,gita & ,gospel ,,gita ,,& ,,gospel4 ,,by ,,neil ,,alex&]4 ,calcutta ,,?ack]1 ,,sp9k ,,co4 #aijc4 ,,calcutta3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,?ack]1 ,,sp9k ,,& ,,co4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,*ap4 ,i4--,,:at ,,is ,,! ,bhagavadgt8 4 4 4 #a ,*ap4 ,,ii4--,,plato',s ,,j ,,man 4 4 4 #ba ,*ap4 ,,iii4--,,! ,,s]vant ,,( ,,jehovah 4 4 4 #bf ,*ap4 ,,iv4--,,virgil',s ,,new ,,age ,,( ,,ju/ice ,,& ,,peace #cf ,*ap4 ,v4--,,jesus ,,( ,,naz>e? 4 4 4 #da ,,app5dix4--,,neo-,,kri%na ,,lit]ature 4 4 4 #fg ,,abbreviations4 ,,amaln]k>3 ,amaln]k>1 ,priority ( ! ,v$anta-,sutras ov] ! ,bhagavadgt4 ,,bose1 ,h4 ,c43 ,bose1 ,h9du ,civilization "u ,briti% ,rule4 ,,deuss53 ,deuss51 ,se*zig ,upani%ad's des ,v$a4 ,,dutt1 ,c4 ,a4 ,i43 ,dutt1 ,civilization 9 ,anci5t ,india4 ,g43 ,! ,gt4 ,,g>be3 ,g>be1 ,! ,philosophy ( ,anci5t ,india4 ,,g\gh3 ,g\gh1 ,! ,philosophy ( ! ,upani%ads4 ,,hopk9s1 ,r4 ,i43 ,hopk9s1 ,! ,religions ( ,india4 ,,hopk9s1 ,g4 ,e4 ,i43 ,hopk9s1 ,! ,great ,epic ( ,india4 ,,kaegi3 ,kaegi1 ,! ,rigv$a 7,arr[smi?'s translation74 ,,kidd1 ,p4 ,w4 ,c43 ,kidd1 ,pr9ciples ( ,we/]n ,civilization4 ,,kri%na*>itra3 ,bunkim ,*undra ,*att]ji1 ,kri%na*>itra1 f\r? edition4 ,,macdonell3 ,macdonell1 ,sanskrit ,lit]ature4 ,,momms53 ,momms51 ,hi/ory ( ,rome4 ,,moni]-,,williams3 ,moni]-,williams1 ,brahmanism & ,h9duism4 ,m,,ll]1 ,a4 ,s4 ,l43 ,mll]1 ,anci5t ,sanskrit ,lit]ature1 second edition4 ,m,,ll]1 ,s4 ,s4 ,i4 ,p43 ,mll]1 ,six ,sy/ems ( ,indian ,philosophy4 ,s4 ,b4 ,e43 ,! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/4 ,,s*,,r]1 ,h4 ,j4 ,p43 ,s*r]1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% ,p 9 ! ,"t ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,,seal3 ,braj5dra ,na? ,seal1 ,comp>ative ,/udies 9 ,vai%navism & ,*ri/ianity4 ,,telang3 ,telang1 ,! ,bhagavadgt1 c4 7,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 ,,viii47 ,,web]1 ,i4 ,l43 ,web]1 ,indian ,lit]ature4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,bhagavadgita8 ,9 ! :ole lit]ature ( ! _w !re are few poems wor?y ( comp>ison1 ei!r 9 po9t ( g5]al int]e/1 or ( practical influ5ce1 ) ! ,bhagavadgt4 ,x is a philosophical "w1 yet fre% & readable z poetry2 a book ( devotion1 yet draw+ its ma9 inspiration f speculative sy/ems2 a dramatic sc5e f ! mo/ fateful battle ( e>ly ,indian /ory1 yet brea?+ ! leisure & ! subtleties ( ! s*ools2 f\nd$ on a metaphysical !ory orig9ally a!i/ic1#a yet tea*+ ! mo/ rev]5t adoration ( ! ,"l ( all3 :]e %all we f9d a m fasc9at+ /udy8 ,!n its influ5ce on educat$ ,india has be5 & /ill is )\t a rival4 ,ev]ybody praises ! ,upani%ads1 b v few read !m2 "h & !re "o f9ds a /ud5t :o turns ! pages ( a ,stra or looks into ,sank>a or ,rmnuja1 b ! mo/ are cont5t to believe )\t see+4 ,! ,gt1 on ! o!r h&1 is read & lov$ by e educat$ man4 ,nor is !re any ne$ to apologize = ?is p>tiality3 ! ,div9e ,song is ! lovelie/ fl[] 9 ! g>d5 ( ,sanskrit lit]ature4 ,= ! ,we/]n m9d also ! poem has _m attractions4 ,! l(ty sublimity to :i* x s (t5 rises1 ! practical "* ( mu* ( its tea*+1 ! en?usia/ic devotion to ! "o ,"l :i* brea!s ?r\gh x1 & ! num]\s resemblances x %[s to ! words ( ,*ri/1 fill x ) unusual int]e/ = m5 ( ! ,we/4 ,b :ile x has _m po9ts ( aff9ity ) ! ?\ght & ! religion ( ,europe1 x is nev]!less a g5u9e product ( ! soil2#b inde$ x is all ! m fit to repres5t ! g5ius ( ,india t its ?\ght & its poetry are l(ty en\gh to draw ! eyes ( ! ,we/4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! ,gt8 ,c we f9d our way to ! f\nta9 :5ce ! cle> /ream fl[s8 ,a4 ,:5 ! dwell+-place ( ! anci5t ,aryan tribes 0 p>tly on ! out]1 p>tly on ! inn]1 side ( ! ,indus 7primeval patronymic ( bo? ,india & h] religion71 & ! tribesm5 7 equally at home on ! f>m & on ! battlefield1 !n x 0 t ! mass ( ! lyrics t =m ! ,rigv$a 7 made4 ,we ne$ n /ay to set =? ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* ?is unique body ( poetry is ( value to mod]n ?\ght4 ,= u x is ( int]e/ because x gives u ! e>lie/ glimpse ( ! religion ( ! ,indo-,aryans4 ,t religion is poly!i/ic & naturali/ic4 ,! ,v$ic hymns laud ! p[]s ( nature & natural ph5om5a z p]sonal gods4 ,!y praise also1 z di/9ct p[]s1 ! dep>t$ fa!rs4 ,su* is und\bt$ly ! g5]al "* ( ! religion ( t age4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! hymns to ,v>una br+ u v ne> mono!ism inde$4#c ,x is1 h[ev]1 only at a lat] p]iod :5 ! ,aryan conque/ _h mov$ out ( ! ,punjab to ! ,s\? & ,we/1 & j on ! eve ( ! =mation ( ! ,rigv$a z a collection ( religi\s hymns1 t we f9d ! beg9n+s ( philosophic speculation4#d ,a few hymns1 *iefly 9 ! t5? ,mondol1 ask que/ions ab\t ! orig9 ( ! univ]se1 & v5ture "s naive guesses on t trem5d\s subject4 ,"s ( ! hymns#e take = grant$ ! exi/5ce ( primeval matt]1 & ask h[ or by :om x 0 trans=m$ into a cosmos4 ,9 o!rs#f !re is m mono!i/ic feel+1 & a ,creator1 ei!r ,hiranyag>bha or ,visvak>man1 is describ$4 ,9 o!rs#g ! /ra9 ( ?\ght is agno/ic4 ,b4 ,) ! collection ( ! hymns ( ! ,rigv$a we pass into a new & v diff]5t p]iod1 ! lit]ature ( :i* is altoge!r prie/ly4 ,to ?is age belong ! two great sac]dotal manuals1 ! ,smav$a#h or ,*ant-book1 & ! ,yajurv$a#i or ,sacrifice-book1 & ^? extraord9>y collections ( prie/ly le>n+1 my?ology & my/icism1 ! ,brhmanas4#aj ,^! books introduce u to *ang$ times & *ang$ m51 to new places & a new range ( ideas4 ,! fre% poetry ( ! y\? ( ,india has giv5 place to ! mo/ prosaic & un9t]e/+ disquisitions 9 ! :ole _w4#aa ,! home ( ?is lit]ature is ! great holy l& ( ,brahman culture1 /ret*+ f ! ,sutlej on ! ,we/ to ! junction ( ! ,jumna & ! ,ganges at ,prayga4#ab ,9 ?is p]iod ! doctr9e ( ! transmigration ( ! s\l fir/ appe>s4#ac ,c4 ,! ,aranyakas#ad & ,upani%ads#ae place be=e u a fur!r developm5t ( ,indian religion4 ,reflection l$ to ! p]ception ( ! great tru?1 t ! k]nel ( religion is n ! ritual act b ! he>t ( piety beh9d x4 ,_m a man :o _h f\nd ! endless =mul & ! %[y c]emonial ( ! sacrifice a s]i\s h9drance to real religion1 s\ght refuge f ! noise & di/raction ( ! popul> cult 9 ! lonely sil5ce ( =e/ or des]t4 ,to run ov] ! sacrifice 9 "o's own m9d1 !y reason$1 0 z acceptable to ! gods z to kill ! horse or to p\r ! ghee ^u ! alt> fire4 ,b !y soon rea*$ ! fur!r position1 t = ! man :o has atta9$ ,,true ,,k sacrifice is altoge!r unnecess>y4 ,= k ( ! _w-s\l emancipates a man f ! *a9 ( bir?s & dea?s & leads to true felicity4 ,! ma9 purpose1 ?us1 ( ! ,upani%ads1 is to exp\nd ! nature ( ! _w-s\l4 ,_! tea*+ is by no means uni=m4 ,n only d ! sep>ate treatises diff] ! "o f ! o!r2 contradictory ideas are frequ5tly to be met ) 9 ! same book4 ,!y all t5d to ideali/ic monism2 !y all agree 9 id5tify+ ! s\l ( man ) ! _w-s\l2 b on ! que/ions1 :e!r ! latt] is p]sonal or imp]sonal1 h[ _s & matt] are relat$1 & h[ ! human s\l w jo9 ! div9e s\l aft] dea?1 !re is no unanimity4#af ,!re is ?us no speculative sy/em to be drawn f ^! books4 ,^? ( _! ideas t are held ) settl$1 s]i\s conviction1 are taught r dogmatically ?an philosophically2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 :]e !re is fre$om ( ?\ght1 !re is r a grop+ aft] ! tru? ?an any def9ite tra9 ( illum9ative reason+4 ,yet ?is occasional1 conv]sational1 unconv5tional "* gives ^! simple & s9c]e treatises _! greate/ *>m1 & fits !m = t devotional use to :i* s _m g5]ations ( pi\s read]s h put !m4 ,to ?is e>ly p]iod !re belong only ! fir/ great gr\p ( prose ,upani%ads1 ! ,brihadranyaka1 ,*ndogya1 ,taittirya1 ,ait>eya1 ,kau%taki & p>ts ( ! ,k5a4#ag ,d4 ,9 bold contra/ to ?is unsy/ematic m$itation on ! ,et]nal ,_s !re /&s out ! sev]e1 cle>-cut1 sci5tific sy/em ( ,kapila1#ah ! fir/ ,indian ?9k] :o d>$ to tru/ ! unaid$ human m9d4 ,buddhi/ tradition recognizes t he prec$$ ,buddha1 & connects him ) ,kapila-va/u1 ! bir?-place ( ,buddha1 ! site ( :i* 0 discov]$ z rec5tly z ,decemb] #ahif4ai ,he drew a %>p di/9ction betwe5 matt] & _s & decl>$ bo? to be et]nal1 )\t beg9n+ & )\t end4 ,! mat]ial univ]se develops 9 accordance ) c]ta9 laws out ( primeval matt]1 prakriti4 ,_s1 on ! o!r h&1 exi/s z an indef9ite numb] ( individual s\ls1 ea* et]nal4 ,!re is no supreme div9e _s4 ,! value ( ?is sy/em lies *iefly 9 its sev]ely logical me?od1 :i* dem&s t all reason+ %all proce$ f ! kn[n elem5ts ( exp]i5ce4 ,x has ex]cis$ a v great influ5ce on ,indian ?\ght1 p>tly by its me?od1 b /ill m p]haps ?r\gh its c>d9al ideas1 ! et]nity ( matt]1 ! et]nity ( individual s\ls1 ! ?ree gunas1 ! great cosmic p]iods1 & kaivalya1 i4 e41 ! atta9m5t ( salvation ?r\gh ! sep>ation ( ! s\l f matt]4 ,?is great sy/em is kn[n by ! "n ,snkhya1 i4 e41 enum]ation1 seem+ly on acc\nt ( ! numb]+ ( ! tw5ty-five tattvas1 or pr9ciples1 :i* x sets =?4#bj ,su* is ! ,snkhya sy/em2 b x w\ld be dang]\s to affirm t ! :ole came f ,kapila2 = no treatise writt5 by him has come d[n4 ,! e>lie/ sy/ematic manual ( ! philosophy extant to-day is ! ,snkhya-,krik ( ,isv>a-,kri%na1 :i* dates f ! e>ly ,*ri/ian c5turies4#ba ,e4 ,%ortly aft] ! ,snkhya sy/em1 & 9 close dep5d5ce ^u x1 !re appe>$ ,buddhism & ,ja9ism2 b z ^! great religions ex]cis$ no v def9ite influ5ce on ! ma9 /ream ( ,indian ?\ght = sev]al c5turies1 we %all n l+] ov] !m4 ,f4 ,we notice next ! second great gr\p ( ,upani%ads1 ! ,ka?a1 ,is1 ,svetsvat>a1 ,mundaka1 ,mahnryana1#bb :i* are all writt5 9 v]se4 ,t ?is gr\p is lat] ?an ! great prose ,upani%ads is abundantly cle> f ! *ang$ =m z well z f ! m develop$ matt]4 8,z contra/$ ) ! five above-m5tion$ ,upani%ads ) _! awkw>d ,brhmana /yle & _! allegorical int]pretations ( ! ritual1 ! ,ka?a ,upani%ad belongs to a v diff]5t p]iod1 a "t 9 :i* m5 began to co9 ! gold ( ,upani%ad ?\ght into sep>ate metrical aphorisms1 & to arrange !m toge!r 9 a m or less loose connection40#bc ,fur!r signs ( _! belong+ to ano!r /age ( ?\ght are _! ref]5ces1 m or less cle>1 to ! ,snkhya & ,yoga philosophies1#bd & _! t5d5cy to adopt ! doctr9e ( ,grace1#be i4e41 t salvation is n a fruit ( true k1 b a gift ( ,god4 ,! idea ( ,bhakti1 :i* became aft]w>ds s popul>1 appe>s 9 ?is gr\p ( ,upani%ads only once4#bf ,"h also = ! fir/ "t 9 ,sanskrit lit]ature ! ^w ,snkhya occurs z ! "n ( a sy/em4#bg ,b :ile ^! five metrical treatises are cle>ly lat] ?an ! prose ,upani%ads1 s*ol>s are n agre$ on ! "q ( _! relation to ! great sy/ems4 ,"s#bh hold t ! ,ka?a is e>li]1 o!rs#bi t x is lat]1 ?an ,buddhism2 ,web]#cj believes t ! ,svetsvat>a1 ,mundaka1 & ,mahnryana dep5d n only on ,kapila's sy/em1 b also on ! ,yoga ,stras ( ,patanjali 7see bel[71 :ile o!rs#ca believe t 9 ^! ,upani%ads we h scatt]$ pieces ( tea*+ :i* 7 lat] sy/ematiz$4 ,b :atev] be ! tru? on ^! po9ts1 x is cle> t ^! five are po/]ior to ! fir/ gr\p1 t _! relative age is ,ka?a1 ,is1 ,svetsvat>a1 ,mundaka & ,mahnryana1#cb & t ?is la/ belongs to q a late date4#cc ,along ) ^! v]se ,upani%ads we may take ?ree prose works1 :i* are manife/ly /ill lat]1#cd ! ,prasna1 ,maitryanya & ,mndkya4 ,g4 ,sev]al c5turies aft] ! ,snkhya !re appe>$ ! ,yoga philosophy1 ! text-book ( :i* is ! ,yoga ,stras4 ,accord+ to ,indian tradition ! f\nd] ( ! s*ool & ! au?or ( ! ,stras 0 ,patanjali1#ce ! well-kn[n s*ol> :o wrote ! ,mahbh%ya on ,pn9i's gramm>4 ,he accepts ! metaphysics ( ! ,snkhya sy/em1 b po/ulates ! exi/5ce ( a p]sonal god1 & urges ! value ( ,yoga practices = ! atta9m5t ( ,kaivalya1 t isolation ( ! s\l f matt]1 :i*1 accord+ to ,kapila1 is true salvation4 ,?us n "o ( ! ?ree ma9 elem5ts ( 8 sy/em is orig9al2 = ,yoga practices h exi/$ f a v e>ly date 9 ,india4 ,yet 8 sy/em is suffici5tly m>k$ (f f o!rs1 fir/ by 8 comb9ation ( ,yoga practices ) ,snkhya pr9ciples & a !i/ic !ology1 &1 secondly1 by 8 sy/ematic treatm5t ( ,yoga me?ods4#cf ,h4 ,lat] /ill ?an ! ,yoga philosophy is ! sy/ematic /atem5t ( ! ,v$nta po9t ( view by ,bd>yana 9 8 ,stras1 :i* are kn[n ei!r z ,brahma-stras1 ,srraka-stras or ,v$nta-stras4#cg ,i4 ,we next notice ! late/ developm5t ( ,upani%ad tea*+1 namely1 t f\nd 9 ! ,upani%ads ( ! ,a?>vav$a4 ,) ! exception ( ?ree1 namely1 ! ,mundaka1 ,prasna & ,mndkya ,upani%ads1 :i* we h already notic$1 !y are all v late4#ch ,!y fall into f\r great gr\ps1 accord+ z !y tea* 7a7 pure ,v$antism1 7b7 ,yoga practices1 7c7 ! life ( ! ,sannys91 or 7d7 ,sect>ianism4#ci ,= our purpose ! la/ ( ! f\r is ( ! mo/ importance4 8,^! sect>ian treatises int]pret ! popul> gods ,siva 7"u v>i\s names1 su* z ,isna1 ,mahesv>a1 ,mahdeva7 & ,vi%nu 7z ,nryana & ,nri%9ha7 z p]sonifications ( ! ,atman4 ,! diff]5t ,avatrs ( ,vi%nu are "h reg>d$ z human manife/ations ( ! ,atman40#dj ,let read]s note t ! doctr9e ( ,avatrs is q unkn[n 9 ! ,v$as1 ! ,brhmanas1 ! e>ly ,upani%ads & ! ,stras4#da ,we may also note t 9 gr\ps 7a7 & 7b7 we f9d :at is n f\nd 9 e>li] ,upani%ads1 namely1 ! phrase ,snkhya-,yoga us$ z ! "n ( a sy/em4#db ,"h also ! doctr9es ( ,grace & ,bhakti1 ! beg9n+s ( :i* we f\nd 9 ! v]se ,upani%ads1 are regul>ly taught4 ,j4 ,! la/ developm5t t we ne$ m5tion is ! tea*+ ( ! ,mahbhrata & ,manu4 ,we take !m toge!r1 n only because ea* ( !m is ! f9al product ( long c5turies ( gr[? & compilation1 b because !y are s closely relat$ to ea* o!r 9 orig91 t x is h>dly possible to take !m sep>ately4#dc ,9 ! fir/ book ( ! ,mahbhrata we are told t ! poem orig9ally consi/$ ( only #h1hjj slokas1 & t at a lat] date ! numb] 0 #bd1jjj4 ,! complete "w n[ conta9s ov] #ajj1jjj slokas4#dd ,we ne$ n "h enquire :5 ! simple h]oic lays 7 compos$1 :i* lie at ! basis ( ! great composition z x has come d[n to u2 nor ne$ we /ay to decide at :at p]iod x f9ally rea*$ its pres5t labyr9?9e /ructure & imm5se dim5sions4#de ,x is suffici5t = our purpose to notice t sci5tific inve/igations h laid b>e f\r /ages 9 ! =mation ( ! ,epic3--7a7 e>ly h]oic songs1 /rung toge!r into "s k9d ( unity3 ?is is ! /age recognis$ 9 ,book ,i1 :5 ! poem _h only #h1hjj slokas1 & is 9 all probability ! po9t at :i* x is ref]r$ to by ,asvalyana2 7b7 a ,mahbhrata /ory ) ,p&u h]oes1 & ,kri%na z a demi-god3 ?is is ! =m 9 :i* x _h #bd1jjj slokas1 & is ! /age ( ! poem ref]r$ to by ,pn9i2 7c7 ! ,epic re-ca/1 ) ,kri%na z ,all-god1 & a great deal ( didactic matt] add$2 7d7 lat] int]polations4#df ,s*ol>s are able to fix1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 ! dates ( ^! v>i\s /ages4 ,we ne$ n attempt to be s precise3 = u x is en\gh t ! repres5tation ( ,kri%na z ! ,atman belongs to ! ?ird /age ( ! gr[? ( ! ,epic4 ,p>allel ) ?is ?ird /age is ! f9al r$action ( ,manu4#dg ,! philosophic /&po9t ( ^! two great works is practically ! same1 be+ n[ ! ,snkhya-,yoga1 n[ a mixture ( ,snkhya1 ,yoga & ,v$antic elem5ts4#dh ,b ! ma9 ?+ to notice is t 9 ^! books we are already 9 mod]n ,h9duism4 ,turn+ f ! ,v$as to !m we f9d ourselves 9 an altoge!r new _w4 ,!re are _m new gods2 mo/ ( ! old div9ities h fall5 to subord9ate places4 ,new cu/oms1 new names & ideas are f\nd ev]y:]e4 ,! language too has *ang$3 new words1 new expressions & new =ms occur 9 pl5ty2 old words occur 9 new s5ses2 :ile _m o!rs h disappe>$4#di 99 99 99 99 99 ,let u n[ turn to ! ,gt4 ,:at is its place 9 ?is long succession8 ,cle>ly x is po/]ior1 n only to our fir/1 b also to our second gr\p ( ,upani%ads4 ,= x e*oes ! ,ka?a1 ! ,svetsvat>a1 & sev]al ( ! o!rs repeat$ly2#ej its v]sification is decid$ly lat] 9 "*2#ea ! doctr9es ( ,grace & ( ,bhakti1 :i* are f\nd 9 ^! ,upani%ads only 9 g]m1 are fully develop$ 9 ! ,gt2#eb :ile ! :ole !ory ( ,kri%na is a fre% gr[?4 ,! ,gt may also be %ewn to belong to ! same age z ! ,a?>van ,upani%ads4 ,x has 9 common ) !m 7a7 ! id5tification ( ,kri%na & ,vi%nu ) ! ,atman1 7b7 ! doctr9e ( ,avatrs1#ec 7c7 ! doctr9es ( ,grace & ,bhakti1 7d7 ! ,snkhya-,yoga4 ,b we may g fur!r1 & %[ t ! ,gt is 9 its tea*+1 9 g5]al1 p>allel ) ! ?ird /age ( ! ,mahbhrata & ) ,manu4 ,= :ile ! usual philosophic /&po9t 9 ! ,song is ,snkhya-,yoga1 !re are frequ5t lapses to ! ,v$nta2 & !re is an evid5t ef=t "h & !re to comb9e all ?ree4#ed ,?is is precisely ! position ( ,manu & ! ,epic1 z we h se54 ,note t 9 ! ,gt ! ,yoga philosophy is already old1 s old t x has fall5 into decay1 & requires to be resuscitat$4#ee ,! ,snkhya is n a loose gr\p ( ideas1 b a =m$ sy/em1 z appe>s f ! phrases ,snkhya-,kritnta#ef & ,guna-sankhyna4#eg ,kapila1 its au?or1 is s f> 9 ! pa/ t he is canoniz$ z ! *ief ( ! ,siddhas4#eh ,!re are _m m9or po9ts :i* ! ,gt holds 9 common ) ! ,mahbhrata1 & :i* are n f\nd e>li]4 ,! latt] half ( ! t5? *apt] is full ( ,epic my?ology4 ,!re ,sk&a is ! great w>rior-god1#ei z 9 ! ,mahbhrata1#fj !re too we f9d ! horse ,uccaihsravas1#fa ! elephant ,airvata1#fb ! snake ,vsuki1#fc ! fi% ,mak>a4#fd ,nirvna is us$ 9 ! ,gt#fe = #8highe/ bliss1' #8,brahmic bliss1' precisely z 9 ! ,epic4#ff ,9 ! ,mahbhrata ,bh%ma1 aft] receiv+ 8 mortal w\nd1 has to wait = ! ,utt>yana 7! nor?w>d j\rney ( ! sun71 i4 e41 he has to wait until ! sun passes ! s\!rn sol/ice1 be=e he c die 9 safety4#fg ,9 ! ,gt we f9d a simil> idea3 only ^? devotees :o die dur+ ! ,utt>yana g to ,brahman2 ^? :o die dur+ ! ,dak%9vana return to e>?4#fh ,?is dogma is n f\nd 9 ! e>ly ,upani%ads nor yet 9 ! ,stras4#fi ,a /udy ( ! language ( ! ,gt#gj leads to ! same conclusion4 ,a portion ( its vocabul>y is ! same z t ( ! fir/ gr\p ( ,upani%ads2 a l>g] portion co9cides ) our second gr\p2 a /ill l>g] co9cides ) ! diction ( ! ,a?>van gr\p2 & f9ally1 mu* t is f\nd 9 no ,upani%ad is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,epic4 ,we ne$ n attempt to fix ! date#ga ( ! poem1 = t is n only impossible z yet1 b is q unnecess>y = our purpose4 ,:at we wi% to d is to %[ t ! religi\s lit]ature ( ,india displays a long1 regul>1 evolution>y process1 t ! ,gt belongs to ! same p]iod z ! ?ird /age ( ! ,mahbhrata1 & is itself cle>ly ! result ( all ! prec$+ developm5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,c we !n accept ! decl>ation ( ! poem itself1 t x 0 utt]$ by ,kri%na on ! battlefield ( ,kuruk%etra8--,t necess>ily dep5ds ^u ! hi/ory & ! *ronology4 ,at :at po9t !n 9 ! hi/orical developm5t ( ! lit]ature :i* we h be5 /udy+ does ! fam\s battle /&8--,accord+ to all s*ol>s ! great w> & ! compilation ( ! ,v$as bo? belong to ! same p]iod4#gb ,! results ( our /udy may1 !re=e1 be tabulat$ z foll[s1 ) ! proviso t ! long process ( ! gr[? ( ! ,epic _c be fully repres5t$3-- ,! ,hymns ( ! ,v$as4 ,compilation ( ! ,v$as 4 4 4 ,,kuruk%etra4 ,! ,brhmanas4 ,! prose ,upani%ads4 ,kapila4 ,buddhism & ,ja9ism4 ,! v]se ,upani%ads4 ,patanjali4 ,bd>yana4 ,! ,a?