! "n is a common n\n1 & has by its mean+ "s be>+ on ! prophecy4 ,! "n ,cyrus fulfils1 p]haps1 ?is condition2 accord+ to ,ktesias1 x signifies 8sun10 an appropriate "n to be giv5 to ! k+ :o is de/9$ to be ! deliv]] ( a captive p4 ,k+ ,cyrus may h assum$ ?is "n :5 he became conv9c$ ( ! mission entru/$ to him by ,provid5ce4 ,! au!nticity ( ! ,book ( ,daniel has likewise be5 impugn$1 & its advocates are1 x mu/ be admitt$1 at pres5t v few4 ,! n>ratives :i* ! book conta9s are consid]$ z improbable or ev5 impossible1 & its visions z prophecies ex facto4 ,x 0 writt51 accord+ to ^! critics1 9 ! p]iod ( ! ,maccabees1 & ! "n ( ,daniel 0 *os5 9 ord] to give m weight to ! cont5ts ( ! book1 ,daniel be+ kn[n z a man fam\s = 8 piety among 8 fell[-exiles4 ,aga9/ ?is we h ! di/9ct evid5ce 9 ! book1 9 :i* ! au?or is describ$ z ! same ,daniel t liv$ dur+ ! ,babylonian exile2 ,jewi% tradition knew ( no o!r au?or ( ! book ?an ,daniel4 ,al?\gh ! ,book ( ,daniel 0 n plac$ among/ ! books ( ! ,prophets1 because he 0 n *>g$ ) any mission to 8 fell[-m51 ! visions describ$ 9 ,daniel 7 nev]!less1 9 ,jewi% lit]ature1 consid]$ z true & g5u9e prophecy4 ,! n>ratives h ! di/9ct object to tea* t piety & firmness 9 ob$i5ce to ! ^w ( ,god c conqu] ! rage ( ! mo/ p[]ful tyrants2 ?is t5d5cy on ! "p ( ! au?or is especially notic$ 9 ! mann] 9 :i* e circum/ance be>+ on ?is lesson is depict$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n detract ! lea/ f ! tru? & g5u95ess ( ! facts :i*1 by ! plan ( ,provid5ce1 seem to h tak5 place = ?is v purpose4 ,! dem& ( ! k+ t ! magicians %\ld tell him 8 dream1 :i* he himself _h =gott51 & t fail+ to d s !y %\ld be put to dea?2 ! decree comm&+ 8 subjects to wor%ip ! idol & to pray to him1 & o!r fooli% royal acts1 almo/ incr$ible to u1 are /range inde$1 b w\ld appe> less /range if all ! records ( ! acts ( ,ea/]n tyrants _h be5 pres]v$4 ,x has be5 cont5d$ t ! hi/ory ( ! ,syrian w>s ) ,egypt1 & ! suff]+ ( ! ,jews ?r\gh ! ,syrian invasion1 is giv5 9 su* detail z c\ld only be done by a contempor>y4 ,b ap>t f ! fact t a c>eful /udy ( ! visions ( ,daniel w conv9ce u t we h "h only a fa9t outl9e ( ! ,syrian w>s & n a detail$ description1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! au?or only reproduces :at 0 %[n to him by ! ,omnisci5t conc]n+ ! mo/ important ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! nation--! pres]vation ( ! holy religion ?r\gh ! firmness & ! c\rage ( a few fai?ful s]vants ( ,god4 ,! fulfilm5t ( ! portion ( ! vision :i* ref]r$ to ! p]iod ( ! ,maccabees is a gu>antee = ! fulfilm5t ( ! prophecies yet unrealis$4 ,9 l mann] h ! au!nticity & ! integrity ( o!r ,biblical books be5 reject$2 ! me?od & ! argum5ts are ! same2 !y are bas$ on a misund]/&+ ( ! true ess5ce ( prophecy & inspiration1 & orig9ate 9 a want ( belief 9 ! ,omnisci5ce & ,omnipot5ce ( ! ,div9e ,be+4 ,on ! ,n9? ,pr9ciple1 p4 #aci4 ,9 ! ,p5tateu* !re is n ! slighte/ indication t ! laws reveal$ on ,s9ai might be sup]s$$ by a future ,revelation4 ,on ! contr>y1 we meet repeat$ly ) ! phrases1 1 8an ev]la/+ /atute10 1 8= ev]la/+ g5]ations10 & simil> expressions1 :i* cle>ly %[ ! int5tion ( ,him :o gave ! laws t ^! %\ld la/ = ev]4 ,! ,israelites 7 told t ,prophets w\ld be s5t to !m1 & t !y mu/ li/5 to ! ,prophets & obey !m1 b at ! same "t !y 7 comm&$ to put to dea? a prophet :o w\ld attempt 8to turn !m aside f ! way :i* ! ,"l comm&$ !m to walk !re90 7,deut4 xiii4 #f74 ,besides1 ! ,prophets nev] speak ( a new ,revelation1 :i* w\ld sup]s$e ! ,torah4 ,:5 ,j]emiah prophesies ab\t a new cov5ant1 ! context tea*es ! read] :at is meant by ! 8new cov5ant40 ,he speaks ( ! future & f9al re/oration ( ,israel z foll[s3 8,behold1 days w come1 sai? ! ,"l1 :5 ,i %all make a new cov5ant ) ! h\se ( ,israel & ) ! h\se ( ,judah4 ,n l ! cov5ant :i* ,i made ) _! fa!rs on ! day :5 ,i took hold ( _! h& to br+ !m out ( ! l& ( ,egypt1 because !y broke my cov5ant1 & ,i reject$ !m1 sai? ! ,"l4 ,b ?is is ! cov5ant :i* ,i %all make ) ! h\se ( ,israel aft] ^? days1 sai? ! ,"l1 :5 ,i set my ,law among !m & write x ^u _! he>t3 bo? ,i %all be to !m a ,god1 & !y %all be to me a p0 7,j]4 xxxi4 #ca-cc74 ,! ,law is n to be alt]$1 b x w dwell m firmly 9 ! he>t ( ,israel2 ! deliv]ance f ,egypt 0 soon =gott51 b ! future deliv]ance w plant ! fe> & love ( ,god--"h call$ ! ,law ( ,god--9 ! he>ts ( ! p 9 su* a mann] t x w take a deep root & w n be pluck$ out ( x aga94 ,!re occur1 h[ev]1 9 ,talmud & ,midra% say+s :i* seem to imply a future alt]ation ( ! ,law2 e4g41 8,9 future all pray]s w cease except t ( ?anksgiv+3 9 future all sacrifices w cease except t ( ?anks-(f]+0 7,midra% on ,ps4 c474 ,9 ^! say+s _! au?ors simply int5d$ to emphasise ! duty ( ?anksgiv+2 ev5 9 ! /ate ( physical & moral p]fection1 :5 !re w be a p]fect abs5ce ( tr\ble & fe> & a p]fect immunity ( s91 s t !re w be no?+ to be pray$ =1 no?+ to be aton$ = ?r\gh sacrifice1 ! duty ( (f]+ pray]s & sacrifices ( ?anksgiv+ w /ill rema9 9 full =ce4 ,ano!r say+ ( ?is k9d is3 8,if all fe/ivals 7 to cease1 ,purim w nev] be =gott50 7,piyyut = ,sabba? ,za*or72 t is1 ev5 if o!r fe/ivals %\ld be neglect$1 ,purim is s mu* lik$ t x w nev] be =gott5 by ! ,jews4 ,9 ,talmud ,j]us4 ,megillah 7i4 #g7 we read3 8,! read+ f ! ,prophets & ! ,hagiographa may at "s future "t be discont9u$1 b ! read+ ( ! ,p5tateu* w nev] be aboli%$40 ,! idea express$ by ?is dictum is1 t ! w>n+s or consolations or pray]s may become sup]flu\s by ! *ang$ condition ( ! future1 b ! laws & /atutes ( ! ,p5tateu* w always rema9 9 =ce4 ,9 say+s ( ?is k9d ! "t to :i* !y are meant to apply is n def9$4 8,! future0 7 7 may mean ! "t ( ,messiah1 or else ! "t ( ! ,resurrection1 or :at we are us$ to call 8! future life40 ,z 9 ! above quotation1 ! au?ors aim$ at inculcat+ "s moral lesson = ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s1 & n at describ+ ! results ( philosophical speculation ) reg>d to remote times4 ,a new revelation1 or ! abrogation ( ! ,law or "p ( x1 is n[h]e m5tion$4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is emphasis$ 9 ! ,talmud t ! ,torah has be5 giv5 to ,israel 9 its entirety1 & no?+ has be5 res]v$ = a second revelation4 8,! ,law is n any long] 9 heav510 x is entirely 9 ! h&s ( man4 ,! only au?ority recognis$ 9 ! int]pretation ( ! ,law 0 t bas$ on k1 tradition1 & common s5se4 ,au?ority claim$ = ?is purpose on ! gr\nd ( sup]natural privilege1 prophecy1 ba?-kol or miracle1 0 n recognis$ 7,babyl4 ,talm4 ,baba ,metsia1 #ei;b74 ,maimonides 7,mi%neh torah1 ,hil*o? ,yesode ha-torah ix47 says on ?is pr9ciple z foll[s3--8,x has be5 di/9ctly /at$ 9 ! ,torah t its precepts rema9 9 =ce = ev] )\t *ange1 dim9ution1 or addition4 ,comp4 #8,! ^w :i* ,i comm& y t y mu/ keep to d1 ?\ %alt n add ought unto x nor take ought away f x' 7,deut4 xiii4 i72 #8,t :i* has be5 reveal$ = u & = our *ildr5 = ev] is to d all ! words ( ?is ,law' 7,ibid4 xxix4 #bh74 ,h5ce x foll[s t we are b\nd = ev] to d accord+ to ! words ( ! ,torah4 ,x is fur!r said1 #8,an ev]la/+ /atute = all y\r g5]ations' 7,exod4 xii4 #ad1 #ag1 et passim72 #8,x is n 9 heav5' #bf 7,deut4 xxx4 #ab74 ,h5ce we see t a prophet _c reveal any new law4 ,if1 !re=e1 any man1 :e!r an ,israelite or a non-,israelite1 %\ld rise1 p]=m signs & miracles1 & say t ! ,"l s5t him to add "o precept or to aboli% "o ( ! ,div9e precepts1 or to int]pret a precept 9 a way diff]5t f :at has be5 h&$ d[n to u f ,moses1 or ass]t t ! precepts :i* 7 giv5 to ! ,israelites _h only tempor>y =ce & 7 n p]man5t laws3 su* a man is a false prophet1 because he contradicts ! prophecy ( ,moses4 ,! mission ( ! ,prophets aft] ,moses is to exhort ! p to obey ! ,law ( ,moses1 & n to make a new religion40--,comp4 8,! ,guide10 ,,ii4 xxxix42 & ,saadiah1 ,emuno? ve-deo?1 ,,iii4 *ap4 vii4 to x4 ,rabbi ,jehudah ha-,levi1 9 ! book ,cuz>i1 seems to h a diff]5t view4 ,he likewise believes 9 ! p]man5t "* ( ! ,torah1 b he modifies 8 view 9 accordance ) 8 int]pretation ( ! words1 8,& ?\ %alt d accord+ to ! ^w :i* !y--viz41 ! prie/s & ! judge t %all be 9 ^? days--w tell !e f t place :i* ! ,"l %all *oose2 & ?\ %alt obs]ve to d accord+ to all t !y w tea* !e0 7,deut4 xvii4 #i1 #aj74 ,accord+ to 8 view1 ^! words imply t f "t to "t prophets or inspir$ m51 or ! highe/ au?ority ( ! nation1 :il/ ! ,%e*9ah 0 /ill fill+ ! ,temple1 issu$ laws & ord]s1 :i* _h legal =ce1 & all 7 b\nd to obey !m4 ,b s9ce ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple !re has n be5 any man or any c\rt t _h ! au?ority to make new p]man5t laws4 ,accord+ to ,maimonides1 h[ev]1 !re 7 no additions made to ! ,torah2 ! ,rabb9ical laws are ei!r tempor>y regulations or s]v$ z a means ( ensur+ ! /rict obs]vance ( ! ,torah4 ,albo1 9 criticis+ ! pr9ciples ( fai? z laid d[n by ,maimonides1 objects also to ! ,n9? ,pr9ciple1 & cont5ds t x is n fundam5tal1 s9ce ! belief 9 ! ,div9e orig9 ( ! ,law does n necess>ily imply ! belief 9 its et]nity4 ,b al?\gh ! possibility ( a second revelation sup]s$+ ! fir/ is admitt$ 9 pr9ciple or !ory1 x does n foll[ t su* revelation has 9 reality be5 made4 ,if any p]son ass]ts t he is s5t by ,god to repeal ! old laws or to alt] !m1 he mu/ prove 8 ,div9e mission be=e he c be believ$4 ,we are fully conv9c$ ( ! ,div9e mission ( ,moses1 & our conviction ( ! ,div9e mission ( ! new prophet mu/ at lea/ be equally /rong4 ,! ,div9e "* ( ! mission ( ,moses 0 reveal$ to ! ,israelites by ,god ,himself2 & only su* direct revelation c\ld satisfy u z to ! tru/wor?9ess ( ! new prophet 7,ikk>im ,,iii4 xix474 ,r4 ,abraham b5 ,david1 9 8 book ,emunah-ramah1 f9ds 9 v>i\s passages ( ! ,bible indications t ! ,torah 0 to rema9 9 =ce p]man5tly4 ,?us ,isaiah & ,ze*>iah1 speak+ ( ! remote future1 ref] respectively to ! celebration ( ,sabba? & ,new-moon1 & to ! celebration ( ,sukko?4 ,aga91 9 refut+ ! claims ( ,*ri/ians on behalf ( ,jesus1 & ( ,mohamm$ans on behalf ( ,mohamm$1 to a ,div9e mission to sub/itute a new cov5ant = ! old "o1 ,rabbi ,abraham argues ?us3 8,! div9ity ( ! old cov5ant1 or ! ,torah1 has be5 admitt$ by bo? ,jesus & ,mohamm$2 we ne$ n prove x4 ,b ! ,div9e au?ority ass]t$ by !m = its abrogation or *ange is n admitt$ by u2 x mu/ be prov$2 & s9ce no pro( has be5 giv51 x mu/ be reject$0 7,fif? ,pr9ciple1 *ap4 ii474 ,on ! ,t5? ,pr9ciple1 p4 #adh4 ,x is notewor?y t ?is pr9ciple is exceptionally support$ by a ,biblical v]se4 ,! same may be notic$ 9 ! book ,cuz>i 7,v4 xviii471 9 ! enum]ation ( ! pr9ciples ( fai? accord+ to ! me?ods ( ,mohamm$an ,!ologians 7,m$abb]im72 ! pr9ciple ( ,god's ,omnisci5ce is support$ by a ,biblical v]se1 only ) ?is diff]5ce1 t 9 ! ,cuz>i x is n exactly ! pr9ciple ( ,god's ,omnisci5ce1 b its pro( d]iv$ f ! ,creation1 t is support$ by a quotation f ,ps4 xciv4 ,! reason ( ! anomaly is ?is3 ,"s ( ! oppon5ts ( ?is pr9ciple cont5d t x w\ld be d]ogatory to ! greatness ( ,god if ,he 7 to take notice ( ! do+s ( ea* individual be+4 ,to ?is ! reply is giv53 ,! ,psalmi/1 :o 0 f> f say+ any?+ d]ogatory ( ,god1 decl>$ t ,god kn[s ! de$s & ! ?\ghts ( ea* individual4 ,! problem h[ to reconcile ,god's ,presci5ce & ,omnisci5ce ) man's ,free-w has ( c\rse engag$ ! att5tion ( all ,jewi% !ologians & philosoph]s1 &1 ?\gh 9 diff]5t ways & words1 !y all assume t ,god's k ( a ?+ is by no means ! cause ( its exi/5ce4 7,see ,cuz>i1 ,v4 xx42 8,guide10 ,,iii4 xx42 ,saadiah1 ,emuno?1 ,,ii4 *ap1 ix47 ,p]haps a reconciliation is n necess>y at all1 !re be+ no conflict4 ,we %\ld n call x a defect 9 ,god if ,8 ,omnisci5ce 7 re/rict$ to ?+s kn[able2 a presci5ce ( ?+s to be det]m9$ by man's free-w is contradictory 9 itself1 & illogical1 & to say t ,god w\ld n be omnisci5t if ,he did n "k !m1 is z absurd z to say t ,god w\ld n be omnipot5t if ,he c\ld n make twice two to be ?ree4 ,on ! ,elev5? ,pr9ciple1 p4 #aej4 ,! subject ( ?is cre$ has be5 ! ma9 ?\ght ( ! lesson prea*$ by ! prophets1 ( ! hymns sung by ! psalmi/s1 & ( ! n>ratives writt5 by ! sacr$ *ronicl]s1 z has be5 illu/rat$ above 7p4 #aee7 by ,biblical quotations4 ,to ^! may be add$ 7#a47 ! song haaz9u1 ! pr(ess$ object ( :i* 0 to rem9d ! ,israelites ( ,god's ,ju/ice :5ev] evil %\ld befall !m4 ,! words :i* =m ! basis ( ! song1 viz41 8,! ,rock1 p]fect is 8 "w10 c4 7,deut4 xxxii4 #d71 are also at pres5t recit$ at fun]al rites1 z 1 an expression ( our firm belief 9 ,god's ,ju/ice4 7#b47 ,! prophet :o lam5ts ov] ! fall ( ,j]usalem decl>es3 8,out ( ! m\? ( ! ,mo/ ,high d n come =? ! evil ?+s & ! good 7i4e41 man causes !m by 8 evil or good de$s1 :i* are ! result ( 8 own free w & n ( ! ,w ( ,god74 ,:y %\ld man compla9 7( :at has befall5 him71 be+ ma/] ov] 8 s9s80 7,lam4 iii4 #ch1 #ci74 ,9 ! ,talmud ! doctr9e ( ,god's ,ju/ice is express$ ?us3 8,?y employ] is tru/wor?y1 t he w pay !e ! rew>d ( ?y de$s0 7,abo? ii4 #ba74 8,! %op is op51 & ! m]*ant gives on cr$it1 & all :o l may come & borr[2 b ! collectors g con/antly ab\t1 & exact paym5t :e!r ! debtor is will+ to pay or n1 = !y h some?+ to rely ^u1 & ! judgm5t is a j judgm5t2 & ev]y?+ is prep>$ = a banquet0 7,abo? iii4 #bj74 8,god does n )hold ought ( ! des]t ( any creature0 7,pesa*im1 #aah;a74 ,x is1 h[ev]1 emphatically decl>$ 9 ! ,talmud t ! rew>d ( good de$s is giv5 to ! righte\s 9 ! future life1 1 8,! rew>d = ob$i5ce to ! ,div9e comm&m5ts is n to be expect$ 9 ?is _w0 7,kiddu%91 #ci;b74 8,! ,law says ) ref]5ce to ! ,div9e precepts1 #8,:i* ,i comm& !e ?is day to d !m2' h5ce we inf] t _! p]=mance is to take place ?is day1 i4e41 9 ?is life1 b _! rew>d w be receiv$ 9 ! future life0 7,abodah-z>ah1 #c;a74 8,rabbi ,elaz> ha-kapp> us$ to say1 #8,^? t h be5 born w die2 ^? t h di$ w come to life aga92 ^? t h come to life aga9 w be judg$4' ,he said s 9 ord] t he himself might be> 9 m9d1 & tell o!rs1 & t x might become g5]ally kn[n1 t ,god1 :o has =m$ & creat$ man's he>t & und]/&s all 8 do+s1 is ! ,judge1 ! ,witness1 & ! ,prosecutor2 ,he be=e :om !re is no wrong1 no =getfulness1 no p>tiality1 & no brib]y1 w "o day judge4 ,let ?y imag9ation n p]suade !e t ! grave is a refuge = !e4 ,= )\t ?y cons5t ha/ ?\ be5 born1 & )\t ?y cons5t wilt ?\ die1 & )\t ?y cons5t ?\ art br\ght to life aga9 to acc\nt = ?y de$s be=e ! ,k+ ( k+s1 bless$ be ,he0 7,abo? iv4 #bb74 ,! imm$iate enjoym5t ( ! rew>d is1 h[ev]1 n exclud$4 ,we read 9 ! ,law1 8,d ?is & ?y days w be long20 & ! ,mi%nah tea*es1 8,^! are ! good acts1 ! fruit ( :i* man enjoys 9 ?is life1 :il/ ! full rew>d awaits him 9 ! _w to come3 hon\r+ fa!r & "m1 ! practice ( *>ity1 peace-mak+ betwe5 man & man1 & above all ! /udy ( ! ,law0 7,mi%nah1 ,peah4 i4 #a74 ,! fai?ful ,israelite is n disc\rag$ at ! sight ( ! successes ( ! wick$2 on ! contr>y1 he believes3 8,if to ^? :o break ! ,div9e laws su* k9dness is %[n by ,god1 :at mu/ be ,8 goodness to ^? :o obey ,him60 7,midra% ,yalkut on ,isaiah viii4 #a74 ,z reg>ds ! tr\bles ( ! good1 our ,sages tea* t ! good w receive _! rew>d 89 proportion to _! suff]+40 ,yet pi\s m5 d n seek tr\ble & pa9 m]ely = ! prospect ( future comp5sation2 on ! contr>y1 !y avail !mselves ( e possible means to secure relief1 & w\ld ev5 r5\nce 9 _! agony all comp5sation 9 ! future _w1 9 ord] to secure release f pa9 9 ! pres5t 7,babyl4 ,talm4 ,b]a*o?1 #e;a74 ,z ! life ( ,adam & ,eve 9 ! g>d5 ( ,ed5 0 free f c>e & tr\ble1 & su* a life 0 ! ideal ( human hopes & wi%es1 ! ,g>d5-,ed51 7lit41 8! g>d5 ( pleasure071 became ! symbol ( man's happ9ess 9 its p]fection1 su* z w fall to ! %>e ( ! good & ! righte\s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! valley ( ,h9nom1 ne> ,j]usalem1 0 a place ( horror & disgu/2 a place :]e at "o "t *ildr5 7 burnt to ,molo*1 & :]e lat] ! refuse ( ! city 0 ca/4 ,dwell+ 9 ! valley ( ,h9nom 77 became ! symbol ( ! puni%m5t to be inflict$ on ! wick$4 ,gan-ed5 or ,p>adise1 & ,geh9nom or ,hell1 are ?us m]e figures to express our idea ( ! exi/5ce ( a future retribution1 & mu/ n be tak5 lit]ally z names ( c]ta9 places4 ,! detail$ descriptions ( ,p>adise & hell z giv5 9 books bo? pr(ane & religi\s are no?+ b ! (fspr+ ( man's imag9ation4 ,! "q has be5 ask$1 ,h[ long %all ! puni%m5t ( ! wick$ la/8 ,w x be et]nal8 & if s1 is x compatible ) ,god's goodness8 ,?is & simil> que/ions d n conc]n u 9 ! lea/4 ,our task is to d :at ! ,"l has comm&$ u to d1 & to tru/1 z reg>ds ! future1 9 ,him1 :o kn[s be/ to comb9e goodness & ju/ice4 ,we mu/ "h be> 9 m9d t 8,god's ?\ghts are n ours40 ,equally ignorant are we z to ! cause ( ! suff]+ & ( ! dea? ( ea* individual2 b ( ?is we are c]ta91 if dea? is puni%m5t1 t e "o dies = 8 own s94 ,?is !ory is s frequ5tly repeat$ 9 ! ,bible t x is surpris+ h[ ! !ory ( ,vic>i\s ,dea? & ,vic>i\s ,atonem5t c\ld be consid]$ z h>monis+ ) ! tea*+ ( ! ,bible4 ,we are taught t ,god visits ! iniquity ( ! fa!rs ^u ! *ildr51 ^u ! ?ird & ^u ! f\r? g5]ation2 b at ! same "t we are told t ! *ildr5 are only puni%$ if !y repeat ! s9s ( _! fa!rs1 & ev5 !n only = _! own s9s 7comp4 p4 #bea74 ,x has be5 ass]t$ t ,isaiah 9 *ap4 liii4 assumes ! pr9ciple ( vic>i\s atonem5t4 ,t ?is is n ! case we c easily see if we turn f ! ,anglican ,v]sion to ! orig9al ,hebrew1 & translate x lit]ally & 9 accordance ) ! context4 ,isaiah1 9 describ+ ! future glory ( ! s]vant ( ! ,"l 7 ,israel71 tells u :at ^? p :o oppress ,israel w !n feel1 & h[ !y w give expression to _! feel+ ( %ame & regret1 say+1 8,surely he ha? borne griefs caus$ by u1 & c>ri$ sorr[s caus$ by u3 yet we did e/eem him /rick51 smitt5 ( ,god1 & afflict$4 ,b he 0 w\nd$ ?r\gh our transgressions1 bruis$ ?r\gh our iniquities0 7comp4 ,family ,bible1 ,anglican ,v]sion1 revis$ by ,m4 ,fri$lnd]74 ,s9-(f]+s 7 br\ght1 b n z a vic>i\s atonem5t1 al?\gh ! s9n] might well h felt t he himself des]v$ ! treatm5t endur$ by ! sacrifice4 ,! s9-(f]+ c\ld n h be5 a vic>i\s atonem5t1 z x 0 n (f]$ :5 ! s9 0 committ$ kn[+ly4 ,maimonides expla9s ! v>i\s laws conc]n+ s9-(f]+ z bas$ on ! pr9ciple t ! sacrifices s]ve z ! means ( rem9d+ u m vividly ( our s9s1 & ( _! evil consequ5ces 7,! ,guide1 ,,iii4 xlvi42 comp4 ,mic4 vi4 #f-h74 ,on ! ,twelf? ,pr9ciple1 p4 #aee4 ,a belief 9 ,messiah1 al?\gh n directly taught1 is assum$ 9 ! ,mi%nah z exi/+2 & ! days ( ,messiah 7 7 are spok5 ( z an ev5t t admits ( no d\bt 7comp4 ,mi%nah ,b]a*o?1 i4 #e74 ,t ?is belief 0 9 reality taught by ! religi\s heads ( ! ,jewi% community is cle>ly %[n by ! introduction into ! ,amidah ( a pray] #bg = ! spe$y appe>ance ( ,messiah4 ,! belief 9 ! com+ ( ,messiah 9 "s future "t has be51 l ! belief 9 ! ,unity ( ,god1 ! s\rce ( vexati\s disputations betwe5 ,jews & non-,jews4 ,mohamm$ans & ,*ri/ians tri$ by all means 9 _! p[] to conv9ce ! ,jews t ! ,ano9t$ ^: adv5t 0 prophesi$ by ! ,prophets _h already appe>$1 ! =m] po9t+ to ,mohamm$1 ! latt] to ,jesus1 z ! p]son realis+ ^? pr$ictions4 ,! ,biblical passages adduc$ z evid5ce prove no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,e4g41 ! ?ree names1 ,s9ai1 ,seir1 & ,p>an1 9 ,deut4 xxxiii4 #b1 7 int]pret$ by ,mohamm$ans to ref] to ?ree revelations ?r\gh ,moses1 ,jesus1 & ,mohamm$2 & ,mohamm$ be+ m5tion$ la/1 8 revelation 0 to be ! f9al "o4 ,x is n necess>y to contradict su* reason+2 "o ne$ only read ! text 9 ord] to see ! absurdity ( ! argum5t4 ,*ri/ians quot$ passages f ,isaiah :i* _h no ref]5ce :atev] to ,messiah 9 evid5ce ( ! ,messianity ( ,jesus4 ,*ildr5 born 9 ! days ( ,isaiah 7vii4 #ad2 viii4 #ah71 ^: names _h ref]5ce to good or evil ev5ts ( ! "t1 7 wrongly int]pret$ z ref]r+ to ! bir? ( ,jesus2 ! suff]+s & f9al relief ( ! s]vant ( ! ,"l1 t is1 ,israel 7*aps4 lii4 & liii471 7 appli$ to ,jesus2 ! ,psalmi/ :o s+s ( victories :i* ,god w grant to ,david 7cx47 is made to decl>e ! div9ity ( ,jesus4 ,comm5tators & philosoph]s h tak5 notice ( ^! argum5ts & refut$ !m4 ,( ! _m works on ^! topics a few may be nam$3 8,nitsa*on0 771 by ,lipmann ,mhlhaus5 7#adjj71 8,/r5g!n+ ( ,fai?0 7 71 by ,isaak b5 ,abraham ,troki 7#aeid71 8,v9dici ,judorum10 by ,manasseh b5 ,israel 7#afej74 ,9 refut+ argum5ts br\ght by ,*ri/ians & ,mohamm$ans aga9/ ,jews & ,judaism1 & reject+ ! ,messianic claims ( ,jesus & ,mohamm$1 ,jews are ready to ackn[l$ge ! good "w done by ! religions f\nd$ by ^! m51 ,*ri/ians & ,mohamm$ans1 9 combat+ idolatry & spread+ civilisation4 ,maimonides says z foll[s3--8,! ,k+ ,messiah w 9 "s future "t come1 re/ore ! k+dom ( ,david to its =m] p[]1 build ! ,temple1 br+ toge!r ! scatt]$ ( ,israel1 & all ! anci5t laws w aga9 be 9 =ce3 sacrifices w be (f]$1 & ye>s ( release & ,jubilees w be kept z prescrib$ 9 ! ,law4 ,:oev] does n believe 9 him1 or does n hope = 8 com+1 %[s a want ( fai? n only 9 ! ,prophets1 b also 9 ! ,law2 = ! ,law te/ifies conc]n+ him 9 ! words3 #8,& ! ,"l ?y ,god w aga9 br+ back ?y captivity1 %[ m]cy to !e1 & aga9 ga!r !e1 c4 ,if ?y outca/s be at ! end ( ! heav5s1 !nce w ! ,"l ga!r !e1' c1 #8& ! ,"l w br+ !e1' c4 7,deut4 xxx4 #c-e71 c4 8,y mu/ n imag9e t ,messiah mu/ prove 8 ,messianity by signs & miracles1 do+ some?+ unexpect$1 br++ ! dead to life1 or simil> ?+s1 c4 ,! pr9cipal ?+ is ?is3 ! /atutes & precepts ( our ,torah rema9 = ev]1 & no?+ c be add$ to !m nor ought tak5 f !m4 ,if1 !re=e1 a desc5dant ( ,david e>ne/ly /udies ! ,law1 obs]ves1 l ,david 8 fa!r1 :at ! ,law1 bo? ! writt5 & ! oral1 enjo9s1 causes all ,israelites to act simil>ly1 exhorts ^? :o are lax 9 ! p]=mance ( ! comm&m5ts1 & fights ! w>s ( ! ,"l3 he may possibly be ,messiah4 ,if he succe$s1 builds ! ,temple 9 its place1 & ga!rs ! outca/s ( ,israel1 he is c]ta9ly ,messiah2 & if he does n succe$1 or is kill$ 9 w>1 x is c]ta9 t he is n ! ,messiah promis$ 9 ! ,law2 he is l all ! noble & good k+s ( ! ,h\se ( ,david :o h di$2 & ! ,almighty only caus$ him to rise 9 ord] to try u !reby1 z x is said1 #8,& ( ! wise "s w /umble1 & ?r\gh !m ! p w be te/$1 purifi$1 & made :ite1 till ! "t ( ! end comes2 = !re is yet a vision = an appo9t$ "t' 7,dan4 xi4 #ce74 ,also ,jesus1 ! ,naz>5e1 :o imag9$ t he w\ld be ,messiah1 & 0 kill$ ?r\gh ! c\rt ( law1 is allud$ to 9 ! ,book ( ,daniel1 z x is said1 #8,& ! sons ( ! transgressors among ?y p w rise1 9 ord] to e/abli% a vision1 & w /umble' 7ibid4 xi4 #ad74 ,c !re be a great] /umbl+ ?an ?is8 ,all ! prophets said t ,messiah w be a r$eem] & a savi\r to ! ,israelites1 w br+ toge!r _! outca/s1 & w /r5g!n _! ob$i5ce to ! ,div9e precepts1 b he 7,jesus7 caus$ de/ruction by ! sword to ,israel1 ! disp]sion ( ^? left1 & _! humiliation2 he *ang$ ! ,law1 & misl$ _m p to wor%ip a be+ beside ,god4 ,b ! ?\ghts ( ! ,creator ( ! univ]se _c be und]/ood by any human be+1 = ! ways ( m5 are n ,8 ways1 nor _! ?\ghts ,8 ?\ghts2 = all ! ev5ts connect$ ) ,jesus & ) ,mohamm$1 t rose aft] him1 s]v$ only to pave ! way = ! ,k+ ,messiah1 :o w re=m all mank9d & lead !m to ! unanim\s s]vice ( ,god1 z x is said1 #8,= !n w ,i turn to ! peoples a pure language1 t all may call by ! "n ( ,god1 & s]ve him unanim\sly' 7,zeph4 iii4 #i74 ,h[ c ?is be done8 ,almo/ all p h ?r\gh !m--,jesus & ,mohamm$--become acqua9t$ ) ! idea ( ,messiah1 ) ! words ( ! ,torah & ! ,div9e precepts4 ,?r\gh !m ! k ( ! ,bible spread ev5 unto ! remote/ isl&s & unto _m nations #8uncircumcis$' 9 he>t & uncircumcis$ 9 fle%4 ,!y seek to ju/ify _! disob$i5ce to ! precepts ( ! ,torah2 "s ( !m say t ^! precepts are ,div9e1 b are n 9 =ce at pres5t1 & 7 nev] int5d$ to be p]man5t laws2 o!rs ma9ta9 t !y mu/ n be tak5 lit]ally1 z !y are m]e symbols1 ! mean+ ( :i* has already be5 expla9$ by ,messiah4 ,b :5 ! true ,k+ ,messiah w rise1 he w prosp]1 be high & exalt$2 all w !n at once "k t x 0 falsehood :at _! fa!rs h inh]it$1 & t _! prophets & _! tea*]s h misl$ !m4 8,d n imag9e t 9 ! days ( ,messiah ! c\rse ( ,nature w be alt]$ 9 any way1 or t any new creation w take place4 ,:5 ,isaiah said1 #8,! wolf w dwell ) ! lamb1 & ! leop>d w lie d[n ) ! kid1' he m]ely employ$ allegorical & figurative spee*2 & he meant to say t ! ,israelite w dwell 9 safety toge!r ) 8 enemy1 :o has be5 z cruel to him z wolves & leop>ds1 c42 all w jo9 ! true religion2 !y w n rob1 nor commit any viol5ce1 c41 & 9 ! days ( ,messiah ! mean+ ( ! allegories w be cle>ly kn[n4 8,our ,sages said t !re w be no o!r diff]5ce betwe5 ! pres5t "t & ! days ( ,messiah b ! indep5d5ce ( ! p ( ,israel4 8,x appe>s f ! lit]al mean+ ( ! prophecies t ! ,messianic p]iod w be prec$$ by ! w> ( ,gog & ,magog1 & t be=e ! w> a prophet w appe> to guide ! ,israelites1 & to direct _! he>ts to rep5tance4 ,comp4 #8,behold1 ,i w s5d y ,elijah1' #bh c4 7,mal4 iii4 #bc74 ,elijah w n come to decl>e unclean t :i* is clean1 or clean t :i* is unclean2 nor to disqualify p]sons :o are believ$ to be qualifi$ = jo9+ ! congregation ( ! ,"l1 or to qualify p]sons :o are believ$ to be disqualifi$2 b he w come to e/abli% peace on e>?1 z x is said1 #8,he %all turn ! he>t ( ! fa!rs to ! *ildr5' #bi 7,ibid4 #bd74 8,"s ( our ,sages believe t ,elijah w come be=e ,messiah1 b ( all ^! & simil> ?+s no man kn[s h[ !y w come to pass2 !y are unexpla9$ 9 ! ,prophets1 & our ,sages h no tradition ab\t !m2 !y only adopt :at !y believe to be ! mean+ ( ! ,biblical passages :i* ref] to ?is subject4 ,h5ce ! diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! ord] & ! detail ( ^! ev5ts d n =m an ess5tial portion ( our cre$2 we mu/ n take too mu* notice ( ,agado? & ,midra%im speak+ on ^! & simil> !mes4 ,we mu/ n attribute great importance to !m1 = !y d n lead to ! fe> or ! love ( ,god4 ,we mu/ also ab/a9 f calculat+ ! "t ( ! com+ ( ,messiah1 c4 ,all we h to d is to believe 9 ! com+ ( ,messiah1 to wait & hope4 8,x is n because !y desir$ to h dom9ion ov] all l&s & nations1 & be hon\r$ by all p1 or because !y desir$ to h pl5ty to eat & dr9k1 & o!r pleasures1 t ! wise m5 & ! prophets long$ = ! ,messianic days1 b because !y w\ld !n be at leisure to /udy ! ,law & its tea*+ )\t be+ int]rupt$ by any oppressor1 & w\ld ?us make !mselves wor?y ( ! life 9 ! _w to come 7 74 8,!re w n be 9 ^? days any fam9e1 w>1 jeal\sy1 or qu>rel1 because ! good ?+s w be 9 pl5ty1 & ev5 luxuries w be f\nd ev]y:]e2 all w only busy !mselves ) try+ to "k ! ,"l4 ,!re=e ! ,israelites w be great sages1 kn[+ ?+s :i* are at pres5t hidd52 !y w obta9 a k ( _! ,creator z f> z is possible by human und]/&+2 #8,= ! e>? is full ) ! k ( ! ,"l z ! wat]s t cov] ! sea'0 7,maim41 ,mi%neh-torah xiv42 ,hil*o? ,mela*im xi4-xii474 ,! w> ( ,gog & ,magog aga9/ ! ,holy ,l& ref]r$ to by ,maimonides is describ$ by ! prophet ,ezekiel 7*aps4 xxxviii41 xxxix47 z prec$+ ! complete re/oration ( ,israel4 ,saadiah has a diff]5t view ( ?is w>4 ,! puni%m5t ( ,israel 9 exile is to come to an end at a fix$ "t1 or z soon z ! ,israelites by e>ne/ & ?or\gh rep5tance %[ !mselves wor?y ( ,div9e grace4 ,9 t case no w> ( ,gog & ,magog w be wag$ aga9/ !m4 ,b if ! ,israelites %\ld all[ ! approa* ( ! "t fix$ = ! r$emption )\t hav+ giv5 signs ( rep5tance & improvem5t1 great tr\bles w be br\ght ^u !m1 :i* w =cibly rem9d !m ( ! necessity ( return+ to ,god2 !y w come toge!r "u a lead]1 ,messiah b5 ,joseph1 "u ^: lead]%ip !y w fight aga9/ _! enemies1 b w be beat51 & ,messiah b5 ,joseph himself w be kill$4 ,!n ,messiah b5 ,david w appe>1 & ) him ! p]iod ( glory1 ( p]man5t peace & prosp]ity1 & ( ! wor%ip ( ! ,"o ,god by all nations4 ,! idea ( a d\ble ,messiah1 a w>like & a peaceful1 an unsuccessful & a successful1 is n express$ 9 any ( ! prophecies 9 ! ,bible1 & seems to be ( a lat] orig94 ,maimonides is sil5t ab\t ,messiah b5 ,joseph2 s also ,albo 9 ,ikk>im1 & ,rabbi ,jehudah ha-levi 9 ! book ,cuz>i4 ,albo discusses ! "q ab\t ,messiah 9 *ap4 xlii4 ( ! f\r? section ( ,ikk>im4 ,he refutes ! op9ion ( ^? :o ma9ta9 t ! ,messianic prophecies ref] to ! reign ( ,hezekiah or to ! re/oration ( ,israel "u ,z]ubbabel & ,ezra4 ,! condition ( ! ,israelites 9 ! reign ( ,hezekiah did n resemble ! /ate ( prosp]ity & glory & univ]sal peace z depict$ 9 ! ,messianic prophecies2 ! fulfilm5t ( ^! prophecies is /ill hop$ =1 & our hope is f\nd$ on our belief 9 ! tru?fulness ( ! ,^w ( ,god4 7,comp4 ,saadiah1 ,em4 ve-deo?1 ,,viii4 iii474 ,on ! ,?irte5? ,pr9ciple1 p4 #af ,! belief 9 ! ,resurrection ( ! ,dead has be5 =mulat$ 9 ! ,mi%nah 7,sanh$r9 x4 i7 z an ess5tial cre$3 8,he :o says t ! belief 9 ! ,resurrection ( ! ,dead is n impli$ 9 ! ,law has no portion 9 ! _w to come40 ,!re is no d\bt t ! ,almighty has ! p[] to give fre% life to ! body 9 :i* life has be5 ext9ct4 ,we set no limits to ! ,omnipot5ce ( ,god4 ,b x is diff]5t if we ask :e!r x is ! ,w ( ,god to give new life to ! du/ & a%es ( ! dead1 & to re/ore ! s\l to ! dead body 9 :i* x has dwelt be=e4 ,maimonides sub/itutes ! ,immortality ( ! ,s\l = ! ,resurrection ( ! ,dead1 & has be5 vehem5tly attack$ by ^? :o _h a diff]5t op9ion4 ,he def5d$ 8 view 9 an essay call$ 1 8,on ! ,resurrection ( ! ,dead10 9 :i* he attempts to prove t ! ,agado? & ,midra%im 9 depict+ ! future life employ$ figurative language1 b 9 reality meant only a spiritual life1 )\t any mat]ial enjoym5t4 ,saadiah def5ds ! lit]al int]pretation ( 8,resurrection ( ! ,dead0 7,emuno? ve-deo?1 ,,vii471 & believes t ! ev5t w take place at ! "t ( ! f9al r$emption 7 74 ,rabbi ,jehudah ha-levi1 9 ,cuz>i1 ?\gh m5tion+ ?is pr9ciple1 seems to und]/& x z id5tical ) ! ,immortality ( ! ,s\l4 ,! k+1 :o 0 at fir/ surpris$ at ! sc>city ( ref]5ces to ! future life 9 our pray]s1 confess$ 8 complete satisfaction1 aft] hav+ he>d ! exposition ( our pray]s by ! ,jewi% s*ol>4 8,i see10 he says1 8t ,i 0 9 error2 ^? :o pray to h ! ,div9e light v\*saf$ to !m dur+ lifetime1 :o long to see x ) _! own eyes1 & to atta9 to ! degree ( prophecy1 !y c]ta9ly seek some?+ bett] ev5 ?an ! future life1 & !y :o atta9 x may be sure t !y w also enjoy ! bless+ ( ! future life2 = if ! s\l ( a man1 tr\bl$ by ! wants ( ! body1 is nev]!less cleav+ to ! ,div9e glory1 h[ mu* m may ?is be ! case aft] ! s\l has left ?is body60 7,,iii4 #bj74 ,,ii4 ,,our ,,duties4 ,,introduction4 ,! k+1 9 ,rabbi ,jehudah ha-levi's ,cuz>i1 anxi\s to lead a good & religi\s life1 0 told by an angel :o appe>$ to him 9 a dream t 8 he>t 0 good1 b 8 de$s 7 n acceptable4 ,! purity & goodness ( our he>t c]ta9ly ennobles our de$s & gives !m ! /amp ( s9c]ity & hol9ess1 ?\gh !y may n be m>k$ by absolute p]fection4 ,b an inn] voice1 our consci5ce1 does n all[ u to be cont5t ) ! goodness ( ! he>t2 we feel ! necessity ( seek+ also p]fection ( words & de$s4 ,we wi% n only our he>t b also our entire self to be good1 s t our inn] life & out] life1 our feel+ & ?9k+1 our speak+ & do+1 may comb9e into "o h>moni\s :ole1 :i* comes z ne> p]fection z possible4 ,x has be5 %[n above t "o ( ! pr9ciples ( fai? :i* we confess is our belief 9 ! ,div9e orig9 ( ! ,torah1 & 9 ! obligatory "* ( its precepts4 ,:5 we pray to ,god to make u und]/& ! ,torah we are n cont5t ) ! m]e k ( ! words ( ! ,law2 we also seek ,god's assi/ance to enable u 8to obey1 to obs]ve1 & to p]=m0 all t ,he has comm&$ u4 ,man's nature is n ! same 9 all individuals2 "o p]son f9ds special delight 9 ! p]=mance ( ?is duty1 ano!r 9 ! p]=mance ( t4 ,e "o likes to devote 8 en]gies to t "w = :i* he consid]s himself be/ qualifi$1 & :i* promises to yield ! be/ fruit4 ,b ?is individual lik+ or aptitude mu/ n mislead u into ?9k+ t ! ,law is divid$ into important & unimportant precepts4 ,s f> z !y repres5t ! ,w ( ! ,almighty !y are all alike1 & equally dem& our att5tion & our ob$i5ce4 ,?us ! 1 #cj our unconditional submission to ! ,w ( ! ,almighty z our ,k+1 is foll[$ 9 our ,s]vice by 1#cj ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! b9d+ =ce ( ,8 precepts4 ,!re are p]sons :o "q ! wisdom & usefulness ( ! precepts2 !y call x legalism1 & are oppos$ to ! t5d5cy ( subject+ e act ( ours to ! control ( ! ,law4 ,!y argue t legalism t5ds to weak5 our reg>d = ! ,law1 & tra9s hypocrites r ?an true s]vants ( ! ,"l4 ,x is a bold ass]tion1 b "o t re/s on imag9ation & prejudice4 ,is x possible t su* a con/ant rem9d] ( ,god's pres5ce z ! ,div9e precepts supply %\ld n h a b5efic5t influ5ce ov] u1 by mak+ u feel enc\rag$ by ,8 pres5ce :5 we are engag$ 9 a good cause1 & disc\rag$ :5 we are ab\t to d wrong8 ,if p]sons are f\nd :o are dev\t wor%ipp]s at "o "t & crim9als at ano!r1 x only %[s human weakness 9 ! mom5t ( trial 9 spite ( good resolves & g5u9e devotion2 & 7 x n = ! effect ( su* devotion1 ! numb] ( crimes w\ld probably be f> great]4 ,a truly pi\s man w nev] imag9e t he may freely transgress "o set ( ! precepts1 if he /rictly obeys ano!r set2 t he may1 e4g41 wrong 8 neighb\r1 & comp5sate = 8 s9s by regul> att5dance at ! place ( wor%ip1 or by a /rict obs]vance ( ! diet>y laws1 or ! laws ( ,sabba? & ,fe/ivals2 or t he may freely break ! latt]1 if only he is hone/1 j1 & *>itable4 ,! precepts h all ! same ,div9e orig92 ! all-wise & all-k9d ,god1 :o has comm&$ u to walk 9 ! way ( ju/ice & righte\sness1 has also orda9$ ! ,sabba?1 giv5 ! diet>y laws1 & e/abli%$ ! sacrificial s]vice4 ,he :o selects "s ( ! precepts & rejects ! re/ sub/itutes 8 own au?ority = t ( ! ,almighty1 & places 8 own wisdom above ! wisdom ( ,him :o gave u ! ,law4 8,be z zeal\s 9 ! p]=mance ( an unimportant precept z ( an important "o10 is "o ( ! maxims taught 9 ! 8,say+s ( ! ,fa!rs40 ,a diff]5ce betwe5 precept & precept is "h admitt$1 b only 9 s f> z !y seem to u m or less important1 ) reg>d to ! good :i* _! obs]vance produces or ! evil :i* is caus$ by _! neglect4 ,9 case ( a conflict ( two duties we give ! pref]5ce to t :i* seems to u m important4 ,9 times ( religi\s p]secution ! "q frequ5tly arose h[ f> resi/ance 0 necess>y1 & h[ f> religi\s practice might yield to physical =ce4 ,! rule has be5 laid d[n1 t :5 our life is ?reat5$ we may transgress any precept2 b we mu/ n all[ ourselves1 "u any circum/ances1 to be =c$ to idolatry1 murd]1 or adult]y 7 72 we mu/ pref] dea? to committ+ any ( ^! s9s4 ,b 9 times ( tr\ble & p]secution ! _s ( resi/ance is z a rule too /rong to be kept )9 ! /rict l9es ( dem>cation1 & life is will+ly & h]oically sacrific$ = any religi\s duty4 ,?is is n surpris+1 = e religi\s act :i* is *os5 by ! enemy z a te/ to prove ! fai?fulness or ! fai?lessness ( ! p]secut$ sect to its own religion1 receives !reby ! /amp ( great importance4 ,simil> que/ions are also ask$ 9 times ( peace1 :5 "s ( our bre?r5 reject ! au?ority ( ! ,oral ,law1 :ile o!rs refuse ev5 to recognise ! au?ority ( ! ,writt5 ,law1 :5 "s set aside ! ,div9e precepts out ( conv5i5ce1 & o!rs f pr9ciple1 & /ill o!rs f ignorance2 :5 "s limit _! ,judaism to ! nom9al memb]%ip ( ! ,jewi% race1 & o!rs to a negation ( o!r cre$s4 ,are all ^! ,jews8 ,:atev] ! answ] to ?is "q may be f a practical1 political1 social1 & communal po9t ( view1 ! fact is t !y are ,jews4 ,!y may h =feit$ c]ta9 privileges1 !y may be disqualifi$ = c]ta9 religi\s (fices1 !y may be dang]\s to ! religi\s peace ( our family or community3 !y are not)/&+ ,jews1 & are b\nd to live 9 accordance ) ! ,law :i* ! ,almighty has giv5 to ! ,jews & = ! ,jews4 ,our ,sages say3 1 8,al?\gh a man may h s9n$1 he is an ,israelite /ill40 ,no !ologian1 ,rabbi1 or tea*]1 or ,be?-d91 or ,sanh$r91 has ! p[] ( grant+ absolution1 or tell+ ^? :o break or reject any portion ( ! ,div9e precepts t !y are n do+ wrong4 ,no human be+ has ! au?ority to abrogate laws reveal$ by ,god4 ,:y !n1 "s may ask1 d prophets & morali/s1 ! ,rabbis ( ! ,talmud n exclud$1 s+le out e?ical pr9ciples = special recomm5dation to _! fell[-m51 g5]ally obs]v+ sil5ce ab\t ! re/ ( ! ,div9e comm&s8 ,! answ] is simple4 ,! e?ical pr9ciples & ! ,div9e comm&m5ts embody+ !m are diff]5t 9 k9d f ! re/ ( ! comm&m5ts4 ,! latt] are di/9ct1 well def9$1 & ! puni%m5t = _! transgression is fix$2 !y are un*angeable1 & n capable ( expansion4 ,! diet>y laws1 e4g41 are exactly ! same n[ z !y 7 9 ! days ( ,moses4 ,s also ! laws conc]n+ ,sabba?4 ,:at 0 !n prohibit$ by ! ,sabba? is prohibit$ /ill4 ,! e?ical pr9ciples1 h[ev]1 are capable ( developm5t1 & ! moral /&>d rises ) ! progress ( civilisation4 ,h5ce ! con/ant dissatisfaction ( prophets1 prea*]s1 & tea*]s ) ! moral pr9ciples ( _! foll[]s4 ,!y h a high] /&>d ( morality1 & /rive to raise ! moral consci\sness ( _! g5]ations to _! own height4 ,x is1 !re=e1 no wond] t ! prophet ,isaiah exhorts 8 bre?r53 8,wa% y1 make y clean2 put away ! evil ( y\r do+s f be=e m9e eyes2 cease to d evil3 le>n to d well3 seek judgm5t1 relieve ! oppress$1 judge ! fa!rless1 plead = ! wid[0 7i4 #af1 #ag74 8,he t walke? righte\sly1 & speake? uprightly2 he t despise? ! ga9 ( oppressions1 t %ake? 8 h&s f hold+ ( bribes1 t /oppe? 8 e>s f he>+ ( blood1 & %utte? 8 eyes f look+ ^u evil1 he %all dwell on high10 c4 7,ibid4 xxxiii4 #ae1 #af74 ,9 ! same s5se ! virtu\s man is describ$ by all prophets2 also 9 ,ps4 xv4 & ,ps4 xxiv4 ,r4 ,akiba says3 8#8,?\ %alt love ?y neighb\r z ?yself' 7,lev4 xix4 #ah7 is an important pr9ciple 9 ! ,torah10 b at ! same "t he %[s :at importance he ascribes to all o!r pr9ciples & precepts ( ! ,law by mo/ c>efully exam9+ ! details ( e "o ( !m alike4 ,! great ,hillel told ! ,g5tile :o desir$ to become a ,jew3 8#8,d n to ?y neighb\r :at is hateful to y2' ?is is our :ole religion20 b t he did n ignore ! rema9d] ( ! ,torah1 or consid] x z n ess5tial1 is prov$ by ! additional words3 8,! re/ is its explanation2 g & le>n0 7,babyl4 ,talmud1 ,sabba?1 #ca;a74 ,hillel only gave ! proselyte a lesson :i* w\ld lead him to obey all ! words ( ! ,almighty4 ,rabbi ,simlai 7,yalkut on ,micah vi4 #h7 said3 8,six hundr$ & ?irte5 comm&m5ts 7 giv5 to ,moses on ,m\nt ,s9ai2 ,david r$uc$ !m to elev5 7,ps4 xv472 ,isaiah r$uc$ !m to six 7xxxiii4 #af1 #ag72 ,micah 7vi4 #h7 to ?ree2 !n ,isaiah r$uc$ !m aga9 to two 7lvi4 #a72 & ,habakkuk to "o--,fai? 7ii4 #d740 ,?is ,rabbi does c]ta9ly n mean to say t ,isaiah cancell$ "s ( ! elev5 virtues m5tion$ by ,david1 or t ,habakkuk only dem&$ ,fai?1 & did n consid] x ess5tial t man %\ld be righte\s1 tru?ful1 c4 ,rabbi ,simlai int5d$ only to po9t out t by tra9+ ourselves 9 ! practice ( c]ta9 virtues1 ! fulfilm5t ( all ,div9e precepts w be greatly facilitat$4 ,all ! comm&m5ts ( ! holy ,torah are equally ,div9e4 ,laws conc]n+ ju/ice & humanity1 & laws conc]n+ ,sabba? & ,holydays1 are equally introduc$ by ! decl>ation1 8,& ! ,"l spake unto ,moses1 say+40 ,! comm&m5ts1 8,?\ %alt love ?y neighb\r z ?yself10 & 8,a g>m5t ( div]se k9ds1 ( l95 & wool1 %all n come ^u !e10 /& side by side 9 ! same p>agraph4 ,! equality ( all ! precepts z ! expression ( ! ,w ( ! ,almighty is cle>ly set =? 9 ! ,law1 9 ! frequ5t exhortations t ! ,israelites %\ld obey all ! precepts1 :atev] _! nature may be1 :e!r !y be ( ! class ( 8/atutes0 or ( 8judgm5ts10 or ( any o!r class ( ,div9e comm&s4 7,comp4 ,exod4 xv4 #be1 #bf2 ,lev4 xxvi4 #ae1 #dc2 ,num4 xv4 #ci1 #dj2 ,deut4 iv4 #a1 #e1 #h1 c47 ,z to ! v>i\s t]ms employ$ 9 ! ,p5tateu* to designate ! ,div9e precepts3 words 771 comm&m5ts 771 /atutes 771 judgm5ts 771 & laws 771 !y may be consid]$ z synonyms signify+ simil> ?+s4 ,b ev5 synonyms are z a rule di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by a c]ta9 v>iation 9 _! mean+1 especially :5 ! t]ms occur 9 "o & ! same s5t5ce4 ,a def9ition ( ^! t]ms is n giv5 9 ! ,p5tateu* or 9 ! ,bible2 f ! context1 h[ev]1 9 :i* !y occur ! foll[+ di/9ction may be drawn3-- or 1 8/atute10 is appli$ to ^? laws :i* are absolute & d n dep5d on c]ta9 conditions1 :il/ mi%pat1 8judgm5t10 is a law ! p]=mance ( :i* v>ies accord+ to circum/ances4 ,?us ! ,pas*al sacrifice is call$ *ukkah1 & mu/ absolutely be p]=m$1 :il/ ! civil laws conc]n+ slaves1 damages1 c41 are mi%patim1 because cases ( slav]y or damages ne$ n occur1 & ! respective precepts are !n n c>ri$ into effect4 ,9 a simil> mann] ,jewi% !ologians divide ! ,div9e precepts into & precepts :i* our duty ( ob$i5ce to ,god makes u p]=m1 & precepts :i*1 )\t di/9ct ,div9e comm&1 our own reason w\ld impel u to d4--,! o!r t]ms1 mitsvah1 8comm&m5t10 & mi%m]e?1 8*>ge10 are us$ 9 a g5]al s5se1 ! =m] 9 ref]5ce to ! ,giv] ( ! law1 & ! latt] 9 ref]5ce to ^? to :om x is address$4 ,! division ( ! precepts into & is a vague "o1 & ! l9e ( dem>cation w be mov$ f>!r to ! "o side or ! o!r1 accord+ to ! judgm5t ex]cis$ by ! int]pret]4 ,( great] importance is ! division into positive & negative precepts1 comm&m5ts1 & prohibitions1 & 4 ,! prohibitions are ( two k9ds3 su* z admit ( am5ds be+ made = _! transgression & su* z d n admit3 & 4 ,! numb] ( ! comm&m5ts is1 accord+ to ,rabbi ,simlai1 #fac 771 & 9 "s editions ( ! ,p5tateu* ! numb] ( ea* comm&m5t has be5 not$ 9 ! m>g94 ,rabbi ,moses b5 ,maimon1 9 ! introduction to 8 ,mi%neh-torah1 enum]ates ! #fac mitsvo?4 ,!y are also conta9$ 9 liturgical compositions1 call$ 8exhortations10 or 8precepts10 su* z are met ) 9 ! ,ma*zor = ! ,fea/ ( ,weeks4 ,maimonides1 9 8,! ,guide0 z well z 9 ,mi%neh-torah1 treats ( ! precepts ( ! ,torah "u ! foll[+ f\rte5 heads3 7#a7 ,fundam5tal pr9ciples ( our fai?2 #ca 7#b7 ,div9e wor%ip2 7#c7 ,sabba? & fe/ivals2 7#d7 ,m>riages2 7#e7 ,=bidd5 food & =bidd5 relations ( ! sexes2 7#f7 ,v[s2 7#g7 ,agriculture2 7#h7 ,! ,temple & ! regul> sacrificial s]vice2 7#i7 ,occasional sacrifices2 7#aj7 ,cleanness & uncleanness2 7#aa7 ,comp5sation = damages2 7#ab7 ,transf] ( prop]ty2 7#ac7 ,contracts2 7#ad7 ,adm9i/ration ( ! law4 ,ano!r !ologian1 ,rabb5u ,jakob1 divid$ ! code ( laws into f\r sections3 7#a7 ,div9e wor%ip1 ,sabba?1 fe/ivals1 & fa/s2 7#b7 ,?+s =bidd5 & ?+s p]mitt$ 9 satisfy+ our bodily desires2 7#c7 ,m>riages2 7#d7 ,civil laws4 ,! latt] "w 0 reca/ by ,rabbi ,joseph ,c>o1 & 9 ! new =m1 ) ! new title ,%ul*an ,aru*1 x has become ! /&>d "w ( ,jewi% law & life1 & its au?ority has be5 recognis$ & upheld by ,jews 9 ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/4 ,annotations 77 7 add$ by ,rabbi ,moses ,iss]les1 b 8 op9ion1 :5 diff]+ f t ( ,rabbi ,joseph ,c>o1 0 only accept$ by ! ,poli% & ,g]man ,congregations1 n by ! ,seph>dim4 ,rabbi ,joseph ,c>o1 ,rabb5u ,jakob1 & ,maimonides appe>1 9 _! respective codes1 n z legislators b z compil]s4 ,! ,torah & ! ,talmud 7 ! s\rces f :i* !y all drew _! laws4 ,b laws1 m9hagim or cu/oms1 & in/itutions 77 ( a po/-,talmudic date 7 n neglect$4 ,que/ions aris+ 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 ?r\gh new & *ang$ conditions ( life1 are1 z a rule1 discuss$ & decid$ 9 notes & comm5t>ies on ! ,%ul*an ,aru*4 ,!re are also num]\s special works on su* occasional que/ions2 !y are call$ 8,responsa0 7 8,answ]s10 or 8,que/ions & ,answ]s071 & ! importance attribut$ to !m v>ies accord+ to ! reputation ( ! respective au?ors4 ,:at is ! object ( ! ,div9e laws8 ,?is is a "q t naturally rises 9 ! m9ds ( ^? to :om !y are address$4 ,b ! "q has be5 anticipat$ by ,him 8:o kn[e? ! ?\ghts ( ! sons ( man10 & ! answ] is f\nd 9 cle> & di/9ct words 9 ! f\nta9 ( liv+ wat]s1 ! ,torah1 t nev] fails to satisfy our ?ir/ = tru?3 8,?\ %alt keep 8 /atutes & 8 comm&m5ts :i* ,i comm& !e ?is day1 t x may be well ) !e & ?y *ildr5 aft] !e0 7,deut4 iv4 #dj74 8,& n[1 ,o ,israel1 :at do? ! ,"l ?y ,god require ( !e1 b to fe> ! ,"l ?y ,god1 to walk 9 all 8 ways & to love him1 & to s]ve ! ,"l ?y ,god ) all ?y he>t & ) all ?y s\l3 to keep ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,"l & 8 /atutes :i* ,i comm& !e ?is day1 = ?y good0 7ibid4 x4 #ab1 #ac74 ,x is = our b5efit1 = our well-be+1 t ! laws 7 reveal$ to u2 !y s]ve to make u good & happy2 !y tra9 u 9 ! ma/]y ov] our appetites & desires1 9 ! practice ( *>ity & ju/ice1 & 9 ! conception ( noble1 pure1 & l(ty ideas1 & br+ u ne>] & ne>] 9 p]fection ! ,be+ 9 ^: image & lik5ess we h be5 creat$4 ,:at %>e ea* individual precept has 9 ! atta9m5t ( ?is end we _c /ate ) c]ta9ty1 because 9 ! ,torah ! reason & purpose ( ea* precept is1 ) v few exceptions1 )held f u4 ,9 _m cases our reflection on ! nature ( a special law1 or on ! context 9 :i* x occurs 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 leads to a discov]y ( "s reason = x4 ,b1 :atev] reason we may ?us discov]1 we mu/ n lose sight ( ! fact t x is we :o h f\nd x1 we ^: k is imp]fect1 & t we or o!rs might 9 future discov] a bett] reason4 ,if we1 e4g41 f9d t c]ta9 diet>y laws s]ve to tra9 u 9 temp]ance1 & see t ! virtue ( temp]ance is frequ5tly recomm5d$ 9 ! ,bible1 we may well obey ^! diet>y laws1 & /rive to be temp]ate 9 e respect 9 accordance ) ! _s we detect 9 !m4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be a gross error if1 believ+ ! tra9+ 9 temp]ance to be _! only object1 we assum$ t we c\ld neglect !m1 & atta9 ! same object by sub/itut+ our own insuffici5t k & imp]fect reason = ! ,w & ,wisdom ( ! mo/ p]fect ,be+4 ,morali/s1 our tea*]s & prea*]s ( anci5t & mod]n times1 h f\nd 9 ^! precepts an inexhau/ible treasure ( lessons exhort+ to virtue & w>n+ aga9/ vice1 & ! great v>iety ( inf]5ces ?us drawn f ! same s\rce proves ! error ( ^? :o imag9e t _! own exposition is ! only "r "o4 ,:atev] reason we assign to a religi\s precept1 & :atev] :olesome lesson we d]ive f x1 our fir/ duty t[>ds ! comm&m5t1 & t[>ds ,him :o comm&$ x1 is /rict & unconditional ob$i5ce4 ,maimonides1 :o may be consid]$ z ! repres5tative ( ! s*ool :i* seeks to e/abli% a rational explanation = all precepts1 admits t ! reason we may assign to any ( ! comm&m5ts _c affect _! validity & immutability1 & we are b\nd to obey !m1 al?\gh ! suppos$ reason may be ( a local or tempor>y "*4 ,accord+ to ,maimonides1 ! object ( ! ,law is to promote ! well-be+ ( our body & ! well-be+ ( our s\l2 & e comm&m5t has !re=e "s be>+ ^u "o ( ! foll[+ ?ree ?+s3 ! regulation ( our op9ions1 ! removal ( s91 or ! tea*+ ( good morals4 ,he does n except ! 8/atutes0 f ?is rule1 b confesses t 9 a few cases he is unable to %[ cle>ly ! relation ( ! comm&m5t to any ( ^! objects4 ,he also re/ricts ! pr9ciple ( rational int]pretation to ! ma9 elem5t 9 ea* comm&m5t1 & does n apply x to its details2 ! latt]1 z a rule1 d n dem& an explanation4 ,he says3-- 8,! g5]al object ( ! ,law is tw(old3 ! well-be+ ( ! s\l & ! well-be+ ( ! body0 7,guide1 iii4 #bg74 8,i am prep>$ to tell y my explanations ( all ^! comm&m5ts 7! s-call$ *ukkim or 8/atutes071 & to assign = !m a true reason support$ by pro(1 ) ! exception ( "s m9or rules & ( a few comm&m5ts4 ,i w %[ t all ^! & simil> laws mu/ h "s be>+ ^u "o ( ! foll[+ ?ree ?+s1 viz41 ! regulation ( our op9ions or ! improvem5t ( our social relations1 :i* implies two ?+s3 ! removal ( wrong-do+ & ! tea*+ ( good morals0 7ibid4 xxviii474 8,! repeat$ ass]tion ( our ,sages t !re are reasons = all comm&m5ts1 & ! tradition t ,solomon knew !m1 ref] to ! g5]al purpose ( ! comm&m5ts1 & n to ! object ( e detail4 ,?is be+ ! case1 ,i f9d x conv5i5t to divide ! six hundr$ & ?irte5 precepts into classes2 ea* class to include _m precepts ( ! same k9d4 ,i w fir/ expla9 ! reason ( ea* class ( precepts1 & %[ _! common object1 & !n ,i %all discuss ! individual comm&m5ts & exp\nd _! reasons4 ,only v few w be left unexpla9$1 ! reason = :i* ,i h be5 unable to trace unto ?is day4 ,i h also be5 able to compreh5d 9 "s cases ev5 ! object ( _m ( ! conditions & details ( ! laws z f> z x c be discov]$0 7ibid4 xxvi474 8,x is also important to note t ! ,law does n take into acc\nt exceptional circum/ances2 x is n bas$ on conditions :i* r>ely occur40 8,we mu/ !re=e n be surpris$ :5 we f9d t ! object ( ! ,law does n fully appe> 9 e individual case40 8,f ?is consid]ation x foll[s t ! ,law _c1 l m$ic9e1 v>y accord+ to ! diff]5t conditions ( p]sons & times4 ,:il/ ! cure ( a p]son dep5ds on 8 p>ticul> con/itution at ! p>ticul> "t1 ! ,div9e guidance conta9$ 9 ! ,law mu/ be c]ta9 & g5]al1 al?\gh x may be effective 9 "s cases & ineffective 9 o!rs4 ,if ! ,law dep5d$ on ! v>y+ conditions ( man1 x w\ld be imp]fect 9 its totality1 ea* precept be+ left indef9ite4 ,= ?is reason1 x w\ld n be "r to make ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! ,law dep5d5t on a c]ta9 "t or a c]ta9 place4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! /atutes & ! judgm5ts mu/ be def9ite1 unconditional1 & g5]al1 9 accordance ) ! ,div9e words3 #8,z = ! congregation1 "o ord9ance %all be = y & = ! /rang]' 7,num4 xv4 #ae74 ,!y are int5d$1 z has be5 /at$ be=e1 = all p]sons & = all times0 7ibid4 xxxiv474 ,9 ! pres5t treatise our religi\s duties w be exp\nd$ "u ! foll[+ sev5 heads3-- #a4 ,exposition ( ! ,decalogue4 #b4 ,g5]al e?ical pr9ciples-- 7a47 ,duties t[>ds ,god4 7b47 11 11 our fell[-m54 7c47 11 11 ourselves4 #c4 ,outw>d rem9d]s ( ,god's ,pres5ce4 #d4 ,sabba?1 ,fe/ivals1 & ,fa/s4 #e4 ,div9e ,wor%ip4 #f4 ,diet>y ,laws4 #g4 ,jewi% ,life4 ,i4 ,,! ,,t5 ,,comm&m5ts4 ,! 8,t5 ,words0 are di/+ui%$ f all o!r lessons ( ! ,torah bo? on acc\nt ( _! intr9sic value & on acc\nt ( ! extraord9>y mann] 9 :i* !y h be5 reveal$ by ! ,almighty on ,m\nt ,s9ai4 ,!y =m ! cont5ts ( 8! cov5ant :i* ,god made ) u0 7,deut4 v4 #c74 ,b x mu/ n be =gott5 t !y are n ! only ,div9e comm&m5ts4 ,:51 !re=e1 ,moses repeat$ !m be=e 8 bre?r5 9 ! pla9 ( ,moab1 he prefac$ x by ! exhortation3 8,he>1 ,o ,israel1 ! /atutes & ! judgm5ts :i* ,i speak unto y to-day1 & le>n !m & keep !m to d !m0 7ibid4 #a72 & aft] he _h f9i%$ recit+ !m he rem9d$ ! ,israelites h[ !y receiv$ ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts f ! mid/ ( ! fire1 & h[ !y pray$ t fur!r comm&m5ts %\ld be giv5 to !m ?r\gh ,moses2 add+ t ! ,almighty1 9 compliance ) _! petition1 said to him3 8,/& ?\ "h ) me1 & ,i w tell !e ! :ole comm&m5t1 bo? ! /atutes & ! judgm5ts :i* ?\ %alt tea* !m0 7ibid4 #bh74 8,& ,god spake all ^! words1 say+30 ,,fir/ ,,comm&m5t4 8,i am ! ,"l ?y ,god1 :o br\ght !e out ( ! l& ( ,egypt1 out ( ! h\se ( bondage40 ,! ,israelites :o n[ /ood r\nd ,m\nt ,s9ai & he>d ! voice ( ,god say+1 8,i am ! ,"l ?y ,god10 7 ! same :o a v %ort "t be=e _h be5 slaves 9 ,egypt2 !y 7 deliv]$ f slav]y1 & saw _! cruel taskma/]s p]i% 9 ! waves ( ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,ph>aoh1 ! k+ ( ! ,egyptians1 & 8 p _h believ$ t !y 7 ! ma/]s ( ! ,israelites1 & t !y c\ld d ) !m z !y pleas$4 ,& ,ph>aoh said1 8,:o is ! ,"l1 t ,i %\ld li/5 to 8 voice8 ,i "k n ! ,"l1 nor w ,i let ,israel g40 ,x has n[ be5 %[n t ,ph>aoh & 8 p 7 n ! true ma/]s2 t !re 0 a high] ,be+ t rul$ ov] all m51 ov] k+s & _! peoples4 ,aft] ! ,israelites _h cross$ ! ,r$ ,sea1 !y sang ) ,moses3 8,?is is my ,god1 & ,i w praise him1 ! ,god ( my fa!r1 & ,i w exalt him40 ,!y all felt t _! lib]ty 0 n obta9$ by human /r5g? & skill2 t !re mu/ be a high] ,be+ :o is ,all-p[]ful1 ,all-wise1 & ,all-good2 & t x 0 ,he :o fre$ !m1 & puni%$ ! wick$ ,egyptians by :om !y _h be5 kept 9 slav]y4 ,:at ! ,israelites at fir/ felt 9 _! he>ts !y 7 n[1 :5 /&+ r\nd ,s9ai1 taught by ,god ,himself1 9 pla91 cle>1 & intelligible words3 8,i am ! ,"l ?y ,god1 :o br\ght !e out ( ! l& ( ,egypt1 out ( ! h\se ( bondage40 ,?is is ! fir/ comm&m5t2 x is only "o comm&m5t1 b x conta9s sev]al important lessons3-- #a4 ,god has %[n great k9dness to our nation2 we ,jews mu/ !re=e m ?an o!r p %[ ourselves grateful to ,him1 love ,him z our ,deliv]] & ,b5efactor1 & d will+ly all t ,he comm&s u to d4 #b4 ,:5 we are 9 tr\ble we mu/ tru/ 9 ,god1 pray to ,him1 & hope t ,he w help u :5 our fell[-m5 _c d s4 ,:5 !y give u up z lo/ we ne$ n despair2 = ! ,almighty c help :]e human wisdom & p[] are insuffici5t4 #c4 ,! wick$ may = a "t succe$ 9 do+ wrong1 :il/ ! good & j suff]2 b ?is does n la/ = ev]4 ,!re is a ,ma/] above all ( u1 :o 9 due "t puni%es ! wick$ & saves ! good4 ,,second ,,comm&m5t4 8,?\ %all h no o!r gods be=e me4 ,?\ %alt n make unto !e a grav5 image1 nor ! =m ( any?+ t is 9 heav5 above1 or t is 9 ! e>? b5ea?1 or t is 9 ! wat] "u ! e>?4 ,?\ %alt n b[ d[n ?yself unto !m1 nor s]ve !m1 = ,i1 ! ,"l ?y ,god1 am a jeal\s ,god1 visit+ ! iniquity ( ! fa!rs ^u ! *ildr51 ^u ! ?ird & ^u ! f\r? g5]ation ( !m t hate me2 & %[+ lov+-k9dness to ! ?\s&? g5]ation ( !m t love me & keep my comm&m5ts40 ,!re are no o!r gods 9 exi/5ce2 x is impossible = u to h o!r gods4 ,!re is only "o ,god1 z we repeat$ly decl>e1 8,he>1 ,o ,israel1 ! ,"l is our ,god1 ! ,"l is "o40 ,! comm&m5t is nev]!less n sup]flu\s4 ,!re h be5 :ole nations1 & !re are /ill p1 :o1 9 _! ignorance & folly1 attribute ,div9e p[] to ?+s t h no ,div9e p[]1 & :o give ! "n ( god to ?+s t are n gods4 ,su* p are call$ hea!ns1 idolat]s1 or idol-wor%ipp]s4 ,! second comm&m5t =bids u to d any su* ?+4 ,x 0 ! cu/om 9 "s c\ntries to wor%ip ! k+1 ei!r dur+ 8 lifetime or aft] 8 dea?1 z a ,div9e be+2 x is /ill ! cu/om 9 "s c\ntries to pray to dep>t$ sa9ts4 ,all ?is our holy religion =bids u to d4 ,we mu/ respect our k+1 we mu/ hon\r ! memory & ! "n ( good m51 b only z human be+s1 n z gods2 we may n deify !m4 ,z to our prophets1 our great m51 ! ,patri>*s1 ! k+s1 _! names are a pride unto u1 _! memory a bless+1 --!y are hon\r$ by u z human1 mortal be+s3 !y are n wor%ipp$4 ,:5 we visit ! graves ( ^? ne> & de> to u1 & hon\r _! memory by reflect+ on _! virtues1 :5 we rev]e ^? holy m5 :o h devot$ _! lives to ! s]vice ( ,god1 or ! m>tyrs :o h sacrific$ _! lives = ! sanctification ( ! ,"n ( ,god 7 71 we d n end[ !m ) ,div9e attributes1 & d n (f] up any pray] to !m4 ,! second comm&m5t1 9 =bidd+ all k9ds ( idolatry1 includes ! foll[+ prohibitions3-- 7#a47 ,! wor%ip ( sun1 moon1 />s1 animals1 human be+s1 or any "p ( ,nature1 z end[$ ) ,div9e p[]4 7#b47 ,! wor%ip ( images repres5t+ ?+s t exi/ 9 reality or 9 man's imag9ation4 7#c47 ,! wor%ip ( angels z ,div9e be+s4 ,!y are only mess5g]s ( ,god1 & we mu/ n pray to !m4 7#d47 ,! belief 9 evil spirits1 demons1 devils1 & ! l1 & ! fe> ( !m4 7#e47 ,! belief 9 *>ms1 wit*craft1 =tune-tell+1 & simil> sup]/itions4 ,! words1 8,= ,i1 ! ,"l ?y ,god1 am a jeal\s ,god10 are to be und]/ood 9 a figurative s5se2 we _c say ( ,god t ,he is jeal\s1 9 ! lit]al s5se ( ! ^w4 ,x is only because we call a p]son jeal\s :o is anxi\s t no "o else %all enjoy ! same "r or privilege z he enjoys1 t we apply ! t]m 8jeal\s0 figuratively to ,god1 because ,he does n conc$e ,div9e wor%ip & s]vice to any o!r be+4 ,he dem&s ( ,8 wor%ipp]s t !y s]ve ,him alone & none besides4 ,^? :o break ?is comm&m5t 8hate ,god10 & w surely receive _! puni%m5t4 ,he 8visits ! iniquity ( ! fa!rs ^u ! *ildr5 ^u ! ?ird & ^u ! f\r? g5]ation40 ,! bad example set by a man frequ5tly corrupts 8 *ildr51 gr&*ildr51 & great-gr&*ildr54 ,9 t case !y w all receive _! puni%m5t1 & !re is no excuse = !m1 t !y 7 misl$ by ! bad example ( _! fa!r or _! =efa!rs4 ,a bad example mu/ n be foll[$1 ev5 if x be set by ^? :om we love de>ly4 ,! good example ( a man %\ld always be foll[$1 & 8 good de$s be> good fruit & are ! s\rce ( bless+ ev5 long aft] 8 dea?4 ,= to ^? t love ,god & keep ,8 comm&m5ts ,god 8%[e? m]cy ev5 to ! ?\s&? g5]ation40 ,,?ird ,,comm&m5t 8,?\ %alt n take ! "n ( ! ,"l ?y ,god 9 va92 = ! ,"l w n hold1 him guiltless t take? 8 "n 9 va940 ,we pron\nce ! "n ( ,god :5 we read ! ,bible1 :5 we pray1 :5 we take an oa?1 or :5 we speak ( ,god's wisdom1 p[]1 & goodness4 ,we take ! "n ( ,god 9 va9 :5 we read ! ,bible )\t att5tion1 or pray )\t devotion1 or take an oa? )\t necessity or contr>y to tru?4 ,:5 we utt] ! "n ( ,god we mu/ be> 9 m9d t x is ! "n ( ! mo/ ,holy & mo/ ,p]fect ,be+ t we are pron\nc+2 t x is a privilege to u to be all[$ & to be able to pron\nce x4 ,! m we m$itate on ! greatness & hol9ess ( ,god1 ! m c>eful %\ld we be 8n to utt] ! "n ( ,god 9 va940 ,we %\ld gu>d ourselves f fall+ into ! bad habit ( utt]+ x ?