,,memoir ,,and ,,letters ,,of ,,francis ,w4 ,,newman ,illustration3 ,,from ,a ,,daguerreotype ,,of #ahea4 ,,photo ,,by ,,john ,,davies1 ,,weston-,,super-,,mare ,frontispiece ,,memoir ,,and ,,letters ,,of ,,francis ,w4 ,,newman ,,by ,i4 ,,giberne ,,sieveking outos ge axios estin epainesthai ostis an tois hetairois os teleion ti on protithae to eu neoterizein taen ton pollon katastasin ,,this ,,book ,,is ,,dedicated ,,to ,,my ,,mother ,,contents ,,to ,,the ,,reader ,,who ,,understands4 ,i4 ,,francis ,,newman',s ,,ancestors4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,two ,,brothers--,,school ,,and ,,college ,,days4 ,,iii4 ,,francis ,,newman',s ,,missionary ,,journey ,,to ,,the ,,east4 ,,iv4 ,,his ,,marriage3 ,,his ,,mother',s ,,death3 ,,his ,,classical ,,tutorship ,,at ,,bristol ,,in #ahcd4 ,v4 ,,friendship ,,with ,,dr4 ,,martineau4 ,,vi4 ,,francis ,,newman ,,as ,a ,,teacher4 ,,vii4 ,,letters ,,to ,,one ,,of ,,his ,,greatest ,,friends1 ,,dr4 ,,nicholson4 ,,viii4 ,,letters ,,to ,,dr4 ,,nicholson ,,from ,,newman ,,during ,,the ,,following ,,years3 #ahej ,,to #ahei4 ,,ix4 ,,letters ,,to ,,dr4 ,,nicholson3 ,,continued4 ,x4 ,,letters ,,written ,,to ,,miss ,,anna ,,swanwick ,,between #ahga ,,and #ahhg4 ,,xi4 ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,two ,,patriots4 ,,xii4 ,,four ,,barbarisms ,,of ,,civilization4 ,,xiii4 ,,some ,,legislative ,,reforms ,,suggested ,,by ,,lecture ,,and ,,article ,,xiv4 ,,decentralization ,,and ,,land ,,reform ,,xv4 ,,vegetarianism ,,xvi4 ,,native ,,representation ,,in ,,indian ,,government ,,xvii4 ,,votes ,,for ,,women ,,xviii4 ,,francis ,,newman ,,and ,,his ,,religion ,,xix4 ,,last ,,years1 ,,characteristics1 ,,and ,,some ,,letters ,,relating ,,to ,,the ,,early ,,life ,,of ,,the ,,cardinal ,,xx4 ,,toulmin ,,smith3 ,,author1 ,,antiquarian ,,student1 ,,and ,,political ,,reformer ,,xxi4 ,,landowners ,,and ,,wage ,,receivers ,,xxii4 ,,the ,,right ,,and ,,duty ,,of ,,every ,,state ,,to ,,enforce ,,sobriety ,,on ,,its ,,citizens ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations ,,photo ,,of ,,francis ,,newman ,from a ,daguerreotype of #ahea4 ,photo by ,mr4 ,john ,davies1 ,weston-super-,mare4 ,,john ,,newman ,father of ,cardinal ,newman and ,francis ,newman4 ,from an old portrait4 ,by kind permission of ,mr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,mozley4 ,,seale',s ,,coffee ,,house1 ,,oxford ,now demolished4 ,done from an old drawing in the year when ,francis ,newman and ,john ,henry ,newman stayed there with ,blanco ,white4 ,,worcester ,,college1 ,,oxford ,specially photographed for this ,memoir4 ,,worton ,,church1 ,,oxfordshire ,from an old print4 ,by kind permission of ,rev4 ,w4 ,h4 ,langhorne4 ,,holy ,,trinity ,,church1 ,,west ,,end1 ,,over ,,worton ,by kind permission of ,rev4 ,w4 ,h4 ,langhorne1 present ,rector of ,worton4 ,,over ,,worton ,,rectory1 ,,oxfordshire ,by kind permission of ,rev4 ,w4 ,h4 ,langhorne1 present ,rector of ,worton4 ,,photo ,,from ,,sketch ,,of ,,the ,,newman ,,family ,by ,maria ,rosina ,giberne4 ,by kind permission of ,mr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,mozley4 ,,maria ,,rosina ,,giberne ,from a painting by herself4 ,,photo ,,of ,,lord ,,congleton ,leader of ,syrian ,missionary ,journey4 ,from his ,life by ,groves4 ,,dr4 ,,cronin ,one of those who went to ,syria with ,francis ,newman in #ahcj4 ,from a photo by ,messrs4 ,webster1 ,clapham ,common4 ,by kind permission of ,mrs4 ,cronin4 ,,persian ,,lady ,,and ,,persian ,,smoking1 ,,date #ahbg ,from ,persia in ,modern ,traveller series1 #ahcj4 ,,maria ,,kennaway ,francis ,newman's first wife4 ,from a miniature4 ,photo by ,messrs4 ,webster1 ,clapham ,common4 ,by kind permission of ,sir ,john ,kennaway4 ,,dr4 ,,martineau ,from the painting by ,a4 ,e4 ,elmslie4 ,,francis ,,newman ,in middle age4 ,from photo by ,john ,davies1 ,weston-super-,mare4 ,,photo ,,of ,,bronze ,,bust ,,of ,,francis ,,newman ,emeritus ,professor of ,london ,university4 ,by ,mrs4 ,georgina ,bainsmith1 sculptor1 of ,st4 ,ives1 ,cornwall4 ,the bust is now in ,university ,college1 ,london4 ,,another ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,bust ,,in ,,university ,,college 7,,of ,,francis ,,newman71 ,,on ,,its ,,plinth ,by ,mrs4 ,georgina ,bainsmith1 sculptor1 of ,st4 ,ives1 ,cornwall4 ,this reproduction is by ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,douglas1 of ,st4 ,ives1 ,cornwall1 and was photographed from the clay before it was cast4 ,,dr4 ,,nicholson ,from a photo taken at ,gttingen between #ahee and #ahfj4 ,by kind permission of ,miss ,nicholson1 ,penrith4 ,,facsimile ,,of ,,letter ,,from ,,francis ,,newman1 ,,december1 #ahee #bj ,,white ,,rock ,,place1 ,,and #a;,a ,,carlisle ,,parade1 ,,hastings ,from photos taken in #aiji by ,valentine ,edgar ,sieveking4 ,,anna ,,swanwick ,from a portrait painted by ,miss ,v4 ,bruce4 ,,louis ,,kossuth ,,certificate ,,of ,,hungarian ,,fund ,,facsimile ,,of ,,letter ,,from ,,kossuth ,,to ,,messrs4 ,,sieveking1 ,,january1 #ahed ,,toulmin ,,smith ,enlargement from a photo4 ,by kind permission of ,miss ,toulmin ,smith4 ,,cardinal ,,newman ,from an oil painting by ,miss ,deane1 of ,bath4 ,photo by ,messrs4 ,webster1 ,clapham ,common4 ,,to ,,the ,,reader ,,who ,,understands ,,my ,,dear ,,reader1 ,rightly understood1 the two points of view1 as regards ,religion1 of the brothers1 ,cardinal ,newman and ,francis ,newman1 which most separated them1 would1 together1 have approached the realization of a great conception4 ,for the ,cardinal1 ,authority was the sine qu non without which there could be no real faith4 ,authority was the pilot1 without whose steering he could not feel secure in his personal ship4 ,but with ,authority at the helm1 his fears dispersed1 his doubts removed4 ,i was not ever thus44444 ,i loved to choose and see my path1 but now ,lead ,thou me on6 ,over ,francis ,newman1 dogma and the authority of the ,church had no sway4 ,he dimly discerned a religion which should move forward with men's advance in knowledge4 ,he imagined an unformalized inward revelation which should reveal new truths to those who passionately desired ,truth above all things4 ,and when all is said1 the union of ,authority given in the past1 with the very real mental development which makes for spiritual progress in the present1 is not antagonistic to a wise1 strong breadth of view in the conception of a perfect ,church4 ,but in both points of view1 carried to extremes1 there are grave perils to the man who thinks4 ,and ,i find it impossible to avoid saying here that ,francis ,newman did not realize this risk when he refused to ask for the old paths1 and determined to see and choose his path alone and unaided4 ,we know what the endeavour to found a new church in ,syria ended in4 ,we know how1 later1 he wrote1 held back by no reverence for revealed religion1 no reverence for other men's belief in it4 ,many of his writings therefore are painful reading4 ,though from very early boyhood he had been really a keen seeker after true religion1 an earnest student of the ,holy ,scriptures1 and a deep thinker1 yet1 very soon after he had reached young manhood1 it began to be realized by all who knew him that he was very evidently breaking away from all definite dogmatic faith4 ,he was bent1 so to speak1 on inventing a new religion for himself4 ,gradually every year made the spiritual breach wider between him and those who held the ,christian ,faith4 ,soon he did not hesitate to say out1 in very unguarded language1 what he really thought of doctrines which he knew were precious to them4 ,sometimes to-day1 indeed1 in reading his books1 one comes across some statement in letter1 article1 or lecture flung out almost venomously2 and one steps back mentally as if a spiritual hiss had whipped the air from some inimical sentence which had suddenly lifted its heretical head from amongst an otherwise quiet group of words4 ,at the end of life it is said that he showed signs of some return to the early faith of his boyhood4 ,that he said1 just before his death1 to ,rev4 ,temperley ,grey1 who was visiting him in his last illness1 ,i feel ,paul is less and less to me2 and ,christ is more and more4 ,and those who knew that side of him which was splendid in its untiring effort for the betterment of mankind--for the righting of wrongs to women1 and others unable to achieve it for themselves--cannot but hope that the faith of earlier days was his once more1 before he passed into the silence that lies--as far as we are concerned in this world--at the back of ,death4 ,i remember being told once1 that of ,stanley it was said by someone who knew him well1 that she had always felt that he believed more than he knew he did4 ,and when one thinks how ,francis ,newman looked up in faith--even though it was an absolutely undogmatic1 formless faith--to a ,god who watched over mankind1 one may hope that he too believed more than he knew he did4 ,this life is only a short chapter in our existence4 ,personality is in its essence immortal1 though not unchanging in its presentment4 ,some of us have many phases of faith even in this short existence4 ,some of us1 like ,st4 ,paul1 only two4 ,the first1 fiery in its denunciations1 and persecutions and uncompromising attitude towards all who differed from him as regards the ,faith which afterwards1 when the scales had fallen from his eyes1 he was to champion4 ,the second1 just as splendid in its enthusiasm for the doctrine he had formerly abused4 ,just as passionate in righting the wrongs of the people1 as once in his first phase of faith he had been in enforcing persecution and injustice upon them4 ,by now1 ,newman may have gained his second sight4 ,whatever was the shortsightedness of ,francis ,newman's spiritual focus1 there can be no manner of doubt that he was an earnest seeker after ,truth1 though his methods of search were sorely to be regretted1 in so far as doctrinal theory was concerned1 as in his judgments on his brother's career4 ,according to his lights he lived his life4 ,it was a life spent always in untiring1 unselfish effort for the good of his fellows4 ,he was always in the forefront of ,social ,reform1 of social high principle and justice4 ,he was1 at any rate1 one with ,st4 ,paul--that champion of ,christian ,socialism --in his attitude towards that larger half of mankind whose wrongs need righting4 ,he1 too1 practically said by his life1 ,who is weak1 and ,i am not weak8 ,who is afflicted1 and ,i burn not8 to avenge the injustice4 ,to-day1 if more of ,francis ,newman's social views were voiced again1 ,england might take a glad step forward4 ,for1 undoubtedly1 he had a message to deliver4 ,and1 equally undoubtedly1 he delivered it to his generation4 ,this message of ,social ,reform sounded in men's ears fifty years ago4 ,in his memoir it sounds again to-day4 ,my very hearty thanks are due to the following persons who have most kindly helped me in this ,memoir1 by lending me letters and photographs2 by writing reminiscences1 and giving information1 etc43 ,sir ,john ,kennaway1 ,bart41 ,sir ,alfred ,wills1 ,sir ,edward ,fry1 ,mr4 ,william de ,morgan1 ,father ,bacchus1 ,mr4 ,talfourd ,ely1 ,mr4 ,winterbotham1 the present ,rector of ,worton1 ,mr4 ,norris ,mathews1 ,mr4 ,george ,hare ,leonard1 ,mr4 ,george ,pearson1 ,miss ,humphreys1 ,miss ,nicholson1 ,mrs4 ,heather 7ne ,wilson71 ,miss ,bruce1 ,miss ,toulmin ,smith1 ,miss ,gertrude ,martineau1 ,miss ,elizabeth ,pearson1 ,mrs4 ,georgina ,bainsmith1 sculptor1 ,rev4 ,thomas ,smith1 ,mrs4 ,kingsley ,tarpey1 ,dr4 ,makalua1 and many others4 ,i4 ,,giberne ,,sieveking4 #a ,,exmouth ,,place1 ,,hastings4 ,,memoir ,,and ,,letters ,,of ,,francis ,w4 ,,newman ,,chapter ,i ,,his ,,ancestors ,of all the influences which have most to do in the making of an individual1 heredity is perhaps the greatest4 ,it is the crucible in which the gold and dross of many generations of his ancestors are melted down and remixed in the man1 who is1 indeed1 a part of all from whom he claims descent4 ,there is no more engrossing study than to trace back through many a century of ancestors1 the various--often conflicting--elements which go to make up the character of someone whose life 7without the clue given by the history of his forbears7 is often a strange contradiction4 ,unable to understand some disability which spoils an otherwise fine personality1 one looks back and there is the explanation4 ,one's finger rests on the raison d'tre of this disability4 ,long since it had its birth1 its inauguration1 in the squeeze1 so to speak1 into that strange crucible1 of the taint1 the essence1 of some ancestor's moral lapses1 or of the effect of his moral1 mental1 or physical ill-health4 ,dr4 ,maudsley says very definitely that the faults1 the disabilities1 of men and women of to-day1 are sometimes an undesirable inheritance4 ,mental derangement in one generation is sometimes the cause of an innate deficiency1 or absence of the moral sense in the succeeding generation4 ,i remember once hearing a ,london doctor strongly emphasize the need for every family to keep a careful1 conscientious family record book1 which from generation to generation should act as a vade mecum--showing what failings must be fought at all costs1 and what connections avoided1 if we would not perpetuate disease4 ,such a thing1 if done universally1 might check many national evils in our midst to-day4 ,but even with no definite aim of this kind1 the study of a long chain of ancestors of some great man cannot fail to be of special interest4 ,and those of the subject of this memoir contain among their number many honourable names--names of those who have done real and unforgettable service to their country4 99 99 99 99 99 ,francis ,newman's father1 ,john ,newman1 is said to have belonged to a family of small landed proprietors in ,cambridgeshire1 who originally came from ,holland--the name having been formerly spelt ,newmann4 ,thus it will be seen1 as ,i shall shortly show1 that ,francis ,newman had ,dutch blood in his veins1 both on his father's and mother's side4 ,illustration3 ,,john ,,newman ,,father ,,of ,,cardinal ,,newman ,,and ,,francis ,,newman ,,from ,,an ,,old ,,portrait4 ,,by ,,kind ,,permission ,,of ,,mr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,,mozley ,john ,newman was the only son of ,john ,newman of ,lombard ,street1 ,london1 and of ,elizabeth ,good1 his wife4 ,the arms granted the family on #aeth ,feb41 #affc-d1 were ,or1 fers dancettee between #c hearts gules4 ,john ,newman1 the father of ,francis ,newman1 was partner in the banking house of ,ramsbottom1 ,newman and ,co4 ,he married ,jemima ,fourdrinier1 #bith ,oct41 #agii1 at ,st4 ,mary's1 ,lambeth4 ,footnote3 ,she died at ,littlemore1 ,oxon1 at the age of sixty-two4 ,in the portrait of him1 which is shown in this memoir1 there is a strong resemblance to his son ,francis4 ,by this marriage there were seven children4 ,john ,henry 7the future ,cardinal71 was the eldest4 ,he was born #bast ,feb41 #ahja4 ,charles ,robert was the second son2 and ,francis ,william1 the third son1 was born #bgth ,june1 #ahje4 ,harriette ,elizabeth was the eldest daughter1 ,jemima ,charlotte the second1 and ,mary ,sophia1 who was born in #ahji1 only lived to the age of nineteen4 ,francis ,newman's ancestry1 on his mother's side1 is proved to have reached back as far as #aege2 of this one can be reasonably certain4 ,it was then1 that ,henri ,fourdrinier was born at ,caen1 in ,normandy4 ,he was made ,admiral of ,france in later life1 and crested ,viscount4 ,,arms3 per bend argent and sable1 two anchors1 the upper one reversed1 counterchanged4 ,his son was also ,henri ,fourdrinier4 ,indeed1 the name ,henri seemed like some rare jewel which was bequeathed from father to son in never-failing regularity1 for there was always a ,henri among the ,fourdriniers from #aege until #agff4 ,it was during the lifetime of this ,henri ,fourdrinier1 the son of ,admiral ,fourdrinier1 that the family fled from ,france to ,groningen1 in ,holland4 ,in all probability this flitting took place during those endless civil wars which disturbed ,france at that time4 ,possibly at the time when the heavy taxes imposed on the people made it almost impossible to live4 ,the ,fronde was ravaging the country too1 in #afdh1 and for four years later4 ,of course it is possible that he did not leave ,france until #afhe1 when the ,revocation of the ,edict of ,nantes took place4 ,but at whatever date he actually went1 his reasons for going were certainly no small ones4 ,for more than a hundred years the ,huguenots--and the ,fourdriniers were noted ,huguenots--had found ,france more and more an impossible country to live in4 ,persecutions1 massacres1 torturings pursued them relentlessly4 ,thousands of ,french ,huguenots emigrated to ,england1 ,holland1 and ,germany4 ,and great was the loss which their emigration caused to ,france4 ,for they were the most intelligent and hardworking part of the ,french population1 so that when ,louis ,,xiv drove them away1 he found out1 only too surely1 the truth of the old proverb1 that ,curses come home to roost4 ,trade slowly but surely forsook ,france4 ,the emigrants taught their arts and manufactures to the countries where they had taken refuge2 and gradually trade guided its ships in their direction1 and changed their course from ,france to ,holland and ,germany4 ,the next entry ,footnote3 ,i quote from a copy ,i had made from ,miscellanea ,genealogica et ,heraldica1 ,n4,s4 ,,iii1 #che4--,pedigree of ,fourdrinier and ,grolleau1 by ,rev4 ,dr4 ,lee1 ,vicar of ,all ,saints1 ,lambeth4 is dated from ,groningen1 and concerns the birth of ,paul ,fourdrinier1 #bjth ,dec41 #afih4 ,now in the ,dict4 ,nat4 ,biography there occurs the name of ,peter ,fourdrinier1 of whom no mention at all is made in the ,miscellanea ,genealogica et ,heraldica1 amongst the record of the other ,fourdriniers4 ,it is therefore not very clear to what branch of the family he belonged4 ,but as far as ,i can make out1 he and ,paul ,fourdrinier seem to have come to ,england about #agbj4 ,certainly1 in ,october1 #agba1 the latter's marriage with ,susanna ,grolleau took place1 as far as one can discover1 in or near ,wandsworth4 ,susanna ,grolleau died in #agff1 and was buried at ,wandsworth4 ,here1 ,i think1 a few words with regard to the ,grolleau family seem to be called for4 ,louis ,grolleau1 early in the seventeenth century1 lived at ,caen2 and later emigrated to ,groningen4 ,to me1 everything seems to point to the fact that the ,fourdriniers and ,grolleaus were in some way connected1 either in friendship or relationship4 ,first1 we find them resident at ,caen3 later1 at ,groningen2 and then again1 later on still1 members of both families marry at ,wandsworth1 and there both ,paul ,fourdrinier's wife and her sister1 who married the son of a ,captain ,lloyd1 are buried4 ,this ,peter ,fourdrinier mentioned by the ,dict4 ,nat4 ,biography seems to have been pupil to ,bernard ,picart1 at ,amsterdam1 for six years4 ,by profession he was an engraver of portraits and book illustrations4 ,i believe there are portraits extant engraved by him of ,cardinal ,wolsey and ,bishop ,tonstall1 amongst others4 ,there is certainly an engraving of his called ,the ,four ,ages of ,man1 after ,laucret4 ,some authorities believe him to have been identical with the ,pierre ,fourdrinier who married1 in #afhi1 ,marthe ,theroude4 ,but if this was the case1 then he was not the ,peter ,fourdrinier who accompanied ,paul to ,england in #agbj4 ,other authorities1 again1 attribute the engravings ,i have just mentioned as having been the work of ,paul ,fourdrinier4 ,at any rate1 it is certain that ,paul ,fourdrinier belonged to the parish of ,st4 ,martin's-in-the-,fields4 ,he died in ,february1 #ageh1 and was buried at ,wandsworth4 ,his son ,henry--by now the ,english spelling of the name is adopted--was born ,february1 #agcj4 ,he married ,jemima ,white1 and died in #agii4 ,apparently now for the first time the interest in the town of ,wandsworth ceased1 for the records show that both ,henry and his wife were buried in ,st4 ,mary ,woolnoth4 ,and now we come to the direct ancestors of ,francis ,newman1 for ,henry ,fourdrinier and ,jemima ,white1 his wife1 were the parents of ,jemima1 who married at ,st4 ,mary's1 ,lambeth1 in #agii1 ,john ,newman of the firm of ,ramsbottom1 ,newman ,co41 and gave birth in #ahja to ,john ,henry1 the future ,cardinal1 and in #ahje to the subject of this memoir1 ,francis ,william4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in ,civil ,architecture1 by ,chambers1 it is mentioned that the plates were engraved by old ,rooker1 old ,fourdrinier1 and others1 thus seeming to imply that there was more than one ,fourdrinier then in ,england4 ,perhaps the most interesting of all the ,fourdrinier family was the ,henry ,fourdrinier1 the eldest brother to the mother of ,francis ,newman4 ,he was born in #agff at ,burston ,hall1 ,staffordshire1 and lived until #ahed4 ,his father was a paper-maker1 and both he and his brother ,sealey 7born #agdg1 and married ,harriett1 daughter of ,james ,pownall1 of ,wilmslow7 gave up their time almost entirely to the invention of paper machinery4 ,this invention was finished in #ah,o#g1 ,footnote3 ,dict4 ,nat4 ,biog4 ,vol4 ,,xx4 and then misfortune fell upon them3 the misfortune that so often descends like the black bat night upon those who have spent all their money1 thought1 and labour on the effort to launch their self-designed ship upon the uncertain sea of trade4 ,the ,fourdrinier brothers had spent #fj1jjj upon this venture1 and the immediate result of the finished invention was bankruptcy to the unfortunate inventors4 ,then1 in #ahad1 the ,emperor ,alexander of ,russia promised to pay them #gjj per annum during the space of ten years if he could use two of their paper-making machines4 ,of this sum they saw not a penny4 ,in #ahdj1 ,parliament voted the sum of #gjjj to the ,fourdriniers as a tardy recognition of the great service they had rendered their adopted country by their invention4 ,the descendant of these gifted men showed no special taste for invention along the lines taken by his ancestors1 it is true2 but his brilliant intellect1 no doubt1 owed many of its qualities to their inventive force and power4 ,where they made paper and spent their whole energies in inventing machines for making it quicker1 ,francis ,newman wrote on it--used it as a medium for spreading far and wide his own splendid aims and purposes for the betterment of existing social conditions4 ,before all things1 ,newman was a ,social ,reformer4 ,there was no possible doubt that1 as far as that question went1 he left his country further forward on the road to real progress as regarded conditions of life for her citizens1 and higher1 broader ideas of her duty to other nations4 ,as far as all these questions went he did not live in vain1 for to-day we are learning the wisdom of his views for justice for the oppressed and for the cause that needs assistance4 ,he was essentially one of those rare men who prefer to be on the weaker side1 and whose sword is ever ready for its defence and championship4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,the ,,two ,,brothers--,,school ,,and ,,college ,,days ,francis ,william ,newman was born at #ag ,southampton ,street1 ,bloomsbury ,square1 on #bgth ,june1 #ahje4 ,his father was a ,london banker4 ,rev4 ,t4 ,mozley1 in his ,reminiscences of ,oriel1 says he was partner in the firm of ,ramsbottom1 ,newman1 ,ramsbottom ,co41 #gb ,lombard ,street1 which appears in the lists of ,london bankers from #ahjg to #ahaf inclusive4 ,he tells us that the family of ,newman 7or1 as it was originally spelt1 ,newmann7 was of ,dutch extraction4 ,the father of ,francis ,newman had great schemes for making ,england independent of foreign timber by planking all our waste lands4 ,in #ahjj ,john ,newman married ,jemima ,fourdrinier1 and in the year #ahja ,john ,henry1 the future ,cardinal1 was born4 ,the latter and the subject of our memoir were in effect the two sheaves before whom all the rest bowed down4 ,there were four other children3 ,charles ,robert1 ,harriette ,elizabeth1 ,jemima ,charlotte1 and ,mary ,sophia4 ,illustration3 ,,seale',s ,,coffee ,,house1 ,,oxford 7,,now ,,demolished7 ,done from an old drawing in the year when ,francis ,newman and ,john ,henry ,newman stayed there with ,blanco ,white4 ,john ,henry and ,francis went to a school at ,ealing 7of which ,dr4 ,nicholas was head-master71 then1 as ,mr4 ,mozley says1 considered the best preparatory school in the country4 ,there were three hundred boys there at that time1 but none were so brilliant or showed so much talent as the two ,newmans4 ,one after the other they rose to the top of the school4 ,frank was captain in #ahba4 ,there was some talk of removing ,john ,henry after he had spent some years there1 but he himself begged to be allowed to remain a little longer4 ,miss ,anne ,mozley1 in her ,life and ,correspondence of ,john ,henry ,newman1 quotes ,dr4 ,nicholas as having said1 ,no boy had run through the school from bottom to top as rapidly as ,john ,newman4 ,he was eight and a half years at ,ealing2 yet during the whole of that time1 it is reported that his school-fellows declared they had hardly ever seen him play in any game1 though at that time games did not occupy the prominent place in the curriculum of schools that now they do in our day4 ,it was not until his last half-year that one of the greatest spiritual influences of his life began4 ,it was one of those seemingly curious chances which sometimes change a man's1 or a woman's1 whole outlook2 and beginning1 as it seems at the time1 quite casually1 quite unconsciously1 lead not only the one chiefly concerned1 but others1 far afield into absolutely new environments4 ,quite1 as it seems1 by chance1 the destiny of a lifetime approaches through the conventional door of everyday life--steals up1 lays the hand that none can resist on the handle of some door which opens of itself into a new1 a wider world4 ,before one is aware of it1 perhaps1 one's feet have crossed the threshold into the ,land of the ,new ,outlook1 and old things are passed away4 ,in ,august1 #ahaf1 ,john ,henry ,newman found himself at school1 in a sense alone1 because his special personal friends there had left1 and thus he began to be thrown more and more under the influence of the ,rev4 ,walter ,mayer 7of ,pembroke ,college1 ,oxford71 who was one of the classical masters4 ,long religious talks with him had a great effect upon his mind1 and he himself traces much of his spiritual development to ,mr4 ,mayer's point of view in religion4 ,he was what is known as a high ,calvinist4 ,when school was over for ,john ,henry and ,francis ,newman1 ,mr4 ,mayer's influence was not lost1 for both the brothers wrote to him1 and stayed with him1 when some time later he became curate to the ,rev4 ,william ,wilson at ,worton4 ,when his brother left school and went straight to ,trinity ,college1 ,oxford 7though only fifteen years of age71 ,frank remained on at ,ealing for a time2 and then1 when he was seventeen1 went up to ,oxford to join him1 and be with him through the ,long ,vacations in preparation for entering ,worcester ,college in #ahbb4 ,footnote3 ,they lodged first at ,scale's ,coffee ,house in #ahba1 then at ,palmer's1 in ,merton ,lane1 in #ahbb4 ,both now are pulled down4 ,in ,anne ,mozley's volume there occur several entries regarding this time from ,j4 ,h4 ,newman's letters4 ,for instance1 on #beth ,sept41 ,expecting to see ,frank4 ,i am in fact expecting to see you all4 ,i shall require you to fill him full of all of you1 that when he comes ,i may squeeze and wring him out as some sponge4 ,it is necessary1 before touching further on the college life of the two famous brothers1 to remember that early in life there was a strong spiritual antagonism between them as regarded their points of view-- religious1 social1 political1 etc4 ,and this notwithstanding the fact that a very real affection for each other existed in both1 which made the inevitable disputes in no sense unfriendly bouts1 but only the exercise of two keen wits of very different calibre4 ,illustration3 ,,worcester ,,college1 ,,oxford ,,view ,,of ,,college ,,buildings ,,from ,,the ,,gardens ,illustration3 ,,worcester ,,college1 ,,oxford ,,front ,,quadrangle ,both had been trained in a home of strict ,calvinism4 ,both had eminently religious tendencies4 ,both1 when the time came for judging for themselves1 threw aside the grim tenets which they had been taught as children to believe1 and struck into absolutely different paths4 ,there is a very pathetic incident in their home life1 which occurred just before ,frank ,newman went to college1 which reveals to the thoughtful reader a world of information as to what was the attitude of thought in that household4 ,i quote from ,j4 ,h4 ,newman's diary3-- ,sept4 #cj1 #ahba4 ,sunday4 ,after dinner to-day ,i was suddenly called downstairs to give an opinion whether ,i thought it a sin to write a letter on ,sunday4 ,i found dear ,f---- had refused to copy one4 ,a scene ensued more painful than any ,i have experienced4 ,and adds1 ,i have been sadly deficient in 444 patience1 and filial obedience4 ,i quote this chiefly to show that at sixteen ,francis ,newman ,footnote3 ,in later years ,francis ,newman declared that he had been converted in #ahaf1 and again confirmed in religious conviction in #ahai1 from the influence of the writings of ,dr4 ,doddridge4 was certainly under the ,calvinistic influence still1 and that he was very dogged in upholding its rules and restrictions4 ,during the last months of the year #ahbb1 the latter read with his brother at ,oxford1 and from time to time1 in his letters home1 ,j4 ,h4 ,newman mentions him ,footnote3 ,letters and ,correspondence of ,j4 ,h4 ,newman1 by ,anne ,mozley4 as working and reading in preparation for entering ,worcester ,college4 ,frank 444 seems to have much improved4444 ,i am convinced that he knows much of ,greek as a language1 in fact is a much better ,greek scholar than ,i4444 ,again1 he is a much better mathematician than ,i am4 ,i mean1 he reads more mathematically1 as ,aristotle would say4 ,it is necessary here to mention a great blow which fell on the ,newman family soon after ,john ,henry ,newman had gone to college4 ,his father's bank failed4 ,there was no bankruptcy1 and everyone was paid in full1 but still it naturally proved a time of great family trial2 for though his father took the ,alton brewery and tried to make his way in this new line1 yet it was not a successful venture4 ,happily1 by this time1 ,j4 ,h4 ,newman was not only able to maintain himself1 but also to help his people4 ,rev4 ,t4 ,mozley mentions that in #ahbc ,newman had been elected to a ,fellowship at ,oriel1 adding that it was always a comfort to him that he had been able to give his father 7who did not live many years after the bankruptcy71 this good news at a time of great sorrow and embarrassment4 ,in #ahbf ,francis ,newman took first-class honours in classics and mathematics1 and gained a ,fellowship in ,balliol ,college4 ,the college authorities described his as one of the best ,double ,firsts ever known4 ,as1 however1 he felt conscientiously unable to sign the ,thirty-nine ,articles1 he was obliged to resign his ,fellowship1 and could not take his ,m4,a4 degree4 ,many a man must have felt in his inmost self that a bona fide signing to all of the ,articles was a task beyond his mental reach4 ,there are points in numbers #h1 #ag1 #bb1 #be1 for instance1 which are difficult indeed to reconcile with the highest ideal of the ,christian religion4 ,one looks at the reprinted introduction 7#aefb7 which prefaces them1 and one sees that it was traceable to that irreligious old sensualist1 the father of ,queen ,elizabeth4 ,one sees that it dated back to the time when the ,church in this country began to be more especially by ,law established1 instead of by ,christ established1 as was the case in early ages of its formation4 ,one sees1 too1 that part of the reasons for this preface being set forth was very evidently the reiteration of the kingly assertion that ,we are ,supreme ,governor of the ,church of ,england1 although the ostensible reason was because of the curious and unhappy differences which seemed1 in ,his ,majesty's opinion1 to show the wisdom of decisive adjudication with respect to those fond things vainly invented1 for which some of his subjects had so great an affection4 ,francis ,newman by the time he had reached the age of twenty-five1 however1 had been finding out1 more and more1 that he could not receive most of the ,church dogmas4 ,while his brother and he had been practically re-adapting to their needs and growing personal convictions the ,calvinistic religion 7some writers1 ,i am aware1 consider that to have been more ,puritan than ,calvinistic71 given them by their mother in their childhood days1 ,john ,henry ,newman had drawn ever closer to the authority of the ,church1 while ,francis found himself seceding more and more from her1 and more and more drifting into undogmatic religion4 ,it will be remembered that there had been originally an idea that he should take ,holy ,orders4 ,this1 however1 very soon during his college life he found to be impracticable of attainment1 owing to his own pronounced and undogmatic views4 ,at that time1 ,cardinal ,newman has said1 earnest religious feeling among the undergraduates was decidedly rare4 ,only one in every five could be called religious-minded4 ,so that the influence of these two young men1 whose very evident purpose was to attain some measure of spiritual truth1 was the more remarkable and powerful among their fellow students4 ,it was ,j4 ,h4 ,newman1 indeed1 on one occasion who1 on remonstrating with those in authority1 that the undergraduates should make their communions at certain stated intervals because of the fact that he himself had seen some of them get intoxicated at the college breakfasts on the very day after the service--was met by the remark that even if such a thing did happen1 they would rather not know of it6 ,not far from ,oxford there is a little village called ,worton 7or ,warton1 as ,i see in old papers it used to be spelt71 or rather there are two villages--,over ,worton and ,nether ,worton1 or ,upper ,worton and ,lower ,worton4 ,they lie between ,banbury and ,woodstock1 near ,oxford4 ,mr4 ,bateman1 in his ,life of ,bishop ,wilson 7#ahfj71 says their united population1 consisting of farmers and agricultural labourers1 does not exceed two hundred4 ,from one village to the other is a distance of about three-quarters of a mile1 or perhaps a little less by the field path4 ,mr4 ,bateman says that before ,bishop ,wilson came1 the church was much neglected1 as a sporting curate used to race through the services so as to get through in as little time as possible4 ,mr4 ,wilson revolutionized all this4 ,he was accustomed to preach straight to his people4 ,he seems1 indeed1 to have preached too straight for some1 for after some sermon he had given in an adjoining parish1 a lady who had sat under him said to her vicar1 ,pray do not let ,mr4 ,wilson preach here again4 ,he alarms me so4 ,i am indebted to the ,rev4 ,w4 ,h4 ,langhorne1 present ,rector of ,worton1 for the following information about the place4 ,he tells me that the church is of the thirteenth or fourteenth century2 ,early decorated1 but so altered by ,derick in #ahdd as almost to destroy its identity4 ,the chalice in ,over ,worton ,church has the date #aegd upon it4 ,the rectory is about one hundred years old4 ,the low building attached to it on the left 7in the photograph7 was added in #ahbc4 ,the parish of the two ,wortons has for years been a family living in the possession of the ,wilsons1 so an old friend1 a relation of ,bishop ,wilson1 tells me4 ,it was at ,worton ,church that ,john ,newman preached his first sermon1 #bcrd ,june1 #ahbe4 ,rev4 ,walter ,mayers went as curate1 in #ahbc1 to ,rev4 ,william ,wilson1 and took charge of ,worton parish4 ,in the following year he met--and later married--my aunt ,sarah ,giberne4 ,she and her sister had been staying with ,rev4 and ,mrs4 ,william ,wilson1 and it was there that ,mayers first made her acquaintance4 ,mr4 ,mayers asked ,frank ,newman1 during the ,long ,vacation1 to come and help him in teaching the pupils who came to read with him at ,worton4 ,newman was then nineteen4 ,he had been four years longer at the ,ealing ,school1 under the tuition of ,walter ,mayers1 than his brother1 who had gone to ,oxford1 according to the notion prevalent at that time1 at about the age of fifteen or sixteen4 ,francis ,newman says1 consequently1 ,i knew him 7,mayers7 much better than did my brother4444 ,he allured me to his new curacy1 three miles from ,deddington1 ,oxon1 to help him in mathematics with his pupils2 first #ahbb1 and again in #ahbc1 after his marriage4 ,it was in connection with this marriage of ,mr4 ,mayers to ,sarah ,giberne that the two families of ,newman and ,giberne first became acquainted1 and that friendship began which lasted throughout their lives4 ,sarah ,giberne was the daughter of ,mark ,giberne1 who1 in partnership with ,mr4 ,george ,stainforth1 was court wine merchant in #agej4 ,he came of an old ,french family1 descended from the noble ,jean de ,giberne1 ,sieur de ,gibertne1 in the sixteenth century4 ,the family owned two castles in the country of the ,cevennes1 which were destroyed by the ,camisards4 ,in the seventeenth century some of the family came over and settled in ,england1 and it was from this branch of it that ,gabriel de ,giberne1 secretary to ,sir ,horace ,mann1 was descended1 and from his son ,mark--,sarah ,giberne--who married ,rev4 ,walter ,mayers4 ,i shall now give extracts from the diary of ,mrs4 ,benjamin ,pearson 7ne ,charlotte ,elizabeth ,giberne71 to which ,i have access through the kindness of my cousin1 ,mr4 ,george ,pearson4 ,it was in the spring of #ahbc that ,sarah and ,charlotte ,giberne spent a week with ,john ,whitmore and his wife1 ,maria1 the daughter of their father's partner1 ,mr4 ,stainforth 7of the firm ,stainforth ,giberne74 ,mrs4 ,pearson mentions that they both helped her and her sisters to a knowledge of the ,scriptures and of the ,christian life4 ,illustration3 ,,worton ,,church1 ,,oxfordshire ,,from ,,an ,,old ,,print ,,by ,,kind ,,permission ,,of ,,rev4 ,v4 ,h4 ,,langhorne ,illustration3 ,,holy ,,trinity1 ,,west ,,end1 ,,over ,,worton1 ,,may1 #aije ,,by ,,kind ,,permission ,,of ,,rev4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,langhorne1 ,,present ,,rector ,,of ,,worton ,we were introduced by ,maria1 ,mrs4 ,whitmore1 about ,june1 #ahbc1 to a good clergyman who had lately come to reside at ,walthamstow1 about two miles from our home 7they were living at ,wanstead71 the ,rev4 ,william ,wilson1 who received us into his friendship1 and whose preaching we attended with joy and profit for several years4 ,it was on ,christmas ,day of this year1 ,i think1 that we first heard the ,rev4 ,walter ,mayers preach from ,nahum i4 #g a most beautiful experimental discourse which impressed us very much4 ,on making enquiry concerning him1 we found that he was ,mr4 ,wilson's curate at ,worton1 in ,oxfordshire1 and that he received pupils into his house4 ,later1 their brother1 ,charles ,giberne1 was sent for a year to him4 ,this led to ,mr4 ,mayers being invited to dinner at our house4 ,there he formed an attachment to ,sarah1 to whom he was married the following year1 #ahbd4 ,in the midsummer holidays1 #ahbe1 ,i went to pay a visit to ,walter and ,sarah1 and it was then ,i first made acquaintance with ,john and ,frank ,newman4 ,the latter was spending the ,long ,vacation with ,mr4 ,mayers to assist him in teaching the young men1 though he was only nineteen4 ,among these pupils was ,charles ,baring1 seventeen years old1 afterwards ,bishop of 7the ,palatinate see7 ,durham4 ,john ,newman walked over from ,oxford to breakfast one morning3 he was then twenty-four1 and a most interesting young man2 but him ,i only saw then once1 whereas his brother 7,frank7 was our daily companion1 and took great pains in instructing ,sarah 7,mrs4 ,walter ,mayers7 and myself in ,political ,economy4 ,his talents and piety attracted my admiration1 for ,i had never seen such young men before4 ,they had both been pupils of ,mr4 ,mayers at a large school at ,ealing 7in which he was a master71 and were considered to be converted in very early life4 ,later on is another entry3-- ,in the midsummer holidays of #ahbe 7,john ,henry ,newman was ordained priest on #bith ,may1 #ahbe71 ,i went to stay with ,walter and ,sarah ,mayers1 and then began my first acquaintance with ,john ,henry ,newman and his brother ,frank4 ,the former having walked over from ,oxford1 seventeen miles1 to breakfast1 and repeating ,milman's beautiful hymn from the ,martyr of ,antioch1 ',brother1 thou art gone before us4' ,he was just twenty-four1 and his brother ,frank1 who came soon after to assist ,walter ,mayers with his pupils 444 was only twenty1 but as bright a specimen of a young ,oxford student as ,i had ever met with4 ,they had both been considered converted in early youth1 and so uncommon an event was it to me to meet with ,christian young men 7men1 that is1 whose religion was their motive power1 and not only used in the conventional and cold formality then usual in the case of so many families in ,england71 that my admiration knew no bounds4 ,of course1 ,i told my sister ,maria 444 all this1 and she was quite prepared to appreciate in like manner1 when she went to stay at ,worton the following summer4 ,we come now to the time which1 whether for happiness or regret1 inevitably enters into the lives of most men on this earth--the time when they first meet the ,woman they ,never ,forget4 ,it does not follow that they are able to marry her1 but it does follow that1 meet whom they may later1 no one will ever oust from her place that first woman in their memories4 ,francis ,newman was only twenty-one when he first met her4 ,maria ,rosina ,giberne was a beautiful girl1 possessing special charm of manner4 ,it was not long after his first meeting with her that ,frank ,newman fell passionately in love with her4 ,long talks on scientific and religious subjects passed between them4 ,but though he cared for her1 evidently her feeling for him was only that of friendship and interest1 for when1 later1 he asked her to marry him1 she refused4 ,he did not1 however1 take this for an absolutely final decision 7as in effect it was71 for five or six years later1 when he was on his missionary journey to ,syria1 and he wrote and begged her to give him a different answer1 she refused him again4 ,illustration3 ,,over ,,worton ,,rectory1 ,,oxfordshire ,,by ,,kind ,,permission ,,of ,,rev4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,langhorne1 ,,present ,,rector ,,of ,,worton ,the extracts that follow are from her diary of the summer at ,worton in #ahbf--the year she first met the ,newman brothers4 ,the extracts are taken from an autobiography of hers1 which was originally written in ,french for the nuns of the ,order of the ,visitation convent at ,autun1 ,sane et ,loire1 to which she went1 as professed nun1 after her conversion to the ,roman ,church4 ,this is ,maria ,rosina ,giberne's description of ,worton 7to which ,i have access by the kindness of my cousin73-- ,it was a delightful place2 far from towns and quite country4 ,there ,i spent my days as much as possible under the trees1 or in the fields sketching the lovely views4 ,my sister had told me that ,mr4 ,francis ,newman and a friend were coming to the village to spend the vacation4 ,i did not pay much attention1 being preoccupied with this delicious solitude4 ,in a while the two friends appeared1 and ,i enjoyed hearing them talk1 having a great respect for learned men1 although far from being learned myself4 ,i asked them questions and propounded religious difficulties which troubled me4 ,i was struck with his 7,frank ,newman's7 piety1 which had nothing affected about it like the manner of some good people4 ,we often talked whilst ,i was sketching in the fields1 and he explained to me many things in ,holy ,scripture that ,i had not understood4 ,before leaving the village he expressed a wish that ,i could become acquainted with his sisters4444 ,this idea pleased me much1 and on returning home ,i gave our mother no peace until she gave me permission to invite two of his sisters to spend a fortnight with us4 ,they accepted the invitation1 and ,mrs4 ,newman brought her three daughters--,harriet1 ,jemima1 and ,mary4 ,she left ,harriet and ,mary with us4 ,i was much taken at once with ,mary1 who was nice-looking1 unaffected1 and only seventeen years of age4 ,i was resolved to make friends with them1 otherwise should not have been greatly attracted by ,harriet who had a way ,i could not understand1 and who embarrassed me greatly by her knowledge of religious matters1 because ,i had thought that ,i might be able to lead them to the good way1 ,footnote3 ,in some notes she expressly says this was ,frank ,newman's suggestion primarily4 and behold1 they seemed to know all beforehand1 and often showed me that ,i was mistaken in my explanations4444 ,i remember the first thing ,i opposed with all my might was the idea of a visible ,church1 and it was not till long afterwards1 when ,i was staying with their mother in the country1 that ,i took up this idea4 ,it was1 ,i think1 in the winter of #ahbg that ,i embraced this doctrine4 ,then in the summer the ,newman family stayed some months at ,brighton4 ,after ,john ,newman's death the family had no settled home1 but moved from place to place4 ,it happened that one of ,maria ,rosina's married sisters was also at ,brighton1 and consequently it naturally followed that the two families of ,newman and ,giberne met often4 ,naturally we called now and then to see ,mrs4 ,newman1 who invited us one day to spend the afternoon and evening1 and then1 for the first time1 ,i became acquainted with ,mr4 ,newman1 now ,father ,newman4 ,it was a great pleasure1 for ,i had heard so much about him1 and ,i enjoyed seeing him though he spoke very little to me1 and paid me no compliments or special attentions like most young men of our acquaintance1 who neglected the ladies of their families4 ,the delicate and repeated attention of ,mr4 ,newman to his mother and sisters therefore aroused my admiration and respect4 ,illustration3 ,,sketch ,,of ,,newman ,,family ,,by ,,maria ,,rosina ,,giberne ,,by ,,kind ,,permission ,,of ,,mr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,,mozley4 ,as one faces the picture1 ,john ,henry is sitting on ,mrs4 ,newman's right2 ,francis ,william to her left2 ,harriet to the right of ,john2 ,jemima below her mother4 ,to my mind there speaks1 in this last sentence1 something unusual too as regards the writer1 who1 accustomed to the compliments and special attentions which other young men paid her1 could yet appreciate and admire these delicate thoughtfulnesses which this young man1 who saw so much further into the inner heart and meaning of things1 loved to show to his own mother and sisters instead of to other people's sisters1 as was and is the ordinary way of most young men4 ,in some other ,,mss4 by ,maria ,rosina1 sent me from the ,oratory1 ,birmingham1 ,footnote3 ,by the kindness of ,father ,bacchus4 there is a rather different account1 in which there is mention of ,frank ,newman having even then shown a great tendency to free thought4 ,she adds3 ,i had not a suspicion that there was any danger of his getting to care for me1 for1 firstly1 he was two years younger than ,i was2 and1 secondly1 because ,i myself was occupied almost altogether with the thought of how to rid myself of the narrow religion which was becoming every day more unbearable1 and also because ,i had no other thought for him than for ,robert4 7,robert ,murcott was a young man belonging to a family with whom her people were intimate1 and who had always wished to marry her4 ,he went out to ,india1 and when he died left her all his money47 ,in years to come1 a great and lasting friendship began between her and ,cardinal ,newman--a friendship which lasted unbroken to the end4 ,when he went to ,rome for the red hat1 he was too ill to call and see her at ,autun on his way home1 but he had previously been to see her there4 ,the picture of the ,newman family given here was drawn in chalks by her when she was a girl at a little cottage at ,horspath 7near ,nuneham1 in #ahbi71 at which the ,newmans were staying4 ,it had been offered them by ,mr4 ,dornford1 ,fellow1 tutor1 and proctor of ,oriel1 and afterwards rector of ,plymtree4 ,in the book1 to which allusion has before been made1 by ,rev4 ,thomas ,mozley1 there is a description of ,maria ,rosina in later life4 ,he says she was tall1 strong of build1 majestic1 with aquiline nose1 well-formed mouth1 dark penetrating eyes1 and a luxuriance of glossy black hair4 ,she would command attention anywhere4444 ,she was very early the warmest and most appreciative of ,newman's 7,john ,henry ,newman's7 admirers4444 ,her great power lay in the portraits she did in chalks4444 ,besides many portraits of ,newman himself 444 she drew a portrait of old ,mr4 ,wilberforce4444 ,the portrait of ,maria ,rosina in this volume was painted by herself in the spring of #ahbg1 to send to her eldest brother1 ,george ,giberne 7at ,dhoolia1 ,candeish71 afterwards ,judge in the ,bombay ,presidency 7,east ,india ,co474 ,on the back of it her brother had written in pencil3-- ,yes1 here's a silent1 thoughtful thing1 and yet ,her soft blue eye beams ,eloquence3 her lips ,oh6 who could teach his spirit to forget ,their deep expressiveness1 that far eclipse ,all that kind nature to this world hath given1 ,all we can see of ,earth1 or guess of ,heaven4 ,illustration3 ,,maria ,,rosina ,,giberne ,,from ,a ,,painting ,,by ,,herself ,at this time she had taken many portraits of her friends1 and ,i have1 in my own possession1 one of ,miss ,wigram1 and one1 in a riding-hat1 of her sister ,emily1 both done in chalks1 as is her picture of herself sent to her brother4 ,later on she went to ,rome1 where for twenty years she studied art and copied pictures for the use1 ,mr4 ,mozley says1 of ,english chapels4 ,years after1 when my aunt was in the convent of the ,order of ,visitation at ,autun1 she wrote an interesting letter to ,cardinal ,newman1 which is given by ,miss ,anne ,mozley in her ,letters and ,correspondence of ,john ,henry ,newman alluding to the old days when their friendship1 which had never wavered during all the years which had gone by1 was but just beginning3-- ,i do not want to talk of myself4 ,i want to tell you of my entire sympathy with you in what you say and feel about the anniversary of dear ,mary's 7the ,cardinal's youngest sister7 death4 7,she died #eth ,jan41 #ahbh47 ,this season never comes round without my repassing in my heart of hearts all the circumstances of those few days--my first visit to your dear family4444 ,who could ever have been acquainted with the soul and heart that lent their expression to that face1 and not love her8 ,my sister ,fanny and ,i arrived at your house on #crd ,january1 and sweet ,mary1 who had drawn figures under my advice when she was staying with us at ,wanstead1 leant over me at a table in the drawing-room1 and in that sweet voice said1 ',i am so glad you are come2 ,i hope you will help me in my drawing4' ,the next day she was taken ill at dinner1 and on the ensuing evening-- dead4 ,she goes on to say3 ,do you recollect that you and ,i are the only survivors of that event8 ,but to go back to the end of the college life of the subject of this memoir4 ,in the year #ahbh1 ,frank ,newman was working amongst the poor at ,littlemore1 near ,oxford4 ,his brother ,footnote3 ,reminiscences of ,oriel1 by ,rev4 ,t4 ,mozley4 at that time was vicar of ,s4 ,mary's1 the ,university ,church1 and as the hamlet of ,littlemore had then no church1 ,footnote3 ,a church was built there later by ,newman4 ,in ,ingram's ,memorials of ,oxford1 #ahch1 it is said that in former days ,littlemore was beautifully wooded1 and that in ,saxon times there was a convent 7of which there still remain some ruins7 which was called by the ,saxon name of the ,mynchery1 and which belonged to the nuns of the ,benedictine ,order1 and the church which ,alfred built on the site of the ,university ,church of to-day1 was known as early as the ,conquest as ,our ,lady of ,littlemore4 he attended to the spiritual needs of the people there4 ,indeed1 he considered it his duty to go there every day2 and ,francis worked also constantly with him in teaching the villagers4 ,some little time later1 his mother and sisters came to live at ,horspath1 in ,iffley village1 close to ,oxford4 ,they1 too1 assisted in parochial matters1 taught in the schools1 visited the sick1 and generally helped the brothers4 ,by this time ,john ,henry ,newman's sermons were attracting great attention in ,oxford1 and whenever he preached his ,university sermons1 he had a crowded congregation of undergraduates4 ,the college authorities1 however1 did not approve of his popularity with the undergraduates1 and in ,canon ,carter's ,life and ,letters of ,archdeacon ,hutchings1 there is a note showing this3--,i went to ,christ ,church in #ahbg4444 ,newman was at ,oriel1 and for the last two years of my time ,vicar of ,s4 ,mary's4 ,but it was the object of the college authorities to prevent our going to hear him preach1 and the chapel services were so arranged as to make it impossible4 ,in #ahbi ,dr4 ,pusey was ,professor of ,hebrew and ,canon of ,christ ,church1 and as he had been for some years the close friend of ,frank ,newman's brothers1 it was inevitable that the former should see a great deal of him at that time4 ,he was delighted with ,pusey's first books2 but it was for the pietism and rationalism which he found in them1 more than for any hint of the spirit of ,churchmanship which distinguished his other works so much4 ,j4 ,h4 ,newman had been a tutor at ,oriel ,college since #ahbf4 ,oriel ,college1 ,rev4 ,thomas ,mozley tells us1 was then held to be in the very front of academic progress 444 with a ,provost 7,edward ,hawkins7 who owed his election largely to ,newman4 ,newman1 ,robert ,wilberforce1 and ,froude were close friends4 ,dr4 ,hawkins had a strong influence over ,john ,newman4 ,indeed1 he had won love and respect from almost everyone2 he spoke incisively1 and what he said remained in the memory--so much a part of his own strong convictions and thought did it seem to be4 ,yet ,francis ,newman was as convincing in his writings1 at any rate1 as his better-known brother1 who1 as some thought1 overshadowed him in the eyes of the world to a large extent4 ,a friend of mine1 writing to me a short time since1 said that a statement had been made recently1 by some one entitled to judge of the matter1 that ,francis was the greater of the two brothers4 ,be this as it may1 certainly both were pioneers in a world movement of reconstruction4 ,both were prophets in a sense4 ,both were mental ,samsons-- giants among the crowd of those who never see a yard beyond their own narrow scope of vision4 ,both were inspired movers of the crusade of purity1 of new and original points of view1 and of reformation in the old4 ,it is true neither could work with the other shoulder to shoulder4 ,but they worked4 ,and it is possible to have a great brotherly affection notwithstanding strong antagonism of views which render combined work impossible4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,his ,,missionary ,,journey ,,to ,,the ,,east ,in #ahbf ,francis ,newman gained1 as it is said1 with no special effort1 one of the best ,double ,firsts in classics and mathematics ever known4 ,he had a ,fellowship in ,balliol ,college1 was ,emeritus ,professor later1 and considered to be one of the most promising1 brilliant men at his ,university4 ,many thought his intellect superior to that of his better- known brother4 ,many thought also1 later on1 that1 as ,i have said1 all his life he was more or less overshadowed by the fame of that elder brother4 ,francis ,newman never took his ,m4,a4 degree1 and for this reason3 he felt he could not conscientiously sign the ,thirty-nine ,articles1 in which all had to profess belief4 ,he could not reconcile this signing with his inner convictions4 ,rather than do violence to them he preferred being without the degree4 ,no one could say of him that all his life long he did else than bear his convictions boldly emblazoned on his shield4 ,there could never be any doubt of what he thought4 ,he could not beat about the bush in his beliefs--he would not keep them secret--he did not care for unpopularity in the least4 ,his great aim was to fight--at whatever odds-- for whatever he felt by dogged conviction4 ,he was often wrong2 but never cowardly1 never philandering1 never vacillating4 ,i am anti-everything1 as he said humorously of himself4 ,and so he was4 ,he was1 in a sense1 anti-everything1 and though1 sometimes through the training of previous environments1 sometimes through other reasons1 he was anti things that were right and of good report1 he was never against social reform--never against the cause that needs assistance2 never against the oppressed wherever and whenever they crossed his path4 ,newman thus gave up his ,balliol ,fellowship1 and with it--more or less--his chances of a brilliant worldly career4 ,briefly stated1 these are the chief events of the years that followed the taking of the ,double ,first at ,oxford4 ,in #ahbg he met ,maria ,rosina ,giberne1 who was to strongly influence his life for the next six years4 ,in #ahbh he was working with his brother at ,littlemore2 in #ahbi1 ,i imagine1 he met and felt strongly in sympathy with some of those with whom1 later1 the missionary journey to ,syria was planned--,lord ,congleton1 ,mr4 ,groves1 ,dr4 ,cronin1 and others4 ,people have said that ,newman gave up all worldly hopes of fame for the sake of this missionary venture4 ,it may be that that is true in part4 ,but1 for myself1 ,i cannot help seeing too that there may very well have been other powerful reasons which also influenced him in the matter4 ,it was about this time that he asked my aunt1 ,maria ,rosina ,giberne1 to whom he was passionately attached1 to marry him1 and was refused4 ,i think it very probable that this may have been a strong reason why he wished to break up the old life and go for change abroad4 ,originally there had been some idea that ,francis ,newman should take ,holy ,orders1 as well as his brother4 ,this is evidenced by a poem by the latter4 ,later1 contrary tides swung the former from the mooring of the ,anglican ,church4 ,he could not sign her ,thirty-nine ,articles2 he could not agree with many of her doctrines4 ,he drifted more and more away from her4 ,then he fell in with ,lord ,congleton 7then ,mr4 ,parnell7 and ,mr4 ,a4 ,n4 ,groves-- both deeply religious men1 though neither of them ,churchmen4 ,lord ,congleton ,footnote3 ,memoir of ,lord ,congleton1 by ,henry ,groves4 had been given no definite religious training in his youth1 though his mother taught him to say daily prayers4 ,then1 when a young man1 he felt a deep dissatisfaction with this vague religious teaching he had received1 and he began to read more and more in the ,new ,testament1 until at length he became a ,christian by sheer conviction4 ,he felt his conversion as a revelation4 ,mr4 ,groves1 who was a well-known dentist in ,devonshire1 felt about the same time a great stirring towards missionary work4 ,he offered his services to the ,church ,missionary ,society4 ,he often stayed in ,dublin with ,lord ,congleton4 ,in #ahbh1 when they were walking together1 one of those strange mystical approaches of soul to kindred soul took place4 ,this1 ,i doubt not1 is the mind of ,god concerning us1 that we should come together not waiting on any pulpit or minister1 but trusting that the ,lord would edify us together by ministering as ,he pleased4 ,lord ,congleton adds3 ,at the moment he spoke these words ,i was assured my soul had got the right idea1 and that moment 7,i remember it as if it were but yesterday7 was the birth-place of my mind as a 'brother4' ,he mentions here ,edward ,cronin 7who in #ahcj formed one of the missionary party with which ,frank ,newman was associated71 at that time an ,independent1 but his mind was at the same time under a like influence1 as ,i may say of us all4 ,illustration3 ,,photo ,,of ,,lord ,,congleton 7,,leader ,,of ,,syrian ,,missionary ,,journey7 ,,from ,,his ,,life ,,by ,,groves ,i should perhaps say here 7,i have the information from the ,memoir of ,lord ,congleton before mentioned71 that the special truths by which ,lord ,congleton1 ,mr4 ,groves1 and ,dr4 ,cronin were led then1 were3 ,the oneness of the ,church of ,god1 involving a fellowship large enough to embrace all saints1 and narrow enough to exclude the world4 ,the completeness and sufficiency of the written ,word in all matters of faith1 and preeminently in things affecting our ,church life and walk--the speedy pre-millennial advent of the ,lord ,jesus4 ,all three of the men just named had made surrender of all that the world had to offer them1 ,lord ,congleton giving the whole of his fortune to missionary work4 ,it was he who provided most of the things needed for the journey4 ,in #ahcj 7,september7 the following party left ,dublin3--,lord ,congleton 7whom in future it will be simpler to call by his family name of ,mr4 ,parnell1 as ,newman thus mentions him in his diary1 the ,personal ,narrative1 which he kept throughout this journey to the ,east72 ,mr4 ,cronin2 his mother ,mrs4 ,cronin1 and her daughter ,nancy ,cronin 7to whom ,lord ,congleton was engaged72 and ,francis ,newman4 ,there was also a ,mr4 ,hamilton1 but later on he found the work not suited to him1 and returned to ,england4 ,footnote3 ,mr4 ,groves had already gone as a missionary to ,bagdad in #ahbi1 and they were to join him later4 ,mr4 ,henry ,groves says in the ,memoir that the travellers started with an enormous quantity of luggage4 ,they had practically a small library of books1 a lithographic press in two heavy boxes 7for printing tracts1 etc471 and a large medicine chest1 which was ,mr4 ,cronin's property 7he was a doctor74 ,when one thinks how the more one travels1 even in these travelling-made-easy days1 the more one wishes to abridge one's requirements and whittle down one's wants1 it is not difficult to understand that in #ahcj the difficulties of the rough travelling were largely increased by these foods for the mind and for the stomach which travelled in the wake of the little party1 nor how they were hampered by these conditions4 ,i now quote from ,francis ,newman's ,personal ,narrative 7published #ahef71 which is one of the most interesting of travel books1 and very graphically written in the form of letters to his friends at home4 ,footnote3 ,newman and ,lord ,congleton were both at this time about twenty-three years of age4 ,river ,garonne1 ,at ,anchor in ,steamboat1 #bcrd ,sept41 #ahcj4 ,we sailed finely on ,saturday from ,dublin1 while sheltered by the ,irish coast2 but in the evening we tasted the ,atlantic with a south-wester1 which proved a bitter dose4 ,for nearly fifty hours we tossed1 with very slow progress1 until all our bones were bruised1 etc41 etc4444 ,i have never seen anything like the sea on the ,french coast4 ,the ,bay of ,biscay fulfilled all its proverbial roughness3 the whole sea was dells and knolls4 ,it was terrible to see the pilot jump aboard while his boat was alternately tossed above our deck2 he was caught by the sailors in their arms4444 ,the custom-house officers have detained the ship so long that we are left here by the tide4444 ,the officers were very civil4 ,they were all amazed at the number of our packages 7as well they might be67444 ,the prospect of our porterages is frightful4 ,think of us at the top of a hotel and an army of porters carrying up the height of three stories many hundredweights of trunks1 chests1 hampers1 bags1 baskets1 to stow into our bedrooms for the night6 ,and this misery is to be repeated everywhere4444 ,i talk ,french clumsily1 yet get on somehow4444 ,my ,french having been chiefly mathematical1 ,i do not know the names of many common things4444 ,at ,toulouse in ,october3--,i am already a ,frenchman4 ,if you doubt it1 learn that ,i take wine or raisins for breakfast1 and never speak to a peasant without raising my hat4444 ,this vin ordinaire is not 'bad1' in the sense of intoxicating1 but in another way4 ,however1 if it supplies the place of tea1 it is vain to rail at it4 ,the next entry is while they were staying at ,marseilles on #acth ,october1 and concerns the cheapness of the provisions4 ,all provisions appear within reach of the poorest4 ,i have been in some very low eating-houses here1 and perceive apparently poor people breakfast on meat4 ,nothing seems dear but milk and butter2 we get none but goats' milk here4444 ,the finest purple grapes are here #a;d4 or #c_/d;d4 a pound1 and as much bread as ,i can eat for #a-a_/b;d4444 ,i had a provoking accident at ,bziers4 ,on our leaving the barge1 the carman drove off without securing our boxes--he was in a violent passion against some girl porters 7a domestic institution of ,bziers74444 ,i roared out1 ',arrtez6 ,arrire6 ,vous n'avez pas attach la corde6' ,but in vain2 and in an instant down came from the very top the little medicine chest given me by ,m----4 ,it fell on its corner1 which saved the glass bottles2 but every dovetailing is broken1 the hinges wrenched off1 the panels split4 ,of course the travelling is chiefly by diligence and canal boat1 and for ,english ladies very often terribly rough and trying4 ,but ,mrs4 and ,miss ,cronin had resolved to face discomforts1 etc41 equally with their companions1 and would have no little ameliorations in the way of comforts for themselves4 ,one great danger1 too1 occurred1 from which they were only rescued by the promptitude of ,newman and ,mr4 ,parnell 7as throughout the diary ,newman alludes to ,lord ,congleton74 ,once1 in travelling by canal near ,marseilles1 ,newman found the level of the canal-boat was dangerously high1 from the arches4 ,once we had a narrow escape4 ,there was a sudden cry of ',a bas6' ,we turned and saw we were rapidly nearing an arch which would knock off our heads4 ,the horses kept at a short canter4 ,old ,mrs4 ,c4 was sitting quietly on deck1 wholly absorbed1 and never dreaming that the sailors could be calling to her4 ,miss ,c4 was sitting on a box1 fast asleep4 ,several of us rushed at once towards them1 and pulled them off their seats on to the deck4 ,literally they fell upon me in a heap1 and we just passed safe under the arch4 ,mrs4 ,c4's bonnet and my hat got smashed4 ,here comes a touch of what later on in life was to be the subject of his keenest thought--the subject of statesmanship1 the chief aim of which should be the people3 how to make the land sufficient for the people1 how to make the people sufficient for the land--a counsel of perfection far removed from the party spirit of politicians1 who then1 as now1 did not recognize that principles and a sacred sense of responsibility for their country should be their motive power4 ,we are delayed here 7,marseilles7 for a ship4 ,we are likely to go to ,cyprus4 ,the vintage was going while we were en route hither4 ,i was interested to see men walking bare-legged1 stained purple nearly to the knee1 with treading the wine vat4 ,i then understood the ,scripture metaphor4444 ,the men seemed to have been wading in blood4444 ,i should deprecate a whole district being dependent for its livelihood on the sale of wine4444 for as some seasons are sure to be fatal to the crop1 the failure1 when it comes1 is universal4444 ,to make each component part--,i mean each local part--of society self-supporting1 and self-relieving even in times of calamity1 ought1 ,i think1 to be the aim of every statesman4 ,as regards sight-seeing for sight-seeing's sake1 it was nil4 ,and for a reason which seemed not to allow for any of the travellers having discretion1 ,we make it a tacit rule never to go ten yards to see anything2 for if once we became sight-seers it is impossible to draw the line4 ,so in fact ,i see nothing but what ,i cannot help seeing4 ,the next diary-tic letter is not until #adth ,january of the next year 7#ahca71 when the party had arrived at ,aleppo4 ,frank ,newman had been studying ,greek and talking it with a master1 and during the voyage from ,marseilles landed for three days at ,larnica4 ,on the ship was an old ,greek1 and he used to go and talk with him to practise his ,greek4 ,you may be amused to hear his judgment of my ,greek dialect2 he called it 'very beautiful and very funny'2 that is1 no doubt1 because ,i am apt to mix up too much of the old ,greek1 which seems grandiloquent on trifling subjects4444 ,walking in the street at ,larnica1 ,i met a person whom ,i did not know1 who1 to my extreme surprise1 fell on my neck and kissed both cheeks quite affectionately1 ,i had not recognized my dirty acquaintance in this clean1 well-dressed gentleman1 probably fresh from the bath4 ,many were the difficulties ,newman and his friends had to encounter in hiring a vessel to sail to ,ladaka ,footnote3 ,laodicea of ,syria4 on the opposite coast4 ,at last a bargain was struck with a ,turkish ship for five pounds4 ,but the ship had battled already against the contretemps of too many voyages4 ,she could no longer beat against the wind as once she used to do4 ,four times they set sail1 and four times had to put back again into port4 ,the captain had only an old ,french map marked with crosses at certain places1 the cross meaning porto1 as the captain explained4 ,he needed help1 however1 from his passengers to be quite sure which was which6 ,in this ship they lived with discomfort for a whole month4 ,still1 all of the friends kept well4 ,the distance from ,ladaka to ,aleppo is about #abj ,english miles4 ,and this journey added to discomfort1 hardship1 and to hardship--lack of food for the mission party4 ,it necessitated travelling three miles into the hills1 and when a lofty bleak plain was reached1 the muleteers made it clear that they were to spend the night there4 ,we heaped our rudest boxes to make a wall1 and on the lee side prepared a sleeping-place1 stretching over it some oilskins4444 ,we had a small supply of food in baskets4444 ,all night the rain fell in torrents4444 ,our whole floor was swamped2 we had to sit on carpet bags and let them get wet4 ,clothes1 bedding1 bags1 baskets1 were drenched1 and we had to mount in the morning in the midst of rain4444 ,the roads were river-beds4444 ,after riding eleven hours without dismounting 7the beasts never leave their walking pace74444 ,we had fasted the whole day1 yet none of us suffered2 not even old ,mrs4 ,cronin1 for whom ,i greatly feared4 ,i should add here that ,francis ,newman was strongly in favour of women riding astride instead of on the ,early-,victorian side-saddle1 which necessitates a woman riding in an artificial1 twisted position4 ,still1 at the period at which he is writing1 ,early-,victorian ideas about the fitness of things were so much de rigueur that ,mrs4 ,cronin1 when forced to ride astride1 was terribly disturbed4 ',ach1 ,edward1' said she to her son1 ',i expected they would persecute and murdher us1 but ,i never thought to ride across a mule6'444 ,three times did her mule come down with her1 poor lady1 and all three in dangerous places4 ,none of the rest suffered so many falls1 nor1 ,i think1 any of the laden beasts4 ,her son was in terrible distress at every fall1 for he was carrying his infant in his arms 444 and he could not put the child down in the mud without danger to it4 ,indeed1 it must have been a very distressful journey for all1 and not least for the poor little infant missionary6 ,people may wonder what was the necessity of taking this last at all4 ,footnote3 ,dr4 ,cronin and his wife were both engaged to come out to ,mr4 ,groves4 ,then she died1 and as he felt bound to fulfil his promise and did not like to leave the baby1 he brought it too4 ,an old clergyman1 however1 once said to me1 ,i would rather take an infant in arms with me1 than go all by myself on a journey abroad4 ,at last ,aleppo was reached4 ,in his letter1 on #ajth ,february to his mother1 ,newman says how long their stay there would be is quite uncertain4 ,he is taking daily lessons in ,arabic1 and speaking ,french4 ,i am afraid you will not think the better of me when ,i tell you that ,i am become a smoker2 and this though ,i had so great a dislike to it in ,england4 ,i do not mean that ,i am always smoking--certainly not2 but ,i have bought two pipes and amber mouthpieces1 and all the apparatus2 which shows that ,i am in earnest4 ,when a man in college smoked cigars in his room1 and we 7the ,balliol fellows7 generally condemned it1 ,i remember1 in reply to my remark that a man who smoked made himself a nuisance1 one of them said1 ',it would not do to generalize2 for in ,germany the man who objects to smoking is the nuisance4' 444 ,if anyone calls on me ,i must offer him a pipe and smoke one myself2 and1 conversely1 when ,i call on anyone1 ,i must not refuse the pipe4444 ,the pipe fills up gaps of time1 and 'breaks the ice' like an ,englishman's remarks on the weather4444 ,now ,i am in for it1 ,i will make you perfect in the theory of smoking4 ,we have here three sorts of pipes1 of which ,i use but one1 viz4 the long straight pipe4 ,it is generally a cherry stick1 and reaches from the mouth to the ground as you sit on a low sofa4 ,the bowl is supported in a tin frame on the ground to catch the ashes2 and you smoke in it toton1 which means common dry tobacco4444 ,ladies1 as far as ,i know1 do not smoke the straight pipe1 though ,i have seen ,mussulman females1 evidently of humble rank1 with the long pipe and its smoking bowl protruding from under their long veil as they walked4 ,the second sort is called ,nargli 444 some pronounce it ,narjili4444 ,nargli means a cocoa-nut1 which is used in this apparatus to hold the water through which the smoke passes4 ,vertically out of the cocoa-nut rises a pipe which ends in a long bowl holding the ,tambac1 which is a second species of tobacco having broadish yellow leaves worked up with wet4 ,it needs a piece of red-hot coal laid upon it1 and left there1 to kindle it4 ,slanting out of the cocoa-nut proceeds upwards a second tube1 a mere cane1 which ends in the smoker's mouth4 ,he grasps the vertical tube in his left fist1 and1 if sitting1 rests the cocoa-nut on his knee4 ,this is the way my hostess smokes--an elegant ,levantine lady4444 ,i cannot smoke through water2 ,i find it demands too much work for my lungs4 ,the third sort is the ,hooka1 a word which1 ,i believe1 means the very long flexible tube which is here substituted for the cane1 while a glass vessel1 standing on the ground1 does duty for the cocoa-nut4 ,the principle of the smoking 444 are the same as in the ,nargili4444 ,unless it be overdone1 ,i think the exercise from early youth must enlarge the capacity and power of the lungs4444 ,when people have not a second pipe to offer you1 they hand the pipe from their own mouth1 and to wipe the mouthpiece before you suck it would be an insult4 ,newman says that the ,turks are supposed to have a great tenderness for animals4 ,there is a popular saying1 which he quotes1 ,a ,turk cares more for the life of a cat than of a man4 ,the following curious scene was witnessed by him in a town on his way to ,aleppo3-- ,a goat was to be killed1 and we had some chance of a bit if one of us would seize a part of the animal before it was dead4 ,there stood the victim and its priest4 ,in front was a row of cats1 sitting up with all the gravity of ,egyptian gods1 or like the regiment of cats which were the van of ,cambyses against ,egypt4 ,on the other side a regiment of dogs4 ,when the scarlet flood spouted on to the ground the dogs took their portion of it4 ,i know not what etiquette or what hint from the sacrificer suddenly dispersed them3 then the cats came in due order and took their portion4444 ,peace was wonderfully kept between dogs and cats2 but when it came to dividing the offal1 the cats had plenty of screaming1 and1 ,i rather think1 some fighting4 ,the number of these wild cats here is a real nuisance4 ,in ,may we get another insight into the carrying out of ,newman's precept to himself1 always to live in ,rome as the ,romans4 ,i believe you know it was always our idea that we must put on native habits wherever we went1 so far at least as to encounter no needless friction4 ,i had not then considered how seriously such change may after a time affect one's own character1 and the thought sometimes crosses the mind anxiously4 ,we smoke4 ,well4 ,i say to myself1 ',i must try not to be wedded to this practice3 ,i hope to leave it off the moment it proves inexpedient4'4444 ,i have taken to the ,syrian gown and slippers2 to walk actively in these is arduous and1 ,i suppose1 very singular4 ,here is a question3 ,may not my bodily habit change with it8 and may not that affect my mind8444 ,the gown is ridiculously feminine1 beyond what ,i had been aware2 not merely in length and amplitude1 but above the girdle it is puffed out into two bosoms1 which are used as pockets 7no doubt the sinus of the ,romans74 444 ,some things which in company we do as seldom as possible1 such as to blow the nose1 or 7worse still7 to spit1 seem to be utterly forbidden here4444 ,the natives are reserved in the use of a pocket-handkerchief as the most fastidious ,english lady4444 ,i believe ,xenophon praises the ,persians for never spitting in company4 7,would that our own working classes could1 in this respect1 be more ,persian in their habits67 ,are not all ,eastern manners probably a plant of very ancient growth8 ,then1 on religion3 ,i did not understand till lately how unintelligible to people here is a religion which is not external and almost obtrusive4 ,we are certainly thought much better of1 because1 two of our party having pretty good voices1 we commonly sing praises in daily worship4444 ,to pray standing1 or1 as ,i should rather say1 lying flat1 at the corners of the streets is not ostentation here3 for so many do it that it has no pre- eminence4444 ,i always looked to see a missionary church formed in these countries2 but ,i did not foresee what ,i now discern1 that it would not be recognized as ,christians at all1 but be esteemed a mere ,anglicism1 not by papists merely1 but by ,moslems too4 ,i do not know1 after all1 whether that could be ever a permanent obstacle4 ,i believe not2 for it is not the name1 but the goodness of ,christianity that must prevail4 ,however1 the now current idea here is1 that the ,english are very good men1 but have no religion--which means1 as ,i said1 no exterior2 and in so far our exterior inspires something of respect4444 ,i had resolved to read the ,koran through--not in the original1 but in a translation--that ,i might get some insight into the ,mussulman mind4444 ,but ,i confess to you ,i have broken sheer down in the attempt1 444 the book makes no impression on my mind4 ,i cannot find where ,i left off when ,i recur to it4 ,that so tedious and shallow a work can meet such praises gives me a lower and lower idea of the power of mind in these nations4 ,i now think that the ,arabs are captivated by the tinkle and epigrammatic point of an old and sacred dialect1 while ,turks and ,persians take its literary beauty as a religious fact to be believed1 not to be felt4 ,how wonderful is the power of tradition6 ,in ,july1 ,newman and his party were still at ,aleppo4 ,by now they had become well accustomed to the native foods1 but had at last come to the conclusion that the meat 7mutton7 was certainly not good2 unfortunately it formed a large proportion of the stews4 ,one dish consisted of rice1 dressed with butter and salt ,this is called ,pilu 7pronounced ow71 and apparently is the same as that common in ,russia to-day1 which is delicious4 ,this pilu is1 fundamentally1 rice dressed with butter and salt3 the rice is thrown into boiling water1 and is boiled for twenty minutes only4 ,this is the highest luxury of the ,bedouins4 ,we saw a company of them dine on it4 ,they scraped the hot outside of the rice with the tips of their fingers1 squeezed it into a ball in their hand1 and shot the ball into their mouth4 ,the dexterity of this1 so as not to burn their fingers1 miss their mouths1 nor drop about their garments1 is astonishing4444 ,carrots with lemon or sour milk make delicious fritters4444 ,it was during this month that the news came to them from ,bagdad that ,mr4 ,groves 7who1 it will be remembered1 had been there for some time1 expecting them later to join him7 had just lost his wife from plague2 that she had been the only one who had caught the disease4 ,newman himself1 about this time1 had a sharp attack of fever4 ,dr4 ,cronin was much alarmed about him2 indeed1 he believed him to be dying1 and leeched his temples and bled his right arm4 ,then he tried calomel1 and he said that he had resolved on opening his temporal artery if his pulse had kept as rapid as at first it was4 ,illustration3 ,,dr4 ,,cronin ,,one ,,of ,,those ,,who ,,went ,,to ,,syria ,,with ,,francis ,,newman ,,in #ahcj ,,by ,,kind ,,permission ,,of ,,mrs4 ,,cronin ,,photo ,,by ,,messrs4 ,,webster1 ,,clapham ,,common ,in ,aleppo1 he tells us in one of his letters home1 madmen are looked on as sacred characters444 there are no madhouses in the land4444 ,certainly in ,england the results of turning all the mad loose would be awful4 ,but when one sees the entire satisfaction there is here with so ugly and revolting a state of things1 and the inability people have to conceive the inconvenience of it444 ,i am driven to speculate4444 ,is insanity excessively rare here1 so that outrages1 if they do occur1 are naturally very few8 or is the insanity444 always of the imbecile kind8 ,or is insanity1 at its worst1 mollified by the respectful treatment which it meets1 as vicious horses by kindness8 444 ,here is a people without lunatic asylums4 ,well1 their lunatics are few or harmless2 what a comfortable coincidence6 ,if insanity among us is caused by strong passions in one class and by intoxication in another1 while the ,turkish populations are nearly free from both444 it implies a higher average morality4444 ,add to this there are no abandoned women here4 ,five months after the first attack of fever ,newman was taken ill of a far worse one1 which gave a great shock to his nervous system4 ,he was in real danger of losing his life this time1 possibly because1 ,dr4 ,cronin being absent1 there was no one to treat him4 ,he suffered1 too1 greatly from continual sleeplessness4 ,when he was recovering1 ,dr4 ,cronin1 who by now had returned1 ordered horse exercise for him1 and ,mr4 ,parnell very generously bought a horse for him4 ,in ,december1 #ahca1 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,parnell ,footnote3 ,mr4 ,parnell meant to have been married to ,miss ,cronin at ,bordeaux1 but this was found to be impossible1 so he was obliged to wait till they reached ,aleppo1 where the ceremony took place in the early part of the year #ahca4 went to ,ladaka to help ,mr4 ,hamilton1 whose health had more or less broken down1 secure a vessel to take him to ,france en route for ,england4 ,he determined to see him safely on board4 ,mrs4 ,parnell also insisted on coming with her husband4 ,but the travelling was rough1 and she had had a bad fall from her ass1 and besides had been ill and had no doctor at hand4 ,mr4 ,hamilton went away in the ship1 but ,mrs4 ,parnell became more and more weak1 until at last she died4 ,immediately on hearing of her death4 ,dr4 ,cronin set out1 full of sorrow at the loss of his sister1 to see if he could be of any help to ,mr4 ,parnell4 ,newman writes3-- ,the brother and mother here are so deeply afflicted1 that ,i ask3 ,what does the noble-hearted bridegroom suffer1 but so lately a bridegroom8 ,i am astounded at the reverse4 ,two months back she was hanging over my pillow weeping and kissing me as a dying man2 now am ,i in youthful vigour1 and she is in her grave4 ,what a meek and quiet spirit was she1 active to laboriousness1 though refined in person4 ,affectionate she was1 very dear to me also1 but unspeakable is the loss to others4 ,this is the third wife taken from those whom ,i desired as comrades3 one died in ,dublin1 one in ,bagdad1 now one in ,ladaka4444 ,no blame against ,mr4 ,p4 ought to be mixed with sympathy for this melancholy event4 ,his wife's brother1 on medical grounds1 saw no objection to the journey4444 ,few ,english ladies are in body so well adapted as she was to bear the inconveniences1 the long weariness1 or the dangerous exposures of ,turkish travel4 ,at last the time was come for the journey to ,bagdad4 ,francis ,newman and his friends went with their own horses1 and with ,european saddles and stirrups4 ,the native broad travelling saddle overlaps the animal's sides like a table1 and tilts both ways4 ,to get up at the side without help is a feat almost impossible4 ,many a time ,mr4 ,parnell got off to search after some article of food or convenience for old ,mrs4 ,cronin4 ,to get up again1 his most successful way was to make a run from behind and divaricate on to the horse's tail1 like a boy playing at leap-frog2 but the beast was always frightened1 and bolted before he was well on4 ,you will imagine the rest6444 but we were all equally ludicrous1 and indeed it is quite a serious inconvenience4 ,the next entry mentions the return of ,mr4 ,parnell4 ,he told them that ,mr4 ,hamilton seemed absolutely unable to learn a foreign language1 and this undermined his spirits and health1 and made him a depressing companion4 ,on #beth ,april ,newman and his friends started from ,aleppo4 ,they had not anticipated such serious difficulties as befell them during this journey4 ,in the first place1 they were not aware of the habits of the camel 7at all events1 his habits in the spring of the year74 ,they found to their consternation that they work from two or three in the morning and travel till ten4 ,many people1 not natives1 had assured them that camels never travel by night1 so they were the more unprepared for this unwelcome fact4 ,the night travelling might not have mattered for younger people1 but on old ,mrs4 ,cronin the discomfort fell heavily4 ,she had to be forced out of her bed at one o'clock in the midst of the sharp cold of the night1 and then have to ride when she ought to sleep4 ,the effect of it on her 7for she did not sleep by day7 frightened us so much that at last we bought the drivers over to our hours4444 ,the caravanserai at ,aintab is so disagreeable a place for ,mrs4 ,cronin that we enquired for a private house1 and444 we have hired one at the absurd price of three-halfpence sterling6 ,it has a large grassy yard1 very convenient for our horses1 ,we have now only four1 with the ass4444 ,however1 they were not long at ,aintab1 for they were summoned before the ,governor and accused of selling four ,turkish ,testaments4 ,then1 being unable to deny having done so1 the ,governor said1 ,you must leave ,aintab immediately4 ,he provided camels1 and they had perforce to go1 as they had been so dictatorially bidden4 ,but this was not all4 ,a mob of fanatics beset them1 followed them out into the country1 and then pelted them with stones--first with small ones1 but later with bigger ones1 which