>van ,upani%ads4 ,! ?ird /age ( ! ,epic & ,manu 4 4 4 ,,! ,,gita4 ,x has ?us become p]fectly cle> t ,,! ,g,t ,,_c ,,h ,,be5 ,,utt]$ ,,on ,,! ,,battlefield ,,( ,,kuruk%etra2 = x is ! la/ memb] ( a long s]ies1 ! f9al product ( a cle>ly def9$ & elaborate process ( developm5t4 ,to ascribe ! ,gt to ! age ( ,kuruk%etra is mu* ! same z if "o 7 to ascribe ! poetry ( ,t5nyson to ! age ( ,alfr$ ! ,great4 ,a ?\s& ye>s int]v5e2 ! ?\ght & toil ( a mill5nium 7 ne$$ to produce ! great result4 ,_h ,kri%na utt]$ ^! doctr9es on ! fam\s battlefield1 we %\ld inevitably h f\nd ref]5ces to !m 9 ! lit]ature produc$ dur+ ! foll[+ c5turies4 ,b :]e 9 ! ,brhmanas d we f9d any ( ! lead+ ideas ( ! ,gt8 ,ev5 if m5 _h disbeliev$ ,kri%na1 8 claim to be ,god inc>nate w\ld at lea/ h drawn out a prote/2 b 9 no s+le ,brhmana or e>ly ,upani%ad is !re ! slighte/ h9t ( any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,s f> f !re be+ any corroboration ( ! great my? 9 e>ly lit]ature1 !re is ! cle>e/ pro( t x is false4 ,9 ! ,k?aka rec5sion ( ! ,black ,yajur ,v$a k+ ,dhrit>%tra is m5tion$ z a well-kn[n p]son#gc2 yet 9 ! :ole lit]ature ( ! ,black ,yajur !re is no sugge/ion t ,kri%na claim$ div9e hon\rs4 ,! ,satapa?a ,brhmana1 :i* is a product ( ! ,kuru-,pan*la c\ntry1#gd conta9s ! names ( a numb] ( ! h]oes ( ! great w>1#ge b nev] ref]s to ,kri%na z ,god inc>nate2 :ile 9 ! ,*ndogya ,upani%ad1#gf :i* belongs to ! same di/rict1#gg he is spok5 ( m]ely z a man3 he is m5tion$ z a pupil ( ,ghora ,angirasa & is call$ ,kri%na ,devakiputra4#gh ,nay1 ev5 9 ! e>lie/ "p ( ! ,mahbhrata itself ,kri%na is only a great *ief1 & n a deity at all4#gi ,f9ally1 ! ref]5ces to ,p&u h]oes & to ! wor%ip ( ,kri%na & ,arjuna 9 ,pn9i1#hj w\ld lead to ! conclusion t 9 ,pn9i's day ,kri%na 0 n reg>d$ z ! supreme ,god1 b z "o among _m2#ha & ?is cauti\s inf]5ce is corroborat$ by ! fact t ! ,mahbh%ya itself does n recognize him z ! inc>nation ( ,brahma1 b z a h]o & demi-god4#hb ,?us ! :ole ( ! ,v$ic lit]ature1 & ! :ole ( ! ,stra lit]ature1 are de/itute ( a s+le ref]5ce to ,kri%na z ! inc>nation ( ! ,supreme4 ,!re is only "o conclusion to be drawn f ?is ov]:elm+ mass ( evid5ce4#hc ,x is /range t educat$ ,h9dus %\ld h clung s long to ! idea t ! ,gt is a real utt]ance ( ,kri%na4 ,! v fact t ! poem has always be5 reg>d$1 n z ,sruti1 b simply z ,smriti1 %\ld h be5 en\gh to sugge/ ! tru?4 ,a piece ( g5u9e div9e tea*+1 utt]$ 9 su* circum/ances1 & be=e ! composition ( ! e>lie/ ,upani%ads1 w\ld h inevitably f\nd a place among ! mo/ au?oritative scriptures ( ! fai?4 ,! fact ( its hav+ be5 always reg>d$ z ,smriti is suffici5t pro( by itself t ! book does n belong to ! ,v$ic age at all4 ,ano!r consid]ation ought also by itself to h be5 suffici5t to save ,h9dus f su* a grave error1 namely1 ?is1 t no great religi\s advance or upheaval foll[$ ! "t :5 ,kri%na is suppos$ to h liv$ & taught4 ,contra/ ! mighty revolutions t foll[$ ! "w ( ,buddha1 ( ,*ri/ & ( ,mahomm$2 & ! empt9ess ( ! ,kri%na claim w become at once app>5t4 ,aga91 ! subject ( all ! e>ly ,upani%ads is ! nature ( ! ,supreme ,_s1 :e!r call$ ! ,atman or ,brahma4 ,if on ! field ( ,kuruk%etra1 ,kri%na _h claim$ to be ! ,supreme1 z ! ,gt says he did1 c any "o believe t ! claim c\ld h be5 pass$ unnotic$ 9 ! ,upani%ads8 ,kri%na is m5tion$ 9 ! ,*ndogya2 ,brahma is ! subject ( ! ,*ndogya3 yet !re is n ! slighte/ h9t any:]e t ,brahma has be5 inc>nat$1 f> less t ,kri%na is ,brahma4 ,su* evid5ce is surely irresi/ible4 ,"o reason :y ! tru? ab\t ?is my? has be5 s long 9 f9d+ its way into ! m9ds ( educat$ ,h9dus is und\bt$ly to be f\nd 9 ! wret*$ly inadequate way 9 :i* ,sanskrit lit]ature is taught 9 ! ,univ]sities ( ,india4 ,9 ,calcutta at lea/ mo/ m5 :o take ,sanskrit z "o ( _! subjects = ! ,b4 ,a4 ,degree get ?r\gh _! exam9ation )\t hav+ ! slighte/ k ( ! hi/ory ( ! lit]ature4#hd ,= "s curi\s results ( ?is v defici5t tra9+1 see ! ,app5dix4 ,) ,kri%na1 all ! o!r s-call$ ,avatrs vani%2 = !y re/ on f\ndations /ill m flimsy & fanciful4 ,!y m]ely s]ve z signal pro(s ( ! t5d5cy inh]5t 9 ! ,h9du m9d to believe 9 inc>nations & to see su* ar\nd !m4 ,?is t5d5cy 0 already liv+ & creative long be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 & x has kept its vitality d[n to ! pres5t day2 = ?\gh ,*aitanya1 ! sixte5?-c5tury re=m]1 is ! mo/ notewor?y ( ^? :o )9 rec5t times h be5 c\nt$ ,avatrs1 he is by no means ! la/3 ! late ,ramkri%na ,p>amhamsa 0 reg>d$ z su*1#he & "s ( h] admir]s claim ! same hon\r = ,mrs4 ,annie ,besant4#hf ,fur!r1 ?is mak+ ( ,avatrs is b "o aspect ( t passion = deify+ m5 :i* has *>act]iz$ ,h9duism f fir/ to la/1#hg a passion :i* has set _m a mod]n ,engli%man among ! gods4 ,ev5 su* a :ole-he>t$ ,*ri/ian z ,john ,ni*olson did n escape4#hh ,! /ory1 !n1 t ,kri%na utt]$ ! ,song on ! battlefield1 is a pi\s imag9ation4 ,all s*ol>s hold ! w> to be hi/orical2 ,kri%na's "n c be trac$ 9 ! lit]ature f ! ,upani%ads d[nw>ds2 x is possible1 or ev5 probable1 t he 0 a ,k%attriya pr9ce#hi :o f\ght 9 ! w>2 b ! ass]tion t on ! field he claim$ to be ! supreme be+1 is absolutely negativ$ by all ! e>ly hi/ory & lit]ature ( ,india4 99 99 99 99 99 ,h[ !n are we to acc\nt = ! ,gt8 ,:5ce came its p[] & its beauty8 & h[ did x rea* ! =m x has8--,we mu/ recognise ! action ( ?ree factors 9 ! =mation ( ! ,song1 ! philosophy1 ! wor%ip ( ,kri%na1 & ! au?or4 ,we h already trac$ 9 outl9e ! g5esis ( ! philosophy2 !re rema9 ! cult & ! au?or4 ,all our s*ol>s recognize t ,kri%na-wor%ip has exi/$ 9 ,india s9ce ! f\r? c5tury ,b4 ,c4 at lea/2 = !re c be no d\bt t1 :5 ,mega/h5es says t ,h]akles 0 wor%ipp$ 9 ,me?ora & ,kleisobora1#ij he means t ,kri%na 0 wor%ipp$ 9 ,ma?ura & ,kri%napur4 ,h[ mu* fur!r back ! cult goes we h no means ( le>n+4 ,nor does x really matt] = our purpose4 ,! important ?+ to realize is ! exi/5ce ( ?is wor%ip ( ,kri%na1 be=e 8 id5tification ) ,vi%nu#ia & f9al exaltation to ! place ( ! supreme pan!i/ic div9ity4 ,! au?or ( ! ,gt 0 cle>ly a man ( wide & deep culture4 ,he _h fill$ 8 m9d ) ! be/ religi\s philosophy ( 8 c\ntry4 ,he 0 ca?olic r ?an critical1 m incl9$ to piece ?+s toge!r ?an to worry ov] ! diff]5ces betwe5 !m4 ,ea* ( ! philosophic sy/ems appeal$ to 8 sympa!tic m9d3 he 0 m impress$ ) ! value ( ea* ?an ) ! di/9ctions betwe5 !m4 ,b 8 0 n only a cultur$ b a mo/ rev]5t m9d4 ,he 0 z fully 9 sympa?y ) ,kri%na-wor%ip z ) ! philosophy ( ! ,atman4 ,inde$1 x 0 ! union ( ^! qualities 9 him t fitt$ him to produce ! noble/ & pure/ expression ( mod]n ,h9duism4 ,= ,h9duism is j ! m>riage ( anci5t ,brhmanical ?\ght & law ) ! popul> cults4 ,b )\t 8 spl5did lit]>y gifts ! miracle w\ld n h be5 possible4 ,! beauty1 precision & p[] ( ! diction ( ! poem1 & its dignity ( ?\ght1 ris+ n[ & !n to sublimity1 reveal b "o aspect ( 8 ma/]ly lit]>y ability4 ,mu* ( ! success ( ! poem arises f 8 g5u9e appreciation ( ! e>ly h]oic poems1 :i* he he>d recit$ ar\nd him1 & f 8 consequ5t decision to make 8 own ,song1 9 "o s5se at lea/1 a h]oic poem4 ,la/ly1 !re is ! %ap+ _s ( imag9ation1 )\t :i* no man c be a real poet4 ,) him ?is p[] 0 introspective r ?an dramatic4 ,no poet ) any g5u9e dramatic faculty w\ld h dream$ ( repres5t+ a w>rior z ent]+ on a long philosophic discussion on ! field ( battle at ! v mom5t :5 ! armies /ood ready to cla%4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :at m>vell\s insight is display$ 9 8 repres5tation ( ,kri%na6 ,:o else c\ld h imag9$ ) su* success h[ an inc>nate god w\ld speak ( himself8 ,nor mu/ we pass on )\t notic+ t1 ?\gh ! situation 9 :i* ! ,song is suppos$ to h be5 produc$ is an impossible "o1 yet = ! au?or's purpose x is mo/ admirably conceiv$3 h[ o!rwise c\ld ! ma9 ?\ght ( ! book--philosophic calm lead+ to dis9t]e/$ action--h be5 s vividly impress$ on ! imag9ation8 ,?is au?or1 !n1 =m$ ! idea ( comb9+ ! l(tie/ philosophy ( 8 c\ntry ) ! wor%ip ( ,kri%na4 ,he w\ld int]tw9e ! speculative ?\ght t satisfi$ ! intellect ) ! f]vid devotion :i* ev5 ! uncultur$ felt = a god :o 0 believ$ to h walk$ ! e>?4 ,philosophy w\ld ?us come ne>] religion1 :ile religion w\ld be plac$ on f> sur] intellectual gr\nd4 ,8 ta/es l$ him to connect 8 "w ) ! romantic poems ( ! day2 8 g5ius sugge/$ ! situation1 a dialogue betwe5 a noble knight & ! inc>nate div9ity2 8 ca?olicity taught him to int]weave ! ,snkhya ) ! ,yoga & bo? ) ! ,v$nta2 & z we h se51 8 p5etrative imag9ation 0 equal to ! creation ( ! subjective consci\sness ( a god-man4 ,we c n[ answ] ! "q :i* /&s at ! head ( ?is *apt]1 ,:at is ! ,bhagavadgt8 ,x consi/s ( two di/9ct elem5ts1 "o old1 "o orig9al4 ,! philosophy is old2 = x is only a v imp]fect comb9ation#ib ( :at is taught 9 e>li] books4 ,! orig9al elem5t is ! tea*+ put into ,kri%na's m\? ab\t 8 own p]son & ! relation 9 :i* he /&s to 8 own wor%ipp]s & to o!rs4 ,( ?is "p ( ! tea*+ ( ! ,gt we "h give a brief analysis3-- ,kri%na is fir/ ( all ! s\rce ( ! visible _w4 ,all comes f him1#ic all re/s 9 him4#id ,at ! end ( a ,kalpa ev]y?+ returns to him1#ie & is aga9 reproduc$4#if ,he p]vades all ?+s2#ig & aga91 9 ano!r s5se1 he is all t is be/ & mo/ beautiful 9 nature & 9 man4#ih ,b :ile ,kri%na is ?us ! supreme p[] 9 ! univ]se1#ii he is altoge!r )\t p]sonal int]e/ 9 ! activity !re9 display$3#ajj he sits unconc]n$1#aja always engag$ 9 action1#ajb yet controll+ 8 own nature1#ajc & !re=e nev] becom+ b\nd by ! results ( 8 action4#ajd ,?is conception ( ! ,supreme1 z at once ! c5tre ( all activity & yet completely deta*$1 enables ! au?or1 on ! "o h&1 to s(t5 ! seem+ly hopeless contradiction involv$ 9 id5tify+ ! k+1 w>rior & demon-slay]1 ,kri%na1 ) ! passionless1 *>act]less ,atman#aje ( ! ,upani%ads1 &1 on ! o!r to hold up ,kri%na z ! supreme example ( ,action ,yoga4 ,we n[ turn to ,kri%na's relation to 8 wor%ipp]s4 ,k is good2#ajf m5tal conc5tration is bett]2#ajg dis9t]e/$ action is bett] ?an ei!r2#ajh b ! supreme wisdom is fai? 9 ,kri%na & b\ndless devotion to him4#aji ,su* is ! tea*+ ( ! ,gt4 ,! wor/ epi!ts are kept = ^? :o fail to recognise him z ! ,supreme1 :o disreg>d him1 c>p at him1 hate him4#aaj ,to ^? :o resort to ,kri%na1#aaa :o place fai? 9 him1#aab :o %[] on him _! love1 devotion & wor%ip1#aac :o re/ on him1#aad ?9k ( him#aae & rememb] him#aaf at all times1--to !m are promis$ =giv5ess1#aag release f ! bonds ( action1#aah atta9m5t ( tranquillity1#aai true k#abj & f9al bliss#aba 9 ,kri%na4#abb ,s9ce all ! gods come f ,kri%na1#abc & s9ce he is 9 ! la/ resort ! sole reality1#abd wor%ip (f]$ to o!r gods is 9 a s5se (f]$ to him4#abe ,he accepts x & rew>ds x4#abf ,?is is 9 accordance ) 8 indiff]5ce to m53 to him no "o is hateful1 no "o de>4#abg ,yet ! highe/ bless+s fall only to ^? :o recognize him directly4#abh ,cle>ly our au?or =m$ 8 conception ( ! man-god ) great skill1 & fitt$ x into 8 g5]al s*eme ) all ! c>e & precision he 0 capable (4 ,on ?is elaboration ( ! self-consci\sness ( ,kri%na he conc5trat$ all 8 intellectual & imag9ative p[]s4 ,& ) :at unequall$ success6 ,c\ld any great] complim5t be paid an au?or ?an to h sixty g5]ations ( cultur$ read]s take ! creation ( 8 m9d = a transcript f hi/ory8 99 99 99 99 99 ,! masses ( evid5ce we h m>%all$ to prove t ,kri%na nev] claim$ to be ,god1 may be briefly summ>is$ z foll[s3-- #a4 ,! situation 9 :i* ! ,gt is said to h be5 utt]$ at once /rikes ! hi/orical /ud5t z suspici\s3 "o c sc>cely believe t !re 0 ev] a battle 9 :i* su* a ?+ c\ld h tak5 place2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 x makes su* an excell5t backgr\nd to ! !ory ( ,action ,yoga1 t "o _c help believ+ t x 0 inv5t$ = ! v purpose4 ,fur!r inve/igation leads to ! foll[+ results3-- #b4 ,! *>act]i/ic religi\s & philosophical ideas ( ! ,gt are n f\nd 9 any books produc$ imm$iately aft] ! age ( ,kuruk%etra4 ,if we />t ) ! tea*+ ( t age1 we h to trace ! /ages ( a long & cle>ly-m>k$ developm5t be=e we rea* ! ideas ( ! ,gt4 #c4 ,! diction ( ! ,gt is n ! ,v$ic ,sanskrit ( ! e>ly ,brhmanas 7:i* are ! lit]ature ( ! p]iod foll[+ ,kuruk%etra71 b belongs to a v mu* lat] /age ( ! language4 #d4 ,! fact t ! ,gt is n sruti1 b smriti1 proves t x comes nei!r f ,kri%na1 nor f ! "t ( ,kuruk%etra4 #e4 ,kri%na ,devakiputra is kn[n 9 ! lat] ,v$ic lit]ature z a man1 & 9 ! ,stra lit]ature z a h]o or demi-god1 b nev] z ! supreme be+4 #f4 ,! fact t !re is n a s+le ref]5ce 9 ! :ole ( ! ,v$ic lit]ature1 nor yet 9 ! ,stra lit]ature1 to ,kri%na z ! inc>nation ( ,brahma1 makes x impossible = u to believe t at ! battle ( ,kuruk%etra he claim$ to be su*4 #g4 ,! fact t !re 0 no revival or re=mation ( religion 9 ! age ( ,kuruk%etra proves t ,god 0 n inc>nat$ !n4 ,footnote #a3 ,! philosophic basis ( ! book is prim>ily ! ,snkhya sy/em :i* is ess5tially a!i/ic4 ,footnote #b3 ,dr4 ,lor9s]'s attempt 7,die ,bhagavadgt1 b]setzt und erlut]t von ,dr4 ,f4 ,lor9s]1 #ahfi7 to prove t ! au?or ( ! ,gt borr[$ _m ideas f ! ,bible mu/ be pron\nc$ a failure4 ,cf4 ,g>be1 #ai1 #hc-he2 ,max ,mll]1 ,natural ,religion1 #ig-ajj2 ,hopk9s1 ,r4 ,i41 #dbi4 ,footnote #c3 ,on ! religion ( ! ,rigv$a see ,kaegi1 #bg-gd2 ,hopk9s1 ,r4 ,i41 ,*aps4 ,,ii-,,vi2 ,macdonell1 #fg-aae2 ,bose1 ,h4,c41 ,i1 #f-i2 ,dutt1 ,c4,a4,i41 ,vol4 ,i1 ,*ap4 ,v2 ,moni]-,williams1 ,*ap4 ,i4 ,footnote #d3 ,hopk9s1 ,r4,i41 #ada2 ,macdonell1 #che2 ,g>be1 #a-b2 ,kaegi1 #hg4 ,footnote #e3 ,e4g41 ,x1 #ij4 ,footnote #f3 ,x1 #ha2 #hb2 #aba4 ,footnote #g3 ,x1 #abi4 ,footnote #h3 ,kaegi1 #c2 ,macdonell1 #aga-agd4 ,footnote #i3 ,kaegi1 #d2 ,macdonell1 #agd-ahe4 ,footnote #aj3 ,kaegi1 #e2 ,macdonell1 #bjb ff42 ,mll]1 ,a4,s4,l41 ,*ap4 ,,ii2 ,bose1 ,h4,c41 ,i1 #i-ab4 ,footnote #aa3 ,mll]1 ,a4,s4,l41 #chi4 ,footnote #ab3 ,hopk9s1 ,r4,i41 #agg4 ,footnote #ac3 ,g\gh1 ,*ap4 ,i2 ,g>be1 #b-g2 ,macdonell1 #bbc2 ,hopk9s1 ,r4,i41 #bjd4 ,footnote #ad3 ,mll]1 ,a4,s4,l41 #cac ff42 ,macdonell1 #bjd2 ,kaegi1 #e4 ,footnote #ae3 ,mll]1 ,a4,s4,l41 #caf ff42 ,macdonell1 #bah ff42 ,kaegi1 #e2 ,bose1 ,h4,c41 ,i1 #ab-ai4 ,footnote #af3 ,= ! tea*+ ( ! ,upani%ads see ,g\gh2 ,hopk9s1 ,r4 ,i41 ,*ap4 ,x2 ,g>be1 #g-aj4 ,footnote #ag3 ,see ,deuss5 on ea* ( ^! ,upani%ads1 especially p4 #bfd2 & ,cf4 ,macdonell1 #bbf4 ,footnote #ah3 ,g>be1 #aj2 ,macdonell1 #cij1 #cic4 ,footnote #ai3 ,fhr]1 ,monograph on ,buddha ,sakyamuni's ,bir?place1 ,ar*4 ,surv4 ( ,india1 ,vol4 ,,xxvi1 ,allahabad1 #ahig2 ,macdonell1 #ac4 ,footnote #bj3 ,= ! ,snkhya sy/em1 see ,g>be1 #aj1 #aa1 #bi1 #cf1 #de2 ,macdonell1 #cij-cie2 ,dutt1 ,c4 ,a4 ,i41 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bgf ff4 ,footnote #ba3 ,macdonell1 #cic4 ,footnote #bb3 ,macdonell1 #bbf2 ,deuss51 #bfa1 #ebc1 #bhh1 #edd1 #bda4 ,footnote #bc3 ,deuss51 #bfd4 ,footnote #bd3 ,ka?a1 #c1 #aj-ac2 #f1 #f2 #f1 #g-aa2 #f1 #ad-ah2 ,svet4 passim2 ,mundaka1 #b1 #a1 #a-c2 ,mahnr1 #fc1 #ba4 ,cf4 ,deuss51 ad loca4 ,footnote #be3 ,ka?a1 #b1 #bc2 ,svet4 #c1 #bj2 ,mundaka1 #c1 #b-c4 ,cf4 ,hopk9s1 ,r4,i41 #bch4 ,footnote #bf3 ,svet4 #f1 #bc4 ,footnote #bg3 ,svet4 #f1 #ac4 ,footnote #bh3 ,mll]1 ,an?rop4 ,rel41 #cde2 ,old5b]g1 ,budda1 #ef4 ,footnote #bi3 ,web]1 ,sitz4 ,b]li4 ,ak4 #ahij1 p4 #icj4 ,footnote #cj3 ,i4 ,l41 #aei4 ,footnote #ca3 ,deuss51 #bia1 #cjh4 ,footnote #cb3 ,deuss51 ad loca2 ,macdonell1 #bbf4 ,footnote #cc3 ,deuss51 #bdb4 ,footnote #cd3 ,deuss51 ad loca2 ,macdonell1 #bbf4 ,footnote #ce3 ,g>be1 #ad2 ,macdonell1 #cif2 ,hopk9s1 ,r4 ,i41 #die4 ,footnote #cf3 ,= ! ,yoga sy/em1 see ,g>be1 #ad-ae2 ,macdonell1 #cif-cii2 ,dutt1 ,c4 ,a4 ,i41 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bhe ff4 ,footnote #cg3 ,g>be1 #af-ah2 ,macdonell1 #djj-djb4 ,footnote #ch3 ,deuss51 #d2 ,macdonell1 #bch2 ,dutt1 ,c4 ,a4 ,i41 ,vol4 ,i1 #aai2 ,g>be1 #fi4 ,footnote #ci3 ,deuss51 #eda-edc2 ,macdonell1 #bch-bci4 ,footnote #dj3 ,macdonell1 #bci4 ,cf4 ,deuss51 #edc2 ,web]1 ,i4 ,l41 #aec ff4 ,footnote #da3 ,bose1 ,h4,c41 ,vol4 ,i1 #d4 ,footnote #db3 ,g>bha1 #d2 ,prngnihotra1 #a2 ,slika1 passim4 ,footnote #dc3 ,macdonell1 #dbh2 ,hopk9s1 ,g4 ,e4 ,i41 #ah-bc4 ,footnote #dd3 ,macdonell1 #bhb-d4 ,footnote #de3 ,see ,hopk9s1 ,g4 ,e4 ,i41 ,*ap4 ,,vi2 ,r4,i4 #cej2 ,macdonell1 #bhe-bhh4 ,footnote #df3 ,hopk9s1 ,g4 ,e4 ,i41 #cig-cih2 ,macdonell1 #bhc-bhf4 ,bunkim ,*undra recognizes ! second1 ?ird & f\r? ( ^! /ages3 see ,kri%na*>itra1 ,*ap4 ,,xi4 ,footnote #dg3 ,! ,ord9ances ( ,manu1 ,burnell & ,hopk9s1 pp4 ,,xix-,,xxviii2 ,macdonell1 #dbh4 ,footnote #dh3 ,hopk9s1 ,g4 ,e4 ,i41 ,*ap4 ,,iii2 ,r4 ,i41 #bfe4 ,footnote #di3 ,hopk9s1 ,r4 ,i41 ,*aps4 ,,xiv & ,,xv2 ,bose1 ,h4 ,c41 ,vol4 ,i1 #c4 ,footnote #ej3 ,see ,telang's translation ?r\gh\t1 & cf4 ,hopk9s1 ,g4 ,e4 ,i41 #bh-df2 ,amaln]k>1 #d-e4 ,footnote #ea3 ,telang1 #ae4 ,footnote #eb3 ,cf4 ,hopk9s1 ,r4 ,i41 #dbi4 ,footnote #ec3 ,g41 ,,iv1 #h4 ,footnote #ed3 ,hopk9s1 ,r4 ,i41 #cii4 ,footnote #ee3 ,g41 ,,iv1 #a-c4 ,footnote #ef3 ,g41 ,,xviii1 #ac4 ,footnote #eg3 ,g41 ,,xviii1 #ai4 ,footnote #eh3 ,g41 ,x1 #bf4 ,?is is a noticeable po9t2 = ,kapila is ! only f\nd] ( a philosophical sy/em kn[n to ! ,epic2 he alone is au?oritative 9 all philosophical matt]s4 ,see ,hopk9s1 ,g4 ,e4 ,i41 #ig4 ,footnote #ei3 ,g41 ,x1 #bd4 ,footnote #fj3 ,see ,hopk9s1 ,r4 ,i41 #dad4 ,footnote #fa3 ,g41 ,x1 #bg4 ,footnote #fb3 ,g41 ,x1 #bg4 ,footnote #fc3 ,g41 ,x1 #bh4 ,footnote #fd3 ,g41 ,x1 #ca4 ,footnote #fe3 ,g41 ,,ii1 #gb2 ,v1 #bd2 #be2 #bf2 ,,vi1 #ae4 ,footnote #ff3 ,hopk9s1 ,g4 ,e4 ,i41 #hh2 ,r4 ,i41 #dbg4 ,footnote #fg3 ,mahbhrata1 ,bh%ma ,p>van4 ,footnote #fh3 ,g41 ,,viii1 #bd-be4 ,footnote #fi3 ,amaln]k>1 #ac4 ,footnote #gj3 ,see ,jacob's ,concordance to ! ,pr9cipal ,upani%ads & ,bhagavadgt4 ,footnote #ga3 ,mr4 ,ju/ice ,telang 0 incl9$ to put ! date be=e ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 b 8 o!rwise mo/ judici\s criticism is faulty 9 ?is t x does n take all ! factors ( ! problem into consid]ation4 ,o!rs1 su* z ,mll]1 ,web]1 ,davies & ,lor9s]1 incl9e to a v late date1 ab\t ! ?ird c5tury ,a4,d4 ,mo/ writ]s believe t ! true date lies betwe5 ^! extremes4 ,s ,moni]-,williams1 ,hopk9s1 ,fras] & o!rs4 ,pr(4 ,amaln]k>'s pamphlet conta9s a numb] ( mo/ int]e/+ po9ts4 ,8 cont5tion1 t ! phrase1 ,brahmastrapadaih 7,g4 ,,xiii1 #d7 ref]s to ! ,v$nta ,stras1 & t ! ,gt is !re=e ! lat] "w ( ! two1 has be5 accept$ by ,max ,mll] 7,s4 ,s4 ,i4 ,p41 #aee71 b ,pr(4 ,hopk9s ?9ks ! ,gt is e>li] ?an ! ,stra 7,r4 ,i41 #djj74 ,! !ory :i* ,pr(4 ,hopk9s holds1 t ! ,div9e ,song 0 orig9ally an ,upani%ad1 & t x 0 r$act$1 fir/ z a ,vi%uite poem1 & !n a second "t 9 ! int]e/s ( ,kri%naism 7,r4 ,i41 #chi71 w\ld acc\nt1 on ! "o h&1 = ! num]\s inconsi/5cies 9 its tea*+1 &1 on ! o!r1 = ! v conflict+ signs ( date :i* x pres5ts4 ,= a criticism ( ,bunkim ,*undra's views1 see ! ,app5dix4 ,footnote #gb3 ,dutt1 ,c4 ,a4 ,i41 ,vol4 ,i1 #i-aa2 ,bunkim ,*4 ,*att]ji1 ,kri%na*>itra1 #df2 ,macdonell1 #agd-age1 #bhe2 ,hopk9s1 ,r4 ,i41 #cc1 #agg-agi4 ,footnote #gc3 ,macdonell1 #bhe2 ,web]1 ,i4 ,l41 #ij4 ,footnote #gd3 ,s4 ,b4 ,e41 ,vol4 ,,xii1 pp4 ,,xli-,,xlii2 ,macdonell1 #bac4 ,footnote #ge3 ,s4 ,b4 ,e41 ,vol4 ,,xiv1 ,index4 ,cf4 ,web]1 ,i4 ,l41 #ahf2 ,kri%na*>itra1 #ca4 ,footnote #gf3 #c1 #ag1 #f4 ,see ,dutt1 ,c4 ,a4 ,i41 ,vol4 ,i1 #ahi2 ,web]1 ,i4 ,l41 #ga2 ,bose1 ,h4 ,c41 ,vol4 ,i1 #bf2 ,hopk9s1 ,r4 ,i41 #dfe4 ,footnote #gg3 ,web]1 ,i4 ,l41 #gj4 ,footnote #gh3 ,:e!r ,kri%na ,angirasa 9 ! ,kau%taki ,brhmana be ! same p]son z ,kri%na ,devakiputra1 or n1 we _c tell4 ,footnote #gi3 ,dutt1 ,c4 ,a4 ,i41 ,vol4 ,i1 #abg2 ,bose1 ,h4 ,c41 ,vol4 ,i1 #cc-cd2 ,hopk9s1 ,r4 ,i41 #djc2 ,moni]-,williams1 #aab4 ,footnote #hj3 ,! ref]5ce to ,kri%na & ,arjuna runs ,vsudevrjunbhym vun 7,,iv1 #c1 #ih71 words :i* put ! two on "o level4 ,footnote #ha3 ,hopk9s1 ,g4 ,e4 ,i41 #cij-cie4 ,footnote #hb3 ,hopk9s1 ,g4 ,e4 ,i41 #cie4 ,footnote #hc3 ,we ne$ n /ay to ask :e!r ! ,srimadbhgavat & o!r ,purnas c be tru/$ z evid5ce = ! life ( ,kri%na2 = all s*ol>s agree t1 :ile anci5t ,purnas exi/$1 all ^? t h come d[n to u reflect a lat] /age ( ,h9duism ?an t ( ! ,mahbhrata2 & t1 :ile !y conta9 mu* t is old scatt]$ up & d[n _! pages1 ! olde/ fragm5ts are ( ! same g5]al date z ! ,mahbhrata & ,manu4 ,hopk9s1 ,r4 ,i41 #dcd-dde2 ,macdonell1 #bii-cjb2 ,dutt1 ,c4 ,a4 ,i41 ,i1 #ai2 ,,ii1 #baa2 ,mll]1 ,a4 ,s4 ,l41 #fa2 ,kaegi1 #h1 #aje2 ,kri%na*>itra1 ,*aps4 ,,xiv-,,xvi4 ,footnote #hd3 ,! /udy ( ,pr(4 ,macdonell's excell5t manual ought surely n[ to be made "p ( any ,sanskrit c\rse prescrib$ = a ,univ]sity degree 9 ,india4 ,footnote #he3 ,bose1 ,h4 ,c41 ,vol4 ,i1 #e4 ,footnote #hf3 ,! ,/ud5t's ,*ronicle1 ,may #aijc1 p4 #f4 ,footnote #hg3 ,= "s amus+ in/ances see ,hopk9s1 ,r4 ,i41 #ebb1 note1 & cf4 ,moni]-,williams1 ,*ap4 ,x4 ,footnote #hh3 ,moni]-,williams1 #bfj4 ,footnote #hi3 ,g>be1 #he2 ,moni]-,williams1 #ih1 #aab1 note4 ,footnote #ij3 ,mc,crindle1 ,anci5t ,india1 #bja4 ,cf4 ,hopk9s1 ,r4 ,i41 #dei2 ,macdonell1 #daa2 ,dutt1 ,c4 ,a4 ,i41 ,vol4 ,i1 #bai2 ,g>be1 #ai1 #hc4 ,footnote #ia3 ,t x 0 only at a v late date t ?is id5tification took place is evid5t f ! fact t x is n once m5tion$ 9 ! e>ly lit]ature4 ,ev5 9 two ( ! ,vi%nu ,upani%ads ( ! ,a?