\ghtlessly to no purpose :atev]4 ,_m p are he>d to exclaim e m9ute1 8,o ,god10 or simil> phrases4 ,to !m ! sacr$ness ( ! "n is entirely lo/1 & !y are no long] rem9d$ by x ( ! hol9ess ( ,him :o is designat$ by t "n4 ,/ill great] is ! ?\ghtlessness ( ^? :o swe> by ,god )\t any necessity4 ,9 swe>+ by ,god we call ^u ,god to be> witness t our words are true4 ,b su* a te/imony is only requir$ :5 our /atem5t is n believ$4 ,if we swe> be=e we "k :e!r we are believ$ or n1 we indicate t1 accord+ to our e/imate ( ourselves1 we are n tru/wor?y1 & x has (t5 be5 obs]v$ z a fact t ^? :o swe> mo/ are lea/ to be believ$4 ,! wor/ ( all =ms ( swe>+ is to swe> falsely1 t is1 to swe> t some?+ is ! case )\t kn[+ t x is true1 or kn[+ t x is n true4 ,?is is a t]rible crime1 & is call$ 8! pr(anation ( ,god's "n10 4 ,!re is /ill ano!r k9d ( 8pr(anation ( ,god's "n30 if we ,jews :o are call$ by ,8 "n1 ! p ( ! ,"l1 or *ildr5 ( ! ,"l1 br+ contempt ^u ,god's p by disgraceful conduct1 we pr(ane ! "n ( ,god4 ,we sanctify x by noble & g5]\s de$s2 by lead+ a pure & blameless life we cause a 8sanctification ( ! "n ( ,god40 ,! ?ird comm&m5t =bids u-- 7#a47 ,to utt] ! "n ( ,god unnecess>ily 9 our common conv]sation4 7#b47 ,to read ! ,bible c>elessly1 or to pray )\t att5tion & devotion4 7#c47 ,to swe> o!rwise ?an :5 requir$ by ! law to d s1 z1 e4g41 9 c\rts ( law4 7#d47 ,to swe> :5 we are n fully conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( our decl>ation4 ,! additional s5t5ce1 8= he w n hold him guiltless :o take? 8 "n 9 va910 is to rem9d u t x is aga9/ ,god ! ,omnisci5t t we s9 9 break+ ?is comm&m5t4 ,god kn[s our inn]mo/ ?\ghts1 :e!r we ?9k ( :at we utt] or n2 :e!r we are conv9c$ ( :at we decl>e on oa? or n4 ,he w puni% u if we break ,8 comm&m5ts1 al?\gh we may be able to conceal our s9s f m5 & escape condemnation by a human tribunal4 ,,f\r? ,,comm&m5t4 8,rememb] ! ,sabba? day to keep x holy4 ,six days %alt ?\ lab\r & d all ?y "w4 ,b ! sev5? day is a ,sabba? unto ! ,"l ?y ,god3 9 x ?\ %alt n d any "w1 ?\1 nor ?y son1 nor ?y daught]1 ?y mans]vant1 nor ?y maids]vant1 nor ?y cattle1 nor ?y /rang] t is )9 ?y gates4 ,= 9 six days ! ,"l made heav5 & e>?1 ! sea1 & all t is !re91 & re/$ ! sev5? day2 :]e=e ! ,"l bless$ ! ,sabba? day1 & hall[$ x40 ,! ,sabba? day1 t is1 ! day ( re/1 is to be kept holy4 ,9 two ways x %\ld diff] f o!r days2 x is to be a day ( re/ & also a holy day4 ,we keep x z a day ( re/ by n do+ on x any k9d ( "w2 we keep x z a holy day by devot+ ! great] "p ( x1 s9ce we are free f our ord9>y occupation1 to pray] & to read+ ! ,bible4 ,we are ?ankful to ,god = hav+ comm&$ u to keep ! ,sabba?1 & give expression to our feel+ ( gratitude 9 our pray]s1 especially at ! beg9n+ & ! end ( ! ,sabba?2 ?us1 on ,friday ev5+1 be=e ! meal1 we praise ,god = sanctify+ ! ,sabba? by a pray] call$ ,kiddu%1 8sanctification10 & on ,sabba? ev5+1 aft] ! close ( ! ,sabba?1 we recite ! ,habhdalah1 9 :i* ,god is prais$ = ! di/9ction made betwe5 ,sabba? & ! six week-days4 ,! ,israelites 7 told to rememb] ! ,sabba? day2 t is1 ! well-kn[n day ( re/1 ! same day :i* 0 in/itut$ z a day ( re/ 9 connection ) ! manna4 ,on five days !y collect$ "o om] ( ! manna1 on ! six? day two om]s = ea* p]son2 on ! sev5? day no manna 0 collect$ nor 0 any f\nd1 & ! ,israelites 7 comm&$ to bake & to cook on ! six? day n only = ! six? day1 b also = ! sev5?1 on :i* day bak+ & cook+ 0 n to be done4 ,?is same sev5? day we are told 9 ! f\r? comm&m5t to rememb] to keep holy1 t we %\ld n =get x1 or *oose ano!r day in/ead ( x4 ,x is ! same sev5? day on :i* ,god re/$ aft] ! six days ( ! ,creation1 & :i* 8he bless$ & sanctifi$40 ,x is to be a day ( re/ n only = ourselves2 we mu/ n h "w done = u by our *ildr51 or by our s]vants1 or by /rang]s2 ev5 our cattle mu/ re/4 ,aft] six days ( "w we enjoy ! bless+ ( "o day's re/1 & are r5d]$ m fit to "w ano!r six days4 ,! h>d] we "w on six days1 ! m welcome is ! re/ ( ! sev5? day to u4 ,:5 ,moses repeat$ ! comm&m5ts1 he laid special /ress on ! re/ ( ! s]vants1 rem9d+ ! ,israelites t !y !mselves _h once be5 slaves1 & mu/ !re=e recognise ! necessity ( grant+ a day ( re/ to _! s]vants4 ,x is n to be a day ( m]e idl5ess4 ,complete idl5ess leads to evil ?\ghts & evil de$s4 ,:il/ our body re/s our m9d %\ld be occupi$ ) holy ?\ghts2 we %\ld commune ) ,god1 reflect on ,8 works1 le>n f !m ! p[]1 wisdom1 & goodness ( ,god1 /udy ! ,^w ( ,god1 li/5 to ! in/ruction ( our tea*]s & prea*]s1 & altoge!r try to raise ourselves into a l(ti] sph]e4 ,on ! day ( re/ we reflect on ! works ( ,god1 on ! "w ( ,creation :i* ,he complet$ 9 six days1 & ?us by keep+ ! ,sabba? we te/ify to our belief 9 ,god z ! ,creator ( ! ,univ]se4 ,on ?is acc\nt x is t ! ,creation is ref]r$ to 9 ?is comm&m5t z ! reason :y re/ 0 enjo9$ = ! sev5? day4 8,= 9 six days10 c4 8,!re=e ! ,"l bless$ ! ,sabba? day20 ! re/ on ! sev5? day is a bless+ to ^? :o h work$ h>d dur+ ! prec$+ six days2 x is a bless+ to ^? :o sp5d ! ,sabba? 9 a prop] mann]4 8,& he hall[$ x0 by giv+ man an opportunity to sanctify himself by m frequ5t communion ) ! ,mo/ ,holy4 ,! f\r? comm&m5t tells u-- 7#a47 ,to rememb] to keep ! same day z ,sabba? :i* has be5 set ap>t z su* f ! beg9n+4 7#b47 ,to ab/a9 on t day f all k9d ( "w4 7#c47 ,to devote "p ( ! day to our sanctification4 ,,fif? ,,comm&m5t4 8,hon\r ?y fa!r & ?y "m3 t ?y days may be long ^u ! l& :i* ! ,"l ?y ,god give? !e40 ,! /ronge/ desire t animates a fa!r & a "m is to see _! *ildr5 good & happy4 ,f ! fir/ day ( _! exi/5ce *ildr5 are gu>d$ by ! wat*ful eyes ( _! p>5ts t no evil may befall !m4 ,h[ delight$ are fa!r & "m :5 !y notice ! progress ( _! *ild 9 heal? & /r5g?1 9 he>t & s\l6 ,:at an am\nt ( tr\ble & anxiety p>5ts und]go :5 !y see _! *ild suff]+6 ,no sacrifice is too great = !m s long z x ensures ! *ild's well-be+4 ,x is pa9ful to !m to be compell$ to d5y _! *ild any?+1 or to rebuke or to puni% x4 ,to ?is !y are impell$ only by ! anxiety = ! welf>e ( ! *ild4 ,! mutual affection betwe5 p>5t & *ild is "o :i* nature has implant$4 ,)\t x ! home w\ld be ! dwell+ ( mis]y & mis=tune2 ) x com=t & happ9ess fl\ri% !re94 ,! lov+ p>5ts h pleasure 9 :atev] !y d = ! b5efit ( ! *ild1 & ! affectionate *ild is delight$ ) ! goodness ( its p>5ts4 8,hon\r ?y fa!r & ?y "m10 says ! ,almighty to u4 ,h[ does a *ild hon\r fa!r & "m8 ,9 ! eyes ( ! *ild fa!r & "m mu/ be ! k+ & ! que5 ( ! h\se1 h[ev] small t may be4 ,e ^w t comes f _! m\?1 e desire t !y express1 mu/ be reg>d$ z ( ! greate/ importance1 & be well rememb]$ by ! *ild4 ,:5 ! k+ or ! que5 speaks1 all pres5t /& & li/5 respectfully2 _! words are read by e "o ) ! greate/ int]e/4 ,s x mu/ be ) ! words ( our p>5ts4 ,:5ev] !y tell u to d or n to d a ?+1 ob$i5ce is a bless+ to u2 disob$i5ce is ! *ief cause ( all mis]y & tr\ble4 ,we feel pleasure & hon\r 9 be+ able to d some?+ t gratifies our p>5ts1 & we l to give !m at times "s mat]ial tok5 ( our affection4 ,! be/ pres5t we c give !m is a good he>t1 s9c]e love t prompts u to avoid ev]y?+ t w\ld grieve !m1 & to d ev]y?+ we c to give !m pleasure & to make !m happy4 ,?is is "o ( ! few laws ! rew>d ( :i* is di/9ctly /at$1 8,t ?y days may be long ^u ! l&1 :i* ! ,"l ?y ,god give? !e40 ,we c easily und]/& ! good effect ( keep+ ! fif? comm&m5t4 ,pleasure & cont5tm5t contribute a good deal to ! heal? & well-be+ ( man1 :il/ ang]1 tr\ble1 & dissatisfaction produce ill-heal? & weakness4 ,! mutual affection betwe5 p>5t & *ild is !re=e ! cause t ! days ( bo? ! p>5ts & ! *ildr5 are prolong$1 & ! h>mony & happ9ess ( ! h\se firmly e/abli%$4 ,! bless+ att5d+ *ildr5's ob$i5ce & love t[>ds _! p>5ts does n end "h4 ,! :ole ,/ate consi/s ( small homes & families1 & ! great] ! well-be+ ( ! individual homes1 ! great] is ! well-be+ ( ! :ole c\ntry4 ,?us ! *ild by act+ 9 accordance ) ?is ,div9e comm&m5t contributes its %>e t[>ds ! prosp]ity ( ! :ole c\ntry4 ,:5 our p>5ts are n pres5t1 we %\ld1 out ( love t[>ds !m1 obey ^? :o take _! place1 z1 e4g41 our eld] bro!rs or si/]s1 our gu>dians1 & our tea*]s1 s9ce all ^! only d :at ! p>5ts w\ld !mselves l to d 7 ! opportunity grant$ !m4 ,we are b\nd to hon\r our p>5ts n only s long z we are "u _! c>e & live 9 _! h\se1 b also :5 we h left our p>5ts' home1 & h become indep5d5t4 ,ev5 :5 !y h become old1 weak1 & poor1 & we support !m1 we mu/ n =get ! natural relation betwe5 p>5t & *ild1 & ! hon\r due to p>5ts f _! *ildr5 mu/ /ill be %[n to !m4 ,:5 !y h dep>t$ f ?is life1 & we are no long] able to %[ our feel+ ( love & respect 9 ! usual way1 we mu/ hon\r _! "n & memory1 & hold 9 respect ! wi%es & comm&s :i* !y express$ :5 /ill alive4 ,dea? is no b> to true love & s9c]e affection4 ,?us we obey ! fif? comm&m5t-- 7#a47 ,by li/5+ respectfully to ! words ( our p>5ts & obey+ :at !y say4 7#b47 ,by do+ t :i* pleases !m1 & avoid+ t :i* w\ld displease !m4 7#c47 ,by support+ !m :5 !y are weak & poor by all our be/ ex]tion & ) g5u9e pleasure4 7#d47 ,by hon\r+ _! "n & memory aft] _! dea?4 7#e47 ,by be+ ob$i5t to our eld] bro!rs or si/]s1 to our gu>dians1 & to our tea*]s4 ,,six? ,,comm&m5t4 8,?\ %alt n murd]40 ,murd] is a mo/ t]rible ?+2 we %udd] at ! s\nd ( ! ^w1 ev5 at ! m]e idea ( x4 ,we wond] h[ x is possible t a p]son %\ld be s wick$1 s cruel1 & s unnatural z to take ! life ( ano!r human be+6 ,"o :o c d su* a ?+ mu/ h lo/ all human feel+1 & is r a brute ?an a be+ creat$ 9 ! image ( ,god4 ,b1 un=tunately1 !re h be5 & !re are su* wick$ p4 ,we read 9 ! ,bible t a dispute arose betwe5 ! two sons ( ,adam1 & ! "o1 ,ca91 slew ! o!r1 ,abel4 ,he rep5t$ x1 b he c\ld n re/ore to 8 bro!r ! life :i* he _h tak54 ,! sev]e/ puni%m5t is !re=e inflict$ on ^? :o h committ$ ?is crime4 ,?is comm&m5t & ^? :i* foll[ x h _! root 9 ! pr9ciple1 8,love ?y fell[-man z ?yself10 appli$ to ! life 7six? comm&m5t71 ! home 7sev5? comm&m5t71 ! prop]ty 7eigh? comm&m5t71 & ! hon\r ( our fell[-man 7n9? comm&m5t74 ,we wi% to enjoy life z long z possible2 x mu/ !re=e be our desire to see our fell[-man enjoy ! longe/ possible life4 ,b we mu/ n re/ satisfi$ ) ! m]e desire4 ,an e>ne/ desire is foll[$ by acts dictat$ by x4 ,we mu/ try our utmo/1 ev5 z we d ) reg>d to ourselves1 to pres]ve ! life ( our fell[-man4 ,we h1 e4g41 se5 be=e h[ by obey+ ! fif? comm&m5t we l5g!n n only our own life1 b also t ( our p>5ts1 :il/ by break+ ?is law we %ort5 _! life z well z our own4 ,by support+ ! poor & nurs+ ! sick we may be ! means ( increas+ a human life by _m days or ev5 ye>s1 :il/ by neglect+ ! duty ( *>ity we neglect to save ! life ( our fell[-man :5 x is 9 our p[] to d s4--,ano!r in/ance ( crim9al neglect x w\ld be if a p]son saw ano!r 9 actual dang] ( life1 & did n try ev]y?+ 9 8 p[] to save him4 ,)\t hav+ directly brok5 ! six? comm&m5t1 )\t hav+ tak5 ! life ( our neighb\r by viol5ce1 we may /ill be guilty ( hav+ %ort5$ 8 life & caus$ 8 untimely dea?4 ,talebe>]s & sl&]]s1 e4g41 (t5 und]m9e ! peace & happ9ess ( an individual1 & ev5 ( a :ole family1 & s[ ! se$ ( mis]y & ru9 :]e well-be+ & prosp]ity seem$ well e/abli%$4 ,! six? comm&m5t enjo9s t we %\ld respect ! life ( our fell[-man1 & =bids u !re=e-- 7#a47 ,to take x by viol5t means4 7#b47 ,to d any?+ by :i* ! peace & well-be+ ( our fell[-man might be und]m9$4 7#c47 ,to neglect any?+ 9 our p[] to save our neighb\r f direct or indirect dang] ( life4 ,,sev5? ,,comm&m5t4 8,?\ %alt n commit adult]y40 ,! in/itution ( m>riage is ( v anci5t date4 ,:5 ,eve _h be5 =m$ out ( ! rib ( ,adam1 & 0 br\ght to him1 he exclaim$1 8,%e is bone ( my bones & fle% ( my fle%10 & ! acc\nt ( ! fir/ m>riage concludes ?us3 8,!re=e man %all leave 8 fa!r & 8 "m & cleave unto 8 wife1 & !y %all be "o fle%0 7,g54 ii4 #bd74 ,e m>ri$ c\ple1 husb& & wife1 b9d !mselves by a solemn promise to be true & fai?ful to ea* o!r1 to rema9 ?r\gh\t life unit$ 9 love & affection1 & to e/abli% a home f\nd$ on purity & sanctity4 ,adult]y is ! break+ ( ?is promise4 ,t love & affection :i* unites man & wife _c be %>$ by a ?ird p]son )\t involv+ a brea* ( ! sev5? comm&m5t4 ,jewi% homes h always be5 di/+ui%$ by sanctity & purity4 ,9 ord] to reta9 ?is di/9ction x is necess>y t we %\ld be tra9$ 9 ?is virtue f our *ildhood4 ,our language mu/ be pure & holy2 unclean & indec5t expressions mu/ nev] be utt]$ 9 our homes1 ei!r by ! old or by ! "y4 ,! pur] our spee* is1 ! m sanctifi$ w our he>t be4 ,bad society (t5 corrupts ! he>t ( ! "y ?r\gh bad example 9 words & conduct4 ,x is !re=e ess5tial t immoral p]sons %\ld n come 9 contact ) our *ildr52 t ev]y?+ t is contr>y to ! virtue ( mode/y 77 %\ld be rigor\sly exclud$ f ,jewi% homes4 ,! sev5? comm&m5t =bids3-- 7#a47 ,fai?lessness ( a man to 8 wife1 or a woman to h] husb&4 7#b47 ,! use ( improp] & indec5t language4 7#c47 ,immode/ conduct4 7#d47 ,associat+ ) immoral p]sons4 ,,eigh? ,,comm&m5t4 8,?\ %alt n /eal40 ,we d n l t any "o %\ld take a "p ( our prop]ty )\t our k or cons5t4 ,an old say+ ( ! ,rabbis tea*es3 8,let ! prop]ty ( ?y neighb\r be z de> 9 ?y eyes z ?9e own0 7,abo? ii4 #ab72 t is to say1 z y d n wi% a dim9ution or de/ruction ( :at is y\rs1 s y mu/ n cause a dim9ution or de/ruction ( :at belongs to y\r neighb\r4 ,by secretly tak+ any?+ = ourselves t does n belong to u1 we /eal1 & break ! eigh? comm&m5t4 ,?is comm&m5t has also a wid] s5se1 & =bids e illegal acquisition ( prop]ty1 :e!r x be directly by !ft or robb]y1 or by *eat+1 by embezzlem5t or =g]y4 ,prop]ty acquir$ by any ( ^! or simil> means may be consid]$ z /ol5 prop]ty1 & is by no means a bless+ to him :o possesses x4 ,ev5 if human ju/ice does n rea* ! evil-do]1 he is wat*$ by an ,all-see+ ,eye1 & w 9 due "t receive 8 full puni%m5t4 ,?is comm&m5t prohibits3-- 7#a47 ,!ft & robb]y4 7#b47 ,all k9ds ( fraud & di%one/y4 ,,n9? ,,comm&m5t4 8,?\ %alt n be> false witness aga9/ ?y neighb\r40 ,x gives u pa9 to he> t o!rs speak ill ( u4 8,let ! hon\r ( ?y neighb\r be z de> to !e z ?9e own0 7,abo? ii4 #aj74 ,we mu/ !re=e n speak ill ( our neighb\r4 ,b x is n only ! speak+ ill ( o!rs t ?is comm&m5t =bids2 we mu/ n say ( our fell[-man any?+ t is n true4 ,if we are call$ z a witness 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice1 we mu/ be mo/ c>eful t e ^w we utt] be p]fectly true4 ,we mu/ weigh our words well & gu>d ourselves aga9/ /at+ z facts ?+s ab\t :i* we are n q c]ta94 ,if we are c>eless we may become false witnesses1 & may ev5 be guilty ( p]jury4 ,! consequ5ces ( false evid5ce are ( a v grave nature2 x misleads ! judge1 p]v]ts ju/ice1 ru9s innoc5t p2 & ! false witness himself--:e!r he s9n$ ) int5tion or by c>elessness--w n escape puni%m5t4 ,god decl>$ ?r\gh ! m\? ( ! prophet ,ze*>iah 7v4 #d73 8,i w br+ =? ! curse1 sai? ! ,"l ( ho/s1 & x %all ent] into ! h\se ( ! ?ief & into ! h\se ( him t swe>e? falsely by my "n2 & x %all rema9 9 ! mid/ ( 8 h\se1 & %all consume x1 ) ! timb] !re( & ! /ones !re(40 ,9 ord] to gu>d ourselves aga9/ ! possibility ( su* a crime1 we mu/ tra9 ourselves 9 speak+ ! exact tru? 9 ev]y?+1 h[ev] trifl+ x may appe> to u4 ,ev5 9 _! play *ildr5 mu/ be c>eful 9 :at !y utt]4 ,idle talk1 gossip1 frequ5tly leads u to speak ( our neighb\rs :at is n 9 h>mony ) facts4 ,?\gh we may believe x to be h>mless & to h no evil consequ5ce1 x has 9 reality v p]nici\s results2 = we get into ! habit ( be+ c>eless ab\t our words1 & ( ignor+ ! l9e t p>ts tru? f falsehood1 & :5 we h !n to speak on m important ?+s1 or ev5 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice1 we may prove ourselves equally c>eless4 ,!re is a prov]b 7,prov4 xix4 #e73 8,a fai?ful witness is he :o do? n lie1 b he :o utt]e? lies w be a false witness20 i4e41 ! conduct ( a witness ) reg>d to tru? 9 ord9>y & less important utt]ances is a te/ ( 8 tru/wor?9ess 9 m important matt]s4 ,! n9? comm&m5t-- 7#a47 ,=bids u to give false evid5ce2 & 7#b47 ,to utt] an untru? ( any k9d :atev]4 7#c47 ,x comm&s u to be c>eful 9 our utt]ances4 ,,t5? ,,comm&m5t4 8,?\ %alt n covet ?y neighb\rs h\se2 ?\ %alt n covet ?y neighb\r's wife1 nor 8 man-s]vant1 nor 8 maid-s]vant1 nor 8 ox1 nor 8 ass1 nor any ?+ t is ?y neighb\r's40 ,! covet+ :i* ! t5? comm&m5t =bids is ! root f :i* ! crimes =bidd5 9 ! f\r prec$+ comm&m5ts spr+4 ,covet+ is a desire to possess :at we _c get 9 an hone/ & legal mann]4 ,an in/ance ( su* covet+ is ! desire ( ,ahab to possess ! v9ey>d ( ,nabo?4 ,x mu/ h be5 m ?an an ord9>y desire1 = x l$ him to mo/ wick$ acts 7#a ,k+s xxi474 ,x is n e desire t is prohibit$4 ,if we see a ?+ t pleases u1 we beg9 to feel a desire = its possession4 ,our reason mu/ !n /ep 9 & tell u :e!r we c obta9 x 9 an hone/ way or n4 ,9 ! latt] case we mu/ conqu] our desire & suppress x1 le/ x obta9 ! ma/]y ov] u4 ,we mu/ "w & try to make progress4 ,we _c be blam$ if we are n q cont5t ) our pres5t condition1 & wi% to improve x4 ,)\t su* a desire all indu/ry & progress w\ld disappe>4 ,b we mu/ consid] t ! improvem5t ( our mat]ial condition1 ! increase ( our prop]ty1 is n ! :ole mission ( man4 ,we mu/ n =get t we h a high] mission3 to improve our he>t & our moral conduct1 & to make ourselves wor?y ( be+ call$ 8! *ildr5 ( ,god40 ,! increase ( our prop]ty mu/ n imp$e ! progress ( ! purity & goodness ( our he>t4 ,! t5? comm&m5t-- 7#a47 ,=bids u to covet t :i* does n belong to u2 & 7#b47 ,comm&s u to suppress any su* desire :5 x rises 9 our he>t4 ,note #a4--,!re is ano!r way ( enum]at+ ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts1 namely1 to comb9e ! fir/ & ! second into "o1 & to divide ! t5? into two4 ,! ,masoretic text seems to po9t 9 ?is direction2 = !re is no pause betwe5 ! fir/ & ! second comm&m5ts1 :ile !re is "o 9 ! middle ( ! t5?4 ,! inf]5ce f ! ,masoretic text1 h[ev]1 is n q c]ta94 ,x is possible t ! fir/ two comm&m5ts 7 jo9$ closely toge!r 9 ord] to sep>ate m po9t$ly ^? comm&m5ts 9 :i* ,god speaks ( ,himself 9 ! fir/ p]son f ^? 9 :i* ,he speaks ( ,himself 9 ! ?ird p]son2 or1 to use ! words ( ! ,midra%1 to sep>ate ! fir/ two1 :i* ! ,israelites he>d directly f ,god1 f ! re/1 :i* !y he>d ?r\gh ,moses4 ,! la/ comm&m5t 01 on acc\nt ( its great importance1 giv5 9 two diff]5t =ms4 ,9 ! fir/ ! g5]al t]m 8h\se0 is employ$2 9 ! second ! v>i\s elem5ts con/itut+ ! 8h\se0 are enum]at$ in/ead4 ,! two =ms ( ! comm&m5t are sep>at$ by ! sign ( a pause1 because ea* ( !m is complete 9 itself4 ,tradition supports our division ( ! ,decalogue4 8,i am0 77 & 8,?\ %alt n h0 7 7 are m5tion$ 9 ,talmud & ,midra%1 also 9 ,t>gum1 z two di/9ct comm&m5ts4 ,accord+ to ,philo 7,on ! ,t5 ,comm47 & ,josephus 7,antiq4 ,,iii4 v4 #e71 ! v]se1 8,?\ %alt h 444 be=e me0 belongs to ! fir/ comm&m5t4 ,! text ( ! ,decalogue1 z repeat$ by ,moses 9 ! pla9 ( ,moab 7,deut4 v4 #f-h71 diff]s f ! orig9al 7,exod4 xx4 #b-ad74 ,"o ( ! diff]5ces1 ! fir/ ^w ( ! f\r? comm&m5t--1 8,rememb]10 9 ,exodus1 & 1 8,obs]ve10 9 ,deut]onomy--is po9t$ out 9 ,midra% & ,talmud1 & also 9 ! hymn = ! ,eve ( ,sabba?1 beg9n+1 8,come1 my fri5d0 7 74 ,tradition expla9s ! fir/ expression z ref]r+ to affirmative comm&m5ts1 & ! second to prohibitions2 x fur!r tea*es t 8bo? expressions 7 spok5 by ,god simultane\sly20 t is to say1 ! f\r? comm&m5t 9 ,deut]onomy1 ?\gh diff]5t 9 =m1 does n imply any?+ t has n be5 reveal$ by ,god on ,m\nt ,s9ai4 ,! same applies to all po9ts ( diff]5ce4 ,:y did ,moses introduce ! alt]ations8 ,ibn ,ezra1 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ! ,decalogue1 is ( op9ion t ! "q ne$ n be ask$1 or answ]$ if ask$1 because 9 ! repetition ( a ,div9e message ! orig9al words may be *ang$ s long z ! s5se rema9s intact4 ,b ! addition ( ! phrase1 8z ! ,"l ?y ,god comm&e? !e0 9 two cases1 & ! ref]5ce to ! deliv]ance f ,egyptian s]vitude1 sub/itut$ 79 ,deut47 9 ! f\r? comm&m5t = ! ref]5ce to ! ,creation 79 ,exod471 lead u to ?9k t ! *anges 7 n introduc$ un9t5tionally or )\t any purpose4 ,! repeat$ ,decalogue is a portion ( an address 9 :i* ,moses exhort$ a new g5]ation 9 ! pla9s ( ,moab to obey ! ,div9e ,law4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n unlikely t he made additions & alt]ations = ! sake ( emphasis1 :]e he notic$ a c]ta9 laxity among ^? :om he address$4 ,hav+ come 9 contact ) hea!n nations & obs]v$ _! rites 9 connection ) _! sacr$ days1 ! ,israelites may h be5 incl9$ to imitate !m2 !y 7 !re=e exhort$ to sanctify ! ,sabba? 9 ! way ,god comm&$2 h5ce also ! m emphatic 8,obs]ve10 4--,a simil> reason may h caus$ ! addition ( ! same phrase1 8z ! ,"l1 c410 to ! fif? comm&m5t4 ,! p>ticipation ( a portion ( ! ,israelites 9 ! lic5ti\s fea/s ( ! ,moabites & ,midianites di/urb$ ! peace ( _! homes & loos5$ ! sacr$ family tie4 ,moses !re=e po9ts to ! ,div9e orig9 ( ! law comm&+ ob$i5ce to p>5ts1 & also emphasises ! bless+s :i* x w yield by add+ ! words1 8& 9 ord] t x may be well ) !e40--,! *ange ( circum/ances has also caus$ ano!r alt]ation 9 ! f\r? comm&m5t4 ,dur+ ! =ty ye>s :i* ! ,israelites 7 compell$ to sp5d 9 ! wild]ness1 !y almo/ =got ! condition ( _! =m] s]vitude2 ! new g5]ation did n "k x at all1 & !y grudg$ _! slaves ! "o day ( re/ 9 ! week4 ,!y 7 !re=e rem9d$ ( _! s]vitude 9 ,egypt1 & 7 ask$ to rememb] x 9 ord] t !y might1 out ( gratitude to ! ,almighty1 keep ! ,sabba? z ,he comm&$ !m4 ,ano!r indication t *ang$ circum/ances caus$ ! alt]ations is notic$ 9 ! t5? comm&m5t4 ,hav+ arriv$ at ! bord] ( ,pale/9e1 ! ,israelites 7 ab\t to take possession ( h\ses & fields1 & two & a half tribes 7 already 9 possession ( l&$ prop]ty4 ,! t]m 8h\se0 771 :i* at fir/ d5ot$ 8! home0 or 8! h\sehold10 includ+ ! wife1 0 n[ 9 ! m9ds ( ! p *iefly 8a p]man5t build+40 8,! wife10 ! c5tre & ! *ief elem5t 9 ! home1 0 !re=e sub/itut$ = 8! h\se0 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! comm&m5t1 & vice v]s1 8! h\se0 = 8! wife0 9 ! second "p1 :]e appropriately 8nor 8 field0 has be5 add$4--,! sub/itution ( 8,?\ %alt n desire0 7 7 = ! orig9al 8,?\ %alt n covet0 7 7 may h be5 int5d$ to tea* ! ,israelites t all k9ds & degrees ( desire 7 =bidd51 & to rem9d !m ( ! consequ5ces ( desire :i* !y _h exp]i5c$ at 8! graves ( ! desire0 7 ,num4 xi474--,"o m important alt]ation is to be notic$1 ! conjunctive 8&0 77 be=e ! sev5? & ! foll[+ comm&m5ts1 :i* s]v$ to create 9 ! m9ds ( ! he>]s ! idea t ! crimes =bidd5 9 ! second "p ( ! ,decalogue are to "s ext5t connect$1 & t he :o broke "o ( ^! comm&m5ts 0 likely to break ! o!rs also4 ,we are ?us bidd5 to be on our gu>d1 & to take good c>e t none ( !m be violat$ by u4 ,note #b4--;,ibn ,ezra1 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ,exodus xx4 #i1 says3 8,rabbi ,jehudah ha-levi ask$ me :y x is said 9 ! ,decalogue1 #8:o br\ght !e out ( ! l& ( ,egypt1 out ( ! h\se ( bondage1' & n #8:o creat$ heav5 & e>?4' ,my answ] 0 z foll[s3 ,"k t ^? :o believe 9 ,god h n all ! same k9d ( fai?4 ,"s believe because !y 7 told ( ,8 exi/5ce by o!rs2 ^? :o believe 9 ,god because ! holy ,torah tea*es ?is belief possess a high] degree ( fai?4 ,if an unbeliev] argues ) ei!r ( ^!1 !y are n able to refute 8 argum5t4 ,^?1 h[ev]1 :o /udy sci5ces--,a/ronomy1 ,botany1 ,zoology1 & ,an?ropology--le>n to und]/& ! works & ! ways ( ,god1 & f ^! ! ,creator ,himself4 ,! words #8,i am ! ,"l ?y ,god' c only be und]/ood by ! wise & intellig5t ( all nations4 ,= !y all see t ,god has made heav5 & e>?4 ,b !re is ?is diff]5ce3 ! ,israelites believe t ! ,creation has tak5 place five ?\s& ye>s ago3 non-,israelites assume t ,god has be5 cont9ually creat+ f et]nity4 ,n[1 ,god wr\ght signs & wond]s 9 ,egypt by :i* ,he deliv]$ ! ,israelites out ( ,egypt1 & ?us %[$ !m ,8 ,div9e ju/ice & goodness4 ,9 ref]5ce to ^! miracles x is said1 #8,?\ ha/ be5 %[n to "k t ! ,"l is ,god2' all ,israelites1 wise & simple1 equally witness$ ,8 miracles4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! ,decalogue1 !re=e1 #8,i am ! ,"l ?y ,god1' is well und]/ood by ! wise2 b = ! re/ ( ! nation ! words #8:o br\ght !e out1' c41 h be5 add$1 9 ord] t all )\t exception %\ld und]/& x40 ,note #c4--;,don ,isaac ,ab>banel1 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ,exodus xx41 says3 8,! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts are di/+ui%$ f ! o!r ,div9e precepts 9 ?ree ?+s3 !y 7 directly communicat$ by ,god to ! ,israelites1 n ?r\gh a prophet2 !y 7 reveal$ to a :ole nation at once2 & !y 7 writt5 on ! two tables ( /one by ! f+] ( ,god4 ,su* di/9ction necess>ily indicates a great] intr9sic value ( ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts4 ,my op9ion is !re=e t !y are laws ( a g5]al "*1 & pr9ciples includ+ all ! #fac precepts :i* ! ,holy ,"o1 bless$ be ,he1 gave to ,8 p4 ,e4g41 love & wor%ip ( ,god4 sanctification ( ,8 ,"n1 submission to ,8 judgm5t1 fe> ( ,god1 rev]5ce ( ,8 sanctu>y1 & o!r duties t[>ds ,god2 ,passov]1 ,tab]nacles1 ,tefill91 ,mezuzah1 & su* o!r precepts z are #8a memorial ( ! dep>ture f ,egypt2' ! sep>ation ( ! fir/-born1 ti!s1 c4--all ^! duties are impli$ 9 ! fir/ comm&m5t4 ,also ,rabbi ,levi b5 ,g]%on & ! ,gaon ,saadiah assume t all ! #fac precepts are implicitly conta9$ 9 ! ,decalogue4 ,al?\gh all precepts involv+ practice 7 7 are impli$ 9 ! ,decalogue1 & ev5 allusions to ea* "o ( ! ?irte5 pr9ciples ( fai? may be discov]$ 9 x1 !re is no precept conc]n+ our fai?4 ,x has already be5 prov$ by ,rabbi ,*isdai t by ! ,div9e comm&s we are ei!r told to d a c]ta9 ?+1 or told n to d a c]ta9 ?+2 b :at we h to believe or n to believe ! ,almighty taught u ?r\gh signs1 wond]s1 & revelation4 ,! words #8,i am ! ,"l ?y ,god1 :o br\ght !e out ( ! l& ( ,egypt1 out ( ! h\se ( bondage1' tea* a c]ta9 tru?1 a pr9ciple f :i* _m ( ! #fac precepts may be d]iv$1 b :i* is 9 itself no comm&m5t4--,! ,decalogue 7 7 mu/ !re=e n be und]/ood z designat+ t5 comm&m5ts1 b #8t5 words' or #8t5 p>agraphs' indicat$ 9 ! ,hebrew text by ! pauses1 or spaces left betwe5 two p>agraphs4 8,! #8t5 words' 7 writt5 on two tables1 five on ea*4 ,! fir/ five1 conta9+ positive & negative precepts1 ) ! ann\ncem5t ( rew>d & puni%m5t1 7 exclusively address$ to ! ,israelites4 ,! latt] five are simple prohibitions )\t any m5tion ( puni%m5t2 because !y 7 address$ to man z man1 & include only su* laws z are also sugge/$ to him by human reason1 )\t direct revelation40 ,rabbi ,r4 ,s4 ,hirs*1 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ,exodus xx41 says 9 ref]5ce to ! fir/ comm&m5t3 8,z ?is v]se is n und]/ood z a m]e decl>ation1 b z a comm&m5t 771 x does n say #8,i am ?y ,god1' b #8,i1 ! ,"l1 %all be ?y ,god1' & ?us conta9s z ! f\ndation ( all our duties t[>ds ,god an exhortation to ackn[l$ge ! sov]eignty ( ,god1 4 8,! s-call$ #8belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,god1' z anci5t & mod]n !ologians g5]ally express ?is idea1 diff]s widely f t :i* und]lies ?is fundam5tal doctr9e ( ,judaism4 ,! tru? :i* af=ds me ! f\ndation ( a ,jewi% life is n ! belief t !re is a ,god1 or t !re is only "o ,god1 b ! conviction t ?is ,"o1 ,only1 & true ,god is my ,god2 t ,he has creat$ & =m$ me1 has plac$ me "h1 & giv5 me c]ta9 duties2 t ,he con/antly makes & =ms me1 pres]ves1 protects1 directs1 & guides me2 n ! belief t ,i1 an accid5tal product ( ! ,univ]se ^: ,fir/ ,cause ,he 0 millions ( ye>s ago1 am ?r\gh a *a9 ( ?\s&s ( int]v5+ be+s relat$ to ,him1 b ! belief t e mom5t ( my exi/5ce is a direct p]sonal gift f ! ,almighty & ,all-good1 & t e mom5t ( my life ought to be sp5t 9 ,8 s]vice2 n ! k t !re is a ,god1 b ! recognition ( ,god z my ,god1 z ! sole ,cause ( my fate1 & my sole ,guide 9 all t ,i d1 gives me ! f\ndation = my religi\s life4 ,! response to ! exhortation1 #8,i %all be ?y ,god1' is #8,?\ art my ,god4'0 ,note #d4--,! importance atta*$ to ! ,decalogue may be ga!r$ f ! v>i\s attempts made1 on ! "o h&1 to classify ! ,div9e laws accord+ to ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts1 %[+ t ! latt] conta9 all ! #fac precepts2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 to f9d 9 su* important passages z ! ,%ema & ,leviticus xix4 a p>allel = ea* ( ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts4 7,j]us4 ,talm4 ,b]41 *ap4 i42 ,rabbo?1 ,vayyikra ad locum47 ,,ii4 ,,g5]al ,,moral ,,pr9ciples4 ,! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts1 fl[+ z x 7 f ! "o s\rce1 8,i am ! ,"l ?y ,god10 bran* (f 9 all directions1 & p5etrate all man's relations1 guide him 9 8 conduct t[>ds ,god1 t[>ds 8 fell[-m5 & t[>ds himself1 & tea* him h[ to rule 8 ?\ght1 8 spee*1 & 8 actions4 ,:5 ! ,almighty proclaims to u1 8,i am ! ,"l ?y ,god10 we will+ly respond1 8,?\ art my ,god40 ,b ?is decl>ation involves also duties on our "p1 ! fulfilm5t ( :i* is ! natural consequ5ce & ! v]ification ( our response4 ,if our words1 8,?\ art my ,god10 come f our he>ts1 & are n empty s\nds1 utt]$ m]ely by ! lips1 we mu/ be consci\s ( ! duties !y impose on u4 ,^! are3-- ,a4 ,duties t[>ds ,god1 z our ,ma/]1 ,creator1 & ,fa!r4 ,b4 ,duties t[>ds our fell[-m51 z *ildr5 ( "o ,god4 ,c4 ,duties t[>ds ourselves1 z ! object ( ,god's ,provid5ce4 ,a4 ,,duties ,,t[>ds ,,god4 7a47 ,duties ( ! ,he>t4 #a4 ,fe> ( ,god4 --,! true k ( ,god1 ( ,8 ,wisdom & ,greatness1 z visible 9 ,8 works1 leads u to fe> ,god2 t is1 to fe> do+ any?+ t might displease ,him & make u unwor?y ( ,8 love4 ,x is n a fe> t t]rifies u & drives u away f ,8 pres5ce2 on ! contr>y1 x draws u ne>] to ,him1 & causes u to try to become m & m wor?y ( ,8 love4 8,& n[1 ,o ,israel1 :at do? ! ,"l ?y ,god require ( !e b to fe> ! ,"l ?y ,god80 7,deut4 x4 #ab74 8,if ?\ wilt n obs]ve to d all ! words ( ?is law t are writt5 9 ?is book1 t ?\ maye/ fe> ?is "n :i* is to be hon\r$ & rev]$1 ! ,"l ?y ,god2 !n ! ,"l w make ?y plagues wond]ful0 7,deut4 xxviii4 #eh74 8,! fe> ( ! ,"l is ! beg9n+ ( k0 7,prov4 i4 #g74 8,! beg9n+ ( wisdom is ! fe> ( ! ,"l0 7,ps4 cxi4 #aj74 8,! fe> ( ! ,"l is to hate evil0 7,prov4 viii4 #ac74 8,! fe> ( ! ,"l prolonge? days0 7,prov4 x4 #bg74 8,fe> ,god1 & keep 8 comm&m5ts2 = ?is is ! :ole duty ( man0 7,eccles4 xii4 #ac74 8,he :o possesses le>n+ b is )\t fe> ( ,god1 resembles a treasur] :o has ! key = ! inn] door1 b n = ! out] "o0 7,babyl4 ,talm4 ,sabb4 #ca;b74 8,ev]y?+ is 9 ! h& ( ,god except ! fe> ( ,god0 7,babyl4 ,talm4 ,b]4 #cc;b74 #cb #b4 ,love ( ,god4 --,! true fe> ( ,god is associat$ ) ! love ( ,god4 ,! latt] means ! con/ant long+ = communion ) ,him1 feel+ happy & joyful :5 ) ,him1 b unhappy & mis]able :5 )\t ,him4 ,love ( ,god creates 9 u an anxiety to d ev]y?+ 9 our p[] t might please ! ,almighty4 ,he :o is fill$ ) love ( ,god is 1 pi\s2 he does n re/ cont5t ) do+ :at he is comm&$1 b anxi\sly seeks ! opportunity ( fulfill+ a ,div9e comm&2 he is 1 8eag] 9 ! pursuit ( ,mitsvo?40 ,! fe> ( ,god is ! beg9n+ ( k1 b love ( ,god is ! aim & end ( all our religi\s ?9k+ & /riv+4 8,?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god ) all ?9e he>t1 & ) all ?y s\l1 & ) all ?y might0 7,deut4 vi4 #e74 8,! ,"l pres]ve? all ^? :o love him 7,ps4 cxlv4 #bj74 8,?\ wilt %[ me ! pa? ( life4 ,9 ?y pres5ce is fulness ( joy2 9 ?y "r h& !re are pleasures = ev]more0 7,ps4 xvi4 #aa74 8,z ! h>t pante? aft] ! wat] brooks1 s pante? my s\l aft] !e1 ,o ,god0 7,ps4 xlii4 #b74 8,bless$ are !y :o dwell 9 ?y h\se3 !y w be /ill prais+ !e0 7,ps4 lxxxiv4 #e74 8,! desire ( our s\l is to ?y "n1 & to ! remembrance ( !e0 7,isa4 xxvi4 #h74 8,i w rejoice 9 ! ,"l2 ,i w joy 9 ! ,god ( my salvation0 7,hab4 iii4 #ah74 #c4 ,gratitude t[>ds ,god4--,all t we possess1 ! v brea? we brea!1 is a pres5t receiv$ at ! h&s ( ! ,almighty4 ,:atev] success we desire to a*ieve1 :atev] und]tak+ we desire to accompli%1 we mu/ ourselves fir/ /rive = x to ! utmo/ ( our p[]1 & ?is done1 we may hope = ! ,div9e bless+4 ,:5 we h atta9$ :at we s\ght1 we are w>n$ aga9/ believ+ t 8our p[] & ! /r5g? ( our h& ha? gott5 u ?is weal?40 ,we are to 8rememb] ! ,"l our ,god1 = x is he t give? u p[] to get weal?0 7,deut4 viii4 #ag-ah74 8,= all ?+s come ( !e1 & ( ?9e own h& h we giv5 !e0 7#a ,*ron4 xxix4 #ad74 8,:oso (f]e? ! sacrifice ( ?anksgiv+ glorifie? me0 7,ps4 l4 #bc74 8,?\gh all sacrifices %\ld cease1 ! sacrifice ( ?anksgiv+ w nev] cease0 7,vayyikra ,rabba ix474 #d4 ,rev]5ce = ,8 ,"n4--,! m we fe> & love ,god1 ! deep] & ! m int5se is our feel+ ( rev]5ce = ev]y?+ :i* is connect$ 9 our ?\ghts ) ! "n ( ! ,almighty4 ,:5ev] we ent] a place d$icat$ to ,8 wor%ip1 or op5 ! ,book t be>s ,8 "n1 or celebrate ! days set ap>t z 8seasons ( ! ,"l10 ?is feel+ ( rev]5ce ov]comes u1 & f9ds expression 9 our conduct4 ,! rev]5ce = ! "n ( ,god impels u also to respect m9i/]s & tea*]s :o sp5d _! life 9 spread+ ! k ( ,god & ,8 ,w4 8,h[ awful is ?is place6 ?is is none o!r b ! h\se ( ,god0 7,g54 xxviii4 #ag74 8,i w come into ?y h\se 9 ! multitude ( ?y m]cy3 & 9 ?y fe> w ,i wor%ip t[>d ?y holy temple0 7,ps4 v4 #h74 8,:5 ,i w publi% ! "n ( ! ,"l1 ascribe ye greatness unto our ,god0 7,deut4 xxxii4 #c74 #e4 ,ob$i5ce to ! ,w ( ,god4--,:atev] ! ,almighty1 :om we love & fe>1 bids u d1 we n only d1 b f9d pleasure 9 do+4 8,to obey is bett] ?an sacrifice1 & to he>k5 ?an ! fat ( rams4 ,= rebellion is z ! s9 ( wit*craft1 & /ubbornness is z iniquity & idolatry0 7#a ,sam4 xv4 #bb1 #bc74 8,b ?is ?+ comm&$ ,i !m1 say+1 ,obey my voice1 & ,i w be y\r ,god1 & ye %all be my p0 7,j]4 vii4 #bc74 8,?y /atutes h be5 my song 9 ! h\se ( my pilgrimage0 7,ps4 cxix4 #ed74 8,?y te/imonies h ,i tak5 z an h]itage = ev]3 = !y are ! rejoic+ ( my he>t0 7,ps4 cxix4 #aaa74 8,sacrifice & (f]+ ?\ did/ n desire2 m9e e>s ha/ ?\ op5$2 burnt (f]+ & s9 (f]+ ha/ ?\ n requir$4 ,!n said ,i1 ,lo1 ,i come ) ! volume ( ! book writt5 = me3 ,i delight to d ?y w1 ,o my ,god3 yea1 ?y law is writt5 )9 my he>t0 7,ps4 xl4 #g-i74 #f4 ,fai? & ,confid5ce 9 ,god4--,god is ,all-k9d1 ,all-wise1 & ,all-p[]ful4 ,! ,"l is good to all1 & ,8 m]cy is ov] all ,8 creatures3 ,he wills t :i* is good = u4 ,be+ ,all-wise1 ,he kn[s be/ :at is good = u1 & by :at means x c be atta9$2 be+ ,all-p[]ful1 ,he c always c>ry ,8 ,w into effect4 ,he is1 !re=e1 ! only ,be+ to :om we c safely entru/ ourselves ev]y:]e & always4 ,9 ,8 words & comm&s1 exhortations & w>n+s1 we h ! be/ & sure/ guide ?r\gh life4 ,our confid5ce 9 ,god causes u to turn to ,him = help 9 "t ( ne$1 & = com=t 9 "t ( sorr[4 8,into 8 h& ,i comm5d my _s1 :5 ,i sleep & :5 ,i wake2 & ) my _s my body also3 ! ,"l is = me1 & ,i %all n fe>0 7,daily ,pray]s1 ,morn+ ,s]vice74 8,bless$ is ! man t tru/e? 9 ! ,"l1 & ^: hope ! ,"l is0 7,j]4 xvii4 #g74 8,tru/ 9 ! ,"l1 & d good0 7,ps4 xxxvii4 #c74 8,wait on ! ,"l3 be ( good c\rage1 & he %all /r5g!n ?9e he>t2 & wait on ! ,"l0 7,ps4 xxvii4 #ad74 8,! ,"l is my %eph]d1 ,i %all n want0 7,ps4 xxiii4 #a74 #g4 ,resignation to ! ,w ( ,god4--,tru/+ 9 ,god's goodness1 we are cont5t$ ) ! lot :i* ,he det]m9$ = u4 ,:5 we are prosp]\s we hope = ,8 protection1 le/ we become corrupt$ & unwor?y ( ,8 goodness2 :5 we fail1 fai? 9 ,god w keep u f despair & enc\rage u to fre% attempts2 :5 mis=tune befalls u :i* x is impossible = u to rem$y1 we resign ourselves unto ,8 ,w1 & say1 8,! ,"l gave1 & ! ,"l ha? tak5 away6 bless$ be ! ,"n ( ! ,"l60 8,my fle% & my he>t fail$2 b ,god is ! /r5g? ( my he>t & my portion = ev]0 7,ps4 lxxiii4 #bf74 8,i am 9 a great /rait3 let u fall n[ into ! h& ( ! ,"l2 = 8 m]cy is great0 7#b ,sam4 xxiv4 #ad74 8,we are b\nd to bless ,god 9 evil ev5 z we bless ,him 9 good =tune4 ,x is writt53 #8,& ?\ %alt love ! ,"l1 ?y ,god1 ) all ?9e he>t1 & ) all ?y s\l1 & ) all ?y might' 7,deut4 vi4 #e72 love ,him ) all ?y s\l or life--i4e41 ev5 ?\gh = ,8 sake ?\ risk ?y life2 & ) all ?y weal?--t is1 :atev] measure ,he metes out to !e1 ackn[l$ge ) exce$+ gratitude0 #cc 7,mi%nah ,b]a*o? ix4 #e74 7b47 ,duties t[>ds ,god3 ,9 ,spee*4 ,! feel+s ( fe> & love ( ,god1 ( rev]5ce1 ob$i5ce1 fai?1 gratitude1 & resignation1 mu/ also f9d adequate expression 9 our spee*4 ,god1 ! ,omnisci5t1 kn[s our ?\ghts & s5tim5ts1 & !re w\ld be no necessity = giv+ !m an outw>d expression1 if we only int5d$ !reby to make !m kn[n to ! ,almighty4 ,b z 9 our relations to our fell[-m5--e4g41 to our p>5ts or to our *ildr5--we frequ5tly1 9 ob$i5ce to an irresi/ible impulse1 communicate to !m 9 words :at we ?9k & :at we feel1 ev5 :5 conv9c$ t we only tell !m ?+s well kn[n to !m already1 s we address ! ,almighty1 :o is ev]y:]e ne> unto u1 & li/5s to our spee*1 al?\gh our wi%es are kn[n to ,him be=e we utt] !m1 & our inn]mo/ feel+s are op5 be=e ,him be=e we express !m 9 words4 ,we are aw>e t !re is an immeasurable diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,div9e ,be+ & e>?ly creatures l ourselves4 ,we "k t ,he is n subject to human weaknesses1 & t ! audible s\nd ( words _c move ,him m ?an ! ?\ghts & feel+s t prompt ! words to come =?4 ,& yet ! m]e communion ( our he>t ) our ,creator does n satisfy u2 we feel ourselves impell$ by "s inn] =ce to give x an outw>d expression4 ,besides1 !re is a con/ant int]action betwe5 our ?\ghts & our spok5 words4 ,?\ghts & feel+s t rema9 unspok51 are seldom p]man5t3 we soon cease to be consci\s ( !m ourselves1 & !y (t5 disappe> )\t leav+ any trace beh9d !m1 :il/ s5tim5ts & ideas express$ 9 spok5 words become /r5g!n$ & take a deep] & firm] root 9 our he>ts4 ,! relation%ip betwe5 our lips & our he>t is !re=e ( mutual b5efit to bo?3 ! words utt]$ ) ! lips receive _! value & importance f ! he>t1 & ! emotions ( ! he>t d]ive /r5g? & support f ! lips4 #a4 ,pray]4--,all our feel+s & s5tim5ts t[>ds ! ,almighty1 our love & fe>1 fai? & confid5ce1 gratitude & resignation1 f9d 9 ,div9e wor%ip _! due expression4 ,:5 our s\l is full ( ! love ( ,god1 & ye>ns = ,8 pres5ce1 we call ^u ,him 9 hymns & songs ( praise1 & ,he is 8nigh to all !m :o call ^u him1 to all t call ^u him 9 tru?0 7,ps4 cxlv4 #ah74 8,i w s+ unto ! ,"l z long z ,i live2 ,i w s+ praise to my ,god :ile ,i h any be+4 ,let my m$itation be sweet unto him3 ,i w rejoice 9 ! ,"l0 7,ps4 civ4 #cc1 #cd74 8,praise ye ! ,"l3 = x is good to s+ praises unto our ,god2 = x is pleasant1 & praise is comely0 7,ps4 cxlvii4 #a74 8,i w bless ! ,"l at all times3 8 praise %all cont9ually be 9 my m\?0 7,ps4 xxxiv4 #b74 8,o ,"l1 op5 my lips2 & my m\? %all %[ =? ?y praise0 7,ps4 li4 #ag7 ,our desire to please ,him :om we love s9c]ely1 our long+ = an opportunity to d :at is good 9 ,8 eyes1 ought n to rema9 hidd5 & sil5t4 ,! soon] & ! m frequ5tly we give expression to ^! wi%es 9 audible words1 ! soon] d !y become realis$1 & ! soon] are ! prompt+s ( our he>t foll[$ by de$s4 8,) my lips h ,i decl>$ all ! judgm5ts ( ?y m\?0 7,ps4 cxix4 #ac74 8,h[ sweet are ?y words unto my palate6 yea1 sweet] to my m\? ?an honey0 7,ps4 cxix4 #ajc74 8,let my tongue s+ ( ?y ^w2 = all ?y comm&m5ts are righte\sness0 7,ps4 cxix4 #agb74 ,we fe> le/ we (f5d & displease ,him by our words or acts2 we recall to our m9d ! hol9ess ( a ,god 8:o has no pleasure 9 wick$ness1 & ) :om evil %all n soj\rn0 7,ps4 v4 #e72 we n only m$itate on ! ,holy ,"o1 b speak & s+ ( ,him4 ,our m$itation f9ds expression 9 songs on ! hol9ess ( ,god1 & ^! songs aga9 supply fre% mat]ial = m$itation2 we ?us hope to f5ce & gu>d our he>t aga9/ ! intrusion ( any?+ unwor?y ( ! pres5ce ( ! ,mo/ ,holy4 8,:o %all asc5d ! hill ( ! ,"l8 & :o %all /& 9 8 holy place8 ,he t ha? clean h&s & a pure he>t0 7,ps4 xxiv4 #c1 #d74 8,i w wa% m9e h&s 9 innoc5cy2 s w ,i compass ?9e alt>0 7,ps4 xxvi4 #f74 ,our weakness & helplessness 9 _m conditions ( life fill u ) tr\ble & c>e4 ,:5 we enjoy good heal?1 we fe> a *ange might take place2 9 possession ( weal?1 we are 9 anxiety3 x might be tak5 f u4 ,! pleasures ( home & family we "k to be b tempor>y3 h[ soon may sorr[ visit u !re6 ,f all ^! fe>s & anxieties we seek & f9d refuge 9 ,him1 :o is 8a /ronghold to ! weak1 a /ronghold 9 times ( tr\ble0 7,ps4 ix4 #aj74 ,we tell ,him confid5tly all ! tr\bles & c>es ( our he>t1 z we w\ld d to a fri5d :o is always will+ & ready to help u4 ,we h fai? 9 ,god1 & !re=e we approa* ,him ) our petitions2 & :5 we h p\r$ =? our he>t be=e ! ,all-m]ciful we feel m at ease1 & our fai? & confid5ce h ga9$ 9 /r5g?4 8,he %all call ^u me1 & ,i w answ] him3 ,i w be ) him 9 tr\ble2 ,i w deliv] him & hon\r him0 7,ps4 xci4 #ae74 8,:5 !y h cri$ unto ! ,"l 9 _! tr\ble1 he w save !m out ( _! di/resses0 7,ps4 cvii4 #f74 8,because he ha? incl9$ 8 e> unto me1 !re=e w ,i call ^u him z long z ,i live4 ,:5 ,i f9d tr\ble & sorr[1 !n w ,i call ^u ! "n ( ! ,"l4 ,:5 ,i take ! cup ( salvation1 !n w ,i call ^u ! "n ( ! ,"l0 7,ps4 cxvi4 #b1 #d1 #ac74 8,:at suff]+s may be call$ *a/isem5ts ( love8 ,su* z d n prev5t u f pray]0 7,babyl4 ,talm4 ,b]4 #e;a74 8,ev5 :5 ! edge ( ! sword t\*es already a man's neck1 ev5 !n he mu/ n ab&on 8 fai? 9 pray+ to ,god0 7,babyl4 ,talm4 ,b]4 #aj;a74 8#8,i 0 asleep1 b my he>t 0 awake2' ,i h no sacrifices1 b ,i h #8,%ema' & #8,pray]'0 7,%ir ha-%irim ,rabba on v4 #b74 8#8,hope 9 ! ,"l1' & pray aga90 7,rabbo?1 ,deut]41 *ap4 ii474 ,our ,rabbis tea*1 8,pray] is good = man bo? be=e 8 fate has be5 decre$ & aft] x has be5 decre$0 7,babyl4 ,talm4 ,ro%-ha%%anah1 p4 #af;a74 ,b at ! same "t we are w>n$ aga9/ impati5tly expect+ & dem&+ an imm$iate effect f ! words utt]$ by our lips1 h[ev] dev\tly !y may h be5 spok54 ,su* expectation--d5\nc$ 9 ! ,talmud z #cd--w\ld indicate our confid5ce 9 ! wisdom ( our petition1 :il/ confid5ce 9 ! wisdom & goodness ( ,god w\ld sugge/ t 8! ,"l w d :at is good 9 8 eyes40 ,we give expression to our feel+s ( gratitude t[>ds our b5efactor by ackn[l$g+ ! fact1 t :atev] we enjoy1 we are enabl$ to enjoy ?r\gh ,8 k9dness4 ,! v>i\s bless+s =mulat$ by our ,sages s]ve a d\ble purpose3 fir/1 !y facilitate ! expression ( our feel+s2 secondly1 !y rem9d u ( ! pres5ce ( ! ,almighty1 & ( ,8 goodness 9 provid+ = u & all ,8 creatures4 ,f ! "t we awake 9 ! morn+ till ! ev5+ :5 we lie d[n to sleep1 !re is n a mom5t t does n br+ to our k "s ,div9e act ( k9dness t[>ds u4 ,9 ! morn+ we p]ceive ! b5efit ( light1 9 ! ev5+ we h reason to welcome ! bless+ ( repose x br+s ) x1 :ile ! int]val betwe5 ! two p]iods con/antly reveals to him :o does n wilfully %ut 8 eyes ! h& ( ,him 8:o is good1 & ^: lov+-k9dness endure? = ev]40 8,i w give ?anks to !e1 = ?\ ha/ answ]$ me1 & art become my salvation0 7,ps4 cxviii4 #ba74 8,i w sacrifice unto !e ) ! voice ( ?anks giv+0 7,jon4 ii4 #aj74 8,?\gh all pray]s 7 to be discont9u$1 pray]s ( ?anksgiv+ w nev] be discont9u$0 7,vayyikra ,rabba1 *ap4 ix474 ,:5 ?+s happ5 :i* are n pleasant to u1 :i* give u pa9 & sorr[1 we ought to consid] t ! plans ( ,god are diff]5t f our plans1 & ,8 ways f our ways1 & :at ,he wills is bett] = u ?an our own wi%es4 ,) resignation1 )\t murmur+1 we ought to utt] words ( praise & ?anks to ! ,almighty4 8,! ,"l gave1 & ! ,"l ha? tak5 away2 bless$ be ! "n ( ! ,"l0 7,job i4 #ba74 8,le>n to say1 #8,:atev] ! ,almighty does1 is done = our good'0 7,babyl4 ,talm4 ,b]4 #fj;b74 ,public ,s]vice4--,man has a natural desire to communicate 8 s5tim5ts to 8 fell[-m51 & f9ds a c]ta9 pleasure or relief 9 kn[+ t o!rs %>e 9 8 joys & sorr[s4 ,! same is ! case ) reg>d to 8 s5tim5ts t[>ds ! ,mo/ ,high4 ,if1 ye>n+ = communion ) ,god1 we f]v5tly appeal to ,him 9 solitude1 :]e we are undi/urb$ by ! intrusion ( any o!r p]son1 x w n be long be=e we %all feel ourselves 9 ! v pres5ce ( ,him :o is 8nigh to all ^? :o call ^u him 9 tru?40 ,/&+ be=e ! ,almighty1 ! ,creator & ,ma/] ( ! :ole ,univ]se z well z ( ourselves1 we %\ld l all nature to jo9 9 ,8 praises1 & we summon ! inhabitants ( ! heav5s above1 ,8 angels & ho/s1 sun1 moon1 & all ! />s ( light2 & ! dwell]s on e>? bel[1 inanimate & animate1 irrational & rational1 k+s ) _! peoples1 to come & to praise ! "n ( ,god 7,ps4 cxlviii474 ,su* mom5ts ( solit>y devotion are v preci\s1 & are by no means to be despis$4 ,b !y are n frequ5t1 & n always successful4 ,public wor%ip has ?is advantage1 t ! object ( our meet+1 ! hol9ess ( ! place1 & ! union 9 a wor%ip ) our fell[-m5 comb9e to create1 ma9ta91 or int5sify our devotion4 ,al?\gh ea* "o has 8 individual wants1 joys1 & sorr[s1 !re are _m wants1 joys1 & sorr[s :i* we h all 9 common1 & conc]n+ :i* we may 9 common give expression to our feel+s 9 pray]1 praise1 & ?anksgiv+4 8,bless ye ! ,"l 9 congregations0 7,ps4 lxviii4 #bg74 8,if t5 pray toge!r1 ! pres5ce ( ,god is ) !m0 7,babyl4 ,talm4 ,b]4 #f;a74 8#8,b z = me1 my pray] is unto !e1 ,o ,"l1 9 an acceptable "t' 7,ps4 lxix4 #ad73 :i* is ! acceptable "t8 ,! "t ( public wor%ip0 7,babyl4 ,talm4 ,b]4 #h;a74 #b4 ,/udy ( ! ,law 7 74--,ano!r way ( employ+ spee* 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,"l is ! read+ & ! /udy ( ! ,^w ( ,god3 ! ,holy ,scriptures & _! ,comm5t>ies4 ,our love & rev]5ce ( ,god ought to induce u frequ5tly to consult ! book :i* conta9s ,8 comm&m5ts1 & :i* ,he has giv5 u z a guide & companion4 ,ev5 if we d]iv$ no fur!r b5efit ?an ! consci\sness ( hav+ sp5t "s "t 9 read+ ,8 ,^w reveal$ to u by ! m\? ( ! ,prophets1 ! "t ?us sp5t w\ld n be wa/$4 ,b we d]ive a fur!r advantage4 ,x is impossible to imag9e t our devot+ a c]ta9 "t1 h[ev] %ort x may be1 to ! read+ ( ! words ( ! ,mo/ ,holy %\ld h no purify+ influ5ce ^u u1 provid$ we approa* ! book be=e u ) due rev]5ce1 & ) ! int5tion to be guid$ by its tea*+s4 ,jo%ua1 :5 plac$ at ! head ( ! nation1 is exhort$ by ! ,almighty z foll[s3 8,?is book ( ! law %all n dep>t out ( ?y m\?2 b ?\ %alt m$itate !re9 day & night1 t ?\ maye/ obs]ve to d accord+ to all t is writt5 !re90 7,jo%ua i4 #h74 8,z = me1 ?is is my cov5ant ) !m1 sai? ! ,"l3 my _s t is ^u !e1 & my words :i* ,i h put 9 ?y m\?1 %all n dep>t out ( ?y m\?1 nor out ( ! m\? ( ?y se$1 nor out ( ! m\? ( ?y se$'s se$1 sai? ! ,"l1 f h5ce=? & = ev]40 7,is4 lix41 #ba7 #c4 ,tea*+4--,! gift ( spee* is ( s]vice also 9 communicat+ our ?\ghts1 feel+s1 & convictions to our fell[-m54 ,!y :o are able to read ! ,^w ( ,god & to und]/& x1 ought to read & exp\nd x to ^? :o are less fav\r$2 !y :o feel ! pres5ce ( ,god1 & compreh5d ,8 hol9ess1 goodness1 & unity1 ought to direct ! he>ts ( _! bre?r5 to ,god1 ,8 words & works4 ,x is a special duty & privilege ( ! ,jew to proclaim & tea* ! ,exi/5ce & ! ,unity ( ,god-- 4 8,& ?\ %alt tea* !m dilig5tly unto ?y *ildr51 & %alt talk ( !m :5 ?\ sitte/ 9 ?9e h\se1 & :5 ?\ walke/ by ! way1 & :5 ?\ lie/ d[n & :5 ?\ rise/ up0 7,deut4 vi4 #g74 8,happy are we6 h[ goodly is our portion1 & h[ pleasant is our lot1 & h[ beautiful our h]itage6 ,happy are we :o e>ly & late1 morn+ & ev5+1 twice e day1 decl>e1 #8,he>1 ,o ,israel1 ! ,"l is our ,god1 ! ,"l is ,"o'60 7,daily ,pray]s1 ,morn+ ,s]vice74 #d4 ,rev]5ce ( ! ,"n ( ,god4--,! m5tion ( ! "n ( ,god ought to make u mo/ c>eful ab\t t :i* we utt] 9 connection ) x4 ,if a p]son makes a promise or /atem5t on oa? c>elessly or ) levity1 he %[s t he has no rev]5ce ( ! "n ( ,god2 no fe> ( ,god4 ,x is only ?r\gh su* irrev]5ce t a p]son is capable ( break+ ! ?ird comm&m5t4 ,blasphemy1 a s9 treat$ 9 ! ,bible z a capital crime1 has likewise its s\rce 9 want ( due rev]5ce ( ,god's "n4 ,9 ord] to pres]ve & /r5g!n t rev]5ce we mu/ avoid pron\nc+ ! ,div9e "n too frequ5tly4 ,h5ce arose ! cu/om ( sub/itut+ su* words z 8! ,"n10 8! ,omnipres5t10 = ! names ( ,god1 & employ+ 9 ord9>y writ+ lett]s l or or in/ead ( any ( ! ,div9e names4 ,9 writ+ s+le lett]s in/ead ( ! full names we also int5d to gu>d ourselves aga9/ caus+ irrev]5ce t[>ds ! "n ( ,god2 z our writ+ is frequ5tly de/roy$ or liable to be ?r[n among ! refuse4 ,?is precaution1 dictat$ by a feel+ ( rev]5ce = ,god & ,8 "n1 s]ves at ! same "t to /r5g!n t feel+4 #ce ,f ! same reason1 ! ^w :i* is exclusively us$ z a "n ( ,god1 ! ,tetragrammaton1 #cf 0 r>ely pron\nc$1 & 9 read+ ! ,bible ! ^w ,adonai1 8,my ,"l10 is sub/itut$ :]ev] x occurs4 ,x 0 only pron\nc$ 9 ! ,temple by ! ,high-prie/ on ! ,day ( ,atonem5t1 9 ! ,confession ( ,s9s1 & 9 ! ,pray] = ,=giv5ess2 & by ! ord9>y prie/s :5 !y bless$ ! p 9 accordance ) ! ,div9e precepts 7,num4 vi4 #bd-bf74 ,s9ce ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple ! ,tetragrammaton has n be5 pron\nc$1 & ?us x has come ab\t t ! "r pronunciation ( ! ^w is at pres5t unkn[n4 #e4 ,! consci\sness t we frequ5tly address ! ,almighty ) our lips1 & read ,8 ,holy ,^w1 ought to make u /rive = ! utmo/ purity & hol9ess 9 our spee*4 ,:5 ! prophet ,isaiah1 9 a ,div9e vision1 p]ceiv$ ! maje/y ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 & he>d ! s\nd ( ,8 m9i/]+ angels proclaim+ ,8 hol9ess1 a s5se ( 8 own fail+s =c$ ev5 f ?is *os5 mess5g] ( ,god ! confession1 8,woe is me6 = ,i am undone2 because ,i am a man1 unclean 9 lips1 & ,i dwell 9 ! mid/ ( a p unclean 9 lips1 = m9e eyes h se5 ! ,k+1 ! ,"l ( ho/s0 7,isa4 vi4 #e74 ,duties t[>ds ,god3 ,9 our ,actions4 ,rabbi ,jose tea*es1 8,let all ?y de$s be 9 ! s]vice ( heav510 7,say+s ( ! ,fa!rs1 ii4 #ab74 ,! feel+ ( love & fe> ( ,god :i* fills our he>t & s\l1 & to :i* we frequ5tly give expression 9 words1 mu/ also be visible 9 our actions4 ,our :ole life mu/ be devot$ to ,8 s]vice1 & ought to be "o cont9u\s wor%ip ( ,god4 ,e act ( ours mu/ aim at ! sanctification ( ,8 "n4 ,he has reveal$ unto u ,8 ,w1 & %[n u ! way 9 :i* we %\ld walk2 unconditional submission to ,8 guidance & /rict ob$i5ce to ,8 comm& %\ld di/+ui% ! p ( ! ,"l4 ,true love ( ,god & fai? 9 ,8 goodness make u 8bold z a leop>d1 light z an eagle1 swift z a /ag1 & /rong z a lion to c>ry out ! w ( our ,fa!r 9 heav50 7,say+s ( ! ,fa!rs1 v4 #bj74 ,= :at c\ld be ! value ( our pr(essions ( love = ,god1 if we refus$ to li/5 att5tively to ,8 voice1 to walk 9 ! way ,he has prep>$ = u1 or to obs]ve ,8 /atutes8 ,f ?is po9t ( view we may consid] all our duties z duties t[>ds ,god1 s9ce _! fulfilm5t implies ob$i5ce to ,8 ,w4 ,b !re are c]ta9 duties :i* *iefly or exclusively conc]n our relations to ,god4 ,su* duties are3 ! obs]vance ( ,sabba? & ,fe/ivals1 provid+ rem9d]s ( ,god's ,pres5ce1 e/abli%+ & support+ ,public ,wor%ip1 sanctify+ ,god's ,"n 7 71 & imitat+ ,8 ways4 ,( ^! duties1 ! fir/ ?ree w be fully treat$ 9 special sections4 ,! sanctification ( ,god's ,"n is a duty incumb5t on all mank9d1 b x is incumb5t on u ,jews 9 a high] degree1 = we are call$ ! p ( ! ,"l1 ! *os5 p1 a holy nation1 & a k+dom ( prie/s4 ,we sanctify ! "n ( ,god by rema9+ fai?ful to ,him & to ,8 ,^w1 resi/+ e k9d ( =ce or temptation to turn u away f our fai?1 mak+ sacrifices = our holy religion1 & conduct+ ourselves 9 su* a mann] t our fell[-m5 may become conv9c$ t ! tree ( our ,law be>s good & holy fruit4 ,e action t br+s disgrace ^u u z ,israelites1 & causes our neighb\rs to despise 8! p ( ! ,"l1 :o pr(ess to be ! gu>dians ( ! reveal$ ,torah10 is 8,pr(anation ( ! ,"n ( ,god40 8,& ye %all n pr(ane my holy "n1 b ,i w be hall[$ among ! *ildr5 ( ,israel0 7,lev4 xxii4 #cb74 8,pr(anation ( ! "n ( ,god is a great] s9 ev5 ?an idolatry0 7,babyl4 ,talm4 ,sanh$r9 #ajf;a74 ,imitat+ ! ,ways ( ,god4--,we "k t ,god is p]fect1 & t all ,8 ways are p]fect2 we are consci\s also ( our weakness & ( ! impossibility ( ev] becom+ p]fect4 ,b ?is conviction mu/ n det] u f seek+ p]fection z f> z our nature p]mits x1 or f sett+ be=e u ! ways ( ,god z an example = u to foll[1 z ! aim :i* %\ld direct ! c\rse ( our life1 ! balance 9 :i* to weigh our actions1 & ! te/ by :i* to det]m9e _! value4 8,ye %all be holy2 = ,i1 ! ,"l y\r ,god1 am holy0 7,lev4 xix4 #b74 8,i set ! ,"l always be=e me0 7,ps4 xvi4 #h74 8#8,ye %all walk aft] ! ,"l y\r ,god' 7,deut4 xiii4 #e74 ,is x possible = man to walk aft] ! ,"l8 ,has x n be5 said1 #8,! ,"l ?y ,god is a consum+ fire'8 7ibid4 iv4 #bd74 ,! mean+ ( ! v]se1 h[ev]1 is ?is3 ,foll[ ! ways ( ,god3 ,he clo!s ! nak$1 z we are told1 #8,& ! ,"l ,god made coats ( sk9 = ,adam & 8 wife' 7,g54 iii4 #ba72 d ! same4 ,he visits ! sick1 z is indicat$ 9 ! words1 #8,& ,god appe>$ to him 9 ! pla9 ( ,mamre' 7ibid4 xviii4 #a72 y mu/ also visit ! sick4 ,he com=ts ! m\rn]s1 z appe>s f ! passage1 #8,& x came to pass aft] ! dea? ( ,abraham1 t ,god bless$ 8 son ,isaak' 7ibid4 xxv4 #aa72 d ! same1 & com=t m\rn]s10 c4 7,babyl4 ,talm4 ,sotah #ad;a74 ,x may happ5 t we are sometimes dispos$ to exclude a fell[-man f our bro!rly love4 ,x w\ld be aga9/ human nature to love ^? :o h hurt or wrong$ u4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 we are taught t we mu/ keep our he>t free f feel+s ( rev5ge & hatr$4 ,if an (f5ce has be5 committ$ aga9/ u by our bro!r1 ! ,law directs u z foll[s3 8,?\ %alt n hate ?y bro!r 9 ?9e he>t2 ?\ %alt surely reprove ?y neighb\r1 & n be> s9 aga9/ him4 ,?\ %alt n rev5ge1 & ?\ %alt n keep a grudge aga9/ ! *ildr5 ( ?y p1 b love ?y fell[-man l ?yself3 ,i am ! ,"l0 7,lev4 xix4 #ag1 #ah74 ,! traditional int]pretation illu/rates rev5ge & grudge 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,if y\r neighb\r1 aft] hav+ be5 unk9d to y1 is 9 ne$ ( y\r assi/ance1 & y refuse x on ! gr\nd ( 8 want ( k9dness t[>ds y1 y are guilty ( rev5ge2 if y grant him 8 reque/1 b at ! same "t rem9d him ( 8 unk9d conduct1 y are guilty ( 8be>+ a grudge aga9/ y\r neighb\r40 7,sifra1 ad locum47 ,b4--,,duties ,,t[>ds ,,our ,,fell[-,,creatures4 7a47 ,duties t[>ds our ,fell[-m5 9 ,g5]al4 8,h we n all "o fa!r8 ha? n "o ,god creat$ u80 7,mal4 ii4 #aj74 8,?\ %alt love ?y fell[-man z ?yself0 7,lev4 xix4 #ah74 ,^! are ! s5tim5ts :i*1 accord+ to ! ,w ( ,god1 ought to guide u 9 our relation to our fell[-m54 ,:51 !re=e1 a ,g5tile came to ,hillel & ask$ him to expla9 to him 9 "o mom5t ! duties :i* ,judaism enjo9s on its adh]5ts1 he repli$1 8,:at is displeas+ to !e1 t d ?\ n to o!rs4 ,?is is ! text ( ! ,law2 all ! re/ is comm5t>y2 g & le>n0 7,babyl4 ,talm4 ,%abba? #ca;a74 ,9 a diff]5t =m ?is idea has be5 express$ by ,rabbi ,akiba & by ,b5-,azai1 :o respectively quot$ z a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! ,law1 8,love ?y neighb\r z ?yself10 & 8,?is is ! book ( ! g5]ations ( man2 9 ! day t ,god creat$ man1 he made him 9 ! lik5ess ( ,god0 7,yalkut on ,g54 v4 #a74 ,f ?is pr9ciple we d]ive ! foll[+ g5]al maxims ) reg>d to our neighb\r's 7#a7 life & heal?1 7#b7 prop]ty1 7#c7 hon\r1 & 7#d7 well-be+3-- #a4 ,life & ,heal? ( our ,fell[-man4--,life is a preci\s treasure :i* ! ,almighty has giv5 u2 if x is once tak5 f u1 no man is able to re/ore x4 ,among ! fir/ lessons reveal$ to man 9 ,scripture is ! value ( ! life ( a human be+1 creat$ by ,god 9 ,8 own lik5ess1 & :5 ! fir/ murd] _h be5 committ$1 ,god said to ! murd]]1 8,:at ha/ ?\ done8 ! voice ( ?y bro!r's blood is he>d t crie? unto me f ! gr\nd0 7,g51 iv4 #aj74 ,! fir/ comm&m5t 9 ! second section ( ! ,decalogue is direct$ aga9/ ?is crime3 8,?\ %alt n murd]40 ,! significance ( ^! words1 ! g5]al lessons impli$ 9 ?is comm&m5t1 & ! ext5t to :i* a p]son1 ?