could easily have stunned anyone who was hit by them4 ,presently a man galloped up and tried to seize ,newman's horse's bridle1 but he beat him off with an umbrella4 ,some of the crowd called out that the ,governor had ordered them to be killed4 ,by the time ,newman returned to his party ,mr4 ,cronin was lying on the ground1 and his mother declared that her son was dying4 ,he had been set upon by men who had come to attack them1 and beaten with fists1 clubs1 and stones4 ,they tried their best to kill him4 ,however1 to ,newman's intense surprise he was not hurt inwardly1 only weak from exhaustion and pain4 ,this was an almost unhoped-for comfort1 and it was even found that he could continue his journey before evening4 ,by this time the crowd had entirely dispersed1 for an official had been sent by the ,governor1 and eventually he was able to quiet the people and send them off4 ,many of the travellers' possessions were lost1 many stolen1 but1 at any rate1 though discomforts and dangers undreamt of had been theirs1 at least they were none of them seriously hurt2 and that in itself was a thing for which they felt infinitely thankful4 ,at last the ,euphrates was reached4 ,we saw it first in splendid contrast to a chalk desert1 the most odious place through which ,i have travelled4 ,we had soft chalk crumbling under foot1 into which the beasts sank over their fetlocks or deeper4444 ,when we surmounted the last chalk hills the green valley of the ,euphrates burst upon us4 ,it runs in a lowland excavation1 bounded by opposite lines of high hills4444 ,this valley was rich in the extreme1 with trees scattered in it like ,england2 but the sides of the hills were well wooded4444 ,the river is very turbid1 as if with white clay2 it is unnaturally sweet1 does not taste gritty1 and is painfully cold4 ,we presume this is from the melting of snow water4444 ,the river is deep1 rapid1 smooth1 and 7,i judge7 as broad as the ,thames at ,blackfriars4444 ,he thus describes the raft they were having made to take them down the river to ,bagdad3--,rough branches of trees of most irregular shape and quite small are strung together crosswise by ties of rope1 and under them are fastened a sort of flooring of goat-skins blown up like bladders4444 ,on these is fixed a deck of planks4 ,these rafts carry enormous weights and draw very little water4 ,in the ,memoir of ,lord ,congleton the end of this journey is thus told3-- ,they reached ,bagdad on #bgth ,june1 and were met by ,mr4 ,groves1 who had for so many months been anxiously waiting for their arrival1 after sufferings neither few nor light on both sides4 ,it is hard to realize what such a meeting would be after two such years of toil and suffering as the past had been4 ,,second ,,part--,,bagdad ,no sooner had the missionary party at length settled down at ,bagdad than more trouble fell upon them4 ,mrs4 ,cronin1 who had suffered almost more from the troubles1 discomforts1 and dangers of the journey than perhaps her friends guessed1 grew worse and worse4 ,she told ,mr4 ,groves that she was come hither to die1 and it proved to be true2 for only a few days after her arrival she died1 to the deep distress of her son4 ,so already1 besides the unceasing discomforts1 dangers1 and disasters which had befallen the missionaries1 there had been the cost of these three lives-- ,lord ,congleton's wife1 ,mrs4 ,groves1 and now old ,mrs4 ,cronin1 worn out by the terrible weariness of their journeyings under such rough conditions4 ,there is one thing which has struck me very forcibly as regards ,frank ,newman's ,personal ,narrative1 and it is this3 ,throughout the whole book there is no mention of actual missionary work--the aim and object of this journey into ,syria4 ,there are1 it is true1 allusions to their own private prayer-meetings 7of course they were hardly what one generally understands by the word private1 but still they could not be termed public7 and to the distribution of ,new ,testaments1 but no actual teaching is mentioned4 ,nor does ,newman write his own views on the subject4 ,the diary-letters are chiefly filled with descriptions of the perils of the way--it is more or less secular4 ,to me this has always seemed strange1 for there was no doubt that he was1 with the others1 filled with a very real religious ,christian zeal then1 although later his views unhappily underwent great change and alteration1 until a few years before his death1 when his earlier faith was restored4 ,but this fact remains3 but for one's own previous knowledge of the aim of this journey1 one would hardly recognize the ,narrative as a missionary's diary at all4 ,in the ,memoir of ,lord ,congleton there is far more missionary spirit2 but still1 even there1 there is but very little detailed information as to mission work4 ,during their stay at ,bagdad ,lord ,congleton and ,mr4 ,groves did indeed develop plans for missionary work which it was hoped would soon prove successful4 ,the former bought a large house in the midst of the city for mission purposes4 ,at first they thought of working among the ,armenian and ,roman ,catholic ,christian population1 and also among the ,jews1 but they found the ,mohammedans in ,bagdad peculiarly bigoted4 ,and they owned to themselves later that ,bagdad had proved a failure in a missionary point of view4 ,mr4 ,groves1 who wrote the ,memoir of ,lord ,congleton1 indeed owns that1 ,to many who look at life superficially1 these years may seem lost2 but ,he who often leads us 'about' 7,deut4 xxxii4 #aj7 444 has purposes of which neither the one led1 and still less the lookers-on1 have any conception4444 ,thus to some these years of toil and sorrow will appear a mistake4 ,it is impossible to doubt the earnest faith and missionary zeal of these few who had come out to do the ,lord's work in the ,east4 ,but to many ,churchmen it will be difficult to reconcile the words of ,mr4 ,groves1 that the ,coming of ,christ1 the powers of the ,holy ,ghost1 were truths being brought before the ,church of ,god when it is remembered that they had practically severed themselves from the visible body of ,christ's ,church on earth1 and were themselves 7without ,divine authority as delivered once to the ,apostles7 celebrating each ,sunday in their house the ,lord's ,supper4 ,constant mention is made in the ,memoir of the open persecution which the mission party suffered in ,bagdad1 and of the impossibility of access to the people4 ,there were a few converts to ,christianity made1 but only a few2 and the disappointments were many and grievous4 ,then1 too1 their party was lessened by the departure of ,frank ,newman and ,mr4 ,kitto for ,england4 ,no reason is to be traced for this decision of ,newman's1 and it is not easy to understand what it could have been4 ,it happened during the spring months of the year #ahcc1 and shortly after his second proposal to ,maria ,rosina ,giberne and her second refusal4 ,he had written begging her come out to ,bagdad1 marry him1 and work with them there4 ,no doubt her refusal was a bitter disappointment to him1 and possibly he wished to go back to ,england 7he said in his diary he did not know how long he might stay there71 and try if he could not persuade her personally4 ,but if he thought this1 he was again disappointed1 for his meeting with her 7as ,i see from some papers written by my aunt and kindly supplied me from the ,oratory1 ,birmingham71 was of no more avail than before4 ,she mentions having met him shortly after his return1 and it is evident that it was a meeting not devoid of awkwardness on her part and disappointment on his4 ,to go back to the letters from ,bagdad1 after this digression1 ,newman gives a very graphic account of the rafts used for travelling on the river from ,moosul4 ,illustrations3 ,,persian ,,lady ,,and ,,persian ,,smoking ,,date1 #ahbg ,,from ,,persia ,,in ,,modern ,,traveller ,,series ,,by ,,josiah ,,conder 7pub4 #ahcj7 ,the rafts used for descending the river consist of a rude deck fastened to a flooring of blown-up goatskins4444 ,they are used for swimming bladders as in the ancient world4 ,they serve for barrels to carry water4444 ,the skins are also used in the bazaars 444 for butter1 treacle1 honey1 etc4444 ,the raft is not rowed1 except barely to keep it in the stream4 ,it keeps twisting round and round1 like a stone in the air2444 but 444 you have all the freshness and life of a vast streaming river and all the tranquillity of a mere pond4444 ,one day1 a man who wished to go down the river on our raft swam to us on a goatskin4444 ,as a ,thames wherry to a ,thames steamer1 so is a goatskin to a raft4444 ,it has no prow nor stern4444 ,if driven ashore it may burst many of the skins1 some of which indeed from time to time need to be blown and tied afresh4444 ,the oars are enormous1 as in ,english barges4 ,in our small raft two men at a time rowed4444 ,i cannot tell you now of ,mr4 ,groves's plans4 ,i have a great deal to learn4 ,the political state of this city1 from within and without1 is the very reverse of satisfactory4 ,then there follows a sentence which seems to imply that ,mr4 ,groves was expecting too much from his monthly visits to the ,arabs in the way of moral results4 ,also there follows a delightful account of the native doctor's methods of dealing with his patients4 ,he contracts to cure the patient 444 for a definite sum1 which is paid to him at once4 ,if the patient thinks the price too high1 the doctor lets him get worse2 and when he applies anew1 of course raises his demand4 ,nothing can be recovered if not paid down4 ,mr4 ,cronin 7the doctor travelling with them71 with all his practice at ,aleppo1 got fees only once or twice the whole time4 ,he and ,groves both despair of it here4 ,english patients when they use to their doctor the familiar phrase1 ,i put myself entirely in your hands1 little think how completely and practically this was understood by these ,bagdad doctors1 who considered that a dollar in the hand is worth two promised after treatment of a case1 and who1 when they once had patients in their hands1 held them tight6 ,it is clear1 ,i think1 from the following entry that ,newman did not approve thoroughly of ,mr4 ,groves's methods of learning ,arabic1 any more than he seems to do of his monthly visits to the ,arabs4 ,he says that a friend of theirs1 who had recently joined them1 had studied ,arabic and ,persian twenty-eight years1 and is an accomplished ,orientalist1 yet he ridicules ,english notions of learning4 ,our religion1 poetry1 philosophy1 science1 are so opposed to everything here that1 he says1 nothing but long time in the country can make an ,englishman intelligible on religious subjects4 ,to confirm this theory that a perfect knowledge of the language of the people to be taught is an absolute essential in a missionary--it is known1 for an absolute fact1 that missionaries have been eight years in ,india preaching until even they became convinced that sometimes they gave a totally wrong impression of what they were trying to teach to the natives1 and therefore gave up all further efforts at teaching until they had learnt the language more thoroughly1 and had it at their finger's--or1 to speak more correctly1 tongue's--end4 ,eventually ,mr4 ,groves came to the conclusion that for a long time to come the wisest method was to avoid controversy with the ,moslems4 ,he formed schools not on the ground of attending to the rising generation1 but to aid him in the language 444 give him opportunities of trying his wings 7as he calls it7 against ,christian errors1 and exciting the attention of ,moslems4 ,indeed1 several 7chiefly ,persians7 have come privately and begged ,new ,testaments to send to their friends in ,persia4 ,at present ,i conceive he has nearly the whole ,christian population here in his hands4 ,and later1 ,groves has not at all disappointed me1 do not think that from anything ,i have written4 ,he is what ,i expected from his book1 and a great deal more4 ,he has a practical organizing directing energy which fits him to be the centre of many persons1 especially since it is combined with entire unselfishness and a total absence of personal ambition or desire to take the lead which he does take4 ,he is very sanguine4444 ,i am apt to be sadly faithless1 and to see nothing but difficulties4 ,perhaps his lack of conviction that this effort at missionary work could make its way in spite of so many great difficulties1 as well as his own bad health 7he states that he had not had a single day of real health since they have been at ,bagdad71 had something to do with his decision to return to ,england4 ,in ,august1 #ahcb1 ,newman had a big class of boys every afternoon to whom he taught ,english and ,geography2 he mentions that into the latter he puts a vast miscellany1 physical1 political1 historical1 from his knowledge and power of talk4 ,on #ahth ,sept41 #ahcc1 he left ,bagdad4 ,there is no entry in his diary between this and the last one in ,august1 #ahcb1 four months earlier4 ,no word of his parting with his friends2 no word of his reluctance to give up his missionary work4 ,but there is1 ,i think1 a good deal more in these words written on #ahth ,september than meets the eye3-- ,i am on my way to ,england for reasons partly personal 7,i think this hints at a hope not altogether dead1 which had been his close companion through his two years of absence71 partly connected with the interests of my ,bagdad friends1 and my imagination is in ,england4 ,in his journey through ,teheraun and thence to ,tabreez1 he passed through the celebrated rock of ,besittoun4 ,the sculptures there are said to represent the conquest of ,darius ,hystaspis4 ,our caravan did not go close enough to see the sculptures2 we were probably half a mile off1 but the muleteers were careful to point to them and talk of them4 ,so too in going from ,babylonia into ,media by the ancient pass of ,zagros1 they were eager to draw my attention to the sculptures in lofty1 apparently inaccessible rocks4 ',your uncle made those1' said a muleteer4 ,at first ,i did not understand1 but ,i found he meant by my uncle some infidel4 ,no true believer1 he said1 could have done it4444 ,the pass must be very ancient1 and it is by far the noblest work ,i have seen in ,asia4 ,the next letter is from ,constantinople1 #ith ,april1 #ahcc4 ,i am on my way to ,england1 but do not know how long ,i may stay there4 ,in his journey from ,erzeroom to ,scutari1 he says he became a mere animal2 he could only think of his horse's feet and his horse's footing4 ,he never felt secure1 for this reason3 that the ,tartar's horse1 behind whom he rode1 in the ladder road ,footnote3 ,a ladder road is made by the horses all following each other in one track1 and each trying to step in the steps made by the first horse4 beside the precipices1 through the snow1 fell eleven times with him1 and more than once fell over him4 ,frank ,newman says his fear of falling prevented him from being able to admire the scenery1 when1 as often1 it was grand and striking4 ,the ,tartar starts at a fast walk1 gets gradually into a shuffle1 and studies the pace and power of all the beasts2 at last he takes a sharp trot1 but slackens before any of them lose breath4 ,his great problem is1 that the weakest horse of the set 7who really sets the pace7 shall come in well at last4444 ,i never imagined ,i could have gained a power of sleeping for an hour1 or two hours1 and at last even for ten minutes 444 in our last week1 in which ,i had no regular night sleep4 ,he 7the ,tartar7 could not sleep1 for he had two horses carrying gold 444 but he dozed famously while on horseback4 ,dr4 ,kidd used to tell us that the wrist1 the eyelid1 and the nape of the neck went to sleep before the brain--a charitable excuse for one who drops a ,prayer ,book in church from drowsiness4 ,i wish ,i could get ,dr4 ,kidd to tell me whether the knee does not 7at least by habit7 remain awake after the brain is asleep1 for ,i never saw the ,tartar loose in the saddle even when he was all nidnodding4 ,then comes again the suggestion of the doubt which beset ,newman that the way in which his mission party at ,bagdad1 and some ,church ,missionary workers at ,constantinople laboured1 was not a way which could long endure4 ,that difficulties in the future inevitably must come as lions in the path4 ,constantinople itself looks to me like mere card-houses--bright blue and bright red2 and they are not much better4 ,by being perched up so steep1 they force themselves on the eye4444 ,perhaps ,i am out of humour3 ,constantinople is so dreadfully dear to one who comes from ,asia 7,i pay ten piastres1 or half-a-crown1 for my mere bed--full ,london price74 ,it is also very chilly and raw4444 ,yet ,i do enjoy the bed with sheets1 it is an inexpressible luxury4 ,how ,i have longed for it1 but in vain1 when suffering fever1 to be able really to undress6 ,but ,i must not write of such matters1 nor of more serious ones that distract my judgment and distress me4 ,i have seen the ,american ,missionaries here4 ,he 7,mr4 ,goodall7 gives himself entirely to promote the self-reform of the ,armenian ,church4 ,this fundamentally agrees with what ,mr4 ,hartley1 of the ,church ,missionary ,society1 told me was the ,society's proceeding against the ,greek ,church4444 ,it also agrees with ,groves's plan at ,bagdad4 ,i cannot censure it3 ,i must approve it3 yet ,i have a painful belief that it cannot long go on in the friendly way they all design4444 ,this zeal of the ,americans for ,turkish ,christianity is a new and striking phenomenon4 ,the last entry in the ,personal ,narrative occurs on #adth ,april1 #ahcc1 before ,newman had left ,constantinople4 ,very shortly after he departed1 and not very long after1 all his connection with this two years and a half missionary journey was a thing of the past4 ,it had been more or less a failure as far as regards outward consequences4 ,of that there seems no doubt4 ,but there is also no doubt that it made its mark in spiritual matters in the minds of many4 ,no doubt that it altered for some their spiritual landmarks and rubicons4 ,no doubt that the subject of this memoir came home seeing religion from a different standpoint4 ,archdeacon ,wilberforce reminds us in one of his sermons1 preached at ,westminster ,abbey1 that the astronomers who built the pyramids of the ,nile pierced a slanting shaft through the larger pyramid1 which pointed direct to the pole-star4 ,then1 if you gazed heavenward through the shaft into the ,eastern night1 the pole-star alone would have met your gaze4 ,it was in the ages of the past2 it was when the ,southern ,cross was visible from the ,british ,isles4 ,slowly1 imperceptibly1 the orientation of the planet has changed4 ,did you now look up into the midnight sky through the shaft in the ,great ,pyramid1 you would not see the pole-star4 ,new1 brilliant space- worlds would shine down on you4 ,but the heavens have not altered1 and the shaft of the pyramid is not lying1 or unorthodox4 ,a new view of the heavens has quietly come1 for the earth's axis has changed its place4 ,very slowly too1 sometimes1 the axis of a personality changes its place4 ,it may be that an entirely new point of view faces it4 ,some other view of life swims into its ken4 ,the mental eye can no longer see through the old means which served it in years gone by for lens4 ,it is1 as it were1 looking at a new place in life's sky3 for a time it is quite unable to reconcile its old ideas of religious astronomy with the new ones4 ,what then8 ,the sky is the same2 but there are many ways of looking at it2 and many spiritual atmospheres which cloud the outlook4 ,frank ,newman could not reconcile at this time1 nor in those which were coming1 his old ,calvinistic tendency of thought with new ideas which were forcing themselves in upon him4 ,at the very end of life he saw the star of ,christianity again1 but this missionary journey which had just1 for him1 terminated1 seemed to be more or less the rubicon which divided him from his old faith1 and from the rationalism to which he drifted during the years while he was at ,manchester1 and ,university ,college1 ,london4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,his ,,marriage3 ,,his ,,mother',s ,,death3 ,,his ,,classical ,,tutorship ,,at ,,bristol ,,in #ahcd ,in ,francis ,newman's diary is this entry3--,on ,june #bgth1 my birthday1 ,i first saw ,maria ,kennaway at ,escot4 ,footnote3 ,escot1 ,ottery ,st4 ,mary1 ,s4 ,devon1 now in the possession of the present ,sir ,john ,kennaway1 ,m4,p4 ,evidently the attraction between them was mutual1 for the engagement followed quickly1 and they were married the same year4 ,maria ,kennaway was the daughter of the first ,sir ,john ,kennaway1 who was born at ,exeter in #ageh4 ,in #aggb he sailed to ,india with his brother1 the late ,richard ,kennaway4 ,in #aghj he received his captain's commission1 and in #aghf ,marquis ,cornwallis made him one of his aides-de-camp4 ,i quote from ,new ,monthly ,magazine for #ahcf1 which gave an account of some incidents in the first ,sir ,john ,kennaway's life at the time of his death4 ,footnote3 ,i am indebted for this account to the courtesy of the present ,sir ,john ,kennaway4 ,illustration3 ,,maria ,,kennaway ,,francis ,,newman',s ,,first ,,wife ,from a miniature ,,photo ,,by ,,messrs4 ,,webster1 ,,clapham ,,common ,,by ,,kind ,,permission ,,of ,,sir ,,john ,,kennaway ,in #aghh ,lord ,cornwallis sent him as envoy to the ,court of ,hyderabad to demand from the ,nizam the cession of 444 ,guntoor4 ,in this mission he was eminently successful1 not only obtaining that which he came to demand1 but inducing the ,nizam to enter into a treaty of offensive and defensive alliance against ,tippoo ,sultan4 ,for this service ,his ,majesty was pleased to create him a baronet 7#agia71 and he received a mark of still further approbation from the ,court of ,directors 7,east ,india ,company7 in a vote which they passed to take out the patent of creation at the ,company's expense4 ,later1 ,sir ,john arranged a definite peace between the ,nizam's ,commissioner and the ,mahrattas with those of ,tippoo ,sultan4 ,from this time forward ,sir ,john remained as ,resident at the ,court of the ,nizam4 ,but as his health had suffered greatly from the ,indian climate1 he came back to ,england in #agid1 and the ,east ,india ,company voted him the unusual grant of a pension of #ejj per annum on his retirement from official duties4 ,soon after his return to ,england he met and married ,charlotte ,amyatt1 and went to live at ,escot1 ,ottery ,st4 ,mary4 ,here their family of twelve children was reared4 ,sir ,john1 though his official life was over1 yet busied himself in many local matters4 ,he acted as deputy-lieutenant and as colonel-commandant of local militia and yeomanry4 ,then later1 in advanced age1 there fell upon him a great trouble3 he lost his sight entirely4 ,curiously enough1 his brother 7who had served in the ,civil ,service of the ,east ,india ,company7 suffered the same deprivation4 ,everyone who remembers her describes ,maria ,kennaway1 ,sir ,john's daughter1 as possessing great beauty and attraction4 ,she had hitherto spent her girlhood in the daily service of the poor around her home4 ,she and her sisters started village schools in the neighbourhood1 and taught the children constantly the religious duties in which they themselves had grown up4 ,maria ,kennaway--a ,plymouth ,sister as regards her religious profession--was a girl of deep and earnest faith4 ,after her marriage to ,francis ,newman1 it became a real grief to her to find that he was drifting further and further away towards agnosticism4 ,loving him devotedly as she did1 her constant prayer was that he might return to his former faith3 that the cloud1 as she called it1 which was over him might be dispersed1 and that he should believe as she did4 ,like ,moses1 she never in this life saw her ,promised ,land 7she never doubted that he would die in faith71 for when she died in ,july1 #ahgf 7devotedly nursed by her husband71 she knew that he thought1 as he bent over her at the end1 that it was probably a last farewell for both4 ,i give here1 as it seems an appropriate place1 ,newman's letter 7to ,dr4 ,nicholson7 on his wife's death3-- #ae ,arundel ,crescent1 ,weston-super-,mare1 #bast ,july1 #ahgf4 ,my dear ,nicholson1 ,for more than forty years ,i have been in possession of a heart that loved me ardently3 that happiness is no more4 ,but ,i kept my treasure ten years longer than ,i had any reason to expect4 ,yesterday we committed my beloved to the grave4444 ,i saw her declining in strength through failure of appetite1 but ever hoped for finer weather and change of air to restore her4 ,but the fine weather came too late to restore her4 ,from want of blood her heart became fatally weak1 and she died just as her brother did1 the late ,sir ,john ,kennaway1 through failure of the heart and consequent mortification of the feet4 ,i now believe that local death began on the night of the #eth4 ,her sufferings in the feet were great1 and we could do nothing to allay them4 ,her breathlessness 7also from weakness of the heart7 we could aid by fanning4 ,she knew she could not recover1 and only prayed for 'release4' ,her prayer was granted early on ,sunday morning1 #afth ,july4 ,of course ,i feel very desolate1 and to live quite alone in declining years ,footnote3 ,some few years later he married his first wife's devoted friend and companion who had lived with them for eleven years1 and who took the greatest care of ,newman till he died in #ahig4 seems unnatural and unhealthful2 but ,i cannot form any decisions at present4 ,i am conscious of excellent health and unbroken strength1 and after forty years of happy love should be very ungrateful to repine4 ,by ,god's help ,i mean to be cheerful and active4444 ,i am1 your affectionate friend1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 ,this is the epitaph ,newman had placed over his wife's grave3-- ,with no superiority of intellect1 yet by the force of love1 by sweet piety1 by tender compassion1 by coming down to the lowly1 by unselfishness and simplicity of life1 by a constant sense of ,god's ,presence1 by devout exercises1 private and social1 she achieved much of ,christian saintliness and much of human happiness4 ,she has left a large void in her husband's heart4 ,obiit1 #afth ,july1 #ahgf4 ,newman always spoke of his wife as the most affectionate and tender- hearted of mortals4 ,there was always a very great affection between them4 ,his letters all show this4 ,their married life was a long intercourse of happiness1 un-chequered by disputes4 ,footnote3 ,marriage is one long conversation1 chequered by disputes4--,r4 ,l4 ,stevenson4 ,still1 there was not 7as is shown1 ,i think1 in many ways7 strong community of interests4 ,for in all ,newman's laborious philological studies--his learned lectures1 articles1 and researches1 scriptural and literary1 his speculations in the realms of deep thought--she was to all intents and purposes practically outside his mental door4 ,she was never greatly inclined to join in the society of his learned friends2 but this was more from a sense of modesty1 because she was afraid of not being in sympathy with them2 because she thought that she was not clever enough4 ,she had the greatest admiration for her husband4 ,it is easy1 of course1 to understand that when ,frank ,newman came back from his missionary journey he was just the sort of young man who would take a girl's fancy4 ,it was a thing not to be surprised at that she fell in love with him4 ,she was keenly interested in home missionary work among the poor villagers of her own home4 ,she knew that he had come through great dangers in his journey to the ,holy ,land as a missionary4 ,he had not then definitely cast aside his old beliefs--that was to come later2 now he was on the brink of it1 and he was alone on this inward1 personal brink4 ,she would not yet be aware of it4 ,very probably he seemed a hero in her eyes1 because of all the dangers he had braved to preach the ,gospel1 and because he was one of the most intellectual men of his day3 had taken high honours at ,oxford1 and had given them up for the sake of what he believed to be right4 ,in the beautiful little ,devonshire town of ,ottery ,st4 ,mary1 very possibly he was the greatest man who had come across her life's path4 ,he very evidently cared for her2 the inevitable next thing seemed to be to care for him4 ,at that time his name was in everybody's mouth4 ,miss ,frere wrote1 in #ahcc1 that the brother of ,mr4 ,newman 7,john ,henry ,newman7 is a young man of great promise1 who has left the fairest prospect of advancement in ,england to go as a missionary to ,persia4 ,at any rate1 ,destiny had brought them together1 and they were married4 ,as a woman said once to me1 ,there is no choosing in love--once the meeting has happened1 all free choice is at an end4 ,mrs4 ,francis ,newman was not very strong1 and later in life developed greater delicacy4 ,it will be remembered that ,newman's mother and sisters were living at ,oxford at this time1 and he was anxious some time later to bring his bride to see them4 ,unfortunately she fell ill1 and the treatment given for her illness proved quite a mistaken one2 consequently her recovery was much slower than it need otherwise have been4 ,the journey was1 besides1 a tiring one for her in her state of health4 ,they had to go from ,bristol to ,oxford1 for by this time ,newman was settled at ,bristol ,college as classical tutor4 ,he had previously been tutor in ,dublin for a short time4 ,in #ahcf ,francis ,newman went through the ceremony of ,baptism at a chapel in ,bristol4 ,i say advisedly1 went through the ceremony1 for ,i believe both he and his brother had received the rite in early childhood1 when their father was alive4 ,mr4 ,george ,hare ,leonard1 ,university ,college1 ,bristol1 has kindly sent me some information as regards ,francis ,newman's work at ,bristol1 as also has ,mr4 ,norris ,mathews1 the ,city ,librarian of the ,municipal ,public ,libraries there4 ,from them ,i learn that the college at which ,newman was classical tutor was1 not ,queen's1 as has once or twice been asserted1 but ,bristol ,college4 ,it was founded in #ahca1 and only existed ten years4 ,mr4 ,hare ,leonard tells me that it was held in a large house in ,park ,row1 and that it had some very distinguished pupils1 ,sir ,edward ,fry1 the late ,sir ,george ,gabriel ,stokes1 ,footnote3 ,sir ,george ,gabriel ,stokes1 ,lucasian ,professor of ,mathematics at ,cambridge since #ahdi1 and ,fellow and ,president of ,pembroke ,college1 ,cambridge1 was born in #ahai2 senior wrangler1 #ahda4 ,president of ,royal ,society #ahhe4 ,contributed many mathematical papers and lectures to the ,royal ,society and other societies at ,cambridge ,university1 ,aberdeen1 ,edinburgh1 etc4 and ,walter ,bagehot being amongst them4 ,at this time ,newman was a member of the historic ,baptist chapel at ,broadmead4 ,i think it must have been in this chapel1 indeed1 that he was re-baptized 7as ,i mentioned a little earlier71 and some of the congregation anticipated his becoming one of the sect of ,plymouth ,brethren4 ,perhaps it is not generally known that ,bristol ,college undertook to give religious instruction on ,church of ,england lines to those boys whose parents wished it 7,i quote now from ,mr4 ,george ,hare ,leonard's letter to me73 ,this was not obligatory upon all1 and there was a fierce attack on the college by certain of the clergy1 and ,bishop ,gray was hostile4 ,in #ahda1 under the influence of ,monk 7,bishop of ,gloucester and ,bristol71 ,bishop's ,college was founded close by1 and the older and more liberal college was unable to stand the competition1 and came to an end4 ,i quote here ,footnote3 ,by the kindness of ,miss ,humphrey1 ,lensfield1 ,cambridge1 who gave me this extract from a memoir of her father4 an account of the school life of the ,vicar of ,st4 ,mary ,redclyffe1 ,bristol3-- ,in #ahce he went to ,bristol ,college1 a school that no longer exists1 of which ,dr4 ,jerrard1 his brother ,william's friend and a mathematician of some note1 was principal4444 ,he remained for two years at ,bristol ,college1 and considered that when there he owed much to the teaching of ,francis ,newman1 brother of the ,cardinal1 a man of charming character and great attainments 7afterwards made manifest in many ways71 who was then lecturer in elementary mathematics1 and subsequently corresponded with him 7the ,vicar of ,st4 ,mary ,redclyffe7 on mathematical subjects when both had become famous4 ,this all seems to point1 ,i think1 to the fact that ,bristol ,college had certainly a distinguished roll of names in its short ten years' record4 #ahcf was the year of ,mrs4 ,newman's death--,francis ,newman's mother4 ,his wife was so alarmingly ill that he was not able to be present at his mother's funeral2 and so the last time he saw her alive was on the occasion when he brought his bride to introduce to her at ,oxford4 ,miss ,mozley says of his mother3 ,she was a woman content to live1 as it were1 in the retirement of her thoughts4 ,she had an influence1 though not a conspicuous one1 on all about her4 ,the trials of life had given a weight to her judgment1 and her remarkable composure and serenity of temper and manner had its peculiar power4 ,under this gentle manner was a strong will which could not be moved when her sense of duty dictated self-sacrifice4 ,a month after her death ,cardinal ,newman had written3 ,footnote3 ,letters of ,john ,henry ,newman1 ,anne ,mozley4 ,of late years my mother has much misunderstood my religious views1 and considered she differed from me2 ,footnote3 ,as of course she did4 and she thought ,i was surrounded by admirers1 and had everything my own way2 and in consequence ,i1 who am conscious to myself ,i never thought anything more precious than her sympathy and praise1 had none of it4 ,he goes on to say3 ,i think ,god intends me to be lonely4444 ,i think ,i am very cold and reserved to people1 but ,i cannot ever realize to myself that any one loves me4 ,those who have read ,miss ,mozley's ,life of ,john ,henry ,newman will remember how passionately devoted to her two sons ,mrs4 ,newman was4 ,once or twice she said that though ,frank was adamant when she had wished to get closer in touch with his interests and sympathies when he was quite a young man1 yet she was always quite in sympathy with her eldest son4 ,probably as time went on and she saw the latter drifting ever further and further into religious views with which she had never been conversant1 insensibly to herself1 her manner changed when he spoke to her of how gradually the whole scope of his religion was widening and developing in a direction in which she felt it impossible for herself to follow him4 ,one wonders if she had had any knowledge of the growing agnosticism of her other son1 but probably this was unlikely4 ,illustration3 ,,dr4 ,,martineau ,,from ,,the ,,painting ,,by ,a4 ,e4 ,,elmslie ,,chapter ,v ,,friendship ,,with ,,dr4 ,,martineau ,in the year #ahdj ,francis ,newman was made ,classical ,professor in ,manchester ,new ,college4 ,that same year saw ,dr4 ,martineau appointed ,professor of ,mental and ,moral ,philosophy at the same college4 ,it will be remembered that for thirty-seven years ,manchester ,new ,college had been at ,york1 and had now but just returned to its name-place4 ,here then began the friendship which lasted unbroken until death4 ,both men were keen searchers--each in his own way--after religious truth4 ,for both it was a subject that practically affected their whole lives4 ,but while in ,martineau the result was a deep theology which found its satisfaction in the fold of ,unitarianism1 in ,newman dogma of any sort was practically an unknown quantity4 ,he drifted further and further from revealed religion1 until many of his letters and writings became to the ,christian minds of some who read them exceedingly painful4 ,it is true that before he died ,mr4 ,temperley ,grey1 the minister who attended him in his last illness1 declared that there was a return to his original faith1 but still nothing can alter the effect of the written word1 and there is a passage in one of ,newman's own letters which illustrates this fact very clearly4 ,it is a sad thing to have printed erroneous fact4 ,i have three or four times contradicted and renounced a passage 444 but ,i cannot reach those whom ,i have misled4 ,in those last nine words there is a world of unexpressed regret--regret which no after endeavour can eradicate4 ,both spoken and written words go to far mental ports1 and very often-from being out of our ken--unreachable ones for us4 ,no later contradiction can reach them and undo the once-made impression4 ,martineau and ,newman were not of one mind in the matter of religion4 ,the letters which passed between them show that2 but they show1 too1 that no dispute separated them4 ,if for a time some painful passage in a letter of ,newman's troubled his friend1 the matter was dealt with with straightforward candour and unfailing forbearance and gentleness4 ,there were no harsh words between them4 ,both of them were naturally1 innately sweet and kindly in disposition4 ,even in matters of dispute which concerned that subject which occupied so large a part in both their minds1 difference of opinion could not separate very friends4 ,it will be remembered that the year before the regular correspondence between the two began1 ,martineau had written a paper criticizing ,newman's ,phases of ,faith4 ,before giving ,newman's letters1 perhaps a few words on ,martineau himself would not be out of place here4 ,he came of an old ,huguenot family4 ,mr4 ,jackson1 from whose biography of him ,i am quoting1 says that ,gaston ,martineau1 who1 tradition tells us1 was a surgeon of ,dieppe1 came to ,england after the ,revocation of the ,edict of ,nantes in #afhe1 and that though first he went to ,london to live1 yet that eventually he settled down at ,norwich1 and here all his children were born4 ,the youngest of them became the father of ,james ,martineau1 the theologian4 ,he was born in the same year as ,francis ,newman1 and died just seven years before he did4 ,in the bringing up and early training of both men there was a large element of ,puritanism4 ,many of the most severe ,calvinistic doctrines held sway in ,newman's home life1 and even if the atmosphere was a little less thickly charged with religious thunderclouds in the early environment of ,martineau1 yet certainly1 from all accounts1 ,sunday was pre-eminently a day that hid its real meaning and brightness behind a frowning face4 ,i cannot help quoting here a story which a little reveals the sort of religious atmosphere which brooded over the day and the point of view brought to bear on it by ,james ,martineau's mother when he was a boy4 ,the mother had gone to church one ,sunday evening1 and left word in her little home circle that they were to read the ,bible4 ,when she came back she put the probing question to ,james3 ,what had he read8 ,his answer was3 ,isaiah4 ,she at once replied that he couldn't have read the whole2 and he answered promptly1 ,yes1 mother1 ,i have1 skipping the nonsense4 ,from eight years old to fourteen ,james ,martineau went1 as a day scholar1 to ,norwich ,grammar ,school4 ,after school life he came to the conclusion that he wished to give his life to the ministry1 and as1 of course1 the ,english universities were not open to anyone who refused to sign the ,thirty-nine ,articles1 he was sent to ,manchester ,college4 ,here it became evident to everybody that he was a student who would let nothing interfere with his work4 ,his masters were struck by his accurate habits of mind and great perseverance in research4 ,in #ahce his ministry in ,liverpool1 as pastor in ,paradise ,street ,chapel1 began1 and to his work here was joined his work at ,manchester ,new ,college1 which1 as ,i mentioned before1 began in #ahdj1 the same year as ,newman's own connection with the college4 ,but when1 in #ahec1 the college was transplanted to ,london1 for four years ,martineau continued to live as a minister in ,liverpool1 and yet he kept up his classes at the college 7six hours by train from ,liverpool74 ,in #aheg he was asked to come and live in town and devote his whole time to his college work1 and this he agreed to do4 ,there were not then many students1 but among them were names which after years were destined to make famous1 and among these were ,alexander ,gordon1 ,estlin ,carpenter1 and ,philip ,wicksteed4 ,in #aheh he was appointed minister to ,little ,portland ,street ,chapel4 ,formerly the congregation belonging to the chapel were rigid1 unbending ,unitarians4 ,with the advent of ,martineau began the newer1 broader views of ,unitarianism4 ,throughout the years which now were to be passed in ,london1 ,dr4 ,martineau's labours were unceasing as scholar1 thinker1 and theologian4 ,it is said that1 though he wrote and taught so much1 yet he never let his reading be interfered with2 he was always adding to his stores of knowledge4 ,for fifty years he was recognized as one of the most profound thinkers of his day1 as well as one of the finest writers4 ,the first letter from ,francis ,newman to ,martineau1 from which ,i quote1 is dated ,december1 #ahej1 from ,brighton3-- ,dr4 ,martineau from ,newman4 ,i seem to be out of joint with you in the two highest interests of man-- ,religion and ,politics 444 ,i am 444 become a ,republican by principle1 for the continent ,jefferson always held that constitutional monarchy was a simple impossibility in a large continental country where great armies were kept up2 and ,i think the history of a millennium in ,europe demonstrates it4 ,all royalties were in their origin constitutional2 but in the long run no dynasty ever resisted the temptation to overthrow the barriers which fenced it in4 ,our liberties seem to me rightly ascribed to the fact that we are insular1 and need only a navy for protection4 ,sweden for the same reason is able to retain its liberties4444 ,i think that in the order of ,providence1 royal power has served the purpose of uniting nations in larger masses than would else have held together4 ,where it has done this without destroying municipal organization it is clearly good in its result--as in ,great ,britain1 ,sweden1 ,germany2 444 but having served this function1 it seems to me that ,royalty 7unless it could again become elective7 has done its work1 and ought not to be regretted4444 ,on doctrinaire grounds1 either to unsettle it where it works well1 or to desire to enforce it where it has violated its pledges and forfeited all claims to love and devotion1 seems to me a mistake similar in kind4 99 99 99 99 99 ,must not a time of weakness come when ,austria is bankrupt--when an ,emperor of ,russia is a dotard or a child1 when provinces of ,russia become disaffected1 or an army mutinies2 or again1 when ,france and ,austria seriously fall out8444 ,you see ,i am dosing you with some of my most pungent stuff1 in proof that ,i trust your strength of stomach 444 ,your affectionate friend1 ,,francis ,w4 ,,newman4 ,in the letter which follows1 ,newman touches on two well-known personalities of his day--,frederica ,bremer and ,charles ,kingsley4 ,he mentions the fact of his having been engaged to meet ,kossuth as the reason why the first attempt to meet ,miss ,bremer was unsuccessful4 ,it will be remembered that ,miss ,bremer came to ,england in order to collect material for her ,life in the ,old ,world4 7,this year was also the date of ,kossuth's first visit to our shores47 ,miss ,bremer was ,swedish by descent1 but ,finnish by birth1 for she was born in ,finland in the year #ahja4 ,as regards ,kingsley1 in #ahej he had published tracts on ,christian ,socialism4 ,alton ,locke had already come out and met with scorn on the part of the ,press1 though working men--who recognized ,kingsley as their truest friend--welcomed it gladly4 ,in #ahea--;a year of great trouble and distress all over ,england--he thought out plans to drain parts of ,eversley 7his parish71 for there had been many cases of fever there1 and ,kingsley was pre-eminently a practical ,christian4 ,he was also far ahead of his time 7as all great men invariably are71 and he saw clearly how inseparably close in this present world is the connection between physical matters and spiritual4 ,he recognized that if a man is living in unsanitary conditions1 it affects in a very real though inexplicable way his spiritual life4 ,he could trace the connection in a parishioner's life history between bad drainage and drunkenness3 later on--though it might perhaps be very much later on--a bee-in-the-bonnet of his child3 and he saw in this unhappy1 unfortunate ,little ,result the outcome of someone's sinful failure in his duty to his neighbour in years gone by1 when the first insanitary conditions were allowed to live and be mighty4 ,in some senses drainage1 therefore1 has a decided effect upon the spiritual life of men and women4 ,everyone probably will remember ,dr4 ,nettleship's resolute assertion1 that even a stomach-ache could be a spiritual experience4 ,and so ,kingsley pushed forward the drainage improvements in his parish1 and considered it1 what in very truth it was1 a fitting subject for the energies of a parish priest1 at work night and day for the betterment of the souls and bodies of his parishioners4 ,i cannot avoid quoting here ,francis ,newman's own strongly expressed views on drainage of the land3-- ,now1 the drains being out of sight1 it is morally certain that defects will exist1 or be caused by wear and tear1 unseen4 ,in one place evil liquids and gases will percolate2 in another evil accumulations will putrefy4 ,instead of blending small portions of needful manure quickly with small portions of earth that needs it1 we secure in the drains a slow putrefaction and a permanent source of pestilence2 we relieve a town by imposing a grave vexation and danger on the whole neighbourhood where its drains have exit2 we make the mouth of every tide river a harbour and storehouse of pollution2 and after thus wasting an agricultural treasure we send across the ,atlantic ships for a foul commerce in a material destined to replace it4444 ,it was quite notorious forty years ago that the refuse of the animal was the food of the vegetable1 and ought to be saved for use1 not wasted in poisoning waters4 ,how could well-informed men delude themselves into an approval of this course8 ,only one explanation occurs3 they despaired of returning to ,nature4 ,they assumed that we must live by artifice1 and they entitled artifice ',science4' ,i return now to the letter from ,newman to ,martineau3-- ,dr4 ,martineau from ,francis ,newman4 ,southampton1 ,wednesday1 #hth ,oct4 #ahea4 ,my dear ,martineau1 ,your interesting letter was sent to me by ,monday afternoon1 and first told me that ,miss ,bremer was in ,london1 which ,i learned only by a pencil note on the outside1 '#adb ,strand4' ,that evening ,i was going to see my two sisters--one returned from the ,continent1 and one come from ,derby4 ,and on ,tuesday morning ,i was engaged to come hither to meet ,kossuth6 ,so ,i fear ,i have missed ,miss ,bremer4 ,but1 from to-day's news1 ,i fear there is no chance of ,k4 arriving till next ,monday or ,tuesday2 and ,i shall probably go back to-morrow4 ,i will try to see ,miss ,bremer immediately1 but am much disappointed4 ,i have had a little correspondence with ,mr4 ,kingsley lately--rising out of a recent lecture of his1 the practical results and practical principles of which gave me great pleasure4 ,he says he has 'done his work' of protesting and denouncing capitalists1 and now hopes to give himself to construction and practical creation2 and much as ,i fear some of his generalizations1 ,i hope great good from his purely excellent aims1 and the amount of aid he can command4 ,he agrees most heartily with my denunciation of large towns as the monster evil1 and takes the matter up agriculturally thus3 ,no country can be underfed while it returns to the soil what it takes out of it--,the italics are my own4 ,is not this sentence of infinite value to us to-day8--for1 in the long run1 the soil will always give back as much as it receives4 ,every country impoverishes itself which pours into the rivers and sea the animal refuse which ought to be restored to the soil4 ,no community can avoid this prodigality1 unless its inhabitants live upon the soil4 ,therefore towns ought not to exceed the size at which the whole animal refuse can be economically saved and directly applied to agriculture4 ,to me it seems that every reason--moral1 political1 agricultural1 economical1 sanitary--converge to this same conclusion2 and ,i apply ,delenda est ,carthago to every city in ,europe4 ,on the subject of masters and servants1 he says1 ',masters should be considered infamous who hired servants by the day or week1 and not by the year2 or who dismissed old servants without any other reason than to lower wages2 but such a thing1 to be possible and effective1 must be mutual4 ,the servant must have no power to leave a good master in order to raise his wages4 ,but at present1 while the servant is under no bonds to the master1 and does not like to bind himself1 it seems to me quite impossible to treat the masters as having any moral responsibility for the servants more than for foreigners4 ,when we buy tea1 we cannot ask whether the ,chinese get a comfortable livelihood by selling it at that price4' ,that is an extreme and clear case to which we approach in every commercial transaction in proportion as the other party claims that the relation shall be one of mere marketing4444 ,ever yours affectionately1 ,francis ,w4 ,newman4 ,the next letter1 which is dated ,september1 #ahea1 and which was written just after ,newman's return from his ,swiss tour1 goes on with the same subject as the last1 and also touches on the evils of suddenly introducing machinery2 while it shows clearly that1 in the long run1 better wages are gained for the worker by its means--,machinery is in every light the friend of the poor4 ,he says very truly1 ,the first great want of the workmen is better morality and more thriftiness1 not better masters or higher wages4 ,putting quite aside the question of whether higher wages are not needed by the workman1 nothing can be truer at the present time than this fact1 brought thus before us by ,newman4 ,it is1 beyond all question1 these faults which run through the bulk of the labouring classes 7as we term them7--lack of the true spirit of morality and thriftiness4 ,it is difficult altogether to account for the reason why the lack of these characteristics is so much to the fore to-day1 or to think of the remedy which shall reach and cure them4 ,but that it is a presence in our midst is a self-evident fact4 ,no one who has travelled much in ,france 7to name only one other country71 but is aware how vast is the gulf which divides the ways of living of our own labouring classes and of those which obtain across the water4 ,there1 thriftiness is the rule4 ,they use a far simpler diet1 and one which the land supplies them with1 and are content4 ,there is a far more healthy tone about them1 even if it be a rough one1 than there is among our own poor4 ,i am constantly in ,france myself 7it is the country of my own ancestors71 and ,i have never failed to be struck by the absence there1 in the country1 of the vice which disfigures so often the home life of our villagers4 ,you do not see there the sights that make the streets on ,saturday evening in ,england a degrading scene4 ,when the ,french villager is happy1 he can be it without the aid of drunkenness4 ,and as far as the cultivation of the land is concerned--well1 we need only look at home in our ,french ,farming schemes to-day and we shall find that when we want to come back to the land1 to find out how much care and industry will bring out of it1 we have to send for a ,frenchman to show us his country's secrets of manuring the land1 so that the soil becomes precious and will yield1 even from so small a space as a quarter of an acre1 incalculable riches in the way of marketable goods4 ,as regards what ,newman says about the workwomen of ,england1 it is impossible to agree with him4 ,it is most assuredly not the case in thousands of instances that there are no good workwomen out of work1 or earning low wages1 nor that those who cannot get good wages are women who have spent their prime in idleness 444 and sew badly4 ,one has but to refer to the statistics with which the ,christian ,social ,union supplies us1 as well as other societies1 to have this idea quickly negatived4 ,mrs4 ,carlyle's experiences and ,mrs4 ,newman's were evidently involuntarily misleading4 ,there was a certain impulsiveness in discussing many subjects to which ,newman seems to have been peculiarly subject4 ,he was sometimes so led away by it as to dogmatize inaccurately or over-forcibly4 ,dr4 ,martineau from ,francis ,newman4 ,my dear ,martineau1 444 ,in a day or two ,i am meditating a visit to ,froude1 who is in ,wales1 and too much in solitude4 ,froude was then preparing or writing his ,history of ,england4 ,it will be remembered that ,cardinal ,newman's influence over him at college decided him later on taking ,holy ,orders1 but he never went beyond the diaconate4 ,gladstone's letters just now are a powerful stimulus to public opinion4444 ,not the ,socialists only1 but numbers of workmen besides treat it as an abstract wickedness in a master to offer lower wages than are at any particular time existing4 ,they have never any objection to a rise of wages2 so ,i cannot say they treat the existing rate as a divinely appointed amount2 but they do not see that if they are unwilling to bind themselves not to strike for a rise1 they ought to concede in the master a moral right to lower4444 ,what is to be done with those who will go on enunciating and propagating dangerous general maxims as abstract axiomatic truth8444 ,your method of making the masters determine how many shall enter a trade will succeed2 but ,i do not see that it will succeed in ejecting4 ,in the years of railroad excitement the ,london newspapers were enormously overworked1 and a great increase no doubt took place in the numbers of printers 7perhaps also in their wages72 now the printers for some time have been in comparative depression4444 ,i do not contend that all lowering of wages by masters is merciful and just1 but that some may be2 whereas the ,socialists and ,co4 instantly declaim against all or any lowering1 without entering into any details as to present or past history of the trade4 ,when ,i said that machinery is in every light the friend of the poor1 ,i do not think ,i overlooked the occasional mischief caused by its sudden introduction4444 ,the effect of machinery is in the long run a steady rise of wages as well as a cheap supply of goods3 the advantage to the poor is universal and permanent1 the evil is partial and transitory4 ,moreover1 the evil is immensely aggravated by their perverseness4 ,three generations of hand-loom weavers have been propagated in spite of the notorious misery it must cause4 ,machinery does not raise the rate of profits or interest2 it does raise the rate of wages3 compare ,manchester and ,buckingham in proof4444 ,i do not think ,i am at all carried into reaction by unjust attacks on capitalists1 but ,i am very strongly by the right or wrong belief that the first great want of the workmen is better morality and more thriftiness1 not better masters or higher wages4 ,i have not dared to print half of what are my convictions on this head4444 ,the sufferings of the poor from bad air and bad water are quite a separate chapter4 ,high wages do little to cure this4 ,indeed1 in ,manchester the workmen habitually prefer to save a shilling a week in house rent and spend it in beefsteaks1 when the shilling would have got them a healthy instead of an unhealthy lodging4 ,bricklayers' wages are at present high in ,london2 what is the consequence8 ,i have at present a bit of a dwarf wall building in my garden4 ,the men leave their work2 ,i complain2 the builder replies3 ',men will not come to work on a ,monday without much trouble4' ,i fear this means that they drink on ,sunday and are very 'seedy' on ,monday morning4 ,the very men who are excited by high wages to drinking and idleness will make a violent outcry when a fall of wages takes place1 and moreover will get the ear and sympathies of ,maurice and ,co4 for their outcry4 ,maurice and ,co4 of course refers to ,frederick ,denison ,maurice1 who was the principal mover in the ,christian ,socialism of the day1 as he was in all social reforms4 ,he had met with much abuse and opposition1 but still there were very many who called him ,master4 ,amongst these last was ,charles ,kingsley1 who had been one of his pupils1 and who had been very greatly influenced by his opinion in religion and social matters4 ,footnote3 ,kingsley 7see memoir7 said to ,maurice1 when opposition was fiercest against him3 ,your cause is mine4 ,we swim in the same boat1 and stand or fall thenceforth together4 ,neither man could bear the narrowness of parties in religion4 ,they always demanded more toleration1 broader views1 and refused to be bound by narrow creeds4 ,it was owing chiefly to ,coleridge that ,maurice took ,holy ,orders4 ,he was born in that year of great men1 #ahje1 and by #ahea his socialistic ideas were well known to the world4 ,as to the milliners and tailors1 my wife has the same experience as ,mrs4 ,carlyle1 that there are no good workwomen out of work1 or earning low wages4 ,mrs4 ,wedgwood tells me that the ,ladies' ,committee could not get women to make the shirts4444 ,those who cannot get good wages are women who have spent their prime in idleness1 and cannot work well enough to satisfy ladies4 ,they sew badly1 and get a poor pittance from the shops4 ,as to tailors1 ,i give more for a coat by four or five shillings than ,i did twenty-five years ago4444 ,until our national morality is much improved1 and our moral organization repaired1 there must be a large body of persons without any trade1 art1 or connection who will throw themselves into what seems to be the easiest art1 and by their numbers will swamp it4444 ,ever your affectionate ,francis ,w4 ,newman4 ,it should be mentioned here that in #ahec ,manchester ,new ,college was moved to ,london1 but that it was not until #aheg1 that ,dr4 ,martineau went to live in town1 in order to devote his time chiefly to the important work which devolved upon him in connection with it4 ,this he continued to do until #ahhe4 ,newman had been appointed in #ahdf to the chair of ,latin in ,university ,college1 a post he held until #ahfc4 ,the next letter of this period1 addressed to ,martineau1 gives one an insight as to the effect of beauty of scenery upon ,newman4 ,he was far removed from the ordinary point of the rapid traveller of to-day1 who only seems to want to cover great distances at rapid speed1 and can therefore have no conception at all of what we might call the atmospheric environment of a place1 which can only be felt by quiet moving1 as ,newman expresses it1 from point to point1 to see how aspects and proportions change4 ,dr4 ,martineau from ,francis ,newman4 ,grisedale ,bridge1 ,patterdale1 near ,penrith1 #cast ,july #ahed4 ,my dear ,martineau1 ,i have been faithless in not writing to you before now4444 ,we are more delighted than ever with ,patterdale4 ,probably enough you know the beauties of your neighbourhood so well1 and esteem them so highly1 that you turn as deaf an ear as ,i do to all praises of other parts4 ,i have so strong a sense of the inexhaustibility of beauty1 that it aids me to repress the restlessness which is kindled by other persons' praises of what is unknown to me4444 ,unless ,i had my own carriage ,i get little pleasure from touring4 ,what ,i want is to stop at the beautiful places1 and go from point to point and see how aspects and proportions change2 this in fact you seldom do well except on foot and at leisure4 ,the walks here are inexhaustible1 for persons who can carry with them their book or other occupation1 and stay out four or five hours2 but you want reasonably dry weather1 else indeed the swampiness of the mountains greatly lessens the number of feasible or pleasant walks1 besides impairing the beauty4 ,i only get a newspaper once a week1 and in such a crisis feel hungry for news as the week goes on4 ,the crisis1 of course1 was the near approach at this time of the beginning of those hostilities which were to end in the ,crimean war4 ,lest the ,eastern question should flag in interest by lingering1 lo6 the ,spanish insurrection breaks on us4 ,i do not yet dare to hope ,european benefits from ,spain3 should such be the ultimate result1 it will be a striking illustration how incalculable is the course of events1 while the general end is not very obscure4 ,mr4 ,charles ,loring ,brace1 of ,america 7who1 you may know1 was imprisoned in ,hungary71 sent to me an introduction from ,theodore ,parker4 ,it is highly probable he had one to you4444 ,the post summons4 ,ever yours1 ,f4 ,w4 ,n4 ,harriet ,martineau1 sister of ,dr4 ,martineau1 was fifty-three years of age when ,newman wrote to her brother about her illness4 ,practically for the whole of her life she had been more or less of an invalid4 ,even as a girl she suffered so much from deafness and wretched health1 that she was hardly ever free from anxiety and depression4 ,nevertheless she did not let her ill-health prevent her from earning her livelihood by writing4 ,before she made her name by the publication of her stories on political economy1 she experienced endless difficulties in her efforts to get publishers for her books4 ,but no sooner had these stories appeared than her fame was assured1 and money came in1 so to speak1 by handfuls1 so that all financial troubles were altogether at an end4 ,from #ahci till #ahdd she was so terribly out of health that no treatment produced any effect1 until someone suggested that mesmerism should be tried1 and this succeeded so well that she recovered a certain amount of strength and was able to go on with her writing4 ,nevertheless1 that it did not wholly restore her health is evident from the fact that in #ahee1 when ,newman was writing to her brother1 he mentions her formidable fainting fits and daily pains in the head4 ,her letter tells me1 he says1 how very bad she is1 that every day she feels shot in the head2 but he goes on to say that he does not despair of her better health because 7as indeed her numerous books testify71 her body is so subject to her mind4 ,it is1 ,i think1 necessary to remember that in #ahdd1 when ,miss ,martineau tried mesmerism as a cure for her continued ill-health1 mesmerism was practically taking its first steps in the ,english medical world4 ,this science of healing1 which began to be recognized in ,england about the middle of the eighteenth century1 through the medium of the afterwards discredited ,mesmer1 has in its day played many parts and had more names than one4 ,in the first instance it was called mesmerism1 then animal magnetism1 while to-day1 when it has forced its way through incredulity1 distrust1 and opposition of all sorts1 and come to the front in very truth1 it faces us as a power which bids fair to be more and more with us as time goes on under the name of ,hypnotism4 ,perhaps few people remember the name of the man who really brought animal magnetism into prominence in the middle of the last century4 ,yet ,james ,braid1 the ,scotch surgeon1 who then lived at ,manchester1 and pursued with untiring thoroughness and perseverance his studies in the then little- known science1 was really the shoulder that pushed hypnotism into our midst4 ,it was ,braid1 indeed1 who caused the name of hypnotism to eject that of mesmerism in ,england4 ,he was never properly appreciated during his lifetime4 ,but if he was not1 he was only one of numerous examples which are always being brought up before our eyes 7among those of our countrymen who have rendered their country signal services71 who illustrate the famous ,english quotation1 ,thus angels walked the earth unknown1 and when they flew were recognized ,braid1 however1 proved effectually that the mesmeric phenomena depend altogether on the physiological condition of the person operated on1 and not on the power of the operator4 ,dr4 ,martineau from ,newman4 #g ,p4,v4,e41 #agth ,feb41 #ahee4 ,my dear ,martineau1 ,you will believe that the state of your sister's health gives me much concern4 ,she has kindly written twice to me4 ,the second letter tells of formidable fainting fits1 which ,i cannot explain away2 yet1 as ,i told her in my reply to her first1 her symptoms in general are so similar to my own that ,i cannot but hope her physician views them too seriously1 and does her harm by it4 ,i1 on the whole1 believe that my own heart is unsound organically 7distended71 but my experience certainly is that the less ,i attend to it in detail the better1 though ,i must in prudence avoid impure air and other evils4 ,her second letter tells me as a decisive proof how very bad she is1 that every day she feels shot in the head4 ,now this is exactly the symptom ,i have for nine months been struggling to subdue1 and as my wife knows1 ,i am1 week by week1 balancing whether to put myself under a doctor for it4444 ,the spasm which distresses me comes at the crisis when ,i ought to go to sleep1 and so wakes me up4 ,i could not get rid of it even in the summer1 on days on which ,i had least mental effort1 and was in all other respects conscious of great vigour4444 ,i went to a physician to complain of sleeplessness and got the reply that it was my heart that was diseased4444 ,your sister's body is so subject to her mind that ,i do not despair that1 either through mesmerism restoring sleep or in some other way1 she may rally far beyond her present expectation4 ,i know a lady who was dying of brain fever1 and could get no sleep until the physician called in a mesmerist2 this gained sleep for her1 and by that alone she recovered without medicine4 ,dr4 ,martineau was one of the founders of the ,national ,review in #ahee1 and frequently contributed articles to it4 ,this next letter treats mainly of the proposed lines on which the magazine was to be run--its politics1 points of view1 etc4 ,dr4 ,martineau from ,newman4 #adth ,june1 #ahee4 ,my dear ,martineau1 ,i have seen with interest that your scheme of the ,national ,review is resumed1 and ,i am told that you and ,walter ,bagehot are the political editors4 ,supposing that your politics are not essentially different from those of the ,westminster the ,review is of practical interest to me1 in spite of my unfortunate collision last year1 for which ,i hope you have forgiven me4 ,i wrote in the last ,westminster the last article on the ,administrative ,example of the ,united ,states1 and in the forthcoming number ,i have written the second article on ,international ,immorality4 ,i wrote them freely1 and indeed could not comfortably take money from ,chapman in his present circumstances1 but ,i would much rather write for the ,national ,review if ,i am admissible4444 ,i value forms of government in proportion as they develop moral results in individual man2 and if ,i now am democratic for ,europe1 it is not from any abstract and exclusive zeal for democracy1 all the weaknesses of which ,i keenly feel1 but because the dynasties1 having first corrupted or destroyed the aristocracies1 and next become hateful1 hated1 and incurable themselves1 have left no government possible which shall have stability and morality except the democratic4 ,in ,england my desire is to ward off this result1 to which1 ,i think1 our aristocracy are driving fast by uniting their cause with the perfidious immoralities of the ,continent4 ,your political prospectus seems to me to be delusive by its vagueness4 ,i mean1 that it is no sort of security after misunderstandings between editors and writers4 ,i think it is liable practically to lead to the result that one man's mind seems undesirably to assume the authority of a confederation2444 but where ,truth is sought1 this is not easily borne4 ,have you considered whether you may not do as the ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 which admits independent essays with the writer's name signed8 ,i value the convenience of anonymous writing1 and ,i do not wish to see it destroyed2 but it is undoubtedly abused and overdone1 and ,i think every movement in the opposite direction has its use4 ,i think that when reviewing many of ,newman's ideas--ideas considered as strongly tending to socialism of a sort--it is wise to bear in mind these words in this letter3 ,if ,i now am democratic for ,europe1 it is not from any abstract or exclusive zeal for democracy1 all the weaknesses of which ,i keenly feel4 ,for they show very clearly that his was a mind which refused any party labelling4 ,the reform was the thing with him1 and the means by which this was brought about were only secondary and subordinate4 ,in ,september1 #ahef1 ,newman was at ,ventnor2 and though apparently still suffering from his heart and indigestion1 found that he was able to bathe in the sea with much pleasure to himself4 ,he gives voice to his surprise that1 in those days1 there should be so strong a feeling against mixed bathing1 as the term is3 and he quotes articles and letters which he had seen in which disgust was expressed at ladies bathing within reach of telescopes and at the indecency of promiscuous bathing6 ,this excessive over-prudishness1 which has always1 since early ,victorian days1 distinguished ,england1 possesses as much vitality 7even when1 happily1 dying7 as that of the conger eel1 whom no killing seems really to kill6 ,the earlier part of the letter deals with the disputes of the three tutors against ,dr4 ,hawkins1 ,provost of ,oriel in #ahcj1 and also with the proposal that his brother1 ,john ,henry ,newman1 should be made third secretary of the local ,bible ,society4 ,in the ,letters of ,rev4 ,j4 ,b4 ,mozley1 ,d4,d41 edited by his sister in #ahhd1 there is a good deal of information given about the ,oxford of that day1 and this account of the dispute in #ahcj occurs in one of ,dr4 ,mozley's letters from ,oriel ,college3-- ,all sorts of rumours have gone abroad respecting the differences between the tutors1 and it has received a most amusing variety of versions4 ,it has been described as a strike for advance of wages or more pupils1 which of course has fitted well into the probable falling off of the college consequent on the ,heresy3 at ,tunbridge1 a friend 444 was told1 the junior fellows had combined to turn out the ,provost6 ,for my part1 ,i think it no more use trying to send abroad a correct account of it1 for it is not easy to make it obvious to the meanest capacities1 and everybody nowadays seems to feel himself justified in contending that to be truest which is the most consonant to his understanding4444 ,i take it there is little doubt of ,h4 ,wilberforce being elected here1 to ,oriel1 next year 444 he is considered sure of his ,double ,first4444 ,of the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,hill1 mentioned by ,newman as the old secretary of the ,bible ,society1 ,dr4 ,mozley speaks in connection with the constant opposition and ill-humoured references to ,pusey which at that time were rife at ,oxford4 ,as regards ,bulteel of ,exeter ,college1 ,dr4 ,mozley thus speaks of him3 ,bulteel's sincere belief is that there is a new system of things in the course of revelation now1 as there was in our ,saviour's time1 and that ,god has given him the power of working miracles for the same reason as ,he gave it to the ,apostles--in order to convince unbelievers4444 ,there can be little doubt that ,bulteel is partially deranged4 ,i should not be much surprised if1 before long1 he attempts miracles of a more obvious kind4 ,as regards ,hurrell ,froude1 ,fellow and tutor of ,oriel ,college1 he1 ,john ,henry ,newman1 and ,pusey were all three close friends in #ahbb4 ,hurrell ,froude exercised a strong influence over ,j4 ,h4 ,newman1 and it was he who was one of the leaders in the ,tractarian movement in #ahcc4 ,he was a man of wonderful genius and originality1 and it was a distinct loss to the world when1 in #ahcf1 he died4 ,i cannot help quoting here the private critique written in #ahch1 and quoted by ,miss ,mozley in her volume1 with reference to his ,remains3-- ,it is very interesting and clever1 but ,i must say ,i felt as if ,i was committing an impertinence in reading his private journal-probably the most really private journal that ever was written4444 ,i am very curious to know what kind of sensation his views will make1 uttered so carelessly1 instead of in ,keble's1 or ,pusey or ,newman's grand style4 ,with respect to ,dr4 ,hawkins1 the ,provost 7whose influence was in many ways a powerful one with ,j#d ,h4 ,newman71 ,i quote two passages from letters of ,dr4 ,mozley4 ,one is dated #ahcf and the other #ahdg 7during the ,gladstone ,election73-- ,the ,provost alluded in the most distant way to the sore subject 7the condemnation of heretics7 last ,sunday4 ,he observed that it was a disgusting habit in persons finding fault with other people's theology4 ,nothing so tended to make the mind narrow and bitter4 ,they had much better be employing themselves in some active and useful way4 ,this is laughable as coming from the ,provost1 who has been doing nothing else but objecting all his life4 ,and3-- ,the ,provost has behaved very characteristically4 ,he has been for once in his life fairly perplexed2 and he has doubled and doubled again1 and shifted and crept into holes2 at last vanished up some dark crevice1 and nothing was seen but his tail4 ,one thought one was to see no more of him1 when1 on one of the polling mornings1 he suddenly emerged1 like a rat out of a haystack1 and voted for ,round4 ,the ,heads1 in fact1 have been thoroughly inefficient4 ,the election has literally gone on without them4 ,they have done nothing4 ,dr4 ,martineau from ,francis ,newman4 #ahth ,sept41 #ahef4 ,my dear ,martineau1 ,your welcome letter finds me still here4 ,i certainly did not contemplate that ,i was speaking for the public ear on such a subject4 ,i have a pain from it 7chiefly from a sense1 perhaps1 that ,i should not like my brother to know or suspect that the information came from me71 yet ,i cannot blame your proceeding1 or question your right1 so carefully and tenderly as you guard against objection4444 ,the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,hill1 ,vice-,principal of ,st4 ,edmund's ,hall1 was the old secretary of the 7local7 ,bible ,society4 ,the ,rev4 ,benjamin ,parson ,symons 7now warden of ,wadham ,college7 is he who proposed and carried that my brother should be a third secretary4 ,i think ,i told you that ,symons was the second secretary2 but ,i now doubt whether the second was not ,rev4---- ,bulteel1 of ,exeter ,college1 then an evangelical preacher of ,st4 ,ebb's ,church in ,oxford1 much attended by ,edmund ,hall men4 ,the after vote rescinding my brother's secretaryship was proposed by ,benjamin ,newton1 a young ,fellow of ,exeter ,college1 if this is of any importance4444 ,the affair of the three tutors against ,dr4 ,hawkins was told me exactly as ,i had it from my brother's lips2 but the whole must have been strictly public4 ,the other tutors were ,robert ,isaac ,wilberforce 7since ,archdeacon and ,roman ,catholic71 ,richard ,hurrell ,froude1 known by his ,remains2 and a much older man1 ,dornford1 now a rector in ,devonshire1 who adhered to ,hawkins4 ,this took place in #ahcj1 when my brother was only twenty-nine1 ,wilberforce his junior1 and ,hurrell ,froude my junior in the ,university2 probably my equal in age1 i4e4 then twenty-five2 so it was young ,oxford versus old4 ,when the three tutors resigned 7whose youth was a result of the ,oriel ,fellows going off so quick71 ,hawkins brought into the tutorship young ,coplestone1 as he was called--a nephew of the ,bishop2444 ,i almost think that for a time he resumed lecturing himself3 but it will not do to say so4444 ,i have here found out 7after more than ten years' cessation7 that ,i can swim as well as ever1 and without discomfort to my heart4 ,i am becoming quite zealous for my daily swim1 even when 7as to-day7 the south-west gives us rather too much sea1 to the chagrin of the bathing men4 ,perhaps you have seen various letters in ,the ,times1 etc41 on the indecency of promiscuous bathing1 etc4 ,i cannot understand why they all direct their attack to the wrong point1 and insist on driving people into solitudes and separations very inconvenient1 instead of demanding that1 as on the ,continent1 both sexes be clad in the water4 ,last year ,i saw an article that expressed disgust at ladies bathing within reach of telescopes6 ,there is here such a colony of foreigners1 that ,i hope they may teach this lesson4 ,besides the ,pulszkys1 who are a family of twelve persons1 there are seven of ,kossuth's household1 a large family of ,marras 7,italian71 three of ,janza 7,viennese71 two or more ,piatti's 7,italian71 who keep company together1 and very many of whom bathe statedly4 ,mrs4 ,pulszky is not well this year for swimming2 but last year she swam daily1 with her husband and an intimate male friend at her side4 ,he will not let her swim in the sea without him1 and is amazed at ,english husbands consenting to abandon their wives as they do4 ,mrs4 ,walter1 her mother1 is a devoted bather1 and whenever the breakers are formidable has the aid of one or other male friend4 ,it is a new fact to me1 that the ,viennese ladies1 as a thing of course1 are taught to swim in the ,danube4 ,there are regular teachers of swimming for both sexes1 and a sort of diploma is granted to those who swim well enough to be at home in the water4 ,this is a phrase that was used to me2 it now occurs to me that it may have been merely metaphorical1 when the teacher says ,macte virtute1 etc41 and concludes his lessons4 ,of course1 our climate does not allow the facilities of tropical waters 7where alligators and sharks1 however1 are not facilities672 but the sea is fit for bathing with us as many months as the ,danube1 though ,i suppose never so warm as the ,danube at its warmest4444 ,if ,i could be with you at ,derwentwater again1 ,i think ,i should be less indisposed to try an oar4 ,indigestion or sleeplessness1 not exertion1 seems to be the chief enemy of my heart1 which yet cannot bear exertion when so suffering4 ,i am giving myself abundant ease1 and never enjoyed myself with so much 'abandon4' ,we both like this place extremely4 ,with kindest regards to all around you1 ,i am1 very affectionately yours1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 ,in #aheg1 as ,i mentioned before1 ,dr4 ,martineau came up to ,london to live1 having been asked by the authorities of ,manchester ,new ,college to take more share in the work there than he had hitherto done4 ,he was made ,principal of the ,college in #ahfh1 and held the post until #ahhe4 ,there is something in the letter which follows which must have made a very special appeal to ,martineau--for this reason3 that there is in it a passionate abandon quite foreign to ,newman's usual style4 ,he seems to have given rein to a sudden impulse of enthusiasm for his friend1 and his letter1 from start to finish1 is full of it4 ,he is evidently longing that ,martineau should find in his ,london audience all the appreciation which his great talents deserved4 ,and perhaps this is the thought which prompted those sentences which seem to urge him to curb the powerful steeds of his intellectual vigour1 and not to give so lavishly or in such unstinted measure as in his sermons he had hitherto been accustomed to do4 ,newman says that in his preaching there is superfluous intellectual effort4 ,he adds that from intellectual persons he has heard the complaint that the effort to follow is too great2 and he entreats him to prepare each sermon with less intellectual effort1 though1 of course1 not with less devotional purpose4 ,dr4 ,martineau from ,newman4 #g ,p4,v4,e41 #cjth ,may1 #aheg4 ,my dear ,martineau1 ,perhaps you are already pulling up your tent-pegs3 rather a heart- breaking work1 especially to those who so love beauty and have surrounded themselves within doors with so much4 ,you need1 dear friend1 a broad and fruitful field in ,london for your spiritual activity to recompense the great--the very great--sacrifices you must make in parting from all that you have loved in ,liverpool4 ,i have felt this so deeply that ,i never knew exactly how to wish that you might come to ,london2 and1 indeed1 this place1 so emphatically dissipated1 that is1 mente dissipat distract does not prize its great minds so much as smaller places would4 444 ,beloved friend1 you know that great expectations are formed of you4 ,it is hard1 most hard1 not to let this draw you into great intellectual effort1 from which ,i fear much4 ,for your literary lecturing1 of course1 ,i have no word of dissuasion4 ,but let me assure you that in your preaching there is superfluous intellectual effort4 ,it would be spiritually more effective if there were far less perfection of literary beauty and less condensation of refined thought and imaginative metaphor4 ,i hear again and again from intellectual persons the complaint that the effort to follow your meaning is too great1 and impairs both the pleasure and profit of listening to you4 ,i myself am conscious that wonder and admiration of your talent is apt to absorb and stifle the properly spiritual influence1 and when ,i read your sermons1 ,i often pause so long on single sentences as to be fully aware that ,i could have got little good from hearing them4 ,i know that no two men's nature is the same1 and habit is a second nature4 ,do not imagine that ,i wish you not to be yourself4 7,there is no danger of that47 ,but ,i am sure that by cultivating more of what the ,french call 'abandon'--by preparing with less intellectual effort for each separate sermon--though1 of course1 not with less devotional purpose--and by letting your immediate impulse have a large play in comparison to your previous study1 there will be less danger of overworking your mind and fuller effect on those who are to benefit4 444 ,i dare say you received from me the new volume of ,religious ,duties4 ,its author seems to me primitively to have belonged to what you call the class of ethical minds1 but to have passed beyond it1 and now to be at once ,passionate and ,spiritual4 ,and is not this the natural and rightful thing1 that though we begin with a fragmentary1 we tend towards an integral religion8 ,this book has been to me most delightful and profitable1 and ,i trust you will also find it so4 ,such a revelation of a pure1 tender1 ardent spirit is itself an inexpressible stimulus1 and has given me quite a flood of joy and sympathy4 ,the doctrine of immortality so unhesitatingly avowed 787 affects me as nothing from ,theodore ,parker on the same subject ever did4 ,the love and joy in ,god flowing out of it is so spontaneous and kindling as to make me long to say1--,i now no longer hope only1 but ,i am sure4 ,in any case ,i do rejoice that others can so believe1 and ,i pray that if this be a mere cloud over my eyes1 it may at length be taken away4 ,not that ,i have any deficiency of happiness from this1 but ,i have a great deficiency of power1 and ,i am painfully out of sympathy with others by it4 ,i want to cultivate1 if ,i knew how1 rather more free communication with those who supremely love ,god as the ,good ,one1 and who will bear with me6 ,i much need this1 if ,i could get it4 ,but however shut up ,i may seem1 believe that a fire of love for you burns in my heart4 ,with warm regards to ,mrs4 ,martineau1 ,your affectionate friend1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 ,i should like to quote here words illustrative of this side of ,newman's personality1 that side which reveals him at once passionate and spiritual1 longing to attain to religious truth1 and not railing against the forms of dogma which have led other men into the kingdom of heaven1 as was his too frequent habit4 ,these words were written by him when he seemed to himself to have reached some measure of spiritual intuition1 and there is great beauty in them3-- ,none can enter the kingdom of heaven without becoming a little child4 ,but behind and after this1 there is a mystery revealed to but few1 namely1 that if the soul is to go on into higher spiritual blessedness it must become a woman4 ,yes1 however manly thou be among men1 it must learn to love being dependent2 must lean on ,god1 not solely from distress or alarm1 but because it does not like independence or loneliness4444 ,god is not a stern judge1 exacting every tittle of some law from us4444 ,he does not act towards us 7spiritually7 by generalities444 but ,his perfection consists in dealing with each case by itself as if there were no others4 ,and now1 before concluding this chapter1 ,i take two much later letters written by ,newman to ,martineau2 one is dated #ahhh and the other #ahib4 ,the first one is written quite clearly--which is wonderful when one remembers that he was then eighty-three--and the other1 four years later1 is cramped and not so easy to decipher4 ,still1 in the first of these letters he himself says1 ,i have to write as slow as any little schoolboy444 and cannot help some blunders4 ,he had been to ,birmingham on the #bjth ,june to see ,cardinal ,newman1 and mentions how travelling by rail tried his head4 ,the latter part of the letter relates to a big dinner composed chiefly of ,anglo-,indians and their attachs4 ,there is one lighted sentence near the end which brings before one's mental eye his often-expressed ,mene1 ,mene1 ,tekel ,upharsin1 with regard to the ,indian ,empire1 our past misgovernments1 and our present failure to recognize old promises3 ,the glorification of our ,indian policy only made me melancholy4 ,the degree which ,martineau was to receive was no doubt his ,doctor of ,divinity degree which he took in #ahhd 7,edinburgh74 ,dr4 ,jowett1 it will be remembered1 was1 throughout his whole life1 closely identified with ,balliol ,college4 ,he was ,fellow in #ahch1 tutor of his college from #ahdj till #ahgj1 when he was chosen as ,master4 ,ruskin 7to whom reference is made in the second letter7 gave the larger part of his originally large fortune to the founding of ,st4 ,george's ,guild4 ,this was intended to be a sort of agricultural community of old-world virtues for young and old1 and ancient and homely methods4 ,one of his great aims was the promoting of home industries4 ,as regards ,newman's reference to politics at the end of letter ,no4 #b in #ahhh1 ,gladstone's ,government was but just breathing after the sharp tussle they had been through with the ,home ,rule party1 with ,parnell at their head4 ,in #ahhf ,gladstone had brought in the measure which was to give ,ireland a statutory parliament4 ,this was practically the signal for a disastrous rent which tore his party in two1 and was the precursor of their defeat at the next ,general ,election4 ,dr4 ,martineau from ,newman4 #fth ,july1 #ahhh4 ,my dear ,martineau1 ,i did not know that the day of ,oxford ,convocation was ,june #bjth4 ,i was engaged to the ,worcester ,college ,gaudy for the #bast4 ,had ,i known that on the #bjth you were to receive the degree1 ,i should have been tempted to come