,,! ,,v$,,nt-,s,,tras ,,) ,,! ,,comm5t>y ,,by ,r,m,,nuja ,,translat$ ,,by ,,george ,,?ibaut ,,"p ,,iii ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 ,volume #dh #aijd ,scann$ 9 by ,sr9ivasan ,sriram 7z "p ( ! srip$ia4org initiative74 ,o,c,red & pro($ at ,di/ribut$ ,pro(+ by o!r volunte]s2 ,juliet ,su!rl&1 project manag]4 ,=matt+ & additional pro(read+ at ,sacr$-texts4com by ,j4,b4 ,h>e4 ,?is text is 9 ! public doma9 worldwide4 ,?is file may be us$ = any non-comm]cial purpose provid$ ?is notice is left intact4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,v$,,nta-,s,,tras ,,) ,,! ,,comm5t>y ,,( ,r,m,,nuja4 ,,introduction ,,adhy,,ya ,i ,pda ,i ,pda ,,ii ,pda ,,iii ,pda ,,iv ,,adhy,,ya ,,ii ,pda ,i ,pda ,,ii ,pda ,,iii ,pda ,,iv ,,adhy,,ya ,,iii ,pda ,i ,pda ,,ii ,pda ,,iii ,pda ,,iv ,,adhy,,ya ,,iv ,pda ,i ,pda ,,ii ,pda ,,iii ,pda ,,iv ,,indexes ,,by ,,dr4 ,m4 ,,w9t]nitz3-- ,index ( ,quotations ,index ( ,sanskrit ,words ,index ( ,names & ,subjects ,corrig5da ,translit]ation ( ,ori5tal ,alphabets adopt$ = ! ,translations ( ! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/ ,,introduction4 ,9 ! ,introduction to ! fir/ volume ( ! translation ( ! ',v$nta-,stras ) ,sank>a's ,comm5t>y' 7vol4 xxxiv ( ?is ,s]ies7 ,i h dwelt at "s l5g? on ! int]e/ :i* ,rmnuja's ,comm5t>y may claim--z be+1 on ! "o h&1 ! fulle/ exposition ( :at may be call$ ! ,!i/ic ,v$nta1 & z supply+ u1 on ! o!r1 ) means ( p5etrat+ to ! true mean+ ( ,bd>yana's ,aphorisms4 ,i d n wi% to ent] "h into a full] discussion ( ,rmnuja's "w 9 ei!r ( ^! aspects2 an adequate treatm5t ( !m w\ld1 moreov]1 require consid]ably m space ?an is at my disposal4 ,"s v useful mat]ial = ! "r und]/&+ ( ,rmnuju's "w is to be f\nd 9 ! ',analytical ,outl9e ( ,cont5ts' :i* ,messrs4 ,m4 ,rangkrya & ,m4 ,b4 ,v>ad>ja ,aiyangr h prefix$ to ! fir/ volume ( _! s*ol>ly translation ( ! ,srbh%ya 7,madras1 #ahii74 ,! "q z to :at ! ,/ras really tea* is a critical1 n a philosophical "o4 ,?is di/9ction seems to h be5 imp]fectly realis$ by sev]al ( ^? critics1 writ+ 9 ,india1 :o h exam9$ ! views express$ 9 my ,introduction to ! translation ( ,sank>a's ,comm5t>y4 ,a writ] %\ld n be tax$ ) 'philosophic incompet5cy1' 'hopeless !i/ic bias due to e>ly tra9+1' & ! l1 simply because he1 on ! basis ( a purely critical inve/igation1 consid]s himself entitl$ to ma9ta9 t a c]ta9 anci5t docum5t sets =? "o philosophical view r ?an ano!r4 ,i h n[h]e express$ an op9ion z to ! comp>ative philosophical value ( ! sy/ems ( ,sank>a & ,rmnuja2 n because ,i h no def9ite op9ions on ?is po9t1 b because to introduce !m into a critical enquiry w\ld be purposeless if n objectionable4 ,! "q z to ! true mean+ ( ! ,stras is no d\bt ( "s int]e/2 al?\gh ! int]e/ ( problems ( ?is k9d may easily be ov]-e/imat$4 ,among ! rem>ks ( critics on my treatm5t ( ?is problem ,i h f\nd little ( solid value4 ,! ma9 argum5ts :i* ,i h set =?1 n s mu* 9 fav\r ( ! adequacy ( ,rmnuja's int]pretation1 z aga9/ ! validity ( ,sank>krya's und]/&+ ( ! ,stras1 appe> to me n to h be5 t\*$4 ,i d n by any means consid] ! problem a hopeless "o2 b its solution w n be advanc$1 9 any direction1 b by ^? :o w be at ! tr\ble ( submitt+ ! entire body ( ! ,stras to a new & detail$ inve/igation1 avail+ !mselves to ! full ( ! help t is to be d]iv$ f ! /udy ( all ! exi/+ ,comm5t>ies4 ,! pres5t translation ( ! ,srbh%ya claims to be fai?ful on ! :ole1 al?\gh ,i mu/ ackn[l$ge t ,i h aim$ r at mak+ x intelligible &1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 readable ?an scrupul\sly accurate4 ,if ,i _h to rewrite x1 ,i %\ld feel incl9$ to g ev5 fur!r 9 ! same direction4 ,indian ,philosophy w\ld1 9 my op9ion1 be m readily & widely appreciat$ ?an x is at pres5t1 if ! translators ( philosophical works _h be5 some:at m conc]n$ to ?r[ _! v]sions into a =m less /range & repell5t to ! we/]n read] ?an lit]al r5d]+s f te*nical ,sanskrit mu/ ne$s be 9 _m passages4 ,i am n unaw>e ( ! peculi> dang]s ( ! plan n[ advocat$--among :i* ! mo/ obvi\s is ! temptation x (f]s to ! translator ( deviat+ f ! text m widely ?an reg>d = cle>ness w\ld absolutely require4 ,& ,i am consci\s ( hav+ fail$ 9 ?is respect 9 m ?an "o in/ance4 ,9 o!r cases ,i h no d\bt gone a/ray ?r\gh an imp]fect und]/&+ ( ! au?or's mean+4 ,! fact is1 t z yet ! "t has h>dly come = fully adequate translations ( compreh5sive works ( ! type ( ! ,srbh%ya1 ! au?ors ( :i* wrote ) ref]5ce--9 _m cases tacit--to an imm5se & highly te*nical philosophical lit]ature :i* is only j beg9n+ to be /udi$1 & compreh5d$ 9 "p1 by ,european s*ol>s4 ,x gives me great pleasure to ackn[l$ge ! help :i* ,i h receiv$ f v>i\s qu>t]s 9 prep>+ ?is translation4 ,p&it ,gangdh>a ,s/r91 ,c4 ,i4 ,e41 ( ! ,b5>es ,sanskrit ,college1 has1 ) unwe>y+ k9dness & pati5ce1 suppli$ me ?r\gh\t ) comm5ts ( 8 own on difficult sections ( ! text4 ,p&it ,svm9 ,rma ,misra ,s/r9 has r5d]$ me frequ5t assi/ance 9 ! e>li] portion ( my task4 ,& to ,mr4 ,a4 ,v5is1 ! le>n$ ,pr9cipal ( ! ,b5>es ,sanskrit ,college1 ,i am indebt$ = mo/ in/ructive notes on "s passages ( a peculi>ly te*nical & ab/ruse "*4 ,nor c ,i conclude )\t express+ my s5se ( obligation to ,colonel ,g4 ,a4 ,jacob1 ^: invaluable ',concordance