\gh n an actual murd]]1 may become guilty ( hav+ brok5 ?is comm&m5t1 h already be5 expla9$ 9 ! *apt] on ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts 7p4 #bfa74 ,x has be5 %[n h[ ! six? comm&m5t =bade-- 7#a47 ,! tak+ ( ! life ( a fell[-man by viol5t means4 7#b47 ,! do+ ( any?+ by :i* ! heal?1 ! peace1 & ! well-be+ ( our fell[-man is und]m9$4 7#c47 ,! omission ( any act 9 our p[] to save our fell[-man f direct or indirect dang] ( life4 #b4 ,! ,prop]ty ( our ,neighb\r4--,! eigh? comm&m5t 9 its wid] s5se compreh5ds all our relations to our neighb\r's prop]ty4 ,x prohibits1 z has be5 %[n above 7p4 #bfc71 ! appropriation ( any?+ t belongs to our neighb\r-- 7#a47 ,by !ft & robb]y1 or 7#b47 ,by any k9d ( fraud & di%one/y4 ,our ,sages tea*3 8,let ! prop]ty ( ?y fell[-man be z de> to !e z ?9e own0 7,abo? ii4 #ab72 i4e41 y d n l to see y\r own prop]ty damag$1 dim9i%$1 or de/roy$2 s x w\ld be wrong if y 7 to cause loss & ru9 to y\r fell[-man1 :e!r y did x directly or indirectly4 #cg ,let e "o enjoy ! lab\r ( 8 h&s2 p>take ( ! gifts ( ! e>? & ! ,div9e bless+s z mu* z 8 physical & m5tal p[]s enable him to d 9 a righte\s mann]4 ,x is n only direct illegal appropriation ( our neighb\r's goods t is condemn$ z !ft or robb]y2 x is equally wick$ to buy ?+s :i* "o kn[s to h be5 /ol5 by o!rs4 #ch ,he :o does x is worse ?an ! ?ief2 =1 :il/ ! latt] injures only ! p]son :om he robs1 ! =m] enc\rages & corrupts ! ?ief1 h>d5s 8 he>t1 helps to sil5ce ! voice ( 8 consci5ce1 & ?us ob/ructs ! way to rep5tance & improvem5t4 ,!re are transactions :i* are legal & d n involve any brea* ( ! law1 & :i* are yet condemn$ by ! pr9ciples ( morality z base & disgraceful4 ,su* are all transactions 9 :i* a p]son takes advantage ( ! ignorance or emb>rassm5t ( 8 neighb\r = ! purpose ( increas+ 8 own prop]ty4 ,usur]s frequ5tly belong to ?is l[ & he>tless class ( society4 ,! wor/ ?+1 h[ev]1 !y d is1 t !y plan ! ru9 ( o!rs2 9 _m cases !y br+ ab\t disa/] by induc+ "y & inexp]i5c$ p]sons to borr[ money & to sp5d x 9 luxuries1 or increase ! emb>rassm5t ( ! di/ress$ by *>g+ exorbitant int]e/ & impos+ cruel conditions1 :i* make x impossible = ^? :o h once fall5 into ! h&s ( usur]s to free !mselves f _! bondage4 ,x makes no diff]5ce :atev] :e!r ! victim be a ,jew or a non-,jew2 ! transaction is equally condemnable1 & ! usur] equally wick$4 ,?is /atem5t w\ld be sup]flu\s1 7 x n = ! misund]/&+ t exi/s bo? among "s ( our co-religioni/s & among non-,jews ) reg>d to ! pr9ciple x involves4 ,great /ress is laid 9 ! ,p5tateu* on ! prohibition ( tak+ int]e/ = advances ( money or articles ( food4 8,& if ?y bro!r be wax5 poor & fall5 9 decay ) !e1 !n ?\ %alt relieve him3 yea1 ?\gh he be a /rang] or a soj\rn]1 t he may live ) !e4 ,take ?\ no int]e/ ( him1 or increase3 b fe> ?y ,god1 t ?y bro!r may live ) !e4 ,?\ %alt n give him ?y money ^u usury1 nor l5d him ?y victuals = increase4 ,i am ! ,"l y\r ,god10 c4 7,lev4 xxv4 #ce-ch2 comp4 ,exod4 xxii4 #bd74--;,x is "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! pi\s :o is wor?y to 8abide 9 ! tab]nacle ( ,god10 t 8he putte? n out 8 money to usury0 7,ps4 xv4 #e74 ,! /rict prohibition to take int]e/ on advances ( money or goods s]v$ a tw(old purpose4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! surplus money ( ! weal?y 0 to be employ$ 9 dis9t]e/$ *>ity4 ,secondly1 lab\r & activity1 bo? physical & m5tal1 7 to be ! s\rces ( income & weal? = ! individual z well z = ! :ole nation2 money )\t lab\r 0 n to be> any fruit or produce any increase4 ,an exception f ?is law 0 made = ! b5efit ( ! /rang]4 ,! inhabitants ( a t[n or a c\ntry :o liv$ 9 ! mid/ ( _! relatives1 fri5ds1 & c\ntrym5 c\ld1 z a rule1 be tru/$ to return ! loan 9 due "t4 ,if !y 7 n kn[n !mselves1 !y c\ld f9d p]sons :o w\ld recognise !m or ev5 (f] !mselves z security = !m4 ,x 0 diff]5t ) ! /rang] 77 8:o came f a f> l&0 7,deut4 xxix4 #ba72 he 0 n kn[n2 he 01 z a rule1 )\t fri5ds2 he _h none to (f] security = him4 #ci ,:5 9 ne$1 !re=e1 he w\ld be unlikely to obta9 a loan1 if ! l5d] 7 n p]mitt$ 9 su* cases to take int]e/ z comp5sation = risk+ ! capital itself4 ,! same reason expla9s also a second exception made 9 ! law ) reg>d to a /rang] :5 a debtor4 ,! paym5t ( old debts is1 z a rule1 a great h>d%ip to ! insolv5t1 especially at a "t :5 ! b5efit d]iv$ f ! loan has already be5 =gott54 ,x 0 !re=e orda9$ t e sev5 ye>s a remission ( all debts %\ld take place4 ,! debtor t liv$ 9 ! c\ntry c\ld easily be urg$ or =c$ to pay 8 debts1 & ! cr$itor c\ld safely expect t he w\ld receive 8 money be=e ! ye> ( release began4 ,?is 0 n ! case ) ! /rang]1 :o might ) impunity keep out ( sight = "s "t be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5? ye>3 a circum/ance t increas$ ! unc]ta9ty ( ! repaym5t1 & w\ld h r5d]$ x almo/ impossible = a /rang] to enjoy ! b5efit ( a loan 9 times ( tempor>y emb>rassm5t1 b = ! exception made 9 8 case f ! law comm&+ ! remission ( all debts 9 ! sev5? ye>4 ,we see "h a diff]5ce made 9 our duties t[>ds our fell[-m5 betwe5 an ,israelite & a /rang]1 b solely = ! b5efit ( 8! /rang]40 ,at pres5t1 :5 ! orig9al relation betwe5 ! ,israelite & ! /rang] has ceas$1 ! _s ( *>ity & ju/ice t[>ds ! /rang] 77 or non-,jew1 :i* is ! basis ( ?is law1 mu/ cont9ue to regulate our int]c\rse ) our neighb\rs1 & if ! non-,jew w\ld recognise ! prohibition ( tak+ int]e/ z equally b9d+ ^u him z ^u ! ,jew1 ! latt] w\ld n be all[$ to take any k9d ( int]e/ f a non-,jew4 ,at all ev5ts1 if any ( our co-religioni/s take ?is law z a pretext = impos+ ^u _! non-,jewi% fell[-m51 & injur+ & ru9+ !m by exorbitant usury1 !y p]v]t alike ! lett] & ! _s ( ! ,div9e comm&2 !y d n act 9 a ,jewi% _s1 & in/ead ( be+ memb]s ( a holy nation or ! p ( ! ,"l1 !y are guilty ( 1 ! pr(anation ( ! "n ( ,god1 & d n des]ve to be hon\r$ by ! "n ( ,jews4 ,d5unciations are sometimes levell$ aga9/ ! ,jews1 on acc\nt ( ! misde$s ( "s individuals1 z cruel usur]s4 ,^? non-,jews :o w\ld take ! tr\ble ( ?or\ghly /udy+ ,jews & ,judaism w\ld soon discov] ! error & ! baselessness ( su* d5unciations4 ,judaism has nev] sanction$ usury1 b1 on ! contr>y1 always condemn$ x4 #dj ,) reg>d to ! prop]ty ( our neighb\r our ,sages express$ ! foll[+ maxim3-- 8,!re are f\r *>act]s among m53 he :o says1 #8,:at is m9e is m9e & :at is ?9e is ?9e1' 8 is a neutral "*2 "s say ?is is a "* l t ( ,sodom2 he :o says1 #8,:at is m9e is ?9e & :at is ?9e is m9e' is a boor2 he :o says #8,:at is m9e is ?9e & :at is ?9e is ?9e' is a sa9t2 he :o says #8,:at is ?9e is m9e & :at is m9e is m9e' is a wick$ man0 7,abo? v4 #aj74 ,we are n only comm&$ to ab/a9 f injur+ our neighb\r ) reg>d to 8 prop]ty1 b we are exhort$ to protect x z f> z lies 9 our p[]4 8,if ?\ meete/ ! ox ( ?9e enemy or 8 ass go+ a/ray1 br+ x back to him0 7,exod4 xxiii4 #d74 8,?\ %alt n see ?y bro!r's ox or 8 %eep g a/ray1 & hide ?yself f !m3 ?\ %alt surely br+ !m aga9 unto ?y bro!r0 7,deut4 xxii4 #a74 8,?\ %alt n see ?y bro!r's ass or 8 ox fall5 d[n by ! way1 & hide ?yself f !m3 ?\ %alt surely help him to lift !m up aga90 7ibid4 v]4 #d74 #c4 ,! ,hon\r ( our ,fell[-man4--8,let ! hon\r ( ?y fell[-man be z de> to !e z ?y own0 7,abo? ii4 #aj74 ,we are v s5sitive ab\t our own hon\r2 & _m ( u--nay1 all "r-m9d$ p]sons--are m anxi\s = ! good "n acquir$ ?r\gh integrity ( "* ?an = ! safety ( _! prop]ty4 ,we mu/ be equally s5sitive ab\t ! hon\r ( our fell[-man1 & take good c>e le/ we damage 8 repute by falsehood1 sl&]1 or spread+ evil reports 9 app>5tly innoc5t gossip4 ,an evil tongue 7 7 is a s]i\s fail+ f :i* few are exempt2 ev5 if a p]son is n guilty ( ! s9 ( evil spee*1 he does n entirely escape 8! du/ ( ! evil tongue0 7,babyl4 ,talm4 ,b4 ,ba?ra #afe;a74 ,calumny1 x is said1 kills ?ree--! sl&]] himself1 him :o li/5s1 & ! p]son spok5 (4 ,we !re=e add to ! ,amidah ! words3 8,my ,god1 gu>d my tongue f evil1 & my lips f speak+ guile20 & 9 "o ( ! ,psalms we read3 8,:o is ! man t desire? life1 & love? days1 t he may see good8 ,keep ?y tongue f evil & ?y lips f speak+ guile0 7,ps4 xxxiv4 #ac1 #ad74 ,our ,sages are v sev]e aga9/ ^? :o attack ! hon\r ( _! fell[-m54 ,9 "o passage x is said3 8,:oev] causes by (f5sive words ! face ( 8 fell[-man to turn pale is almo/ guilty ( %$d+ blood0 7,babyl4 ,talm4 ,b4 ,metsia #eh;b74 ,ano!r passage runs ?us3 8,r let a man ?r[ himself into a furnace ?an publicly (f5d 8 fell[-man0 7ibid4 #ei;a74 ,! ,law does n only =bid ! utt]ance ( evil reports1 b also ! enc\ragem5t giv5 to ! tale-be>] by li/5+ to 8 /ories4 8,?\ %alt n take up a false report0 7,exod4 xxiii4 #a74 ,9 ! ,book ( ,prov]bs ! evil consequ5ces ( li/5+ to sl&] are ?us depict$3 8,if a rul] he>k5e? to falsehood1 all 8 s]vants are wick$0 7,prov4 xxix4 #ab74 8,he :o give? he$ to wick$ lips cause? evil-do+2 he :o give? e> to a mis*iev\s tongue fe$e? lies0 7ibid4 xvii4 #d74 ,:5 we he> evil reports ab\t our neighb\r1 we %\ld try to def5d him2 :5 we are conv9c$ t he has done wrong1 we mu/ rebuke him1 lead him back to ! "r way1 & n utt]ly reject him2 we may /ill f9d "s r$eem+ feature 9 8 "* t makes x wor? our :ile to save him4 ,?us ,jo%ua1 ! son ( ,p]a*jah1 tea*es u3 8,judge e man fav\rably0 7,abo? i4 #f72 t is1 if y are unc]ta9 z to a man's faults1 let him h ! b5efit ( ! d\bt4 ,:5 we criticise our neighb\r's "*--& idle gossip frequ5tly leads to ?is practice--we are too (t5 incl9$ to dwell ^u 8 weak po9ts--8 vices--& to pass ov] 8 m]its 9 sil5ce2 b we ought to consid] h[ little we %\ld l to see ! same treatm5t appli$ to ourselves4 ,ano!r fault ( ours is to judge ! do+s ( o!r p )\t fully und]/&+ all ! circum/ances & ! causes t l$ to su* actions4 ,hillel said1 8,d n judge ?y neighb\r until ?\ ha/ come into 8 place20 t is1 d n pass judgm5t ^u y\r neighb\r be=e y are able to place y\rself 9 8 position1 & to say ) c]ta9ty :at1 y w\ld h done "u ! same circum/ances4 ,! ,law =bids u to use div]s weights & div]s measures 9 our bus9ess transactions1 le/ we damage ! prop]ty ( our neighb\r2 equally unlawful is ! use ( "o k9d ( weights & measures = weigh+ our own words & de$s1 & ano!r k9d = weigh+ ! words & ! de$s ( o!rs1 to ! injury ( our fell[-man's "n & repute4 ,contr>y to ! usage ( c\rts ( ju/ice1 our neighb\r's words & de$s are g5]ally report$ by u1 int]pret$1 tri$ & condemn$ 9 8 abs5ce1 :5 he is unable to def5d himself1 to %[ 8 innoc5ce1 or to prove ! falsehood ( ! report1 ! error ( ! int]pretation1 & ! inju/ice ( ! trial & ! condemnation4 ,! p]v]sity ( su* conduct is evid5t1 especially 9 ! case ( ! dep>t$4 ,! prohibition1 8,?\ %alt n curse ! deaf0 7,lev4 xix4 #ad7 has be5 int]pret$ to apply to all k9ds ( sl&] ab\t ^? abs5t or dead4 ,our respect = ! memory ( ! dead is express$ 9 ! ,lat9 maxim1 8,de mortuis nil nisi bonum20 or 9 ! ,hebrew1 #da 8,aft] _! dea? say ( !m #8sa9ts4'0 ,simil> maxims are ! foll[+3 8,we mu/ n refute ! lion aft] 8 dea?20 8,dea? atones = all (f5ces40 #d4 ,! ,well-be+ ( our ,fell[-man4--,! duties exp\nd$ 9 ! above are ( a negative "*4 ,! comm&m5t1 8,love ?y neighb\r z ?yself0 implies also c]ta9 positive duties1 :i* are compreh5d$ 9 ! t]ms1 & 8*>ity40 ,! lit]al mean+ ( ! t]m ts$akah is 8righte\sness10 b x occurs also frequ5tly 9 ! s5se ( 8*>ity20 & we may inf] f ?is t *>ity 0 to ! ,hebrew a m]e act ( righte\sness4 ,9 ! ,book ( ,daniel & 9 po/-,biblical ,hebrew ts$akah is 8alms10 & di/+ui%$ f gemillu?-*es$1 8*>ity40 ,! =m] is giv5 to ! poor2 ! latt] to poor & ri* alike3 ts$akah1 consi/+ ( money or ?+s t c be pur*as$ = money1 is a duty *iefly incumb5t on ! weal?i] class2 gemillu?-*es$1 consi/+ ( p]sonal acts ( k9dness1 is a virtue t c be acquir$ & practis$ by e "o1 :e!r he be poor or ri*2 & :il/ ts$akah c only be giv5 to ^? t live1 gemillu?-*es$ c be %[n ev5 to ! dep>t$4 ,:5 ,jacob ask$ 8 son = a burial 9 ! cave ( ,ma*pelah1 he reli$ on 8 son's 1 8,k9dness & tru?20 & ! ,midra% adds ! rem>k1 8,k9dness %[n to ! dead is an act ( true love1 z !re c be no prospect ( gratitude or repaym5t40 ,! pr9cipal k9ds ( are ! foll[+3-- 7#a47 ,visit+ ! sick4 #db ,! object ( ! visit ought to be to *e] up ! suff]] by pleasant conv]sation1 to assi/ him by good advice1 to r5d] him any s]vice t is want$1 to inspire him ) hope1 & to /r5g!n 8 fai? 9 ,god by ! com=t+ words ( ,scripture & by pray]4 7#b47 8,accompany+ ! dead0 to 8 la/ re/+-place1 & do+ ev]y?+ t our love & reg>d = ! dep>t$ requires4 ,almo/ e ,jewi% community includes an association ^: memb]s und]take to p]=m p]sonally1 z f> z possible1 ^! acts ( love4 ,su* a society is g5]ally call$ 8,association = practis+ lov+-k9dness t[>ds our fell[-m510 or 8,holy ,association20 t is1 an association = a holy object4 7#c47 ,com=t+ ! m\rn]s1 :o f9d relief 9 ! conviction t _! fell[-m5 h sympa?y ) !m4 7#d47 8,peace-mak+40--,w>1 :e!r c>ri$ on betwe5 nations1 or betwe5 p>ties1 or betwe5 "o individual & ano!r1 is equally dete/able2 & all ^? :o by _! ex]tion & int]cession contribute to a dim9ution ( w>f>e are engag$ 9 praisewor?y "w4 ,! pr9cipal pray]s 9 our ,liturgy conclude ) a petition = peace1 & we look =w>d = ! /ate ( un9t]rupt$ peace1 ! ,messianic "t1 z ! mo/ p]fect condition ( mank9d4 ,=be>ance1 a k9d ^w1 a judici\s c\nsel1 frequ5tly av]ts ! great evil ( /rife & enmity4--,peace1 h>mony1 & fri5d%ip are be/ promot$ by-- 7#e47 ,judg+ fav\rably ! de$s & words ( our fell[-m54 ,x is n an easy task to correctly e/imate ! motives :i* guide our neighb\r 9 8 actions1 & 9 do+ s we err frequ5tly2 b x is bett] to err by ov]-e/imat+ !m2 s9ce ?is produces f> less h>m ?an go+ a/ray 9 ! o!r direction & speak+ ill ( o!rs )\t any ju/ifiable cause4 ,conduct l ?is leads to peace & happ9ess )9 & )\t4 8,speak+ peace to all 8 se$0 is ! climax ( ! virtues prais$ 9 ,mordecai1 ! ,jew 7,e/h] x4 #c74 ,*>ity 7ts$akah7 9 its n>r[] s5se1 z a duty t[>ds ! poor1 includes-- 7#a47 ,alms-giv+ to ! poor = ! purpose ( alleviat+ tempor>y suff]+4 7#b47 ,provid+ = ! com=t ( ! ag$ & sick1 wid[s & orphans4 7#c47 ,assi/+ ! /rang]4 ,! ,law lays special /ress on ?is bran* ( *>ity1 & rem9ds u t we all h once be5 /rang]s 9 ! l& ( ,egypt4 ,ev5 9 ! v>i\s c\ntries ( :i* we h become citiz5s1 our =efa!rs1 ?ree or f\r g5]ations back1 7 /rang]s2 &1 besides1 we are told by ! ,almighty1 8,ye are /rang]s & soj\rn]s ) me30 7,lev4 xxv4 #bc74 ,?is k9d ( *>ity is kn[n by ! "n 7#d47 ,support giv5 to ! poor t[>ds obta9+ a livelihood1 by procur+ occupation = !m1 tea*+ !m a trade & giv+ !m a />t 9 x4 7#e47 ,provid+ = ! religi\s & secul> education ( ! *ildr5 ( ! poor4 7#f47 ,rais+ _! intellectual1 social1 & moral condition by p]sonal int]c\rse ) !m1 & by k9d words ( advice1 com=t1 & enc\ragem5t4 7#g47 ,help+ ^? :o h gone a/ray & h fall5 into vice or crime to return to ! pa? ( virtue1 indu/ry1 & righte\sness4 ,!re are g5]ally associations =m$ = ! v>i\s bran*es ( gemillu?-*es$1 ! numb] ( :i* gr[s1 especially 9 l>ge t[ns1 ) ! increase ( mis]y4 ,x is our duty to support su* in/itutions1 z comb9$ action is 9 mo/ cases m practical & productive ( good result4 ,b ! exi/5ce ( public in/itutions1 & our support giv5 to !m1 by no means exempt u f assi/+ individually ^? :o apply to u = help4 ,we mu/ be judici\s 9 our *>itable acts1 le/ we nurse pov]ty & promote impo/ure4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 we mu/ n be ov] cauti\s1 & mu/ n unduly suspect e applicant = assi/ance z guilty ( idl5ess or o!r vices1 le/ by refusal or hesitation to help we become guilty ( neglect1 :5 by prompt action we might save f utt] ru9 a p]son or a :ole family well wor?y ( our sympa?y4 ,9 ?is reg>d we are w>n$ by ,k+ ,solomon3 8,)hold n good f !m to :om x is due1 :5 x is 9 ! p[] ( ?9e h& to d x4 ,say n unto ?y neighb\r1 ,g1 & come aga91 & to-morr[ ,i w give2 :5 ?\ ha/ x by !e0 7,prov4 iii4 #bg1 #bh74 7b47 ,special ,duties t[>ds our ,fell[-m54 #a4 ,*ildr5 t[>ds _! ,p>5ts4--8,hon\r ?y fa!r & ?y "m0 is "o ( ! ,t5 ,words :i* ,god spoke to ! ,israelites on ,m\nt ,s9ai4 ,! *ild hon\rs 8 p>5ts by consid]+ !m z 8 sup]iors1 z end[$ ) au?ority ov] him1 & entitl$ by exp]i5ce to be 8 guides & in/ructors2 by li/5+ respectfully :5 !y speak to him1 & by speak+ ) rev]5ce :5 he speaks ( or to !m4 ,! love ( p>5ts t[>ds _! *ild %\ld f9d an e*o 9 ! he>t ( ! latt]4 ,! *ild's love ( 8 p>5ts f9ds expression 9 will+1 *e]ful ob$i5ce2 9 ! endeav\r to d ev]y?+ t pleases !m1 9 ! sacrifice made = ! purpose ( giv+ !m pleasure1 9 ! assi/ance giv5 !m :51 ?r\gh age1 sickness1 or mis=tune1 !y are 9 ne$ ( aid4 ,! p>5ts' duty t[>ds ! *ild is to d ev]y?+ t true love dem&s1 = 8 physical1 moral1 & intellectual well-be+4 ,) reg>d to ! *ild's duty t[>ds 8 p>5ts ! foll[+ v]ses f ,prov]bs may be notic$3-- 8,! eye t mocke? at 8 fa!r1 & despise? to obey 8 "m1 ! rav5s ( ! valley %all pick x out1 & ! "y eagles %all eat x0 7xxx4 #ag74 8,:oso robbe? 8 fa!r or 8 "m1 & sai?1 ,x is no transgression1 ! same is ! companion ( a de/roy]0 7xxviii4 #bd74 8,:oso curse? 8 fa!r or 8 "m1 8 lamp %all be put out 9 obscure d>kness0 7xx4 #bj74 8,he t wa/e? 8 fa!r & *ase? away 8 "m is a son t cause? %ame1 & br+e? reproa*0 7xix4 #bf74 8,! glory ( *ildr5 are _! fa!rs0 7xvii4 #f74 #b4 ,all o!r special duties t[>ds our fell[-m5 may be divid$ into 7i47 ,duties t[>ds our equals2 7ii47 ,duties t[>ds our sup]iors & t[>ds our inf]iors4 7,i47 ,,duties ,,t[>ds ,,our ,,equals4 7#a47 ,a bond ( fri5d%ip frequ5tly exi/s betwe5 equals4 ,fri5ds h c]ta9 duties to fulfil t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,x is expect$ t fri5ds %\ld h fai? 9 _! mutual fri5d%ip4 8,z 9 wat] face answ]e? to face1 s 9 ! he>t man answ]e? to man0 7,prov4 xxvii4 #ai74 ,z ! wat] reflects ! face ( him :o looks into x1 s ! he>t ( man reflects ! fri5d%ip & fai?fulness ( him :o has p5etrat$ into x4 ,our e/imation ( our fri5d's feel+ t[>d u is ! measure ( ! g5u95ess & value ( our own fri5d%ip t[>ds him4 ,dis9t]e/$ness is an ess5tial condition ( g5u9e fri5d%ip4 ,e s]vice we r5d] to our fri5d mu/ be prompt$ by ! desire to be ( use to him4 & n to advance our own int]e/4 ,if any o!r motive ent]s our m9d1 if we speculate on 8 gratitude1 & ?9k t our k9dness mu/ ev5tually be return$ ) int]e/1 we h no k or feel+ ( fri5d%ip4 ,?us our ,sages decl>e1 8,fri5d%ip dictat$ by a selfi% motive comes to an end toge!r ) ! speculation2 b fri5d%ip :i* is n bas$ on any selfi% motive comes nev] to an end4 ,an in/ance ( ! fir/ k9d is ! fri5d%ip betwe5 ,amnon & ,tam> 7#b ,sam4 xiii472 ( ! second k9d1 ! fri5d%ip betwe5 ,david & ,jona?an 7#a ,sam4 xviii470 7,abo? v4 #af74 ,fri5ds b\nd to ea* o!r by g5u9e & s9c]e love f9d great pleasure 9 ! fulfilm5t ( ! duties involv$ 9 fri5d%ip4 ,!y d n hesitate to br+ sacrifices = ea* o!r's well-be+2 !y ev9ce he>tfelt sympa?y = ea* o!r 9 good & evil =tune4 ,all ! duties ( *>ity--gemillu? *es$--:i* we owe to our fell[-m5 9 g5]al1 apply ) increas$ =ce :5 our fell[-man is also our fri5d4 ,"o ( ^! duties dem&s our special att5tion1 because x is frequ5tly neglect$ ?r\gh human weakness3 tru?fulness & op5ness4 ,flatt]y1 objectionable z x is 9 e case1 is mo/ dete/able betwe5 fri5ds4 ,we mu/ enc\rage our fri5ds by k9d words1 & ackn[l$ge _! m]its1 b we mu/ n spoil !m by undue flatt]y4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we discov] errors or vices 9 our fri5d1 x is our duty to communicate to him op5ly our op9ion1 & to d all t is 9 our p[] to br+ him back to ! pa? ( righte\sness & tru?4 8,?\ %alt surely rebuke ?y fri5d1 & n suff] s9 ^u him0 7,lev4 xix4 #ag74 ,fri5d%ip is mo/ly =m$ )\t prem$itation1 & )\t any aim2 we are fri5ds1 we d n "k h[ & :y2 "s simil>ity 9 our "*1 9 our tal5ts1 9 our views1 9 our successes & failures1 or 9 our =tunes & mis=tunes1 draws u toge!r1 & we become fri5ds be=e we are aw>e ( ! fact4 ,b z f> z we h control ov] our feel+s we ought to be c>eful n to plunge into fri5d%ip )\t kn[+ some?+ ( ! "* & ! t5d5cies ( ^? ) :om we are to associate ourselves 9 su* close relation%ip4 ,9 ,prov]bs we are told1 8,make no fri5d%ips ) an angry man1 & ) a furi\s man ?\ %alt n g0 7xxii4 #bd74 ,b5-sira 7vi4 #f7 exhorts u1 8,if ?\ w\ld/ get a fri5d1 prove him fir/1 & be n ha/y to cr$it him40 ,our ,sages say1 8,x is easy to make an enemy2 x is difficult to make a fri5d0 7,yalkut on ,deut4 vi4 #af74 ,! acquisition ( a true fri5d is by no means an easy task4 ,b x is a task t _c be disp5s$ )4 ,p]sons :o enjoy a life sp5t 9 lonel9ess un*e]$ by fri5d%ip are exceptions to ! rule2 su* a life is mis]able1 & ! climax ( all ! evils compla9$ ( by ,heman ! ,ezrahite 7,ps4 lxxxviii4 #ai7 is3 8,lov] & fri5d ha/ ?\ put f> f me1 & d>kness is m9e acqua9tance40 ,job 9 8 great suff]+s longs = 8! love :i* is %[n to ! unhappy by 8 fri5d0 7,job vi4 #ad74 ,fri5d%ip be+ "o ( our mo/ valuable possessions1 x mu/ be well gu>d$ & cultivat$1 le/ x be lo/ or weak5$4 8,?9e own fri5d & ?y fa!r's fri5d1 =sake n0 7,prov4 xxvii4 #aj74 8,let ?y foot be seldom 9 ?y fri5d's h\se1 le/ he be we>y ( !e1 & s hate !e0 7ibid4 xxv4 #ag74 ,true fri5d%ip c be ext5d$ only to a few2 b ^? :o are n our fri5ds ne$ n be our enemies4 ,!y are all our fell[-m51 & our conduct t[>ds !m is to be guid$ by ! pr9ciple1 8,love ?y fell[-man z ?yself40 ,we are di/9ctly comm&$1 8,?\ %alt n hate ?y bro!r 9 ?9e he>t0 7,lev4 xix4 #ah71 8bro!r0 hav+ "h ! same mean+ z fell[-man4 ,enmity1 l fri5d%ip1 comes frequ5tly unaw>es2 we dislike or ev5 hate a p]son )\t kn[+ :y4 ,b x is our duty1 z soon z su* an ill-feel+ has /ol5 into our he>t1 to se>* = its orig92 & ?is be+ done1 we %all g5]ally feel a%am$ ( hav+ all[$ our he>t to be invad$ by su* an unwor?y intrud]4 ,we mu/ keep away f evil-do]s1 & n associate ) wick$ p2 b ?is is a v diff]5t ?+ f hat+ our neighb\r4 ,! pi\s wi%1 8,may s9n]s cease to exi/1 & ! wick$ be no m0 7,ps4 civ4 #ce71 is expla9$ 9 ! ,talmud 9 ! words ( ,b]uria1 daught] ( ,rabbi ,meir1 z foll[s3 8,may s9s cease to exi/1 & ! wick$ w be no m40 ,we (t5 conceive j indignation at ! misde$s ( our neighb\rs1 & _c well sep>ate ! do] f ! de$4 ,b we ought 9 su* cases ( indignation to exam9e ourselves1 :e!r ! s\rce ( our indignation is pure1 or has its root 9 selfi%ness4 ,su* an analysis ( our motives w\ld soon purify our he>t ( all ill-feel+4 ,9 our conduct t[>ds ^? :om we consid] our enemies1 or :o consid] u _! enemies1 we mu/ %[ =be>ance & a desire to (f] or to seek =giv5ess1 accord+ z we are ! do]s or ! suff]]s ( wrong4 ,self-love & self-e/eem1 if n kept )9 due limits1 easily produce feel+s ( rev5ge4 ,)\t entirely suppress+ human nature1 we are b\nd to control our feel+s1 & to let love ( our fell[-m5 9 all conditions occupy ! fir/ place 9 our he>t4 ,we are taught by our ,sages1 8,he :o is =be>+1 receives also p>don = 8 s9s0 7,babyl4 ,talm4 ,yoma #bc;a72 8,be ( ! p]secut$1 & n ( ! p]secutors0 7ibid4 ,baba ,kama #ic;a72 8,to ^? :o be+ (f5d$ d n (f5d1 be+ insult$ d n insult1 ! v]se applies3 #8,& !y :o love him %all be z ! sun :5 he goe? =? 9 8 might'0 7,judges v4 #ca2 ,babyl4 ,talm4 ,%abba? #hh;b74 7#b47 ,man & wife are unit$ by ! holy bond ( m>riage4 ,!y owe to ea* o!r love1 fai?fulness1 confid5ce1 & untir+ endeav\r to make ea* o!r happy4 ,! neglect ( ^! duties turns a happy home into an abode ( mis]y & wret*$ness4 #dc ,! la/ ( ! prophets1 ,mala*i1 rebuk+ su* neglect1 says3 8,! ,"l ha? be5 witness betwe5 !e & ! wife ( ?y y\?1 aga9/ :om ?\ ha/ dealt trea*]\sly1 yet is %e ?y companion & ! wife ( ?y cov5ant40 7#c47 ,z citiz5s ( a ,/ate we mu/ take our prop] %>e 9 all "w = ! welf>e ( ! ,/ate4 ,:5 ! ,/ate is 9 dang] we mu/ ev9ce patriotism1 & mu/ n )draw ourselves f ^? duties :i*1 "u su* circum/ances1 devolve ^u e citiz54 ,all our means1 our physical & intellectual faculties1 mu/ be at ! disposal ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* we live z citiz5s4 ,?us ,j]emiah exhorts 8 bre?r5 9 ,babylonia3 8,build ye h\ses & dwell 9 !m2 & plant g>d5s1 & eat ! fruit ( !m2 444 & seek ! peace ( ! city :i!r ,i h caus$ y to be c>ri$ away captives1 & pray unto ! ,"l = x3 = 9 ! peace !re( %all y h peace0 7,j]4 xxix4 #e1 #g74 ,simil>ly we are taught1 8,pray = ! welf>e ( ! gov]nm5t0 7,abo? iii4 #b74 #dd ,an important dictum ( ,samuel1 a ,rabbi fam\s = 8 decisions 9 que/ions ( civil law1 is accept$ 9 ! ,talmud z law3 8,! law ( ! ,/ate is b9d+ ^u u10 7,babyl4 ,talm4 ,baba ,kamma #aac;a74 ,x is1 accord+ to ! tea*+ ( ! ,talmud1 incumb5t ^u u1 z citiz5s ( ! ,/ate1 to obey ! laws ( ! c\ntry4 ,!re is no diff]5ce betwe5 ,jews & _! fell[-citiz5s ) reg>d to ! duty ( loyalty4 ,x is only 9 case ( an attempt to =ce u aside f our religion t we are n only ju/ifi$ 9 resi/+ & disobey+ laws fram$ ) ?is int5tion1 b we are comm&$ to d s4 ,b 9 ! abs5ce ( su* int5tion1 we mu/ fulfil all ^? duties :i* devolve ^u all citiz5s alike--su* z milit>y s]vice 9 c\ntries t h g5]al conscription--al?\gh su* ob$i5ce may c>ry ) x a brea* ( "s ( ! laws ( our religion4 ,on ! contr>y1 evasion & des]tion ( all national obligations is a s]i\s (f5ce aga9/ our holy ,law4 7#d47 ,z memb]s ( ! same religi\s community1 we mu/ unite 9 work+ = ! well-be+ ( ! :ole body4 8,d n sep>ate ?yself f ! congregation0 7,abo? ii4 #d7 is a pr9ciple taught by ! great ,hillel4 ,a ,jew :o violates ?is pr9ciple1 & keeps alo( f 8 bre?r51 unwill+ to take 8 %>e ( ! communal burd5s1 is guilty ( a s]i\s d]eliction ( duty1 & is set =? 9 ! ,talmud z an example ( mo/ disgraceful conduct4 8,:5 y\r bre?r5 are 9 tr\ble1 d n say1 #8,i h my home1 my food & dr9k2 ,i am safe4' ,if y ev] 7 to ?9k s1 ! words ( ! prophet w\ld apply to y3 #8,surely ?is iniquity %all n be purg$ f y till y die'40 8,he :o does n jo9 ! community 9 times ( dang] & tr\ble w nev] enjoy ! ,div9e bless+0 7,babyl4 ,talm4 ,taani?1 p4 #aa;a72 8,he :o sep>ates f ! ways ( ! community has no portion ( ! _w to come10 7,maim41 ,mi%neh-torah1 ,hil*o? ,te%ubah iii4 #f74 7#e47 ,z to memb]s ( ano!r community1 we h to %[ due reg>d = _! religi\s convictions1 & n to w\nd _! feel+s 9 respect ( any?+ !y hold sacr$4 ,respect = ! religi\s feel+s ( our fell[-m5 w increase _! reg>d = our own religion1 & evoke 9 !m ! same consid]ation = our religi\s feel+s4 ,all our duties t[>ds our fell[-m5 are equally b9d+ ^u u :e!r 9 relation to memb]s ( e!r fai?s or ( our own4 7#f47 ,employ]s & employ$1 sell]s & buy]s1 mu/ act t[>ds ea* o!r ) ! /ricte/ hone/y4 ,9 cases ( dispute a fri5dly explanation or discussion is m likely to promote ! int]e/ ( bo? p>ties ?an mutual animosity4 ,ea* p>ty mu/ be> 9 m9d t prosp]ity dep5ds on ! co-op]ation ( ! o!r p>ty1 & n on its ru94 ,note4--,we meet 9 ! ,talmud & works bas$ on ! ,talmud ) dicta :i* seem at fir/ sight to exclude ,g5tiles 71 or 7 f our duty ( love t[>ds our fell[-m54 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 nev] int5d$4 ,say+s ( ?is k9d orig9at$ 9 days ( w>f>e betwe5 ! oppressor & ! oppress$1 & 7 an outbur/ ( feel+s ( pa9 & ang]1 caus$ by an enemy :o 0 n re/ra9$ f tyranny & cruelty by any s5se ( ju/ice & humanity4 ,b ?is /ate ( affairs has ceas$1 & su* say+s h s9ce entirely lo/ _! =ce & mean+1 & are practically =gott54 ,"s ( ^! passages h be5 remov$ f ! ,talmudical works by ho/ile c5sors2 b hav+ l$1 & be+ /ill likely to lead1 to errors or misund]/&+1 less on ! "p ( ,jews ?an ( non-,jewi% read]s1 !y ought to be elim9at$ 9 future editions ( any ( ^! works by ,jewi% c5sors1 especially z ! notices on ! fir/ page ( ! books1 t ! t]ms 1 or d n apply to our non-,jewi% neighb\rs at ! pres5t day1 appe> to h prov$ ineffectual aga9/ calumny & p]secution4 7,,ii47 ,,duties ,,to ,,our ,,sup]iors ,,& ,,inf]iors4 ,al?\gh we are all equally *ildr5 ( "o ,god1 & be=e ! ,mo/ ,high all our petty diff]5ces disappe>1 ,8 inf9ite wisdom will$ x t !re %\ld be a c]ta9 degree ( inequality among ,8 creatures2 t "s m5 %\ld be wise1 o!rs simple2 "s tal5t$1 o!rs less skilful2 "s /rong1 o!rs weak2 "s high1 o!rs l[2 "s imp]i\s1 o!rs submissive2 "s rul]s1 o!rs subjects2 "s fit to guide1 & o!rs only fit to be guid$4 ,?is inequality is ! s\rce ( c]ta9 special duties betwe5 man & man4 8,be submissive to y\r sup]ior1 agreeable to y\r inf]ior1 & *e]ful to e "o0 7,abo? iii4 #ab74 7#a47 ,! tea*] :o pati5tly /rives to b5efit 8 pupils by 8 in/ruction & c\nsel has a j claim on _! respect4 ,x is 9 ! int]e/ ( ! pupils !mselves to reg>d _! tea*] z a fri5d1 to h confid5ce 9 him1 & fai? 9 8 sup]iority4 ,x is !mselves !y b5efit mo/ if !y light5 ! lab\rs ( _! tea*] by due att5tion & ob$i5ce1 & !mselves !y injure mo/1 if by want ( prop] respect !y r5d] 8 task difficult & disagreeable4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is ! duty ( ! tea*] to try to w9 ! respect & ! affection ( ! pupils by consci5ti\sness 9 8 "w1 by pati5ce & =be>ance1 by k9dness & ju/ice1 by g5u9e int]e/ 9 ! progress & welf>e ( ^? entru/$ to 8 c>e1 &1 above all1 by a pure1 good1 & noble life4--,! pupils owe mu* to _! tea*]s1 b ! latt] also owe some?+ to _! disciples4 8,mu* h ,i le>nt f my tea*]s1 m f my fell[-/ud5ts1 mo/ f my pupils10 is a well-kn[n ,talmudical say+ 7,babyl4 ,talm4 ,taani? #g;a74 ,( ! prie/1 :o 9 anci5t "t us$ to be ! pr9cipal tea*]1 ! prophet ,mala*i says3 8,! prie/'s lips %all keep k1 & !y %all seek ! law at 8 m\?2 = he is ! mess5g] ( ! ,"l ( ho/s0 7,mal4 ii4 #g74 ,rabbi ,jo*anan1 9 comm5t+ on ^! words1 said1 8,if ! tea*] is l ! mess5g] ( ! ,"l1 i4e41 leads a pure life 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,"l1 !n p %all seek in/ruction at 8 m\?2 if n1 !y _c be in/ruct$ by him 9 ! ,law0 7,yalkut ad locum74--8,let ! hon\r ( ?y disciple be z de> to !e z ?y own1 & ! hon\r ( ?y colleague z de> z ! fe> ( ?y tea*]1 & ! fe> ( ?y tea*] z de> z ! fe> ( ,heav50 7,abo? iv4 #ae74--8;,he :o has be5 taught some?+ by 8 neighb\r1 :e!r x be a *apt]1 a law1 a v]se1 a phrase1 or a lett]1 owes him respect4 ,?us ,david1 :o only le>nt two ?+s f ,ahitophel1 call$ him #8tea*]1 *ief1 & fri5d'0 7ibid4 vi4 #c74 ,rev]5ce is %[n by a pupil to 8 tea*]1 n only by outw>d signs ( respect1 b also by refra9+ f oppos+ him1 8 tea*+1 or 8 decisions 7,maimonides ,i4 ,hil*o? ,talmud torah v4 #a74 ,a pupil :o altoge!r rel9qui%es ! tea*+ ( 8 ma/] is to ! latt] a s\rce ( int5se grief4--,among ! outw>d signs ( reg>d = ! tea*] we f9d ! anci5t cu/om or rule to pay a visit to ! tea*] on ! ?ree fe/ivals3 ,passov]1 ,fea/ ( ,weeks1 & ,tab]nacles 7ibid4 v4 #g74 7#b47 ,ma/] & ,s]vant4--,! relation betwe5 ma/] & s]vant is legally regulat$ by ! same rules z t betwe5 employ] & employ$4 ,/rict hone/y 9 ! fulfilm5t ( ! duties und]tak5 by ei!r p>ty is ! basis ( a good und]/&+ betwe5 ma/] & s]vant4 ,! =m] mu/ n exact f ! latt] m ?an 0 agre$ ^u1 & ! latt] mu/ n fail to p]=m all t he has und]tak5 to d4 ,! relation betwe5 ma/] & s]vant c be made m pleasant on bo? sides1 if !y are s5sible en\gh to recognise _! mutual obligations4 ,on ! "p ( ! ma/]1 x is necess>y t he %\ld consid] 8 s]vant z a human be+ l himself1 :o has a "r to expect due rew>d = fai?ful s]vice4 ,a treatm5t ( ! s]vant f ?is po9t ( view inspires him ) a feel+ ( reg>d & atta*m5t = 8 ma/]1 :i* f9ds expression 9 good & hone/ s]vice4 ,! s]vant w feel com=table 9 8 "w1 & be conv9c$ t to be a s]vant is no degradation4--8,?\ %alt n defraud an hir$ s]vant t is poor & ne$y1 :e!r he be ( ?y bre?r5 or ( ?y /rang]s t are 9 ! l& )9 ?y gates0 7,deut4 xxiv4 #ad74 7#c47 ,ri* & ,poor4--8,! ri* & poor meet toge!r3 ! ,"l is ! mak] ( !m all0 7,prov4 xxii4 #b74 ,^? :o are =tunate en\gh to possess m ?an is want$ = ! necessities ( life1 are expect$ to sp5d "p ( ! surplus 9 reliev+ ^? :o possess less ?an !y require = _! ma9t5ance4 ,sympa?y t[>ds ! poor & ne$y is ! duty ( ! ri*2 gratitude t[>ds ! g5]\s & b5evol5t is ! duty ( ! poor4 ,b ! ri* mu/ by no means make _! gifts dep5d5t on ! signs ( gratitude on ! "p ( ! poor2 !y mu/ ev5 avoid elicit+ expressions ( ?anks1 z ^! lead too (t5 to flatt]y1 hypocrisy1 & s]vility4 ,! ri* f9d ample rew>d = _! b5evol5ce 9 ! joy\s feel+ t ,provid5ce has *os5 !m z ! means ( dim9i%+ ! suff]+s1 ! tr\bles1 & ! c>es ( "s ( _! fell[-m54 7#d47 ,! foll[+ h a j claim on our respect3-- ,le>n$ ,m5 7 71 :o1 ev5 if n directly our tea*]s1 9 _m ways b5efit u by _! le>n+4 8,x is a great s9 to despise or to hate ! wise3 ,j]usalem has *iefly be5 de/roy$ z a puni%m5t = ! contempt %[n = ! le>n$2 z x is said 7#b ,*ron4 xxxvi4 #af71 #8,!y mock$ ! mess5g]s ( ,god1 & despis$ 8 words1 & misus$ 8 prophets1 until ! wra? ( ! ,"l arose aga9/ 8 p till !re 0 no rem$y'0 7,maimonides1 l4 c4 vi4 #aa74 8,he :o despises talmide-*a*amim10 says ,rab1 8has no rem$y = 8 disease0 7,babyl4 ,talm4 ,%abba?1 #aai;b71 & belongs to ^? :o =feit _! portion 9 ! _w to come 7 1 ibid41 ,sanh$r9 #ij74 ,! ,ag$4--8,?\ %alt rise up be=e ! ho>y head1 & hon\r ! face ( ! old man1 & fe> ?y ,god0 7,lev4 xix4 #cb74 ,! ,bible illu/rates1 9 ! hi/ory ( ,rehoboam 7#a ,k+s xii471 ! evil consequ5ces ( ! contempt %[n by ?is k+ to ! words ( ! old m54--8,) ! anci5t is wisdom1 & 9 l5g? ( days und]/&+0 7,job xii4 #ab74 8,! build+ ( ! "y is de/ruction2 ! de/ruction ( ! old is build+0 7,b4 ,t4 ,megillah #ca;b74 #de ,great m5 :o h accompli%$ great works 9 ! int]e/ ( mank9d1 & h ?us m]it$ ! gratitude ( all4 ,! great m5 ( our nation1 _! works & ! in/itutions f\nd$ by !m at v>i\s p]iods ( our hi/ory4 8,d n despise ?y "m1 ?\gh %e ha? become old0 7,prov4 xxiii4 #bb74 ,! feel+ ( piety & rev]5ce t[>ds our ,sages & ,tea*]s ( =m] g5]ations1 & t[>ds in/itutions ( anci5t times t h come d[n to u1 is an ess5tial elem5t 9 our inn] religion 7 74 ,! magi/rates1 judges1 & /atesm51 :o devote _! "t1 _! tal5ts1 & _! en]gy to promot+ ! well-be+ ( ! ,/ate4 ,! ,head ( ! ,/ate4--8,fe> ! ,"l1 ,o my son1 & ! k+1 & d n mix ) riot]s0 7,prov4 xxiv4 #ba74 7,c47 ,,k9dness ,,to ,,animals4 8,be fruitful1 & multiply1 & repl5i% ! e>?1 & subdue x3 & h dom9ion ov] ! fi% ( ! sea1 & ov] ! f[l ( ! air1 & ov] e liv+ ?+ t move? ^u ! e>?0 7,g54 i4 #bh & ix4 #b1 c42 comp4 ,ps4 viii4 #g1 c474 ,?us spake ! ,creator to ! fir/ man4 ,he gave him a "r to make use ( ! animals = 8 b5efit2 & man makes ! animals "w = him2 !y s]ve him z food1 provide him ) clo?+ & o!r necess>y or useful ?+s4 ,9 return = all ^! s]vices ! animals ought to be treat$ ) k9dness & consid]ation4 ,x is a necessity to =ce c]ta9 bea/s to "w = u1 & to kill c]ta9 animals = v>i\s purposes4 ,b 9 do+ s we mu/ n cause m pa9 ?an is absolutely necess>y4 ,x is a disgraceful act to give pa9 to animals m]ely = sport1 & to enjoy _! agony4 ,bullfights & simil> spectacles are b>b>\s1 & t5d to corrupt & brutalise ! he>t ( man4 ,! m we ab/a9 f cruelty to animals1 ! m noble & lov+ is our conduct likely to be to "o ano!r4 8,a righte\s man reg>de? ! feel+s ( 8 bea/1 b ! he>t ( ! wick$ is cruel0 7,prov4 xii4 #aj74 ,! foll[+ are in/ances ( k9dness to animals enjo9$ 9 ! ,p5tateu*3-- 8,ye %all n kill an animal & its "y on "o day0 7,lev4 xxii4 #bh74 8,if a bird's ne/ happ5 to be be=e !e on ! way ^u ! e>? or ^u a tree1 ) "y ones or eggs1 ?\ %alt n take ! "m ) ! "y4 ,let ! "m g away2 !n ?\ maye/ take ! "y ones1 9 ord] t x may be well ) !e1 & ?y days be long0 7,deut4 xxii4 #f1 #g74 8,?\ %alt n muzzle ! ox :5 he treade? out ! corn0 7ibid4 xxv4 #d74 ,9 ! ,talmud we h ! foll[+ say+ 9 ! "n ( ,rab3--8,we mu/ n beg9 our meal be=e hav+ giv5 food to our cattle2 = x is said1 #8,& ,i w give y grass 9 ?y field = ?y cattle1' & aft] t #8?\ %alt eat & be full'0 7,deut4 xi4 #ae2 ,babyl4 ,talm4 #dj;a74 ,c4--,,duties ,,to ,,ourselves4 ,our duties to ourselves are to a great ext5t includ$ 9 our duties t[>ds ,god & t[>ds our fell[-m51 because ^! likewise t5d to promote our own well-be+4 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( our duties t[>ds ourselves is to make ! be/ use ( ! gifts :i* ! k9dness ( ,god has be/[$ ^u u4 #a4 ,life & heal? are preci\s gifts receiv$ by u at ! h&s ( ,div9e ,provid5ce4 ,we mu/ !re=e gu>d !m z valuable treasures1 & mu/ n endang] !m )\t absolute necessity4 ,on ! contr>y1 z mu* z lies 9 our p[]1 we mu/ improve our heal? & pres]ve our life4 ,food & bodily enjoym5t1 h[ev] pleasant = ! mom5t1 mu/ be let alone if !y are injuri\s to heal?4 ,if we f9d ourselves incl9$ to exce$ ! "r measure 9 ! enjoym5t ( a ?+1 x is advisable to turn1 = a :ile at lea/1 to ! o!r extreme & avoid t enjoym5t altoge!r4 ,?us p]sons t are easily misl$ to excess 9 dr9k %\ld become total ab/a9]s f dr9k4 ,b 9 ord9>y cases ! gold5 mean is pref]able1 especially = u ,jews :o are tra9$ by ! ,diet>y ,laws1 & by o!r precepts1 to h control ov] our appetites4 ,we are n comm&$ to be ascetics & to lead a gloomy1 mis]able life4 ,on ! contr>y1 we are frequ5tly told 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 8,& ye %all rejoice be=e ! ,"l y\r ,god40 ,! ,psalmi/ exhorts u to 8s]ve ! ,"l ) gladness2 to come be=e 8 pres5ce ) s++0 7,ps4 c4 #b74 8,he :o doe? good to 8 own s\l is a man ( love2 & he :o tr\ble? 8 own fle% is a cruel man0 7,prov4 xi4 #ag72 i4e41 he :o does good to himself is ( a *e]ful disposition1 & is likely to d good to o!rs2 b he :o deprives himself ( enjoym5ts is (t5 also cruel to 8 fell[-creatures4 ,! ,nazirite _h to br+ a s9-(f]+ aft] ! expiration ( ! p]iod ( 8 v[4 8,:at s9 has he committ$80 0 ask$4 ,! answ] is giv5 9 ! ,talmud by ,samuel3 8,because he depriv$ himself ( w9e20 & ! ,rabbi fur!r inf]s f ?is1 t x is prohibit$ to impose a volunt>y fa/ ^u oneself4 ,rabbi ,eleaz>1 h[ev]1 ?9ks t ! v[ ( a ,nazirite is a praisewor?y act1 & 8 view f\nd _m foll[]s1 especially 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,abraham ,ibn ,ezra1 e4g41 expla9s t ! s9 ( ! ,nazirite consi/s 9 n prolong+ ! /ate ( ,naziritism4 ,b1 h[ev] diff]5t _! op9ions may be !oretically1 all agree t no volunt>y fa/ %\ld be und]tak51 if x endang]s ! heal? ( ! fa/]1 *anges *e]fulness into sadness1 & disables him f do+ necess>y or useful "w4 #b4 ,weal?1 if acquir$ 9 an hone/ mann]1 by h>d "w1 is conducive to our well-be+4 ,b 9 our se>* = weal? we mu/ be> 9 m9d t x is n an end 9 itself1 b s]ves only z a means ( secur+ our well-be+4 ,kohele? tells u1 :at exp]i5ce endorses1 t !re are 8ri*es kept = ! own]s !re( to _! hurt0 7,eccles4 v4 #ab74 ,x is true we mu/ /ruggle = ! means ( our exi/5ce4 ,b 9 ! /ruggle = weal? we mu/ n entirely suppress ! claims ( our moral & intellectual wants1 & if we 7 to suppress !m1 we %\ld only "w = our own ru94 8,two ?+s h ,i requir$ ( !e2 d5y me !m n be=e ,i die3 ,remove f> f me vanity & lies2 give me nei!r pov]ty nor ri*es2 fe$ me ) food conv5i5t = me3 le/ ,i be full1 & d5y !e1 & say1 ,:o is ! ,"l8 or le/ ,i be poor1 & /eal1 & take ! "n ( my ,god 9 va90 7,prov4 xxx4 #g-i74 ,to ?is gold5 mean we %\ld adh]e4 ,x is our duty to seek an hone/ livelihood1 b we are told1 8,lab\r n to be ri*3 cease f ?9e own wisdom0 7,prov4 xxiii4 #d74 ,"o ( ! v>i\s duties ( p>5ts t[>ds _! *ildr5 is to take good c>e t !y le>n a trade1 & 8he :o does n tea* 8 son a trade10 say our ,sages1 8is z guilty z if he directly taught him to rob0 7,babyl4 ,talm4 ,kiddu%91 p4 #bi;a74 ,!re is an errone\s op9ion abroad1 t comm]ce is m cong5ial to ,judaism ?an h&icraft4 ,9 our ,law no trace ( su* pref]5ce is noticeable2 on ! contr>y1 agriculture 0 ! pr9cipal occupation ( ! ,israelites4 8,:5 ?\ eate/ ! lab\r ( ?9e h&s1 happy art ?\1 & x is well ) !e0 7,ps4 cxxviii4 #b74 8,love "w1 & hate lord%ip0 is a well-kn[n lesson ( ! say+s ( ! ,fa!rs 7,abo? i4 #aj74 ,bible & po/-,biblical lit]ature equally tea* u ! lesson t our com=t & happ9ess d n dep5d on ! am\nt ( weal? we h amass$1 b on ! degree ( cont5tm5t our he>t has acquir$4 8,sweet is ! sleep ( ! lab\r]1 :e!r he eat little or mu*3 b ! abundance ( ! ri* w n suff] him to sleep0 7,eccles4 v4 #aa74 ,indu/ry is "o ( ! s\rces ( human happ9ess2 b ! bless+ ( indu/ry is easily lo/1 if x is n comb9$ ) ?rift & temp]ance4 ,9 days ( prosp]ity we mu/ be> 9 m9d t days ( mis=tune may come2 we mu/1 s f> z we c1 provide = !m1 s t we may be able to hold out 8till ! /orm has pass$40 ,temp]ance is insep>able f ?rift & indu/ry4 ,intemp]ance n only consumes ! products ( ?rift & indu/ry1 b 9 c\rse ( "t de/roys ^! v s\rces ( our prosp]ity4 ,ev5 ) reg>d to ,sabba?1 9 hon\r ( :i* "s degree ( com=t & ev5 ( luxury may be indulg$ 91 ! pr9ciple is laid d[n3 8,treat ?y ,sabba? l an ord9>y day1 if additional exp5se is likely to make !e dep5d5t on *>ity0 7,babyl4 ,talm4 ,%abba? #aah;a74 #c4 ,k4--,god has made man 8a little l[] ?an ! angels1 & has cr[n$ him ) glory & hon\r0 7,ps4 viii4 #f72 ,he has end[$ him ) ! faculty ( acquir+ k3 8,!re is a _s 9 man1 & an inspiration ( ! ,almighty1 t gives him und]/&+0 7,job xxxii4 #h74 ,x is our duty to cultivate ?is faculty1 to nurse x ) all possible c>e1 t x may gr[1 produce beautiful blossoms1 & be> goodly fruit4 ,! tra9+ mu/ beg9 v e>ly1 at an age 9 :i* we are entirely dep5d5t on ! assi/ance & guidance ( o!rs4 ,p>5ts1 to :om ! ,almighty has entru/$ ! c>e ( _! *ildr51 are !re=e comm&$ to provide = _! education2 & z p>5ts are n always capable ( do+ ?is1 ! duty devolves on ! community or on ! ,/ate4 ,e civilis$ c\ntry has its s*ools1 colleges1 & sem9>ies = ! developm5t ( ! intellectual & moral faculties ( its inhabitants1 & z ^! in/itutions increase 9 numb] & effici5cy1 ! prosp]ity ( ! nation gr[s 9 l proportion4 ,b ! success ( ^! educational in/itutions1 h[ev] well provid$ !y may be ) an excell5t tea*+ /aff & ! be/ appliances1 dep5ds on ! regul> & punctual att5dance ( ! *ildr51 _! att5tion1 & _! indu/ry4 ,x is ! duty ( p>5ts to see1 z f> z x is 9 _! p[]1 t ^! conditions be fulfill$4 ,among ! v>i\s bran*es ( k we seek to acquire1 !re is "o bran* ( p>am\nt importance1 ! abs5ce ( :i* w\ld make all o!r k valueless3 x is-- #d4 ,moral & ,religi\s ,tra9+4--8,! fe> ( ! ,"l is ! beg9n+ ( k2 fools despise wisdom & correction0 7 ,prov4 i4 #g74 ,! au?or ( ! ,book ( ,prov]bs tea*es t k mu/ be comb9$ ) 8fe> ( ,god20 & t x is a p]v]se idea to sep>ate wisdom 77 f moral tra9+ 771 & to seek k 77 )\t ! fe> ( ! ,"l 7 74 ,our ,sages tea* u t our tra9+ %\ld include bo? fe> ( ,god & wisdom4 8,if !re is no wisdom1 !re is no fe> ( ,god2 & 9 ! abs5ce ( ! latt] !re is no wisdom0 7,abo? iii4 #ag74 ,fe> ( ! ,"l1 h[ev]1 & fe> ( s9 mu/ h prec$5ce4 ,rabbi ,*an9a1 son ( ,dosa1 says3 8,if a man's wisdom is prec$$ by fe> ( s91 8 wisdom is well e/abli%$2 if ! fe> ( s9 is prec$$ by wisdom1 8 wisdom is n well e/abli%$0 7ibid4 #i74 ,! result ( our tra9+ mu/ be ! acquisition ( good mann]s & noble pr9ciples4 ,avoid extremes1 & hold to ! gold5 mean1 is an excell5t rule t leads u safely ?r\gh ! v>i\s conditions ( life & w>ds (f _m tr\bles & dang]s4 ,! foll[+ examples may s]ve z an illu/ration ( ?is rule3 ,d n ignore y\r own self2 let self-love & self-respect influ5ce y\r conduct2 b ^! mu/ n be all[$ to develop into selfi%ness & arrogance4 ,look aft] y\r own int]e/s1 b d n consid] !m z ! supreme rul]s ( y\r actions4 ,be self-reliant1 & keep equally f> f self-conceit & self-di/ru/4 ,haught9ess & self-contempt are extremes to be avoid$3 be mode/4 ,:5 wrong$ or insult$ by y\r neighb\r1 be nei!r call\s nor ov]-s5sitive2 ignore insult & wrong 9 mo/ cases1 =give !m readily 9 o!rs1 & res5t !m only :5 =c$ to d s4 ,9 disputes & discussions be nei!r weak nor ob/9ate3 be firm4 ,be nei!r passionate nor indiff]5t3 be calm4 ,d n tru/ e "o1 le/ y\r cr$ulity mislead y2 d n suspect e "o1 le/ y become misan?ropic3 be discreet4 ,d n seek dang]1 nor fe> x2 b be prep>$ to meet x ) c\rage4 ,be temp]ate 9 eat+ & dr9k+1 & avoid bo? excess & ne$less privation4 ,9 sp5d+ y\r e>n+s %[ nei!r nigg>dl9ess nor recklessness3 be economical4 ,"w1 b n 9 su* a mann] z to ru9 y\r heal?4 ,z to y\r future1 be nei!r too sangu9e 9 y\r hopes1 nor despond5t3 d y\r duty1 & tru/ 9 ,god4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 exceptions f ?is rule2 = 9 c]ta9 cases !re is only ! *oice betwe5 two extremes4 ,su* is ,tru?fulness4 ,x is our duty to approa* ne>] & ne>] ! extreme ( ?is virtue1 & to consid] ! lea/ deviation f x z vice4 ,f our e>lie/ y\? we %\ld tra9 ourselves 9 ! practice ( ?is virtue4 ,e ^w t we desire to utt] %\ld be well exam9$ be=e x passes our lips4 ,we mu/ be on our gu>d t no?+ %\ld escape our lips t is n 9 h>mony ) :at we feel or ?9k4 ,9 small matt]s z well z 9 important ?+s tru?fulness mu/ be ! pr9ciple :i* guides u 9 our utt]ances4 8,! lips ( tru? %all be e/abli%$ = ev]1 b = a mom5t only ! tongue ( falsehood0 7,prov4 xii4 #ai74 8,keep !e f> f a ^w ( falsehood0 7,exod4 xxiii4 #g74 8,falsehood10 say our ,sages1 8has no legs to /& ^u2 :il/ #8tru?' is decl>$ to be ! seal ( ! ,holy ,"o1 ,bless$ be ,he0 7 74 ,our moral & religi\s tra9+ is bas$ on ! ,^w ( ,god1 on ! ,torah1 & ! /udy ( ! ,torah1 1 is an ess5tial elem5t 9 ,jewi% education4 ,! t]m ,torah is to be und]/ood 9 no n>r[ s5se1 b z includ+ ! writt5 & ! oral ,law1 all ! books ( ! ,holy ,writ+s1 & su* works z h f "t to "t be5 compos$ = ! purpose ( facilitat+ & promot+ ! /udy ( ! ,torah4 ,! importance ( ?is duty has be5 recognis$ f anci5t times1 & ,jewi% congregations1 be=e build+ a synagogue1 made provision = ! religi\s education ( ! "y & = ! /udy ( ! ,law1 by e/abli%+ s*ools & colleges 7 or & 74 ,talmud-torah is "o ( ^? duties to :i* no measure 0 fix$ 7 ,mi%nah ,peah i4 #a74 ,:5ev] we c f9d "t & leisure1 we ought to turn to ! ,^w ( ,god1 e "o accord+ to 8 capacity & 8 opportunities4 ,! read+s f ! ,torah1 bo? ! writt5 & ! oral1 :i* =m "p ( our ,s]vice1 h be5 introduc$ = ! purpose ( facilitat+ = ! g5]al public ! fulfilm5t ( ! duty ( ,talmud-torah4 ,! /udy ( ! ,law & ! regul> & punctual att5dance at ! ,be?-hammidra% belong to ^? religi\s acts :i* 8be> fruit "h on e>? & procure bliss 9 ! future life0 7ibid474 ,our ,sages exhort u 9 v>i\s say+s to devote ourselves e>ne/ly to ! /udy ( ! ,torah4 ,! object ( ?is /udy is1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to enable u to live 9 accordance ) ,8 ,comm&m5ts2 secondly1 to purify our ?\ghts by turn+ !m f common1 ord9>y ?+s to high] & l(ti] subjects2 = :ile we are read+ ! ,div9e messages & reflect+ on !m1 we move 9 a pur] atmosph]e & mu/ be inspir$ ) holy & noble ?\ghts4 ,! book :i* is expect$ to produce ^! results mu/ be approa*$ 8) awe1 ) meekness1 ) *e]fulness1 & ) purity0 7,abo? vi4 #f74 ,our int5tion mu/ be to be in/ruct$ & guid$ by :at we read4 ,we mu/ n presume to criticise ! ,div9e decrees !re9 record$4 ,if we meet ) passages t /rike u z /range or objectionable1 we may be sure t we h n yet compreh5d$ ! true s5se ( ! ,div9e words4 ,mode/y mu/ cause u r to assume %ortcom+s on our "p ?an to f9d fault ) ! ,holy ,writ+s4 8,turn x ov]1 & read x aga9 & aga92 = all is 9 x1 & behold ev]y?+ ?r\gh x2 & ev5 :5 old & weak1 cleave to x1 & d n move away f x2 = !re is no bett] guide = !e ?an ?is "o0 7,abo? v4 #bb74 ,!re is "o great advantage 9 ! /udy ( ! ,torah2 x con/antly supplies u ) "o ( ! be/ means ( promot+ our moral tra9+1 viz41 ) good company4 ,! society 9 :i* we move & ! p]sons ) :om we associate are an important factor 9 ! =mation ( our "*4 ,bad companions corrupt u1 & lead u to ru92 good companions improve our moral conduct by _! example & n r>ely by _! words4 8,if "o jo9s mock]s1 he w be a mock]2 if he jo9s ! l[ly1 he w %[ grace0 7,prov4 iii4 #cd74 8,keep away f a bad neighb\r2 d n associate ) ! wick$1 & d n believe ?yself safe f evil0 7,abo? i4 #g74 ,9 our daily pray]s we ask ,god = ,8 assi/ance 9 our endeav\r to act accord+ to ?is pr9ciple4 ,! aim & end ( all our moral tra9+ mu/ be to keep our m9d pure f evil ?\ghts1 to make our he>t ! seat ( noble & l(ty desires2 to accu/om our tongue to ! utt]ance ( t :i* is good & true1 & to lead a pure1 hon\rable1 & godly life4 ,if we succe$1 we e/abli% our well-be+ dur+ our life on e>?1 & secure ,div9e bless+ = our s\l 9 ! future _w4 ,,iii4 ,,signs ,,z ,,outw>d ,,rem9d]s ,,( ,,god',s ,,pres5ce4 ,! voice t comes f )91 f our own he>t & consci5ce1 is ! be/ rem9d] ( ,god's ,pres5ce & ,w4 ,b x does n always s\nd ) suffici5t =ce to make itself he>d1 & we1 weak mortals1 h ! weakness ( =gett+ ev5 mo/ important duties1 unless we are rem9d$ ( !m f "t to "t4 ,! ,div9e ,law has !re=e set up signs z outw>d rem9d]s4 ,su* are ! comm&m5ts ( 8fr+e10 8ornam5ts10 & 8door-po/ symbol40 8,fr+e0 or 8,tassel40 8,?\ %alt make !e fr+es ^u ! f\r corn]s ( ?y ve/ure1 :]e) ?\ cov]e/ ?yself0 7,deut4 xxii4 #ab74 ,! object ( ?is comm&m5t is describ$ z foll[s3--8,x %all be unto y = a fr+e1 t ye may look ^u x1 & rememb] all ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,"l1 & d !m1 & t ye seek n aft] y\r own he>t & y\r own eyes1 aft] :i* ye use to g a/ray3 t ye may rememb] & d all my comm&m5ts1 & be holy unto y\r ,god0 7,num4 xv4 #ci1 #dj74 ,9 ob$i5ce to ?is comm&m5t1 we h two k9ds ( f\r-corn]$ g>m5ts provid$ ) 8fr+es40 ,! "o is small1 & is worn "u ! upp] g>m5ts ! :ole day2 x is call$ arba' kanfo?1 8f\r corn]s10 or tali? katan1 8small sc>f40 ,! o!r & l>g] "o is worn ov] ! g>m5ts dur+ ! ,morn+ ,s]vice4 #df ,x is call$ simply tali?1 8sc>f10 or tali? gadol1 8l>ge sc>f40 ,! =m ( ! bless+ :i* accompanies ! p]=mance ( ?is mitsvah v>ies accord+ z x ref]s to ! small tali? or to ! l>ge "o4 ,9 ! =m] case ! bless+ concludes ) 8conc]n+ ! comm&m5t ( tsitsi?20 9 ! latt] ) 1 8to wrap ourselves ) a g>m5t provid$ ) tsitsi?40 #dg ,! tsitsi?1 :i* is app5d$ to ea* ( ! f\r corn]s1 consi/s ( f\r long ?reads drawn ?r\gh a small hole ab\t an in* f ! corn]2 ! two p>ts ( ! ?reads are b\nd toge!r by a d\ble knot2 ! l>ge/ ?read--call$ %amma%1 8! s]vant0--is !n w\nd sev51 eight1 elev51 & ?irte5 times r\nd ! o!r sev5 halves ( ! f\r ?reads1 & aft] ea* set ( w9d+s a d\ble knot is made4--,if "o ( ! f\r tsitsi? is n 9 ord]1 e4g41 two ( ! ?reads be+ torn (f1 ! tali? is call$ pasul1 8disqualifi$0 = ! mitsvah1 & mu/ n be worn till t tsitsi? is replac$ by a new "o4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 an important elem5t 9 ?is ,div9e comm&m5t1 :i* is n[ altoge!r neglect$1 viz41 8,& !y %all put ^u ! fr+e ( ! corn] a ?read ( purple blue wool0 7,num4 xv4 #ch74 ,tradition det]m9$ ! exact %ade ( ! purple blue indicat$ by ! t]m 2 9 ! ,talmud 7,m5a*o? #db;b7 ! v>i\s ways ( its prep>ation are giv54 ,b ! col\r seems to h be5 r>e1 & we are w>n$ aga9/ us+ imitations ( te*ele?4 ,regulations 7 also made provid+ = ! case :5 te*ele? c\ld n be obta9$4 ,! natural :ite col\r 0 !n sub/itut$1 & no o!r col\r 0 all[$4 ,aft] ! conclusion ( ! ,talmud d\bts seem to h aris5 z reg>ds ! exact %ade ( ! purple blue dem&$ by ! ,div9e precept 9 ! t]m 1 & ?us ! use ( ! ?read ( purple blue wool gradually ceas$ to =m "p ( ! tsitsi?4 ,! exact "t :5 x ceas$ _c be fix$4 #dh 8,ornam5ts40 ,f\r times ! ,law repeats ! comm&m5t conc]n+ ! tefill93 8,& ?\ %alt b9d !m0--! words ( ,god--8= a sign ^u ?y h&1 & !y %all be = a frontlet betwe5 ?9e eyes0 7,deut4 vi4 #h & xi4 #ah72 8,& x %all be unto !e = a sign ^u ?y h&1 & = a memorial betwe5 ?9e eyes1 9 ord] t ! ,law ( ! ,"l be 9 ?y m\?0 7,exod4 xiii4 #i72 8,& x %all be = a sign ^u ?y h&1 & = a frontlet betwe5 ?9e eyes0 7ibid4 #af74 ,! object ( ?is comm&m5t is to direct our ?\ghts to ,god & ,8 goodness1 & to rem9d u ( ! important lessons taught 9 ! foll[+ f\r p>agraphs1 9 :i* ! comm&m5t ( tefill9 is m5tion$3-- 7#a47 ,! fir/ p>agraph 7 ,exod4 xiii4 #a-aj7 tea*es t we mu/1 9 v>i\s ways1 express our belief 9 ,god z ! ,k+ & ,rul] ( ! univ]se4 ,two laws are conta9$ 9 ?is p>agraph :i* are to s]ve ?is object--! sanctification ( ! fir/-born to ! s]vice ( ! ,"l1 & ! celebration ( ! ,fea/ ( ,unleav5$ ,cakes4 7#b47 ,! second p>agraph 7 ,exod4 xiii4 #aa-af7 rem9ds u ( ! wond]ful way 9 :i* ,god deliv]$ our =efa!rs f ,egyptian bondage4 ,rememb]+ ?is deliv]ance1 we are /r5g!n$ 9 our fai? 9 ,god 9 days ( tr\ble1 = ,8 ways are n ours1 & :5 we d n see any prospect ( relief ,god may be prep>+ help = u4 7#c47 ,! ?ird p>agraph 7 ,deut4 vi4 #d-i7 proclaims ! ,unity ( ,god1 & tea*es u to love ,god & obey ,him out ( love4 7#d47 ,! f\r? p>agraph 7 ,deut4 xi4 #ac-bj7 tea*es t ,provid5ce deals ) m5 accord+ to _! m]its1 accord+ z ea* des]ves rew>d or puni%m5t4 ,tradition has h&$ d[n to u ! way 9 :i* ?is precept is to be c>ri$ out4 ,! f\r above-m5tion$ p>agraphs are writt5 twice on p>*m5t1 once on "o piece1 & once on f\r pieces1 ea* piece conta9+ "o p>agraph4 ,! two sets are put into two lea!r cases 771 "o ( :i* is divid$ into f\r comp>tm5ts1 = ! f\r sep>ate slips ( p>*m5t1 & m>k$ outside by ! lett] %94 #di ,?r\gh a loop atta*$ to ea* bayi? a lea!r /rap 77 is pass$1 ! two p>ts ( :i* are ti$ toge!r #ej 9 su* a mann] z to hold ! bayi? on ! arm or on ! head4 ,on ! arm ! case is plac$ t conta9s ! f\r p>agraphs writt5 on "o piece1 on ! head t :i* conta9s !m writt5 on f\r pieces4 ,! =m] is call$ tefillah %el yad1 8tefill9 ( ! h&20 ! latt] tefillah %el ro%1 8! tefill9 ( ! head40 ,! tefill9 are put on 9 ! foll[+ way3--7#a47 ,tefillah %el ro%4 ,! case is plac$ 9 front1 j ov] ! =ehead 9 ! middle1 & ! knot ( ! /raps 77 on ! back ( ! head ov] ! middle ( ! neck2 ! rema9d] ( ! two /raps hang d[n 9 front1 "o on ea* side4 7#b47 ,tefillah %el yad4 ,! case conta9+ ! p>*m5t is plac$ on ! inn] side ( ! left upp] arm1 ne> ! elb[2 ! knot is kept ne> x1 & ! /rap is twi/$ sev5 times r\nd ! arm & ?ree times r\nd ! middle f+]2 !re are1 h[ev]1 diff]5t cu/oms ) reg>d to ?is latt] practice4 ,tefillah %el yad is put on fir/1 be+ m5tion$ fir/ 9 ! ,div9e precept4 ,! rev]se ord] is obs]v$ 9 tak+ (f ! tefill94 ,orig9ally ! tefill9 7 worn all day long1 #ea b at pres5t !y are worn only dur+ ! morn+ pray]4 ,! tefill9 are n worn on ,sabba? or ,fe/ival4 ,! obs]vance ( ^! days is 8a sign = ev]0 ( our belief 8t 9 six days ! ,"l made ! heav5s & ! e>?40 ,! v days ( re/ ?us rem9d u ( ! tru?s ( :i* ! tefill9 are 8a sign40 ,! tefill9 became1 !re=e1 unnecess>y on ^? days4 ,! comm&m5t ( tefill9 applies to all male p]sons f _! ?irte5? bir?day4 #eb ,! p]=mance ( ?is comm&m5t is prec$$ by ! usual b5$iction 7 71 conclud+ 1 8to place ! tefill910 scil41 on ! arm & on ! head4 ,accord+ to ! ,g]man rite1 a second b5$iction is recit$ be=e plac+ ! tefillah %el ro% on ! head1 viz41 1 8conc]n+ ! comm&m5t ( tefill940 #ec ,9 ord] to prev5t a m]e p]functory obs]vance ( ?is comm&m5t1 we are taught to reflect on ! importance & ! object ( ! tefill91 & to decl>e t by plac+ ! tefill9 on ! head & on ! arm1 ne> ! he>t1 we indicate our consci\sness ( ! duty to employ ! ?\ghts t rise 9 our m9d1 & ! desires ( our he>t1 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,"l1 :o gave u ! p[]s ( ?\ght & w4 #ed ,door-po/ ,symbol4 ,! ,mezuzah is a piece ( p>*m5t on :i* ! two fir/ p>agraphs ( ,%ema 7,deut4 vi4 #d-i1 xi4 #ac-bj7 are writt54 ,! p>*m5t is roll$ toge!r1 put into a small case1 & fix$ on ! "r-h& door-po/4 ,a small op5+ is left 9 ! case1 :]e ! ^w 8,almighty10 writt5 on ! back ( ! scroll1 is visible4 #ee ,! object ( ! mezuzah1 comm&$ 9 ! words1 8,& ?\ %alt write !m on ! door-po/s ( ?y h\se & ^u ?y gates0 7,deut4 vi4 #i & xi4 #bj71 is to rem9d u ( ! ,pres5ce ( ,god1 ( ,8 ,unity1 ,provid5ce1 & ,omnipot5ce1 bo? on ent]+ our home & on leav+ x2 ( ! all-see+ eye t wat*es u1 & ( ! ,almighty :o w "o day call u to acc\nt = our de$s1 words & ?