and 'assist1' though ,i have always had an instinctive hatred of such mobs4 ,i was at ,birmingham on the #bjth to see my brother4 ,the noises on the rail greatly affected my brain and stomach4 ,noise was increased in the bedroom at ,oxford1 beside which heavy goods went to the rail1 and ,i had two bad nights1 partly from that cause1 aided by the mental excitement up to midnight4 ,it is not difficult to understand this excitement4 ,the meeting between the brothers was never devoid of a certain mental reticence4 ,it must almost have been impossible to forget the fact that about the subject on which each had always been most keenly exercised1 they were worlds apart4 ,when ,i reached home ,i thought myself quite well1 but soon found ,i could not write a word without one or more blunders in several letters1 and a needful epistle became a heap of unsightly blots4 ,this is only exaggeration of a weakness becoming normal with me4 ,i have to write as slow as any little schoolboy4 ,my housemaid was alarmed without my knowing it2 but mere rest and sleep in some days removed my wife's alarms4 ,but ,i still am forced to write very slowly1 and cannot help some blunders4444 ,on the morning of the #bbnd ,i called on ,jowett1 who instantly said1 ',tonight is our ,gaudy2 you must come to it4' ,i had to beg off from my ,worcester ,college host4 7,i was on my way to see friends in a neighbouring village47 ,i sat down to dinner with #ajb guests2 such a company as ,i never before looked at4 ,i name chiefly high ,anglo-,indians and their various attachs 7members of ,balliol ,college73 oi peri ,lords ,northbrook1 ,ripon1 and ,lansdowne1 three ,viceroys of ,india1 and ,sir ,gordon ,duff1 late ,governor of ,bombay4 ,it will not have been forgotten that the part played by ,lord ,lansdowne and ,lord ,ripon in #ahcc1 with respect to the ,bill for the discontinuance of the ,east ,india ,company's trade1 was not a very distinguished one4 ,many smaller stars1 ,mr4 ,ilbert of name well known1 and 7long ago to me well known7 ,general ,richard ,strachy1 eager for bi-metallism4 ,he began1 but alas6 could not finish his elucidation to me1 how it would relieve ,indian finance1 without anyone losing anything1 or any lessening of payment1 or dismissing officers1 or the ,english ,government paying anything1 nor any unlucky last holder of coin or paper losing4 ,the miracle 7as to me it seemed7 was to be wrought1 not by a double standard--that was an ignorant mistake--but by a single standard metal1 composed of gold and silver in fixed ratio4 ,i was not happy enough 7or unhappy enough7 to learn how this was to result2 but his eagerness and confidence were to me a surprising phenomenon4 ,a ,worcester ,college man told me that your ,types of ,morals had already left a strong impression on younger men4 ,i think there has not yet been time for the second great book and work4 ,the glorification of our ,indian ,policy only made me melancholy4 ,i hope you now get full and real rest4 ,though ,i feel as in perfect health1 ,i have to say to myself1 ,non sum qualis eram1 and take warnings4 ,pray1 do you the same4 ,affectionately1 to you and yours1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 ,in ,london vegetarianism seems going ahead4 ,i have1 still struggling through the press1 ,reminiscences of ,two ,exiles and ,two ,wars4 ,the ,quakers will be at once pleased and angry if that is possible4 ,dr4 ,martineau from ,newman4 #aith ,aug41 #ahib4 ,my dear ,martineau1 ,i seem to have allowed you to get quite out of my sight4 ,this is a result of my practical renunciation of ,london1 the place which seems too exciting for me4 ,i do not wonder that you so early take refuge in far ,scotland4 ,i so mortified my dear friend ,anna ,swanwick last year by my sudden retreat from the overstrain of her house1 that ,i did not dare to repeat the trial this year2 indeed1 ,i should deeply alarm my wife by attempting it1 and1 alas6 dear ,anna herself proved unable to sustain herself--due1 ,i suppose1 to the self-imposed task of her new book4 ,though ,i am myself 7foolishly perhaps7 reprinting a tract on ,etruscan1 ,i see how many things are better left to younger minds4 ,i am here 7near ,bewdley1 ,worcestershire7 to make personal acquaintance with a remarkable man who has made marked advances to me for more 7,i think7 than three years4 ,he was a protg of ,ruskin's and member of ,st4 ,george's ,guild4 ,as such he was 7apparently7 reared under ,emerson1 ,margaret ,fuller1 and ,carlyle more than under ,ruskin1 and heard all the side of ,english ,agnosticism4 ,but with the growth of his own mind he became dissatisfied1 and now for fourteen years he has given himself to a fruit farm of four and a half acres1 with a cow and kitchen-garden and pigs6 and abundant poultry1 and looks the type of the future ,english peasant4 ,his wife and one trusty woman manage dairy and cookery with eminent success1 and various sales1 while he is cow-milker and gardener1 student also of fruit and of the soil4 ,it is to me an interest as a foresight of the future4 ,he is a student of our hardest literature1 and employs no labourer under him4 ,ignorant of foreign tongues1 he reads ,german translations and ,jowett's ,plato4444 ,a school friend of ,mr4 ,braithwaite lately sought my acquaintance4444 ,he tells me that ,mr4 ,gladstone lately gave to the world the utterance that among the possibilities of the immediate future he now sees1 rather than any general ,agnosticism1 a simple recurrence to the simple ,judaic ,godhead4 ,i wish well to ,gladstone's new ,cabinet1 but fear that the trickiness by which he led ,parnell's folk to aid ,salisbury's overthrow will arouse a fatal resentment4 ,if he espouse the ,indian claims1 that may save him4 ,my best regards to all yours1 and earnest wishes4 ,your affectionate friend1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 ,mr4 ,estlin ,carpenter wrote lately to me to say that he does not know of any evidence to prove that ,newman and ,martineau were acquainted1 or at least intimate1 before the former became tutor of ,manchester ,college4 ,he says their correspondence ended in #ahib1 and he imagines that ,newman's declining health during the last two or three years made further writing impossible1 but that their warm regard for each other1 up to the very end1 was unalterable4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,francis ,,newman ,,as ,a ,,teacher ,francis ,newman was certainly one of the greatest mathematical and classical scholars of his day4 ,so that when the authorities of ,university ,college secured him for their staff1 they knew that they could have obtained no better man for their purpose4 ,as a teacher he showed an infinite fertility of method in dealing with the young men who1 there for the purpose of learning1 yet did not always want to learn6 ,he had1 in especial1 that rather vague and narrow definition of genius--an infinite capacity for taking pains4 ,he took them always with any scholar who had failed to grasp his meaning in some one of his instructions4 ,he could put the whole matter in some absolutely new light--take it from an utterly different point of view2 so that1 while giving another chance to the slow-witted1 he did not keep his whole class waiting4 ,the quality of teaching is not strained4 ,it is doubtful if it is capable of being learnt1 if not in the first instance1 in some measure1 innate4 ,lying dormant in a man's being--even if1 perhaps1 its presence is unrecognized by its owner--it can certainly be developed by him when he is conscious of it4 ,but if the power in embryo be absent1 it is a difficult matter indeed to attain by effort any capacity of which one has not already the beginnings in oneself4 ,indeed1 a famous writer of another age has written the word impossible against this attempt4 ,frank ,newman could1 and would1 take any trouble to help any dull student over some mathematical or classical stile1 but he was not an adept at quickly getting into touch with that ,presence which has moved1 in whimsical measure1 through the ways and by-ways of this life since the world began with coat of many colours1 upon which the sun of merry imagination was always sparkling1 and cap and bells which could for the moment ring sudden1 spontaneous mirth across the shadows of the darkest day4 ,if in medieval days it could cross the cell of some grave and reverend monastery1 and guide the hand of some sculptor busy at his gargoyle for some majestic church1 surely it could1 with the greatest ease in the world1 cross the threshold of some crowded class-room where a learned1 absorbed professor was endeavouring to gain the attention of a number of young men rejoicing in their youth and on the look-out for the first suggestion of the ,spirit of ,humour4 ,frank ,newman was not quick at appreciating the quips and cranks1 the--to others--irresistibly mirth- provoking sallies of humour4 ,he was not quick at seeing a joke4 ,and when middle age was well past with him1 he did not always see when he had himself been provocative of an upset of gravity on the part of the students4 ,he did not always discover in time the pranks and designs for diverting the course of true knowledge in which the average young ,englishman loves to indulge4 ,he had not a very close focus for this sort of thing1 and probably the reason was1 that he was so absolutely absorbed in the subject which he was teaching or upon which he was lecturing4 ,but in teaching a mixed class of boys or young men it is a sine qu non that one possesses a mind's eye with easily adjustable focus1 as in a photographic camera2 otherwise one cannot keep in mental touch with those members of the class who come to play and remain to distract the attention of fellow-students4 ,another reason why ,newman did not appeal to these non-studious ones was attributable to the fact that he was1 in many ways1 very eccentric both in manner and dress4 ,now1 everyone who knows the average ,english boy at all1 knows that if there is one thing he cannot stand it is eccentricity4 ,to be eccentric is to be taboo4 ,as regards the correct thing to wear1 and the correct thing to do and how to do it1 he is generally quite as particular as the average young woman over fashion4 ,and anyone who offends in these respects has his name written upon the ostracisic shell4 ,if it happens to be a master--well1 his peculiarities are quite enough to divert the boy's attention successfully from the weightier matters in which the master is vainly endeavouring to instruct him4 ,sir ,alfred ,wills1 ,mr4 ,winterbotham1 ,sir ,edward ,fry1 ,mr4 ,william de ,morgan1 and others1 to whose kindness ,i am indebted for many reminiscences of ,professor ,newman as a teacher1 tell me that he had many eccentricities which perpetually aroused their sense of humour4 ,sir ,edward ,fry tells me that his manner1 when he himself was at college in #ahdh1 was somewhat nervous1 perhaps even a little irritable1 and he was not exactly popular as a professor4 ,but his lectures were very interesting and stimulating4 ,he adds that he was a very brilliant scholar1 with a tendency towards eccentricity4 ,this eccentricity showed itself in various forms1 but one very noticeable one was that of dress4 ,i am told by a friend that he often dressed in the onion fashion--three coats one over the other1 and the last one--green6 ,that he often wore trousers edged with a few inches of leather1 and that his hats were not immaculate4 ,well1 perhaps it has never been quite understood from what part of old and unfashionable attire the ,spirit of ,humour winks at one with such twinkling fun in the corner of its eye that laughter is irresistible4 ,but none the less1 few there are of us who have not--though it may be against our steadier and wiser judgment--at some time or other caught sight of that wink1 and laughed spontaneously4 ,to everyone who saw it1 when the relics were collected and placed in his old house in ,cheyne ,row1 ,carlyle's old 'top' hat was irresistibly funny4 ,nothing loses caste more completely than a top hat when it is behind the time1 and the shine is off the silk4 ,sir ,alfred ,wills mentions1 in the reminiscences which follow1 which he has kindly sent me1 that at one time ,newman took to walking from his house 7in town7 to the college and back in cap and gown4 ,this1 however1 was not such a startling vagary of costume in a ,london street as was that of a certain professor of my acquaintance1 very absent-minded and dreamy1 who1 intent on making some abstruse point clear to a young lady pupil1 walked one evening round and round a ,london square with her1 talking earnestly1 and attired in his top hat and dressing-gown6 ,as regards ,newman's teaching of ,latin1 ,sir ,alfred ,wills says that much the best thing that he got from him was the practice in writing it4 ,he tells us that his lectures showed signs of the most profound research1 and that he took untiring trouble in explaining any difficulty which had arisen4 ,if the difficulty had been that of some member of one of his classes1 he would not keep the whole class waiting while he went over the difficult part of the lesson again1 but he would approach the subject from an altogether different point of view1 and throw1 for the class in toto1 a new light upon it4 ,of course it was not only in ,latin that he wished to make pupils think of it as a spoken language1 for ,mr4 ,darbishire tells us that one of his special endeavours was to accustom his students to deal with ,greek as a spoken language ,footnote3 ,it will be remembered that ,francis ,newman introduced the new pronunciation of ,latin4 7as1 for instance7 in reading ,greek plays4 ,mr4 ,darbishire further tells us that ,newman was accustomed to have a series of meetings in his study for conversation in ,latin4 ,as regards old methods of teaching ,latin1 ,i should like to quote from a paper on ,modern ,latin which ,francis ,newman wrote in #ahfb1 because there is very much in what he says which shows where the failure of the old system comes in3-- ,in general the old method was one of repetition3 it dealt immensely in committing ,latin to memory4 ,ridiculous as was the system of giving to boys a ,latin syntax in the ,latin language1 it at any rate did accustom them to the reiteration of a small number of words expressed in very simple sentences1 and conveying knowledge of immediate utility4444 ,while ,i nevertheless believe that at most schools the boys still learn grammar by heart1 ,i venture to remark that the newer method of teaching1 so far as known to me1 has immensely lessened the quantity of ,latin which is thus learned4444 ,further1 it seems to me that we want what ,i may call a ,latin novel or romance--that is1 a pleasing tale of fiction which shall convey numerous ,latin words which do not easily find a place in poetry1 history1 or philosophy4 ,nothing has struck me as being so much to the purpose as an imitation of the story of ,robinson ,crusoe1 which brings in much that is technical to special occupations--as in nautical affairs--carpentering1 fowling1 pottery1 basket-making1 agriculture1 etc4444 ,if anyone had genius to produce in ,terentian style ,latin comedies worthy of engaging the minds and hearts of youth 7for ,i can never read a play of ,terence to a young class without the heartache71 ,i should regard this as a valuable contribution4 ,i pass on now to some reminiscences1 kindly contributed by ,sir ,alfred ,wills1 of the professor in relation to his ,university ,college students in #ahdf3-- ,i have a very distinct recollection of the personality of ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 ,he was appointed to the ,professorship of ,latin in ,university ,college in #ahdf1 and ,i entered the college in ,october1 #ahdf1 and attended his first lecture and all those he delivered in the course of that session4 ,he was of middle stature1 very well made1 with a face that always reminded me of the type of the ,north ,american ,indian1 with which ,i was familiar from ,mrs4 ,catlin's book published in #ahda4 ,his complexion was dark1 his hair very black and with no tendency to curl1 and he wore it long1 and his nose was aquiline4 ,he differed from the ,indian type1 however1 in that his face was rather narrow than broad4 ,his voice was particularly clear and 'carrying1' and every syllable could be heard4 ,i ought to have added to my description that his eyes were blue1 bright1 very expressive1 and his smile1 not very often seen1 peculiarly sweet and engaging4 ,he was decidedly eccentric4 ,at one time1 in dirty winter weather1 he wore trousers of which the lower six or eight inches were of black leather2 and at another time1 upon what occasion ,i forget1 he took to walking from his house to the college and back in cap and gown4 ,there was a ',cap and ,gown' movement among the students1 or some of them1 in the session #ahdg-h1 but it was not upon that occasion1 for ,i remember seeing him in the streets in cap and gown1 and during the session #ahdg-h1 ,i was at home in bad health1 having overworked myself4 ,he would now and then1 very seldom1 ask some of the students to breakfast at his house4 ,it was an odd mixture of hospitality and formality4 ,he never seemed quite at his ease on such occasions1 and ,i have a very distinct remembrance of one of these occasions4 ,it was in singularly gloomy and bitter weather in the winter or very early spring of #ahdi4 ,we were rather a large party4 ,there was no fire either in the room in which we assembled or in the breakfast room2 and ,i have not often been colder4 ,there was only one guest who was not a student1 and he was a certain ,herr ,vukovich 7that was how the name was pronounced7 who had been ,hungarian ,minister of ,justice during the short period when ,kossuth was supreme in ,hungary4 ,when he came in1 ,professor ,newman said3 ',gentlemen1 this is ,herr ,vukovich1 lately ,minister of ,justice in ,hungary1' and then turning to ,herr ,v41 he added1 ',i shall not introduce these gentlemen to you by name1 as it would be of no interest to you2 and besides1 you would forget their names at once'2 and then he went off at score with1 ',i have never been able to understand1 ,herr ,vukovich1 how it is that you have never introduced the ,bactrian camel into ,hungary1' and then proceeded to enlarge upon the admirable suitability of the ,bactrian camel to the climate1 soil1 roads1 conditions of ,hungary4 ,herr ,v4 looked very much as if he had never heard of the ,bactrian camel4 ,during the whole of the session #ahdf-g1 ,newman's lectures were the wonder of all who heard him4 ,we read with him some of ,cicero's letters to ,atticus1 and his stores of information of every description--antiquarian1 philological1 historical1 and literary--were absolutely marvellous4 ,i have never destroyed or lost my notes of them1 and ,i feel sure that they would justify all that ,i have said4 ,we all felt that we had secured for the college an intellectual giant4 ,i had the great advantage of being1 during my first session1 in the senior class in both ,latin and ,greek1 and we had for our ,greek ,professor ,mr4 ,malden1 who1 ,i should think1 was unsurpassed for sound and elegant scholarship1 and in whose lectures ,i delighted from first to last during my two sessions 7#ahdf-g and #ahdh-i71 but certainly during the first session1 ,professor ,newman's lectures were those which made upon me the deepest impression1 which remains unimpaired to this day4 ,it seemed as if no trouble was too great for him to take in preparing for them and as if nothing which could throw any light upon a set of letters1 which are often obscure and difficult1 ever escaped his eagle eye or his profound research4 ,when ,i returned to college in #ahdh1 ,i met with a profound disappointment4 ,i have been asked for my recollections1 and ,i must make them truthful4 ,professor ,newman was at that time much engrossed with his theological and religious works4 ,the ,soul was published in #ahdi1 and whether that may account for the change or not1 the fact is that the lectures of that session presented a marked contrast to those of the earlier session1 and ,i don't think ,i am exaggerating when ,i say that they were dry and jejune to the last extent4 ,and ,i felt throughout that session that much the best thing ,i got from it was the practice in writing ,latin1 which was always an important part of his teaching1 and in which he was a master himself4 ,i am sure it is true that days often passed without there being anything in the lectures which ,i cared to preserve or even to note4 ,i had that year1 however1 the privilege of reading the ,nicomachean ,ethics with him as a private pupil1 and found him as good in ,greek and as interested in illustration as ,i had previously found him in his ,latin lectures4 ,i forbear to touch upon his private character4 ,that impressed itself insensibly upon us as worthy of the highest respect4 ,but it was simply from the natural effluence of a noble character1 for we came rarely into anything like personal intimacy with him4 ,he was reserved and even shy1 and ,i doubt if any of us knew much more of him privately than ,i did--which was not much4 ,i think these reminiscences of ,sir ,alfred ,wills bring before us very vividly the sort of intercourse which existed between professor and pupil in those days4 ,it reveals ,newman as a man with whom the pupil would not feel altogether at his ease--towards whom he would not be moved to get into close sympathy1 and this1 perhaps1 very largely because of a certain stiffness and formality of manner which unavoidably erects a barrier before any natural1 spontaneous conversation4 ,sir ,edward ,fry mentions ,newman's manner as a nervous one1 but says that his lectures were very stimulating1 leading one to infer that even if the delivery was not arresting or impressive1 yet all this was made up for by the force and brilliance of the matter itself4 ,it will be remembered that1 at any rate1 in his ,oxford days1 ,j4 ,h4 ,newman had not an impressive manner either4 ,we come now to some other keenly interesting recollections--those of ,mr4 ,william de ,morgan1 who has kindly written them for this memoir4 ,mr4 de ,morgan tells me that his father and ,francis ,newman were old friends1 but they were widely apart on religious questions1 and that he remembers when the ,martineau controversy was at its height he said to him3 ,newman and ,i were very old colleagues1 and ,i loved and respected him4 ,but if ,i had been supposed to have any official knowledge of ,newman's views about ,christianity derived from my position as a ,professor1 ,i should have thrown up my situation long ago4 ,and ,mr4 de ,morgan adds3 ,this had reference to the absolute agnosis on religious views which was the banner ,u4,c4 nailed to the mast in old days4 ,he says he remembers1 in his boyhood1 that there were many religious discussions between his parents and ,francis ,newman1 but that he was far too young to understand what they were about then1 and remembers them consequently but vaguely4 ,when ,i came to see more of ,newman as a ,professor in class1 ,i had arrived at the condition of a pert and very foolish boy of sixteen who had made up his mind to be an artist and failed altogether to take advantage of the splendid opportunities before him4 ,i attended ,newman's classes2 saw him every day2 might have acquired the knowledge of much of the ,latin classics4 ,somehow ,i missed my chances1 and ,i cannot now recall a single instance of my availing myself of the interviews he accorded so gladly to any attentive student to get at difficult passages1 and so on4 ,in my time ,i suspect his classes included a larger number than usual of bad and idle young scaramouches1 who deserved to be turned out of the class1 instead of the sort of over-forbearance their ,professor showed4 ,i feel sure now that a more truculent character than his would have enforced order better1 with advantage to the weak and wavering pupils4 ,he treated boys too much like human creatures--and some of us were as mischievous as monkeys4 ,i recollect a particular instance illustrating this fact and his forbearance4 ,the weather was bad1 and bad colds abounded4 ,one day ,newman ventured to remonstrate gently with the victims of catarrh--indeed1 the noise was awful4 ,but he had the indiscretion to add3 ',gentlemen1 if you cannot wipe your noses1 ,i must really ask you to blow them outside the door4' ,of course the results were awful6 ,the young imps rushed out incessantly into the passage1 and made noises like motor-cars4 ,if the ,professor committed an error of judgment in his first edict1 he certainly made up for it by the way he kept his temper4 ,in this he was really perfect4 ,but the boys presumed on it1 of course4 ,i remember that one of them1 instead of attending to his ,juvenal1 wrote a long poem about this nose incident1 which passed from hand to hand4 ,there was another incident about that time which ,i fancy others may remember better than ,i4 ,it was snow time1 and the schoolboys in the playground were pelting papers in the college precinct4 ,newman passed by1 and a heavy volley all but destroyed his umbrella1 which he used as a shield4 ,a few days after he came into the ,common ,room with a new umbrella4 ',see what a beautiful present ,i've had1' he said1 'from my young friends across the railings4' ,i have an impression that it was a guinea umbrella bought with penny subscriptions2 but this may be another story that has got mixed with it4 ,sir ,edward ,fry writes1 in response to a request from me for his recollections of ,newman3-- ,i attended ,professor ,newman's senior class on ,latin literature for two or three sessions in #ahdh1 and ,i have a very vivid remembrance of him2 at that time he had not assumed a beard1 and his clean-cut features were not obscured by hair1 as in later life4 ,his lectures were very interesting and stimulating4 ,if ,i may venture to express an opinion on the point1 ,i should describe him as a very brilliant scholar1 with a tendency towards eccentricity4 ,we read whilst ,i was with him some three or four of the early works of ,livy1 and some of the histories of ,tacitus2 and his expansion of the ,constitution of ,rome1 both at the early and later date1 was of very unusual excellence4 ,such was my memory1 and this has been confirmed by a reference to my notebooks which ,i have made in consequence of your note4 ,i think his estimate of character did not always agree with that of ,tacitus4 ,other subjects which ,i recollect as having been expounded were the relation of ,latin to the ,celtic group of languages1 and that everlasting question1 the relation of the ,etruscans and the ,pelasgi4 ,once a week ,newman used to give out a piece of ,english prose to be rendered into ,latin2 these he corrected1 reading also to us his own version4 ,since your note ,i have looked at such notes of his lectures as ,i can find1 and at his corrections of my ,latin prose4 ,mr4 ,talfourd ,ely1 writing on ,francis ,newman as a teacher1 says he was most careful and conscientious in his work4 ,he was refined and even fastidious in literary taste4 ,to the ordinary undergraduate1 such as myself1 he seemed too little like other men4 ,we did not understand his genius1 and were too apt to judge him by peculiarities of garb and speech4 ,like many other scholars1 he could hardly keep in touch with young athletes1 and probably did not care to do so4 ,but personally ,i was greatly indebted to him1 and ,i can never forget his generous help and kindly thoughtfulness4 ,mr4 ,winterbotham1 also pupil of ,francis ,newman1 says3-- ,i was more keen on mathematics than classics1 and was not what he would have considered a promising pupil4 ,my brother ,edward1 who was a year my senior1 was not much better4444 ,my recollections are confined to the peculiarities of his dress and manner3 the rug with a hole in the middle for his head1 which formed his outer garment in winter4 ,the complete suit of dark grey alpaca1 tail coat1 waistcoat1 and trousers1 which he donned in warm weather4 ,his remonstrance to the class on the indignity inflicted on him by the boys at the adjoining school1 who snowballed him and broke his umbrella1 was followed by his request that they would 'use their influence with the boys' by way of protecting him in future1 and his recognition of their efforts next day1 when he exhibited a new umbrella presented to him by the boys4444 ,for dear old ,de ,morgan ,footnote3 ,father of the ,mr4 de ,morgan who contributes his reminiscences1 and old friend of ,newman4 ,i had a great regard1 and ,i was better able to appreciate his marvellous powers as a mathematician4 ,here is a short reminiscence by ,professor ,pye ,smith3-- ,newman was a small1 dark1 slightly-built man1 with black moustache and beard1 and a doubtful affected manner4 ,he made us read long passages without comment1 and rarely went beyond the translation4 ,i do not think ,i ever spoke to him 7or others of his class74 ,the memory of his teaching would1 ,i think1 be most valuable in correcting the ,latin verses we made for his comment and correction4 ,the only professors at that time whom ,i got great benefit from were ,aston ,key1 ,de ,morgan1 and ,masson4 ,the next reminiscence belongs to a much later date in the ,professor's life4 ,in #ahfc he was no longer teaching at ,university ,college4 ,mrs4 ,kingsley ,tarpey says she remembers him first in the summer of #ahgd or #ahge4 ,her descriptions of him1 his opinions1 and his life as she knew it are full of keen interest4 ,illustration3 ,,francis ,,newman ,,in ,,middle ,,age ,,from ,,photo ,,by ,,john ,,davies1 ,,weston-,,super-,,mare ,in the quotation from a letter which follows1 ,professor ,newman's own views on teaching at the college are given3-- ,you say there is a complaint that 'as the students cannot be got to prepare their work the lessons have come to be mere prelections from the professors4' ,i am not aware of any change in the pupils since ,i have been here1 except that my classes are smaller1 in part owing to the removal of ,coward ,college and the rivalry of the new institution in which it is now comprised2 in part 7,i happen to know7 from dread of my personal 444 influence2 in part1 ,i suspect1 from the working of ,london ,university1 which ,i think bad2 and others must add1 whether worst of all is1 my own want of judgment in selecting subjects1 and the mode of the treatment4 ,undeniable it is that my classes are smaller1 that my half-dozen best scholars are decidedly below the half-dozen best ,i had in the first year or two4 ,but if ,i am myself to blame1 it is1 ,i think1 from the very reverse process of that implied in the words above quoted1 viz4 ,i often question whether it would not be at once wiser and more right to raise my teaching to the small minority of my best pupils1 and ignore the many who come in on my classes unprepared4 ,i have of late suspected that ,i allow the ,university so to drag me down into school teaching that the abler and advanced students are driven away from me4 ,moreover1 ,i am getting quite sick of going again and again over elementary books in mere school fashion4 ,to vary this1 ,i have this term given one day a week in my senior class to lecture on books1 viz4 #ast1 on ,horace's ,odes1 which nine out of ten have already read1 and which ,i myself read with the junior class last session 7having engaged to do this before ,i guessed that the ,university would select the same year for ,b4,a471 and many of the junior class being this year in my senior class4 #bnd1 on the ,epistles of ,cicero1 which are enormously too long and too difficult for pupils to read1 and in which1 nevertheless1 candidates for honours at ,b4,a4 are liable to be examined4 ,i conjecture that somebody has seen this announcement of mine in our prospectus1 and imputes it to a relaxation of discipline in my pupils 7indeed there is little enough1 and always was1 in the majority of mine2 they only want to scrape through their degree1 and the ,university kindly keeps its real demands at a minimum74 ,on the contrary1 it is an effort of mine to make the lectures less unworthy of my more advanced pupils4 ,i may add that ,i have always lectured more or less in this way on ,cicero's ,letters4444 ,at the same time ,i avow my entire dissatisfaction with things as ,i have them4 ,in ,june ,i have to print and publish the books in which ,i will lecture from ,october to ,june next1 while ,i have not the slightest idea who will be in the classes4 ,in ,august1 out comes the statement of ,university books for the following year1 which often increases my confusion4 ,it is easier to complain of this than to remedy it4 ,it is not difficult to understand ,newman's point of view as regards the almost impossibility of keeping in hand in one class a team of students-- some eagerly desirous of going forward into the real study of literature1 and others only anxious to scrape through for the purpose of obtaining their degree4 ,mrs4 ,kingsley ,tarpey's reminiscences begin thus3-- ,i think it was in the summer of #ahgd or #ahge that ,professor ,newman first came to visit us4 ,my mother had been much interested in some articles of his on vegetarianism1 and had corresponded with him on the subject1 and when the ,annual ,conference of the ,vegetarian ,society was held in ,manchester later on1 he stayed with us4 ,this visit was the beginning of a very warm friendship with our family1 which lasted close on twenty years4 ,during that time my mother corresponded regularly with ,professor ,newman1 but unfortunately only some eighteen or twenty of his letters have been preserved4 ,there is scarcely one of these1 however1 that does not contain something of permanent interest and value4 ,i remember very well1 in the days when we used to have visits from him1 that ,professor ,newman was looked upon by very many as a mere faddist4 ,his extreme views on several subjects no doubt took him out of range of the sympathies of the man in the street4 ,but it is strange to find1 on looking through these letters1 how advanced opinion is coming into line with his so-called outrageous ideas of a generation ago4 ,it would have given him keen pleasure1 if he could have lived till now1 to see the strides that have been made of late years in the ,women's ,suffrage movement1 and the admission of women to public bodies4 ,in social and moral reform1 and in the ,temperance movement also1 the progress has been very marked1 and we may soon have an ,act prohibiting the smoking of tobacco by young boys--a matter on which ,professor ,newman had very strong views4 ,last1 but not least1 the ,vegetarian movement1 in which he took so keen an interest1 has gained new vigour from the advocates of the simple life4 ,i remember that on the occasion of his first visit we children regarded him with mingled awe and curiosity4 ,his quaint appearance and his formal1 deliberate manner of speech made him seem to us like a being from another world4 ,we were at once fascinated and repelled1 and ,i think he became at first the object of our constant1 though furtive1 observation4 ,but his unvarying gentle kindness and extreme simplicity very soon won our confidence1 and later on an accident made us his fast friends and admirers4 ,it happened that the second or third time that he came to ,manchester for the annual meeting of the ,vegetarian ,society1 my father and mother were away1 and it fell to the younger members of the household to entertain our distinguished visitor4 ,it was an occasion looked forward to with trepidation and misgiving1 but we need not have felt alarmed4 ,no one could have been more genial in his attitude to the youthful housekeepers4 ,he would chat easily and pleasantly with even the youngest of us1 and he always managed to find some interesting topic4 ,sometimes he would give us an account of the doings at the ,conference during the day4 ,i remember some curious facts about some of the members4 ,one man ate nothing but apples1 and considered them a complete and ideal food for man4 ,another varied his diet between roots and nuts4 ,he carried assorted strange nuts with him in his pocket1 and after his speech he presented some to the ,president4 ,our ,professor brought them home with him and wished us to try them1 but ,i am afraid that1 with the conservative instinct of young animals1 we distrusted the unknown1 and we did not venture4 ,the ,professor considered that our molar teeth clearly indicated grain1 roots1 and nuts as our food1 and the incisors as clearly suggested fruit1 but at that time he was in some doubt about the canine teeth4 ,at his request some of us gravely cracked nuts with him1 and after the experiment we agreed that human beings more naturally crack nuts with the back teeth1 where leverage is most powerful4 ,a suspicion remained that our pointed fangs might have been used to tear flesh6 ,during this same visit it was suggested that the ,society should change its name to one that would describe it more accurately1 ,vegetarian1 strictly1 implying that the members would eat only vegetables4 ,there was much difficulty in finding a portmanteau word that would convey vegetables1 eggs1 and milk4 ,professor ,newman much disliked the idea of calling it the ,,vem ,society 7the name that was afterwards adopted1 ,i think72 his proposal was ,anti-creophagite1 or ,anti-creophagist4 ,but he could get no support for this name2 members objected that no one would know what it meant or how to spell it4 ,professor ,newman had been pained to learn that only two or three people in the hall knew the ,greek word4 ,he was very much interested in language1 and it was characteristic of him never to pass a word that he did not know4 ,he had a great dislike and contempt for slang1 and he deplored the growing use of it1 and the impoverishment of the language that resulted4 ,but dialect words1 or old words that lingered in some parts of the country1 while they had dropped out of common speech1 interested him greatly4 ,one day a younger sister of mine brought him a footstool as he sat reading1 and in offering it to him called it a buffet4 ,it is not a word in common use1 but ,i think we had adopted it from the nursery rhyme about ,miss ,muffett1 who sat on a buffet4 ,the ,professor was on the alert at once4 ,that word is quite new to me1 he said4 ,did you say 'bussock'8 ,i wonder is that a ,lancashire word1 or does it come from ,ireland8 ',bussock'6 ,will you spell it for me1 please8 ,my sister was far too young and too shy to correct him1 and after faintly murmuring buffet again1 she ran away in extreme confusion4 ,i am afraid bussock went down in the ,professor's notebook as an interesting variant of hassock4 ,in this connection some delightful stories were told by ,dr4 ,nicholson1 of ,penrith1 an old friend of ,professor ,newman's and of my father's4 ,the ,professor was staying at ,penrith1 and the two friends had been walking up a steep path4 ,when they stopped to rest1 the doctor was regretting that his climbing days were virtually over4 ,the truth is1 he said humorously1 we are neither of us as steady on our pins as we once were4 ,pins1 ,nicholson1 pins6 ,what are pins8 asked ,professor ,newman gravely4 ,on another occasion they were out walking together and the first ,lord ,brougham passed them in an open carriage4 ,dr4 ,nicholson remarked upon ,lord ,brougham wearing goggles1 and ,professor ,newman said1 in his gentle deliberate way1 ,now1 ,nicholson1 may ,i ask what you exactly mean by 'goggles'8 ,the ,professor wore hats that in those days were considered amazing3 large white or light grey hats made of soft felt4 ,on one of his visits to ,penrith he had walked up from the station to the house1 and he was followed by a crowd of little boys shouting ,who's your hatter8 which was a catch-phrase of the time4 ,the ,professor described to ,dr4 ,nicholson what an extraordinary interest the boys had shown4 ,they repeatedly asked me1 he said1 to tell them who was my hatter1 and really1 ,nicholson1 at the time ,i could not remember the man's name4 ,miss ,nicholson1 of ,penrith1 adds another story which should have place here4 ,my own chief recollection of him1 she writes1 is of a day when he and the second ,mrs4 ,newman came into ,penrith with me1 where ,i had some shopping to do4 ,on the way into the town ,professor ,newman said1 ',you do not seem to be very clear as to the history of ,john ,brown and the battle of ,bull's ,run4' ,i said ,i was not very clear about it1 so he began from the beginning1 so to speak1 and the story of ,john ,brown lasted till we reached home again4 ,i went into shops to make my purchases1 and on each occasion as ,i came out ,professor ,newman took up his tale just where he had left off4 ,he showed no annoyance at the frequent interruptions or at my inevitable lapses of attention4 ,his wonderfully clear1 distinct enunciation1 and his marvellous memory for facts1 never faltered4 ,there was an extraordinary absence of humour about ,professor ,newman that made him at times unconsciously very humorous4 ,i wish ,i could remember the quaint wording of an advertisement of his for a cook in a vegetarian paper4 ,there was a long and precise account of the services required for the smallest possible family1 and application was to be made by letter to ,emer4 ,prof4 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman1 etc4 ,we thought some of the cooks might be puzzled to know what ,emer4 ,prof4 meant4 ,i remember also an artless post card he wrote after one visit explaining that he had forgotten his teeth1 and asking to have them sent after him4 ,he had a very odd theory about baldness in men4 ,it sounds a little like a joke1 but ,i believe it was meant in all seriousness4 ,he had observed that men with a very strong growth of beard were more liable to go bald early than those who had the hair on the face thin and scanty4 ,he described this as a kind of landslip1 ,i remember1 and his idea was that human beings could only have a small crop of hair1 and that a good crop on the chin meant a failure higher up4 ,and that1 he thought1 accounted for the fact that women rarely go bald4 ,at the time of the visit ,i have described1 our whole family had become enthusiastic vegetarians--indeed1 ,i may say the whole household of fourteen1 for the servants had followed suit4 ,this was a great pleasure to ,professor ,newman1 for it was through his writings that my mother had first become interested in the subject4 ,he had great hopes at one time that she would also share in some other crusades of his against alcohol1 tobacco1 vaccination1 etc4 etc4 ,he sent her a great number of leaflets and pamphlets on all these subjects1 but though my father was a non-smoker and almost a total abstainer1 he was so from habit and inclination and not from any pledge1 and ,i do not remember that the ,professor made any convert except myself4 ,i came across a bundle of tracts of his which no one seemed to be reading1 and ,i devoured them all4 ,for some years1 from about the age of fifteen1 ,i was an enthusiastic follower of ,professor ,newman1 even in his most extreme ideas4 ,i am afraid he never became aware of this1 however1 for of course it was only with the older members of the family that he would discuss such questions4 ,the most enjoyable visit we ever had from him was also the last of any length that he paid us4 ,i think it must have been in the summer of #ahgi or #ahhj1 when we were living in the country a few miles from ,manchester4 ,it was then ,i first learnt what a delight a country walk might be4 ,he joined some of the younger members of the party who were taking the dogs out for a run1 and ,i do not think two hours were ever spent by us in a more interesting and fascinating way4 ,he had the rare and charming gift1 in talking to young people1 of making them feel that he regarded them as equals4 ,and though he was imparting knowledge all the time1 he had the air of being really more interested in what they had to contribute4 ,that walk was a revelation to me1 a kind of treasure trove of natural science4 ,hitherto my love of nature had been almost entirely aesthetic and poetical1 and this walk with the ,professor gave me a new pleasure and a new interest in country life4 ,i should run into great length if ,i were to set down all the little traits and incidents that go to make up the memory of that gentle and charming personality4 ,his eccentricities were entirely lovable1 as we knew them1 and even when he meant to be severe his unconsciously humorous way of putting things took away the sting1 as when1 one day at lunch1 he pointed at a jug of claret and asked1 ,what is that ugly black liquid8 ,i say ugly and black because ,i believe it to be some kind of wine4 ,he had kind and courteous ways with women1 and he surprised one by his thoughtfulness in domestic matters4 ,there was no subject too small or too remote for his consideration4 ,i remember his showing us a new scientific way to build a fire1 lighting it from the top2 and it is upon a lesson of his on rural sanitation that ,i have based my own management of those matters in our country home4 ,i have a pleasant memory of his holding a skein of wool for me to wind one wet afternoon1 and of his telling me the while of his observations of a family of bugs4 ,he was travelling in the ,east1 and at some place where he stayed was much distressed by vermin4 ,at last he discovered that a procession of bugs came out nightly from a certain crack in the plaster1 and by removing the paper he could get a very good view of the colony with the aid of a glass4 ,he did not disturb them1 it is needless to say1 but watched them during his stay1 and learnt many curious things about their habits and customs4 ,he formed a very high opinion of their intelligence1 ,i remember4 ,one day he came in and found my mother and some of us sitting sewing2 he asked if he might read to us1 and said that his mother and sister used to like him to read to them when they had work to do4 ,i do not remember in the least what he read to us1 though ,i am sure it was appropriate and instructive2 but ,i remember well that he stood while he read1 and that his delivery was as clear and as careful as if he had been reading to a large audience4 ,after his second marriage we saw him but little1 but my mother heard from him now and then1 and he often sent her articles he had written4 ,in the last years of his life he wrote but seldom4 ,i give extracts from letters over a period of about eighteen years4 ,,francis ,,newman ,,in ,,private ,,life ,,by ,,mrs4 ,,bainsmith1 ,,sculptor ,my father and mother were very great personal friends of ,newman's1 consequently ,i saw a great deal of him during my early girlhood4 ,my father was the late ,george ,bucknall1 of ,rockdene1 ,weston-super-,mare1 and for many years was a great invalid4 ,he suffered from locomotor ataxy4 ,professor ,newman lived just across the road from our house3 we could often see him walking about his garden1 or sitting at his library window1 and very often he came across to our house to discuss his books or letters with my father4 ,as a young girl ,i remember the great fascination of his courtly1 genial manners4 ,i shall never forget my first interview with him4 ,it happened on my return home from school for the holidays4 ,being much distressed at having to change from the old pronunciation of ,latin to the new1 it occurred to my father that ,i should ask ,professor ,newman to help me4 ,so ,i went in to see him4 ,he was sitting by the fire in large fur-lined boots made of felt1 and wearing two coats 7for he always found it difficult to keep sufficiently warm74 ,when ,i stated my difficulty1 he went to his shelves with his wonderful smile 7the room was lined from floor to ceiling with books7 and took out his translation of the ,iliad1 and read it to me4 ,then he said quite casually1 ,now ,i will read the same passage to you in ,latin4 ,and he proceeded to read it aloud in a musical voice of exquisite charm4 ,i cannot express the pleasure which this gave me1 nor how it set me at my ease with him from that moment4 ,he gave me a very warm invitation to come again1 and he would gladly help me in any holiday work ,i wanted to do4 ,i was always specially struck with his way of talking about religion4 ,he was very reverent in what he said1 and it was evident that he was at heart deeply religious4 ,i mention this because in later years it has been often a shock to me to find him condemned by others for doubting revealed religion4 ,the ,professor's special views on foods were very strong1 and he had a great dislike for the custom of rearing cattle for food4 ,once he gave a dinner party to show how many choice courses could be served with vegetarian recipes only4 ,as my mother was ill at the time1 ,i was invited to go with my father4 ,i remember the delightful way in which he received us4 ,he presented the youngest lady 7myself7 to the oldest gentleman-- the late ,professor ,jarrett1 who was an old college friend of his1 and who was staying with ,newman4 ,i remember the awe with which ,i gazed at him4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,dymond1 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,temperley ,grey1 and ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,f4 ,g4 ,comfort were among the other guests4 ,once1 when he was talking to my mother1 he said3 ,you are wearing a nice coat 7a black fur one74 ,i suppose it is very dear8 ,how much a yard do you think it would cost8 ,as he spoke he looked down at his own coat 7the outside one of three71 and said3 ,i have had this coat twenty years and cannot match the cloth4 ,this was not to be wondered at1 for it was a long hairy one--quite green with age4 ,another day ,i came into the room and heard the ,professor say to my mother quite seriously3 ,i never can understand how it is that my hat always interests the idle little boys in the street4 ,they say as ,i pass them1 ',where did you get that hat8' ,everyone wears a hat of one shape or another1 and ,i really fail to see why mine should be so very interesting4 ,he was wearing a soft felt hat with a very broad brim1 set far back on his head2 and with his peculiar ,american-looking beard and thin grey locks that came down over the high ,gladstone collar which he always wore1 and a black and white shepherd's-plaid scarf wound round his neck and twisted over in front with its ends tucked into his waistcoat1 he looked sufficiently odd4 ,i remember once running as fast as ,i could to catch the post1 and as ,i started ,i saw the ,professor in front of me1 evidently bent on attaining the same object4 ,great was his glee when at last ,i did overtake him 7though ,i had some difficulty1 for he ran well even at the age of seventy71 and he said1 ,i thought ,i would give you a good race1 but you have caught me up after all6 ,one day he called just as ,i was going for a ride4 ,he gave me quite a lecture on the dangers of the side-saddle1 and said very earnestly that women ought to ride astride 7at that time this was a thing incompris in ,england74 ,he declared that women in other countries were accustomed to riding thus1 and that it was the only safe method of riding4 ,at the time of his brother's being made ,cardinal1 some ardent admirers of the ,professor's in ,australia sent him a very beautiful silver inkstand4 ,his delight and pleasure in receiving such a present was great4 ,but that people should think of him in that way was a great surprise1 for his humility as regarded his powers was a very noticeable fact about him always4 ,the design of the inkstand was one of great beauty and good workmanship4 ,it represented ostriches standing under a palm tree1 and beside them was an exquisitely made silver feather for a pen4 ,illustration3 ,,francis ,,newman ,,emeritus ,,professor ,,of ,,london ,,university ,enlargement of photograph of the bronze bust done from life by ,mrs4 ,georgina ,bainsmith1 sculptor1 of ,st4 ,ives1 ,cornwall1 which is now in ,university ,college1 ,london4 ,one afternoon my father1 mother1 and ,i were all sitting reading1 when the door opened and the ,professor walked in4 ,he held his hat in his hand1 and a large rug was fastened round his shoulders like a shawl 7over his three coats71 and in his hands he held a small brown-paper parcel4 ,as he came in he said1 ,i don't know why your maid did not announce me--,i see she is a stranger2 and then turning to my mother1 who had been ill1 he said1 ,my cook has made a new vegetarian dish for my lunch to-day1 and ,i requested her to make some for you1 as ,i am quite sure it will suit you4 ,the dish turned out to be delicious--one of those which his wonderful vegetarian cook was so constantly inventing4 ,footnote3 ,the parlourmaid1 on being reprimanded for not showing ,newman into the drawing-room1 said she thought she was only to show gentlemen into the drawing-room6 ,newman had a theory that plants feel pain1 and that we should treat all vegetable life as if it were sentient1 and care for it accordingly4 ,the ,professor was always ready to respond to any appeals for the advancement of the ,woman's ,suffrage movement4 ,at that time it was very unpopular1 but whenever we had meetings in favour of it at our house he was always the moving spirit4 ,at ,weston-super-,mare ,newman lived a life of great seclusion1 and ,i believe ,i was the only young girl who visited him constantly--indeed1 ours was the only house to which he came almost daily4 ,once when he was very ill1 ,i think ,i was the only visitor admitted2 and as ,hannah1 his old servant1 ushered me in with a smile of pleasure1 ,i heard a curious sound4 ,on looking back to the hall door ,i saw a huge netting hanging from where the letter-box should be1 trailing along the floor like a huge sausage1 crammed full of letters of enquiry for the ,professor4 ,hannah told me the master had not been able to attend to them4 ,i had long possessed a great wish to devote my time to the study of modelling1 and my father's great wish was that ,i should devote myself to ,art4 ,in #ahhe ,i gained the distinction of a silver medal at ,taunton ,exhibition for modelling some flowers in clay on vases1 with low relief panels4 ,this pleased the ,professor very much2 and when1 one day1 ,i told him how keenly ,i wanted to model a bust of his head and shoulders1 he smiled1 and said1 with an odd boyish1 shy sort of pleasure1 ,was he good- looking enough to be immortalized8 and added he would be delighted to sit to me for his portrait1 though he had always refused to sit to others to be photographed4 ,so he used to come and talk to my mother1 and thus ,i was able to work at my modelling with ease4 ,great was my delight when ,i found ,i possessed power over the clay1 and was succeeding in making a portrait which everyone considered a good one4 ,the ,professor insisted on my being very particular over the collar and the scarf4 7,his collars always had to be made for him1 as he could not buy in shops the kind he wore47 ,in later years of hard student life that followed1 for me1 with the added distinction of other medals1 nothing ever came up to the excitement caused by my portrait of the ,professor4 ,the bust ,footnote3 ,this bust is now standing in the general library of ,london ,university1 with this inscription3-- ,,francis ,,william ,,newman 7brother of the ,cardinal71 ,emeritus ,professor of ,university ,college1 ,london4 ,natus ,june #bg1 #ahje4 ,obiit ,october #dth1 #ahig4 ,as an expression of the great esteem and affection in which he was held by all who knew him1 this bust 7modelled from life by the ,sculptor7 is presented to this ,university by ,,georgina ,,bainsmith1 ,sculptor1 ,st4 ,ives1 ,cornwall4 ,aug4 #aijg4 has always been one of my greatest treasures2 and after the lapse of years that have gone by since it was first modelled1 ,i still revere and reverence his memory and his truly beautiful life4 ,whatever he wrote1 this is what his actual life and deeds expressed strongly3 he lived to do good4 ,this is what impressed me most as a young girl1 and my life has been richer and nobler for the honour and privilege of knowing ,francis ,newman4 ,georgina ,bainsmith1 ne ,bucknall4 ,st4 ,ives1 ,cornwall4 ,illustration3 ,,another ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,bust ,,in ,,university ,,college 7,,of ,,francis ,,newman71 ,,on ,,its ,,plinth ,,by ,,mrs4 ,,georgina ,,bainsmith1 ,,sculptor1 ,,of ,,st4 ,,ives1 ,,cornwall ,the ,reproduction is by ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,douglas1 of ,strives1 ,cornwall1 and was photographed from the clay before it was cast4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,letters ,,to ,,one ,,of ,,his ,,greatest ,,friends1 ,,dr4 ,,nicholson ,dr4 ,nicholson1 a native of ,barbadoes1 was only fourteen years old when his father1 ,rev4 ,mark ,nicholson1 came to ,england4 ,footnote3 ,i am indebted for these facts of ,dr4 ,nicholson's life to some printed data kindly sent me by his daughter4 ,he was sent to a private school at ,bristol1 and went on to ,oxford1 where he took his ,b4,a4 degree4 ,later on he went to study ,oriental languages at ,gttingen2 and there he became the pupil of the famous ,dr4 ,ewald1 ,professor of ,oriental ,languages4 ,at the end of his work there ,dr4 ,nicholson obtained the ,ph4,d4 degree4 ,the ,professor and he became close friends1 and a correspondence began between them1 on ,dr4 ,nicholson's departure1 which lasted unbroken till the ,professor's death4 ,he was perfectly conversant with ,latin and ,greek1 and also ,arabic1 while ,hebrew was almost as familiar a language2 and as for his knowledge of ,sanscrit1 ,ethiopian1 ,gothic1 ,chaldean1 ,syriac1 ,french1 ,german1 ,spanish1 ,italian1 ,danish1 it was as perfect as could be4 ,he had1 in the truest sense1 the gift of tongues4 ,sixteen languages1 indeed1 he had mastered besides his own4 ,he had1 in very truth1 a perfect genius for them4 ,and it was no slipshod attainment with him to learn any one of the sixteen2 for by the time he had mastered a language he practically knew it inside and out4 ,he loved this study perhaps more than any other1 because it gave him a truer insight into ,holy ,scripture4 ,many articles on the ,hebrew ,scriptures were contributed by him to ,kitto's ,biblical ,encyclopaedia1 and there are many allusions to these in ,newman's letters which follow4 ,he translated ,dr4 ,ewald's ,hebrew ,grammar1 and thus it became well known to ,englishmen4 ,illustration3 ,,dr4 ,,john ,,nicholson ,,from ,a ,,photo ,,taken ,,at ,g,,ttingen ,,between #ahee ,,and #ahfj ,,by ,,kind ,,permission ,,of ,,miss ,,nicholson1 ,,penrith ,dr4 ,nicholson lived for forty years at ,penrith4 ,he did not care to go much in society2 he was too true a student for that4 ,for the two studies 7and social life is certainly one7 are so diametrically opposed regarded as pursuits1 that it is almost impossible to make the day long enough to devote oneself to both4 ,love to study might very truly have been recognized as his life motto1 even as it was that of one of the greatest students at ,harrow a few years ago1 ,rev4 ,thomas ,hancock1 for both men cared nothing for fame4 ,dr4 ,nicholson was a man of strong religious tendencies1 and though he was in no way narrow in his views of other religious societies1 yet he was decidedly most in touch with the ,anglican ,church4 ,as a politician he was a ,liberal4 ,fifty years ago he married the second daughter of ,captain ,waring1 ,r4,n41 and had six children4 ,he died 7in ,november1 #ahhf71 as ,rev4 ,e4 ,w4 ,chapman1 ,vicar of ,penrith1 said1 in perfect peace1 with our ,lord's ,name and our ,lord's last words on his lips4 ,his presence in the town1 his loving sympathy with poor people1 his kindly greeting to all who knew him1 we shall miss very much4444 ,he added that his whole life was spent in the study of ,holy ,scriptures4444 ,francis ,newman was his lifelong friend1 and the letters which follow will plainly show that it was a friendship of kindred spirits3 the friendship of two who had a great many interests in common1 and were therefore in close touch with each other4 ,to ,dr4 ,nicholson from ,francis ,newman4 #agth ,feb41 #ahdc4 ,my dear ,nicholson1 99 99 99 99 99 ,i hope you will not bother your little boy with any foreign language too soon4 ,soak him well and long in his native ,english1 or he will never come to any good1 ,i fear4 ,if he sees a father in love with ,german1 he will of himself quite early take to it4 ,the great difficulty 7,i should expect7 will be to secure that it may not be too early4 ,of course you see about the ,anti-,corn ,law doings8 ,i think ,i shall before long be as fanatical as anyone about it3 ,i rage the more inwardly because ,i have no vent4 ,i am eager to sign a solemn league and covenant about total and immediate repeal1 which ,i suppose and hope they will get up4444 ,the next letter in order refers to ,berber1 a language bearing some relation to the ,arabic1 over which ,newman was at work with his dictionary4 ,it also touches on his own ill-health and enforced idleness4 ,it is dated from ,manchester1 ,october1 #ahdc3-- ,i have been suffering indisposition which was aggravated in reality by overrating its importance4 ,my medical adviser said it was organic affection of the heart2 in spite of my great incredulity 444 ,i took other advice afterwards in ,derby1 where ,i went to see one of my sisters1 and am now assured that it was nothing but 'the great sympathetic' that disordered the heart4 ,i was nearly three weeks in the country and in idleness1 and gained much benefit from it4 ,i spent much indoors time in learning to use water-colours1 and got a nice pony to ride1 and was a great deal in the air1 and very early to go to bed2 and took no medicines but tonics and a colocynth pill on occasion4 ,myself and wife both return much better4 ,i believe ,i knocked myself up by excitement of mind over the ,berber and working at my dictionary1 ,at ,prichard's advice ,i have lately written to ,bunsen to ask his aid in getting the dictionary published4 ,i think it may be of use1 as adding one more known language in ,north ,africa to those already accessible1 which are1 ,i believe1 ,arabic1 ,coptic1 ,gheez1 and ,amharic4 ,in ,june of the same year he says1 in respect of ,kitto's ,encyclopaedia3 ,your ,ahasuerus shows you to me as an invaluable contributor to him3 ,i could not have written that 7if ,i had had the learning7 without an attack on ,ezra and ,esther about the word6444 ,mr4 ,jowett has sent me 7at ,bunsen's and ,prichard's request7 the chief part of the transcript of the ,berber ,,ms4 in the possession of the ,bible ,s----4 ,i suppose ,i must do my best now to get deeper into the language4 ,in ,may1 #ahde1 ,newman has been greatly interested in translating into ,greek1 ,english verses to test the possibility of retaining any ,greek accent such as the books mark in singing4 ,he has tried translating ,flow on1 thou shining river in ,greek1 so that it might be sung to ,moore's own tune4 ,one does not come across in his letters much reference to music1 nor does it seem as if he had any great taste for it--at any rate1 not in the same way as had ,cardinal ,newman1 who had a real passion for it in earlier years4 ,the later part of the letter has to do with the much-vexed question of the ,maynooth ,controversy4 ,newman writes from #d1 ,cavendish ,place1 #abth ,may #ahde3-- ,my dear ,nicholson1 99 99 99 99 99 ,i venture to enclose two tunes for the ,sapphic metre1 ,greek and ,latin1 to which my sister1 at my request1 has added an accompaniment4 ,will you be so kind as to get ,mrs4 ,nicholson to play the piano while you sing it1 and tell me what is to be said to it8 ,while dabbling in some of these tunes1 ,i have translated divers scraps of ,english poetry into ,greek1 experimentally1 especially to test the possibility of retaining any ,greek accent1 such as the books mark1 in singing4 ,it seems to me a clear impossibility1 whether emphasis or sharpness of note predominated in the accent4 ,i have translated ',flow on1 thou shining river' to ,moore's own tune1 so as to retain ,greek accent as well as quantity in exact agreement to the music 444 the commonest metres puzzle me most4444 ,i wonder what you think of the ,maynooth ,controversy8 ,to me it has been so puzzling a one that ,i have been heartily glad that nothing obliged me to express an opinion4 ,some things seem clear to me3 7#a7 ,that a measure for cutting down the ,church of ,ireland1 as by ,lord ,morpeth's ,bill1 would have been1 and would now be1 far better in every respect than this of ,sir ,r4 ,peel2 7#b7 that the present is a mode of perpetuating the sinecure ,church of ,ireland by paying the ,romish1 and real ,church1 out of ,english and ,scotch funds4 ,hence it is popular with many ,irish ,protestants1 of which ,sir ,r4 ,peel boasts6 ,francis ,newman seems to forget1 in his frequent allusions to ,protestants1 that there was a ,national ,church in ,ireland1 as in ,england1 long before the word which sprang into being at the ,reformation had found its feet4 ,if they 7the ,government7 were pleading that a ,romanist people ought to be allowed to support their own ,romish clergy1 they could justly claim that we1 as a ,protestant people1 would not interfere on the ground of our dislike to ,romish doctrine4 ,but when they demand to support ,romanism out of common funds1 they implicate us in the question1 whether 7on the whole7 that religion contains more truth or error2 and ,i think they force those who see it in black colours to urge the ,no ,popery cry4 ,so far1 ,i am disposed to justify the ,anti-,maynooth war4 ,sir ,r4 ,inglis may be a bigot in his view of ,romanism 444 but ,i think he is not 'out of order' in intruding the religious demerit of ,romanism into a parliamentary discussion4 ,if this measure had been thrown out1 ,i fear ,ireland would have been awfully embittered4 ,yet ,i hope the fierce opposition will stop any future scheme of keeping the sinecure church untouched and endowing the priests with imperial money4444 ,thus ,i halt between two opinions4 ,in ,november1 #ahdc1 ,newman touches briefly upon the ,oxford movement thus3-- ,you do not seem to know that the ,record has been making a fuss this last month about the ,bishop of ,oxford's public declaration that he never requested my brother to suppress ,tract #ij4 ,all he did was to suggest that 'the publication of the ,tracts be discontinued1' which meant that there was to be no ,no4 #ia4 ,the ,bishop indignantly disclaims the idea that my brother had been disobedient4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i am1 for a week past1 resting from ,berber1 having written to ,m4 d',avzac in ,paris to ask whether a report ,i heard is true1 that he is preparing a dictionary of it4 ,i have ordered an ,amharic grammar1 too1 and want to compare them1 but ,i abhor the ,ethiopic type64444 ,i cannot get ,kitto to tell me whether the sale of the ,cyclopaedia is satisfactory4 ,as regards ,irish affairs3-- ,i have lately spoken at a meeting of the ,friends of ,ireland1 and have sent to the ,guardian newspaper here1 ,footnote3 ,manchester ,guardian4 in reply to their demand that ,i would specify some plan1 a paper on ,fixity of ,tenure for the cottiers of ,ireland4 ,i feel no doubt that this must ere long become the great ,irish question1 of even more interest than the ecclesiastical one4444 ,and in ,march he gives more news of his ,berber3-- ,i am again at work at the ,berber ,,ms41 which ,i have not touched since the #ast ,october4 ,the ,royal ,asiatic ,society have accepted my offer to edit it4 ,at present their pages are occupied with the history of ,darius ,hystaspis from the rocks at 7,i think7 ,besittoon1 near ,hemadon--the most curious document which recent research has brought to light1 and1 ,i am told1 confirming in detail the accounts of ,herodotus4 ,the two following letters to ,dr4 ,nicholson deal chiefly with matters connected with ,john ,sterling 7who had recently died7 and with ,newman's arrangements for adopting one of his children4 ,perhaps most people are familiar with ,carlyle's biography of ,sterling1 but it may be as well to say here that he was a brilliant writer1 a ,liberal in politics1 and interested himself keenly in ,general ,torrijos and his group of ,spanish exiles4 ,when at college1 at the age of nineteen1 he came under the influence of ,julius ,hare1 his tutor4 ,when he was twenty-six he again fell in with ,hare at ,bonn1 and here came to pass one of the mistakes of his life4 ,chiefly through ,hare's influence he took deacon's orders1 and he worked under ,hare at ,hurstmonceaux for the best part of a year4 ,very soon afterwards he began to feel the breach growing wider between his own convictions and those taught by the ,church4 ,he never1 consequently1 took priest's orders4 ,through grievous ill-health his winters were passed at ,bordeaux1 in ,italy1 or at ,madeira4 ,he died at ,ventnor #ahth ,sept41 #ahdc4 ,while riding to-day ,i was meditating on the continual strain which the pulling of my horse made on the left arm1 while the right was idle2 and it struck me that this might conduce to the size of the muscles on that side4 ,also my wife always leans on the left1 as being stronger in her right arm4444 ,the hardest work ,i am put to is holding an umbrella against a fierce wind2 and in this my right hand certainly beats my left4444 ,i have had no bad nights since ,i left ,manchester1 except two which ,i attribute to an excitement on meeting my sister1 whom ,i had not seen for eight years4444 ,i mean to return home next ,saturday4 ,since ,i left you an important change of prospect in my domestic economy has occurred4 ,i have accepted the responsible office of guardian to the eldest son 7thirteen years old7 of my dear dying friend ,sterling1 whom ,i went to see at ,ventnor1 ,isle of ,wight4 ,the lad will come to ,manchester next week1 and in future live in our house1 and ,i trust ,i shall love him as a son4 ,he seems a very affectionate boy4 ,his mother died about eighteen months ago4 ,i found my poor friend on the whole stronger than ,i had expected1 yet steadily declining3 long since convinced that his case was hopeless 7and indeed expecting his end sooner than those around him71 yet thoroughly calm and resigned to the gracious will of ,him ,who had so ordained it4 ,not to mourn over talents so high and a will so upright thus prematurely to be lost to us were impossible1 even did ,i not know how truly brotherly in affection is his heart to us4 ,he will leave six orphan children4 ,yet this calamity is relieved by the tenderness of his brother to them1 and by the existence of adequate supplies for all reasonable wants4444 ,tell your little boy that ,i have to-day been out with a nephew of mine 7,johnny ,kennaway7 nearly of his age1 and he rides a little white pony4 ,it was almost too spirited for him1 and ,i was once afraid it would run away with him2 but ,i could not do anything to help him but pull up my own horse short and call to him to do the same4444 ,believe me1 my dear ,nicholson1 ,your affectionate friend1 ,francis ,w4 ,newman4 ,this letter was written from ,escot1 ,ottery ,st4 ,mary1 ,devon1 ,footnote3 ,his wife's old home4 in ,september1 #ahdd4 ,in #ahda ,ward of ,balliol brought out a very strong pamphlet1 and accused the ,reformation of many changes in the ,english ,church2 as ,rev4 ,j4 ,b4 ,mozley says in his ,letters1 it was a kind of strong interpretation of ,no4 ,,xc1 just as ,pusey's 444 is a mollifying one1 proving that ,no4 ,,xc says nothing but what our divines have said before4 ,as regards the statute1 the ,hebdomadal ,board had early in this year proposed a new statute for the conferring of ,b4,d4 degrees4 #cjth ,dec41 #ahdd4 444 ,i suppose you are busy with ,ewald's ,footnote3 ,dr4 ,nicholson was the pupil of ,ewald1 and the first translator of his ,hebrew ,grammar4 ,grammar4444 ,i shall be more at rest whenever circumstances put me into that direct conflict with current opinion1 which ,i dare not go out of my way to provoke1 and yet feel it to be my natural element4 ,my antagonism to 'things as they are'--politically1 scientifically1 and theologically-- grows with my growth2 and ,i believe that every year that delays change more and more endangers destruction to our social framework4 ,i cannot forbear quoting here from a letter recently received by me from a distant cousin of mine1 ,mr4 ,george ,grey ,butler4 ,he says3 ,i remember once at table ,mr4 ,newman saying 7when asked his attitude on various public questions71 ',oh6 ,i am anti-slavery1 anti-alcohol1 anti-tobacco1 anti- everything6' with a twinkle in his eye which caused an outburst of mirth amongst his listeners4 ,rev4 ,j4 ,b4 ,mozley goes on to say1 ,pusey will not take the test1 7or statute7 that he has declared publicly 444 ,hussey the ,professor1 ,eden1 ,baden ,powell1 and several ,liberals1 ,price of ,rugby1 are all strong against it4444 ,gladstone is very strong1 and thinks every exertion ought to be made against it4 ,on #gth ,oct41 #ahdd1 ,newman is expecting the arrival of the son of his old friend1 ,john ,sterling4 ,edward ,sterling will probably come to us to-day2 his trunk is here already4 ,i do not think you know that his father's earthly career is over4444 ,sterling's will is like himself4 ,he has so strong a feeling of the wrong and absurdity of laying responsibility on people1 and yet fettering their discretion1 that he has left the fullest powers possible both to his brother as executor to manage his property and the other children1 and to me over ,edward4 ,he has directed #cjj a year to be paid me for ,edward4444 ,he was indeed a noble soul1 and few know what a loss it is2 but those few rate it high4 ,as ,captain ,sterling 7his brother7 said1 he had been accumulating wisdom all his life1 and could he have lived twenty years more to pour it out he would indeed have left behind him a precious legacy4444 ,thomas ,carlyle wrote a beautiful letter over him4 ,his little son knows not at all what a father he has lost2 and as for me1 ,i want to tell him1 but feel how hard it is4 ,in #ahde the taxes upon corn had caused great distress in ,england4 ,but far worse was the trouble in ,ireland2 for practically1 through the potato famine1 owing to the thousands of acres which were blighted1 there were literally thousands dying of starvation4 ,cheap food was far more difficult to get at there than in ,england1 and at length at the close of the year ,sir ,robert ,peel said he would repeal the ,corn ,laws altogether4 ,in #ahdf the ,bill with this end in view passed through the ,house of ,commons and ,house of ,lords and became law4 ,but the consequence of this measure was in effect the signal for ,peel's going out of office1 and his place was taken by ,lord ,john ,russell4 ,to return to ,newman's letter4 ,you perhaps know that the ,liberals at ,oxford are likely to side with ,ward against the ,heads4 ,i do not see what else they can do2 and ,i devoutly hope that the tangle will be irremovable except by abolishing subscriptions4 ,price of ,rugby is all in a bristle about it4 ,i much admire his spirit4 ,baden ,powell protests in toto against the statute4 #fth ,nov41 #ahde4 ,my dear ,nicholson1 99 99 99 99 99 ,your news about the potatoes unfortunately is no matter of private information1 but rings through our ears1 and ,i am increasingly doubtful whether we are to hope for open ports4 ,i believe the ,league is right in saying that ,sir ,robert's next move will be for an absolutely free trade2 but when that next move is to be must depend in part on his colleagues2 and the country must perhaps suffer much before they come over1 or he gains boldness to defy their opposition4444 ,if you have been reading the ,new ,prospective1 ,i dare say you will guess that the article on ',church ,reform' is mine4 ,i was not sorry to get it printed1 even in such a quarter--7though ,i know no other periodical that is free enough to dare to print it4 ,the ,westminster ,review is not enough in religious circles71--because ,i want to send it to ,churches of various grades1 and get their opinion4 ,i fear ,i have expressed myself too sanguinely of ,dissenting ,co-operation4 ,they seem to say they will support nothing that does not go to length of alienating the whole ,church property to secular uses4 ,on #afth ,april1 #ahdf1 politics are touched on again4 #afth ,april1 #ahdf4 ,my dear ,nicholson1 ,i have sent one or two ',leagues' of late to my brother-in-law in ,devonshire1 thinking that they had in them matter of instruction to him4444 ,does not ,peel appear of late to have made himself as little as of old8 ,yet ,i rejoice in his obstructing a mere ,whig ministry of the orthodox kind2 and although his course has heaped misery on ,ireland1 nothing less severe1 ,i imagine1 would brace ,england up to the stringent remedies which alone can save that country2--nor are we yet screwed to the point6444 ,i have finished the ,berber ,,ms4 as far as the ,arabic had been translated1 viz4 twenty-eight folio pages3 four more remain1 of which ,i cannot understand either the ,berber or the ,arabic4 ,i suppose neither could ,mr4 ,hodgson understand them2 for while he professes to have translated the whole of the ,arabic1 he has quietly omitted these4 ,i naturally turn myself to your aid4 ,i have quite ascertained that the ,arabic and ,berber do correspond4444 ,i am trying to move my house1 i4e4 to get into a new shell1 further from the smoke4 ,footnote3 ,newman had not yet left ,manchester ,new ,college4 ,edward ,sterling's little brother1 aged five and a half1 is now with us2 and especially for his sake ,i desire to have pure air4444 ,i am sorry to say she 7,newman's wife7 is becoming more and more afflicted with rheumatism4 ,i am about to send her to ,malvern1 where one of her sisters now is1 to try a hydropathist physician there--a regularly educated man4 ,as she must take little ,johnny ,s4 and her own maid1 and another to help in bathings1 and look after the child1 it is quite a nomad eruption and waggon-load of ,scythians4 ,my sister's child1 a boy of ,johnny ,s4's age1 fell into the fire six or seven weeks ago1 and was almost burnt to death4 ,the poor little fellow endured agonies1 but is at last nearly recovered4444 ,it seems a wonderful recovery4 ,the next letter notifies his election as ,latin ,professor in ,university ,college4 ,london4 #fth ,july1 #ahdf4 ,my dear ,nicholson1 ,a few words just to say that on ,saturday ,i was elected ,latin ,professor in ,l4 ,u4 ,c41 and to thank you once more for your valuable aid4 ,hoping ,mrs4 ,n4 continues well1 and with kind regards to her1 and the children1 ,i am1 ever yours affectionately1 ,francis ,w4 ,newman4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,letters ,,to ,,dr4 ,,nicholson ,,from ,,professor ,,newman ,,during ,,the ,,following ,,years3 #ahej ,,to #ahei ,the first of special interest in this series of letters is dated ,march1 #ahej1 and concerns ,newman's ,latin studies and also ,indian and ,china affairs4 ,sir ,charles ,trevelyan is doing his best to introduce the ,english alphabet into ,indian languages4 ,he believes it1 with me1 to be of political1 educational1 and religious importance2 but he seems to be opposed by all the ,english scholars4 ,edwin ,norris says that even ,sanscrit imported its alphabet from a foreign tongue4 ,the number of primitive alphabets is so few1 the diversity of languages so great1 that nearly all tongues must have adopted foreign alphabets4 ,i cannot therefore understand the almost a priori objections raised by the learned4444 ,do you attend to ,indian affairs8 ,the disbanding of our ,native ,indian armies1 the prospect of a sure surplus in the ,indian treasury1 with the necessity of a conciliatory policy to all the ,indian princes as soon as we are disarmed1 seem to me as light pouring in through a dark cloud4 ,but ,i am not easy 7far from it7 until we get out of this ,chinese scrape4 ,i have for years maintained that the more we fight against ,china the more we shall teach them the art of war2 and unless we tear the empire in pieces by aiding insurrections1 they must beat us at last1 and become masters in the ,indian seas4 ,we cannot contend against three hundred and eighty millions of ingenious1 industrious1 homogeneous men under a single monarch with compact country1 splendid rivers and harbours1 unsurpassed soil and climate--if once we drive them to learn the art of war from ,america1 as ,peter the ,great learnt it from ,europe4 ,but ,i seem to be insanus inter sobrios1 for nobody accepts this thought from me4 ,hearty regards to you all4 ,ever yours1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 ,it will be remembered that in #ahea1 though not until ,december1 ,louis ,napoleon1 nephew of ,napoleon ,bonaparte1 had been successful in his aim of becoming ,president of the ,french ,republic4 ,but he had practically led his army through a sea of blood to reach this autocratic position4 ,later1 in #aheb1 he made the ,french people designate him ,emperor of the ,french under the title of ,napoleon ,,iii4 ,lord ,russell had1 with his ministers1 brought their time of office to an end2 and ,lord ,derby came in as ,prime ,minister at the head of a ,conservative ,party4 ,he only remained in office a short time1 however1 and his successor was ,lord ,aberdeen1 and ,mr4 ,gladstone was ,chancellor of the ,exchequer4 ,in the letter which follows1 ,newman vindicates the honour of ,kossuth1 whose friend and helper he was when ,kossuth came to ,england for funds to set going the new ,hungarian revolution against ,austria4 ,with the views of ,charles ,dickens1 of course1 ,newman had not the slightest sympathy4 #g ,p4,v4,e41 #aith ,dec41 #ahea4 ,my dear ,nicholson1 99 99 99 99 99 ,i never see ,dickens' ,household ,narrative1 and therefore cannot answer2 but ,i do not believe there is any 'alternative side' against ,kossuth's character4 7,dickens is1 in my judgment1 a foolish man2 he writes on centralization and despotism like an ,austrian3 however1 so does ,carlyle often47 ,but all that can be said against ,kossuth is1 that up to the age of twenty-two or twenty-three he was a thoughtless young man1 who liked hunting and gambling4 ,since that age he is irreproachable1 the proof of which is1 that the ,austrian ,times has not a word to say against him4 ,their libel about the ,orphan ,fund was at once refuted by ,count ,ladislaus ,vay1 but they would not insert ,count ,vay's letter1 or even acknowledge it4 ,i think1 indeed1 the ,continental ,republicans may be proud of their leaders4 99 99 99 99 99 ,lord ,palmerston seems to me to be entangled in routine and old creeds1 so that he does not do all the justice he might to his better wishes2 but ,i also think he loves place better than to carry out those wishes4444 ,ever yours heartily1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 ,the letter in ,january1 #ahec1 which is next in order1 is largely concerned with ,mazzini4 ,as is well known1 ,mazzini was an ,italian patriot and ,republican1 born in the same year as was ,newman4 ,when he was only sixteen1 seeing the refugees who fled from the unfortunate rising in ,piedmont1 he determined then and there to rescue his country when he should be old enough to do so4 ,he made the first great sacrifice of his life in giving up the study of literature 7which he loved7 for direct political action4 ,he joined the ,carbonari in #ahbi1 though he was not in sympathy with their aims or organization4 ,in #ahcj he was imprisoned by the ,sardinian police4 ,there1 in his prison cell1 he thought out his plan of action for his country1 and on being released he went and organized the ,young ,italy ,association4 ,the object of it was to teach the mass of the people first to know their rights1 and then to obtain them4 ,the end of all his efforts for his people as regarded himself was this3-- ,in #ahcb he was expelled from the country1 but he managed to remain hidden at ,marseilles2 and from that time for twenty years he led a life of voluntary imprisonment within the four walls of a little room4 ,in #ahdd ,mazzini accused the ,english ,government of having opened his letters and told their contents to the authorities of ,italy4 ,this set the whole of ,england against him1 but ,carlyle defended him in great measure1 and testified to the worthiness of his noble struggle for his country's freedom4 ,later1 in #ahdh1 when the ,lombard revolt broke out1 he took the part of the revolutionaries with vigour4 ,in #aheb he planned the revolt at ,mantua1 and in #ahec at ,milan4 ,others were set going later4 ,he had started in ,london 7with ,kossuth7 the ,european ,association1 and issued in ,september1 #ahee1 its republican manifesto4 ,he strongly condemned the agreement made in #ahei between ,napoleon ,,iii and ,piedmont1 because he foresaw its inevitable consequences4 ,mazzini1 ,garibaldi1 and ,cavour were a trio who largely influenced their country's destiny4 ,garibaldi has been called the knight-errant2 ,mazzini1 the prophet of ,italian unity2 and ,cavour was the hub which formed the centre of the wheel of ,italy's fortunes4 ,illustration3 ,,facsimile ,,of ,,letter ,,from ,,francis ,,newman1 ,,december1 #ahee #g ,p4,v4,e4 ,friday night1 #bhth ,jan41 #ahec4 ,my dear ,nicholson1 99 99 99 99 99 ,as regards ,mazzini1 ,i am both glad and sorry4 ,i cannot pretend to know the truth1 and fear to say what may unjustly disparage him2 but he has fallen a little in my secret judgment4 ,i am told 7and ,i cannot test the assertion7 that ,mazzini wrote to ,italy to implore his countrymen to be patient1 and not to make any attempts at resistance1 even though the best among them were slaughtered2 and added3 ,but if you will and must make your attempt now1 then by all means ,i shall come--not to conquer with you2 for of that ,i have no hope--but to die with you4 ,now ,i cannot learn whether this was simultaneously with his writing to tell us that he was in high hopes of success1 and only wanted #cjjj to turn probability into something like certainty4 ,if it was simultaneous1 he is not the less patriot2 but he thinks 'the point of honour' requires he should tell a lie to his ,english friends in order to get the wherewith to die a martyr's death2 and it makes it very hard to trust his simple truth in future4 ,but if 7as one friend of his thinks7 ,mazzini's own opinion has changed1 it lowers one's notion of his discernment4 ,in fact1 it is scarcely credible to me4 ,there are those1 ,i find1 who have lately helped him to money1 expressly thinking it was a going to martyrdom1 but believing he was bent on it1 and that possibly he may now do more good to ,italy by his death than ever he can do by his life4 ,i cannot take this view4 ,i believe the tyrants would have the good sense to destroy him so secretly that no moral effect should follow from his death2 and if he utterly disapproved of an outbreak1 ,i do not understand the 'honour' which should make him go to useless destruction when his life may be so valuable4 ,it is not the same thing to an exile as to a soldier in a rank1 for the exile necessarily comes too late4 ,however1 ,i do not know whether at this instant ,mazzini may be disguised in ,italy3 he is so retired and so stealthy4 ,i expect he will 7be7 betrayed sooner or later1 if he plays so bold a game4 ,nevertheless ,i am glad that 7for whatever reason7 the ,italians are still quiet4 ,louis ,napoleon will certainly sooner or later get embroiled2 and unless there were new facts unknown to me 444 ,i earnestly hope they will wait4 ,the ,germans are a slow people2 but they will move in time4 ,every ,german ,i see believes