>va ,v$a1 ! ,atmabodha1 & ! ,nryana1 ,kri%na is ref]r$ to z a m]e man4 ,ap>t f ! ,gt & ! ,mahbhrata1 ! e>lie/ ref]5ce to him z ,god inc>nate is 9 ! ,goplatpanyopani%ad4 ,see ,web]1 ,i4 ,l41 #afi2 & cf4 ,g>be1 #ah-ai1 #he2 ,bose1 ,h4 ,c41 ,vol4 ,i1 #be-bf2 ,dutt1 ,c4 ,a4 ,i41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #aia4 ,footnote #ib3 ,= ! inconsi/5cies ( ! ,gt1 see ,telang1 p4 #aa2 ,hopk9s1 ,r4 ,i41 #cij1 #cii1 #djj4 ,footnote #ic3 ,,vii1 #f2 #aj2 ,,ix1 #h2 #aj2 #ac2 ,,xiv1 #c4 ,footnote #id3 ,,vii1 #g2 ,,ix1 #e4 ,footnote #ie3 ,,ix1 #g4 ,footnote #if3 ,,ix1 #g4 ,footnote #ig3 ,,ix1 #d4 ,footnote #ih3 ,,vii1 #h-aa2 ,x1 #bj-ch4 ,footnote #ii3 ,,ix1 #aj2 #ag-ah4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,,iv1 #ad4 ,footnote #aja3 ,,ix1 #i4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,,iii2 #bb-bd4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,?is is ,telang's translation ( two v difficult1 yet v in/ructive phrases4 ,9 ! ,gt ! ^w prakriti is us$1 fir/ = ! primeval matt] ( ! ,snkhya sy/em 7,,iii1 #bg2 #bi2 ,,ix1 #h1 #aj1 #ab2 ,,xiii1 #ai1 #bj1 #bc1 #bi71 & secondly = ! primeval matt] ( p]sonal "*1 ea* man's natural disposition 7,,iii1 #cc2 ,,vii1 #bj2 ,,xi1 #ea2 ,,xviii1 #ei74 ,!re is !n a ?ird class ( passages 9 :i* ! ^w is us$ 9 ! ,snkhyan s5se1 b1 by ! addition ( a p]sonal pron\n1 prakriti is made to belong to ,kri%na p]sonally 7,,vii1 #d1 #e2 ,,ix1 #g1 #ac74 ,"h we h "o ( ! devices our au?or employ$ to give ! great old phrases a vivid p]sonal col\r+4 ,n[ su* a phrase z 8my prakriti0 is already ambigu\s2 s we are n surpris$ to meet ) two passages1 9 :i* x is impossible to tell :e!r ! mean+ is metaphysical or e?ical 7,,iv1 #f2 ,,ix1 #h74 ,probably ! au?or int5d$ to sugge/ bo? mean+s4 ,mo/ translators take ! mean+ to be metaphysical1 b ,telang may be "r 9 tak+ x z e?ical3 ,kri%na is reg>d$ z ! ideal ( ,action ,yoga4 ,= a simil> use ( ! p]sonal pron\n comp>e s>vak>mni mayi sannyasya 7,,xviii1 #eg7 ) s>vak>mni sannyasya ( ! ,p>amahansopani%ad4 ,pages #gjf1 #gjh & #gji ( ,jacob's ,concordance to ! ,pr9cipal ,upani%ads & ,bhagavadgt are peculi>ly in/ructive 9 ?is connection4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,,iv1 #ad2 ,,ix1 #i4 ,footnote #aje3 ,x1 #ab1 #bj4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,,iii1 #c2 ,,iv1 #cf-ch2 ,,xii1 #ab4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,,xii1 #ab2 ,,xiii1 #bd4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,,ii1 #dg-ec2 ,,iii1 #g1 #cj2 ,,iv1 #ad-bc2 ,v1 #b2 ,,vi1 #a2 ,,xii1 #ab2 ,,xviii1 #a-aa4 ,footnote #aji3 ,,vii1 #ac-ad2 ,,xii1 #bj4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,,vii1 #ae2 ,,ix1 #aa-ab2 ,,xvi1 #f-bj4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,,ii1 #fa2 ,,vii1 #ad2 ,,xii1 #f2 ,,xviii1 #eg4 ,footnote #aab3 ,,xii1 #b4 ,footnote #aac3 ,,vi1 #ad1 #ca2 ,,ix1 #ac-ad1 #bb1 #cj1 #cd2 ,x1 #h-aj2 ,,xii1 #b1 #f-g1 #ad4 ,footnote #aad3 ,,iv1 #aj2 ,,vii1 #a1 #bi2 ,,ix1 #cb4 ,footnote #aae3 ,,vi1 #ad2 ,x1 #i2 ,,xviii1 #eg-eh4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,,viii1 #e1 #g1 #ad4 ,footnote #aag3 ,x1 #c2 ,,xviii1 #ff4 ,footnote #aah3 ,,iv1 #ad2 ,,ix1 #bh2 ,,xviii1 #di4 ,footnote #aai3 ,v1 #bi2 ,,vi1 #ae2 ,,xviii1 #fb4 ,footnote #abj3 ,x1 #aa4 ,footnote #aba3 ,,vi1 #ae2 ,,viii1 #ae4 ,footnote #abb3 ,,iv1 #i2 ,,vii1 #ai2 ,,viii1 #e1 #g1 #ae-af2 ,,ix1 #be1 #bh1 #cb1 #cd2 ,,xii1 #h2 ,,xiii1 #ah2 ,,xiv1 #b2 ,,xviii1 #ee-ef1 #fb1 #fe4 ,footnote #abc3 ,x1 #b4 ,footnote #abd3 ,x1 #a-c1 #bj4 ,footnote #abe3 ,,ix1 #bc4 ,footnote #abf3 ,,vii1 #ba-bb4 ,footnote #abg3 ,,ix1 #bi4 ,footnote #abh3 ,,ix1 #bb2 ,x1 #g-aa4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,plato',s ,,j ,,man4 ,we mu/ n[ leave ! l& ( ,bhrata & seek ! %ores ( ,greece4 ,9 ! fif? c5tury1 ,b4 ,c41 ,a!ns became ! focus ( ,hell5ic culture4 ,h] a*ievem5ts 9 ! ,p]sian w>s _h giv5 h] v di/9ctly ! lead]%ip ( all ! ,greek /ates2 & ! /eady progress ( h] comm]ce br\ght h] n only weal? b abundant int]c\rse ) o!r cities4 ,s t 9 ! latt] half ( ! c5tury we f9d ! peculi> g5ius ( ,hellas display$ 9 ,a!ns ) unexampl$ vig\r1 v>iety & spl5d\r4 ,b space w n all[ u ev5 to outl9e ! a*ievem5ts ( t incomp>able age 9 ! v>i\s prov9ces ( human culture4 ,we mu/ conf9e our att5tion to philosophy4 ,! g5]al advance ( intellig5ce1 education & culture 9 ,greece produc$ ! only result possible 9 communities ^: religion 0 a traditional poly!ism & ^: morality re/$ m]ely on cu/om & prov]bial wisdom3 scepticism1 bo? religi\s & e?ical1 broke 9 l a flood4 ,tradition & cu/om c\ld n )/& ! corrosive influ5ces ( fre% ?\ght f$ by deep5+ exp]i5ce & wid5+ sci5ce4 ,! ,sophi/s 7 ! expon5ts1 b sc>cely ! creators1 ( ?is sceptical habit ( ?\ght4 ,! philosoph]s _h n done mu* to cause x1 & !y c\ld d z little to cure x4 ,_! !ories dealt ) nature r ?an man1 & /ood 9 no cle> relation to ! problems t agitat$ e ?9k+ m9d4 ,x 0 at ,a!ns t ?is sceptical _s %[$ itself mo/ conspicu\sly1 n[ 9 ! lectures ( ! *ief ,sophi/s ( ,hellas1 naturally drawn to ! c5tre ( intellectual f]m5t1 n[ 9 ! /ately trag$ies ( h] ,dionysiac fe/ivals1 n[ 9 ! f9-de-sicle conv]sation ( h] gild$ y\?4 ,! timid1 ! old-fa%ion$1 ! cons]vative scold$ & sputt]$ & ?reat5$1 blam+ individuals in/ead ( ! "t _s1 b _h no heal+ ^w to utt]4#abi ,f ! v c5tre ( ! di/urbance came ! new _s ( ord] & re/oration3 ,socrates1 ! ,a!nian1 sav$ ,greece4 ,! old] philosoph]s _h discuss$ nature2 he turn$ all 8 att5tion to practical human life4 ,l ! ,sophi/s1 he tru/$ human reason2 b unlike !m1 he aim$ n at a display ( intellectual dext]ity b at rea*+ ! actual basis ( human morality1 society & politics4 ,human conduct 0 ! sole subject ( 8 ?\ght & 8 conv]sation4 ,h5ce ! def9ite1 practical value ( 8 influ5ce3 8 tea*+ /ood 9 ! close/ possible relation to life & to ! problems ( ! "t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he began ) introspection2 self-k 0 :at he dem&$ ( e disciple4 ,h5ce ! inexhau/ible significance ( 8 "w = philosophy4 ,he gave no set lessons to 8 pupils1 deliv]$ no lectures1 wrote no books4 ,he sp5t 8 :ole "t 9 conv]sation ) individuals1 proce$+ always by "q & answ]1 ?us compell+ 8 companion to ?9k = himself4 ,8 extraord9>y intellectual skill & ! l(t9ess & simplicity ( 8 "* drew all ! be/ intellects ( ,a!ns ar\nd him4 ,b :at gives him 8 un*all5g$ supremacy 9 ! hi/ory ( ,greek ?\ght is ! fact1 t 9 8 h&s ! sceptical ?\ght1 :i* _h caus$ su* dismay ev]y:]e1 prov$ to be ! v means ( reveal+ ! great realities :i* m5 _h fe>$ =4#acj ,9 #cii ,b4 ,c41 :5 he 0 an old man ( sev5ty ye>s ( age1 a numb] ( 8 fell[-citiz5s br\ght a crim9al case aga9/ him1 *>g+ him ) corrupt+ ! y\? ( ,a!ns & ) impiety4 ,he 0 tri$1 f\nd guilty & s5t5c$ to dea?4 ,a mon? lat] he drank ! hemlock--su* 0 ! ,a!nian mode ( execution--surr\nd$ by 8 fri5ds4#aca ,h[ tragic6 ,a!ns1 8! s*ool ( ,hellas10#acb kills h] greate/ tea*]6 ,socrates1 ! fa!r ( e?ical philosophy1 ! f\nd] ( ! critical me?od1 ! ideal in/ructor1 dies z an impi\s corruptor ( ! y\? ( ,a!ns6 ,b ,socrates 0 n m]ely ! greate/ tea*] ( 8 day4 ,all subsequ5t ,greek philosophy is fill$ ) 8 _s2 inde$ ! lead+ s*ools ( ?\ght 7 f\nd$ by 8 pupils4#acc ,consequ5tly he is ! f\nta9-head ( all ,we/]n philosophy & sci5ce2 = 9 bo? ,greece 0 ! s*ool-mi/ress ( ,europe4 ,among all ! disciples1 ,plato be/ repres5ts ! ma/]'s _s4 ,! ,meg>ians1 ! ,cynics1 ! ,cyr5aics1 &1 at a lat] date1 ! ,/oics & ! ,epicureans1 c]ta9ly c>ri$ on ! "w ( ,socrates1 b !y are deflections f ! /raight l9e3 !y are 8imp]fect s*ools10 z ,zell] calls !m4#acd ,plato is 9 ! direct l9e ( succession4 ,he 0 ab\t tw5ty ye>s ( age :5 he began to li/5 to ,socrates4 ,eight ye>s lat] came ! dea? ( ! great tea*]4 ,plato !n left ,a!ns & sp5t a numb] ( ye>s 9 travel & 9 /udy 9 diff]5t places4 ,ab\t #cij ,b4 ,c41 h[ev]1 he return$ to ! city & set up a philosophical s*ool 9 a g>d5 call$ ,academia4 ,= =ty ye>s !reaft] he 0 ! ackn[l$g$ lead] ( philosophic ?\ght & tea*+ 9 ,a!ns4#ace ,8 influ5ce s9ce 8 dea? has re/$ *iefly on 8 ,dialogues1 "o ( ! mo/ p]fect lit]>y treasures 9 ! ,greek language4 ,! =m ( ^! beautiful compositions /ill reflects ! "q-&-answ] me?od ( ,plato's ma/]2 & ! debt ( ! pupil is ev]y:]e ackn[l$g$2 = 9 mo/ ( ! ,dialogues ,socrates is ! *ief int]locutor4#acf ,among ! ,dialogues ! ,republic is univ]sally recogniz$ z ! mo/ preci\s2 = x %[s u n only 8 lit]>y art at its highe/1 b ! ?\ght ( 8 matur$ m9d3 x repres5ts ,plato 9 8 /r5g?4#acg ,! subject ( ! ,republic is 8,:at is ,ju/ice80 ,x is ?us ! culm9ation ( ! e?ical tea*+ ( ,socrates4 ,among ! prelim9>y discussions 9 ?is book !re occurs a v /rik+ conv]sation betwe5 ,glaucon & ,socrates1 9 :i* ! =m] gives two ideal portraits1 "o ( a man consummately unju/1 ! o!r ( a man altoge!r j4 ,"h is ! passage3-- 8,b 9 actually decid+ betwe5 ! lives ( ! two p]sons 9 "q1 we %all be enabl$ to arrive at a correct conclusion by contra/+ toge!r ! ?or\ghly j & ! ?or\ghly unju/ man1--& only by s do+4 ,well !n1 h[ are we to contra/ !m8 ,9 ?is way4 ,let u make no d$uction ei!r f ! inju/ice ( ! unju/1 or f ! ju/ice ( ! j1 b let u suppose ea* to be p]fect 9 8 own l9e ( conduct4 ,fir/ ( all !n1 ! unju/ man mu/ act z skilful craftsm5 d4 ,= a fir/-rate pilot or physician p]ceives ! diff]5ce betwe5 :at is practicable & :at is impracticable 9 8 art1 & :ile he attempts ! =m]1 he lets ! latt] alone2 &1 moreov]1 %\ld he happ5 to make a false /ep1 he is able to recov] himself4 ,9 ! same way1 if we are to =m a conception ( a consummately unju/ man1 we mu/ suppose t he makes no mi/ake 9 ! prosecution ( 8 unju/ ent]prises & t he escapes detection3 b if he be f\nd out1 we mu/ look ^u him z a bungl]2 = x is ! p]fection ( inju/ice to seem j )\t really be+ s4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 grant to ! p]fectly unju/ man1 )\t any d$uction1 ! mo/ p]fect inju/ice3 & we mu/ conc$e to him1 t :ile committ+ ! grosse/ acts ( inju/ice1 he has won himself ! highe/ reputation = ju/ice2 & t %\ld he make a false /ep1 he is able to recov] himself1 p>tly by a tal5t = speak+ ) effect1 9 case he be call$ 9 "q = any ( 8 misde$s1 & p>tly because 8 c\rage & /r5g?1 & 8 comm& ( fri5ds & money1 enable him to employ =ce ) success1 :5ev] =ce is requir$4 ,su* be+ our unju/ man1 let u1 9 pursuance ( ! argum5t1 place ! j man by 8 side1 a man ( true simplicity & nobl5ess1 resolv$1 z s*ylus says1 n to seem1 b to be1 good4 ,we mu/ c]ta9ly take away ! seem+2 = if he be ?\ght to be a j man1 he w h hon\rs & gifts on ! /r5g? ( ?is reputation1 s t x w be unc]ta9 :e!r x is = ju/ice's sake1 or = ! sake ( ! gifts & hon\rs1 t he is :at he is4 ,yes2 we mu/ /rip him b>e ( ev]y?+ b ju/ice1 & make 8 :ole case ! rev]se ( ! =m]4 ,)\t be+ guilty ( "o unju/ act1 let him h ! wor/ reputation = inju/ice1 s t 8 virtue may be ?or\ghly te/$1 & %ewn to be pro( aga9/ infamy & all its consequ5ces2 & let him g on till ! day ( 8 dea?1 /eadfa/ 9 8 ju/ice1 b ) a lifelong reputation = inju/ice2 9 ord] t1 hav+ br\ght bo? ! m5 to ! utmo/ limits ( ju/ice & ( inju/ice respectively1 we may !n give judgm5t z to :i* ( ! two is ! happi]40 8,good heav5s6 my de> ,glaucon10 said ,i1 8h[ vigor\sly y "w1 sc\r+ ! two *>act]s clean = our judgm5t1 l a pair ( /atues40 8,i d x z well z ,i c10 he said4 8,& aft] describ+ ! m5 z we h done1 !re w be no fur!r difficulty1 ,i imag9e1 9 proce$+ to sket* ! k9d ( life :i* awaits !m respectively4 ,let me !re=e describe x4 ,& if ! description be some:at co>se1 d n reg>d x z m9e1 ,socrates1 b z com+ f ^? :o comm5d inju/ice above ju/ice4 ,!y w say t 9 su* a situation ! j man w be sc\rg$1 rack$1 fett]$1 w h 8 eyes burnt out1 & at la/1 aft] suff]+ e k9d ( torture1 w be crucifi$2 & ?us le>n t x is be/ to resolve1 n to be1 b to seem1 j40#ach ,! picture ( ! j man "h is surely a v rem>kable "o4 ,x is dramatically put into ! m\? ( ,glaucon1 & "p ( x is by him attribut$ to ^? :o comm5d inju/ice2 b ^! are b lit]>y =ms2 ! picture is ,plato's own4 ,x is 8 ideal ( ! j man2 & ! extraord9>y ?+ is 8 belief1 "h /at$ s pla9ly1 t a man ^: he>t is p]fectly set on righte\sness may be s completely misund]/ood by ^? ar\nd him1 z to be reg>d$ by !m z utt]ly unju/1 & may 9 consequ5ce be subject$ to ! extreme/ torture & ! mo/ %ameful dea?4 ,no "o c d\bt t x 0 ! dea? ( 8 ma/] t l$ ,plato to p]ceive ! great tru? to :i* he "h gives su* en]getic expression4 ,! *>ges aga9/ ,socrates 7 a complete inv]sion ( ! tru?3 8 rev]5ce 0 call$ impiety2 8 brilliant "w = ! "* ( ! y\? ( 8 day br\ght him ! *>ge ( baneful corruption4 ,f 8 tragic end ,plato le>n$ t ! good man :o br+s new tru? is v likely to be completely misund]/ood & to be class$ ) ! wor/ wrong-do]s4 ,footnote #abi3 ,zell]1 ,socrates1 ,*aps4 ,i & ,,ii4 ,footnote #acj3 ,zell]1 ,socrates1 ,*aps4 ,,iii to ,,ix2 ,bury1 ,hi/ory ( ,greece1 ,,ii1 #adj-adf2 ,grote1 ,hi/ory ( ,greece1 ,*ap4 ,,lxviii4 ,footnote #aca3 ,zell]1 ,socrates1 ,*ap4 ,x2 ,bury1 ,hi/ory ( ,greece1 ,,ii1 #adg4 ,footnote #acb3 ,s call$ by ,p]icles1 h] greate/ /atesman4 ,see ,?ucydides1 ,,ii1 #da4 ,footnote #acc3 ,see ,milton1 ,p>adise ,rega9$1 ,,iv1 #bgb-bhj4 ,footnote #acd3 ,socrates1 ,"p ,,iii4 ,footnote #ace3 ,mahaffy1 ,greek ,lit]ature1 ,,ii1 #afj-afb2 ,rit*ie1 ,plato1 ,*ap4 ,i2 ,mayor1 ,anci5t ,philosophy1 #da ff4 ,footnote #acf3 ,= ! ,dialogues see ,rit*ie's ,plato1 ,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,footnote #acg3 ,on ! ,republic see ,mahaffy1 ,greek ,lit]ature1 ,,ii1 #aie-bja4 ,footnote #ach3 ,plato1 ,rep41 ,,ii1 #cfj ,e-#cfb ,a1 ,davies & ,vaughan's translation4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,s]vant ,,( ,,jehovah4 ,! hi/ory ( ,israel is unique 9 ! annals ( ! nations4 ,9 size sc>cely wor?y ( reg>d1 9 politics only = "o brief reign ( any s]i\s acc\nt1 ) no special g5ius = art or w>1 = speculative ?9k+ or sci5tific rese>*1 fail+ to keep ev5 _! racial unity 9 ! day ( _! greate/ /r5g?1 torn 9 pieces by e conqu]or1 deport$ out ( _! own l&1 & ev5 aft] _! return kept 9 subjection by o!r imp]ial races1 f9ally /ripp$ ( _! temple & sacr$ city by ! ,romans1 & %att]$ into fragm5ts1 ?is feeble p has yet set its "n high beside ,greece & ,rome1 has giv5 ! _w ! only book :i* all ! _w reads1#aci & ! religion :i* has produc$ ,we/]n civilization4 ,! "o duty ( :i* ! be/ spirits 9 ,israel 7 consci\s ?