\ghts4 ,! mezuzah ?us s]ves to sanctify our dwell+ & protect x f be+ pollut$ by evil de$s4 ,signs ( ,god's ,cov5ant4 ,besides ! signs m5tion$ above1 !re are two o!r signs ( ! cov5ant betwe5 ,god & ,israel4 #a4 ,sabba? is call$ 8an ev]la/+ cov5ant10 & 8a sign betwe5 ,god & ! *ildr5 ( ,israel = ev]0 7,exod4 xxxi4 #af1 #ag74 ,see pp4 #bed sqq4 & #cci sqq4 #b4 ,! cov5ant ( ,abraham 7 8! cov5ant ( circumcision074 ,god made a cov5ant ) ,abraham1 & said1 8,?\ %alt keep my cov5ant1 ?\ & ?y se$ aft] !e 9 _! g5]ations4 ,?is is my cov5ant :i* ye %all keep betwe5 me & y1 & ?y se$ aft] !e3 ,e male *ild among y %all be circumcis$ :5 eight days old0 7,g54 xvii4 #i1 #aj1 #ab74 ,if ! eigh? day happ5s to be on a ,sabba?1 ! circumcision takes place on t day2 b if1 because ( illness1 or f any o!r cause1 ! rite has n be5 p]=m$ on ! eigh? day1 x mu/ be done on "s o!r day1 b n on a ,sabba? or ,fe/ival4 ,notes4--#a4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! importance ( ^! mitsvo?1 ,maimonides1 9 ,mi%neh-torah1 says z foll[s3-- 8,al?\gh we are n comm&$ to get a tali?1 & to put x on 9 ord] to jo9 ! tsitsi? 78fr+es07 to x1 a religi\s p]son w n consid] himself free f ?is duty1 b w always endeav\r to we> a g>m5t to :i* fr+es mu/ be affix$4 ,dur+ pray] we mu/ be especially c>eful to provide ourselves ) a tali?4 ,x is a disgrace = a s*ol> 7,talmid *a*am7 to say ! pray] )\t ! tali?4 ,we mu/ be p>ticul>ly anxi\s to p]=m ?is mitsvah2 x is ( great importance ) reg>d to all ! precepts1 accord+ to ! words1 #8,& ye %all look ^u x1 & rememb] all ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,"l'0 7#bnd ,book1 ,ahabhah1 ,hil*o? tsitsi? iii4 #ab74 8,! hol9ess ( ! tefill9 is great1 = s long z ! tefill9 are ^u ! head & ! arm ( a man1 he is humble & ,god-fe>+1 keeps away f levity & idle talk1 does n conceive evil ?\ghts1 b turns 8 he>t exclusively to words ( tru? & ju/ice4 ,we ought !re=e to we> !m all day long2 ?is w\ld be ! prop] way4 ,x is said ( ,rab1 ! pupil ( ,rabbi ,jehudah1 ! ,holy1 t he 0 nev] se5 o!rwise ?an ) torah or tsitsi? or tefill94 8,al?\gh we ought to we> tefill9 all day long1 x is our special duty to we> !m dur+ pray]4 ,our ,sages said1 #8,he :o reads ,%ema )\t tefill9 rejects1 z x 71 8 evid5ce conc]n+ ! ,almighty z false'0 7ibid41 ,hil*o? tefill9 iv4 #bf74 8,we %\ld be p>ticul> ) reg>d to ! mezuzah1 :i* is a duty incumb5t un9t]rupt$ly on e "o4 ,:5ev] we ent] or leave ! h\se our eye meets ) ! "n ( ,god2 we rememb] ,8 love1 & r\s+ ourselves f our torpitude1 we are l$ to regret our fooli% devotion to ! vanities ( ! "t1 & recognise t no?+ rema9s = ev] except ! k ( ! ,rock ( ! univ]se4 ,we %all !n at once devote ourselves to "k ,him1 & walk 9 ! way ( uprightness4 ,our anci5t ,sages said1 #8,he :o has tefill9 ^u 8 head & ^u 8 arm1 tsitsi? on 8 g>m5t1 & mezuzah on 8 door1 he is safe f s91 s9ce he has _m rem9d]s ( 8 duties1 & ^! are ! angels t protect him f go+ a/ray2 & to him ! foll[+ v]se applies3 8,an angel ( ! ,"l encampe? r\nd ^? :o fe> ,him0'0 7ibid41 ,hil*o? mezuzah vi4 #ac74 #b4 ,! great importance ( ! tefill91 z describ$ by ,maimonides1 0 n und]/ood or recognis$ by all ,jews4 ,v>i\s say+s occurr+ 9 ! ,talmud indicate ! exi/5ce ( laxity or ev5 opposition ) reg>d to ! c>ry+ out ( ?is precept 9 its lit]al s5se4 ,:5 p]sons ) tefill9 on _! head & on _! arm %[$ by _! conduct t _! he>t 0 n fill$ ) ! hol9ess & uprightness ( :i* ! tefill9 are ! symbol1 x 0 b natural t n only 7 ^! p]sons accus$ ( hypocrisy1 b ! ,div9e precept itself 0 discr$it$4 ,b ! great] ! opposition by "o section ( ! ,jewi% community1 ! m ! en?usiasm ( ! o!r section grew 9 its fav\r4 ,h5ce ! num]\s ,talmudical & ,rabb9ical utt]ances conc]n+ ! sanctify+ =ce inh]5t 9 ! tefill9 7comp4 ,tur ,ora* ,*ayyim xxxvii474 ,?us1 :5 a ,rabbi 0 caution$ n to be ov] joy\s1 z excess ( joy l$ to s91 he repli$1 8,i lay tefill920 i4e41 8,! ?\ghts :i* ! obs]vance ( ?is precept awak5s protects me f s940 ,?is idea ( protection f s9 may be ! orig9 ( ! ,greek "n phylact]ion1 8protection40--,9 times ( p]secution1 :5 ! ,jews 7 =bidd5 by _! oppressors to p]=m any ( _! religi\s rites on p5alty ( dea?1 ! precept ( tefill9 0 n includ$ among ^? :i* !y p]=m$ ev5 at ! risk ( _! life4 ,to ?is circum/ance ,rabbi ,simeon b4 ,elaz> ascribes ! laxity ) reg>d to ! tefill9 7,babyl4 ,talm4 ,%abba? #acj;a74 #c4 ,!re occurs 9 ! ,midra% 7,sifre on ,deut4 xi4 #ah71 9 ref]5ce to tsitsi? & tefill91 ! foll[+ passage3 8,also :5 9 exile deck y\rselves ) mitsvo?1 9 ord] t on y\r return to y\r own l& ! ,div9e precepts %\ld n seem to y new & unkn[n40 ,?is passage has be5 mis9t]pret$ z if ! au?or ( t passage 7 ( op9ion t precepts l tsitsi? & tefill9 did orig9ally n apply to ^? :o are outside ! ,holy ,l&4 ,! mean+ is r ?is3 ,al?\gh a l>ge portion ( ! laws is n 9 =ce outside ,pale/9e1 yet cont9ue to we> ^! rem9d]s 9 exile1 9 ord] t by ?is act y\r att5tion may con/antly be turn$ to ! :ole ,torah1 to ^? precepts :i* are 9 =ce at pres5t z well z to ^? :i* are n4 ,?us all ! precepts w be famili> to y1 & :5 ! "t comes 9 :i* ! obs]vance ( all ! laws w aga9 be possible1 none ( ! laws w appe> to y new & /range4 #d4 ,!re is1 on ! :ole1 no diff]5ce betwe5 m5 & wom5 ) reg>d to ! ob$i5ce due to ! ,div9e comm&m5ts4 ,all ,jews are equally b\nd to obey ! ,w ( ,god express$ 9 ! ,law4 ,?is is absolutely ! case ) all prohibitions 7 74 ,9 ! case ( positive comm&m5ts 7 7 ! foll[+ rule has be5 laid d[n by our ,sages3 ,wom5 are exempt f ! p]=mance ( su* religi\s duties z are re/rict$ to a c]ta9 p]iod ( "t 7 74 ,! object ( ! seem+ anomaly is probably ?is3 ! pr9cipal duty & ! privilege ( wom5 is to manage ! h\sehold1 a task t dem&s con/ant att5tion4 ,religi\s acts :i* are to be p]=m$ at a c]ta9 "t might involve an int]f]5ce ) su* ( _! h\sehold duties z dem& imm$iate att5tion2 e4g41 nurs+ a pati5t1 a task :i* g5]ally falls to ! lot ( ! female section ( ! family4 ,jewi% wom51 nev]!less1 zeal\sly fulfil mo/ ( ! duties f :i* ! above rule exempts !m4 ,!y ?us are mo/ eag] to obey ! laws conc]n+ %(> on ,new-ye>1 lulab on ,tab]nacles1 & ! l2 & "s ( !m are nam$ z hav+ consci5ti\sly laid tefill9 7,me*ilta on ,exod4 xiii4 #i74 ,,iv4 ,,sabba? ,,& ,,fe/ivals4 ,! daily "w :i* has *iefly ! well-be+ ( ! body z its aim mu/ be int]rupt$ on c]ta9 days :i* ! ,almighty has appo9t$ = ! promotion ( man's spiritual well-be+4 ,sabba? & ,fe/ivals are ! days ?us appo9t$1 & are !re=e call$ 8! seasons ( ! ,"l10 & 8holy convocations40 ,! bless+ d]iv$ f ! obs]vance ( ,holy-days 9 ! true _s is describ$ by ! prophet z foll[s3 8,if ?\ keep back ?y foot because ( ! sabba?1 f do+ ?y bus9ess on my holy day2 & call ! sabba? a delight1 ! holy ( ! ,"l1 hon\rable1 & %alt hon\r x1 n do+ ?9e own ways1 nor f9d+ ?9e own bus9ess1 nor speak+ ?9e own words3 !n ?\ %alt delight ?yself 9 ! ,"l3 & ,i w cause !e to ride ^u ! high places ( ! e>?1 & fe$ !e ) ! h]itage ( ,jacob1 ?y fa!r0 7,isa4 lviii4 #ac1 #ad74 ,to ^? :o fail to obs]ve ! seasons ( ! ,"l 9 ! true _s1 ! prophet says 9 ! "n ( ! ,almighty3 8,y\r new-moons & y\r fe/ivals my s\l hate?3 !y are a tr\ble unto me2 ,i am we>y to be> !m0 7ibid4 i4 #ad74 ,maimonides #ef compreh5ds ! v>i\s duties & obs]vances ( ! ,holy-days 9 ! foll[+ f\r t]ms3 8rememb]10 8take he$10 8hon\r10 & 8delight40 ,! fir/ two are f\nd 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 & =m ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? comm&m5t 9 ,exodus & ,deut]onomy respectively2 ! o!r two occur 9 ! above description ( ! ,sabba? quot$ f ,isaiah 7lviii4 #ac1 #ad74 ,foll[+ ! example ( our great tea*]1 we %all likewise treat ( ! laws & cu/oms ( ,sabba? & ,fe/ivals "u ^! f\r heads3 #eg-- a4 8,rememb]40 ,rememb] ! ,sabba?-day2 speak ( x1 ( its hol9ess & its bless+s4 ,we fulfil ?is duty :5 ,sabba? comes 91 by ! ,kiddu%1 8! sanctification ( ! day10 9 :i* we praise ! ,almighty = ! boon be/[$ ^u u by ! in/itution ( ! ,sabba?2 & :5 ,sabba? goes out1 by ! ,habhdalah1 9 :i* we praise ,god = ! 8di/9ction0 made betwe5 ! holy & ! ord9>y days4 ,we h bo? ,kiddu% & ,habhdalah 9 a d\ble =m3 7a7 z a portion ( ! ,amidah 9 ! ,ev5+ ,s]vice2 ! ,kiddu% be+ ! middle section ( ! ,amidah1 ! ,habhdalah consi/+ ( a pray] add$ to ! f\r? p>agraph beg9n+ 2 7b7 z a sep>ate s]vice especially int5d$ = our homes4 ,x is ?is home-s]vice t we g5]ally und]/& by ! t]ms ,kiddu% & ,habhdalah1 & 9 ?is s5se !y are employ$ 9 ! foll[+4 #eh ,kiddu%4 ,!re is a traditional explanation ( ! t]m za*or3 8rememb] x ov] ! w9e40 ,z 8w9e gladd5s ! he>t ( man0 & =ms an important elem5t 9 a fe/ive meal1 x has be5 ord]$ t our meal on ! eve #ei ( ,sabba? & ,fe/ival %\ld be begun ) a cup ( w9e 9 hon\r ( ! day1 & t m5tion %\ld be made ( ! hol9ess ( ! day be=e p>tak+ ( ! w9e4 ,! ,kiddu% consi/s ( two bless+s 773 "o ov] ! w9e1 #fj & "o t ref]s to ! hol9ess ( ! day4 ,on ,holy-days--except ! la/ days ( ,passov]--a ?ird bless+ 77 foll[s1 prais+ ,god = hav+ grant$ u life & enabl$ u aga9 to celebrate ! ,fe/ival4 ,on ,friday ev5+ a portion f ,g5esis 7i4 #ca to ii4 #c7 is add$1 :i* conta9s ! fir/ m5tion ( ! in/itution ( ,sabba?4 ,if a ,fe/ival happ5s to fall on ,sunday1 we add "p ( ! ,habhdalah to ! ,kiddu% on ,saturday ev5+1 #fa ref]r+ to ! di/9ction betwe5 ! hol9ess ( ! ,sabba? & t ( ! ,fe/ivals4 ,! ,kiddu% is "p ( ! ,sabba? or ,fe/ival ev5+ meal1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( ! latt] ! ,kiddu% is omitt$4 #fb ,9 ,synagogues ( ! ,g]man & ,poli% ,m9hag ! ,read] recites ! ,kiddu% at ! conclusion ( ! ,ma>ib ,s]vice4 ,?is cu/om is a survival ( ! anci5t way ( provid+ = ! poor & ! /rang]4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( bett] accommodation lodg+ & food 7 giv5 to ! ne$y 9 rooms adjo9+ ! ,synagogue1 or ev5 9 ! ,synagogue itself4 ,x 0 = ^! t ! ,read] recit$ ! ,kiddu%1 be=e !y comm5c$ ! ev5+ meal1 z mo/ probably w9e 0 n s]v$ to all4 ,al?\gh circum/ances h *ang$ ! mode ( ma9ta9+ ! poor1 & ! latt] f9d no long] lodg+ & bo>d 9 ! ,synagogue1 ! ,kiddu% has be5 reta9$ z "p ( ! ,ma>ib ,s]vice1 except on ! fir/ two nights ( ,passov]1 :5 !re _h nev] be5 an occasion = read+ ,kiddu% 9 ! ,synagogue4 ,! poor 7 treat$ on ^! nights ) f\r cups ( w9e ea*1 & !y recit$ ,kiddu% by !mselves z "p ( ! ,s$]4 ,habhdalah 4 ,habhdalah is recit$ 9 ! ev5+ foll[+ ,sabba? or ,holy-day1 aft] ! ,ev5+ ,s]vice4 ,a cup ( w9e is rais$1 & ! ov] w9e is foll[$ by ano!r 1 9 :i* ,god is prais$ = ! di/9ction made betwe5 ! holy & ! ord9>y day 7 71 or betwe5 two k9ds ( hol9ess 7 7 9 case ,sabba? is foll[$ by a ,holy-day4--,on ,sabba? night we take a c&le & a spice-box1 & add two bless+s aft] t ov] w9e2 9 ! "o we ?ank ,god = ! enjoym5t ( ! fragrance1 9 ! o!r = ! b5efit ,he be/[$ on u by ! creation ( light4 ,a few v]ses f ! ,bible1 especially ! ,prophets1 prec$e ! ,habhdalah4 ,! orig9 ( ! introduction ( ! bless+s = light & = spices 9 ! ,habhdalah may be ! foll[+3--,! pr9cipal meal ( ! day us$ to be tak5 ab\t sunset2 light & burn+ inc5se 7 ess5tial elem5ts ( a fe/ive meal4 ,on ,sabba? ^! c\ld n be _h1 & 7 !re=e enjoy$ imm$iately aft] ! go+ out ( ,sabba?4 ,al?\gh ! cu/om ( hav+ inc5se aft] ! meal has long ceas$1 x has surviv$ 9 ! ,habhdalah1 & has1 9 c\rse ( "t1 receiv$ ano!r1 a m poetical int]pretation4 ,! ,sabba? inspires u ) *e]fulness1 gives u1 z x 71 an additional s\l-- --traces ( :i* are left on ! dep>ture ( ,sabba?1 & are symbolis$ by ! fragrance ( ! spices4 ,= ! use ( ! special light !re has likewise be5 sugge/$ a second reason1 namely1 t x is int5d$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! week to rem9d u ( ! fir/ product ( ,creation1 :i* 0 light4 ,!re are a few cu/oms connect$ ) ! ,habhdalah t may be notic$ "h4 7#a47 ,! w9e1 :5 p\r$ into ! cup1 is all[$ to fl[ ov]1 z a symbol ( ! ov]fl[+ ,div9e bless+ :i* we wi% & hope to enjoy 9 ! com+ week4 7#b47 ,"s dip _! f+] 9 w9e & pass x ov] _! eyes1 9 allusion to ! words ( ! ,n9ete5? ,psalm 7v]4 #i71 8,! comm&m5t ( ! ,"l is pure1 enlight5+ ! eyes40 ,! act expresses ! love ( ! ,div9e comm&m5ts 7 74 7#c47 ,only male p]sons p>take ( ! w9e2 !y h m int]e/ 9 ! ,habhdalah z ! signal = ! resumption ( ord9>y "w & bus9ess4--,! exclusion ( wom5 f ! w9e ( ,habhdalah may also h its orig9 9 ! fact t ,jewi% wom5 g5]ally ab/a9$ f tak+ w9e1 consid]+ /rong dr9k suitable only = ! male portion ( mank9d4 ,!y only p>take ( ! w9e ( ,kiddu% on acc\nt ( its importance2 to ,habhdalah less importance 0 ascrib$4 7#d47 ,on rea*+ ! words 1 8betwe5 light & d>kness10 "s hold _! h&s aga9/ ! light1 ! f+]s b5t inside1 9 illu/ration ( ! words :i* !y utt]1 %[+ d>kness & %ad[ inside & light outside4--,) ! practice ( ^! & simil> cu/oms we mu/ take good c>e t we %\ld n comb9e any sup]/iti\s motive1 or jo9 actions :i* are really sup]/iti\s1 & did n orig9ate 9 ,jewi% ?\ght & ,jewi% traditions4 ,we fur!r rememb] ! ,sabba?-day to sanctify x by increas$ devotion1 by read+ special ,lessons f ! ,p5tateu* & ! ,prophets1 & by att5d+ religi\s in/ruction giv5 by tea*]s & prea*]s4 ,besides v>i\s additions 9 ! ,s]vice1 & ! sub/itution ( "o p>agraph conc]n+ ,sabba? or ,fe/ival = ! ?irte5 middle p>agraphs ( ! ,amidah1 !re is ano!r ,s]vice ins]t$ betwe5 ! ,morn+ & ! ,aft]noon ,s]vices2 x is call$ ,musaph1 8! ,additional ,s]vice10 & corresponds to ! additional (f]+ orda9$ = ,sabba? & ,fe/ival 7,num4 xxviii4 #i1 sqq474 ,an ess5tial elem5t 9 ! ,morn+ ,s]vice is ! ,read+ f ! ,torah 7 7 & ! ,prophets 774 ,a p]iodical public read+ f ! ,law 0 enjo9$ 9 ! foll[+ words3 8,at ! end ( e sev5 ye>s1 9 ! solemnity ( ! ye> ( release1 9 ! fea/ ( tab]nacles1 :5 all ,israel is come to appe> be=e ! ,"l ?y ,god 9 ! place :i* he %all *oose1 ?\ %alt read ?is law be=e all ,israel 9 _! he>+4 ,ga!r ! p toge!r1 m5 & wom5 & *ildr51 & ! /rang] t is )9 ?y gates1 t !y may he>1 & t !y may le>n1 & fe> ! ,"l y\r ,god1 & obs]ve to d all ! words ( ?is law2 & t _! *ildr51 :i* h n kn[n any?+1 may he> & le>n to fe> ! ,"l y\r ,god0 7,deut4 xxxi4 #aj-ac74 ,a sev5 ye>s' int]val w\ld surely h de/roy$ ! impression produc$ by ! read+4 ,! read+ 0 probably repeat$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry at %ort] int]vals4 ,tradition ascribes to ,moses ! in/itution ( read+ ! ,law e ,sabba?1 ,monday1 & ,?ursday morn+1 9 ord] t ?ree days might nev] pass )\t ,torah4 ,ezra is said to h add$ ! read+ on ,sabba? aft]noon1 & to h made v>i\s o!r regulations ) reg>d to ! read+ ( ! ,law4 ,quantity & mann] ( read+ 7 at fir/1 no d\bt1 v>iable4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t c]ta9 sy/ems f\nd fav\r & became ! fix$ rule4 ,"s complet$ ! read+ ( ! :ole ,p5tateu* 9 ?ree ye>s1 o!rs 9 "o ye>4 ,! =m] mode 0 gradually displac$ by ! latt]1 & ! attempts :i* h lately be5 made to revive x h n succe$$4 ,traces ( ! tri5nial read+ may be notic$ 9 ! numb] ( s$>im conta9$ 9 ! five books ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 ! annual c\rse is foll[$ 9 almo/ all our ,synagogues4 ,! section read on "o ,sabba? is call$ sidra2 ! fir/1 1 is read ! fir/ ,sabba? aft] ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles1 & ! la/ sidra is read on ,sim*a?-torah 7! #bcrd ( ,ti%ri74 ,= ! ,fe/ivals su* sections 7 select$ z conta9$ ei!r direct or indirect ref]5ce to ! ,fe/ivals4 ,if ^! happ5 to be on a ,sabba?1 ! ord9>y read+ is int]rupt$1 & t ( ! ,fe/ivals sub/itut$ = x4 ,! numb] ( p]sons :o 7 to take "p 9 ! read+ v>i$ accord+ z ! p 7 likely to devote less or m "t to ,div9e ,s]vice3 on weekdays & on ,sabba? aft]noon ?ree1 on ,new-moon & ,*ol-hammo$ f\r1 on ! ,fe/ivals five1 on ! ,day ( ,atonem5t six1 #fc & on ,sabba? sev54 ,"s may h requir$ ! assi/ance ( ! *azan1 & 9 "s cases ! *azan's voice 0 ! only "o t 0 he>d2 gradually ! *azan became ! read]1 & ! orig9al read] became sil5t1 be+ cont5t ) recit+ ! b'ra*o?4 ,only 9 ! case ( ! ,b>-mitsvah1 ! ,*a?an-torah1 & ! ,*a?an-b're%i? ! orig9al practice has be5 reta9$4 ,z reg>ds ! ord] ( ^? :o take "p 9 ! read+ ( ! ,law1 ! fir/ place is giv5 to a ,coh51 i4e41 a desc5dant ( ,a>on1 ! prie/2 ! second to a ,levite1 i4e41 a non-prie/ ( ! tribe ( ,levi2 & !n foll[ o!r ,israelites1 t are nei!r ,levites nor ,cohanim1 )\t any prescrib$ ord]4 ,! la/ :o concludes ! read+ f ! ,law on ^? days on :i* a *apt] f ! ,prophets is also read is call$ maftir1 8conclud+20 & ! lesson f ! ,prophets is call$ hapht>ah1 8conclusion40 ,9 ! selection ( ! hapht>ah c>e 0 tak5 t x %\ld conta9 "s ref]5ce to ! cont5ts ( ! lesson f ! ,p5tateu*1 & z !re 0 n mu* *oice1 ! hapht>ah1 once *os51 0 z a rule read aga9 on ! recurr5ce ( ! same sidra4 ,diff]5t communities _h diff]5t s]ies ( hapht>o?4 ,a few negative rules conc]n+ ! selection ( ! hapht>ah are m5tion$ 9 ! ,mi%nah 7,megillah iv4 #aj72 ,ezek4 i4 & xvi41 #b ,sam4 xi4 & xiii41 are to be exclud$4 ,^! rules1 h[ev]1 7 n obs]v$1 z ,ezek4 i4 is ! hapht>ah = ! fir/ day ( ! ,fea/ ( ,weeks4 ,!re is an anci5t rule ab\t ! nature ( ! hapht>o? betwe5 ! ,fa/ ( ,tamuz & ,new-ye>2 viz41 !re %\ld be ?ree hapht>o? ( 8rebuke0 & sev5 ( 8com=t0 7 1 74 ,! =m] are tak5 f ,j]emiah 7i4 & ii47 & ,isaiah 7i472 ! latt] are select$ f ,isaiah 7xl4 to lxvi47 ,v>i\s acc\nts are giv5 ( ! orig9 ( ! hapht>ah4 ,"o acc\nt traces its orig9 to a p]iod ( p]secution1 :5 ! ,jews 7 n all[$ to read f ! ,torah1 & ! scrolls ( ! ,law 7 ei!r confiscat$ or conceal$4 ,9 bo? cases x 0 easy to read f ! ,prophets1 = ?is c\ld be done by he>t & 9 any place2 :il/ = ! read+ ( ! ,torah x 0 necess>y to produce a copy ( ! ,law4 ,accord+ to ano!r acc\nt1 ! hapht>ah s]v$ z a prote/ aga9/ ! !ory ( ! ,sam>itans1 :o recognis$ ! ,torah alone z holy4 ,b x is m likely & m natural to suppose t ! hapht>ah 0 introduc$ z soon z ! ,prophets became "p ( ! ,holy ,scriptures4 ,!re 0 a t5d5cy to h rec\rse to ! ,div9e messages ( future com=t & glory :5 ! pres5t 0 gloomy & sad4 ,at ! end ( ! ,s]vice or a religi\s disc\rse1 j be=e leav+ ! ,synagogue or ! ,be? ha-midra%1 passages f ! ,prophets 7 read1 9 ord] t ! p might c>ry away ) !m a /r5g!n$ fai? 9 ,god & 9 ! ultimate victory ( _! religion4 ,on ,sabba? morn+ ! lessons f ! ,prophets 7 ( great] importance1 s9ce a l>g] numb] congregat$1 & m "t c\ld be devot$ to x4 ,a b'ra*ah !re=e introduc$ x1 & b'ra*o?1 includ+ a pray] = ! re/oration ( ,zion1 foll[$ x4 ,! "n hapht>ah sugge/s ?is explanation2 x d5otes lit]ally 8caus+ to leave10 8dep>ture10 or 8conclusion40 ,aft] ! return ( ! ,jews f ,babylon !y spoke ! ,*aldee dialect2 ! lessons f ! ,bible 7 accord+ly accompani$ by a ,*aldee translation call$ t>gum4 ,! translation 0 n always lit]al1 b 0 frequ5tly a p>aphrase4 ,x 0 giv51 z a rule1 aft] ea* v]se1 by an appo9t$ me?urgeman4--,9 communities :i* only und]/ood ,greek ! ,greek v]sion 0 read4 ,a ,spani% translation ( ! hapht>ah is /ill add$ at pres5t on ! ,fa/ ( ,ab 9 ! ,portuguese ,ritual2 b o!rwise ! practice ( add+ a translation to ! text has long s9ce be5 discont9u$4 b4 8,take ,he$40 ,! negative comm&m5t conc]n+ ! ,holy-days is3 1 8,?\ %alt d no mann] ( "w40 ,! v "n ,sabba? 71 8re/07 implies abs5ce ( lab\r4 ,we are comm&$ to re/ on ! ,sabba?1 b n to indulge 9 laz9ess & indol5ce1 :i* are by no means conducive to ! heal? ( ! body or ! s\l4 ,! ,sabba? re/ is describ$ 9 our ,sabba? ,aft]noon ,s]vice z 8volunt>y & cong5ial1 true & fai?ful1 & happy & *e]ful40 ,mod]ate ex]cise1 *e]ful read+1 & pleasant conv]sation are indisp5sable = a re/ ( ?is k9d4 ,:at is to be und]/ood by ! t]m 8lab\r0 or 8"w0 9 ! prohibition 8,?\ %alt n d any mann] ( "w08 ,! ,p5tateu* gives no def9ition ( ! t]m4 ,b ! ,israelites1 :5 !y 7 told t "w 0 prohibit$ on ,sabba?1 & t any brea* ( ! law 0 to be puni%$ ) dea?1 mu/ h receiv$ orally a full explanation ( ! prohibition4 ,a case is m5tion$ ( "o :o pr(an$ ! ,sabba? by ga!r+ /icks1 & 0 put to dea?2 ?is c\ld n h be5 done if any d\bt _h be5 left 9 8 m9d :e!r ! act ( ga!r+ /icks 0 includ$ 9 ! prohibition4 ,a few in/ances ( "w prohibit$ on a ,sabba?-day are met ) 9 ! ,bible4 ,9 connection ) ! manna1 ! prohibition ( cook+ & bak+ is m5tion$2 also ! comm&m5t1 8,let no man g out ( 8 place on ! sev5? day0 7,exod4 xvi4 #bi72 i4e41 we mu/ n travel or g beyond a c]ta9 di/ance #fd on ! ,sabba?4 ,ano!r act di/9ctly =bidd5 is conta9$ 9 ! words1 8,ye %all k9dle no fire 9 all y\r dwell+s on ! day ( re/0 7ibid4 xxxv4 #c74 ,! prophet ,amos 7viii4 #e71 9 rebuk+ ! ,israelites = *eat+ _! fell[-m51 puts ! foll[+ words into _! m\?3 8,:5 w ! new moon be gone1 t we may sell corn8 & ! ,sabba?1 t we may op5 our /ores ( :eat80 ,?is %[s t ! ,israelites conduct$ no bus9ess on ,new-moon & ,sabba?4 ,j]emiah 7xvii4 #ba sqq47 says z foll[s3 8,?us sai? ! ,"l1 ,take he$ to y\rselves1 & be> no burd5 on ! sabba? day1 nor br+ x 9 by ! gates ( ,j]usalem2 nei!r c>ry =? a burd5 out ( y\r h\ses on ! sabba? day1 nei!r d ye any "w1 b hall[ ye ! sabba? day40--,nehemiah relates 7xiii4 #ae73 8,9 ^? days saw ,i 9 ,judah "s tread+ w9e-presses on ! sabba?1 & br++ 9 %eaves1 & lad+ asses2 z also w9e1 grapes1 & figs1 & all mann] ( burd5s1 :i* !y br\ght into ,j]usalem on ! sabba? day3 & ,i te/ifi$ aga9/ !m 9 ! day :]e9 !y sold victuals4 ,!n ,i said unto !m1 ,:at evil ?+ is ?is t ye d & pr(ane ! sabba? day80 ,z a g5]al rule1 we may say t ! "w prohibit$ on ,sabba? & ,fe/ivals embraces two classes3 viz41 7#a7 ,all su* acts z are legally--i4e41 9 ! ,oral ,law--def9$ z 8"w40 ,x makes no diff]5ce :e!r we consid] any ( !m z lab\r or n4 ,"u ?irty-n9e diff]5t heads #fe !y are enum]at$ 9 ! ,mi%nah 7,%abba? vii4 #b74 ,! foll[+ are a few ( !m3--,pl\gh+1 s[+1 reap+1 ?re%+1 gr9d+1 bak+1 hunt+1 kill+ an animal1 tann+1 sew+1 writ+1 k9dl+ light or fire1 & c>ry+ ?+s abroad4 7#b47 ,ev]y?+ :i* our consci5ce tells u to be inappropriate = ! ,sabba?2 acts :i* come nei!r "u ! head ( nor "u t ( 1 b :i* w\ld t5d to *ange ! ,sabba? into an ord9>y day2 e4g41 prep>+ = our daily bus9ess transactions1 al?\gh su* prep>ation does n involve an actual brea* ( any ( ! ,sabba? laws4 ,:atev] we are n all[$ to d ourselves1 we mu/ n h done = u by a co-religioni/1 :o delib]ately disreg>ds ! f\r? comm&m5t4 ,nei!r mu/ we employ non-,israelites to d our "w on ,sabba?1 except 9 case ( ne$2 e4g41 9 case ( illness or fe> ( illness4 ,z reg>ds ,holy-days1 !re is ! g5]al rule t "w 77 prohibit$ on ,sabba? mu/ n be done on ,holy-days3 8,save t :i* e man mu/ eat1 t only may be done ( y0 7,exod4 xii4 #af72 t is to say1 x is all[$ on ,fe/ivals to cook1 to bake1 or to prep>e food 9 any o!r way4 #ff ,( c\rse1 = ! ,fe/ival t happ5s to fall on a ,sabba?1 ! laws ( ,sabba? rema9 9 =ce4 ,! ,day ( ,atonem5t is 9 ?is respect equal to ,sabba?4 c4 8,delight40 ,! pr9cipal & noble/ delight yield$ by ,holy-days is ! pleasure we feel 9 m frequ5t communion ) ! ,div9e ,be+1 9 ! pur] & holi] ?\ghts ) :i* we are inspir$ :5 at re/ f ord9>y "w1 & able to devote ourselves m fully to ! contemplation ( ! works & words ( ,god4 ,9 ?is s5se ! day ( re/ is describ$ 9 "o ( ! hymns 77 aft] supp] z 8a =eta/e ( ! _w to come0 7 74 ,b oneg %abba? includes also delight ( a less spiritual "*4 ,we are n comm&$ on ! days ( re/ to =get altoge!r ! wants ( ! body4 ,on ! contr>y4 ,nehemiah1 :5 on ! fir/ day ( ! sev5? mon?1 t is1 on ,new-ye>1 he p]ceiv$ t 8 bre?r5 7 sad1 address$ !m ?us3 8,g y\r way1 eat ! fat & dr9k ! sweet1 & s5d portions unto him = :om no?+ is prep>$3 = ?is day is holy unto ! ,"l3 nei!r be ye griev$2 = ! joy ( ! ,"l is y\r /r5g?0 7,neh4 viii4 #aj74 ,! same conception ( 8! sabba? unto ! ,"l0 is met ) 9 ,talmud1 ,midra%1 & ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! ,rabb9ical lit]ature4 ,9 "o ( our ,sabba?-hymns 77 we say3 8,?is day is = ,israel1 light & joy1 a sabba? ( re/20 & 9 our pray]s = ,sabba? we glory 9 be+ %om're %abba? ve-kor'e oneg1 8obs]v]s ( ! sabba?1 & su* z call x a delight40--,) reg>d to ! ,fe/ivals1 ! duty ( rejoic+ is repeat$ly enjo9$ 7,deut4 xvi4 #aa1 #ad74 ,9 our regulations1 cu/oms1 & pray]s = ,sabba? & ,fe/ivals1 ?is duty is cle>ly indicat$4 ,all fa/+ & m\rn+ is prohibit$4 ,c>e 0 tak5 t ,div9e ,s]vice %\ld be free f su* pray]s z w\ld be likely to create feel+s ( grief & sadness4 #fg ,a special =mula has also be5 introduc$ = ! expression ( our sympa?y ) ! sick & ! m\rn] on ,sabba? & ,fe/ivals4 #fh ,:5 any ( ! obligatory fa/s--except ! ,day ( ,atonem5t--happ5s to fall on a ,sabba?1 ! fa/+ is put (f 77 till ! next day1 or kept1 z 9 ! case ( ! fa/ ( ,e/h]1 on ! prec$+ ,?ursday4 ,tradition has rais$ ! tak+ ( ! ?ree regul> meals on ,sabba? 7 71 viz41 supp]1 breakfa/1 & d9n]1 to a religi\s act--a mitsvah1 & ! religi\s "* ( ! meals is %[n by ! special pray]s & hymns--zemiro?--:i* accompany !m4 ,a f\r? meal is1 accord+ to "s au?ority1 likewise obligatory2 :il/1 accord+ to ano!r au?ority1 x may be replac$ by spiritual food1 by read+ & /udy+ ! ,torah4 d4 8,hon\r40 ,we hon\r ! day inw>dly by consid]+ x a holy1 di/+ui%$ season1 :i* ought to be devot$ to high] objects ?an ! wants ( our body4 ,our m9d %\ld be entirely turn$ aside f our daily bus9ess1 9 ord] to be free = l(ti] & holi] ?\ghts4 ,= ! purpose ( effect+ ?is inw>d di/9ction ( ! ,sabba?1 we hon\r x also outw>dly by v>i\s ?+s1 :i* are p>tly a symbol1 p>tly a rem9d] ( ! di/9ction claim$ by ! day4 ,we hon\r ! ,sabba?1 !re=e1 by giv+ a fe/ive appe>ance to our meals1 our dress1 & our dwell+4 ,! pr9cipal ?+ requir$ is neatness & *e]fulness2 n luxury4 ,on ! contr>y1 we are guid$ 9 ?is respect by ! pr9ciple3 ,make r ?y ,sabba? an ord9>y day--i4e41 omit ! di/9ction 9 food & dress--?an r5d] ?yself dep5d5t on ! support ( ?y fell[-m54 #fi ,x is cu/om>y to h two loaves on ! table1 ov] :i* ! bless+ ha-motsee is said4 ,!y are to rem9d u ( ! d\ble portion ( bread or manna 7 1 ,exod4 xvi4 #bb7 giv5 to ! ,israelites 9 ! wild]ness on ! six? day because ( ! succe$+ ,sabba?-day4 ,! clo? spread b5ea? ! loaves1 & ! cov] ov] !m1 repres5t symbolically ! dew :i* bo? lay on ! gr\nd "u ! manna & also ov] x4 #gj ,! orig9 ( ?is cu/om ( cov]+ ! bread may p]haps be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ ,talmudic law3 8,if a meal t has comm5c$ on ,friday aft]noon is cont9u$ 9 ! night1 x mu/ be int]rupt$ :5 ,sabba? comes 92 a clo? is to be spread ov] ! bread :il/ ! ,kiddu% is recit$0 7,babyl4 ,talm4 ,pesa*im1 #ajj;a74 ,! spread+ ( ! clo? appe>s to be "h m]ely a sign ( ! pause1 & ! di/9ction betwe5 ! ord9>y meal & t ( ,sabba?4 #ga ,t :i* 0 at fir/ orda9$ = special cases became 9 c\rse ( "t a g5]al cu/om4 #gb ,! loaves are call$ bir*o? 771 taa%ir 771 or *allah 774 ,! fir/ "n !y receiv$ z symbols ( ,god's bless+1 ! d\ble portion ( manna :i* ! ,almighty s5t to ! ,israelites on ,friday because ( ! ,sabba? 7see ,ra%i on ,g54 ii4 #c74 ,! v]se1 8,! bless+ ( ! ,"l1 x make? ri*0 71 ,prov4 x4 #bb71 sugge/$ ! second "n4 ,*allah rem9ds u ( ! comm&m5t to give ! fir/ "p ( ! d\gh to ! prie/ 7,num4 xv4 #ag-ba74 ,al?\gh at pres5t ?is comm&m5t _c be c>ri$ out1 we sep>ate a small piece1 call$ *allah1 ( ! d\gh :i* we prep>e = bread1 & burn x1 aft] hav+ recit$ an appropriate bless+4 #gc ,x is cu/om>y to prep>e ! d\gh = ! ,sabba? loaves at home1 9 ord] to be able to act 9 accordance ) ?is cu/om4 ,?is is "o ( ! religi\s acts :i* x is ! special duty ( wom5 to p]=m1 & "s ( ! pi\s wom5 ( ,israel 7 7 h ! praisewor?y cu/om to lay some?+ aside = *>ity :5 p]=m+ ?is or simil> religi\s acts4 ,ano!r act p]=m$ 9 hon\r ( ,sabba? & ,fe/ivals is ! k9dl+ ( special lights be=e ! holy day comes 91 to indicate symbolically ! approa* ( a day ( light & *e]fulness4 ,?is duty is likewise ! privilege ( ! h\sewife #gd or h] repres5tative4 ,be=e #ge k9dl+ ! lights ! foll[+ bless+ is recit$3 ''' 8,bless$ art ?\ 444 & ha/ comm&$ u to k9dle ! sabba? lights40 1 1 1 or is sub/itut$ = accord+ z a ,holy-day1 ! ,day ( ,atonem5t1 or ^! days :5 !y happ5 to fall on a ,saturday1 come 94 ,on ,fe/ivals1 except ! la/ days ( ,passov]1 ! foll[+ bless+1 call$ 1 is add$3 ''' 8,bless$ art ?\ 444 :o ha/ kept u 9 life1 pres]v$ u1 & enabl$ u to rea* ?is season40 ,,notes4 #a4 ,! read+ ( ! ,law is prec$$ & foll[$ by a bless+4 ,9 ! fir/ we praise ,god = hav+ di/+ui%$ ,israel by reveal+ ! ,law to !m1 & 9 ! second = ! b5efit d]iv$ f ! ,law z ! s\rce ( et]nal life4 ,! love & reg>d = ! ,law express$ 9 ^! bless+s %\ld be %[n by ! congregants 9 sil5t & respectful att5tion to :at is recit$ by ! ,read]4 ,^? :o are call$ up to ! ,law consid] ?is z an important ev5t1 & make x an occasion ( special pray]s = relatives & fri5ds 7mi-%ebb]a*71 accompani$ by promises ( contributions to communal & *>itable in/itutions4 ,on days ( family rejoic+1 z well z on days ( m\rn+1 ! religi\s privilege ( be+ call$ to ! ,read+ ( ! ,law is especially valu$2 9 ! =m] case (f]+s are v[$ 9 hon\r ( our liv+ fri5ds1 9 ! o!r case 9 memoriam ( ^? ne> & de> to u1 :o h dep>t$ f our mid/4 ,^! additional pray]s ?us s]ve a d\ble purpose2 !y help to pres]ve ! bond ( relation%ip & fri5d%ip1 & secure a mat]ial support = ! b5evol5t & o!r in/itutions ( ! community4 ,objections h be5 rais$ to ?is 9 itself praisewor?y cu/om = two reasons3 fir/1 ! mi-%ebb]a* only conc]ns a few1 & appe>s to ! re/ ( ! congregation a useless int]ruption 9 ! read+ ( ! ,law2 secondly1 x gives occasion to a display ( vanity & pride4 ,z to ! fir/ objection1 provision c\ld & %\ld be made t ! int]ruption be n unduly long1 & cause irritation among ! congregants4 ,due reg>d %\ld be %[n to ! fact t ! ,div9e ,book is op5 on ! read+-desk1 & ev]y?+ %\ld be avoid$ t might dim9i% ! rev]5ce prop] to su* an occasion4 ,! second objection is bas$ on a pessimi/ic e/imate ( our fell[-m52 if !re is any "o ^: (f]+s are made f va9 & o/5tati\s motives1 he is c]ta9ly lo/ 9 ! multitude ( ^? :o take a m s]i\s & a m dignifi$ view ( _! duties :5 /&+ be=e ! op5 ,torah4 #b4 ,!re is an old tradition t we %\ld recite daily a hundr$ b5$ictions4 ,on ,sabba? & ,holy-days1 :5 ! ,amidah conta9s only sev5 b]a*o? in/ead ( eighte51 ! defici5cy is made up by seek+ an occasion = bir*o? ha-neh594 ,h5ce ! m9hag spread ( p>tak+ on ^! days ( v>i\s k9ds ( fruit betwe5 ! meals4 #c4 ,tradition tea*es u t on ! holy days ( re/ we mu/ n only ab/a9 f actual "w1 b also f ord]+ any?+ to be done by ^? :o refuse to recognise ! ,sabba?-laws z b9d+ on !m4--,circum/ances =ce u to deviate at times f ?is rule4 ,!re 7 ,jews :o w\ld n all[ any "w to be und]tak5 on ,friday :i* w\ld cont9ue ( its own accord aft] ! ,sabba? _h set 94 ,?us !y w\ld n h light 9 _! homes on ,friday ev5+ or w>m food on ! ,sabba?-day1 al?\gh all necess>y precautions _h be5 tak5 be=e ,sabba? came 9 to keep ! light burn+ & ! food w>m = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,b ! m ^! ,jews insi/$ on exclud+ light & fire f _! homes1 ! m did our ,sages dem& light & w>m food z ess5tial com=ts ( ! ,sabba?1 & to !m ! ,sabba?-c&les & ! w>m food 7 a mitsvah ( great importance4 ,mu* "w is done on ,sabba? = ! public by non-,jews2 e4g41 9 connection ) railway-tra9s1 /eamboats1 & o!r public conveyances4 ,may ! ,jew avail himself ( ! "w ?us done = all alike )\t 8 bidd+8 ,he may 9 "s cases--e4g41 = a long sea-voyage--9 o!rs n4 ,b he mu/ always be> 9 m9d t ,judaism dep5ds on ! adh]5ce ( ! ,jews to ! noble pr9ciple1 8,all ,israelites are sureties responsible = ea* o!r40 ,! mean+ ( ?is pr9ciple is ?is3 ,if a c]ta9 act appe>s to "o ( u all[able1 b at ! same "t our action might mislead o!rs & cause !m to break ! ,law1 we mu/ n d x4 ,?us if ,jews 7 to avail !mselves ( ! public conveyances1 ! :ole aspect ( ! ,sabba? w\ld *ange1 & ! day w\ld ultimately be =gott54 #d4 ,:5 dire necessity compels a ,jew to break ! ,sabba?1 let him n ?9k t ! ,sabba? is lo/ to him1 or he to ,judaism4 ,s long z ,jewi% consci5ti\sness is alive )9 him1 let him endeav\r to keep z mu* ( ! ,sabba? z he is able4 ,he mu/ n say1 8,i h brok5 ! ,sabba?4 ,h[ c ,i jo9 my bre?r5 9 ! ,sabba? ,s]vice60 ,:atev] he does consci5ti\sly w be acceptable be=e ,god1 & he w ?us f9d himself exhort$ to wat* c>efully1 & to seize ! fir/ opportunity ( return+ to ! full obs]vance ( ,sabba?4 ,! same pr9ciple applies to all ! ,div9e ,precepts4 ,,! ,,jewi% ,,cal5d>4 ,! ,jewi% ,cal5d> #gf reckons ! day f ev5+ to ev5+1 9 accordance ) ! ord] obs]v$ 9 ! v]se1 8,& x 0 ev5+ & x 0 morn+1 "o day0 7,g54 i4 #e74 ,! ev5+ beg9s aft] sunset1 at ! mom5t :5 />s become visible "u normal conditions ( ! atmosph]e3 at 8! com+ =? ( ! />s10 scil41 ( at lea/ ?ree />s ( middle size4 ,! day is divid$ into ev5+1 morn+1 & aft]noon4 ,) ea* ( ^! p]iods is connect$ an appropriate pray] or s]vice1 viz41 ,ma>ib or ,ev5+-pray]1 ,%a*>i? or ,morn+-pray]1 & ,m9*ah or ,aft]noon-pray]4 ,sev5 days =m a week4 ,! days ( ! week are describ$ 9 ! ,bible & ! ,talmud simply z ! fir/ day1 ! second day1 c4 ,only ! sev5? day has a second "n1 ,yom ha-%abba? or %abba?1 8! day ( re/10 or 8! re/40 ,9 po/-,biblical lit]ature ! six? day is call$ ,erebh %abba? or ,ma'ale %abba?a1 8! eve ( ,sabba?10 or 8! com+ 9 ( ,sabba?40 ,! ev5+ foll[+ ,sabba? is nam$ ,motse %abba?1 8! dep>ture ( ,sabba?40 ,simil>ly ! day prec$+ a ,fe/ival & ! ev5+ foll[+ x are call$ ,erev yom-tobh & ,motse yom-tobh1 8! eve ( ! ,fe/ival40 & 8! dep>ture ( ! ,fe/ival40 ,f\r weeks & "o or two days make "o mon?1 or 4 ,! l5g? ( ! mon? is det]m9$ by ! duration ( "o revolution ( ! moon r\nd ! e>?4 ,su* revolution is complet$ 9 tw5ty-n9e days & a half4 #gg ,z1 h[ev]1 ! cal5d> m\? does n comm5ce 9 ! middle ( ! day1 b at ! beg9n+ ( ! ev5+1 x 0 necess>y to add half a day to "o mon?1 & to take (f half a day f ! next4 ,! mon?s h !re=e alt]nately tw5ty-n9e & ?irty days4 ,! mon?s are nam$ accord+ to _! ord]1 ! fir/ mon?1 ! second1 c42 ! fir/ be+ ! fir/ mon? 9 ! spr+4 ,o!r names1 imply+ agricultural & climatic relations1 7 likewise 9 use1 & ! foll[+ f\r ( !m h be5 pres]v$ 9 ! ,bible3 ! fir/ mon? is call$ ,abib1 8e>s ( corn20 ! second ,ziv1 8beauty20 ! sev5? ,e?anim1 8h>dy fruit20 & ! eigh?1 ,bul1 8ra940 #gh ,s9ce ! return ( ! ,jews f ! ,babylonian exile1 names ( =eign orig9 h be5 9 use1 viz41 ,nisan1 ,iy>1 ,sivan1 ,tammuz1 ,abh1 ,elul1 ,ti%ri1 ,*e%van1 ,kislev1 ,tebhe?1 ,%ebhat & ,ad>4 #gi ,r\ghly speak+1 ^! mon?s correspond to ,april1 ,may1 ,june1 ,july1 ,augu/1 ,septemb]1 ,octob]1 ,novemb]1 ,decemb]1 ,janu>y1 ,febru>y1 & ,m>*4 ,! ye> is ei!r an ord9>y ye> or a leap-ye>1 ! =m] consi/+ ( twelve1 ! latt] ( ?irte5 mon?s4 ,! extra mon? is call$ ,ad>-%5i1 8! second ,ad>10 & is add$ betwe5 ,ad> & ,nisan4 ,x s]ves to adju/ f "t to "t ! lun> to ! sol> ye>2 #hj = !re is betwe5 ! lun> ye>--t is1 ! "t ( twelve revolutions ( ! moon r\nd ! e>?--& ! sol> ye>1 or ! "t ( "o revolution ( ! e>? r\nd ! sun1 a diff]5ce ( ab\t elev5 days1 ! "o consi/+ ( ab\t #ced1 ! o!r ( ab\t #cfe days4 ,9 n9ete5 ye>s ! diff]5ce am\nts to ab\t sev5 mon?s4 ,we h !re=e sev5 leap-ye>s 9 e cycle 77 ( n9ete5 ye>s1 viz41 ! #crd1 #f?1 #h?1 #aa?1 #ad?1 #ag?1 & #ai?4 ,nei!r ! ord9>y ye>s nor ! leap-ye>s h a uni=m duration2 ! =m] fluctuate betwe5 #cec1 #ced1 & #cee days2 ! latt] betwe5 #chc1 #chd1 & #che days4 ,! foll[+ is ! cause ( ?is v>iety3 ,!re are c]ta9 days 9 ! week :i* are nev] made ! beg9n+ ( ! new ye> 7! #a/ ( ,ti%ri74 ,:5ev] ! a/ronomical beg9n+ ( ! ye> happ5s to be on "o ( ^! days1 a day is add$ to "o ye>1 & tak5 f ! next4 ,! addition 9 ! =m] case is made 9 ! mon? ( ,*e%van1 & ! curtail+ 9 ! latt] case 9 ! mon? ( ,kislev4 ,! l5g? ( ! mon?s is !re=e z foll[s3--,nisan1 #cj2 ,iy>1 #bi2 ,sivan1 #cj2 ,tammuz1 #bi2 ,abh1 #cj2 ,elul1 #bi2 ,ti%ri1 #cj2 ,*e%van1 #bi or #cj2 ,kislev1 #cj or #bi2 ,tebhe?1 #bi2 ,%ebhat1 #cj2 ,ad>1 #bi1 9 leap-ye> #cj2 ,ad>-%5i 79 leap-ye>71 #bi days4 ,! fir/ day ( ! mon? is call$ ,new-moon-day #ha or 1 8beg9n+ ( ! mon?40 ,9 ^? mon?s :i* h ?irty days1 ! ?irtie? day is likewise kept z ,ro%-*ode%4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! a/ronomical mon? is ! mom5t ( ! conjunction ( sun & moon1 #hb :5 ! moon is exactly betwe5 ! e>? & ! sun4 ,no?+ is !n visible ( ! moon4 ,six h\rs at lea/ lat] a v small portion ( ! moon c1 "u fav\rable conditions1 be se51 & ! day on :i* ?is takes place is ! fir/ ( ! cal5d> mon?4 ,at fir/1 f ! e>lie/ days d[n to ,hillel ,,ii4 7ab\t #cfj ,c4,e471 ,ro%-*ode% 0 det]m9$ by direct obs]vation4 ,! highe/ c\rt1 ! great ,sanh$r91 exam9$ ! witnesses :o _h notic$ ! reappe>ance ( ! moon1 & accord+ly det]m9$ ! fir/ day ( ! mon? by ! solemn decl>ation1 ,mekudda%1 8sanctifi$20 t is1 ! day is to be kept z ,ro%-*ode%4 ,^! proce$+s took place on ! ?irtie? day ( ! mon?4 ,if witnesses pres5t$ !mselves :o te/ifi$ to ! appe>ance ( ! new moon1 & aft] due exam9ation _! /atem5t 0 f\nd to be correct1 ! same day 0 proclaim$ z ,ro%-*ode%1 & ! prec$+ mon? _h tw5ty-n9e days2 if no witnesses pres5t$ !mselves1 or ! witnesses c\ld n su/a9 _! evid5ce1 ! day 0 add$ to ! expir+ mon?1 & ! day foll[+ 0 ! fir/ ( ! next mon?4 ,! decision ( ! ,sanh$r9 conc]n$ only ! ?irtie? day ( ! mon?4 ,z soon z _! decision 0 arriv$ at1 ,jewi% congregations locat$ )9 a c]ta9 di/ance 7 in=m$ by signal or by tru/wor?y mess5g]s :i* day _h be5 fix$ z ! fir/ ( ! new mon?4 ,! decrees ( ! ,sanh$r91 ! highe/ religi\s c\ncil ( ! nation1 7 accept$ by all ,jewi% congregations z law1 & ! ,fe/ivals 7 celebrat$ 9 accordance ) ! ,new ,moon ?us appo9t$4 ,!re 71 h[ev]1 ,jewi% congregations 9 di/ant p>ts t c\ld n be rea*$ by ! mess5g]s 9 due "t1 & ^! 7 9 d\bt conc]n+ ! day on :i* a ,fe/ival _h to be celebrat$4 ,be+ anxi\s n to miss ! day kept z a ,fe/ival on ! au?ority ( ! ,sanh$r9 by _! bre?r5 at ! religi\s c5tre ( ! nation1 ! ,jews abroad obs]v$ two days z ,holy-days in/ead ( "o2 only ! ,fa/ ( ! ,day ( ,atonem5t _h no additional day1 because1 be+ a fa/-day1 ! majority ( ! p 7 unable to ab/a9 f food = two consecutive days4 ,new-ye>1 on ! o!r h&1 01 z a rule1 ev]y:]e obs]v$ two days1 ev5 9 places ne> ! seat ( ! ,sanh$r91 & sometimes ev5 9 ! v place :]e ! ,sanh$r9 met1 on acc\nt ( ! unc]ta9ty :e!r ! #cj? ( ,elul or ! day foll[+ w\ld be fix$ by ! ,sanh$r9 z ,ro% ha-%anah4 ,?\gh1 ) reg>d to ! mo/ holy ,fe/ival1 ! unc]ta9ty ( ! day admitt$ ( no rem$y1 ?is circum/ance did n prev5t our pi\s ance/ors f apply+ a rem$y :]e x c\ld be done4 ,x 0 n ignorance t l$ ,jews outside ,pale/9e to obs]ve two ,holy-days in/ead ( "o4 ,a r\gh calculation ( ! "t 9 :i* ! v>i\s ph5om5a ( ! moon are to be notic$ is n difficult1 & c\ld be made by _m ,rabbis & laym5 long be=e ,hillel ,,ii4 fram$ ! p]man5t ,cal5d>4 ,nev]!less1 two days 7 kept1 because x 0 impossible to calculate or anticipate all ! accid5tal circum/ances t might cause ! ,sanh$r9 to def] ! fix+ ( ,ro%-*ode% = ! next day4 ,nor 0 x a decree ( ! ,sanh$r91 or ( a ,rabb9ical assembly1 t ord]$ ! obs]vance ( 1 8a second day ( ! ,fe/ival40 ,?is 0 done by ! volunt>y act ( ! nation1 & _! resolution 0 confirm$ by cont9u$ usage4 ,x 0 ! outcome ( g5u9e piety1 ( ! e>ne/ desire to be at "o ) ! c5tral au?ority ( ! nation4 ,! obs]vance ( is s old t no trace ( its actual introduction c be discov]$ 9 ! ,talmud2 :]ev] m5tion is made ( x1 x is repres5t$ z an in/itution already 9 exi/5ce4 ,x may already h exi/$ 9 ! days ( ! prophets1 & traces ( ! celebration ( a second day ( ,ro%-*ode% may be recognis$ 9 ! fir/ book ( ,samuel 7i4 xx4 #bg74 ,?is practice1 :i* sprang f true fe> & love ( ,god1 0 spontane\sly adopt$ by all ! ,jews outside ,pale/9e1 cont9u$ by g5]ation aft] g5]ation = m ?an two ?\s& ye>s1 & has1 z a m9hag ( long /&+1 become law4 ,x is n a precept comm&$ 9 ! ,writt5 ,law1 or decre$ 9 ! ,oral ,law2 x is only a m9hag 8practice10 b a m9hag t mu/ be *]i%$ & respect$ z a national in/itution4 ,!re may come a "t :5 ! in/itution ( w be aboli%$2 ?is c1 h[ev]1 only be done by ! national w1 confirm$ by a ,sanh$r9 :i* w be recognis$ by ! :ole nation z ! only religi\s au?ority4 ,until !n x is incumb5t ^u u to adh]e firmly to ! obs]vance ( ! second days ( ! ,fe/ivals4 ,,notes4 ,! foll[+ are ! g5]al pr9ciples ^u :i* our ,cal5d> is bas$3-- #a4 ,tw5ty-n9e days #abgicajhj h\rs elapse betwe5 "o molad & ! next4 #hc #b4 ,an ord9>y ye> mu/ n h less ?an #cec or m ?an #cee days1 nor ! leap-ye> less ?an #chc or m ?an #che days4 #c4 ,! #a/ ( ,ti%ri is fix$ on ! day ( ! molad ( ,ti%ri4 ,!re are f\r exceptions 773-- a4 4 ,if ! molad ( ,ti%ri falls on a ,sunday1 ,w$nesday1 or ,friday4 b4 4 ,if ! molad ( ,ti%ri is at noon or lat]4 c4 ,if ! molad ( ,ti%ri 9 an ord9>y ye> is on ,tuesday #cbjdajhj ,a4,m4 or lat] 7 74 d4 ,if ! molad ( ,ti%ri ( a ye> succe$+ a leap-ye> is on ,monday #iehiajhj ,a4,m4 or lat] 7 74 ,! fir/ ( ^! f\r exceptions is to prev5t ! ,day ( ,atonem5t f fall+ on ,friday or ,sunday1 & ,ho%aana-rabba f fall+ on ,sabba?2 ! ?ird exception is to gu>d aga9/ hav+ an ord9>y ye> ( m ?an #cee1 & ! la/ f hav+ a leap-ye> ( less ?an #chc days4 #d4 ,! "* ( ! ye> is describ$ by ?ree lett]s1 ! fir/ ( :i* indicates ! day ( ! week = ! #a/ ( ,ti%ri1 ! la/ ! day ( ! week = ! #a/ ( ,nisan1 ! middle lett]1 accord+ z x is 1 1 or 7 8regul>20 8defective20 8p]fect071 indicates a regul> ye> ( #ced 79 leap-ye> #chd7 days1 a defective ye> ( #cec 79 leap-ye> #chc71 or a p]fect "o ( #cee 79 leap-ye> #che7 days4 ,! pres5t ye> 7,septemb] #ahij to ,octob] #ahia7 is1 accord+ to ,jewi% tradition1 #hd ! ye> #efea ,a4,m4 7( ! ,creation72 its *>act]i/ics are 2 i4e41 ! #a/ ( ,ti%ri is on ,monday2 ! ye> is defective2 & ! #a/ ( ,nisan is on ,?ursday4 ,! ye> is1 besides1 a leap-ye>1 consi/+ ( #ac mon?s2 x is ! eigh? ye> ( ! #bih? cycle 7( #ai ye>s74 ,x is ! fir/ ye> ( ! ,sept5nate1 or ! fir/ ye> aft] ! ye> ( release 74 ,see ,lev4 xxv474 ,,! ,,fe/ivals4 8,! fea/s ( ! ,"l1 ev5 holy convocations1 :i* ye %all proclaim 9 _! seasons0 7,lev4 xxiii4 #d71 are ,passov]1 ,fea/ ( ,weeks1 ,day ( ,memorial1 ,day ( ,atonem5t1 & ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles4 ,^! are divid$ into two gr\ps call$ & 1 8?ree fe/ivals0 & 8solemn days40 ,9 ! ,p5tateu* ! two gr\ps are kept di/9ctly asund]4 ,?us 9 ,exod4 xxiii4 #ad-ag & xxxiv4 #ah1 & ,deut4 xvi41 only ! =m] gr\p is m5tion$4 ,! "n %alo% regalim d]ives its orig9 f ! foll[+ ,biblical passage3 8,?ree times ?\ %alt keep a fea/ unto me 9 ! ye>10 7,exod4 xxiii4 #ad74 ,al?\gh 9 a p>allel passage ! ^w has be5 replac$ by 7ibid4 v]4 #ag71 ( ! same mean+1 8times10 %alo% regalim has be5 pref]r$1 because rem9ds "o also ( 8a j\rney on foot10 8a pilgrimage10 an important elem5t 9 ! celebration ( ^! ?ree fe/ivals1 accord+ to ! ,div9e comm&m5t1 8,?ree times e ye> %all ?y males appe> be=e ! ,"l ?y ,god1 9 ! place :i* he %all *oose1 9 ! fea/ ( unleav5$ bread1 9 ! fea/ ( weeks1 & 9 ! fea/ ( tab]nacles0 7,deut4 xvi4 #af74 ,! "n yamim noraim = ! rema9+ two fea/s is n f\nd$ on a ,biblical phrase1 b on ! fact t ^! fe/ivals are devot$ m ?an ! re/ to e>ne/ reflection & solemn devotion4 ,i4 ,,! ,,?ree ,,fe/ivals 7 74 ,! ?ree fe/ivals h ! foll[+ ?ree *>act]i/ics 9 common3-- #a4 ,!y ref] to important ev5ts 9 our national hi/ory2 viz41 ,passov] to ! deliv]ance ( ! ,israelites f ,egyptian bondage2 ,fea/ ( ,weeks to ! ,revelation on ,m\nt ,s9ai2 & ,tab]nacles to ! travels ( ! ,israelites ?r\gh ! ,arabian des]t4 #b4 ,!y m>k ! v>i\s /ages ( ! h>ve/2 viz41 ,passov] m>ks ! season ( ! e>ly h>ve/1 ,fea/ ( ,weeks ! second h>ve/1 & ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles ! +a!r+ ( ! fruit4 #c4 ,!y s]ve z a means = imp>t+ ess5tial religi\s tru?s2 viz41 ,passov] embodies ! pr9ciple ( ! ,exi/5ce ( ,god1 ! ,fea/ ( ,weeks t ( ,revelation1 & ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles t ( ,div9e ,provid5ce4 ,,! ,,di/+ui%$ ,,sabba?s 7 74 #he ,!re are 9 ! mon?s ,ad> & ,nisan f\r ,sabba?s di/+ui%$ by ! circum/ance t on !m additional sections are read f ! ,p5tateu* & special lessons f ! ,prophets4 ,two ( !m are connect$ ) ! celebration ( ,passov]4 #a4 8,sabba? ( ! %ekels20 i4e41 on :i* ! law conc]n+ ! half-%ekel contribution is read f ! ,p5tateu* 7,exod4 xxx4 #aa-af71 & also ! acc\nt ( ! gifts = ! repair ( ! ,temple 9 ! reign ( ,k+ ,joa% 7#b ,k+s xii4 #a-ag74 ,e male ,israelite1 tw5ty ye>s old or upw>d1 _h to contribute annually "o half-%ekel t[>ds ! ma9t5ance ( ! ,temple & ! ,temple ,s]vice4 ,! ye> comm5c$ ! #a/ ( ,nisan1 :5 public sacrifices _h to be b\ght ) money ( ! new contributions4 #hf ,e "o 0 !re=e expect$ to s5d 8 contribution be=e ! #a/ ( ,nisan4 ,on ! #a/ ( ,ad> proclamations 7 made ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry t ! half-%ekel 0 due4 #hg ,h5ce ! cu/om to read ! above-nam$ sections on ! ,sabba? be=e ! #a/ ( ,ad>1 or on ! #a/1 if ?is happ5s to be on a ,sabba?4 #b4 8,sabba? ,rememb]0 is ! ,sabba? on :i* ! p>agraph conc]n+ ! enmity ( ,amalek is read f ! ,p5tateu* 7,deut4 xxv4 #ag-ai71 & ! defeat ( ,amalek by ,k+ ,saul f ! ,prophets 7,i ,sam4 xv474 ,! ,agagite ,haman1 "o ( ! pr9cipal figures 9 ! hi/ory ( ,purim1 is believ$ to be a desc5dant ( ,agag1 k+ ( ,amalek 7ibid4 v]4 #h74 ,& z ! ,law comm&s u to rememb] ! ho/ilities ( ,amalek aga9/ ,israel1 x has be5 f\nd appropriate to read ! above sections on ! ,sabba? be=e ,purim4 #c4 8,! ,sabba? ( ! ,r$ ,heif]10 i4e41 ! ,sabba? on :i* ! law conc]n+ ! sacrifice ( ! r$ heif] & ! purification ) its a%es is read f ! ,p5tateu* 7,num4 xix471 & 8! future purification ( ,israel0 7,ezek4 xxxvi4 #ag-ch7 f ! ,prophets4 ,x is ! ,sabba? aft] ,purim1 or1 :5 ! #ae? or #af? ( ,ad> falls on ,saturday1 ! second ,sabba? aft] ,purim4 ,all ,israelites _h to come to ! ,temple1 & to (f] ! ,passov]-lamb on ! #ad? ( ,nisan1 & ?is c\ld n be done by any unclean p]son4 ,by ! read+ ( ! above sections1 all are1 z x 71 rem9d$ to take ! necess>y /eps = _! purification1 & ?us prep>e !mselves = ! celebration ( ,passov]4 #d4 8,! ,sabba? ( ha-*ode%10 i4e41 ! ,sabba? be=e ! #a/ ( ,nisan1 or on ! #a/ ( ,nisan if x falls on a ,saturday1 on :i* ! law t fixes ,nisan z ! fir/ mon? #hh & ! comm&m5t conc]n+ ,passov] are read f ! ,p5tateu* 7,exod4 xii4 #a-bj71 & ! description ( ! sacrifices ( ! #a/ ( ,nisan1 ,passov]1 & o!r ,fe/ivals 9 ! future ,temple f ! ,prophets 7,ezek4 xlv4 #af-xlvi4 #ah74 ,9 addition to ^! f\r ,sabba?s1 ! ,sabba? prec$+ ,passov] is to be m5tion$4 ,x is n di/+ui%$ by any special lesson f ! ,p5tateu*1 b x has nev]!less receiv$ ! title 8! ,great ,sabba?10 #hi on acc\nt ( ! importance ( ! approa*+ ,fe/ival4 ,! la/ "p ( ,mala*i 7iii4 #d-bd7 is read z ! hapht>ah ( ! day1 9 :i* ! ultimate triumph ( ! ,god-fe>+ is describ$ by ! ,prophet4 ,,passov]4 ,passov] is ! fir/ ( ! ,?ree ,fea/s1 & is kept eight days1 f ! #ae? ( ,nisan to ! #bbnd2 ! f\r middle days be+ half-,holy-days1 call$ *ol ha-mod 78! week-days ( ! fe/ival074 ,! "n ,pesa*1 8,passov]10 #ij rem9ds u ( ! way 9 :i* ! ,israelites enjoy$ ! ,div9e protection be=e !y left ,egypt4 ,ph>aoh1 k+ ( ,egypt1 kept ! ,israelites z slaves1 & :5 ask$ 9 ! "n ( ,god to let !m g1 refus$ to obey4 ,b ! t5 plagues :i* consecutively afflict$ 8 l& )\t caus+ injury to ! ,israelites taught him ! exi/5ce ( a high] ,p[]1 to ^: decrees ! w ( e>?ly rul]s has to submit4 ,x 0 especially ! t5? plague1 ! slay+ ( ! fir/-born1 t conv9c$ ! k+ & 8 p ( ?is tru?4 ,:5 ! ,"l smote all ! fir/-born 9 ! l& ( ,egypt1 8he pass$ ov] ! h\ses ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel0 7,exod4 xii4 #bg74 ,! ,fea/ has a second "n1 viz41 8fea/ ( unleav5$ bread10 1 a "n d]iv$ f ! comm&m5t to eat 8unleav5$ bread10 in/ead ( ! ord9>y 8leav5$ bread10 dur+ ! ,fe/ival4 ,! purpose ( ?is comm&m5t is to commemorate ! deliv]ance ( ! ,israelites f ,egypt z well z ! mode ( _! actual dep>ture4 ,= :5 ! t5? plague1 ! slay+ ( ! fir/-born1 _h visit$ ! ,egyptians1 !y 7 ov]come ) fe>1 & urg$ ! ,israelites at once to leave ! c\ntry4 ,! ,israelites !re=e left ,egypt hurri$ly1 & _h no "t = prep>+ ! ord9>y 8leav5$ bread10 & bak$ = !mselves unleav5$ cakes 77 ( ! d\gh :i* !y _h made4 ,passov] ?us commemorates two di/9ct mom5ts 9 ! deliv]ance ( ! ,israelites f ,egyptian slav]y1 viz4 7#a7 ! special protection :i* ! ,almighty grant$ !m 9 ,egypt1 & 7#b7 _! dep>ture f ! h\se ( bondage4 ,two di/9ct obs]vances1 !re=e1 7 orda9$ = ! ,fea/ ( ,passov]1 viz4 7#a7 ! sacrifice ( ! ,passov]-lamb1 & 7#b7 ! eat+ ( 8unleav5$ bread0 & ! ab/a9+ f 8leav5$ bread40 #a4 ,! ,passov]-lamb4--,a %ort "t be=e _! dep>ture f ,egypt ! ,israelites 7 comm&$ by ! ,almighty t on ! t5? ( ! fir/ mon? e family %\ld procure a lamb1 keep x f\r days1 #ia kill x 9 ! aft]noon ( ! f\rte5?1 spr9kle ( its blood on ! 8l9tel & ! two door-po/s10 & 8eat 9 ! ev5+ ! meat roa/ 9 fire1 ) unleav5$ bread & bitt] h]bs1 9 ha/e1 _! lo9s gird$1 _! %oes on _! feet & _! /aff 9 _! h&0 7,exod4 xii4 #c-aa74 ,:atev] ! mat]ial b5efit 0 :i* ! ,israelites1 9 ! mom5t ( />t+ = a long & unc]ta9 j\rney1 d]iv$ f ! meal prep>$ & p>tak5 ( 9 ?is mann]1 !re 0 a high] purpose 9 ! ,div9e comm&m5t2 x 0 dem&$ t ! lamb %\ld be 8a passov] sacrifice unto ! ,"l0 7ibid474 ,! proce$+s %\ld be an expression ( fai? 9 ,god1 #ib & ( gratitude to ,him = ,8 protection4 ,e h\se %\ld ?us =m a place holy unto ! ,"l2 an alt>1 z x 71 on :i* ! blood ( ! sacrifice 0 spr9kl$4 ,! ,passov] sacrifice fir/ obs]v$ 9 ,egypt 0 aft]w>ds orda9$ z a p]man5t in/itution 7ibid4 v]4 #bd74 ,?is diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 0 obs]v$1 t ! ,passov]-lamb1 l all sacrifices1 _h to be br\ght to ! ,sanctu>y1 to 8! place :i* ! ,"l *ose to place 8 "n 90 7,deut4 xvi4 #f74 ,all :o 7 prev5t$ f p]=m+ _! duty on ! #ad? ( ,nisan 7 all[$ to (f] ! ,passov] on ! #ad? ( ! second mon? 7,iy>74 ,by way ( di/9ction f ! sacrifice on ! fir/ date1 ?is (f]+ 0 call$ 8! second passov]0 7 1 #ic ,num4 ix4 #i-ad74 ,s9ce ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple all sacrificial s]vice has be5 discont9u$1 & 9 accordance ) ! words1 8,we w comp5sate ) our lips = ! bullocks0 7,hos4 xiv4 #c71 pray]s & recitals f ! ,bible h tak5 ! place ( sacrifices1 :il/ psalms & hymns are add$ su* z us$ to accompany ! act ( (f]+ sacrifices4 ,! ,passov] sacrifice has !re=e be5 discont9u$2 b ! law ( eat+ unleav5$ bread & bitt] h]bs is /ill obs]v$4 #b4 ,! ,unleav5$ ,bread4--8,sev5 days %all ye eat unleav5$ bread2 ev5 ! fir/ day ye %all h put away leav5 out ( y\r h\ses3 = :osoev] eate? leav5$ bread f ! fir/ day until ! sev5? day1 t s\l %all be cut (f f ,israel0 7,exod4 xii4 #ae74 8,unleav5$ bread %all be eat5 sev5 days2 & !re %all no leav5$ bread be se5 ) !e1 nei!r %all !re be leav5 se5 ) !e 9 all ?y qu>t]s0 7ibid4 xiii4 #g74 8,sev5 days %all !re no leav5 be f\nd 9 y\r h\ses0 7ibid4 xii4 #ai74 ,! di/9ction betwe5 leav5$ & unleav5$ only applies to bread or any o!r =m ( food prep>$ out ( any ( ! foll[+ five k9ds ( gra93 b>ley1 :eat1 rye1 oats1 & spelt4 ,bread or cake prep>$ f any ( ^! five k9ds is call$ unleav5$ bread1 or 1 if ! d\gh is bak$ imm$iately aft] x has be5 prep>$1 no "t be+ left = f]m5tation4 #id ,x is n only =bidd5 dur+ ! ,fe/ival to eat leav5$ bread1 b x is n p]mitt$ to d]ive any b5efit :atsoev] f x4 #ie ,all leav5 & leav5$ bread mu/ be remov$ be=e ,passov] comes 92 & 9 accordance ) ! traditional int]pretation ( ! precept1 8,?\ %alt n (f] ! blood ( my sacrifice ) leav5$ bread0 7ibid4 xxiii4 #ah71 ! leav5 mu/ be remov$ be=e ! "t 9 :i* ! ,passov] 0 (f]$4 #if ,! law =bidd+ 8leav5$ bread10 to be kept 9 ! h\se dur+ ,passov] is frequ5tly & mo/ emphatically repeat$ 9 ! ,torah4 ,jews h !re=e1 z a rule1 be5 v consci5ti\s & zeal\s 9 ! fulfilm5t ( ?is ,div9e comm&4 ,9 accordance ) ?is law1 ! foll[+ obs]vances h be5 orda9$3-- 7#a47 8! se>*+ = leav5$ bread0 on ! eve ( ! #ad? ( ,nisan4 #ig ,! head ( ! family1 or 8 deputy1 exam9es 8 resid5ce ?or\ghly1 & keeps ! *amets1 :i* he has f\nd1 9 a safe place till ! next morn+4 ,?is se>*+1 l e o!r p]=mance ( a religi\s duty1 is prec$$ by a bless+1 viz41 ''' 8,bless$ art ?\ 444 :o ha/ sanctifi$ u by ?y comm&m5ts1 & ha/ comm&$ u conc]n+ ! removal ( ! leav5$ bread40 #ih 7#b47 1 8! removal or ! de/ruction ( *amets40 ,all ! *amets t is left aft] ! fir/ meal on ! #ad? ( ,nisan mu/ be remov$1 i4e41 sold or giv5 z a pres5t to a non-,israelite1 or de/roy$4 ,9 addition to ! actual removal or de/ruction ( *amets1 a solemn decl>ation is made by ! head ( ! family1 t if any *amets %\ld be left 9 8 h\se )\t 8 k1 he w\ld n claim x z 84 ,! object ( ?is decl>ation is to free ! ma/] ( ! h\se f all responsibility 9 case any *amets %\ld be f\nd on 8 premises1 contr>y to ! ,law4 #ii 7#c47 ,ut5sils :i* h be5 us$ = *amets are put away1 & replac$ by new ones1 or by su* z h exclusively be5 kept = ,passov]4 ,"s vessels us$ dur+ ! ye> may be us$ = ,passov]1 aft] hav+ und]gone a c]ta9 process call$ ka%]2 #ajj i4e41 8fitt+0 !m z vessels = use on ,passov]4 7#d47 ,al?\gh ! articles ( food t are directly =bidd5 z *amets are v few1 !re are a great _m ?+s t conta9 an admixture ( *amets1 & ^? 8:o fe> ! ^w ( ! ,"l0 use dur+ ,passov] only ^? articles ( food conc]n+ :i* !re is no d\bt :atev] t !y are p]fectly free f *amets4 ,articles ( food = ,passov] are !re=e only b\ght ( p]sons :o c be tru/$ to hold ^! obs]vances 9 respect4 ,9 addition to ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,passov]-(f]+ & ! unleav5$ bread1 !re is a special duty1 m5tion$ f\r times 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 = ! ,israelite to relate to 8 *ildr5 ! hi/ory ( ! dep>ture f ,egypt1 & to expla9 to !m ! mean+ ( ! sev]al rites connect$ ) ! celebration ( ,passov]4 ,?is duty is call$ haggadah1 8relat+10 & a s]vice has be5 arrang$ = ! purpose1 call$ ,s$]1 8! ,ord]40 ,! fir/ two ev5+s ( ,passov] are !re=e call$ 8,s$]-ev5+s10 & ! book :i* conta9s ?is ,s]vice is g5]ally call$ ,haggadah4 ,! ,s$]-s]vice conta9s f\r elem5ts3 7#a7 ! relation ( ! deliv]ance ( ! ,israelites f ,egypt2 7#b7 ! fe/ive meal1 prec$$ by ,kiddu% & ! p>tak+ ( bitt] h]bs & unleav5$ bread1 & foll[$ by ,grace2 7#c7 ,hallel & o!r hymns2 7#d7 ! p>tak+ ( f\r cups ( w9e 7arba koso?74 #aja ,! head ( ! family or 8 sub/itute :o reads ! ,s]vice has be=e him on ! table3 7#a7 ?ree unleav5$ cakes 7matso?72 #ajb 7#b7 bitt] h]bs & o!r vegetables2 #ajc 7#c7 salt wat]1 9 :i* ! vegetables 7k>pas7 are dipp$ be=e !y are eat51 & *>ose?1 a mixture ( apples1 almonds1 v>i\s spices1 especially c9namon1 & w9e1 9 :i* mixture ! bitt] h]bs are dipp$2 #ajd 7#d7 a bone ) "s meat on x & an egg1 #aje bo? roa/$4 ,! ord] ( ! ,s]vice is indicat$ 9 mo/ editions ( ! ,haggadah 9 rhym$ ,hebrew z foll[s3-- 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,! foll[+ is ! explanation ( ^! l9es3-- #a4 ,say ,kiddu%4 ,see above1 page #cgi4 #b4 8,wa%10 scil41 y\r h&s4--,only ! head ( ! family does s at ?is "p ( ! ,s]vice4 #ajf #c4 8,vegetables40 ,a piece ( p>sley or salad or bitt] h]b is dipp$ 9 salt wat]1 & eat5 aft] ! recitation ( ! bless+3 ''' 8,bless$ art ?