this4444 ',we without them cannot be made perfect1' seems to me the clue to ,european oppressions4 ,while stupid barbarism exists in masses1 it will be the tool of tyranny against the more educated and refined and wealthy4444 ,ever yours1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 ,in ,november1 #ahee1 he discusses public affairs1 with relation to ,louis ,napoleon1 with ,dr4 ,nicholson3-- 4444,i should indeed like to have the talk on public affairs which you suggested2 but things have moved on since then6 ,friends of mine dread that the difficulties of ,french finance will precipitate ,louis ,n4 into a base peace4 ,i argue1--it will then be into one so base that the ,french will not endure it4 ,for the ,russians know the ,french difficulties2 and if proposals of peace come first from ,france1 or if they see ,french action become slacker1 they will yield nothing1 and make sure of a peace which saves all their territory and reserves all their free action4444 ,only yesterday came the news of ,omar ,pasha's #eth ,november victory4 ,even if it be exaggerated1 still the repulse at ,kars and this new defeat make it impossible for ,russia to make peace now without a humiliation such as ,l4 ,n4 cannot attempt to remove4 ,it may so be that ,l4 ,n4 will be blown up by his finance and by popular discontent2 it may also be that his difficulties will lead him to make popular concessions to the spirit of freedom1 as is usual when great sacrifices are demanded of a nation2 or it may be that he will get through with a struggle1 putting ,french finance on a healthier footing than has ever been yet4 ,but ,i think1 if he stands1 he must carry on the war2 and the more he feels his dangers1 the more vehemently will he resolve to stick at nothing necessary for success1 and will bid high to get ,sweden to join us1 which means to despoil ,russia of ,finland and ,poland4 ,and if he is overthrown all ,italy will rise1 and after it ,hungary1 and after it ,germany and ,poland4444 ,it grieves me much that ,kossuth has united his name with ,ledru ,rollin's2 and altogether ,i think ,kossuth is so soured by the misconduct of the ,western ,cabinets as to lose his soundness of judgment and fairness of reasoning4444 ,through #ahed his tone became more demagogic1 less dignified1 more defiant to authorities4 ,he is now contemptuous to the ,british nation also1 though ,i think it has throughout displayed precisely the sound instinct which he so often ascribes to nations1 and from which he says a statesman must catch his inspiration4 ,our nation did not know what he knew--that ,austria had given just ground of war to ,turkey--that ,turkey was ready in ,october1 #ahec1 to ally with ,hungary against ,austria2 nor could it know what were the military facilities for overthrowing ,austria1 nor whether the stubborn resistance of ,louis ,napoleon was what forced ,aberdeen into his policy4 ,but the nation since the ,russian invasion of ,hungary has practically felt how dangerous to all foreign liberty is the ,russian power1 and the absolute necessity of repressing and curtailing it2 and this determination of the people has made the war a reality1 has given power to that side of the ,cabinet which alone was willing to go forward1 has displayed itself equally in our lowest distress and our chief triumph1 which ,kossuth ought to honour4444 ,i doubt whether his union with ,ledru ,rollin is approved by any eminent ,hungarian in ,england4 ,while ,i regret all this1 ,i yet expect ,kossuth to be great again whenever action in ,hungary recommences2 but he cannot bear inaction well2 and1 alas6 ,i make no doubt his private resources cannot bear delays4 ,i almost begin to fear that he covets to be driven publicly to ,america by our ,government1 as less ignominious than being starved into the same step4 ,i cannot understand 444 how he fails to see that if we weaken ,russia we strengthen the chances of liberty1 though ,aberdeen would not allow his particular policy in #ahec-d4 ,we are doing so very much more than he asked of the ,americans in #aheb that the tone he assumes is wonderful4 ,and then to scoff as he does1 as though we had done nothing in destroying the ,russian ,black ,sea ,fleet and overthrowing the whole prestige of their military superiority4 ,to have been beaten by the ,turks is still more humiliating4444 ,i wonder whether you have any alarm about ,america4 ,i should have some alarm if ,nicaragua and the ,mosquito land were the topic of quarrel2 for ,i think the ,americans would really fight us as a single nation to hinder us establishing ourselves on ,american soil south of them4 ,they sufficiently dislike our northern position4444 ,very cordially yours1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we now pass to ,newman's letters in the year #ahef2 and the first of this series speaks of the ,harry who is mentioned elsewhere in this volume1 as having been ,professor ,alleyne ,nicholson1 of ,aberdeen4 ,he was coming to stay with ,professor ,newman during term time3-- #g ,p4,v4,e4 ,r4,p41 #bhth ,oct41 #ahef4 ,the grammar used in ,university ,college ,school is ,key's ,grammar4444 ,hitherto1 no particular ,greek ,grammar has been used in the school1 but ,greek has been taught through ,robson's ,constructive ,greek ,exercises1 which1 ,i presume1 ,harry ought at once to work at4444 ,a ,greek ,grammar by ,mr4 ,greenwood is expected to be ready by ,christmas1 and is to be brought into the school4 ,it will be new to all2 and ,harry will be on a par with the rest about it4 99 99 99 99 99 ,robson's ,constructive ,latin ,exercises 444 are used in the school4444 ,give him 7,harry7 my very kind regards1 and say that his little bedroom here looks to me desolate until he comes2 but ,i cannot flatter him that ,i have anything to fill up the emptiness of heart he will feel when he loses not only papa and mamma1 but also his faithful coadjutor in study-- ,annie6 ,seriously1 you will have to consider about his evening amusements1 for it will not do to be studying morning and night4 ,what think you of giving a well defined time to drawing every evening8 ,he has so much taste for drawing insects that he cannot fail in outline4 ,we have a little room which we call 'the boy's room1' where he can put any of his ,natural ,history collections which you think it well he should try1 but we have no butterflies to catch1--few even in summer4 99 99 99 99 99 ,at the end of ,july1 ,newman went to stay with ,dr4 ,nicholson and his family at ,penrith1 and there are one or two notes concerning his journey tither4 ,the next letter is dated #bdth ,aug41 #ahef4 ,he wrote therefore when the ,crimean ,war was still going forward4 ,that war which1 amongst mistaken policies1 blundering ,government tactics1 and aimless ambitions1 holds a foremost place4 ,it was not till the end of the year #ahee that it came to an end4 ,after the attack on ,sebastopol1 the ,french--whose army had suffered quite as much from the terrible winter and from disease1 etc41 as our own--succeeded in taking the ,malakoff ,tower4 ,this made it impossible for the ,russians to defend ,sebastopol any longer1 and in ,march1 #ahef1 peace was proclaimed4 ,then followed ,russian promises1 which were made as easily as they were broken4 #g ,park ,village1 ,east4 #bdth ,august1 #ahef4 ,my dear ,nicholson1 99 99 99 99 99 ,events have proved that ,russia1 too1 painfully knew her own weakness4 ,probably he 7,louis ,napoleon7 already in ,december knew that she knew it1 and the war was far too unpopular with the ,french to be continued except on a different policy1 with new necessities and new prizes to be won4 ,our policy from ,march1 #ahec1 to ,march1 #ahee1 was so hollow and so silly1 that no wisdom could afterwards bring things right1 or make the results of the war worthy of the cost2 but the comparative result in ,march1 #ahef1 is so vast a gain over what nine out of ten of our statesmen 7so called7 were projecting to accept in ,march1 #ahee1 that ,i cannot open my lips against the peace in itself4 ,i could not in any case wish the war continued1 except on new principles for worthier objects4 ,however1 ,russia has really had a terrible lesson1 and a great humiliation4 ,that she could not take ,silistria or ,kars against ,turkish troops1 except by the accident of famine1 will never be forgotten by ,german armies or statesmen4444 ,the native ,russian peasants and low persons do not yet know that the ,czar was beaten2 they suppose him to have conquered with immense cost2 but the nobility knew the truth1 and it will leak through to the lowest people1 ,i expect1 in the course of a few years4 ,i think ,europe has a respite of a quarter of a century from the incubus of ,russia2 and if in that interval the ,hapsburgs are overthrown1 all will yet come right4 ,i fear we are still forced again 7in spite of ,mazzini and ,kossuth7 to regard the ,french as having the initiative of revolutions4 ,i have resolved to give up all extra and needless effort of the brain1 until ,i can really get rid of certain morbid symptoms1 quite chronic1 which distress me1 so that my projected ,latin analysis lies in embryo4 444 ,i have had satisfactory approval of my ,iliad from my brother1 ,dr4 ,newman1 a fastidious critic and practical poet1 as also from other private quarters which ,i count much on2 but reviews as yet do not notice me4444 ,i have no high expectation of the very existence of the book becoming known1 except slowly to many who might perhaps be glad of it if they knew it4444 ,ever your faithful friend1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 ,in ,october of the same year he thus speaks of the ,school of ,university ,college3-- 444 ,the ,school of ,u4,c4 is remarkably full of pupils this season4 ,my junior class has unusually old pupils2 ,i do not yet know their quality4 ,one 7a ,mr4 ,sassoon1 a ,jew87 ,footnote3 ,probably this was the father of the present ,sir ,edward ,sassoon1 second ,baronet4 ,i mistook for a ,german1 but he told me he is an ,arab of ,hindoo birth1 and talks a little ,arab and ,hindostanee1 but knows more of ,english than of any other language4 ,his ,english is good1 though the pronunciation is a little foreign4 ,in another letter1 written this same month1 he speaks of ,mazzini as knowing that the liberties of ,italy cannot be safe without revolution either in ,france or ,austria4 ,that he feels it must come sooner or later1 so that it would be better for ,italy to act and suffer rather than to become stupefied4 ,newman declares that the ,governments know1 and is the reason why they hate ,mazzini1 since 444 success in ,italy will cause explosions elsewhere4 ,newman goes on to say3 ,for myself ,i look at it thus4 ,the deliverance of ,italy cannot come by ,governments 7unless these are first revolutionized72 it can only come by insurrection4 ,no one from without can ever know or judge what is the time for hopeful insurrection3 it must be done from within1 and generally without plan4 ,my sole question is1 ,is the cause legitimate8 ,i find that it is4 ,i leave ,italians to judge of the time4 ,meanwhile every year ,i would give of my superfluity to the aid of patriotic effort4444 ,to fail ten times may be necessary for success in the eleventh4 ,if they were losing heart and becoming denationalized1 the case would be bad2 but it is the contrary4 ,the fusion with ,austria is impossible4 ,the more they bleed the more they are united1 and the more resolved4444 ,my wife is cheered to learn that ,harry will go to ,mr4 ,bruce's on ,sunday4 ,a black spot had rested on her heart1 ,i find1 from fearing that he would go nowhere to church4 ,i am sending you a corrected copy of my translation of the first chorus in ,antigone1 since you honour it by putting it into your ,sophocles4444 ,ever your affectionate friend1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 ,to ,dr4 ,j4 ,nicholson1 etc4 ,another mention of the translation ,i also insert here4 ,he had been able to give far more time to it than if he had been in ,london1 for he had in ,september been spending some time at ,ventnor4 ,a youth introduced to me by ,mrs4 ,pulszky is zealous in the ,greek tragedians1 and ,i have been helping him to a little ,sophocles which put me up to translating the #ast ,chorus after ,i had been reading it with him4444 ,here is the translation to which allusion is made3-- ,,sophocles1 ,,antigone #a,,st ,,choral ,,song #ast ,strophe ,o ray of the ,sun1 the fairest ,that over the rills of ,dirk ,to ,theb the seven-gated ,wast ever of yore unveil'd ,the eyelid of heaven gilding2 ,at length thy splendour on us was shed1 ,urging to hasty reverse of rein ,the ,argive warrior white of shield ,and laden in panoply all complete1 ,who sped in van of the routed4 ,stirr'd from afar against our land ,by ,polyneikes' doubtful strife1 ,he like an eagle soaring came1 ,screen'd by a wing of snow unstain'd1 ,with many a stout accoutrement ,and horse-hair crested helmets4 #ast ,antistrophe ,at mouth of the portals seven ,above our abodes he hover'd ,with lances that yawn'd for carnage2 ,but vanish'd1 afore his chaps ,with slaughter of ,thebes were glutted2 ,afore the flicker of pitchy flame ,might to the crown of turrets climb4 ,so fierce the rattle of war around ,was pour'd on his rear by the serpent-foe ,hard match'd in deadly encounter4 ,for ,jove the over-vaunting tongue ,supremely hates4 ,their full fed stream ,of gold1 of clatter1 and of pride ,he saw1 and smote with brandish'd flame ,him1 who at summit of his goal ,would raise the peal of ,conquest4 #bnd ,strophe4 ,foil'd in his frantic rush1 ,though still with blasts of hate against us raving1 ,down dropt he1 torch and all1 ,and heavy struck the ,earth1 who upward spurn'd him4 ,such auspice of the war ,to us was fair2 and elsewhere new successes ,befel1 whereon the right ,great ,ares routing wheel'd the chariot-battle4 ,for1 posted at the seven gates1 ,equals to equals1 seven chiefs ,to trophy-bearing ,jupiter ,payments of solid brass bequeath'd4 ,save that the gloomy-hearted twain1 ,sprung from one mother and one sire1 ,planted with adverse dint the spear ,and earn'd a fate in common4 #bnd ,antistrophe ,but now1 since ,victory ,mighty of name at length is come1 delighted ,in car-borne ,theb's joy2 ,henceforth forget we battle's past annoyance4 ,but through the livelong night ,let us in sacred band approach the temples1 ,and ,bacchus to the dance-- ,the god who shakes the soil of ,thebes--be leader4 ,but hither ,creon1 lo6 proceeds1 ,son of ,menoekeus1 newly rais'd ,the sceptre of this land to sway4 ,now at new tokens of the gods1 ,methinks1 some sage device he plies4 ,therefore to special parliament ,hath he by general summons fetch'd ,this meeting of the elders4 ,the next letter largely concerns ,persia4 ,and it is necessary to remember that1 in the early part of the nineteenth century1 she began1 at the suggestion of ,france1 a most unfortunate war 7as regards herself7 with ,russia4 ,in #ahbf there was another war1 and this cost ,persia all the rest of her possessions in ,armenia4 ,the taxation of the people1 which the rulers enforced to enable them to pay the expenses of the war1 caused the former to rise in insurrection in #ahbi4 ,the death of the ,crown ,prince in #ahcc seemed the crowning blow to the fortunes of ,persia1 for he had been the only man who had seriously tried to raise his country from the depths to which she had fallen4 ,in #ahdh the son of the ,shah1 who had1 through the assistance of ,britain and ,russia1 obtained the throne1 came into office1 and he resolved to put forward claims to ,afghanistan and ,beluchistan4 ,when the ruler of ,herat agreed that the ,shah had claims1 the ,english ,government made the ,shah sign an agreement in #ahec that he would give up pressing his claims as regarded ,herat4 ,but in #ahef the ,persians retook this city1 because they declared that the ,ameer of ,kabul was planning an advance on ,herat4 ,thereupon a ,british army1 commanded by ,general ,outram and ,havelock1 was sent to ,persia1 and defeat after defeat for the ,persians followed their arrival1 and in ,july1 #aheg1 they were compelled to give up ,herat4 ,since then ,persia has not ventured to lay her hand on the key to ,india4 #g ,p4,v4,e41 ,london1 #aith ,dec41 #ahef4 ,dr4 ,barth1 the ,african traveller1 has been re-seducing 7me7 into the ,lingua ,amazighana1 which ,i had forsworn4 ,i am not sure that something will not come of it--to me at least4 ,i have already built a castle in the air1 that sometime hereafter ,i shall become ',professor of ,libyan' to ,u4,c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,how dreadful is it that we should be able to get into a war with ,persia1 proclaimed at ,bombay on ,november #ast1 and nobody here knows why it is or what it seeks after2 and the country's honour is committed while ,parliament is not even sitting4 ,and for this we throw up ,italy and 444 ,switzerland8 ,have you seen ,cobden's recent letters on ,maritime ,war8 ,i rejoice much in them1 and think adversity has improved his tone4 ,with hearty regards to ,mrs4 ,n4 and all1 ,i am1 ever yours1 ,f4 ,w4 ,n4 ,the letters at which we have now arrived are those written during #aheg4 ,the first is dated ,march1 and ,i quote some passages from it to show the ,professor's own views as regards evening home preparation for boys who are working at school during the day1 because it seems to me that his opinion in this matter should carry weight3-- ,i much dislike a boy having both his work at school and then evening work at home1 when he is getting sleepy and ought to have relaxation4 ,it is the nuisance of day schools1 and quite hurtful to study1 if there is nobody at home to answer questions4 ,besides1 ,harry 7this is ,harry ,nicholson1 mentioned two or three times in these letters as attending ,university ,college ,school7 is so studious of himself that it is very much to be desired that he should have time for voluntary work4 ,i regard this as having been very beneficial to me at school1 where ,i never had work enough set me to fill up half my time4 ,the letter which follows is dated ,april1 and in it we find that ,harry had just returned home1 and that his report had testified to his diligence and progress4 ,at the end of the letter comes this little touch as to some of the schoolboy belongings which had been left behind in ,professor ,newman's house4 ,harry has left divers snail-shells fastened on pasteboard4 ,perhaps he did not know how to carry them safely4 ,on #fth ,may mention of the owner of the snail-shells recurs again3-- ,mrs4 ,newman was rather disappointed at the unceremoniousness of my parting with ,harry4 ,it seems like a dream his vanishing4 ,i suppose she is like ,hecuba1 grieved that she could not make the funeral of ,hector4 7,i did not even kiss ,harry by proxy for her67 ,most gladly does she give him up to ,mrs4 ,nicholson2 and yet1 ,i fancy1 she wanted a funeral ceremony on losing him4 ,throughout these letters belonging to the year #aheg1 there is no special mention of the ,indian ,mutiny4 ,yet it is impossible to doubt that it occupied a great place in ,newman's thoughts4 ,no one who has written on ,india and our relations with her as he has done1 could have failed to have written his own strong views on the lamentable mismanagement which led to the ,mutiny4 ,but most probably the letters concerning it were either not kept by ,dr4 ,nicholson1 or else ,newman asked for them back1 as in so many cases he was accustomed to do with regard to his own letters towards the close of his life4 ,he had a theory that letters should not be kept1 and many people have told me that he asked for his letters back in order to destroy them4 ,happily1 however1 this is not the theory which everyone holds4 ,indeed1 to many of us1 the ,past lies so near the written word1 that almost it re-awakens between the folds of a letter2 indeed1 in many instances1 the ,past and ,present only meet across it4 ,in this sense it is the only thing that holds up the picture of the past before our tired eyes4 ,litera scripta manet is a living truth4 ,the next letter from ,newman to ,nicholson was written on #bjth ,june1 #aheg4 ,on #hth ,june of this year died ,douglas ,jerrold1 dramatist1 satirist1 and author4 ,mr4 ,walter ,jerrold tells us that1 in #aheb1 he had accepted the editorship of ,lloyd's ,weekly ,newspaper4 ,it was said of this that he found it in the street and annexed it to literature4 ,his fortune as a writer began when he was only sixteen4 ,his capacity for work and his perseverance in working were enormous4 ,in #ahbe he wrote great numbers of plays and farces2 but beside all these1 he contributed1 as is well known1 to ,punch 7at its first commencement in #ahda71 as well as to hosts of magazines and political tracts1 etc4 ,newman alludes to ,jerrold being in receipt of #bjjj a year from ,lloyd's ,weekly ,news4 ,i pass over the discussion as regards the ,newmans' proposed visit to the ,lakes1 and also his expressed delight in a book1 many copies of which he had just given away--,intuitive ,morals and ,religious ,duty4 ,in truth1 dear friend1 ,i get happier and happier1 and only am pent up and mourn to feel how ,i live for self alone4 ,i sometimes think with a sort of envy how your knowledge of medicine and tender heart for young children puts you into near and kind contact with the poor4 ,however1 we have each his own talent1 if only one can find the mode of wisely disposing it4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i am sorry to see that ,douglas ,jerrold has not left sixpence to his family1 though he was in receipt of #bjjj a year 7they say67 from ,lloyd's ,weekly ,news4 ,in ,november another letter alludes to his ,latin translations4 ,he says he has been gradually inclining to the belief that ,terence1 ,virgil1 and ,horace had damaged the ,latin language in very much the same way as ,pope did the ,english1 as regards arbitrary style and method of writing cadences4 ,it is universally conceded that ,horace was not a great thinker4 ,as one of our modern ,english critics has said3 ,his philosophy is that of the market-place rather than of the schools2 he does not move among high ideals or subtle emotions4444 ,he carried on and perfected the native ,roman growth1 satire1 so as to make ,roman life from day to day1 in city and country1 live anew under his pen4444 ,before ,horace1 ,latin lyric poetry is represented almost wholly by the brilliant but technically immature poems of ,catullus2 after him it ceases to exist4 ,as regards ,pope1 the critics of the end of the eighteenth century considered his style eminently artificial and forced4 ,but to-day1 according to ,father ,gasquet1 we cannot but recognize his services to ,english poetry as invaluable4 ,he was virtually the inventor and artificer who added a new instrument of music to its majestic orchestra1 a new weapon of expression to its noble armoury4444 ,but one must admit that to the taste of the present age there occurs a certain coldness and artificiality in his portrayals alike of the face of nature and of the passions of man4 ,he appeals rather to the brain than to the heart4 ,ideas and not emotions are his province4444 ,to the metric presentment of ideas he imparts a charm of musical utterance unachieved before his time4 #cjth ,nov41 #aheg4 ,my dear ,nicholson1 99 99 99 99 99 ,i have of late been urged by a particular circumstance to make various trials of translation into ,latin 7lyrical1 etc47 verse--an exercise ,i always used to dislike1 and have never much practised4 ,i now find my dislike was largely caused by the unsuitable and over-stiff metres which used to be imposed on me when ,i was under orders4444 ,in ,english and ,greek versification ,i have long been aware of the essential importance of this2 but ,i have looked on ,latin as too inflexible a tongue to be worth the labour1 since nearly all the translations ,i have seen1 pall on me as mere flat imitations of the ancients instead of having a smack of the original4 ,i have been inclining to the belief that ,terence1 ,virgil1 and ,horace have done damage to the ,latin language1 or at least to our taste2 just as ,pope was the ruin of ,english poetry so long as he was allowed to dictate the style and cadences4 ,in ,plautus1 ,lucretius1 and ,catullus the language has a flexibility and the metres a freedom which 7as ,i think7 academicians and schoolmasters have not duly appreciated1 and which ought to impart to us 7when we do do anything so absurd as to write foreign verses7 a freedom at which we have not generally aimed4 ,as to metre1 ,i think it really a folly to insist on ,horace's restrictions1 which are entirely his own1 being neither found in the ,greek1 which he copied1 nor in ,catullus2 and which made the problem of translation so much harder 7and he did not translate71 that one has to sacrifice too much4 ,i think we ought to construct our metres by selection from the ,greek1 just as ,catullus or ,horace did1 not imitate them slavishly4 ,i send you one specimen of my translation1 to ask whether so many as seven lines together the same is too monotonous4 ,if there were only four or five it would be as one of ,catullus's4 ,i dare say you have the original4444 ,with truest regards to you all1 ,your cordial friend1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 ,pulszky1 the friend of ,kossuth and also of ,francis ,newman1 was a ,hungarian author1 politician1 and patriot4 ,in #ahdh he was serving under ,esterhazy in some ,government post2 but when he was suspected of revolutionizing in his native country1 he took refuge in ,england4 ,pulszky went with ,kossuth later to ,america4 ,in #aheb he was condemned to death by the ,austrian ,government1 but his fourteen years spent in ,italy seem to have influenced the ,ministers to pardon him in #ahfg4 ,while in ,england 7,i do not know if he suffered from it elsewhere7 he became a martyr to tic douleureux1 that most trying form of facial neuralgia which attacks in such paroxysms of severe pain--attacks which seem brought on by the most trivial reasons1 such as a knock at the door or by a sudden shake to the chair on which the patient is sitting1 and which1 as a rule1 give no warning of their approach4 ,my dear ,nicholson1 ,you remember that you kindly furnished me with your prescription for tic douleureux to give to my friend ,pulszky4 ,he told me a few days back that he sent it 7,i think a year ago7 to the poor girl at ,ventnor who was a horrible sufferer from it1 and heard no more of it until this autumn when he was at ,ventnor again4 ,he was delighted to find she had been immediately cured by it1 had had no returns1 was made competent for work1 and is in a servant's place4 ,on my naming this1 ,i have two urgent applications for the prescriptions4 ,if you will a second time take the trouble to copy out the prescription ,i will keep it myself1 and give copies to my friends without further coming upon you4444 ,i have ventured to assert that the ,nicholson who is so talked of as promoting the ballot in ,australia is not your brother ,mark4 ,do you know1 when ,i saw in the ,illustrated ,london ,news the face of the late lamented ,brigadier ,nicholson of the ,punjaub1 ,i thought it very like you4 ,is he possibly a distant relative8 ,ever yours heartily1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman1 #g ,p4,v4,e4 #bjth ,december1 #aheg4 ,this remark of ,newman's that he saw a strong likeness in the face of the late lamented ,brigadier ,nicholson of the ,punjaub to his friend ,dr4 ,nicholson is one of those arresting suggestions which seem to strike sudden light out of the flints of ancestry which whiten the road of life along which we have come4 ,that there is a distinct likeness in the two faces no one who had seen the portraits in ,captain ,lionel ,trotter's ,life of ,john ,nicholson1 and then looked at that of ,dr4 ,john ,nicholson in this book1 could have had a doubt4 ,but1 as it seems to me1 there is even more ground for the likelihood of ,newman's suggestion1 if one tries to trace the lineage and land of the families of ,nicholson in years gone by4 ,i quote the following from ,captain ,trotter's ,life of ,john ,nicholson3-- ,in the days of our ,tudor sovereigns the family of which ,john ,nicholson was to be the bright particular star had made their home in the border county of ,cumberland4 ,he goes on to say that the first to come over to ,ireland was ,rev4 ,william ,nicholson 7in #aehi71 and he married the ,lady ,elizabeth ,percy4 ,captain ,trotter says there is a tradition that his two brothers went over to ,ireland with ,william ,nicholson4 ,one settled in ,derry1 the other in ,dublin4 ,during ,mc,guire's rebellion in #afda1 his son's wife and her baby boy were the only two in ,cran-na-gael now known as ,cranagill who escaped the common massacre by hiding behind some brushwood4 ,in their wanderings thence they fell in with a party of loyalist soldiers1 who escorted them safely to ,dromore1 whence they made their way across sea to the widow's former home at ,whitehaven4444 ,what became of this ,mrs4 ,nicholson does not appear4 ,her son ,william1 during his sojourn in ,cumberland1 had become a ,quaker4 ,this was very probably due to his having been influenced by his intercourse with ,george ,fox4 ,later on the former went back to ,cranagill4 ,there were three sons born to this ,william ,nicholson1 and ,captain ,trotter tells us that it was from the eldest 7also a ,william7 that the famous ,john ,nicholson was descended4 ,now1 it seems to me that it is not at all unlikely that there may have been some connection 7as ,francis ,newman suggested7 between the branch of the ,nicholson family to which ,john ,nicholson1 of ,mutiny fame1 was related1 who made their home in the border county of ,cumberland1 and that to which ,dr4 ,john ,nicholson1 the lifelong friend of ,francis ,newman1 belonged4 ,the latter also belonged to a north country family who1 ,i believe1 settled on the borders of ,england and ,scotland4 ,dr4 ,nicholson himself lived for a great number of years at ,penrith1 in ,cumberland4 ,so that1 all things considered1 perhaps ,newman's conjecture1 after he had realized how strong a resemblance there was in his friend's face to that of the hero of ,delhi1 was correct4 ,the next letters belong to the year #aheh4 ,in ,august1 #aheh1 ,newman was again devoting much time to ,latin versification3-- ,my chief time this summer has been employed in a new furor--,latin versification4 ,i find that by choosing and adapting metres from the ,greek fountain and not sticking to ,horace1 or even to ,catullus1 the language admits of translation from ,english closer than ,i at all conceived4 ,i think ,i have done #aejj lines in all4 ,i only translate short pieces and pleasing ones4 ,i have been led to it by a practical object4 ,i used to hate ,latin versification1 and indeed the extreme poverty and ambiguity of the language is laid bare shockingly by the process4 ,perhaps not really worse than in prose translation1 but every metre 7or almost every7 deprives you at once of a sensible fraction of the already scanty vocabulary4 ,one learns also how essentially clumsy and prosaic the language is in its vocabulary1 though so compact in its structure4 ,the ,atlantic ,telegraph1 no doubt1 already excites wild and impatient hopes in our ,australians1 of which you will hear an echo4 ,it is indeed a critical event1 as determining an immense extension of the telegraphic system4444 ,ever yours heartily1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 ,it will be remembered that the ,crimean ,war broke up the ,coalition ,ministry which ,lord ,aberdeen had formed4 ,this was due to the fact that the motion for enquiry into the state of our soldiers before ,sebastopol was carried by a great majority against the ,government4 ,lord ,aberdeen resigned when this happened1 and ,lord ,palmerston came into office1 with ,mr4 ,gladstone as ,chancellor of the ,exchequer4 ,then1 when ,palmerston acceded to the demand that a committee of enquiry should be appointed1 ,gladstone1 who had opposed it before1 thought he ought not to remain in the ,cabinet which had now agreed to have the enquiry made4 ,so he gave up office1 but still helped the ,government generally until after ,orsini's attempt in #aheh1 upon ,napoleon ,,iii's life4 ,perhaps it is necessary to recall here that ,gladstone had taken up the cause of the prisoners--especially political prisoners-- in the prisons of ,naples in #ahea4 ,he spoke strongly on the terrible cruelties which were perpetrated there4 ,in this effort to help forward an enquiry ,gladstone threw himself most heartily4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i send you to-day a ,latin ,grammar which ,i have found on my shelves4 ,by the binder's ticket ',penrith' ,i infer it to be ,harry's4 ,i hope ,i may congratulate him4444 ,i never met ,gladstone4 ,he was a hero of mine for about a year4 ,i hoped great things of him4 ,after the letters on ,naples and his ,chancellorship of the ,exchequer1 ,i thought he had worked clear of the errors of his youth and was 'the coming man4' ,but in the ,russian war his intense party spirit and endless mistakes have lowered his 444 intellectual discernments4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i am1 ever yours heartily1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 ,in ,december of this year ,newman writes word that he has been working hard at ,arabic for some time1 because he has undertaken to teach a friend modern ,arabic4 ,he is again staying at ,hastings1 where he had been so constantly4 #bj ,white ,rock ,place1 ,hastings1 #cjth ,dec41 #aheh4 ,my dear ,nicholson1 99 99 99 99 99 ,i am strangely thrown anew into sympathy with your studies4 ,i have been working really hard at ,arabic for some time--and why1 do you think8 ,because ,i had the temerity to undertake 7for philological reasons7 to teach a friend modern ,arabic4 ,i could not have been so rash or so foolish as to undertake to teach ancient ,arabic2 yet ,i am almost driven on learning the ancient by the number of questions which have kept arising4444 ,i have been looking up all my old ,,mss41 and am surprised at the extent of my former attainments1 very much indeed of which ,i had forgotten4 ,but words come back to me with a pleasant rapidity1 and ,i am delighted to find how much ,i have exaggerated to myself the gap between old and new ,arabic4 ,with this letter those belonging to the year #aheh come to an end4 ,with #ahei begin ,newman's criticisms on the policy and unscrupulous methods of ,louis ,napoleon4 ,the latter had made himself absolute ruler of ,france in #ahea4 ,later on he annexed ,savoy and ,nice4 ,in his campaign in ,lombardy against ,austria he was assisted by ,great ,britain4 ,in ,may1 when this letter following was written1 ,napoleon's ,manifesto had just been published in the ,london papers of #dth ,may3-- #aj ,circus ,road1 ,s4 ,john's ,wood1 #eth ,may1 #ahei4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i dare say you read ,louis ,napoleon's ,manifesto in yesterday's papers4 ,i wonder what you think of it4 ,i find myself at variance with most of my friends1 and with nearly all the newspapers that ,i see2 but the ,morning ,chronicle and the ,daily ,news1 of which ,i have only seen one article for a long time back1 appeared to be maintaining what ,i hold4 ,that we ought to be strictly neutral 7not armed and threatening neutrals7 seems to be an axiom2 but at the same time ,i look at the crisis with much hope and little or no fear4 ,to declaim against ,l4 ,n4's treachery is only a way of playing into the wrong hands1 i4e4 supporting ,austria4 ,he has pledged himself to expel her from ,italy and not to seek dominion in ,italy for ,france4 ,if he fails he shatters his own power in ,paris3 so much the better1 ,i suppose4 ,if he succeeds1 ,italy is a certain gainer1 and ,europe through ,italy4 ,i say a certain gainer1 because the existing oppression 7testified by ,gladstone and ,clarendon7 rests upon the aid of ,austria1 and is far worse than war1 and worse than a transitory dictatorship of ,france2 and the mischief of ,austria has been that her power has been confirmed by ,european diplomacy2 but if ,france proves treacherous1 it will be against the protest of ,europe1 and her rule cannot be permanent4 ,besides1 ,l4 ,n4 must almost of necessity give some aggrandizement to ,sardinia4 ,lombardy1 ,tuscany1 and ,parma seem inevitably to rush into ,victor ,emmanuel's arms1 if not also ,venice1 if the ,confederates are victorious4 ,hence a stout power is interposed between ,france and ,southern ,italy4 ,and is it not stupid to think that because ,l4 ,n4 is a bad1 unscrupulous man1 therefore he covets nothing but territory8 ,he covets stability and the glory of liberating ,italy2 and acting with heroic moderation is the obvious way of winning to his side republicans in ,france and the diplomatists of ,europe4 ,if he acts thus1 ,i think his dynasty will be permanent2 if not1 not1 or hardly4 ,the ,papists already hate him1 and he already distrusts them4444 ,it is impossible to read many letters of ,newman's and not recognize the unfailing unselfishness with which he constantly gives up his own plans of seeing his friends1 in order that his wife may go to those places for which she has a special affection4 ,not infrequently he gives up a journey much farther afield for the purpose of pursuing antiquarian researches because he knows how great would be her ennui were she to accompany him1 and he is ever full of a tender concern that she shall suffer no unnecessary discomfort or trouble4 #acth ,july1 #ahei4 ,my dear ,nicholson1 ,i had really hoped we might spend a few days at ,penrith and have a chance of seeing you1 for my wife talked seriously of ,keswick and the neighbourhood4 ,but when she began to remember in detail the climate of the ,lakes1 her courage broke down1 and she said there was nothing did us good but the seaside1 and especially the coast of ,wales4 ,so now we are starting for ,carmarthen1 ,cardigan1 ,aberayron1 ,aberystwith1 etc41 a weary distance from ,penrith4 ,i told you ,i had undertaken the daring task of teaching modern ,arabic 7somehow7 to a young lady4 ,my lessons began in ,october 7the second week71 and ended with the second week of ,march1 being broken by ,christmas4 ,about a fortnight ago she sent me a written exercise1 in which ,i corrected a few grammatical faults1 and then copied it out to transmit it to you1 with my translation into ,english4 ,i should like you to see a specimen of my ,roman 787 character1 and also to hear what you think of the capacity and power of the modern language as compared with the ancient4444 ,i hope you are hitherto well satisfied with ,italian affairs4 ,the pamphlet of ,napoleon ,,iii on ,italy shows that in #aheg he definitely proposed to ,austria a scheme for the total secularization of the ,papacy4 ,i now feel sure he will not stop at that4 ,it also advocates a federation of all ,italy--a wonderful proposal from a ,french ruler4 ,no democrat would have proposed that4 ,in ,september he writes from ,aberystwith1 and relates how he is busy translating ,robinson ,crusoe from the ,arabic4 ,i am constantly reminded of you by the study which ,i have been rather closely pursuing here for nearly eight weeks1 viz4 the reading of ,robinson ,crusoe in ,arabic4 ,it is to me often difficult from several causes3 7#a7 ,it is not pointed1 nor even the ,teshdied added2 7#b7 ,i could not bring ,golin's with me1 and the dictionaries which ,i have are very imperfect2 7#c7 the writer has most arbitrarily changed the details of ,robinson's story1 and makes it often incoherent and stupidly impossible2 so that neither does the original help me much1 nor can ,i rest on internal congruity to help me out4 ,it should perhaps be remembered here that the ,arabs had a great contempt for the ,grecian and ,roman languages4 ,their own language was only printed in ancient classical form1 of which the ,korn is the most famous example1 and the characters and symbols proceeded from right to left4 ,in its most ancient form it is named ,kufic4 ,there are only symbols for sixteen out of its twenty-eight consonants4 ,certain of our own words own patronymity from the ,arabic languages--words such as algebra1 alcohol1 zenith1 nadir1 etc4 ,these show clearly that the language did influence early intellectual ,european culture in no small degree4 ,to go on with the letter3-- ,i am greatly encouraged by my success in understanding it the story of ,robinson ,crusoe in ,arabic1 for it is a far more ambitious style and on far more various topics than ,i have ever before encountered2 and when ,i get my ,golin's ,i expect to get to the bottom of many words that puzzle me1 though others are probably modern developments1 especially quadrilaterals and words belonging to special arts4 ,but there is a religious formula which recurs many times1 every word of which is easy1 and yet the whole of it is to me unintelligible4 ,i suspect it is elliptical and allusive1 and it occurs to me that it may be familiar to you2 if so1 ,i know you will have pleasure in explaining it to me4 ,whenever ,robinson falls into distress and betakes himself to prayer1 ,i meet these words3-- ,arabic and then follows the matter of sorrow4 ,i also three times meet ,arabic at the end of a sentence1 where the meaning seems to be et alia ejusdem generis4 ,i suppose it is an abridgment by initial letters4 ,can you help me to a solution8 ,we have stuck here at ,aberystwith longer than we intended2 in fact1 we should have left nearly a week ago1 only that ,mrs4 ,n4 caught a sharp cold1 and the weather became suddenly so severe that ,i have feared to let her travel4444 ,probably1 like all the world and his wife1 you are yourself just now absent from home4444 ,do you not with me see that the ,italians already are showing how vast a benefit ,l4 ,n4 has brought them8 ,it is only the beginning of a vast revolution4 ,i am1 ever your true friend1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,letters ,,to ,,dr4 ,,nicholson ,in #ahfj ,sardinia1 because it happened to possess the clever1 far-seeing ,count ,cavour1 had dreamed against a distant goal--the goal when his king should be made ,king of ,italy1 instead of only ,sardinia4 ,he only had to wait one year before his wish was attained4 ,victor ,emmanuel1 son of ,charles ,albert1 ,king of ,sardinia1 was in #ahfa proclaimed ,king of ,italy1 and nine years later he was head of the whole united nation4 ,this is briefly touched on in ,newman's first letter to ,dr4 ,nicholson in ,january1 #ahfj4 ,he also spoke in strong praise of a book of ,mrs4 ,beecher ,stowe which he and his wife 7then staying at ,hastings to see the new year in1 as they did the year before as well7 were reading together4 ,mrs4 ,beecher ,stowe was1 of course1 best known by her ,uncle ,tom's ,cabin1 perhaps the most popular ,american novel ever written4 ,the ,minister's ,wooing was published in #ahei4 ,illustrations3 #bj ,,white ,,rock ,,place1 ,,hastings #a;,a ,,carlisle ,,parade1 ,,hastings ,,where ,,francis ,,newman ,,often ,,stayed1 ,,in #ahfj ,,and ,,earlier ,from ,photos taken in #aiji by ,valentine ,edgar ,sieveking #a;,a ,carlisle ,parade1 ,hastings1 #dth ,jan41 #ahfj4 ,my dear ,nicholson1 ,a ,happy ,new ,year to you all6 ,we are here1 in the same lodgings as a year ago1 having begun and ended the year in them4 ,we have begun this year with hopes for the future brightly contrasted to anything for ten years back4 ,for this1 among men1 ,i thank1 first of all1 ,cavour and ,victor ,emmanuel1 and secondly1 ,louis ,napoleon4 ,the hatred which the last incurs with the ,austrian party and the ,ultramontanists is1 ,i think1 a fair measure of his services and tendencies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i cannot get any solution from any of my books of certain difficulties in the ,arabic phraseology of ,robinson ,crusoe1 ,footnote3 ,hiawatha and ,robinson ,crusoe were very much used for ,latin translations at the college by ,newman4 and ,i want to ask your help2 but ,i do not like to do so until ,i learn that it would not encroach too much on your leisure4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we have been here reading aloud ,mrs4 ,beecher ,stowe's new tale1 ,the ,minister's ,wooing with very great pleasure4 ,i regard her as a real 'prophetess1' and am delighted at the enormous circulation of her works4 ,i have been stimulated to try my hand at translating into ,latin five of the most eloquent passages in the book1 as a trial of the possibility of putting such things into that language4 ,i am pleased with the result1 although it is clear to me that without a development of the ,latin vocabulary far beyond ,cicero1 ,livy1 ,tacitus1 and ,seneca no one could ever be fluent and free to speak on modern subjects4 ,one has to paraphrase and go round instead of speaking outright4 ,i am thinking ,i ought to know something more about ,arnobius and ,lactantius1 and see what sort of development they effected2 and the resolution rises in my mind that ,i will look to this1 being hitherto quite ignorant of them4444 ,i suppose the ',volunteer ,rifles' are talked of at ,penrith as elsewhere4 ,i regard it as a breach of faith to transform these ,volunteers into ,light ,infantry1 which seems to be the darling idea of military men4 ,later on1 in ,february1 there is another letter relating to ,newman's ,latin ,robinson ,crusoe and his own difficulties as to how to find out when are the times of spring and autumn in an equinoctial climate4 ,i have been 7as many others7 a sufferer by the weather from slight bronchitis1 exasperated by the coughs and noseblowings of the students1 and by an ill-arrangement of the class-rooms4 ,i had nothing serious1 but enough to force me to spend my evenings in bed1 from seven o'clock almost1 and keep me three entire days away from college4 ,i have been 444 busy 444 with a ,latin ,robinson ,crusoe1 rewritten quite freely 7not a translation71 that ,i have not been able to get back just now to ,arabic2 and have buried your letter in papers so deep that ,i lost much time the other day in a vain search for it4444 ,in writing on ,robinson's island ,i found my botany sadly at a loss1 and have hunted the ,penny ,cyclopaedia diligently and uselessly to learn the simplest things1 such as3 ,to an equinoctial climate1 when is the spring and when the autumn8 ,do the leaves fall twice1 or not at all8 ,when is the chief cold8 ,is it when the sun is lowest1 or when the clouds are thickest8 ,or does it depend on hail and electric phenomena1 or on local relation to great mountains8 ,it will be remembered that in #ahei the outbreak of the war of the ,italian liberation took place4 ,garibaldi--the ,knight of the ,red ,shirt--though he had settled down as a farmer on the island of ,caprera1 was summoned by ,cavour to fight for ,victor ,emmanuel4 ,he and his ,chasseurs des ,alpes went into ,central ,italy as chief in command1 and helped to complete the annexation of the ,sardinian territories4 ,it was in ,august1 #ahfj1 that he made his military promenade through ,naples4 ,during the next few years he was longing to march on ,rome1 but he also wished to foment the rebellion in ,hungary1 and not to let it come to nothing4 #aj ,circus ,road1 ,st4 ,john's ,wood1 ,london1 ,n4,w4 #ajth ,nov41 #ahfj4 ,my dear ,nicholson1 ,i believe ,i have never so much as written from ,wales or ,clifton to you1 to denote that ,i was not killed on the rail4 ,in old days ,i suppose that every distant journey demanded this kind of 'receipt' from a traveller2 but we now travel too much to make it natural4 ,i am reading the ,book of ,proverbs in ,arabic1 in order to work myself up in the vocabulary of morals1 and am pleased to find that ,i know nearly all the words1 although the exact form of some is new to me4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we may now congratulate one another on the 'definitive' fact of a constitutional ,king of ,united ,italy4 ,louis ,napoleon1 in consenting to it1 appears to me to have surpassed the limits not only of ordinary kings1 but of ordinary statesmen4 ,i find that even able and temperate ,french writers1 such as ,eugene ,forat1 are shocked at it4444 ,louis ,napoleon's 444 enemies outside have been ,germany1 ,spain1 ,russia1 ,austria1 ,naples1 and the ,papacy1 and inside1 all the ,catholic clergy and the politicians4444 ,do you see ,garibaldi's renewed solemn promise that his flag shall be joined to the ,hungarian in effecting their liberation from ,austria8 ,what ,i hear and know of ,lord ,palmerston's intrigues against ,hungary and threats to ,sardinia if she dares to assist ,hungary 444 fills me with indignation and no small alarm4 ,no doubt all that intrigue can do is now employed to induce ,austria to sell ,venetia1 not in order to benefit ,italy 7though to this they have no objection71 but in gratuitous enmity to ,hungary1 which 7,lord ,palmerston says7 the ,english ,government will not permit to be separated from ,austria4 ,this ,i know he avowed to the ,sardinian ,ambassador1 and sent the ,english fleet into the ,adriatic as a demonstration4 ,happily the war is now likely to be deferred till ,parliament meets1 and our ministry may be severely checked in time4 ,i trust we are only at the beginning of magnificent results in ,europe and in ,north ,america4444 ,your true friend1 ,francis ,w4 ,newman4 #ahfa was a great year for the fortunes of ,america4 ,then it was that the ,civil ,war between the ,north and ,south 7,united ,states7 first began4 ,the question seemed to be1 how far the ,united ,states might really interfere with the doings of any particular ,state of the ,union4 ,the ,north determined that they would not allow the ,union to be broken up1 and so they fought4 ,but really the true point at issue was a far bigger question than that1 for it turned out that the real dispute had to do with whether slavery was to be allowed to continue1 or whether it should be put an end to for good and all4 ,the ,north said it must cease1 and after a war lasting five-years1 this was the final decision upon which peace was made4 ,england very nearly was brought into this war against her colonies1 but happily not quite4 ,it was probably due to ,abraham ,lincoln 7who was most wise in his ,presidentship7 that this war was averted4 #adth ,june1 #ahfa4 ,the interest of ,american affairs almost swallows up with me those of ,italy1 ,poland1 ,hungary2 though ,i am on the whole in decided good heart as to them all1 i4e4 as to everything but ,india4 ,everywhere else the tide seems to me to have turned for the better2 but in ,india that is by no means clear to me4 ,i hope our ,government has discovered its error as regards ,america4444 ,the glorious patriotism and unanimity of the ,north none could absolutely foresee2 but that the attempt to break up the ,union would goad the pro-slavery faction of the ,north into intense hostility of feeling to the ,south1 appeared to me so clear and certain that ,i predicted it in print4 ,that their backers and merchants should so lavish their private fortunes for the war was more than ,i dared to hope4 ,i think the ,union gets a new heart from this time4 #aj ,circus ,road1 ,london1 ,n4,w4 ,my dear ,nicholson1 ,i hope that the capture of ,new ,orleans1 now fully attested1 pretty well tranquillizes your mind1 and justifies us in believing that we see the beginning of the end4 99 99 99 99 99 ,events have not even yet taken the scale from the eyes of deluded people here4 ,i still hear on all sides the doleful lament that 'the successes of the ,north are much to be regretted1 since they can only prolong the war4' ,mr4 ,gladstone ,footnote3 ,then ,chancellor of the ,exchequer4 has just printed his recent ,manchester speech1 in which he sympathizes with the ,south1 because he does not trust the soundness of the ,north in the cause of freedom6444 ,i am calmly told that it is not for the interest of ,england that ,america should be so strong1 and it is better for herself1 and for us1 that she break up6 ,england may have all ,india1 but the ,united ,states may not have one ,mississippi1 or keep the mouth of her own river4 ,i have never felt so unutterably ashamed for my own country1 for it affects public men and the press of ,london on all sides1 with exceptions which may be easily counted4 ,are you not delighted with the progress of ,india for the better8 ,it appears in the public news in many ways2 but besides1 ,i have papers from ,oudh and ,calcutta which interest me extremely1 and give me the most cheerful hopes of the future4 ,the change introduced by the extinction of the ,company's rule is prodigiously beyond what ,i ever dared to expect in so short a time4 ,i am beginning to print 7for very limited circulation67 a ,latin ,robinson ,crusoe--chiefly to please a lady-teacher1 my favourite pupil4 ,it is not a translation1 but an imitation4 ,my wife is just returned from ,brighton1 where ,i spent ,easter--but did not go to the rifle review4 ,i feel unable to take interest in it1 until ,secret ,diplomacy is abolished4 ,at this moment there is no security that ,lord ,russell is not intriguing against ,hungary1 while possessing liberal views for ,italy4 ,it is necessary here1 ,i think1 to add that the ,hon4 ,east ,india ,company had1 so long ago as #ahcc1 been deprived of its commercial privileges2 but still its directors practically ruled ,india under the ,board of ,control1 which ,pitt originated4 ,later1 in #aheh1 ,lord ,palmerston brought in a bill which was its death-blow4 ,the ,company was to be abolished1 and the ,home ,government reigned in its stead in ,india4 ,in ,july1 #ahfc1 ,newman severed his long connection with ,university ,college1 and evidently looked forward with great pleasure to uninterrupted time for writing and studying4 ,i am finally severed from ,university ,college1 but do not as yet know how much difference that means1 since this is my natural vacation4 ,i suppose that next ,october ,i shall begin to realize the greatness of the change for good or evil4 7,the enclosed photogram makes my face dirty1 and one eye too dark2 yet seen through a magnifier it is really good47 ,i seem to have an ,augean stable to cleanse in reducing my papers to simplicity1 and burning accumulations of thirty years4 ,i am not likely to write less1 but perhaps more1 in anonymous ways1 which impedes one's concentrating oneself on one subject1 if that be desirable3 as to which ,i cannot make up my mind4 ,the danger of overworking the brain ,i see to be extreme if one has one subject and that all paper work and private work4 ,i have now got my house1 to keep on with right to leave at a quarter of a year's notice4 ,as the following letters make much mention of the struggle through which the ,united ,states was passing1 it is perhaps as well to give1 briefly1 a few details of the happenings which were then taking place4 ,in #ahef1 when the ,republican army was first started to put an end to the extension of slavery1 ,lincoln1 who was the most prominent man against the pro-slavery party1 took the lead as the most active servant of the cause4 ,but there was another1 working perhaps more quietly1 but quite as resolutely against slavery1 whose name should never be forgotten4 ,william ,lloyd ,garrison--a man of the same age as ,newman--started in #ahca a paper called ,the ,liberator1 with no capital or subscriptions4 ,this paper he carried on for thirty-five years until slavery was abolished in the ,united ,states1 although he received constantly letters threatening his assassination4 ,he came to ,england in #ahcc1 and on his return he started the ,american ,anti-,slavery ,society4 ,before that was accomplished1 however1 in every way possible he had spread over the whole of the ,states pamphlets etc41 urging on his people the pressing need of the abolition of the slave trade4 ,then in #ahfc 7,july7 ,general ,grant's success in capturing ,vicksburg gave back to the ,union the full control of the ,mississippi river4 ,by #ahfd ,grant was in full command of the ,union ,army4 ,but the aim of the ,abolitionists had been triumphantly attained before then1 for on #ast ,jan41 #ahfc1 ,president ,lincoln declared that all slaves in the ,states then in a state of rebellion should be free4 ,only two years later this man1 who had done so much to rid his country of a degrading trade1 was assassinated4 ,the following letter is dated #dth ,aug41 #ahfc3-- 444 ,i hope that you now1 with me1 believe that the era of ,southern 'successes' 7i4e4 hard and ,,hopeful resistance7 is finally past4 ,i believe nothing now remains but the resistance of despair1 which cannot long animate the masses4 ,hatred of the free negro may awhile move them4 ,but1 the ,mississippi once open1 the ,n4,w4 has no longer a party favourable to the ,south2 and the exhaustion of the ,south is so marked and undeniable that the real end may be much earlier than the people think4444 ,general ,neal ,dow 7now a prisoner at ,richmond7 in his last letter to ,england observed that the moral end served by the prolongation of the war had notoriously been the immediate legal emancipation of the negroes in the ,gulf ,states2 but the further prolongation of it is to determine the future internal government and possession of landed property in these ,states as the guarantee for the future4 ,but it is a hard wrench on the politicians of the ,north to consent to this4 ,lincoln and ,blair evidently would still much rather export the negroes if they could4 ,lincoln will not do anything against the will of the blacks2 but it is evidently his weak point to deprecate them as equal citizens4 ,in ,september1 #ahfc1 ,newman and his wife were spending their holiday at ,windermere4 ,from there he writes3-- ,i fear that the projects of ,louis ,napoleon in ,mexico1 and the consequent sympathies of the ,united ,states with ,russia against ,poland and ,france1 make an imbroglio fatal to ,poland4 ,now that1 if the ,russian ,empire were organized into ,states possessed of substantive interior nationality 7as the ,french plan is71 this would seem to be a very lamentable result4 ,the two ,western ,cabinets have so acted as to ensure that ,russia and the ,united ,states shall each desire the aggrandizement of the other2 and if ,russia take a lesson of imperial liberality from ,america1 her empire may terrify our grandchildren with excellent reason4 ,but ,i believe that the interest of the nations1 of the true people everywhere1 will prevail over ,cabinet ambitions as soon as slavery is effectually uprooted in ,america4 ,never do the words a and the light up so vividly the significant gulf which lies between the absence and the presence of ,fame than when the first qualifies in the first instance the name of some man at a time when he is not specially distinguished2 and then1 much later on1 the second prefaces it as the mouthpiece of ,fame4 ,in #ahfc ,newman's mention of a ,mr4 ,grace1 the recent celebrated victorious cricketer1 proved that his world-wide fame had but then been in its initial stage4 ,newman's counsel to ,dr4 ,nicholson in re cigars as injurious to appetite and inflaming to the eyes1 reminds one that though1 as ,i have shown by his speech to ,mr4 ,butler's family1 he was anti-everything1 including smoke1 yet he mentions constantly in his ,personal ,narrative that in ,syria during his missionary journey there in #ahcj-c1 the fact was that he himself smoked in the fashion of the country1 and by no means disliked it in his own young manhood4 ,he begins on the ,temperance and ,teetotal question thus3-- ,llandudno1 #agth ,sept41 #ahfc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i am reminded of it1 by seeing to-day a statement made concerning cricketers1 that no first-rate cricketer takes beer1 ale1 or spirits1 which 7it is said by the enthusiastic narrator7 inevitably 'jaundice the eye1' nor tobacco in any form1 767 which induces a kind of stupefaction or negligence4 ,the recent celebrated victorious cricketer1 a ,mr4 ,grace1 it is said1 will not take even tea2 but prefers water4 7,i hope the water is better than that of ,windermere67 ,two months ago ,i was reading from a sporting newspaper about a rowing match on the ,thames1 and there learnt that if a rower is known to take beer or ale1 it lowers the bets in his favour4 ,in fact1 no habitual drinker1 though he drink only for health and strength 7as he thinks71 is regarded to have a chance of the highest prize4 ,i cannot help thinking that both wine and alcohol and tobacco lower the vital powers1 and that men are strong in spite of them1 not by reason of them4 ,will you forgive me for suspecting that cigars lessen your appetite 7which is less keen surely than it ought to be71 as well as inflame your eye8 ,newman goes1 in his next letter1 to a much more intricate subject3 i4e4 cuneiform inscriptions4 ,he had been studying them for two months4 ,emanuel ,deutsch1 one of the great authorities on cuneiform inscriptions1 gives us the following information as regards them3-- ,the writing itself resembles a wedge1 and it has been proved that it was used by the ancient peoples of ,babylonia1 ,assyria1 ,armenia1 and ,persia1 as well as by other nations4 ,it was inscribed on stone1 iron1 bronze1 glass1 or clay4 ,the stylus which impressed the inscriptions on them was pointed1 and had three unequal facets1 of which the smallest made the fine wedge of the cuneiform signs4 ,the first cuneiform writing of which we know dates from about #chjj ,b4,c4 ,it was used first in ,mesopotamia1 and then in ,persia1 and the districts north of ,nineveh4 ,when it became extinct1 for nearly sixteen hundred years1 its very existence was absolutely forgotten4 ,it was not until the year #afah that ,garcia de ,sylva ,figuroa1 ambassador of ,philip ,,iii of ,spain1 on seeing them1 felt convinced that these inscriptions1 in a writing to which no one in the wide world possessed a key1 must mean something4 ,therefore he had a line of them copied4 ,in #afic they were supposed to be the ancient writings of the ,gaures4 ,hyde1 in #agjj1 trifled with them1 and gave them credit for being nothing more than the architect's fancies4 ,witte saw in them nothing but the disfigurations of many generations of worms4 ,others had their own speculations as to their meaning4 ,but ,karsten ,niebuhr took a big step higher and nearer to their real meaning4 ,he made out that there were three cuneiform alphabets1 because of the threefold inscriptions at ,persepolis4 ,in #ahjb ,grotefend1 of ,hanover1 put before the ,academy of ,gttingen the first cuneiform alphabet4 ,then1 among other great investigators1 followed ,rawlinson4 ,the first of these alphabets is ,persian2 the second the ,median2 the third the ,babylonian4 ,deutsch tells us that1 originally1 the cuneiform signs were pictures of objects drawn in outline on a vegetable substance1 known by the native name of likhusi4 ,he thinks it probable that the supply of this was not equal to the demand1 for early in the ,babylonish history clay was used instead of likhusi4 7,this letter is undated47 ,my dear ,nicholson1 ,i cannot remember the longitude or latitude of my hearing from you or writing to you1 and do not know whether ,i have to apologize for neglecting you1 so absorbed 7it seems7 have ,i been4 ,i cannot even tell whether ,i told you of my two months' devotion to ,cuneiformism1 and my study of the ,medo- ,persian and ,scythian inscriptions as promeletemata of an article in the ,november ,fraser's ,magazine4 ,i found the ,assyrian useless to dabble in3 it is so vast1 so fragmentary1 so embarrassed by dogmatic hypotheses and assertions1 and deterring complications1 that one must give oneself wholly to it for any chance of getting to its foundations4 ,but ,i feel on perfectly solid ground in ,medo- ,persian or ,scythian4 ,difficulties in them are like difficulties in ,greek or ,sanscrit3 that is all4 ,in the ,assyrian1 ,i do not yet know whether to believe at least half of the characters1 and many fundamental alleged principles2 and ,i get no satisfaction in what ,i read4444 ,the eight millions in the ,u4,s4 who are to be educated1 stimulate me4 ,i am dying to get into relations with some who will be practically engaged in it4444 ,i was very gloomy about ,american affairs four or six weeks ago4 ,the ,president seemed running fast to ruin4 ,but his plans have happily broken down so early and so decidedly1 that he is probably himself ashamed of them1 and the people have rallied to oppose them4 ,i now trust that all will come right4 ,benner1 ,dolgelley1 #bjth ,aug41 #ahfd4 ,my dear ,nicholson1 ,i dare say you duly received a copy of my ,iguvine ,inscriptions ,footnote3 ,there is a town in ,central ,italy1 ,gubbio1 which was anciently known as ,iguvium or ,eugubium1 which possessed many medieval palaces 7the ,brancaleoni71 and well-known ,eugubine ,tables4 which ,i directed to be sent to you4 ,for the first time in my life ,i have published with the secret hope of what some call 'fame1' i4e4 with the desire of gaining 'credit1' because such 'credit' is of first importance to aid me in pushing on my schemes in regard to modern ,arabic literature in ,european type4444 ,to put forward an ,easy ,instructor in modern ,arabic and an ,anglo-,arabic ,dictionary1 in ,european type1 with advantage1 ,i should greatly wish another journey to ,turkey1 but as ,i have no children to leave with my wife1 and she would be killed with ennui if ,i took her1 and would more than double the expense1 ,i have not seen how to do it4 ,besides1 ,i want money to publish my books4444 ,general ,grant's position between ,petersburg and ,richmond is become terribly anxious 7my last news was his loss of six thousand men in attacking the fortresses behind the one which he blew up71 and unless ultimately successful1 the longer he tarries1 the more complete will be his disaster4444 ,i have always been despondent as to the ,northern scheme for forcing its way through ,eastern ,virginia2 and am not the better reconciled to it by ,grant's campaign4 ,there is no sound success for the ,north now1 unless they put the 'coloured' race politically on equal terms with the 'whites1' and not to do so when 'colour' is legally undefinable1 and when the only loyal citizens in loyal provinces are 'coloured1' is an alarming infatuation4 ,i suppose they must suffer more and more1 until they resolve that the slave owners of ,kentucky1 and the colour bigots of ,illinois and ,pennsylvania1 shall be forced to yield to patriotic necessities4 ,perhaps until they put down ,slavery and serfdom within their own limits1 they are not to be allowed success against the rebels4 ,mr4 ,lincoln's gratuitous establishment of serfdom in ,louisiana1 and recognition of the pardoned rebels1 as the only citizens worthy to hold power1 has filled me with despair of him4 ,it is now clear from his own avowals1 that he will do no more justice to the coloured race than he is forced to do4 ,in a letter dated #bdth ,november1 #ahfd1 he says3-- 99 99 99 99 99 ,i much rejoice that the ,americans have made the ,presidential election a trial of principles1 not of persons4 ,such a victory as #bac to #ba seems to imply that the old 'democratic' party is henceforth killed1 while the ,abolitionists1 who have voted for ,lincoln and ,johnson1 are left quite free not to attack the ,government as severely as they pleased for any shortcomings4 ,i hope you have seen1 or will see1 the speech of ,andrew ,johnson at ,nashville1 proclaiming liberty 'full1 broad1 and unconditional' to every person in ,tennessee4 ,it is in so hearty and outspoken a tone as to double its value4 ',loyal men alone1 whether white or black1 shall rule the destiny of ,tennessee4' ',all men who are for equal rights are his friends4' ,now that he is ,vice-,president-elect ,i cannot but hope a great change for the better in ,mr4 ,lincoln's policy towards the free and freed negroes1 for ,johnson and ,lincoln have been in intimate relations from the beginning4444 ,have you read details about the ,u4,s4 ,sanitary ,commission8 ,it is a magnificent development of high historical importance to the future of wars1 carrying out ,florence ,nightingale's ideas and wishes on to the vastest scale1 and adding to it the tending of sick and wounded enemies4 ,newman's next communication to his friend alludes to the ,permissive ,bill1 and assures him that there is no fear that it can ever hinder legal methods of getting liquor 7for medicine1 for chemistry1 for art74 ,he adds3 ,the sole question is1 whether by an agent of the public authority1 who makes no gain by an increased sale 7which we think the sound mode71 or by a trafficker who gains by pushing the sale4 ,as regards ,america3 ,i now understand that the darkest moment for the ,north--the repulse of ,burnside at ,fredericsburgh--was the only thing that at last decided ,mr4 ,lincoln to issue his proclamation of freedom4444 ,he has been born and bred under a slave-owner's interpretation of the ,constitution and of the negro-temperament1 and 444 seems to persist in his publicly avowed preference of gradual abolition4 ,could he have had his way1 ,i predicted1 and would still predict1 twenty years of misery1 confusion1 with probably new war unfavourable to the ,north4 ,garrison has done his worst to aid the ,president1 but ,sumner and ,wendell ,phillips have 7as ,i now take courage to believe7 checkmated him4 ,he will ,,never get his ,louisiana and ,arkansas reconstruction approved by ,congress1 and colour- legislation will be declared to be a violation of ',republicanism4'444 ,yet ,mr4 ,lincoln is a better ,president every half-year1 and ,i fully count will at last give way to truth and necessity with a good grace4 ,i have been actively working up my ,handbook of ,arabic4 ,i also design a skeleton dictionary of ,arabic-,english4 ,i have got a valuable book from ,algiers 7if it had but vowel points674 ,but ,i cannot publish until ,i have money to spare4 ,meanwhile ,i work hard to mature and perfect4 ,late in ,september1 #ahfd1 he is again writing on ,american turmoils3-- ,next ,june1 #ahfe1 the debt of the ,u4,s4 will be about #djj million sterling1 only half of what ,england had at the end of the great ,french ,war1 when her population was not two-thirds nor her means one-fifth of the ,u4,s41 who 7if once freedom and order is established over the whole ,union7 will be a focus of immigration three times as attractive as ever1 with wealth multiplying twice as rapidly as ever4444 ,i have no anxiety about anything but the policy which is to prevail in victory4444 ,it is frightful to me to hear ,president ,lincoln avow that 7against the morality of his heart7 his official duty is to do nothing for the coloured race except under compulsion and to save the whole ,republic from foundering4 ,he knows they are subjects of the ,union1 and owe allegiance to it1 to the point of laying down their lives for it2 yet he does not know that those who owe allegiance have an indefeasible right to protection4 ,he is conquering rebellious ,states1 and does not know that the conqueror is thenceforward ,,responsible for the institutions which he permits in those ,states1 and believes it to be his official duty to respect the old institutions however inhuman1 however against ,republican ,constitutionalism1 and even when a violation of a treaty with ,france4444 ,it is too clear that ,lincoln will be a great drag upon everything decisive in policy1 and especially where decision is most necessary1 i4e4 in vesting in the coloured race power to defend their own rights4 ,when the war ends1 it will be very difficult to hinder the ,northern enthusiasm from collapsing and foolish statesmen from doing necessary work by halves4 ,in ,may1 #ahfe1 ,newman writes these strong words3 ,president ,lincoln was dead against the confiscation of estates1 and bent upon restoring a powerful landed aristocracy1 with a wretched dependent peasantry free in name only4444 ,a far sterner nature than his was wanted1 which understands that ,justice to the oppressed must go before ,mercy to the guilty2 and ,i believe they have got the right man in ,andrew ,johnson4 ,in ,february of the year #ahff1 a great trouble and anxiety fell upon ,newman while he and his wife were staying at ,hastings4 ,for nine or ten days she seemed to be dying4 ,we got her through the acute crisis4444 ,i resigned her a full month ago1 and have since not dared to hope that she can do anything but linger4 ,nevertheless her life is less distressing and more worth having than it was4 ,she moves from her bed into an arm-chair2 sits at table for dinner4444 ,she talks cheerfully1 and can enjoy seeing her sisters4 ,when ,i look at her ,i fancy she is pretty well2444 yet ,i feel that she might be carried off very suddenly4 ,indeed1 this was her mother's case1 who had the very same combination of disease1 and retained much muscular strength to the last4 ,we had two physicians at ,hastings1 and here she is under ,dr4 ,garth ,wilkinson4 ,i have no complaint against any of the physicians3 they seem to me all to have done all they could2 but nothing that anyone has done has been of any use4 ,it was by nursing1 not by medicine1 that she was saved through critical days and nights4 ,the physician said she could not live forty-eight hours1 and so we believed3 and at her request ,i sent him away4444 ,i have written so many letters that ,i forget to whom ,i have written3 and it was indeed a tumultuous existence at ,hastings4 ,i have now a good night nurse and cannot say that ,i want anything2 but a great shadow overspreads me4 ,the ,doctor had evidently miscalculated ,mrs4 ,newman's strength and recuperative power1 however1 for in ,june of the same year3-- ,i am happy to say that she 7,mrs4 ,newman7 now looks very like herself1 though feebler and liable 7,i fear7 to relapse4 ,but she is not only in comparative health1 but gives a hope of acquiring more soundness in the next three months4 ,i give up this house 7#aj ,circus ,road1 ,n4,w47 in a very few days1 and have taken a house in ,clifton--#a ,dover ,place--but it will not be ready for us until #ast ,august4 ,nearly three months later1 he writes3-- ,i am at last in my new home1 which is very pretty1 very pleasant1 with delightful prospect1 and perhaps may suit me well2 but ,i have sad trouble with a drunken house owner1 who kept me twenty-three days out later than his contract1444 and has given me roof and pipes either out of repair or insufficient1 rat holes very troublesome1444 cisterns and taps all in unsatisfactory state4 ,last night1 for the third time in ten days1 ,i have been inundated through two floors4 ,but he adds more hopefully than the case seems to warrant1 ,if ,i can get these matters right my house is very promising4 444 ,after a few weeks here my wife's strength has increased notably1 by no other doctor than a donkey chaise1 and she now seems just what she was last summer4444 ,i have had a letter from ,pulszky 7to whom ,i had not written on this subject7 telling me he is convinced that ,bismarck put on a mask of fanatical reactionarism in order to win the confidence of the ,king of ,prussia6 444 ,it seemed to me certain1 that when new ,states had to be incorporated with ,prussia1 despotic reaction would be impossible1 much more if a ,german ,parliament were summoned4 ,and now the ,king himself proposes ,universal ,suffrage for all men above twenty-five and of unblemished character6 ,this seems to make any ,english ,reform ,bill impossible1 which is not far more democratic than any practical statesman here has yet imagined4 ,nevertheless1 ,i am increasingly gloomy as to the near future of the ,english ,empire4 ,the ,radicals seem perfectly blind as to its centres of danger1 and the amount of foreign sympathy which insurrection in ,india or ,ireland will now have4 ,andrew ,johnson seems destined to involve the ,u4,s4 in new civil war4 ,i grieve deeply for it4 ,the next letter shows ,newman settled in at #a ,dover ,place1 ,clifton4 ,his ,anglo-,arabic dictionary is finished1 though revisions are to be added later4 ,at the end of the letter he gives the names of those who1 he hopes1 may some day form a ,ministry under ,gladstone4 #abth ,march1 #ahfg4 ,my dear ,nicholson1 ,our correspondence is so slack that ,i cannot tell what or on what ,i last wrote1 nor where to lay hands on your last4444 ,we have had severe weather all this month1 and the snow continues all day since last night2 but ,i am happy to say my dear wife is not the worse4444 ,i remember vividly the spring of #ahcf1 the first year of our marriage3 the season from ,december to ,may was the severest that ,i take note of since the great historical winter of #ahac 7#ahab874 ,this begins to remind me of #ahcf4444 ,i had hoped that continued work at ,arabic would explain to me certain fixed difficulties in the documents which ,i have studied2 but a number of them1 even where the printed text is quite clear1 remain unsolved4 ,i venture to trouble you with the only words which embarrass me in a rather long and complete narrative of the burial of ,abd el ,mejied and the ceremonial of installing his brother as his successor4 ,if you can translate the line or half-line ,i shall be benefited4 ,i finished my ,anglo-,arabic dictionary three or four weeks ago1 but ,i hope to enrich and revise it4 ,perhaps the course of public events surprises you as much as me4 ,as the ,whigs cannot afford to be outrun by the ,tories1 it appeared to me at first that ,i had been wrong in expecting a tough and lingering struggle4 ,yet it seems to me1 in revising details1 morally impossible for either ,tories or a ,russell ,ministry to do enough to stop and satisfy the outdoors ,reform movement4 ,if ,russell would retire1 or were forced to retire1 and ,gladstone had courage and resolution to make a ,radical ,ministry1 including ,bright and ,mill1 ,stansfeld1 ,forster1 ,milnes1 ,gibson1 etc4 7to which the ,duke of ,argyle would adhere71 and were to dissolve ,parliament if necessary--even so it would be hard to pass through the ,lords a measure adequate to stop the clamour for more1 and active agitation4 ,i begin to relapse into my belief that there must be long conflict4 ,nothing seems to me worth a national ,convulsion which does not give us new principles and new persons in the ,executive ,government4 ,i incline to believe that we shall live to see ,radicalism 7of a grade far beyond what is popularly so named7 in high office and carrying out its principles with energy4 ,it will be remembered that ,lord ,john ,russell had long tried to reform ,parliament4 ,in #ahff he had brought a bill for the purpose before the ,house of ,commons4 ,it was rejected1 and with it the ,ministry went out4 ,then1 when ,lord ,derby became ,prime ,minister1 with ,disraeli as leader of the ,house1 he found he could do nothing but introduce in #ahfg a ,reform ,bill of a far more marked and definite character than the one which had gone under during the last year4 ,this bill1 however1 passed in ,august1 #ahfg1 showing how the country in the meantime had become more and more ready for such a measure4 ,its conditions were that borough franchise was given to all rate- payers1 and lodgers who used rooms of the annual value of ten pounds4 ,but perhaps a great deal of the driving power came from the large numbers of the working-classes which were now added to the constituencies4 ,in #ahfh ,disraeli1 who had now become ,prime ,minister1 retired when he found that the ,liberal majority reached to over a hundred through the new elections4 ,then came the man of the hour1 whom ,newman had longed to see in that place--,gladstone1 who took the office vacated by ,disraeli4 ,at once it was seen how far stronger was this new ,ministry than the last1 or1 indeed1 one might perhaps say than many lasts4 ,one of its first measures was the always-to-be-regretted one of the disendowment of the ,irish ,church4 ,disestablishment1 which of course preceded disendowment1 was in many respects a gain4 ,the ,land ,bill followed in #ahgj1 and the next year abolition of religious tests for admission to degrees and offices in the ,universities4 #aeth ,april1 #ahfg4 ,my dear ,nicholson1 ,i would not have you take any particular trouble about it1 but if in your ,turkish ,dictionary you find 7this7 to mean tax1 at your entire leisure 7no hurry at all7 ,i should be glad to learn how to pronounce the word4 ,i received on ,saturday from ,washington a newspaper which contains very interesting news from ,north ,carolina and ,alabama4 ,n4 ,c4 comes out 'square' for the ,republican party1 and ,alabama avows ,republican sentiments4 ,both accept negro suffrage and absolute equality of the races4 ,coloured orators are prominent and acceptable4 ,i also have a very interesting letter from a coloured gentleman from ,new ,orleans1 saying that the last acts of ,congress have quite quelled the reign of terror1 and brought out the ,white ,unionists1 who did not dare to speak before2 and they are much more numerous than he had believed4 ,although ,congress has been pusillanimous in the extreme1 and always deficient1 both as to time and substance1 and although the danger of reaction is not past1 still everything is turning for the better since the last act of the thirty-ninth ,congress and first of the fortieth1 and ,i think we may now hope that the ,unionists of the ,south1 white and black1 will be able to fight their own battles4 ,in ,england ,i do not think our agitation can be appeased by the ,reform ,bill of this ,parliament4444 ,ever yours cordially1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 ,the following letter concerns ,vaccination almost entirely4 ,newman's views with respect to vaccination were very clearly set forth in ,vol4 ,,iii of his ,miscellanies4 ,they come under the heading of an article called ,barbarisms of ,civilisation4 ,footnote3 ,published in the ,contemporary ,review of ,june1 #ahgi4 ,newman owns to having no medical knowledge of the risks or non-risks of vaccination1 but from what he considers to be the rational point of view he objects to it most strongly4 ,he protests that ,government ,vaccinators have for many years obtained a large part of what they called lymph 444 7pus1 or matter1 is the only right word7 by inoculating calves or bullocks with small-pox4 ,the result in the animals they are pleased to call cow-pox1 and when the poisonous matter is transferred back to human infants they assume that it will not produce small-pox6 ,but while the doctrine is orthodox in ,london1 the ,local ,government in ,dublin allows no such dealing4 ,he adds3 ,unless the causes of small-pox be removed 7generally some impurity in the air or in the food71 those causes will work mischief somehow4 throw an eruptive disease back into the system is proverbially dangerous4444 ,moreover1 what right has any physician to neglect the cures of small-pox1 by which herbalists1 hydropaths1 and ,turkish-bath keepers find it a most tractable disease8 ,in a letter called ,compulsory ,vaccination1 published in #ahhd1 he says3 ,to obviate it 7small-pox7 by extirpating its causes is good sense2 to infuse a new disease without caring to extirpate the causes of the existing disease is a want of common sense4 ,in the letter following1 the ,harry 7,dr4 ,henry7 is the boy who boarded with the ,newmans1 and left snail-shells stuck on a board when he left6 ,he was well known in the world of science as ,professor ,h4 ,alleyne ,nicholson1 of ,aberdeen4 ,there is no date or address on this letter4 ,my dear ,nicholson1 ,i have been pressed to make some reply to ,dr4 ,henry's ,vaccination pamphlet2 but excused myself on the ground that it was not pleasant to me to be in public opposition to him1 for he was son of an intimate friend of mine2444 ,i have no special knowledge4 ,i look on it from outside the medical art4444 ,now in the contents of the pamphlet ,i read3 ',small-pox--never produced at present de novo4'444 ,i make sure that it never could have spread1 unless the conditions had in all the other places been highly congenial4444 ,predisposing causes cannot long accumulate and fester1 without curdling into vital action4 ,the provisional assumption with me concerning smallpox1 is1 that wherever its predisposing causes exist1 there the disease will not long be absent4 ,in new foci it may meet new influences which modify its aspect1 so that medical men do not recognize it2 but that signifies not4444 ,now1 what is ,dr4 ,henry's proof8444 ,is there so much as one disease1 the origin of which has been recorded scientifically8 ,what he calls 'the primitive origin' of small-pox has not been recorded to us scientifically3 yet he does not on that account doubt that it did once arise 'spontaneously4' ,i judge just in the same way1 when it breaks out now in an ,english country village4 ,what does the 'scientific record' mean8 ,we cannot have a medical man in every room of every house at every moment examining what is under the shirt and shift1 with microscope in hand1 to see the disease come of itself1444 ,dr4 ,henry goes on to say1 'and it ,,appears to have spread solely by infection or contagion4' ,it appears6 ,this is so modest1 that the reader fancies he may grant it4 ,but the next words are3 ',,two ,,conclusions ,,follow from this1' etc4 etc4 ,in short1 he has forgotten that it is only 'it appears1' and fancies that it was c indisputably certain and manifest4' 444 ,after all2 if unhealthy conditions are among the prerequisites of small-pox1 we have only to remove the unhealthy conditions1 and shall not need vaccination 7if it were ever so safe73 and if you do not remove unhealthy conditions1 you are sure of other diseases quite as bad however you may modify the name4 ,letters from #ahgb to #ahhb 7to ,dr ,nicholson74 ,the first letter of this series is dated #bfth ,december1 #ahgb1 from ,weston- super-,mare1 and is concerned chiefly with his wife's terrible fall1 and also with the movement of the peasants under the initiative of ,joseph ,arch4 ,the name of ,joseph ,arch is too well known to need more than a few words in explanation of the reason why he came to help forward this movement as he did4 ,he was born in ,warwickshire in the year #ahbf1 and was essentially one of those who1 having determined to rise from the ranks--rose4 ,he educated himself during the time while he was working as farm-labourer4 ,those who have read ,father ,benson's ,sentimentalists1 and also ,robert ,louis ,stevenson's book on the same subject1 will not fail to understand how complete and full is the education which comes to a man through both doors--that of physical labour1 and that of mental as well4 ,joseph ,arch started in #ahgb the ,national ,agricultural ,labourers' ,union4 ,soon he had freed the peasantry from many of their former disabilities4 ,later he went to ,canada to find out as much as he could about emigration and labour questions4 ,in #ahhe-f he stood for the ,n4,w4 ,division of ,norfolk4 #bfth ,dec41 #ahgb4 ,my dear ,nicholson1 99 99 99 99 99 ,did ,i1 or did ,i not1 tell you of my wife's mishap from a terrible fall downstairs8 ,her right hand will be for a long while stiff from having been tied for nine weeks with a splint on the inside1 no finger being allowed to move4 ,this1 ,i am assured1 is hospital practice2 but it is vehemently condemned by others1 and in her case1 at least1 ,i believe it was wrong4 ,whether she will ever recover her thumb1 ,i am not sure2 for ,i fear it is still dislocated at the base4 ,she necessarily gives us a great deal to do2 ,i have to act as her amanuensis1 besides oiling1 shampooing1 etc4 ,knowing as ,i do how you sympathize with rustics and