to ! ,pr9cipal ,upani%ads' light5s to an incalculable degree ! task ( any s*ol> :o is engag$ 9 "w be>+ on ! ,v$nta4 ,,v$,,nta-,s,,tras ,,) ,r,m,,nuja',s ,,sr,,bh,,%ya ,,fir/ ,,adhy,,ya4 ,,fir/ ,p,,da4 ,,may my m9d be fill$ ) devotion t[>ds ! highe/ ,brahman1 ! abode ( ,lak%mi :o is lum9\sly reveal$ 9 ! ,upani%ads2 :o 9 sport produces1 su/a9s1 & reabsorbs ! entire ,univ]se2 ^: only aim is to fo/] ! manifold classes ( be+s t humbly wor%ip him4 ,! nect> ( ! tea*+ ( ,p>s>a's son 7,vysa71--:i* 0 br\ght up f ! middle ( ! milk-ocean ( ! ,upani%ads--:i* re/ores to life ! s\ls ^: vital /r5g? _h dep>t$ ow+ to ! heat ( ! fire ( transmigratory exi/5ce--:i* 0 well gu>d$ by ! tea*]s ( old--:i* 0 obscur$ by ! mutual conflict ( manifold op9ions1--may intellig5t m5 daily enjoy t z x is n[ pres5t$ to !m 9 my words4 ,! l5g?y explanation 7vritti7 ( ! ,brahma-stras :i* 0 compos$ by ! ,rev]5d ,bodhyana has be5 abridg$ by =m] tea*]s2 accord+ to _! views ! words ( ! ,stras w be expla9$ 9 ?is pres5t "w4 #a4 ,!n !re=e ! enquiry into ,brahman4 ,9 ?is ,stra ! ^w '!n' expresses imm$iate sequ5ce2 ! ^w '!re=e' intimates t :at has tak5 place 7viz4 ! /udy ( ! k>maknda ( ! ,v$a7 con/itutes ! reason 7( ! enquiry into ,brahman74 ,= ! fact is t ! enquiry into 7lit4'! desire to "k'7 ,brahman--! fruit ( :i* enquiry is inf9ite 9 nature & p]man5t--foll[s imm$iately 9 ! case ( him :o1 hav+ read ! ,v$a toge!r ) its auxili>y discipl9es1 has rea*$ ! k t ! fruit ( m]e works is limit$ & non-p]man5t1 & h5ce has conceiv$ ! desire ( f9al release4 ,! comp\nd 'brahmajijs' is to be expla9$ z '! enquiry ( ,brahman1' ! g5itive case '( ,brahman' be+ und]/ood to d5ote ! object2 9 agreem5t ) ! special rule z to ! mean+ ( ! g5itive case1 ,pn9i ,,ii1 #c1 #fe4 ,x might be said t ev5 if we accept$ ! g5]al mean+ ( ! g5itive case--:i* is t ( connexion 9 g5]al--,brahman's position 79 ! above comp\nd7 z an object w\ld be e/abli%$ by ! circum/ance t ! 'enquiry' dem&s an object2 b 9 agreem5t ) ! pr9ciple t ! direct d5otation ( a ^w is to be pref]r$ to a mean+ inf]r$ we take ! g5itive case '( ,brahman' z d5ot+ ! object4 ,! ^w ',brahman' d5otes ! highte/ ,p]son 7puru%ottama71 :o is ess5tially free f all imp]fections & possesses numb]less classes ( auspici\s qualities ( unsurpassable excell5ce4 ,! t]m ',brahman' is appli$ to any ?+s :i* possess ! quality ( greatness 7brihattva1 f ! root 'brih'72 b prim>ily d5otes t :i* possesses greatness1 ( ess5tial nature z well z ( qualities1 9 unlimit$ fulness2 & su* is only ! ,"l ( all4 ,h5ce ! ^w ',brahman' prim>ily d5otes him alone1 & 9 a second>y d]ivative s5se only ^? ?+s :i* possess "s small "p ( ! ,"l's qualities2 = x w\ld be improp] to assume sev]al mean+s = ! ^w 7s t x w\ld d5ote prim>ily or directly m ?an "o ?+74 ,! case is analog\s to t ( ! t]m 'bhagavat ,,footnote #d3a4' ,! ,"l only is enquir$ into1 = ! sake ( immortality1 by all ^? :o are afflict$ ) ! triad ( pa94 ,h5ce ! ,"l ( all is t ,brahman :i*1 accord+ to ! ,stra1 con/itutes ! object ( enquiry4 ,! ^w 'jijs' is a desid]ative =mation mean+ 'desire to "k4' ,& z 9 ! case ( any desire ! desir$ object is ! *ief ?+1 ! ,stra means to enjo9 k--:i* is ! object ( ! desire ( k4 ,! purport ( ! entire ,stra !n is z foll[s3 ',s9ce ! fruit ( works kn[n ?r\gh ! e>li] "p ( ! ,mmms is limit$ & non-p]man5t1 & s9ce ! fruit ( ! k ( ,brahman--:i* k is to be rea*$ ?r\gh ! latt] "p ( ! ,mmms--is unlimit$ & p]man5t2 = ?is reason ,brahman is to be kn[n1 aft] ! k ( works has previ\sly tak5 place4'--,! same mean+ is express$ by ! ,vrittikra :5 say+ 'aft] ! compreh5sion ( works has tak5 place !re foll[s ! enquiry into ,brahman4' ,& t ! enquiry into works & t into ,brahman con/itute "o body ( doctr9e1 he 7! ,vrittikra7 w decl>e lat] on '?is ,srraka-doctr9e is connect$ ) ,jaim9i's doctr9e z conta9$ 9 sixte5 adhyyas2 ?is proves ! two to con/itute "o body ( doctr9e4' ,h5ce ! e>li] & ! lat] ,mmms are sep>ate only 9 s f> z !re is a diff]5ce ( matt] to be taught by ea*2 9 ! same way z ! two halves ( ! ,prva ,mmms-stras1 consi/+ ( six adhyyas ea*1 are sep>ate ,,footnote #e3a2 & z ea* adhyya is sep>ate4 ,! entire ,mmms-stra--:i* beg9s ) ! ,stra ',n[ !re=e ! enquiry into religi\s duty' & concludes ) ! ,stra '7,f !re is7 no return on acc\nt ( scriptural /atem5t'-- has1 ow+ to ! special "* ( ! cont5ts1 a def9ite ord] ( int]nal succession4 ,?is is z foll[s4 ,at fir/ ! precept '"o is to le>n "o's own text 7svdhyya7' enjo9s ! appreh5sion ( t aggregate ( syllables :i* is call$ ',v$a1' & is "h ref]r$ to z 'svdhyya4' ,next !re arises ! desire to "k ( :at nature ! ',le>n+' enjo9$ is to be1 & h[ x is to be done4 ,"h !re come 9 c]ta9 injunctions su* z ',let a ,brahnmana be initiat$ 9 8 eigh? ye>' & ',! tea*] is to make him recite ! ,v$a'2 & c]ta9 rules ab\t special obs]vances & re/rictions--su* z 'hav+ p]=m$ ! upk>man on ! full moon ( ,sravana or ,prau%?apada accord+ to prescription1 he is to /udy ! sacr$ v]ses = f\r mon?s & a half--:i* enjo9 all ! requir$ details4 ,f all ^! x is und]/ood t ! /udy enjo9$ has = its result ! appreh5sion ( ! aggregate ( syllables call$ ,v$a1 on ! "p ( a pupil :o has be5 initiat$ by a tea*] sprung f a good family1 lead+ a virtu\s life1 & possess+ purity ( s\l2 :o practises c]ta9 special obs]vances & re/rictions2 & :o le>ns by repeat+ :at is recit$ by ! tea*]4 ,& ?is /udy ( ! ,v$a is ( ! nature ( a samskra ( ! text1 s9ce ! =m ( ! injunction '! ,v$a is to be /udi$' %[s t ! ,v$a is ! object 7( ! action ( /udy+74 ,by a samskra is und]/ood an action :]eby some?