\ 444 :o ha/ creat$ ! fruit ( ! gr\nd40 #ajg #d4 8,he divides40 ,( ! ?ree matso? be=e him1 ! head ( ! family breaks ! middle "o1 "p ( :i* is laid aside1 to be eat5 at ! end ( ! meal4 #ajh #e4 8,relat+10 #aji scil41 ! hi/ory ( ! dep>ture f ,egypt4 ,! read]1 po9t+ to ! brok5 be=e him1 exclaims1 8,su* 0 ! bread ( pov]ty :i* our =efa!rs ate 9 ! l& ( ,egypt20 z if to say1 8,we are all alike desc5dants ( ^? :o ate ! bread ( pov]ty 9 ,egypt40 ,9 ! same s5se1 ! read] cont9ues1 8,we all alike %\ld rejoice 9 ! k9dnesses %[n by ! ,almighty to our nation1 & all alike %\ld seek & f9d true com=t 9 ! hope ( ! ,messianic bless+ promis$ by ,him = ! future40 #aaj ,"o ( ! company1 usually ! y\nge/1 puts to ! read] f\r que/ions1 z =mulat$ 9 ! p>agraph beg9n+ 8,:y is diff]5t80 #aaa ,additions & alt]ations may1 ( c\rse1 be made by ! inquir] accord+ to 8 k & intellect4 ,! object ( ^! que/ions is to obta9 an explanation ( ! rites t di/+ui% ?is ev5+ f o!rs4 ,9 answ] to ^! que/ions1 ! read] ref]s to ! pa/ hi/ory ( ,israel 9 ?ree diff]5t =ms1 #aab viz43-- 7#a47 ,! fir/ answ] beg9s1 1 8,we 7 slaves20 & ends1 8,:5 unleav5$ bread & bitt] h]bs lie be=e !e40 ,"h ! read] re/ricts himself1 )\t any comm5t1 to ! "o fact t our =efa!rs 7 at fir/ slaves 9 ,egypt1 & 7 !n deliv]$1 & illu/rates ! duty ( speak+ t night m fully conc]n+ ! dep>ture f ,egypt1 by prec$5t1 by ! au?ority ( ! ,mi%nah1 & by ! ,midra%ic int]pretation ( ! law comm&+ u to tell our *ildr5 ?is ev5t4 7#b47 ,! second =m ( ! answ] beg9s1 8,our =efa!rs 7 at fir/ wor%ipp]s ( idols10 & ends1 8deliv]s u out ( _! h&40 ,"h ! exodus f ,egypt is describ$ z ! fulfilm5t ( ! promise made by ,god to ,abraham1 t 8 desc5dants w\ld be deliv]$ out ( ! h&s ( _! oppressors4 7#c47 ,! passage f ,deut4 xxvi4 #e-h is recit$ ) its ,midra%ic int]pretations1 #aac & 9 conclusion all ! b5efits receiv$ by ! ,israelites f ! dep>ture f ,egypt till ! build+ ( ! ,temple are enum]at$1 & our duty ( gratitude is %[n4 ,9 all ^! ?ree =ms no notice has be5 tak5 ( ! p>ticul> que/ions4 ,rabban ,gamaliel insi/s t ?is %\ld be done1 & a section is !re=e add$1 conta9+ ! explanation :y ! ,passov]-(f]+1 ! unleav5$ bread1 & ! bitt] h]bs 7 to be eat52 ?is1 l ! ?ree o!r sections1 concludes ) ! emphatic decl>ation t we--aft] s _m g5]ations--are /ill b\nd to praise & to ?ank ,god = ! b5efits be/[$ ^u our nation s long ago4 ,h]eupon foll[s ! ,hallel1 ( :i* ! fir/ two p>agraphs1 conta9+ special ref]5ce to ! dep>ture f ,egypt1 are sung be=e supp]2 ! fir/ "p ( ! ,s$]-,s]vice concludes ) a bless+1 9 :i* we praise ,god = our pa/ deliv]ance & pray = ! approa* ( our future r$emption4 #f4 8,wa%+40 ,all ^? :o p>take ( ! meal wa% _! h&s1 z is ord9>ily done be=e meals4 #g4 4 ,two pieces ( are tak52 "o piece1 brok5 (f ! :ole cake1 repres5t+ ! bread eat5 at ord9>y meals = 1 & ! o!r piece tak5 f ! brok5 "o1 repres5t+ ! we are comm&$ to eat on ! ,s$]-night4 ,be=e eat+ ! two pieces two bless+s are recit$ ''' 8,bless$ art ?\ 444 :o br+e/ =? bread f ! e>?10 & ''' 8,bless$ art ?\ 444 :o ha/ sanctifi$ u by ,?y comm&m5ts & ha/ comm&$ u to eat 40 #aad #h4 8,bitt] h]b40 ,bitt] h]bs dipp$ 9 *>ose? are eat51 aft] ! foll[+ bless+ has be5 recit$ ''' ''' 8,bless$ art ?\ 444 :o ha/ sanctifi$ u by ?y comm&m5ts & ha/ comm&$ u to eat bitt] h]bs40 #i4 8,comb9+20 scil41 unleav5$ bread & bitt] h]bs2 ^! are eat5 toge!r1 j z =m]ly1 9 ! "t ( ! ,temple1 ,hillel us$ to eat toge!r meat ( ! ,passov]-(f]+1 unleav5$ bread1 & bitt] h]bs 7,exod4 xii4 #h2 ,num4 ix4 #aa74 #aj4 8,table laid40 ,! ev5+ meal is tak54 #aa4 8,laid aside40 ,! meal is conclud$ ) a piece ( ! half matsah t has be5 laid aside at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,s]vice4 ,x is call$ afikuman1 8dess]t40 #aae #ab4 8,say grace40 #aaf #ac4 8,hallel40--,! re/ ( ,hallel is sung1 foll[$ by ,ps4 cxxxvi41 & ! :ole ( ) ! conclud+ bless+4--,! f\r? cup ( w9e is !n tak51 & ! usual pray] aft] ! p>tak+ ( w9e is recit$4 #ad4 8,complet$40 #aag--,! ,s$]-,s]vice is complet$2 x concludes ) a pray] = ! rebuild+ ( ! ,temple & ! re/oration ( ,israel to ,zion4 ,! pray] seems to h be5 orig9ally ! conclusion ( a ,piyyut or liturgical poem on ! ,passov] ,sacrifice4 ,! ,haggadah conta9s1 besides1 sev]al hymns & songs1 ( :i* ! foll[+ are f\nd 9 ! ord9>y editions ( ! "w3-- #a4 8,& x 0 9 ! middle ( ! night40 ,! au?or reflects on ! v>i\s m>vell\s ev5ts 9 our hi/ory t happ5$ 9 ! night-"t4 #b4 8,& ye %all say1 ,x is a sacrifice ( ,passov]40 ,a song ref]r+ to wond]ful ev5ts :i*1 accord+ to ,tradition1 took place on ,passov]4 #c4 8,to him praise is seemly40 ,a praise ( ,god z ! only ,be+ wor?y to be call$ ,k+ & ,rul]4 #d4 8,he is mighty40 ,a praise ( ,god1 & an expression ( hope t ,he w soon rebuild ! ,temple4 #e4 8,"o1 :o kn[s80 ,a popul> song enum]at+ p]sons & objects 9 ,jewi% ,hi/ory & ,tradition1 z well z 9 ,nature accord+ to numb]s up to ?irte51 ) ! object ( emphasis+ ! ,unity ( ,god4 #f4 8,"o kid40 ,a popul> song t illu/rates ! work+ ( ,div9e ,ju/ice 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,passov] z an agricultural fea/ 0 kept 89 ! season ( ! mon? ( rip5ess0 7 71 :5 ! b>ley s[n 9 ! w9t] _h become ripe4 ,on ! second day ( ,passov] an (f]+ 0 br\ght ( 8! beg9n+ ( ! h>ve/20 x consi/$ ( an om] #aah ( b>ley 7,lev4 xxiii4 #i sqq474 ,be=e ?is (f]+ 0 pres5t$ x 0 n all[$ to eat ( ! new corn 7ibid4 #ad74 ,f ! br++ ( ! ,om] to 8! h>ve/ fea/0 ! days are c\nt$1 viz41 =ty-n9e days1 & ! fiftie? day is ! fea/ ( h>ve/ 7 71 or 8! day ( ! fir/-fruit (f]+0 7 74 ,! c\nt+ comm5ces on ! second ev5+4 ,x is done ei!r imm$iately aft] ,ma>ib1 or lat] on dur+ ! ,s$]-,s]vice2 x is prec$$ by ! foll[+ bless+3 ''' ''' 8,bless$ art ?\ 444 :o ha/ sanctifi$ u by ?y comm&m5ts & ha/ comm&$ u 444 to c\nt ! days ( ! ,om]40 ,! foll[+ is ! way ( c\nt+3 ''' 8,?is day is ! fir/ day s9ce ! ,om]40 ,f sev5 upw>d ! numb] ( weeks is likewise express$1 #aai ''' ''' ''' 8,?is day completes 444 t is 444 weeks 444 s9ce ! (f]+ ( ! ,om]40 ,! celebration ( ,passov] s]ves to inculcate into our he>ts ! fir/ pr9ciple ( our fai?3 ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 ! ,supreme ,be+ :o rules ! :ole univ]se1 9 ^: h& are ! de/9ies ( k+s & peoples1 ^: p[] 0 recognis$ by ! ,egyptians :5 !y 7 puni%$ = _! misde$s1 & ^: might 0 se5 by ! ,israelites :5 ,he divid$ ! ,r$ ,sea = !m1 & fulfill$ ! ,div9e promise made to ! patri>*s1 ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob4 ,! season ( ,passov]1 9 :i* we celebrate our lib]ation f e>?ly taskma/]s1 is call$ 8,! season ( our fre$om40 ,! deliv]ance f ,egypt1 ! fir/ /ep lead+ to ! fulfilm5t ( ! promise1 8,& ,i w take y unto me = a p10 has be5 poetically conceiv$ z ! betro?al ( ,israel to ,god1 & 9 ! ,piyyut = ,passov] ample use has be5 made ( ?is idea4 ,x has fur!r f\nd expression 9 ! cu/om ( read+ ! ,song ( ,solomon on ! fir/ ,sabba? aft] ! fir/ two days ( ,passov]1 & by "s also on ! ,s$]-ev5+ aft] ! conclusion ( ! ord9>y ,s]vice4 ,! ,s]vice is1 9 g5]al outl9e1 ! same z on ,sabba?4 ,x consi/s ( ,ma>ib1 ,%a*>i?1 ,musaph1 & ,m9*ah4 ,! ,morn+-,s]vice includes ,hallel1 ! read+ ( ! ,law1 & ,lessons f ! ,prophets 7 & 74 ,! foll[+ sections1 conta9+ description (1 or ref]5ce to1 ,passov] or to ! dep>ture f ,egypt1 are read consecutively on ! eight days3 ,exod4 xii4 #ba-ea1 on ! ,passov] celebrat$ by ! ,israelites 9 ,egypt2 ,lev4 xxii4 #bf to xxiii4 #dd1 on 8! seasons ( ! ,"l20 ,exod4 xiii41 xxii4 #bd to xxiii4 #ai1 & xxxiv4 #a-bf3 ,num4 ix4 #a-ad1 on ! second ,passov]2 ,exod4 xiii4 #ag-xv4 #bf1 ! cross+ ( ! ,r$ ,sea2 ,deut4 xv4 #ai 7on ,sabba?1 xiv4 #bb7 to xvi4 #ag conta9s laws ref]r+ to ! ?ree ,fe/ivals4 ,on ,sabba? *ol-ha-mod1 ,exod4 xxxiii4 #ab to xxxiv4 #bf4--;,9 addition to ^! sections v]ses f ,num4 xxviii4-xxix41 ref]r+ to ! sacrifices prescrib$ = ea* day ( ! ,fe/ival1 are read f a second sef]4 ,! ,lessons f ! ,prophets are ! foll[+3--,jo%4 v4 7prec$$ 9 ! ,g]man ,ritual by iii4 #e-g71 on ! fir/ ,passov] kept by ! ,israelites 9 ,pale/9e2 #b ,k+s xxiii4 #a-i & #ba-be1 on ! ,passov] celebrat$ 9 ! days ( ,k+ ,josiah2 #b ,sam4 xxii41 ! song ( ,david aft] deliv]ance f 8 enemies1 a p>allel to ! ,song ( ,moses2 ,isa4 x4 #cb--xii41 on ! defeat ( ,s5na*]ib1 & ! bless+s ( ! ,messianic days4 ,accord+ to ,tradition ! defeat ( ,s5na*]ib took place on ,passov]2 moreov]1 ! celebration ( ! deliv]ance f ,egypt sugge/s ! reflection on ! f9al ,r$emption ( ,israel4 ,! ,lesson f ! ,prophets *os5 = ,sabba? *ol-ha-mod is tak5 f ,ez4 xxxvi4 #a-ad4 ,! prophet sees 9 a vision h[ ! dry bones ( ! dead are awak5$ to fre% life by ! ,w & ! ,_s ( ! ,"l3 a preci\s lesson = u1 design$ to /r5g!n our hope ( a revival ( e good & noble idea1 ?\gh = ! pres5t x be dormant )9 u4 ,nature ar\nd u awak5+ to fre% life 9 ! spr+ supplies a p>allel to ! vision ( ,hezekiel4 ,! ,ma*zor 7lit4 ,cycle7 or ,pray]-book = ! ,holy-days conta9s num]\s additions to ! ord9>y pray]s4 ,!y are call$ ,piyyutim1 & v>y accord+ to ! cu/om & ! ta/e ( ! congregation4 ,! ,piyyut add$ 9 ! second p>agraph ( ! ,musaph-amidah on ! fir/ day ( ,passov] is call$ tal1 8dew10 or pray] = dew2 ! ra9 season hav+ come to an end1 we pray t ! vegetation may1 dur+ ! hot season1 be refre%$ by ! regul> desc5t ( ! dew4 ,! praise = 8s5d+ d[n ra90 9 ! same p>agraph1 viz41 1 8,?\ cause/ ! w9d to bl[ & ! ra9 to fall10 is discont9u$ aft] ! %a*>i? pray] ( ! fir/ day ( ,passov]4 ,9 ! ,portuguese ,ritual ! words 1 8,?\ cause/ ! dew to fall10 are introduc$ in/ead4 ,simil>ly1 !re is an additional pray] = ra9 77 9 ! ,musaf ( ,%em9i-ats]e?4 ,! "t *os5 = ^! pray]s is 9 accordance ) ! meteorological conditions ( ,pale/9e4 ,?is cu/om1 h[ev]1 does n exclude ! addition ( pray]s = ra9 or dew1 accord+ to ! ne$s ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* we live4 ,,! ,,days ,,( ,,! ,,c\nt+ ,,( ,,! ,,om]1 ,! p]iod f ,passov] to ! ,fea/ ( ,weeks is full ( sad memories ( massacres ( ,jews t took place 9 ! days ( ! ,crusades2 also ( ! mis]ies t befell ! ,jews 9 ,pale/9e 9 ! days ( ! ,emp]or ,hadrian4 ,dur+ ! mon? ( ,iy>1 ! ,jews ab/a9 f rejoic+s & w$d+s1 #abj ) ! exception ( ! #ah? ( ! mon?1 :i* is ! #ccrd ( ! ,om]1 because1 accord+ to ,tradition1 a plague t _h rag$ among ! disciples ( ,rabbi ,akiba ceas$ on t day4 ,! #ah? ( ,iy>1 is !re=e call$ 8! s*ol>s' fe/ival40 ,,! ,,fea/ ,,( ,,weeks1 ,! ,fea/ ( ,weeks is celebrat$ on ! fiftie? day #aba ( ! ,om] 7,lev4 xxiii4 #af72 i4e41 ! #f? ( ,sivan4 ,x is1 9 ! fir/ place1 8! fea/ ( h>ve/10 7,exod4 xxiii4 #af71 especially ( ! :eat1 & 8! day ( ! fir/-fruit (f]+10 7,num4 xxviii4 #bf74 ,! fir/ sacrifice ( ! new corn 0 (f]$3 8! bread ( ! fir/-fruit10 :i* 0 to s]ve z an expression ( gratitude = ! bless+ ( ! h>ve/4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( sacrifices 9 our days1 ! cu/om widely prevails ( adorn+ ! ,synagogue & ! home ) plants & fl[]s1 9 ord] t ! sight ( ^! beautiful objects might awak5 & /r5g!n feel+s ( gratitude t[>d ! ,almighty = ,8 lov+-k9dness4 ,ea* "o ( ! plants & fl[]s reveals a special =m ( ! ,creator's wisdom1 p[]1 & goodness4--,! fea/ is call$ ,fea/ ( ,weeks1 7,deut4 xvi4 #aj71 on acc\nt ( ! completion ( ! sev5 weeks c\nt$ f ! day ( ! ,om]4 ,! ,fea/ ( ,weeks1 ! #f? & ! #g? ( ,sivan1 commemorates also an hi/orical ev5t3 ! ,law-giv+ on ,m\nt ,s9ai4 ,x is !re=e call$ 8! season ( ! giv+ ( our ,law10 4 ,z ,passov] has be5 poetically call$ ! day ( ,israel's betro?al to ,god1 ! ,fea/ ( ,weeks w\ld correspond to ! w$d+-day1 & ! c\nt+ ( ! ,om] does ?us n only connect two h>ve/-fea/s1 b repres5ts ! long+ ( ! bride = ! day ( h] complete happ9ess2 i4e41 ! long+ ( ! ,israelites = ! ,div9e ,revelation1 :i* 0 to complete ! "w ( _! deliv]ance f ,egypt4 ,! celebration ( ! ,fea/ ( ,weeks ?us involves ! second pr9ciple ( our fai?3 8,! belief 9 ! ,div9e orig9 ( ! ,law10 or 8,div9e ,revelation40 ,on ! fir/ day we read ,exod4 xix4-xx41 ! acc\nt ( ! ,law-giv+ on ,m\nt ,s9ai1 & ,ez4 i41 ! fir/ vision ( ! prophet ,ezekiel1 9 :i* ! glory ( ,god is reveal$ to him4 ,on ! second day ,deut4 xv4 #ai 7on ,sabba?1 xiv4 #bb7 to xvi4 #ag2 & ,hab4 iii41 8! pray] ( ,habakkuk10 9 ref]5ce to ,god's ,revelation z ! ,rul] ( ! univ]se4--,!re is also ! cu/om to read ! ,book ( ,ru?1 :i* conta9s ! acc\nt ( ,ru?'s embrac+ ! true fai?1 & a description ( ! h>ve/ & ! treatm5t ( ! poor 9 ! h>ve/-season4 ,!re is a cu/om among "s ( our bre?r5 to employ ! fir/ night ( ! ,fea/ 9 prep>+ !mselves = ! com+ celebration ( ! giv+ ( ! ,law4 ,! great] "p ( ! night is sp5t 9 read+ passages f ! ,scriptures & f ! ,talmudical books4 #abb ,! cu/om has its basis 9 ! prep>ation comm&$ by ,god to be made dur+ 8! ?ree days ( bord]+0 7 7 :i* prec$$ ! ,law-giv+ 7,exod4 xix4 #aj-ab74 ,,! ,,fea/ ,,( ,,tab]nacles1 8,! fifte5? day ( ?is sev5? mon? 7,ti%ri7 %all be ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles 77 = sev5 days unto ! ,"l0 7,lev4 xxiii4 #cd74 ,! "n has its explanation 9 ! comm&m5t1 8,ye %all dwell 9 boo?s sev5 days0 7ibid4 #db72 8t y\r g5]ations may "k t ,i made ! *ildr5 ( ,israel to dwell 9 boo?s1 :5 ,i br\ght !m out ( ! l& ( ,egypt0 7v]4 #dc74 ,we are ?us comm&$ to commemorate ! travell+ ( ! ,israelites ?r\gh ! wild]ness4 ,!y dwelt 9 t5ts1 t gave !m %elt] to "s ext5t2 b )\t ! ,div9e protection ?is %elt] w\ld h prov$ insuffici5t4 ,( ?is tw(old %elt] & protection we are rem9d$ by ! tab]nacle 9 :i* ! ,law comm&s u to dwell dur+ ! ,fe/ival4 ,9 fulfilm5t ( ?is comm&m5t we make boo?s 774 ,! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 a boo? & an ord9>y h\se consi/s 9 ! mode & 9 ! mat]ial employ$ = ro(+ ! two /ructures4 ,= ! succah mu/ n be cov]$ ) fix$ bo>ds & beams or ) canvas1 b ) deta*$ bran*es ( trees1 plants1 fl[]s1 & leaves1 9 su* a mann] t ! cov]+ is n q imp5etrable to w9d & ra91 or />light4 ,dur+ ! ,fe/ival ! succah is our dwell+-h\se1 9 :i* we take our meals1 /udy1 receive our fri5ds1 &1 if possible1 enjoy re/ & sleep4 ,if1 on acc\nt ( ! sev]ity ( ! climate1 ! con/ant dwell+ 9 ! succah ?reat5s to prove injuri\s to our heal?1 we cont5t ourselves ) tak+ our meals 9 ! succah4 ,be=e ea* meal we recite ! bless+ ''' ''' 8,bless$ art ?\ 444 :o ha/ sanctifi$ u by ?y comm&m5ts & ha/ comm&$ u to dwell 9 ! boo?40 ,! fir/ "t we are 9 ! succah we add ! bless+1 7p4 #ceh74 ,! ,fe/ival is1 secondly1 call$ 8! ,fea/ ( ,+a!r+10 4 ,! produce ( ! fields & g>d5s h be5 ga!r$ 91 & ! p rejoice be=e ! ,"l 9 gratitude = ! bless+s :i* ,he has grant$ to !m4 8,& ye %all take unto y on ! fir/ day ! fruit ( ! goodly tree1 bran*es ( palm-trees1 & b\ghs ( ?ick-leav$ trees1 & will[s ( ! brook2 & ye %all rejoice be=e ! ,"l y\r ,god sev5 days0 7,lev4 xxiii4 #dj74 ,9 accordance ) ! traditional int]pretation ( ?is v]se1 we take f\r k9ds ( plants 7 71 viz41 8! citron20 1 8a bran* ( ! palm-tree20 1 ?ree 8myrtle bran*es20 & 1 two 8bran*es ( ! will[40 ,accord+ to a ,midra%ic int]pretation1 !y repres5t f\r diff]5t types ( plants1 t :i* has a pleasant fragrance & a beautiful =m 7esrog72 ! beautiful 9 =m1 b )\t fragrance 7lulabh72 t :i* smells pleasantly1 b is inf]ior 9 =m 7hadassim72 & t :i* has nei!r a goodly =m nor an agreeable fragrance 7arabho?71 z if to say t we are ?ankful to ,god = all t ,he has giv5 u1 al?\gh to our m9d "s ( ^! seem imp]fect 9 comp>ison ) o!rs4 ,9 ob$i5ce to ?is comm&m5t we take1 e day ( ,succo? except ,saturday1 #abc ! above f\r k9ds into our h&s1 hold !m dur+ ! recitation ( ! ,hallel1 & make ) !m a procession r\nd ! ,synagogue1 #abd :ile s++ ! hymns call$ ho%aano? 7s call$ on acc\nt ( ! repeat$ occurr5ce ( ! ^w ho%aanah 9 !m74 ,be=e tak+ ! arbaah m9im into our h&s we say ! foll[+ bless+3 ''' ''' 8,bless$ art ?\ 444 :o ha/ sanctifi$ u by ?y comm&m5ts & ha/ comm&$ u to take ! lulabh40 #abe ,on ! fir/ day is add$4 ,succo? la/s sev5 days1 ! la/ five days be+ half ,holy-days1 4 ,! sev5? day is call$ ,ho%aana-rabba1 because on t day _m pray]s beg9n+ ) ho%aana are (f]$ up1 dur+ ! *ant+ ( :i* sev5 processions r\nd ! ,synagogue are made4 #abf ,! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles is closely foll[$ by 8! fea/ ( ! eigh? day10 1 #abg :i*1 l all o!r ,fe/ivals1 is kept two days4 ,! second day is1 9 addition1 call$ 8,rejoic+ ( ! ,law10 because on ?is day ! read+ ( ! ,p5tateu* is complet$ & recomm5c$4 ,! n9e days ( ! ,fe/ival are call$ 8,! season ( our rejoic+10 & x is ! ?ird pr9ciple ( our fai?1 ! belief 9 ,div9e ,provid5ce1 t ?is ,fe/ival impresses on our he>ts4 ,on ! "o h&1 we h ! rejoic+ & ! f\r species ( plants z pro(s & tok5s ( ,div9e bless+2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! succah is a symbol ( human frailties & imp]fections4 ,?us1 9 all our rejoic+s we %\ld rememb] t our abode on e>? is n p]man5t1 & t all e>?ly happ9ess is l ! plants t easily fade away4 ,9 ord] to impress ?is idea on our m9d1 we read ! book ( ,kohele? on ,sabba? *ol-ha-mod or on ,%em9i-ats]e?4 ,! foll[+ portions are read f ! ,p5tateu*3 ,lev4 xxii4 #bf to xxiii4 #dd #abh 7on ! fir/ two days72 ,exod4 xxxiii4 #ab to xxxiv4 #bf 7on ,sabba? *ol-ha-mod72 ,deut4 xiv4 #bb to xvi4 #g 7on ! eigh? day72 ,deut4 xxxiii4 to end ( ,p5tateu*2 & ,g54 i4 #a to ii4 #c 7on ,sim*a? ,torah74 ,9 addition1 ! p>agraph ( ! sacrifices ( ! day 7,num4 xxix4 #ab-ci7 is read f a second sef]4 ,! ,lessons = *ol-ha-mod are tak5 f ! same passage4 ,! ,lessons f ! ,prophets are ! foll[+3 ,ze*4 xiv41 prophecy on ! future ( ,israel & on ! puni%m5t ( ^? :o w\ld n come to ,j]usalem to celebrate !re ! ,succo? ,fe/ival2 #a ,k+s viii4 #b-ba1 on ! op5+ ( ! new ,temple2 on ,sabba? *ol-ha-mod1 ,ez4 xxxviii4 #ah to xxxix4 #af1 on ! w> ) ,gog2 #a ,k+s viii4 #bb-ff1 pray] ( ,solomon on ! eigh? day ( ! s]vices = ! consecration ( ! ,temple2 ,jos4 i41 accession ( ,jo%ua to ! lead]%ip ( ,israel4 ,,solemn ,,days1 ,by 8solemn days10 we und]/& ! fir/ t5 days ( ! mon? ,ti%ri1 especially _! beg9n+ & _! end3 1 8,new-ye>10 & 8! ,day ( ,atonem5t40 #abi ,x is cu/om>y to prep>e = ! 8solemn days0 dur+ ! mon? ( ,elul1 by additional pray]s1 call$ 8=giv5ess10 aft] or be=e ! ,daily ,s]vice1 & by bl[+ ! %(> at ! close ( ! ,daily ,s]vice4 #acj ,accord+ to ! ,portuguese ,ritual1 ! ,seli*o? beg9 on ! #a/ ( ,elul1 & are cont9u$ morn+ & ev5+ till ! ,day ( ,atonem5t4 ,! ,g]man ,ritual has ,seli*o? only 9 ! ,morn+ ,s]vice2 !y beg9 on ! ,sunday be=e ,new-ye>1 & if ! ,fe/ival is on ,monday or ,tuesday1 on ! second ,sunday be=e1 & end on ! ,day ( ,atonem5t4 ,! bl[+ ( ! %(> takes place 9 ! ,g]man ,synagogues dur+ ! mon? ( ,elul1 9 ! ,portuguese ?is cu/om is n practic$4 ,,new-,,ye>4 ,! fir/ & ! second days ( ,ti%ri are kept z ,new-ye>4 #aca ,9 accordance ) ! comm&1 8,! fir/ ( ! fir/-fruits ( ?y l& ?\ %alt br+ unto ! h\se ( ! ,"l ?y ,god0 7,exod4 xxxiv4 #bf71 we devote ! fir/ t5 days ( ! ye> z an (f]+ to ! ,"l2 !y are days ( increas$ devotion1 e>ne/ self-exam9ation1 & new ef=ts to lead a good1 virtu\s1 & godly life4 ,!y are call$ 8t5 days ( return0 to ,god1 or 8t5 p5it5tial days40 ,we greet & congratulate ea* o!r on ,new-ye>1 us+ ! phrase1 --or 1 1 accord+ z a male1 a female1 sev]al males1 or sev]al females are address$--8,may y be inscrib$ = a happy ye>40 ,x is a figurative expression1 borr[$ f ! writ+ & sign+ ( decrees by e>?ly judges4 ,9 ! ,bible ! ,fe/ival is n call$ ,new-ye>1 #acb b 8,day ( bl[+ ! %(>0 7,num4 xxix4 #a72 & 8,memorial ( ! bl[+ ( ! %(>0 7,lev4 xxiii4 #bd72 9 our pray]s ! names & 8,day ( ,rememb]+0 & 8,day ( ,judgm5t10 are also us$4 ,! fir/ ( ^! f\r names implies1 accord+ to ! traditional int]pretation1 ! comm&m5t ( bl[+ ! %(>4 ,z a rule ! %(> is bl[n dur+ ! ,morn+ ,s]vice be=e ! sef] is return$ to ! ,ark1 & dur+ ,musaf4 #acc ,! bl[+ ( ! %(> is express$ by 1 :i* d5otes ! s\nd ( an al>m2 h5ce we le>n t ! %(> is int5d$ to awak5 u1 & to call u =? to range ourselves "u our bann]4 ,x is an ideal bann]1 ! wor%ip ( ,god & fai? 9 ,him1 t we are call$ ^u to protect & to def5d f enemies )\t & )94 #acd ,prom95ce is !re=e giv5 9 our ,s]vice = ,new-ye> to ! proclamation ( ,god z ,k+ ( ! univ]se1 & to our long+ = ! "t :5 all mank9d w unite 9 ! wor%ip ( ! ,"o ,god4 ,! "n 8,memorial ( bl[+ ! %(>0 indicates t we are to rememb] "s hi/orical ev5t sugge/$ by ! s\nd ( ! %(>4 ,we are rem9d$ ( ! p]iod :5 ! ,israelites1 encamp$ r\nd ,m\nt ,s9ai1 on he>+ ! ,div9e message1 8,ye %all be my peculi> p10 8a k+dom ( prie/s10 & 8a holy nation10 joyfully repli$1 8,all t ! ,"l ha? spok5 we w d0 7,exod4 xix4 #h74 ,! %(> ?us awak5s u to great] wat*fulness & activity 9 ! purification & sanctification ( our he>t4 ,! ?ird "n1 8,day ( ,memorial10 seems to be a modification ( ! second2 b x has a m g5]al mean+4 ,! second "n1 t rem9ds u ( our duty z ,god's peculi> p1 sugge/s also ! idea t ,god1 :o decl>$ u to be ,8 p1 wat*es ov] u2 t :at we d1 we d 9 ,8 pres5ce4 ,he p]ceives1 notes1 & rememb]s all our de$s1 words1 & ?\ghts4 ,:51 !re=e1 we appeal to ! goodness ( ,him1 :o rememb]s all ,8 creatures & provides = ! wants ( e "o ( !m1 we mu/ n =get t ,he is also j4 ,?is idea1 aga91 sugge/s ! f\r? "n1 8,day ( ,judgm5t10 ! day on :i* we are judg$ accord+ to our de$s1 bo? our m]its & our %ortcom+s be+ tak5 into acc\nt4 ,! ess5tial elem5ts 9 our ,s]vice are ! ?ree sections 9 ! ,amidah ( ,musaf3 1 & 4 ,!y *iefly ref] to ! ?ree fundam5tal pr9ciples ( our religion3 7#a7 ,exi/5ce ( ,god1 a ,be+ t is ,k+ ( ! univ]se2 7#b7 ,div9e ,ju/ice1 & 7#c7 ,revelation4 ,t5 passages are quot$ f ! ,bible 9 support ( ea* ( ^! pr9ciples4 ,tradition has fix$ ! #a/ ( ,ti%ri z ! date ( sev]al ev5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ,israel1 e4g41 ! bir? ( ,isaac1 ! b9d+ ( ,isaac 771 & ! bir? ( ,samuel 7,b4 ,t4 ,ro% ha-%anah #aj;b74 ,h5ce ,g54 xxi4 & xxii4 are read on ! two days ( ,new-ye>1 9 addition to ! p>agraph on ! sacrifices ( ! ,fe/ival 7,num4 xxix4 #a-f74 ,f ! ,prophets1 we read on ! fir/ day #a ,sam4 i4 #a to ii4 #aj1 on ! bir? ( ,samuel1 & ! pray] ( ,hannah prais+ ! ju/ice ( ,god2 on ! second day1 ,j]4 xxxi4 #b-bj1 a prophecy conc]n+ ! re/oration ( ,israel4 #ace ,! ,sabba? betwe5 ,new-ye> & ! ,day ( ,atonem5t is call$ because ! hapht>ah1 tak5 f ,hosea 7xiv4 #a seq471 comm5ces ) ! ^w & is an exhortation ( ,israel to return to ,god4 8,,day ,,( ,,atonem5t40 ,! t5? day ( ! sev5? mon?1 ,ti%ri1 is ! mo/ important ( all ! ,holy-days4 ,x is ! ,day ( ,atonem5t1 on :i* 8,god w =give y1 to cleanse y1 t y may be clean f all y\r s9s be=e ! ,"l0 7,lev4 xvi4 #cj74 8,ye %all d no mann] ( "w2 x %all be a /atute = ev] ?r\gh\t y\r g5]ations 9 all y\r dwell+s4 ,x %all be unto y a sabba? ( re/1 & ye %all afflict y\rselves3 9 ! n9? day ( ! mon? at ev51 f ev5 unto ev51 %all ye celebrate y\r sabba?0 7,lev4 xxiii4 #ca1 #cb74 ,! ,day ( ,atonem5t is !re=e a day ( re/+1 fa/+1 pray]1 & spiritual improvem5t4 ,x is a day ( re/1 & ! prohibition ( "w is ! same z on ! ord9>y ,sabba?4 ,! fa/+ beg9s ! #i? ( ,ti%ri-- --ab\t sunset1 & la/s till ! beg9n+ ( night on ! foll[+ day4 ,! phrase1 8,ye %all afflict y\rselves10 is expla9$ by ,tradition to signify ! total ab/95ce f all k9ds ( food & ! gratification ( o!r bodily desires 7,mi%nah1 ,yoma viii4 #a74 ,! reason ( ?is comm&m5t may be ! foll[+3 ,! pr9cipal s\rce ( s9 is ! gratification ( our bodily appetites2 8return0 to ! "r way mu/ !re=e include ! e>ne/ attempt to control1 & :5 necess>y to suppress1 su* appetites4 ,fa/+ is su* an attempt4 ,b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t fa/+ is only "o ( ! duties we h to fulfil on ! ,day ( ,atonem5t1 & t ! o!r duties are equally ess5tial4 8return10 is ! pr9cipal object ( ! celebration ( ! ,day ( ,atonem5t2 x implies ! foll[+ f\r /eps3-- #a4 ,consci\sness ( s91 4 ,we mu/ aga9 & aga9 exam9e ourselves & try to discov] our fail+s2 our actions & our words mu/ pass 9 review1 & we mu/ rememb] t1 h[ev] good we may be1 no man is righte\s ^u e>? 8t doe? good & s9ne? n0 7,eccles4 vii4 #bj74 #b4 ,confession ( s91 4 #acf ,on ! discov]y ( s91 we mu/ h ! c\rage to confess our guilt be=e him aga9/ :om we h s9n$2 if x is aga9/ ,god alone t we h s9n$1 we make sil5t confession be=e ,him2 if we f9d ourselves guilty ( an (f5ce aga9/ our fell[-man1 we mu/ confess our s9 to him4 #c4 ,regret1 4 ,hav+ discov]$ & confess$ our s91 we %\ld feel pa9 & remorse1 alike = ! evil we h done & = ! good we h left undone4 #d4 ,am5dm5t1 4 ,! regret %\ld be foll[$ by a firm resolve to ab&on ! way ( evil1 & n to s9 aga91 ev5 if occasion be giv5 = a repetition ( ! s9ful act4 ,!re are five ,s]vices on ! ,day ( ,atonem5t3 7#a7 ,ev5+ ,s]vice1 2 #acg 7#b7 ,morn+ ,s]vice1 2 7#c7 ,additional ,s]vice1 2 7#d7 ,aft]noon ,s]vice1 2 7#e7 ,conclud+ ,s]vice1 4 #ach--,! confession ( s91 is ! mo/ ess5tial & *>act]i/ic elem5t 9 ! ,s]vices ( ! ,day ( ,atonem5t4 ,9 ! ,morn+ ,s]vice we read ,lev4 xvi41 & ,num4 xxix4 #g-aa1 on ! sacrifices on ! ,day ( ,atonem5t2 9 ! ,aft]noon ,s]vice1 ,lev4 xviii41 on =bidd5 m>riages4 ,! ,lessons f ! ,prophets are3 9 ! morn+1 ,isa4 lvii4 #ad-lviii4 #ad1 on our duties on ! fa/-day2 9 ! aft]noon1 ! ,book ( ,jonah1 illu/rat+ ! effect ( s9c]e rep5tance1 & ,micah vii4 #ah-bj1 on ,israel's rep5tance4 ,,hi/orical ,,fea/s ,,& ,,fa/s4 ,besides ! ,fe/ivals comm&$ 9 ! ,torah1 we celebrate also 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye> anniv]s>ies ( c]ta9 days bo? ( joy & ( sorr[4 ,( ! =m] k9d are & 2 ( ! latt]1 ! #i? ( ,ab & f\r o!r fa/s4 ,,fea/ ,,( ,,d$ication4 ,on ! #be? ( ,kislev we beg9 to celebrate eight days ( or ,d$ication1 9 commemoration ( ! victories ( ! ,maccabees ov] ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 k+ ( ,syria4 ,antio*us _h attempt$ to =ce ! ,jews to idolatry1 & to make !m ab&on ! wor%ip ( ! true ,god4 ,! ,jews1 l$ by ! ,maccabees1 resi/$1 &1 arm$ ) fai? 9 ,god1 ga9$ ! victory ov] l>ge armies ( ! enemy4 ,! ,temple1 :i* _h be5 defil$ by ! hea!n soldi]s1 0 aga9 purifi$1 & ! ,s]vice ( ,god re-e/abli%$4 ,= light+ ! cont9ual lamp 7 7 pure oil 0 want$1 t _h n be5 t\*$ by ! hea!n4 ,only a small cruse ( pure oil 0 f\nd1 :i* 0 believ$ to be suffici5t = "o night2 b x suffic$ = eight days1 by :i* "t a fre% supply c\ld be procur$4 ,! ,fea/ ( ,d$ication commemorates ! victory ( ! fai?ful ov] ! fai?less1 ( ! true religion ov] idolatry1 ( light ov] d>kness1 & is celebrat$-- 7#a47 ,by light+ lights1 "o on ! fir/ ev5+1 & add+ "o light ea* successive ev5+1 s t on ! eigh? ev5+ eight lights are k9dl$4 7#b47 ,by giv+ expression to our feel+ ( gratitude 9 psalms 77 & pray]s ( ?anks 7 74 ,9 ! ,morn+ ,s]vice a few v]ses f ,num4 vii41 on ! d$ication ( ! ,alt>1 are read4 ,on ,sabba? ,*anuccah1 ,ze*>iah's vision1 ,ze*4 ii4 #aj to iii4 #g1 includ+ ! vision ( ! gold5 c&le/ick1 is read z hapht>ah2 & if !re happ5 to be a second ,sabba? ,*anuccah1 #a ,k+s vii4 #dj-ej1 a description ( ! v>i\s vessels & ornam5ts 9 ! ,temple ( ,solomon is read on t ,sabba?4 ,note #a4--,! lights rem9d u1 9 ! fir/ place1 ( ! reop5+ ( ! ,temple & ! resumption ( ! regul> ,temple ,s]vice4 ,b !y are also int5d$ to rem9d u ( ! light ( our holy fai?1 :i* ,antio*us ,epiphanes attempt$ 9 va9 to ext+ui%4 ,= x %$ =? its light aga91 & %one bright] & bright] e successive day4 ,we ?us le>n t :5 our religion is imp]ill$1 firmness aga9/ temptation or =ce is sure to lead to success & victory4 #b4 ,be=e light+ ! ,*anuccah lights ! foll[+ bless+s are said3 ''' ''' 8,bless$ art ?\ 444 :o ha/ sanctifi$ u by ?y comm&m5ts & ha/ comm&$ u to k9dle ! lights ( ,*anuccah40 ''' 8,bless$ art ?\ 444 :o wr\ghte/ miracles = our fa!rs 9 days ( old at ?is season40 ,on ! fir/ night is add$4 ,,purim4 or 8,fea/ ( ,lots10 is celebrat$ on ! #ad? & ! #ae? ( ,ad> 7second ,ad> 9 a leap-ye>71 9 commemoration ( ! defeat ( ,haman's wick$ plans4 ,haman 0 *ief m9i/] to ,ahasu]us1 k+ ( ,p]sia1 & plann$ to kill all ! ,jews 9 ! ,p]sian ,empire1 b ! ,almighty fru/rat$ 8 designs ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ,mordecai & 8 c\s9 ,e/h]4 ,! ,fea/ is call$ ,purim1 t is1 8lots10 because ,haman _h ca/ lots 9 ord] to discov] ! day mo/ fav\rable to 8 plans4 ,we celebrate ,purim-- 7#a47 ,by read+ twice1 once dur+ ! ,ev5+ ,s]vice & once dur+ ! ,morn+ ,s]vice1 ! ,book ( ,e/h] 7 71 :i* conta9s ! hi/ory ( ,haman's plans & _! fru/ration4 ,! read+ is prec$$ by ! foll[+ bless+3 ''' ''' 8,bless$ art ?\ 444 :o ha/ sanctifi$ u by ?y comm&m5ts & ha/ comm&$ u to read ! ,megillah40 ''' 8,bless$ art ?\ 444 :o wr\ghte/ miracles = our fa!rs 9 days ( old at ?is season10 & 4 7#b47 ,by giv+ pres5ts to our fri5ds 7 7 & gifts to ! poor 7 74 7#c47 ,by a fe/ive meal 7 74 ,comp4 ,e/h4 ix4 ,dur+ ! ,morn+ ,s]vice ! acc\nt ( ! w> ) ,amalek is read f ,exod4 xvii4 #h-af4 ,! #ae? ( ,ad> is call$ ,%u%an ,purim1 because ! ,jews 9 ,%u%an cont9u$ to fight aga9/ ! enemy on ! #ad? ( ,ad>1 & kept ,purim on ! #ae?4 ,! #ac? ( ,ad>1 be+ ! day appo9t$ = ! slaught] ( ! ,jews1 is n[ kept z a fa/-day1 & is call$ 8! ,fa/ ( ,e/h]40 ,,! ,,f\r ,,fa/s4 ,!re are f\r days kept z fa/-days 9 commemoration ( ev5ts connect$ ) ! fall ( ,j]usalem4 ,!y are call$ 9 ! ,bible 7,ze*4 viii4 #ai7 8! fa/ ( ! f\r? mon? & ! fa/ ( ! fif?1 & ! fa/ ( ! sev5? & ! fa/ ( ! t5?40 ,^! days are ! anniv]s>ies ( ! comm5cem5t ( ! siege ( ,j]usalem 7#aj? ( ,tebe?71 ( ! brea* made 9 ! wall 7#ag? ( ,tammuz71 ( ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple 7#i? ( ,ab71 & ( ! murd] ( ,g$aliah 7#crd ( ,ti%ri74 ,! #i? ( ,ab is kept z a day ( fa/+ & m\rn+ = ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple4 ,accord+ to ,tradition1 bo? ! fir/ & ! second ,temple 7 de/roy$ on ! same day4 ,! ,lesson f ! ,p5tateu* read 9 ! ,morn+ & 9 ! ,aft]noon ,s]vices on ! fa/-days is ,exod4 xxxii4 #aa-ad & xxxiv4 #a-aj4 ,on ! #i? ( ,ab ?is section is read 9 ! aft]noon only2 ! ,morn+ ,lesson be+ ,deut4 iv4 #be-dj & ,j]4 viii4 #ac to ix4 #bc2 9 ! ,aft]noon ,s]vice on all fa/s ,isa4 lv4 #f to lvi4 #h is read z hapht>ah4 ,note #a4--,^! fa/s beg9 ) daybreak1 except ! fa/ ( ! #i? ( ,ab1 :i* comm5ces ) ! previ\s ev5+ & la/s tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & is 9 all respects l t ( ! ,day ( ,atonem5t4 ,dur+ ! day ! ,lam5tations ( ,j]emiah1 v>i\s elegies call$ 1 8,lam5tations10 & ! ,book ( ,job are read4 ,on ! ,fa/ ( ,ab1 z a sign ( m\rn+1 tali? & tefill9 are n worn dur+ ! ,morn+ ,s]vice4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 put on = ! ,aft]noon ,s]vice4 #b4 ,! ,sabba? prec$+ ! ,fa/ ( ,ab is call$ 1 & ! ,sabba? foll[+1 because ! ,hapht>o? on ^! ,sabba?s 7*4 i4 & *4 xl4 ( ,isaiah7 beg9 respectively ) ! words & 2 ! "o conta9+ rebukes & ?reats1 ! o!r a message ( com=t4 ,besides ^! hi/orical fa/s1 !re are volunt>y fa/s obs]v$ by "s z an expression ( deep-felt piety2 e4g41 ! ?ree fa/s ( ( ,monday1 ,?ursday1 & ,monday1 kept aft] ! fe/ive seasons ( ,passov] & ,tab]nacles1 9 imitation ( ,job1 :o aft] ! days ( fea/+ sanctifi$ 8 sons1 & br\ght special sacrifices 7,job i474 ,to ?is class ( fa/s may be reckon$ ! day be=e ,new-moon1 call$ on :i* 9 "s congregations ! ,aft]noon ,s]vice is enl>g$ by propitiatory pray]s4 ,v4 ,,div9e ,,wor%ip1 4 ,9 ! ,midra% ! foll[+ leg5d is relat$3 ,:51 at ! conclusion ( ! sev5? day1 ! sun _h set & d>kness _h spread ov] ! e>?1 ,adam 0 afraid t ! _w 0 n[ com+ to an end4 ,b ! ,almighty caus$ him to f9d two /ones1 by means ( :i* he produc$ light4 ,on see+ ?is ,adam 0 full ( joy1 & al?\gh he _h himself produc$ ! sp>k1 he felt t x 0 to 8 ,creator & ,ma/] t ?anks 7 due1 & gave expression to 8 feel+s 9 ! words1 8,bless$ art ,?\1 ,o ,"l1 our ,god1 ,k+ ( ! ,univ]se1 :o create/ ! light ( ! fire40 ,?us ! leg5d traces ! beg9n+ ( ,div9e ,wor%ip to ! fir/ man2 &1 9 fact1 ! desire to commune ) ! ,creator & to give outw>d expression to ! inn] feel+ ( rev]5ce & allegiance is s g5]al t x seems to be "p ( man's nature4 ,9 a diff]5t way ?is feel+ 0 express$ by ! sons ( ,adam1 by ,ca9 & ,abel4 ,!y br\ght pres5ts to ! ,"l1 probably accompani$ by words ( praise & pray]4 ,no ess5tial diff]5ce is notic$ by u 9 ! (f]+s ( ! two bro!rs2 ea* ( !m br\ght :at seem$ be/ 9 8 eyes4 ,& yet ! (f]+ ( ,ca9 0 reject$1 :il/ t ( ,abel 0 receiv$ fav\rably4 ,an important lesson x is t ,scripture tea*es "h at ! v ?re%old ( ! hi/ory ( sacrifices4 ,x is ?is3 ,! value ( an (f]+ does n lie 9 its outw>d appe>ance1 9 t :i* is op5 to man's judgm5t1 b 9 some?+ t is kn[n to ! ,omnisci5t alone1 9 ! he>t ( him :o approa*es 8 ,creator ) a gift1 9 ! motives :i* prompt him to d s1 & 9 ! feel+s :i* accompany t act4 ,f ^! beg9n+s ! two =ms ( ,div9e ,wor%ip1 ,sacrifice & ,pray]1 gradually develop$4 ,,sacrifice 71 74 ,:at 0 ! ma9 idea t prompt$ man to br+ an (f]+ to ! ,almighty8 ,he felt1 z x 71 ! exi/5ce ( a high] ,be+1 ! ,creator & ,rul] ( all ?+s2 he 0 consci\s t 8 own life & welf>e dep5d$ on ! ,w ( ! ,be+ to :om 9 reality ev]y?+ belongs t man believes himself to possess & to enjoy4 ,9 ord] to give expression to ?is feel+ ( allegiance man br\ght ! fir/ & be/ ( :at he _h acquir$ to ! true ,own]1 & ?us introduc$ #aci himself by su* gifts z a fai?ful subject :o is anxi\s to m]it ! fav\r ( 8 ,ma/]4 ,t :i* 0 at fir/ introduc$ by man volunt>ily1 0 aft]w>ds sanction$ & regulat$ by ,div9e comm&4 ,!re 7 two k9ds ( sacrifices3 bloodless sacrifices1 m9*ah & nese*1 8fl\r-(f]+0 & 8dr9k-(f]+10 & blood sacrifices3 animal-(f]+s4 ,b no diff]5ce is disc]nible betwe5 ^! two k9ds ) reg>d to _! importance1 sanctity1 & effici5cy4 ,z a rule1 ! animal-(f]+ 0 supplem5t$ by m9*ah & nese*4 ,! treatm5t ( sacrifices v>i$ accord+ z !y 7 int5d$ to express ! feel+ ( rev]5ce1 rejoic+1 gratitude1 or rep5tance1 & special rules _h to be obs]v$ 9 ea* case1 ! v>i\s k9ds ( sacrifice be+ 8burnt-(f]+10 or 8peace-(f]+10 or 8?anksgiv+10 or 8s9-(f]+10 or 8guilt-(f]+40 ,! ,law fur!r fix$ ! place1 ! "t1 & ! me?od ( sacrific+1 & appo9t$ also ! p]sons :o alone 7 all[$ to att5d to ?is function1 s t no /range elem5t1 no idolatr\s or sup]/iti\s cu/oms1 c\ld be introduc$ into ! sacrificial s]vice orda9$ by ! ,law4 ,great /ress is laid on ! spr9kl+ ( ! blood ( ! sacrifice ^u ! alt>4 8,! blood10 ! ,law says1 8is ! s\l ( all fle%2 & ,i h giv5 x to y ^u ! alt> to make an atonem5t = ! s\l0 7,lev4 xvii4 #aa74 ,we are ?us rem9d$ t1 9 s f> z ! animal life is conc]n$1 8! pre-em95ce ( man ov] ! bea/ is n\ght10 & yet ! ,creator gave u ! "r to %$ ! blood ( animals 9 ord] to save our life4 ,:y8 ,because man has a high] mission to fulfil2 he has be5 creat$ 9 ! image ( ,god4 ,^! & simil> reflections 7 sugge/$ by ! diff]5t elem5ts con/itut+ ! sacrificial rite4 ,) ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple sacrifices ceas$2 ) ! ,re/oration ( ,israel & ! ,rebuild+ ( ! ,temple ! ,sacrificial ,s]vice w likewise be resum$4 7,comp4 ,mal4 iii4 #d74 ,!re are p]sons :o believe t ! ,sacrificial ,s]vice1 imply+ mu* ( an?ropomorphism1 c\ld n h be5 int5d$ to be p]man5t1 & t x 0 only a concession made to ! fa%ion & ! l[ degree ( culture ( ! age4 ,^? :o reject sacrifices on ?is acc\nt mu/ also reject pray]1 :i* is likewise bas$ on a c]ta9 degree ( an?ropomorphism1 ?\gh less /rik+ly ?an sacrifice4 ,if ! law conc]n+ (f]+s 7 only int5d$ = a c]ta9 age1 su* limitation w\ld h be5 indicat$ 9 ! ,law4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( su* indication we h no "r to criticise ! ,^w ( ,god1 & to ?9k t we are too advanc$ 9 culture to obey ! ,div9e comm&s1 ,x has be5 fur!r argu$ t1 accord+ to ,maimonides & 8 foll[]s1 ! laws conc]n+ sacrifices only s]v$ z a means ( c\nt]act+ ! idolatr\s t5d5cies ( ! age4 ,b ,maimonides nev] w5t s f> z to cont5d t ^! laws h s]v$ _! purpose1 & are n[ null & void4 ,ev5 ^? laws :i* h be5 enact$ by human au?ority rema9 9 =ce till !y are repeal$ 9 a regul> & legal mann]4 ,b :at human be+ c claim a "r to aboli% laws giv5 by ! ,almighty8 ,:e!r any ( ! laws ( ! ,torah w ev] be abrogat$ we d n "k1 b we are sure t1 9 case ( su* abrogation tak+ place1 x w be done by a revelation z conv9c+ z t on ,m\nt ,s9ai4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! revival ( ! ,sacrificial ,s]vice mu/ likewise be sanction$ by ! div9e voice ( a prophet4 ,! m]e acquisition ( ! ,temple ,m\nt or ( all ,pale/9e by ,jews1 by w>1 or political comb9ations1 or pur*ase1 w\ld n ju/ify ! revival4 ,x is only ! return ( ! ,jews to ,pale/9e1 & ! rebuild+ ( ! ,temple by ,div9e comm& & by ,div9e int]v5tion1 t w be foll[$ by ! re/oration ( ! ,sacrificial ,s]vice4 ,& h[ev] contr>y ! slaught] ( animals1 ! spr9kl+ ( _! blood1 & ! burn+ ( _! fle% be to our ta/e1 we ought to look =w>d ) eag]ness & pleasure = ! revival ( ! full ,temple ,s]vice z an ev5t t w enable u to d ! ,w ( ! ,almighty reveal$ 9 ! ,torah4 ,in/ead ( modell+ ! ,div9e laws accord+ to our lik+1 we ought r to regulate ! latt] accord+ to ! tea*+ ( ,scripture1 & suppress x :5 contr>y to ! express ,w ( ,god4 ,we !re=e give expression to our hope 8= ! re/oration ( ! ,temple ) its anci5t ,s]vice0 9 frequ5t & f]v5t pray]s1 & 9 accordance ) ! exhortation ( ,hosea 7xiv4 #b7 we read ea* day dur+ ! ,s]vice ,scriptural passages ref]r+ to ! sacrifice ( ! day4 8,sacrifices h be5 condemn$ by prophets & psalmi/s06 ,b 9 ! passages :i* seem antagoni/ic to sacrifices only ^? sacrifices are ref]r$ to :i* are br\ght 9 a wrong _s or f bad motives4 7,comp4 #a ,sam4 xv4 #bb2 ,isa4 i4 #aa-ac1 xliii4 #bd1 lxvi4 #b2 ,j]4 vii4 #ba2 ,hosea vi4 #f2 ,amos v4 #be2 ,ps4 l4 #h47 ,,pray]s1 #adj ,pray] is ! g5]al "n = t =m ( ,div9e ,wor%ip :i* is express$ 9 words2 x has a wid] scope ?an sacrifices1 = x is n limit$ to a special place1 or to a c]ta9 "t1 or to "o privileg$ family4 ,x is accessible to all1 9 all places & at all times4 ,all alike are address$ by ! ,psalmi/1 8,let ev]y?+ t ha? brea? praise ! ,"l4 ,praise ye ! ,"l0 7,ps4 cl4 #f74 ,!re is no direct comm&m5t 9 ! ,torah conc]n+ pray]2 x is r assum$ z a matt] ( c\rse1 & z insep>able f our belief 9 ,god4 ,accord+ to ,tradition 7,sifre on ,deut4 xi4 #ac71 ! exhortation to s]ve ,god ) all ! he>t implies ! duty ( pray]4 8,:at duty dep5ds on ! he>t8 ,x is ! duty ( pray]40 7,comp4 ,maim4 ,mi%neh-torah1 ,hil*o? ,tefillah i4 #a47 ,! foll[+ are a few ( ! g5]al rules laid d[n by our ,sages ) reg>d to ,pray]3-- 8,bett] little ) devotion 77 ?an mu* )\t devotion0 7,%ul*an-aru*1 ,ora* ,*ayyim i4 #d74 8,dur+ pray] be> 9 m9d be=e :om y /&0 7,babyl4 ,t41 ,b]a*o? #bh;b74 8,! value ( ! words utt]$ ) ! lips is det]m9$ by ! devotion ( ! he>t0 7,babyl4 ,t41 ,b]a*o? #ae;b74 ,:at is devotion8 ,! conc5tration ( all our att5tion ^u ! words we utt]1 ! bani%m5t ( all =eign ?\ghts f ! m9d1 & ! consci\sness t we /& 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,almighty1 :om x is our duty to love1 fe>1 & obey4 ,a pray] utt]$ 9 ?is frame ( m9d is call$ 8a pray] )\t lips ( deceit0 7,ps4 xvii4 #a74 ,comp4 ,maim41 l4 c41 iv4 #ae4 ,x is a matt] ( c\rse t indecor\s conduct1 unbecom+ attitudes1 & ! l _c h>monise ) true devotion4 ,) reg>d to language1 =m1 "t1 & place ( pray] no?+ 0 fix$ orig9ally2 all 0 regulat$ by ! mom5t>y impulse ( ! he>t ( ! wor%ipp]4 ,b p :o consid]$ !mselves incapable ( giv+ adequate expression to _! devotional feel+s borr[$ ! words ( ^? m capable ?an !mselves & foll[$ _! lead+4 ,su* a c\rse 0 also necess>y = common & unit$ devotion4 ,:5 a c]ta9 pray] or a c]ta9 ord] ( ,s]vice 0 frequ5tly repeat$ at ! same season & 9 ! same place1 ! =m1 ! "t1 & ! place ( pray] became to a c]ta9 degree fix$ by cu/om--m9hag--& t :i* _h 9 ! beg9n+ be5 volunt>y 77 0 subsequ5tly made law or duty 7 or 74 #ada ,! m9hag is a mo/ important elem5t 9 ,jewi% religi\s life4 ,:at "o has be5 accu/om$ to d = a long "t1 or ev5 f 8 e>lie/ y\?1 is deeply impress$ on ! he>t1 & is n readily surr5d]$4 ,su* cu/oms are sometimes m *]i%$ & m firmly adh]$ to ?an express precepts4 #adb ,x is ! outcome ( ?is respect = cu/om t 9 all c\ntries ! ,jews pray 9 ,hebrew4 ,b nev]!less ! g5]al pr9ciple rema9s 9 =ce t x is n ! language t det]m9es ! value ( pray] b 8! devotion ( ! he>t10 & ^? :o d n und]/& ,hebrew may give expression to 8! devotion ( _! he>t0 9 ! language !y und]/& & speak4 ,wom51 :o z a rule 7 n expect$ to be ,hebrew s*ol>s1 us$ to read translations ( ! ,hebrew pray]s 9 ! v]nacul> in/ead (1 or 9 addition to1 ! orig9al2 !y _h also pray]s compos$ = !m 9 ! v]nacul> 774 ,& 9 m anci5t times1 :5 ! ,jews ( ,babylon _h adopt$ ! ,aramean dialect spok5 9 t c\ntry1 & reta9$ x also aft] _! return to ,pale/9e1 _m pray]s 7 compos$ 9 ! m famili> language1 al?\gh ,hebrew 0 reta9$ = ! pr9cipal pray]s4 ,hebrew has a special claim to privilege & di/9ction among ! ,jews4 ,x is our national language1 :i* our =efa!rs once spoke2 x is ! language 9 :i* ! ,almighty address$ ! prophets1 & ?r\gh !m ! ,israelites2 ! language 9 :i* ,god reveal$ ,8 ,w to ! ,israelites on ,m\nt ,s9ai2 ! language 9 :i* ! holy ,psalmi/ sang ! praises ( ! ,creator1 ! prie/s bless$ ! p1 & wor%ipp]s pray$ 9 ! ,temple at ,j]usalem4 ,x mu/ be ! pride ( e ,jew to be enabl$ to pray at home1 & especially 9 ! ,synagogues1 9 t same language1 & if ,hebrew be n ! language ( 8 e-day life1 he %\ld seek to p]fect 8 k ( x to su* an ext5t t he %all be able to und]/& ! pray]s & to pray ) 8 :ole he>t4 ,^? :o seek ! abolition ( ,hebrew 9 our ,s]vices aim1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 at ! de/ruction ( our nationality z ! p ( ! ,"l1 by break+ asund] "o important l9k :i* connects u ) ! wond]ful pa/ ( our nation4 ,equally indiff]5t ) reg>d to ! value ( pray] are its l5g? & its =m4 ,! ,bible (f]s examples = all k9ds & l5g?s ( pray]4 ,if "o wi%es to pray 9 a few words1 he ne$ only foll[ ! example ( ,moses1 :o 9 ! mom5t ( angui% utt]$ no?+ beyond ! words1 8,o ,god1 heal h] n[0 7,num4 xii4 #ac74 ,if "o pref]s a long pray]1 he may also take ,moses z a guide1 :o pray$ =ty days = ! =giv5ess ( ! ,israelites aft] !y _h made ! gold5 calf 7,deut4 ix4 #ah1 #be74 ,bo? pray]s 7 equally efficaci\s4 ,miriam 0 heal$1 & ! ,israelites obta9$ p>don4 ,) reg>d to ! =m1 we h 9 ! ,bible pray]s 9 prose & 9 poetry2 "s utt]$ 9 simple spee*1 o!rs 9 song2 "s ) musical accompanim5t1 "s )\t x4 ,all ( !m seem to h be5 at fir/ ! response to a mom5t>y impulse1 b 7 aft]w>ds repeat$ on simil> occasions 9 ! orig9al or 9 a modifi$ =m4 ,among ! v>i\s motives t impel u to seek communion ) our ,fa!r1 is ! desire = c]ta9 ?+s :i* we h n1 & ! conviction t x is solely 9 ,8 h& to fulfil our wi%es4 #adc ,a g5u9e pray] ( ?is k9d--= ! fulfilm5t ( c]ta9 wi%es ( ours--is impossible )\t ! belief 9 ! efficacy ( pray]4 ,we _c ) c]ta9ty expect t our petition w be grant$1 b we hope t x w2 we submit our wi%es to ! ,w ( ! ,almighty4 ,! ,hebrew "n = pray] impli$ ! idea ( judgm5t1 z if we judg$ :e!r ! concession ( our petition might fairly be anticipat$4 ,su* judgm5t1 h[ev]1 is n to be consid]$ z decisive2 & if our reque/ is to be grant$1 x w be z an act ( m]cy & grace 7 71 & n because x is a claim fully prov$ 774 #add ,we hope t our pray] w be grant$1 b nev] lose sight ( ! condition 8if x please ,god40 ,!re are a few exceptional cases4 ,prophets l ,moses 7,exod4 viii4 #f71 ,samuel 7#a ,sam4 xii4 #ag71 ,elijah 7#a ,k+s xviii471 ,eli%a 7#b ,k+s iv4 #cc sqq471 & o!rs1 m5 inspir$ by ! ,almighty1 71 on c]ta9 occasions1 sure ( ! effect ( _! pray]4 ,9 ! ,mi%nah 7,taani? iii4 #h7 ! case ( ,*oni 7 7 is m5tion$1 :o spoke ) c]ta9ty ( ! result ( 8 pray]4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 9 ! latt] case be add$ t ! head ( ! ,sanh$r91 ,%imeon b5 ,%ata*1 blam$ him = 8 conduct4 ,?is we "k = c]ta91 t :5ev] & :]ev] we respond to an inn] impulse by ! utt]ance ( a pray]1 ,god is ne> u1 = 8,he is nigh unto all !m t call ^u him1 to all t call ^u him 9 tru?0 7,ps4 cxlv4 #ah72 t we & ! place on :i* we /& are hall[$ by ! ,div9e ,pres5ce4 ,places once hall[$ by su* devotion1 :e!r ( our own or ( our fell[-m51 we l to visit aga9 & aga9 = ! same purpose4 ,! spot ( ,jacob's fir/ communion ) ,god ?us became 8! h\se ( ,god20 & ev5 dur+ ! p]iod :5 !re 0 "o c5tral ,sanctu>y = ! ,sacrificial ,s]vice 9 ,israel1 at ,gilgal1 ,mizpah1 ,%iloh1 & lat] 9 ,j]usalem1 !re 7 h\ses ( ,god ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry = devotion unaccompani$ by sacrifices4 ,^! 7 8! meet+-places ( ,god0 7,ps4 lxxiv4 #h71 9 :i* ! ,israelites assembl$ to meet _! ,creator4 ,su* h\ses ( ,god 7 e/abli%$ :]ev] ,jews settl$2 _! ma9 purpose 0 unit$ devotion2 b !y s]v$ also _m o!r purposes--9 fact1 e holy1 good1 & noble cause4 ,! h\se ( ,god 0 ! ,assembly-h\se1 ,synagogue 7 71 9 :i* ! affairs ( ! community 7 7 7 settl$2 ! "y _h !re _! s*ool1 adults came !re = religi\s in/ruction1 & f\nd !re opportunity = ! /udy ( ! ,law1 & ! poor & /rang] receiv$ !re support & hospitality4 ,9 a ,jewi% ,synagogue !re 7 two important features1 ! plat=m 77 & an ark 77 conta9+ scrolls ( ! ,law4 ,f ! plat=m 9 ! middle ( ! ,synagogue1 ! lessons f ! ,p5tateu* & ! ,prophets 7 recit$1 & ev]y?+ else t 0 directly or indirectly address$ to ! congregants4 ,b pray]s address$ to ! ,mo/ ,high 7 (f]$ up f a l[] place ne> ! ,holy ,ark1 #ade 9 accordance ) ! words ( ! ,psalmi/ 7cxxx4 #a71 8,out ( ! dep? h ,i cri$ unto !e1 ,o ,"l40 ,! ,ark1 or ,holy ,ark 7 or 71 9 almo/ all mod]n ,synagogues--9 places we/ ( ,j]usalem--occupies ! middle ( ! ea/ side ( ! ,synagogue4 ,9 ! "t ( ! ,talmud ! ,synagogues 7 to "s ext5t made to resemble ! ,tab]nacle :i* ! ,israelites built 9 ! wild]ness or ! ,temple 9 ,j]usalem4 ,! entrance 0 f ! ea/1 & ! ,ark1 :i* 0 to repres5t ! ,mo/ ,holy1 0 9 ! we/4 ,! ,ark 01 l ! orig9al "o1 movable4 ,x 0 call$ tebhah1 lit4 8box10 9 ord] to di/+ui% x f ! orig9al4 ,! recess 9 :i* x 0 kept 0 ! ,he*al or ,kode%1 8,! ,holy40 ,! tebhah seems to h s]v$ bo? z a receptacle = ! scrolls ( ! ,law1 & z a desk on :i* ^! 7 put :5ev] !y 7 requir$ = ! read+ ( ! ,torah4 ,on c]ta9 extraord9>y occasions1 :51 on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( ra91 a g5]al fa/ 0 ord]$1 ! tebhah1 ) a ,sef]-torah on x1 0 c>ri$ into ! /reet1 #adf :]e a special s]vice 0 held4 ,! reason :y ! entrance to ! ,sanctu>y & to ! ,synagogues 0 f ! ea/1 & ! wor%ipp]s consequ5tly /ood dur+ pray] ) _! face t[>d ! we/1 may1 accord+ to ! ,mi%nah 7,succah v4 #d71 be expla9$ ?us3 ,! pr9cipal pray] ( ! day be+ t 9 ! morn+1 ! ,jews1 z a prote/ aga9/ ! sun-wor%ip ( ! idolat]s1 :o at t h\r 7 accu/om$ to greet ! sun ) _! pray]1 turn$ away f ! ea/ & (f]$ up _! pray] to ! ,almighty 9 ! opposite direction4 ,:5 sun-wor%ip _h ceas$1 probably aft] ! de/ruction ( ! second ,temple1 ! national grief & hope f\nd expression 9 ! cu/om ( pray+ t[>d ! ,sanctu>y 9 ,j]usalem4 ,h5ce ! ,jews :o live we/ ( ,j]usalem /& dur+ pray] ) ! face t[>d ! ea/1 :ile ^? ea/ ( ,j]usalem turn we/w>d4 ,?is cu/om is1 besides1 support$ by ! foll[+ passage f ! pray] ( ,k+ ,solomon3 8,& !y pray unto !e t[>d _! l&1 :i* ?\ gave/ unto _! fa!rs1 ! city :i* ?\ ha/ *os51 & ! h\se :i* ,i h built = ?y "n0 7#a ,k+s viii4 #dh74 #adg ,9 mo/ ,synagogues !re is a cont9ual lamp 7 7 burn+4 ,x is a ,biblical in/itution1 b only design$ = ! ,sanctu>y2 its pres5ce 9 ! ,synagogue is ( comp>atively mod]n date4 ,! n] tamid ( ! ,sanctu>y1 h[ev]1 is expla9$ to be a lamp burn+ 8f ev5+ to morn+0 7,exod4 xxvii4 #ba74 ,a gold5 c&le/ick /&+ 9 ! ,sanctu>y aga9/ ! s\? side1 ) its sev5 bran*es arrang$ f ea/ to we/1 s]v$ ?is purpose4 ,accord+ to ,tradition x 0 ! second bran*1 c\nt+ f ea/ to we/1 :i* really burnt cont9ually2 b ?is 0 n consid]$ z impli$ 9 ! t]m n] tamid1 :i* only meant 8a cont9ual lamp0 9 ! s5se ( a lamp t burns regul>ly e night4 ,! n] tamid 9 ! ,synagogue1 :i* burns cont9ually day & night1 is n m5tion$ by any ( ! e>li] ,rabb9ical au?ors4 ,x has be5 introduc$ z a symbol repres5t+ our conviction t f ! ,synagogue %all cont9ually come =? ! light ( in/ruction1 ! light ( com=t & bless+1 & ! light ( love & peace4 ,9 ! ,synagogue wom5 are sep>at$ f m54 ,!re 0 also 9 ! ,temple an 8c\rt ( ! wom510 di/+ui%$ f ! 8c\rt ( ! m510 to :i* wom5 _h no access4 ,dur+ ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles1 :5 ! great rejoic+s 9 ! ,temple attract$ a l>ge assembly1 special c>e 0 tak5 7 7 t ! sep>ation ( ! sexes %\ld be ma9ta9$ 7,mi%nah1 ,succah v4 #b2 & ,talm4 ,b41 ,succah #ea;b74 ,?is prec$5t has be5 foll[$ 9 ! ,synagogue1 & has be5 accept$ z law up to ?is day4 ,res]v$ness & mode/y 77 h always be5 ! pride & ornam5t ( ,jewi% wom51 bo? 9 _! homes & 9 ! ,synagogue2 h5ce also _! tak+ a sil5t "p 9 ! public devotion is an hon\r to !m1 & by no means d]ogatory4 ,9 addition to ! above-m5tion$ po9ts1 a ,synagogue ought to be di/+ui%$ by ! greate/ possible simplicity1 by ! abs5ce ( all k9ds ( images1 portraits1 or /atues repres5t+ liv+ be+s1 :e!r real or imag9>y4 ,! ,jewi% religion is void ( e visible symbol2 & ! s-call$ mag5-david 7! d\ble triangle7 is probably n ( ,jewi% orig91 & has no connection ) our holy religion4 ,x is n a symbol ( ?is k9d1 b "s inscription ( a passage f ! ,scriptures t 9 mo/ h\ses ( wor%ip rem9ds u ( ! sacr$ness ( ! place4 ,we ent] x ) due rev]5ce1 manife/+ x outw>dly1 9 our peculi> traditional mann]1 by keep+ ! head cov]$4 ,x is our anci5t cu/om to cov] ! head :5 engag$ 9 pray]s1 9 read+ ! ,bible or ,talmud & _! comm5t>ies4 ,?is outw>d sign s]ves to rem9d u t n only our ,s]vice b ev5 our lit]ature is some?+ holy1 & its /udy a religi\s act 774 #adh ,be=e we proce$ to describe ! details ( our ritual1 we m5tion "o important po9t 9 :i* ! pres5t ,synagogal ,s]vice diff]s f ! anci5t ,s]vice 9 ! ,temple4 ,f :at we are told 9 ! ,scriptures & 9 ! ,talmud1 we le>n t in/rum5tal music 0 an ess5tial elem5t 9 ! ,s]vice1 & t ,k+ ,david & 8 successors paid great att5tion to x1 :il/1 ) a few exceptions1 x is almo/ entirely abs5t f our ,synagogues4 ,! pr9cipal reason :y in/rum5tal music is exclud$ f ! ,synagogue is its prohibition on ,sabba?s & ,holy-days by ,rabb9ical law 7,babyl4 ,t41 ,erub9 #ajd;a74 ,?is prohibition1 l _m o!r enactm5ts1 did n apply to ! ,temple ,s]vice2 = ! sacrificial laws _h to be obey$1 irrespective ( ! fact t !y involv$ acts :i*1 if p]=m$ ap>t f ! ,temple ,s]vice1 w\ld con/itute a brea* ( ! ,sabba? laws4 ,ap>t f ! ,temple ,s]vice ! ,sabba? laws rema9$ 9 full =ce = ! prie/s z well z = ! g5]al public4 ,!re 7 also o!r consid]ations t help$ to keep in/rum5tal music out ( ! ,synagogue ,s]vice4 ,its abs5ce1 ?\gh n directly a sign ( m\rn+1 s]v$ to pres]ve ! memory ( ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple1 & to /r5g!n our long+ = its re/oration4 ,x is also urg$ t ! introduction ( in/rum5tal music into ! ,s]vice w\ld n satisfy any real want ( ,jewi% wor%ipp]s1 b w\ld m]ely be a concession to ! desire to assimilate our ,div9e ,s]vice to t ( our non-,jewi% neighb\rs1 contr>y to ! prohibition ( *ukko? haggoyim conta9$ 9 ! words1 8,ye %all n walk 9 _! /atutes0 7,lev4 xviii4 #c71 i4e41 9 ! /atutes ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x has be5 argu$ t ! feel+ once express$ by ! nation 9 ! words 8,?is is my ,god1 & ,i w wor%ip him 9 a beautiful mann]0 7,exod4 xv4 #b71 /ill animates u4 ,x is said t x is our duty to make our ,s]vice z beautiful & z attractive z possible4 ,?is argum5t des]ves consid]ation1 & might ev5 outweigh "s ( ! above-m5tion$ argum5ts aga9/ ! introduction ( music into our ,s]vice1 if we 7 sure ( ! result ( su* introduction4 ,b ?is is by no means ! case1 = ! exp]im5t1 :]e tri$1 has n be5 successful if judg$ by ! mo/ practical te/4 ,! numb] ( wor%ipp]s has n be5 increas$1 & discont5t has n be5 remov$4 ,:e!r ! devotion ( ! wor%ipp]s has be5 improv$1 ref9$1 or int5sifi$ by music is a "q t _c be answ]$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,ev5 if ! answ] 7 satisfactory1 x c\ld only apply to ! introduction ( in/rum5tal music into our ,s]vice on week-days1 on ,friday ev5+ be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ,sabba?1 b n on ,sabba?s & ,holy-days4 ,,! ,,ritual4 ,9 ! ,bible !re is no indication ( a fix$ ritual2 !re are1 h[ev]1 a few in/ances ( =ms ( pray] prescrib$ = c]ta9 occasions4 ,!re is ! prie/s' bless+ 7,num4 vi4 #bd-bf72 ! ?anksgiv+ on br++ ! fir/-fruit (f]+ to ! ,temple 7,deut4 xxvi4 #c-aj72 pray] on di/ribut+ ! ti!s :i* accumulat$ 9 ?ree ye>s 7ibid4 #ac-ae74 ,david 7,ps4 lv4 #ah7 says1 8,ev5+1 & morn+1 & at noonday d ,i pray20 ,daniel 8kneel$ ^u 8 knees ?ree times a day & pray$1 & gave ?anks be=e 8 ,god1 z he did a=etime0 7,dan4 vi4 #aa72 b no?+ is said ab\t ! =m & ! cont5ts ( ^! pray]s4 ,! ,mi%nah fir/ speaks ( c]ta9 fix$ =ms ( pray]3 ! 8,eighte50 7 71 ! read+ ( ,%ema 7 71 & ,b5$ictions 774 ,! composition ( ! tefillah1 8,pray]0 p> excell5ce1 is attribut$ to ! ,m5 ( ! ,great ,synagogue 7 71 b only 9 its outl9es4 ,! numb] ( ! p>agraphs1 ! !me ( ea* p>agraph1 & ! =mula by :i* x is conclud$ may !n h be5 fix$1 ! re/ be+ left to be fill$ up by ea* supplicant accord+ to 8 capacity4 ,x 0 b natural t pray]s utt]$ repeat$ly by m5 em95t = _! piety %\ld be eag]ly copi$ by o!rs1 & gradually become1 to "s ext5t at lea/1 fix$ =ms ( pray]4 ,! tefillah1 h[ev]1 9 ! "t ( ! ,mi%nah 0 by no means id5tical ) ! tefillah ( ! ,m5 ( ! ,great ,synagogue4 ,! de/ruction ( ! ,temple necessitat$ sev]al *anges2 e4g41 ! pray]s = ! welf>e ( ,j]usalem1 = ! prosp]ity ( ,israel & ( ! ,holy ,l&1 & = ! acceptance ( ! ,s]vice 9 ! ,temple 7 alt]$ 9 accordance ) ! new /ate ( affairs4 ,! ,mi%nah speaks ( ! tefillah z a well-kn[n exi/+ in/itution2 x seems t x 0 ! regul> pray] 9 ! ,synagogue ,s]vice1 & ! discussion :e!r ! tefillah %\ld be repeat$ e day 9 ext5so or 9 an abbreviat$ =m 7,mi%nah1 ,b]a*o? iv4 #c7 ref]s probably to ! pray] recit$ privatim 7 71 & n to ! ,s]vice 9 ! ,synagogue4 ,! prescrib$ 8,eighte5 ,bless+s0 7 ! framework1 into :i* ea* man 0 expect$ to fit 9 8 peculi>1 individual supplications2 :il/ 9 ! public ,s]vice ! tefillah rema9$ uni=m4 ,9 ! days ( ,rabban ,gamliel ( ,jamnia1 & ) 8 sanction1 an important addition 0 made by ,samuel3 a pray] = ! discomfiture ( ^? :o by sl&]1 d5unciation1 or o!r wick$ means attempt to und]m9e ! exi/5ce ( ! ,jewi% religion & community 7 or 74 #adi ,9 "s congregations two o!r p>agraphs 7 & 7 7 at ! same "t comb9$ into "o1 9 ord] to keep to ! traditional 8,eighte5 ,bless+s40 #aej ,! read+ ( %ema 9 ! ev5+ & 9 ! morn+1 ! ?ree sections con/itut+ ! %ema1 & ! ord] ( ^! sections1 are assum$ 9 ! ,mi%nah z fully e/abli%$ by law & usage4 ,only a few regulations are discuss$ conc]n+ ! "t & ! mode ( ! read+4 ,!re 0 ?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! cu/om ( ! ,babylonian ,jews & t ( _! bre?r5 9 ,pale/9e1 t ! latt] omitt$ 9 ! ev5+ ! passage ref]r+ to tsitsi?4 ,lat] on1 h[ev]1 ! ,pale/9e ,jews con=m$ to ! ,babylonian cu/om4 ,sugge/ions h be5 made to sub/itute o!r ,biblical passages = %ema1 b !y h be5 reject$4 ,sev]al attempts h be5 made to introduce1 z an addition to ! ?ree sections ( %ema1 ! read+ ( ! ,decalogue2 ! addition 0 disall[$1 le/ p %\ld be misl$ to ?9k t ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts alone 7 to be obs]v$1 & t ! o!r laws 7 n b9d+ 7,babyl4 ,t41 ,b]a*o? #ab;a74 #aea ,! ,b5$ictions :i* prec$e & foll[ ! read+ ( %ema 7 fix$ 9 ! "t ( ! ,mi%nah z reg>ds numb]1 ord]1 & =m2 b ! cont5ts 7 left unsettl$ = "s "t 7,mi%nah1 ,b]a*o? i4 #d72 9 ! ,gem>a _! word+ is /ill a subject = discussion4 ,! same c be said ) reg>d to ! relative ord] ( %ema & tefillah4 ,= ! ,ev5+ ,s]vice ! tefillah seems to h g5]ally be5 consid]$ z optional4 ,z to ,b5$ictions 9 g5]al1 _! obligatory "* is assum$ 9 ! ,mi%nah z admitt$ by all1 & only _! =m seems to h be5 fix$ by ! regulations m5tion$ 9 ,b]a*o? vi4-ix4 ,! ,mi%nah 7,megillah iii4 #d-;iv4 #aj7 includes a numb] ( regulations conc]n+ ! read+ ( ! ,law1 ! ,prophets1 & ! ,book ( ,e/h]4 ,detail$ rules 7 laid d[n = ! read] & ! translator 7me?urgeman71 po9t+ out :i* passages %\ld be omitt$ 9 ! translation1 & :i* %\ld be omitt$ ev5 9 ! orig9al4 ,x seems t !re 0 a regul>1 consecutive read+1 :i* 0 int]rupt$ on extraord9>y days by ! read+ ( passages ref]r+ to ^! days4 ,! ritual :i* 0 adopt$ = ! prie/s 9 ! ,temple 0 an abridg$ =m ( ! ritual !n 9 g5]al use4 ,x 0 z foll[s3 ,!y comm5c$ ) a b5$iction--! fir/ ( ^? :i* prec$e ! %ema 7 72 !n !y read ! ,decalogue1 %ema 7! ?ree p>agraphs71 & ?ree fur!r b5$ictions1 1 7correspond+ to 9 our pray]71 & ! bless+ ( ! prie/s 7,mi%nah1 ,tamid v4 #a74 ,a special ritual is also m5tion$ 9 ! ,talmud 7,mi%nah1 ,taani? iv4 #b7 = ! ,maamado? & ! ,fa/-days4 #aeb ,!re 7 f\r ,s]vices daily1 z on ! ,day ( ,atonem5t4 ,! pr9cipal feature 9 ! ,s]vice ( ! ,maamado? 