disapprove our existing ,land ,laws1 ,i make sure that with me you are delighted by the movement of the peasants under the initiative of ,joseph ,arch to claim access to freehold land by purchase or equivalent payments4 ,i never dared to hope such an initiative from the peasants themselves1 but ,i always foresaw that a destruction of slavery in the ,u4,s4 would give to the ,states such a desire to people their territories and the ,south1 with ,english immigrants1 that our peasants1 as soon as they became more wideawake1 would have the game in their own hands1 and neither farmers nor landlords could resist4444 ,i now should not wonder to live to see 444 household suffrage extended to the peasantry-and as results1 coming some earlier1 all soon1 overthrow of the existing ,drink ,traffic1 of ,contagious ,diseases ,act1 ,army ,reform on a vast scale1 ,female ,equality with ,men in the ,eye of the ,law1 overthrow of ,landlords' predominance4444 ,i wonder whether abolition of ,foreign ,embassies must precede a serious grapple with the ,national ,debt4 ,i doubt whether any nominally free ,state ever had such an ,augean ,stable left to it by forty years' eminently active legislation4 ,in corruptissima ,republica plurimae leges1 sounds like it4 ,without carving ,england and ,ireland into ,states1 ,i do not think the work can be got through3 if indeed we are to avoid new wars with ,ireland and ,india1 which may ,god avert6444 ,your constant friend1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 ,i quote next from a note written three years later1 which ascribes his health to the ,triple alliance of his three ,anti's--anti-alcohol1 anti- tobacco1 and anti-flesh food4 99 99 99 99 99 ,how many a pleasant year has run its course since ,i first visited you at ,penrith6 ,it was the summer of #ahdb1 ,i think1 that we ascended ,high ,street together1 a company of seventeen4 ,it is my fancy that ,i could walk as well now3 yet ,i believe it would make me lazy for a week after4 ,moderate exertions are surely best when one is past seventy1 yet my spirits are inexhaustible1 and my sense of health perfect4 ,seriously ,i attribute this to the ,,triple ,,abstinence from alcohol1 from narcotic 7tobacco71 and from flesh meat4444 ,your affectionate friend1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 ,the same year he states in a letter to ,dr4 ,nicholson that the ,vegetarian ,society is that in which he feels most active interest1 though ,i am a ,good ,templar and am earnest in nearly all the ,women's ,questions4 ,and in another1 written in ,august1 ,i here1 as usual 7at ,ventnor71 get the luxury of fine fruit at this season 7and the unusual luxury of mushrooms71 but ,i do protest that their demand of #ds4 a pound for grapes is enough to frighten ,cato the elder4 ,footnote3 ,marcus ,portius ,cato1 born at ,tusculum #bcd ,b4,c41 passed his childhood on his father's farm4 ,in later years he wrote several works on husbandry1 its rules1 etc4 ,when he was elected ,censor in #ahd he made great efforts to check national luxury and to urge a return to the simpler life of his ,roman ancestors4 ,he was very strict and despotic as regards contract prices paid by the ,state1 and constantly altered those for food1 carriages1 slaves1 dress1 etc4 ,the price of lodgings at ,shanklin and here is much higher than two years back4 ,it seems to me that everything is going up1 here1 in ,america1 on the ,continent1 and in ,india2 yet ,i do not see how to impute it to the increased supply of gold4 ,i think that the working classes are everywhere demanding and getting a larger share of the total which is produced4444 ,believe me your true friend1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 ,four years elapse between this letter and the next from which ,i shall quote4 ,during this interval ,newman's wife died 7#afth ,july1 #ahgf71 and was mourned long and sincerely4 ,he was now seventy-one years of age1 and had1 as his letters show1 begun already to feel lack of power and health4 ,it was evident to himself towards the end of the eighteen months which followed her death that he should not be able to live alone1 and yet there was no relation he could ask to come and be with him4 ,in ,december1 #ahgi1 the following letters were written by ,newman to ,dr4 ,nicholson concerning his second marriage to ,miss ,williams1 who had for many years lived with his first wife1 and been very devoted in her care and attention to her4 #bith ,dec41 #ahgi4 ,my dear ,nicholson1 ,i felt very warmly the kindness of your letter which congratulated me on my remarriage1 and ,i have often desired to write to you that you might feel how unchanged is my regard for you1 though circumstances do not at all carry me so far north as your dwelling4 ,i may briefly add1 that a year's experience quite justifies my expectation4 ,the marriage was not in my estimate an experiment1 which might succeed or fail4444 ,that my wife's health is not robust1 ,i certainly grieve1 but she is nineteen years my junior4 ,our love and trust has only increased month by month4444 ,this black edge 7of the note paper7 is for my only surviving sister1 whose death is just announced to me4 ,she was my fondest object of boyish love1 and it is impossible not to grieve4 ,on the other hand1 ,i had long expected it1 and did not at all think she would survive last winter4444 ,i believe she was loved and respected by everyone who knew her1 as truly she deserved to be4 ,i feel good consolation in this4444 ,for three years our public doings have been to me so mournful and dreadful--with no power anywhere to stay the madness of the ,court and ,ministry1--that ,i have been made unwilling to write about them4 ,retribution for such deeds seemed to me certain1 inevitable3 it seems to be coming more speedily than ,i had expected4 ,stormy controversies must in any case be here encountered4 ,but ever since #ahef 7,i might date from the day when ,lord ,dalhousie went to ,india--#ahdh87 we seem to have been storing up wrath and vengeance against ourselves1--worse and worse at home as well as abroad1 since the death of ,peel4 ,i never admired ,peel3 he had to trim to the ,tories3 but ,i now see how moderate ,peel kept them1 and in comparison how wise ,peel was4 ,so many are the eminently good men and women in ,england that ,i am certain we must have a nobler future3 but that may be separated from the present time by a terrible struggle4444 ,i am your affectionate friend1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 ,in briefly reviewing the year #ahha in its effects on nation and ,government1 it is necessary to cast one's thoughts back to the time when ,lord ,beaconsfield took office in #ahgd1 in order to grasp the drift of ,newman's next letter4 ,in #ahgd the former became ,prime ,minister for the second time4 ,he had not been long in office before he made an end of ,church patronage in ,scotland4 ,the next year he was carrying forward his design of procuring part ownership for ,england of the ,suez ,canal4 ,he did not attach sufficient importance to the ,bulgarian atrocities to set going any ,british interference4 ,this in itself is an act which can find no defence4 ,he declared ,turkey must be upheld as a stronghold against the aggression of ,russia4 ,in the year #ahgh1 ,beaconsfield and ,lord ,salisbury attended the ,berlin ,congress4 ,this at once raised the former to the highest political importance1 but it undid all the splendid work done by the ,english army1 which had1 at the order of a blundering1 mistaken ,government1 been sent to obtain for ,england1 through means of the ,crimean ,war1 a victory rendered completely null and void a short time later by the doings of this ,congress at ,berlin4 ,then followed the ,afghan and ,zulu ,wars and subsequent troubles and upheavals3 trade depression in ,ireland2 and finally1 in #ahhj1 came the ,general ,election1 which restored the ,liberal party to power4 #ast ,oct41 #ahha4 ,my dear ,nicholson1 ,i was glad to get your letter1 but frightened when ,i found it open 7the gum wholly fresh7 and no photograph in it4 ,footnote3 ,i believe the photo given in this volume1 of ,dr4 ,nicholson1 to be the one referred to here4 ,i feared it was taken out4 ,but next day came the real thing4 ,it is excellent4 ,the slight excess of black in the left eye is perhaps quite natural4 ,in a three-quarter face the light does not fall alike on both eyes1 and we do not in real life compare a friend's two eyes 7they move too quick72 we see only one at a time4 ,footnote3 ,francis ,newman expressed once his theory that in the case of a photograph being taken of a man1 unconsciously to himself1 the expression of the portrait will in some curious manner change as his character changes4 ,the photo pleasantly renews my old memories4444 ,immediate politics sicken me as well as you4 ,i do not 7with a zealous friend7 groan over #ahha as unrelieved gloom1 completed by the murder of an amiable and innocent ,president3 but ,i deliberately conclude we are launched in a season of ,,transition that must have its sadness just as has a war3 and it is wise to look on beyond the troubled years4444 ,the course of change may largely depend on events in ,india which not one ,englishman in a thousand dreams of4 ,in #ahha1 thus far1 ,i rejoice in the incipient elevation of ,greece1 and the probable deliverance of ,armenia4 ,i think the great ,powers will not quarrel over the carcase of ,turkey3 and though ,frenchmen may justly make outcry against ,french ambition in ,north ,africa1 yet as an ,englishman and a ,european ,i do not regret it4 ,as ,i see no power but ,russia who can impart improved rule to ,armenia and ,persia1 so no one but ,france can give it in ,north ,africa4 ,my immediate interest in the politics of the ,high ,powers is to see them combine against the ,slave ,trade1 in ,turkey1 and in the ,pacific4 ,in domestic ,politics ,i care most for the social and moral questions1 which are painful1 pressing1 and disgracefully delayed4 ,but all will come2 and the great question of ,landed ,tenure will aid the best influences4444 ,i am your affectionate old friend1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 ,on #bfth ,nov41 #ahha1 ,newman caused some copies of the following letter to be printed and sent round to his friends1 etc43-- ,my dear ----1 ,friends are always greedy of details concerning sudden illness4 ,this is my excuse for sending a printed circular4 ,in short1 my general health continues as excellent as usual2 but ,i have received a sharp warning1 which ,i would gladly be able to call a mere fright4 ,after many days of close and continuous writing1 ,i found myself suddenly disabled in my right hand4 ,i could not interpret it as merely muscular4 ,there was no inability of motion or grasping1 but want of delicacy in feeling1 which made my pen slip round in my fingers4 ,i was forced to conclude the brain involved4 ,therefore it seemed possible that ,i was only at the beginning of real paralysis4 ,prudence absolutely required me to back out of two engagements4 ,this illness1 such as it is1 has not come on in a day1 and demands time for cure4 ,some ten days of cessation have somewhat 7but very imperfectly7 restored my power of writing2 but ,i must not undertake any tasks at present4 ,my sole remedy has been to keep the arm warm4 ,it is still somewhat weak4 ,i wished1 if this affection were temporary1 to say nothing about it2 but that has proved impossible4 ,i am1 yours as ever1 ,francis ,w4 ,newman4 99 99 99 99 99 ,there are many allusions to this trouble of the arm in later letters4 ,indeed1 it is impossible not to see how very much it has crippled his handwriting2 he mentions once or twice that he finds it very difficult to keep his hand steady4 ,in ,may1 #ahhb1 he writes to ,dr4 ,nicholson concerning the news of the moment--the murder of ,lord ,henry ,cavendish and ,mr4 ,burke1 at ,phoenix ,park4 ,it will be remembered that it happened at the end of all the obstructive tactics used by ,parnell and his ,home ,rule ,party1 which was organized to prevent coercion being used1 and also to force on ,england the compulsion of legislating promptly for ,ireland the measures demanded by the ,nationalists4 ,it was not until #ahhf ,gladstone brought before ,parliament a measure which would give a ,statutory ,parliament to ,ireland4 ,later1 after the rejection of the bill on its second reading1 ,gladstone appealed to the country1 and when the ,general ,election brought back a ,conservative majority1 he was defeated4 ,lord ,frederick ,cavendish became in #ahhb ,chief ,secretary for ,ireland1 in succession to ,mr4 ,forster4 ,on #fth ,may he and ,mr4 ,burke 7his unpopular subordinate7 were stabbed in ,phoenix ,park4 ,the allusion to ,newman's study of the ,libyan language occurs in the letter following1 as it has done in more than one of the others about this time4 ,the ,numidians were descended from the race from which the modern ,berbers are drawn4 ,their name was drawn from the ,greek word ,nomades--,land of ,nomads2 and was given to tribes in ,northern ,africa by the ,romans4 #hth ,may1 #ahhb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to-day we have heard with horror of the murder of ,lord ,frederick ,cavendish1 and with grief1 if with once or twice that he finds it very difficult to keep his hand steady4 ,in ,may1 #ahhb1 he writes to ,dr4 ,nicholson concerning the news of the moment--the murder of ,lord ,henry ,cavendish and ,mr4 ,burke1 at ,phoenix ,park4 ,it will be remembered that it happened at the end of all the obstructive tactics used by ,parnell and his ,home ,rule ,party1 which was organized to prevent coercion being used1 and also to force on ,england the compulsion of legislating promptly for ,ireland the measures demanded by the ,nationalists4 ,it was not until #ahhf ,gladstone brought before ,parliament a measure which would give a ,statutory ,parliament to ,ireland4 ,later1 after the rejection of the bill on its second reading1 ,gladstone appealed to the country1 and when the ,general ,election brought back a ,conservative majority1 he was defeated4 ,lord ,frederick ,cavendish became in #ahhb ,chief ,secretary for ,ireland1 in succession to ,mr4 ,forster4 ,on #fth ,may he and ,mr4 ,burke 7his unpopular subordinate7 were stabbed in ,phoenix ,park4 ,the allusion to ,newman's study of the ,libyan language occurs in the letter following1 as it has done in more than one of the others about this time4 ,the ,numidians were descended from the race from which the modern ,berbers are drawn4 ,their name was drawn from the ,greek word ,nomades--,land of ,nomads2 and was given to tribes in ,northern ,africa by the ,romans4 #hth ,may1 #ahhb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to-day we have heard with horror of the murder of ,lord ,frederick ,cavendish1 and with grief1 if with less horror1 of ,mr4 ,burke's4 ,i felt persuaded from the first that the assassins would aim only at ,mr4 ,burke1 who has long been regarded as the perverter of every ,viceroy and ,secretary2 but in mere self-defence they also killed his companion1 perhaps not even knowing who he was4 ,lord ,frederick ,cavendish was almost unknown to the ,irish1 and cannot have been hated by them as ,mr4 ,forster was4 ,my second thought on this grievous affair is1 that it is likely to call out so sincere a disavowal from collective ,ireland1 and from the most extreme of ,irish politicians1 that it may help to reconcile ,irish patriots and the ,liberal ,ministry4 ,to have a common grief is a moral cement4 ,also it seems to compel ,mr4 ,gladstone to send as ,irish ,secretary an ,irishman1 and one publicly esteemed as ,irish patriot1 as well as a sincere friend to the ,english connection2 and from what ,i have heard before this event1 ,mr4 ,shaw seems to be a very likely man4 ,meanwhile1 sad to say1 ,mr4 ,gladstone entrenches himself1 and blocks up business by the ,rules of ,procedure4 ,well1 ,ireland is taking a leaf out of ,nihilism4 ,it is bad enough1 yet not so bad as with the poor ,czar4444 ,yours cordially in old esteem1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 ,on ,saturday ,i corrected the last proofs of my essay towards a ,numidian dictionary4 ,yesterday a friend sent me a scrap from ,paris1 in which ,rnan avows that until a ,numidian dictionary is compiled they cannot begin to decipher inscriptions in the ,canaries6 ,i fancy the ,canary language is a wide step off4 ,each succeeding year after #ahhb ,newman complains from time to time1 in his letters to his friends1 of increasing infirmities and physical disabilities1 which made travelling often exceedingly trying for his head1 and rendered him more and more dependent on his wife4 ,he had for a long time suffered a great deal from his eyes1 and consequently during the last few years of his life writing letters became a physical weariness4 ,he was also subject to a sudden loss of brain power1 when he found himself completely unable at times to speak consecutively4 ,illustration3 ,,anna ,,swanwick ,,from ,a ,,portrait ,,painted ,,by ,,miss ,v4 ,,bruce ,,chapter ,x ,,letters ,,written ,,to ,,miss ,,anna ,,swanwick 7,,between #ahga ,,and #ahhg7 ,anna ,swanwick was one of the most remarkable women of her age--one of the most intellectual1 one of the most thoughtful as regards the social educational movements of her time1 which was the early part of the last century4 ,yet there is a passage in a lecture delivered by her at ,bedford ,college which reveals only too clearly the straitened and limited means at the disposal of girls in those days who wished to climb the stairs of that ,higher ,education so easy to men1 but then so very difficult of access for women4 ,she says3-- ,in my young days1 though ,i attended what was considered the best girls' school in ,liverpool1 the education there given was so meagre that ,i felt like the ,peri excluded from ,paradise1 and ,i often longed to assume the costume of a boy in order to learn ,latin1 ,greek1 and mathematics1 which were then regarded as essential to a liberal education for boys1 but were not thought of for girls4 ,to give some idea of the educational meagreness alluded to above1 ,i may mention the fact that during my schooldays ,i never remember to have seen a map1 while all my knowledge of geography was derived from passages learnt by rote4 ,i quote this from one of the most delightful memoirs ,i have come across for a long time3 ,anna ,swanwick2 a ,memoir and ,recollections1 by ,miss ,mary ,brace4 ,footnote3 ,published by ,fisher ,unwin4 ,but no educational meagreness can keep the feet of some climbers off the educational ladder4 ,it may be with slow1 sad steps they climb the sky of the higher education4 ,nevertheless the effort is doggedly made4 ,for in all great men1 as in all great women1 there is something-call it genius1 call it what you like--which forces its way through1 be the impediments what they may4 ,anna ,swanwick1 to whom the following letters were written at various intervals1 was well known for her philanthropic and educational work among the poorer classes1 and also for her earnest endeavours for the larger development of women's work and education4 ,a large part of her own education in ,greek and ,hebrew was carried forward at ,berlin4 ,in #ahcj ,bedford ,college was opened4 ,miss ,bruce tells us that ,francis ,newman and ,augustus de ,morgan1 ,dr4 ,carpenter1 and other famous lecturers were among the first to lecture there4 ,i imagine it was here that the friendship of forty years between ,anna ,swanwick and ,francis ,newman began4 ,the former was specially impressed with ,newman's method of teaching mathematics4 ,i quote her words from ,miss ,bruce's ,memoir3-- ,i remember being particularly impressed by ,f4 ,w4 ,newman's teaching of mathematics1 including geometry and algebra2 he saw at a glance if one of his pupils in algebra was not able to follow his calculations1 which were often very elaborate2 on such occasions1 instead of endeavouring to explain the difficulty to a single pupil1 thus keeping the entire class waiting1 he would interest them all by placing the subject in an entirely new light1 which was possible only to one who had a complete mastery of his subject--one who1 looking down from a mental height1 could see the various paths by which the higher eminence could be reached4 ,i cannot but mention here the supreme service ,anna ,swanwick was able to render ,newman at the end of his life4 ,it was in the last letter which he wrote to her1 when he was ninety-two1 that these words occur4 ,after stating that he wished once again definitely to take the name of ,christian1 he adds3 ,i close by my now sufficient definition of a ,christian1 c one who in heart and steadily is a disciple of ,jesus in upholding the prayer called the ,lord's ,prayer as the highest and purest in any known national religion4' ,i think ,j4 ,m4 will approve this4 ,footnote3 ,james ,martineau4 444 ,my new idea is perhaps with you very old4444 ,asked what is a ,christian1 ,i reply1 one who earnestly uses in word and substance the traditional ,prayer of ,jesus1 older than any ,gospel--this supplants all creeds4 ,this letter was written shortly before his death4 ,since ,i have been writing this memoir ,i had a letter from ,mr4 ,william ,tallack1 who quoted these words of ,mr4 ,garrett ,horder with respect to ,francis ,newman's final return to the ,christian ,faith4 ,this fact had been published in a paper in #aijc4 ,not more than three or four years before ,dr4 ,martineau's death ,i was sitting in an omnibus at ,oxford ,circus1 when ,dr4 ,martineau1 accompanied by his daughter1 got in1 and took seats by my side4 ,after ,i had expressed my pleasure at seeing them1 he said1 c ,i think you ought to know that the other day ,i had a letter from ,frank ,newman1 saying that when he died he wished it to be known1 that he died in the ,christian ,faith4' ,to my mind no memoir would be complete with that knowledge left out-- ,newman's return to his former ,faith4 ,the first letter in the collection before me concerns one of ,newman's brothers4 ,perhaps most of us can count a ,charles ,robert in our environment4 ,someone whose worm i' the bud of their character has so completely spoilt its early flower on account of the one ruinous vice of censoriousness1 of perpetual nagging1 and fault-finding developed to such a pitch that it has eaten out at last the fair heart of human forbearance and kindness which is the birthright of everyone4 ,such a person makes the true1 free development of others in his proximity a harder task than ,god intended it to be1 for this reason3 that the best character cannot do itself justice if it is aware that all its sayings and doings are capped promptly by wrong constructions placed there by the chiel amang them takin' unfavourable notes4 ,such a one was ,charles ,robert ,newman4 ,at the date at which this letter was written his own family had found him so impossible that for thirty or forty years no intercourse had taken place between them4 ,to ,miss ,anna ,swanwick from ,frank ,newman4 #de ,bedford ,gardens1 ,w4 ,tuesday1 #dth ,july1 #ahga4 ,my dear ,anna1 444 ,i look forward with hope that after my whole life has been a constant preparation for doing--as yet very little--for the good of those who have had fewer advantages than myself1 ,i may perhaps be able in my very ripe years to contribute something more2 especially by aid of the noble women who from all quarters spring up to the succour of their own sex and of the public welfare3 ,i trust ,i shall not permit any literary tastes or fancies to withdraw my energies from this and similar causes4444 ,but every one of us who is to do anything worthy must forget self1 and1 above all1 must not cast self-complacent glances on what he is1 or does1 or has done2 and1 in truth1 ,i have so deep a dissatisfaction with what ,i am and have been1 that my poor consolation is to think how much worse ,i might have been4444 ,i must add you evidently do not know that ,i have two brothers4 ,the eldest1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,n42 the second1 ,charles ,robert ,n41 three years older than myself1 of whom we do not speak1 because he is as unfit for society as if insane4 ,he is a ,cynic ,philosopher in modern dress1 having many virtues1 but one ruinous vice1 that of perpetual censoriousness1 by which he alienates every friend as soon as made1 or in the making1 by which he ejected himself from all posts of usefulness4 444 ,he has lived now more than thirty years in retirement and idleness4 ,his moral ruin was from ,robert ,owen's ,socialism and ,atheistic ,philosophy2 but he presently began his rebukes on ,robert ,owen himself4 ,his sole pleasure in company seems to be in noting down material for ingenious1 impertinent1 and insolent fault- finding2 hence no one can safely admit him4 ,he formally renounced his mother1 brothers1 and sisters about forty years ago1 and wrote to other persons requesting them not to count him a ,newman 444 because we were religious and he was an ,atheist4 ,he had all the same dear sweet influences of home as all of us2 yet how unamiable and useless has he become6 still loving to snarl most at the hands that feed him4 ,is not this an admonition not to attribute too much to the single cause of home ,influences1 however precious8 ,i shall be happy to attend to your ,aeschylus4 ,lovingly yours1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 ,weston-super-,mare1 #cjth ,july1 #ahhj4 ,my dear ,anna1 444 ,i am made very melancholy these two days by the news from ,afghanistan1 not that anything comes to me as new3 ,i have dreaded it all along1 ever since ,i discerned that the ,gladstone ministry would not act on the moral principles which ,mr4 ,grant ,duff definitely professed1 which1 indeed1 ,mr4 ,gladstone so emphatically avowed in his book on ,church and ,state1 and in every grave utterance4 ,ever since ,sir ,stafford ,northcote so boldly taunted the 7then7 ,opposition1 in the words3 ',you call our policy crime2 but will you dare to pledge yourselves to reverse it if you come into power8 ,no1 you will not dare4' ,and none of the ,opposition said frankly1 ',we will reverse it'2 it was clear to me that they had not the moral courage4 ,accordingly ,i warned friends who asked my judgment1 that it is in the ,russo-,turkish affairs the ,liberals 7so called7 would reverse the policy1 but in ,afghanistan and ,s4 ,africa they would act precisely as ,lord ,beaconsfield would act2 would accept the positions which they had condemned2 would appear to the natives as continuing the same course of wicked aggression2 would do justice only so far as compelled1 and no sooner2 which is exactly what ,lord ,beaconsfield was sure to do4444 ,we now see that a new war opens upon us both in ,afghanistan and1 it is to be feared1 from the ,basutos with the ,liberal party in power1 and their great leader to bear the main responsibility66 ,it is a frightful outlook4444 ,we had only to say frankly to the ,afghan chiefs3 ',we always opposed the war as unjust3 we bitterly lament it3 we cannot restore the dead or heal the crippled1 but we will repay you whatever sum of money a ,russian arbitrator may award to you against us4 767 ,we will withdraw from your country in peace as fast as we can1 and leave you masters in your own land4' ,it will be remembered that so far back as #ahch1 ,sir ,james ,outram ,footnote3 ,named by his great friend1 ,george ,giberne 7later on ,judge in the ,bombay ,presidency71 the ,bayard of ,india4 did great services in the first ,afghan ,war4 ,it was thought by many that had he remained in the ,ghilzee country many of our disasters might not have occurred4 ,but ,lord ,ellenborough--one of the many mistakes placed by our ,government in authority in ,india during a critical time--never recognized in any way his services4 ,it is certain they would have seen this to be sincere1 and would have been delighted to get rid of us without more bloodshed4444 ,it is pretended that it would be cruel to leave ,afghanistan without first securing to it a stable government1 when obviously we are without moral power there to add stability4 ,our presence makes enmity among them4444 ,alas6 once more ,i find ,mr4 ,gladstone fail of daring to act according to his own moral principles4 ,he ought not to have accepted office4444 ,it makes me very sad for what must come upon ,england1 and perhaps on all ,english settlers in ,s4 ,africa1 to say nothing of ,india and ,anglo-,indians4 ,i am1 yours ever affectionately1 ,f4 ,w4 ,n4 ,the next letter is dated #cast ,dec41 #ahhj1 and treats mostly of agriculture in the fens1 in connection with a writer on the subject in some current paper4 ,he 7the writer7 says that if a general move were made in the fens to stamp out the weeds 7which would require an immense expenditure of money in wages71 'very different results would be obtained from what we now see4' ,no doubt they would4 ,but what then8 ,the landlord would raise the rent1 and the farmers would have spent their capital without remuneration4 ,nothing but a security against the rise of rent can encourage the farmers to make sacrifices4 ,he justly says 444 that fruit might be more profitable4 ,but if a farmer plant a fruit tree1 it becomes his landlord's property at once1 though it may need thirteen or thirty years to come to its fullest value4444 ,the writer treats a lowering of rent as out of the question4 ,yet from #ahdg up to about #ahgf it was constantly rising4 ,now1 forsooth6 to go back is impossible666 ,and why1 because recent buyers have bought at so high a price that they only get three per cent4 ,they are to be protected from losing1 and that1 though many have bought at a fancy price to indulge other tastes than properly agricultural4 ,mr4 ,pennington ,footnote3 ,an old friend of ,newman's4 told me he had farms under his own management and despaired of not losing by them1 unless he could drive down the need of paying wages4 ,this is what the farmers find4 ,up to #ahge rents kept rising1 and wages rose too1 yet prices rising1 the peasants were not much better off4 ,in #ahgc the peasants claimed more still1 and the farmers could not give it4 ,they are ground between two millstones--higher rents and higher wages4 ,this seems to me a fundamental refutation of the peculiarly ,english system4 ,fixity of rent is the first necessity4 ,the landlord must not pocket the fruit of the tenants' labour4 ,the following letter has to do almost entirely with politics1 and with ,english misrule of ,ireland4 ,it will be remembered that from #ahhj1 when ,gladstone came into office1 until #ahhe1 when his ,prime ,ministership ended1 wars were the order of the day constantly--wars in the ,transvaal2 war in ,afghanistan2 war in ,egypt1 and ,general ,gordon left to die in ,khartoum4 ,besides all these1 that which came upon us constantly1 the care of countries nearer at hand over which we tried experiments4 ,weston-super-,mare4 ,sunday night1 #bjth ,feb41 #ahha4 ,my dear ,anna1 ,many thanks for your kind interest in the approval of my writings4 ,i have come to a pause in another matter4 ,my ,libyan dictionary is as complete as ,i can make it4444 ,what next8 ,i ask myself2 for to be idle is soon to be miserable4 ,i do not quite say with ,clough1 ',qui laborat1 orat' ,no6 ,an eminent vivisector may be immensely laborious4 ,we must choose our labour well1 for then it may help us to pray better4 ,but ,coleridge is surely nearer the truth3 ',he prayeth well who loveth well4' ,i put it1 ,qui inferiora recte diligit1 ,superiorem bene venerabitur4 ,but ,i turn to your question1 ,what do ,i think of the ,coercion ,bill8 ,it is hard to say little1 and painful to speak plainly4 ,i immensely admire very much in ,mr4 ,gladstone2 so do you3 of possible leaders he is the best--at present6 and it is a bitter disappointment to find him a reed that pierces the hand when one leans on it4 ,i fear you will not like me to say1 what ,i say with pain1 that only in ,european affairs do ,i find him commendable4 ,in regard to our unjust wars he has simply betrayed and deluded the electors who enthusiastically aided him to power4444 ,he has gone wholly wrong towards ,ireland1 equally as towards ,afghanistan1 ,india1 and ,south ,africa4444 ,he knows as well as ,john ,bright that ,ireland is not only chronically injured by ,english institutions1 but that ,ireland has every reason to distrust promises4 ,those of ,william ,,iii in the pacification were violated2 so were those of ,mr4 ,pitt in #ahja4444 ,the very least that could soothe the ,irish and give them hope is a clear enunciation what measures of relief ,mr4 ,gladstone is resolved to propose4 ,but he is incurably averse to definite statements1 and seems as anxious as a ,palmerston might be to reserve a power of shuffling out4444 ,he tells the ,boers of the ,transvaal that if they will submit unconditionally1 they shall meet 'generous' treatment4 ,if the injured ,basutos submit1 their case will be carefully considered4444 ,nothing was to me more obvious than that as soon as he saw a beginning of unruly conduct in ,ireland1 he should have pledged himself to clearly defined measures1 and have insisted on the existing law against lawlessness4 ,but ',boycotting' is not lawlessness4 ,lynch-law against oppressive landlords or their agents cannot be put down by intensifying national hatred4444 ,has the ,coercion been wisely directed and reasonably guarded from abuse8 ,i am sorry to say1 flatly and plainly1 ,no2 and that ,mr4 ,gladstone himself1 as well as ,mr4 ,forster1 seems to have gone more and more to the wrong as the ,bill moved on4444 ,mr4 ,forster's tone has been simply ferocious1 out of ,parliament as well as in1 and ,mr4 ,gladstone has borrowed a spice of ferocity4444 ,to imprison 7for instance7 ,mr4 ,parnell1 and not tell him why1 may cause an exasperation in ,ireland1 followed by much bloodshed4444 ,meanwhile1 ,ireland is made more and more hostile1 and foreign nations more and more condemn us4444 ,it seems to be forgotten that we have an army locked up at ,candahar4 ,that a severe spring may be its ruin1 deficient as it was known to be long ago in fodder and fuel1 and lately of provisions also4 ,cannon are of little use when horses are starved4 ,and what may not happen in ,india1 injured and irritated as it is1 if that army were lost6444 ,john ,stuart ,mill wrote that if we got into civil war with ,ireland about ,landed ,tenure1 no ,government would pity us1 and 'all the ,garibaldis in the world' would be against us4444 ,your affectionate friend1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 ,the following letter concerns the ,transvaal war1 and is dated ,march #bnd1 #ahha3-- 99 99 99 99 99 ,since ,mr4 ,gladstone cannot have changed his judgment concerning the ,beaconsfield policy in ,afghanistan1 in ,india1 or in ,south ,africa1 the only inference is that 7from one reason or other which ,i may or may not know7 he is not strong enough to carry out his own convictions of right4 ,if he was not strong enough to give back the ,transvaal to the ,boers1 though he pronounced the annexation all but insanity1 when he entered office1 and had a power of stipulating on what terms alone he would be ,premier1 much less is he strong enough now4 ,not ,tories only1 but ,whigs 7to judge by their past7 and the whole mass of our honest fighters1 and certainly the ,court1 will find it an unendurable humiliation to do justice by compulsion of the ,boers4 ,their atrocious doctrine is1 that before we confess that we have done them wrong1 we must first murder enough of them to show that we are the stronger4 ,it is awful to attribute sentiment so wicked to the ,premier1 or to ,john ,bright and the rising ,radical element of the ,ministry2 but the melancholy fact is that they act before the public as if this were their doctrine4444 ,the ,coercion ,bill and its errors are past and irrecoverable4444 ,how will it now aid us to hold up to the public ,mr4 ,gladstone's irrecoverable mistakes8 ,that is what ,i cannot make out4 ,he has destroyed public confidence in all possible successors to the ,premiership1 if confidence could be placed in any4 ,i know not one who could be trusted to ,,insist on stopping war and wasting no more blood4 ,yet the longer this war lasts1 the greater the danger 7#a7 that all the ,dutch in ,orange ,state1 in ,natal1 in ,cape ,colony will unite against us2 7#b7 that an attack on us in retreat from ,candahar1 where ,mr4 ,gladstone has 'insanely' continued war1 if moderately successful1 may make even yet new 'vengeance' of ,afghans seem 'necessary to our prestige'--such are the immoral principles dominant among ,whigs as well as ,tories2 7#c7 any such embroilments may animate ,ireland to insurrectionary defiance2 7#d7 further ,afghan fighting may lead to ,indian revolt4444 ,the nation has found that no possible ,ministry will make common justice its rule4 ,penny newspapers make us widely different now from thirty or forty years ago4 ,the masses abhor war1 and will only sanction it when we seem forced to it in defence of public freedom4 444 ,the internal quiet of ,france has stript ,republicanism of terrors to our moneyed classes4 ,not the thing1 but the transition to it is feared3 with good reason1 yet perhaps not rightly in an intelligent people4 ,some sudden change of events may put off ,republicanism yet for thirty years2 but great disasters may precipitate it4444 ,we1 the people1 can do nothing at present that ,i see except avow with ,lord ,john ,russell 7#ahec-d71 ',god prosper the ,right' which now means ',may we be defeated whenever we are in the wrong4' ,this is the only patriotic prayer4 ,f4 ,w4 ,n4 ,again1 in ,october1 ,newman is reviewing ,gladstone's political character1 and regretting that it has not fulfilled its first high promise4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we must make the best we can of all our public men1 and eminently of ,mr4 ,gladstone1 and be thankful for all we get from him4 ,yet ,i cannot help1 when ,i remember his undoubtedly sincere religion and moral professions1 expecting from him a higher morality than from ,palmerston1 ,wellington1 or ,peel4 ,peel was a valuable minister1 and better every five years4 ,i counted and count his loss a great one4 ,yet his first question in determining action or speech was1 ,how many votes will support me8 a topic reasonable in all minor questions1 but not where essentially ,right or ,wrong are concerned4 ,i grieve if you rightly attribute to ,mr4 ,gladstone that he would have arrested ,mr4 ,parnell earlier1 only that he did not think the ,english public ripe for approving it4 ,the public is now irritated by ,mr4 ,p4's conduct4 ,if it is against law1 he ought to be prosecuted by law1 informed of his offence1 and allowed to defend himself4444 ,the whole idea of lessening crime by passing an ,act to take away the cardinal liberty of speech enjoyed by ,englishmen 7and ,m4,p4's7 and deprive them not only of ,jury1 but of ,judge and ,accuser1 while ,,refusing to prohibit evictions in the interval between the passing of the ,violence ,bill 7coercive of guilt it is not7 and the passing of the ,conciliation and ,justice ,bill1 is to me amazing4444 ,i rather believe the fact is that he 7,gladstone7 carried his ,coercion ,bill against the scruples and grave fears of all the most valuable part of his ,cabinet4 ,instead of earning gratitude from ,ireland1 he has intensely irritated both the landlords and the opposite party1 and certainly has not diminished crime1 nor aided towards punishing it4 ,i attribute it all to the fact that he has not understood that when pressed into the highest post by the enthusiasm of the country1 he was bound by honour and common sense to carry out his own avowed policy1 not that of weak friends and bitter opponents4 ,the attempt to count votes beforehand is fatal where great moral issues are involved4 ,and again1 in ,november3-- ,have we yet the measure of what we are to suffer from the continuance of the ,afghan war8 ,i believe a million and a half per month does not exceed the cost--that is1 about fourteen millions since ,mr4 ,gladstone came into power2 but if the winter continue severe1 the whole army may be lost1 in spite of our bravery and military science4 ,we seem to forget how the ,russian winter ruined ,napoleon1 and in the case of the ,transvaal how much our armies suffered in the war against our ,american colonists from the vastness of distances1 and the skill of shooting almost universal to the colonists4 ,i regard ,mr4 ,gladstone as the best ,premier by far now possible to us4444 ,there is no shadow of responsibility left in a cabinet if we do not impute all its errors to its ,head2 and ,i regard it as a terrible fact1 pregnant with possible revolution1 that he has betrayed the ,electors4 ,the country hushed its many and various desires of domestic reform for one overwhelming claim1 ,,peace4 ,they bore him into power on that firm belief4 ,instead of peace we have war--war which may spread like a conflagration4 ,his clear duty was 7and ,john ,bright's too7 to refuse to take office except on the condition of instantly reversing all the wickedness and insanity which he denounced when out of office4 ,he and he only could have stayed these plagues4 ,we are now hated for our acts1 and despised for our affectation of ,justice and ,philanthropy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i am thoroughly aware that my judgment of ,mr4 ,gladstone may be wrong1 and to myself it is so painful that ,i expect a majority of his supporters will differ from it4 ,but when ,i say he has increased--immensely increased--,,all ,,his ,,difficulties1 ,i marvel how you can deduce from my judgment that ,i underrate his difficulties4444 ,if ,ireland be in chronic revolt1 and ,india seize the opportunity1 few ,englishmen are likely to suffer less from it than ,i4 ,probably ,mr4 ,gladstone1 by the fear lest the ,tories now seek to ride back into power on the shoulders of ,ireland1 will resolutely make household suffrage for the counties his main effort4 ,but there the ,lords can checkmate him4 ,before quoting from the next letter before me1 written to ,anna ,swanwick in ,february1 #ahhd1 which treats of the best method of teaching languages1 ancient and modern1 that practice should precede the scientific study in this matter2 and that the popular side should go first1 ,i think a quotation from ,newman's article 7,miscellanies1 ,vol4 ,v7 on ,modern ,latin as a ,basis of ,instruction1 would fitly come in here4 ,the article makes a great point of popularizing the study of ,latin4 ,that it should practically be made an interesting subject not devoid of romance and imagination4 ,he condemns the old fashion 7still1 alas6 in vogue in many schools7 of committing to memory an enormous amount of matter quite unworthy of being retained in the mind4 ,he urges the need of a ,latin novel--a ,latin comedy2 one that would set alight the imagination of young scholars4 ,in ,miss ,bruce's ,memoir and ,recollections of ,anna ,swanwick1 there is mention of the fact that the latter often mentioned the insight she herself obtained in the intricacies of the ,greek language through help given her by ,frank ,newman4 ,she also quotes his words with regard to geometry1 showing that the same need in teaching it prevailed as with the study of ,greek4 ,that the imagination must be stimulated4 ,a sense of beauty must be cultivated4 ,that the whole secret lay in the way a thing was presented to the mind of the student4 ,for unless the sense of beauty and symmetry had been aroused in him1 he would of necessity find far more difficulty in retaining the1 so to speak1 statistical ,blue-book of the groundwork and rules of any science4 ,newman himself was an adept at putting a subject in an entirely new light1 when some pupil failed1 perhaps1 to follow his calculations or explanations4 ,in relation to the teaching of ,greek1 the following words of ,miss ,swanwick's 7in the ,memoir to which ,i have just referred7 show how thoroughly she and ,newman were in accord4 ,deeply interested as ,i was in the study of ,greek1 and intense as was the pleasure of its acquisition1 ,i yet hesitate to recommend it as a part of the curriculum of boys and girls1 unless it can be taken later1 and with more concentrated determination to master the extremely difficult grammar1 than is usually given to school lessons4444 ,it is to be remembered1 moreover1 that in the literature of ,greece and ,rome there are no words adapted expressly for the young4 ,the ancient classics1 written by adults for adults1 are beyond the intelligence of immature minds1 whilst in regard to the moral lessons to be drawn from them1 the superiority1 in my opinion1 is vastly in favour of more modern writers4 ,anna ,swanwick's original desire to learn ,greek was 7,miss ,bruce tells us in the former's own words7 to be able to read the ,new ,testament in the original4 ,i quote now from ,newman's article3-- ,children can learn two languages1 or even three at once2 and this1 if these are spoken to them by different individuals1 without confusion and without being less able to learn other things4 ,memory is aided because imagination connects the words with a person1 a scene1 or events2 and1 little by little1 the utility of speech calls forth active efforts in the learner4444 ,in general the old method was one of repetition3 it dealt immensely in committing ,latin to memory4444 ,nothing is easier to boys than such learning1 even when the thing learned is uninteresting444 yet444 means should be taken of making it interesting and instructive and rhythmical4444 ,it seems to me that we want what ,i may call a ,latin novel or romance2 that is1 a pleasing tale of fiction1 which shall convey numerous ,latin words1 which do not easily find a place in poetry1 history1 or philosophy4444 ,if anyone had genius to produce1 in ,terentian style1 ,latin comedies worthy of engaging the minds and hearts of youth 7for ,i can never read a play of ,terence to a young class without the heartache71 ,i should regard this as a valuable contribution4 ,footnote3 ,mr4 ,darbishire says in a letter to which ,i have had access3 ,one of his 7,newman's7 special endeavours was to accustom his students to deal with ,greek as a spoken language1 as he and we did in reading ,greek plays4 ,to return to the letter4 ,weston-super-,mare1 #afth ,feb41 #ahhd4 ,my dear ,friend1 ,the late ,professor ,george ,long 7my predecessor in ,university ,college71 editor of the ,penny ,cyclopaedia was originally professor of ,greek and a student of ,sanskrit4 ,he maintained that ,german1 studied as it ought to be1 prepared the mind for other work as effectively as could ,greek1 and1 as ,dr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,hodgson 7and ,i too7 independently alleged1 that the study of modern languages and learning to talk them ought to precede the study of ,greek4 ,to make ,greek the basis of an entire school and force it on all is with me cruelty as well as folly4 ,five out of six women and men would not learn it enough to retain or use it4 ,if you place ancient languages and all that cannot be learned by talking at the ,,end1 only those will study who have a special object1 and these will duly use them4 ,i think that is the only wise and just way4 ,further1 ,i think it a grave mistake to teach the scientific side of any language first1 and try to proceed through science to practice4 ,the popular side should go first4 ,greeks talked rightly before ,protagoras1 but ,protagoras first taught that ,greek had three genders4444 ,after a full acquaintance with the substance of a language1 its laws and relationships come naturally and profitably4 ,in a dead language we are forced to bring on the science earlier3 that is the reason for deferring such study till a riper age2 and best if delayed until after learning several modern languages 7by talking1 if possible71 the more different from one another the better4 ,english1 ,german or ,russian or ,latin1 and ,arabic would be three very different in kind4 ,our ,english ,professor ,latham used to talk much error1 in my judgment1 of the supreme value to the intellect of studying ,,form4 ,this word was to include the 'accidence' of language with the fewest possible words2 algebra with the least possible arithmetic 444 ,logic without real proposition4444 ,now1 in my belief1 and that of ,de ,morgan and the late ,professor ,boole1 nothing so ruins the mind as to accustom it to think that it knows something when it can attach no definite ideas to the symbols over which it chatters4 ,to-day1 what educational strides should we not make if we could but bring our present systems of teaching into line with these of ,newman's6 ,it will be remembered that in ,march1 #ahhf1 ,gladstone caused great dissension in his own party by bringing in his measure for giving ,ireland a statutory parliament4 ,the bill was rejected at its second reading1 and when ,gladstone made his appeal to the country1 the general election showed he had lost its confidence4 ,he had based his belief that ,ireland was ripe for some measure of ,home ,rule1 on account of the fact that the election under the new ,reform ,bill had proved that out of #ajc ,irish members #hg were ,nationalists4 #eth ,may1 #ahhe ,my dear ,anna1 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,irish question1 as now presented1 is in a very sad imbroglio4 ,after our monstrous errors of policy and the infliction on ,ireland of miseries and degradation unparalleled in ,europe1 to expect to bring things right without humiliation and without risks of what cannot be foreseen1 seems to me conceit and ignorance4 ,evildoers must have humiliation1 must have risks1 when they try to go right4 ,opponents will always be able to argue1 as did ,alcibiades to the ,athenians3 ',we hold our supremacy as a despotism2 therefore it is no longer safe for us to play the part of virtue4' ,in so far1 ,i may seem to favour ,mr4 ,gladstone's move2 and ,i think ,i do rejoice that it has been made4 ,probably those are right who say1 ',henceforth it becomes impossible to go back into the old groove4' ,i do not believe that a ,parliament elected on new lines will endure it4 ,but neither would the ,democratic ,parliament in any case have endured it4 ,a new civil war against ,ireland seems morally impossible4 ,therefore ,mr4 ,gladstone is ruining a measure which might have been good1 by his preposterous dealing with it4 ,lord ,hartington said 7as indeed did ,john ,bright7 the very truth1 that the ,liberal ,party cannot so disown its own traditions1 and its wisest principles1 as to allow an individual1 however justly honoured1 to concoct secretly from his old and trusted comrades1 a vast1 complicated1 and far-reaching settlement and make himself sole initiator of it 7as ,i have kept saying1 reduce ,parliament to a machine for saying only ,yes and ,no74444 ,it is a vile degradation of ,parliament4 ,but that is only a small part of the infinite blunder4 ,he pretends that everything has been tried and has failed1 except what he now proposes4444 ,in #ahhj no one forced him to bring in an ,irish measure3 he chose to do it1 and did it in the worst possible way1 by treating the ,irish members as ,,enemies1 and refusing to consult them4 ,the ,scotch members have never been so treated on ,scotch questions4 ,down to last ,september ,mr4 ,gladstone declared that the ,irish members were men1 who1 by a conspiracy of rapine1 were seeking to dismember the empire4 ,he carried '787' against ,ireland during his unparalleled supremacy1 acts of despotism unequalled in this country1 and that1 though they had no tendency to lessen crime2 and he joined them with imprisonment against ,mr4 ,parnell4 ,only his monstrous incompetency to see right and wrong1 made his well-intentioned measure all but fruitless4 ,peel and ,wellington did mischief1 long since deplored1 in teaching the ,irish that ,england cared nothing for justice1 but very much indeed for the danger of a new civil war2 but now ,mr4 ,gladstone has been teaching them still more effectually4 ,in ,september last he denounced ,parnell and his friends as bent on dismembering the empire1 deplored the danger of consulting them1 begged for votes to strengthen him against them2 but as soon as the country1 from various and very just discontent with his ,,warlike ,,policy1 and his utter neglect of our moral needs1 showed in many of the boroughs their deep dissatisfaction1 and he found ,mr4 ,parnell twice as strong as in the ,old ,parliament 444 he gave notice that he was ready to capitulate to ,mr4 ,parnell4 ,and he did virtually capitulate2 ,mr4 ,parnell understood him1 and defeated ,lord ,salisbury1 and ,mr4 ,gladstone in accepting the power to which ,mr4 ,parnell invited him1 insulted all his trusting comrades by keeping them in total ignorance of his scheme1 while he concocted it by consultation with the very men whom just before he had maligned as conspiring to break up the empire4 ,such conduct from a ,tory minister sounds to me more extreme than anything ,i ever read of in ,english history2 and from a pretended ,liberal leader would have seemed incredible1 if predicted4 ,i suppose he was predestined 7vir fatalis7 to break up his ,party4 ,i shall indeed rejoice and praise ,god if ,mr4 ,gladstone's wonderful folly do break down this 444 system of legislation4--,there's a long yarn for you66 ,ever your affectionate ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 ,in the next letter1 in ,november of the same year1 ,newman complains of temporary paralysis in his left-hand fingers and stiffness in that arm as though it had a muscular twist4 ,the actual putting on of an overcoat now becomes no slight undertaking1 and he finds that reading now tires his eyes much more than does writing4 ,he touches on the ,burmese war1 which seems likely to be even worse than the ,egyptian and ,sudanese iniquity in its results to us4 ,and he adds1 ,we have now without any just cause of war1 or even the pretence of any1 invaded this province1 which is subject and tributary to ,china1 and lawlessly act the marauder upon it1 claiming it as ours1 and treating the patriots who oppose us as rebels and robbers4 ,the ,emperor of ,china now finds our frontier1 if we succeed1 pushed up to his own1 and1 whenever convenient to him1 he can send in his armies against us1 especially if ,india were to revolt4 ,in ,october1 #ahhf1 matters in ,bulgaria were at their highest tide4 ,at last1 after all her efforts1 since #acef1 at independence from the hated power of ,greece1 when ,almost she and ,servia were persuaded to form a great ,slavonic ,state together1 she seemed near attainment of her constantly prolonged efforts4 ,in #ahgb the ,bulgarian ,church was again able to break her fetters1 which she abhorred1 which bound her to ,greece4 ,then1 in #ahgf1 the atrocities committed by the ,turkish inhabitants of ,bulgaria took place4 ,the ,porte1 when besought by the ,constantinople ,conference to make concessions1 refused point-blank4 ,then ,russia stepped in and declared war1 and proposed themselves to make a ,bulgarian ,state4 ,england and ,austria promptly refused to lend themselves to this scheme1 and a ,berlin ,congress was summoned4 ,the ,berlin ,treaty in #ahgh arranged the limits and administrative autonomy of this ,state1 and the ,bulgarians chose ,prince ,alexander of ,battenberg1 cousin of the ,grand ,duke of ,hesse1 and he became in #ahgi ,alexander ,i of ,bulgaria4 ,eventually the recognition of him by the ,porte as ,governor- ,general of ,eastern ,roumelia followed4 ,in #ahhf ,russia made herself felt unexpectedly4 ,alexander was kidnapped by order of the ,czar and carried to ,russia4 ,the upshot of it all was that1 though he returned to ,bulgaria1 yet he felt it was in vain to struggle against ,russian animosities1 and so abdicated4 ,the letter following shows ,newman to be in failing health and under doctor's treatment3-- ,weston-super-,mare1 #gth ,october1 #ahhf4 ,my dear ,anna1 444 ,my brief ,london visit which ought to have come off is forbidden positively1 and ,i doubt not wisely1 by medical command1 not because ,i am ill1 but because ,i had formidable threatening of illness1 like a black cloud which after all does not come down4 ,the threat consisted in my left hand losing all sense and power4 ,this is now the sixth day4 ,on the third ,i regained power to button1 though clumsily1 and to use my fork4 ,of course ,i am ordered to use my brain as little as possible1 and in future to change my habits4 ,i must leave off all letters and other writing much earlier in the evening4 ,but frequent short walks ,i hold salutary to my brain2 and my feet have not failed me4 444 ,you ask what ,i think of the ,bulgarian outrage4444 ,in the present instance the one thing primarily to be desired1 and eminently difficult to attain1 was cohesion of the little ,powers4 ,as of old1 ,sparta and ,athens could not coalesce1 and therefore after weakening one another they ill- resisted ,philip1 and were overpowered by ,alexander armed from ,macedonia and ,thrace1 and under-propt by gold from ,asia2 so now the little ,states-- ,servia1 ,bulgaria1 ,roumania1 ,greece--each envied the other1 perhaps was ready for hostility1 but all looked up to ,russia with more than fear4 ,but this atrocious kidnapping of a reigning ,prince has given just the external compression which was wanted to make the little ,states desire union1 and the greater ,powers to think that such union is for ,european benefit4 ,not only has it reconciled ,servia and ,bulgaria1 late in actual war1 but it has elicited public outcry in ,roumania for federation with these two ,states4 ,whether ,greece can lay aside her jealous enmity against ,bulgaria is not yet clear4 ,her ambition is to acquire ,macedonia and ,constantinople 444 perhaps 444 ,albania4 444 ,to me it seems a wonder that the ,greek statesmen do not see that ,constantinople is too critical a spot for the ,european ,powers to yield up to any secondary ,state4 ,if it is to be under ,european protection1 ,greece would find her power in ,constantinople merely nominal4444 ,the brutality of the ,czar not only drives the little ,powers to desire union1 but makes the great ,powers ashamed of it1 and it seems1 though reluctantly1 they will oppose him4 ,this is the first time that a ,hungarian statesman has initiated ,european movement4 ,if in ,europe they are forced to displease ,russia1 so much the more will they wish to keep ,russia in better humour by not thwarting her projects in ,armenia1 which projects ,i believe to be just1 philanthropic1 and necessary under the circumstances2 since the inability of the ,sultan to rescue the ,armenians from marauders has been proved1 and no ,power but ,russia can do the needful work4444 ,it is to be feared that ,germany cannot add any real strength to control ,russia1 while ,russia knows that the insane vanity of ,french politicians is preparing a war of vengeance against ,germany4 ,until the masses of the people have a practical constitutional plebiscite to veto war beforehand1 it seems as though horrors which seem dead and obsolete must rise anew4 ,perhaps this is the lesson which the populations all have to learn4 ,the earliest great triumph which the old plebeians of ,rome won was the constitutional principle that wars could not be made without previous sanction of the popular assembly4 ,england1 alas6 has not yet even demanded this obvious and just veto4 ,the men whose trade is war1 whose honours and wealth can only be won by war1 will make it by hook or by crook1 while their fatal and immoral trade is honoured4 ,affectionately yours1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 ,in ,april1 #ahhg1 the ,irish question was again to the fore1 and part of the letter from which ,i quote shows clearly that ,newman was in favour of some form of ,local ,government for ,ireland1 though not of the same kind as was being pressed forward by ,mr4 ,parnell1 who had urged on his countrymen agrarian agitation and boycotting as the screw which was to force the hand of the ,home ,government4 ,my opinion is unchanged 7#a7 that ,grattan's ,parliament was foolishly1 mischievously1 and immorally subverted by ,english double-dealing2 7#b7 that in one hundred years things are so changed in ,ireland and in ,rome that we cannot go back to that crisis and heal old wounds by reinstating ,grattan's work without making new wounds2 7#c7 ,i deeply blame ,orangemen in ,belfast as 7apparently7 bent on promoting animosity1 and on convincing us that they will rather rush into civil war than endure a ,parliament in ,dublin supreme over all ,ireland3 but however much this may be suspected as the bluster and cunning of a minority in ,ulster1 to ignore it totally may be unjust as well as unwise4 ,and besides1 ,i think that ,ireland needs the practice of ,local ,government1 varying locally1 before that of a ,central ,irish ,parliament4 ,this forbids my desiring a complete triumph to ,mr4 ,parnell4 ,you are aware that ,i have long desired ,provincial ,chambers for all three kingdoms1 and can see nothing to forbid them now for ,ireland if ,mr4 ,gladstone were to take that side4 ,if he did it would be carried against ,mr4 ,parnell by a vast majority of votes4 ,no mere political measure can cure famine and rackrent or insecure tenure2 but if the agrarian evil be appeased1 no hatred of ,england on the part of ,irish leaders will suffice to make ,ireland discontented4 ,if ,mr4 ,gladstone fixedly opposes1 if he says ',honour compels me'--his ,midlothian defence of the ,egyptian war6--,i should not the less say he had made a wrongful treaty4 ,but 'a fac is a fac'3 someone hitherto makes this settlement impossible4 ,if now the ,tories miscarry1 apparently ,gladstone will come in again1 and not ,oedipus can tell us whether he will dissolve ,parliament4 ,it is supposed that he will2 and ,mr4 ,w4 ,s4 ,caine1 whose prediction in this matter ,i cannot underrate1 warns ,mr4 ,gladstone that to dissolve again will bring on him redoubled failure1--an immense lessening of supporters4 ,the new voters1 at the last election1 had not had time to learn a thousand things4 ,after such a transformation of the constituencies1 ,i not only expect--,i desire--the break-up of the ,liberal ,party4 ,little by little they have adopted the ,tory idea of 'follow your leader'3 never think for yourself4 ,in the ,parliament1 in the ,newspapers1 in ,arguments of ,foreign ,war1 at the ,hustings1 they treat it as ',treason to the ,party' not to do whatever the ,premier says they must do1 or he will resign and wreck the party4444 ,i see only one sunbeam through the clouds ever since the fatal ,egyptian war2 and that is the recent ,peace-,union of ,germany1 ,austria-,hungary and ,italy4 ,i look on it as the inauguration of the future ,european ,confederacy which is to forbid ,european wars1 and become a forcible mediator4 ,under its shelter ,roumania1 ,servia1 and ,bulgaria seem likely to consolidate a union of defence2 and as soon as all the ,powers understand that the ,triple ,alliance is based on permanent interests1 the ,alliance will not need to keep their armaments on foot2 to train them1 as the generations grow up1 will suffice4 ,the royalties everywhere will struggle for actual armies3 the burdened peoples will murmur4 ,meanwhile we need long patience1 ,i suppose1 while ,irish rent wastes to smaller and smaller worth2 and one new election will suddenly precipitate the struggle4 ,i do not fear that any ,irish success will make ,irishmen desire the burden of undertaking their own military and naval defence4 ,affectionately yours1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 99 99 99 99 99 ,as regards ,newman's opinions on one of the national questions which so closely concern us to-day--the ,drink ,traffic--they are very clearly and definitely stated in an article he wrote in the year #ahgg1 and which appeared in ,fraser's ,magazine1 in re ,sir ,wilfrid ,lawson's ,bill4 ,here again decentralization was the key-note1 as he firmly believed1 of the remedy4 ,the palace-like jails which now disgrace our civilization1 and cause expenses so vast1 are chiefly the fruit of this pernicious trade4444 ,what shadow of reason is there for doubting that such sales as are necessary444 will be far more sagaciously managed by a ,local ,board which the ratepayers elect for this sole purpose1 than either by magistrates444 or by an irresponsible and multitudinous ,committee of ,parliament8 ,finally1 a ,board elected for this one duty is immeasurably better than the ,town ,councils1 who are distracted by an immensity of other business4444 ,such a ,board should have full power to frame its own restrictions1 so as to prevent the fraud of wine merchants or chemists degenerating into spirit shops4444 ,to secure sufficient responsibility1 no ,board should be numerous3 five or seven persons may be a full maximum1 and no ,board should have a vast constituency4 ,therefore our greatest towns ought to be divided into areas with suitable numbers1 and have ,boards separately independent4 ,with a few such precautions1 the system of elective ,licensing ,boards1 which can impose despotically their own conditions on the licences1 but without power to bind their successors in the next year1 appears to be a complete solution of the problem4444 ,he adds1 that to ,sir ,wilfrid ,lawson is due more largely than to any other public man the arousing of the nation in the matter of the ,drink ,traffic1 ,to him our thanks and our honour will be equally paid1 though the name of another mover be on the victorious ,bill--whatever it may be4 ,noble efforts for a good cause are never thrown away1 are never ineffectual1 even when the success does not come in the exact form for which its champion was contending4 ,it may hereafter be said3 ',other men sowed--we reap the fruit of their labours4' ,i quote now from the letter to ,anna ,swanwick1 in which he refers to this question in #ahhg3-- ,unless at a very early day the causes of ,un-,employ be removed1 we must calculate on frightful disorder4 ,evidently two measures are indispensable4 #a4 ,to stop our land from going out of cultivation4 #b4 ,to stop the demoralizing waste of #ace millions per annum on pernicious drink4 ,only a most stringent change of law1 perhaps very difficult to pass1 can effect the former and when passed1 the good effect cannot be instantaneous4 ,the second topic has been before the nation for thirty- four years2 could be passed1 if there were a will in either ministry1 in a single fortnight1 and when passed1 the benefit would be sensible in a single year4 ,yet these topics are indefinitely postponed4 ,the ,tories do not even talk of them4 ,some ',liberals' round ,mr4 ,gladstone are eager for the stopping of ,drink ,bars1 but the eloquent leader talks 7in general7 rightly1 but never acts4 ,alas6 ,he showed his heart in bringing a ,bill to enact that every ,railway ,train should have 7at least87 one travelling carriage with a ,drink ,bar4 ,when it is told1 people will not believe it4 ,the final letter from ,francis ,newman to ,anna ,swanwick1 from the collection so kindly lent me by ,miss ,bruce1 is dated #agth ,april1 #ahig1 #ae ,arundel ,crescent1 ,weston-super-,mare4 ,it is not written by himself4 ,by that time he was too feeble to be able to write1 and of course it was only a few months before his death4 ,this letter was written in response to one from ,anna ,swanwick4 ,to me1 ,i must frankly own1 it breathes of the past tragedy1 of those doubts and fears by which ,newman's religious life had been beset4 ,even now1 notwithstanding his statements to his two lifelong friends1 ,martineau and ,anna ,swanwick1 that he wished it to be known that he died in the ,christian faith1 the uncertainty by which1 according to the following letter1 he was very evidently governed as regards the question of immortality1 suggests a submissive mind indeed1 but one devoid of the splendid force of conviction as regards his faith in the life of the world to come4 ,anna ,swanwick always declared1 we are told1 that his was a deeply religious nature1 yet throughout the greater part of his life he was unable to take hold of the dogmas of ,holy ,scriptures4 ,he was always trying to make a new religion1 compounded of all the best parts of the faiths professed in various parts of the world4 ,yet even were this done it might interest1 but could never become1 like the ,christian ,religion1 once for all delivered--a faith to be sure of1 a faith ,divinely inspired1 not man-made4 ,my dear ,friend1 ,i have read your letter this morning with deep interest and thanks4 ,i do not intend to oppose it at all1 but to add what it now seems to need4 ,first1 that ,i have always dreaded to involve another mind in my own doubts and uncertainties2 only when ,i saw death not far off ,i thought it cowardly towards one who has shown me so much love to leave you ignorant of my last creed4 ,for this reason alone did ,i send you my inability to maintain popular immortality4 ,next1 it is not amiss to let you know the talk which passed between me and the ,rev4 ,james ,taylor--,martineau's co-partner4 ,he asked me my own belief concerning known immortality1 and ,i replied that the ,most ,high never asked my consent for bringing me into this world1 yet ,i thanked ,him for it1 and tried to glorify ,him4 ,in like manner ,he never asked my leave to put me after my death in this world into any new world1 and if ,he thought fit to do it ,i am not likely to murmur at ,his will4 ,but not knowing ,his will1 nor what power of resistance ,he allows me1 ,i do not attempt to foresee the future4 ,i seem to remember ,j4 ,j4 ,taylor's remark1 that he thought ,i went as far as anyone could be expected to go4 ,and now1 my dear ,anna1 ,i still wait to know how far ,i am straying from the man whom you and ,i are expecting something from--,dr4 ,martineau4 ,accept this kind remark1 and be sure that ,i can use1 and do use1 concerning you1 what a certain ,psalmist says of the ,most ,high3 ',i will praise ,him as long as ,i have any power to praise in my soul4' ,yours while ,i exist 7,you will not ask more of my weakness71 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 ,one wonders--but that wonder remains unsatisfied--what that something was which he and ,anna ,swanwick were then expecting from ,martineau4 ,probably it was some statement as regards religion which ,newman longed for from the man who had been permitted to help him now in his old age 7when he distrusted more and more his own old judgments and former convictions7 once more on to the old paths1 led by that kindly ,light amid the encircling gloom1 which now was fast closing in upon him4 ,,chapter ,,xi ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,two ,,patriots ,england possesses1 as a rule1 a memory of decidedly insular proportions and proclivities4 ,on the tablets of our country's memory are chalked up many names which have figured in the history of her own concerns1 or at any rate in concerns with which she has some connection4 ,perhaps it will be said that this is inevitable4 ,perhaps it will be said that this way ,patriotism lies4 ,perhaps it will be said that our interests as ,english citizens and citizenesses are bound to be local1 or we could not impress the seal of our empire upon other nations' memories4 ,and if it is said1 it is no doubt in great measure true4 ,it is inevitable that we remember1 in sharp unblurred outlines1 the names and deeds of our own great men4 ,it is this way that the soil of ,patriotism is kept well manured for fresh crops of doughty deeds4 ,we are bound to impress our individuality1 as a nation1 upon other countries2 for if we did not1 we could never exist for any length of time as an empire at all4 ,but when all this is owned up to1 there still remains another great necessity which can never with safety be disregarded4 ,and this is the cultivation of our--so to speak--foreign memory4 ,we cannot afford to pamper our insularity4 ,it is true it must exist1 but it is equally true that ,english interests can never be--at least1 ought never to be--the sum total of our mental investments4 ,patriotism is a fine thing4 ,it is an eminently inspiring thing4 ,but it is also a thing that needs to take walks abroad to keep itself in good mental health4 ,there is a certain sort of cosmopolitanism without which no nation's life can be complete--nay1 without which it cannot go on at all4 ,it is the cosmopolitanism of recognizing greatness outside our own borders4 ,the cosmopolitanism of owning that there are as good fish in foreign seas as ever there were in the ,english ,channel4 ,the cosmopolitanism of a human brotherhood1 whether it hails from the ,sandwich ,islands1 from ,france1 from ,finland1 or from ,hungary2 which recognizes as a salient truth1 big with vital issues1 that1 after all is said and done1 it is not the soil which matters1 but the man whose feet are upon it now1 at this present day1 though by birth he may own natal allegiance to a far distant shore4 ,there are two names to-day which are practically forgotten by modern ,england4 ,yet it is only half a century ago that the men who owned them were making a gallant stir for patriotism's sake4 ,how many ,englishmen to-day remember the story of ,kossuth and ,pulszky8 ,yet fifty years ago their names sounded loudly enough in the political arena4 ,fifty years ago they had struck the drum of fame with a boom which reverberated through many a ,european country4 ,yet here is a curious instance of the uncertainty which attends a nation's memory in regard to foreign heroes4 ,some quite unaccountable factor seems to rule their choice of whose achievements shall be nailed to the door of their memories1 like ,british trophies of old1 and which shall be completely forgotten4 ,garibaldi and ,kossuth were patriots of the same decade--one of ,italy1 the other of ,hungary4 ,yet to-day in ,england the red shirt of the ,italian patriot still casts a flaming glow on the ,english memory1 while the struggle of ,kossuth for his country is almost dead to us1 as far as our remembrance of it is concerned4 ,nevertheless in the history of his country1 what ,kossuth achieved for her of independence and freedom was in no way less fine than ,garibaldi's exploits4 ,in ,francis ,newman's ,reminiscences of ,two ,wars and ,two ,exiles1 the story of the ,hungarian reformer and patriot stands out clearly before us4 ,he gives as his reason for writing it that when1 in #ahea1 ,kossuth and ,pulszky1 his brother agitator1 came to ,england1 he himself became their close friend4 ,he says3 ,when 444 ,kossuth and ,pulszky quitted ,england in #ahfj1 ,pulszky told me they were glad to leave behind in me one ,englishman who knew all their secrets and could be trusted to expound them4 ,he goes on1 however1 to say that he was never able to be of so much service to them as ,mr4 ,toulmin ,smith1 a constitutional lawyer 444 and a zealot for ,hungary4 #ahdh was the year when the affairs of ,hungary were at their most crucial point4 ,for long the situation had been growing more and more strained between ,austria and ,hungary4 ,austria had been trying her hardest to force ,hungary into entire subservience to herself--to force her to give up her separate individuality as a nation and become fused into the ,austrian empire4 ,but ,hungary made a gallant stand against all these attempts which aimed at destroying her independence4 ,she had always been a constitutional monarchy1 with power of electing her own kings4 ,austria had always practically been considered to be a foreigner as far as ,hungarian laws and offices were concerned4 ,the ,london ,hungarian ,committee in #ahdi quoted ,article ,x1 by ,leopold ,,ii1 of the ,house of ,hapsburg1 in #agij1 which definitely stated that ,hungary with her appanages is a free kingdom1 and in regard to her whole legal form of government 7including all the tribunals7 independent2 that is1 entangled with no other kingdom or people1 but having her own peculiar consistence and constitution2 accordingly to be governed by her legitimately crowned king after her peculiar laws and customs4 ,this statute1 however1 was no sooner made than fresh attempts were made to nullify it4 ,hungary's needs1 as a country1 were many4 ,her taxation required alteration2 her peasants had still feudal burdens to bear1 instead of being freehold proprietors of land4 ,religious toleration was not enforced1 and free trade was an unknown quantity1 for ,austria insisted on the produce of ,hungary being sent only to her market4 ,fresh roads and bridges and agricultural improvements were imperatively necessary1 but the need was passed by1 by ,austria4 ,to every nation1 as to every individual1 when the hour of worst need strikes1 the hand of the man or woman who brings rescue is upon the latch of the door4 ,in the present instance ,kossuth was in readiness to redeem his country from the yoke of ,austria4 ,in ,march1 #ahdh1 the ,opposition in the ,hungarian ,diet1 with ,kossuth at their head1 carried a vote that the ,constitution of ,hungary could never be free from the machinations of the ,austrian ,cabinet until ,constitutional ,government was established in the foreign possessions of the ,crown1 so as to restore the legal status of the period at which the ,diet freely conferred the royalty on the ,house of ,hapsburg4 ,this vote paralysed the ,austrian authorities4444 ,the ,hungarian ,diet immediately claimed for itself also a responsible ministry4 ,prompt measures were now taken by the ,hungarians to restore the old status of the country1 and laws were made which conferred upon the peasants freeholds of land and all other reforms for which they had for so long been agitating4 ,the ,london ,hungarian ,committee1 to whose paper ,i have before referred1 tells us that before the ,french ,revolution had broken out this ,bill had passed both ,houses4 ,the ,austrian ,cabinet1 seeing their overwhelming unanimity1 felt that resistance was impossible2 consequently this ,reform ,bill of ,april1 #ahdh1 was considered by all ,hungarian patriots as their ,magna ,charta4 ,nevertheless it was their fate very shortly after to appreciate the truth of this hard fact1 that it is one thing to make a ,charter and another thing to keep it4 ,austria had many ways up her sleeve of breaking the spirit of the letter4 ,first she saw to it that ,hungary had no properly equipped home regiments for her defence1 and next she dissolved the ,hungarian ,diet1 and again tried to fuse ,hungary into the ,austrian ,empire4 ,then at last the ,hungarians determined at once1 by force1 to end the contemptible1 practical joke which ,austria was engaged in playing off upon their country4 ,they gathered an army together1 but their utmost efforts could only raise one not half the size of that of their opponents1 and consequently the result of the battle was defeat for themselves4 ,later on1 when ,kossuth had managed to collect more arms and men1 battles on a much larger scale were fought2 and after the ,austrians had been defeated more than a dozen times1 the whole of their armies were driven ignominiously out of ,hungary4 ,it was after this series of victories that ,kossuth was made his country's governor1 and the whole nation declared as one man that the ,house of ,hapsburg had for ever forfeited any claim to the ,crown4 ,it was now that1 had ,england attempted mediation for ,hungary 7according to ,francis ,newman71 we should have saved ,austria from the yoke of ,russia1 and have at least put off the ,crimean war1 because1 when ,russia had come to the assistance of ,austria in her final difficulties with ,hungary1 after she had been driven out of that country1 if ,england and ,france had not fought it1 nothing short of an equivalent war must have been fought against ,russia by other ,powers 444 because the security of all ,europe is endangered by the virtual vassalage of ,austria to ,russia444 for ,austria is now so abhorred in ,hungary that she cannot keep her conquest except by ,russian aid4 ,footnote3 ,reminiscences of ,two ,wars and ,two ,exiles4 ,in #ahdh ,kossuth's envoy1 ,pulszky1 was sent to ,england1 and1 quite ignorant of the wheels within wheels which hampered the political movements of ,lord ,palmerston1 was amazed that he himself found a repulse awaiting him at the ,english ,minister's hands4 ,lord ,palmerston asserted that the rights or wrongs of ,hungary were practically a dead letter to ,england1 who had never thought of that country as existing apart from ,austria4 ,he considered a strong ,austria was a ,european necessity2 but notwithstanding all he said then and later1 the impression made itself felt on men's minds that there was a power behind the throne in all his speeches1 and none knew what that hidden power was4 ,to-day we all know that it was the foreign counsellorhood of ,baron ,stockmr1 who advised ,prince ,albert in those days4 ,as ,newman says3 ,it is now open to believe that ,stockmr and his ,austrian policy 444 sometimes drove ,palmerston to despair1 and our diplomacy into heartlessness4 ,illustration3 ,,louis ,,kossuth ,this elucidation of the whole puzzle throws fresh light on that attitude of ,lord ,palmerston which so completely mystified ,kossuth4 ,i cannot understand1 he said1 what is the policy of ,palmerston's heart4 ,he talks one way1 yet acts another way--always against the interests and just rights of ,hungary4 ,kossuth's next step was to take refuge in ,turkey1 and here he at once set to work to learn the language1 and succeeded so well that he wrote a grammar1 which was afterwards used in the ,turkish schools4 ,it was said to have been due to ,lord ,palmerston1 by the way1 that the ,sultan refused to give him up to ,austria and ,russia4 ,but at any rate the ,sultan seemed to owe the decision which guided this refusal in large measure to his own loyalty to those who had sought shelter with him during civil war4 ,at any rate1 ,kossuth reported that he certainly said1 ,i will accept war rather than give up the ,hungarian fugitives4 ,eventually an ,american ship conveyed ,kossuth out of ,turkey1 and he landed at ,marseilles4 ,of course1 by then the monarchy had been overthrown in ,france1 and ,louis ,napoleon-with whom ,kossuth was later on to be closely connected--was ,president4 ,in ,october1 #ahea1 ,kossuth crossed to ,england4 ,newman tells us that though he was enthusiastically received by the whole nation1 yet that he was slandered1 feared1 despised1 and disliked by those esteemed highest and noblest in ,england4 ,but1 at any rate1 he was given a hearty welcome in ,america1 for he did not stay long in ,england when he saw that those in authority did not warmly espouse his cause4 ,it is necessary here to remember that in #ahea ,louis ,napoleon had stepped on to the top of the ,republic1 whom he had previously served as its ,president1 and had made himself ,emperor of the ,french4 ,it is necessary also to remember that there was a very general sense of alarm throughout ,england as to his plans regarding an invasion4 ,he was thought to be collecting a fleet destined to attack us4 ,but1 later1 it was proved that we had been exciting and disturbing ourselves quite unnecessarily4 ,louis ,napoleon wanted something of us1 it is true4 ,but that something was alliance4 ,by this time ,kossuth was back in ,england4 ,one day1 ,francis ,newman says1 ,kossuth called suddenly on me with an ,english ,blue-book in his hand1 and abruptly said3 ',we foreigners look to you to explain your own ,blue-books4 ,please to tell me what does this strange sentence mean8' ,i read carefully these words from the despatches of the ,western ,powers to the admirals of their fleets in ,constantinople3 c ,you must clearly understand that you are not sent to fight against the ,emperor of ,russia1 but to save the ,sultan from religious enthusiasm and fatal auxiliaries'6 ,he pointed out these last words4444 ',religious enthusiasm is the diplomatic phrase for ,turkish patriotism2 fatal auxiliaries mean ,hungarians4444 ,because ,austria dreads lest exiled ,hungarians fight in the ,turkish ranks1 and the object of the ,western ,powers is to please ,austria and not to aid ,turkey4444 ,they are angry with the ,turks for defending themselves against ,russia4' ,footnote3 ,reminiscences of ,two ,wars and ,two ,exiles4 ,illustration3 ,this certificate is dated the year after ,kossuth's first visit to ,england1 and is in possession of ,edward ,g4 ,sieveking1 ,esq4 of the firm of ,sieveking1 ,podmore1 and ,wright1 ,gracechurch ,street1 ,e4,c4 ,in #ahdh-i the ,whigs and ,tories in ,england mistook the whole meaning of the disturbances which were going forward abroad4 ,macaulay 7whom ,newman quotes7 distinctly asserts that in ,hungary and ,italy kings were fighting in the cause of civilization1 and nationalities were rising to destroy it in the cause of anarchy4 ,comment on this is1 of course1 quite needless when one remembers how misinformed were the ,english ministers as to the nature of the struggle for liberty which was then going forward in both countries1 and how treacherously and cruelly the people had been treated by those in authority over them3 and what efforts had been made constantly against their rights as citizens4 ,in #ahed ,kossuth was again doing his best to rouse interest on behalf of his country in ,england4 ,he called on ,newman to enquire what would be the best and quickest way of collecting subscriptions4 ,he wanted for immediate national use #ejjj4 ,newman referred him to a printer who was a ,zealot for ,hungary1 and who would supply him with the names of the richest men who had spoken vigorously for ,hungary4 ,kossuth proceeded to write out a circular to be sent to these ,englishmen1 asking for subscriptions4 ,a little later ,newman found out that the result of this fishing in ,english waters was #djj1 and he had wanted #ejjj to enable him to carry out his projects for ,hungary6 ,the following letter from ,francis ,newman to ,professor ,martineau 7about whose friendship with him ,i shall have more to say later7 is dated ,november1 #ahed1 and concerns his opinions in re the ,crimean ,war3-- ,as to the war1 while it is always thought rash to have any strong military convictions1 ,i have always believed that if they would go straight to ,sebastopol early in the season they would take it with little difficulty4 ,we have been juggled partly by ,austria1 partly by the too great age of our military men1 partly by clashing counsels of allies4 ,the fortification of ,gallipoli ,i regarded as stupid infatuation3 our old military men said it was necessary for safety6 ,we lost all our time while ,russia had her hands full on the ,danube1 we let in ,austria to hinder the ,turks pursuing the retreat1 we delayed ten weeks longer to make preparation1 and landed1 leaving all our preparations behind4 ,this delay has been the mischief4444 ,the climate is now my fear1 not the enemy4 ,but ,i look on all this as a part of the providential or fatal necessity which determines that war shall not be decided by regular armies4 ,if we will do things in a 'slow and sure' way1 ,russia will beat us1 for she cares nothing for the lives of her men2 to us it is agony4 ,but to yield is to make her omnipotent4 ,i expect1 therefore1 that the harder we fight1 and the poorer our success1 the more will ,austria show ,russian sympathies1 and the more will the ,western ,powers be forced to call up ,poland and ,hungary4444 ,i suppose nothing but severe suffering and vain effort will reconcile ,louis ,napoleon or the ,english aristocracy to the revolution in ,europe1 which alone can