+ is fitt$ to produce "s o!r effect2 & t ! ,v$a %\ld be ! object ( su* a samskara is q appropriate1 s9ce x gives rise to ! k ( ! f\r *ief ends ( human action--viz4 religi\s duty1 weal?1 pleasure1 & f9al release--& ( ! means to effect !m2 & s9ce x helps to effect ^? ends by itself also1 viz4 by m]e me*anical repetition 7ap>t f any k to :i* x may give rise74 ,! injunction z to ! /udy ( ! ,v$a ?us aims only at ! appreh5sion ( ! aggregate ( syllables 7con/itut+ ! ,v$a7 accord+ to c]ta9 rules2 x is 9 ?is way analog\s to ! recital ( mantras4 ,x is fur!r obs]v$ t ! ,v$a ?us appreh5d$ ?r\gh read+ spontane\sly gives rise to ! ideas ( c]ta9 ?+s subs]v+ c]ta9 purposes4 ,a p]son1 !re=e1 :o has =m$ notions ( ^? ?+s imm$iately1 i4e4 on ! m]e appreh5sion ( ! text ( ! ,v$a ?r\gh read+1 !reupon naturally applies himself to ! /udy ( ! ,mimmsa1 :i* consi/s 9 a me?odical discussion ( ! s5t5ces con/itut+ ! text ( ! ,v$a1 & has = its result ! accurate det]m9ation ( ! nature ( ^? ?+s & _! diff]5t modes4 ,?r\gh ?is /udy ! /ud5t asc]ta9s ! "* ( ! injunctions ( "w :i* =m "p ( ! ,v$a1 & obs]ves t all "w leads only to non-p]man5t results2 & z1 on ! o!r h&1 he imm$iately becomes aw>e t ! ,upani%ad sections--:i* =m "p ( ! ,v$a :i* he has appreh5d$ ?r\gh read+--ref] to an inf9ite & p]man5t result1 viz4 immortality1 he applies himself to ! /udy ( ! ,srraka-,mmms1 :i* consi/s 9 a sy/ematic discussion ( ! ,v$nta-texts1 & has = its result ! accurate det]m9ation ( _! s5se4 ,t ! fruit ( m]e works is transitory1 :ile ! result ( ! k ( ,brahman is some?+ p]man5t1 ! ,v$anta-texts decl>e 9 _m places--',& z "h ! _w acquir$ by "w p]i%es1 s !re ! _w acquir$ by m]it p]i%es' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #a1f72 ',t "w ( 8 has an end' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #h1 #aj72 ',by non-p]man5t works ! ,p]man5t is n obta9$' 7,ka4 ,up4 ,i1 #b1 #aj72 ',frail inde$ are ^? boats1 ! sacrifices' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,i1 #b1 #g72 ',let a ,brhmana1 aft] he has exam9$ all ^! worlds t are ga9$ by works1 acquire fre$om f all desires4 ,:at is n made _c be ga9$ by :at is made4 ,to und]/& ?is1 let ! pupil1 ) fuel 9 8 h&1 g to a tea*] :o is le>n$ & dwells entirely 9 ,brahman4 ,to t pupil :o has approa*$ him respectfully1 ^: m9d is altoge!r calm1 ! wise tea*] truly told t k ( ,brahman ?r\gh :i* he kn[s ! imp]i%able true ,p]son' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,i1 #b1 #ab1 #ac74 ',told' "h means 'he is to tell4'--,on ! o!r h&1 ',he :o kn[s ,brahman atta9s ! ,highe/' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a1 #a72 ',he :o sees ?is does n see dea?' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #bf1 #b72 ',he becomes a self-rul]' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #be1 #b72 ',kn[+ him he becomes immortal "h' 7,taitt4 r4 ,,iii1 #ab1 #g72 ',hav+ kn[n him he passes ov] dea?2 !re is no o!r pa? to g' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #ae72 ',hav+ kn[n z sep>ate 8 ,self & ! ,mov]1 pleas$ !reby he goes to immortality' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,i1 #f74 ,b--an objection "h is rais$--! m]e le>n+ ( ! ,v$a ) its auxili>y discipl9es gives rise to ! k t ! heav5ly _w & ! l are ! results ( works1 & t all su* results are transitory1 :ile immortality is ! fruit ( m$itation on ,brahman4 ,possess+ su* k1 a p]son desir\s ( f9al release may at once proce$ to ! enquiry into ,brahman2 & :at ne$ is !re ( a sy/ematic consid]ation ( religi\s duty 7i4e4 ( ! /udy ( ! ,purva ,mimms78--,if ?is reason+ 7 valid1 we reply1 ! p]son desir\s ( release ne$ n ev5 apply himself to ! /udy ( ! ,srraka ,mmms1 s9ce ,brahman is kn[n f ! m]e read+ ( ! ,v$a ) its auxili>y discipl9es4--,true4 ,su* k arises inde$ imm$iately 7)\t deep] enquiry74 ,b a matt] appreh5d$ 9 ?is imm$iate way is n rais$ above d\bt & mi/ake4 ,h5ce a sy/ematic discussion ( ! ,v$nta-texts mu/ he und]tak5 9 ord] t _! s5se may be fully asc]ta9$--,we agree4 ,b y w h to admit t = ! v same reason we mu/ und]take a sy/ematic enquiry into religi\s duty6 ,,footnote #d3a4 ',bhagavat' d5otes prim>ily ! ,"l1 ! div9ity2 second>ily any holy p]son4 ,,footnote #e3a4 ,! fir/ six books ( ! ,prva ,mmms-stras give rules = ! fundam5tal =ms ( ! sacrifice2 :ile ! la/ six books tea* h[ ^! rules are to be appli$ to ! s-call$ modifi$ =ms4 ,,! ,,small ,p,,rvapak%a4 ,b--a fur!r objection is urg$--z t :i* has to prec$e ! sy/ematic enquiry into ,brahman we %\ld assign some?