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( ! p 0 fai?fulness to ,jehovah4 ,inde$ ! :ole consci\sness ( ! race might be summ$ up 9 two phrases3 ,jehovah is ! ,god ( ,israel1 &1 ,israel is ! p ( ,jehovah4 ,w>1 gov]nm5t1 philosophy1 art might be = o!r peoples3 ,israel's "o duty 0 to s]ve h] ,god1 religion ! sole activity ( h] _s4 ,! relation betwe5 ,jehovah & ,israel 0 a peculi>ly t5d] "o2--8,:5 ,israel 0 a *ild1 !n ,i lov$ him1 & call$ my son out ( ,egypt10#adj says ,jehovah by ! m\? ( "o ( ,8 prophets4 ,z ,israel 0 ,jehovah's son1 he _h to be taught1 tra9$1 discipl9$4 ,! hi/ory ( ! p1 !n1 is simply ! record ( ,jehovah's deal+s ) !m 9 ?is process ( lov+ & pati5t tra9+4 ,israel's education 0 *iefly 9 ! h>d s*ool ( exp]i5ce1 9 national disa/] & disgrace1 9 national recov]y & victory4 ,b n 9 ev5ts alone3 ,jehovah spoke ,8 w out cle>ly ?r\gh a s]ies ( mo/ rem>kable m5 kn[n z ! ,,prophets4 ,:at is mo/ noticeable 9 ^! m5 is ! directness & ! c]ta9ty ( ! message !y br\ght f ,jehovah to ,8 p4 ,usually x 0 criticism & condemnation1 ) a def9ite decl>ation ( com+ puni%m5t2 b n[ & !n x 0 com=t & consolation1 ) ! promise ( spe$y help & relief4 ,x w\ld be mo/ int]e/+ to trace ! hi/ory 9 detail & to wat* h[ ! p 7 l$ /ep by /ep to full] & cle>] k ( ,god1 b we mu/ n /ay = t "h4 ,we ne$ only say suffici5t to enable read]s to und]/& ! circum/ances 9 :i* ! great prophecy :i* we wi% to discuss came to be utt]$4 ,! p 7 slaves 9 ,egypt4 ,!y 7 br\ght out "u ,moses2 & 9 ! p59sula ( ,s9ai a ,cov5ant 0 made betwe5 !m & ,jehovah1 :i* laid ! f\ndation ( _! religion & _! national life4 ,jo%ua 0 _! lead] 9 ! conque/ ( ,pale/9e1 an ev5t :i* probably took place 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ,b4 ,c4 ,dur+ ! fir/ two c5turies ( _! resid5ce 9 ! l& !y _h no settl$ =m ( gov]nm5t1 b ackn[l$g$ z _! rul]s f "t to "t c]ta9 great p]sonalities kn[n z ,judges4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury ! pressure ( ! ,phili/9es l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( a mon>*y4 ,saul knit ! p toge!r2 ,david built up a petty empire2 ,solomon gave 8 att5tion to comm]ce & int]nal organization4 ,b aft] ^! ?ree reigns ! nation fell 9 two4 ,f #icg ,b4 ,c4 onw>d = two c5turies1 in/ead ( "o /ate !re are two rival k+doms1 ! nor!rn call$ ,israel & ! s\!rn ,judah4 ,! great ev5ts ( ^! c5turies occur 9 ,israel4 ,?r\gh ! prophets ,elijah & ,eli%a ! p 7 taught t ,jehovah w\ld nev] cons5t to be "o among _m gods3 ,!y mu/ wor%ip ,jehovah alone4 ,lat]1 ,amos prophesi$ t ,jehovah w\ld br+ ab\t ! de/ruction ( ! k+dom ( ,israel1 because ! p w\ld n live righte\sly4 ,!y (f]$ ,god sacrifices1 :ile ,he dem&$ righte\s conduct betwe5 man & man4 ,b !y c\ld n believe t ,jehovah w\ld de/roy ,8 own *os5 p3 8,h[ c we believe t ,he w de/roy ! only p 9 all ! _w t ,he has made ,himself kn[n to80 ,swift comes ! answ]1 8,y only h ,i kn[n ( all ! families ( ! e>?3 !re=e ,i w puni% y = all y\r iniquities40#ada ,israel _h _h great] privileges ?an any o!r p2 !re=e ,israel _h a deep] responsibility1 & w\ld receive a sev]] puni%m5t4 ,9 #gbb ,b4 ,c4 ! ,assyrians ov]?rew ,israel1 & c>ri$ away #bg1bij ( ! lead+ inhabitants & settl$ !m 9 ,mesopotamia & ,m$ia4#adb ,! prophecy ( ,amos 0 ?us lit]ally fulfill$4 ,! k+dom ( ,judah1 :i* 0 n involv$ 9 ! fate ( ,israel1 /ood = r m ?an a c5tury long]4 ,isaiah 0 ! prophet ( ,jehovah 9 ,judah :5 ,israel fell4 ,he condemn$ 8 own p j z ,amos _h condemn$ ,israel1 because !y id5tifi$ religion ) ritual1 & w\ld n give ,jehovah :at ,he want$1 namely1 righte\sness4 ,! /ate ( ! p 0 s bad t ,isaiah decl>$ t no?+ c\ld cure !m4 ,jehovah w\ld int]v5e3 ! bulk ( ! p w\ld be de/roy$1 b a righte\s remnant w\ld be sav$4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ,isaiah's life ,s5na*]ib1 k+ ( ,assyria1 came1 deva/at$ ! l& ( ,judah1 took _m ( ! cities1 & dem&$ ! surr5d] ( ! capital1 ,j]usalem4 ,isaiah advis$ ! k+ n to yield1 & prophesi$ t ! ,assyrian w\ld n be able to t\* ! city4 ,8 prophecy 0 fulfill$ to ! lett]4 ,! huge ,assyrian army 0 sudd5ly annihilat$ by "s unkn[n cause1 probably pe/il5ce1 & ,s5na*]ib ha/5$ back to ,assyria4#adc ,a c5tury lat] ,judah 0 9 a /ill worse condition3 idolatry1 poly!ism1 immorality 7 eat+ out ! vitals ( ! nation4 ,9 #fjd ,b4 ,c4 ,j]emiah prophesi$ t ,jehovah w\ld br+ ,nebu*adnezz>1 k+ ( ,babylon1 into ,syria1 & t he w\ld de/roy ,judah & all ! nations r\nd ab\t1 t !y w\ld groan "u ! rule ( ,babylon = sev5ty ye>s1 b t at ! end ( t p]iod ,jehovah w\ld puni% ! ,babylonians = _! iniquity1 & w\ld make _! l& desolate =ev]4#add ,b 8 c\ntrym5 w\ld n li/54 ,jehovah _h sav$ ,8 p f ! ,assyrian 9 ! "t ( ,isaiah3 :y %\ld ,he all[ ! ,babylonian to t\* !m n[8 ,yet 9 #ehe ,b4 ,c4 ,nebu*adnezz> took ,j]usalem1 burn$ ! city & ! temple1 & c>ri$ away ! k+ & all ! lead+ families to ,babylon4#ade ,once m ! ^w ( ,jehovah1 z spok5 by ,8 prophets1 0 lit]ally fulfill$4 ,b :at 0 to be ! end8--,jehovah seem$ to h utt]ly de/roy$ ,8 *os5 p3 :at 0 ,8 purpose8 :at good 0 to come out ( x8 ,! p ( ! nor!rn k+dom1 c>ri$ away 9 #gbb ,b4 ,c41 soon lo/ _! religion1 & 7 9 consequ5ce spe$ily lo/ !mselves among ! peoples ( ! ,ea/4 ,n s ! captives ( ,judah3 ! tra9+ ( ,isaiah & 8 disciples & ( ,j]emiah & 8 fri5ds _h tak5 fa/ hold ( _! he>ts1 s t ev5 9 a =eign l&1 f> away f home & temple1 !y held by ! religion ( ,jehovah4 ,nor is t all3 !y began to take _! religion s]i\sly2 !y began to p]ceive t ! prophets 7 "r 9 decl>+ t ,jehovah 0 a v diff]5t ,god f ! gods ( ! nations ar\nd !m1 t ,he w\ld n be satisfi$ ) sacrifice & song1 b dem&$ he>t-wor%ip & righte\sness4 ,b al?\gh !y clung to _! fai? 9 ,jehovah1 !y 7 naturally greatly depress$ by ! seem+ hopelessness ( _! captivity4#adf ,to rebel aga9/ ! ,babylonians1 & by ! sword rega9 _! fre$om & _! l&1 0 an utt] impossibility3 !y 7 altoge!r helpless "u ! omnipot5t empire4 ,b ab\t #eej ,b4 ,c4 ,cyrus1 an ,elamite k+1 began a great c>e] ( conque/4 ,9 #edi he ov]?rew ! ,cimm]ians "u _! k+ ,a/yages1 & by #edf he 0 ma/] ( ,p]sia4 ,he !n w5t fur!r we/ to subdue ,asia ,m9or4#adg ,x 0 at ?is juncture1 accord+ to all s*ol>s1 t a great prophet1 ^: "n is unkn[n1 began to com=t & enc\rage ! ,jewi% exiles 9 ,babylon4 ,8 prophecy is pres]v$ = u 9 ! latt] "p ( ! book ( ,isaiah4#adh ,8 message is t ! suff]+s ( ! exiles are ne>ly at an end1 t ,cyrus is to capture ,babylon & give !m leave to return to _! native l&4#adi ,9 #ech ,b4 ,c4 ,cyrus m>*$ into ,babylonia1 defeat$ ! ,babylonian army1 & seiz$ ! city1 ?us fulfill+ 9 a v /rik+ way ! second "p ( ,j]emiah's prophecy4#aej ,soon aft]1 ! ,judean captives receiv$ p]mission to return to ,pale/9e4 ,!y 7 also all[$ to c>ry ) !m ! sacr$ vessels :i* ,nebu*adnezz> _h c>ri$ away f ! temple 9 ,j]usalem4#aea ,! prophecy ( re/oration 0 ?us triumphantly fulfill$4 ,"o company ( exiles w5t at once1 & o!rs foll[$ !m lat]4 ,! p ( ,jehovah 9 ?is way began life afre% aft] ! great national puni%m5t ( ! ,captivity4 ,!y _h ?or\ghly le>n$ "o lesson at lea/1 namely1 ?is1 t ,jehovah spoke ?r\gh ,8 prophets4 ,s 9 _! new sy/em1 :ile !y reta9$ ! old ritual ( ! temple1 !y made c>eful provision = ! pres]vation ( ! writ+s ( ! prophets & = ! in/ruction ( ! p 9 ! ,mosaic ,law4 ,we ne$ trace ! hi/ory no f>!r2 = x 0 ?is po/-exilic ,judaism1 ) its great c>e = ! ,scriptures1 & its en]getic attempts to in/il !m into ! m9ds ( ! p1 t =m$ ! environm5t ( ,jesus & ,8 "w4 ,b we mu/ n[ return to ! great prophet :o spoke consolation to ! exiles 9 ,babylon1 & /udy 8 ideas4 ,8 conception ( ,god is v l(ty4 ,he illu/rates 9 _m ways ,8 hol9ess1 ,8 fai?fulness1 ,8 t5d] sympa?y1 ,8 omnipot5ce1 ,8 absolute sway among nations1 & ,8 p[] ( =etell+ future ev5ts by ! m\? ( ,8 prophets4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! prophet's conception ( ! duty & de/9y ( ! p ( ,jehovah is correspond+ly high4 ,israel has be5 creat$ & *os5 by ,jehovah1 & !re=e is preci\s 9 ,8 sight2 b ,he did n *oose !m out ( fav\ritism1 nor 0 x ,8 purpose to heap bless+s on !m m]ely = _! pleasure & aggr&izem5t4 ,israel is ! ,s]vant ( ,jehovah4 ,! s]vice !y h to r5d] is to reveal ,god's "* & purposes to all ! nations ( ! e>?4 ,?is is ! end ( _! election & ( _! long tra9+4 ,b1 z 9 ! pa/ ! nation has fall5 f> %ort ( ,jehovah's ideal1 s n[ 9 ,babylon ! p z a :ole is v f> f fit = ! "w :i* ,god has = !m to d3 8,:o is bl9d b my s]vant8 or deaf z my mess5g] t ,i s5d80#aeb ,consequ5tly !re is a fur!r *oice )9 ! *os5 p4 ,! use ( ! title1 ! ,s]vant ( ,jehovah1 is n>r[$4 ,! prophet kn[s t ,god's ends w be work$ out1 t ?r\gh ,israel ,jehovah's "n w be c>ri$ to ! ends ( ! e>?2 he also sees z cle>ly t ! nation z a nation is unfit = ?is l(ty duty2 s he recognises t ! ,s]vant :o %all d ?is "w w be f\nd )9 ! p4 ,:e!r he id5tifi$ ! ,s]vant ( ,jehovah 9 ?is n>r[] s5se ) ! small gr\p ( really ,god-fe>+ m5 :o =m$ ! s\l ( ,israel 9 8 own day1 or :e!r he ?\ght ( an individual to be specially prep>$ = ! task by ,jehovah1 we d n "k4 ,mo/ probably ?is po9t 0 n cle> to ! prophet himself4#aec ,x is 9 f\r poems ( peculi> dignity & surpass+ spiritual p5etration t ?is n>r[] use ( ! title occurs4 ,9 ! fir/#aed ( ^! ,jehovah describes ,8 ,s]vant's "* & "w2 9 ! second#aee1 ! ,s]vant tells h[ ,jehovah prep>$ him = 8 task2 9 ! ?ird1#aef we h a portrait ( ! ,s]vant z a m>tyr2 :ile 9 ! f\r?#aeg1 he is repres5t$1 ?\gh righte\s himself1 z dy+ a %ameful dea? z an atonem5t = ! s9s ( ! unrighte\s4 ,x is to ?is f\r? poem t we w\ld direct ! att5tion ( our read]s4 ,,! ,,aton+ ,,dea? ,,( ,,! ,,s]vant ,,( ,,jehovah4 ,jehovah4-- ,lo1 ,my ,s]vant %all deal wisely2 ,he %all rise1 be uplift$1 & be exalt$ exce$+ly4 ,ev5 z _m 7 amaz$ at him1-- ,s m>r$ f a man's 0 8 appe>ance1 ,& 8 =m f t ( ! sons ( m56-- ,s %all he />tle _m nations2 ,be=e him k+s %all %ut _! m\?s4 ,= :at _h n be5 told !m !y %all see1 ,& :at !y _h n he>d !y %all consid]4 ,israel4-- ,:o believ$ :at 0 he>d by u8 ,& ! arm ( ,jehovah1 to :om 0 x reveal$8 ,he grew up l a sapl+ be=e u1 ,& l a %oot out ( p>*$ gr\nd4 ,he _h no =m1 nor maje/y1 t we %\ld look ^u him1 ,nor appe>ance1 t we %\ld desire him4 ,he 0 despis$ & =sak5 by m51 ,a man ( pa9s & famili> ) sickness2 ,& z "o f :om m5 hide _! face ,he 0 despis$1 & we held him ( no acc\nt4 ,yet x 0 our sicknesses t he bore1 ,& our pa9s t he c>ri$2 ,:ile we acc\nt$ him /rick51 ,smitt5 by ,god1 & afflict$4 ,b he 0 pi]c$ because ( our transgressions1 ,cru%$ because ( our iniquities2 ,*a/isem5t to secure our peace 0 laid ^u him1 ,& ?r\gh 8 /ripes heal+ came to u4 ,we all l %eep _h gone a/ray1 ,we _h turn$ ea* "o to 8 own way2 ,& ,jehovah made to light on him ,! iniquity ( u all4 ,! ,prophet4-- ,he 0 oppress$1 yet he let himself be afflict$1 ,& op5$ n 8 m\?1 ,z a lamb t is l$ to ! slaught]1 ,& z a %eep t is dumb be=e h] %e>]s1 ,& op5$ n 8 m\?4 ,by a tyrannical judgm5t he 0 tak5 away2 ,&1 z = ! m5 ( 8 "t1 :o consid]$1 ,t he 0 cut (f out ( ! l& ( ! liv+1 ,t = ! transgression ( my p he 0 /rick58 ,& 8 grave 0 made ) ! wick$1 ,& 8 tomb ) ! unrighte\s1 ,al?\gh he _h done no viol5ce1 ,& !re 0 no deceit 9 8 m\?4 ,b x 0 ,jehovah t will$ to cru% him1 ,t laid on him sickness3 ,if he %\ld lay d[n 8 life z a guilt-(f]+1 ,he w\ld see a po/]ity1 he w\ld l5g!n 8 days1 ,& ! w ( ,jehovah w\ld prosp] by 8 h&2 ,aft] ! travail ( 8 s\l he w\ld see x1 ,& w\ld be satisfi$ ) 8 k4 ,jehovah4-- ,my ,s]vant1 ! righte\s "o1 %all make _m righte\s2 ,= he %all be> _! iniquities4 ,!re=e ,i w give him a %>e ) ! _m1 ,& ) ! /rong he %all divide ! spoil2 ,inasmu* z he p\r$ out 8 life-blood to dea?1 ,& let himself be numb]$ ) ! transgressors2 ,yet x 0 ! s9 ( ! _m he bore1 ,& = ! transgressors he int]pos$4 ,9 ?is m>vell\s poem we h f\r successive vignettes ( ! ,s]vant4 ,!re fir/ rises 9 ! prophet's m9d a vision ( ! awe-/ruck wond] ) :i* ! nations & _! k+s %all gaze on ! ,s]vant ( ,jehovah1 :5 aft] unequall$ humiliation he %all be uplift$ 9 surpass+ glory4 ,! next picture takes u back to 8 life ( humiliation3 he gr[s up ) no?+ 9 him to /rike ! eye or attract ! att5tion ( m52 nay1 r all turn _! back on him z wor?less1 contemptible1 smitt5 ) div9e puni%m5t4 ,b along ) ?is sorr[ful portrait !re comes ! passionate confession ( ! m5 ( ,israel1 t ! ,s]vant 9 all 8 suff]+s _h be5 be>+ _! s9s4 ,! ?ird picture %[s u ! suff]+ ,s]vant 9 uncompla9+ meekness endur+ a crim9al's dea? ) all its %ameful associations2 yet ?is dea? is expla9$ z occurr+ 9 accordance ) ,god's w1 & z be+ a guilt-(f]+4 ,! s]ies ends 9 triumph3 ! righte\s ,s]vant by be>+ iniquity w make _m righte\s & w a*ieve ! glory & ! rew>d ( ! conqu]or4 ,9 ?is prophecy ! rem>kable ?+ is t ! suff]+s & dea? ( ! ,s]vant are con/ru$ ?r\gh\t1 n z a m>tyrdom1 b z mu* m4 ,9 8 dea? he lays d[n 8 life z a guilt-(f]+2 & all 8 suff]+s1 inclusive ( 8 dea?1 are1 f ,jehovah's po9t ( view1 *a/isem5t laid on him on acc\nt ( ! s9s ( o!rs1 f ! ,s]vant's po9t ( view1 a volunt>y be>+ ( _! iniquities4 ,8 will+ness to endure & 8 meekness "u oppression are v vividly put be=e u2 b ,god's purpose to cru% him is insi/$ on ) equal emphasis4 ,! awful trag$y happ5s )9 ,israel2 b aft] x is consummat$1 ! ,s]vant1 once s despis$1 neglect$ & oppress$1 />tles ! nations1 & k+s 9 amazem5t %ut _! m\?s 9 8 pres5ce4 ,! purpose ( ! dread sacrifice is ,,to ,,br+ ,,m5 ,,to ,,righte\sness2 & t end1 we are told1 w be widely accompli%$4 ,:5ce did ! prophet draw ! ideas ( 8 prophecy8 ,if any piece ( lit]ature be>s signs ( inspiration1 ?is does2 b ! exp]i5ce :i* enabl$ him to become ! vehicle ( inspiration 9 ?is p>ticul> case may also be conjectur$4 ,! suff]+s1 :i* _m ( ! prophets1 & especially ,j]emiah1 _h endur$ at ! h&s ( _! fell[-c\ntrym51 _h made a pr(\nd impression ^u ! be/ m9ds 9 ,israel2 & ! affliction ( ! exiles 9 ,babylon 0 manife/ly n m]ely p5al1 b also purificatory4 ,footnote #aci3 ,! ,bible1 complete or 9 "p1 is pr9t$ & publi%$ to-day 9 #ded languages & dialects4 ,! numb] ( ,bibles1 ,new ,te/am5ts & portions sold by ! v>i\s ,bible ,societies ( ,europe & ,am]ica1 9 l&s outside ,europe1 am\nt$ 9 #aija to #c1bhf1hcd4 7,c5t5nial ,survey ( ,=eign ,missions by ! ,rev4 ,james ,s4 ,d5nis1 ,d4,d47 ,^! figures d n include ! ,bibles sold by ! ord9>y publi%]s ( ,*ri/ian c\ntries1 nor ! ,bibles sold 9 ,europe by ,bible ,societies4 ,if x 7 possible to ga!r all ! /ati/ics1 we may be c]ta9 ! figures w\ld am\nt up to five or six millions4 ,:at a book t mu/ be1 :i* circulates 9 #ded languages1 & is sold at ! rate ( #e1jjj1jjj copies p] annum6 ,footnote #adj3 ,hosea1 #aa1 #a4 ,footnote #ada3 ,amos1 #c1 #b4 ,footnote #adb3 #b ,k+s1 #ag1 #a-bc2 ! figures are f an inscription ( ,s>gon1 ! victori\s ,assyrian ,k+3 see ,au?ority & ,ar*ology1 #aja4 ,footnote #adc3 #b ,k+s1 #ai1 #ce-cf2 ,wellhaus51 ,israel & ,judah1 ,*ap4 ,,vii2 ,au?ority & ,ar*ology1 #aje-ajh4 ,footnote #add3 ,j]emiah1 #be1 #a-ad4 ,footnote #ade3 #b ,k+s1 #be1 #a-bb4 ,footnote #adf3 ,psalm #acg4 ,footnote #adg3 ,! details h n[ be5 read 9 ,cyrus's own inscriptions3 ,ha/+s1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible1 ,i1 #eda4 ,footnote #adh3 ,f ,*ap4 #dj onw>ds4 ,see ,driv]1 ,introduction1 #bag4 ,footnote #adi3 ,isaiah1 #dj1 #a-aj2 #dd1 #bd-bh4 ,footnote #aej3 ,au?ority & ,ar*aeology1 #abc-abf4 ,footnote #aea3 ,ezra1 ,*ap4 #a4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,isaiah1 #db1 #ai4 ,footnote #aec3 ,= ! ideas ( ?is great prophet1 see ! ,cambridge ,bible = ,s*ools1 ,isaiah1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 ,,xxii-,,xxxix4 ,footnote #aed3 ,isaiah1 #db1 #a-d4 ,footnote #aee3 ,isaiah1 #di1 #a-f4 ,footnote #aef3 ,isaiah1 #ej1 #d-i4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,isaiah1 #eb1 #ac-ec1 #ab4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,virgil',s ,,new ,,age ,,( ,,ju/ice ,,& ,,peace4 ,! sl[ b /eady rise ( an obscure inl& ,italian t[n1 fir/ to ! rule ( all ,italy1 & f9ally to imp]ial sway ov] ! :ole ,m$it]ranean _w1 is z full ( problems = ! intellect z ( fasc9ation = ! imag9ation4 ,:5ce ! extraord9>y vig\r & practical g5ius ( ?is city8 ,:at gave x s mu* capacity 9 comp>ison ) any o!r ,italian t[n8 ,does ! secret lie 9 ! ,roman "*1 ! ,roman intellect1 or 9 ! con/itution ( ! republican city itself8 ,b o!r que/ions /ill m s]i\s press = answ]s3 ,h[ did ! ,roman gov]nm5t affect ! subject prov9ces8 ,h[ did x react ^u ! ,roman "* & ^u ! life ( ! capital8 ,c\ld a s+le city furni% m5 ( "* & ability 9 suffici5t numb]s = su* a prodigi\s task8 ,! answ] to ^! grave que/ions mu/ be s\ght 9 ! hi/ory ( ! la/ c5tury ( ! exi/5ce ( ! republic4 ,f ab\t #ade ,b4 ,c4 to ab\t #dh ,b4 ,c4 ,rome 0 nev] at re/3 viol5t political /rife1 faction1 proscriptions & civil w>s eclipse ev]y?+ else 9 ! int]nal hi/ory ( ! imp]ial city dur+ ^! ye>s4 ,! old /ate ma*9]y 0 gett+ worn out2 ! old families1 corrupt$ by ! immeasurable success ( ! ,rome :i* 0 _! mak+1 7 gr9d+ ! prov9ces by _! cruelty & gre$1 & w\ld n budge an in* f _! privileges1 nor inde$ lift a f+]1 to save ,rome & ,italy f ! moral & economic ru9 ) :i* !y 7 ?reat5$4 ,! wrongs ( ! slave1 ! ,italian & ! prov9cial cri$ al\d = r$ress2 sc>cely less urg5t 0 ! ne$ = ! introduction ( a great deal ( fre% blood into ! gov]n+ classes2 b ! latt] 7 bitt]ly ho/ile to e *ange4 ,h5ce ! viol5t /ruggles ?r\gh\t ! c5tury betwe5 ! ,gov]nm5t & ! o!r classes4 ,! empire _h prov$ too mu* = ! old ,roman "*4#aeh ,! only =ce t rema9$ really effici5t 0 ! army4 ,:o %all describe ! ru91 blood%$1 mis]y1 desolation1 wr\ght by ^! ye>s8 ,! national "* suff]$ a frightful fall also3 corruption 9 public1 immorality 9 private1 became all b univ]sal4 ,! we>9ess & ! hopelessness g5]at$ by ! seem+ly un5d+ /rife made m5 =get _! old passion = fre$om & sigh ev5 = tyranny1 if only x w\ld br+ peace4 ,relief came :5 ,julius ,cs> cru%$ ,pompey at ,ph>salus 9 ,b4 ,c4 #dh4 ,!re 0 fight+ "h & !re = two ye>s m1 b x 0 ( little consequ5ce4 ,ph>salus made ,cs> ! mon>* ( ,rome4 ,he liv$ b>ely f\r ye>s aft] 8 victory2 = ! dagg]s ( ! conspirators f\nd 8 he>t on ! #ae? ( ,m>*1 #dd ,b4 ,c42 yet by a s]ies ( ma/]ly adm9i/rative & legislative acts he laid 9 great broad l9es ! f\ndation ( ! new empire & set 9 motion ! heal?y =ces t 7 ne$$ = ! reg5]ation ( ,rome & ,italy4 ,8 "w is ,titanic bo? 9 conception & execution4 ,seldom has su* a great man execut$ su* a mighty task4 ,b 8 murd] loos$ all ! old fi5ds aga91 & !y work$ wild] woe ?an ev]4 ,= n[ ! :ole gigantic empire 0 drawn into ! :irlpool1 & ! prov9ces 7 only a little less mis]able ?an ,italy4 ,dur+ ,cs>'s own /ruggle 8 mighty g5ius & 8 magnanimity _h ?r[n a glory ^u ! murky cl\ds ( ! /orm2 b n[ t ! sun 0 set1 black d>kness settl$ ov] ! unhappy empire4#aei ,!re 0 a pause 9 ! /rife1 :51 9 ,b4 ,c4 #dj1 a treaty 0 drawn up betwe5 ,octavian & ,antony at ,brundisium & confirm$ by ! m>riage ( ,antony to ! si/] ( ,octavian4 ,m5 hop$ t ! end _h come at la/ & t ! _w w\ld enjoy a la/+ peace4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is bright mom5t t ,virgil1 :o lat] 0 to write ! ,a5eid1 & s e>n = himself a v great "n 9 ,european lit]ature1 compos$ a %ort poem1 :i* f9ds a place among 8 ,pa/orals1 & is nam$ ,pollio4 ,"h is a translation ( l9es f\r to tw5ty-five1 :i* w be f\nd q suffici5t to br+ ! ma9 ideas ( ! poem be=e u3-- 8,! la/ epo* ( ! ,sybil's prophecy has come at l5g?2 ! great s]ies ( ! ages is be+ born anew2 at l5g? ! virg91 ,ju/ice1 is return+1 return+ too ! reign ( ,saturn2 at l5g? a new race ( m5 is be+ s5t d[n f heav5 high4 ,d ?