permanently cripple ,russia4 ,ever yours affectionately1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 ,and in ,august1 #ahee1 he wrote again3-- ,i do not think you see truly the treachery of our ,government 7,i cannot use a weaker word71 nor know truly what ,kossuth has always demanded4 ,to my first question1 ',do you expect us to drive ,austria into hostility8' he replied 7probably in ,november1 #ahec71 ',certainly not2 but ,i claim that you shall not try to hinder our fighting our just and necessary battle against ,austria4' ,this is the turning point4 ,we did try to hinder it1 hoping thereby to seduce ,austria to our side4 ,to whisper to ,austria the words ',h4 ,p4 ,i4' would not have been to stir up those countries to insurrection1 but to compel ,austria not to threaten ,turkey with her armies4 ,our ,government encouraged her in it1 and aided her to occupy the ,principalities1 forcing the ,sultan to take pliable ,ministers4444 ,we reap the bitter fruit1 as ,kossuth from the beginning told us we should4 ,i1 however1 still hope that we shall regain a morally right position1 and that if we fare the worse ,hungary may be the better2 for then ,austria might have been neutral1 now she will be our enemy4 ,kossuth suffered greatly in his political aims and endeavours from lack of funds4 ,indeed1 from his first journey to ,england until he finally gave up coming over here1 he was terribly hampered by want of money4 ,newman1 too1 was out of pocket owing to his efforts to push forward the ,hungarian cause4 ,i have before me now a letter from ,kossuth written in ,january1 #ahed1 from #ba ,alpha ,road1 ,regent's ,park1 to ,e4 ,sieveking and ,son1 members of my family1 who were keenly interested in ,hungarian politics1 and who transacted many business arrangements for ,kossuth from time to time while he was in ,england4 ,the letter is on behalf of a friend of his1 a ,mr4 ,ernest ,poenisch1 and is written in ,german3-- ,honoured ,sir1 ,would you not do me the kindness to give a favourable reference about the honourability sic of ,mr4 ,ernest ,g4 ,poenisch if anyone should happen to make enquiries of you about him8 ,mr4 ,ernest ,poenisch is a merchant in the city1 a ,german by birth1 and was a merchant of importance1 and as he often has commercial business of importance to look after for me1 you will be doing to me myself1 a kindness if you would give him a good reference in a general way1 should opportunity occur4 ,renewing my request to you1 ,i sign myself1 ,respectfully yours1 ,l4 ,kossuth4 ,to ,e4 ,sieveking and ,son4 ,in ,june1 #ahee1 ,francis ,newman writes to ,dr4 ,martineau1 in answer to a letter from him3-- ,i do not write in support of the oppressed nations because ',i have confidence in the stability and morality of a continental democracy1' but because the foreign kings who now trample nations down neither have nor pretend to have any right but that of armies2 it is a pure avowed robber- rule1 essentially in morals1 and all will extol the nations as patriotic whenever they throw it off4 444 ,certainly ,i maintain that ,hungary and ,poland are nations2 so in fact is ,italy3 but ,austria is only a ,court and ,army1 not a nation4 ,we have had public relations with ,hungary as a nation2 we violated our duty to ,hungary in #ahdh-i2 and complain we are still allowing ,austria to get the benefit of our wrong4 ,so also to ,poland1 ,i feel we have grossly neglected our duty1 and still neglect it4444 ,we know that ,hungary 7,poland1 ,italy7 is in the right2 but though called on to say so1 we will not say it2 nor even mediate1 for it will lead to republicanism4 ,again1 ,i call it immoral to argue3 ',we know that ,austria is giving ,turkey just cause of war2 but we must not allow the ,sultan to resent it by declaring war2 for it will give the nationalities an opportunity of throwing off the ,austrian yoke4'444 ,then1 my dear friend1 do you forget that ,i approved of the ,french1 and disapproved of the ,austrian alliance8444 ,not to ally with ,louis ,napoleon is not to join him against the ,french nation2 while to ally with ,francis ,joseph was to join him against the ,french nation1 which his armies are trampling down4 ,again1 we did not catch ,louis ,napoleon engaged in a scheme with ,nicholas 7,emperor of ,russia7 to dismember ,turkey1 and bribe ,louis ,napoleon to join us by the promise or hint that he should still get his slice of ,turkey4 ,we have done this to ,austria1 and have used our severe pressure on the ,turkish ,government to get ,austria admitted into the ,principalities4444 ,i fear this summer will be as deadly to our army as the winter was2 my only comfort will be1 that ,i shall make sure that ,austria will the clearer show her true colours4 ,hoping you are all well1 ,i am1 ,ever yours affectionately1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 ,illustration3 ,,facsimile ,,of ,,letter ,,from ,,kossuth ,,to ,,messrs4 ,,sieveking ,,january1 #ahed ,hungary and ,poland are nations2 so in fact is ,italy3 but ,austria is only a ,court and ,army1 not a nation4 ,here is practically the gist of the whole matter1 as far as ,francis ,newman is concerned4 ,throughout all his writings one comes again and again upon this note4 ,the ,people6 ,the ,people6 is his ever-recurring thought4 ,what are the ,people suffering2 what are their needs1 their wrongs which call for justice8 ,the ,people is the living nation2 the ,court and the ,army may be inevitable adjuncts of a nation's being1 as things at present are constituted2 but they are artificial adjuncts2 the ,people are the very life essence of the ,nation1 its real motive power4 ,let their voice be heard1 and the soul of empire at once springs into being4 ,in the next letter from ,newman to ,martineau1 #ith ,june1 #ahef1 from which ,i shall quote1 it is shown that our ,colonial ,office was enraged against ,kossuth because he had mischievously hindered the ,austrian ,government from getting troops to put down ,italian insurrection4 ,newman goes on to show how the treachery of ,austria in her dealing with other nations was a potent fact1 and he adds1 ,hungary was bound 7according to ,kossuth's views7 to assist ,austria against foreign attack1 and therefore against the ,king of ,sardinia2 but in the interval1 before this could come to any practical result1 the intrigues of the ,austrian ,court with the ,serbs were brought to light2 ,austrian officers with the ,emperor-,king's commission in their pockets were made prisoners from among the ,serb ranks1 and the internal danger of ,hungary1 as well as the treachery of the ,court1 made it simply impossible to carry out1 or wish to carry out1 the ,protocol4 ,but ,kossuth was still the ,king's ,minister1 and could not say this openly4 ,unless he would have taken the first step to civil war1 he was bound to throw a thin veil over it in public speech and action4 ,the measure which he then promoted was 444 that no ,hungarian soldier should leave the country until the internal rebellion was thoroughly subdued4 ,that no ,hungarian regiments should fight against ,italians until the ,italians had had from ,austria the offer of national institutions and freedom under the ,austrian ,crown1 putting them on a par with the ,hungarians4 ,nothing could have been fairer than these conditions1 and this was very shortly recognized when it became known that ,latour and the ,court were employing all their energies for long after this date in stirring up the ,serb rebellion4 ,yet they were shameless enough to complain of ,kossuth having incited the ,hungarians to revolt4 ,writing the next day to ,dr4 ,martineau1 ,newman openly avows his belief that every nation in the world is grasping and unjust in its foreign policy in exact proportion to its power1 ,england not being at all an exception4 ,the italics are my own4 ,have we not proof positive of this before our very eyes to-day8 ,we cannot look at ,india and say no1 for by our charter of #ahcc we bound ourselves over to hold ,india only until the education1 which we had made possible for them1 should enable the ,indians to take a share in the government of their own country4 ,but when we look at the ,india of to-day1 we cannot but plead guilty to not having kept that charter honestly before our eyes4 ,there is but one office to which natives are admitted on equal terms with ,englishmen to-day6 ,to go back to the letter3-- ,england has no great ,european army1 and cannot covet and subdue any portion of the ,european continent4 ,that is no great credit2 but in ,asia1 where she is strong and her neighbours weak1 she is as grasping and unjust as ,russia1 ,austria1 ,france1 or the ,u4,s4444 ,lord ,palmerston had never heard 7or pretended never to have heard7 of the peace of ,satmar1 and that ,england was mediator of it between ,austria and ,hungary4 ,i think it is not mere knowledge1 but higher morality1 which is the first need of policy on both sides the ,atlantic4 ,it is now that ,louis ,napoleon comes on the scene as regards the beginnings of his connection with ,kossuth4 ,newman says that it was in #ahef that the closer friendship between ,napoleon and ,cavour 7,sardinian ,minister7 had begun4 ,not very long after it was borne in on the mind of ,cavour that ,kossuth would be an invaluable ally in the plans of future conquest which they were then preparing4 ,louis knowing that ,kossuth was in sore need of funds for his political enterprises1 sent a messenger to him to intimate that he would join forces with him2 that he would supply him financially with all he would require in the way of ready cash4 ,kossuth was not averse from receiving in good part ,napoleon's advances1 though he offered temporary resistance4 ,he saw clearly that if ,france were to help ,italy1 ,austria would be weakened1 ,newman tells us that when ,napoleon announced in #aheh that he was about to marry ,clotilde1 daughter of the ,king of ,sardinia1 ,kossuth at once said to him3 ,i have always resisted ,napoleon's overtures1 but ,i expect now that ,i shall be forced to visit him in ,paris1 because ,i now see that he is resolved upon war against ,austria4 ,this ,piedmontese marriage is evidently his pledge also to ,italians that he means to drive ,austria out of ,italy4 ,then1 in #ahei1 a few inimical words which ,napoleon spoke to the ,austrian ambassador showed very clearly to what quarter the political wind in ,france had veered4 ,war was felt to be intended1 and ,russia was no longer a support to ,austria behind4 ,in ,march1 or a little later1 ,kossuth and ,pulszky were invited to ,paris1 and were met1 very cordially1 at the station by ,prince ,napoleon1 cousin to the ,emperor4 ,later1 ,louis ,napoleon himself spoke with them1 and said very frankly that he had never had any special idea of assisting ,hungary1 but that in case he could not settle affairs in ,italy1 as regarded his war with ,austria1 and he should find himself obliged to send his army into ,croatia1 he wanted advice with respect to many details regarding this province1 which he knew that ,kossuth could give him4 ,newman was the recipient of ,kossuth's communications concerning this secret interview with ,napoleon4 ,and he told him that besides needing his advice about ,croatia1 he wanted him 7knowing he had influence in ,england7 to drive ,lord ,derby out of office4 ,i quote ,napoleon's words as recorded by ,newman4 ,the ,french army is very formidable2 but ,i cannot pretend that in it ,i have such superiority to ,austria that ,i may expect easy or certain success4 ,my only clear superiority is on the sea4 ,as ,louis ,philippe before1 so have ,i from the first carefully nursed my fleet4 ,hereby ,i override ,austria in the ,adriatic--a most critical advantage4444 ,i cannot be sure but that without declaring war1 or giving warning1 he 7,lord ,derby7 may all at once strike a blow which will annihilate my fleet1 and then what could compensate me8 ,if you can find any way of moving discontent against this ministry1 ,i want you to cripple or eject him4 ,newman adds that ,kossuth did not tell him what reply he himself gave to all this4 ,everyone knows the sequel to this4 ,after ,lord ,derby had resigned in ,march1 ,lord ,palmerston took office4 ,in ,may the ,austrians were defeated2 and this defeat was followed by more disaster for them1 and the end of the whole matter resolved itself into a peace between ,francis ,joseph and ,louis ,napoleon4 ,then it was that the latter proclaimed freedom from ,austrian supremacy to all ,italy2 and now came the end for which ,kossuth had struggled1 and longed1 and waited4 ,napoleon despatched a messenger to him asking what demands ,kossuth wished now to make4 ,his prompt answer was delivered thus to the envoy3-- ,sir1 ,i have two demands on your master3 ,first1 he must extract from the ,emperor ,francis ,joseph an amnesty for every ,hungarian or ,croatian soldier who has taken military service under the ,king of ,sardinia4 ,secondly1 no man thus amnestied shall ever be pressed into the ,austrian army4 ,a fortnight went by1 and ,kossuth heard nothing from the ,emperor4 ,then1 when at last the news came1 it was almost too good to be true4 ,francis ,joseph had agreed to both stipulations4 ,in ,august1 #ahfj1 ,francis ,newman1 writing from ,keswick1 touches on the progress in success made by the ,italian patriot1 ,garibaldi4 ,i do not think you can be dissatisfied with ,garibaldi's progress4 ,louis ,n4 could have stopt sic him1 and ruined his hopes for ever1 by one word to ,austria as soon as ,garibaldi landed in ,sicily4 ,on the contrary1 he has sternly forbidden ,austria to meddle at all in ,italy1 and has allowed ,cavour to proclaim in ,parliament that ,l4 ,n4's greatest merit to ,italy is not the great battle of ,solferino1 but his having avowed in his letter to the ,pope that priests shall no longer rule in ,italy4444 ,when ,hungary is free1 all views will change1 and perhaps ,france also4 ,kossuth and ,pulszky1 who had visited ,england constantly between the years #ahea and #ahfj1 finally left our shores for good in the latter year1 ,kossuth for ,italy1 for he took no further share in politics1 and ,pulszky for ,hungary1 where he became ,finance ,minister to ,francis ,joseph's new constitutional monarchy4 ,before finally leaving ,england1 ,kossuth gave to ,newman his own reading of the real character of ,louis ,napoleon4 ,he said3 ,louis ,napoleon is a man at whom1 on account of his coup d'tat1 ,footnote3 ,louis ,napoleon's raid on the ,french citizens1 in violation of his promises1 in order to make himself supreme4 ,i shudder1 and it may seem a duty to hate him4 ,yet ,i am bound to say1 not only has he been wholly faithful to us1 but every time ,i have been closeted with him ,i have come away with a higher opinion1 not only of his talents and sagacity1 but also of his morals4 ,the italics are mine4 ,it seems difficult for the outsider to-day quite to sign to this point of view1 when one remembers ,louis ,napoleon's deception and his broken honour and cruelty4 ,there is a very enlightening and suggestive passage in one of ,robert ,louis ,stevenson's books1 ,to travel happily is better than to arrive4 ,in ,kossuth's case the reverse was true4 ,he travelled towards his goal unhappily1 but he arrived1 and that was a reward which is not given to every patriot who gives his life to win his country's freedom4 ,in ,hungary in #ahea1 by ,charles ,loring ,brace1 there are many keenly interesting details about ,kossuth4 ,mr4 ,brace made a tour in ,europe1 chiefly on foot1 during the spring of #ahea1 and met ,kossuth in ,pesth2 his mother was then living there4 ,to say that ,kossuth is beloved here seems hardly necessary after what ,i have seen4 ,he is idolized4 ,every word and trait of his character is remembered with an indescribable affection 4442 but they all acknowledged1 he added1 that he did not possess the necessary gifts for a revolutionary leader4 ,still1 he moved his countrymen in so stirring a manner that they would have followed him anywhere4 ,he 'agitated' the whole land1 and there is not a ,bauer in the villages or a ,csikos 7wild cattle driver7 on the prairies1 they say1 who does not remember as the day of days the time when he listened to those thrilling tones 444 as they spoke 444 of the wrongs of their beloved ,fatherland4 ,this is a short account by a journalist who knew him personally1 and was present at the time1 of the manner in which ,kossuth was received in ,scotland during his visit to ,britain3-- ,in travelling from ,edinburgh to ,perth1 ,kossuth was received at every station by vast crowds of people1 including many ladies1 with vociferous cheers and waving of hats and handkerchiefs4 ,this was particularly the case at ,stirling1 where hundreds crowded up to the carriage in which he sat to grasp his hand4 ,one day it was suggested that ,kossuth1 ,colonel ,ibaz his aide-de-camp1 and the journalist should go for a drive up ,kinnoul ,hill1 near ,perth4 ,we soon got into a rough country road winding among the farms4 ,at one place the carriage came to a stand while a gate had to be opened to allow it to pass through4 ,at this gate stood a tall1 venerable-looking farmer1 with long white hair and beard 444 who might have served as a painter's model for an old ,scottish ,covenanter4 ,he stood ready to open the gate4444 ,he had1 of course1 heard of ,kossuth's invitation to lecture in ,perth1 and at once divined that the carriage might contain his hero1 as all visitors to ,perth ascend the ,hill of ,kinnoul4444 ,in a very deep and solemn voice he said 444 ',i reckon that ,loois ,koshoot is in this carriage4 ,am ,i richt8 ,whuch is him8' ,kossuth leaned forward and said in a very gracious manner1 ',yes1 he is1 good man4 ,i am ,louis ,kossuth4' ,whereupon the venerable man reverently took off his bonnet1 came close up1 grasped ,kossuth's hand in both his own1 and said1 ',god bless you1 sir1 an' may ,he prosper you in your great waurk to free yer kintra frae the rod o' the oppressor4 ,may ,he strengthen ye and croon ye wi' victory4444' ,colonel ,ihaz was a bronzed1 stern-looking officer1 perhaps ten years older than his chief2 yet with all his military stiffness and sternness he was quite capable of relaxing into ordinary human feelings and becoming quite a facetious old fellow under favourable conditions4 ,he could speak very little ,english4 ,he enjoyed the humour of some ,scottish stories and anecdotes ,i told1 and which ,kossuth translated for him4 ,he was greatly pleased and amused when ,i initiated him into the art and mystery of concocting a tumbler of whisky toddy as a proper and orthodox finish to the evening4444 ,he thoroughly appreciated the beverage1 smacking his lips 444 and exclaiming with gusto1 ',toddo is goot4 ,toddo very goot4' ,he mentions that ,kossuth was keenly interested in ,scottish ballads and stories1 etc41 and he actually learnt one ballad by heart1 which for thrilling passion1 and power1 and sweetness 444 were never equalled by human voice4 ,his appeals 444 were addressed exceedingly often to the religious feelings of his hearers4 ,in fact1 this tendency of his is perhaps one great secret of his power over the people of ,hungary--for the peasantry of that land1 beyond that of almost any other1 are remarkable for a simple1 reverent piety4 ,when1 after the deliverance of ,hungary from the yoke of ,austria1 ,kossuth was made ,governor1 ,brace says that he considers he belonged1 by reason of his talent for organization and finance1 to the highest rank of statesmen4 ,he had not the unrelenting1 tremendous force of a ,cromwell or ,napoleon1 or the iron will of a ,jackson4444 ,but he has shown that a man could be a military ,dictator without staining his hands either in the blood of his rivals or of his friends4 ,one of the privates in an ,austrian regiment stationed in ,vienna1 himself a ,hungarian1 was overheard by his officer to say ',eljen ,kossuth6' ,he was ordered 'five-and-twenty' at once4 ,it appears when a man is flogged in the ,austrian army he is obliged by law to thank the officer4 ,this the ,hungarian refused to do4 ,another 'five-and-twenty' were given him4 ,still he refused4 ,again another flogging2 and the ,hungarian1 as he rose1 muttered his thanks with the words1 ',my back belongs to the ,emperor1 but my heart to ,kossuth4' ,in regard to ,kossuth's manner of delivery in his great public speeches1 ,mr4 ,brace says3 ,his opening words1 they say1 were like ,hungarian national airs1 always low and plaintive in the utterance4444 ,but gradually his face lighted up1 his voice deepened and swelled with his feeling1 and there came forth tones which thrilled his hearers with a strange rousing power4 ,,chapter ,,xii ,,four ,,barbarisms ,,of ,,civilization ,in every civilization there will always be found1 sheltering under its wall1 evil things not yet brought to book--not yet revealed in their true nature1 but still dragging back the wheel of true progress and the betterment of humanity4 ,yet though they come in such a questionable shape1 it is often not until someone ahead of his or her age1 pulls them into the open glare of another point of view1 and thus shows up all their hidden moral leprosy1 that the arrow of condemnation is driven full-tilt at them from the stretched bow of a ,higher ,criticism4 ,in ,francis ,newman's ,miscellanies1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 four of these evil things are dragged by him into the open daylight of a mind far ahead of its age1 and these four are3 ,cruelty to ,animals2 ,degradation of ,man1 as brought about by the drink traffic2 ,war1 as the great throw-back to ,civilization2 ,punishment as understood in ,england1 and our own methods of reform as regards the treatment of misdemeanants4 ,to take the first of these--,cruelty to ,animals4 ,of course there are three kinds3 ,legalized cruelty1 cruelty caused by thoughtlessness1 and cruelty caused in order to give pleasure to men and women4 ,of the first--well1 of course this has to do with vivisection1 said to be carried on for the advancement of science and for the sake of alleviating the sufferings of humanity4 ,as regards the first reason1 men who know what they are talking about are pretty generally agreed that science has not largely benefited by vivisection4 ,as regards the second1 it is by no means sure that anything can be proved of direct use to mankind from discoveries made by doctors and scientists after operating on animals4 ,what sort of tenderness for man can we expect from surgeons who can thus teach by torture1 or from students who can endure to listen8 ,here ,francis ,newman puts his finger on a very significant factor in the case--that of the barbarizing1 the deteriorating of the mind that cannot touch the black pitch of torture and not be defiled4 ,everyone will remember the words of ,lord ,shaftesbury1 one of the greatest men of his day3 ,i would rather be1 before ,god1 the poor victim in the torture-trough than the vivisector beside him4 ,and it is this point also which is of importance in the vivisection question--not the point of view alone of the animal tortured1 but as well the inevitable effect on the vivisector4 ,for there are some things undeniably which1 when done1 do not leave the man who does them where he was before in the moral scale4 ,as ,archdeacon ,wilberforce says3 ,if all that is claimed by vivisectors were true--and ,i absolutely disbelieve it--the noblest attitude would be to refuse physical benefit obtained at the cost of secrets stolen from other lives by hideous torture4 ,these words exactly express the attitude of all thoughtful men and women who feel the impossibility of accepting help at the cost of such torture to the lower creation by what the ,archdeacon very aptly calls the barbarities of science4 ,well may ,francis ,newman say3 ,when we ask by what right a man tortures these innocent creatures1 the only reply that can be given is1 because we are more intelligent4 ,if in the eye of ,god this is justifiable1 then a just ,god might permit a devil to torture us in the cause of diabolic science4444 ,to cut up a living horse day after day in order to practise students in dissection is a crime and abomination hardly less monstrous from his not having an immortal soul4 ,an inevitable logic would in a couple of generations unteach all tenderness towards human suffering if such horrors are endured1 and carry us back into greater heartlessness than that of the worst barbarians4 ,the bill in #ahgf1 of which the chief aim was to amend the law1 to regulate better the doings of vivisectors1 insisted on the fact that a licence from the ,home ,secretary was to be a sine qu non in the case of all who practised these experiments upon animals4 ,but experience of the way in which this law works shows quite clearly that very inadequate inspection takes place1 because in so many cases inspectors and vivisectors play into each other's hands4 ,of the other kinds of cruelty1 those caused by thoughtlessness and in order to minister to the pleasure of men and women are very many and very present to us4 ,i use the word thoughtlessness1 but perhaps it would be nearer the truth to say lack of power to realize1 for thoughtlessness can no longer be pleaded by those women who persist in wearing aigrettes1 and other plumage of birds4 ,the barbarous method has been too often described to them by which these aigrettes are procured3 how the plumes are torn from the males of the small white heron2 how1 this appalling cruelty perpetrated1 the birds are left to die on the shore4 ,women of fashion cannot but be aware how wholesale this savage slaughter of the innocents is2 that each bird only contributes one-sixth of an ounce of aigrette plumes2 that we are told that thousands of ounces of plumes are sold by one firm during the course of one season alone4 ,it is not too much to say that each woman's bonnet in which these plumes 7so barbarously procured7 figure1 is a veritable juggernaut car4 ,it is not alone for fashion's sake that we perpetrate these barbarisms1 however1 for what can be said in defence of cruelties practised upon animals for the sake of man's stomach8 ,of the method in vogue now of stuffing capons by means of an instrument which forces food down their throats relentlessly in order to make them of great size and of tender flesh8 or of calves being slowly bled to death that their flesh may be white8 ,what of the horrors which precede the making of pt de foie gras8 ,the name of these atrocities is legion1 however1 and it is useless to enumerate them here4 ,fashion loves to have it so1 and the ordinary diner does not trouble his head about the terrible ordeal of the animal which has preceded the delicacy for himself4 ,but1 putting his dinner aside1 the ,englishman's sport is often not far removed from barbaric4 ,look at coursing6 ,what can be the nature that can take pleasure in seeing an absolutely defenceles animal let out in a confined space1 with no chance of escape1 no fair play at all1 nothing in front of it but certain death whichever way it turns8 ,what can be the nature which can enjoy the death-scream of the agonized hare as the dogs' fangs dig into the quivering flesh8 ,coursing is nothing more nor less than an absolutely degrading sport to the beholders4 ,there is no sport1 in the right acceptation of the word1 in it at all4 ,at any rate1 there is far more of the element of real sport in fox-hunting or in stag-hunting1 especially in those districts where one is told that the stag practically enters into the spirit of the game1 when1 after a good run1 it pauses1 and is helped into the cart which is to take it into home cover again6 ,be that as it may1 at least there is some fair play to the quarry4 ,in coursing that is an unknown quantity4 ,the accomplished ,englishman shoots for sport4 ,sport1 being a mental impulse or appetite1 is insatiable1 and therefore far more deadly than hunger4444 ,a boast is made that ninety millions of rabbits are reared for the consumption of our nation4 ,ninety million rabbits sent out at large to nibble the young shoots of the growing crops--each of whom destroys and wastes ten times what a tame rabbit would eat in a hutch--are boasted of as an increase of our supplies6 ,if twenty million of these reach the town markets1 it is much2 how many beside are cruelly massacred with no profit to man6 and how many beside1 with unhappy hares1 foxes1 rats1 stoats1 and weasels1 are held for days and nights in lingering torture by horrible steel traps8 ,all this goes on in the midst of refinement1 without prohibition from men or remonstrance from women4 ,it is a fruit of the modern ,english system of game preserving2444 and the artificial love of sport which cruel ,norman tradition has fostered in the stolid ,anglo-,saxon race4 ,footnote3 ,on ,cruelty 7,miscellanies1 ,,iii1 by ,francis ,w4 ,newman74 ,it is an unassailable truth that if you look for the last remains of barbarity in a civilized nation you will find them in their sports4 ,but ,i confess that to me it is difficult to justify a woman's love of sport when it is combined--before her very eyes--with the suffering of an animal4 ,yet ,i heard only the other day of a woman who boasted that she had been among the few in at the death one day in fox- hunting1 and that when the brush was given to her1 her face was spattered with the blood of the fox4 ,to turn to another barbarism of civilization--the subject of the ,drink ,traffic4 ,newman's words about this come with startling appositeness to-day1 when we are all eager as regards the pros and cons of the new ,licensing ,act1 and when all the publicans in the country are watching anxiously in fear of the ruin it may spell for themselves4 ,thirty years ago ,francis ,newman flung these words broadcast into the country3-- ,parliament ignominiously sits on the beer barrel4 ,the thirty-three millions a year 7which was the revenue in #ahgg derived from complicity with distillers and brewers71 are to every ,ministry like the proverbial wolf which the woodsman holds by the ears4 ,to keep him is difficult1 to let him go is dangerous4 ,their position is becoming worse than embarrassing when the best men of every class1 and all the women who see the public miseries1 condemn the deadly policy of bartering national morality for payments to the exchequer4444 ,the mode in which those in power fight to retain the public immoralities proclaims the quality of their motives4 ,as one example out of several1 see with what tenacity the ,sunday sale of intoxicating drink in ,ireland is kept up1 after it is visible that ,ireland disapproves1 and after the ,english ,parliament has voted with ,ireland4 ,trickery is here the only right word2 but trickery cannot in the long run support any cause4 ,in this matter1 as in several others1 national indignation is ripening4 ,many old ways will have to be reversed1 among which the treatment of the drink traffic has quite a leading place4 ,he then goes on to treat in detail of the pros and cons of ,sir ,wilfrid ,lawson's ,bill1 and its principle of ,popular ,local ,control2 also of those of ,mr4 ,joseph ,cowen's ,bill on the same subject1 both belonging to the year in which he wrote his article on ,local ,control of the ,drink ,traffic4 ,and he proceeds to consider the two alternatives3 the ,permissive ,popular ,veto1 and the ,popular ,control by an unfettered ,licensing ,board4 ,later on ,newman propounds his own opinion as to where the true remedy lies for the shocking state of public morality in connection with the drink traffic4 ,almost invariably his remedies for social evils are based on specialization4 ,in this case he advises ,licensing ,boards in large towns4 ,he urges that each ,board should have full power to frame its own restrictions1 that no ,board should be numerous3 five or seven persons may be a full maximum2 that each ,board should be elective1 without power to bind their successors in the next year4 ,what shadow of reason1 he asks1 is there for doubting that such sales as are necessary and inevitable will be far more sagaciously managed by a ,local ,board1 which the ratepayers elect for this sole purpose1 than either by magistrates who are irresponsible and do not suffer sensibly from the public vice1 or by an irresponsible or multitudinous ,committee of ,parliament8 ,finally1 a ,board elected for this one duty is immeasurably better than the ,town ,councils1 who are distracted by an immensity of other business4 ,it is not difficult to see that his suggestion for a local ,licensing ,board has a great deal that might be said for it4 ,his idea as regards a ,ward- ,mote to settle difficulties in local self-government in the same way would deal first hand with difficulties4 ,in both cases these local boards would obviate the necessity for the despatching of endless little ,private ,bills to a ,parliament which really has not time to deal effectually with them4 ,francis ,newman certainly taught a truth which only gets more insistent as year succeeds year1 that specialization is indeed the word of all others which holds within its letters in great measure the healing of the nations1 the simplifying of their puzzles4 ,as regards the rights and wrongs of making war1 ,newman asks1 ,why does one murder make a villain1 but the murder of thousands a hero8 ,and again1 ,why do princes and statesmen1 who would scorn to steal a shilling1 make no difficulty in stealing a kingdom8 ,before calling this1 as many an ,englishman would not hesitate to do1 a topsy-turvy morality1 let us realize that sayings such as these really give us the true values of things as nothing else could4 ,for there are more sins in heaven and earth than are dreamt of in a nation's classified immoralities4 ,stealing a shilling is a recognized immorality1 and as such the law of the land punishes the thief4 ,stealing a kingdom1 however1 is one of those national achievements which men justify to themselves as a patriotic feat1 or1 it may be1 a necessity of empire1 and it is not classified among punishable offences at all4 ,and then it is necessary to remember that many things that are indefensible when only a few do them1 seem to become1 by an extraordinary method of reasoning1 regarded as allowable when so many people do them that a spurious public opinion and a decadent fashion is born1 which shelters them and prevents the light of an unbiassed judgment from showing up their shortcomings in morality4 ,one has only to read up old records of the eighteenth century to see how slavery flourished in ,england among otherwise honourable men1 and how public opinion condoned1 nay1 justified it to realize that public opinion regarded as vox populi1 is often many spiritual leagues away from being vox ,dei4 ,newman's point of view regarding war and extension of territory was not the popular one3-- ,there are many who believe that the time will come when no weapons of war shall be forged1 and universal peace shall reign4444 ,we also believe that a time will come when men will look back in wonder and pity on our present barbarism2 a time at which to begin a war--unless previously justified by the verdict of an impartial tribunal1 bound in honour to overlook what is partially expedient to their own nation or party--will be esteemed a high and dreadful crime4 ,the ',governments' will never initiate such institutions until compelled by public opinion and by the inevitable pressure of circumstances1 nor is any nation in the world yet ripe to put forth such pressure2 otherwise it would not be difficult to devise a supreme court1 or rather jury1 which would put a totally new moral aspect on war4 ,footnote3 ,ethics of ,war1 ,francis ,w4 ,newman4 ,he goes on to say that a great many wars might have been avoided by us if we had been willing1 which we are not1 to submit to arbitration2 and he urges that war should be declared in the ,capital444 with the formal assent of ,lords and ,commons4 ,under the present system1 as he points out1 when war is declared against any country1 it is not a necessity1 as it was in the fourteenth century1 that ,parliament should be applied to for consent and approval when the ,king of ,england wished to make war4 ,later1 ,henry ,v asked ,parliament what it would advise in matters of foreign embroilment2 and when the ,king of ,france wanted to make peace with him1 he would do nothing in the matter until his ,parliament had told him what will be most profitable and honourable to do in the matter4 ,but to-day1 in arranging to make war or to make peace1 it is the ,cabinet-- the two or three in the inner ,chamber--who take all responsibility upon themselves4 ,as often as not their decision is largely influenced by party questions--and the questions do not depend on the morality of the war1 whether the reason for it is a just one or no4 ,it is the singular disgrace of modern ,england1 ,footnote3 ,deliberations before ,war1 ,francis ,newman1 #ahei4 to have allowed the solemn responsibility of war to be tampered with by the arbitrary judgment of executive officers2 444 the nation permits war to be made1 lives by the twenty thousand or fifty thousand to be sacrificed1 provinces to be confiscated1 and permanent empire over foreign subjects established1 at the secret advice of a ,cabinet1 all of one party1 acting collectively for party objects1 no one outside knowing how each has voted4 ,yet the whole nation is implicated in a war1 when once it is undertaken1 inasmuch as we all have the same national disgrace1 if it is unjust2 the same suffering1 if it is tedious2 the same loss1 if it is expensive2 and all the time1 according to the current morality of ,christendom1 two nations may be engaged in deadly struggle1 and neither be in the wrong4 ,newman attributes this present method of deciding war or peace by means of the ,cabinet1 rather than the voice of the people as expressed by their representatives in assembled ,parliament1 to the anomaly of the ,east ,indian ,empire4 ,then1 when the ,board of ,control was formed in #aghd1 the orders to make1 or not to make war1 went out direct from the ,board of ,control2 that is1 really1 from the ministry in ,downing ,street4 ,two1 or even one1 resolute man had power to make war without check4 ,the fatal war with ,afghanistan in the eighteen-thirties which cost us so dear in the matter of men and fame1 was settled in ,england by secret orders of two or three executive officers of the ,queen1 without previous debate in ,parliament4 ,it is necessary to remember1 when thinking of the barbarisms which war brought in its train1 not a hundred years ago1 that what ,newman calls1 very justly1 the atrocious system of paying our soldiers and sailors head-money for the numbers killed by them1 was only done away with about sixty years ago4 ,but it is impossible even to touch here upon the unthinkable miseries which are inevitably suffered by thousands of innocent men1 women1 and children whenever that ,barbarism of ,civilization1 ,war1 marches through a land4 ,apart from all the devastation that marks its advent1 no one can know how indescribably far the real moral and industrial progress of civilization is retarded by even what we consider a small war4 ,as ,newman says3 ,no one can wonder at the rise and progress of an opinion that war is essentially an immoral state4 ,in connection with ,punishments as understood in ,england1 and ,penal ,reformation1 ,footnote3 ,corporal ,punishments and ,penal ,reformation1 ,francis ,newman1 #ahfe4 he owns that it has hitherto been most difficult to discover what due punishment of felony will not demoralize the felon4 ,and of course1 undoubtedly1 that is the crux of the whole matter4 ,but there is no one in ,england to-day but will agree that some change in our prison system is imperatively needed4 ,only the other day a woman1 thoroughly qualified to judge1 declared that the inevitable effect of prison life on women was to make them lose their self-respect4 ,it was a degradation and nothing else4 ,now a punishment practically loses its whole point if it is simply a lowering1 without any building up2 while apart from any other considerations1 to herd1 without due specialization1 a number of criminals and misdemeanants 7for that last is the true description of very many who are punished by this system of incarceration7 tends1 in many instances1 to increase1 by evil communications1 the numbers of those who are in for a first offence only1 and would not1 but for the enforced bad influence of others in prison1 offend again4 ,newman's conclusion of the whole matter as regards prisons is irrefragable3 ,in order to prevent crime1 the institutions which generate crime must be remodelled4 ,he urges upon the nation's consideration that for a great many cases which now fill our prisons 7thereby adding enormously to the national expenses7 there is a very simple punishment1 which has been condemned from many modern points of view as being degrading to the sufferers and brutalizing to the inflictors4 ,the infliction of flogging1 he argues1 undeniably answers in these cases1 both as a sharp and effectual punishment1 and also as a deterrent from future misdoing4 ,to us it appears an obvious certainty1 that whatever punishment is believed to be righteous--whether the whipping of a child1 the shooting of a soldier1 the constraint of the treadmill1 or whatever else--is wholly free from the least tendency to brutalize the officers who inflict it4 ,as to the wisdom of this statement1 one would think1 there could be no question4 ,he quotes our old laws as regards the practising of public floggings1 and adds1 ,we cannot hesitate to believe that all outrages on women ought to be punished by the severest whippings4444 ,dastardly offences against the weak and the weaker sex eminently call for this punishment2 and in such offences may be included the seduction of a woman4 ,that offences against the body should be visited by punishment on the body is beyond all doubt just4 ,had we been in the past1 or were we at the present moment1 as eager as we ought to be for defence1 for justice1 to be given to the citizeness as equally as to the citizen1 there would not be so many wrongs done to the weaker sex as now is the case in ,england4 ,newman strongly condemns long sentences and transportation1 not so much on account of the prisoner1 7though for him the long term of doing time with other criminals exercises in most cases a distinct low moral tone upon himself7 as on account of his wife and family1 if he is married4 ,these people are left without news of him1 and without their legal means of subsistence during his absence4 ,his wife often indeed1 practically becomes a pauper4 ,it is vain to talk of the evil of 'degrading' a criminal by flogging him1 if we degrade him by penal labour1 subjecting him to a very ignominious and tedious slavery4 ,it is vain to say that whipping demoralizes1 until we have a system of effective and severe punishment1 clearly free from this danger4444 ,a felon destined to long penal servitude cannot fulfil a father's duties1 and no one is so weak as to imagine that his commands concerning his children deserve respect4 99 99 99 99 99 ,legislation must deliberately study this problem1 not wink at it4 ,footnote3 ,corporal ,punishments and ,penal ,reformation4 ,perhaps when it does1 something more stringent will be determined on concerning our regulations as regards the marriage of criminals3 those with insanity or inherited disease strongly marked on their family records2 and those who have shown the tendency to the latter in their own persons4 ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,some ,,legislative ,,reforms ,,suggested ,,by ,,lecture ,,and ,,article ,fifty years ago ,newman was cutting and polishing his diamond scheme of legislative decentralization till its facets flashed to the lighted intellects of the world a thousand messages--a thousand clear-cut suggestions for the welfare of his country and the betterment of its legislation1 as he firmly believed4 ,he was never tired of urging it on the notice of his fellow men1 never tired of pleading for it as a solution of many social difficulties1 as a setting of many dislocations of our local systems4 ,perhaps there was no more earnest apostle of decentralization than was ,francis ,newman4 ,but at the same time1 to be fair to him1 it should be said that1 first1 he threw light upon the old paths1 and1 secondly1 showed where modern obstructions lay which seemed to him to hinder true progress4 ,at all costs the fact must be kept well in view1 he believed1 that the paths were made for the men1 not the men for the paths --a fact which is not always so well remembered as it should be to-day4 ,fifty years ago he published an article in ,fraser's ,magazine on ,functions of an ,upper ,house of ,parliament4 ,eight years later he gave a brilliant lecture ,footnote3 ,in the ,athenaeum1 ,manchester4 on ,reorganizations of ,english ,institutions4 ,in this last he touched only briefly upon the former subject because of a notice by the metaphysical railings of his lecture that he was to keep to the path1 and not speak trenchantly on the question of the ,upper ,house1 because it would not have found an appreciative audience there6 ,to begin1 however1 first upon the article which came out in #ahfg4 ,he affirmed that the ,house of ,lords does1 by its veto1 exercise a very powerful1 though unseen1 influence over the administration of the country4 ,he insisted on the urgent need of its becoming a real1 supreme1 judicial court for maintaining the rights of the princes of ,india1 and an authoritative expounder of the treaties which have passed between us and them4 ,it will be seen why this step is called for when we recall the fact that in #ahcc the ,home ,government signed a treaty in which it was definitely agreed that the professions in ,india should be open to the natives--a promise which has never been kept4 ,newman goes on to say1 ,until ,india can have its own ,parliament1 it needs to find in ,england such protection as only our own ,upper ,house can give it4 ,he places before us the possibility of economizing the time--to-day so terribly overcrowded--of the ,house of ,commons by letting domestic legislation1 which is in no immediate relation to executive necessities1 proceed from the ,upper ,house4 ,that in that ,house it could be so adapted and so regulated1 that when it came back finally to the ,house of ,commons no otherwise inevitable delay need occur4 ,thus the ,commons would have for their chief business ,bills connected with immediate administrative exigencies1 and private ,bills would be cast upon local legislatures 7a measure for which he was1 as we know1 constantly pleading74 ,he reminds us that the ,roman executive was successful and prompt in the methods at which they aimed1 because the ,senate guided and controlled it1 prescribed the policy and required the execution4 ,in his ,reorganization of ,english ,institutions he insists very strongly on the great need of such a scheme of decentralization as the formation of ,provincial ,chambers--in other words1 the dividing the country into local government centres which should send delegates1 chosen delegates of tried men1 virtually its ambassadors to ,parliament1 with instructions and a proper salary1 for a three years' term2 but reserving the power to recall any delegate earlier by a two-thirds vote1 and to replace him1 like an ambassador1 by a successor4 ,now1 here comes in ,newman's proposed drastic change--a change which1 in the opinion of those of us who have seen at close focus the evils of our present system of canvassing for votes1 could not be condemned as a change for the worse4 ,for each delegate sent up to ,parliament would be elected without candidacy and without expense 444 confusion and intrigue would be lessened4444 ,there would be no convulsive interruptions of public business4 ,many questions very naturally rise in our minds when we fairly face this plan4 ,newman feels so confident1 besides1 that it would settle our harassing ,irish difficulties4 ,the old institutions of the shires are known only to students of ancient law1 says ,mr4 ,toulmin ,smith1 one of the greatest authorities of his country's old records1 documents1 etc4 ,they have been overridden by justices of the peace1 county lieutenants1 and other functionaries4444 ,from this general decay of local institutions centralization has grown up4 ,from this decay of local institutions1 ,newman points to what he designates as the ,trades' ,union--the ,cabinet 7the ,secret ,diplomacy71 which has1 he declares1 superseded the old ,privy ,council4 ,since ,william ,,iii became king1 parliaments of ,scotland and ,ireland have been annihilated1 and no subsidiary organs have replaced them4444 ,our population is four times as great as ,william ,,iii knew it2 yet the people are more than ever divorced from the soil and cramped into town4444 ,now1 ,parliament is too busy for domestic local reforms2 it has to control the action of the whole ,executive ,government1 ,central and ,local4444 ,it has sole right to direct public taxation4444 ,it has to control the action of the ministry towards foreign ,powers4444 ,it has a similar function towards colonies 444 and the ,army and the ,navy4444 ,it is responsible for all ,india 7population then two hundred and forty millions74444 ,it is the only court of appeal to ,indian princes who believe themselves wronged 7by the king's representatives74444 ,no other authority can repeal bad laws1 or enact new laws for the general public4 ,but were we to return to the legislative courts of our shires1 ,newman protests1 which existed before our present systems of ,parliament1 all the inevitable delays and congestions which now occur to prevent the dealing with and passing of imperatively necessary reforms would be done away with in toto4 ,long ago ,lord ,russell said that for any great measure a ministry needs a popular gale to carry the ship of ,state over the bar4 ,hence all our reforms1 working against a stiff current1 sail over the bar fifty or one hundred years too late4 ,this1 then1 briefly stated1 was ,francis ,newman's plan of dealing with the accumulation of business1 etc41 which beset the ,house of ,commons as matters stand at present4 ,the whole of ,great ,britain1 he urged1 should be divided in provincial chambers for local legislation4 ,he proposed ten for ,england1 four for ,ireland1 two for ,scotland1 and one for ,wales4 ,these local powers must be to the central like planets round a sun4444 ,all unforeseen business would fall to the central power1 which in all cases would undertake3 public defence1 communications with foreign ,powers1 principal highways1 shores and harbours1 ,crown lands1 national money and weights1 and national taxes4444 ,our impending ,church and ,state question will be solved in this island1 with least convulsion1 if local variety of sentiment be allowed free play4 ,footnote3 ,perhaps then we should be rid of the anomaly which allows a ,prime ,minister1 of whatever religious denomination1 to choose ,bishops for the ,anglican ,church4 ,newman proceeds thus to describe further his suggestions with regard to the working of the provincial courts3 ,each electoral district to send one member to the ,provincial ,chamber2 household franchise1 of course1 would be the rule1 and ,i trust women householders would not be arbitrarily excluded4 ,they would deal directly1 and on the spot1 with local pauperism in the provincial courts4 ,that1 in itself1 would be one great gain4 ,for pauperism cannot effectively be dealt with except by local legislation4 ,some system such as ,ruskin's1 with powerful local legislation1 could not fail to end the trouble which is at the present moment making a tremendous drain on the pockets of the law-abiding citizen of this country1 in that system of workhouses1 which besides being subversive of the very idea of home-life amongst our poor1 degrades the non-worker1 and rankles as a lasting shame in the hearts of those whom misfortune alone has driven to that last resource of the unfortunate4 ,were one able to follow the example set us1 among cities1 by ,leipsic 7where the word pauperism is absolutely non- existent71 we should have effectually turned the corner out of the ill- kept vagrant road into which ,henry ,,viii first led us1 when pauperism began to be a sore in the midst of ,england's healthy body of citizens4 ,now1 it is a self-evident fact that pauperism1 which is a living drag on our social wheel1 can not be dealt with other than by rigorous local government4 ,cases could then be dealt with personally2 the whole area would not be too gigantic for this2 but1 of course1 it is a moral impossibility to generalize in dealing with this subject4 ,after all1 this is not1 as ,francis ,newman insists1 a new departure in any way4 ,he points to other countries to show that as a fact1 centralization has been gradually establishing itself in ,england1 though in other times decentralization was a very potent force in our midst1 and a success4 ,in #ahge1 ,newman quotes the following countries as regards their local legislatures3 ,look 444 at ,switzerland4 ,environed by ambitious neighbours far superior in power1 her institutions have well stood the severe trial of time4 ,she has her ,central ,diet and ,ministry1 vigorous enough2 but also in her several cantons she has local legislatures1 each with well-trained soldiers1 simply because every man is bound to learn the use of arms1 as ,englishmen used to be2 therefore they need no standing army4444 ,italy also has local legislatures which belonged to independent ,states--,sicily1 ,naples1 ,piedmont1 ,tuscany1 and so on--besides her ,national ,parliament4444 ,in ,hungary notoriously the national spirit has been maintained for three centuries and a half 444 solely by the independent energy of the local institutions4444 ,the seven united provinces of ,holland similarly prove the vitality of freedom and good order when free local power is combined with a strong centre4444 ,and on a far greater scale we have444 an illustrious example in the ,united ,states--a mighty monarchy and a mighty republic4444 ,the ,american ,union started in that advanced stage4 ,it is a cluster of some thirty-seven ,states1 each with its own legislature1 for all which1 and for the outlying territories1 the ,federal ,parliament also legislates4 ,contrast their condition with ours4 ,only of late has their population outrun ours4 ,they have thirty-eight legislative systems3 we have one only4 ,surely our system is a barbarous simplicity4 ,france 444 goes beyond us4 ,nay1 our ,indian centralization is worse still4 ,no virtue1 no wisdom in rulers can make up when the defect of organs lays on them enormous duties4 ,finally1 ,newman urges for provincial chambers that they should be on the scale of petty kingdoms1 and not of mere town populations4 ,all parts and ranks of the local community are then forced to take interest in local concerns4 ,each province becomes a normal school for ,parliament1 and a ladder by which all high talent of poor men may rise4 ,,should ,,not ,,the ,,consent ,,of ,,the ,,nation ,,be ,,obtained ,,before ,,making ,,war8 ,this was a question constantly in ,newman's mind4 ,that1 and the answer4 ,everyone is doubtless aware that he wrote a very great deal upon the subject1 and spoke a great deal also4 ,in the third volume of the ,miscellanies he has four or five articles on this great question4 ,the first was printed in #ahei1 the second in #ahfj1 the third #ahga1 and the fourth #ahgg4 ,then in ,europe of the ,near ,future 7#ahga7 he treats it at greater scope1 chiefly in regard to the ,franco-,german ,war4 ,in ,deliberations before ,war 7#ahei7 ,newman takes the two points of view from which the question of war is as a rule regarded--the ,moral and the ,international4 ,the first considers if a war is a just one or no1 and considers the prosecutor of an unjust war as neither more nor less than a robber4 ,the ,international 7or second7 looks only to the ostensible marks which make a war 'lawful'--that is to say1 'regular4' ,as ,newman very rightly says1 however1 there is a third point of view1 which he calls the ,national4 ,i shall quote his words regarding this third view4 ,inasmuch as the whole nation is implicated in a war1 when once it is undertaken-- inasmuch as we all have the same national disgrace if it is unjust1 the same suffering if it is tedious1 the same loss if it is expensive--it is an obvious principle of justice 444 that every side of the nation should be heard to plead against it by its legitimate representatives4 ,i cannot forbear saying that at the present moment of writing this last is impossible1 for those who often suffer most from a war--at any rate longest--are the women1 and there is no legitimate representation for this large body of the community4 ,thus1 even if the men of the nation could plead against a war1 the women would have no voice4 ,newman urges that there are many among us who firmly believe that a time is coming when no destructive weapons will be made1 and universal peace shall reign4 ,he believes himself1 he says1 that a time will come when men will look back in wonder and pity on our present barbarism1 a time at which to begin a war--unless previously justified by the verdict of an impartial tribunal1 bound in honour to overlook what is partially expedient to their own nation or party--will be esteemed a high and dreadful crime4 ,these are strong words1 but they are not too strong1 for1 looked at by any thoughtful man or woman1 war is an anomaly4 ,it proves nothing by reason2 it simply acts by brute force1 and by sheer superior strength the victor1 at the sword's point1 drives defeat down the throat of the defeated4 ,but the arbitrary destruction of thousands of men on each side who slay each other at the word of command 7often for no reason that concerns their own welfare1 but only on account of some political quarrel71 is1 from the point of view of civilization1 of morality1 of humanity1 without reasonable defence4 ,it throws civilization1 land development1 education back incalculably4 ,indeed1 when one regards the matter au fond1 one sees that nothing could hinder the true civilization1 the true humanity1 more than does war4 ,it is barbaric2 there is no other word for it4 ,it is the great flaw that runs throughout the whole garment of humanity4 ,newman reminds us that it is only within very recent years that the atrocious system of paying head money to soldiers and sailors for the numbers they kill1 was abolished by us4 ,john ,stuart ,mill very rightly said that our force ought to be as strong as possible for defence and as weak as might be for offence1 only that it is so very difficult sometimes to tell which is which4 ,in the ,ethics of ,war1 ,newman argues that there is nothing more fundamental to civilized warfare than that no war shall be commenced without a previous statement of grievances1 and demand of redress--a demand made to the ,sovereign himself2 and that only after he has refused redress1 and when in consequence war has been solemnly declared1 with its motives and aim1 shall hostilities be begun4 ,in dealing with great ,powers we anxiously observe these forms4444 ,but it is our ,asiatic wars which have brought out the formidable fact that the ,cabinets claim to discard the authority of ,parliament altogether4444 ,there is no more fundamental principle of freedom 444 than that no nation shall be dragged into a war by its executive1 against its will and judgment4444 ,nay1 if even a majority of every class in the nation desired war1 yet they have no right to enter into it without first hearing what the minority has to say on the other side4 ,this is the essential meaning of deliberative institutions4 ,mr4 ,toulmin ,smith1 whose weighty words bring to bear on the subject the witness of an ,england of medieval days1 says that in the fourteenth century it was a positive rule that consent of the ,great ,council1 and afterwards of the ,parliament1 was necessary to a war or to a treaty4 ,in his ,parliamentary ,remembrances he gives many precedents1 both from the histories of ,england and ,scotland1 showing that no peace was made1 no war was made1 without ,parliament being summoned4 ,henry ,v1 he says1 would not enter matters of foreign embroilment 7war with ,france1 for instance7 without the consent of ,parliament2 and when the ,french king wished for peace1 ,henry replied that peace needed to be allowed1 accepted1 and approved by the three ,estates of each kingdom4 ,the same process was gone through with regard to the ,french king and his ,estates of ,france4 ,newman quotes ,rome1 whose citizens went through a long formality before making any war1 the ,king and ,senate consulting the ,college of ,heralds for erudite instructions as to minute ceremonies4 ,for perhaps four centuries the discipline of the army was admirable2 its decline began from the day when a general 7,gen4 ,manlius7 first took upon himself to make war at his own judgment1 trusting to obtain a bill of indemnity4 ,livy tries to force on us the belief that the ,romans were never aggressive2 that they only conquered the world in self-defence4 ,and it is true that here would come in difficulties in the way of carrying out ,john ,stuart ,mill's obiter dictum as regards wars of defence and of offence1 for many plausible reasons have been constantly brought forward for aggressive wars3 to take one only1 it is not always easy to say what is defence and what offence4 ,one may see some other country assuming a warlike attitude towards ourselves1 and it might very possibly be allowed to come within the bounds of the word defence if we were prepared to strike the initial blow before our enemy--to all intents and purposes1 save for the actual throwing of the glove--were fully prepared as to armaments1 etc4 ,it is well known how earnestly ,richard ,cobden1 the ,manchester ,apostle of ,free ,trade1 was one of the most prominent champions of peace2 he who1 for championing the cause of the ,abolition of corn duties for the sake of his poorer countrymen1 when he and others pushed forward the ,anti-,corn ,law ,league 7which was passed in #ahdf71 lost all his own private funds1 and his business was ruined1 simply because his time was all given not to his own affairs1 but to the service of his country4 ,mr4 ,cobden1 as ,newman reminds us1 was entirely convinced that ,european wars could be stopped by a general agreement to abide by arbitration4 ,indeed1 he prevailed on the ,ministers of his day so far that1 when the ,russian ,war ended in #ahef1 ,lord ,clarendon1 in the name of ,england1 initiated some important clauses1 of which one avowed that the ,powers who signed the treaty would never thenceforward undertake war without first attempting to stay and supersede it by arbitration4 ,england1 ,france1 ,russia1 ,sardinia1 and ,turkey all signed this treaty1 yet in a very few years the solemn promise proved itself to be mere wind4 ,he goes on say1 ,when passions are at work1 superior might1 not unarmed arbitration1 is needed to control them4 ,cobden always declared that no one need fear ,russia's strength because of her climate1 her vast wildernesses1 her frozen seas1 her great unwieldiness4 ,it is seen1 therefore1 that the sort of arbitration planned out by ,cobden did not work4 ,it must1 according to ,newman1 be an armed one4 ,it is clear that it is not possible to agree in toto with the ,quaker method of opposing war1 and the most thoughtful ,quakers will hardly urge it perhaps to-day4 ,war1 for defence of one's country1 is a present necessity4 ,what1 then1 are ,francis ,newman's proposed remedies8 ,for in the beginning of this chapter ,i stated that he1 very definitely1 had his answer to the great question as regards the nation3 its veto or agreement1 whenever war is proposed4 ,first of all1 before giving these however1 let us look for a moment at the plan pursued in such case in modern ,england4 ,this plan he always set himself against with all the force of personal conviction3 ,it is the singular disgrace of modern ,england to have allowed the solemn responsibility of war to be tampered with by the arbitrary judgment of executive officers3 444 this same nation permits war to be made2 lives by the twenty thousand or fifty thousand to be sacrificed 444 at the secret advice of a ,cabinet1 all of one party1 acting collectively for party objects1 no one outside knowing how each has voted4444 ,the orders to make or not to make war went out direct from the ,board of ,control--that is1 really from the ,ministry in ,downing ,street4 ,two1 or even one resolute man had power to make war without check4444 ,if ,earl ,grey is right1 and a ,cabinet must be a party1 this is a decisive1 irrefragable reason why a ,cabinet must never exercise the function of deciding on ,peace or ,war4 ,the recent ,footnote3 ,he is writing in #ahei4 overthrow of the ,east ,india ,company has swept away all the shams which have hidden from ,england that the ,ministry in ,downing ,street worked the ,indian puppet4444 ,parliament should claim that public debate shall precede all voluntary hostilities1 small or great 444 to protest in the most solemn way that henceforth no blow in war shall be struck until the voice of ,parliament has permitted and commanded it4 ,then1 in ,newman's article ,on the ,war ,power1 he goes on to say3 ,in regard to the difficulties as regards arbitration1 and also as regards the voice of the people being made a sine qu non1 whenever a proposal for war emanates from the powers that be3 ,when an evil is undeniable1 serious1 unjust in principle 444 7referring to secret diplomacy71 a remedy must exist4 ,where there is a will there is a way3 nay1 many ways4 ,then he declares that these 7following7 measures have commended themselves to him4 ,the full discussion in ,parliament by representatives of the people2 the determination that nothing shall be settled by secret diplomacy as regards war until the whole matter has been thoroughly threshed out4 ,in more than a few ways1 ,vox populi1 vox ,dei is still true4 ,next he puts before us the advisability of an armed arbitration4 ,if we look to a great central ,european ,power as having for one of its functions to repress wars and enforce arbitration1 it is evident that a large increase of force is necessary beyond all that is at present in prospect4 ,if wars voluntarily taken up for noble objects must be sustained out of spare energy1 much more does the place of that ,power which is to forbid wars require a great superfluity of energy4 ,to be able to do this within the limits of a great federation is in itself a mighty achievement4 ,footnote3 ,europe in the ,near ,future1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 ,and again3 ,apparently the only way in which ,european wars can be suppressed is by the successive agglomeration of free men1 living under and retaining their separate institutions1 into powers which have no interest in war1 but much interest in peace2 until unions reach such a magnitude as to be able to forbid wars of cupidity1 and offer a high tribunal for the redress of international grievances4444 ,if all parts of a mighty union have their proportionate weight in questions of war and peace1 no partial and vicious expediency can actuate them in common4 ,justice alone is the universal good which can unite their desires and efforts1 or make them collectively willing to undergo sacrifice4444 ,the wider the federation1 the more benign its aspect on the whole world without1 especially if the populations absorbed into it are heterogeneous in character1 in pursuit1 and in cultivation4444 ,a federation resting on strict justice1 conceding local freedom1 but suppressing local wars and uniting its military force for national defence1 is economic of military expenditure in time of peace in proportion to the magnitude of the populations federated4 ,,chapter ,,xiv ,,decentralization ,,and ,,land ,,reform ,if law be centralized1 it always lingers far behind men's needs4 ,this obiter dictum of ,francis ,newman's1 spoken nearly sixty years ago1 strikes one as more true to-day even than when he originally gave voice to it4 ,for if there is one thing truer than another1 it is that half the wrongs to which we are heir to-day1 are due to centralization4 ,this may be due in part1 no doubt1 to the enormous increase of population2 but certainly one overwhelming reason is that class with class has lost in very great measure all sense of cooperation1 all sense of sympathy1 all sense of their real intimate connection and relationship with each other4 ,instead of provincial legislature1 we have our one parliamentary centre1 instead of treating our own local matters ourselves1 we hale them up before a central bureaucracy--a bureaucracy already so overcrowded with business that it is absolutely and practically unable to deal with all the questions which come up for settlement4 ,so that instead of imperative local matters being dealt with first hand1 private bill after private bill swarms through the doors of ,parliament1 and it becomes a veritable impossibility to go into detail with respect to the pros and cons which they bear upon their pages1 much less grasp the whole drift of the question with justice in its entirety4 ,far wiser was the old system of provincial legislature1 in which the people were really represented1 a system in which personality counted for much and men were brought into familiar and friendly relations with each other1 not kept apart by the rubicon of red-tapeism1 and liable to have the door of the ,closure slammed in their faces at some critical juncture of discussion1 and the subject shelved4 ,it is true that since ,francis ,newman's day we may have made some effort after local councils1 but it is also true that these local councils do not really bring class and class together4 ,each class is by no means adequately represented in them1 nor is it the council's object that this should be the case4 ,to compare the ,england of to-day--the agricultural ,england1 at any rate--with the ,england of the past1 brings all true thinkers to the same conclusion1 that class demarcations are as insistent1 as absolute as ever they were1 even in the culminating early ,victorian days4 ,footnote3 ,we must mainly refer our practical evils to the demoralization of the ,state which the restoration of the ,stuarts caused4444 ,then began the estrangement of the ,commonalty from the ,church of the aristocracy4--,francis ,newman4 ,one has but to go abroad to be convinced how classy we are as a nation1 for class prejudices and insularity are produced by provincial ,england1 and indigenous to the soil1 and alas6 this crop never fails4 ,there are1 unfortunately1 no lean years4 ,there are1 it is true1 plenty of organizations in which the more fortunate class tries to ameliorate the lot of the less fortunate one1 plenty of organizations in which the more cultured class tries--often devotes its whole life to this trying--to make better conditions for the less cultured one1 and all honour and praise is due to self-denying work of the kind1 but it is not enough4 ,the truest1 purest ,christian socialism ,footnote3 ,i use the word in its truest ancient sense4 requires that helper and helped meet on absolutely equal ground2 that there is banished that indescribable stalking figure which follows close in the wake of most meetings between rich and poor in ,england1 the ,gentleman-hood 7or ,lady-hood1 for ,i have seen that often quite as insistently in evidence7 of the class which1 so to speak1 stoops to conquer1 the limitations of the less fortunate classes1 in its work for the people4 ,i remember coming across the word gentleman interpreted in a far different sense in an old fifteenth-century book4 ,many words change their meaning with time1 but this word has changed from its fifteenth-century interpretation more than any4 ,the sentence ran thus3 ,jesus ,christ was the first ,gentleman4 ,anything further from the original conception of its meaning as set forward in this sentence than our ,english idea of what is meant to-day by gentleman it would be difficult to find4 ,for ,he went among the people as one of themselves1 was born among them1 and was educated as they were4 ,there was no hint of patronage1 no suggestion of any social demarcation4 ,he ,who was the world's ,redeemer was yet a ,socialist ,footnote3 ,i cannot but add here that1 in my opinion1 the much- abused word ,socialist has changed in character in the same way as the word gentleman1 and the modern interpretation is very far from being the true1 admirable1 original thing signified4 in the highest and best sense of the term4 ,we have come far since those days1 but we have not come beyond the need to deprive birth and riches of some of that arbitrary power by which they have assumed more authority than is their due in the matter of legislation1 influence1 disposal of land1 and economic local conditions in the provinces4 ,as regards decentralized government and the immense importance of local liberties1 ,i cannot do better than quote first from the preface written by ,francis ,newman to his lectures on ,political ,economy1 when he issued them in a printed form in #ahea3-- ,of the immense importance of local liberties1 and their actual deficiencies among us1 ,i became fully convinced during six years' residence in ,manchester2 but it is only from ,mr4 ,toulmin ,smith's works 7the most important political work1 as to me appears1 which the nineteenth century has produced in ,england7 that ,i have learnt the immense resources of the ,common ,law of ,england1 and that nothing but the arbitrary encroachments of ,parliament at this moment hinders a vigorous local legislation and local government under the fullest local freedom which can be desired4 ,the lectures themselves1 notably the twelfth1 are in my opinion a counsel of perfection which we should do well to follow to-day in very many respects4 ,for instance1 he urges very strongly that every town in ,england1 and every county1 ought to have the feelings of a little ,state1 as in fact it once had the italics are my own4 ,our own history for many centuries shows that this is quite consistent with the existence of a central power--a ,crown ,parliament--for all purposes truly national2 and if the action of the central power were strictly limited to such things1 the provinces would1 now more than ever1 have abundant room for high ambition4 ,he shows how all organization has been lost in large provincial towns1 even though meetings are held from time to time1 and men seem to come together for counsel and combination of ideas2 the only really fixed moral union being that narrow tie of family life which does but make a number of separate entities in the big whole of citizenship4 ,there is no corporate union which makes each citizen the charge1 to all intents and purposes1 of his neighbour4 ,each family holds together4 ,it rises and falls by itself4 ,it holds to its heart no innate real sense of responsibility of a wider citizenship4 ,that is lost--undeniably lost4 ,illustration3 ,,toulmin ,,smith ,,enlargement ,,from ,a ,,photo4 ,,by ,,kind ,,permission ,,of ,,miss ,,toulmin ,,smith ,the question arises naturally3 ,when was this splendid link of ,each for ,all broken and mislaid8 ,for nothing is more imperatively necessary among the ranks of workers to-day4 ,mr4 ,toulmin ,smith tells us3 ,the link which has been broken and mislaid was the ,english ,guild 7or gild1 as seems the more correct spelling74 ,he tells us--and it is generally conceded that he is our great authority on this subject--that as a system of practical and universal institutions1 a ,english ,guilds are older than any kings of ,england4 ,footnote3 ,they were associations of those living in the same neighbourhood1 who remembered that they had1 as neighbours1 common obligations4 ,and as another authority on medieval life--,dom ,gasquet--says3 ,the oldest of our ancient laws--those1 for example1 of ,alfred1 of ,athelstan1 and ,ina--assume the existence of guilds to some one of which1 as a matter of course1 everyone was supposed to belong4 ,there were of course trade 7or handicraft7 associations and social guilds4 ,dom ,gasquet describes thus their object3 ,broadly speaking1 they were the benefit societies and the provident associations of the ,middle ,ages4 ,they undertook towards their members the duties now frequently performed by burial clubs1 by hospitals1 by almshouses1 and by guardians of the poor4 ,footnote3 ,poor laws had no existence in medieval ,england1 yet the peasants did not fear and die of starvation in old age4 ,the ,romans had no poor laws 444 until the destruction of small freehold4--,francis ,newman4 ,not infrequently they are found acting for the public good of the community in the mending of roads and in the repair of bridges4444 ,the very reason of their existence was to afford mutual aid4 ,footnote3 ,parish ,life of ,medieval ,england4 ,they were in very deed1 as ,mr4 ,toulmin ,smith describes them1 institutions of local self-help4 ,and everyone who knows anything of the subject is aware that they obviated pauperism1 assisted in steadying the price of labour1 and formed a permanent centre4 ,also it has been proved that they acted as the lever which effectually made citizenship more together as a whole1 bound together by common need and common responsibilities4 ,this sense of oneness of interest of ,each for ,all1 then1 we have unfortunately as a nation lost4 ,and with the loss have gone many of the people's rights and privileges both with regard to local self-government1 local liberties1 and co-operation4 ,now the question arises how are we to recover what was so necessary to the public well-being8 ,and ,francis ,newman is ready with an answer4 ,to recognize little states in our towns and countries would be the first step of organization2 ,i believe it would be an easy one4444 ,if each town had full power to tax itself for public purposes1 a thousand civilizing ameliorations would be introduced4444 ,if local institutions had been kept up in energy1 the unhealthy buildings which now exist could never have arisen2 there is at present an ,augean stable to cleanse4444 ,look at the sellers in the street1 look at the cab-drivers and their horses on a rainy day2 what can be more barbarous than their exposure8444 ,nothing surely is more obvious than that in a city where thirty or forty thousand persons live all day under the sky1 having no power to shelter themselves1 there ought to be numerous covered piazzas1 market-places1 and sheds for cabriolets4 ,by such means1 to save the poor from rheumatism and inflammations1 would be cheaper than to raise their wages1 if that were possible1 and would confer far more direct benefit on them than the removing of taxes4 ,here is indeed the mind of a modern ,hercules in its strong1 rational suggestions as to how this particular stable must be swept out4 ,it is a striking illustration of how far we have come since the days of the medieval guilds1 this lack of grasp on our part of the particular needs of particular sections of the community4 ,for were our local self-government in working order and thoroughly representative1 it is not to be thought of for a moment that such a lack of shelters and proper appliances for the labouring man and woman would be in such evidence amongst us as now is the case4 ,for look at ,england as she is1 in respect of unsettled1 rainy and stormy weather3 her spells of wintry weather1 her spring changes3 one day warm1 and the next1 constant spells of snow1 sleet1 and bitter driving gusts of wind4 ,where do the loafers of our streets go8 ,where do the unemployed1 hanging about at the street corner in search of a job1 go during some pelting shower which drenches whoever remains to face it in less than three minutes8 ,the centre of the street1 and the streaming pavements clear almost at once1 but where does the man in the street-- the woman--the child go8 ,certainly they do not go into a shelter put up by ,government for their protection1 as a rule4 ,there are1 in provincial towns1 no shelters sufficiently large to accommodate them4 ,i have often talked to the inspectors--to take a case in point--of provincial trams4 ,these men have to wait1 to stand about at corners of streets or cross roads great part of the day4 ,many of them suffer in no small degree from this constant standing about in all weathers4 ,then again1 there is no provision made for the drivers of the trams4 ,it would be quite possible to provide seats for them1 as is often done in motor buses1 but the same reason holds good for this not having been thought of1 as is in evidence with regard to the lack of street shelters4 ,there is not sufficient co-operation in the local government4 ,when the guilds died out1 no local arrangements took their place4 ,in other words1 the local government1 of whatever nature it is1 is not sufficiently representative4 ,the men who work upon the road1 day in day out1 have not sufficient opportunity of saying1 in open meeting of their fellow citizens1 where their particular trade shoe pinches4 ,it is1 as old ,sir ,thomas ,more said very truly1 the matter of the rich legislating for the poor1 which is at fault4 ,here1 then1 is the remedy suggested by ,francis ,newman3 ,the stated meeting of a number of people in a ,ward-mote would make their faces familiar to one another1 and give to the richer orders a distinct acquaintance with a definite portion of the vast community4 ,out of this 444 meeting for discussion of practical business in a ,ward-mote 444 would rise numerous other relations4 ,here men would meet--men drawn from every class--and could voice their complaints1 their difficulties1 their desire for improved conditions of work4 ,only in this way could local government become really a help to its neighbourhood4 ,only in this way could men consult on the best way of improving economic conditions1 frame their own amelioration of existing laws1 and send them up to the ,imperial ,parliament for consent or veto4 ,then it would probably follow that some measure of land reform would be the natural result of such local government4 ,perhaps it is over the land that the ,plough of ,reform needs most urgently to be driven4 ,more than eight centuries ago the first idea of parks began in this country4 ,then it was that in the selfish desire for private property the dwellings of the people were swept away to make room for those of game for royal sport4 ,later this method was adopted by ,henry ,,viii's baronial retainers1 who ejected the tenants from their estates for the sake of trade profit-- profit to be gained by exporting wool from the large sheep farms into which they made their private estates4 ,but the system of large tracts of land in a small country1 such as our own1 being bought up for private property1 and made into parks or game preserves1 is of course at the root of very many economic evils which have largely helped to cause pauperism and unhealthy conditions of life for the agricultural labourer4 ,if rich men may add1 without the law stepping in to limit amount1 land to land as their pocket makes it possible1 it follows1 as a matter of course1 that more of the rustic population must move into the towns3 and that more and more crowding and over-competition are the result later on4 ,newman--the man who was always boldest where there was a cause that needed fighting for1 or fellow citizens who were powerless to right their own wrongs1 and who required someone to voice them--spoke out his views on this subject1 unhesitatingly4 ,that a man should be able to buy up large tracts of land1 and make himself the owner of them--to keep them in or out of culture as he pleases--to close or open roads1 and dictate where houses should be built 444 this is no natural right1 but is an artificial creation of arbitrary law2 law made by legislation for personal convenience 444 certainly not for the benefit of the nation4444 ,i find it stated that in #ahde the ,royal ,commission estimated that1 since #agaj1 above seven millions of acres had been appropriated by ,private ,acts of ,parliament4 7,this was because of the enormous extension of claims made by lords of the manors47 ,it is certain that wild land was not imagined to be a property in old days4 ,the moors and bogs1 and hillsides and seacoast imposed on the baron the duty of maintaining the ,king's peace against marauders1 but yielded to him no revenue4444 ,supplies open to all ought never to have been made private property4444 ,vast private estates are pernicious in every country which permits them4 ,it was notorious to the ,romans under the early emperors how ruinous they had been to ,italy4444 ,there they wrought out1 among other evils1 emptiness of population1 and extinction of agriculture4 ,he represents that it was really due to the break-up of the feudal system in the ,tudor times which was responsible for the chronic pauperism and multitude of sturdy beggars of later centuries4 ,and the reason is a very patent one4 ,if more and more land is swamped in private enterprise1 private revenue1 it is a sine qu non that peasant proprietorship must get less and less4 ,there is not1 in effect1 enough land to go round4 ,newman points out that1 as regards land cultivation1 we are behind ,france1 ,spain1 ,italy1 ,germany1 and ,hungary2 that a hundred years ago there were far more small freeholds in ,england than is now the case2 that ,england is a marked exception in ,europe in the land tenure4 ,we know not whither beside ,england to look for a nation of peasants living by wages1 and divorced from all rights in the crops which they raise4 ,as ,henry ,fawcett said long ago1 these wages of ,english labourers will not allow of the least provision to be made either for the sickness or the feebleness of old age4 ,they have1 at the close of a life of hard toil1 nothing but the workhouse to live in1 the road to beg in or sell in that out-at-elbow1 trade1 the modern chapman's4 ,look at the average labourer of our own day4 ,he has1 as ,newman clearly points out1 more than enough to do in rearing a family1 and has no better prospect in his declining years than rheumatism and the poorhouse1 perhaps with separation from his wife1 or at least a miserable dole of out-door relief4 ,footnote3 ,we have gone some way since these words were written in our ,old ,age ,pensions4 ,here he puts his finger on the very spot where one thoughtless cruelty of bureaucratic legislation is most shown4 ,for many faithful servants of the ,state come in their last extremity to this destiny4 ,this irony of legislation shone out lately in its true colours when it was discovered that1 of over a thousand survivors of the ,indian ,mutiny1 a large proportion1 who were invited to the demi-centenary celebration dinner1 came out of workhouses where they1 who had served their country so well in the days of their youth1 had been forced to spend their old age4 ,there is no doubt that ,francis ,newman's remedy for the economic evils of the people is the right one4 ,to develop rural industry1 to come back to the land1 is the hope for ,england's future4 ,it is essential to the public welfare to multiply to the utmost the proportion of actual cultivators or farmers who have a firm tenure of the soil by paying a quit-rent to the ,state4444 ,the soil of ,england ought to be the very best investment for rich and poor1 pouring out wealth to incessant industry1 and securing to every labourer the fruit of his own toils4 ,and in this way1 he urges1 can this suggestion be carried to its definite conclusion4 ,the revival of small freeholds1 the re-institution of peasant proprietorships1 are the ways out of the block at the end of the way where there is at present a deadlock in regard to the peasants' individual advancement4 ,it is well known how admirably this system has worked in ,france1 where millions of peasants have profited by the law in favour of small freeholds1 and its regulation that such land shall always be divided equally among the children of the landholder4 ,it is well known how largely ,indian revenue was drawn from the rent paid by small cultivators in the ,dekkan4 ,it may be taken as an invariable consequence that the measure which really profits the citizen profits the ,state too4 ,i remember seeing among some old papers dating back to the early quarter of the nineteenth century1 an account showing that tobacco planting was really started somewhere in the ,midlands by two or three ,englishmen1 and it was found that the soil was thoroughly adapted to the culture of tobacco4 ,indeed1 the venture proved a complete success4 ,then the ,government of that day1 fearing later consequences to the import trade1 promptly intervened and put a stop to the home cultivation4 ,but the fact remains that it had been proved1 by a definite experience1 that there was an opening for this industry in ,england4 ,it was suggested to me only the other day how many more cider-growing districts1 for instance1 might be with advantage started in the provinces4 ,for the truth of the matter1 when we look at it fairly and squarely1 is that the home country can give rural work to many more of her inhabitants than she is allowed to do at present2 that1 as ,newman was always suggesting in his lectures1 the labourer should be given an interest in the land2 that he should be encouraged in trying to make a crop as good as possible by adopting some modification of the ,mtayer ,culture2 that he should have rights in the land2 be associated in the profit accruing to his overlord2 that if the wages of a farm labourer were small1 yet that he should be given1 perhaps1 one-twentieth of the produce2 and that he should be encouraged to invest what saving might be possible to him in the farm or trade4 ,newman was not in favour of the ,savings ,bank1 as we understand it in this country4 ,he thought that associated profit and investment of savings in the employer's land or trade would work far better in the long run1 and lead to keener fellowship between labourer and master4 ,to-day his plan1 as it seems to many1 stands very good chance of success1 if given a fair trial among the right sort of ,englishmen4 ,i am aware that these last four words sound vague1 but ,i have a very clear idea of what they mean myself6 ,newman thought that if a co-operative society began by buying a moderate-sized farm1 and divided it into portions of six to ten acres1 they might find either among their own members or among other tradesmen known and trusted among them1 persons rich enough to provide seed and stock1 and thus to live through the first year on such holdings1 and willing 7later7 to occupy them for themselves or for their sons4 ,the beginning is the great difficulty4444 ,the first thing of all is to show1 on however small a scale1 that such a cultivation can succeed4444 ,if once peasants see peasant proprietors they will have new motive for saving4 ,,chapter ,,xv ,,vegetarianism ,the ,london ,vegetarian ,society was founded in #ahdg4 ,when ,newman joined it1 therefore1 it was1 so to speak1 in its childhood4 ,it will easily be understood1 therefore1 that much amazement was excited 7as is shown by the following letters71 by his fellow guests at some large dinner parties at which he was present1 when ,newman withstood valiantly the long siege of savoury dishes at his elbow2 and it seemed as if1 though present in body1 he was absent in appetite4 ,this amazement was scarcely lessened when1 after passing seventeen dishes1 at length he threw the gates of his personal fortress open before some small omelet 7prepared specially for him by the cook71 and that1 practically1 formed his entire dinner6 ,to ,newman's mind the theory of ,vegetarianism was proved4 ,he published some ,essays on ,diet2 and was always an exponent of its rational claims on mankind4 ,since the days when he wrote up the subject1 many people have come over to his way of thinking1 and the way is made easy for those who wish to follow its obiter dicta for health4 ,but it is quite as keenly a subject for debate now as formerly among a large proportion of men1 though perhaps few among anti-vegetarians would dispute the point that there are1 and must be1 certain conditions involved by anti-vegetarianism which can hardly be evaded1 or defended4 ,one of these conditions1 of course1 is that it is not always possible to detect some diseases in flesh sold for food3 and that these diseases are communicable to man2 another1 the degrading spectacle of the slaughter- house2 another1 the presence in our midst of the butcher's shop1 with all its revolting display3 ,footnote3 ,i have not forgotten that ,m4 ,zola contended that the atmosphere of a butcher's shop conduced to the best and most healthy complexions of those who served in it6 another1 as ,mr4 ,josiah ,oldfield points out to us1 that horticulture 444 would employ an enormously greater amount of labour than does stock-raising1 and so tend to afford a counter current to the present downward drift1 and to congested labour centres4 ,mr4 ,oldfield urges also that all elements for perfect nutrition in assimilable forms are found in a proper vegetarian dietary4 ,i have not opportunity for finding out in what years ,newman took up this practical dietary of vegetarianism for himself1 but ,i think it must have been towards the latter end of his life4 ,mention will be found in the ,reminiscences contributed by ,mrs4 ,bainsmith1 the sculptor1 relating to his bringing across occasionally1 when she and her father and mother lived just opposite the ,professor's house at ,weston-super-,mare1 some particularly delicious vegetarian dish 7concocted by his own cook71 which he had thought his friends could not fail to appreciate4 ,the following letters have been kindly sent me for reproduction by ,mr4 ,f4 ,p4 ,doremus in connection with ,newman's views on ,vegetarianism3-- ,to ,mr4 ,f4 ,p4 ,doremus from ,professor ,newman4 #bast ,sept41 #ahhc4 ,dear ,sir1 99 99 99 99 99 ,i deliberately prefer the rule of our ,society and by preference adhere to it4 ,but ,i have never interpreted it as severely as ,i find some to do4 ,on some occasions1 in early years1 when ,i could get no proper vegetarian food1 ,i have eaten some small bit of ham fat 7as ,i remember on one occasion7 to aid dry potato from sticking in my throat4 ,i do not interpret our rule as forbidding exceptional action under stress of difficulty4 ,but when ,i found what a fuss was made about this1 and saw that many people took the opportunity of inferring that a simple act implied a habit1 ,i saw that it was unwise to give anyone a handle of attack4444 ,i can only say that ,i interpret our rules conscientiously1 and obey them according to my interpretation faithfully4 ,i do not see in our profession any vow or engagement comparable to that about never tasting intoxicating drink4 ,if my wife1 who is not a professed vegetarian 7though in practice she is all but one71 asks me to taste a bit of flesh and see444 whether it is good1 ,i find nothing in our rules to forbid my gratifying her curiosity4 ,in that case ,i do not take it as diet to nourish me nor to gratify me4 ,my words of adhesion simply declared that ,i had abstained from such food for half a year1 and ,i intended to abstain in the future4 ,of course this forbids my habit or any intention to the contrary2 but ,i deprecate interpreting this as a vow or as a trap and a superstition4 ,one who feels and believes as ,i do the vast superiority of our vegetarian food1 never can desire1 unless perhaps in some abnormal state of illness1 the inferior food4444 ,faithfully yours1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 #ast ,oct41 #ahhc4 ,dear ,sir1 444 ,on reading yours anew after some ten days or less1 ,i think ,i ought to notice what you say of an unknown publisher4 ,i cannot remember that for twenty years ,i have ever eaten in the company of any well-known publisher 7anyone known to me as a publisher7 except ,mr4 ,nicolas ,trbner before ,i joined the ,vegetarians1 and one other more recently4 ,the latter was in the house of a lady friend who always anxiously humoured me by providing a special dish for me4 ,her cook was not skilful in our cookery1 but did her best4 ,i remember distinctly who was present on this occasion with this respected publisher4 ,it was a luncheon with meats4 ,i ate at the same table1 and it may very easily have escaped his notice that a different dish was handed to me4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i have several times sat at this friend's table with a large number of guests4 ,i remember once counting that seventeen dishes were handed to me4 ,i dined on my own food to the great marvel of those near me4444 ,i have always maintained that the main reason for proclaiming any rule of diet is1 that the outsiders may be afforded facts to aid their own judgment2 and that our engagement has no other element of obligation than that we shall not vitiate the materials of such judgment4 ,therefore also ,i have advocated several grades--for instance1 an engagement allowing of fish as food 7which many will take who will not go our length71 and another in which absence from home 7where one cannot arrange the cookery7 is an exemption4 ,i rejoice also in the ,daniclete rule4 ,provided that it is ,,known what is the diet1 we give valuable information4 #adth ,oct41 #ahhc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i knew that the publisher to whom you referred could only be ,mr4 ,kegan ,paul1 who met me some few years back at luncheon in the house of my friends the ,miss ,swanwicks3 that until you told me his name1 ,i thought it better not to write to him4 ,but thereupon ,i wrote and explained to him that my friend ,miss ,anna ,swanwick knew perfectly that ,i could not accept their hospitality 7as ,i have habitually done for a week or more at a time7 if they expected me to partake of any food inconsistent with the rules of our ,society4 ,i long ago furnished her with some of our recipes1 and she showed her cook always to make a special dish for me4 ,at one of their dinner parties ,i remember the amazement of guests at my passing all the dishes1 as at first it seemed1 until my own little dish came4 ,i told ,mr4 ,kegan ,paul that he must have mistaken what was in my plate 7perhaps crumb omelette browned over--which ,i remember the cook was apt to give me7 for some fish of which he and others were partaking4 ,i have no doubt that this was the whole matter4444 ,i am sincerely yours1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 ,the closing letter in this series is evidently an answer to some questions from ,mr4 ,doremus as regards ,newman's portrait1 and as regards the incidents of his life4 ,my life has been eminently uneventful4 ,when one remembers in how many questions of social reform1 of theology1 of written matter1 ,newman had been concerned1 this short sentence strikes one's eyes strangely enough4 ,for what is an event8 ,surely it does not mean only something which is a carnal happening3 a material outbreak in some form or other which occurs before our eyes8 ,surely there are far greater spiritual events than physical ones8 ,and of this kind of event ,newman's life had been full4 ,originality of thought1 of conception1 of aim1 is the ,event which takes precedence of all other4 ,and these events were strewn like ,millet's ,sower from side to side of his path3 to take the true ,latin significance of the word1 they came out from him4 #cast ,july1 #ahhd4 ,dear ,sir1 ,your letter has been forwarded to me from home to this place ,keswick4444 ,messrs4 ,elliot and ,fry 7,baker ,street1 ,portman ,square71 recently by pressure induced me to let them take my photograph4 ,in fact they took four1 in different positions1 all judged excellent1 all of cabinet size4 ,each1 ,i believe1 costs #b_/-4 ,i have none at my disposal4 ,with or without my leave1 anyone can publish them in any magazine4 ,now1 as to my biography--my life has been eminently uneventful4 ,there is nothing to tell but my studies1 my successive posts as a teacher1 and the list of books1 etc41 from my pen1 unless one add the effects of study on my ,,creed1 which more than one among you might desire not to make prominent in the ,food ,reformer4 99 99 99 99 99 ,can ,i assent to the request that ,i will myself write something8 ,others might wish to know in how many ,antis ,i have been and am engaged66 ,certainly more than you will care to make known will go into two pages of your magazine4 ,i am1 sincerely yours1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 ,two letters to ,dr4 ,nicholson from ,newman ,i think may be given here3 one in ,april1 #ahge1 and one in ,june1 #ahha1 as both bear strongly on the vegetarian question3-- #be ,april1 #ahge4 ,my dear ,nicholson1 ,how time flies6 ,bearded men1 active in moral and political questions1 tell me they know nothing of the ,austro-,hungarian events1 because they happened when they were children4 ,one of them asked me to give a lecture on ,austria and ,hungary of the ,past1 as he was curious and totally ignorant4444 ,we are overrun with every kind of meeting1 and the public are sated4444 99 99 99 99 99 ,happily every day is too short for me1 and ,i cannot have time on my hands4444 ,i do not know whether you have attended the movement against vivisection1 which is becoming lively4 ,it has long been a dire horror to me4 ,i rejoice to see that ,sir ,w4 ,thomson1 ,footnote3 ,sir ,william ,thomson1 born #ahdc1 was late ,president of the ,royal ,college of ,surgeons1 ,ireland2 ,exam4 in ,surgery1 ,queen's ,university and ,royal ,college of ,surgeons1 ,ireland4 and other scientific men1 desire a severe restriction to be put on it4 ,i agree heartily with those who say we have no more ,,right to torture a dog than to torture a man2 but ,i fear that to move at present with ,mr4 ,jesse for the total prohibition will only give to the worst practices a longer lease of life4 ,our vegetarianism is becoming more active with the pressure from the high price of butcher's meat4 ,not that we make many entire conversions1 but plentiful well-wishers and half-converts1 and a great increase in the belief that too much flesh meat is eaten1 and that the doctors are much to blame for having pressed it as they press wine and ale1 calling it 'generous' food4 ,at the same time it is remarkable that the argument against slaughter-houses and for tenderness to tame animals plays a more decisive part1 especially with women1 than economic and sanitary arguments4444 ,i am ever in experiment on something4 ,at present it is on cacao butter and vegetable oils4 ,we esteem the cacao butter for savoury dishes very highly4 ,messrs4 ,cadbury sell it 'to me and my friends' for #as4 a lb4 ,in pastry and sweets the chocolate smell offends most people2 but my wife likes it4 ,it is too hard to spread on cold meat4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the gardens are becoming sprightly4 ,i have not had success with new vegetables1 viz4 ,german peas1 celery1 turnips1 ,belgian red dwarf beans4 ,the drought last summer was bad4 ,no warm rain in spring last year4 ,ever yours heartily1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 ,the following is quoted from the second letter ,i mentioned3-- ,i send to you a ,penny ,vegetarian ,cookery ,book herewith4 ,surely ,i was a ,vegetarian when ,i last was with you8 ,i began the practice in #ahfg4 ,but let me recite3 7#a7 ,at breakfast and the third meal ,i need nothing but what all fleshmeaters provide4 7#b7 ,at dinner the utmost that ,i need is one ,vegetarian dish1 which may be a soup4 7#c7 ,if it so happen that you have any really solid sweet puddings that alone will suffice4 7#d7 ,for the one ,vegetarian dish good brown bread and butter is an acceptable substitute1 or rather fulfilment4 ,but ,i confess ,i am desirous of propagating everywhere a knowledge of our peculiar dishes1 which teach how to turn to best account the manifold and abundant store of leaves1 roots1 and grains1 besides pulse4 ,my wife is fully able to impart practical knowledge3 to please me1 and see that others please me1 she has given great attention to ,vegetarian cookery for many years back4444 ,,chapter ,,xvi ,,native ,,representation ,,in ,,indian ,,government ,it is rare indeed that an ,englishman looks at ,india as ,francis ,newman looked at it4 ,fifty years ago--probably longer--he put his finger on exactly the spot which to-day is the crux which most puzzles and baffles politicians4 ,in social and intellectual questions his were the clear- sighted1 far-focussed eyes that reached beyond the measures of most men's minds4 ,he saw clearly1 fifty years ago1 that ,india was drawing ever closer and closer to an inevitable terminus4 ,that she was beginning to recognize --every year more definitely--her ultimate destination3 was beginning to realize1 too1 that her foreign rulers were aware also of that terminus1 but were not very anxious that she should reach it4 ,nay1 were practically rather jogging her elbow to prevent her becoming so conscious of the direction in which the tide of affairs was drifting4 ,nevertheless it is becoming more and more patent to everyone who really studies the question impartially that things are not what they were fifty or sixty years ago2 that a critical juncture is drawing ever nearer and nearer--a juncture which inevitably will mean great changes for the governed and the governors4 ,even the slow-moving ,east does move appreciably in half a century1 when centres of education are doing their best to train ,indians in ,european ideas of civilization1 in ,european ideas of government1 and of the authority which learning gives4 ,we cannot expect to educate and yet leave those we educate exactly where we find them2 for with education comes invariably1 inevitably1 the growth of ideas planted by it--their growth1 and no less invariable fruition4 ,to show someone all that is to be gained by reaching forward1 and then to expect him not to reach1 but to remain quiescent1 is the act of a fool4 ,we have1 as a nation1 so taken it for granted that ,india is our own to do as we like with1 that it is perhaps not a pleasant reminder which faces us as we cast our thoughts back to the initial steps taken by ourselves in the days which preceded the formation of the ,honourable ,east ,india ,company4 ,it bids us realize that at first1 as ,francis ,newman says in his ,dangerous ,glory of ,india1 neither king1 statesmen1 nor people ever deliberately planned from the beginning or desired such an empire4 ,it began as a set of mercantile establishments which took up private arms for mere self-defence4444 ,the ,honourable ,east ,india ,company was glad to legitimate its position by accepting from the ,grand ,mogul the subordinate position of a rent-collector2 indeed1 from the beginning to the end of its political career it was animated by a consistent and unswerving disapproval of aggression and fresh conquest4 ,since that time1 however1 the ,english dominion spread rapidly4 ,since that time we became more and more aware of what a splendid field lay ready for occupation by our surplus population4 ,since that time we have moved forward through a vast country that formerly1 through lack of ,european ways of civilization and co-operation1 practically lay at our feet4 ,it is true that we have done much--very much for ,india4 ,it is impossible for anyone to deny that4 ,we have brought to her doors ,european civilization2 modern points of view2 the miracles of new discoveries in science2 inventions for making the wheels of life move easier2 opportunities for cultivating and selling her land's produce1 and for its quick transport4 ,we have lifted her up--yes1 but here is where the mental shoe pinches--we have insisted on preventing her from reaching her full stature4 ,we have trained her sons to be able to work side by side with ourselves in various official duties2 and then when they are desirous--as is indeed only the inevitable consequence of their education--of entering the lists side by side with ,englishmen1 they find there is no crossing the rubicon which officially divides the two nations4 ,it is true that many ,anglo-,indians stand aghast at this idea that they should cross it1 but it is only those who are unaware that1 as a general rule1 education and environment combined come out as top dog over heredity in most instances in which it plays a part4 ,it is only those who1 when they go out to ,india1 take1 as it were1 ,england with them1 and fail to recognize how far ,indian points of view and power of dealing with things have progressed4 ,it is only those who have forgotten--if indeed they ever truly realized it--that it is a point of honour that such a proceeding should be carried out1 if we1 as ,englishmen1 remember all that the notable charter of #ahcc bound us to do4 ,for the charter of #ahcc ,footnote3 ,during ,lord ,grey's ministry4 definitely promised that native ,indian subjects of the ,english ,government were to be admitted on equal terms with ,english subjects to every office of ,state1 except that of governor-general or commander-in-chief4 ,not only that1 but the solemn proclamation of the late ,queen was issued in #aheh1 pledging the word of ,sovereign and ,parliament that the sole aim of ,british rule in ,india was the welfare of the ,indian people1 and that no distinction would be made between ,indians and ,europeans in the government of the country1 on the grounds of race1 or creed1 or colour4 ,as ,francis ,newman says very clearly1 it is a task which we have voluntarily assumed-to rule ,india1 which means 7the italics are his7 to defend it from itself in infancy1 to train it into manhood4444 ,it presupposes that the people gradually get more and more power until1 like a son who comes of age1 the parental control is discontinued4444 ,we cannot take the last steps first1 nor can we abruptly and recklessly resign our post4444 ,the ,hon4 ,m4 ,g4 ,k4 ,gokhale1 in a keenly interesting paper read before the ,east ,india ,association in the summer of #aijf1 states very definitely the point of view of educated ,indians as regards our unfulfilled pledges of nearly eighty years since4 ,he says3 ,until a few years ago1 whatever might have been thought of the pace at which we were going1 there was no general disposition to doubt the intention of the rulers to redeem their plighted word4 ,to-day1 however1 the position is no longer the same4444 ,there is no doubt that the old faith of the people in the character and ideals of ,british rule has been more than shaken4444 ,half a century of ,western education1 and a century of common laws1 common administration1 common grievances1 common disabilities1 have not failed to produce their natural effect even in ,india4444 ,whatever a certain school of officials in ,india may say1 the bulk of educated ,indians have never in the past desired a severance of the ,british connection4444 ,but1 he adds3 ,it is a critical juncture in the relations between ,england and ,india4444 ,the educated classes in ,india 444 want their country to be a prosperous1 self- governing1 integral part of the ,empire1 like the colonies1 and not a mere poverty-stricken bureaucratically-held possession of that ,empire4 ,fifty years ago ,francis ,newman was urging with all the force in his power --and no one in his day was more farsighted in detecting just that social reform which would make more and more insistent demand for a hearing1 as decade followed decade--that it was to our own interest as a nation1 as well as the only honourable course open to us1 to open up public offices in ,india to the educated native4 ,it need not1 he showed1 be done otherwise than with caution1 and gradually many variations were imaginable2 many different ways might succeed1 if only the right end in view was steadily held up1 namely1 to introduce1 fully and frankly1 into true equality with ourselves ,footnote3 ,to exclude natives from all high office1 ,sir ,charles ,napier said once emphatically1 is what debases a nation4 7again the italics are his7 as quickly as possible1 and as many as possible1 of the native ,indians whose loyalty could be counted on4444 ,lord ,grey and his coadjutors1 in renewing the charter of #ahcc1 understood most clearly that nothing but an abundance of black faces in the highest judicature1 and intelligent ,indians of good station in the high police1 could administer ,india uprightly4444 ,every year that we delay evils become more inveterate and hatred accumulates4 ,to train ,india into governing herself1 until ,english advice is superfluous1 would be to both countries a lasting benefit1 to us a lasting glory4 ,now1 what are the evils which every year become more inveterate in our method of government in ,india8 ,perhaps one of the most palpable is the strongly centralized bureaucracy4 ,another1 is the constant change of men in chief office every five years4 ,another1 is that all competitive examinations are held in ,london4 ,mr4 ,gokhale very rightly urges that it is a great deal to require of an ,indian that he should have to come all the way to ,england for these examinations on the chance of passing1 and suggests their being held simultaneously in ,india and in ,england4 ,another1 is that the field of law is the only officialdom open to the ,indian1 yet that there he is found capable of rising to the highest post4 ,another1 that we have not pushed forward the education of the masses as far as we reasonably might if we had worked hand in hand with the educated classes4 ,mr4 ,gokhale tells us that to-day seven children out of eight are growing up in ignorance1 and four villages out of five are as yet without a school-house4 ,there are other drawbacks to this system of foreign bureaucracy1 which can only be briefly touched on here1 but certainly ,newman was right when he condemned that mistaken1 high-handed measure of the autocratic ,east ,india ,company--their destruction of all the local treasuries1 and the manner in which these funds were diverted into the central treasury4 ,thus1 as he pointed out very clearly1 no moneys were left for the repair of roads1 bridges1 and tanks1 etc4 ,as he remarks1 ,in comparison with this monster evil1 all other delinquencies seem to fade away4 ,as everyone probably is aware1 ,newman lost no opportunity in pressing home on the minds of his countrymen that it is decentralization that is so urgently needed2 and that not alone in ,india1 but in our own country as well4 ,repeatedly he urged that if ,government is administered from one central bureaucracy1 it follows inevitably that the business to be dealt with bulks so enormously that it is literally impossible to deal1 in detail and with complete understanding1 with the rights and wrongs of citizens at a distance in the provinces and remote parts of a big empire4 ,consequently1 he was always trying to show how far more successfully local self-government--a local ward-mote1 for instance--would deal with provincial matters in ,england4 ,that every town should be1 as it were1 a little ,state1 with all classes represented in it1 and matters dealt with locally should only come up to the ,central ,parliament for veto or for sanction4 ,in the same way he recommended strongly that in ,india every facility should be given to voluntary 7limited liability7 companies to execute roads1 works of irrigation1 etc4444 ,that country districts should be given local treasuries1 as well as towns4 ,in ,english institutions and their most necessary reforms1 ,newman declares and reiterates that this lack of local treasuries is a hideous blunder1 and adds1 every coin in every province is liable to be spent in some war4 ,he urges other changes1 which have come to pass in some measure1 such as a ,viceroy1 a prince of the blood royal1 sent out to receive their occasional homage4 ,but there again lack of cooperation with the natives1 lack of real understanding between us and them1 have1 as everyone is aware1 worked havoc when a man ,footnote3 ,it is impossible to forget in this connection what the ,tribune called our ,curzonian statescraft in the recent past4 without the necessary insight and sympathy into the people's points of view and ways of thought has been sent to posts of supreme authority4 ,there have been men of splendid capabilities for understanding and sympathizing with these points of view1 men such as ,sir ,james ,outram1 the ,bayard of ,india2 ,sir ,john ,malcolm1 ,lord ,elphinstone1 ,sir ,george ,russell ,clerk1 ,lord ,lawrence1 ,ovans1 and many others1 who helped forward the better understanding between ,england and ,india very greatly2 and of these1 ,outram suffered grievous misrepresentations at the hands of his ,government1 ,clerk was put aside1 and ,ovans had to stand his trial in ,england for an absolutely unjustifiable charge4 ,whenever the question of co-operation and sympathy comes up1 as from time to time it does1 between ,englishmen and ,indians1 whether it is fifty or sixty years ago1 in ,newman's day or now in the year of grace #aiji1 with a few honourable exceptions1 the answer is identically the same4 ,it is practically an unknown quantity4 ,the ,east and ,west have not really met4 ,still the ranks of the service are absorbed by ,englishmen2 still1 as all educated ,indians protest1 the true centre of gravity for ,india is in ,london2 still ,india is unrepresented in the ,viceroy's ,executive ,councils1 and in ,customs1 ,post1 ,survey1 ,telegraph1 ,excise1 etc41 and also in the ,commissioned ranks of the ,army2 still1 because district administration is to all intents and purposes not in existence1 there is no compulsory education for boys and girls1 though most educated ,indians are very strongly in favour of it4 ,it is not1 it cannot be1 because our eyes1 as a nation1 have been shut to the fact of what the faults of our own administration have been in years gone by4 ,if no one else had trumpeted them abroad1 at least one man spoke out the whole truth and nothing but the truth about it in the last century3 ,francis1 the great ,social ,reformer--,francis ,newman1 who was no time-server1 no prophesier of smooth things2 but1 as much as in him lay1 desired more than anything else to lay the whole unvarnished truth before his fellow men1 things that concerned the weaker members of the community4 ,in lecture after lecture he turned things to the rightabout-face which had hitherto been done sub ros in ,india4 ,he did in effect pull down the very rose tree which had acted as such an efficient shelter4 ,his bull's- eye lantern always cast an uncompromising glare upon those sometimes very shady doings of our countrymen which characterized their treatment of natives in the early ,victorian era1 and--occasionally perhaps1 even since4 ,no one has forgotten1 for instance1 the words of ,mr4 ,halliday1 ,lieutenant- ,governor of ,bengal1 when he described our police as a curse to ,india in #ahed4 ,newman reminded his countrymen that in #aheb a petition had been sent to the ,house of ,commons from ,lower ,bengal1 among other grievous complaints1 which stated that by reason of the hardships inflicted on witnesses1 the population were averse from testifying to the ill-doings and tyranny of these police4 ,again1 as regarded the courts of law in ,india1 ,newman reminded us of the revelations contained in that volume by the ,hon4 ,mr4 ,shore concerning our ,government 7the book which was withdrawn #ahdd74 ,it was there stated definitely that1 until the days of ,lord ,william ,bentinck1 ,persian was the only language used in these courts4 ,consequently1 as neither judge1 nor clerk1 nor litigating party1 nor person accused1 nor his witnesses understood it1 it constantly happened that the case was a veritable reductio ad absurdum4 ,no one knew what was happening until at last the man--if it was a case of murder--was shown that the case had gone against him by being shown the gallows6 ,it is true nous avons chang tout cela1 in these days1 and the vernacular tongue is used instead1 but now it is the judge who doesn't always know accurately what is going on1 for he cannot always understand what the witnesses are saying6 ,as ,newman says very shrewdly3 ,if self- confident1 he trusts his own impressions2 if timid1 he leans on the judgment of his native clerk2 if formal and pedantic1 he believes all clear and coherent statements4 ,his weaknesses are watched1 and it is soon understood whether he is to be better managed by fees to the clerk1 or by the forging of critical evidence1 in cases for which it is worth while4 ,very scandalous accounts have been printed in great detail 444 and one thing is clear1 that those ,englishmen who have looked keenly into the matter and dare to speak freely1 believe justice to have a far worse chance in such tribunals than before native judges4 ,francis ,newman tells us that his own eyes were opened to the prevailing state of things in those days1 by a very intelligent1 and widely informed indigo-planter4 ,he told him that when he first began indigo-planting1 his partner had given this emphatic rule of conduct3 ,never enter the ,company's ,courts6 ,and to his own amazed question as to what course of action was to be pursued when a difficulty arose1 he clearly and openly explained4 ,if a native failed to pay us our dues1 we never sued him1 but simply publicly seized some of his goods1 sold them by auction1 deducted our claim from the proceeds1 and handed over to him the balance4 ,there is something almost humorous in this travesty of an amende honorable for so highhanded a measure6 ,one may in very deed be thankful that since the day of all these happenings1 ,indians have1 as ,mr4 ,gokhale tells us1 climbed in the field of law1 to the very top of the tree1 and can now deal out first-hand justice to their fellow countrymen4 ,i think ,i cannot give a fitter close to this chapter than by quoting ,newman's suggestions as to measures of urgent importance with regard to our ,indian ,empire1 which were made a little over forty years ago4 ,the establishment of an ,imperial ,court in ,india to judge all causes4444 ,the mark of a 'tyrant' 7according to the ,old ,greeks7 was his defence by a foreign body-guard3 we bear that mark of illegitimate sway at present4 ,to make ,india loyal1 to save the yearly sacrifice of health or life to #aj1jjj young men1 now the miserable victims of our army system1 is so urgent an interest1 that ,i put this topic foremost4 ,too much importance can hardly be given to it4 ,each soldier is said to cost us #ajj2 hence the pecuniary expense also is vast4 ,but until we restrain ourselves from aggression1 all attempts permanently to improve our millions at home must be fruitless4444 ,our task is to rear ,india into political manhood1 train it to ,english institutions1 and rejoice when it can govern itself without our aid4 ,,chapter ,,xvii ,,votes ,,for ,,women ,there is always a large percentage of people who range themselves on the side of the majority in regard to any question of the day4 ,they range themselves there not because of any principle involved1 but simply and solely because they consider this mode of action expedient4 ,and they feel far safer1 far happier1 taking the flabby1 muscleless arm of ,expediency than in venturing into unknown difficulties behind the uncompromisingly stiff figure of ,principle4 ,but there are others-thank ,god for them6--who hate the shifty1 cunning eye of ,expediency far too much to have anything to do with him4 ,these others would far rather be in the minority in championing some good cause than with the expedient majority4 ,these others are the pioneers of civilization4 ,sometimes--to-day we have many cases in point as regards the social crusade of brave women against taxation without representation--they are martyrs as well as pioneers4 ,but the splendid spirit of knight-errantry1 which shone so vividly with the fire of enthusiasm in medieval days1 is still abroad in our midst to-day4 ,a few militant personalities fight for a great cause1 a great principle-- the raising of a better moral tone amongst us1 the betterment of the lives of their fellows4 ,newman was one of these4 ,his sword was always in the thickest of the fight when it was a fight against some social injustice to his fellow citizens4 ,forty years ago and more he spoke out in championship of woman's rights4 ,so long ago as #ahfg he led the movement which tilted at social wrongs1 social injustices dealt out to the sex4 ,it is a movement which has taken1 as ,i said1 more than half a century to make its way to the position it holds to-day4 ,it has been opposed bitterly almost every inch of the way by men who love expediency1 and turn their backs on the principle of the thing2 which is fair play for women4 ,nevertheless1 ,england is a country which prides herself on her keen sense of justice and freedom4 ,if ,newman had done nothing else1 his work for this movement would be unforgettable2 his words were so outspoken1 his way of dealing with the subject so broad-minded4 ,in one of his articles he urged the following on his fellow men3--,readers of ,history1 and ,lawyers1 are aware that women's wrongs are an ancient and terribly persistent fact4444 ,why has our law been so unjust to women8--,because women never had a voice in the making of it1 and men as a class have not realized the oppression of women as a class 7the italics are my own74 ,men have deep in their hearts the idea that women ought to be their legal inferiors2 that neither the persons of women nor their property ought to remain their own2 that marriage is not a free union on equal terms2 and that the law ought to favour the stronger sex against the weaker4 ,it is remarkable that our law is more unjust to women than that of the great historically despotic nations1 and in some important respects less favourable than that of the ,turks4 ,all these things point out that equality of the sexes in respect to the ,parliamentary ,franchise is essential to justice4 ,the conscience of men is opening to the truth4444 ,readers of newspapers cannot be ignorant of the miseries endured by wives from brutal husbands4 ,in ordinary decorous families1 sons at lavish expense are trained to self-support4 ,the daughters in one class have nothing spent on their education2 in another1 are educated as elegant ornaments of a drawing-room1 where they live in luxury for a parent's delight2 yet when he dies1 and their youth is spent1 they are often turned adrift into comparative poverty1 incompetent for self-help4 ,when complaint is made of this1 the ascendant sex graciously tells them1 'they ought to marry1' and this in a country where women are counted by the hundred thousand more numerous than men2 where also men do not universally accept the state of marriage4 ,meanwhile1 the law is made as if to dissuade the woman from such a remedy4 ,if she dare to adopt it1 it instantly strips her of all her property1 great or little2 ,footnote3 ,since then some amendment of the wrong has been done by the ,married ,women's ,property ,act4 and if she earn anything1 authorizes her husband to seize it by force4 ,in the ,marriage ,service1 the husband1 as if in mockery1 says1 ',with all my worldly goods ,i thee endow'3 while the law allows him to gamble away her whole fortune the day after the marriage1 or to live in riotous indulgence on her money1 and give to her the barest necessaries of life4444 ,he may maliciously refuse her the sight of her own children4444 ,and if to gain one sight of them she return to his house for two days1 the law holds her to have 'condoned' all his offences however flagrant4 ,mr4 ,haweis many years ago said a very significant thing4 ,he said that the best--if the rarest--men had always a good share of the woman nature in themselves4 ,francis ,newman was one of these men4 ,he understood the woman's point of view without any telling4 ,he knew instinctively1 intuitively1 the mental cramp1 the moral inability to rise to her full stature1 which is induced by man's perpetual effort to fit her into a measured mould prepared by himself4 ,he knew that if a man's reach must exceed his grasp1 or what's a heaven for8 what a hell faced the woman who could not even reach forward to fulfil all the many aims which she was conscious were stirring within her1 longing for attainment4 ,he had seen women1 his countrywomen1 shake the bars behind which they faced their world for the very passion of revolt against these man-set limits1 which kept them in on every side4 ,he knew that1 of all hard fates1 perhaps few are more bitter than to feel the power and ability within you to do some work as well as another does it1 and yet to have no freedom to use that power4 ,to be forced1 by man-made laws1 to wrap up your talent in the napkin of legal red-tapeism1 when everything within you1 perhaps1 urges you to turn it to good account4 ,let us look for one moment at some of the legal disabilities of women to- day4 ,perhaps some of us are hardly aware to what an almost incredible distance they reach4 ,mr4 ,henry ,schloesser1 barrister-at-law of the ,inner ,temple1 ,footnote3 ,in his pamphlet published by the ,women's ,social and ,political ,union4 very explicitly explains how they affect women4 ,at ,common ,law the father is entitled against the mother to the custody of the children1 and this right he could only forfeit by gross misconduct2 so also he was entitled to prescribe their mode of education4444 ,he remains prima facie the guardian of his children1 to the exclusion of the mother the italics are my own4 ,alone of the learned professions1 the medical is open to women4444 7,she constantly proves her aptitude to take the same honours as man as regards the others1 but he still growls over his share and keeps her out47 ,a husband is not bound at ,common ,law to cohabit with or maintain his wife4 ,these facts show luridly against the sky of woman's world1 but perhaps few men know what purgatorial fires they light in many a woman's heart to-day4 ,they show that man's injustice to her does not only concern her in public life1 but even in the home life 7to which he would fain limit her energies72 she has practically no legal status at all4 ,she has not even a right to her own children in the eye of the law4 ,quite recently a judge decided that a woman is not a parent in the eye of the law1 and therefore powerless in things relating to her children4 ,she is excluded from the guardianship of them4 ,yet so curiously irrational is this same ,english law that1 should any woman wronged by a man become mother to an illegitimate child1 upon her falls the whole onus of its maintenance until it is sixteen years old4 ,the man gets off scot-free2 for the world which condones an offence 7which is shared by both7 in the case of the man1 condemns it in the woman4 ,thus1 as ,mr4 ,thomas ,johnston ,footnote3 ,the ,case for ,woman's ,suffrage1 by ,thomas ,johnston4 ,published by the ,women's ,social and ,political ,union4 very clearly puts it3 ,where there is any stigma or blame1 the woman bears it alone4444 ,under the law of ,england to-day a man can secure divorce by simply proving the unfaithfulness of his wife4 ,but the wife1 in order to obtain a divorce from her husband for the same unfaithfulness1 must1 in addition1 prove cruelty or desertion4 ,this in itself is very one-sided law1 and certainly indefensible4 ,francis ,newman describes this law in no measured terms4 ,he declares in his article on ,marriage ,laws 7#ahfg7 that what undeniably needs reform in our country's government is the extravagant power given by our law to a husband4444 ,the exclusive right attributed to him over the children is unjust and pernicious4 ,his rights over his wife's person ,footnote3 ,according to ,english law1 as evidenced in a recent case1 the wife is not a person at all2 presumably1 therefore1 she is simply his chattel6 are extreme and monstrous4444 ,we need a single short1 sweeping enactment that1 notwithstanding anything to the contrary in past statutes1 no woman henceforth shall by marriage change her legal status or lose any part of her rights over property4444 99 99 99 99 99 ,we implore all true and genuine ,conservatives not to delay and use half- measures1 but to do justice to the sex in good time4 ,he who tries to uphold injustice is the true and efficient revolutionist1 while he thinks he is ,conservative4 ,he goes on to touch thus on what is perhaps the most cruel injustice of all--that the law permits a man to deprive his wife of the children1 who1 before ,god1 are as equally hers as his3-- ,not only with regard to property1 also in regard to children1 the law is unjust to women4 ,the mother has to undergo much in bringing a child to maturity--the agony of childbirth444 the countless cares of tending and watching by night and day4 ,the child becomes the darling of her heart1 the image of her dreams1 the great centre of her thoughts and hopes2 and after all her toils1 the law permits a husband to take the child permanently out of her sight1 and 7if he choose7 to put it under the charge of an enemy 444 who will fill its mind with falsehoods and teach it to hate and despise its mother4 ,such things are not possibilities merely and dreams2 they are stern realities1 and the law gives her no redress4 ,when one thinks of all that these words mean1 one is face to face with the almost unthinkable fact that the case of the woman in ,england is unjust beyond description1 and for this reason1 that1 as ,newman says1 ,men1 who alone make the laws1 make them with but little account of woman4 ,at home with her children she is defenceless4 ,she has no power over them1 and her husband is not bound to maintain her1 notwithstanding the sentence1 which ,english law has made absolutely meaningless1 of his marriage vow to her3 ,with all my worldly goods ,i thee endow4 ,in the world1 if she have no husband or be unmarried1 she is not a person in a legal sense2 and during election time her house is described1 in canvassing for votes1 as having no occupier6 ,in the world1 too1 she is unable to obtain a fair wage for her work4 ,she may do the work as well as man1 but nevertheless1 in most cases1 her pay is less4 ,mr4 ,johnston tells us that the average male worker's wage has been calculated to be about #ahs41 but the average woman worker's wage is only about #gs4 ,and when women find out these many injustices suffered at home and in the world by their sex1 as ,miss ,christabel ,pankhurst says1 they are absolutely unable to right these wrongs1 for women have no political power4 ,here is the pivot round which the wrongs of women revolve--her lack of legal status1 her voicelessness as regards the laws of her country1 the country which is so openly irrational as to count her a person when it wants to get a tax out of her1 but refuses to do so at any other time when she has something to ask of it in return6 ,once the parliamentary vote is given to women1 the same results would follow in ,england as have followed elsewhere4 ,wages and hours of labour are made just for women1 as in many respects they have been now made for men4 ,the laws of divorce are the same4 ,mothers are made joint guardians of their children with their fathers4 ,the age of protection for girls is raised to #ah4 ,footnote3 ,at the present moment1 by the ,english law1 a girl can contract a valid marriage at twelve years of age2 a boy at fourteen4 7,see ,legal ,status of ,women1 by ,h4 ,h4 ,schloesser47 ,in ,new ,south ,wales1 after the women were given the vote1 ,dr4 ,mackellar brought in a bill to deal with the protection of illegitimate children1 which has answered admirably2 while in ,new ,zealand and ,australia the ,wages ,board1 which the women's vote helped to pass1 has raised in both countries the wages of women from #es4 to l#fs4 per week for the same amount of work done4 ,and in other respects it has abolished sweating--that crucial question of crucial questions in ,england to-day4 ,there is another point1 too1 amongst many others1 in which the vote helped the national life in ,australia in the giving of old age pensions4 ,perhaps had women the vote here in ,england1 the shameful system in which old men and women are separated in the last years of their life1 as the workhouses ordain1 would be altered4 ,and this is a question which demands immediate attention--immediate attention2 for more than #bf1jjj1jjj are paid by taxpayers each year to be spent in great part on our wretched system of poor laws4 ,francis ,newman was strongly against poor laws administered as they are in ,england to-day1 as1 indeed1 is every thoughtful man4 ,he was also strongly of opinion that there should be women on juries in some cases4 ,and indeed it is a fact that women magistrates1 as well as women jurors1 are most certainly a sine qu non in those cases where1 at the present moment1 owing to juries being composed of men only1 common justice for the unrepresented ,englishwoman in relation with the other sex is not1 in a great proportion of cases1 rendered her4 ,but even were women made eligible for these offices1 it would be no new thing1 for in ,mary ,tudor's reign there were two women appointed justices of the peace2 and1 of course1 always there has been a provision in law for a jury of matrons in certain cases4 ,indeed1 when one goes far enough back in research into most questions1 the invariable lesson1 is taught us1 which we are always so reluctant1 in our cocksureness of the antiquity of our present-day conditions of life1 to learn1 and we find that our arrangements very often are not as it was in the beginning1 but only mushroom growths of a decade or two4 ,as ,mrs4 ,wolstenholme ,elmy very justly says in her recent pamphlet on ,woman's ,franchise1 women possessed voting rights from time immemorial1 and the year #ahcb was the year when they were dispossessed of many ancient rights by the ,reform ,act passed in that year4 ,as regards other disabilities of women1 ,francis ,newman wrote very fully and very strongly upon them1 and it is impossible to leave them unmentioned here4 ,in #ahfi he wrote3 ,there is one important matter which young men need specially to be taught1 viz4 that at no time of life is any man 444 exempt from the essential duty of curbing animal impulses4444 ,nothing so paralyzes his force of ,will as to be told that some men have from ,god the gift of continence1 and others have it not4 ,this doctrine is disastrously prominent in the ,anglican marriage service1 and is borrowed from ,st4 ,paul4 ,but that great and deep-hearted apostle was unmarried and without personal experience4 ,he writes1 not as one revealing supernatural communications1 but as imparting his best wisdom4444 ,a general and just inference is1 that a firm self-restraint is necessary and salutary for every man4 ,it is impossible to write more strongly and clearly of the wickedness of women's ancestral personal rights being swept away than does ,newman in articles published in the fourth volume of his ,miscellanies4 ,he does not disguise the shameful state of the law as it affects woman to-day1 and as it is carried out by ,government--that law which makes wrongdoing so easy and unpunishable for man1 and so hard and unjust to woman4 ,the unjustifiableness of certain laws was shown up with no uncertain pen by him4 ,he was himself convinced of their iniquity2 and once convinced1 he stood forward as a modern ,john the ,baptist1 spared no one1 and passionately accused his countrymen of the injustice1 immorality1 and cruelty of their making one law for men and another for women4 ,he inveighed against the world's point of view of this subject3 and this not once1 nor twice1 but constantly2 and urged with all his might that these wrongs to his countrywomen should be righted4 ,nevertheless his articles1 many of them1 are forgotten4 ,the dust of neglect is lying thick upon them on many an unused shelf to-day4 ,his voice has long been silent2 and no doubt it has been said of him 7as it was by a ,church dignitary of ,father ,dolling at his death73 ,we shan't be worried any more by him now about the righting of social abuses4 ,laws against which ,newman declaimed are not altered yet1 and we are a long way from those far-reaching reforms he advocated4 ,but the words he wrote are not dead4 ,they are in our midst to- day1 and they stir depths to-day in the hearts of his countrymen in suggestions towards social reformation2 towards the righting of wrongs just as glaring to-day as they were a century ago4 ,questions which can never be put superficially aside1 by men who1 like ,newman1 cannot endure to leave a social wrong unredressed1 if they can by any searching find the remedy4 ,,chapter ,,xviii ,,francis ,,newman ,,and ,,his ,,religion ,more than one person has said to me in connection with this memoir3 ,if the whole of ,frank ,newman's heterodox religious opinions be not given1 the book will lose half its point4 ,to my mind there are quite two1 if not more1 sides to this question4 ,my strongest argument1 however1 in favour of only dealing briefly with them is this3 ,it is quite true that ,agnosticism more or less held its sway over him during the years between #ahcd and #ahgi4 ,i am quite aware of how tremendous a slice that is of a man's life4 ,but it is not an overwhelming testimony when one comes to look at it not from the worldly point of view4 ,there are periods in which ,time--as ,time--seems almost beside the mark4 ,a thousand years in ,thy sight are but as yesterday4 ,when the ,israelites had once achieved their journey through the wilderness--nay1 even through the earlier time of tyranny amongst the ,egyptians-,i suppose the actual years seemed as a dream when one awaketh4 ,i myself have known forty years pass1 for someone afflicted with a terrible mental disability1 as a watch in the night1 once light pierced through the clouds of the long-darkened mental vision4 ,time1 as sex1 is purely temporary4 ,in this present world we cannot do without either1 but when ,time itself passes for good1 the old implements which were necessary to make the clock go round will pass likewise4 ,so1 in ,newman's case1 when that tremendous slice in a man's life--forty- five years--was overpast1 he sloughed off the old garments of ,agnosticism1 and came back to the ,christian faith professed by him in early childhood so conscientiously--and1 indeed1 up to the year after his missionary journey1 #ahcd4 ,this fact influences me largely in the matter of dealing only briefly with the time-as regards his religious professions--which lies between these two dates1 and for these reasons1 which ,i hope to prove1 carry considerable weight4 ,the first is that people are mistaken in considering that it was his religious opinions which made ,newman great4 ,the real valour of his life was shown in the splendid aspects of ,social ,reform which he showed to the world2 the way of the ,new ,citizenship1 of the ,new ,patriotism1 which he was for ever preaching and writing about4 ,he was the ,perseus of ,to-day whose wholehearted efforts were spent in freeing the ,andromedas from their antiquated bonds and fetters2 whose good sword was ever pointed at the throats of the dragons which lift their ugly heads against freedom-- against reforms of all sorts2 the dragons who take so long in dying4 ,but there are many who will regret bitterly that a man who served his generation so splendidly as he did in these matters should ever have written a book such as the ,phases of ,faith2 for though it is undeniably clever1 yet it is not convincing2 and very much of it is very painful reading for those who do not care to wander out of the way in the wilderness of religious speculation and doubt4 ,newman declares in this book that he did not give up ,christianity2 yet he gave up all that made ,christianity ,christianity4 ,he said in it that he was looking for a religion which shall combine the tenderness1 humility1 and disinterestedness that are the glories of the purest ,christianity1 with that activity of intellect and untiring pursuit of truth4 ,footnote3 ,he said once he wished for a religion which should combine the best out of all religions in the world4 ,when he mentions that1 in his time1 of young men at ,oxford not one in five seemed to have any convictions at all1 he seems to imply that it was on account of the desire for a new religion2 whereas it was far more traceable to the after-effects of ,calvinism and ,puritanism1 which have stuck1 as spiritual limpets1 to ,england's religious rocks ever since they first reached them4 ,they are certainly looser in their hold than was the case formerly1 but they are there still4 ,phases of ,faith was published in #ahej4 ,but the year before a book of far more religious suggestiveness had come out1 though that too was a book of opposition to the accepted forms of religion1 ,the ,soul3 its ,sorrows and ,aspirations4 ,regarded as a work postulating a new spiritual point of view1 it was vague and unsatisfying4 ,it was without form and void4 ,it desired that most unsatisfying thing1 a religion with no dogmas3--those stakes which preserve the ground on which grow the flowers of religious truth1 from those who come but to spoil and destroy4 ,yet1 with all its lack of convincing power1 and those parts of it which are1 like ,phases of ,faith1 painful reading and profitless--to ,christians--there are here and again striking passages such as this1 whose beauty cannot fail to appeal to us3 ,none can enter the kingdom of ,heaven without becoming a little child4 ,but behind and after this there is a mystery revealed to but few2 namely1 if the ,soul is to go on into higher spiritual blessedness1 it must become a woman4 ,yes1 however manly thou be among men1 it must learn to love being dependent2 must lean on ,god1 not solely from distress and alarm1 but because it does not like independence or loneliness4444 ,god is not a stern ,judge2 exacting every tittle of some law from us4444 ,he does not act towards us 7spiritually7 by generalities 444 but ,his perfection consists in dealing with each case by itself as if there were no other4444 ,and again3 ,the ,bible is a blessed book if we do not stifle the ,holy ,spirit within us4 ,the second reason why ,i touch on these religious opinions 7before mentioned7 but briefly1 is because of my own strong impression since ,i have been writing this memoir1 that in that next chapter of existence upon which ,newman has now entered1 he may not impossibly be nearer the ,light1 the religious truth1 which here he so earnestly sought1 but mistakenly2 and in his regret for his own phases of religious unfaith1 now cast aside1 may not wish them to be recapitulated anew4 ,there is a certain pathetic sentence of his1 in a letter in later life1 which seems to give a certain amount of confirmation to this idea3 ,it is a sad thing to have printed erroneous fact4 ,i have three or four times contradicted and renounced the passage 444 but ,i cannot reach those whom ,i have misled4 ,i have mentioned before that ,francis ,newman returned to his earlier faith in ,christianity a few years before his death4 ,it remains1 therefore1 to give the proofs which have been put into my hands regarding this fact4 ,two of his very greatest friends1 ,anna ,swanwick and ,dr4 ,martineau1 received from his own hands the knowledge that he wished it to be known that he died a ,christian4 ,i shall give a quotation from one of ,newman's last letters to the former1 from ,miss ,bruce's ,memoir of ,recollections of ,anna ,swanwick4 ,in almost illegible writing1 he says3-- ,if ,i live through this year1 ,i hope to effect1 by aid of a friend's eyes1 a third 444 edition of my ,paul of ,tarsus1 with grateful acknowledgment that1 in spite of a few details1 ,i more and more come round to the substance of the views of my honoured friend1 ,james ,martineau4 ,also ,i close by my now sufficient definition of a ,christian--'one1 who in heart1 and steadily1 is a disciple of ,jesus in upholding the prayer called the ,lord's ,prayer as the highest and purest in any known national religion4' ,i think ,j4 ,m4 will approve this4 ,i should also like to add ,miss ,bruce's own words in this connection3-- ,he 7,newman7 was drawn back at the end of his long life by the sweet reasonableness and loving sympathy of his friend ,anna ,swanwick1 and the teaching of ,dr4 ,martineau4 ,also these words from a letter written by ,anna ,swanwick3 ,it is delightful to me to think how1 when the veil shall have fallen from the eyes of our friend 7,f4 ,w4 ,newman71 he will love and venerate ,him in ,whose footsteps he is unconsciously treading4 ,yet ,i must add here that in a letter from ,newman to ,anna ,swanwick 7to which ,i had access7 in #ahig1 there is no definite statement of his belief in ,immortality4 ,if ,god gives me immortality1 ,i am content4 ,if it pleases ,him to annihilate me1 it is well4 ,let ,him do with me as seemeth to ,him good4 ,as regards ,dr4 ,martineau's statement1 ,i quote now from a letter received by me from ,mr4 ,william ,tallack1 who gave me particulars of a letter written in #aijc1 by ,mr4 ,w4 ,garrett ,horder1 on a meeting he had with ,dr4 ,martineau3-- ,not more than three or four years before his death ,i was sitting in an omnibus at ,oxford ,circus1 when ,dr4 ,martineau1 accompanied by his daughter1 got in and took seats by my side4 ,after ,i had confessed my pleasure at seeing him1 he said1 ',i think you ought to know that the other day ,i had a letter from ,frank ,newman saying that1 when he died1 he wished it to be known that he died in the ,christian faith4' ,to my mind these strong assertions that ,newman wished it known that he died a ,christian1 which he wrote to two of his closest friends1 speak for themselves4 ,there was also another1 ,rev4 ,j4 ,temperley ,grey1 who visited ,newman constantly in his last illness1 and who said of his final conversion these words1 in the ,in ,memoriam address he gave at ,newman's funeral3-- ,of late his 7,newman's7 attitude towards ,christ had undergone a great change4 ,he confessed to me only very recently that for years he had held on to ,christianity by the skirts of ,s4 ,paul2 'but now1' he said1 ',paul is less and less1 and ,christ is more and more4' ,he made this statement with an emphasis and an emotion which conveyed the impression that he wished it to be regarded as a final testimony4 ,to those of us who are ,christians these are strong words1 showing clearly where1 in his last illness and failing strength1 he had turned for final help4 ,some have called ,francis ,newman an atheist4 ,but he was no atheist4 ,a theist for many years he was3 but it was because he was unable to reconcile certain historical difficulties1 or to get rid of certain earlier ,calvinistic tendencies1 or to accept certain dogmas which seemed to him impossible of acceptation1 and in this last respect he is certainly not alone4 ,mr4 ,temperley ,grey's testimony to ,newman as a fellow townsman1 during his last days at ,weston-super-,mare 7he died #fth ,oct41 #ahig71 shows him to us as a man who acted to his fellow men1 and women1 as a ,christian should1 although he did not1 till near the end1 believe as one4 ,without depreciating in the least his illustrious brother1 it may truly be said that while the one was a saint in the cloister1 the other was a saint in the very thick of life's battle4 ,footnote3 ,henry ,newman444 stood for a spiritual ,tory2 while ,francis ,newman was a spiritual ,radical 7,morning ,leader1 ,october1 #ahig74 444 ,i would speak of him rather as the neighbour and townsman who moved to and fro among us 444 and whom1 distrusting at first1 we ultimately reverenced and loved for his nobility of character1 his simplicity of life1 his tenderness of conscience1 his devoutness of spirit1 and his generosity of heart4 ,theologically we were far apart1 but we were entirely with him in his enthusiasm for righteousness1 his sympathy with downtrodden and oppressed peoples4444 ,we were with him also in his untiring efforts to secure for women their rightful place in the shaping of our national life1 and in his splendid protests against the tortures inflicted in the name of science on the poor1 helpless animals1 our dumb brothers4 ,to hear the old man eloquently discourse upon these themes was to be morally uplifted4444 ,those of us who were admitted into the inner circle of his friends were profoundly impressed by his devoutness4 ,he lived as in the ,presence of ,god1 and his prayers in the home1 so simple1 so trustful1 so reverential1 were always a means of grace1 a real refreshment4 99 99 99 99 99 ,he was a true philanthropist4 ,he championed the cause of the oppressed everywhere4444 ,a room in his house was set apart as a guest-chamber for persons needing a change to the seaside1 but whose circumstances barred the way2 and not a few were fresh equipped for the work and battle of life1 as a result of his thoughtful hospitality4444 ,francis ,newman stood by himself in his greatness1 his goodness1 his simplicity1 and we shall not find his like again4444 ,above all1 our friend was a truth seeker4 ,this was the ruling passion of his life4 ,mrs4 ,temperley ,grey tells me that it was always ,newman's first wife's great hope that her husband should be the means1 through his ministrations during the last part of ,newman's life1 of leading him back to his original faith4 ,mrs4 ,newman used deeply to regret ,newman's lack of definite belief1 but always said when the subject was raised1 ,cannot they understand that my husband is under a cloud--a mist1 as it were8 ,both the brothers1 the ,cardinal and ,francis ,newman1 through the greater part of their lives had been restlessly searching for truth--for certainty--in their faith4 ,calvinism had been the black cloud under which they had both been brought up4 ,if the obiter dictum of a celebrated ,cardinal in the ,roman ,church be correct3 ,give me the child till he is seven years old1 and he will be a ,jesuit all his life1 then indeed it shows the tremendous power of habit1 for it was only through much tribulation1 through passionate inward wrestlings with those terrible tenets1 and through many searchings of heart1 that either brother made his way out of its toils at length4 ,the ,cardinal sought above all things ,truth1 through authority2 no one will forget those soul-stirring words of his in his ,apologia pro ,vit ,su in which he speaks of the great peace that at last quieted his doubts and fears when he was received into the ,roman ,church4 ,to many of us ,authority is the life-buoy which supports us o'er crag and torrent till the night is gone2 but ,francis ,newman could not believe in it4 ,authority is the bane1 he would say1 of religion4 ,he must see with his intellectual eyes1 to be saved4 ,he must see and touch ,truth for himself2 his intellectual self must be convinced1 or he must stand outside the creeds he knew--a questioner still4 ,but he was honest and open in his aloofness4 ,did it mean loss of a distinguished brilliant worldly career 7as it did at ,oxford in #ahcj78 ,well1 then the career must be lost1 for he could not bring himself to sign to doctrines which he did not believe4 ,did it mean unpopularity1 that he held certain views on ,social ,reform8 ,well1 rather than compromise1 rather than temporize1 he would stand out alone rather than yield an iota of what he held to be the true ,progressive ,aims for ,people and ,land4 ,only--and this was a flaw1 and no small one either--he often wrote his religious opinions so openly as to pain his readers4 ,in many of his letters which ,i have read there are expressions relating to the religious dogmas held by his correspondents which are bluntly1 unrestrainedly1 bitterly used4 ,it is true that often1 at the close of a letter1 there follows a hope that he had not hurt his friends' feelings2 but that he must1 at all costs1 be open as to his own beliefs4 ,but that apology only came as an after-thought1 as it were as an attempt to dress the wound which he himself had made1 and is quite unable to do away with the impression produced by the written word4 ,litera scripta manet4 ,in writing on ,the ,national ,church thirty-three years after he had refused to sign the ,thirty-nine ,articles1 he said1 with emphasis1 ,truthfulness of the individual man is essential to moral worth2 but for this very reason the system of the ,church must be lax in order to allow truthfulness to individuals4 ,this is curious reasoning1 and subversive of the idea of ,unity4 ,still1 as no one can deny that as ,life implies ,progression1 so as regards the ,churches1 the inspired words that they should be led into all truth surely allow for progression also into higher regions of knowledge and methods of teaching4 ,to allow for this spirit of progression ,newman held that a ,state ,church should not be tied down to fixed conditions4 ,no general ,church system will go so far as the foremost minds4444 ,all the moderate and wisest historians of the ,anglican ,church have extolled its foundations4 ,they have judged that1 take it as a whole1 the ,reformation went as far as the collective nation was then able to go4 ,that it was necessary to reform it in the sixteenth century in order to harmonize it with the higher intelligence of the best minds1 so far as could be done without making it useless to the inferior minds4 ,all this has a certain truth1 but when all is said1 the fact forces itself upon one that after all it is a matter for debate whether the ,reformation was a progressive movement at all3 whether it did not in reality delay progression4 ,for it is well known to-day that it was really managed by the machinations of one of the most selfish and unprincipled of kings ,footnote3 ,whose conduct at this time largely hinged on the refusal of the ,pope to grant him his wished-for divorce from ,katherine4--who was only progressive in the matter of wives--and by his ministers1 who were1 many of them1 men of vile characters and greed4 ,as to motive1 it is very patent to-day what that was4 ,it was that of the man who covets his neighbour's goods1 i4e4 the lands and moneys of the monasteries and churches1 and who whitewashes his sin when his desire is satisfied4 ,there is besides sufficient proof to-day that the great bulk of the unrepresented nation did not regard this act of wholesale robbery as lawful and necessary1 nor that it harmonized the ,church with the higher intelligence of the best minds4 ,to the end of his life 7from his ,oxford days to his death71 of course1 ,newman was never greatly in sympathy with the ,anglican ,church4 ,he did not1 even at the end1 own himself bound by her dogmas or obedient to her conditions4 ,to go further into the question is1 ,i think1 not desirable here4 ,it is enough to say that though he was outside the visible ,church1 yet he was1 in life and spirit1 not far off4 ,as was said of ,stanley1 he believed more than he knew4 ,his life was in the right1 though his doubts and rationalism led him into unbeliefs1 which only at the close of his long life he renounced4 ,and he had a far deeper longing for religious truth than have many conventional ,churchmen4 ,,chapter ,,xix ,,last ,,years1 ,,characteristics1 ,,and ,,some ,,letters ,,relating ,,to ,,the ,,early ,,life ,,of ,,the ,,cardinal ,it will be remembered that ,francis ,newman retired from his official duties at ,university ,college in #ahfc1 with the title ,emeritus ,professor4 ,as most of us are aware1 this word ,emeritus was originally given to ,roman soldiers who had served out their term and been discharged1 on the understanding of being given a settled sum of money which was practically the equivalent of our ,english half-pay4 ,the term is now used to designate a professor who has been honourably relieved of his office1 either because of physical disability or on account of a term of long service fulfilled4 ,it is1 in effect1 a retiring pension4 ,as will have been seen by letters from ,newman which precede this chapter1 he retired from the office of ,professor1 but in no sense from his work of writing1 studying1 and lecturing4 ,the enormous number of books published will testify to this4 ,his five volumes of ,miscellanies1 his ,reminiscences of ,two ,exiles1 ,europe of the ,near ,future1 translation of the ,odes of ,horace1 ,footnote3 ,which did not meet with the approval of ,matthew ,arnold4 ,handbook and ,dictionary of ,modern ,arabic1 ,kabail ,vocabulary1 ,libyan ,vocabulary1 ,text of the ,iguvine ,inscriptions1 ,christian ,commonwealth1 ,history of the ,hebrew ,monarchy1 ,hebrew ,theism1 ,early ,life of ,cardinal ,newman1 ,anglo-,saxon ,abolition of ,negro ,slavery1 not to mention many others1 alone show how writing largely filled his days and occupied his mind4 ,besides all this work1 however1 he was for ever interesting himself in any cause or society which applied to him for help1 or seemed in any way to need a champion4 ,indeed1 as ,mr4 ,hornblower ,gill says of him1 ,scholar1 translator1 mathematician1 historian1 political economist1 political philosopher1 moralist1 theologian1 philanthropist1 he was the most copious and various writer of his time4 ,for a great many years before he died ,newman lived at ,weston-super-,mare4 ,but two years before his death1 in ,october1 #ahig1 when he was ninety-two years of age1 he found himself1 partly owing to senile decay and partly owing to a bad fall he had had in the spring of the year1 and also to loss of eyesight1 unable to take part in public affairs any longer1 nor yet to write as he had been used to do4 ,the unpublished article on ,land ,nationalization 7which is printed in this volume7 came into the hands of ,mr4 ,william ,jameson 7to whose kindness ,i am indebted for it7 in #ahhf1 at which time he was ,hon4 ,secretary of the ,land ,nationalization ,society1 and ,francis ,newman1 ,vice-,president4 ,mr4 ,jameson1 at the time of sending me the article1 wrote me a letter from which ,i shall here quote those parts relating to his friendship with ,newman4 ,he says1 speaking of their first meeting3 ,there was an instant fellowship that endears his memory to me4 ,i was then about thirty-five1 and he past eighty4 ,there was a quiet dignity in his manner1 but no suggestion of old age4 ,one little anecdote may be of interest4 ,we left a rather stormy committee meeting together1 over which ,professor ,newman had presided4 ,the storm was due to one member who had a grievance against some others4 ,speaking of the pity of this1 ,professor ,newman said to me1 ',you know how very strongly my brother and myself differ in opinion2 yet this has never created the slightest personal discord4444' ,several years later4 ,professor ,newman wrote ,mr4 ,jameson a letter 7on finding out that he was suffering from overwork and the fear of subsequent breakdown71 saying these strong words of sympathy3 ,i charge you to give it up4 ,save yourself for the years to come4 ,he went on to say that a friend of his own had kept working on for some cherished cause at the cost of much mental pressure1 and had ended his days in a lunatic asylum4 ,mr4 ,jameson adds that ,newman's words of counsel have often and often rung in his ears since they were first said to him1 and he attributes to the fact that he obeyed them1 his having been saved from a physical breakdown4 ,save yourself for the years to come is a counsel which we1 who are workers1 are so often in danger of forgetting4 ,except in extreme youth1 most men and women live far more in the present and in the past than they do in the future which lies before them1 so largely to be carved into shape by their ,present4 ,in ,april1 #ahhg1 ,sir ,samuel ,walker ,griffith1 ,g4,c4,m4,g41 ,chief ,justice of ,queensland since #ahic1 ,secretary for ,public ,instruction1 ,attorney-,general from #ahgd-h1 #ahij-c1 ,premier of ,queensland from #ahhc-h1 and #ahij-c1 was over in ,england1 and ,francis ,newman was to have been introduced by ,mrs4 ,bucknall 7mother of ,mrs4 ,bainsmith1 the distinguished sculptor ,footnote3 ,mrs4 ,georgina ,bainsmith1 ,f4,n4,b4,a41 member of the ,royal ,society of ,arts1 and of the ,honorary ,council of the ,north ,british ,academy4 to whom ,i am indebted for the photo in this book of her bust of ,francis ,newman1 which now stands in ,university ,college1 ,london7 to ,sir ,samuel1 at the latter's own special desire4 ,unfortunately1 ,newman was unable to go with ,mrs4 ,bucknall to ,sir ,samuel ,griffith's house1 and this is his letter 7kindly lent me1 with ,sir ,samuel ,griffith's reply1 by ,mrs4 ,bucknall74 ,dear ,mrs4 ,bucknall1 ,since you tell me that time presses1 ,i have no way but to give up to you my private copy of 7my7 ,christian ,commonwealth1 which ,i now send you4 ,very sorry ,i am that ,i could not accompany you on ,sunday to ,sir ,samuel ,griffith's1 but learning from you how graciously such a visitor from the ,antipodes expressed his desire to meet me1 ,i am really sorry that ,i was not able in person to attest my deep reverence and admiration as well as affection for ,mrs4 ,butler1 and my conviction that only moral and spiritual influences can quell the demon of impurity1 while the despair which tries to keep it within limits by moderation and indulging it1 is a folly and an infatuation1 especially when coupled with police licenses and police espionage4 ,our ladies since #ahfi have learned to detest the despotic police and the despotic doctor with an intensity which time ever increases4 ,they must conquer at last3 the sole question is1--after how much more moral damage to young men and women1 and how much mental agony to our ,christian martyrs4 ,our young men happily are joining this crusade4 ,alas1 for those who mean to be ,christian1 and do not know the elements of ,christian sentiment4 ,footnote3 ,see ,marriage ,laws 7#ahfg71 ,state ,provision for ,vice 7#ahfi71 and ,remedies for the ,great ,social ,evil 7#ahfi71 in ,vol4 ,,iii of ,f4 ,w4 ,newman's ,miscellanies4 ,i look to you to apologize for me to ,sir ,s4 ,g1 for offering to him a book written by me444 one which my pen has defaced4444 ,most truly yours1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 ,weston-s4-,m41 #aith ,april1 #ahhg4 ,this is ,sir ,samuel ,griffith's answer3-- ,brown's ,hotel1 ,dover ,street1 ,w41 #bast ,april1 #ahhg4 ,dear ,mrs4 ,bucknall1 ,accept my best thanks for ,professor ,newman's writings on the ,christian ,commonwealth and the ,new ,crusade4 ,i really feel ashamed to deprive you of the latter1 and ,professor ,newman of the former1 but it would be most ungracious of me to refuse to accept them4 ,pray assure him that the value of the copy of the ,christian ,commonwealth is to be much enhanced by the fact that it bears his autograph notes1 and that ,i feel deeply honoured by the terms in which he has been good enough to express himself in his note to you1 which ,i have read with great interest and which ,i enclose4 ,i shall always regret that ,i had not the honour and pleasure of meeting him at ,weston1 but my time was too short4444 ,believe me1 ,yours very faithfully1 ,s4 ,w4 ,griffith4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,frederick ,pennington were great friends of ,newman's1 and he often stayed with them from time to time4 ,by the kindness of ,mrs4 ,pennington ,i am able to quote from some letters written by him in #ahha-ij1 and one much earlier1 in #ahge1 in which he laments the death of ,mrs4 ,blackburn4 ,mrs4 ,blackburn was a sister of ,mr4 ,pennington's1 and one of the most munificent of contributors to the ,united ,kingdom ,alliance in its early days1 who 7,i am told by ,mrs4 ,pennington7 often denied herself many luxuries in order to be able to make her contributions larger4 ,she describes her as one of the best women she had ever known4 ,newman1 in his letter to ,mr4 ,pennington in #ahge1 says of ,mrs4 ,blackburn3-- ,i have known her ever since ,michaelmas #ahfi1 when the revelation was first made to us of the ,contagious ,diseases ,act2 and at the ,congress of ,social ,science at ,bristol she was pleased to receive my hospitality4 ,my esteem for her was great and ever increasing4444 ,he goes on to say that his dread of cold and chills makes him fear a long journey1 though it is mortifying to me not to meet you and ,mrs4 ,pennington1 and many other earnest friends of this very important cause4 ,in #ahha ,gladstone was ,prime ,minister1 and stayed in office for five years4 ,for almost the whole of this time the country was hardly ever at peace4 ,the ,transvaal rebellion was started in #ahhj and later our own troops were defeated by the insurrectionists2 whereupon the ,government promptly surrendered the ,transvaal4 ,about this time ,newman writes to ,mrs4 ,pennington3 ,i am not a member of ,cambridge ,university1 nor indeed of ,oxford ,university since #ahcj4 ,if ,i had kept my name on the book1 ,i should have paid #f a year1 if ,i remember2 that is1 #cjj in these fifty years2 and as ,i never took my ,m4,a4 degree 7because of the #ci ,articles71 ,i should even then have no vote4 ,i now act on the fixed rule not to take any long journey in the winter months1 except from real duty4 ,experience guides me1 and ,i refuse even pressure from very friendly quarters4444 ,i am melancholy about this ,cabinet and ,mr4 ,gladstone1 and ashamed to be an ,englishman4 ,all comes to me like a domestic calamity4 ,and ,parliament is so overworked that ,english misrule cannot be corrected4 ,i look on ,ministers in the ,house as nearly our worst nuisance4 ,but ,i must not begin on our defective and evil institutions4444 ,then in #ahij the letters begin more and more to show a change in his handwriting4 ,he no longer wrote in his original firm1 clear style1 but in a crabbed1 cramped manner4 ,his words now were often difficult to decipher1 and the letters of the words very shaky and undecided1 bearing witness very plainly of the trembling hand of ,age4 ,after mentioning the immense number of letters which he had to answer1 and how the trouble of replying was almost beyond his strength1 he says1 ,the sister-like affection of my honoured friend ,anna ,swanwick has 444 again and again won me to ,london2444 but the place seems never to agree with me4 ,partly the whirl by night and day1 ,i suppose1 is my bane2 still more1 the endless meeting of fresh and fresh small talk1 with the fatigue of listening1 and the impression on my brain of miscellaneous memories when ,i ought to sleep4 ,in ,oxford1 from like causes1 ,i became as it were 'daft1' and from forgetfulness of the right words could not complete an ,english sentence4 ,a like affection came on me in ,london last summer1 and ,i had to break away suddenly1 to the disappointment of friends1 because my own sense of idiotcy was unbearable4 ,rest and sleep sufficed to restore me when ,i reached home4 ,the inability to get out the right word1 if 7for instance7 suddenly asked 'to what station ,i am going1' is enough to make me seem insane or half asleep4444 ,i am increasingly aware that my brain is my weakest part4444 ,on the whole ,i am healthy1 and agile in all movement as are few men of my age 7two doctors fancy that all men of eighty-five have pulses as disorderly as mine674444 ,illustration3 ,,cardinal ,,newman ,,from ,,an ,,oil ,,painting ,,by ,,miss ,,deane1 ,,of ,,bath4 ,,photo ,,by ,,messrs4 ,,webster1 ,,clapham ,,common ,as regards the work on the ,early ,life of the ,cardinal1 which was published at this time1 he says3-- ,i am 7under a sense of duty7 writing concerning the late ,cardinal quite a different side of his character from that which for fifty years the public have heard4 ,i knew him as eminently generous as to money1 but so fanatical as to embarrass judgment of his character4 ,another weakness ,i confess and lament4 ,i can write large4 ,i begin everything with resolution so to write4 ,but as soon as ,i think only of the substance1 and forget the manner1 my writing so dwindles that ,i can hardly read it myself4 ,i suppose that weakness of the fingers is the cause4 ,i see how deficient they are of flesh4 ,in ,september1 #ahij1 he wrote the following letters to ,rev4 ,j4 ,k4 ,tucker1 ,rector of ,pettaugh1 ,suffolk1 who was an old friend of ,newman's1 and to ,mr4 ,john ,henry ,tucker1 ,footnote3 ,which have been kindly lent me by ,mr4 ,john ,warren4 from which ,i make quotations3-- ,ever since my brother's death 7,cardinal ,j4 ,h4 ,n47 ,i am overwhelmed with letters1 and now am writing more and longer every day than my fingers can well manage1 for publishers eager for my ,,ms4 ,and again in ,october of the same year3-- ,i am about to send to my publishers my painful contribution to the life of the late ,cardinal1 my brother4 ,i am conscientiously bound to write it1 because in his fifty years' absence from the sight of the public a new generation has grown up ignorant of the facts1 and the attempt is already begun to puff them off for their beauty of style4414 ,my age being eighty- five1 ,i know the truths1 and must tell them4 ,i shall be howled at as unbrotherly4 ,my immediate business now is to write to numbers of correspondents of whom you are one1 whom ,i have necessarily neglected while engaged in the most anxious work ,i have ever undertaken4444 ,as regards this book to which he alludes1 his ,early ,life of ,cardinal ,newman1 everyone feels that in some sense it belittles the writer4 ,for there was no real need of any sort that he should have written it4 ,from one brother to another1 such an early history was1 from some points of view1 a disloyalty--and a disloyalty not altogether free from embittered personal feeling4 ,was there no personal feeling roused in the lives of the two men8 ,for the younger was practically overshadowed by the elder4 ,it was the elder one to whom the world kotow-ed4 ,it was the elder who---though the younger was so strikingly intellectual1 and so strong a social reformer in many ways-- carried the world's laurels1 and who was finally given the splendid funeral to which ,francis ,newman takes exception4 ,and there was another reason too1 which ,i believe exercised a strong sway over his feelings to his brother in early youth1 and brought into play1 though perhaps unrecognized by himself1 the quality of emulation1 followed by keen disappointment1 when failure1 as regarded that incident1 fell to his share4 ,be that as it may1 it is impossible to justify ,francis ,newman's writing thus of his brother1 in the early history to which ,i refer4 ,not even his keen desire for truth1 which some declare to have been his motive power in the matter1 accounted for it4 ,i should vastly have preferred entire oblivion of him 7of the ,cardinal71 and his writings of the first forty years1 but that is impossible4 ,in the cause of ,protestants and ,protestantism1 ,i feel bound to write1 however painful to myself1 as simply as if my topic were an old ,greek or ,latin one4 ,later on he says1 ,i have tried to cherish for him a sort of filial sentiment1 but we seemed never to have an interest nor a wish in common4 ,footnote3 ,j4 ,h4 ,newman once in speaking of his brother1 said1 ,much as we love each other1 neither would like to be mistaken for the other4 ,a sentence which seems to contain more meanings than one6 ,perhaps no words could more absolutely convey the lack of sympathy between the brothers1 than do these4 ,i