+ :i* t enquiry necess>ily presupposes4 ,! enquiry into ! nature ( duty1 h[ev]1 does n =m su* a pr]equisite1 s9ce a consid]ation ( ! ,v$anta-texts may be und]tak5 by any "o :o has read ^? texts1 ev5 if he is n acqua9t$ ) works4--,b 9 ! ,v$anta-texts !re are enjo9$ m$itations on ! ,udg?a & ! l :i* are matt]s auxili>y to works2 & su* m$itations are n possible = him :o is n acqua9t$ ) ^? works6--,y :o raise ?is objection cle>ly are ignorant ( :at k9d ( k ! ,srraka ,mmms is conc]n$ )6 ,:at t s/ra aims at is to de/roy completely t wrong k :i* is ! root ( all pa91 = man1 liable to bir?1 old age1 & dea?1 & all ! numb]less o!r evils connect$ ) transmigratory exi/5ce--evils t spr+ f ! view1 due to beg9n+less ,nesci5ce1 t !re is plurality ( exi/5ce2 & to t end ! s/ra endeav\rs to e/abli% ! k ( ! unity ( ! ,self4 ,n[ to ?is k1 ! k ( works--:i* is bas$ on ! assumption ( plurality ( exi/5ce--is n only useless b ev5 oppos$4 ,! consid]ation ( ! ,udg?a & ! l1 :i* is supplem5t>y to works only1 f9ds a place 9 ! ,v$nta-texts1 only because l !m x is ( ! nature ( k2 b x has no direct connexion ) ! true topic ( ^? texts4 ,h5ce "s pr]equisite mu/ be indicat$ :i* has ref]5ce to ! pr9cipal topic ( ! s/ra4--,q s2 & ?is pr]equisite is j ! k ( works2 = scripture decl>es t f9al release results f k ) works add$4 ,! ,stra-writ] himself says fur!r on ',& !re is ne$ ( all works1 on acc\nt ( ! scriptural /atem5t ( sacrifices & ! l' 7,ve4 ,s4 ,,iii1 #d1 #bf74 ,& if ! requir$ works 7 n kn[n1 "o c\ld n det]m9e :i* works h to be comb9$ ) k & :i* n4 ,h5ce ! k ( works is j ! necess>y pr]equisite4--,n s1 we reply4 ,t :i* puts an end to ,nesci5ce is exclusively ! k ( ,brahman1 :i* is pure intellig5ce & antagoni/ic to all plurality4 ,= f9al release consi/s j 9 ! cessation ( ,nesci5ce2 h[ !n c works--to :i* !re atta* endless diff]5ces connect$ ) ca/e1 srama1 object to be accompli%$1 means & mode ( accompli%m5t1 c4--ev] supply a means = ! cessation ( ignorance1 :i* is ess5tially ! cessation ( ! view t diff]5ce exi/s8 ,t works1 ! results ( :i* are transitory1 are contr>y to f9al release1 & t su* release c be effect$ ?r\gh k only1 scripture decl>es 9 _m places2 comp>e all ! passages quot$ above 7p4 #g74 ,z to ! ass]tion t k requires sacrifices & o!r works1 we rem>k t--z foll[s f ! ess5tial contr>iety ( k & works1 & z fur!r appe>s f an accurate consid]ation ( ! words ( scripture--pi\s works c contribute only t[>ds ! rise ( ! desire ( k1 9 s f> namely z !y cle> ! int]nal organ 7( k71 b c h no influ5ce on ! production ( ! fruit1 i4e4 k itself4 ,= ! scriptural passage conc]n$ runs z foll[s ,brhmanas desire to "k him by ! /udy ( ! ,v$a1 by sacrifice1 by gifts1' c4 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #bb74 ,accord+ to ?is passage1 ! desire only ( k spr+s up ?r\gh works2 :ile ano!r text tea*es t calmness1 self-re/ra9t1 & s on1 are ! direct means = ! orig9ation ( k itself4 7,hav+ become tranquil1 calm1 subdu$1 satisfi$1 pati5t1 & collect$1 he is to see ! ,self )9 ! ,self 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #bc747 ,! process ?us is z foll[s4 ,aft] ! m9d ( a man has be5 clean$ ( all impurities ?r\gh works p]=m$ 9 _m prec$+ /ates ( exi/5ce1 )\t a view to special =ms ( rew>d1 !re arises 9 him ! desire ( k1 & !reupon--?r\gh k itself orig9at$ by c]ta9 scriptural texts--',be+ only1 ?is 0 9 ! beg9n+1 "o only )\t a second' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 ,i1 #b72 ',tru?1 ,k1 ! ,inf9ite1 is ,brahman' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a72 ',)\t p>ts1 )\t actions1 calm1 )\t fault1 )\t ta9t' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #ai72 ',?is ,self is ,brahman' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #e1 #ai72 ',?\ art t' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #i1 #g71 ,nesci5ce comes to an end4 ,n[1 ',he>+1' 'reflection1' & 'm$itation1' are helpful t[>ds cognis+ ! s5se ( ^! ,v$ic texts4 ',he>+' 7sravana7 means ! appreh5sion ( ! s5se ( scripture1 toge!r ) collat]al argum5ts1 f a tea*] :o possesses ! true insight1 viz4 t ! ,v$nta-texts e/abli% ! doctr9e ( ! unity ( ! ,self4 ',reflection' 7mananam7 means ! confirmation )9 oneself ( ! s5se taught by ! tea*]1 by means ( argum5ts %[+ x alone to be suitable4 ',m$itation' 7nididhysanam7 f9ally means ! con/ant hold+ ( ?ai s5se be=e "o's m9d1 s z to dispel !reby ! antagoni/ic beg9n+less imag9ation ( plurality4 ,9 ! case ( him :o ?r\gh 'he>+1' 'reflection1' & m$itation1' has dis-dispell$ ! entire imag9ation ( plurality1 ! k ( ! s5se ( ,v$nta-texts puts an end to ,nesci5ce2 & :at we !re=e require is a /atem5t ( ! indisp5sable pr]equisites ( su* 'he>+1' 'reflection1' & s on4 ,n[ ( su* pr]equisites !re are f\r1 viz4 discrim9ation ( :at is p]man5t & :at is non-p]man5t2 ! full possession ( calmness ( m9d1 self-re/ra9t & simil> means2 ! r5unciation ( all enjoym5t ( fruits "h bel[ z well z 9 ! next _w2 & ! desire ( f9al release4 ,)\t ^! ! desire ( k _c arise2 & !y are !re=e kn[n1 f ! v nature ( ! matt]1 to be necess>y pr]equisites4 ,to sum up3 ,! root ( bondage is ! unreal view ( plurality :i* itself has its root 9 ,nesci5ce t conceals ! true be+ ( ,brahman4 ,bondage itself ?us is unreal1 & is on t acc\nt cut %ort1 toge!r ) its root1 by m]e k4 ,su* k is orig9at$ by texts su* z ',t art ?