0 ! read+ ( ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! ,talmud 7ab\t #ejj ,c4,e47 ! ess5tial p>ts ( our pres5t ritual 7 already 9 a settl$ /ate2 ! %ema ) ! b5$ictions prec$+ & foll[+1 ! tefillah ) its v>iations = ,new-moon1 ,sabba?1 & ,holy-days1 ! read+ f ! ,law & ! prophets1 & ,hallel4 ,! ,s$] ev5+ ,s]vice 0 complete 9 its ma9 p>ts4 ,( ! ,b5$ictions 7,b]a*o?7 on v>i\s occasions bo? =m & cont5ts 7 fix$1 & ! rule 0 laid d[n by ,rabbi ,meir 7,b]a*o? #dj;a7 t he :o utt]$ a b]a*ah 9 a =m diff]5t f t fix$ by our ,sages has n fulfill$ 8 duty 7or1 accord+ to ,maimonides1 ,hil*o? ,b]a*o? i4 #e1 is 9 error74 ,not)/&+ ?is rule1 h[ev]1 *anges 7 made2 new b5$ictions 7 introduc$ & old ones discont9u$4 #aec--,kaddi% & ,k$u%ah seem to h =m$ "p ( ! ,s]vice2 ( ! latt] ! ,talmud m5tions ! "n1 ( ! =m] ! response3 8,may 8 great ,"n be prais$0 or 7,comp4 ,babyl4 ,talm41 ,b]a*o? #c;a74 ,9 ! next p]iod1 t ( ! ,geonim1 we meet ) ! complete ,siddur1 8,arrangem5t0 or 8,ord]0 ( ,s]vice = ord9>y days1 = ,sabba?s & ,fe/ivals1 ,b5$ictions = all occasions1 & ,piyyutim z optional additions4 ,su* a ,siddur 0 arrang$ by ! ,gaon ,rabb5u ,saadiah 7#hib-idb71 & ano!r by ! ,gaon ,rabb5u ,amram 7ab\t #hhj74 ,h5ce=? ! pr9cipal pray]s und]w5t only insignificant alt]ations4 ,( ! next p]iod ! mo/ important ,siddurim are ^? includ$ 9 ! ,mi%neh-torah1 at ! end ( ! second book1 & t conta9$ 9 ! ,ma*zor ,vitry4 #aed ,! additional pray]s & piyyutim1 be+ optional1 v>i$ accord+ to ! ta/e ( ea* congregation & its lead]s2 9 c\rse ( "t ^! v>iations became p]man5t2 ! same 0 ! case ) m9or *anges1 especially 9 ! less ess5tial elem5ts ( ! ,s]vice1 & ?us ! v>i\s ,m9hagim 7,rites7 ( ! v>i\s congregations came into exi/5ce4 ,! pr9cipal ,m9hagim ( importance = u are3 ! ,poli%1 ! ,seph>dic1 ! ,g]man1 & ! ,italian ,rites4 #aee ,9 ! foll[+ description ( ! ,ritual only ! two rites adopt$ 9 ! pr9cipal ,synagogues ( ! ,anglo-,jewi% congregations 9 ,engl& w be not$4 ,,pray]s ,,at ,,fix$ ,,times4 ,al?\gh we con/antly enjoy ! bless+s ( ,god1 ! v brea? we brea! be+ ! gift ( our ,heav5ly ,fa!r1 yet c]ta9 seasons ( ! day1 ( ! week1 ( ! mon?1 & ( ! ye> h be5 select$ z especially fit = rem9d+ u ( ,god's k9dness1 & pr$ispos+ our he>t to devotion4 ,?us 9 ! day1 morn+1 noon & ev5+ h be5 fix$ = pray]2 9 ! week1 ,sabba?2 9 ! mon?1 ,new-moon2 9 ! ye>1 ! ,fe/ivals4 ,we h ?ree daily ,s]vices3 ,ma>ibh1 8,ev5+ pray]20 ,%a*>i?1 8,morn+ pray]10 #aef & ,m9*ah1 8,aft]noon pray]40 ,on ,sabba?1 ,new-moon1 & ,fe/ivals an 8,additional pray]10 ,musaf1 is ins]t$ betwe5 ! ,morn+ & ! ,aft]noon ,s]vices1 & on ! ,day ( ,atonem5t1 ,nelah1 8,conclud+ ,s]vice10 is add$ aft] ,m9*ah4 ,! two mo/ ess5tial elem5ts 9 ^! ,s]vices are3 7#a7 ! ,read+ ( ,%ema 7 71 9 ! ,ma>ibh & ! ,%a*>i?2 7#b7 ! ,tefillah or ,amidah1 common to all ! ,s]vices4 #a4 ,,! ,,read+ ,,( ,,%ema4 ,9 ob$i5ce to ! precept1 8,?\ %alt speak ( !m10 i4e41 ( 8! words :i* ,i comm& !e ?is day--:5 ?\ lie/ d[n & :5 ?\ rise/ up10 ?ree sections ( ! ,law are read daily 9 ! morn+ & 9 ! ev5+1 viz41 7#a7 ,deut4 vi4 #d-i1 beg9n+ 8,he>20 7#b7 ,ibid4 xi4 #ac-ba1 beg9n+ 8,& x %all be if ye w dilig5tly he>k520 7#c7 ,num4 xv4 #cg-da1 beg9n+ 8,& ! ,"l said40 ,! fir/ section tea*es ! ,unity ( ,god1 & our duty to love ?is ,"o ,god ) all our he>t1 to make ,8 ,^w ! subject ( our con/ant m$itation1 & to in/il x into ! he>t ( ! "y4--,! second section conta9s ! lesson ( rew>d & puni%m5t3 t our success dep5ds on our ob$i5ce to ! ,w ( ,god4 ,?is important tru? mu/ con/antly be kept be=e our eyes & be=e ! eyes ( our *ildr54--,! ?ird section conta9s ! comm&m5t ( tsitsi?1 ! object ( :i* is to rem9d u ( ,god's precepts3 8,ye %all see x & rememb] all ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,"l & d !m1 & t ye seek n aft] y\r own he>t & y\r own eyes1 aft] :i* ye use to g a/ray1 t y rememb] & d all my comm&m5ts1 & be holy unto y\r ,god40 ,! read+ ( ! %ema is prec$$ by two b]a*o?3 7#a7 ,praise ( ! ,creator = ! regul> sequ5ce ( day & night1 light & d>kness2 7#b7 or ,praise ( ,8 goodness 9 giv+ u ! ,torah1 & pray] = ,8 assi/ance 9 ! /udy ( ! ,torah4 ,! %ema is foll[$ by a b]a*ah on ! ,r$emption ( ,israel2 x conta9s a reflection on ! la/ words ( %ema1 8,i am ! ,"l y\r ,god10 an expression ( our fai? 9 ! tru? ( ^! words1 :i* /r5g!n our belief 9 ! future ,r$emption ( ,israel4 #aeg ,9 ! ,ev5+ ,s]vice a second b]a*ah foll[s1 beg9n+ 1 & conta9+ a pray] = protection dur+ ! night4 #aeh #b4 ,,! ,,tefillah ,,or ,,amidah4 ,! ,tefillah1 8,pray]0 p> excell5ce1 is call$ ,amidah 7lit41 8/&+071 because ! wor%ipp] /&s dur+ ! "t he (f]s x up4 ,x is also call$ ,%emoneh-esreh1 8,eighte510 because x conta9s on mo/ occasions eighte5 7or n9ete51 comp4 p4 #dca7 p>agraphs1 ea* conclud+ ) a b5$iction4 ,! fir/ ?ree p>agraphs conta9 praise ( ,god's goodness to u1 ! desc5dants ( ! pi\s patri>*s 7#a71 ,8 omnipot5ce 7#b71 & ,8 hol9ess 7#c74 ,! next ?irte5 p>agraphs are petitions = our individual & national well-be+4 ,= our individual well-be+ 7#d-i71 namely1 = reason & wisdom 7#d71 assi/ance 9 our endeav\r to return to ,god 7#e71 =giv5ess ( our s9s 7#f71 deliv]ance f tr\ble 7#g71 f illness 7#h71 & f want 7#i74--;,= our national well-be+ 7#aj-ae71 namely1 = ! ga!r+ ( ^? :o are scatt]$ 7#aj71 "u good lead]s 7#aa71 protect$ f ! evil designs ( our foes 7#ab71 = ! support ( ! fai?ful 7#ac71 ! rebuild+ ( ,j]usalem 7#ad71 & ! adv5t ( ,messiah 7#ae74 ,! sixte5? p>agraph is a pray] t our petition may be accept$4--,! la/ ?ree p>agraphs include a petition = ! re-e/abli%m5t ( ,div9e ,s]vice 9 ! ,temple ( ,j]usalem 7#ag71 ?anksgiv+ 7#ah71 & pray] = peace & prosp]ity 7#ai74 ,:5 ! pray] is f9i%$ we express ! wi% t our lips1 f :i* pray] to ,god has come =?1 may n be defil$ by unwor?y language4 ,on ,sabba?s1 ,holy-days1 & 9 e ,musaph ! ?irte5 middle p>agraphs are replac$ by "o 9 :i* ref]5ce is made to ! *>act]i/ic feature ( ! day2 9 ! ,musaph ( ,new-ye> ?ree b]a*o? 7p4 #djd7 are sub/itut$ = ! ?irte5 middle b]a*o? ( ! ord9>y tefillah4 ,! ?irte5 p>agraphs h be5 elim9at$ 9 ord] t we %\ld n be rem9d$ on ,sabba? & ,holy-days ( our fail+s1 wants1 & tr\bles2 t ^? seasons %\ld be m>k$ by a happi] & m *e]ful mood ?an ord9>y days 7supra1 p4 #ced74 ,!re are two %ort] =ms ( ! tefillah = urg5t occasions3 ! "o is a sub/itute = ! 8,eighte510 9 :i* ! middle ?irte5 p>agraphs are contract$ into "o2 x is call$ 7! fir/ ^w ( ?is middle section71 or 8ab/ract ( ! #8,eighte54'0 ,! o!r is a contraction ( ! ,friday ev5+ tefillah1 & is call$ 8ab/ract ( ! #8,sev5'0 7scil41 p>agraphs =m+ ! tefillah71 orig9ally int5d$ = ^? :o 7 too late = ! full ,s]vice4 #aei ,ea* ( ! above ,s]vices ends ) a pray] call$ aft] its initial ^w al5u1 8,x is our duty40 ,9 ?is pray] we ?ank ,god t we h ! privilege ( proclaim+ ,8 ,unity1 & express our hope to see ! wor%ip ( ! ,"o ,god adopt$ by all mank9d4 ,x is omitt$ betwe5 two ,s]vices foll[+ closely ! "o ^u ! o!r4 ,9 addition to ! above1 ! ,s]vice conta9s ! foll[+ p>ts3-- 7#a47 8,bless+s ( ! ,morn+10 =m+ ! fir/ "p ( ! ,morn+ ,s]vice4 ,x conta9s b5$ictions1 reflections1 & pray]s sugge/$ by ! *ange f night to day1 f sleep to wakefulness1 f re/ to activity4 7#b47 ,psalms4--,our ,s]vice conta9s v>i\s gr\ps ( psalms3 *ief among !m ! mizmorim or pesuke dezimrah 78songs0 or 8v]ses ( song071 & %ir %el yom 78song ( ! day071 9 ! ,morn+ ,s]vice4 ,! =m] include ,ps4 cxlv4 to cl41 "s o!r psalms1 & ! song ( ,moses 7,exod4 xv474 ,! latt] correspond to ! songs ( ! ,levites 9 ! ,temple1 & consi/ ( ,ps4 xxiv4 7= ,sunday71 xlviii4 7= ,monday71 lxxxii4 7= ,tuesday71 xciv4 7= ,w$nesday71 lxxxi4 7= ,?ursday71 xciii4 7= ,friday71 & xcii4 7= ,saturday74--,! repetition ( ,ps4 cxlv4 ?ree times a day1 twice dur+ ,%a*>i? & once dur+ ,m9*ah1 is an old m9hag 7,babyl4 ,talm41 ,b]a*o?1 p4 #d;b74 7#c47 ,supplications 77 add$ 9 ! ,morn+ & ! ,aft]noon ,s]vices aft] ! tefillah4 7#d47 ,read+s f ! ,bible & ,po/-,biblical ,sacr$ ,lit]ature1 su* z ,num4 vi4 #bb sqq4 7prie/s' bless+72 ,g54 xxii4 7b9d+ ( ,isaac72 ,exod4 xvi4 7manna72 ,mi%nah1 ,peah i4 #a1 & ,babyl4 ,t41 ,%abba? #abg;a1 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! ,morn+ ,s]vice2 & words ( com=t 7beg9n+ 7 f ! ,prophets aft] ! 8,supplications40 ,orig9ally an exposition ( ! ,writt5 & ! ,oral ,law foll[$ ! 8,supplications10 & conclud$ ) ,messianic prophecies1 recit$ 9 ,hebrew & 9 ! ,*aldee ,v]sion4 7#e47 ,biblical & ,po/-,biblical passages ref]r+ to ! ,sacrificial ,s]vice1 9 ! ,morn+ & ! ,aft]noon ,s]vices4 ,9 addition to ! above ,s]vices1 read ei!r 9 ! ,synagogue or privately at home1 !re is a special pray] read by u be=e retir+ to re/4 ,! *ief elem5t 9 x is ! fir/ section ( %ema2 h5ce ! "n 8,read+ ( %ema be=e go+ to b$40 ,"s psalms & supplications are g5]ally add$4 ,,public ,,s]vice1 4 #afj ,! foll[+ po9ts m>k (f ! ,public ,s]vice f ! v>i\s =ms ( private pray]3-- 7#a47 ,kaddi%1 8,sanctification10 a pray] = ! univ]sal sanctification ( ,god's "n1 :i* w di/+ui% ! age ( ,messiah4 ,9 ! second "p ( ! ,kaddi% we pray = ! ,messianic peace1 & 9 ! la/ s5t5ce express our hope t x may soon be grant$4 ,=m]ly ! ,kaddi% conclud$ ! ,s]vice2 at pres5t x is recit$ at ! end ( ! ,s]vice 9 its full =m 7 8! :ole ,kaddi%072 ! fir/ half 7 8half-,kaddi%07 has its place at ! end ( a section ( ! ,s]vice--e4g41 aft] ! 9 ! ,morn+ ,s]vice2 a ?ird =m is recit$ by m\rn]s aft] & aft] special hymns or psalms2 x is ! :ole ,kaddi% ) ! omission ( ! s5t5ce beg9n+ 4 ,x is call$ 8,kaddi% ( ! orphan10 & is int5d$ to express ! m\rn]'s fai? 9 ,god & 8 resignation to ,8 ,w4--,sometimes a special ,kaddi%1 call$ ,kaddi% dirabbanan1 is recit$ aft] ! read+ ( "s ,talmudic or ,midra%ic passages4 ,x is ! same z ,kaddi% %alem1 except t ! s5t5ce beg9n+ is replac$ by a pray] = ! welf>e ( ! s*ol>s1 ! ,rabbis1 & _! pupils4 7#b47 ,repetition ( ! tefillah by ! ,read]1 ) ! addition ( ,k$u%ah be=e ! ?ird p>agraph1 & ! ,prie/s' ,bless+ be=e ! la/ p>agraph1 ( ! tefillah4 ,! ,k$u%ah1 8,proclamation ( ! ,hol9ess ( ,god10 is bas$ on ! visions ( ,isa4 vi4 & ( ,ezek4 iii41 ) citation ( ?ree v]ses1 ,isa4 vi4 #c1 ,ezek4 iii4 #ab1 & ,ps4 cxlvi4 #aj1 9 :i* ! ,hol9ess1 ,glory1 & ,k+dom ( ,god are proclaim$4 ,! ,prie/s' ,bless+1 orig9ally spok5 by prie/s1 desc5dants ( ,a>on1 is n[ 9 mo/ ,synagogues includ$ by ! ,read] 9 ! tefillah by way ( quotation2 only on ,holy-days x is pron\nc$ by ! prie/s4 7#c47 8! ,read+ ( ! ,law10 & ! 8,lessons f ! ,prophets0 771 ) ! b5$ictions prec$+ & foll[+ 7supra1 p4 #cdh74 ,,occasional ,,pray]s--,,b5$ictions1 4 ,! feel+ ( our dep5d5ce on ! goodness ( ,god mu/ con/antly be pres5t to our m9d4 ,:atev] we enjoy1 be x 9 ! =m ( eat+ or dr9k+1 or "s pleas+ or rem>kable sight1 an agreeable smell1 a fe/ivity on a joyful ev5t1 or ! p]=mance ( a ,div9e comm&m5t 772 :atev] befall u1 :e!r x be pleasant or unpleasant--all ?is we consid] z s5t to u by ! ,w ( ! ,almighty1 & we express our conviction by a suitable b]a*ah4 ,! g5]al rule is ?us laid d[n by our ,sages3 ,x is unlawful = man to enjoy any?+ on e>? )\t previ\sly ackn[l$g+ by a b]a*ah t ,god is ! s\rce :5ce ! enjoym5t is d]iv$4 ,= diff]5t cases diff]5t =ms ( 8bless+s0 h be5 fix$ by our ,sages4 ,9 "s cases ! enjoym5t is also foll[$ by a pray] ( ?anksgiv+1 ! mo/ important be+ ! pray] aft] meals1 call$ 8,b5$iction = food or ,grace40 #afa ,9 ! ,mi%nah x is call$ 8,?ree ,bless+s0 7 71 because x consi/$ orig9ally ( ?ree p>agraphs1 ea* end+ ) a b5$iction4 ,! ?ree p>agraphs are ! foll[+3 7#a7 78,b5$iction comm5c+ 071 9 :i* we praise ,god's provid5tial c>e ( all creatures4 7#b7 8,?anksgiv+10 or 7,b5$iction ref]r+ to ,pale/9e74 ,9 ?is p>agraph we (f] ?anks = our individual su/5ance1 z well z = our national gifts3 ,pale/9e1 ! ,cov5ant1 & ! ,law4 7#c7 ,pray] = ! re/oration ( ,zion & ! rebuild+ ( ! ,temple 7 74--,subsequ5tly a f\r? p>agraph 0 add$ 7 8:o is good & causes ,8 creatures to be good07 9 commemoration ( ! relief giv5 to ! ,jews aft] ! close ( ! w> ) ,hadrian4 #afb--,on c]ta9 occasions1 e4g41 at a w$d+ repa/1 suitable additions are made4 ,besides ^!1 v>i\s supplications h be5 add$ 9 lat] times4 ,!re are v>i\s %ort =ms ( ?is 2 ! %orte/ is t = *ildr51 8,bless$ be ! ,m]ciful1 ! ,giv] ( ?is bread40 #afc--,:5 ?ree gr[n-up male p]sons or m h _! meal toge!r1 a special introductory =m is us$1 call$ 8summons to pray]10 "o ( ! company act+ z ,read]1 & ! re/ =m+ ! congregation4 ,ano!r =m ( ?anksgiv+ is ! 8,ab/ract ( ! ,?ree ,bless+s0 7 71 consi/+ ( "o p>agraph :i* conta9s ! :ole ( ! ,grace 9 a contract$ =m1 & is us$ aft] cake1 w9e1 & ! l4 ,no re/riction is en=c$ ^u u if we desire on our "p to give expression to our feel+ ( gratitude & rev]5ce t[>d ! ,almighty 9 our own words on occasions n provid$ = 9 ! anci5t =ms ( b5$ictions & pray]s4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to make a di/9ction betwe5 ! =ms ( obligatory b]a*o? fix$ by our ,sages & ! optional ones introduc$ by ourselves1 we d n employ ! words1 8,o ,"l1 our ,god1 ,k+ ( ! ,univ]se10 :i* are ess5tial 9 ! =m]4 ,,notes4 #a4 ,on ,page #dbd sqq4 ,among ! diff]5t m9hagim obs]v$ 9 ! ,synagogue ! foll[+ are notewor?y3--,! head is kept cov]$1 ! h&s uncov]$2 gloves are g5]ally tak5 (f be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! ,s]vice4 ,x 0 cu/om>y to spread =? ! h&s dur+ pray]1 & ! phrase 8spread+ =? ! h&s0 is us$ 9 ! ,bible 9 ! s5se ( 8pray+40 ,! prie/s /ill raise _! h&s :5 pron\nc+ ! bless+4 ,isaiah1 rebuk+ ^? :o pray$ to ,god )\t seek+ purification f evil de$s1 says1 8,& :5 y spread =? y\r h&s ,i w hide m9e eyes f y2 yea1 :5 ye make _m pray]s ,i w n he>2 y\r h&s are full ( blood0 7,isa4 i4 #ae74 ,foll[+ ! example ( ! ,psalmi/1 8,i w wa% my h&s 9 innoc5cy1 s w ,i compass ?9e alt>0 7,ps4 xxvi4 #f71 we wa% our h&s be=e pray]1 z a symbol ( ! duty ( purify+ our consci5ce f guilt be=e approa*+ ! ,almighty ) our petitions4 ,we ?us uncov] our h&s z if to say1 8,! reproa* ( ,isaiah does n apply to u2 we h tri$ to free our he>t & our h&s f guilt40 ,a cu/om frequ5tly animadv]t$ ^u is ! habit :i* _m ,jews h adopt$ ( sw++ _! bodies =w>d & backw>d dur+ pray]4 ,we consid] x a m dec5t way to /& or sit /ill :5 commun+ ) ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,bo? ways f9d support 9 ! ,talmud 7,babyl4 ,t41 ,b]a*o? #ca;a1 & ,%abba? #aj;a72 :il/ ! "o /&s l 8a s]vant 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 ma/]10 ! o!r gives way to 8 emotions & excitem5t4 ,! ,mag5 ,abraham1 on *ap4 xlviii4 #d1 says3 8,he :o foll[s ! "o example is "r1 & he :o foll[s ! o!r is likewise "r3 all dep5ds on ! devotion ( ! he>t40 ,rabbi ,jehudah ha-,levi 9 8 ,cuz>i 7,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xli47 m5tions & expla9s ! cu/om ( %ak+ dur+ pray]4 ,! habit ( accompany+ ! emotions ( our he>t by correspond+ motions ( our body has produc$ ! cu/om ( rais+ ! :ole body upw>ds :5 utt]+ ! ^w 8holy0 9 ! k$u%ah4 ,dur+ tefillah we rema9 /&+ 9 ! same place2 at ! end1 :5 we h f9i%$ our petition1 we retire sl[ly a few /eps backw>d2 ! same is done by ! ,read] dur+ ! la/ p>agraph ( ! kaddi%4 ,x is z if1 our petition end$1 we rev]5tly )drew f ! heav5ly ,k+ :o has giv5 u audi5ce dur+ ! pray]4 ,we b5d ! knee1 incl9e our head1 & b[ d[n on c]ta9 occasions dur+ ! ,s]vice1 b we d n kneel dur+ pray]4--,x has p]haps be5 avoid$ z an idolatr\s practice1 ) ref]5ce to ,judges vii4 #e4 ,:5 ! ,ark is op5$ & ! ,sef] is tak5 out or put back1 we /& & %[ our respect = ! ,^w ( ,god 9 v>i\s ways4 ,"s b[ ! head2 o!rs1 consid]+ ?is z wor%ip1 kiss ! ,sef]1 or o!rwise express _! rev]5ce4 ,! traditional way 9 :i* ! kohanim proce$ to bless ! p is ?is3 !y remove _! %oes1 z ! prie/s did :o m9i/]$ 9 ! ,temple2 wat] is !n p\r$ ov] _! h&s by ! ,levites1 ! ablutions ( ! anci5t prie/s be+ ?us imitat$ to "s ext5t 7see ,exod4 xxx4 #bj74 ,x is a holy act1 & is done 9 ! ,synagogue g5]ally 9 front ( ! ,ark4 ,! prie/s asc5d ! /eps ( ! he*al & wait till call$ ^u by ! ,read] to pron\nce ! bless+4 ,!y turn t[>d ! congregation1 spread =? _! h&s 9 ! traditional mann]1 & cov] head & face ) ! tali?1 9 ord] n to be di/urb$ 9 _! devotion by ! sight ( ! congregation be=e !m2 ! ,read] dictates ! words ( ! b5$iction to !m to gu>d aga9/ any mi/akes be+ made by !m4 ,! congregation1 giv+ special importance to ea* ^w1 add ,biblical quotations & special supplications dur+ ! int]val betwe5 "o ^w & ! o!r4 ,( great] importance1 h[ev]1 is respectful li/5+ to ! words utt]$ by ! prie/s1 & *ant$ by !m 9 a peculi> traditional tune4 ,! prie/s turn to all directions :ile pron\nc+ ! bless+1 express+ !reby t !y w\ld h no "o exclud$ f ! bless+4 ,"s kohanim refuse to p]=m ?is duty1 pret5d+ or believ+ t !y are unwor?y to bless ! congregation4 ,?is is a mi/ake4 ,^? :o feel t !y are unwor?y mu/ try by improv$ conduct to r5d] !mselves wor?y1 b disob$i5ce to ! direct comm&m5t ( ! ,div9e ,law is c]ta9ly n ! beg9n+ ( improvem5t4 ,o!rs object to ! s++1 9 :i* !y are unable to jo92 o!rs to tak+ (f _! boots4 ,! excuses are c]ta9ly insuffici5t4 ,b z ^! two elem5ts are less ess5tial1 !y might1 if necess>y1 be disp5s$ ) if ! fulfilm5t ( ! comm&m5t is secur$ !reby4 #b4 ,on ,page #dci4 ,!re are v>i\s p>ts 9 our ,s]vice :i* orig9ally seem to h =m$ a sub/itute1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 = a section ( ! ,s]vice or = ! :ole ( x1 b 7 subsequ5tly1 :5 ! circum/ances alt]$1 embodi$ z an integral "p ( ! ,s]vice 9 addition to ! sections :i* !y _h replac$4 ,9 ! ,morn+ ,s]vice !re is 9 ! section call$ a pray] beg9n+ & conclud+ 4 ,?is pray]1 prec$$ by an exhortation to be ,god-fe>+ 9 secret--:5 p]secution prev5t$ public wor%ip ( ,god--conta9s an expression ( pride 9 our hi/ory1 & ( gratitude to ,god t we h ! privilege to proclaim ! ,unity ( ,god 9 ! words1 8,he>1 ,o ,israel10 c41 & a petition = ! fulfilm5t ( ! ,messianic prophecies4 ,9 ! ,ma>ibh ! "p beg9n+ & end+ 0 orig9ally a sub/itute = ! ,amidah1 & ! conclusion ( ! ,ev5+ ,s]vice = ^? :o consid]$ ! tefillah 9 ! ev5+ optional4 ,simil>ly1 on ,friday ev5+ ! contract$ tefillah 0 orig9ally a sub/itute = ! tefillah = ^? :o came late4 ,9 bo? ^! & simil> cases ! sub/itute & its orig9al h be5 reta9$ z integral p>ts ( ! ,s]vice4 #c4 ,on ,page #ddb 7#b74 ,9 ! public ,s]vice ! tefillah is repeat$ by ! ,read] aft] ! sil5t pray] 77 ( ! congregation4 ,?is m9hag mu/ h be5 introduc$ v e>ly4 ,9 ! ,talmud 7end ( ,ro% ha-%anah7 x is spok5 ( z a regul> in/itution1 its purpose is discuss$1 & ! reason /at$ :y we %\ld n disp5se ) ! ,read]'s repetition or ) ! sil5t tefillah4 ,x seems t !re 01 on ! "o h&1 a desire on ! "p ( ! congregants to h an un9t]rupt$ sil5t tefillah 9 :i* !y c\ld give suitable expression ea* "o to 8 p]sonal & peculi> wants & wi%es4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re 0 also a desire felt by _m to be guid$ 9 _! devotions by ! ,read]4 ,our m9hag satisfies bo? requirem5ts4 ,b x is a grave error to ?9k1 z un=tunately _m d1 t1 :ile ! ,read] repeats ! tefillah1 ! congregants may turn _! he>t & m9d to o!r ?+s1 h[ev] holy ^! be4 ,! congregation & ! ,read] mu/ be unit$ 9 devotion dur+ 1 & :]e ! cont9u$ conc5tration ( ?\ght dur+ ! tefillah & its repetition seems unatta9able1 x w\ld be bett] to sacrifice ! m9hag ( repeat+ ! tefillah r ?an to h ! repetition ( ! pray] )\t ! p>ticipation ( ! congregants1 or ev5 )\t decorum4 ,9 ! repetition ( ! tefillah ! k$u%ah =ms an important addition4 ,! ess5tial idea ( ! k$u%ah is repeat$ ?rice dur+ ! ,morn+ ,s]vice1 viz41 9 ! fir/ ( ! b5$ictions prec$+ ! %ema1 9 ! tefillah or ,amidah1 & 9 ! conclud+ section comm5c+ 4 ,9 ! fir/ k$u%ah 7call$ 71 :ile prais+ ,god z ! ,creator ( light & ( ! heav5ly lum9>ies1 we introduce ^!1 z proclaim+1 z x 71 ! hol9ess & glory ( ,god 9 ! words ( ! ,prophets4 ,9 ! la/ k$u%ah 7call$ or 7 we m]ely read1 among o!r passages f ! ,prophets1 ^? v]ses ( ,isaiah & ,ezekiel :i* conta9 ! *ief s5t5ces ( ! k$u%ah4 ,9 ! k$u%ah ( ! tefillah ! ,read] summons ! congregation to proclaim ! sanctification ( ,god 9 ! mann] ( ! angels above2 x has !re=e its place only 9 ,public ,wor%ip1 :il/ z to ! o!r two k$u%o? !re is no diff]5ce :e!r a p]son prays by himself or 9 a congregation ( wor%ipp]s4 ,z reg>ds 1 two pray]s g5]ally unit$1 x mu/ be rem>k$ t 9 _! mean+ !y are disunit$3 ! half-kaddi% is ! conclusion ( ! mizmorim or pesuke dezimrah1 & is ! comm5cem5t ( ! next section3 %ema1 ) its b5$ictions4 ,! half-kaddi%1 :]ev] x occurs1 concludes "s section ( ! ,s]vice4 ,9 %a*>i?1 aft] ,amidah1 or aft] 8,supplications10 or aft] ! ,read+ ( ! ,law2 at ,musaf1 ,m9*ah1 ,nelah1 & ,ma>ibh aft] ! introductory psalms4 ,! half-kaddi% be=e ! ,amidah 9 ! ,ma>ibh is probably a remnant ( ! :ole kaddi% t us$ to be said :5 ! ,s]vice end$ !re & ! ,amidah 0 consid]$ optional 774 #d4 ,on ,page #ddb 7#c74 ,an important elem5t 9 ! ,s]vice is religi\s in/ruction4 ,! means adopt$ 7 ! read+ ( ! ,torah & ,hapht>ah1 ! introduction ( moral lessons1 pr9ciples ( fai?1 exposition ( ,div9e precepts into ! ,s]vice1 & lectures conta9+ v>i\s lessons1 exhortations1 & explanations ( ! ,biblical & ,po/-,biblical ,sacr$ ,lit]ature4 ,^! lectures are an anci5t in/itution4 ,! prophets in/ruct$ ! p1 especially on ,new-moon & ,sabba? 7#b ,k+s iv4 #bc72 ! ,scribes & ! ,rabbis ( ! ,talmudic age exp\nd$ ! ,torah & o!r ,biblical & ,po/-,biblical writ+s2 !y 7 foll[$ by d>%anim & maggidim1 ! mod]n prea*]s & m9i/]s4 ,! aim ( ^! lectures is to create1 ma9ta91 or int5sify ! fe> ( ,god & ! love ( ! ,torah 7 74 ,! ,s]mon has lo/ mu* ( its orig9al =ce & influ5ce4 ,! cause ( ?is fact is probably to be s\ght *iefly 9 ! mat]ialism & scepticism ( ! age1 b to "s degree also 9 ! "* ( ! s]mon4 ,x _c be d5i$ t ! pulpit1 in/ead ( be+ made a place f :i* ,love ( ,torah & ,fe> ( ,god receive life1 enc\ragem5t1 & /r5g?1 is frequ5tly turn$ into a plat=m = discuss+ communal or p]sonal qu>rels or !ological controv]sies1 or creat+ a discont5t ) exi/+ in/itutions1 )\t suffici5tly consid]+ ! result ( su* discont5t4 ,!mes l ^! are n outside ! prov9ce ( ! prea*]1 b !y mu/ n be ! /aple ( 8 disc\rses1 :i* mu/ pr9cipally seek to fo/] 9 ! he>ts ( ! congregants4 ,z to ! hi/ory & lit]ature ( ?is bran* ( ! ,s]vice1 see ,zunz1 ,die ,gottesdi5/li*5 ,vortrge d] ,jud54 ,b]l91 #ahcb4 #e4 ,on ,page #dbj4 ,! "q is frequ5tly ask$ :e!r special meet+s & ,s]vices may be arrang$ ) a view ( improv+ ! religi\s /atus ( ! ,jewi% community4 ,!re is no reason :y attempts %\ld n be made 9 ?is direction4 ,by all means let ev]y?+ be done t is conducive to a revival ( religi\s feel+ & religi\s practice4 ,b 9 su* attempts c>e mu/ be tak5 t no?+ be done t is contr>y to ! precepts ( ! ,law1 bo? ,writt5 & ,oral2 t ! tea*]s1 prea*]s1 or lectur]s d n !mselves display a disreg>d = recognis$ religi\s au?ority1 & by su* conduct und]m9e ! exi/+ rev]5ce = ! inh]it$ traditional ,religion4 ,on ?is basis meet+s on ,sabba? = ! purpose ( read+ ! ,bible1 pray+1 & s++1 9 :atev] language ?is be done1 & special ,s]vices = ! pupils ( ,religion ,classes at ! close ( ! session1 mu/ be welcome to all :o h a love = our holy ,religion4 #f4 ,on ,page #dbj4 ,a "q ( equal importance t frequ5tly di/urbs ! peace ( ! congregation is ?is3 :e!r & 9 h[ f> ! e/abli%$ ,ritual or m9hag ( a ,synagogue may be alt]$4 ,! ,ritual is n ! "w ( "o man or ( "o age2 x is ! product ( ! ?\ghts & ! feel+s ( our nation ?r\gh _m c5turies4 ,its f\ndation 0 laid by ! ,m5 ( ! ,great ,synagogue 9 ! "t ( ,ezra4 ,g5]ation aft] g5]ation 7 busy 9 ! con/ruction ( ! build+2 /orey 0 add$ to /orey2 f "t to "t new w+s made _! appe>ance4 ,rev]5ce & piety made successive build]s reluctant to pull d[n :at ! same feel+s ( prec$+ g5]ations _h re>$4 ,! :ole =m$ a ,sanctu>y e s+le /one ( :i* 0 *]i%$ & gu>d$ aga9/ desecration4 ,not)/&+ ! /orms & tempe/s to :i* x 0 expos$1 & :i* c]ta9ly caus$ a brea* "h & !re1 our ,sanctu>y /&s /ill on its anci5t f\ndations1 & its walls reta9 _! p[] ( resi/ance4 ,:at is ! duty ( ! pres5t g5]ation ) reg>d to ?is /ructure8 ,ar*itects or w\ld-be ar*itects exam9e x m9utely f f\ndation to top-/one2 b !y come to diff]5t conclusions4 ,we w exam9e ^! conclusions1 s9e ir et /udio1 assum+ t ! exam9ation has be5 conduct$ bon fide1 ) a view ( /r5g!n+ ! ,sanctu>y1 & t ! reports are 9 accordance ) tru? & ! exam9]s' inn]mo/ conviction4 7#a47 ,"s decl>e 8! ,build+ no long] attractive2 !re are s _m o!r edifices full ( po9ts ( attraction bo? )\t & )92 ^! mu/ 9 c\rse ( "t draw away ! visitors f our ,sanctu>y1 & e/range ^? :o us$ to fill x40 ,we admit ! =ce ( ! argum5t4 ,x has always be5 ! aim ( ^? :o _h ! managem5t ( ! ,synagogue 9 _! h&s to make ! ,s]vice attractive2 !re is no reason :y x c\ld or %\ld n be done at pres5t4 ,means ( attraction are mo/ly ( an ext]nal "*3 ! art & luxury display$ 9 ! build+ & its furniture1 ! eloqu5ce ( ! prea*]1 ! voice ( ! read]1 ! s++ ( ! *oir1 introduction ( novelties1 su* z in/rum5tal music 7scil41 on week-days7 & pray]s 9 ! v]nacul>4 ,9 !mselves ^! ?+s are h>mless1 & al?\gh !y are n ! ess5ce ( ! wor%ip1 !y may lead to x2 #afd &1 = ?is reason1 x mu/ be consid]$ a condition s9e qu non1 t ! /yle ( s++1 read+1 & prea*+ %\ld be su* z to please ! majority1 if n e "o1 ( ! congregants4 #afe ,b !re is ?is to be fe>$ & gu>d$ aga9/3 viz41 t ! husk be mi/ak5 = ! fruit1 & true devotion be lo/4 ,besides1 ! exp]im5t has be5 made1 & ! desir$ result has n be5 obta9$4 ,!re are pl5ty ( places = ! enjoym5t ( vocal & in/rum5tal music1 ) :i* ! ,synagogue w\ld vie 9 va9 9 po9t ( attractiv5ess1 & novelties1 z novelties1 soon we> away1 & br+ no real improvem5t4 ,let ! lead]s ( ! ,synagogue /r5g!n ! fai? ( _! bre?r5 9 ,god & ,8 ,^w1 ma9ta91 by good example1 _! rev]5ce = our anci5t traditions & cu/oms1 & be !mselves e>ne/ & dev\t wor%ipp]s2 !y w !n surely be m successful 9 draw+ o!rs to ! ,h\se ( ,god4 7#b47 ,ano!r critic says3 8,! ,synagogue ,s]vices are discordant20 t is1 ! feel+s express$ 9 our pray]s h no e*o 9 ! he>ts ( ! wor%ipp]s4 8,education & g5]al progress h s entirely *ang$ ! :ole life ( man t he c no long] be edifi$ by ! pray]s & me?od ( devotion foll[$ by our =efa!rs40 ,^? :o ass]t ?is1 ( c\rse1 only ass]t x ( !mselves1 & s f> _! /atem5t may be accept$ z correct4 ,b on exam9+ x m closely we f9d t !re mu/ be some?+ mislead+ 9 x4 ,= :at is ! c5tral idea ( ! anci5t pray]s & hymns8 ,! conviction t we address our ,heav5ly ,fa!r1 :o is ! ,creator & ,rul] ( ! ,univ]se2 :o is j1 good1 & holy2 :o alone c fulfil ! wi%es :i* we utt] 9 our pray]s1 & 8:o is ne> to all ^? :o call ^u him 9 tru?40 ,does progress ( education =ce u to ab&on ?is pr9ciple8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,^? :o d ab&on x _c be said to d s by =ce ( education1 = !y are f\nd among ! educat$ & un$ucat$ alike2 & we %\ld be false to our own ,fai? if we 7 to ab&on ?is fundam5tal pr9ciple ( our ,div9e ,s]vice4 ,! second ( ! fundam5tal ,pr9ciples ( our ,fai?1 ?\gh less g5]al ?an ! prec$+1 is yet equally ess5tial 9 ,judaism1 viz41 ! belief 9 ,revelation1 9 ! ,integrity & ! ,div9e orig9 ( ! ,torah1 & ! tru? ( ! ,div9e messages s5t ?r\gh ! prophets4 ,! ,ritual is replete ) ref]5ces to ?is belief1 & x w\ld am\nt to a rejection ( ?is ess5tially ,jewi% ,pr9ciple1 if we 7 to expunge su* ref]5ces f ! ,ritual 9 ord] to please a few unbeliev]s4 ,ref]5ces to ! ,sacrificial ,s]vice1 & especially pray]s = its re/oration1 are dislik$ by "s1 :o ?9k su* re/oration undesirable4 ,let no "o pray = a ?+ aga9/ 8 w2 let him ^: he>t is n ) 8 fell[-wor%ipp]s 9 any ( _! supplications sil5tly sub/itute 8 own pray]s = !m1 b let him n int]f]e ) ! devotion ( ^? to :om 8! /atutes ( ! ,"l are "r1 rejoic+ ! he>t2 ! comm&m5t ( ! ,"l pure1 enlight5+ ! eyes2 ! judgm5ts ( ! ,"l true & righte\s altoge!r0 7,ps4 xix4 #i1 #aj71 & :o ye>n = ! opportunity ( fulfill+ ,div9e comm&m5ts :i* !y _c obs]ve at pres5t4 #aff ,pray]1 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 is impossible )\t ! recognition ( ,god z our ,ma/]1 :om we are will+ to s]ve1 & ^: comm&s we desire to d1 :e!r ! act impli$ 9 !m be 9 o!r respects agreeable to u or n4 7#c47 ,! ,ritual conta9s _m sections :i* owe _! exi/5ce to p>ticul> circum/ances t h pass$ away1 & to local conditions :i* are diff]5t f ^? prevail+ 9 ! c\ntries 9 :i* we live4 ,h ^! a "r to be kept p]petually 9 ! ,ritual8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,!re is no reason :y pray]s :i* h become obsolete & mean+less %\ld n be modifi$ or discont9u$4 ,b z a rule our pray]s are free f ref]5ces to ! p>ticul> causes ( _! composition1 & !re is no ne$ to expunge f ! ,s]vice petitions1 ?anksgiv+s1 or praises :i* 7 orig9ally int5d$ = a special occasion1 if !y are express$ 9 g5]al t]ms1 & h become 9 ! ,synagogue a s\rce ( devotion & edification4 ,b z to ! latt] condition1 x is difficult to decide :e!r a liturgical composition has become1 & is /ill1 an aid to devotion4 ,mu* dep5ds on ! individual "* ( ! p>ticul> congregation 9 :i* ! "q has be5 rais$1 & ea* case %\ld be decid$ on its own m]its by a compet5t & responsible au?ority4 ,_m ( ! ,piyyutim #afg & ,seli*o? belong to ?is class2 also a few sections 9 ! ord9>y ,ritual 7see note #b71 & ! repetition ( ! ,amidah1 & ! ,kiddu% 9 ! ,synagogue on ! eve ( ,sabba?s & ,fe/ivals4 7#d47 ,x is fur!r ass]t$ t ! ,ritual 0 =mulat$ 9 bygone times2 our wants & ta/es are diff]5t f ^? ( =m] ages4 ,we c nei!r pray = ! same ?+s nor 9 ! same way z our ance/ors4 ,b :at did our ance/ors pray =8 ,= ! well-be+ ( _! body & ( _! s\l2 = ! realisation ( our national hopes & ! ultimate triumph ( our holy ,religion4 ,j ! same ends we wi% to obta9 at pres5t1 & ^! objects =m ! sub/ance ( our ,ritual4--,!re are "s petitions :i* seem to _m out ( place1 & out ( date4 ,su* are petitions aga9/ cruel oppressors4 ,our fa!rs _h good reason to cry to ! ,almighty = relief1 = !y 7 oppress$1 :il/ we1 liv+ 9 a free c\ntry1 9 ! enjoym5t ( all ! rights ( citiz5s1 h no cause :atev] = compla9t4 ,if we 7 to sep>ate ourselves f our bre?r5 9 di/ant c\ntries1 we c\ld expunge all su* petitions f ! ,ritual4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 n ! case2 we feel deeply griev$ at ! suff]+s ( our bre?r54 ,we %\ld l to see !m reliev$ f oppression & p]secution1 & pray to ,god = ,8 int]f]5ce 9 behalf ( ! p]secut$4 ,:5 we use ! t]m 8rev5ge0 77 we d n associate ) x any base desire to see ! enemy cru%$ or annihilat$2 we use x r 9 ! s5se ( a j & m]it$ p5alty = evil-do]s1 & associate ) x ! idea ( ! ultimate victory & triumph ( our holy ,religion aft] long p]iods ( oppression & p]secution4 ,x is _! ,fai? = :i* our fa!rs suff]$1 & our bre?r5 9 "s c\ntries /ill suff]1 & ! triumph ( :i* =ms ! c5tre ( ^! petitions4 ,int5se grief & sorr[ sometimes sugge/$ h>% expressions1 su* z 8,de/roy our enemies10 8,put an end to !m10 b ^! are figurative expressions1 & are us$ 9 ! s5se expla9$ by ,b]uria1 ! wife ( ,rabbi ,meir3 8,may ! s9n]s cease f s9n+1 & s9n]s w be no m40 ,simil>ly we pray 9 ! ,amidah3 8,let our sl&]]s h no hope ( success1 s t evil-do]s may soon vani% & disappe>2 break ! p[] ( ! presumptu\s1 & humble !m40 ,9 ^! words we give expression to our feel+ ( indignation aga9/ ! sl&]]s ( our holy ,religion1 ! revil]s ( ,judaism1 su*1 e4g41 z f "t to "t r5ew ! blood-accusations1 or by false & deceptive argum5ts or o!r means entice ,jews to ab&on _! fai?4 #afh 7#e47 ,we he> frequ5tly ! compla9t t ! ,public ,s]vice is too long4 ,?is compla9t is ( a relative "*2 x is diff]5t f ! feel+ ( joy express$ 9 ! words1 8,bless$ are ^? :o dwell 9 ?y h\se20 x is diff]5t f ! s5tim5t ( ^? *asidim 7,mi%nah1 ,b]a*o? v4 #a7 :o sat /ill a :ile be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! prescrib$ pray]1 or ^? :o aft] ! conclusion !re( sit d[n aga91 say+1 8,surely ! righte\s %all give ?anks to ?y "n2 ! upright %all dwell 9 ?y pres5ce0 7,ps4 cxl4 #ad74 ,z reg>ds ! l5g? ( ! ,s]vice1 we %\ld be> 9 m9d ! pr9ciple ( our ,sages3 ,x makes no diff]5ce :e!r ! ,s]vice is long or %ort3 only be dev\t4 ,x is provocative ( irrev]5ce to protract ! ,s]vice unnecess>ily until x becomes we>isome2 b x is equally unbecom+ to hurry ov] x z ?\gh x 7 an unpleasant task4 ,on ! :ole ! ,s]vices1 especially :5 !y are well regulat$1 are n too long1 unless too mu* "t be sp5t 9 s++ or 9 unnecess>y int]ruptions4 ,9 all cases 9 :i* a modification seems advisable & lawful x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! ,ritual is a ,sanctu>y e elem5t ( :i* is holy1 & t ha/y re=ms may be less effective ?an is hop$4 ,x may p]haps be easy to pull d[n1 b x is n s easy to build up4 ,dev\t memb]s ( a congregation may easily be ali5at$1 b n s easily w new memb]s be attract$1 or if attract$1 p]man5tly reta9$4 #g4 ,on ,page #dbd4 ,rabban ,gamaliel said1 8,provide ?yself a tea*]1 & be quit ( d\bt0 7,abo? i4 #af74 ,! rule laid d[n 9 ^! words = e individual applies also to ! :ole community4 ,que/ions l ^? m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ note frequ5tly arise 9 ,jewi% congregations1 & cause diss5sion :]e union is s mu* ne$$4 ,a tea*] mu/ be appo9t$ 9 e community1 :o %all be able to guide & to in/ruct x z to :at is "r & wrong4 ,9 fact1 su* a tea*] has1 z a rule1 be5 appo9t$ 9 ,jewi% congregations2 he is kn[n by v>i\s names3 ,haham 771 ,rav 7 8,tea*]071 ,rabbi 7 8,my tea*]071 ,tea*] ( righte\sness 7 71 & ,judge 774 ,! weight ( 8 au?ority is less to be det]m9$ by ! nature ( 8 (fice or by writt5 conditions ?an by 8 le>n+1 piety1 & p]sonal influ5ce4 ,accord+ to ! rule1 8,judge n alone0 7ibid4 iv4 #h71 he is g5]ally assi/$ by two c\ncillors 7dayganim71 ) :om he =ms a c\rt ( judgm5t--,be?-d9--:5 que/ions ( m ?an ord9>y importance h to be decid$4 ,! congregation mu/ accept 8 decisions z f9al1 & mu/ h confid5ce t he1 l ! high-prie/ ( old1 w give 8 answ]s accord+ to 8light & integrity40 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,diet>y ,,laws4 8,?\ %alt n eat any abom9able ?+0 7,deut4 xiv4 #c72 t is1 accord+ to our traditional explanation1 ev]y?+ t ! ,^w ( ,god decl>es to be abom9able 7,sifre1 ad locum74 ,"o ( ! sections ( ! ,diet>y ,laws concludes ?us3 8,= ,i am ! ,"l t br\ght y up out ( ! l& ( ,egypt1 to be y\r ,god3 ye %all !re=e be holy1 = ,i am holy0 7,lev4 xi4 #de74 ,hol9ess is !re=e ! only object ( ^! laws t is di/9ctly m5tion$ 9 ! ,p5tateu*4 ,b :at is ! nature ( ! hol9ess :i* !y are int5d$ to produce or to promote8 8,! ,diet>y ,laws10 says ,maimonides1 8tra9 u 9 ! ma/]y ov] our appetites2 !y accu/om u to re/ra9 ! gr[? ( desire1 ! indulg5ce 9 seek+ t :i* is pleasant1 & ! disposition to consid] ! pleasure ( eat+ & dr9k+ ! end ( man's exi/5ce0 78,! ,guide10 ,,iii41 *ap4 xxv4 p4 #afg74 ,&1 inde$1 :]ev] ! ,law comm&s re/ra9t ( "s bodily enjoym5t1 or re/riction ( any ( our appetites1 su* comm&m5t is foll[$ or prec$$ by ! exhortation to be holy1 or ! w>n+ n to defile oneself4 ,is !re any second>y object 9 ^! laws besides ! motive di/9ctly m5tion$8 ,x has frequ5tly be5 obs]v$ t ,jews h enjoy$ a c]ta9 degree ( immunity f epidemics t rag$ among _! non-,jewi% neighb\rs4 ,x has fur!r be5 notic$ t !y h a l[] rate ( mortality & a great] longevity4 ,^! facts are g5]ally expla9$ to be ! result ( a temp]ate life1 regulat$ by ! ,div9e ,law4 ,f9d+ t su* is ! consequ5ce ( ob$i5ce to ! ,diet>y ,laws1 we may fairly assume t 9 di/+ui%+ c]ta9 ?+s f ! re/1 9 prohibit+ "s & p]mitt+ o!rs1 ! ,lawgiv] aim$ at ! heal? & ! well-be+ ( man's body4 ,our conception ( ! goodness ( ,god compels u to believe t 9 recomm5d+ c]ta9 ?+s = our use ,he int5d$ !reby to promote our well-be+1 & to %[ u :at is good = our heal?1 & :at is injuri\s4 ,b we mu/ take c>e t we d n on t acc\nt consid] ^! precepts exclusively z sanit>y regulations1 h[ev] important su* regulations may be4 ,we mu/ n lose sight ( ! fact t ,hol9ess is ! only object ( ! ,diet>y ,laws1 m5tion$ 9 ! ,p5tateu*4 ,b :at diff]5ce c x make to ! ,almighty :e!r we eat ?is or t8 ,surely x makes no diff]5ce to ! ,almighty2 b we h fai? 9 ,8 ,goodness & ,wisdom1 & are conv9c$ t ,he kn[s by :at means we may be/ atta9 to t hol9ess :i* we are s frequ5tly exhort$ to seek1 & t ! ,div9e ,laws :i* ,he reveal$ to u = ?is v purpose %[ ! %orte/ & ! safe/ road to ?is aim4 ,) ! foll[+ exceptions1 ! ,diet>y ,laws conc]n only animal food3-- 7#a47 8,=bidd5 fruit10 i4e41 ! fruit ( a tree dur+ ! fir/ ?ree ye>s aft] its plant+ 7,lev4 xix4 #bc74--,! fruit ( ! f\r? ye> 7 7 0 =m]ly1 9 ! "t ( ! ,temple1 br\ght to ,j]usalem1 & consum$ !re amid/ praises & ?anksgiv+ to ,him :o is ! s\rce ( all bless+ 7ibid4 v4 #bd74 ,^? :o liv$ f> f ,j]usalem 7 all[$ to r$eem ! fruit ( ! f\r? ye> ) silv]1 & to sp5d ! latt] 9 ! holy city4 7#b47 8,new corn40--,! ,om] ( b>ley (f]$ on ! second day ( ,passov] is call$ 8! fir/ ( y\r h>ve/0 7,lev4 xxiii4 #aj71 & x 0 enjo9$1 8,ye %all eat nei!r bread1 nor p>*$ corn1 nor fre% e>s1 #afi until ?is selfsame day1 until ye h br\ght ! oblation ( y\r ,god0 7ibid4 #ad74 ,^! two laws 7 & 7 seem to h _! s\rce 9 ! dictum1 8,! fir/ ( ! fir/-fruits ( ?y gr\nd ?\ %alt br+ into ! h\se ( ! ,"l ?y ,god0 7,exod4 xxiii4 #ai74 7#c47 4--,mixture ( diff]5t k9ds4 8,?\ %alt n s[ ?y field ) two k9ds ( se$0 7,lev4 xix4 #ai74 #agj 8,?\ %alt n s[ ?y v9ey>d ) two k9ds ( se$0 7,deut4 xxii4 #i74 ,9 ! =m] case only ! s[+ ( div]s k9ds is prohibit$1 b ! produce ( su* s[+ is n =bidd52 9 ! latt] case1 if ! law is transgress$1 ! produce ( bo? ! v9e & ! se$ is n to be us$ = any purpose :atev] 7 71 = ! law is foll[$ by ! words1 8le/ ! :ole fruit be =feit$1 ! se$ :i* ?\ ha/ s[n & ! increase ( ! v9ey>d40 ,al?\gh ^! & simil> #aga precepts are introduc$ by ! words 8,ye %all keep my /atutes 7710 & no reason is giv5 = ! enactm5t ( ^! /atutes1 x seems1 f ! position occupi$ by ^! laws 9 a section ( moral precepts1 t !y s]ve z rem9d]s ( ! important lesson t our conduct %\ld be regulat$ by ! pr9ciples ( cont5tm5t & simplicity ( life1 pr9ciples :i* are ! be/ safegu>d aga9/ undue desire = luxury & sup]fluity4 ,! prohibition ( s[+ div]s k9ds ( se$ fur!r rem9ds u ( ! importance ( pres]v+ our he>t 9 a /ate ( simplicity & purity2 t tw(old weights1 tw(old measures1 & especially a tw(old he>t are an abom9ation to ! ,"l4 ,9 ref]5ce to animal food ! foll[+ pr9ciples are obs]v$3-- #a4 ,! kill+ ( animals & ! consum+ ( _! fle% mu/ n t5d to create savage & cruel habits4 ,x is !re=e =bidd5-- 7a47 ,to cut (f a piece ( fle% f a liv+ animal = our food 7 8a limb ( a liv+ animal074 7b47 ,to kill ! p>5t ) its "y on ! same day 7,lev4 xxii4 #bh2 comp4 ,deut4 xxii4 #f74 7c47 ,to give unnecess>y pa9 to ! animal 9 kill+ x4 ,! v>i\s regulations = ! lawful kill+ ( animals1 1 h&$ d[n by ,tradition z ,mosaic1 1 are n only 9 h>mony ) ?is pr9ciple1 b seem 9 _m in/ances to h be5 dictat$ by x4 7d47 ,to eat ! blood ( bea/s & birds 7,lev4 xvii4 #ab1 #ad74 ,! blood conta9$ 9 ! meat is remov$ z f> z possible by hav+ ! meat soak$ 9 wat] = half-an-h\r1 & !n kept cov]$ ) salt = an h\r1 ! salt be+ aga9 remov$ by r9s+4 ,?is process is call$ ka%]2 t is1 prep>+ ! meat s z to make x ka%] 7 8fit = food074 #b4 ,! fle% ( bea/s & birds t h di$ f any o!r cause ?an hav+ be5 kill$ 9 ! mann] prescrib$ is =bidd54 ,! fle% ( animals t h be5 kill$ 9 ! prescrib$ mann]1 b are f\nd to h be5 affect$ ) "s dang]\s disease1 is also =bidd5 z t'refah 774 #agb #c4 ,) reg>d to ! di/9ction betwe5 animals all[$ = food & ^? =bidd51 all animals are divid$ into & 8cattle & bea/10 8bird10 8fi%10 & 8creep+ ?+40 7a47 ,) reg>d to cattle & bea/s1 ! rule is giv51 8,:osoev] p>te? ! ho( & is clov5-foot$ & *ewe? ! cud1 t y may eat0 7,lev4 xi4 #c74--,! clean cattle 7 7 & ! clean bea/s 7 7 are enum]at$ 9 ,deut4 xiv4 #d & #e respectively4 7b47 ,a numb] ( birds are enum]at$ 7,lev4 xi4 #ac-ai7 z =bidd51 b no g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ! clean or ! unclean birds are giv52 & z we are unc]ta9 z to ! exact mean+ ( ! names ( _m ( ! birds1 we only use = food su* birds z are traditionally kn[n z 8clean birds40 7c47 ,fi% t h scales & f9s are p]mitt$2 o!rs--e4g41 ! eel--are 8unclean0 7ibid4 xi4 #i-ab74 7d47 8,all w+$ animals t creep 7 71 go+ ^u all f\r1 %all be an abom9ation unto y4 ,yet ^! may ye eat (1 e fly+ creep+ ?+ t goe? ^u all f\r1 :i* h legs above _! feet1 to leap )al ^u ! e>?2 ev5 ^! ( !m ye may eat2 ! arbeh ) its k9d1 & ! soleam ) its k9d1 ! *>gol ) its k9d1 & ! *agabh ) its k9d0 7ibid4 #bj-bb74 ,^! are c]ta9 k9ds ( locu/s t satisfy ! above condition4 7,comp4 ,maimonides1 ,mi%neh-torah1 ,hil*o? maa*alo? asuro? i4 #ba-bc47 7e47 8,& e creep+ ?+ t creepe? ^u ! e>? %all be an abom9ation2 x %all n be eat50 7,lev4 xi4 #da74 ,9 ?is prohibition are includ$ all k9ds ( worms su* z are f\nd 9 fruit1 & mites1 snails1 oy/]s1 lob/]s1 crabs1 c4 #d4 ,! milk ( 8unclean0 cattle or bea/s 7e4g41 asses' milk71 ! eggs ( 8unclean0 birds1 & ! roe ( 8unclean0 fi% 7e4g41 cavi>e prep>$ ( ! roe ( ! /urgeon7 are likewise =bidd54 #e4 8,ye %all eat no mann] ( fat1 ( ox1 or ( %eep1 or ( goat0 7,lev4 vii4 #bc74 ,f ! context we le>n t only ^? portions ( ! fat ( cattle are =bidd5 :i* 9 ! case ( sacrifices 7 burnt ^u ! alt> z an (f]+ made by fire unto ! ,"l1 viz41 8! fat t cov]e? ! inw>ds1 & all ! fat t is ^u ! inw>ds1 & ! fat t is ^u ! kidneys :i* is by ! flanks0 7ibid4 iii4 #c1 #d74 ,! =bidd5 fat is kn[n by ! "n 1 *elebh1 :il/ ! fat p]mitt$ z food is call$ 1 %uman4 #f4 8,!re=e ! *ildr5 ( ,israel d n eat ( ! s9ew :i* %rank1 :i* is ^u ! holl[ ( ! ?igh1 unto ?is day3 because he t\*$ ! holl[ ( ,jacob's ?igh 9 ! s9ew t %rank0 7,g54 xxxii4 #cc74 ,?is law is design$ to rem9d u ( ! wre/l+ ( ,jacob ) ! man :o attack$ him1 :i* /ruggle =ms a type ( ,israel's fight aga9/ ! evil ?reat5+ him f )9 & f )\t1 & tea*es u ! lesson t1 despite tempor>y tr\bles & /ruggles1 ,israel w ultimately be victori\s4 ,! h9d-qu>t]s ( cattle are n eat5 unless ! =bidd5 fat & 8! s9ew t %rank0 7 7 h fir/ be5 remov$ f !m4 #g4 8,?\ %alt n see! ! kid 9 its "m's milk0 7,exod4 xxiii4 #ai74 ,tradition expla9s ?is law z =bidd+ all mixture ( meat & milk 7 74 ,9 its lit]al s5se ! v]se 9 :i* ?is law is m5tion$ seems to po9t to ! duty ( self-re/ra9t1 z if to tell u t we %\ld n gre$ily dev\r ! fir/ ripe fruit1 or ! "y imm$iately aft] _! bir?4 ,! significance ( ! law may be le>nt f ! fact t x is m5tion$ ?ree times 9 ! ,p5tateu*4 ,h5ce ! /rictness ) :i* ?is comm&m5t is obs]v$ 9 ,jewi% homes4 ,9 a ,jewi% h\sehold1 e/abli%$ 9 accordance ) ,jewi% law & tradition1 !re are two sep>ate sets ( ut5sils1 ! "o to be us$ = ! prep>ation ( meat-diet1 ! o!r = ! prep>ation ( milk & butt] diet4 ,! fle% ( fi% is n consid]$ z meat 9 ?is respect1 nor are fi% subject to ! laws ( %e*itah4 ,,notes4 #a4 ,on ,page #dei--a;a4 ,! prohibition ( eat+ meat tak5 f ! body ( an animal :il/ alive is bas$ on ! words 8,b fle%1 :5 ! blood !re( is 9 its s\l1 %all ye n eat0 7,g54 ix4 #d74 ,! phrase 8to be 9 ! s\l0 means to be surr\nd$ & animat$ by ! s\l1 to be 9 ! mid/ ( active1 liv+ organs ( ! animal4 8,! blood ( an animal is 9 ! s\l !re(0 may !re=e be p>aphras$ ?us1 8,! blood ha? its vital p[]s & ! animal is alive40 7,comp4 ,lev4 xvii4 #aa47 ,?is prohibition is "o ( ! 8! sev5 ,noa*ide comm&m5ts10 i4e41 comm&m5ts :i*1 accord+ to ,tradition1 7 already 9 =ce 9 ! days ( ,noah1 & are b9d+ on all 8 *ildr5 or all mank9d1 & n on ! ,israelites alone2 viz41 7#a7 ! prohibition ( idolatry 7 71 7#b7 ( murd] 7 71 7#c7 ( adult]y 7 71 7#d7 ( blasphemy 7 71 7#e7 ( robb]y 771 7#f7 ( eat+ meat tak5 f a liv+ animal 7 71 & 7#g7 ! in/itution ( c\rts ( ju/ice 774 ,see ,babyl4 ,talm41 ,sanh$r9 #ef;a4 #b4 ,on ,page #dei--a;c4 ,! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 rules conc]n+ kill+ animals = food includ$ 9 ! oral tea*+ ( ! ,torah is d]iv$ f ! foll[+ passage3 8,?\ %alt kill ( ?y h]d & ( ?y flock :i* ! ,"l ha? giv5 !e z ,i h comm&$ !e0 7,deut4 xii4 #ba74 ,9 ! ,comm5t>y ( ,ra%i1 ad locum1 we read3 8,"h we see t c]ta9 comm&m5ts h be5 giv5 ) reg>d to ! kill+ ( animals1 h[ ?is %\ld be done4 ,^! comm&m5ts are compris$ 9 ,hil*o? ,%e*itah1 :i* =m "p ( ! ,oral ,law1 reveal$ to ,moses on ,s9ai40 ,!y are fully discuss$ & expla9$ 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ! treatise ,*ull94 ,any deviation f ^! rules 9 ! act ( kill+ ! animal r5d]s ! %e*itah unlawful 774 ,! kill+ ( cattle1 bea/s1 or f[l = food is !re=e entru/$ only to su* p]sons z possess a k ( ! rules ( %e*itah & are skill$ & tru/wor?y4 ,! be?-d9 or ! ,*ief-,rabbi decides :e!r a p]son has duly qualifi$ himself = ! (fice ( %o*et 771 & :e!r he may kill animals = ka%] food4 ,x is ! duty ( ! %o*et to exam9e ! animal be=e kill+ x1 & to satisfy himself t x is n 9 a dy+ condition2 aft] ! %e*itah ( any cattle or bea/ 7 or 7 he mu/ exam9e ! lungs to assure himself t !y are 9 a normal condition4 ,if he f9ds !m 9 a diseas$ /ate he decl>es ! fle% ( ! animal z t'refah 77 & unfit = food4 ,9 ! case ( p\ltry ! exam9ation is n made by ! %o*et2 b if any deviation f ! normal /ate is discov]$ 9 ! lungs or 9 any o!r "p1 ! meat mu/ n be us$ z food unless ! animal has be5 exam9$ by a compet5t p]son 7,rabbi or dayyan71 & decl>$ by him to be ka%]4 ,z to ! b5eficial influ5ce ( ^! exam9ations on ! g5]al condition ( heal? 9 ! ,jewi% community1 see ,dr4 ,h4 ,behr5d's articles 9 ,jewi% ,*ronicle1 ,novemb] #ab1 #ahhj1 & ,octob] #bd1 #ahij1 & ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,octob] #ahij4 #c4 ,on ,page #dei--a;d4 ,! foll[+ p>ticul> rules are to be obs]v$ 9 ka%]+ meat3-- 7a47 ,! meat is fir/ soak$ 9 wat] = half-an-h\r2 ?is mu/ be done )9 ?ree days aft] ! kill+ ( ! animal4 ,x is !n tak5 out ( ! wat]1 plac$ on a slant+ bo>d or 9 a wick]-basket1 & aft] a few m9utes1 :5 ! wat] has suffici5tly run (f1 spr9kl$ on all sides ) salt4 ,aft] ! lapse ( an h\r ! salt is aga9 remov$ by soak+ & r9s+4 7b47 ,9 case ( urg5cy1 :51 e4g41 ! meat is want$ = a pati5t1 or :5 on ,friday aft]noon !re w\ld n be left "t en\gh = cook+ or roa/+ ! meat1 x ne$ only be kept 9 wat] = fifte5 m9utes & 9 salt = half-an-h\r4 7c47 ,9 ka%]+ p\ltry all ! inn] p>ts ( ! animal mu/ be tak5 out & salt$ sep>ately2 ! re/ mu/ be spr9kl$ ) salt bo? )9 & )\t4 7d47 ,liv] is salt$ a little & roa/$ on fire1 n 9 ! ov5 or 9 any vessel4 ,?is done1 ! liv] may be cook$ or roa/$ 9 any way4 7e47 ,! he>t is cut op5 be=e ! salt+1 & a piece is cut (f at ! apex1 9 ord] t ! blood may run (f m easily4--,= ! same purpose ! horny "p ( ! legs is cut (f4--,! head mu/ be op5$ & spr9kl$ ) salt on bo? sides1 aft] ! bra9 has be5 tak5 out2 f ! latt] ! sk9 is drawn (f1 & !n x is salt$4 7f47 ,eggs f\nd 9 p\ltry are treat$ z meat1 b mu/ be salt$ sep>ately4 7g47 ,! vessels us$ = soak+ & salt+ ! meat %\ld n be us$ = o!r purposes4 #d4 ,on ,page #dei--a;c4 ,! law ( %e*itah applies only to cattle1 bea/s1 & birds 71 & 72 !re is no comm&m5t z reg>ds ! kill+ ( fi%4 ,tradition supports ?is exception by ref]5ce to ! di/9ction made 9 ,num4 xi4 #bb3 8,%all ! flocks & ! h]ds be sla9 77 = !m1 to suffice !m8 or %all all ! fi% ( ! sea be ga!r$ toge!r 77 = !m1 to suffice !m80 ,al?\gh ! latt] t]m 77 is also us$ ( quails 7ibid4 #cb71 no su* inf]5ce is made ) reg>d to birds1 because 9 v]4 #cb ! t]m is n contra/$ by 2 besides1 ! v]b is frequ5tly appli$ 9 ! ,law to birds1 b nev] to fi%4 ,comp4 ,babyl4 ,talm41 ,*ull91 p4 #bg;b4 ,!re is ?is diff]5ce to be obs]v$ betwe5 on ! "o h&1 & & on ! o!r4 ,9 ! case ( ! latt] two ! %e*itah mu/ be foll[$ by ! cov]+ ( ! blood 7 ,lev4 xvii4 #ac74 ,! object ( ?is law is1 accord+ to "s1 to prev5t ! blood be+ us$ = idolatr\s & sup]/iti\s purposes1 z birds & bea/s 7 g5]ally hunt$ 9 ! fields1 m\nta9s1 & woods1 places frequ5tly associat$ 9 ! imag9ation ( ! anci5ts ) evil spirits & ! l4 7,comp4 ,comm5t>y ( ,r4 ,obadiah ,se=no on ! ,p5tateu*1 ad locum47 ,! law 0 p]haps int5d$ to impress ! lesson on ! m9d ( ! hunt] t ! blood %$ ( a liv+ be+ pres5ts a gha/ly sight t (f5ds ! eye ( man4 ,he w accu/om himself to ?9k t tak+ away ! life ( ano!r be+1 ev5 ( an animal1 is an act ( grave responsibility1 & w n be l$ to misuse 8 weapons aga9/ any ( 8 fell[-m54 #e4 ,on ,page #dfj--c;b4 ,comp4 ,mi%nah1 ,treatise ,*ull91 iii4 #f4--,! *>act]i/ics ( ! clean & ! unclean cattle & bea/s are giv5 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 b ! *>act]i/ics ( ! clean or ! unclean birds are n m5tion$ 9 ! ,law4 ,our ,sages1 h[ev]1 decl>$ e bird ( prey--or e bird t seizes its food ) its claws1 & lifts x up f ! gr\nd be=e eat+ x 7,ra%i7 to be an unclean bird2 :ile all birds are clean t h a project+ claw 7 a claw long] ?an ! re/7 & a crop 771 & ^: /oma* has a membrane t c easily be peel$ (f 7 74 ,ano!r rule is ?is3 ,birds t dwell & associate ) unclean birds are unclean4 8,n )\t reason does ! />l+ g to ! rav53 !y are ( ! same species0 7,babyl4 ,talm41 ,*ull9 #fe;b74 ,! s5t5ce s]ves also z a moral lesson 7ibid41 ,baba ,kama #ib;a74 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 only ^? birds are kill$ = food :i* are kn[n traditionally to h always be5 consid]$ z 8clean birds0 7,maimonides1 ,mi%neh-torah1 ,hil*o? maa*alo? asuro?1 i4 #ad-bj2 ,tur ,jor$eah1 *ap4 lxxxii474 #f4 ,on ,page #dfa--g4 ,onkelos translates ?is comm&m5t3 8,?\ %alt n eat meat 9 milk10 9 accordance ) ! ,oral ,law4 ,! ?reefold repetition ( ! comm&m5t =bidd+ ! see?+ ( a kid 9 its "m's milk is expla9$ traditionally to indicate a ?reefold prohibition3 t ( boil+ meat & milk toge!r1 t ( eat+ su* mixture1 & t ( d]iv+ any b5efit :atev] f x 71 1 74 ,9 ob$i5ce to ! pr9ciple1 8,make a f5ce r\nd ! ,law10 we ab/a9 f milk or butt] = "s "t aft] hav+ p>tak5 ( meat4 #g4 ,on ,page #dfa--d4 ,! honey ( bees is an app>5t exception f ! rule t ! products ( ! unclean animals are =bidd54 ,! honey m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible is mo/ly ! juice ( fruit1 especially ( dates2 b ! honey ( bees is also m5tion$ 7,judges xiv4 #h74 ,x is assum$ t honey does n conta9 any "p ( ! bee itself1 b is m]ely ! juice ( ! fl[]s suck$ & aga9 dis*>g$ by ! bees4 7,see ,babyl4 ,talm41 ,be*oro? #g;b2 ,maim41 ,mi%neh-torah1 ,hil4 maa*alo? asuro? iii4 #c47 ,note #h4 ,9 addition to ! ?+s enum]at$ 9 ?is *apt] z =bidd51 !re is ! prohibition ( 8w9e ( libation0 7 74 ,ev]y?+ us$ 9 ! wor%ip ( idols 0 condemn$1 & c\ld n s]ve z food1 dr9k1 or any purpose2 x 0 4 ,w9e 0 frequ5tly us$ by hea!ns 9 libations to _! idols4 ,! w9e ( a hea!n 0 !re=e always suspect$ ( hav+ be5 employ$ 9 idolatr\s libations1 & 0 consequ5tly =bidd5 z 4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 su* libations h ceas$ ?is prohibition has also laps$4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 n laps$ 9 its entirety4 ,x is only ! t is no long] 9 =ce4 ,! prohibition ( us+ w9e prep>$ by non-,jews 7 7 z a bev]age /ill cont9ues4 ,?is & simil> prohibitions 7 int5d$ z a b>ri] aga9/ ! increase ( mix$ m>riages among ! ,jews4 7,comp4 ,babyl4 ,talm41 ,%abba? #ag;b47 ,,vii4 ,,jewi% ,,life4 ,! fir/ p>agraph ( ! ,%ul*an-aru* runs ?us3 8#8,i h set ! ,"l always be=e me' is "o ( ! mo/ important pr9ciples ( our holy ,religion20 &1 inde$1 ! m ! actions ( ! ,jew con=m to ?is pr9ciple1 ! ne>] does he approa* ! ideal ( a true s]vant ( ,god1 :o is fai?ful 9 ! s]vice ( 8 ,ma/]1 & ^: life is ! expression ( g5u9e recognition ( ,god's sov]eignty 7 7 ) unconditional ob$i5ce to ,8 ,w 7 74 ,nei!r att5dance at ,public ,s]vice1 nor ! regul> recitation ( pray]s1 nor ! /udy ( ! ,law1 nor ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 religi\s acts1 con/itute by !mselves ,jewi% ,life1 b ! supreme influ5ce :i* ! ,^w ( ,god--! ,torah--is con/antly made to ex]cise ov] man's do+s4 ,e movem5t ( 8 is regulat$ by ! ,law1 & :]ev] he turns he is met by a ,div9e precept t elevates 8 he>t t[>ds ,him :o gave u ! ,law4 ,! v g>m5ts he we>s1 ?\gh n diff]5t f ^? ( 8 fell[-m51 #agc except by ! abs5ce ( %aatnez 7comb9ation ( wool & l9571 include ! arba kanfo?1 8! f\r-corn]$ g>m5t10 ) tsitsi?2 8 h\se1 ! same 9 e o!r respect z ^? ( 8 neighb\rs1 is di/+ui%$ by ! mezuzah on ! doorpo/s4 ,^! di/9ctive *>act]i/ics1 h[ev]1 are n int5d$ to attract ! att5tion ( o!rs2 !y only conc]n ! man himself2 !y s]ve him z rem9d]s ( ,god & ,8 ,w4 ,)9 ! h\se ! furniture & ! :ole arrangem5t are 9 accordance ) ! cu/om & fa%ion ( ! place2 #agd !re is simplicity or luxury1 ta/e or want ( ta/e1 accord+ to ! individual "* ( ! occupi]4 ,only ! kit*5 & ! table h a di/9ctly ,jewi% aspect2 ^! mu/ be adapt$ to ! requirem5ts ( ! ,diet>y ,laws4 ,! mo/ /rik+ feature is ! d\ble set ( kit*5 ut5sils & ( vessels = ! table1 ! "o set = meat1 ! o!r = butt] & milk4 ,9 ! *oice ( 8 occupation1 trade1 or pr(ession1 ! ,jew1 l all 8 fell[-m51 is influ5c$ by 8 incl9ation1 capabilities1 & opportunities2 b1 9 addition to ^!1 !re is ano!r important factor t mu/ ultimately det]m9e ! *oice--8 religion2 & su* occupation z w\ld be likely to compel him to ab&on any ( ! ,div9e precepts1 _c be *os54 ,no mann] ( lab\r or trade is 9 itself d]ogatory2 on ! contr>y1 all lab\r is hon\rable1 unless man degrades x by 8 conduct1 & by ! object he aims at a*iev+ by means ( x4 ,?rift1 economy1 & temp]ance are ess5tial conditions ( success4 ,b success1 h[ev] desirable1 & h[ev] sweet :5 obta9$1 leads only to ! mat]ial well-be+ ( man4 ,z to 8 spiritual well-be+1 ! ,jew1 ?\gh busy ) urg5t "w1 w try to f9d "s sp>e mom5ts 9 :i* to turn 8 att5tion to 8! ?ree ?+s ^u :i* ! _w is bas$3 ,/udy ( ! ,torah1 ,div9e ,s]vice1 & ,*>ity0 7,abo? i4 #b74 ,be=e ! "w ( ! day comm5ces1 & :5 x is f9i%$1 att5tion is paid to torah & abhodah4 ,! ,s]vice1 especially ! ,morn+ ,s]vice1 conta9s v>i\s sections :i* are n pray]s1 b r lessons = /udy4 ,9 addition to ^!1 ! ,jew1 accord+ to 8 capacity or opportunity1 %\ld read ! ,bible1 ! ,mi%nah1 & ! ,talmud4 ,= ^? :o h no opportunity at home1 ! ,be? ha-midra% is op5 ) its libr>y4 ,synagogue & ,be? ha-midra% are ! places ( spiritual recreation :]e ! ,jew refre%es 8 m9d1 elevates 8 he>t1 & ga!rs new /r5g?1 c\rage1 & hope = ! battle ( life4 ,*>ity 9 its v>i\s bran*es1 ts$akah & gemilu? *asadim1 is a virtue practis$ by ! weal?y & ! poor alike4 ,any he>t or h\se f :i* ?is virtue is abs5t does n des]ve to be call$ ,jewi%4 ,"s ,jews h *>ity-boxes 9 _! h\ses1 & :5ev] any memb] ( ! family has some?