have tried to cherish for him a sort of filial sentiment6 showing as it does1 only too evidently1 that there was no spontaneity of affection between them4 ,the only voice that called each to each was that of old childish association and duty4 ,francis ,newman could not be accused of seeking personal distinction or fame for itself2 witness his giving up a very promising career at home in order to go on his missionary journey to ,syria4 ,witness also his open denunciation of many existing ,state abuses4 ,witness his unceasing crusades against the stronger party 7whatever it might be71 which1 in his opinion1 oppressed and wronged the weaker section of the community1 unable of themselves to obtain justice and a hearing at the court of ,english public opinion4 ,all the more1 then1 is it difficult to explain away sentences such as these1 which seem to proceed from such an absolutely different personality than was ,frank ,newman's2 and yet the man who reads his memoirs of his brother finds them almost on every page1 and cannot understand their presence there4 ,the existing generation has seen him 7he is alluding to the ,cardinal71 through a mist2 and if my simple statement anywhere clears away that mist1 they may almost resent my truth-speaking as an impiety4 ,as indeed they did--and do4 ,some of his own friends1 indeed1 urged him not to publish the book1 but he was obdurate4 ,in my rising manhood ,i received inestimable benefits from this 7my eldest7 brother4444 ,he supported me1 not out of his abundance1 but when he knew not whence weekly and daily funds were to come4444 ,yet a most painful breach 444 broke in on me in my nineteenth year and was unhealable4 ,this was1 of course1 when ,francis had been at college two years1 for in those days men very often went at the age of sixteen1 as he did4 ,but the entries of #ahbb and #ahbc1 which last would be for ,francis his nineteenth year1 give no clue to the painful breach which was unhealable ,yet the fact that religious differences did begin between the two brothers very early in life has been proved beyond all question4 ,proved also is it that religious discussions were of constant occurrence between them1 and that while ,j4 ,h4 ,newman had always a strange leaning to ,churchmanship1 ,frank ,newman's religious tendencies drew him strongly towards dissent and ,unitarianism4 ,i think the latter mentions in his ,phases of ,faith that when he first came to college he found his brother had hung up a picture of ,our ,lady in his younger brother's room1 which he at once removed1 and refused to have on the walls4 ,the following letter is to ,rev4 ,j4 ,k4 ,tucker2 in it he describes himself as a ,conscious ,christian at the age of fourteen4 ,but he has often described himself as holding ,christianity without ,christ3-- ,i hold firmly in memory1 that in ,easter of #ahcf ,i wished to conduct my bride to ,oxford1 and introduce her there to my mother and two sisters-- in those ,coaching days we came from ,bristol and ,cheltenham en route to ,oxford4 ,i did not plan the thought of staying a night at your father's house1 in which ,i suppose you and your wife were living4 ,no doubt the scheme was planned by my wife to meet her friend4 ,the winter of our marriage had been one of wild snow2 and the following ,easter was alike untimely4 ,i just remember the fact of your kind hospitality fifty-four and a half years ago1 and the snow around us4 ,in that visit to my mother 7the last time ,i saw her71 my young wife caught inflammation of the lungs1 which ,i did not perceive or understand--she was so cruelly bled and cupped1 that ,i think she never recovered it4 ,it is very kind of you to keep alive in your heart the friendship of the two ladies4 ,i perhaps ought to state that about two and a half years after the death of that wife in #ahgf ,i married her 444 friend4444 ,else ,i must have given up housekeeping1 and know not into what family ,i could have gone4 ,my second wife is nineteen years my junior1 yet in walking1 not at all my equal1 but in affectionate care of me inestimable4 ,in ,june1 #ahib1 he writes to ,j4 ,h4 ,tucker1 ,esq43--,i have not heard whether your father1 like me1 is favoured by life continued1 but ,i venture to send a copy of my hymns4444 ,to-day ,i have received a letter and book in ,bengali from a believer in ,theosophy1 supposing me to be one of them6 ,hence1 ,i was not too early in telling my friends that since at the age of fourteen ,i became a ,conscious ,christian1 no unbelief has made my hymns less precious1 mutato saltem nomine4444 ,my change more than fifty years ago was on ,historical arguments mainly4 ,to return to the subject of ,newman's last years at ,weston-super-,mare4 ,perhaps the most graphic descriptions of him as an old man are those contributed as ,reminiscences by ,mrs4 ,kingsley-,tarpey and ,mrs4 ,bainsmith4 ,we know him there as a man who1 though hardly ever free from some discomfort or pain in those days1 yet never failed in that old-world courtesy of which1 alas6 there is so poor a supply in the world at the present day4 ,we know him as a man who was always eager to help those who came to him in trouble or in any difficulty2 nay1 perhaps almost too ready to believe a cock-and-bull story of those who did not mind1 for their own ends1 practising on his credulity4 ,a lady1 a relation of the ,newmans'1 said that once on coming to stay with him and ,mrs4 ,newman1 she found a secretary in his study smelling strongly of brandy4 ,when the secretary went out of the room1 ,frank ,newman drew their guest aside and said1 ,ah1 yes1 it's a sad case1 poor fellow6 ,he's getting away from the temptation of the public-houses4 ,but when later the secretary's rooms were searched1 there were found numbers of brandy bottles hidden away1 to prove that he evidently had not escaped from temptation6 ,this lady said also that when ,newman was old people not infrequently deceived him thus1 and traded on his temperance views1 and that he had had two secretaries who obtained their post on false pretences4 ,to conclude this chapter ,i should like to give one striking instance of his tender sympathy and respect for the poor and lonely4 ,a poor charwoman had died at ,weston-super-,mare who had1 ,i believe1 often worked in ,newman's house4 ,he found that she had no friends to follow her body to the grave1 and so he himself1 his wife and servants1 walked to the funeral as mourners to show her a last respect4 ,it is the ,idea represented by his act which makes it serve as an unforgettable and very uncommon illustration of a championship of those unlucky ones who have few or none to champion them4 ,could any act speak clearer of the unfailing respect and reverence for women which distinguished ,francis ,newman through life8 ,though all others should see the lonely funeral1 there should be but the one ,good ,samaritan who crossed over the road of ordinary1 usual1 ,conventionalities to show by his act that he recognized that class and position count for nothing before the fact of the ,universal ,brotherhood of ,humanity and ,religion4 ,,chapter ,,xx ,,toulmin ,,smith3 ,,author1 ,,antiquarian ,,student1 ,,and ,,political ,,reformer ,among the names of those who have done most1 by untiring1 laborious search among old parish registers1 etc41 and dusty old records1 to bring to light interesting social ordinances1 details of ancient parish government1 and gems of ,norse literature and archaeological research1 there have been none in the last century who have by patient work attained more knowledge of their country's inner history than ,mr4 ,toulmin ,smith4 ,his name is indeed familiar to everyone as the greatest living authority on ,english ,gilds4 ,that book alone1 by itself1 is an invaluable gift to the nation4 ,by that alone has he done so signal a service to his countrymen that no gratitude could repay it4 ,it is true that1 owing to ill-health1 ,mr4 ,toulmin ,smith unavoidably left it unfinished at his death1 but there is sufficient fulness of information in it as it is1 to make it worth more than an infinity of other finished books of to-day4 ,as ,father ,gasquet says in his ,parish ,life in ,medieval ,england1 of the universality of these gilds in this country3 ,every account of a medieval parish must necessarily include some description of the work of fraternities and guilds4444 ,their existence dates from the earliest times4 ,mr4 ,toulmin ,smith1 indeed1 says1 ,english ,guilds are older than any kings of ,england4444 ,they were associations of those living in the same neighbourhood1 who remembered that they had1 as neighbours1 common obligations4 ,but it was not only because of his ,english ,gilds that he is remembered4 ,in #ahed1 when he was thirty-eight years of age1 he published another very important volume1 ,the ,parish3 its ,obligations and ,powers1 its ,officers and their ,duties4 ,this was also a book towards the making of which had gone many long years of the most incessant1 careful research in old documents4 ,it was one of those rare literary buildings1 each stone of which was laid with infinite exactitude and care4 ,there is too much jerry-building to-day1 both in houses and books4 ,to ,mr4 ,toulmin ,smith some of the shallow books of to-day would represent literary pariahs4 ,he would bar the very superficial method in which they were put together4 ,in ,the ,parish and in many a pamphlet he set his face steadily against centralization4 ,the ruling passion1 the guide of his life1 the dream of his youth1 the glory of his manhood and his later years1 was the intelligent freedom of the people1 based on 'the ancient ways4' ,footnote3 ,toulmin ,smith1 #ahaf to #ahfi1 by the late ,samuel ,timmins1 ,esq41 of ,birmingham4 ,from this pamphlet ,i have gained much information of his life4 ,it is not difficult to understand how the friendship between ,toulmin ,smith and ,frank ,newman began4 ,for the decentralization of the nation1 better forms of local self-government1 were also1 each of them1 a dream of the latter's1 which he longed eagerly to see realized4 ,there was another keen common interest between them4 ,both ardently desired the freedom of ,hungary4 ,both wrote strongly in favour of it4 ,both warmly welcomed the exiled patriot1 ,louis ,kossuth1 when he came to ,england to collect funds for the revolutionary movement of his country4 ,but long before ,englishmen had made themselves au fait with the subject of the ,hungarian revolt1 ,toulmin ,smith had1 in his literary studies1 understood the why and wherefore of the quarrel1 and had1 by his words1 roused his country to the true recognition of how urgent was the whole question between ,austria and ,hungary4 ,it must not be forgotten1 too1 that all his labours amongst the tangled undergrowths of the literary land were undertaken in the leisure time he could spare from his profession4 ,for he was barrister-at-law of ,lincoln's ,inn1 and he was also a landowner in ,birmingham 7his native city71 of property which had belonged to his ancestors in succession for five hundred years4 ,he had made himself a proficient in the ,icelandic1 ,danish1 ,norse languages1 and was learned in the ancient history and politics of ,denmark1 ,norway1 ,sweden1 ,iceland1 and ,scandinavia4 ,footnote3 ,i quote from the pamphlet on ,toulmin ,smith1 referred to before4 ,mr4 ,timmins tells us that while he maintained his own convictions with energy and power1 he had a kindly regard for all who differed from him1 a large appreciation of genuine humour1 and he was in private life one of the most courteous1 kindly1 and genial of men4 ,while he honoured the past and the memory of his fathers1 he was no blind adherent of a falling cause1 no obstinate opponent of the needful changes of the age4444 ,amid all the worry of a ,london lawyer's life1 when far away in the ,united ,states and stricken down by 'grievous illness1' almost his last written words1 ',i long to return to ,birmingham1' express the passion of his life4 ,the friendship between ,toulmin ,smith and ,newman probably began in #ahdi1 in connection with the formation of the ,hungarian ,committee4 ,this ,i am told by ,miss ,toulmin ,smith1 to whose kindness ,i am indebted for permission to use the following letters4 ,she believes that her father was introduced to ,newman by ,mr4 ,john ,edward ,taylor 7of ,norwich74 ,she says she has a keen memory of ,francis ,newman coming to her father's house at ,highgate at that time1 with ,pulszky and other ,hungarians1 all eager in the efforts for reform and constitutional freedom and local government4 ,but later on1 she adds1 many difficulties arose1 and about #aheb something connected with ,louis ,kossuth 7and the ,hungarian movement7 caused a coolness between the friends1 and their correspondence seems to have come to an end after ,september in that year4 ,newman1 owing to his ,university ,college engagements probably1 ,i think retired from his position on the ,committee in ,october1 #ahdi4 ,francis ,newman to ,toulmin ,smith4 ,university ,college1 ,gower ,street1 #hth ,jan41 #ahej4 ,my dear ,sir1 ,i rejoice in your ward-mote exertions1 and ,i beg you will not think that ,i am indifferent to them4 ,this refers to a series of meetings during the winter of #ahdi-ej in one of the ,wards of the ,city of ,london2 part of a movement endeavouring to rouse the citizens to a sense of civic local duties4 ,footnote3 ,i am quoting from notes re these letters1 kindly supplied by ,miss ,toulmin ,smith4 ,on ,wednesday ,i have to attend a meeting of our ,professors here which will interfere with the ,wardmote4444 ,i exceedingly want presence of mind1 if there is any tumult1 so as to remember quickly enough what is to be said4 ,against a mob ,i could act with firmness1 but ,i could not speak with promptitude4 ,moreover1 ,i suffer physically from the air of a crowded room1 and never go to hear a speech when there is a chance of my being able to read it4 ,the next letter ,i quote from is dated from ,church ,street1 ,old ,eastbourne1 ,august1 #ahej4 ,it begins with questions of canvassing at ,university ,college1 and goes on to touch on the subject about which he and his correspondent were at one3 local land reform3-- ,i have been here less than a week1 but was at first unsettled1 and my servant did not know whither to send my letters4 ,it is fine air1 rather bleak downs 7this is an unappreciative criticism of those exquisitely rounded outlines71 but with sunny days very pleasant and healthy4 ,i am glad to hear of your ,bristol excursion4 ,if one could convert some sheriff of a county1 ,i should like to see the thing tested in some practical form1 i4e4 to assemble every month a ,parliament of ,county ,freeholders to do some real work--as1 if roads1 or public lands1 or docks1 etc41 were to be dealt with2 or to protest against a ,private ,bill in ,parliament1 and claim to have the settling of it4 ,i wish you knew ,tom ,taylor4 ,he is an able man1 desiring ,reform1 and is on the ,public ,health ,board in some legal capacity4 ,he heartily wishes to develop the local powers1 and will not admit that they are practically undermining them4 ,he fully assented to all ,i said in theory1 but thought ,i misconceived what they were actually doing4 ,believe me1 sincerely yours1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 ,tom ,taylor1 journalist and playwriter1 was born #ahag in ,sunderland4 ,for two years he was ,professor of the ,english language and literature at ,university ,college4 ,he was called to the ,bar of ,inner ,temple in #ahde4 ,he acted as ,secretary to the ,board of ,health and ,local ,government ,act ,office4 ,after the year #ahdf he devoted himself chiefly to playwriting1 and in #ahgd was editing ,punch4 ,the following letter is dated ,september1 #ahej3-- 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is not ,tom ,taylor only who honestly believes the ,sanitary ,board to be engaged in teaching ,central and ,local ,powers to co-operate1 and to be anxious to leave bon fide power of the most important kind to the localities4 ,only a few days ago a friend of mine 7a physician7 was proving to me this very point in them4 ,we who are not lawyers do not understand points rapidly enough 7or cannot remember them7 to see where a great principle is violated4 ,i do not care about the ,sanitary ,board per se 444 but what ,i think you are most wanted to do is to show that1 however much the ,parliamentary franchise needs reform1 yet a greater need is that of limiting the functions of ,parliament1 and giving them to ,county ,assemblies or ,town ,motes4 ,that word ,mote is almost obsolete6 ,may not the fact itself be a text to you8 ,the modern substitute1 'meeting1' has no taxing powers1 no legal officers1 no constitutional power any more than a mob4444 ,the sands of the ,whigs run fast out1 and it is high time for the ,radicals to have a creed4 ,do you find any ,chartists listen to you8 ,if you cannot convert a ,sheriff1 ,i should be as well pleased with a hundred ,chartists1 for they learn from one another by contagion4 ,in this year there was put forward a project for a society to make more local government possible4 ,this was later carried out under the name of the ,anti-,centralization ,union4 ,in ,november1 #ahej1 decentralization was again to the fore in the minds of ,newman and ,toulmin ,smith1 as is shown here2 and what the former says he puts very trenchantly1 forcibly3-- #g ,park ,village ,east1 ,r4,p41 ,oct4 #afth1 #ahej4 ,my dear ,smith1 99 99 99 99 99 ,i can speak with much freedom and energy 7but no wit7 on a subject on which ,i have information and feel interested3 but ,i cannot make an after- dinner speech of compliment1 nor talk on a subject which ,i do not feel ,i have very maturely considered4444 ,in regard to local government1 ,i think you would disarm the fears or scruples of many excellent and wise persons if you made prominent that you do not wish to return to the ,middle ,ages1 or disown that progress of society which has knit ,england into a single ,state4 ,i think it high time to make an outcry against a system of infinite legislation1 in which we are subjected to laws too numerous for anyone to be acquainted with2 yet ,i doubt whether we shall get a hearing with the most influential minds unless we make it clear that we fully understand that the progress of society forbids our returning to the simplicity of law which the good ,saxons had under ,alfred and his successors4 ,the gap is vast1 and there is no danger whatever of our becoming too simple2 yet this fanatical aim will be so surely imputed to us 7in days when such men as ,lord ,john ,manners in ,politics and the ,puseyites in ,church are afloat7 that it is not needless to disown it even to candid and strong-headed hearers4 ,i am asking ,froude to dine with me on ,tuesday1 the #bith instant1 at #f o'clock1 to meet you and some other friends whom ,i want to bring together3 as ,i believe he will then be in ,london4444 ,thursday1 #f o'clock4--,i have just got ,froude's reply1 ,yes3 so please to say ,yes1 too4 ,in haste1 sincerely yours1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 ,as to the real meaning of the word ,democracy ,newman deals with it thus3-- ,what is ,democracy8444 ,show that if one town governs itself by universal suffrage1 that is ,democracy1 so long as the people really exercise interest in their public concerns2 but that if a whole country1 as ,france1 elects an ,assembly1 that is not ,democracy1 but ,empire delegated to an ,oligarchy1 because the people at large cannot understand1 follow1 and control public measures4 ,i do not mean to dictate this1 or any one mode2 but ,i feel strongly that you must put a sharp curb on all invective until you have fully developed the difference between the common ,radicalism and your own views4 ,pulszky says he is satisfied you were not understood at the ,radley ,hotel dinner4 ,radicals are almost as slow as ,tories to admit a new thought4 ,i should also like to have the question brought out3 ',what has been1 historically1 the ,service performed by ,monarchy and ,centralization8' ,the answer is3 ',it has formed nations into larger masses1 and lessened or destroyed border war4' ,the inference is1 that the great and peculiar function of the ,central ,government is1 in fact1 what the ,american ,congress does1 viz4 to maintain peace at home between the several ,states1 and make the country ,one in resisting hostile attack4 ,to do more than this1 should be rather exceptive1 and confined to subordinate matters1 else ,centralization becomes mischievous4444 ,and again1 later in the year1 in answer to a letter from ,mr4 ,toulmin ,smith3-- ,what ,i said of ',democracy' was meant as argumentum ad hominem to that side1 not as intending to identify myself with it1 but ,i see the danger you speak of4 ,query3 ,would 'popular government' do8 ,even ,conservatives wish for a ,commonwealth and for ,constitutional ,government4 ,no doubt ,unity is the true word1 not ,centralization2 but ,i think this ,unity without ,centralization would never have been coveted by kings1 so that in fact we have bought the advantage of ,unity at the expense of submitting to 7more or less of7 ,centralization4 ,twelve years later1 ,john ,ruskin put forth a method which cannot fail to commend itself to every reasonable mind2 a method which1 if treated from the decentralization point of view1 seems to offer good solution to the crux of ,english pauperism1 at any rate1 if dealt with under the aegis of ,local government4 ,that bona fide power of the most important kind to the localities as ,newman said1 should be conceded2 that the ,government schools of which ,ruskin speaks should1 in each place1 be directly under ,local ,control4 ,the passage to which ,i am alluding is from ,unto this ,last3-- ,any man1 or woman1 or boy1 or girl out of employment should be at once received at the nearest ,government ,school 7training schools1 at which trades1 etc41 should be taught7 and set to such work as it appeared1 on trial1 they were fit for1 at a fixed rate of wages determinable every year2 that being found incapable of work through ignorance1 they should be taught2 or being found incapable of work through sickness1 should be tended2 but that being found objecting to work1 they should be set1 under compulsion of the strictest nature1 to the more painful and degrading 787 forms of necessary toil2 especially to that in mines1 and other places of danger 7such danger being1 however1 diminished to the utmost by careful regulation and discipline71 and the due wages of such work retained1 cost of compulsion first abstracted1 to be at the workman's command so soon as he has come to sounder mind respecting the laws of employment4 ,,letters ,,to ,,mrs4 ,,kingsley ,weston-super-,mare1 #dth ,nov41 #ahgg4 ,dear ,mrs4 ,kingsley1 ,i hurried home from ,manchester to meet an expected widow friend here1 who has just left me4 ,somehow or other she and her little girl engrossed me much1 and made me neglect my intended warm thanks for your very kind letters1 and for your phrases even of affection1 to which1 be assured1 ,i am not inattentive or apathetic1 though ,i imperfectly know how to respond to that which ,i do not seem to have duly earned4 ,your children were as kind and attentive to me as you could have been yourself2 but ,i much regret not to have met you and ,mr4 ,kingsley1 to whom ,i beg you to give my kind regards1 and believe that it is always a pleasure to meet you1 and that ,i am necessarily proud of having made so fruitful a convert 444 though our severe ones will remind me that you do not wholly abstain from fish6 ,believe me1 yours heartily1 ,francis ,w4 ,newman4 ,i am bringing out a dreadful pamphlet6 #bh ,cumberland ,terrace1 ,regent's ,park1 ,london1 #beth ,may1 #ahgh4 ,dear ,mrs4 ,kingsley1 ,concerning the controversy about increase of population1 ,i forgot to add what ,i think has moral weight1 that the theory which makes men bewail every increase on the ground that at length the earth will be overfilled would be in argument just as powerful if the size of the earth were increased to that of ,jupiter1 or to that of the sun4 ,it simply deduces from the axiom _/ fact that any finite area whatsoever will at length be overfilled by a constant unchecked increase--a reason why we should actively check the increase ,,now and ,,here--a deduction wholly void of good sense4 ,again1 ,i did not mention what reduces ,john ,mill's school to something worse than negative error1 the certainty that their doctrine will not be obeyed by any but those whom we would desire to have the peopling of the earth1 viz4 the people of most intellect4 ,if the highly intelligent and conscientious obey ,john ,mill1 we evidently must look forward to the peopling of every land by the most backward and least intelligent part of the nation4444 ,malthus was shocked by the system of encouraging very early marriage and large families for the mere sake of getting men as food for gunpowder3 but if people marry 7say young men at #bg or #bh1 not at #ag or #ah7 he denounces as unnatural and unimaginable that society or law should frown upon a family as being too numerous4 ,in every moral aspect of the case1 ,john ,mill is opposed to ,malthus1 and his followers have no right to call themselves ,malthusians4 ,i feel confident that human population would waste if every man adopted the doctrine either of ,john ,mill or of certain ,american theorists4444 ,with best regards to all yours1 ,i am1 yours most sincerely1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 #ae ,arundel ,crescent1 ,weston-super-,mare1 #abth ,feb41 #ahhj4 ,dear ,mrs4 ,kingsley1 ,your kind letter1 yesterday received1 gives me great concern4 ,i never wept through simple grief1 but once in my life through grief at ingratitude2 and ,i think ,i never felt so painful a pang in my heart4 ,i can well imagine that a sense of another's ingratitude may terribly overthrow anyone's health4 ,i believe my dear sister1 whose death you so kindly mention1 suffered in part from excess of anxiety through being made executrix to her husband's will1 involving great perplexity1 but also from the fraud of an old and trusted clerk4 ,her husband had several small strokes of paralysis1 and for two and a half years before his death probably had not his mind always perfect4 ,he delegated many confidential writings and documents to the clerk1 who with his wife was much respected by the whole family4 ,after his death his accounts were inexplicable4 ,three of his sons worked hard at them for weeks together1 and at last discovered frauds1 by which the clerk had not only embezzled money-how much they know not1 but counted above the thousand-and had depreciated the property in selling it by representing it as having been for years a declining business3 this was to hide his pilferings4 ,when charged with it1 the man became raving mad4 ,lawyers knew not how to recover property from a maniac who could not defend himself3 and my sister was in such grief for the man's wife1 that she knew not whether to wish to recover a farthing4 ,how the matter stood she either did not know or did not like to tell me-to the last2 but the mysterious disease which ate away her strength1 ,i in my private mind ascribe to anxiety from this affair and her sudden and strange responsibility as trustee for ladies4 ,this dear sister was the fondest object of my boyish affections2 and through life she was the self-sacrificing1 devoted character which from earliest years she displayed4 ,five sons1 one daughter1 and two daughters- in-law were present at her death1 all fervent in love and duty4 ,her husband was one of ten children1 and all that family were singularly united4 ,her only daughter will now live with two of her aunts1 who have been almost at her side since birth4 ,my sister was so long in a very precarious state that ,i did not expect her to survive the winter of #ahgh- #i1 and at last death came as a relief and release4 ,it has always troubled me that ,i have so little power to promote the industrial interests of friends4 ,when ,i was a professor in ,london ,i used to be entreated to find pupils for tutors 7when ,i had not half as many pupils as ,i desired for myself7 and to recommend others to publishers and editors1 when ,i could neither get a publisher to risk a shilling on what ,i wrote1 nor more than one editor to accept an article from me4 ,now1 ,i would most gladly recommend ---- ----2 but it is well to say frankly that no one ever asks me1 nor do ,i at all know who wants anything1 nor can ,i guess in what direction to inquire4 ,but be sure ,i shall not forget1 if the occasion opens4 ,i yesterday heard awful tidings of widespread murrain in the sheep of these parts 7,somerset and ,monmouth and all between7 ascribed to last summer's wet4 ,one farmer 7as a specimen7 has lost #ajjj sheep2 the hotel- keepers are bidden to beware of mutton4 ,this ,i have from an associate of our society4 ,indoors ,i am happy2 but ,i am so gloomy for the prospects of the country that ,i do not like to talk about them4 ,kind regards to ,mr4 ,kingsley4 ,i am1 most truly yours1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 ,weston-s4-,m41 #aith ,oct41 #ahhj4 ,dear ,mrs4 ,kingsley1 ,behold me 7in imagination1 as ,i really am7 still at home on our great vegetarian day4 ,i warmly thank you for your kind letter1 and was purposing to write1 but in heaps of letters could not find yours with the new address1 which ,i have now entered in my book4 ,i have finally resolved not to bustle about so late in the year1 and have resigned my place as ,president in consequence4 ,but it is reported to me that the ,executive will prefer to exempt me from attendance in this month4444 ,public affairs make me very melancholy4 ,mr4 ,gladstone is not to blame for the state of ,ireland2 but both in ,afghanistan with ,india and in ,south ,africa1 ,i think he has allowed his colleagues to neutralize his public professions1 and has made compromises most calamitous4 ,the ministry seems to me not worthy of the ,parliament4 ,i do not doubt that the plutocracy in the next ten or even five years will have a heavy and deserved fall1 but with how much convulsion and suffering in ,ireland1 in ,india1 and in ,south ,africa1 all inflicting miseries on us--you will live to see3 ,i fear it cannot be small1 and that our institutions1 called ,fundamental1 will be very gravely shaken4 ,i honour your ,piscarian position1 and with our society would recognize it2 but the discovery that you all eat fish forbids me to glory that ,i have converted a family to our ,rules6 ,with kind regards to ,mr4 ,kingsley and the rest1 ,i am1 ,your sincere friend1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 ,weston1 #bfth ,april1 #ahhc4 ,dear ,mrs4 ,kingsley1 444 ,i am apparently assuming the position of one who 7like the ,pope7 makes an ,,allocution to all who will listen4 ,each of us may imitate him4 ,i have given away eighty copies to make my allocution known4 ,i suppose ,i ought to have sent one to you1 but circulation is hard work4 ,alas1 it costs a shilling6 ,can you get it put into any ,manchester ,library8 7,trbner my publisher47 ,it is called ,a ,christian ,commonwealth and is as much against our unjust wars as a ,quaker could desire4 ,in haste1 ever yours1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 ,kind regards to all yours4 ,weston-super-,mare1 #ith ,april1 #ahhd4 ,my dear ,friend1 444 ,my dismay and disgust at the proceedings of a ministry1 of which ,mr4 ,gladstone must bear the full responsibility--which indeed he accepts by defending all its atrocious proceedings--have disinclined me to write1 more than ,i must1 on any but private or literary topics4444 ,a new struggle is made by this unscrupulous ministry to retain the execrable ,c4,d4 ,acts4 ,i am sorry that the ,bishops have again turned the scale in the unrighteous retention of the law against a man's marriage to his deceased wife's sister4 ,when do the ,bishops rally against sanguinary injustice and dire oppression8 ,i have just had two hundred and fifty copies struck off of the enclosed leaflet1 which aims to suggest to the haters of unjust war1 especially ,quakers1 in what direction they ought to work1 viz4 to lay the foundation of an entirely new political party4 ,no candidate for a vote could complain that he was humiliated by being required to profess himself a ,,votary ,,of ,,justice4 ,i throw these leaflets in this and that direction as feelers4 ,of course more can be printed when wanted4444 ,with best regards1 ,i am1 yours1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 #ae ,arundel ,crescent1 ,weston-super-,mare1 #crd ,jan4 1 #ahhg4 ,dear ,friend1 ,you need not think me dead yet2 but you easily might1 so estranged am ,i to ,manchester4 ,yet ,i at least have life enough to be able to wish all welfare and blessing to you and yours in this ,new ,year4 ,the accumulation of letters has always thwarted me when ,i have tried to find your last letter4444 ,i seem to remember that you then told me of the marriage of your eldest daughter and of the literary efforts of another4 ,since then we have had the overthrow in the ,w4,k4 of the ,safe-,harlot-,providing ,law1 and indeed it must have been as early as #ahhe2 and the episode of ,mr4 ,stead and his prosecution was later6 ,a great moral change has been wrought 7for the better1 ,i say7 in our ladies by that wickedness of our ruling classes with the aid of wicked medical theories provoking indignant protest4 ,to drag printed matter into daylight is no doubt very offensive2 but without sweeping it away no sound health is to be expected4 ,the ladies1 ,i fancy1 will now1 more perseveringly than men1 keep in activity the ,purity ,society4 ,and if some of them seem a little too active--,i ask1 how can this odious system of sin1 crime1 and cruelty be crushed without hot enthusiasm8 ,and where was enthusiasm hot without partial error8 ,fire burns6 ,this reminds me of my sending you 7at your request7 a load of anti- vaccination literature1 and ,i am wondering whether you were able to turn it to service4 ,,that monstrous iniquity must come down2 but the medical schools and your ,irishmen block out our movement4 ,i wonder how you and ,mr4 ,kingsley look on ,mr4 ,gladstone4 ,i never condemned his measure1 though ,i have always 7for years back7 declined to aid a ,parliament for all ,ireland and still more the expulsion of ,irish deputies from the ,english ,parliament4444 ,but ,i did not intend here to enter ,irish politics further than to indicate that while ,i am anti- ,gladstonian1 ,i cry ',ireland for the ,irish1' ',india for the ,indians1' ',egypt for the ,egyptians1--come what may to the ,english ',empire'6 ,but ,i have never read in history of any empire being ruined or harmed by ,justice1 ,mercy1 or ,purity4 ,i suppose ,i must say1 ',alas6' that the older ,i become #ha last ,june the more painfully my creed outgrows the limits of that which the mass of my nation1 and those whose co-operation ,i most covet1 account sacred4 ,i dare not 7unasked7 send to friends what ,i print1 yet ,i uphold the sacred moralities of ,jew and ,christian ,hindoo and ,moslem with all my heart4 ,two mottos1 or say three1 suffice me3-- ,the ,lord reigneth4 ,the righteous ,lord loveth righteousness4 ,the ,lord requireth ,justice1 ,mercy1 and ,sobriety of thought1 not ceremony or creed4 ,accept for all of you my warm wishes4 ,your ,vegetarian friend of old1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 ,no date4 ,probably #ast ,march1 #ahhh4 ,my dear ,friend1 ,what a violent winter it has been in very many places6 ,nor is it all over4 ,after the awful 'blizzard' in ,new ,york1 and its minor horrors elsewhere1 and the many fatal avalanches1 ,i see this morning fresh inundations in ,hungary from sudden melting of snow4 ,the sudden chill which smote your husband was but a mild type1 it seems1 of the death fatal to so many4 ,other deaths from cold1 reported to us1 have reminded us of your great and sudden loss2 yet what had ,i to say to you8 ,i have thought that the echo from your son in ,calcutta may have made your grief break out afresh4444 ,i trust that time1 which has not yet at all had softening powers1 has not added any fresh bitterness on a fuller realization4444 ,affectionately yours1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 ,alas6 my dear friend1 that your generous son ,leonard had not more experience how vain is a man's swimming power against the current of an ordinary river4 ,i have known this in the ,tigris1 in the ,nile1 and even in the ,thames1 though the bathing men in several places called me a first- rate swimmer4 ,longfellow in ',hiawatha' has touching and powerful lines on disasters never coming singly1 but as vultures accumulating round a huge carcass4 ,wisdom comes too late for the individual2 yet it is not useless for others to inquire after causes4 ,did your husband pride himself on not wearing a specially thick coat in winter and roughing it as do some vegetarians8444 ,i rather believe that man is a tropical animal1 hairless1 made for a climate warmer than ours1 and needing much aid from clothing4 ,ever yours1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 ,herewith ,i return your interesting scraps4 #bast ,march1 #ahhh4 ,extract from a letter1 #gth ,jan41 #ahhi4 ,more and more ,i believe1 that as our clearest ,,duty is in this world1 it is wholesome that our most eager interest 7if unselfish7 should be in this world and not 7with ,count ,tolstoi7 so full of eagerness for immortality1 that it is an effort with him to refrain from suicide6 ,i accept with grateful submission whatever of after-life the ,supreme ,lord gives--or does not give4 ,my desire cannot affect ,his actions1 and in fact ,i never have been able to work myself into any desire for a future so undefined and unimaginable4 ,this will show how ill ,i deserve a little of 7shall ,i say7 praise or compliment in your last4 ,with kind salutes to your daughters1 ,i am1 your sincere friend1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 ,the ,firs1 ,west ,cliff ,gardens1 ,bournemouth1 #agth ,aug41 #ahhi4 ,my dear ,friend1 ,how extraordinary you must have thought my silence1 after your kind letter from this place4 ,perhaps you imputed it to illness4 ,that is not true4 ,yet it may be called half true3 for illness of my wife is one topic1 and increased weakness makes me slower in the smallest matters--such as handling a book1 or duly buttoning a shirt or coat3 while ,i have been dealing with proof-sheets from always two printers1 sometimes four4 ,my day is cut short at each end--for in the colder months ,i cannot sit at my desk until my fire is lighted1 and my eyes are wearied before evening candlelight4 ,meanwhile my unwilling correspondence has rather increased than lessened4444 ,i am achieving a long hoped for work1 in which of course ,i have to pay the printers--i4e4 to leave in some connective available form whatever miscellaneous important printing ,i have ever published1 ethico-political1 theological1 economical1 historical1 aesthetic1 critical1 mathematical3 indeed1 the mathematical is all new1 not reprint4 ,i take as vivid an interest in all that concerns public welfare1 of ,england1 ,ireland1 and foreign countries1 and hope ,i ever shall4 ,more than ever ,i see that our best work for ,god is to work for ,god's creatures1 not excluding gentle brutes4 ,is it possible that you are even now here8 ,that would be very good news4 ,your lazy friend1 with much apology1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 ,northam1 near ,bideford1 #aith ,may1 #ahij4 ,my dear ,friend1 ,your two letters were indeed doubly welcome1 and brought me virtual pardon for two neglects1 of which the worst was1 the keeping locked up 7and still in prison67 the letters which you bade me to return444 ,the chief want of ,cornwall1 ,i was told by an old resident1 is soil2 the rock is too near the surface4 ,herein art will do much in a few generations4 ,attica and ,palestine--stony soils--bore plentiful pine fruit4 ,our ,channel ,islands utter the same thing4 ,in ,england the landlord is the effectual starver of the soil4 ,bishop ,stubbs1 a first-rate authority on agriculture1 explains the immense excess of crops raised acre by acre under peasant culture1 'because the farmers' land is labour-starved4' 99 99 99 99 99 #aeth ,july1 #ahia4 444 ,the state of ,ireland under existing factions would much have discomposed your patriotic husband4 ,as for me1 who cannot pretend ,irish patriotism1 things now look better4444 ,but the aspect on the whole is to me far more encouraging than alarming4 ,the reign of false aristocracy is fast declining2 the rising powers everywhere ask for justice between orders and 7as never before7 between the two sexes1 and the power of women is about to signalize itself in most valuable directions--for the benefit of both sexes1 and for the first time to claim nationally that moral and ,christian ,right shall be the aim of ,law4 ,but ,i confess if we wish to attract ancient nations to ,christianity1 we have first to reconsider our creed fundamentally1 a terrible summons to ,protestants as well as ,catholics4444 ,i have not with me your last1 and ,i hope ,i do not evade any question4 ,with best wishes to you and all yours1 ,i am1 your earnest friend1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 #bgth ,nov41 #ahia4 ,my dear ,mrs4 ,kingsley1 ,so many of my juniors die1 that my friends when they do not hear of me may well fancy that ,i am decrepit and declining4 ,that is not true2 only my muscular strength is less4 ,i cannot walk so far nor work so much1 but no vital organ seems to fail2 nor can ,i write so much or so long4444 ,the longer ,i live1 the more hopeful and more interesting ,i find the whole world4 ,in spite of crime1 folly1 and misery1 the massive nations seem to improve4 ,the good--i4e4 our sounder party--become wiser and stronger1 as well as in proportion more numerous4 ,our worst misrule has been in ,ireland and in ,india4 ,the crisis in ,ireland seems to me turned for the better4 ,misrule in ,india is met not by insurrection1 but by constitutional and loyal1 widely demanded ,reform1 such as1 ,i feel convinced1 the enlarged franchise in ,england will support too warmly for the old routine to resist4 ,all the churches are seeking moral reform4444 ,reforms lately too great to think of1 we now calmly contemplate as certainties of a near future4 ,lord ,herschell1 an ex-,chancellor1 pronounces that the legislative power of the ,house of ,lords is an evil unbearable4 ,scotland and ,wales are ready to demand abolition of the ,state ,church4 ,the ,english party called ,liberal 7,i think miscalled7 desire the same1 and within the last ten years ,i come to think1 rightly4 ,other reforms1 too numerous to detail1 cannot be trifled with or the nation be blinded4 ,while ,i wonder at all this1 ,i see that ,scandinavia and ,germany1 even ,belgium and ,france1 are moving for moral objects1 and also against war4 ,is there not plenty in all this to draw forth hope1 joy1 and thankfulness1 and in every conviction1 that amidst all our tumult the ,lord reigneth8 ,i rejoice that ,i have lived to see this day1 and expect to rejoice more while ,i live4 ,how you have fared this year ,i seem not to know1 but believe that you have my earnest good wishes for you and yours4 ,i am1 yours most truly1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 ,bournemouth 7undated74 ,my dear ,friend1 ,your letter of ,july #abth from ,margate has reached me here1 to which place ,i came because my wife five years ago gained such health here1 and all the year and past autumn she has never felt sure of health at home4 ,i cannot think she manages herself rightly1 yet she believes1 with no small reason1 that ,i am not a safe traveller without her2 yet of the two ,i seem the stronger4 ,she is better here1 perhaps1 because she is more in the outer air4 ,i must add1 ,i too have recovered from my fall1 and am fairly well1 though ,i do not pretend to be strong yet 7as the ,french would say71 ,que voulez vous8 when ,i am past #hh4444 ,i am glad to learn about your children4 ,i have good hope concerning the coming future1 though the foes of progress call us faddists because we think national morality paramount to vicious routine4 ,may but the ,good prevail6 444 ,i now argue for ,fish-food as not to be forbidden or frowned on1 but do not lessen my esteem of our ,manchester ,v4 ,e4 ,m4 ,society1 nor lessen my contribution to it1 though they can only receive me as an outsider4 ,i turn a vegetarian argument against them on the ,fish question1 but ,i have no time now for it4 ,i am bringing out another volume on ,paul of ,tarsus1 which1 when complete1 ,i hope to send you4 ,with warm salutes1 ,i am yours1 ,francis ,wm4 ,newman4 ,my wife desires her kind thought to be named4 #ast ,nov41 #ahib4 ,my dear ,madam1 ,i have not time nor strength to search out your last kind letter1 which perhaps informed me when your two sons from ,india were expected and when they were to leave you4444 ,i do fairly well1 if ,i potter on in my old solid routine4 ,my #hhth year makes pretension to strength2 but when so many moans are heard about neuralgia1 not to say influenza1 ,i feel myself much favoured by the total absence of pain1 except merely what is incidental to a thin body with some sharp bones4 ,in rising from bed ,i am aware of small discomforts1 which ,i shake off on standing upright1 and similarly after sitting in one posture4 ,i have not enough suffering to claim pity4 ,i can wish the same to all my friends1 especially to my wife4 ,to my judgment the world 444 is in an entirely novel state1 which forebodes a wholly new future1 and requires new thoughts1 new policy in our rulers1 with much higher ,,morality if grave overthrow is to be averted4 ,the ,united ,states of ,america ought to be our leader in chief1 but mainly through 444 the dreadful colour war that is year by year waxing worse4 ,the only thing clear to me is1 that their home calamity must for a long while hinder their giving aid to the world4 ,the policy in ,russia is so fatal1 and its result presages an overturn of the scale of the ,france of #agic4 ,this makes all foresight impossible1 except that every ,state is safest which least violates the laws of universal morality4 ,that ,england can avoid great retribution seems to me scarcely probable4 ,but as soon as morality is allowed to speak loud in high places1 ,i believe our main dangers will quickly disappear4 ,the prospect cannot be defined1 but is to me of intense interest4 ,britain seems to me immensely superior to its own ruling classes in goodness1 and the good is sure at length to prevail1 to the benefit also of your ,ireland4 ,with kindest best wishes1 ,i am1 ,most truly yours1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman4 ,,chapter ,,xxi ,,landowners ,,and ,,wage ,,receivers ,,by ,,francis ,w4 ,,newman ,,contributed ,,by ,,mr4 ,,william ,,jamieson ,presumably written in #ahhf1 when ,newman was ,vice-,president of the ,land ,nationalization ,society4 ,it was kindly sent me by ,mr4 ,william ,jamieson1 who was ,hon4 ,sec4 to the above ,society at the time4 ,i wish to express here my sense of gratitude to him for much help and information regarding his own work with ,newman in #ahhf4 ,the tendency of ,english industry for a long time back has been to exalt the landlord1 or chief man in any locality1 into land owner 7a phrase implying that no one but he has legal right in the land71 and to convert a larger and larger fraction of the nation into wage receivers1 liable to be cast out of work either at the simple will1 or by the imprudence or misfortune of their paymaster4 ,in order to analyse the natural results of this juncture1 we must follow the method received in ,political ,economy1 of taking an imaginary case1 far simpler than any which is actually met in human life1 so as to make all the conditions of the problem known to us by hypotheses4 ,let us suppose an island1 secluded commercially from the rest of the world1 and peopled by a vast working lower class under three small ruling castes4 ,the island is physically divisible into three parts3 first1 marshy coast land1 abounding with shrubs1 canes1 rushes of many kinds1 from which human garments of various sorts can be made2 secondly rolling land1 eminently suitable for the cultivation of grain1 and of certain fruit trees and roots on which the whole population live2 thirdly1 the mountain land1 on which are timber trees and copses affording firewood2 also quarries of stone1 gravel pits1 lime rocks1 and mines of copper and iron4 ,of the marshy coast land1 the second lordly caste is acknowledged to be absolute owner2 the first or highest caste owns the rolling land1 which is the arable and cultivated portion2 and the third caste owns the mountain land and its products4 ,from the first comes the food of the native1 from the second comes the clothing1 from the third the houses4 ,it is possible that gravel1 lime1 and stone can be found in rolling land1 and that fruit trees either exist or if planted would bear fruit in the marsh land1 some even in the mountains2 but the ruling castes follow ancient custom1 and the working caste has no right to innovate4 ,they work under and for their masters1 and receive wages in kind--that is1 as an equivalent for their work1 a definite but liberal supply of the three necessary articles--food1 clothes1 and house accommodation4 ,money does not exist1 nor tame animals in our island4 ,to add sharpness to our imaginary case1 and to make argument intelligible1 we must assign definite numbers to the working population2 but from whatever numbers we start1 the argument and the practical result will be the same4 ,let us suppose the first caste to employ ten thousand cultivators2 the second caste to employ three thousand knitters and plaiters2 the third caste one thousand masons1 miners1 and carpenters4 ,each of these castes furnishes to the workman such rude tools as are necessary1 but these remain the property of the masters1 not of the workmen4 ,the soil and climate being favourable1 and the habits of the people simple1 a few hours of work suffice2 and like many barbarians1 they have been accustomed to much idle time1 which they employ in sport2 moreover1 by the connivance or good of the superior caste1 they have been accustomed to pick or steal largely the leaves of an intoxicating grass1 and the masters to whom the whole produce of their labour belongs1 have large superfluity after paying their wages2 hereby the lordlings easily feed domestic servants and exhibit themselves in gay clothing with superior dwellings4 ,but the tendency of the workers to drunkenness shocks a certain religious preacher1 who traces the vice to idleness and sport4 ,he goes about the island urging upon them a higher morality4 ,they widely receive him as a divine messenger1 and under his exhortation they become more industrious and more conscientious in their work2 not only working more hours1 and curtailing their sport1 but in every hour using more diligence4 ,in consequence1 the masters are enriched by stores somewhat embarrassing4 ,grain comes in1 more than they want3 their barns begin to overflow4 ,garments are too many for the warehouses4 ,huge piles of timber block up the yards1 besides masses of stones1 and heaps of other superfluous material4 ,before long1 the masters conclude that their simplest course for checking supply is by lessening the number of the workmen4 ,the increased diligence of the people 7we may suppose7 has made the work of three men on an average as efficient in all tasks as were five men previously4 ,thus sixty do the work of a hundred2 and the masters discover that what had been the normal average produce will be maintained1 if they dismiss forty out of every hundred dependents4 ,not only so2 but retaining their usual surplus1 which we may call their rent1 at the old level1 they will be able to raise the wages to these workmen whom they still keep1 since instead of a hundred they will have only sixty now to feed and clothe2 and only for these do they feel morally responsible4 ,forthwith they actually dismiss forty out of every hundred4 ,each landowner cares for his own workmen as by a sort of social duty2 but for those who are discharged he feels no responsibility4 ,in the average result the landowners who had had a hundred workmen1 but now only sixty1 take as increased rent the food and clothes of ten1 and use it to add ten servants to their domestic retinue1 but add to the wage of the sixty whom they keep at work1 the food and clothes previously received by thirty of the forty whom they have dismissed4 ,thus they raise wages by one half--that is1 they pay in the proportion of one hundred and fifty instead of one hundred4 ,the labourers1 clothworkers1 and builders who are dismissed 7the remaining thirty out of every hundred7 being without work and without houses1 are at once in a state of beggary4 ,only by betaking themselves to some new industry will they be able to get a livelihood1 and it rests with them to devise their new industries4 ,meanwhile they can only subsist on charity1 which is doled out to them chiefly by the fellow feeling of those of their class who are still in work4 ,the increased wages of these enable them to be liberal2 in fact1 the increase has on an average been just what the discarded men previously earned4 ,a parliament of the higher classes is in due course assembled1 and a member came 787 to the distress of so many men out of work4 ,but a distinguished literary writer1 member of a ,politico-,economical ,club 444 eases the consciences of the higher castes by pointing out that in fact the island is much increased in prosperity4 ,rents had1 no doubt1 risen1 but only as one mark of prosperity1 for their increase was in a much smaller percentage than that of the rise of wages4 ,these had increased by the very remarkable ratio of #ej per cent4 ,it was true that many men were out of work4 ,that was to be regretted2 but it was a passing phenomenon4 ,they would before long find work somewhere or somehow4 ,the discarded workmen hitherto had had no great variety in their tasks1 and were always set to work by others without exercise of their own inventive powers4 ,yet out of a large number of men there are always many of good talents1 some of original genius4 ,the idea of many new forms of industry springs up4 ,oil for food has been hitherto raised from the olive tree2 now an ingenious man would extract oil from several shrubs or trees1 and make candles1 or else oil for lamps4 ,a second wishes to plait carpet socks1 sandals1 and umbrellas4 ,a third would make boats1 with ropes1 and oars1 and sails4 ,a fourth would add wheelbarrows and casks to the baskets already in use4 ,a fifth has noticed wild ponies on the mountains1 and desires to catch them and make needful harness4 ,a sixth would plant fruit trees in gardens1 and not take the chance of wild fruit4 ,but on every such plan they are at once checkmated3 first1 because all these natural products are accounted the absolute property of the upper castes1 and must be bought2 next1 most of their new schemes need a yard or a garden and right of access by a road1 and workshops1 beside a dwelling-house4 ,but the land1 as well as the raw produce1 is inaccessible to them2 yet on them1 hungry and destitute1 is laid the task of originating the new trades4 ,can this seizure of the land and its natural products as the private property of a limited number of families be morally justified8 ,in its origin was it attained by violence and robbery8 ,else1 has it grown up by gradual and cunning perversion of law8 ,these three questions point at the principle of landowning4 ,another question rises3 ,is it good for a nation for the great majority to retain life only on condition that there is someone ready to pay wages for their work and able to discard them8 ,in the imaginary case thus drawn the increased industry of the workers which produced superfluity is the beginning 7to them7 of change for the worse4 ,their spontaneous industry causes overproduction1 and leads to the dismissal of many workmen4 ,our economists treat every increase of productiveness as an unalloyed good4 ,it is good1 provided that men are not kept idle by it4 ,evidently there is no national gain from sixty men doing the work of a hundred1 if thereby forty men are tossed into unwilling idleness1 and must live on charity1 some of the forty losing all habits of industry1 and perhaps becoming criminal4 ,this is a national loss4 ,further1 our hypothesis that the men voluntarily become more industrious may be called an extreme and unlikely case4 ,for that very reason it has been here adopted4 ,the ordinary causes give us a fortiori argument1 because they are ever in action4 ,skill naturally increases among men employed continuously on any work4 ,in a settled1 industrious nation small improvements accumulate4 ,in modern ,europe the cultivation of mechanics and chemistry conduces to a steady improvement in tools1 a cheapening also of tools1 and introduction of such more complex tools as we call machines1 by dint of all which human work constantly becomes more effective1 so that fewer and fewer workmen are needed for the same amount of produce4 ,thus the normal and natural order of things1 wherever the wage-system exists tends to dispense with some1 or many1 of the workmen4 ,this is a clear gain if the men thus displaced are instantly taken up for some other service4 ,but this seldom can happen2 often their old skill is made useless1 and before they can learn a new trade they become demoralized1 and many perish4 ,the loss of their industrial position is a grievance and a national mischief which our ,economists are prone to undervalue1 and pass unnoticed4 ,let us contrast the case of men who work not for a master1 not for wages1 but for themselves2 holding their own little homestead1 from which they cannot be driven out4 ,such is the case of back-settlers in the ,far ,west of the ,united ,states4 ,each perhaps carries out with him a box of stout clothes1 some agricultural tools and important seeds1 and either squats on a bit of wild land1 or by a very easy payment buys possession of the ,federal ,government4 ,this bit of land the settler counts his own4 ,with the aid of friendly neighbours he builds the rude log-hut4 ,the felling of the trees needed to construct it makes an opening for small culture4 ,in a very few years he raises more food than his family needs4 ,if the season and the roads favour1 he sends his superfluous barrels of corn and fruit eastward1 and recovers an equivalent4 ,but what happens if wide distance part him from civilized towns1 if the roads are swampy and not made by art1 and the conveyance of food be too onerous to remunerate him8 ,all his neighbours being in like case1 there is a local ,overproduction of food2 yet not one of the little community is thereby made a pauper4 ,no one is able to expel them from their rude homes1 or forbid their cultivation4 ,they are not made outcasts or idlers4 ,simply they are kept poorer1 than with access to a market they would have been2 but they lessen their production of food1 and either with the females of the family work at clothing1 or execute carpentering4 ,in many ways they can use their time to produce articles which they could have bought in a better finished state had the market of the ,east been open to them4 ,the present writer was informed by an ,englishman who in the ,american ,civil ,war had penetrated very far ,west1 that he had seen with his own eyes a colonist burning wheat as fuel1 because he had it in so great excess4 ,probably he had plenty of green maize for his horses and pigs4 ,whenever a man retains a house of his own1 and has neither rent to pay nor any excessive taxation1 if only he have a moderate plot of land for workshop and garden1 he is not made destitute1 though he do not directly raise food for his household1 but works at some domestic manufacture4 ,our ,spitalfields poor who fought a long battle with the hand-loom against the loom driven by steam power1 might not have been at length utterly ruined if they had had freehold houses and some small garden in a healthy country4 ,if the system of huge factories had had to compete with domestic manufacture conducted by private families living in small freeholds1 it is possible that the battle might simply have driven the independent workers either to buy small steam engines for their aid1 or what now is more obvious1 to hire power from some company1 as from a ,gas ,company or ,water ,company1 which had it in superfluity4 ,such1 in the opinion of some far- sighted men1 may very possibly be even now the solution of our difficulty4 ,at present the ,trade ,unions gravely mistake the end for which they ought to strive4 ,they mischievously unite two objects4 ,first1 they are ,benefit ,societies4 ,the funds of a ,benefit ,society ought to be forbidden by law to be spent in warring against capitalists2 this enables the directors1 or a majority of them1 to confiscate the whole contributions of any member who disapproves of the war4 ,next1 the main effort to raise the status of the workmen is ill-directed towards raising or sustaining the rate of wages1 else towards dictating concerning the management4 ,this effort is ill-directed1 first1 because it is liable to aim at an impossibility--i4e4 to extort from a master a wage so high that he prefers not to light his engine fires2 next1 because to raise the rate of wages does not secure continuous work1 and idle days neither tend to sobriety nor give pay4 ,strikes which inflict vast loss upon the workers cause loss to the masters also1 and make them less able to pay high wages4 ,but beyond all these1 if the ,unions were wise1 they would struggle against the system of wage-earning1 wherever it is new and needless2 that is1 as far as possible1 strive to recover the system of domestic manufacture4 ,for certain new and peculiar industries undoubtedly combine1 and large capital is essential2 even in them the effort ought to be towards uniting1 as far as possible1 the interests of each workman1 and of the company1 the opposite of which is in general the ,union policy4 ,but for every old trade independent work is physically possible1 under the condition that the workman have a fixed homestead4 ,to effect this ought to be the main effort of the ,unions4 ,in the thirty-two years between the battle of ,waterloo and the ,irish famine1 the farmers and manufacturers were like two buckets of a well2 when one was up1 the other was down4 ,but now1 both at once are down4 ,the causes are clearly separate4 ,our manufacturers when allowed to accept payments from abroad ,in wheat and sugar and foods and all raw produce1 ,immensely increased their foreign sales2 and during the ,cotton ,famine1 capital was largely invested in building new cotton mills1 as if we were to supply all the world4 ,but the ,european ,continent more and more chooses to compete with us1 and from more causes than one deprive our merchants of their customers4 ,between us and our rivals more of the same sort is produced than the existing markets can take3 this is again ,overproduction4 ,hence stagnation in our manufacturing districts4 ,meanwhile1 in near thirty years of manufacturing prosperity after #ahdg1 the increased riches of these towns enriched the farmers and enabled the landlords to raise rents in ,england1 and in consequence1 by dint of landlord power1 rent rose in the whole ,united ,kingdom4 ,at the same time1 ,englishmen found too little encouragement to invest their savings on ,english soil1 and preferred to invest many millions on foreign railways and on foreign loans2 and the payment of their dividends is made largely by imported foreign food4 ,their investments at first were an advantage to our manufacturers1 while they sent out railway plant and carriages and locomotives4 ,now foreigners compete with us even as to these1 and the imported food competes with the farmers4 ,thus a double failure convulses us4 ,how much better1 if instead of quarrelling for distant markets 7and it is said conquering ,burmah in the hope of advantage to our merchants7 we had a native population of small cultivators1 prosperous enough to be valuable as well as steady customers to our manufacturing towns1 and gradually 7in the course of several generations7 another population of country folk1 substituting domestic manufactures for those of factories with wage earners6 ,,chapter ,,xxii ,,the ,,right ,,and ,,duty ,,of ,,every ,,state ,,to ,,enforce ,,sobriety ,,on ,,its ,,citizens ,,by ,f4 ,w4 ,,newman1 ,m4,r4,a4,s4 ,,published ,,in #ahhb ,,in ,,pamphlet ,,form ,no human community can be so small as not to involve duties from each member to the rest2 duties to which a sound human mind is requisite4 ,neither an idiot nor a madman can be a normal citizen4 ,the former ranks as in permanent childhood2 the latter1 being generally dangerous1 must be classed with criminals4 ,a dehumanized brain impairs a citizen's rights because it unmans him1--disabling him from duty1 even making him dangerous4 ,in ,india1 such a one now and then runs amuck1 stabbing every one whom he meets3 in ,england1 he beats and tramples down those nearest to him1--those whom he is most bound to protect4 ,a human community cannot be constituted out of men and brutes1 nor ought civilized men to be forced to carry arms or armour for self-defence4 ,for all these reasons1 to be drunk is in itself an offence against the community1 prior to any statute forbidding it1 prior to any misdemeanour superinduced by it4 ,in the ,state it is both a right and a duty to enforce 7as far as its means reach7 sobriety on every citizen1 rich or poor1 in private or in public2 and with a view to this1 to use such methods as will best prevent1 discourage1 or deter from intoxication4 ,when a national religion totally forbids the use of intoxicating drugs1 vigilance in the ,state is less needful3 public opinion1 or even public show of disgust and violence1 effectively stifles the evil4 ,but if the national religion does not forbid the use1 but solely enjoins moderation 7a word which everyone interprets for himself71 a far heavier task falls on the ,state1 whose right and duty nevertheless in this matter several causes have concurred to obscure1 not least in ,england and ,scotland4 ,out of the teachings of ,rome1 our forefathers very ill learned the rights of the ,state or the distinction of ,morals from ,religion4 ,although even men not highly educated must have known that ,moral truth is far older than any special system of ,religious beliefs1 yet in the popular idea morals have no other basis than religion4 ,hence1 the demand for freedom of conscience against any oppressive ,state policy 7besides the vices of ,courts and ,courtiers7 led to a vehement jealousy of ,state power even in moral concerns4 ,many generous minds feared1 that to concede to the ,state a right of enforcing morality1 covertly allowed religious persecution4 ,who first uttered the formula--,the only duty of the ,state is1 to protect persons and property--is unknown to the present writer2 but certainly fifty1 forty1 even thirty years ago1 this principle was widely accepted by radical politicians and active-minded dissenters4 ,the late ,dr4 ,arnold of ,rugby regarded this denial of the ,state's moral character as a widespread1 untractable and mischievous delusion4 ,after long torpor the prohibition of ,lotteries showed that ,parliament was waking to its moral duties4 ,little by little1 the mass of the middle- classes and the gentry imbibed nobler views of human life1 and have discovered1 that of all the powers which make a nation immoral the ,state is the most influential4 ,one day of licensed debauch undoes the work of the ,clergy on fifty-two ,sundays4 ,no wonder that in the past the ,state collectively has been our worst corrupter3 but to open this whole question space does not here allow4 ,a long struggle has gone on1 to implore public men not to connive at drunkenness--a national pest which for more than a century was greeted with merriment though politically avowed to be criminal4 ,none dare now to laugh at it1 except the depraved men who laugh at bribery1 and use drunkenness as a trump-card at elections1 and1 if in office1 rejoice on the vast revenue sucked by the ,exchequer out of the vice and misery of the people4 ,earnest religionists of every creed have happily rallied to a common conviction1 that the ,state has grievously failed of its duty and must now turn over a new leaf4 ,our worst opponents are men who cannot be reckoned in any religious body1 men who find nothing so sacred as ,liberty to buy and sell and indulge appetite2 generally eccentric ,liberals1 who are in many respects too good not to esteem1 and too intellectual to despise4 ,one of these some years ago opened attack on me in a private letter1 which summed up the arguments decisive with this class of advanced ,liberals2 in whose hatred of ,over ,legislation ,i heartily share4 ,he taunted me for thinking that the ,state ought to concern itself about the drinks of citizens more than about their dress2 saying that ,i could not hold the ,state to have a control of public morals without1 in logical consistency1 admitting the right of ,parliament to forbid dancing and card-playing2 or to command my attendance at any ,church worship1 or to fine and imprison me for heresy4 ,the double confusion here involved is wonderful from an educated man1 and lowers his reputation for good sense4 ,religion is a topic on which eminent persons and foremost nations widely differ3 concerning ,moral ,duty there is more agreement in mankind than perhaps on anything that is beyond the five senses4 ,to argue that in claiming of the ,state an enforcement of duties cardinal to citizenship1 we admit its right to dictate in religion1 is a pestilent anachronism2 it confounds ,morals with ,religion just as did the ancient world1 ,pagan and ,hebrew4 ,again1 the test of soundness in ,morals is found in the agreement of the human race4 ,there is no nation1 no elementary tribe of men1 so ignorant or so besotted1 as not to condemn drunkenness as immoral and utterly evil4 ,in justifying penalties against a vice condemned by all mankind1 we justify 7forsooth67 the punishing of amusements thought harmless by a great majority everywhere4 ,such an assertion is not the less silly1 even in the mouth of a disciple of ,john ,stuart ,mill4 ,of course we all know that ,law cannot be made against every misuse of time1 or of energy1 or of money4 ,there is certainly no danger whatever that a modern ,parliament1 elected from very different circles and representing widely different elements1 will ever adopt as its measure of sound morals the special opinions of any historical sect1 however virtuous and wise4 ,neither of an individual nor of a community does the highest interest consist in ,liberty1 but in soundness of morals2 without which ,liberty only means licence to be vicious2 licence to ruin oneself1 and diffuse misery to others4 ,to a man not proof against the omnipresent drinkshop1 high wages are a curse2 days called holy and short hours of work do but more quickly engulf him in ruin4 ,but he pulls others too down in his fall4 ,that nearly every ,vice tends to waste1 and preeminently intoxication by liquors or drugs1 certain ,economists are strangely slow to learn4 ,moreover1 nearly every widespread vice makes wealth and life less enjoyable to the whole community4 ,confining remark to the vice of drunkards1 it suffices to point in brief to the enormous extension which it gives to ,violent ,crime1 to ,orphanhood1 to ,pauperism1 to ,prostitution1 to disease in ,children1 and to ,insanity4 ,hence comes an enormous expense for ,police and ,criminal ,courts1 for ,jails and ,jail-officers1 for ,magistrates and ,judges1 for ,insane ,asylums1 and ,poor ,rates4 ,hence also endless suffering to the victims of crime and to the families of criminals1 and a grave lessening of happiness to innocent persons by the ribaldry of drunkards planted at their side1 with fear lest their children be corrupted2 fear also of personal outrage4 ,our daily comfort largely depends on homely virtue in our neighbours4 ,in every great organization of industry the drunkenness of workmen is a first-rate mischief to others1 crippling enterprise by increased expense and risk4 ,from sailors fond of grog and tobacco1 proceed fire in ships out at sea2 and on foreign coasts1 broils that disgrace ,england and ,christendom1 and lay a train which sometimes explodes in war4 ,the drunkenness of a captain has before now stranded a noble ship4 ,on a railroad1 access of the engine driver to drink is a prime danger2 and shall we say that there is no danger in ,parliament legislating when half asleep with wine1 and hereby open to the intrigue of any scheming clique1 who may wish to fasten suddenly on the nation fraudulent or wicked law8 ,wisely does the ,american ,congress forbid to its members wine in its own dining-room1 because those who have to make sacred law are bound to deliberate and vote with clear heads4 ,evil law is of all tyrannies the most hateful1 and makes a ,state contemptible to its own citizens--thus preparing ,revolution4 ,english ,statesmen have yet to learn ,yankee wisdom2 but no one who is1 or hopes to be1 in high office dares to speak lightly of drunkenness4 ,the celebrated ,committee of #ahcd advised ,parliament to reverse its course1 with a view to the ultimate extinction of the trade in ardent spirits4 ,the advice was disgracefully spurned2 yet neither the legislature nor the executive has ever dared to deny that drunkenness is a civil offence4 ,our opponents plead only for the use1 not for the abuse of intoxicating drink4 ,no doubt1 teetotallers maintain that all use of such liquors for drink is an abuse4 ,the avowals of ,dr4 ,william ,gull1 who calls our view extreme1 beside those of ,sir ,henry ,thompson and ,dr4 ,benjamin ,richardson1 seem to justify the extreme view3 so do the ,parisian experiments of #ahfj-a4 ,yet it is not necessary to go so far in a political argument4 ,i desire to obtain common ground with such men as my friend ,mr4 ,p4 ,a4 ,taylor1 ,m4,p4 for ,leicester1 and waive our difference with him as to moderate use4 ,let us admit 7that is1 temporarily7 that as ,prussic ,acid is fatal in ever so small a draught1 yet is safe as well as delicious in extract of almonds and in custard flavoured by bay-leaf1 so alcohol is harmless1 not only in ,plum ,pudding and ,tipsy ,cake1 but also in one tumbler of ,table ,beer and one wineglass of pure ,claret4 ,let us further concede that the propensity of very many to excess makes out no case for ,state-interference against the man whose use of the dangerous drink is so sparing1 that no one can discover any ill effect of it on him4 ,nevertheless1 irrefutable reasons remain1 why we should claim new legislation1 and a transference of control over the trade from the magistrates who do not suffer from it to the local public who do4 ,first of all1 let me speak of undeniable excess4 ,at one time perhaps it was punished by exposure in the pillory or stocks2 but for a long time past1 the penalty 7when not aggravated by other offences7 has been at most a pecuniary fine3 five shillings used often to be inflicted4 ,a gentleman who could pay1 was let off3 a more destitute man might fare worse4 ,inevitably1 the vices of the eighteenth century affected national opinion4 ,the wealthier classes were so addicted to wine1 that to be as drunk as a lord became a current phrase4 ,from highest to lowest the drunkard was an object more of merriment than of pity1 and scarcely at all of censure1 unless he were a soldier or sailor on duty4 ,when a host intoxicated his guests1 it was called hospitality2 to refuse the proffered glass was in many a club an offence to good company4 ,peers and ,members of ,parliament1 officers of ,army and ,navy1 ,clergymen and ,fellows of ,colleges--nay1 some ,royal ,princes--loved wine1 often too much4 ,who then could be earnest and eager to punish poorer men for love of strong beer8 ,the preaching of ,whitefield and ,wesley began the awakening of the nation4 ,a very able ,spaniard despondingly said of his country3 ,a profligate individual may be converted1 but a debased nation never2 and the recovery no doubt is arduous1 when the national taste has been depraved and vicious customs have fixed themselves in society4 ,even now1 few indeed are able to rejoice in the punishment of mere drunkenness2 for1 the only penalty imagined is a pecuniary fine1 which never can prevent repetition nor deter others2 when most severe1 it does but aggravate suffering to an innocent wife and children4 ,to be drunk and disorderly is now the general imputation before a magistrate4 ,unless molestation of others can be charged1 the drunkard is very seldom made to feel the hand of the law4 ,hereby many persons seem to believe 7as apparently does one bishop7 that1 as a part of ,english liberty1 every one has a right to be drunk4 ,while we complain that authorities are negligent and connive at vice1 after accepting and assuming the duty to prevent it2 the sellers of the drink are open to a severer charge4 ,a man too poor to keep a servant is glad to get a wife to serve him4 ,she is to him housemaid and cook and nurse of his children4 ,for all these functions she has a clear right to full wages1 besides careful nurture during motherly weakness4 ,the husband manifestly is bound to supply to his wife more than all she might have earned in serving others1 before he spends a sixpence on his own needless indulgences3 and the publican knows it2 knows1 sometimes in definite certainty1 always in broad suspicion1 that he is receiving money which does not in right belong to his customer4 ,of course he cannot be convicted by law2 but in a moral estimate he is comparable to a lottery-keeper who accepts from shopmen money which he suspects is taken from their master's till1 or to a receiver of goods which he ought to suspect to be stolen4 ,such is the immoral aspect of traders1 who now claim compensation1 if the twelve- month licences granted to them as privilege1 for no merit of their own1 be1 in the interest of public morality1 terminated at the end of the twelve months4 ,in the interest and at the will of landlord magistrates such traders have borne extinction meekly1 over a very wide rural area4 ,what made them then so meek and unpretending8 ,apparently because against powerful ,peers and ,squires impudence was not elicited in them by the encouragement of a ,john ,bright and a ,gladstone4 ,how then ought the ,state to deal with a drunkard8 ,obviously by the most merciful1 kind1 and effective of all punishments--by forbidding to him the fatal liquor4 ,how much better than asylums for drunkards6 asylums which make a job for medical men1 take the drunkard away from his family and business1 without anything to guarantee that on his release from prison he will have a ,will strong enough to resist the old temptation4 ,such asylums please medical philanthropy2 nor is any animosity displayed against them in ,parliament4 ,how can we account for the fact1 that ,m4,p4's who strongly oppose interference with the existing shops1 and avow as much distress and grief at drunkenness as is possible to any teetotaller1 have never proposed to withhold the baneful drink from a convicted drunkard8 ,did it never come into their heads8 ,had they never heard of it8 ,this would convict them of ignorance disgraceful in an ,m4,p41 still more so in a ,minister4 ,perhaps someone charitably suggests3 ,they think the prohibition never could be enforced4 ,to this pretence ,general ,neal ,dow makes reply3 ,what we ,yankees have done1 you ,english certainly can do1 ,,whenever ,,you ,,have ,,the ,,will4 ,nothing is easier1 when anyone has been convicted of drunkenness1 than to send official notice to all licensed shops 7say1 within five miles7 forbidding them to supply him1 under penalty of forfeiting their licences4 ,at the same time it should be a misdemeanour in anyone else to supply him gratuitously4 7,it would be pedantic here to suggest after how long probation1 and under what conditions1 this stigma should be effaceable47 ,the misery which husband can inflict on wife1 or wife on husband1 by drunkenness1 has led many ,yankees further1 and--to our shame--we have as yet refused to learn from them4 ,if a wife 7with certain legal formalities7 forbid the drinkshops to supply her husband1 this should be of the same avail1 as if the husband were convicted of drunkenness before a magistrate4 ,of course a husband ought to have the same right against a wife1 and either parent against a son or daughter under age4 ,such an enactment1 as it seems to me1 ought to be at once passed1 as a law for all the ,queen's realms1 not as matter for local option4 ,passed over the heads of existing magistrates1 it would remain valid over whatever authority may succeed them4 ,this is no place to dwell on any details of horrors inflicted on the country by the present imbecile control4 ,of course1 it is far better than the free trade in drink1 towards which ,liverpool twenty years back took a long stride1 with results most wretched and justly repented of4 ,how deadly is now the propensity of the country1 will sufficiently appear from an experience of the late ,sir ,titus ,salt in his little kingdom of ,saltaire4 ,for a single year he made trial of granting to four select shops a licence to supply table beer in bottles1 delivered at the houses in quantity proportioned to the number of inmates2--a more severe limitation than any previously heard of4 ,yet in the course of some months evil grew up and multiplied4 ,something stronger than table beer 7apparently7 had been substituted4 ,the liquor was smuggled into the works4 ,disobedience and disorders arose2 and at length a deputation of his own men complained to him that their women at home were getting too much of the drink4 ,at the year's end he cancelled the licences1 and to the general content and benefit restored absolute prohibition4 ,nothing short of this extinguishes the unnatural taste4 ,female drunkenness is a new vice1 at least in any but the most debased of the sex3 yet alas6 courtly physicians now tell us that it has invaded the boudoirs of great ladies4 ,such has been the mischief of ,confectioners' and ,grocers' ,licences4 ,unsatisfactory as has been the control of the drink trade by the magistrates1 their neglect has never been resented in higher quarters1 ever since1 by gift of the ,excise1 ,parliament made the ,exchequer a sleeping partner in the gains of the ,drink ,trade4 ,the ,queen's ,exchequer has hence a revenue of about thirty-three millions a year1 of which probably two-thirds1 say twenty-two millions1 is from excess3 a formidable sum as hush-money4 ,no earnest reformer expects the leopard to change his spots4 ,a transference of power is claimed1 chiefly under the title of ,local ,option4 ,to give the power to town councils has been proved wholly insufficient in ,scotland2 though the ,right ,hon4 ,john ,bright seems obstinately to shut eyes and ears to the fact4 ,again and again in crowded meetings the ,resolution has been affirmed3 ,the people who suffer by the trade ought to have a veto against it4--,those who seem resolved to oppose every scheme which seeks to break down and restrict this horrible vice1 tauntingly reply1 that this measure would ensure its continuance in its worst centres4 ,they do but show their own unwisdom herein4 ,the ,publicans know far better1 and they avow1 there is nothing they so much dread as local option4 ,in ,maine itself1 a ,state frightfully drunken in the first half of the century1 the opponents of ,neal ,dow in the ,state ,legislature scornfully allowed him to carry a ,bill which gave to each parish ,permission to accept his measure as law4 ,they expected that the drunkards would outvote it3 but to their discomfiture found that the drunkards were glad of his law1 and nailed it firm4 ,let all sound-hearted ,englishmen trust our suffering population to use their own remedy4 ,under ,local ,option we now embrace two systems which have been already discussed in ,parliament--that of ,sir ,wilfrid ,lawson1 and that upon the outlines of ,mr4 ,joseph ,cowen's ,bill4 ,personally ,i yield to ,sir ,wilfrid ,lawson the highest honour4 ,beyond all other men he is the hero in this long battle4 ,if ,i account his ,bill defective1 he will not blame me3 for in its original form1 which he would be glad to carry1 it closely resembled the ,maine ,law1 and superseded the ,magistrates4 ,he has simplified it by making it only a half-measure4 ,after ,parliament has been teazed by the drink question for more than twenty-five years 7one might almost say1 ever since #ahcd71 after candidates at every election have been made anxious by it1 we must calculate that all public men will desire to make a final settlement and get rid of the topic in ,parliament4 ,but ,sir ,wilfrid's ,bill1 whatever its other merits 7and ,i think them great71 will not set ,parliament free4 ,for so soon as any district adopts his permission to stop the ,drink ,trade1 an outcry must arise from local medical men and chemists and varnishers1 demanding new shops for their needs3 and intense jealousy will follow1 lest the new sellers1 though called chemists or grocers or oilmen1 presently become purveyors of drink2 hence a fresh struggle must continue in our overworked ,legislature concerning the new and necessary regulations4 ,sir ,wilfrid's half-measure supersedes neither the ,magistrates nor the ,parliament1 though for two hundred years the ,nation has suffered through the laxity of both4 ,surely we chiefly need real ,provincial ,legislatures1 and1 until we get them1 ,local ,folk ,motes and ,local ,elective ,boards are our best substitutes4 ,this is the other and the complete measure3 yet something remains to be said on it4 ,the great evil is1 that by reason of competition1 a trade cannot live1 except by pushing its sales4 ,the ,americans have wisely seen that the necessary sales must be effected by ,agents publicly appointed1 with a fixed salary and nothing to gain by an increase of sales4 ,such ,agents must receive public instructions4 ,this was1 in fact1 ,sir ,wilfrid's original scheme1 only that it forbad absolutely the selling wine or beer for drink1 unless by medical order2 and the last condition would involve in ,parliament endless contention4 ,it is simpler1 and ,i think far better1 to give to an ,elective ,board a general free discretion4 ,parliament might indeed dictate that sales should go on through a public officer only4 ,i1 for one1 should rejoice in this4 ,but the most eager teetotaller will not hope that in the present generation any ,english ,parliament will be more severe against a wine-loving gentry1 and more dictatorial to medical men1 than is the law of ,maine4 ,if therefore it did command that sales should be without gain1 it certainly would not allow an entire prohibition of selling alcohol as beverage to be imposed on the ,agent for sale4 ,it is not so in ,maine2 and this fact occasioned ,mr4 ,plimsoll's stupendous blunder1 who declared in ,parliament that the ,maine ,law was a dead letter in ,maine itself4 ,the fact on which he built this outrageously false assertion was that when ,mr4 ,plimsoll asked for ,whiskey1 the ,agent instantly sold it to him without a moment's hesitation4 ,but why8 ,because he knew that ,mr4 ,plimsoll was an ,english ,m4,p4 and a teetotaller4