\'2 & "w is ( no help ei!r t[>ds its nature1 or its orig9ation1 or its fruit 7i4e4 release74 ,x is on ! o!r h& helpful t[>ds ! desire ( k1 :i* arises ow+ to an increase ( ! elem5t ( goodness 7sattva7 9 ! s\l1 due to ! de/ruction ( ! elem5ts ( passion 7rajas7 & d>kness 7tamas7 :i* are ! root ( all moral evil4 ,?is use is ref]r$ to 9 ! text quot$ above1 ',brhmanas wi% to "k him1' c4 ,z1 !re=e1 ! k ( works is ( no use t[>ds ! k ( ,brahman1 we mu/ ackn[l$ge z ! pr]equisite ( ! latt] k ! f\r means m5tion$ above4 ,,! ,,small ,,siddh,,nta4 ,to ?is argum5tation we make ! foll[+ reply4 ,we admit t release consi/s only 9 ! cessation ( ,nesci5ce1 & t ?is cessation results entirely f ! k ( ,brahman4 ,b a di/9ction has "h to be made reg>d+ ! nature ( ?is k :i* ! ,v$nta-texts aim at enjo9+ = ! purpose ( putt+ an end to ,nesci5ce4 ,is x m]ely ! k ( ! s5se ( s5t5ces :i* orig9ates f ! s5t5ces8 or is x k 9 ! =m ( m$itation 7upsana7 :i* has ! k j ref]r$ to z its antec$5t8 ,x _c be k ( ! =m] k9d3 = su* k spr+s f ! m]e appreh5sion ( ! s5t5ce1 ap>t f any special injunction1 & moreov] we d n obs]ve t ! cessation ( ,nesci5ce is effect$ by su* k m]ely4 ,our adv]s>y w p]haps attempt to expla9 ?+s 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,! ,v$nta-texts d n1 he w say1 produce t k :i* makes an end ( ,nesci5ce1 s long z ! imag9ation ( plurality is n dispell$4 ,& ! fact t su* k1 ev5 :5 produc$1 does n at once & = e "o put a /op to ! view ( plurality by no means subv]ts my op9ion2 =1 to m5tion an analog\s in/ance1 ! d\ble appe>ance ( ! moon--pres5t+ itself to a p]son affect$ ) a c]ta9 weakness ( vision--does n come to an end z soon z ! on5ess ( ! moon has be5 appreh5d$ by reason4 ,moreov]1 ev5 )\t hav+ come to an end1 ! view ( plurality is p[]less to effect fur!r bondage1 z soon z ! root1 i4e4 ,nesci5ce1 has once be5 cut ,b ?is def5ce we are unable to admit4 ,x is impossible t k %\ld n arise :5 its means1 i4e4 ! texts convey+ k1 are once pres5t4 ,& we obs]ve t ev5 :5 !re exi/s an antagoni/ic imag9ation 7int]f]+ ) ! rise ( k71 in=mation giv5 by compet5t p]sons1 ! pres5ce ( *>act]i/ic m>ks 7on :i* a correct inf]5ce may be bas$71 & ! l give rise to k :i* sublates ! errone\s imag9ation4 ,nor c we admit t ev5 aft] ! s5se ( texts has be5 appreh5d$1 ! view ( plurality may cont9ue ow+ to "s small rema9d] ( beg9n+less imag9ation4 ,= z ?is imag9ation :i* con/itutes ! means = ! view ( plurality is itself false1 x is necess>ily put an end to by ! rise ( true k4 ,if ?is did n take place1 t imag9ation w\ld nev] come to an end1 s9ce !re is no o!r means b k to effect its cessation4 ,to say t ! view ( plurality1 :i* is ! effect ( t imag9ation1 cont9ues ev5 aft] its root has be5 cut1 is m]e nons5se4 ,! in/ance ( "s "o see+ ! moon d\ble is n analog\s4 ,= 9 8 case ! non-cessation ( wrong k expla9s itself f ! circum/ance t ! cause ( wrong k1 viz4 ! real defect ( ! eye :i* does n admit ( be+ sublat$ by k1 is n remov$1 al?\gh t :i* w\ld sublate wrong k is ne>4 ,on ! o!r h&1 effects1 su* z fe> & ! l1 may come to an end because !y c be sublat$ by means ( k ( sup]ior =ce4 ,moreov]1 if x 7 true t k arises ?r\gh ! dispell+ ( ! imag9ation ( plurality1 ! rise ( k w\ld really nev] be br\ght ab\t4 ,= ! imag9ation ( plurality has ?r\gh gradual gr[? 9 ! c\rse ( beg9n+less "t acquir$ an inf9ite /r5g?1 & does n !re=e admit ( be+ dispell$ by ! comp>atively weak conception ( non-duality4 ,h5ce we conclude t ! k :i* ! ,v$nta-texts aim at inculcat+ is a k o!r ?an ! m]e k ( ! s5se ( s5t5ces1 & d5ot$ by 'dhyna1' 'upsan' 7i4 e4 m$itation71 & simil> t]ms4 ,) ?is agree scriptural texts su* z ',hav+ kn[n x1 let him practise m$itation' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #ba72 ',he :o1 hav+ se>*$ out ! ,self1 kn[s x' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #g1 #a72 ',m$itate on ! ,self z ,om' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #b1 #f72 ',hav+ kn[n t1 he is fre$ f ! jaws ( dea?' 7,ka4 ,up4 ,i1 #c1 #ae72 ',let a man m$itate on ! ,self only z 8 _w' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,i1 #d1 #ae72 ',! ,self is to be se51 to be he>d1 to h] reflect$ on1 to be m$itat$ on' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #e1 #f72 ',t we mu/ se>* out1 t we mu/ try to und]/&' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #g1 #a74 7,accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( ! on5ess ( purport ( ! diff]5t skhs7 all ^! texts mu/ be view$ z agree+ 9 mean+ ) ! injunction ( m$itation conta9$ 9 ! passage quot$ f ! ,bri4 ,up42 & :at !y enjo9 is !re=e m$itation4 ,9 ! fir/ & second passages quot$1 ! words 'hav+ kn[n' & 'hav+ se>*$ out' 7vijya2 anuvidya7 conta9 a m]e ref]5ce to 7n injunction (7 ! appreh5sion ( ! mean+ ( texts1 su* appreh5sion subs]v+ m$itation2 :ile ! injunction ( m$itation 7:i* is ! true purport ( ! passages7 is convey$ by ! clauses 'let him practise m$itation' 7prajm kurvta7 & 'he kn[s x4' ,9 ! same way ! clause '! ,self is to be he>d' is a m]e anuvda1 i4e4 a m]e ref]5ce to :at is already e/abli%$ by o!r means2 = a p]son :o has read ! ,v$a obs]ves t x conta9s in/ruction ab\t matt]s connect$ ) c]ta9 def9ite purposes1 & !n on 8 own acc\nt applies himself to me?odical 'he>+1' 9 ord] def9itely to asc]ta9 ^! matt]s2 'he>+' ?us is e/abli%$ already4 ,9 ! same way ! clause '! ,self is to be reflect$ ^u' is a m]e anuvda ( reflection :i* is kn[n z a means ( confirm+ :at "o has 'he>d4' ,x is !re=e m$itation only :i* all ^? texts enjo94 ,9 agreem5t ) ?is a lat] ,stra also says1 ',repetition m ?an once1 on acc\nt ( in/ruction' 7,ve4 ,s4 ,,iv1 ,i1 ,i74 ,t ! k int5d$ to be enjo9$ z ! means ( f9al release is ( ! nature ( m$itation1 we conclude f ! circum/ance t ! t]ms 'kn[+' &'m$itat+' are se5 to be us$ 9 place ( ea* o!r 9 ! e>li] & lat] p>ts ( ,v$ic texts4 ,comp>e ! foll[+ passages3 ',let a man m$itate on m9d z ,brahman1' & 'he :o kn[s ?is %9es & w>ms ?r\gh 8 celebrity1 fame1 & glory ( c\nt5ance' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ah1 #a2 #f74 ,& ',he does n "k him1 = he is n complete1' & ',let m5 m$itate on him z ! ,self 7,bri4 ,up4 ,i1 #d1 #g74 ,& ',he :o kn[s :at he kn[s1' & ',tea* me ! deity on :i* y m$itate' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #a1 #f2 #b1 #b74 ',m$itation' means /eady remembrance1 i4e4 a cont9uity ( /eady remembrance1 un9t]rupt$ l ! fl[ ( oil2 9 agreem5t ) ! scriptural passage :i* decl>es /eady remembrance to be ! means ( release1 'on ! atta9m5t ( remembrance all ! ties are loos5$' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #bf1 #b74 ,su* remembrance is ( ! same "* 7=m7 z see+ 7intuition72 = ! passage quot$ has ! same purport z ! foll[+ "o1 ',! fett] ( ! he>t is brok51 all d\bts are solv$1 & all ! works ( t man p]i% :5 he has be5 se5 :o is high & l[' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #b1 #h74 ,& ?is be+ s1 we conclude t ! passage '! ,self is to be se5' tea*es t ',m$itation' has ! "* ( 'see+' or 'intuition4' ,& t remembrance has ! "* ( 'see+' is due to ! elem5t ( imag9ation 7repres5tation7 :i* prevails 9 x4 ,all ?is has be5 set =? at l5g? by ! ,vkyakra4 ',k 7v$ana7 means m$itation 7upsana71 scripture us+ ! ^w 9 t s5se'2 i4e4 9 all ,upani%ads t k :i* is enjo9$ z ! means ( f9al release is ,m$itation4 ,! ,vkyakra !n prop\nds a prvapak%a 7prim facie view71 ',once he is to make ! m$itation1 ! matt] enjo9$ by scripture be+ accompli%$ !reby1 z 9 ! case ( ! prayjas & ! l'2 & !n sums up aga9/ ?is 9 ! words 'b 7m$itation7 is e/abli%$ on acc\nt ( ! t]m m$itation'2 t means--k repeat$ m ?an once 7i4e4 m$itation7 is det]m9$ to be ! means ( ,release4-- ,! ,vkyakra !n goes on ',m$itation is /eady remembrance1 on ! gr\nd ( obs]vation & /atem5t4' ,t means--?is k1 ( ! =m ( m$itation1 & repeat$ m ?an once1 is ( ! nature ( /eady remembrance4 ,su* remembrance has be5 decl>$ to be ( ! "* ( 'see+1' & ?is "* ( see+ consi/s 9 its possess+ ! "* ( imm$iate pres5tation 7pratyak%at74 ,) ref]5ce to remembrance1 :i* ?us acquires ! "* ( imm$iate pres5tation & is ! means ( f9al release1 scripture makes a fur!r det]m9ation1 viz4 9 ! passage ,ka4 ,up4 ,i1 #b1 #bc1 ',t ,self _c be ga9$ by ! /udy ( ! ,v$a 7reflection71 nor by ?\ght 7m$itation71 nor by mu* he>+4 ,:om ! ,self *ooses1 by him x may be ga9$2 to him ! ,self reveals its be+4' ,?is text says at fir/ t m]e he>+1 reflection1 & m$itation d n suffice to ga9 ! ,self1 & !n decl>es1 ',:om ! ,self *ooses1 by him x may be ga9$4' ,n[ a '*os5' "o means a mo/ belov$ p]son2 ! relation be+ t he by :om t ,self is held mo/ de> is mo/ de> to ! ,self4 ,t ! ,"l 7bhagavn7 himself endeav\rs t ?is mo/ belov$ p]son %\ld ga9 ! ,self1 he himself decl>es 9 ! foll[+ words1 ',to ^? :o are con/antly devot$ & wor%ip ) love ,i give t k by :i* !y rea* me' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,x1 #aj71 & ',to him :o has k ,i am de> above all ?+s1 & he is de> to me' 7,,vii1 #ag74 ,h5ce1 he :o possesses remembrance1 m>k$ by ! "* ( imm$iate pres5tation 7sk%tkra71 & :i* itself is de> above all ?+s s9ce ! object rememb]$ is su*2 he1 we say1 is *os5 by ! highe/ ,self1 & by him ! highe/ ,self is ga9$4 ,/eady remembrance ( ?is k9d is designat$ by ! ^w 'devotion' 7bhakti72 = ?is t]m has ! same mean+ z upsan 7m$itation74 ,= ?is reason scripture & smriti agree 9 mak+ ! foll[+ decl>ations1 ',a man kn[+ him passes ov] dea?' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #h72 ',kn[+ him ?us he "h becomes immortal' 7,taitt4 r4 ,,iii1 #ab1g72 ',nei!r by ! ,v$as1 nor by au/]ities1 nor by gifts1 nor by sacrifice c ,i be s se5 z ?\ ha/ se5 me4 ,b by devotion exclusive ,i may 9 ?is =m be kn[n & se5 9 tru?1 ,o ,arjuna1 & also be ent]$ into' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,xi1 #ec1 #ed72 ',t highe/ ,p]son1 ,o ,pr?a1 may be obta9$ by exclusive devotion' 7,,viii1 #bb74 ,t ( su* /eady remembrance sacrifices & s on are means w be decl>$ lat] on 7,ve4 ,s4 ,,iii1 #d1 #bf74 ,al?\gh sacrifices & ! l are enjo9$ ) a view to ! orig9ation ( k 79 accordance ) ! passage ',!y desire to "k1' ,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #bb71 x is only k 9 ! =m ( m$itation :i*--be+ daily practis$1 con/antly improv$ by repetition1 & cont9u$ up to dea?