\1 ,luc9a1 b smile ?y *a/e smile ^u a boy ) ^: com+ at la/ ceases ! iron race & ! gold5 spr+s up ?r\gh\t ! _w2 d s1 ,luc9a3 x is ?9e own ,apollo t n[ reigns4 ,x is 9 ?y consul%ip1 ,pollio1 t ?is glori\s age w come 91 & ! mon?s ( ! great ye> w beg9 _! m>*4 ,"u ?y lead]%ip all traces t rema9 ( ,roman crime 9 civil /rife %all pass away1 & pass+1 free ! l&s f con/ant fe>4 8,he %all receive ! life ( ! gods1 & %all behold gods & h]oes m+l+ toge!r2 & himself %all be beheld by !m2 & ) 8 fa!r's virtues he %all rule ! _w at peace4 8,unask$ ! e>? %all %[] ^u !e1 sweet boy1 ?y fir/ baby gifts1 ! gadd+ ivy ) ! fox-glove1 & lily-bean entw9$ ) smil+ be>'s-foot4 ,! goats %all br+ home uncall$ _! milk-fill$ udd]s2 ! h>ts %all no long] fe> great lions2 & fl[]s %all spr+ to c>ess !e :]e'er ?\ lie/ d[n4 ,! asp %all p]i%2 ! trea*]\s1 poison h]b %all p]i% too2 & ev]y:]e %all spr+ ,assyrian balm40#afj ,! ,greeks & ,romans _h a great sy/em ( cycles & ages1 n unlike ! ,h9du ,kalpas & ,manvant>as4 ,"o cycle foll[s ano!r1 ! beg9n+ ( ea* be+ m>k$ by ! sun1 moon & />s all occupy+ _! orig9al positions4 ,! ,roman phrase = cycle is 8great ye>40 ,ea* great ye> is subdivid$ into 8mon?s10 t is ages4 ,! fir/ age ( ea* great ye> is ! gold51 :5 ,saturn reigns1 & a div9e race ( m5 occupies ! e>?2 ! la/ is ! iron age1 :5 ,apollo reigns1 & m5 are s9ful4 ,virgil decl>es1 !n1 t ! end ( ! old cycle has come1 & t ! new cycle is ab\t to beg9 ) all ! spl5d\r ( ! gold5 age4 ,saturn w reign2 ,ju/ice & ,peace w return to ! e>?2 a god-l race ( m5 w spr+ up all ov] ! _w2 nature w be r$eem$2 & primitive simplicity & innoc5ce w reappe>4 ,idyllic sc5es ( peace & pl5ty--trade & manufacture all =gott5--give ! poem a wond]ful *>m4 ,! mo/ out/&+ idea ( ! prophecy1 h[ev]1 is t ! new age op5s ) ! bir? ( a boy1 :o is to receive special div9e help1 & is to be at once ! patt]n & ! pr9ce ( ! new "t4 ,:o ! boy 0 t ,virgil _h 9 m9d1 ! critics h n be5 able to decide4#afa ,cle>ly he 0 a son born 9 #dj ,b4 ,c4 to "o ( ! lead+ ,romans2 b we c say no m4 ,evid5tly ,virgil believ$ t ! civil w>s 7 ov]1 t a new era ( peace _h begun1 & t ?is boy might be look$ =w>d to z ! rul] :o %\ld effectively trans=m ! empire1 revive primitive virtue & simplicity1 & bani% ! f\l demon w> =ev]4 ,8 pr$iction 0 n v]ifi$3 no boy born 9 #dj ,b4 ,c4 became a _w-rul] & reg5]ator2 &1 besides1 n9e long ye>s ( d\bt & fe>1 horror & blood1 _h to be endur$1 be=e ,octavian became1 by ! battle ( ,actium1 ! ackn[l$g$ ma/] ( ! ,roman _w2 &1 :ile he complet$ ! task ( ,cs>1 & succe$$ 9 do+ ! "w ( a great rul] 9 a m>vell\s fa%ion1 no "o w\ld dream ( say+ t he fulfill$ ! ideal ( ?is poem4 ,x is an unfulfill$ prophecy2 yet x is n )\t int]e/ & value = m5 to-day4 ,fir/ ( all x is ( int]e/ z a revelation ( ! ideas & ! hopes t fill$ m5's m9ds 9 ,virgil's "t4 8,! anticipation ( a new era 0 widely spread & vividly felt ov] ! _w2 & ?is anticipation--! /ate ( m5's m9ds at & subsequ5t to ! "t :5 ?is poem 0 writt5--probably contribut$ to ! acceptance ( ! great political & spiritual *anges :i* await$ ! _w40#afb ,b x is ( /ill great] int]e/ z a revelation ( :at ,virgil himself ?\ght1 ,virgil1 :o 0 p]haps ! pure/ & mo/ int]e/+ p]sonality 9 ! ,grco-,roman _w !n4 ,m5 g5]ally 7 look+ = a reg5]ation ( ! _w2 we h "h ,virgil's own ?\ghts on ! great subject4 ,he %>$ ) o!rs ! idea t ! _w 0 on ! v]ge ( ! dawn+ ( a new day1 a day ( r5ew$ ju/ice & peace2 b he _h an idea ( 8 own1 t ( a great p]sonality1 a man ( high moral "*1 specially end[$ by ! gods = 8 great task z lead] & rul] ( ! new "t4 ,sc>cely less prom95t is 8 idea ( ! nobl] race ( m5 t %all spr+ up 9 ! new era4 ,x is no picture m]ely ( good gov]nm5t su* z ,augu/us gave ! _w t we h "h2 b a prophecy ( ! moral reg5]ation ( mank9d "u ! influ5ce ( a div9ely prep>$ lead]4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,fr\de1 ,cs>1 #ab-ai4 ,footnote #aei3 ,= ! :ole picture see ,momms51 especially ! v la/ page ( 8 hi/ory4 ,footnote #afj3 ,virgil1 ,eclogues1 ,,iv1 #d-be4 ,footnote #afa3 ,sell>1 ,virgil1 #adf2 ,simcox1 ,lat9 ,lit]ature1 ,vol4 ,i1 #beg4 ,footnote #afb3 ,sell>1 ,virgil1 #ade4 ,cf4 ,boissi]1 ,la ,religion ,roma9e4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,jesus ,,( ,,naz>e?4 ,i4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 anci5t & mod]n times 9 ,europe is vital4 ,human society is nev] /agnant2 developm5t 9 "o direction or ano!r is con/ant2 s t 9 ! c\rse ( a few c5turies *anges1 bo? num]\s & noticeable1 take place ev]y:]e4 ,?us ! ,europe ( ! middle ages diff]s v m>k$ly f ! ,europe ( to-day4 ,yet ! "o is ! direct outcome ( ! o!r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! civilizations ( ,greece & ,rome1 al?\gh we owe !m an incalculable debt1 are m>k$ (f f mod]n civilization by diff]5ces :i* c only be spok5 ( z ess5tial4 ,= x is n any s+le elem5t t has be5 add$ ext]nally to anci5t life s z to produce mod]n society2 x is r a subtle _s1 :i* has modifi$ all ?9k+1 alt]$ ! values ( ?+s1 produc$ organic *anges 9 gov]nm5t & society1 & recreat$ art & lit]ature4 ,! unexampl$ developm5t ( sci5ce & inv5tion1 & ! extraord9>y activity & vig\r ( ,european comm]ce & arms1 :i* are (t5 spok5 ( z ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( mod]n civilization1 are r to be reg>d$ z indications ( unp>allel$ vitality & effici5cy 9 ! social organism ?an z ess5tial products ( its _s4 ,sci5ce & inv5tion fl\ri%$ among ! ,greeks2 ! ,roman empire 0 z vigor\s z any mod]n /ate 9 matt]s ( w>4 ,^! ?+s prove ! heal?y vitality ( ! society ( ! ,we/2 its ess5tial _s is to be s\ght else:]e4 ,a comp>ison ( anci5t & mod]n life reveals diff]5ces at once v num]\s & greatly significant4 ,! economics ( ,europe h be5 revolutioniz$2 = ! lab\r1 ! manufacture & ! comm]ce ( anci5t times re/$ on a basis ( slav]y4#afc ,gov]nm5t has be5 turn$ upside d[n2 = ! rul+ pr9ciple ( anci5t politics 0 h]$it>y & exclusive citiz5%ip 9 a city-/ate2#afd :ile mod]n politics h be5 creat$ by ! great pr9ciples ( ! equality ( m5 irrespective ( bir? or /ation & ! indefeasible sov]eignty ( ! p4#afe ,9 anci5t society human life z su* _h no value3 infanticide 0 practis$ op5ly by all z a "r & prop] ?+ necess>y = ! well-be+ ( ! family & ! /ate2#aff prison]s tak5 9 w>1 if n kill$1 7 made slaves1 & z slaves _! lives & p]sons 7 absolutely at ! m]cy ( _! ma/]s2#afg ali5s _h a place 9 ! /ate only on suff]ance3 society /ood 9 no relation to !m & _h no duties t[>ds !m4#afh ,! social organism ( mod]n times1 on ! o!r h&1 is a new creation1 produc$ by ! conception ( ! inh]5t sanctity ( human life & ! div9e dignity ( ! human p]sonality4#afi ,mod]n education is 9 =m & me?od ,greek2 b ! results x produces are altoge!r new2 fir/1 because x c>ries ! mod]n _s )9 ! anci5t =ms1 & secondly1 because mod]n m5 reg>d education z "p ( ! bir?right ( e human be+4 ,moral ideals %[ v important diff]5ces1 *iefly 9 ! direction ( ! elevation ( humility1 meekness1 sympa?y1 =giv5ess & self-sacrifice1 & ! extraord9>y advance 9 ! conception ( ! "r ( individual fre$om4 ,9 anci5t times ! individual citiz5 _h no rights z aga9/ ! ,/ate2#agj n[ we dem& n only fre$om 9 matt]s ( pr(ession & bus9ess1 z aga9/ ca/e re/rictions1 b intellectual1 moral & religi\s lib]ty4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 anci5t & mod]n religion are v extraord9>y 9 _m ways4 ,= ! pres5t we ne$ only note ! "o f>-rea*+ di/9ction1 t to ! anci5ts religion 0 a political duty1 :i* ! citiz5 0 b\nd to fulfil1 & a civic privilege1 :i* only ^? 9 ^: ve9s ran ! sacr$ blood ( ! community c\ld %>e2#aga :ile mod]n religion is ! l(tie/ activity ( ! human _s1 z f> transc5d+ ! n>r[ limits ( ! ,/ate z x does ! petty di/9ctions ( race & blood4 ,! diff]5ces1 !n1 betwe5 anci5t & mod]n life are n accid5tal b ess5tial4 ,a second ?+ to be notic$ is ! altoge!r unexampl$ vitality & p]vasiv5ess ( mod]n civilization4 ,dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury alone1 :ile ! population ( ! re/ ( ! _w rema9$ ne>ly /ation>y1 ! actual numb]s ( ! ,european peoples rose f #agj1jjj1jjj to #ejj1jjj1jjj4agb ,"h is physical life on a gigantic scale4 ,let read]s ?9k1 next1 ( ! extraord9>y advances made dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury 9 e prov9ce ( natural sci5ce1 f ma!matics & physics up ?r\gh ! biological sci5ces to psy*ology & ! sci5ce ( religion1 ! swift upw>d progress made 9 lit]>y1 hi/orical & philosophical me?od1 & ! innum]able inv5tions t h be5 produc$ = facilitat+ e =m ( human activity4 ,are n ^! facts evid5ce ( an amaz+ /ore ( intellectual vitality 9 ! society ( ! ,we/8 ,?9k also ( ! buoyancy1 ! hope1 ! y\?ful delight 9 action1 ! glance into ! future1 :i* *>act]ize ! progressive peoples ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,colonization1 on ! o!r h&1 exploration1 missions1 _w-wide comm]ce1 dom9ation ov] o!r races1 :e!r y call !m bad or good1 are inconte/able pro(s ( en]gy1 physical1 moral & intellectual4 ,fur!r1 ^! =ms ( vital =ce are cle>ly ( ! greate/ practical importance 9 ! _w4 ,9 ! process ( natural selection :i*1 :e!r we l x or n1 is ceaselessly be+ c>ri$ on among ! races ( mank9d1 ! possession ( su* en]gy is "o ( ! crucial factors 9 ! /ruggle4 ,b ?is civilization has also an altoge!r unique p[] ( ent]+ into o!r civilizations & work+ revolution>y *anges !re3 its p]vasiv5ess is almo/ z rem>kable z its vitality4 ,we ne$ only po9t to ,india & ,japan to-day = pro( ( ?is4 ,we/]n civilization1 !n1 is a ?+ by itself1 n m cle>ly di/+ui%$ f anci5t life ?an f ! civilizations t h aris5 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,:at is x t has made ! diff]5ce8 ,:at subtle _s is x t appe>s 9 e aspect ( ! civilization1 t assumes s _m =ms1 & g5]ates su* transc5d+ en]gies8 ,!re c be b "o answ]3 x is ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 e community religion is ! life pr9ciple1 ! c5tral fire1 :i* fills ! :ole ) liv+ =ce1 & communicates its own _s to e cell ( ! organism4#agc ,t is a law :i* is becom+ ev] m app>5t 9 all an?ropological1 sociological & religi\s sci5ce4 ,f ?is g5]al law we might conclude 9 ?is p>ticul> case1 t x is ! religion t gives ! civilization its "*4 ,b we ne$ n appeal to g5]al pr9ciples2 hi/ory tells u 9 ! cle>e/ tones t ! peculi>ities :i* di/+ui% ,we/]n civilization f e o!r spr+ directly or indirectly f ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,n[ "o way ( classify+ religions is to divide !m into two gr\ps1 spontane\s & f\nd$4 ,! =m] are results ( ! unit$ unconsci\s action ( a tribe or p3 = example1 ! religions ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,! latt] spr+ f "s p>ticul> man1 & are insep>ably connect$ ) 8 life3 = example1 ,buddhism1 ,*ri/ianity & ,mohamm$anism4 ,t ,*ri/ianity is a f\nd$ religion1 & t x spr+s f ,*ri/1 admits ( no "q4 ,tacitus1 ! ,roman hi/orian1 9 speak+ ( ! great fire at ,rome 9 #fd ,a4 ,d41 :i* deva/at$ t5 ( ! f\rte5 di/ricts into :i* ! ,imp]ial city 0 divid$1 says t ! p got _! heads fill$ ) ! suspicion1 t ! ,emp]or himself 7,n]o 0 !n on ! ?rone7 _h us$ 8 ag5ts to set ! city on fire4 ,he !n cont9ues3-- 8,consequ5tly1 to get rid ( ! report1 ,n]o fa/5$ ! guilt & inflict$ ! mo/ exquisite tortures on a class hat$ = _! abom9ations1 call$ ,*ri/ians by ! populace4 ,*ri/us1 f :om ! "n _h its orig91 suff]$ ! extreme p5alty dur+ ! reign ( ,tib]ius at ! h&s ( "o ( our procurators1 ,pontius ,pilatus1 & a mo/ mis*iev\s sup]/ition1 ?us *eck$ = ! mom5t1 aga9 broke out n only 9 ,judea1 ! fir/ s\rce ( ! evil1 b ev5 9 ,rome1 :]e all ?+s hide\s & %ameful f e "p ( ! _w f9d _! c5tre & become popul>4 ,accord+ly1 an arre/ 0 fir/ made ( all :o plead$ guilty2 !n1 ^u _! in=mation1 an imm5se multitude 0 convict$1 n s mu* ( ! crime ( fir+ ! city1 z ( hatr$ aga9/ mank9d4 ,mock]y ( e sort 0 add$ to _! dea?s4 ,cov]$ ) ! sk9s ( bea/s1 !y 7 torn by dogs & p]i%$2 or 7 nail$ to crosses1 or 7 doom$ to ! flames & burnt1 to s]ve z a nightly illum9ation1 :5 daylight _h expir$4 8,n]o (f]$ 8 g>d5s = ! spectacle1 & 0 exhibit+ a %[ 9 ! circus1 :ile he m+l$ ) ! p 9 ! dress ( a *>iote] or /ood al(t on a c>4 ,h5ce1 ev5 = crim9als :o des]v$ extreme & exempl>y puni%m5t1 !re arose a feel+ ( compassion2 = x 0 n1 z x seem$1 = ! public good1 b to glut "o man's cruelty1 t !y 7 be+ de/roy$40#agd ,*ri/1 !n1 is a hi/orical p]son4 ,he 0 a ,jew2 ,he f\nd$ ,*ri/ianity2 & ,he 0 execut$ by ,pontius ,pilatus dur+ 8 procurator%ip ( ,juda1 i4e41 betwe5 #bg & #cg ,a4 ,d4#age ,o!r facts enable s*ol>s to fix ! date ( ,8 dea? )9 n>r[] limits3 a few adopt #cj ,a4 ,d41 b by f> ! greate/ numb] pref] #bi ,a4 ,d42#agf & t date we adopt "h4 ,"h1 !n1 are ! facts3 ,*ri/ 0 put to dea? by ! ,roman ,gov]nor ( ,juda 9 #bi ,a4 ,d41 b ?is did n ext+ui% ,*ri/ianity2 = x spread n only 9 ,juda b beyond2 s mu* s1 t 9 #fd ,a4 ,d4 8an imm5se multitude0 ( ,*ri/ians 7 f\nd 9 ,rome1 & 7 = _! fai? put to dea? ) horrible b>b>ities4 ,su* is ! fir/ *apt] ( ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,europe4 ,f ?is po9t onw>ds ! facts are well kn[n4 ,! furi\s ho/ility visible "h 9 ! _s ( ! ,roman ,empire aga9/ ! ,*ri/ian fai? end$ 9 ! victory ( ! latt]1 9 its gradual acceptance by ! races ( ,europe1 & ! cont9u\sly increas+ infiltration ( ,*ri/ian ideas into ! m9ds ( ! p4 ,! process is f> f complete2 = ! contra/ betwe5 ! old _s & ! new is s extreme t only long ages ( discipl9e & ! sl[ processes ( evolution w suffice to "w ! trans=mation4 ,we h se5 h[ ess5tially diff]5t ! _s 9 our mod]n life is f ! _s ( ,grco-,roman life3 h[ mu* great] w\ld be ! contra/1 if "o 7 to oppose ! pure _s ( ,*ri/ to ! _s ( ,paganism6 ,:5 m5 accept ,*ri/1 !y are consci\s ( ! au?ority ( ,8 p]fect "* & ,8 heav5ly life1 & !y "k t ,he claims _! complete submission to ,him2 b !y h no idea h[ f>-rea*+ ?is claim is4 ,*ri/ dem&s t n only e "p ( ! individual's life--?\ghts1 feel+s1 words1 de$s--b e aspect ( social & political life z well %\ld be made subject to ,8 law ( love4 ,?is is easily /at$3 h[ h>d is x to "w x out1 except 9 a long s]ies ( g5]ations6 ,b imp]fect z has be5 ! p]ception ( ,*ri/'s aims1 & /ill m imp]fect ! execution ( ^! by ! peoples ( ,europe1 yet ! results ( ev5 _! v p>tial submission to !m h be51 z we h se51 mom5t\s 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,*ri/ has made mod]n ,europe4 ,n[ we f\nd f our /udy ( ,virgil's prophecy t he believ$ t a new age 0 j ab\t to op54 ,l o!r ?9k+ m5 ( 8 day1 he felt t ! civilization "u :i* he liv$ 0 play$ out1 t new life 0 ne$$1 new morals & a fre% organization ( society4 ,he believ$ t 9 ! new age ! lead] & k+ w\ld be a great ,roman1 & t "u him ! _w w\ld be trans=m$4 ,fur!r1 x is suffici5tly /rik+ t1 :ile 8 prophecy receiv$ no lit]al fulfilm5t1 yet ! new age did actually beg9 %ortly aft] ! "t :5 he wrote1 an age :i* has produc$ a new race ( m51 new moral ideas & an altoge!r fre% organization ( society1 & vitality & virility1 besides1 su* z ,virgil nev] dream$ (4 ,he spoke ( a great lead] fav\r$ ( ! gods1 a noble ,roman4 ,! new age did come 9 "u ! guidance ( a new lead]1 b he 0 no ari/ocratic ,roman1 b a ,jew1 & a man ( ! p1 ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ii4 ,*ri/'s "n & life are well-kn[n outside ,*ri/5dom4 ,he is spok5 ( 9 v high t]ms 9 ! book :i* all ,mohamm$ans rev]e2 & contact ) ! ,we/ has br\ght a c]ta9 am\nt ( k ab\t him to ! peoples ( ,india1 ,*9a & ,japan4 ,n[ ! mo/ /rik+ fact 9 ?is connection is ?is1 t :ile mo/ ( ^! ,mohamm$ans1 ,h9dus1 ,buddhi/s1 & ,confucians condemn ,*ri/ians viol5tly1 & _m write aga9/ ,*ri/ianity1 !y "o & all speak ) ! highe/ praise ( ! "* ( ,*ri/4 ,! same is true ( sceptics & agno/ics 9 ,*ri/ian l&s4 ,"o might compile a mo/ fasc9at+ volume consi/+ m]ely ( extracts f non-,*ri/ian writ]s1 9 :i* ,*ri/ is spok5 ( z ! be/ ( m51 z ! ideal man1 z ! man :om all m5 %\ld n only admire1 b imitate4 ,n[ we h 9 ?is a mo/ rem>kable fact4 ,!re is no o!r "* 9 hi/ory t is s univ]sally rev]$4 ,!re is no o!r man :om all m5 jo9 9 prais+ ) s mu* he>t9ess4 ,*>les ,lamb speaks = ! human race :5 he says3 8,if ,%akespe>e 7 to ent] ?is room1 we %\ld all spr+ to our feet2 if ,*ri/ 7 to ent]1 we %\ld all fall on our knees40 ,b ,,he ,,0 ,,crucifi$4 ,?is1 ! pure/ & noble/ ( m51 0 subject$ to ! mo/ %ameful =m ( dea? possible4 ,nor 0 !re only ! b>e execution3 e circum/ance t c\ld make dea? bitt] to ! noble human _s 0 add$4 ,he 0 betray$ by "o ( ,8 own *os5 ,twelve2 ! rema9+ elev5 des]t$ ,him2 "o pluck$ up he>t & foll[$ at a di/ance1 b only to d5y him4 ,inde$ ! univ]sal breakd[n ( human "* ar\nd ,him is "o ( ! sadde/ ?+s 9 hi/ory4 ,! ,jewi% prie/s & scribes1 ! common p1 ! ,roman ,gov]nor & ! common soldi]s1 all reveal _! wor/ passions 9 ! pres5ce ( ,*ri/1 :ile ,he /&s among/ !m 9 all ! sil5t maje/y ( innoc5ce4#agg ,we "h quote ?ree %ort p>agraphs f ,/4 ,mat!w's ,gospel4#agh ,! fir/ describes :at took place aft] ! memb]s ( ! ,jewi% ,sanh$r9 _h decid$ t ,jesus des]v$ to be put to dea?3-- 8,!n did !y spit 9 ,8 face1 & buffet ,him2 & "s smote ,him ) ! palms ( _! h&s1 say+1 ,prophesy unto u1 ,?\ ,*ri/3 :o is he t /ruck ,!e80#agi ,!n ^? model judges c>ri$ _! prison] be=e ,pontius ,pilate1 ! ,roman ,gov]nor1 & aft] mu* p]suasion got him to condemn ,jesus to dea?1 :5 ! foll[+ sc5es took place3-- 8,!n ! soldi]s ( ! ,gov]nor took ,jesus into ! palace1 & ga!r$ unto ,him ! :ole b&4 ,& !y /ripp$ ,him1 & put on ,him a sc>let robe4 ,& !y plait$ a cr[n ( ?orns & put x ^u ,8 head1 & a re$ 9 ,8 "r h&2 & !y kneel$ d[n be=e ,him1 & mock$ ,him1 say+1 #8,hail1 ,k+ ( ! ,jews6' ,& !y spat ^u ,him1 & took ! re$ & smote ,him on ! head4 ,& :5 !y _h mock$ ,him1 !y took (f f ,him ! robe1 & put on ,him ,8 g>m5ts & l$ ,him away to crucify ,him40#ahj 8,& z !y came out1 !y f\nd a man ( ,cyr5e1 ,simon by "n2 him !y compell$ to g ) !m1 t he might be> ,8 cross4 ,& :5 !y 7 come unto a place call$ ,golgo?a1 t is to say1 ,! place ( a skull1 !y gave ,him w9e to dr9k m+l$ ) gall3 & :5 ,he _h ta/$ x1 ,he w\ld n dr9k4 ,& :5 !y _h crucifi$ ,him1 !y p>t$ ,8 g>m5ts among !m1 ca/+ lots3 & !y sat & wat*$ ,him !re4 ,& !y set up ov] ,8 head ,8 accusation writt51 ,,?is ,,is ,,jesus ,,! ,,k+ ,,( ,,! ,,jews4 ,!n are !re crucifi$ ) ,him two robb]s1 "o on ! "r h&1 & "o on ! left4 ,& !y t pass$ by rail$ on ,him1 wagg+ _! heads1 & say+1 #8,?\ t de/roye/ ! temple & builde/ x 9 ?ree days1 save ,?yself3 if ,?\ art ! ,son ( ,god1 come d[n f ! cross4' ,9 l mann] also ! *ief prie/s mock+ ,him ) ! scribes & eld]s said1 #8,he sav$ o!rs3 ,himself ,he _c save4 ,he is ! ,k+ ( ,israel2 let ,him n[ come d[n f ! cross1 & we w believe on ,him4 ,he tru/e? on ,god2 let ,him deliv] ,him n[1 if ,he desire? ,him3 = ,he said1 ,i am ! ,son ( ,god4' ,& ! robb]s also t 7 crucifi$ ) ,him ca/ ^u ,him ! same reproa*40#aha ,h[ 0 x t ( all m5 ,jesus %\ld be ! man subject$ to all ?is8 ,h[ c we reconcile ,8 "* & ,8 de/9y8 ,let u recollect :at ,plato _h writt5 #djj ye>s e>li]3-- 8,! j man w be sc\rg$1 rack$1 fett]$1 w h 8 eyes burn$ out1 & at la/1 aft] suff]+ e k9d ( torture1 w be crucifi$40 ,n[ we d n insi/ on ! correspond5ce 9 detail betwe5 ! words ( ,plato & ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 al?