+ to sp>e or is mov$ by a special impulse ( *>ity1 ^! boxes receive an addition to _! cont5ts4 ,o!rs imitate ! law ( maas] 78ti!071 & set aside a t5? "p ( _! e>n+s & pr(its = *>itable purposes4 ,hospitality 7 7 is ano!r me?od ( *>ity1 & x =ms "o ( ! ornam5ts ( a true ,jewi% h\se4 ,al?\gh societies & public in/itutions d at pres5t :at 0 =m]ly consid]$ to be ! duty ( ! memb]s ( ! community1 individual hospitality has by no means become sup]flu\s1 & !re is ample opportunity = its practice4 ,hospitality graces especially ! lady ( ! h\se2 x is h] duty to provide = ! com=t ( ! gue/s1 & to act accord+ to ! rule1 8,let ! poor be ! *ildr5 ( ?y h\se0 7,abo? i4 #e74 ,?is is "o ( ! privileges possess$ by wom54 ,accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( division ( lab\r1 woman rules supreme 9 ! h\se3 8,! ,k+'s daught] is all glori\s )90 7,ps4 xlv4 #ad72 :il/ man is m 9 contact ) ! out] _w1 devotes himself to lab\r1 trade1 or pr(ession 9 ord] to provide ! necessities ( life = ^? :o are dep5d5t ^u him4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m exceptions to ! rule1 & !re is sc>cely any trade or pr(ession 9 :i* wom5 h n be5 engag$4 ,wom5 7 n exclud$ ev5 f ! highe/ hon\rs4 ,! ,jews _h _! prophetesses1 & wom5 7 entru/$ ) judge%ip & ev5 ) sov]eignty4 ,!re are in/ances ( wom5 di/+ui%$ by le>n+1 exp]i5ce1 wit1 & especially by piety4 ,wom5 ( piety 7 7 7 nev] want+ 9 ,israel2 & _m a s*ol> owes ! success he has atta9$ 9 ! field ( le>n+ to ! piety ( 8 wife1 :o will+ly und]took h] husb&'s burd5s & c>es 9 trade & bus9ess 9 ord] to facilitate 8 devotion to /udy4 ,no sacrifice is too great = a true ,jewi% "m to h h] *ildr5 in/ruct$ 9 ! ,^w ( ,god1 & no?+ adds m to ! happ9ess & pride ( ! "m ?an ! progress h] son has made 9 ! k ( ! ,torah4 8,:at is ! great m]it ( wom58 ,!y h ! m]it ( mak+ _! *ildr5 att5d ! s*ool1 & ( enc\rag+ _! husb&s to /udy ! ,talmud0 7,babyl4 ,talm41 ,b]a*o? #ag;a74 ,! moral & ! intellectual z well z ! physical tra9+ ( ! *ildr5 is 9 its e>lie/ /ages almo/ exclusively 9 ! h&s ( ! "m4 ,if we add to ?is ! responsibility = hav+ ! food prep>$ accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! ,diet>y ,laws1 we easily und]/& ! reason :y ,jewi% wom5 are exempt f v>i\s religi\s duties incumb5t on ! o!r sex4 ,! rule is ?is3 8,wom5 are exempt f ! fulfilm5t ( all precepts :i* are re/rict$ to a c]ta9 "t0 7,mi%nah1 ,kiddu%9 i4 #g71 9 ord] to prev5t any collision betwe5 ^! & h] pr9cipal & mo/ important duties 9 ! h\se4 ,?us x happ5s t !re are ,jewi% wom5 :o fai?fully cl+ to ! inh]it$ religion1 & yet are r>e visitors ( ! ,synagogue4 ,on week-days ! ,synagogue is only 9 exceptional cases att5d$ by wom54 ,f ?is reason wom5 are disqualifi$ = =m+ ! quorum 7m9yan7 requir$ = public wor%ip 7tefillah batsibbur74 ,?is & simil> disqualifications are bas$ on ! pr9ciple ( reg>d = wom5 & _! home-duties1 & by no means on a belief 9 _! inf]iority4 ,passages 9 ! ,talmudical & ,midra%ic ,lit]ature :i* ascribe to wom5 vanity1 levity1 & o!r %ortcom+s are outweigh$ by say+s :i* evid5ce a s5se ( high reg>d = ! virtues & accompli%m5ts ( wom54 ,! foll[+ s5t5ces are a few examples2 8,woman has be5 end[$ by ! ,creator ) great] intellig5ce ?an man0 7,babyl4 ,talm41 ,niddah #de;b74 8,:o is ri*8 ,he :o possesses a wife fair 9 h] do+s0 7ibid41 ,%abba? #be;b74 8,x 0 ?r\gh ! m]it ( pi\s wom5 t ! ,israelites 7 r$eem$ f ,egypt0 7ibid41 ,sotah #aa;b74 #age ,mode/y & res]v$ness 77 are ! di/+ui%+ virtues ( ,jewi% wom54 ,! pr9ciple1 8,! daught] ( ! ,k+ is all glori\s )910 0 appli$ lit]ally4 ,9 ! fulfilm5t ( h] home-duties ! daught] ( ,israel seeks h] happ9ess & h] pride4 ,x us$ to be oppos$ to ! s5se ( propriety ( ,jewi% ladies to speak1 s+1 or act 9 public4 #agf ,?is 0 ! ma9 cause ( ! pres]vation ( ! sanctity ( ! ,jewi% home & ! purity ( ,jewi% family life1 a treasure & a bless+ :i* ought to be well gu>d$4 ,! work+ days ( ! week are divid$ betwe5 lab\r & devotion4 ,?ree ,s]vices are att5d$ daily ei!r 9 ! ,synagogue or at home1 & e meal is prec$$ & foll[$ by pray]4 ,jewi% wom5 h1 9 addition to ! ,pray]-book1 a small volume ( supplications 77 9 ! v]nacul> = e day1 e season1 & e occasion4 ,mondays & ,?ursdays1 on :i* days a ,lesson f ! ,law is read dur+ ! ,morn+ ,s]vice1 are consid]$ z special days = e>ne/ devotion4 ,!re h be5 pi\s ,jews :o fa/$ ! :ole or "p ( ^! days4--,tuesday is look$ ^u z a fav\r$ day1 because x is di/+ui%$ 9 ! acc\nt ( ! ,creation 7,g54 i4 #aj1 #ab7 by a repetition ( ! phrase1 8,& ,god saw t x 0 good40 ,x is !re=e call$ 8! day ) d\ble ki-tobh 7t x 0 good740 ,?is circum/ance may be ! cause ( ! belief t x is n advisable to beg9 a new und]tak+ on ,monday or ,w$nesday2 #agg pref]5ce %\ld be giv5 to ,tuesday4 ,b ?is belief1 al?\gh seem+ly f\nd$ on a ,biblical phrase1 is contr>y to ,jewi% pr9ciples1 & is includ$ 9 ! prohibition1 8,ye %all n obs]ve times0 7,lev4 xix4 #bf71 to decl>e a p>ticul> day z lucky or unlucky4 ,friday is an important & busy day 9 a ,jewi% h\se4 ,x is n only ! circum/ance t food is be+ prep>$ = two days #agh t causes great] activity1 b also ! anticipat$ pleasure at ! approa* ( a belov$ gue/4 ,! same is ! case :5 a ,fe/ival is ne>4 ,ea* ,fe/ival has its own p>ticul> wants & pleasures4 ,9 "s h\ses ! activity 9 prep>+ = ,passov] may be notic$ a :ole mon? be=e1 al?\gh ! actual cle>+ ( ! *amets is done 9 a v %ort "t4 ,be=e ,succo? all h&s are busy ) prep>+ & ornam5t+ ! ,tab]nacle1 & select+ esrog & lulabh4 ,x is g5u9e religi\s en?usiasm #agi 9 ! fulfilm5t ( ,div9e duties t inspires ?is k9d ( activity1 & gives to ! h\se a peculi>ly ,jewi% tone & ,jewi% atmosph]e4 ,we feel 9 x 8! season ( our joy0 be=e & dur+ ! ,?ree ,fe/ivals1 & 8! season ( solemnity & e>ne/ reflection0 dur+ ! p5it5tial days2 grief :5 ! #i? ( ,ab approa*es1 & hil>ity :5 ,purim is ne>4 ,twice a ye> we are invit$ by law & cu/om to give ourselves up to gladness & m]rim5t3 on ,sim*a?-torah & on ,purim4 ,al?\gh ev5 a c]ta9 excess ( mir? is consid]$ lawful on ! latt] occasion1 !re are b v few t indulge 9 ?is lic5se4 ,all ! seasons ( rejoic+ are also occasions = mitsvo?--*>ity1 & = /r5g!n+ ! bond ( love betwe5 husb& & wife1 betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr51 & ! bond ( fri5d%ip betwe5 man & man4 ,e erebh %abba? & erebh yom-tobh af=d ! opportunity ( giv+ *allah1 #ahj k9dl+ ,sabba? or ,fe/ival lights1 #aha & invit+ /rang]s #ahb 7 7 to our meals4 ,on ,sabba?s & ,fe/ivals *ildr51 ev5 :5 gr[n up1 come to _! p>5ts & ask = _! bless+4 #ahc ,be=e ,kiddu% ! husb& *ants ! section ( ,prov4 xxxi4 beg9n+ 1 9 praise ( a good wife4 ,! ,%abba? %alom or ,good %abba?1 ,%abhua tobh or ,good wo*1 ,good yom tobh1 & simil> salutations1 rem9d u t we ought to h only good wi%es = ea* o!r4 ,sabba? & ,fe/ivals af=d suitable occasions = home-devotion1 9 :i* all ! memb]s ( ! family1 males & females1 %\ld take "p4 ,! meals are prec$$ & foll[$ by ! usual b]a*o?1 b x is cu/om>y to add extra psalms & hymns 7zemiro?7 9 hon\r ( ! day1 & ^? :o are gift$ %\ld add to ^!1 or ev5 sub/itute = !m1 compositions ( _! own 9 any language !y l 9 gloriam ,dei4 ,a second k9d ( home-devotion :i* ought n to be neglect$1 b %\ld r be reviv$ :]e x is neglect$1 is ! read+ ( ! ,scriptures4 ,on ,friday ev5+ ! pi\s ,jew reads ! ,sidra twice 9 ! orig9al & once 9 ! ,t>gum2 b all %\ld at lea/ read ,sidra & ,hapht>ah 9 ! v]nacul>4 ,! moon by its gradual increase 9 light f its m9imum to full-moon1 & ! subsequ5t decrease f full-moon to its m9imum1 has 9 ,agadic & ,midra%ic ,lit]ature frequ5tly s]v$ z a symbol ( ! hi/ory ( ,israel1 ( 8 rise & 8 fall4 ,! la/ day ( ! decl9e1 ! eve ( ,new-moon1 is kept by "s z a special day ( pray] & fa/+1 #ahd :ile ! fir/ day ( ! rise1 ,new-moon1 is di/+ui%$ by ,hallel & ,musaph4 ,if p1 z a symbol ( happ9ess 7 71 pref] ! middle ( ! mon? = m>riage1 _! *oice is h>mless2 b if !y hold t season z m lucky ?an ! re/ ( ! mon?1 !y are guilty ( sup]/ition4 ,z at ! sight ( o!r natural ph5om5a1 s also has a b5$iction be5 fix$ on obs]v+ ! reappe>ance ( ! moon 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! mon?4 ,= ! above-m5tion$ reason1 importance is atta*$ to ?is b]a*ah1 & pray]s are add$ = ! r$emption ( ,israel4 ,! b]a*ah1 :i* is g5]ally recit$ 9 ! op5 air1 is ! *ief elem5t 9 ! c]emony2 ! additional pray]s & reflections are non-ess5tial4 ,9 ! =ego+1 ,jewi% ,life has be5 describ$ z x appe>s at ! v>i\s seasons ( ! ye>2 9 ! foll[+1 x w be giv5 z x appe>s at ! v>i\s p]iods ( man's exi/5ce4 ,! fir/ important mom5t is1 ( c\rse1 ! mom5t ( bir?4 ,! fa!r1 fri5ds1 & relatives are fill$ ) anxiety = ! life ( bo? "m & *ild4 ,pray]s are daily (f]$ up = ! safety & recov]y ( ! pati5t & ! well-be+ ( ! *ild4 ,! ,tw5tie? ,psalm is sometimes writt5 on a tablet plac$ 9 ! room :]e ! conf9em5t takes place1 probably z a rem9d] or an invitation = visitors to pray to ! ,almighty2 9 ?is s5se ! cu/om is to be comm5d$2 b if ! tablet is fill$ ) mean+less signs1 lett]s1 & words1 & is us$ m]ely z a *>m1 ! cu/om %\ld be discont9u$1 be+ a sup]/iti\s practice4 ,9 "s p>ts x has be5 ! cu/om t dur+ ! week prec$+ ! ,b]i?-milah fri5ds visit$ ! h\se to pray !re = ! well-be+ ( ! *ild1 & boys recit$ !re ,biblical passages conta9+ bless+s1 su* z ,g54 xlviii4 #af4 #ahe ,! night be=e ! b]i? 0 sp5t 9 read+ ,bible & ,talmud1 s t ! *ild might f ! beg9n+ brea!1 z x 71 ! atmosph]e ( torah4 #ahf ,on ! eigh? day ! male *ild is initiat$ into ! cov5ant ( ,abraham 7,lev4 xii4 #c74 ,circumcision is "o ( 8^? mitsvo? :i* ! ,israelites 9 times ( religi\s p]secution c>ri$ out not)/&+ imm95t dang] to life40 ,! p]=mance ( ?is ,div9e precept is !re=e made ! occasion ( mu* rejoic+4 ,9 "s congregations ! op]ation1 z a sacr$ act1 takes place 9 ! ,synagogue aft] ! ,morn+ ,s]vice2 9 o!rs ! privacy ( ! home is pref]r$4 ,9 anci5t days mo!rs circumcis$ _! sons1 b n[ ! op]ation is only entru/$ to a p]son :o has be5 duly tra9$1 & has receiv$ f compet5t judges a c]tificate ( 8 qualification = ! functions ( a mohel4 #ahg ,al?\gh1 accord+ to ! ,law1 any p]son1 o!rwise capable ( do+ x1 may d ! mitsvah1 pref]5ce is giv51 & ought to be giv51 to a p]son ( g5u9e piety & ( true en?usiasm = our holy ,religion1 :o p]=ms ! act 9 gloriam ,dei4 ,n only ! mohel1 b all :o assi/ 9 ! act d a mitsvah1 & ! meal :i* is prep>$ = ! occasion is a 7a meal involv+ a religi\s act74 #ahh ,imm$iately aft] ! op]ation a "n is giv5 to ! *ild4 #ahi ,! next important mom5t 9 a boy's life is ! 8,r$emption0 7 7 9 case ( ! fir/-born male *ild 7,exod4 xiii4 #ac1 #ae71 :i* act is likewise made ! occasion ( a 4 ,a coh5 7desc5dant ( ,a>on7 receives ! r$emption-money to ! am\nt ( five %ekels 7or #aes471 accord+ to ,num4 xviii4 #af4 #aij ,9 ! case ( a female *ild ! nam+ g5]ally takes place 9 ! ,synagogue on a ,sabba?1 :5 ! fa!r is call$ up to ! ,law4 ,9 _m congregations ?is takes place :5 ! "m has suffici5tly recov]$ to att5d aga9 = ! fir/ "t ! ,s]vice 9 ! ,synagogue on ,sabba?4 ,^? :o live at a great di/ance f ! ,synagogue pay ! fir/ visit to ! place ( wor%ip on a week-day4 ,a special ,s]vice has be5 arrang$ = ! occasion4 #aia ,great c>e is n[ tak5 by ! p>5ts = ! physical well-be+ ( ! *ild1 )\t entirely ignor+ its moral & intellectual developm5t4 8,at five ye>s ! *ild is fit to be taught ,mikra1 i4e41 read+ ! ,bible0 7,abo? v4 #ba71 s ! ,mi%nah tea*es4 ,b long be=e ?is ! *ild is taught to pray1 & to repeat %ort ,biblical passages or pray]s 9 ,hebrew4 ,x mu/1 ( c\rse1 be borne 9 m9d t *ildr5 are n all alike1 & t ea* *ild mu/ be taught accord+ to its own capacities & /r5g?4 ,! k mu/ be imp>t$ 9 su* a mann] t ! *ild %\ld seek x z a s\rce ( pleasure & happ9ess4 ,z to ! subjects :i* are to be taught1 !re is no bran* ( g5]al k f :i* ,jewi% *ildr5 are deb>r$ by _! ,religion1 nor is !re any bran* ( k t is m ,jewi% ?an ! re/4 ,jewi% *ildr5 mu/ le>n l o!r *ildr51 z f> z possible1 t :i* is consid]$ necess>y & useful1 z well z t :i* is conducive to ! com=t & happ9ess ( life4 ,b ,religion1 ,scripture1 & ,hebrew mu/ nev] be abs5t f ! curriculum ( /udies ( a ,jewi% *ild4 ,! in/ruction 9 ,religion ne$ n occupy mu* "t1 = ! be/ tea*+ ( ,religion is ! good example set by ! p>5ts at home & ! tea*] 9 ! s*ool4 ,! religi\s tra9+ ( a *ild %\ld beg9 e>ly2 ! surr\nd+s & associations mu/ tea* ! *ild to act nobly1 to speak purely1 to ?9k *>itably1 & to love our ,religion4 8,tra9 up a *ild 9 ! way he %\ld g2 & :5 he is old1 he w n dep>t f x0 7,prov4 xxii4 #f74 ,e>ly practical tra9+ 77 is also ( great importance ) reg>d to ! obs]vance ( religi\s precepts4 ,*ildr5 %\ld be accu/om$ to reg>d ) rev]5ce t :i* is holy1 to hon\r ,sabba? & ,fe/ivals1 & to rejoice 9 do+ :at ! ,almighty has comm&$4 ,twice a ye> we h special occasion = ! fulfilm5t ( ?is duty1 viz41 on ,sim*a?-torah & on ! ,s$]-ev5+4 ,9 tea*+ our *ildr5 ,hebrew our aim mu/ be to make !m und]/& ! holy language1 to enable !m to read ! ,^w ( ,god 9 ! orig9al1 & to pray to ! ,almighty 9 ! language 9 :i* ! ,prophets & ! ,psalmi/s gave utt]ance to _! inspirations1 & 9 :i* our =efa!rs address$ ! ,supreme ,be+ 9 ! ,temple4 ,a special c]emony us$ to introduce ! *ild into ! /udy ( ! ,bible 9 ! orig9al4 #aib ,tea*] & pupil w5t to ! ,synagogue1 took a seph] f ! ,he*al1 & ! pupil 0 made to read ! fir/ lesson f ! seph]4 ,?is & simil> c]emonies 7 int5d$ z a means ( impress+ on ! pupil ! great importance ( /udy+ ! ,^w ( ,god 9 ! orig9al language4 ,aft] hav+ acquir$ a s\nd k ( ! ,bible1 ! /udy ( o!r bran*es ( ,hebrew lit]ature1 ( ,talmudical & ,rabb9ical works1 is approa*$4 ,z a rule1 boys devote m "t to ,hebrew /udies ?an girls1 only because girls are consid]$ physically m delicate & n capable ( do+ s mu* "w z boys4 ,girls are by no means exclud$ f acquir+ a s\nd ,hebrew k2 on ! contr>y1 e enc\ragem5t %\ld be giv5 to !m1 if !y are incl9$ to /udy ,hebrew beyond ! fir/ elem5ts4 #aic ,! boy :5 ?irte5 ye>s old is b>-mitsvah 7lit41 8a son ( ! comm&m5t071 b\nd to obey ! ,law1 & responsible = 8 de$s4 ,on ! ,sabba? foll[+ 8 ?irte5? bir?day ! boy is call$ up to ! ,law2 he reads ! :ole ( ! ,sidra or a section ( x1 & decl>es 9 ! bless+s :i* prec$e & foll[ ! lesson 8 belief 9 ! ,div9e orig9 ( ! ,torah1 & 8 gratitude to ,god = hav+ giv5 u ! ,law4 #aid ,! s*ool-ye>s come gradually to a close1 & ! practical prep>ation = life beg9s4 ,a vocation has to be det]m9$ ^u4 ,f a moral & religi\s po9t ( view all k9ds ( trade1 bus9ess1 & pr(ession are equal4 ,!y are hon\rable or base accord+ z !y are c>ri$ on 9 an hon\rable mann] or n4 ,:atev] c\rse is *os51 ! moral & religi\s tra9+ mu/ cont9ue ) unabat$ en]gy4 ,:5 ! s*ool-ye>s are ov]1 :5 ! y\? is no long] "u ! control ( ! ma/]1 & is sometimes left ev5 )\t ! control ( ! p>5ts1 he is expos$ to v>i\s k9ds ( temptation1 especially ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( bad society4 ,! vices aga9/ :i* ! y\? mu/ gu>d himself mo/ at ?is p]iod ( life are s5suality1 excessive desire = pleasure1 gambl+1 & di%one/y1 :i* br+ ab\t 8 moral1 social1 & physical ru94 ,self-control1 acquir$ ?r\gh cont9u$ religi\s tra9+1 is ! be/ safegu>d aga9/ ^! dang]s4 ,x is !re=e advisable t ^? :o h left ! s*ool %\ld cont9ue att5d+ "s religi\s class1 or o!rwise devote "p ( _! free "t to ,talmud-torah1 to ! /udy ( ! ,torah1 & ( works relat+ to x4 8,at ! age ( eighte5 ye>s "o is fit = m>riage0 7,abo?1 ibid47 is an anci5t dictum1 b :i* c\ld nev] h be5 meant z an absolute law4 ,= !re are o!r qualifications equally important1 & ev5 m ess5tial ?an age4 ,maimonides 7,mi%neh-torah1 ,hil4 ,deo? v4 #aa7 says3 8,man %\ld fir/ secure a liv+1 !n prep>e a resid5ce1 & aft] t seek a wife4 ,b fools act o!rwise3 !y m>ry fir/1 !n look out = a h\se1 & at la/ ?9k ( ! means ( obta9+ a livelihood40 7,comp4 ,deut4 xx4 #e-g & xxviii4 #cj47 ,m>riage is call$ 9 ! ,bible 8a div9e cov5ant0 7,prov4 ii4 #ag71 or 8! cov5ant ( ,god40 ,god is1 z x 71 made witness ( ! cov5ant2 9 ,8 pres5ce ! assurances ( mutual love & ! promises ( mutual fidelity are giv5 by husb& & wife 7,mal4 ii4 #ad74 ,to break ?is cov5ant is !re=e n only an (f5ce ( ! "o aga9/ ! o!r1 b an (f5ce aga9/ ,god4--,9 addition to ?is religi\s basis ( m>riage1 conditions ( a m mat]ial nature 7 agre$ ^u4 ,! maid5 has be5 long ( use 9 ! h\se ( h] p>5ts1 & he :o s\ght ! privilege ( tak+ h] to 8 h\se & mak+ h] 8 wife _h to give to ! p>5ts 8d[ry & gift0 7 1 ,g54 xxxiv4 #ab74 ,lat] on1 9 ! "t ( ! ,mi%nah1 all t ! husb& promis$ to 8 wife 0 made ! subject ( a writt5 docum5t 771 sign$ by two witnesses4 ,9 ?is docum5t he gu>antees to h] #bjj zus 7or half ! sum if %e is a wid[71 ! value ( h] outfit & d[ry 79 ,hebrew 71 & a c]ta9 am\nt add$ to ! a=e-m5tion$ obligatory sum 7 74 ,he fur!r promises to hon\r h]1 "w = h]1 ma9ta9 h]1 & hone/ly provide h] ) ev]y?+ necess>y = h] com=t4 ,! m>riage 0 prec$$ by ! betro?al 7 or 71 ! solemn promise on 8 "p to take h] aft] a fix$ "t to 8 h\se z 8 wife1 & on h] "p to consid] h]self z 8 wife & to prep>e h]self = ! m>riage4 ,legally %e 0 already 8 wife1 & infidelity 0 visit$ ) capital puni%m5t4 ,! int]val betwe5 ! betro?al & m>riage us$ to be twelve mon?s2 at pres5t ! two ev5ts are unit$ 9 ! m>riage c]emony1 & are only sep>at$ f ea* o!r by an address or by ! read+ ( ! ke?ubhah4 ,t :i* is n[ call$ betro?al or engagem5t is m]ely a prelim9>y settlem5t ( ! conditions ( ! m>riage 7 8conditions074 ,! conditions us$ to be writt5 d[n1 includ+ a f9e 77 = brea* ( promise2 ! agreem5t us$ to be foll[$ by ! break+ ( a glass #aie & by a fea/4 ,! actual betro?al takes place on ! w$d+-day1 & consi/s ma9ly ( ! foll[+ significant words address$ by ! bridegroom to 8 bride3 8,behold1 ?\ art consecrat$ 7betro!d7 to me by ?is r+ accord+ to ! ,law ( ,moses & ( ,israel40 ,:ile say+ ?is he places a gold r+ #aif on ! second f+] ( ! "r h&4 ,?is act is prec$$ by a b]a*ah ov] w9e1 read by ! celebrant :ile hold+ a cup ( w9e 9 8 h&1 & ! bir*a? erus9 78bless+ ( betro?al071 9 :i* ,god is prais$ = ! in/itution ( ,m>riage4 ,bride & bridegroom1 :o dur+ ! c]emony /& "u a canopy 771 ta/e ( ! w9e4 ,! canopy or *uppah #aig repres5ts symbolically ! future home ( ! m>ri$ c\ple1 :i* !y h to gu>d z a sanctu>y1 & to r5d] inaccessible to evil de$s1 words1 & ?\ghts t w\ld pollute x4 ,! top ( ! canopy1 :i* is =m$ ( a curta9 77 ( ! ,he*al1 or ( a tali?1 expresses ! idea ( sanctity4 ,aft] ! bir*a? erus9 ! bridegroom makes ! solemn decl>ation #aih m5tion$ above3 8,behold1 ?\ art consecrat$ 7betro!d7 unto me by ?is r+ accord+ to ! ,law ( ,moses & ( ,israel10 #aii :]eupon ! ke?ubhah is read 9 ,aramaic #bjj or 9 ,engli%1 & an address is sometimes giv54 ,!n foll[ ! 78,bless+s ( ,m>riage071 call$ also aft] _! numb] 8,sev5 ,bless+s40 #bja ,! c]emony concludes ) ! break+ ( a glass & ! mutual congratulations ( fri5ds & relatives1 express$ 9 ! words ,mazzal-tobh 7 8,good luck074 #bjb ,a banquet 7 7 foll[s1 :i* is a 4 ,x is introduc$ by ! usual b]a*ah 771 & foll[$ by ,grace & ! 8,sev5 ,bless+s40 ,! foll[+ are a few ( ! v>i\s cu/oms connect$ ) a ,jewi% m>riage )\t be+ ess5tial elem5ts ( ! m>riage c]emony3-- 7#a47 ,on ! ,sabba? previ\s to ! w$d+-day ! bridegroom1 8 fa!r1 & ! fa!r ( ! bride are call$ up to ! ,law1 & (f]+s are made 7mi %ebb]a*7 9 hon\r ( ! bride & ! bridegroom4 ,9 "s congregations ,g54 xxiv4 is read aft] ! ,s]vice1 on ! morn+ ( ! w$d+-day4 7#b47 ,bride & bridegroom ent] ^u a new life2 ! w$d+-day is to !m a day ( rejoic+1 b also a day ( great solemnity4 ,x is kept z a day ( e>ne/ reflections1 ( pray] & fa/+1 till aft] ! c]emony1 :5 ! fa/ is brok5 & ! rejoic+ beg9s4 ,! bridegroom adds 9 ! ,m9*ah amidah ! ,confession 77 ( ! ,day ( ,atonem5t4 7#c47 ,! good wi%es ( fri5ds & relatives are v>i\sly express$4 ,rice1 :eat1 or simil> ?+s are ?r[n ov] ! bride & ! bridegroom z a symbol ( abundance & fruitfulness4 7#d47 ,! fea/ is accompani$ by spee*es 9 praise ( ! bride & bridegroom2 x 0 consid]$ a special m]it to speak on su* an occasion 7 1 ,babyl4 ,talm41 ,b]a*o? #f;b74 ,! bridegroom us$ to give a disc\rse 77 on "s ,talmudical !me1 if he 0 able to d s4 ,he receiv$ pres5ts = x 7d]a%ah-pres5ts74 7#e47 ,9 ! "t ( ! ,bible & ! ,talmud ! fea/+ la/$ sev5 days4--,! fir/ day aft] ! w$d+ us$ to be di/+ui%$ by a fi% d9n] 7 71 9 allusion to ,g54 xlviii4 #af4 ,9 spite ( all bless+s & good wi%es ! m>riage sometimes proves a failure1 husb& & wife be+ a s\rce ( tr\ble & mis]y ! "o to ! o!r1 in/ead ( be+ ! cause ( ea* o!r's happ9ess4 ,9 su* a case a divorce may take place1 & man & wife sep>ate f ea* o!r4 ,divorce is p]mitt$ 7,deut4 xxiv4 #a-d71 b n enc\rag$2 x is an evil1 b ! less] ( two evils4 ,a writt5 docum5t 0 requir$ 7 1 71 & lat] legislation made ! writ+ & ! deliv]y ( ! docum5t difficult & protract$1 9 ord] to facilitate attempts at reconciliation2 ! fulfilm5t ( ! conditions agre$ ^u 9 ! ke?ubhah also t5d$ to r5d] divorce a r>e ev5t4 ,! numb] ( cases ( divorce among ! ,jews is !re=e comp>atively small] ?an among o!r d5om9ations1 b /ill un=tunately f> too l>ge1 ow+ to want ( =esight & reflection 9 ! *oice ( a companion = life4 ,!re is a k9d ( obligatory m>riage 77 & or obligatory divorce 771 viz41 ) reg>d to ! wid[ ( a deceas$ bro!r :o has di$ )\t issue 7,deut4 xxv4 #e-aj74 ,s9ce ! abolition ( polygamy #bjc by ,rabb5u ,g]%om 7elev5? c5tury7 ! obligatory m>riage has almo/ disappe>$1 & ! obligatory divorce 77 mu/ take place be=e ! wid[ c m>ry aga94 #bjd ,we ackn[l$ge ! pr9ciple laid d[n 9 ! ,talmud1 8,! law ( ! c\ntry is b9d+ ^u u0 7 71 b only 9 s f> z our civil relations are conc]n$4 ,) reg>d to religi\s que/ions our own religi\s code mu/ be obey$4 ,m>riage laws include two elem5ts--civil relations & religi\s duties4 ,z reg>ds ! =m]1 we abide by ! decisions ( ! civil c\rts ( ! c\ntry4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 n solemnise a m>riage :i* ! law ( ! c\ntry w\ld n recognise2 we mu/ n religi\sly dissolve a m>riage by 1 unless ! civil c\rts ( law h already decre$ ! divorce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we mu/ n cont5t ourselves ) civil m>riage or civil divorce2 religi\sly1 nei!r civil m>riage nor civil divorce c be recognis$ unless supplem5t$ by m>riage or divorce accord+ to religi\s =ms4 ,fur!rmore1 m>riages all[$ by ! civil law1 b prohibit$ by our religi\s law--e4g41 mix$ m>riages2 t is1 m>riages betwe5 ,jews & non-,jews--_c be recognis$ be=e ! tribunal ( our ,religion2 su* alliances are s9ful1 & ! issue ( su* alliances mu/ be treat$ z illegitimate4 ,^? :o love _! ,religion & h ! well-be+ ( ,judaism at he>t w d _! utmo/ to prev5t ! increase ( mix$ m>riages4 8,to e ?+ !re is a season1 & a "t to e purpose "u ! heav53 a "t to be born1 & a "t to die0 7,eccles4 iii4 #a1 #b74 ,life is a preci\s gift ! ,creator has giv5 u2 :ile !re is brea? 9 our no/rils we ?ank ,him = x1 we pray to ,him = its prolongation1 d ev]y?+ 9 our p[] to pres]ve x1 & consid] its wilful de/ruction a crim9al act4 ,b not)/&+ all ?is 8!re is a "t to die40 ,life & dea? are equally my/]ies to u2 we tru/ 9 ! m]cy ( ,him :o has orda9$ life & dea?1 t bo? are = our good4 ,dea? is1 !re=e1 n to be reg>d$ ) dread & horror2 x is ! transition to ano!r /ate ( life1 ! real nature ( :i* is unkn[n to u4 ,b x is our belief t ! future life 7 7 is inf9itely sup]ior to ! pres5t life 7 72 h5ce ! say+ 9 ! ,midra% t ! words 8exce$+ly good0 7,g54 i4 #ca7 appli$ to dea?4 ,! only fe> ( dea? t c reasonably be ju/ifi$ is ! fe> ( dep>t+ f ?is life be=e we h complet$ our task1 be=e we h suffici5tly /r5g!n$ 8! brea*es ( ! h\se0 caus$ by our own d]eliction ( duty4 ,our ,sages advise1 8,return "o day be=e ?y dea?0 7,abo? ii4 #ae72 t is1 e day1 ! day ( dea? be+ conceal$ f our k4 ,9 ?is mann] we con/antly prep>e ourselves = dea? )\t curtail+ our enjoym5t ( life4 8,rejoice1 ,o "y man1 9 ?y y\?2 & let ?y he>t *e] !e 9 ! days ( ?y y\?1 & walk 9 ! ways ( ?9e he>t1 & 9 ! sight ( ?9e eyes3 b "k ?\1 t = all ^! ?+s ,god w br+ !e into judgm5t4 ,!re=e remove sorr[ f ?y he>t1 & put away evil f ?y fle%3 = *ildhood & y\? are vanity0 7,eccles4 xi4 #i1 #aj74 ,:5 passion ov]comes u & evil incl9ations invite u to s91 we are told by our ,sages to rememb] ! day ( dea?1 :i* may sudd5ly surprise u be=e we h be5 able by rep5tance to purify ourselves f our transgressions 7,babyl4 ,talm41 ,b]a*o? #e;a74 ,:5 dea? approa*es1 & ann\nces itself ?r\gh man's illness1 we d ev]y?+ t human k & skill c sugge/ to pres]ve & prolong ! e>?ly life ) :i* ,god has end[$ u2 9 addition1 ! pati5t himself & 8 fri5ds invoke ! m]cy ( ,god = 8 recov]y4 #bje ,ev5 :5 dea? appe>s inv9cible1 :5 8! edge ( ! sword t\*es already man's neck1 we d n rel9qui% our hope 9 ,god's m]cy1 & cont9ue to pray to ! ,all-m]ciful40 ,! pati5t is ask$ to prep>e himself = ! solemn mom5t1 al?\gh x may 9 reality be z yet f> (f4 #bjf ,! prep>ation consi/s ( pray]1 m$itation1 confession ( s91 rep5tance1 & ( ! pr(ession ( our ,cre$1 especially ( ! ,unity ( ,god1 9 ! words1 8,he>1 ,o ,israel1 ! ,"l is our ,god1 ! ,"l is ,"o40 #bjg ,to visit ! sick1 to com=t !m by k9d words & de$s1 to pray ) & = ! pati5t1 are acts includ$ 9 ! duty ( 8visit+ ! sick0 7 74 #bjh ,9 ! mom5t ( dea? ^? pres5t te/ify _! fai? 9 ,god by proclaim+ ! ,dom9ion1 ! ,omnipot5ce1 & ! ,unity ( ,god 9 ! same way 9 :i* we make ?is decl>ation at ! conclusion ( ! ,day ( ,atonem5t4 ,al?\gh ,pray]-books conta9 c]ta9 =ms ( pray] = ?is purpose1 ! pati5t & ^? pres5t %\ld r foll[ ! impulse ( _! he>t1 & commune ) ! ,almighty 9 any =m _! he>t sugge/s4 ,:5 life has come to an end fri5ds & relatives give free expression to _! grief2 #bji to *eck x by com=t+ words at ?is mom5t is useless 7,abo? iv4 #ah74 ,! m\rn]s1 #baj fa!r1 "m1 son1 daught]1 bro!r1 & si/]1 h n[ to direct all _! att5tion to ! deceas$ relative1 9 ord] t no?+ be neglect$ 9 ! la/ hon\rs %[n to him2 !y are !re=e free f all o!r religi\s obligations till aft] ! burial4 ,9 ,pale/9e & neighb\r+ c\ntries1 :]e1 9 consequ5ce ( ! high] temp]ature1 decomposition ( ! body beg9s soon aft] dea?1 ! burial takes place on ! same day4 #baa ,9 cold] climates two or ?ree days elapse betwe5 dea? & burial4 ,! m\rn]s ab/a9 dur+ ! int]val f w9e & meat4 ,e act ( piety 9 hon\r ( ! deceas$ is a m]itori\s religi\s act1 a mitsvah1 an act ( k9dness & tru? 7 71 & 9 e congregation !re exi/s a society1 call$ 8holy society10 ^: memb]s devote !mselves to ! fulfilm5t ( ^! pi\s duties4 ,accord+ to ! pr9ciple t dea? equalises all1 t 8! small & great are !re0 7,job iii4 #ai71 ! greate/ simplicity & equality is obs]v$ 9 all matt]s connect$ ) ! obsequies #bab ( ! dead4 ,fri5ds & relatives foll[ to ! burial-gr\nd2 ! 1 or att5d+ ! dead to _! la/ re/+-place1 #bac is "o ( ^? mitsvo? 8! fruits ( :i* a man enjoys 9 ?is _w1 :ile ! /ock rema9s = him = ! _w to come40 ,bury+ ! dead is a v old cu/om1 to :i* ! ,jews adh]$ firmly at all ages4 ,! cu/om ( ! ,greeks1 :o burnt _! dead1 f\nd no advocates among ! ,jews4 ,9 ! ,writt5 & ! ,oral ,law only ! bury+ ( ! dead is m5tion$4 ,to leave a human body unburi$ & unatt5d$ 0 consid]$ by ,jews1 z by o!r nations1 an insult to ! deceas$ p]son1 & :oev] f\nd su* a body 0 b\nd to take *>ge ( x & to effect its burial4 #bad ,9 ! ,burial ,s]vice we ackn[l$ge ! ju/ice ( ,god1 & resign ourselves to ! ,w ( ! ,almighty 7 74 ,:5 ! burial is ov] our att5tion is direct$ to ! liv+2 words ( com=t are address$ to ! m\rn]s #bae :o return home & keep 8sev5 days ( m\rn+40 ,a c]ta9 degree ( m\rn+ is !n cont9u$ till ! end ( ! ye> by ! *ildr5 ( ! deceas$1 & till ! end ( ! mon? 7 8?irty days07 by o!r relatives4 #baf ,our reg>d = ! deceas$ 7 7 & our sympa?ies ) ! m\rn]s 7 7 are express$ 9 diff]5t ways4 ,! fun]al oration 77 occasionally spok5 at ! grave1 or 9 ! h\se ( m\rn+1 or 9 ! ,synagogue1 g5]ally comb9es bo? elem5ts2 x conta9s a eulogy ^u ! deceas$ & words ( sympa?y & exhortation = ! liv+4 ,! special pray]s (f]$ up on su* occasions likewise include ^! two elem5ts3 petitions = ! well-be+ ( ! s\l ( ! deceas$1 t x may f9d ,div9e m]cy :5 appe>+ be=e ! ,supreme ,judge1 & petitions = ! com=t & relief ( ! m\rn]s4 ,! ,kaddi% ( ! ,m\rn]s1 h[ev]1 does n conta9 su* pray]s1 b m]ely expresses _! resignation to ! ,w ( ! ,almighty1 _! conviction t ,he is ! only ,be+ t is to be wor%ipp$1 & t ,he alone w be wor%ipp$ by all mank9d 9 ! days ( ,messiah1 & _! wi% t ! arrival ( ^? days may be ha/5$4 ,!re are1 besides1 ! foll[+ cu/oms1 ! object ( :i* is to express our reg>d = ! memory ( ! deceas$3 7#a47 ,a tomb/one 77 is set up 9 front ( or ov] ! grave ) ! "n ( ! deceas$1 ! date ( 8 dea?1 & su* words ( praise z are dictat$ by ! love & ! e/eem 9 :i* ! deceas$ 0 held by ! m\rn]s4 7#b47 ,a lamp is kept burn+ #bag dur+ ! week1 or ! mon?1 or ! ye> ( m\rn+1 & on ! anniv]s>y ( ! day ( dea? 7,jahrzeit74 7#c47 ,by obs]v+ ! anniv]s>y ( ! dea? z a day devot$ to e>ne/ reflection1 & to m$itation on ! m]its & virtues ( ! deceas$2 we keep away f amusem5ts1 & say ,kaddi% 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,s]vices ( ! day4 ,"s obs]ve ! anniv]s>y z a fa/-day4 7#d47 ,by do+ "s mitsvah #bah 9 commemoration ( ! deceas$4 7#e47 ,by reg>d+ ) respect & piety ! wi%es ( ! dep>t$ relative or fri5d1 especially ^? utt]$ :5 dea? 0 approa*+4 ,our ,sages tea*3 8,x is our duty to fulfil ! wi%es ( ! dep>t$40 #bai ,! abs5ce ( ?is inn] respect & piety makes all ! outw>d signs ( m\rn+1 h[ev] consci5ti\sly obs]v$1 valueless & illusory4 ,,notes4 ,9 addition to ! cu/oms already m5tion$1 !re are a few call+ = "s obs]vation1 cu/oms :i* might seem sup]/iti\s1 b are n s if prop]ly und]/ood4 ,:5 life is ext9ct ! eyes ( ! deceas$ are clos$1 & 9 "s cases also ! m\? is kept %ut4 ,?is is probably done out ( reg>d = ! dead1 t _! face %\ld n pres5t a too gha/ly & repulsive appe>ance4 ,! cu/om is m5tion$ 9 ! ,mi%nah1 ,%abba? xxiii4 #e1 & is also allud$ to 9 ! words1 8,& ,joseph %all put 8 h&s ^u ?9e eyes0 7,g54 xlvi4 #d74 ,f ! h\se 9 :i* !re 0 a dead p]son1 & f ! h\ses 9 its imm$iate neighb\rhood1 ! wat] 0 p\r$ out4 ,accord+ to ,num4 xix41 ev]y?+ 9 ! h\se--&1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 also 9 ! neighb\r+ h\ses--0 unclean2 ! wat] 0 p\r$ out1 f fe> le/ x be us$ 9 prep>+ holy food1 su* z t]umah 78heave-(f]+074 ,fur!rmore1 a koh5 is n all[$ to ent] su* a h\se1 & ! p\r+ away ( ! wat] s]v$ z an indication t a dead p]son 0 9 ! h\se4 ,an important elem5t 9 ! prep>ation = ! burial is ! 8clean+0 & rob+ ( ! body 772 ! cleans+ ( ! body be=e x returns to ! e>? is to be a symbol ( ! purification ( ! s\l by ! m]cy ( ,god4 ,x is cu/om>y t ^? :o came into contact ) ! deceas$ dur+ 8 lifetime express regret = any (f5ce !y may h committ$1 kn[+ly or unkn[+ly1 aga9/ him--a good cu/om1 t might s]ve z an exhortation to u all to be c>eful 9 our actions t[>ds our liv+ fell[-m54 ,:5ev] we m5tion ! "n ( a deceas$ fri5d or relative we add1 z a m>k ( respect1 7 or 7 1 77 1 or 77 7abbreviat$1 1 1 or 71 8,peace be to him 7h] or !m710 88 7or h]7 memory be = a bless+10 8! memory ( ! righte\s be = a bless+10 or 88 7or h]7 re/ be ,ed540 ,comp4 ,zunz1 ,zur ,lit]atur u4 ,ges*i*te4 ,simil>ly we add to ! names ( liv+ fri5ds & relatives ! wi% 771 or 8,may he 7or %e7 live10 or 8,may 8 light cont9ue to %9e40 ,,app5dix4 ,i4 ,,! ,,?irte5 ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,fai?4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ,note4-- 8:5 x w be decre$10 lit4 8:5 x--! resurrection--w asc5d into ! w40 ,comp4 ! ,talmudical 8y ?9k10 lit4 8x asc5ds into y\r m9d40 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,jewi% ,,cal5d>4 #a4 ,nisan4--,! ,sabba? be=e ,passov] is call$ 8! ,great ,sabba?10 on acc\nt ( ! importance ( ! approa*+ fe/ival4 #ad?3 8! ,eve ( ,passov]40 ,fa/ ( ! ,fir/-born4 #ae? to #bbnd3 8,passov]40 #af?3 8,beg9n+ ( c\nt+ ! ,om]10 #ag? to #bj?3 8,half-holydays40 #bcrd3 8,f>ewell to ! ,fe/ival40 #b4 ,iy>4--#ad?3 8,second ,passov]0 7,num4 ix4 #i sqq474 #ah?3 ! #ccrd ( ! ,om]4 8,s*ol>'s fea/40 ,fa/s kept by "s1 on ! fir/ ,monday1 ,?ursday1 & ,monday succe$+ ea* o!r 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! mon?1 9 ord] to atone = s9s !y may h committ$ on ! ,holydays4 #c4 ,sivan4--#crd1 #d?1 & #e?3 8,! ?ree days ( bord]+0 7,exod4 xix4 #aj-ab74 #e?3 8,! eve ( ! ,fea/ ( ,weeks40 #f? & #g?3 8,fea/ ( ,weeks10 also call$ 8,p5teco/40 #h?3 8,f>ewell to ! ,fe/ival40 #d4 ,tammuz4--#ag?3 8,fa/ ( ,tammuz10 #e4 ,ab4--8,sabba? be=e ! ,fa/10 7see p4 #dac7 #i?3 8,fa/ ( ,ab10 8,sabba? aft] ! ,fa/10 7ibid474 #ae?3 8#ae? ( ,ab40 ,reconciliation ( ! ,b5jamites ) ! o!r ,israelites 7,judges xxi474 #f4 ,ellul4-- 8,days ( propitiatory pray]s10 beg9n+ on ! fir/ day ( ! mon? accord+ to ! ,spani% ,rite1 & accord+ to ! ,g]man ,rite1 on ! ,sunday 7or #bnd ,s47 be=e #bi?3 8,! eve ( ,new-ye>40 #g4 ,ti%ri4--#a/ & #bnd3 8,new-ye>10 #crd3 8,fa/ ( ,g$aliah10 #a/ to #aj?3 8,! t5 p5it5tial days10 8,! ,sabba? aft] ,new-ye>10 7see p4 #dje74 #i?3 8,! eve ( ! ,day ( ,atonem5t40 #aj?3 or 8,! ,day ( ,atonem5t40 #ad?3 8,! eve ( ,sukko?40 #ae? to #ba/3 8,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles40 #ag? to #ba/3 8,half-holyday40 #ba/3 8,! ,great ,ho%ana ,s]vice40 #bbnd & #bcrd3 8,fea/ ( ! eigh? day40 #bcrd3 8,rejoic+ ( ! ,law40 #bd?3 8,f>ewell to ! ,fe/ival40 ,he%van4-- 8,! ,fa/ ( #8,monday1 ,?ursday1 & ,monday1' kept by "s 9 ! c\rse ( ! mon?40 #i4 ,kislev4--#be? to #bnd 7or #crd7 ( ,tebe?3 8,fea/ ( ,d$ication40 #aj4 ,tebe?4--#aj?3 8,! ,fa/ ( ,tebe?40 #aa4 ,%ebhat4--#ae?3 8,new-ye> = trees40 ,! la/ ,sabba? 9 ! mon? 7or ! fir/ ( ,ad>1 if on ,saturday7 is 8,! ,sabba? ( ,%ekalim40 ,exod4 xxx4 #aa-af is read 9 addition to ! weekly section4 #ab4 ,ad>4--#g?3 ,anniv]s>y ( dea? ( ,moses4 ,sabba? be=e ,purim1 7,deut4 xxv4 #ag-ai74 #ac?3 8,fa/ ( ,e/h]40 #ad?3 ,purim1 8,! ,fea/ ( ,lots40 #ae?3 8,purim ( ,%u%an40 ,! la/ ,sabba? b "o1 ,num4 xix4 is read z an extra lesson4 ,! la/ ,sabba? 9 ! mon?1 or ! fir/ ( ,nisan1 if on ,saturday1 is ,exod4 xii4 #a-bj is read z an extra lesson4 #ac4 ,ad> ,%5i4-- 1 1 1 1 & :i* 9 an ord9>y ye> are obs]v$ 9 ,ad>1 are 9 a leap-ye> kept 9 ,ad> ,%5i2 & ei!r on ! la/ ,sabba? 9 ,ad>1 or on ! fir/ ( ,ad> ,%5i1 if on ,saturday4 ,note4--,! #ae? ( ,%ebhat is1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( ! ,hillelites 7,mi%nah1 ,ro% ha-%anah i4 #a71 8,new-ye> = ! trees20 i4e41 9 ref]5ce to ti!s1 & to ! fruit ( ! f\r? or fif? ye> 7,lev4 xix4 #bd1 #be72 ! fruit t beg9s to gr[ on a tree betwe5 ! #ae? ( ,%ebhat ( "o ye> & ! same date next ye> is reckon$ z ! fruit ( "o ye>4 ,v>i\s reasons are giv5 = ! di/9ction ( ! #ae? ( ,ab3 7a47 ,! puni%m5t decre$ aga9/ ! ,israelites 9 ! wild]ness 9 connection ) ! spies 7,num4 xiv4 #bi7 0 discont9u$ f ! #ae? ( ,ab4 7b47 ,! po/s set up by ,j]oboam on ! bord]s ( 8 k+dom = ! purpose ( prev5t+ ,israelites f go+ up to ,j]usalem 7 remov$ on ?is date4 7c47 ,! prep>ation ( ! wood = ! alt> 0 complet$ on ! #ae? ( ,ab4 7d47 ,on ?is day ! ,israelites obta9$ p]mission to bury ! bodies ( ^? kill$ 9 ! w> aga9/ ,hadrian4 7e47 ,! reconciliation betwe5 ! ,b5jamites & ! o!r ,israelites took place on ! #ae? ( ,ab 7,judges xxi4 #ba sqq474 ,! ,mi%nah 7,taani? iv4 #h7 /ates t ! #ae? ( ,ab & ! ,day ( ,atonem5t 7 to ! ,israelites once days ( ! greate/ national rejoic+s = all alike1 ri* & poor4 ,9 memory ( ^! g5]al rejoic+s ! daught]s ( ,j]usalem wore on ^! days borr[$ :ite g>m5ts1 9 ord] t ^? poor :o _h none ( _! own %\ld n feel a%am$4 ,! ,mi%nah !n describes ! causes ( ! rejoic+s2 namely1 ! danc+s 9 ! v9ey>ds 7,judges1 l4 c47 = ! #ae? ( ,ab1 & ! giv+ ( ! ,law 7i4e41 ! giv+ ( ! second tables1 :i*1 accord+ to ,tradition1 took place on ! #aj? ( ,ti%ri71 & ! build+ ( ! ,temple 7i4e41 ! re>+ ( ! ,tab]nacle1 :i*1 accord+ to ,tradition1 0 comm&$ on ! #aj? ( ,ti%ri = ! rejoic+s on ! ,day ( ,atonem5t74 ,,iii4 ,,religi\s ,,education4 ,pr(essor ,laz>us 9 8 rec5t "w 8,die ,e?ik des ,jud5?ums0 made ! foll[+ obs]vations3 8,9 ! cont9uity ( ! _s ( our nation we discov] ! solution ( ! riddle1 :i* puzzl$ s _m ?9k]s1 viz43 h[ ! small tribe ( ! ,jews manag$ to outlive great & mighty nations40 ,?is cont9uity ( ! _s has be5 secur$ by our religi\s education4 ,x has be5 said t education aims at produc+ 9 ! y\ng] g5]ation ! capacity ( receiv+1 pres]v+ & develop+ ! culture we h acquir$2 ?is applies pre-em95tly to religi\s education4 ,t su* cont9uity exi/s 9 our religi\s education1 is evid5t f ! fact t up to ! pres5t day ! *ief text-book = religi\s in/ruction has rema9$ ! same3--! ,torah1 or 9 a wid] s5se1 ! ,bible1 t ev]fl[+ f\nta9 ( liv+ wat]s1 n only = u ,jews1 b = almo/ all civilis$ nations4 ,our duty to pres]ve ?is cont9uity by h&+ ov] to ! next g5]ation ! religi\s pr9ciples inh]it$ f our pr$ecessors is frequ5tly insi/$ ^u 9 ,holy ,writ1 & emphasiz$ on e occasion4 ,we h 9 ?is respect a d\ble duty to p]=m3 ,e p>5t is b\nd to secure z f> z possible ! well-be+ ( 8 *ildr52 religi\s education is indisp5sable = ! *ildr5's well-be+4 ,! ,torah1 ! s\rce ( our religi\s education1 is besides1 our ,national treasure & inh]itance1 & e memb] ( our community has z su* ! duty to gu>d & protect ?is treasure1 t ! ris+ g5]ation receive x 9 its integrity4 ,x is !re=e n suffici5t = any "o ( u to provide = ! religi\s in/ruction ( 8 own *ildr51 x is 8 duty to contribute 8 %>e t[>ds ! ma9t5ance ( ! public s*ools or classes e/abli%$ = ! religi\s in/ruction ( ! "y4 ,! ,israelites 9 ! wild]ness joyfully receiv$ ! ,national treasure1 & solemnly decl>$ 8! ,law :i* ,moses comm&$ u1 has be5 h&$ to u z an inh]itance10 to be transmitt$ f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,^! v words =m ! beg9n+ ( ! religi\s education ( our *ildr51 = z soon z !y are able to speak1 !y are taught to recite & to und]/& ! v]se 8,! ,law :i* ,moses comm&$ u1 ,o congregation ( ,jacob1 is an inh]itance40 7,deut4 xxxiii4 #d474 ,9 accordance ) ?is pr9ciple1 ! ,torah1 ! read+ ( ! ,torah 9 its orig9al language1 9 ! ,hebrew1 ! translation & ! und]/&+ ( ! ,torah1 mu/ =m ! basis ( ,jewi% ,religi\s ,education1 bo? 9 private & public in/ruction4 ,! ,torah is ! ess5tial elem5t 9 ! curriculum ( ,jewi% ,in/itutions = ,religi\s in/ruction4 ,our ,sages !re=e tea* 7,abo? v4 #b73 8,read ! ,torah aga9 & aga91 = ev]y?+ is 9 x1 & 9 x ?\ wilt see ev]y?+2 & ev5 :5 ?\ art old & worn out1 rema9 fai?ful to x1 & f x d n move away1 = !re is no bett] measure = !e ?an ! ,torah40 ,!re are o!r important subjects :i* ,jewi% *ildr5 ( bo? sexes are expect$ to le>n & to "k3 ,! pr9ciples ( ,religion1 ,scripture ,hi/ory1 ,jewi% ,hi/ory & ,lit]ature1 ,geography ( ,pale/9e & ,hebrew ,gramm>4 ,none ( ^! subjects %\ld be exclud$ f ! curriculum ( a ,jewi% ,s*ool4 ,!y mu/ be taught1 b mu/ be taught 9 su* a way t !y help to illu/rate ! lessons ( ! ,law1 & to facilitate its /udy4 ,x is c]ta9ly ( great importance t our *ildr5 %\ld acquire z mu* k z possible ( our ,hi/ory & ,lit]ature2 ( f> great] importance1 h[ev]1 is ! tra9+ ( ! he>t 9 ! fai? ( ,god1 ! inculcation ( rev]5ce = ! ,torah & ! creation ( a desire to live a pure1 good & holy life1 bas$ on ! fe> & love ( ,god4 ,text-books ( ,religion1 ?\gh useful bo? to tea*] & pupil1 mu/ by no means sup]s$e ! orig9al1 ! ,torah4 ,:]e = "s cog5t reason a m9imum ( "t is sp>$ = religi\s in/ruction--z is e4g4 ! case 9 _m ,religion ,classes connect$ ) ,public ,s*ools & ,colleges1 special c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! ,torah receive its due att5tion4 ,! be/ me?od mu/ be employ$1 ! be/ possible tea*]s mu/ be engag$1 :o are well tra9$ 9 ! art ( tea*+1 & possess a ?or\gh k ( our holy religion & our hi/ory4 ,if 9 addition to ^! qualifications1 ! tea*] devotes himself to 8 pr(ession ) love & en?usiasm1 8 words1 com+ f ! he>t1 w f9d _! way into ! he>t ( ! pupil4 ,no "t c be sp>$ = metaphysical speculations or = problems ( ,bible criticism4 ,besides1 8,! hidd5 ?+s belong to ! ,"l our ,god1 b ! ?+s :i* h be5 reveal$ are = u & our *ildr5 = ev]3 to d all ! words ( ?is ,law40 7,deut4 xxix4 #bh74 ,accord+ to ! tea*+ ( ,abo?1 7v4 #bb7 8"o mom5t ( victory ov] s9 & temptation 9 ?is life surpasses all ! bless+s ( ! future life10 & to tra9 our y\?s 9 ! way lead+ to su* bliss1 is ! aim & motive ( all ,religi\s tea*+4 ,,iv4 ,,pray] ,,= ,,b>mitzvah4 ,pray] :i* ! "y ,c&idate1 hav+ previ\sly und]gone a religi\s exam9ation1 %\ld recite1 :5 call$ to ! ,law1 be=e ! ,bless+4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,,iv4 ,o ,,my ,,god ,,& ,,god ,,( ,,my ,,=efa!rs6 ,on ?is solemn & sacr$ day1 :i* m>ke? my passage f boyhood to manhood1 ,i humbly v5ture to raise my eyes unto ,!e1 & to decl>e1 ) s9c]ity & tru?1 t h5ce=? ,i w obs]ve all ,?y comm&m5ts1 & und]take & be> ! responsibility ( all m9e actions t[>ds ,!e4 ,9 my e>lie/ infancy ,i 0 br\ght )9 ,?y sacr$ cov5ant ) ,israel1 & to-day ,i aga9 ent] z an active responsible memb]1 ! pale ( ,?9e elect congregation1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* ,i w nev] cease to glorify ,?y holy "n 9 ! face ( all nations4 ,d ,?\1 ,o ,heav5ly ,fa!r1 he>k5 unto ?is my humble pray]1 & v\*safe unto me ,?y graci\s bless+s1 s t my e>?ly life may be su/a9$ & made happy by ,?9e ineffable m]cies4 ,tea* me ! way ( ,?y /atutes1 t ,i may obey !m1 & fai?fully c>ry out ,?9e ord9ances4 ,dispose my he>t to love ,!e & to fe> ,?y holy "n1 & grant me ,?y support & ! /r5g? necess>y to avoid ! worldly dang]s :i* encompass ! pa? ly+ be=e me4 ,save me f temptation1 s t ,i may ) =titude obs]ve ,?y holy ,law1 & ^? precepts on :i* human happ9ess & et]nal life dep5d4 ,?us ,i w e day ( my life tru/fully & gladly proclaim3 8,he>1 ,o ,israel1 ! ,"l is our ,god1 ! ,"l is ,"o60 ,v4 ,,bibliography4 ,religi\s books = ! use ( *ildr5 at home or 9 s*ool 7 unkn[n 9 old5 times4 ,! ,torah 0 taught1 & ) x e ?+ else4 ,a great "p ( ! ,book ( ,prov]bs & _m ( ! ,psalms may h be5 int5d$ = ! education ( ! "y4 ,9 ! e>ly po/-,biblical "t we meet ) books l ,! ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 ,! ,wisdom ( ,jo%ua1 son ( ,sira*1 & ,say+s ( ! ,fa!rs1 :i* may h s]v$ ! same purpose4 ,to ^! may be add$ 8,! ,duties ( ! ,he>t10 by ,ba*ya ibn ,pekuda1 8,! ,exam9ation ( ! ,_w0 7,be*9a? ,olam71 8,! ,*oice ( ! ,pe>ls10 by ,ibn ,gabirol1 ,abraham ibn ,ezra's 8,f\ndation ( ! ,fe> ( ,god1 & ,pr9ciple ( ! ,law10 & 8,! ,book ( ! ,righte\s10 by ,rabb5u ,jacob ,tam1 & 8,! ,moral ,lessons0 7,toaliyyo?7 by ,rabbi ,levi b5 ,g]son1 & 8,! ,%ulhan ,aru*0 ( ,r4 ,judah ,aryeh di ,mod5a4 ,all ^! works are excell5t books = ! in/ruction ( ! "y4 ,!y inculcate religi\s lessons1 & %ew ! way to a pi\s life1 b !y are n text books ( religion 9 ! mod]n s5se ( ! t]m4 ,?is bran* ( lit]ature began to develop 9 ! la/ c5tury1 ) ! exception ( ,abraham ,jaghel's ,leka*-tob1 :i* 0 writt5 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & 0 ! fir/ ,cate*ism ( ,jewi% ,religion4 ,x 0 compos$ 9 ! ,hebrew ,language & subsequ5tly translat$ into ,lat9 & ,engli%4 ,s9ce la/ c5tury1 h[ev]1 religi\s books ( all sizes1 =ms & t5d5cies h be5 produc$ 9 all c\ntries1 especially 9 ,g]many4 ,! foll[+ li/ conta9s su* books z are includ$ 9 ! ,jews' ,college ,libr>y3-- ,,engli%-- ,albu1 ,i41 4 ,london1 #ahfj4 ,a%]1 ,b4 ,h41 ,initiation ( ! ,y\?4 ,london1 #ahej4 ,a%]1 ,d41 ,outl9es ( ,jewi% ,religion4 ,man*e/]1 #ahde4 ,cah51 ,m41 ,cate*ism ( ,religion4 ,liv]pool1 #ahij4 ,cahun1 ,b41 ,! ,?irte5 ,articles ( ,fai?4 ,engli% & ,fr5*4 ,london1 #ahhe4 ,coh51 ,m4 ,r41 ,pr9ciples ( ,judaism4 ,sydney1 #ahee4 ,coh51 ,s4 ,i41 ,elem5ts ( ,jewi% ,fai?4 ,philadelphia1 #ahac4 ,coh51 ,s4 ,i41 ,elem5ts ( ,hebrew & ,engli%4 ,london1 #ahae4 ,davidson1 ,m41 ,moral & ,religi\s ,guide4 ,london1 #ahee4 ,e>ly lesson 9 ! ,jewi% ,religion1 adopt$ f ! ,cate*ism ( ,giuseppi ,levi4 ,london1 #ahfi4 ,fe/ivals ( ! ,"l4 ,london1 #ahci4 ,fri$lnd]1 ,m41 ,text book ( ,jewi% ,religion4 ,london1 #ahia4 ,goodman1 ,t41 ,fai? ( ,israel4 #ahce4 ,joseph1 ,n41 ,religion3 ,natural & ,reveal$4 ,london1 #ahgi4 ,kley1 ,e41 ,cate*ism1 translat$ f ! ,g]man by ,i4 ,lutomirski4 ,ox=d1 #ahdb4 ,less]1 ,isaac1 ,in/ruction 9 ! ,mosaic ,religion4 ,philadelphia1 #ahcj4 ,meldola1 ,r41 ,way ( ,fai?4 ,london1 #ahdh4 ,m5dez1 ,a4 ,p41 ,! ,law ( ,moses4 ,london1 #ahfa4 ,moss1 ,ph41 ,cal5d>1 ,hebrew & ,engli%4 ,london1 #ahec4 ,van ,ov51 ,j41 ,manual ( ,judaism4 ,london1 #ahce4 ,picciotto1 ,m4 ,h41 ,translation ( ,reggio's ,guide = ! ,religi\s ,in/ruction4 ,london1 #ahee4 ,,9 ,,g]man-- ,arnhe91 ,a41 ,leitfad54 ,glasg[1 #ahbi4 ,p4 ,be]1 ,h&bu*4 ,prague1 #ahah4 ,b5-,zev1 4 ,wi51 #ahjf4 ,b+1 ,a41 ,hauptlehr5 des ,jud5?ums4 ,mn*51 #ahbg4 ,bock1 ,m4 ,h41 ,cate*ismus4 ,b]l91 #ahad4 ,brck1 ,m41 ,c]emonialgebru*e4 ,breslau1 #aheg4 ,bd+]1 ,a41 4 ,cassel1 #ahcj4 ,fassel1 ,h4 ,b41 ,mosais*-rabb9is*e ,religionslehre4 ,gross ,kanisza1 #aheh4 ,feil*5feld1 ,w41 ,sy/ematis*es ,lehrbu* d] israelitis*5 ,religion4 ,pos51 #ahgh4 ,fri$5?al1 ,m4 ,b41 ,prag1 #ahbg4 ,funk1 ,b41 ,die ,zehngebote4 ,breslau1 #ahaf4 ,grnbaum1 ,e41 ,die ,sitt5lehre des ,jud5?ums4 ,mannheim1 #ahfg4 ,dr4 ,he9emann1 7,hebrew & ,g]man74 ,cassel1 #ahab4 ,dr4 ,h]xheim]1 ,glaub5s- und ,pfli*t5lehre4 ,b]nburg1 #ahdc4 ,hirs*1 ,r41 ,israel's ,pfli*t54 ,altona1 #ahcg4 ,ho*/dt]1 ,b41 ,glaub5slehre4 ,ems1 #ahfb4 ,johlson1 ,j41 ,leitfad51 ,pf4 a_/,m4 #ahci4 ,kaufmann ,d41 ,cate*ismus4 ,pe/1 #ahhd4 ,kohn1 ,s41 ,religionslehre4 ,wi51 #ahec4 ,l&au1 ,t41 ,das ,levit5haus1 ,husli*e ,ritual-,gesetze4 ,fkft4 a_/,m4 #ahei4 ,la%1 ,g41 ,die gttli*5 ,gesetze4 ,halb]/adt1 #aheg4 ,pr(4 ,laz>us1 ,die ,e?ik des ,jud5?ums4 ,b]l91 #ahih4 ,lehrbu* d] israelitis*5 ,religion4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahcg4 ,leimdo]f]1 ,d41 ,religionslehre4 ,nordhaus51 #ahgf4 ,loew5heim1 ,die mosais*e ,religion4 ,liesna*1 #ahfd4 ,mannheim]1 ,i41 ,gebetbu* und ,religions ,unt]ri*t4 ,d>m/adt1 #ahha4 ,mira4 ,h41 ,leitfad54 ,breslau1 #ahci4 ,neuman1 ,m4 ,s41 ,religionslehre4 ,pe/1 #ahbf4 ,philippson1 ,l41 ,israelitis*e ,religionslehre4 ,leipzig1 #ahfa4 ,philippson1 ,s41 ,cate*ismus4 ,leipzig1 #ahdc4 ,plessn]1 ,s41 ,jdis*-,mosais*] ,religions unt]ri*t4 ,b]l91 #ahci4 ,/e91 ,l41 ,torah u4 ,mizwa4 ,fkft4 o_/,m4 #ahej4 ,/]n1 ,m4 ,e41 ,h&bu* zum jdis*5 ,religions-unt]ri*te4 ,wi51 #ahfa4 ,,fr5* ,,& ,,italian-- ,blo*1 ,s41 ,la ,foi d',israel4 ,p>is1 #ahei4 ,lamb]t1 ,l4 ,m41 ,cat*isme ,hebreu1 ,allem& et ,franais4 ,p>is1 #ahcg4 ,loeb1 ,h41 ,*em9 de la foi4 ,p>is1 #ahei4 ,vogue1 ,l41 ,la guide du croyant ,israelite4 ,metz1 #aheg4 ,ca/iglioni1 ,i4 ,v41 ,dottr9a ,religiosa4 ,trie/e1 #ahfa4 ,tremellius1 ,imm41 ,dottr9a ,religiosa4 ,engli% translation4 ,london1 #ahah4 ,mod5a1 ,d4 ,z41 ,cate*ism4 ,reggio1 #ahbe4 ,,judaeo-,,g]man-- 4 ,w>saw1 #aheb4 ,moral lessons1 illu/rat$ by tales f ,talmud & ,midra%4 ,rdelheim1 #ahcg4 ,,collections ,,( ,,moral ,,say+s-- ,mai]1 ,j41 ,spr*e4 ,texts = ,moral ,lessons4 ,tf o_/,m1 #ahcj4 ,/e9s*neid]1 ,m41 4 ,b]l91 #ahdg4 ,mocatta1 ,m41 ,say+s f ,prov]bs & ,ecclesia/es4 ,london1 #ahcg4 ,jo%4 ,/e9b]g1 4 ,wilna1 #ahga4 ,edelmann1 ,h41 4 ,london1 #aheb4 ,,notes #a ,:5 our great !ologians1 ,saadiah1 ,ba*ya1 ,maimonides1 ,albo1 c41 consid]$ x necess>y to write long & ab/ruse metaphysical essays 9 ord] to firmly e/abli% c]ta9 tru?s1 x 0 done r = ! purpose ( combat+ ! views ( oppon5t !ologians ?an = ! in/ruction ( ! multitude1 & x may fairly be said t ,maimonides has done f> great] s]vice to 8 bre?r5 by ! composition ( a sy/ematic code ( laws ?an by 8 philosophical 8,guide40 ,! =m]1 ! ,mi%neh-,torah1 nev] fails to enlight5 ^? :o seek 9 x enlight5m5t ) reg>d to "s religi\s duty1 :il/ ! 8,guide0 w\ld sc>cely relieve anyone ( 8 p]plexities 9 matt]s ( religi\s belief4 ,!re is a say+ 9 ! ,talmud ,j]us4 7,*agigah1 *4 i471 8,w\ld t !y _h =gott5 me1 & kept my comm&m5ts60 or1 9 o!r words1 8,!ologians w\ld d bett] if !y 7 less eag] to inve/igate into ! ess5ce ( ,god & ,8 attributes1 & 7 m anxi\s to /udy & to d ,god's comm&m5ts40 ,in/ead ( devot+ _! *ief att5tion to ! k & ! practice ( ! ,law1 !y wa/e _! en]gy & _! "t 9 attempts to solve problems to :i* ! human m9d is unequal 7,s4 ,plessn]1 ,religions-,unt]ri*t1 p4 xxxviii474 #b ,po/-biblical au?ors frequ5tly employ ! t]m 9 ! s5se ( religi\s belief1 & 9 ! s5se ( religi\s duties2 ! equival5t = religion is 4 #c ,= ! ,hebrew see ,app5dix ,i4 #d ,! ,hebrew z well z ! ,greek 8prophet10 signifies 8speak]0 or 8prea*]40 #e i4e41 t ! w> ) ! ,canaanite tribes 0 to be c>ri$ on z a holy w>1 9 fulfilm5t ( ,god's comm&1 & n = ! purpose ( spoil & plund]4 #f ,k+ ,amaziah ( ,judah *all5g$ ,joa%1 k+ ( ,israel1 to fight ) him4 ,joa% consid]$ ?is *all5ge z an arrogance to be comp>$ to ! arrogance ( ! ?i/le 9 ! above fable4 #g ,! fai? ( ,israel 9 ! ,omnipot5ce ( ,god1 :o c d wond]s = ! salvation ( ,8 p1 is figuratively repres5t$ z a *ild1 call$ 8,! ,almighty1 c41 devise? wond]s10 c4 #h ,comp4 p4 #hc4 #i i4e41 he :o is tru?ful 9 ord9>y conv]sation is also a tru/wor?y witness 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice2 ^? :o are accu/om$ to say falsehood _c be tru/$ 9 important matt]s4 #aj ,x seems t ! au?or copi$ ! dream z ,daniel _h writt5 x d[n1 b ! int]pretation 0 h&$ d[n by tradition4 #aa ,! ,israelites4 ,comp4 ,exod4 xix4 #f4--,"p ( ?is vision ref]s to ! "t ( ! ,maccabees1 "p to ! ,messianic p]iod4 #ab ,"s are ( op9ion t ! t]m 8weeks0 is n to be tak5 lit]ally1 b 9 ! s5se ( 8ye>10 or 8a p]iod ( sev5 ye>s40 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no pro( = su* int]pretation4 ,! _m attempts to expla9 ! sev5ty ye>-weeks h )\t exception prov$ a failure4 #ac ,see p4 #aba4 #ad ,x is1 h[ev]1 possible t 1 lit4 8words10 means "h 8hi/ory40 #ae ,! ,talmud is also call$ 7,%ass71 ! initials ( 4 #af ,! ^w is int5d$ to indicate ! numb] #ad1 ! "w be+ divid$ into #ad books4 #ag ,accord+ to ,ra%i1 ,rabbi ,hillel meant to say t ! ,jews w\ld n be r$eem$ by any ,messiah1 b by ,god ,himself4 ,comp4 ,haggadah = ,s$]-ev5+1 8,& ,i w pass ?r\gh ! l& ( ,egypt2 ,i myself1 & n an angel40 #ah ,comp4 supra1 p4 #abb4 #ai ,see ,essays on ! ,writ+s ( ,ibn ,ezra1 by ,m4 ,fri$lnd]1 p4 #g note #a4 #bj ,! ,piel ( a v]b has frequ5tly ?is mean+1 e4g41 8to be holy20 ,pi41 8to decl>e z holy20 8to be pure20 ,pi41 8to decl>e z pure20 s 8to be at an end20 ,pi41 8to decl>e z be+ f9i%$40 #ba ,die ,religions-,philosophie d] ,jud51 by ,s4 ,hirs*4 p4 #dde ff4 #bb ,! phrase is also us$ 9 ! s5se ( 8devotion dur+ pray]40 #bc ,i4e41 ! "n or ,god consi/+ ( f\r lett]s 71 1 & 74 ,! correct pronunciation ( ! ^w n be+ kn[n1 adonai1 8,"l10 is sub/itut$ = x4 #bd ,! 8second day0 7,neh4 viii4 #ac71 z a day ( devotion & m$itation on ! ,^w ( ,god1 is probably ! ,day ( ,atonem5t4 #be ,x is "h assum$ t ! ,torah 0 n int5d$ to be writt5 9 a *ronological ord]1 & t ?is comm&m5t 0 giv5 aft] ! ,bless+ ( ,moses 0 writt54 #bf ,maimonides accepts = ?is v]se ! ,midra%ic explanation3 no?+ ( ! ,torah has rema9$ 9 heav5 = lat] revelations4 #bg 4 #bh ,he is probably call$ ,elijah on acc\nt ( ! zeal :i* he w display 9 br++ m5 back to ! s]vice ( ,god4 #bi ,mi%nah ,eduyo? viii4 #g4 #cj ,lit41 8,! accept+ ( ! yoke ( ! heav5's dom9ion20 8,! accept+ ( ! yoke ( ! precepts40 ,! expression 8yoke0 is "h by no means d]ogatory4 ,x simply indicates ! duty :i* 9 ! "o case 8! dom9ion ( heav510 & 9 ! o!r case 8! ,div9e precepts10 impose ^u u4 #ca ,hebrew titles ( books are (t5 fanciful names1 :i* m or less di/9ctly imply ei!r ! nature or cont5ts ( ! books1 or ! "n ( _! au?ors4 ,! ,hebrew names = ! f\rte5 books ( ,mi%neh-torah are z foll[s3 7#a7 8,k20 7#b7 8,love20 7#c7 8,seasons20 7#d7 8,wom520 7#e7 8,sanctification20 7#f7 8,di/9ction20 7#g7 8,se$s20 7#h7 8,s]vice20 7#i7 8,sacrifices20 7#aj7 8,purity20 7#aa7 8,damages20 7#ab7 8,acquisition30 7#ac7 8,disputes20 7#ad7 8,judges40 ,rabb5u ,jakob calls 8 "w 8,f\r ,r[s10 a "n borr[$ f ,exod4 xxviii4 #ag4 ,! names ( ! f\r p>ts are3 8,pa? ( ,life0 7,ps4 xvi4 #aa72 8,tea*] ( k0 7,isa4 xxviii4 #i72 8,/one ( ,help0 7#a ,sam4 vii4 #ab1 & ,g54 ii4 #ah71 & 8,brea/plate ( ,judgm5t0 7,exod4 xxviii4 #ae74 #cb ,i4e41 if a p]son has no fe> ( ,god1 he is himself ! sole cause ( its abs5ce1 & he alone is responsible = x4 #cc ,! words ( ! ,mi%nah are ,! mean+s ( ?ree roots are comb9$ 9 ?is int]pretation ( ! words viz41 8exce$+ly10 8measur+10 & 8?ank+40 ,! ?ree words are simil> 9 s\nd4 #cd ,! t]m 7lit41 8reflect+ on pray]07 has two mean+s3 7#a7 reflect+ on ! pray] :ile utt]+ x2 devotion2 9 ,g]man1 ,&a*t2 7#b7 reflect+ on ! pray] aft] hav+ utt]$ x1 :ile we are wait+ = ! sure fulfilm5t ( ! wi%es express$ 9 x4 #ce ,9 ! :ole ,book ( ,e/h] ! "n ( ,god does n occur ev5 once4 ,x is n m]e *ance2 !re are sev]al passages :]e ! m5tion ( ! ,div9e ,be+ is expect$1 & x is believ$ t ! omission is due to ! fe> ( a subsequ5t desecration ( ! book 9 ! h&s ( ! ,p]sians4 #cf ,i4e41 ! ^w consi/+ ( f\r lett]s1 yod1 h1 vav & h4 #cg ,e4g41 by giv+ bad advice & transgress+ ! law1 8,?\ %alt n put a /umbl+ block be=e ! bl9d0 7,lev4 xix4 #ad74 #ch ,comp4 ! say+1 8,n ! m\se is ! ?ief1 b ! hole40 #ci ,^? :o become security = a /rang] are blam$ 7,prov4 vi4 #a seq47 z act+ ra%ly1 & fooli%ly endang]+ _! peace & welf>e4 #dj ,see p4 #bid4 #da ,! ,hebrew is compos$ ( ! names ( ! ?ree consecutive ,sidras1 ,lev4 xvi4-xxiv4 #db ,lit41 inquir+1 scil41 :at ! condition ( ! pati5t is1 & :at is ne$$ = 8 recov]y4 #dc ,comp4 supra1 p4 #bfa4 #dd ,! pray] = ! head ( ! ,/ate1 beg9n+ has its orig9 9 ?is s5se ( loyalty t[>ds ! ,/ate 9 :i* we live4 #de ,i4e41 ,:5 ! old & exp]i5c$ c\nsel to pull d[n a h\se1 ! pull+ d[n is ess5tial to its rebuild+2 :il/ ! c\nsel ( "y & inexp]i5c$ m5 to build may imply de/ructive elem5ts4 #df ,!re are "s exceptions to ?is rule3--,! ,read] we>s ! tali? dur+ e ,s]vice2 9 "s congregations m\rn]s we> x :5 !y recite kaddi%4 ,on ! ,day ( ,atonem5t ! :ole congregation we> ! tali? dur+ all ! ,s]vices4 ,on ! ,fa/ ( ,ab ! tali? is put on be=e ! ,aft]noon ,s]vice in/ead ( dur+ ! ,morn+ ,s]vice4 #dg ,!re are two =ms ( ! bless+ :i* accompanies ! p]=mance ( a ,div9e precept3 ! precept is express$ 7#a7 by a n\n :i* is prec$$ by ! preposition 8conc]n+20 7#b7 by ! inf9itive ( a v]b prec$$ by ! preposition 8to10 e4g41 8conc]n+ ! comm&m5t ( tsitsi?10 & 8to wrap ourselves ) a g>m5t provid$ ) tsitsi?40 ,! latt] =m is us$ 7#a7 :5 ! bless+ is recit$ be=e ! p]=mance ( ! mitsvah has comm5c$2 7#b7 :5 he :o p]=ms ! mitsvah is p]sonally comm&$ to p]=m x4 ,9 all o!r cases ! fir/ =m is us$4 ,h5ce 1 because we are1 z a rule1 n 9 a fit /ate = pray] :5 we put x on1 & !re=e recite ! bless+ lat] on2 2 because he :o reads might j z well be "o ( ! li/5]s4 ,we say at ! comm5cem5t ( ! mitsvah2 be=e ! second "p4 7,see ,babyl4 ,talm4 ,pesa*im1 p4 #g47 #dh ,! t]m rem9ds u ( 8pray]10 & d5otes ?