--is ! means ( rea*+ ,brahman1 & h5ce all ! works connect$ ) ! diff]5t conditions ( life are to be p]=m$ ?r\gh\t life only = ! purpose ( orig9at+ su* k4 ,?is ! ,strakra decl>es 9 ,ve4 ,s4 ,,iv1 #a1 #ab2 #af2 ,,iii1 #d1 #cc1 & o!r places4 ,! ,vkyakra also decl>es t /eady remembrance results only f ab/5tion1 & s on2 8 words be+ ',?is 7viz4 /eady remembrance m$itation7 is obta9$ ?r\gh ab/5tion 7viveka71 fre5ess ( m9d 7vimoka71 repetition 7abhysa71 works 7kriy71 virtu\s conduct 7kalyna71 fre$om f dejection 7anavasda71 abs5ce ( exultation 7anuddh>%a72 accord+ to feasibility & scriptural /atem5t4' ,! ,vkyakra also gives def9itions ( all ^! t]ms4 ,ab/5tion 7viveka7 means keep+ ! body clean f all food1 impure ei!r ow+ to species 7su* z ! fle% ( c]ta9 animals71 or abode 7su* z food belong+ to a ,kndla or ! l71 or accid5tal cause 7su* z food into :i* a hair or ! l has fall574 ,! scriptural passage au?oris+ ?is po9t is ,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #bf1 ',! food be+ pure1 ! m9d becomes pure2 ! m9d be+ pure1 !re results /eady remembrance4' ,fre5ess ( m9d 7vimoka7 means abs5ce ( atta*m5t to desires4 ,! au?oritative passage "h is ',let him m$itate ) a calm m9d' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ad1 #a74 ,repetition means cont9u$ practice4 ,= ?is po9t ! ,bh%ya-kra quotes an au?oritative text f ,smriti1 viz43 ',hav+ con/antly be5 absorb$ 9 ! ?\ght ( t be+' 7sad tadbhvabhvitah2 ,bha4 ,g4 ,,viii1 #f74--;,by 'works' 7kriy7 is und]/ood ! p]=mance1 accord+ to "o's ability1 ( ! five great sacrifices4 ,! au?oritative passages "h are ',?is p]son :o p]=ms works is ! be/ ( ^? :o "k ,brahman' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #a1 #d72 & ',him ,brhmanas seek to "k by recitation ( ! ,v$a1 by sacrifice1 by gifts1 by p5ance1 by fa/+' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #bb74--;,by virtu\s conduct 7kalynni7 are meant tru?fulness1 hone/y1 k9dness1 lib]ality1 g5tl5ess1 abs5ce ( covet\sness4 ,confirmatory texts are ',by tru? he is to be obta9$' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #a1 #e7 & 'to !m belongs t pure ,brahman-_w' 7,pr4 ,up4 ,i1 #af74--,t l[ness ( _s or want ( *e]fulness :i* results f unfav\rable conditions ( place or "t & ! remembrance ( causes ( sorr[1 is d5ot$ by ! t]m 'dejection'2 ! contr>y ( ?is is 'fre$om f dejection4' ,! relevant scriptural passage is ',?is ,self _c be obta9$ by "o lack+ 9 /r5g?' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #b1 #d74--';,exultation' is t satisfaction ( m9d :i* spr+s f circum/ances opposite to ^? j m5tion$2 ! contr>y is 'abs5ce ( exultation4' ,ov]great satisfaction also /&s 9 ! way 7( m$itation74 ,! scriptural passage = ?is is ',calm1 subdu$1' c4 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #bc74--,:at ! ,vkyakra means to say is !re=e t k is realis$ only ?r\gh ! p]=mance ( ! duly prescrib$ works1 on ! "p ( a p]son fulfill+ all ! enum]at$ conditions4 ,analog\sly ano!r scriptural passage says ',he :o kn[s bo? k & non-k toge!r1 ov]com+ dea? by non-k rea*es ! ,immortal ?r\gh k' 7s4 ,up4 ,,ii74 ,"h ! t]m 'non-k' d5otes ! works enjo9$ on ! diff]5t ca/es & sramas2 & ! mean+ ( ! text is t1 hav+ disc>d$ by su* works dea?1 i4e4 ! previ\s works antagoni/ic to ! orig9ation ( k1 a man rea*es ! ,immortal1 i4e4 ,brahman1 ?r\gh k4 ,! non-k ( :i* ?is passage speaks z be+ ! means ( ov]com+ dea? c only mean t :i* is o!r ?an k1 viz4 prescrib$ works4 ,! ^w has ! same s5se 9 ! foll[+ passage3 ',firm 9 traditional k he (f]$ _m sacrifices1 lean+ on ! k ( ,brahman1 s z to pass beyond dea? by non-k' 7,vi4 ,pu4 ,,vi1 #f1 #ab74--;,antagoni/ic to k 7z said above7 are all good & evil actions1 & h5ce--z equally giv+ rise to an undesirable result--!y may bo? be designat$ z evil4 ,!y /& 9 ! way ( ! orig9ation ( k 9 s f> z !y /r5g!n ! elem5ts ( passion & d>kness :i* are antagoni/ic to ! elem5t ( goodness :i* is ! cause ( ! rise ( k4 ,t evil works /& 9 ! way ( su* orig9ation1 ! foll[+ scriptural text decl>es3 ',he makes him :om he wi%es to lead d[n f ^! worlds d an evil de$' 7,ka4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #h74 ,t passion & d>kness veil ! k ( tru? :ile goodness on ! o!r h& gives rise to x1 ! ,div9e "o has decl>$ himself1 9 ! passage ',f goodness spr+s k' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,xiv1 #ag74 ,h5ce1 9 ord] t k may arise1 evil works h to be got rid (1 & ?is is effect$ by ! p]=mance ( acts ( religi\s duty n aim+ at "s imm$iate result 7su* z ! heav5ly _w & ! l72 accord+ to ! text 'by works ( religi\s duty he disc>ds all evil4' ,k :i* is ! means ( rea*+ ,brahman1 ?us requires ! works prescrib$ = ! diff]5t sramas2 & h5ce ! sy/ematic enquiry into works 7i4 e4 ! ,prva ,mmms7--f :i* we asc]ta9 ! nature ( ! works requir$ & also ! transitor9ess & limitation ( ! fruits ( m]e works--=ms a necess>y antec$5t to ! sy/ematic enquiry into ,brahman4 ,moreov] ! discrim9ation ( p]man5t & non-p]man5t ?+s1 c4 7i4e4 ! tetrad ( 'means' m5tion$ above1 p4 #aa7 _c be accompli%$ )\t ! /udy ( ! ,mmms2 = unless we asc]ta9 all ! di/9ctions ( fruits ( works1 means1 modes ( proc$ure & qualification 7on ! "p ( ! ag5t7 we c h>dly und]/& ! true nature ( works1 _! fruits1 ! transitor9ess or non-transitor9ess ( ! latt]1 ! p]man5ce ( ! ,self1 & simil> matt]s4 ,t ^? conditions 7viz4 nitynityava/uviveka1 sama1 dama1 c47 are 'means' mu/ be det]m9$ on ! basis ( v9iyoga 7'application' :i* det]m9es ! relation ( pr9cipal & subord9ate matt]s--ang9 & anga72 & ?is v9iyoga :i* dep5ds on direct scriptural /atem5t 7sruti71 inf]5tial signs 7l+a71 & s on1 is treat$ ( 9 ! ?ird book ( ! ,prva ,mmms-stras4 ,& fur!r we mu/1 9 ?is connexion1 consid] also ! m$itations on ! ,udg?a & simil> ?