\gh t1 :ile n complete1 is suffici5tly rem>kable2 b we wi% to emphasize1 ) all possible =ce1 ?is mo/ extraord9>y fact1 t ,plato =esaw t a man ( ! "* ( ,jesus w\ld suff] z ,he did4 ,h[ are we to expla9 ! fact8 ,:at is ! reason :y ! m5 ( ,*ri/'s day treat$ ?is mo/ humane ( m5 ) su* b>b>\s inhumanity8 ,! answ] is t x 0 inevitable4 ,jesus is ! revelation ( ! utt]mo/ hol9ess ( ,god1 & ,8 attempt to lay t /&>d ^u ! human _s#ahb r\s$ to its utmo/ fury aga9/ ,him all ! s9fulness ( our common human nature4 ,x is ! same conte/ ( :i* we are ea* consci\s 9 our daily life betwe5 incl9ation & consci5ce2 only1 9 ! case ( ,jesus1 x seems z if all ! little battles ( e individual life _h met 9 "o gigantic /ruggle betwe5 s9ful human nature & its ,"l4 ,& ! same /ruggle necess>ily cont9ues :]ev] ,*ri/ianity goes4 ,! p]secutions ( ! ,roman ,empire are m]ely ! ext]nal signs ( ! convulsive ef=ts ( ! _s ( ,paganism to resi/ ! m>* ( ! ,_s ( ,god4 ,9 e l& ,*ri/ is met by ! same opposition4 ,ev]y:]e selfi%ness1 self-int]e/ & passion dissuade m5 f foll[+ ! ,man ( ,sorr[s2 & ! /ruggle is !re1 t]rible 9 its reality & int5sity1 ev5 if x nev] break out into op5 p]secution4 ,b1 9 survey+ ^! surg+ battles1 ! c>eful obs]v] is mu* /ruck ) ?is fact1 t1 :ile human passions inevitably fight aga9/ ,*ri/1 yet ,he has 9 ,consci5ce an ally1 :i* nei!r by bribes nor by bully+ c be made to des]t ,him4 ,he is ! objective consci5ce ( ! human race4 ,he is ,plato's j man4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,iii4 ,let u n[ try to realize :at k9d ( a be+ ! f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity 04 ,our *ief s\rces ( in=mation are ! ,gospels2 = f ! o!r books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t & f outside lit]ature we le>n only scatt]$ facts ab\t ,8 life on e>?4 ,we %all n appeal to ! f\r? ,gospel1 = !re are /ill num]\s que/ions ) reg>d to x unsettl$1 b %all conf9e ourselves to ,mat!w1 ,m>k & ,luke1 books recogniz$ on all h&s z ( high hi/orical value1 & z hav+ be5 writt5 betwe5 #fe & #ie ,a4,d4#ahc ,anyone may v spe$ily conv9ce himself ( ! spl5did hi/orical reliability ( ^! simple n>ratives4 ,f ,josephus & o!r ,jewi% writ]s ( ! fir/ & second c5turies1 & f casual rem>ks 9 ,greek & ,roman books1 we are able to le>n :at ! life ( ^! days 0 l2#ahd b n[h]e d we get su* vivid1 detail$1 reali/ic pictures z 9 ! ,gospels4 8,!y are full ( feel+ = ! "t2 !y und]/& its m51 s*ools1 classes1 p>ties2 !y "k ! ?\ghts t are 9 ! air1 ! rum\rs t run along ! /reet2 !y are famili> ) ! cat*words & phrases ( ! p]iod1 its conv5tions1 que/ions1 modes ( discussion & /yle ( argum5t4 ,& all is pres5t$ ) ! utmo/ realism1 s gr\p$ r\nd ! c5tral figure z to =m a p]fect hi/orical picture1 ,he & ,8 sett+ be+ s built toge!r z to con/itute a s+le organic :ole40#ahe ,h[ !n does ,*ri/ appe> 9 !m8--,8 "n 0 ,jesus2#ahf ,*ri/ is a title spr++ f 8 tea*+1 z we %all see4 ,he liv$ 9 ! small t[n ( ,naz>e?1 9 ! di/rict ( ,galilee#ahg 9 ,pale/9e1 & work$ z a c>p5t] !re4#ahh ,at l5g?1 9 #bf ,a4,d41 ,he gave up c>p5try & began ,8 public c>e] z a prea*]4#ahi ,! picture giv5 ( ,him 9 ! ,gospels is a mo/ attractive "o4 ,:]ev] ,he goes1 ! sick1 ! suff]+1 ! di/ress$ cr[d ar\nd ,him4 ,bl9d begg>s1 outca/ lep]s1 hopeless p>alytics1 ev5 uncontrollable lunatics1 receive help f ,8 heal+ p[]4 ,he fe$s ! hungry1 brea!s hope into ! d[nca/1 lifts up ! enfeebl$ pati5t1 helps ! helpless4 ,b :ile e =m ( suff]+ & sorr[ appeals to ,8 compassion1 ,8 he>t is set on w9n+ ! s\ls ( m54 ,s we f9d ,him prea*+ 9 ! synagogue & by ! sea1 on ! m\nta9-side & 9 ! busy /reet1 n[ /irr+ va/ cr[ds1 n[ deal+ ) an individual1 & aga9 p\r+ ,8 ri* tea*+ into ! e>s ( ! *os5 ,twelve4 ,no man ev] _h su* p[] ( conv9c+ m5 ( s9 & lead+ !m to rep5tance3 ! simple fi%]man1#aij ! fall5 woman1#aia ! weal?y cu/om-h\se (fic]#aib & ! dy+ robb]1#aic all felt condemn$ 9 ,8 pres5ce1 & ?r\gh ,him ent]$ into ! new life4 ,! "* reveal$ 9 ,8 words & de$s is beautiful beyond comp>ison4 ,! mo/ out/&+ feature ( x is ,8 love = ,god & ! p]fect & unbrok5 s]5ity ( ,8 int]c\rse ) ,him4 ,love = man also %9es out ev]y:]e4 ,b ! mo/ extraord9>y po9t is ?is1 t ,he 9 :om ! moral ideal 0 s l(ty1 s deep & s broad1 ,he :o 0 s ke5ly consci\s ( s9 9 o!rs1 & _h su* p[] to make !m feel x1 betrays absolutely no consci\sness ( s9 ,himself1 nev] asks = p>don1 & nev] speaks ( hav+ rep5t$1 or ( hav+ pass$ ?r\gh any crisis ( ! nature ( conv]sion4#aid ,on ! o!r h& ! p]fect balance ( ,8 "* is almo/ z m>vell\s z ,8 s9lessness3 judicial sev]ity controll$ by p]fect love2 supreme au?ority t is also supreme g5tl5ess2 /r5g? fill$ ) t5d]ness2 regal dignity %[n 9 acts ( l[lie/ s]vice2 hol9ess t l$ ,him among ! unholy27sublime/ self-consci\sness1 nev] lead+ to any?+ b self-effacem5t & self-sacrifice47 ,& yet aga91 is !re any?+ ab\t ,him s wond]ful z ,8 p[] ( w9n+ human love8 ,! ,gospels are full ( in/ances ( x1 & to-day h[ _m millions ( m51 wom5 & *ildr5 w\ld c\nt x a supreme joy to die = ,8 sake6 ,8 tea*+ is a p]fectly articulat$ & unifi$ :ole1 z may be se5 f ! sci5tific /udies ( x t h be5 publi%$ dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s4#aie ,b we mu/ n attempt to deal ) t fasc9at+ subject "h1 except 9 s f> z ! :ole is impli$ 9 :at ,he says ab\t ,himself4 ,= x is only t "p ( x1 namely1 ,8 acc\nt ( ,himself & ,8 mission1 t we propose to t\* on4 ,we %all und]/& x be/1 if we beg9 ) :at happ5$ at ,8 crucifixion2 = x 0 only at ! end ( ,8 life t ,he made p]fectly cle> to ! :ole _w :at ,8 claims 74 ,p (t5 wond]$ :e!r ,he 7 n ,,! ,,*ri/1 i4e41 ,! ,messiah1 ! ,ano9t$ ,"o1 ! great national deliv]] :om ! ,jews 7 s e>ne/ly expect+ & pray+ =2#aif b dur+ ! ?ree ye>s ( ,8 public life ,he seldom op5ly made ! claim4#aig ,:51 h[ev]1 ,he w5t to ,j]usalem = ! la/ "t1 ,he made a royal entry into ! sacr$ city1#aih cleans$ ! ,temple f ! desecration ( its cattle-m>ket1#aii & began to tea* 9 ! ,temple c\rts1#bjj ?us by bo? ^w & act publicly claim+ recognition z ! ,*ri/4 ,! ,jewi% lead]s _h be5 (t5 bitt]ly inc5s$ by ,8 tea*+ & ,8 actions be=e4 ,8 bold seizure ( au?ority n[ decid$ !m3 !y resolv$ on ,8 dea?4#bja ,he 0 appreh5d$#bjb & br\ght be=e ! ,sanh$r91#bjc i4e41 ! ,high ,c\rt ( ,juda4 ,evid5ce 0 l$ aga9/ ,him1 b x prov$ v unsub/antial2#bjd s ! ,high ,prie/1 ! presid5t ( ! c\rt1 =mally ask$ ,him1 8,art ?\ ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god80 & ,he answ]$ 9 ! affirmative4#bje ,s9ce !y did n believe ,8 claim1 !y c\ld only come to ! conclusion t ,he 0 an irreligi\s impo/or1 impi\sly arrogat+ div9e au?ority to ,himself4 ,consequ5tly !y decl>$ t ,he ought to be put to dea? = blasphemy aga9/ ,god4#bjf ,b ! ,sanh$r9 c\ld n put anyone to dea?2 ! sanction ( ! ,roman ,gov]nor 0 necess>y4#bjg ,he 0 !re=e dragg$ be=e ,pilate4 ,"h !y did n *>ge ,him ) blasphemy1 b ) rebellion aga9/ ! ,roman ,emp]or4 #8,! ,k+ ( ! ,jews' 0 a synonym = #8! ,*ri/'2 s !y argu$ t ,jesus1 9 claim+ to be ! ,*ri/1 claim$ ! sov]eignty ( ! ,jews1 & 0 !re=e guilty ( rebellion aga9/ ,tib]ius4#bjh ,pilate knew p]fectly well t ! ,jewi% lead]s 7 jeal\s ( ,jesus1 & t ! *>ge 0 a m]e pret5ce2#bji 8 ,roman s5se ( ju/ice revolt$ aga9/ ! execution ( an innoc5t man2 & he wi%$ to save ,him2 b !y play$ ^u 8 fe>s1 & f9ally succe$$ 9 wr++ a condemnation f him4#baj ,x 0 because ! ,roman soldi]s 7 /ruck ) ! extreme absurdity ( ! idea ( ,jesus be+ a rival ( ,tib]ius1 t !y got up _! pitiable com$y ( a c\rt1 & did ,him mock homage z ,k+ ( ! ,jews4 ,s ,he 0 l$ away to ,calv>y & crucifi$1 & above ,8 head on ! cross 0 writt51 9 ?ree languages 7,hebrew1 ,greek & ,lat971 ! *>ge aga9/ ,him1-- ,,jesus ,,( ,,naz>e?1 ,,! ,,k+ ,,( ,,! ,,jews4 ,?us ,jesus took good c>e t !re %\ld be no d\bt z to :at ,he claim$ to be3 ,he did n write a book1 nor cut an inscription on a rock1 b ,he let ,himself be crucifi$1 t all m5 to ! end ( "t might "k t ,he claim$ to be ! ,*ri/4#baa 99 99 99 99 99 ,n[ let u see :at ,he meant :5 ,he call$ ,himself ! ,*ri/4 ,to get to und]/& ?is fully w\ld be to le>n ! complete mean+ ( ,8 tea*+2 = x is su* a p]fect organism t e memb] ( x is closely relat$ to e o!r memb]2 yet we may ga9 suffici5t insight = our purpose f a broad survey4 ,! subject ( ! :ole tea*+ ( ,jesus 0 ! ,k+dom ( ,god4 ,he held t ,god _h be5 work+ f ! v beg9n+ = ! w9n+ ( man to ,himself1 & t especially among ,8 own p ,israel ,he _h %[n ,8 h&4 ,!y _h n only come to "k ,him z ! ,god ( righte\sness ^: law 0 hol9ess2 !y _h enjoy$ ,8 love2 !y _h exp]i5c$ ,8 m]cy & ,8 p[] to r$eem4 ,b ) ! com+ ( ,jesus ,himself a new era ( ! _w _h op5$3#bab ,god 0 n[ draw+ ne> to all m51 9 a new relation%ip ( love & m]cy1 ) ! purpose ( sav+ !m4#bac ,?is 0 ! com+ ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god4#bad ,! hi/ory ( ,israel _h be5 a long discipl9e 9 prep>ation = ?is4#bae ,on ! gr\nd cle>$ 9 ,israel1 & on ! basis ( ! revelation already made to !m1 ,god w\ld n[ reveal ,himself to all m54 ,! de/9y ( ,israel--8,i w give !e = a light to ! ,g5tiles0#baf--w\ld n[ be fulfill$4#bag ,god1 !n1 0 ab\t to ent] into a new relation%ip ) ! :ole human race4 ,t new relation%ip w\ld be1 l ! old "o ) ,israel1 *>act]iz$ n only by ,8 righte\sness1 b by ,8 r$eem+ love4 ,8 et]nal purpose1 :i* _h be5 9 contemplation all ?r\gh ! c5turies ( ,israel's tra9+1 w\ld n[ be unfold$4 ,! *ildhood ( ! _w 0 ov]3 its fir/ simple lessons _h be5 le>n$2 ! real bus9ess ( ,"t c\ld n[ be begun4 ,! p>tial unveil+ ( ,god's face :i* x _h be5 ,israel's privilege to behold w\ld n[ become a full revelation 9 ! sight ( ! nations4 ,! ,k+ ( ,israel w\ld be se5 to be ! ,fa!r ( m54 ,fur!r1 z ,israel _h le>n$ h] lessons ?r\gh ,jehovah's r$emptive acts at ! ,r$ ,sea1 on ,zion1 & 9 ,babylon1 s mank9d w\ld le>n ! ,fa!r's love ?r\gh ! great r$emptive acts involv$ 9 ! com+ ( ! ,k+dom4 ,! *ief conviction t ,jesus _h ab\t ,himself 0 t 9 & ?r\gh & by ,him ! ,k+dom ( ,god 0 com+3 ?is x 0 t con/itut$ ,him ,,! ,,*ri/4 ,8 self-consci\sness is ! mo/ m>vell\s ph5om5on )9 ! compass ( hi/ory2 !re is no?+ else comp>able ) x4 ,! prim>y elem5t 9 x seems to h be5 ! k t ,he 0 ! true man1 man z ,god wi%es ,him to be1 faultless bo? morally & religi\sly4#bah ,closely connect$ ) ?is is ano!r elem5t1 q z unp>allel$ 9 human exp]i5ce1 a feel+ ( close k9%ip to all m51 a consci\sness ( solid>ity ) ! :ole race & ( p]sonal connection & sympa?y ) e individual4#bai ,^! two elem5ts ( ,8 nature--,8 p]fection z man1 & ,8 relation%ip to ! race z a :ole--,he summ$ up 9 ! phrase :i* ,he us$ s (t5 to describe ,himself1 ,,! ,,son ,,( ,,man4#bbj ,correspond5t to ?is d\ble relation%ip to man /&s a d\ble relation%ip to ,god3 fir/1 ,he /&s 9 ! close/ p]sonal k9%ip to ,god--! ,son ) ! ,fa!r--2 s t ,he alone c reveal ,god1 & ,god alone c reveal ,him2#bba & secondly1 ,he is ,god's repres5tative to ! human race4#bbb ,?is dual relation to ,god ,he express$ by call+ ,himself ,,! ,,son ,,( ,,god4#bbc ,! life ( a be+ ( ?is ord]1 /&+ 9 great1 pregnant relations to ,god on ! "o h& & to ! human family on ! o!r1 w\ld necess>ily be ( transc5d5t significance4 ,s we f9d t ,he reg>d$ ,8 own words & acts & all ! great exp]i5ces ( ,8 life z ( supreme importance 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w3#bbd ,8 com+ op5s a new era2#bbe ,8 public life is a w$d+ fea/ 9 ! o!rwise grey exp]i5ce ( m52#bbf ,8 tea*+ is ! f9al revelation ( ,god2#bbg ,8 acts are glimpses ( ! div9e activity2#bbh ,8 dea?1 :i* to ! casual obs]v] is b a co>se judicial murd]1 is ! solemn sacrifice t ratifies ! e/abli%m5t ( ! new relation%ip betwe5 ,god & man4#bbi ,s9ce su* 7 ! *ief convictions ,jesus held ab\t ,himself & ,8 mission1 au?ority 0 naturally ! *ief note ( ,8 tea*+4 ,8 he>]s m>k$ t *>act]i/ic at ! v outset2#bcj & a mod]n /ud5t _c fail to be impress$ ) x z he reads ! ,gospels4 ,he /ates q frankly t ,he has come to fulfil ! law & ! prophets2#bca ,he sets up ,8 own 8,i say unto y0 n only aga9/ ! ,jewi% traditions1#bcb b aga9/ ! def9ite provisions ( ! ,mosaic law2#bcc & ov] & ov] aga9 ,he dem&s f m5 su* love1 fai?1 submission1 ob$i5ce1 z c be rightly giv5 only to a ,div9e ,ma/]4#bcd ,9 ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 !n1 we h a hi/orical p]son1 ^: "t & environm5t are well kn[n to u1 & ^: tea*+ & life also /& out cle> & unmi/akable2 & ! mo/ prom95t ?+ ab\t ,him is ?is1 t1 by ^w & de$1 & f9ally by ,8 crucifixion1 ,he made x cle> to all m5 t ,he claim$ to be bo? ,son ( ,man & ,son ( ,god4 ,"h1 !n1 we h ! secret ( t simil>ity :i* we are all s cle>ly consci\s (1 :5 we read a ,gospel alongside ( ! ,gt4 ,9 ! ,gospels we h 9 hi/orical =m ! au?oritative utt]ances ( ! hi/orical ,jesus2 9 ! ,gt we h ! imag9ations ( a poet-philosoph] :o 0 cle> sight$ en\gh to realize t an inc>nate god w\ld h _m ?+s to say ab\t himself1 & t 8 tea*+ w\ld be> ! note ( au?ority4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we look = exact p>allels betwe5 ! two1 !y are h>d to f9d3 ! books are s utt]ly div]se 9 orig9 & tea*+ t !y h little 9 common except ! tone ( ! ma/]4 ,9 a few cases1 h[ev]1 ! resemblance is r /rik+3 "h1 !n1 we place side by side ! words ( ,jesus & ! imag9ations ( ! writ] ( ! ,gt4 ,,say+s ,,( ,,jesus4 ,all au?ority ha? be5 giv5 unto me 9 heav5 & on e>?4 ,matt41 #bh1 #ah4 ,,v]ses ,,f ,,! ,g,t4 ,nature gives bir? to movables & immovables ?r\gh me1 ! sup]visor1 & by reason ( t ! univ]se revolves4 ,,ix1 #aj4 ,all ?+s h be5 deliv]$ unto me ( my ,fa!r3 & no "o kn[e? :o ! ,son is1 save ! ,fa!r2 & :o ! ,fa!r is1 save ! ,son1 & he to :omsoev] ! ,son wille? to reveal him4 ,luke1 #aj1 #bb4 ,i "k ! ?+s :i* h be51 ^? :i* are1 & ^? :i* are to be2 b me nobody kn[s4 ,,vii1 #bf4 ,come unto me1 all ye t lab\r & are heavy lad51 & ,i w give y re/4 ,matt41 #aa1 #bh4 ,=sak+ all duties1 come to me z ?y sole refuge4 ,i w release !e f all s9s3 d n grieve4 ,,xviii1 #ff4 ,b t ye may "k t ! ,son ( ,man ha? au?ority on e>? to =give s9s1--,m>k1 #b1 #aj4 ,( all mortals1 he :o kn[s me to be unborn1 )\t beg9n+1 ! great ,"l ( ! _w1 be+ free f delusion1 is releas$ f all s9s4 ,x1 #c4 ,if any man w\ld come aft] me1 let him d5y himself1 & take up 8 cross1 & foll[ me4 ,m>k1 #h1 #cd4 ,9 ?\ght r5\nc+ all actions unto me1 int5t on me1 apply+ ?yself to ! yok+ ( ?9e intellect1 be ?\ always ?9k+ ( me4 ,,xviii1 #eg4 ,s1 !re=e1 :osoev] he be ( y t r5\nce? n all t he ha?1 he _c be my disciple4 ,luke1 #ad1 #cc4 ,hav+ ?yself yok$ by ! yoke ( r5unciation1 ?\ %alt come to me4 ,,ix1 #bh4 ,come unto me1 all ye t lab\r & are heavy lad51 & ,i w give y re/4 ,matt41 #aa1 #bh4 ,9 him seek %elt] ) all ?y might3 by 8 grace ?\ %alt atta9 supreme peace1 ! et]nal dwell+-place4 ,,xviii1 #fb4 ,if !y h call$ ! ma/] ( ! h\se ,beelzebub1 h[ mu* m %all !y call !m ( 8 h\sehold8 ,matt41 #aj1 #be4 hat+ me 9 _! own bodies & 9 ^? ( o!rs4 ,,xvi1 #ah4 ,& bless$ is he1 :osoev] %all f9d none occasion ( /umbl+ 9 me4 ,matt41 #aa1 #f4 ,delud$ p1 444 n kn[+ my highe/ nature z great "l ( entities1 disreg>d me1 z ,i h assum$ a human body4 ,,ix1 #aa4 ,my yoke is easy1 & my burd5 is light4 ,matt41 #aa1 #cj4 ,to ! con/antly-yok$ ,yogi1 :o con/antly rememb]e? me1 nev] ?9k+ ( ano!r1 ,i am easy ( access4 ,,viii1 #ad4 ,le>n ( me4 ,matt41 #aa1 #bi4 ,le>n f me4 ,,xviii1 #ej4 ,x w\ld lead u f> afield to set =? 9 detail all ! /rik+ ?+s t ,jesus has to say ab\t ,8 own p]son & mission1 b x may be well to quote a few passages exhibit+ l9es ( "* & ?\ght n exemplifi$ above3-- 7a7 ,8 meekness & l[l9ess4 8,i am meek & l[ly 9 he>t40 ,matt41 #aa1 #bi4 7b7 ,! conditions ( ,8 e>?ly life4 8,! foxes h holes1 & ! birds ( heav5 h ne/s2 b ! ,son ( ,man ha? n :]e to lay ,8 head40 ,luke1 #i1 #eh4 7c7 ,! necessity t ,he %\ld die = m54 8,& ,he began to tea* !m1 t ! ,son ( ,man mu/ suff] _m ?+s1 & be reject$ by ! eld]s1 & ! *ief prie/s1 & ! scribes1 & be kill$1 & aft] ?ree days rise aga940 ,m>k1 #h1 #ca4 7d7 ,8 _s ( s]vice & self-sacrifice4 8,ev5 z ! ,son ( ,man came n to be m9i/]$ unto1 b to m9i/]1 & to give ,8 life a ransom = _m40 ,matt41 #bj1 #bh4 8,b ,i am among y z he t do? s]ve40 ,luke1 #bb1 #bg4 7e7 ,8 claims on ! allegiance & love ( m54 8,e "o :o %all confess ,me be=e m51 him %all ! ,son ( ,man also confess be=e ! angels ( ,god3 b he t d5ie? ,me 9 ! pres5ce ( m5 %all be d5i$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! angels ( ,god40 ,luke1 #ab1 #h-i4 8,he t love? fa!r or "m m ?an ,me is n wor?y ( ,me2 & he t love? son or daught] m ?an ,me is n wor?y ( ,me40 ,matt41 #aj1 #cg-ch4 7f7 ,8 univ]sal sympa?y4 8,inasmu* z ye did x unto "o ( ^! ,my bre?r51 ev5 ^! lea/1 ye did x unto ,me40 ,matt41 #be1 #dj4 7g7 ,8 decl>ation t he w return to judge all m54 8,_m w say to ,me 9 t day1 ,"l1 ,"l1 did we n prophesy by ,?y "n1 & by ,?y "n ca/ out devils1 & by ,?y "n d _m mighty works8 ,& !n w ,i pr(ess unto !m1 ,i nev] knew y3 dep>t f ,me1 ye t "w iniquity40 ,matt41 #g1 #bb-bc4 7h7 ,8 pres5ce ) 8 foll[]s4 8,= :]e two or ?ree are ga!r$ toge!r 9 ,my "n1 !re am ,i 9 ! mid/ ( !m40 ,matt41 #ah1 #bj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,gt is "o ( ! mo/ eloqu5t possible pro(s ( ! fact t ! human he>t cries out = an inc>nate ,savi\r4 ,sc>cely less impressive is ! evid5ce furni%$ by ! reception ( ! ,gt by ,h9du read]s3 n ! greate/ ( ! ,upani%ads1 nei!r ! ,*ndogya nor ! ,ka?a1 has _h "o qu>t] ( ! influ5ce ex]cis$ by ?is late poem2 & ! secret und\bt$ly is to be f\nd 9 ! attraction ( ! man-god ,kri%na4 ,h[ _m g5]ations ( pi\s read]s h f\nd 9 ! /ory ( ! life & tea*+ ( ! inc>nate god some?