+s us$ dur+ pray]4 ,orig9ally x _h probably ! m g5]al signification3 ornam5t or head-ornam5t2 9 ! ,*aldee ,v]sion x is ! translation ( 1 :i* d5otes 8head-ornam5t40 7,comp4 ,mi%nah ,%abba? vi4 #a47 #di ,two sides ( ! bayi? h ! %9 impress$ on !m1 ! "r & ! left2 b 9 diff]5t =ms1 on ! "r ! lett] has ?ree /rokes 771 on ! left x has f\r /rokes 771 9 ord] to ensure ! "r ord] ( ! f\r p>agraphs 77 :i* ! bayi? conta9s f "r to left4 #ej ,! knot =m$ by ! ( ! tefillah %el ro% has ! %ape ( a dale?1 t ( ! tefillah %el yad is l a yod2 ^! two lett]s add$ to ! %9 ( ! tefill9 %el ro% read %addai1 8,almighty40 #ea ,9 ! ev5+ x 0 b natural t tsitsi? & tefill9 %\ld be laid aside1 z ! great] "p ( ! night 0 devot$ to sleep2 ! rule 0 !re=e g5]ally adopt$3 8,! night is n ! prop] "t = lay+ tefill90 7 74 ,! opposite pr9ciple1 h[ev]1 8,! night is likewise a suitable "t = lay+ tefill90 7 71 _h also its advocates among ,rabb9ical au?orities 7,babyl4 ,talm4 ,m5a*o? #cf;b74 #eb ,) ! completion ( ! ?irte5? ye> a boy becomes ( age 9 ref]5ce to ! fulfilm5t ( all religi\s duties4 ,he is !n call$ ,b>-mitsvah 7lit4 8a son ( ! comm&m5t071 a memb] ( ! ,jewi% community1 ^u :om devolve all su* duties z a ,jew has to p]=m4 ,on ! ,sabba? foll[+ t bir?day he is call$ to ! ,law1 ei!r to read a portion ( ! ,sidra or to li/5 to its read+1 & publicly ackn[l$ge ,god z ! ,giv] ( ! ,law4 #ec ,comp>e p4 #cbi4 #ed ,see ,daily ,pray] ,book1 ,morn+ ,s]vice4 #ee ,!re are1 besides1 on ! back ( ! scroll1 j beh9d ! names ( ,god 9 ! fir/ l9e ?ree words ( a my/ic "* consi/+ ( ! lett]s foll[+ 9 ! alphabet ! lett]s ( ^! div9e names4 ,! words h 9 !mselves no mean+1 & x may be t _! object is simply to indicate f outside :]e ! names ( ,god are writt51 & to prev5t a nail be+ driv5 ?r\gh t "p 9 fix+ ! mezuzah to ! door-po/4 #ef ,mi%neh-torah ,,iii41 ,zemannim1 ,hil4 ,%abba?1 *4 xxx4 #a4 #eg ,maimonides applies ^! t]ms to ,sabba?2 b !y apply g5]ally ) equal =ce to ! ,fe/ivals4 #eh ,we 8rememb]0 also ! ,sabba? or ,fe/ival by nam+ aft] x ! prec$+ day1 ! night foll[+1 & 9 ! case ( ,fe/ivals ! day foll[+3 ! eve ( ,sabba? or ,fe/ival 1 2 ! night aft] ,sabba? or ,fe/ival1 1 2 8! day aft] ! ,fe/ival10 7lit41 8b9d ! ,fe/ival10 ) ref]5ce to ,ps4 cxviii4 #bg74 #ei ,a simil> c]emony takes place be=e ! fir/ meal 9 ! morn+4 ,a cup ( w9e or o!r spiritu\s liquor is p\r$ out1 "s ,biblical passages ref]r+ to ! ,sabba? are recit$1 & ! usual bless+ is said be=e p>tak+ ( ! bev]age4 ,! bless+ conta9+ ! ,kiddu% is n said1 & ! c]emony has ! "n ,kiddu% or ,kiddu%a rabba1 8great ,kiddu%10 only on acc\nt ( its simil>ity ) ! ev5+ ,kiddu%4 ,! passages recit$ are ! foll[+3 ,exod4 xxxi4 #af1 #ag1 xx4 #h-aa2 ,isa4 lviii4 #ac1 #ad4 #fj ''' 8,bless$ art ?\1 ,o ,"l1 our ,god1 ,k+ ( ! univ]se1 :o ha/ creat$ ! fruit ( ! v9e40 ,9 ! abs5ce ( w9e1 or if w9e is dislik$ or injuri\s to heal?1 ! bless+ ov] bread is sub/itut$ = t ov] w9e4--,! bless+s are g5]ally prec$$ by ! ^w 8,is x y\r pleasure1 scil41 t ,i read80 :]eby x is simply int5d$ to call ! att5tion ( ! company to ! pray]4 #fa ,see p4 #ceb1 on ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! hol9ess ( ,sabba? & t ( ,fe/ivals4--,! la/ two 1 viz4 & are add$2 ! second "p ( ! latt] is slightly modifi$ 9 ord] to suit ! transition f ,sabba? to ,fe/ival4--,! ,habhdalah on ! night foll[+ ! ,day ( ,atonem5t consi/s ( ?ree 1 t ov] spices be+ omitt$1 except if ,jom-kippur falls on ,sabba?2 9 t case ! ,habhdalah includes all ! f\r 4 #fb ,habhdalah is likewise omitt$ :5 ,sabba? is closely foll[$ by ! ,fa/ ( ,ab4 ,on ,sabba? night1 eat+ & dr9k+ be+ =bidd51 only ! "o bless+1 is recit$2 t ov] spices is omitt$1 & ! rema9+ two bless+s are recit$ on ,sunday ev5+ aft] ! fa/4 #fc ,al?\gh ! :ole ( ! ,day ( ,atonem5t is devot$ to ,div9e ,s]vice1 less "t is giv5 to read+ f ! ,law ?an on ,sabba?1 9 ord] to leave m "t = ,pray]s1 ,confessions1 & ,m$itations4 ,rabbi ,akiba1 h[ev]1 0 ( op9ion t sev5 %\ld be call$ up to ! ,law on ! ,day ( ,atonem5t1 & six on ,sabba? 7,b4 ,talm4 ,megillah #bc;a74 #fd ,! di/ance all[$ is call$ 8a ,sabba?-j\rney10 & is #bjjj cubits 9 e direction2 x is reckon$ f ! outskirts ( ! place 9 :i* we live4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a p]son desires to p]=m a mitsvah1 su* z milah1 at a place di/ant ab\t a d\ble ,sabba?-j\rney f 8 domicile1 he may fix be=e ,sabba? 8 abode = t day half-way betwe5 ! two places1 & !n trav]se on ,sabba? ! :ole di/ance f ! "o place to ! o!r4 ,?is *ange ( abode is call$ erubhe !*um91 8comb9ation ( two ,sabba?-j\rneys into "o10 by *ang+ ! c5tre f :i* !y are measur$4 #fe ,!y are call$ 8pr9cipal k9ds ( "w10 & are ^? :i* directly or indirectly 7 want$ 9 ! erection ( ! ,tab]nacle1 & 7 !re=e includ$ 9 ! prohibition ( do+ any "w = ?is purpose 7,exod4 xxxi4 #ae & xxxv4 #b74 ,!re are c]ta9 ?+s :i* _c be br\ght "u any ( ^! heads1 & are nev]!less prohibit$1 because !y frequ5tly lead to a brea* ( ! ,sabba? laws2 e4g41 rid+ 9 a c>riage or 9 any k9d ( conveyance2 play+ music4 ,^! prohibitions are call$ i4e41 acts prohibit$ on ,sabba? & ,holy-days by our ,sages2 or 7lit41 8decree071 safegu>d aga9/ break+ ! ,law4 ,div9e precepts1 h[ev]1 orda9$ = ! ,sabba?--e4g41 sacrifices--or = a c]ta9 day1 :i* happ5s to fall on a ,sabba?--e4g41 initiation ( a male *ild into ! cov5ant ( ,abraham on ! eigh? day ( its bir?1 or sav+ ! life ( a fell[-man 9 case ( illness or any o!r dang]--mu/ be p]=m$ al?\gh !y may involve any ( ! acts o!rwise prohibit$ on ! day ( re/4 #ff ,! prep>ation ( food is only p]mitt$ on ,holy-days if want$ = ! same day1 except :5 ,sabba? foll[s imm$iately aft] ! ,holy-day4 ,9 t case x is all[able to prep>e ! food = ,sabba? on ! ,holy-day1 provid$ su* prep>ation has comm5c$ be=e & ne$ only be cont9u$ on ! ,holy-day4 ,! prep>ation made = ,sabba? be=e ! ,holy-day comes 9 is call$ erubh tabh%il91 8comb9ation ( di%es10 i4e41 ( ! di%es prep>$ = ,sabba? on ! eve ( ! ,fe/ival 7 7 & ( ^? prep>$ on ! ,fe/ival itself2 x is accompani$ by a bless+ & a decl>ation ( ! significance ( ! erubh4 ,! foll[+ is ! bless+3 ''' 8,bless$ art ?\ 444 :o ha/ sanctifi$ u by ?y comm&m5ts1 & ha/ orda9$ = u ! mitsvah ( erubh40 ,x may "h be not$ t !re are1 besides1 ?ree k9ds ( erubh1 viz43-- #a4 ,erubh te*umim4 ,see above1 page #cej4 #b4 ,erubh *ats]o? 7lit41 8comb9ation ( ! h\ses 9 a c\rt074 ,accord+ to ! traditional law1 we mu/ n c>ry any?+ on ,sabba? f a private place 7 7 into ! /reet 7 74 ,! =m] is def9$ to be a locality belong+ to "o p]son or family1 & sep>at$ f ! public by a f5ce4 ,! ,jewi% inhabitants ( a c\rt or a t[n clos$ on all sides comb9e to =m "o family1 & ?us turn ! into 4 ,! symbol ( su* comb9ation consi/s ( "s food kept 9 a room1 to :i* all h access 7e4g41 ! ,synagogue74 ,?is is ! orig9 & mean+ ( ! ,passov]-cake 77 :i* may /ill be notic$ 9 "s ( ! ,cont95tal ,synagogues4 #c4 ,erubh p> excell5ce4--,an op5+ left 9 a f5ce or wall r\nd a mu/ at lea/ h "s tok5 t indicates ! clos+ ( ! space2 e4g41 a wire drawn ?r\gh ! op5 space f "o "p ( ! f5ce to ! o!r4 ,su* symbol is call$ erubh1 8comb9ation ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! f5ce or wall into "o40 ,su* erubh may likewise be notic$ 9 "s ( ! ,cont95tal t[ns4 ,9 all ^! cases ! symbol 0 n introduc$ = ! purpose ( p]mitt+ ! actual transgression ( a law1 b r = ! purpose ( rem9d+ u ( :at ! law =bids u to d2 s9ce1 9 fact1 t :i* becomes p]mitt$ ?r\gh ^! symbols is ev5 9 _! abs5ce no direct brea* ( any ( ! ,sabba? laws4 #fg ,comp4 ! two =ms ( ! pray] 9 ! ,ev5+ ,s]vice = week-days & = ,sabba?1 9 ! ,spani% ,ritual4 #fh 77 8,to-day is ,sabba? & we mu/ n lam5t1 = recov]y 7com=t7 is ne> to come2 n[ keep ,sabba? 9 peace40 #fi 7,b4 ,talm4 ,%abba?1 #ah;a74 #gj ,exod4 xvi4 #ac1 #ad4 #ga ,ano!r explanation ( ?is cu/om has be5 sugge/$4 ,bread & w9e be+ be=e u1 x is d\btful :i* %\ld h ! pref]5ce = ! purpose ( ,kiddu%2 ! bread is !re=e cov]$1 s t no *oice is left 7,tur ,ora* ,*ayyim #bga74 ,bread be+ ! ord9>y requisite at our meals1 ! use ( w9e = ,kiddu% is consid]$ m indicative ( ! di/9ction ( ! day4 ,if1 h[ev]1 w9e is dislik$ or injuri\s1 bread is us$ u its sub/itute 7page #cda1 note #b74 #gb ,a peculi> c]emony may "h be notic$4 ,"s pass ! knife ov] ! bread be=e ! b]a*ah is said4 ,! orig9 ( ?is cu/om is ?is3 ! rule has be5 laid d[n t !re %\ld n be a long int]val betwe5 ! b]a*ah & ! p>tak+ ( ! food4 ,! knife & ! bread are !re=e kept ready1 & orig9ally an incision 0 made into ! loaf 9 ord] to %ort5 t int]val z mu* z possible4 #gc 1 8,bless$ art ?\1 ,o ,"l1 our ,god1 ,k+ ( ! ,univ]se1 :o ha/ sanctifi$ u by ?y comm&m5ts1 & comm&$ u to sep>ate *allah40 #gd ,comp4 ,mi%nah ,%abba? ii4 #af4 #ge ,"s k9dle ! lights fir/1 & !n say ! bless+ :il/ _! h&s are spread out be=e ! lights4 ,! orig9 ( ?is latt] practice is ?is3 ,x happ5s sometimes t ! h\sewife is n ready 9 "t = k9dl+ ! lights1 & lets ano!r d x = h]1 %e res]v+ to h]self ! privilege ( say+ ! b]a*ah lat] on4 ,9 t case ! hold+ ( ! h&s be=e ! lights & )draw+ !m aft] ! bless+ repres5ts symbolically ! k9dl+ ( ! lights4 ,:at 0 orig9ally done 9 exceptional cases became subsequ5tly ! rule4 #gf ,cal5d> is d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 ,cal5d1 :i* signifies ! fir/ ( ! mon?4 ,! ,hebrew t]m 1 us$ = 8,cal5d>0 or 8,almanac10 d5otes 8table0 or 8tablet40 ,9 ! ,talmud4 ,sod 7or ,yesod7 ha-ibbur is us$ 9 ! s5se ( 8! !ory ( ! ,cal5d>30 lit]ally1 ! t]m d5otes ! fix+ ( ! additional day to ! mon? or ! additional mon? to ! ye>4 #gg ,or m exactly1 #bi days1 #ab h\rs1 #dd m9utes1 #c seconds4 ,! te*nical =mula 9 ,hebrew is3 #bi days1 #abgicajhj h\rs4 #gh ,9 ! fir/ mon? ! b>ley becomes ripe2 9 ! second ! :ole vegetation ( ! c\ntry /&s 9 its full spl5d\r2 9 ! sev5? ! h>dy fruit1 :i* )/ood ! heat ( ! summ]1 rip5s2 & 9 ! eigh? ! fir/ ra9 ( ! season comes d[n4 #gi ,! mean+ ( mo/ ( ^! names is unc]ta94 ,! two names ,elul & ,ti%ri seem to d5ote 8! disappe>ance0 & 8! beg9n+0 ( ! ye>4 #hj ,! adju/m5t is necess>y = ! "r obs]vance ( ,passov]1 :i* mu/ be celebrat$ 9 ! fir/ mon? 7,exod4 xii4 #b71 ! mon? ( ,abib 7,deut4 xvi4 #a71 t is1 9 ! spr+1 :5 9 ,pale/9e ! corn beg9s to rip54 ,)\t ! p]iodical ins]tion ( a mon?1 ,passov] w\ld be celebrat$ 9 e succe$+ ye> elev5 days e>li] ?an 9 ! previ\s "o1 & 9 c\rse ( "t at diff]5t seasons1 contr>y to ! ,law4 #ha ,! ,hebrew t]m has a d\ble mean+ 8beg9n+ ( ! mon?0 & 8mon?20 comp4 1 8day ( re/10 & also 8week10 or ! p]iod t passes betwe5 two consecutive ,sabba?s4 #hb ,9 ,hebrew molad1 8bir?40 #hc ,! molad ( ,ti%ri 9 ! ye> #a is assum$ to h be5 on ,sunday ev5+ betwe5 elev5 & twelve4 77 #hd ,9 ?is tradition ! p]iod ( ! ,p]sian rule 9 ,pale/9e1 :i* la/$ ov] two c5turies1 is contract$ to ?irty-f\r ye>s4 ,x is possible t ! ye>s 7 c\nt$ accord+ to ! ye>s ( ,release 77 or ! ye>s ( ! ,jubilee1 & ^! 7 probably n kept imm$iately aft] ! return ( ! ,jews f ,babylon4 #he ,see ,mi%nah1 ,megillah iii4 #d4 #hf ,talm4 ,j]u%41 ,%ekalim i4 #a4 #hg ,mi%nah1 ,%ekalim i4 #a4 #hh ,accord+ to ,tradition1 ,exod4 xii4 #b n only deals ) ! appo9tm5t ( ,nisan z ! fir/ mon? ( ! ye>1 b implies also ! rules = fix+ 1 ,new-moon1 or ! fir/ ( ! mon?2 & ?is v]se1 ) its traditional int]pretation1 0 !re=e consid]$ z ! basis ( ! ,jewi% ,cal5d>4 ,h5ce ! prom95ce giv5 to ?is section ( ! ,p5tateu* by hav+ x read on ! #a/ ( ,nisan or on ! ,sabba? be=e ! #a/ ( ,nisan4 #hi ,v>i\s reasons are giv5 = ?is title4 ,accord+ to ,tradition1 ! #aj? ( ,nisan 9 ! ye> ( ! ,exodus 0 on ,saturday2 x 0 consid]$ a great ev5t1 a miracle1 9 fact1 t ! ,israelites c\ld on t day select a lamb = sacrifice )\t be+ mole/$ by _! ,egyptian ma/]s1 :o at o!r times w\ld h /on$ !m = su* d>+ 7,exod4 viii4 #bb74 ,ano!r reason is ?is3 ,! ,sabba? be=e any ( ! *ief ,fe/ivals 0 call$ ! great ,sabba? on acc\nt ( ! in/ruction s\ght & giv5 respect+ ! importance & ! obs]vances ( ! com+ ,fe/ival 7see ,zunz1 ,ritus4 p4 #i74 ,?is "n has only be5 pres]v$ 9 ! case ( ! ,sabba? be=e ,passov]4--,x is1 h[ev]1 possible t 8! great day10 ! pr$om9ant idea 9 ! hapht>ah ( ! day1 sugge/$ ! "n4 ,x is ! cu/om 9 "s congregations to read 9 ! ,aft]noon-s]vice ( ,%abba? haggadol "p ( ! ,haggadah in/ead ( ! ,psalms 7civ4 & cxx4-cxxxiv474 #ij ,! ^w 8,passov]10 signifies 7#a7 ! act ( pass+ ov] or sp>+ 7,exod4 xii4 #aa72 7#b7 ! sacrifice ( passov]1 especially z object to ! v]b 8to make0 7ibid4 #dg1 #dh72 7#c7 ! "t :5 ! passov] 0 (f]$ & consum$2 i4e41 ! #ad? ( ,nisan1 aft]noon & ev5+ 7,lev4 xxiii4 #e2 ,num4 xxviii4 #af72 7#d7 ! :ole ( ,passov] 7,mi%nah1 & 9 all po/-,biblical lit]ature74 ,! day on :i* an ,israelite br\ght a sacrifice 0 a ,fe/ival to him & 8 family2 & no "w 0 done on t day4 ,accord+ly on ! aft]noon ( ! #ad? ( ,nisan1 1 ! "t fix$ = ! ,passov]-(f]+1 no "w 0 done2 "s ab/a9$ f "w ! :ole day 7,mi%nah1 ,pesa*im iv4 #a2 comp4 also ibid4 #e74--;,x is cu/om>y = ! fir/-born to fa/ ! :ole or "p ( 7,talm4 ,j]us4 x4 #a1 & ,mase*e? ,s(]im xxi4 #c74 ,!y might r be expect$ to fea/ 9 memory ( ! deliv]ance ( ! fir/-born ,israelites 9 ,egypt4 ,b ! case is simil> to t ( ,purim4 ,bo? ! day ( dang] & ! day ( victory are celebrat$2 ! "o by fa/+ 7fa/ ( ,e/h]71 ! o!r by fea/+ 7,purim74 ,s "h ! #ad? ( ,nisan 0 = ! fir/-born ! day ( dang]1 ! foll[+ night ! season ( deliv]ance4 ,h5ce ! fa/+ dur+ ! day & ! fea/+ 9 ! ev5+4 ,! day sugge/s ?\ghts l ! foll[+3 ,our =efa!rs 7 sav$ f dang]3 %\ld we des]ve to be sav$ if dang] ?reat5$ u8 ,su* reflections may h be5 ! orig9 ( ! fa/ ( ! fir/-born on ! eve ( ,passov]4 ,"s also fa/ on ?is day1 or at lea/ ab/a9 on x f a full meal1 9 ord] to d hon\r to ! fe/ive meal 9 ! ev5+ & approa* x ) appetite 774 ,a simil> cu/om obta9s1 ?\gh n to ! same ext5t1 on ! eve ( ,sabba? & ( e ,fe/ival 7,mi%nah1 ,pesa*im x4 #a74 #ia ,)9 ! f\r days !re 0 ample "t = exam9+ ! lamb1 :e!r x 0 really 1 )\t blemi%1 & fit bo? = sacrifice & = human food4--,"s sugge/ t ! keep+ ( ! lamb = f\r days 0 to be a te/ ( ! fai? ( ! ,israelites1 :e!r !y w\ld obey ! ,w ( ,god 9 spite ( ! dread$ wra? ( ! ,egyptians4 #ib ,_! fai? 9 ,god _h to be %[n by _! will+ly go+ =? :i!r ! comm& ( ,god l$ !m1 )\t tak+ ) !m any provision = ! j\rney4 ,! lamb :i* !y _h prep>$ 0 to be consum$ be=e !y left ,egypt1 & :atev] 0 left _h to be burnt4 ,?is 0 probably also ! object ( ! precepts t no bone ( ! lamb 0 to be brok51 & no "p ( x 0 to be c>ri$ f "o h\se to ano!r2 = ! break+ ( ! bones & ! c>ry+ "p ( ! meat ab\t f place to place w\ld facilitate its be+ /or$ away = ! j\rney4--,o!r precepts1 :i* impli$ ha/e & read9ess1 e4g41 ! roa/+ x ) fire1 eat+ x ) lo9s gird$1 c41 7 to tea* ! ,israelites ! lesson t !y 7 to be always ready & will+ to d ,god's bidd+4 #ic ,an in/ance ( ,passov] be+ put (f because ( ! unfitness ( ! prie/s to (f] up sacrifices is met ) 9 ! ,second ,book ( ,*ronicles 7xxx4 #b74 ,x seems simil> to ! rule ( ,pesa* %5i1 b is 9 reality diff]5t f x4 ,k+ ,hezekiah did n put (f ! ,passov] sacrifice = a mon? on acc\nt ( ! uncleanness ( ! prie/s1 b he made ! prec$+ ye> a leap-ye>1 & ! mon? :i* w\ld h be5 ! second became ! fir/1 :il/ ! fir/ 0 c\nt$ z ! ?irte5? ( ! pa/ ye> 7comp4 ,mi%nah1 ,pesa*im iv4 #i74 #id ,x is only ! f]m5tation ( any ( ^! five k9ds ( gra9 t =ms 4 ,f]m5tation ( grapes or o!r fruit con/itutes no 4 #ie is bo? & 7,mi%nah1 ,pesa*im ii4 #a74 #if ,x is n[ ! cu/om to eat on ,erebh ,pesa*1 only dur+ ! fir/ ?ird ( ! day2 i4e41 till ab\t t5 o'clock 9 ! morn+ 7ibid4 i4 #d74 #ig ,ibid4 i4 #a4--,! ev5+ 0 *os5 = ?is task1 because ) a tap] or lamp ! corn]s & d>k recesses c be bett] se>*$ ?an by daylight4 ,besides1 9 ! ev5+1 :5 e "o has f9i%$ 8 day's "w1 p are m at ease to d ! se>*+ 9 a ?or\gh mann]4 #ih ,! =mula ) is employ$ "h1 because we ne$ n d ! se>*+ by ourselves2 x may be done by a sub/itute4--,al?\gh we only se>* 9 ! ev5+1 we use ! t]m 8conc]n+ ! removal or ! de/ruction ( ! *amets10 because ?is removal or de/ruction is ! object ( ! se>*+4 #ii ,! decl>ation1 pr9t$ usually on ! fir/ page ( ! ,haggadah1 is made twice3 once 9 ! ev5+ aft] ! se>*+ ( ! *amets1 & once 9 ! morn+ aft] its removal2 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t 9 ! ev5+ only ! *amets t has n be5 f\nd is disclaim$2 9 ! morn+ all *amets1 if left 9 ! h\se1 is disclaim$1 :e!r x has be5 notic$ 9 ! c\rse ( se>*+ or n4 #ajj ,!re are diff]5t k9ds ( ! process ( ka%]3 7#a7 by mak+ ! articles 9 "q r$ hot--?is applies to ! iron ov5 & o!r iron vessels2 7#b7 by dipp+ ! vessel 9 boil+ wat]1 or p\r+ boil+ wat] ov] x1 or lett+ ! wat] 9 ! vessel boil ov]4 ,! object ( ?is process is to free ! vessel f any *amets x may h absorb$4--,be=e ! process ( ka%] beg9s1 ! vessel mu/1 ( c\rse1 be ?or\ghly clean$4 #aja ,! f\r cups ( w9e are n tak5 at once2 b "o s]ves = ,kiddu%1 z on ,sabba? & ,holy-days2 ! second is tak5 at ! conclusion ( ! fir/ "p ( ! ,s$]2 ! ?ird aft] ,grace1 x be+ cu/om>y also on ord9>y days to take a cup ( w9e aft] ,grace2 ! f\r? at ! conclusion ( ! second "p ( ! ,s$]4 ,! f\r cups are also said to indicate our joy 9 ref]5ce to f\r elem5ts con/itut+ ! r$emption1 & impli$ 9 ! f\r t]ms3 1 1 1 & 1 7,exod4 vi4 #f1 #g71 lib]ation f bondage1 deliv]ance f s]vice1 r$emption f all dep5d5ce on ,egypt1 & appo9tm5t z 8! p ( ! ,"l40--,^! f\r cups 7 consid]$ ( su* importance = ! ,s$]-ev5+ t ! poor 7 provid$ z ( "r ) w9e = ! arba koso? 7,mi%nah1 ,pesa*im x4 #a74--;,al?\gh ! numb] ( ! f\r cups ( w9e is sanction$ by ! ref]5ce to ! above f\r expressions ( r$emption1 a fif? cup may1 if ne$$1 be int]polat$ be=e s++ ,ps4 cxxxvi4 7,tosapho?1 ,pesa*im #aag;b74 ,x is cu/om>y to p\r 9 an extra cup & keep x ready = any new-com] t might jo9 ! company4 ,! cup is call$ 8! cup ( ,elijah10 because 8 adv5t may be look$ = at any "t4 ,comp4 ,mal4 iii4 #bc4 #ajb ,two ( !m are ! 8d\ble portion10 1 ( ,sabba? & ,holy-day4 ,! ?ird repres5ts ! 8bread ( pov]ty10 & is !re=e brok5 into pieces1 9 ord] to be di/+ui%$ f ! o!rs z 8bread ( pov]ty40 ,! bread ( pov]ty is int5d$ to rem9d u ( ! bread ( pov]ty or affliction eat5 by our =efa!rs :5 kept z slaves 9 ,egypt4 ,b les extrmes se t\*5t2 x is rem>kable t ?is v t]m admits also ( ! mean+ 8bread ( song10 & has be5 int]pret$ to signify ! bread eat5 at a joy\s meal1 su* z ! ,israelites 9 ,egypt ate ! night ( _! lib]ation4 ,x is possible t ! au?or ( ! op5+ p>agraph ( ! ,haggadah purposely employ$ ! t]m 9 ?is d\ble s5se 7,pes4 #aae;a74 ,among "s ,israelites x is ! cu/om to /yle ! ?ree unleav5$ cakes1 ,coh51 ,levi1 & ,israel4 ,! ?ree matso?1 z a play ^u words1 are also call$ mitsvo?1 8comm&m5ts20 i4e41 matso? employ$ 9 fulfilm5t ( ! comm&m5t1 8,9 ! ev5+ ye %all eat unleav5$ bread40 ,^! matso? are di/+ui%$ f ! re/ by be+ bak$ especially = ?is purpose4 ,"s are c>eful 9 reg>d to ^! matso? to h e process 9 _! prep>ation1 f ! cutt+ ( ! :eat to ! bak+ ( ! matso?1 done = ! express purpose ( ! ,s$]1 & to h ! :eat & ! fl\r well gu>d$ f moi/ure or any =eign admixture4 ,matso? prep>$ 9 ?is way are call$ 1 8gu>d$ matso?40 ,p /ill m p>ticul> h all _! unleav5$ bread = ,passov] prep>$ 9 ?is way4 #ajc ,! vegetables1 t 7 ord9>ily tak5 z a reli% & a means ( produc+ appetite = ! meal1 h only be5 introduc$ "h 7,pesa*im #aad;b7 = ! purpose ( attract+ ! att5tion ( ! *ildr54 ,accord+ to ! cu/om ( ^? anci5t days1 ! ma/] ( ! h\se _h be=e him a table cov]$ ) ! diff]5t di%es requir$ = ! meal1 & s5t portions to e memb] ( ! company4 ,:5 ! meal 0 f9i%$1 be=e ,grace1 ?is table 0 remov$4 ,b on ! ,s$]-ev5+ ! table 0 remov$ imm$iately aft] ! p>tak+ ( a little p>sley or o!r vegetables4 ,! *ild1 accu/om$ on ord9>y ev5+s to h supp] )\t su* an introduction1 asks expressly or implicitly :y ?+s are diff]5t to-night1 add+ also o!r que/ions4 ,in/ead ( p>sley1 o!r vegetables1 or ev5 "s ( ! bitt] h]bs1 may be tak54 ,?is la/ act n be+ an ess5tial elem5t 9 ! ,s]vice1 & n be+ obligatory1 is n prec$$ by ! b]a*ah1 8,bless$ art ?\ 444 :o ha/ comm&$ u1 c410 b 8,bless$ art ?\ 444 :o ha/ creat$ ! fruit ( ! e>?40--,at pres5t ! table is n remov$1 b ! lift+ up ( ! ,s$]-di% :ile recit+ ! fir/ p>agraph 7 7 is ! survival ( t cu/om4 #ajd ,two views are express$ 9 ! ,talmud conc]n+ *>ose?3 7#a7 x is a m$ic9al protective aga9/ ! evil effects ( ! bitt] h]bs2 7#b7 x is an ess5tial "p ( ! mitsvah1 a symbol & rem9d] ( ! bricks & mort> ) :i* ! ,israelites _h to d ! "w impos$ on !m by _! taskma/]s 7,b4 ,talm41 ,pesa*im #aae;b72 x may also s]ve to sugge/ to u ! idea t !re is a means ( s(t5+ ! bitt]ness ( oppression1 viz41 fai? 9 ,god 7,mi%nah1 ,pesa*im x4 #c74 #aje ,! bone & ! egg are symbols ( two di%es t us$ 9 ! "t ( ! ,temple to be on ! table3 ! ,passov] sacrifice & ! fe/ive (f]+ call$ 2 ! latt] 0 add$ :5 ! company 0 l>ge 7ibid4 vi4 #c1 & ,b4 ,talm41 ,pes4 #aad;b74 #ajf ,! eat+ ( any?+ dipp$ 9 wat] or 9 any o!r liquid 0 usually prec$$ by ! wa%+ ( ! h&s4 ,b z ! eat+ ( vegetables at ?is po9t is n obligatory1 ! read] alone wa%es 8 h&s1 b )\t recit+ ! bless+1 4 #ajg ,see p4 #cha1 note #a4 #ajh ,comp4 p4 #chj1 note #a4 ,! "p laid aside is call$ afikuman1 a "n ( :i* _m curi\s etymologies h be5 sugge/$4 ,! mean+ is cle>2 x is t :i* is eat5 j be=e ! table is remov$ 7p4 #cha1 note #a71 or be=e ! di%es are cle>$ away3 ! dess]t4 ,! "n is !re=e a comp\nd ( two ,*aldaic words1 afiku-man1 8di%-remov]10 i4e41 ! dess]t aft] :i* all di%es are remov$ & ! company is ready = ,grace 7,b4 ,t4 ,pesa*im #hf;a ,ra%i74 #aji ,! t]m is d]iv$ f ! words ( ! ,p5tateu*1 8,& ?\ %all tell ?y son0 7,exod4 xiii4 #h74 ,h5ce also ! "n ( ! book ,haggadah4 #aaj ,! fir/ p>agraph is n an invitation s5t =? to ^? :om x _c rea*1 b an appeal to ^? pres5t to jo9 he>tily 9 ! ,s]vice & ! succe$+ meal2 t none %\ld feel a%am$ ( 8 pov]ty1 none elat$ on acc\nt ( 8 possessions2 all hav+ be5 bre?r5 9 pa/ tr\bles1 & 9 ! deliv]ance f !m1 & all de/9$ alike to %>e 9 ! glories ( ! com+ r$emption4 #aaa ,! que/ions h be5 arrang$ accord+ to _! importance2 o!rwise ! ?ird "q might h be5 expect$ fir/ 7see p4 #cha1 note #a74 ,! expression 8dipp+0 77 us$ 9 ?is "q m]ely signifies 8tak+ "s reli%10 9 di/9ction f ! real & solid meal1 & ! mean+ ( ! "q is1 8,:y d we to-night p>take twice ( ! vegetables be=e approa*+ ! actual meal8 ,x indicates a fe/ive supp]4 ,:at is ! reason = ?is80 #aab ,! ?ree diff]5t =ms correspond p]haps to ! ?ree *>act]s or ages ( ! inquir]s3 ! ignorant1 ! simple1 & ! sceptic2 :il/ ! answ] to ! wise has n be5 =mulat$1 b dep5ds on 8 "q1 & ! capacity ( ! fa!r to in/ruct him4 ,x is only ! g5]al "q z to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,s$]-ev5+ & o!r ev5+s t is answ]$ 9 ^! ?ree =ms4 ,ea* ( ^! =ms 0 probably foll[$ by ! explanation ( ,pesa*1 ,matsah1 & ,m>or4 #aac ,! ,midra%ic comp>ison ( 8f+] ( ,god0 to 8,8 h&0 & ! multiplication ( ! numb] ( plagues mu/ n be und]/ood z int5d$ to gratify our feel+ ( rev5ge1 b m]ely z a simple & *ild-l illu/ration ( ! greatness ( ! ,div9e ,p[] display$ on ^? occasions4--,rabbi ,jehudah1 probably f a feel+ ( t5d] sympa?ies ) ! suff]]s1 w\ld n m5tion ev5 ! full names ( ! plagues1 b m]ely indicat$ !m by initial lett]s4 #aad ,x seems t 9 ! "t ( ! ,talmud ! "o piece 0 eat5 aft] ! fir/ bless+1 & ! o!r aft] ! second4 ,z1 !re=e1 ! p>tak+ ( matsah has tak5 place be=e ! second bless+1 ! =mula is us$ 7see p4 #cbi1 note #b74 ,! same is ! case ) reg>d to ! bless+ be=e 8eat+ bitt] h]bs10 z x 0 n contr>y to usage to p>take ( bitt] h]bs in/ead ( k>pas at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,s]vice4 #aae ,! afikuman has be5 res]v$ wrapp$ 9 a napk9 7rem9d+ ( ,exod4 xii4 #cd71 9 ord] t ! meal %\ld f9i% up ) matsah1 j z 9 ! "t ( ! ,temple x f9i%$ up ) meat ( ! ,passov]-sacrifice4--,9 ! ,talmud 7,pes4 #aji;a7 ! rule is giv5 8,we make ha/e to come quickly to ! eat+ ( matsah10 be=e ! y\ng] memb]s ( ! company become dr[sy or fall asleep4 ,! words h errone\sly be5 int]pret$1 8,we %\ld snat* away ! matsah10 & ?is int]pretation caus$ ! ,s]vice to be accompani$ by a c]ta9 k9d ( *ildi% amusem5t3 "s "o ( ! company /eal?ily possesses himself ( ! matsah laid aside = afikuman1 & does n surr5d] x until ! ma/] ( ! h\se promises him "s pres5t--,! cu/om is unseemly & ought to be disc\rag$4 #aaf ,aft] ,grace a few v]ses f ! ,bible 7,ps4 lxxix4 #f1 #g1 & ,lam4 iii4 #ff7 h be5 add$1 beg9n+ & conta9+ a pray] = ,god's wra? to be p\r$ =? ov] ! godless p :o seek ! de/ruction ( ,israel4 ,! cause ( ! addition is ?is3 ,! season ( ,passov] 01 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 a season ( con/ant t]ror & dang] to ! ,jews1 because ( ! ho/ilities ( _! ,*ri/ian neighb\rs aga9/ !m4 ,helpless & def5celess1 ! ,jews _h no o!r way ( meet+ _! foe ?an to cry to ,him 8:o is ne> to all :o call ^u ,him 9 tru?40 ,! conduct ( _! neighb\rs t[>ds !m h>dly sugge/$ ?\ghts ( love1 especially at t mom5t4 ,= x frequ5tly happ5$ t sev]al families met 9 "o h\se = ! purpose ( he>+ ! ,s$]-,s]vice4 ,!y disp]s$ aft] ! fir/ "p ( ! ,s]vice1 took _! meals at home1 & assembl$ lat] 9 ! ev5+ = ! second "p ( ! ,s$]4 ,sometimes ano!r c\rse 0 tak54 ,"o p]son read ! ,s]vice 9 sev]al h\ses consecutively = ! b5efit ( ^? :o 7 n capable ( do+ s = !mselves2 !n1 aft] hav+ _h 8 meal1 he began 8 circuit aga9 = read+ ! second "p ( ! ,s]vice4 ,! return ( ! ,read] or ( ! sev]al families 0 anxi\sly wait$ =4 ,! op5+ ( ! door be=e 1 at pres5t mean+less1 _h its orig9 9 ?is circum/ance4 ,on return+ to ! second "p ( ! ,s]vice1 ! gue/s _h too (t5 a sad tale to tell ( _! exp]i5ces 9 ! /reet1 & fill$ ) indignation1 !y gave expression to _! feel+ 9 ! above v]ses4 ,we cont9ue to read ^! v]ses n[1 b 9 a diff]5t _s4 ,we live 9 peace ) our neighb\rs1 protect$ by ! laws ( ! c\ntry & unmole/$ 9 ! p]=mance ( our religi\s duties4 ,we h no?+ b feel+s & ?\ghts ( love = our fell[-m51 & 9 recit+ ^! v]ses we m]ely condemn ! wick$ness ( ^? :o seek ! de/ruction ( ! p ( ! ,"l4 ,our ,*ri/ian neighb\rs may c]ta9ly jo9 u 9 ?is condemnation4 #aag ,comp4 ,isa4 xl4 #b4 #aah ,an om] is1 accord+ to ,tradition1 equal to ! space occupi$ by #dc eggs ( ord9>y size2 x is ab\t half a gallon4 #aai ,or ''' ''' 7,portug4 ,ritual74 #abj ,z ! mon? ( ,iy> corresponds to "s ext5t to ,may1 "s ass]t1 )\t f\ndation1 t ! ,jews hold no w$d+s ?is mon?1 because ,may is held by non-,jews to be an unlucky season = m>riages4 ,jews :o refuse to celebrate m>riages 9 ,may = ?is reason are guilty ( gross sup]/ition4 #aba ,accord+ to ! traditional int]pretation ( 8f ! morr[ aft] ! ,sabba?10 ! t]m 8,sabba?0 signifies 8day ( re/0 or 8fe/ival10 & ref]s to ! fir/ day ( ,passov] 7comp4 ,lev4 xxiii4 #cb74 ,! ,sadducees1 & aft]w>ds ! ,k>aites1 conte/$ ! correctness ( ?is int]pretation1 b )\t success 7see ,babyl4 ,talm41 ,m5a*o? #fe2 & ,ibn ,ezra on ,lev4 xxiii4 #ae74 #abb ,! collection ( ^! passages is call$ 4 ,a simil> collection = ! sev5? night ( ,tab]nacles is call$ 4 ,see p4 #cih1 note #a4 #abc ,on ,sabba? ! lulabh is n tak51 because x might be necess>y to c>ry x f place to place ?r\gh ! /reet 7 71 & ?is is =bidd5 7see ,mi%nah1 ,%abba? i4 #a & vii4 #b74 ,= ! same reason ! %(> is n bl[n on ! fir/ day ( ,new-ye>1 if x happ5s to fall on ,saturday4 ,9 ! ,temple1 h[ev]1 !re 0 no occasion = ! above appreh5sion2 ! lulabh 0 !re=e tak5 & ! %(> 0 bl[n on ,sabba? 7,mi%nah1 ,succah iv4 #a1 & ,ro% ha-%anah iv4 #a74 #abd ,9 ! ,temple will[-bran*es 7 plac$ r\nd ! alt>1 ! %(> 0 bl[n1 & ! prie/s made !n a circuit r\nd ! alt>1 ) ! lulabh 9 _! h&s1 & s++ "p ( ,hallel4--,! ho%aano? ref] *iefly to ! r$emption ( ,israel & ! rebuild+ ( ! ,temple4--,! circuit r\nd ! alt> rem9ds u ( ! tak+ ( ,j]i*o1 & /r5g!ns our hope t 9 future also ! ,almighty w be ) u1 & help u ?r\gh all difficulties to ultimate victory4 #abe ,! lulabh alone is m5tion$ 9 ! bless+1 because x is ! mo/ prom95t1 & ! o!r ?ree species seem to be its app5dages4--,! =m is expla9$ by ! fact t we g5]ally hold ! f\r species 9 our h&1 & ?us comm5ce ! mitsvah1 be=e ! b]a*ah 7see p4 #cbi1 note #b74--,! ?ree species1 palm-bran*1 myrtle1 & will[1 are usually b\nd toge!r by means ( leaves ( ! palm-tree4 ,"s us$ to add gold5 b&s to ^! leaves 7,mi%nah1 ,succah iii4 #h74 #abf ,mi%nah1 ,succah iv4 #e4--;,9 ! ,temple ! %(> 0 s\nd$ dur+ ! prie/s' circuit r\nd ! alt>4 ,a simil> cu/om exi/s 9 ! ,spani% & ,portuguese ,synagogues on ,ho%aana-rabba4--,tradition attribut$ great importance to ! ,morn+ ,s]vice on ,ho%aana-rabba1 & made x a k9d ( sequel to ! ,s]vice on ! 8,solemn ,days10 z if to give ano!r opportunity ( rep5tance to ^? :o _h n made full use ( ! means ( grace af=d$ by ! ,day ( ,atonem5t1 be=e ! f9al s5t5ce 7 7 is pron\nc$4 ,! prec$+ ev5+ is !re=e sp5t by _m 9 devotional ex]cises 7 74 ,comp4 p4 #cid4 ,x is an old cu/om to take a few extra twigs ( ! will[-tree on ?is day & keep !m 9 "o's h& dur+ ! *ant+ ( ! ho%aano?4 ,^! bran*es1 :5 %ak5 or /ruck1 lose _! leaves "o aft] ! o!r2 s d ! trees f :i* ! bran*es h be5 cut1 & s also all o!r trees4 ,b ! ra9 & heat s5t by ,god 9 due "t give !m fre% life1 & !y produce new leaves4 ,a simil> exp]i5ce is ours4 ,! /ruggle = life r$uces our /r5g? & weak5s our heal?2 c>es & tr\bles disc\rage u4 ,b fai? 9 ,god & tru/ 9 ,8 ,provid5ce r5ew our /r5g?2 our heal? improves1 our c>es & tr\bles are dim9i%$1 & we feel ourselves re/or$ to fre% life4 #abg ,lit4 8! eigh? day1 a fe/ival40--,a pray] = ra9 77 is ins]t$ 9 ! ,musaf-,s]vice1 & corresponds to ! pray] = dew on ! fir/ day ( ,passov]2 = f9e wea!r we pray on ! fir/ day ( ! ,fe/ival1 = ra9 on ! eigh? day4 ,f ,%em9i-ats]e? to ! ,musaf ( ! fir/ day ( ,passov] ! words 8,?\ cause/ ! w9d to bl[ & ! ra9 to fall10 are ins]t$ 9 ! second p>agraph ( ! ,amidah4 ,! words d n conta9 a direct pray] = ra91 b a praise ( ,him :o causes ! ra9 to fall 7 71 :il/ ! daily direct pray] = ra9 7 8,give dew & ra907 beg9s ab\t two mon?s lat]1--! "t :5 ! pilgrims t _h come f di/ant c\ntries to ,j]usalem to ! ,fe/ival 7 assum$ to h rea*$ _! homes4 #abh ,x has always be5 consid]$ a special mitsvah & hon\r to be call$ to ! read+ ei!r ( ! la/ or ( ! fir/ section ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,^? on :om ?is hon\r is conf]r$ are call$ respectively 8,bridegroom ( ! ,law10 & 8,bridegroom ( ! fir/ section ( ! ,law40 ,9 ! rejoic+ ) ! ,law special ef=ts are made to induce ! y\ng] memb]s ( ! congregation to take "p4 ,!y are usually invit$ to jo9 ! procession ) ! scrolls ( ! ,law r\nd ! ,synagogue1 & h also ! privilege ( be+ call$ to ! ,torah1 al?\gh !y are n yet ?irte5 ye>s old4 ,?is & simil> ?+s are done 9 ord] to inspire our *ildr5 ) love = ! ,torah & = ! /udy ( ! ,torah4 #abi ,:il/ ! ?ree ,fe/ivals dem&$ great sacrifices ( ea* individual ,israelite--to und]take a pilgrimage to ! ,temple1 & n to appe> empty be=e ! ,"l--! 8,solemn ,days0 dem&$ only ab/5tion f "w1 & on "o day also f food4 ,! ,sacrificial ,s]vice on ! ,day ( ,atonem5t conc]n$ directly ! ,high-,prie/ & ! prie/s 9 ! ,temple1 ! public at l>ge b indirectly2 & if great multitudes assembl$ 9 ! ,temple1 x 0 curiosity r ?an duty t br\ght !m !re4 ,m importance 0 !re=e atta*$ by *ronicl]s & hi/orians to ! ?ree ,fe/ivals & ! national ga!r+ 9 & r\nd ! ,temple on ! ,fea/s ( ,pilgrimage ?an to ! ,day ( ,memorial or ! ,day ( ,atonem5t4 ,! ,law deem$ x necess>y to urge on ! ,israelites ! celebration ( ! =m] m frequ5tly ?an t ( ! latt]4 ,:5 ,solomon at ! d$ication ( ! ,temple celebrat$ ) ! ,israelites twice sev5 days1 ! fir/ sev5 days probably comm5c$ ! #a/ ( ,ti%ri on ! ,fe/ival 7#a ,k+s viii4 #b71 & ! second sev5 days on ! #ae? ( ! mon?2 !re=e !y are reckon$ sep>ately 7ibid4 viii4 #fe2 #b ,*ron4 vii4 #i1 #aj74 ,ezra1 :o read ! ,law to ! ,jews on ! #a/ ( ,ti%ri 7,neh4 viii4 #b71 :i* 0 a ,holy-day 7ibid4 #aj71 read x also on ! second day1 :i* may likewise h be5 a special day = read+ ! ,law1 probably ! ,day ( ,atonem5t1 & "h !y le>nt t !y 7 comm&$ to build boo?s = ! next ,fe/ival4 ,!y mu/ !re=e h he>d ,leviticus xxiii41 :i* includes ! comm&m5t conc]n+ ! fa/+ on ! ,day ( ,atonem5t4 ,x may also be notic$ t1 al?\gh ! comm&m5t conc]n+ ! ,day ( ,atonem5t is n m5tion$ 9 ,exodus1 ! day is ref]r$ to z a well-kn[n in/itution 7,exod4 xxx4 #aj74 #acj ,! reason ,tradition assigns = ?is obs]vance is z foll[s3 ,aft] ! giv+ ( ! ,law ,moses asc5d$ ,m\nt ,s9ai on ! #g? ( ,sivan1 & desc5d$ on ! =tie? day1 ! #ag? ( ,tammuz1 ) ! tables ( te/imony4 ,on ! #ah? he asc5d$ aga91 & sp5t =ty days 9 pray] = =giv5ess = ,israel2 & asc5d$ = ! ?ird "t on ! #a/ ( ,elul1 & return$ on ! #aj? ( ,ti%ri ) ! ,div9e message1 8,i h p>don$ 9 accordance ) ?y words ( pray]40 ,*]i%+ ! hope t we may ourselves receive su* a heav5ly response on ! ,day ( ,atonem5t1 we foll[ ! example ( ,moses1 & add ^! ,seli*o? or devotional ex]cises to our daily pray]s1 :ile ! s\nd ( ! %(> aids 9 awak5+ u to e>ne/ reflection & true improvem5t4 ,!re are v>i\s names = ^! additional pray]s3 8,supplications10 & 8,pray]s = =giv5ess10 ! latt] be+ ! g5]al "n = ! e>ly additional ,s]vice4 ,"s ( !m h special names3 8op5+0 7i4e41 ! fir/ pray]72 8psalm10 a hymn sung or recit$ alt]nately by ! ,read] & ! congregation2 a composition ref]r+ to ! b9d+ ( ,isaac2 8supplication10 g5]ally at ! end ( ! ,seli*o?4 ,prom95t among ^! pray]s is ! recitation ( ! ,?irte5 ,attributes ( ,m]cy 7,exod4 xxxiv4 #f1 #g7 & ! 8,confession ( s9s0 774 #aca ,al?\gh ,nisan1 ! mon? ( ! dep>ture ( ! ,israelites f ,egypt1 is ! fir/ mon?1 & ,passov] ! fir/ ( ! ,fe/ivals ( ! ye>1 ,ti%ri1 ?\gh ! sev5? mon?1 0 9 _m respects ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,ti%ri ! ,jubilee ye> comm5c$1 ! slaves 7 lib]at$1 & l&$ prop]ty return$ to ! orig9al own]s 7comp4 ,mi%nah1 ,ro% ha-%anah i4 #a74 #acb ,! "n does1 h[ev]1 occur 9 ! ,mi%nah z a t]m long 9 use & well kn[n4 ,x is impossible to decide :5 ! "n 0 introduc$4 ,! words 9 ,ez4 7xl4 #a7 d5ote ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>1 includ+ t5 days or m1 b d n signify 8,new-ye>40 #acc ,! bl[+ ( ! %(> is prec$$ by ! bless+3 ''' ''' 8,bless$ art ?\ 444 :o ha/ sanctifi$ u by ?y comm&m5ts & ha/ comm&$ u to he> ! s\nd ( ! %(>40 ,?is bless+ is foll[$ by 4 #acd ,accord+ to ,saadiah1 ! %(> rem9ds u ( ! foll[+ t5 ?+s ) :i* x is directly or indirectly connect$3--7#a7 ,creation2 7#b7 ,our duty to return to ,god2 7#c7 ,revelation on ,m\nt ,s9ai2 7#d7 ,! exhortations ( ! ,prophets2 7#e7 ,de/ruction ( ! ,temple2 7#f7 ,! b9d+ ( ,isaac = sacrifice2 7#g7 ,imm95t dang]2 7#h7 ,day ( ,judgm5t2 7#i7 ,r$emption ( ,israel2 7#aj7 ,resurrection4 #ace ,9 "s congregations x is ! cu/om to walk 9 ! aft]noon ( ,new-ye> along ! banks ( a riv] or ! sea-%ore1 9 ord] to reflect on ! purify+ effect :i* wat] has on ! body1 & to be rem9d$ t ev5 z ! body is purifi$ by wat]1 s ought our s\ls be purifi$ by rep5tance & ! appeal to ! help & m]cy ( ,god4 ,an appropriate passage f ,micah 7vii4 #ah-bj7 is recit$1 & ! cu/om has receiv$ its "n ta%li* f ! ^w 8& ?\ wilt ca/10 :i* occurs 9 ! passage4 #acf ,! confession ( s9s 77 z conta9$ 9 our ,pray]-book is made by ! :ole community collectively2 & ^? :o h n !mselves committ$ ! s9s m5tion$ 9 ! confession regret t !y 7 unable to prev5t !m f be+ committ$ by o!rs4 ,! =m ( ! confession is !re=e 9 ! plural3 8,we h be5 guilty10 c4 ,! words 8,inde$ we h s9n$10 w\ld suffice = ! purpose ( confession4 ,b ! long li/s ( v>i\s =ms ( s9s 9 ! sections beg9n+ 1 or & :i* are repeat$ly recit$ dur+ ! ,s]vice1 help u to rememb] our misdo+s2 :at has escap$ our att5tion ! fir/ "t may be reviv$ 9 our memory1 :5 we read ! confession a second or ?ird "t4 ,especially num]\s are ! t]ms d5ot+ s9s committ$ ) our tongue2 & inde$ !y are num]\s6 ,& :]e is ! p]son t c\ld say t 8 tongue has nev] be5 employ$ 9 falsehood1 or sl&]1 or self-praise1 or ha/y promises1 & simil> (f5ces8 ,x is necess>y t we %\ld reflect ov] & ov] aga9 on ^! vices1 & on ! way 9 :i* to obta9 bett] control ov] our tongue1 & !reby a full] ma/]y ov] ! passions ( our he>t4 #acg ,! ,ev5+ ,s]vice is prec$$ by a =mal resc9d+ ( previ\s v[s4 ,( :at k9d 7 ! v[s :i* are ?us annull$8 ,none ( ^? t 7 made by a memb] ( ! community individually4 ,no "o c by means ( ?is =mula free himself f ! obligation to fulfil :at he has promis$ to 8 fell[-man4 ,! decl>ation conc]ns ! :ole congregation1 & has probably its orig9 9 ! cu/oms ( =m] days1 :5 ^? :o refus$ to jo9 9 ! communal "w1 or to submit to ! law ( ! congregation1 or %ock$ by any act ( !irs ! consci5ce ( _! bre?r51 or ab&on$ ,judaism outw>dly1 7 excommunicat$ & %ut out f all contact ) _! co-religioni/s4 ,su* transgressors1 ab>janim1 :5 desir\s to pray 9 ! ,synagogue on ! ,day ( ,atonem5t1 7 admitt$1 & all opposition 0 sil5c$ by ! solemn decl>ation4 ,t su* 0 ! orig9al object ( ,kol-nidre is suffici5tly cle> f its surr\nd+s4 ,x is prec$$ by ! foll[+ ann\ncem5t3 8,9 ! "n ( ,god1 & 9 ! "n ( ! congregation1 ) ! sanction ( ! ,c\rt above1 & t ( ! ,c\rt bel[1 we decl>e t x is p]mitt$ to pray toge!r ) ^? :o h be5 transgressors 7ab>janim740 ,kol-nidre is foll[$ by ! v]se1 8,& x %all be =giv5 all ! congregation ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 & ! /rang] t soj\rne? among !m2 see+ all ! p 7 9 ignorance0 7,num4 xv4 #bf74 ,! orig9al object ( ?is decl>ation does n apply at pres5t2 b x s]ves z a rem9d] ( ! foll[+ pr9ciples3-- #a4 ,we %\ld always be dispos$ to =give ^? :o1 9 ! heat ( /rife1 act+ "u /rong irritation1 h (f5d$ u4 #b4 ,we %\ld be c>eful ) reg>d to v[s1 & be=e mak+ !m consid] _! effect4 #c4 ,we %\ld reflect on human weakness1 & consid] t :at we believe to be able to d to-day may prove impossible = u to-morr[4 ,?is reflection w\ld remove e ?\ght ( pride f our he>t & inspire u ) humility4 #ach ,at ! conclusion ( ! ,s]vice we once m proclaim ! ,unity ( ,god 7 71 repeat ?ree times ! praise ( ,8 k+dom1 & sev5 times t ,he alone is ! ,almighty4 ,! s\nd ( ! %(> ann\nces1 z on ! occasion ( ! ,revelation on ,m\nt ,s9ai1 ! conclusion ( ! ,holy-day4 #aci ,! idea ( introduction is impli$ 9 ! t]m m9*ah1 8introduction0 7f ! root 8to lead10 8to conduct074--,m9*ah1 orig9ally d5ot+ any pres5t or (f]+1 0 ! special "n ( fl\r-(f]+s1 probably because fl\r or corn 0 ! mo/ common m9*ah (f]$ by p to _! sov]eign4--,comp4 8,i w appease him ) ! pres5t 7m9*ah7 t goe? be=e me1 & aft]w>ds ,i w see 8 face0 7,g54 xxxii4 #ba74 #adj f 8to judge10 implies self-exam9ation :e!r we are wor?y ( address+ ! ,mo/ ,holy4 ,z to ! purify+ effect ( pray]1 see above1 p4 #ahc4 #ada ,?is 0 necess>y = two reasons3 x s]v$ to fo/] a disposition = devotion & to assi/ ! multitude 9 _! endeav\r to give expression to _! feel+s2 x gave also uni=mity to ! pray]s1 :i* is indisp5sable 9 public ,div9e ,wor%ip 7 74--,! free effusion ( our he>t be=e our ,creator is by no means re/ra9$1 & is c]ta9ly n int5d$ to be exclud$ by ^! regulations4 #adb 8,cu/om ov]rules law10 is a well-kn[n say+ t is frequ5tly act$ ^u 7,s(]im xiv4 #ah74 #adc ,comp4 supra1 page #ahc sqq41 on ! efficacy ( pray]4 ,comp4 page #bhj sqq4 #add ,?is is "o ( ! ?ree explanations sugge/$ 9 ,babyl4 ,talm41 ,b]a*o? #bi;b3 7#a7 ,a burd5some task1 ( :i* "o desires to get rid2 7#b7 a claim & n a supplication2 7#c7 fix$ )\t any spontane\s addition4 #ade ,h5ce ! phrases 9 ! ,talmud1 8,he w5t d[n t[>d ! ,ark0 7tebhah71 or simply 8,he w5t d[n0 to read ! tefillah4 ,x 0 n s 9 all places ( wor%ip1 because ano!r phrase is sometimes us$1 8,he pass$ t[>d ! tebhah40 #adf ,on su* occasions a l>ge congregation 0 expect$1 com+ f ! :ole neighb\rhood1 & ! ,synagogue 0 consid]$ too small4 ,x is also possible t a pray]-meet+ 9 ! op5 air 0 int5d$ to attract ! indiff]5t1 :o did n att5d ! regul> ,s]vices 9 ! ,synagogue4 #adg ,see ,mi%nah1 ,b]a*o? iv4 #e1 #f1 & ,babyl4 ,talm41 ,b]a*o? #cj;a4 #adh ,z our religion dem&s frequ5t recitations ( b]a*o? 9 ! c\rse ( ! day1 ! cu/om spread among ! ,jews ( keep+ ! head always cov]$4 ,comp4 ,babyl4 ,t41 ,kiddu%9 #ca;a2 ,%ul*an aru*1 ,ora* ,*ayyim ii4 #f4 #adi ,attempts h be5 made to modify & to s(t5 d[n ! seem+ly h>% words aga9/ ^? :o design our ru92 "s ev5 wi% to h ! :ole p>agraph expung$ f ! pray]4 ,9 ^! attempts x has be5 ignor$ t ! pray] is n direct$ aga9/ c]ta9 p]sons or nations2 x is a petition = ! protection ( ,israel f ! wick$ plans ( evildo]s4 #aej ,?is fact is probably ! s\rce ( ! /atem5t 9 ,midra% ,rabbo? 7,num4 xviii471 t ! tefillah be=e ! bir*a? ha-tsadukim 0 add$ conta9$ sev5te5 p>agraphs4 #aea ,9 ! ,temple ! prie/s recit$ daily ! ,decalogue1 & no objection 0 rais$1 because ! congregation--prie/s1 ,levites1 & g5]al wor%ipp]s--con/antly *ang$2 & secondly1 ! v ,s]vice 9 ! ,temple suffici5tly prov$ ! exi/5ce ( o!r ,div9e laws4--,?is rul+ applies only to ! addition ( ! ,decalogue to ! %ema1 n to its introduction into any o!r "p ( ! ,s]vice4 #aeb ,! prie/s 7 class$ 9 tw5ty-f\r divisions2 !y _h to p]=m a week's active ,s]vice 9 ! ,temple by turns2 ! same 0 ! case ) ! ,levites4 ,! ,israelites ( ! di/rict ( :i* x 0 ! turn ( ! prie/s & ! ,levites to s]ve 9 ! ,temple s5t a deputation 7,maamad7 to ,j]usalem1 :o repres5t$ !m 9 ! ,temple2 :il/ !y !mselves held special pray] meet+s1 call$ ,maamado?4 #aec ,e4g41 ! addition ( to1 & ! omission ( f1 ! 4 #aed ,ma*zor1 lit41 8,cycle0 ( pray]s1 bo? ! obligatory & ! optional1 or ! ord9>y tefillo? & ! piyyutim1 = ! v>i\s seasons ( ! :ole ye>4 ,x is call$ ,ma*zor ,vitry1 aft] its compil]1 ,sim*a ( ,vitry 7ab\t #aajj74 #aee ,z to ! importance ( m9hag 9 our religi\s life1 see above1 p4 #dbj4 #aef ,accord+ to ! ,mi%nah 7,b]a*o? iv4 #a71 ! "t fix$ = ?is ,s]vice is ! fir/ f\r? ( ! day2 b ! notions ( 8e>ly0 & 8late0 are n[ diff]5t f :at !y 7 9 anci5t times4 ,an ext5sion ( ! "t has long be5 conc$$1 especially = ! ,public ,s]vice on ,sabba?s & ,fe/ivals4 #aeg ,z to ! pr9ciple express$ 9 ^! ?ree b]a*o?1 see supra1 p4 #agj4 #aeh ,9 ! ,g]man ,ritual = week-days a ?ird b]a*ah1 beg9n+ & conclud+ 1 is add$4 ,?is b]a*ah seems to h be5 at fir/ a sub/itute = ! ,amidah1 :i* 0 optional 9 ! ,ma>ibh ,s]vice4 ,! sub/itute became 9 _m congregations an integral "p ( ! ,ma>ibh1 & 0 reta9$ ev5 :5 ! ,amidah 0 g5]ally adopt$ z obligatory4 ,on ! eve ( ,sabba? & ,fe/ivals ! ,amidah 0 always recit$1 & !re 0 no ne$ = ! sub/itute4 ,! ?ird b]a*ah is !re=e abs5t f ! ,ma>ibh on ^! ev5+s4 #aei ,see note #b on p4 #ddf sq4 #afj ,z to ! m]its ( ,public ,s]vice1 see above1 p4 #bhd4 ,t5 male p]sons ( ?irte5 ye>s & upw>ds con/itute a congregation1 7or 8numb]0 or 8quorum071 & _! unit$ devotions =m ,public ,s]vice 7 71 into :i* ! additions enum]at$ above are introduc$4 #afa ,be=e meals we wa% our h&s1 say ! bless+1 1 & eat a piece ( bread aft] hav+ said ! b]a*ah1 4--,"s wa% _! h&s a second "t 7 7 be=e ,grace4 ,see ,%ul*an-aru*1 ,ora*-*ayyim clxxxi4 #afb ,comp4 ,babyl4 ,talm41 ,b]a*o?1 p4 #dh;b4 #afc or 4 #afd 4 #afe ,! ,read] mu/ be ! real repres5tative (1 & acceptable to ! congregants 7,%ul*an-aru* ,i4 liii4 #d74 #aff ,see above1 page #dag4 #afg ,e4g41 & 9 ! ,musaph ( ! fir/ day ( ,pesa* & ! eigh? day ( ,succo? are bas$ on ! climatic conditions ( ,pale/9e4 #afh ,^? :o fe> t ! seem+ly h>% expressions might imply or sugge/ ideas & feel+s ( a bas] k9d c easily modify !m & remove ! /+4--,simil>ly1 expressions contr>y to our ta/e & s5se ( propriety ought to be remov$4 #afi ,i4e41 ( ! new corn4 ,?is law ( appli$ to ! corn s[n dur+ ! ye> prec$+ ! fe/ival ( ,passov] & beg9n+ ) ! previ\s ,passov] 7,babyl4 ,talm41 ,m5a*o? #fi74 #agj ,! graft+ ( two species ( trees "o ^u ! o!r is includ$ 9 ?is prohibition4 #aga ,e4g41 8,nei!r %all !re come ^u !e a g>m5t ( two k9ds ( /uff m+l$ toge!r40 ,su* mixture is call$ 1 & applies only to ! mixture ( wool & l95 7,deut4 xxii4 #aa74 ,ano!r comm&m5t belong+ to ?is category is ?is3 8,?\ %alt n pl[ ) an ox & an ass toge!r0 7ibid4 #aj74 ,ibn ,ezra1 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ! ,p5tateu* 7ad locum71 sugge/s ! foll[+ reason = ?is comm&m5t1 8,! ,almighty has m]cy ^u all ,8 creatures2 ! /r5g? ( ! ass be+ inf]ior to t ( ! ox1 an unfair dem& w\ld be made ^u ! /r5g? ( ! =m] :5 draw+ ! pl\gh%>es toge!r ) ! latt]40 #agb orig9ally designat$ meat ( animals torn by wild bea/s1 b x is us$ to designate food1 especially meat1 =bidd5 by ! ,law4 ,all p]mitt$ food is call$ ka%] 774 #agc ,9 accordance ) ! traditional explanation ( ! comm&m5t1 8,?\ %alt n de/roy ! corn]s ( ?y be>d0 7,lev4 xix4 #bg71 a razor is n employ$1 & %av+ is avoid$2 ! hair ( ! be>d & ! face is clipp$ ) scissors4 ,?is prohibition1 l t ( 8r\nd+ ! corn]s ( ! head0 7ibid471 belongs to a gr\p ( precepts :i* aim$ at keep+ ! ,israelites away f ! idolatr\s cu/oms ( _! hea!n neighb\rs4 ,! second prohibition has l$ to ! fa%ion noticeable among ,russian & ,poli% ,jews ( lett+ ! hair ( 8! corn]s ( ! head0 79 ,hebrew peo?7 gr[ v long4--,9 ! ,mi%nah 7,ke?ubho? vii4 #f7 x is m5tion$ z a di/9ctively 8,jewi% cu/om0 t m>ri$ wom5 h _! head cov]$ :5 go+ out4 ,_m ,jewi% wom5 obs]ve also ?is cu/om )9 ! h\se4--,) ^! exceptions !re is no?+ 9 8 dress & appe>ance t ne$ di/+ui% ! ,jew f ! ,g5tile1 only t sometimes ,jews are m cons]vative ) reg>d to fa%ion ?an _! neighb\rs1 & old-fa%ion$ /yle is !n mi/ak5 = 8,jewi% fa%ion40 #agd ,"s p leave on "o ( ! walls ( ! h\se a c]ta9 piece unpap]$ & unpa9t$ z a sign ( m\rn+ = ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem & ! ,temple4 ,f ! same reason1 9 "s congregations1 ! bridegroom on ! w$d+-day has a%es /rewn on 8 head4 ,9 accordance ) ,ps4 cxxxvii4 #f we rememb] ,j]usalem on v>i\s occasions4 ,we recite ,ps4 cxxxvii4 on week-days1 & ,ps4 cxxvi4 on ,sabba? & ,holy-days1 aft] e meal4 ,aga91 :5 we give expression to our sympa?y ) m\rn]s we pray t ,god may com=t !m toge!r ) ^? :o m\rn = ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem4 #age ,! above-m5tion$ exceptions1 & ! fact t ! woman is passive 9 ! m>riage c]emony z well z 9 ! case ( a divorce1 h be5 errone\sly int]pret$ z evid5ce ( ! l[ e/imate 9 :i* %e is held by ! ,jewi% ,law4 ,h[ ! ,jews 7 taught to hon\r _! wives may be ga!r$ f ! ,jewi% m>riage docum5t1 9 :i* ! husb& promises 8to hon\r 8 wife 9 accordance ) ! rule 9 practice among ,jews1 t e husb& hon\rs 8 wife40 ,!re are1 un=tunately1 also bad ,jews :o ill-treat1 neglect1 or entirely ab&on _! wives2 b ^! cases are exceptions1 & proportionately less num]\s ?an among non-,jews4 ,on ! :ole1 ,jewi% wom5 are treat$ by _! husb&s ) love & reg>d1 & ! good relations t exi/ betwe5 husb& & wife ensure ! com=t & happ9ess ( bo?4 #agf ,to ?is respect = fem99e mode/y is due ! arrangem5t made 9 ! ,synagogue = female wor%ipp]s 7see p4 #dbf74 ,x is also ! reason :y girls h no c]emony correspond+ to ! celebration ( ! b>-mitsvah4 #agg ,wom5 d n l to d ne$lework on ,saturday ev5+ imm$iately aft] ! close ( ,sabba?2 x 0 consid]$ a mitsvah to prolong ! ,sabba?1 j z x is a sign ( love & e/eem if we induce a fri5d to def] 8 dep>ture4 ,! say+ t only %r\ds are to be sewn on ,sabba? ev5+ may p]haps be trac$ to ,mi%nah1 ,%abba? xxiii4 #d4 #agh ,9 ord] to h w>m food on ,sabba? )\t break+ any ( ! ,sabba? laws1 ! food is put 9 an ov5 :i* is heat$ 9 su* a mann] t ! fire cont9ues to burn )\t requir+ to be /irr$ or rek9dl$1 or 9 :i* ! heat is o!rwise reta9$4 ,su* food is call$ *alet1 :i* is probably a ,fr5* ^w1 correspond+ to ! ,hebrew 8w>m40 #agi ,or 8love ( mitsvah40 #ahj ,see p4 #ceg4 #aha ,see p4 #ceg sqq4 #ahb ,jews consid] x a duty to h gue/s 77 at ! table on ?ree occasions1 viz41 ! ,s$]-ev5+1 ,purim1 & ,succo?4 #ahc ,! bless+ g5]ally consi/s ( ! prie/ly b5$iction1 & ! words ( ,jacob1 8,god make !e l ,ephraim & l ,manasseh0 7,g54 xlviii4 #bj72 ,s>ah1 ,rebeccah1 ,ra*el1 & ,leah be+ sub/itut$ = ,ephraim & ,manasseh :5 females are address$4 #ahd ,a special ,s]vice ( ! day is call$ 4 #ahe ,friday ev5+ 0 especially select$ = ?is purpose2 ! visitors 7 treat$ ) fruit & sweets2 & ?is second>y elem5t 9 ! cu/om became 9 c\rse ( "t ! pr9cipal ?+4 ,! cu/om receiv$ ! "n ,%alom-za*>1 probably f ! usual greet+1 8,%alom6 78,peace10 correspond+ to our 8,h[ d y d807 ,o male *ild60 #ahf ,9 diff]5t c\ntries !re 7 diff]5t ways ( express+ ?is s5tim5t4 ,9 "s congregations a b& 7mappah7 = ! ,seph]1 ) ! "n & bir?day ( ! *ild inscrib$ on x1 & ornam5t$ ) v]ses expressive ( v>i\s good wi%es1 is pres5t$ to ! ,synagogue4 #ahg ,i4e41 a p]son :o circumcises4 #ahh ,( ^? :o assi/ 9 ! mitsvah1 ! s&ek 7godfa!r71 :o holds ! *ild dur+ ! op]ation1 is ! mo/ prom95t1 & is call$ 78:o is 9 possession ( ! cov5ant10 i4e41 ( ! *ild to be initiat$ into ! cov5ant74 ,! religi\s en?usiasm requir$ = ! p]=mance ( ?is mitsvah is symbolically repres5t$ by 8! *air ( ,elijah0 7 71 ^u :i* ! *ild is plac$ be=e ! op]ation2 ,elijah 9 ,jewi% ,tradition be+ ! type ( religi\s zeal4 #ahi ,! ,s]vice = ! occasion is includ$ 9 ! ,daily ,pray]-book1 by ,rev4 ,s4 ,s+]1 p4 #cjd4 #aij ,= ! ,bless+ & ,pray]s on ?is occasion1 see ,pray]-book1 p4 #cjh4 #aia ,! *ief elem5t 9 ?is ,s]vice is 1 ! ?anksgiv+ = ! ,div9e protection enjoy$ 9 ! mom5t ( dang]4 ,?is ,bless+ is pron\nc$ by 7#a7 ^? :o h cross$ ! sea1 7#b7 or a des]t1 7#c7 or h recov]$ f a s]i\s illness1 7#d7 or h be5 releas$ f prison4 7,comp4 ,ps4 cvii47 #aib ,leviticus 0 g5]ally tak5 fir/4 #aic ,a mis9t]pretation ( ! dictum ( ,rabbi ,eliez]1 8,:oso tea*es 8 daught] torah1 tea*es h]1 z x 71 levity0 7,mi%nah1 ,sotah iii4 #d71 l$ _m to believe t ! ,rabbis did n wi% ! daught]s ( ,israel to "k ! ,law4 ,! dictum ref]s to a discussion :i* imm$iately prec$es on ! efficacy ( ! 8bitt] wat]s40 ,rabbi ,eliez] holds t x is dang]\s to ! morality ( a woman to engage h] ?\ghts ) ! details ( ! ,law conc]n+ a wife suspect$ ( adult]y 7,num4 v474 #aid ,! fea/ 9 hon\r ( ! b>-mitsvah is only :5 x is accompani$ by 78,words ( ! ,law07 spok5 by him4 #aie ,at fe/ivities a glass 0 brok5 9 ord] to rem9d ^? pres5t ( ! transi5t nature ( all e>?ly ?+s1 & ?us w>n !m aga9/ excess ( joy 7,babyl4 ,talm41 ,b]a*o? #ca;a74--,! same is done aft] ! w$d+ c]emony4 #aif ,9 ! ,talmud ! cu/om ( ! r+ is n m5tion$2 any?+ c\ld be us$1 provid$ x _h ! value ( a p]utah1 a small co91 & 0 ! prop]ty ( ! bridegroom4 ,among ,jews ! use ( ! r+ is a mod]n fa%ion4 ,! r+ mu/ n conta9 any jewel or preci\s /one1 ! value ( :i* c 9 _m cases n easily be e/imat$1 & :i* might !re=e lead to misund]/&+ & dispute4 #aig ,!re are1 besides1 v>i\s explanations ( ! t]m *uppah3 7#a47 ,! wrea? on ! head ( ! bride :5 l$ to ! m>riage c]emony 71 ,mi%nah1 ,ke?ubho? ii4 #aj74 7#b47 ,a cov] ov] ! head ( ! bride2 9 "s c\ntries1 !re=e1 in/ead ( erect+ a canopy1 a tali? is held ov] ! bride & bridegroom dur+ ! c]emony2 9 o!rs a sep>ate c]emony ( cov]+ ! head ( ! bride takes place be=e ! actual m>riage 7comp4 supra1 p4 #dfg1 note #a74 7#c47 ,a private *amb] into :i* bride & bridegroom retire = breakfa/ :5 ! c]emony is ov]4 #aih ,9 ord] to prev5t mi/akes ! m9i/] reads ! =mula sl[ly1 & ! bridegroom repeats x2 ! m9i/] omits ! ^w 8unto me10 & ! bridegroom ins]ts ! ^w by himself1 or assi/$ by "s "o else4 #aii 8,& ( ,israel0 signifies3 8,accord+ to ! ,jewi% traditional int]pretation ( ! ,law ( ,moses20 ^! words are add$ because ! rules ( kiddu%9 are n directly m5tion$ 9 ! ,torah4 #bjj ,! ke?ubhah is 9 its ess5tial elem5ts v old1 & dates probably back to ! "t :5 ! ,jews 9 ,pale/9e spoke ,aramaic4 ,! settlem5t describ$ 9 ?is docum5t %\ld be made to correspond ) ! actual de$ ( settlem5t legally execut$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ev5 ! poor] bridegrooms %\ld be induc$ to make a real settlem5t correspond+ to ! promises made 9 ! ke?ubhah4 ,! sy/em ( life insurance facilitates su* a c\rse4 ,o!rwise ! ke?ubhah has no importance4 #bja ,! cont5ts ( ^! ,bless+s are3 7#a7 ,b5$iction ov] w9e2 7#b7 praise ( ,god z ! ,creator ( ! ,univ]se1 7#c7 z ! ,creator ( man1 7#d7 & ( woman2 7#e7 pray] = ! com=t ( ,zion1 7#f7 = ! rejoic+ ( ! "y c\ple1 & 7#g7 = _! unit$ happ9ess4 #bjb ,lit41 8,good planet40 ,! t]m has entirely lo/ its orig9al mean+1 & d5otes simply 8he>ty congratulation40 #bjc ,9 ! ,torah polygamy is n =bidd51 b n enc\rag$4 ,x 0 a luxury inaccessible to ! multitude1 & ! k+ is di/9ctly told t he mu/ n h _m wives 7,deut4 xvii4 #ag74 ,! pr9ciple ( monogamy is impli$ 9 _m ,biblical passages1 z1 e4g41 ,g54 ii4 #bj sqq42 ,mal4 ii4 #ad2 ,ps4 cxxviii4 #c2 ,prov4 v4 #ah sqq4 #bjd ,a woman divorc$ f h] husb& by or f h] bro!r-9-law by _c m>ry a koh54 #bje ,9 e congregation !re is a special society ( ^? :o devote !mselves to ! ne$s ( ! sick 7 74 ,see above1 p4 #cjb4 #bjf 8,_m h made confession & h aft]w>ds recov]$0 are ! v words to be address$ to ! pati5t accord+ to ! ,%ul*an-aru*1 ,jore deah cccxxxviii4 #bjg ,see ,sef] ha-*ayyim1 & ,daily ,pray]-book1 p4 #cad sqq4 #bjh ,see supra1 p4 #cjb4 #bji ,^? pres5t exclaim3 8,bless$ art ?\ 444 :o art ! true ,judge40 ,! same is done by ^? :o are n pres5t on he>+ ! sad news4 ,relatives r5d also _! g>m5ts 774 #baj ,9 ,hebrew & 2 ! =m] t]m is appli$ to ! m\rn]s dur+ ! "t betwe5 ! dea? & ! int]m5t ( _! relatives2 ! latt] aft] ! int]m5t dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( m\rn+4 #baa ,"s consid] x a di%on\r to ! dep>t$ to leave ! corpse unburi$ ov] night1 s9ce ! ,law does n all[ ev5 ! body ( a crim9al to be treat$ 9 ?is way4 ,! practice may also h comm5d$ itself on sanit>y gr\nds4 #bab ,! %r\d is made ( :ite l954 ,! kittel or s>g5es is "p ( ! raim5t 9 :i* ! dead are clo!d4 ,x is ! cu/om 9 "s c\ntries t ! bride pres5ts ! bridegroom ) ?is article on ! w$d+-day2 & x is worn by ! husb& on ,new-,ye>'s ,day & on ! ,day ( ,atonem5t1 & on ! ,s$]-ev5+ dur+ ! ,s]vice4 ,"s ?9k t ! object ( we>+ x is to rem9d u ( dea?1 & ?us turn our ?\ghts away f ! vanities ( e>?ly life4--,! cu/om has probably its orig9 9 ! fact t ! :ite kittel 0 ! fe/ive g>m5t ( ! day4 #bac ,9 ,hebrew or 8! h\se ( life0 or 8! h\se ( et]nity40 #bad ,! case is kn[n by ! "n ( 8! corpse :i* claims att5tion z a mitsvah40 #bae ,! usual =mula is1 8,may ! ,almighty com=t y toge!r ) ^? :o m\rn = ,zion & ,j]usalem40 ,^! words are address$ to ! m\rn]s :5 !y return f ! grave to ! ,hall1 :ile pass+ ! l9e 77 =m$ by ^? pres5t1 & are repeat$ dur+ ! week ( m\rn+1 especially on ,friday ev5+ :5 ! m\rn]s ent] ! ,synagogue4 ,:5 ! ,s]vice is ov]1 ! m\rn]s return home1 & p>take ( a meal prep>$ = !m by fri5ds or neighb\rs 7 74 ,9 days ( old w9e 0 tak5 on t occasion 7,ke?ubho? #h;b71 b ?is cu/om1 l sev]al o!rs1 has dropp$ into oblivion4 ,9 ! ,grace ! section :i* beg9s 8,& build10 is modifi$ dur+ ! week ( m\rn+ 9 ord] to give expression to ! s5tim5ts ( ! m\rn]s4 #baf ,dur+ ! week ( m\rn+ ! m\rn]s 7#a7 rema9 at home1 ) ! exception ( ,sabba?2 7#b7 ab/a9 f "w & bus9ess2 7#c7 hold ! ,morn+ & ! ,ev5+ ,s]vices at home1 & add appropriate psalms 7su* z xvi4 & xlix471 pray]s1 & m$itations2 7#d7 sit on ! floor or on l[ *airs2 7#e7 li/5 to no music1 avoid play1 & all k9ds ( amusem5t1 & 7#f7 let ! hair gr[ long4--,dur+ ! re/ ( ! mon?--or ( ! ye>1 9 case ( m\rn+ = fa!r or "m--! la/ two obs]vances are foll[$2 ! hair is only cut :5 x has become cumb]some z well z unsightly1 & a banquet is only att5d$ :5 x is a 4 #bag ,a symbol ( ! s\l ( ! dep>t$1 9 ref]5ce to ,prov4 xx4 #bg4 #bah ,! ?ree pr9cipal mitsvo? are3 ,/udy ( ! ,law 771 ,div9e ,s]vice 771 & ,*>ity 7 74 ,z reg>ds ! fir/1 a section ( ! ,mi%nah is /udi$ daily2 z reg>ds ! second1 ! b]eav$1 dur+ ! ye> ( m\rn+1 or on ! ,jahrzeit1 acts z ,read] 9 ! ,synagogue = ! :ole or "p ( ! ,s]vice2 & z reg>ds ! ?ird1 relief is giv5 to ! poor 9 memoriam4 #bai ,babyl4 ,talm41 ,gitt9 #ad;b4 #bbj ,! numb]s ref] to pages 9 ! ,au?oriz$ ,daily ,pray]-book1 ) a new translation by ! ,rev4 ,s4 ,s+]4