+ to :i* _! deepe/ & mo/ p]si/5t religi\s in/9cts h respond$6 ,h[ _m to-day turn to ,kri%na 9 _! trials & tr\bles6 ,on ! "o h&1 !n1 we h ! imag9ative portrait ( ,kri%na1 surr\nd$ by millions ( ador+ wor%ipp]s--t\*+ spectacle6 ,on ! o!r1 /&s ! hi/orical ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 ,son ( ,man & ,son ( ,god1 /ret*+ out ,8 nail-pi]c$ h&s to ,india1 z ,he says1 8,come unto ,me1 all ye t lab\r & are heavy lad51 & ,i w give y re/40 ,rightly read1 ! ,gt is a cle>-tongu$ prophecy ( ,*ri/1 & ! he>ts t b[ d[n to ! idea ( ,kri%na are really seek+ ! inc>nate ,son ( ,god4 ,,iv4 ,we h be5 able to see "s little di/ance into ! self-consci\sness ( ,jesus1 & to realize 9 "p at lea/ t on :i* ,he gr\nds ,8 claim to ! he>t ( e man2 b we h n yet le>n$ ! secret ( t mo/ m>vell\s ( ,8 p[]s1 ,8 p[] to w9 human love4 ,to t we mu/ n[ address ourselves4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact ( hi/ory t1 %ortly aft] ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 ,8 foll[]s began to prea* 9 ,8 "n1 & t v soon ! new fai? began to spread rapidly4 ,we h already le>n$ f ,tacitus t 9 #fd ,a4 ,d4 !re 0 8an imm5se multitude0 ( ,*ri/ians 9 ,rome itself4 ,n[ ! greate/ ( all ! e>ly mission>ies 0 ,paul4 ,he 0 ! apo/le ( ,europe4 ,we m5tion 8 "n "h1 because we wi% to ref] to "o ( 8 ,epi/les4 ,^! lett]s are ! e>lie/ ( our ,*ri/ian docum5ts4 ,! s]ies beg9s ) two brief lett]s1 bo? writt51 ) a %ort int]val betwe5 !m1 to ! *ur* at ,!ssalonica4 ,! mo/ probable date = !m is #di ,a4 ,d41 t is1 only tw5ty ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,*ri/4 ,b ! lett] we wi% to use is "o s5t f ,ephesus to ! *ur* ( ,cor9?#bce ab\t #ee ,a4 ,d41#bcf t is1 tw5ty-six ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus4 ,we mu/ n /ay "h to speak ( ! spl5d\r ( ! e?ical feel+ & tea*+ ( ! ,epi/le fur!r ?an to say t x manife/ly has its s\rce 9 ,jesus4 ,we mu/ direct our att5tion to o!r facts :i* appe> 9 x4 ,*ri/ianity1 we note1 has already spread f ,juda into ! prov9ces ( ,asia#bcg & ,galatia#bch 9 ,asia ,m9or1 & ,mac$onia#bci & ,a*aia#bdj 9 ,europe4 ,phnicia1 ,syria1 ,cilicia & ,cyprus are n m5tion$2 b we "k f o!r s\rces#bda t !y too 7 already evangeliz$4 ,?us 9 tw5ty-six ye>s ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ has become a great organization1 ext5d+ ?r\gh _m l&s1 yet consci\s ( its unity 9 ,*ri/4#bdb ,we note also t !n1 z to-day1 ,,baptism is a solemn c]emonial act1 9 :i* a man ?r\gh ! action ( ! ,holy ,_s becomes a memb] ( ! body ( ,*ri/1#bdc :ile ,,! ,,"l',s ,,supp] is a recurr5t fea/1 9 :i* ! memb]s ( ! ,*ur* h fell[%ip ) ! ,"l & ) ea* o!r4#bdd ,b :at we w\ld call special att5tion to is ! place assign$ to ,*ri/ 9 ! ,epi/le4 ,) ref]5ce to ! ,*ri/ian1 ,*ri/ is ,,! ,,"l2#bde ) ref]5ce to ! ,fa!r1 ,he is ,,! ,,son2#bdf ,he is spok5 ( z ! ,"l ( ,glory1#bdg ! ,p[] ( ,god1#bdh & ! ,wisdom ( ,god2#bdi & pray] is (f]$ to ,him4#bej ,all spiritual au?ority & p[] are attribut$ to ,him4#bea ,! ,*ur* is ,8 body1#beb & ,he supplies ,8 grace & p[] to e memb]4#bec ,he w come back aga9 to e>? 9 glory1#bed & w !n reveal all secrets & judge all m54#bee ,b !re is ano!r po9t /ill m notewor?y1 & t is ! way 9 :i* ! crucifixion ( ,*ri/ is int]pret$4 ,in/ead ( reg>d+ t judicial murd] z a regrettable incid5t1 l ! assass9ation ( ,cs> or ! dea? ( ,socrates1 ,paul & 8 fell[-believ]s glory 9 x1#bef n only z ! cr[n+ ev5t ( ! div9e revelation made 9 ,*ri/1 b z ! consummation ( ,8 "w z ! ,savi\r ( m54#beg ,paul makes x ! basis ( all 8 prea*+1#beh & 9 x he f9ds all ! weal? ( spiritual wisdom :i* ,*ri/ianity conta9s4#bei ,he contra/s ! wisdom ( ,god wrapp$ up 9 t div9e trag$y ) ! worldly wisdom ( e>?ly rul]s4#bfj ,:at c be ! explanation ( ?is extraord9>y attitude to su* an ev5t8--,! basis ( x is ! solemn decl>ation1 :i* ,paul makes 9 ! ,epi/le1 & :i* he says he made to 8 conv]ts fir/ ( all1 t ,,on ,,! ,,cross ,,*ri/ ,,di$ ,,= ,,our ,,s9s4#bfa ,! crucifixion1 z a b>e ev5t 9 hi/ory1 is b an act ( wick$ folly on ! "p ( ! rul]s ( ,juda2 b1 view$ f ! /&po9t ( morality & religion1 x is a div9e act ( _w-wide significance4 ,9 ! blood ( ,*ri/ a new cov5ant _h be5 made betwe5 ,god & man4#bfb ,?is is ! ,gospel1 :i* all ! ,apo/les tea*1 & :i* all ! *ur*es believe4#bfc ,?r\gh fai? 9 ,*ri/1 on ! basis ( ?is trem5d\s ass]tion1 ! ,cor9?ian ,*ri/ians1 l ! re/1 _h be5 sav$1#bfd i4e41 !y _h receiv$ ! =giv5ess ( _! s9s#bfe & ! sanctify+ ,_s4#bff ,!y ?us no long] belong$ to !mselves3 !y _h be5 b\ght ) a great price1 ! blood ( ! ,son ( ,god4#bfg ,!y 7 no long] "p & p>cel ( hea!n society2 ea* "o 0 a memb] ( ! body ( ,*ri/4#bfh ,:at l$ ,paul & all ! o!r ,apo/les & all ! e>ly ,*ri/ians to =m su* an extraord9>y !ory8 ,h[ did !y come to ! conclusion t ! crucifixion 0 n a squalid trag$y1 b a div9e sacrifice8 ,?is lett] tells u q pla9ly2 ! reasons 7 ^!3 ,jesus ,himself decl>$ be=e ,he 0 crucifi$1 t ,8 dea? 0 to be ! basis ( ! ,new ,cov5ant1#bfi & ?is decl>ation ( ,8 _h be5 div9ely confirm$ by ,8 ,resurrection4#bgj ,n[ m>k3 ?is lett] 0 writt5 )9 tw5ty-six ye>s ( ! ev5t4 ,! majority ( ! twelve ,apo/les1 & multitudes ( o!r m5 :o _h kn[n ,jesus1 7 /ill alive4#bga ,paul's good fai? is beyond all "q2 &1 z he 0 intimate ) ,pet] & ,john & ! re/ ( ! ,apo/les1 & also ) ,james ! bro!r ( ,jesus1#bgb he _h access to ! v be/ in=mation possible4 ,fur!r he _h be5 "o ( ! mo/ viol5t oppon5ts ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,8 te/imony is1 !re=e1 evid5ce ( ! v highe/ value4 ,we may conclude1 !n1 ) ! utmo/ c]titude t we are /&+ on an immoveable hi/orical f\ndation1 :5 we say t ,jesus1 be=e ,8 crucifixion1 said ,he 0 ab\t to die = ! s9s ( m54 ,b ?is evid5ce does n /& alone4 ,x is a hi/orical fact1 ackn[l$g$ by s*ol>s ( e s*ool1 t all ,*ri/ian *ur*es h f ! v beg9n+ celebrat$ ! ,"l's ,supp]4#bgc ,n[ ?is univ]sal usage 9 s _m *ur*es1 divid$ n only by long di/ances b 9 _m cases also by m9or diff]5ces 9 doctr9e1 _c be expla9$ at all except z a result ( a comm& ( ,jesus ,himself4 ,if any s+le disciple _h />t$ su* a practice1 x c\ld nev] h won its way to univ]sal acceptance4 ,n[ consid] ! significance ( ?is fact3 ,jesus1 on ! night 9 :i* ,he 0 betray$1 took bread1 broke x1 & bade ,8 disciples eat x1 say+1 #8,?is is ,my body4' ,he !n took a cup ( w9e & bade !m dr9k x1 say+1 #8,?is is ,my blood4'#bgd ,! sc5e is absolutely )\t a p>allel 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w2 & x c h b "o mean+1 viz41 t ,jesus reg>d$ ,8 dea? z a sacrifice4 ,b ! direct /atem5t ( ,paul is corroborat$1 n only by ! in/itution ( ! ,supp]1 b also by ?is fact1 t ! doctr9e1 t ,*ri/ di$ = our s9s1 is an integral "p ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus z t is h&$ d[n to u 9 ! ,gospels4 ,we h already se5 t ,he held t ,8 dea? 0 necess>y = ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,k+dom4 ,we mu/ n[ set out ,8 tea*+ on ?is subject ) a little m fulness4 ,we %all re/rict ourselves to a s+le ,gospel4 ,9 ! e>lie/ say+ t ref]s to x1 ,8 dea? is a future ev5t1 com+ inevitably1 & de/9$ to br+ sorr[ to ,8 disciples4 8,& ,jesus said unto !m1 ,c ! sons ( ! bride-*amb] m\rn1 z long z ! bridegroom is ) !m8 b ! days w come1 :5 ! bridegroom %all be tak5 away f !m1 & !n w !y fa/40#bge ,9 ! next x is mu* m cle>ly def9$4 ,its necessity is emphasiz$2 we are told t ! ag5ts are to be ! religi\s lead]s ( ,israel2 & x is to be foll[$ by ! resurrection4 8,f t "t began ,jesus to %ew unto ,8 disciples1 h[ t ,he mu/ g unto ,j]usalem1 & suff] _m ?+s ( ! eld]s & *ief prie/s & scribes1 & be kill$1 & ! ?ird day be rais$ up40#bgf ,twice ov] ?is same prophecy is repeat$1 ! la/ "t ) m detail4#bgg ,!n foll[s a mo/ /rik+ say+1 9 :i* ,he speaks ( ,8 dea? z volunt>y3 x is a giv+ away ( ,8 life2 & x is expla9$ z ! climax ( ,8 life ( s]vice2 = ! gift is #8a ransom = _m1' t is a price paid1 9 ord] to r$eem _m f s94 8,! ,son ( ,man came n to be m9i/]$ unto1 b to m9i/]1 & to give ,8 life a ransom = _m40#bgh ,we ne$ n l+] ov] ! next say+s1 ?\gh ea* has its own int]e/4#bgi ,! la/ say+ occurs 9 ! acc\nt ( ! in/itution ( ! ,supp]4 ,9 ^! words ,he tea*es 9 ! cle>e/ way1 fir/1 t ,8 dea? is to be ! gr\nd ( =giv5ess1 & secondly1 t aft] ,8 dea? ,he is to be ! s\rce ( ! spiritual life & /r5g? ( ,8 foll[]s4 8,& z !y 7 eat+1 ,jesus took bread1 & bless$1 & brake x2 & ,he gave to ! disciples1 & said1 #8,take1 eat2 ?is is ,my body4' ,& ,he took a cup1 & gave ?anks1 & gave to !m1 say+1 #8,dr9k ye all ( x2 = ?is is ,my blood ( ! cov5ant1 :i* is %$ = _m unto remission ( s9s40#bhj ,! tea*+ ( ,jesus is an organic :ole1 & is incomplete )\t ?is1 ,8 own int]pretation ( ,8 dea? ( %ame4 ,jesus1 !n1 gave ,himself up to dea? z ! sacrifice = ! s9s ( m54 ,our ,*ri/ian docum5ts g on to decl>e t ,he rose f ! dead on ! ?ird day1 & t ?is resurrection ( ,8 0 ,god's confirmation ( ! sacrifice ( ,8 ,son4 ,t m5 %\ld at fir/ sight disbelieve ! a/\nd+ ass]tion1 t ! crucifi$ ,jesus rose f ! dead1 is n to be wond]$ at2 b ! fact rema9s4 ,sceptical s*ol>s h lab\r$ = c5turies to expla9 away ?is extraord9>y occurr5ce1 b no "o ( ^! s*ol>s !mselves w v5ture to say t any explanation hi!rto giv5 is satisfactory4 ,! late/ attempt1 t made by ,s*mi$el 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,biblica1 is a f>cical failure4 ,! foll[+ are ! adamant9e facts :i* no rationalism has ev] yet succe$$ 9 cru%+ or melt+3--7a7 ! ,*ri/ians decl>$ t !y _h se5 ,*ri/ & spok5 ) ,him aft] ,8 resurrection2 7b7 !y 7 absolutely s9c]e 9 ?is belief#bha2 7c7 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* arose z a result ( ?is conviction2 7d7 ! grave 0 empty4 ,! acc\nt ( ,*ri/'s appe>ances giv5 9 ! fifte5? *apt] ( our ,epi/le is well wor? /udy4 ,^? :o wi% to look into ?is "q fur!r may consult ,ball>d's ,miracles ( ,unbelief1 pp4 #ace ff4 ,we h ?us1 by a s]i\s hi/orical inquiry1 rea*$ ! conclusion1 t ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 decl>$1 be=e ,8 crucifixion1 t ,he 0 ab\t to die = ! s9s ( m51 & t ?is ass]tion ( ,8 0 seal$ ) ! div9e approval by ! unique miracle ( ! resurrection4 ,we h also se5 t ?is 0 ! ,good ,news1 :i* ,paul & all ! o!r ,apo/les prea*$1 & on :i* ! e>ly ,*ur* 0 f\nd$4 ,x is ?is t has won = ,jesus ! love ( myriads2 x is ?is t has be5 ! magnet to draw !m away f s94 ,x is ! s\rce ( ! joy & vital p[] ( ! ,*ri/ian life4 ,n[ let u recollect ! poem ^u ,! ,s]vant ( ,jehovah1 :i* we consid]$ 9 our ?ird *apt]4 ,h[ m>vell\sly ,jesus corresponds to ! extraord9>y idea :i* t poem discloses1 ! despis$ & oppress$ prison] :o endures 9 uncompla9+ meekness ! utt]mo/ %ame ( a viol5t dea?1 & is f9ally recogniz$ z hav+ be5 8pi]c$ because ( our trangressions1 & cru%$ because ( our iniquities40 ,t anyone %\ld write su* a poem1 seems /range 9 ! extreme2 t ,jesus %\ld h fulfill$ x1 is inf9itely m wond]ful4 ,h[ comes x t ?is ,jewi% c>p5t]1 ) ,8 ?ree ye>s ( public life & ,8 cross ( %ame1 fulfils s _m ideals & aspirations8 ,he br+s 9 ! new age :i* ,virgil & 8 contempor>ies sigh$ =2 ,he is ,plato's j man2 ,he utt]s f ,8 own self-consci\sness su* ?+s z ! au?or ( ! ,gt imag9$ an inc>nate god w\ld say2 ,he gives ,himself up to dea?1 9 %e] love1 z a sacrifice = s91 ?us fulfill+ ! deepe/ ne$s ( man1 z express$ by ! old ,hebrew se]2 & ,he is ! only human be+ :om m5 ( e race & clime c he>tily admire & unhesitat+ly imitate4 ,nor is ?is all3 _m o!r conv]g5t l9es ( ?\ght might be sugge/$1 9 ! light ( :i* ,jesus /&s out z ! ideal ( our common humanity & ! f\nta9 ( ! love ( ,god4 ,h[ is all ?is to be expla9$8 ,wide *asms sev] ! ,h9du sage1 ! ,greek philosoph]1 ! ,hebrew prophet & ! ,roman poet2 yet 9 ,jesus _! sev]al ideals are reconcil$ 9 a l(ti] unity4 ,once 9 ! c\rse ( ! c5turies ,ea/ & ,we/ h actually met6 ,nor 0 ! meet+ m]ely ! resolution ( anti!ses 9 a wid] conception3 :at ! ,jew & ! ,indian1 ! ,greek & ! ,roman1 dream$ ( z ! unatta9able1 t ,jesus actually accompli%$ 9 ?is "w-a-day _w ( ours1 amid /orms ( ! cruelle/ hatr$ & calumny4--,:at is y\r c&id op9ion ab\t ,him1 bro!r8 ,h[ are y to solve ! problem rais$ by ,8 life1 dea? & place 9 hi/ory8 ,c ,he be bett] describ$ ?an 9 ,8 own words1 ,,son ,,( ,,man & ,,son ,,( ,,god8 ,footnote #afc3 ,see article ,slav]y 9 ,encyclopdia ,brittanica2 & cf4 ,gibbon1 ,*aps4 ,,ii & ,,xxxviii2 ,cunn+ham1 ,an ,essay on ,we/]n ,civilization 9 its ,economic ,aspects2 ,wallon1 ,hi/oire de l',esclavage dans l',antiquit4 ,footnote #afd3 ,f[l]1 ,! ,city-,/ate ( ! ,greeks & ,romans2 ,mahaffy1 ,social ,life 9 ,greece1 #dd2 ,kidd1 ,p4 ,w4 ,c41 ,*ap4 ,,vi4 ,footnote #afe3 ,kidd1 ,p4 ,w4 ,c41 ,*aps4 ,,vii to ,,ix4 ,footnote #aff3 ,kidd1 ,p4 ,w4 ,c41 #aij1 #bbc-d4 ,footnote #afg3 ,sohm1 ,! ,in/itutes ( ,roman ,law2 ,wallon1 ,hi/oire de l',esclavage dans l',antiquit4 ,footnote #afh3 ,bury1 ,hi/ory ( ,greece1 ,i1 #gb4 ,footnote #afi3 ,kidd1 ,p4 ,w4 ,c41 #bbc4 ,footnote #agj3 ,kidd1 ,p4 ,w4 ,c41 #afh4 ,footnote #aga3 ,kidd1 ,p4 ,w4 ,c41 #afj-agb2 ,seebohm1 ,! ,/ructure ( ,greek ,tribal ,society1 #d1 #ach4 ,footnote #agb3 ,sir ,rob]t ,giff51 ,address to ! ,man*e/] ,/ati/ical ,society1 #ae4 ,footnote #agc3 ,kidd1 ,social ,evolution1 ,*aps4 ,,iv ,v4 ,footnote #agd3 ,tacitus1 ,annals1 ,,xv1 #dd1 ,*ur* & ,brodribb's translation4 ,footnote #age3 ,*ur* & ,brodribb's ,annals1 #cgd4 ,footnote #agf3 ,= all ! facts & ! op9ions ( v>i\s s*ol>s1 see ,ha/+s1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible1 ,i1 #daj-dae4 ,footnote #agg3 ,mat!w1 ,*apt]s #bf #bg4 ,footnote #agh3 ,= ! criticism ( ! ,gospels see bel[1 pages #di-ej4 ,footnote #agi3 ,matt41 #bf1 #fg-fh4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,matt41 #bg1 #bg-ca4 ,footnote #aha3 ,matt41 #bg1 #cb-dd4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,x 0 n ! tea*+ ( ,jesus1 b ,8 int]f]5ce1 9 ! int]e/s ( ,8 own supreme /&>ds1 ) ! traditional wor%ip & cu/oms ( ! ,jews1 t l$ ! ,jewi% hi]>*y to det]m9e on ,8 dea?4 ,see bel[ p4 #eb4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,see ,ha/+s1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible1 ad loca1 & ,m(fatt1 ,hi/orical ,new ,te/am5t1 pp4 #bgb-bgd4 ,! mo/ probable dates are1 = ,m>k1 #ff to #gj ,a4,d41 & = ,mat!w & ,luke1 #gj to #ge ,a4,d4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,see ! masses ( evid5ce ga!r$ 9 ,s*r]1 ,h4 ,j4 ,p4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,fairbairn1 ,! ,philosophy ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion1 pp4 #cbh-i4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,m>k1 #a1 #i4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,m>k1 #a1 #i4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,m>k1 #f1 #c4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,luke1 #c1 #a2 #a1 #d1 #ad4 ,footnote #aij3 ,luke1 #e1 #h4 ,footnote #aia3 ,luke1 #g1 #cf-ej4 ,footnote #aib3 ,luke1 #ai1 #a-aj4 ,footnote #aic3 ,luke1 #bc1 #ci-dc4 ,footnote #aid3 ,see ,h>nack1 ,:at is ,*ri/ianity1 pp4 #cb-ce4 ,footnote #aie3 ,see specially ,weiss1 ,n4 ,t4 ,!ology2 ,beys*lag1 ,n4 ,t4 ,!ology2 ,w5dt1 ,tea*+ ( ,jesus2 ,/ev5s1 ,!ology ( ! ,new ,te/am5t2 ,rob]tson1 ,our ,"l's ,tea*+2 & _m o!rs4 ,footnote #aif3 ,see ,s*r]1 ,h4 ,j4 ,p41 ,div4 ,,ii1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #abf ff4 ,footnote #aig3 ,! reason = ,8 sil5ce is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! ,messianic hope1 z popul>ly held1 _h become l>gely political3 to h confess$ ,himself ! ,*ri/ w\ld h be5 to precipitate a revolt aga9/ ,rome4 ,cf4 ,mc,giffert's ,apo/olic ,age1 #bh4 ,footnote #aih3 ,matt41 #ba1 #a-aa4 ,footnote #aii3 ,matt41 #ba1 #ab-ag4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,matt41 #ba1 #bc-bc1 #ci4 ,footnote #bja3 ,matt41 #bf1 #c-e4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,matt41 #bf1 #dg-ef4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,matt41 #bf1 #eg & #ei4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,matt41 #bf1 #ei-fb4 ,footnote #bje3 ,matt41 #bf1 #fc-fd4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,matt41 #bf1 #fe-ff4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,s*r]1 ,h4 ,j4 ,p41 ,div4 ,,ii1 ,vol4 ,i1 #ahh2 ,john1 #ah1 #ca4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,matt41 #bg1 #a-b2 #bg1 #aa4 ,footnote #bji3 ,matt41 #bg1 #ah4 ,footnote #baj3 ,matt41 #bg1 #aa-bf4 ,footnote #baa3 ,mc,giffert's ,apo/olic ,age1 #bg-cb4 ,footnote #bab3 ,m>k1 #a1 #ae4 ,footnote #bac3 ,see ! p>ables 9 ,matt41 #bb1 #b-ad2 & ,luke1 #ad1 #ae-bd4 ,footnote #bad3 ,m>k1 #a1 #ae4 ,footnote #bae3 ,matt41 #aa1 #ac-ad2 ,luke1 #af1 #af4 ,footnote #baf3 ,isaiah1 #db1 #f2 #di1 #f4 ,footnote #bag3 ,matt41 #bd1 #ad2 #bf1 #ac2 #bh1 #ai4 ,footnote #bah3 ,matt41 #aa1 #bh-bi4 ,footnote #bai3 ,matt41 #be1 #dj2 #be1 #de4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,see e4g41 ,matt41 #i1 #f2 #aa1 #ai2 #ab1 #h2 #af1 #ac2 #bj1 #ah2 #bj1 #bh2 #be1 #ca2 #bf1 #fd4 ,footnote #bba3 ,matt41 #aa1 #bg2 #af1 #ag2 #ag1 #e4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,matt41 #ba1 #cg2 #aa1 #aj2 ,m>k1 #h1 #cg-ch2 #i1 #cg2 ,luke1 #aj1 #af4 ,footnote #bbc3 ,matt41 #c1 #ag2 #ag1 #e2 #bf1 #fc-fd2 #ba1 #cg2 #bb1 #da-de2 ,luke1 #aj1 #bb4 ,footnote #bbd3 ,luke1 #aj1 #bc-bd4 ,footnote #bbe3 ,m>k1 #a1 #ae4 ,footnote #bbf3 ,matt41 #i1 #ae2 #bb1 #b-ad4 ,footnote #bbg3 ,luke1 #aj1 #bb4 ,footnote #bbh3 ,luke1 #aa1 #bj4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,matt41 #bj1 #bh2 ,luke1 #bb1 #bj4 ,footnote #bcj3 ,m>k1 #a1 #bb2 #a1 #bg4 ,footnote #bca3 ,matt41 #e1 #ag4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,matt41 #e1 #dd2 #ae1 #bj4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,matt41 #e1 #cb2 #e1 #cd2 #e1 #ci2 #ae1 #aa2 #ai1 #g-i4 ,footnote #bcd3 ,matt41 #e1 #aa2 #h1 #bb2 #aj1 #cg-ci2 #aa1 #bh-cj2 #af1 #bd-be4 ,footnote #bce3 i4e41 ,i ,cor9?ians4 ,footnote #bcf3 ,= ! dates ( ,paul's ,epi/les1 see ! articles 9 ,ha/+s's ,diction>y ( ! ,bible1 or ,m(fatt's ,hi/orical ,new ,te/am5t1 #aba-acg4 ,footnote #bcg3 #af1 #ai4 ,footnote #bch3 #af1 #a4 ,footnote #bci3 #af1 #e4 ,footnote #bdj3 #af1 #ae4 ,footnote #bda3 ,acts1 #aa1 #ai2 ,galatians1 #a1 #ba-bd4 ,footnote #bdb3 #ab1 #ac4 ,footnote #bdc3 #ab1 #ac4 ,footnote #bdd3 #aa1 #bj-cd2 #aj1 #af-ag4 ,footnote #bde3 ,v frequ5t3 cf4 #a1 #b2 #a1 #c2 #a1 #g2 #h1 #f2 #ab1 #c2 #af1 #bb4 ,! ,"l takes 9 ! ,epi/les ! place held by ! ,son ( ,man 9 ! ,gospels4 ,footnote #bdf3 #a1 #i4 ,footnote #bdg3 #b1 #h4 ,footnote #bdh3 #a1 #bd4 ,footnote #bdi3 #a1 #bd2 #a1 #cj4 ,footnote #bej3 #a1 #b4 ,footnote #bea3 #e1 #d2 #g1 #aj2 #ad1 #cg2 #ae1 #bd-bh4 ,footnote #beb3 #ab1 #ab-ac2 #ab1 #bg4 ,footnote #bec3 #a1 #d-g2 #a1 #cj2 #c1 #e2 #ab1 #e2 #af1 #bc4 ,footnote #bed3 #a1 #g2 #d1 #e4 ,footnote #bee3 #d1 #e4 ,footnote #bef3 #a1 #ag-ah4 ,footnote #beg3 #aa1 #bc-bf2 #ae1 #c4 ,footnote #beh3 #a1 #ah2 #a1 #ba2 #b1 #b2 #ae1 #a2 #ae1 #aa4 ,footnote #bei3 #a1 #bb-bd4 ,footnote #bfj3 #b1 #f-h4 ,footnote #bfa3 #ae1 #c4 ,footnote #bfb3 #aa1 #be4 ,footnote #bfc3 #ae1 #a2 #ae1 #b2 #ae1 #aa4 ,footnote #bfd3 #a1 #ah2 #a1 #ba4 ,footnote #bfe3 #ae1 #ag4 ,footnote #bff3 #a1 #b2 #a1 #cj2 #c1 #af2 #f1 #aa2 #f1 #ai4 ,footnote #bfg3 #f1 #ai2 #g1 #bc4 ,footnote #bfh3 #f1 #ae2 #aj1 #ag2 #ab1 #ab-ac2 #ab1 #bg4 ,footnote #bfi3 #aa1 #bc-be4 ,cf4 ,j]emiah1 #ca1 #ca-cd4 ,footnote #bgj3 #ae1 #d comp>$ ) #ae1 #ad4 ,footnote #bga3 #ae1 #f4 ,footnote #bgb3 ,galatians1 #a1 #ah-b1 #aj4 ,footnote #bgc3 ,see ,mc,giffert's ,apo/olic ,age1 #ecf4 ,footnote #bgd3 ,! ev5t is describ$ 9 ,matt41 #bf1 #bf-cj2 ,m>k1 #ad1 #bb-bf2 & ,luke1 #bb1 #ad-bj2 z well z 9 #a ,cor9?ians1 #aa1 #bc-bf4 ,footnote #bge3 ,matt41 #i1 #ae4 ,footnote #bgf3 ,matt41 #af1 #ba4 ,footnote #bgg3 ,matt41 #ag1 #bb-bc2 #bj1 #ag-ai4 ,footnote #bgh3 ,matt41 #bj1 #bh4 ,footnote #bgi3 ,matt41 #ba1 #ci2 #bf1 #b2 #bf1 #ab4 ,footnote #bhj3 ,matt41 #bf1 #bf1 #cj4 ,footnote #bha3 ,n[ univ]sally ackn[l$g$4 ,,app5dix4 ,,neo-,,kri%na ,,lit]ature4 ,! ,neo-,kri%na movem5t is ab\t tw5ty ye>s old4 ,be=e #ahhj ,vai%navism does n seem to h be5 9 great fav\r ) ! high] ca/es ( ,b5gal4 ,traditionally !y 7 ,saivas or ,sktas r ?an ,vai%navas2 & ,engli% education1 :i* bore v heavily = half a c5tury on e =m ( ,h9duism seems to h told ) peculi> sev]ity on ,kri%naism4 ,b %ortly aft] #ahhj a great *ange becomes visible3 ,kri%na beg9s to be prais$ on e h&1 & anci5t ,vai%nava books are read & /udi$ ) avidity4 ,! new movem5t seems to h ow$ its orig91 on ! "o h&1 to ! tea*+ & influ5ce ( ,ramkri%na ,p>amhansa1 ,ke%ub ,*undra ,s51 ,bijoy ,kri%na ,goswami & ,%i%ir ,kum> ,ghose2 & on ! o!r1 to ! ef=ts ( two or ?ree notewor?y lit]>y m51 :o ?rew !mselves into ! task ( pa9t+ ! "* ( ,kri%na ) extraord9>y en?usiasm4 ,! ,gt at once leap$ into great] prom95ce ?an ev]3 numb]less editions & translations ( x h be5 publi%$4 ,_m essays h appe>$ comp>+ ,kri%na ) ,*ri/ & ,vai%navism ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,?us a l>ge ,kri%na lit]ature1 bo? 9 ,engli% & ,b5gali1 has sprung up4 ,! foll[+ seem to be ! m important books ( ?is lit]ature3-- #ahhd ,essays 9 ,pra*r on ,kri%na*>itra by ,bunkim ,*4 ,*att]ji4 #ahhf #a4 ,kri%na*>itra1 ,bunkim ,*4 ,*att]ji1 #a/ edition4 ,a volume 9 ,b5gali prose on ! "* ( ,kri%na4 #ahhg #b4 ,raivatak1 ,nob9 ,*4 ,s54 ,an epic poem 9 ,b5gali on ,kri%na's y\?4 #c4 ,! ,bhagavad ,gt1 or ! ,lords ,lay1 ,moh9i ,m4 ,*att]ji4 ,an ,engli% prose translation ( ! text & ( p>ts ( ,sank>a's comm5t>y4 ,an attempt is made to put ! ,gt on ! same level z ! ,new ,te/am5t4 #ahhh #d4 ,kri%na ,jivani1 ,prosanna ,kum> ,vidy>atna4 ,a life ( ,kri%na 9 ,b5gali prose4 #ahhi #e4 ,srikri%n] ,jivana ,o ,dh>ma1 ,gaur ,gav9da ,ray4 ,! life & religion ( ,kri%na f ! /&po9t ( ! ,new ,disp5sation3 ,b5gali prose4 #ahij #f4 ,srimadbhagavadgt1 ,kri%nan&a ,swami 7i4e4 ,kri%na ,prasanna ,s574 ,! text 9 ! ,b5gali "* ) a ,b5gali comm5t>y & translation4 #ahib ,kri%na*>itra1 ,bunkim ,*4 ,*att]ji1 #bnd edition4 ,?is edition conta9s a great deal ( new matt]4 #g4 ,amiya ,nimai ,*>ity1 ,%i%ir ,kum> ,ghose4 ,fir/ "p4 ,a life ( ,*aitanya 9 ,b5gali prose4 #ahic ,amiya ,nimai ,*>it4 ,second "p4 #h4 ,kuruk%etra1 ,nob9 ,*4 ,s54 ,an epic poem 9 ,b5gali on ,kri%na at ,kuruk%etra4 #ahid #i4 ,! ,l&m>ks ( ,e?ics accord+ to ! ,gt4 ,bulloram ,mullick4 ,amiya ,nimai ,*>it4 ,?ird "p4 #ahie #aj4 ,kl ,*nd ,gt1 ,%i%ir ,kum> ,ghose4 ,a sort ( ,kri%naite ,song ( ,solomon 9 ,b5gali v]se4 ,x is said to h be5 compos$ 9 #ahhh4 #ahif #aa4 ,srikri%na1 8 ,life & ,tea*+s1 ,dhir5dra ,na? ,pal4 #c vols4 #ab4 ,srikri%n] ,kalanka ,k5a8 ,nava ,kum> ,devas>ma4 ,a ,b5gali prose def5ce ( ! "* ( ,kri%na4 #ac4 ,! ,bhagavad ,gt1 ,annie ,besant4 ,new & revis$ edition4 ,an ,engli% prose translation ) an introduction & a few notes4 #ad4 ,prabhs1 ,nob9 ,*4 ,s54 ,an epic poem 9 ,b5gali on ! lat] ye>s ( ,kri%na's life4 #ahig #ae4 ,"l ,gaurnga1 ,%i%ir ,kum> ,ghose1 #a/ volume4 ,a life ( ,*aitanya 9 ,engli% prose1 ) a discussion ( ! doctr9e ( ,inc>nations4 #ahih #af4 ,kri%na & ,kri%naism1 ,bulloram ,mullick4 ,"l ,gaurnga1 #bnd volume4 #ag4 ,h9du ,!ism1 ,sitana? ,tattvabhu%an4 #ah4 ,an ,elem5t>y ,treatise on ,univ]sal ,religion4 ,k%etra ,mohan ,muk]ji4 ,! religion ( ! ,gt is "h put =w>d z ! univ]sal religion4 #ahii #ai4 ,inc>nation1 ,n&a ,kri%na ,bose4 ,?is treatise foll[s 9 mo/ po9ts ! !ory ( ,inc>nation put =w>d 9 ,"l ,gaurnga4 #aijj #bj4 ,! ,"y ,m5's ,gt1 ,jog9drana? ,mukh>ji4 ,an ,engli% prose translation ) introduction & notes4 #ba4 ,srimadbhagavadgt1 ,prasanna ,kum> ,sa/ri1 #bnd edition4 ,! text 9 ! ,b5gali "*1 ) sev]al comm5t>ies1 & a ,b5gali translation by ,sasadh> ,t>ka*uramani4 #aija #bb4 ,! ,imitation ( ,sreekri%na1 ,s4 ,c4 ,mukhopadhaya4 ,a daily text-book1 conta9+ extracts 9 ,engli% f ! ,gt1 ! ,mahbhrata1 & ! ,bhgavat ,purna4 #bc4 ,sree ,kri%na1 ,muralidhur ,roy4 ,an acc\nt1 9 ,engli% prose1 ( ! life & "* ( ,kri%na4 #bd4 ,srimadbhagavadgt1 ,bhudhur ,*attopadhaya1 #d? edition4 ,! text 9 ! ,b5gali "*1 ) a ,b5gali comm5t>y4 #aijc #be4 ,a mo/ elaborate edition ( ! ,gt1 edit$ by ,damud> ,muk]ji1 is be+ publi%$ 9 p>ts4 #bf4 ,a ,b5gali v]se translation ( ! ,gt by ,saty5dra ,na? ,tagore is appe>+ 9 ,bhrati4 ,?is revival ( int]e/ 9 ,kri%na & 8 wor%ip is cle>ly "p ( ! great national movem5t :i* has be5 s pot5t 9 ,b5gal1 religi\sly1 socially & politically1 ^! la/ tw5ty ye>s4 ,?is p]iod has witness$ ! appe>ance ( ! :ole ,neo-,h9du movem5t1 ) its lit]ature1 lectures1 societies & mission>y propag&a1 ! rise ( ! ,indian ,national ,congress & ( ! social re=m movem5t1 ! advance ( native j\rnalism to its pres5t extraord9>y influ5ce1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! native unaid$ colleges1 :i* h s s]i\sly *ang$ ! balance ( influ5ce 9 ,high] ,education4 ,neo-,kri%naism1 !n1 is "o result ( ! op]ation ( t pot5t _s :]eby ,india has become consci\s ( h] unity1 & h] sons h be5 r\s$ to a vigor\s def5ce ( all t !y h inh]it$ f ! pa/4 ,?is rise ( ! national _s1 ?\gh x may be tr\blesome 9 small matt]s to ! rul]s ( ,india1 is und\bt$ly ! la/ & greate/ ju/ification ( ,engli% rule2 &1 :ile1 ) its exagg]ations & ins9c]ities & follies1 x _c fail to provoke criticism1#bhb yet its p[] to awake self-reliance1 self-respect & ! passion = fre$om ought to w9 = x ! approval & ! enc\ragem5t ( all good m54 ,!re c be no d\bt t among ! influ5ces :i* h produc$ ,neo-,h9duism1 ,*ri/ianity is "o ( ! mo/ pot5t1 if n ! *ief4 ,?is is peculi>ly evid5t 9 ! case ( ! ,neo-,kri%na lit]ature we are discuss+4 ,9 #ahii ! ,b5gal ,libr>ian wrote1 8,!re is no d5y+ ! fact t all ?is revolution 9 ! religi\s belief ( ! educat$ ,h9du has be5 br\ght ab\t z mu* by ! dissem9ation ( ,*ri/ian ?\ght by ,mission>ies z by ! /udy ( ,h9du scriptures2 = ,*ri/ian influ5ce is pla9ly detectable 9 _m ( ! ,h9du publications ( ! ye>40 ,b beyond ?is g5]al influ5ce1 :i* _c fail to be notic$ by anyone :o w take ! tr\ble to read ! volumes1 x is1 we believe1 p]fectly pla9 t ! v ideas :i* h giv5 bir? to ! lit]ature are ! result ( ,*ri/ian influ5ce4 ,a di/9ct ta/e = su* books z ! ,gospels has sprung up2 & m5 h come to feel ! ne$ ( a p]fect "*1 su* z ,*ri/'s is1 = daily contemplation & imitation4 ,! ,neo-,kri%na movem5t endeav\rs to supply ^! ne$s f )9 ,h9duism1 (f]+ ! ,gt in/ead ( ! ,gospels1 & ,kri%na in/ead ( ,*ri/4#bhc ,nob9 ,*4 ,s5 seems to h be5 ! fir/ to conceive ! idea ( a mod]n r5d]+ ( ! "* ( ,kri%na2 = he laid ! project be=e "s ( 8 fri5ds 9 #ahhb4bhd ,8 fam\s epic trilogy1 ,raivatak1 ,kuruk%etra & ,prabhs1 are ! result ( ?is pregnant ?\ght4 ,b1 :ile he & ,%i%ir ,kum> ,ghose h done a great deal to popul>ize ! movem5t1 !re c be no d\bt t ,bunkim ,*4 ,*att]ji's ,kri%na*>itra has be5 by f> ! mo/ influ5tial volume 9 ! :ole ( ?is lit]ature4 ,gaur ,gav9da ,ray's "w1 ,srikri%n] ,jivana ,o ,dh>ma1 is a piece ( excell5t *>act]ization1 & has won ! high reg>d ( _m ?\ghtful m54 ,! books on our li/ fall into two classes1 ,hi/orical & ,traditional4 ,9 ! ,hi/orical class !re are only two volumes1 ,tattvabhusan's ,h9du ,!ism1 & ! ,"y ,m5's ,gt4 ,^! two frankly ackn[l$ge t ! ,gt is a late book4 ,9 ! ,"y ,m5's ,gt#bhe its date is said to be a c5tury or two be=e1 or a c5tury or two aft]1 ! ,*ri/ian era2 :ile 9 ,h9du ,!ism#bhf ! ,gt is reg>d$ z ! po9t ( transition f ! old ,v$nta to ! religion ( ! ,purnas4 ,! /&po9t ( ^! two books is ?us ?or\ghly hi/orical1 b x necess>ily implies ! ab&onm5t ( ! div9ity ( ,kri%na4 ,all ! re/ ( ! books on ! li/ fall into ! second class2 = !y hold ! traditional position ab\t ,kri%na4 ,mo/ ( !m make no attempt at criticism ( ! s\rces1 b treat ! ,mahbhrata1 ! ,gt1 ! ,h>ivansa & ! ,purnas z all hi/orical & all equally tru/wor?y4 ,a few ( ! au?ors1 h[ev]1 /ate pla9ly _! own critical conclusions1 & two or ?ree ent] into "s discussion ( ! ma9 problems4 ,^! attempts at criticism are ! mo/ pitiable p>ts ( ! :ole lit]ature4 ,! tal5t$ au?or ( ,srikri%n] ,jivana ,o ,dh>ma1 by f> too s9c]e & c&id to ignore ! ,puranic elem5ts 9 ! s\rces1 frankly confesses _! pres5ce2 yet1 believ+ ^! books to be g5u9e repres5tatives ( ! age ( ,kuruk%etra1 he is driv5 to ! extraord9>y conclusion t ! ,v$ic1 ! ,v$antic1 & ! ,puranic ages 7 contemporane\s4#bhg ,! late ,bulloram ,mullick1 9 discuss+ ! eighte5 ,purnas1 goes s f> z to say1 8,:atev] may be ! views ( ,european savants1 !re is indubitable pro( t "s ( ^! ,purnas exi/$ 9 ! elev5? or twelf? c5tury be=e ,*ri/40#bhh ,ev5 ,bunkim ,*undra ,*att]ji himself n only unhesitat+ly adopts ,gold/ck]'s ra% guess1 t ,pn9i's gramm> 0 writt5 be=e ! ,brhmanas & ! ,upani%ads1 b on ! basis ( t unwise conjecture1 pu%es back ,pn9i's date to ! t5? or elev5? c5tury ,b4 ,c41#bhi i4e41 f\r or five c5turies e>li] ?an ! pre-,buddhi/ic date :i* ,gold/ck]#bij wi%$ to e/abli%4 ,dhir5dra ,na? ,pal1 see+ t ,bunkim ,babu f\nd x s easy to leap ov] a few c5turies1 goes a little fur!r & sugge/s ! twelf? or ?irte5?4#bia ,b1 inde$1 )\t "s su* /range p]v]sion ( hi/ory1 x is impossible to con/ruct an argum5t = ! au!nticity ( ! ,gt & ! hi/oricity ( ! ,mahbhrata t %all h ev5 ! semblance ( reason4 ,we note next t ( all ! books ( ! second class1 ,bunkim ,*undra's ,kri%na*>itra is ! only "w t gives any indep5d5t criticism3 all ! re/1 ) ! s+le exception ( ,srikri%n] ,jivana ,o ,dh>ma1 m]ely e*o 8 argum5ts4 ,?us ,bunkim ,babu's !ory is ! only "o we ne$ discuss4 ,n[ ! :ole critical /ructure ( ! ,kri%na*>itra re/s ^u ! passage on pages #da & #db1 :]e ! date ( ,pn9i is discuss$4 ,pn9i is pu%$ back to #ajjj ,b4 ,c42 &1 ! #8orig9al' ,mahbhrata be+ e>li] ?an ,pn9i1 we are ask$ to believe t x 0 produc$ )9 a c5tury or two ( ,kuruk%etra1 & t x is 9 consequ5ce tru/wor?y hi/orically4 ,! :ole argum5t ?us re/s on ! date ( ,pn9i4 ,we translate ?is important passage3-- 8,gold/ck] has prov$ t1 :5 ,pn9i's ,stra 0 compos$1 ,buddha _h n aris54 ,9 t case ,pn9i mu/ belong to ! six? c5tury ,b4 ,c4 ,b n only t1 9 8 "t ! ,brhmanas1 ! ,aranyakas1 ! ,upani%ads & ! o!r p>ts ( ! ,v$as _h n be5 compos$4 ,ap>t f ! ,rig1 ! ,yajur1 & ! ,sma ,v$as1 no?+ else exi/$4 ,asvalyana1 ,snkhyana & ! re/ _h n appe>$4 ,max ,mll] says t ! age 9 :i* ! ,brhmanas 7 compos$ began ab\t #ajjj ,b4 ,c4 ,dr4 ,m>t9 ,haug says t t 0 ! end ( ! age1 & t x began 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ,b4 ,c4 ,!re=e1 if we say t ,pn9i mu/ belong to ! t5? or elev5? c5tury ,b4 ,c41 we d n say too mu*40 ,n[ ! fir/ rem>k we make on ?is extraord9>y piece ( criticism is ?is1 t ,gold/ck] & ,max ,mll] are mo/ unfairly conjo9$ to support a date :i* bo? ( !m w\ld h indignantly repudiat$4 ,= ,mll]'s date = ,pn9i is ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c41#bib & ,gold/ck] nev] propos$ to pu% him fur!r back ?an ! six? c5tury2 inde$ all t he claims is t he has br\ght =w>d evid5ce :i* af=ds a /rong probability t ,pn9i prec$$ ! orig9 ( ! ,buddhi/ic cre$4#bic ,our next rem>k is t1 ?\gh m ?an =ty ye>s h pass$ s9ce ,gold/ck]'s book appe>$1#bid he has conv9c$ no "o t ! ,brhmanas & ! ,upani%ads are po/]ior to ,pn9i's gramm>3 op9ions /ill diff] z to ,pn9i's precise date1 b no s*ol> to-day puts him be=e ! ,brhmanas4#bie ,c ! gr\nds = ?is unanimity among mod]n s*ol>s be vividly set =?8 ,we believe !y c4 ,"h1 z 9 our fir/ *apt]1 we %all n attempt to fix a def9ite *ronology1 b %all simply aim at rea*+ ! relative age ( ! great books we are deal+ )2 & we %all n deal ) ! mean+ ( disput$ passages1 b %all re/ ! case altoge!r on ! cle> & prom95t features ( hi/ory :i* e "o c appreciate4 ,!re is1 !n1 fir/ ( all ! great broad fact t ! ,stras dep5d on ! ,brhmanas1 & are1 9 g5]al1 po/]ior to !m1 & t ! language & /yle ( ,pn9i's ,stras %[ t he belongs to ab\t ! middle ( ! ,stra p]iod4#bif ,all ! detail$ /udy ( ! la/ =ty ye>s has gone to /r5g!n ?is /able conclusion4 ,b !re is ano!r & /ill m conclusive pro( t ,pn9i comes long aft] ! e>ly ,brhmanas4 ,^! anci5t books are writt5 9 ,v$ic ,sanskrit4#big ,! e>ly ,upani%ads are m mod]n 9 "*1 b ev5 !y belong to a /age ( ! language a good deal e>li] ?an ! ,stras3 ,pr(essor ,macdonell's words are1 8! olde/ ,upani%ads occupy+ a position l+ui/ically midway betwe5 ! ,brhmanas & ! ,stras40#bih ,?us ! ,brhmanas 7 compos$ :ile ,v$ic ,sanskrit 0 /ill ! language ( ! ,indo-,aryans4 ,n[ ,pn9i's gramm> deals ) classical ,sanskrit1 n ! ,v$ic spee*4 ,he deals ) _m po9ts ( ,v$ic gramm>1 x is true1 b he deals ) !m z exceptions2 8 subject is classical ,sanskrit4 ,he laid d[n ! law1 :i* has rul$ ,sanskrit ?r\gh\t ! c5turies s9ce 8 day4 ,?us he arose at a "t1 :5 ! language ( ! ,brhmanas _h become ar*aic1 & mod]n ,sanskrit _h tak5 its place4#bii ,x is ?us absolutely impossible to believe t ,pn9i liv$ & wrote be=e ! ,brhmanas 7 compos$3 to propose to put him back be=e _! composition is mu* ! same z propos+ to pu% ,johnson's ,diction>y back be=e ,*auc]4 ,ano!r l9e ( pro( may also be indicat$4 ,c>eful /udy ( ! e>ly ,brhmanas has made x pla9 t !y 7 compos$ aft] ! collection ( ! hymns ( ! ,rigv$a1 b be=e#cjj ! =mation ( ! ,sanhit text 7i4e41 ! text 9 :i* ! words are jo9$ accord+ to ! rules ( ,s&hi7 & ! ,pada#cja text 7i4e4 ! ^w by ^w text74 ,! au?or ( ! ,pada text is ,skalya4#cjb ,n[ ,yska ref]s to ,skalya z a pr$ecessor2#cjc & ,yska himself is e>li] ?an ,pn9i4#cjd ,?us ! hi/orical ord] is ! e>ly ,brhmanas1 ! ,sanhit text1 ,skalya1 ,yska1 ,pn9i4 ,bunkim ,babu's date = ,pn9i be+ ?us altoge!r unt5able1 8 :ole argum5t = ! hi/oricity ( ! ,pndava ,mahbhrata & ,kri%na's "* z !re9 p\rtray$ tumbles 9 ru9s1 & br+s d[n ) x all ! re/ ( ?is ,kri%na lit]ature4 ,we w\ld invite our read]s to turn away f ^! va9 attempts to turn a my? into sob] hi/ory1 & to li/5 to ! tea*+ ( ^? really s*ol>ly ,indians :o /udy ,h9duism f a sci5tific /&po9t4 ,we h already ref]r$ to ,sitana? ,tattvabhu%an's ,h9du ,!ism1 & we h frequ5tly us$ ,bose's ,h9du ,civilization "u ,briti% ,rule & ,r4 ,c4 ,dutt's works z au?orities4 ,we w\ld n[ call att5tion to a monograph by "o ( ! greate/ s*ol>s 9 ,b5gal 7,comp>ative ,/udies 9 ,vai%navism & ,*ri/ianity1 by ,braj5dra ,na? ,seal71 :]e#cje ! gr[? ( ! ,kri%na leg5d is frankly discuss$2#cjf also to a v rem>kable essay on ,buddhi/ & ,vi%nuite 9 a rec5t numb] ( ,shitya#cjg by ! late ,umes ,*undra ,batabyal1 9 :i* grave hi/orical reasons are giv5 = conclud+ t ! ,gt is 9 "p at lea/ a polemic aga9/ ,buddhism2 & to ! late ,mr4 ,ju/ice ,telang's introduction to 8 translation ( ! ,gt 7,s4 ,b4 ,e41 vol4 ,,viii71 ) reg>d to :i* read]s w note1 t1 al?\gh ! date is put a little e>li] ?an mo/ s*ol>s w\ld put x1 no attempt is made to def5d ! traditional !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! ,song4 ,footnote #bhb3 ,_m ( ! wise/ ,indians h spok5 out on ?is subject4 ,! late/ utt]ance is an article on ,pseudo-,nationalism 9 ! ,indian ,mess5g] = ,augu/ #i?4 ,footnote #bhc3 ,_m o!r signs ( ,*ri/ian influ5ce might be not$3 ?us ! ,"y ,m5's ,gt is a c\nt]bla/ to a ,*ri/ian edition ( ! ,song1 & x is besides mo/ evid5tly arrang$ & pr9t$ 9 imitation ( "s ta/eful edition ( ! ,imitation ( ,*ri/2 :ile ! ,imitation ( ,sreekri%na proclaims its orig9 by its v "n4 ,footnote #bhd3 ,see an essay by ,hir5dra ,na? ,dutta1 :i* orig9ally appe>$ 9 ,shitya1 n[ republi%$ z an app5dix to ,nob9 ,*undra ,s5's ,kuruk%etra4 ,footnote #bhe3 p4 ii4 ,footnote #bhf3 pp4 #gd-gf4 ,footnote #bhg3 p4 #a4 ,footnote #bhh3 ,kri%na & ,kri%naism1 #af4 ,footnote #bhi3 ,kri%na*>itra1 #db4 ,footnote #bij3 ,pn9i1 8 ,place 9 ,sanskrit ,lit]ature1 #bbg4 ,footnote #bia3 ,srikri%na1 8 ,life & ,tea*+s1 vol4 ,i1 p4 xxv4 ,footnote #bib3 ,physical ,religion1 #gf4 ,footnote #bic3 ,pn9i1 8 ,place 9 ,sanskrit ,lit]ature1 #bbg4 ,footnote #bid3 ,x 0 publi%$ 9 #ahfa4 ,footnote #bie3 ,macdonell1 #dcj-dca2 ,kaegi1 #g2 ,max ,mll]1 ,physical ,religion1 #fc-fd2 ,h>aprasad ,sa/ri1 ,a ,s*ool ,hi/ory ( ,india1 #d-g2 ,r4 ,c4 ,dutt1 ,brief ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t & ,mod]n ,india1 #ag1 #bg2 ,bhtl+k's ,pn9i 7,leipsic1 #ahhg72 ,web]1 ,indis*e ,/udi51 ,v1 #a-agb2 ,hopk9s1 ,r4 ,i41 #cej2 ,bhl] 9 ,s4 ,b4 ,e41 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 xxxv1 xxxix-xlii2 ,eggel+ 9 ,s4 ,b4 ,e41 vol4 xii1 p4 xxxvii2 ,bh&>k>1 ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ! ,deccan1 #e4 ,footnote #bif3 ,max ,mll]1 ,a4 ,s4 ,l41 #caa-cab2 ,macdonell1 #cf1 #ci1 #bfh4 ,cf4 :at ,:itney says1 8,! /&>d "w ( ,pn9i1 ! gramm>ian-9-*ief ( ,sanskrit lit]ature1 is a frightfully p]fect model ( ! ,stra me?od0 7,ori5tal & ,l+ui/ic ,/udies1 ,i1 #ga74 ,footnote #big3 ,max ,mll]1 ,natural ,religion1 #bif2 ,macdonell1 #bjc-d4 ,footnote #bih3 ,macdonell1 #bje4 ,footnote #bii3 ,max ,mll]1 ,a4 ,s4 ,l41 #ach2 ,natural ,religion1 #big-bih2 ,macdonell1 #bb-bc4 ,footnote #cjj3 ,macdonell1 #ej4 ,footnote #cja3 ,on ^! texts see ,kaegi1 ,note #gg2 ,macdonell1 #dh1 #ej4 ,footnote #cjb3 ,macdonell1 #ea4 ,footnote #cjc3 ,macdonell1 #bfh4 ,footnote #cjd3 ,macdonell1 #bfi4 ,gold/ck] 7op4 cit4 p4 #bbe7 ackn[l$ges t ,yska e>li] ?an ,pn9i4 ,footnote #cje3 pp4 #h-aj4 ,footnote #cjf3 ,see also ,bose1 ,h4 ,c41 #cc-ce4 ,footnote #cjg3 #ac? ye>1 #a/ "p4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,text t 0 9 italics is enclos$ by und]scores 7italics74 ,footnotes h be5 mov$ to foll[ ! sections 9 :i* !y are ref]5c$4 ,:ile ! title page includ$ ) ! s\rce files %[s ,neil ,alex&] to be ! au?or1 ! orig9al publication is attribut$ to ,john ,nicol ,f>quh>4