+s--:i*1 al?\gh aim+ at ! success ( works1 are ( ! nature ( reflections on ,brahman 7:i* is view$ 9 !m "u v>i\s =ms7--& z su* h ref]5ce to k ( ,brahman4 ,^? works also 7) :i* ^! m$itations are connect$7 aim at no special results ( _! own1 & produce & help to p]fect ! k ( ,brahman3 !y are !re=e p>ticul>ly connect$ ) ! enquiry into ,brahman4 ,& t ^! m$itations presuppose an und]/&+ ( ! nature ( works is admitt$ by e "o4 ,,! ,,great ,p,,rvapak%a4 ,,! ,,only ,,reality ,,is ,,brahman4 ,brahman1 :i* is pure intellig5ce & oppos$ to all diff]5ce1 con/itutes ! only reality2 & ev]y?+ else1 i4e4 ! plurality ( manifold kn[+ subjects1 objects ( k1 & acts ( k dep5d+ on ^? two1 is only imag9$ on 7or '9'7 t ,brahman1 & is ess5tially false4 ',9 ! beg9n+1 my de>1 !re 0 t only :i* is1 "o only )\t a second' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #b1 #a72 ',! high] k is t by :i* ! ,inde/ructible is appreh5d$' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,i1 #a1 #e72 ',t :i* _c be se5 nor seiz$1 :i* has no eyes nor e>s1 no h&s nor feet1 ! p]man5t1 ! all-p]vad+1 ! mo/ subtle1 ! imp]i%able :i* ! wise reg>d z ! s\rce ( all be+s' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,i1 #a1 #f72 ',! ,true1 k1 ! ,inf9ite is ,brahman' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a72 ',he :o is )\t p>ts1 )\t actions1 tranquil1 )\t fault1 )\t ta9t' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #ai72 ',by :om x is n ?\ght1 by him x is ?\ght2 he by :om x is ?\ght kn[s x n4 ,x is n kn[n by ^? :o "k x1 kn[n by ^? :o d n "k x' 7,ke4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #c72 ',?\ maye/ n see ! se] ( sight2 ?\ maye/ n ?9k ! ?9k] ( ?\ght' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #d1 #b72 ',bliss is ,brahman' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #f1 #a72 ',all ?is is t ,self' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #e1 #g72 ',!re is "h no div]sity :atev]' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #ai72 ',f dea? to dea? goes he :o sees any diff]5ce "h' 7,ka4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #d1 #aj72 ',= :]e !re is duality z x 71 !re "o sees ! o!r'2 'b :]e ! ,self has become all ( him1 by :at means1 & :om1 %\ld he see8 by :at means1 & :om1 %\ld he "k8' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #e1 #ae72 '! effect is a "n m]ely :i* has its orig9 9 spee*2 ! tru? is t 7! ?+ made ( clay7 is clay m]ely' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #a1 #d72 '= if he makes b ! smalle/ di/9ction 9 x !re is fe> = him' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #g72-- ! two foll[+ ,v$nta-stras3 ,,iii1 #b1 #aa2 ,,iii1 #b1 #c--! foll[+ passages f ! ,vi%nu-purna3 ',9 :i* all diff]5ce vani%es1 :i* is pure ,be+1 :i* is n ! object ( words1 :i* is kn[n by ! ,self only--t k is call$ ,brahman' 7,,vi1 #g1 #ec72 ',him ^: ess5tial nature is k1 :o is /a9less 9 reality'2 ',him :o1 ow+ to errone\s view1 abides 9 ! =m ( ?+s' 7,i1 #b1 #f72 '! ,reality ?\ art alone1 !re is no o!r1 ,o ,"l ( ! _w6-- :atev] matt] is se5 belongs to !e ^: be+ is k2 b ow+ to _! errone\s op9ion ! non-dev\t look on x z ! =m ( ! _w4 ,?is :ole _w has k = its ess5tial nature1 b ! ,unwise view+ x z be+ ( ! nature ( mat]ial ?+s are driv5 r\nd on ! ocean ( delusion4 ,^? h[ev] :o possess true k & pure m9ds see ?is :ole _w z hav+ k = its ,self1 z ?y =m1 ,o highe/ ,"l6' 7,vi4 ,pu4 ,i1 #d1 #ch ff474--',( t ,self1 al?\gh x exi/s 9 "o's own & 9 o!r bodies1 ! k is ( "o k9d1 & t is ,reality2 ^? :o ma9ta9 duality hold a false view' 7,,ii1 #ad1 #ca72 ',if !re is "s o!r "o1 diff]5t f me1 !n x c be said1 ,i am ?is & t "o is ano!r' 7,,ii1 #ac1 #hf72 ',z ow+ to ! diff]5ce ( ! holes ( ! flute ! air equally pass+ ?r\gh !m all is call$ by ! names ( ! diff]5t notes ( ! musical scale2 s x is ) ! univ]sal ,self' 7,,ii1 #ad1 #cb72 ',he is ,i2 he is ?\2 he is all3 ?is ,univ]se is 8 =m4 ,ab&on ! error ( diff]5ce4 ,! k+ be+ ?us in/ruct$1 ab&on$ ! view ( diff]5ce1 hav+ ga9$ an intuition ( ,reality' 7,,ii1 #af1 #bd74 ',:5 t view :i* gives rise to diff]5ce is absolutely de/roy$1 :o !n w make ! untrue di/9ction betwe5 ! individual ,self & ,brahman8' 7,,vi1 #g1 #id74--,! foll[+ passages f ! ,bhagavad-,gt3 ',i am ! ,self dwell+ )9 all be+s' 7,x1 #bj72 ',"k me to be ! s\l )9 all bodies' 7,,xiii1 #b72 ',be+ !re is none1 movable or immovable1 :i* is )\t me' 7,x1 #ci74-- ,all ^! & o!r texts1 ! purport ( :i* cle>ly is in/ruction z to ! ess5tial nature ( ?+s1 decl>e t ,brahman only1 i4e4 non-diff]5c$ pure intellig5ce is real1 :ile ev]y?+ else is false4 ,! appe>ance ( plurality is due to avidy4 ',falsehood' 7mi?ytva7 belongs to :at admits ( be+ t]m9at$ by ! cognition ( ! real ?+--su* cognition be+ prec$$ by consci\s activity 7n by m]e abs5ce ( consci\sness or k74 ,! snake1 e4g4 :i* has = its sub/rate a rope or ! l is false2 = x is due to an imp]fection 7do%a7 t ! snake is imag9$ 9 7or 'on'7 ! rope4 ,9 ! same way ?is entire _w1 ) its di/9ctions ( gods1 m51 animals1 inanimate matt]1 & s on1 is1 ow+ to an imp]fection1 wrongly imag9$ 9 ! highe/ ,brahman ^: sub/ance is m]e intellig5ce1 & !re=e is false 9 s f> z x may be sublat$ by ! cognition ( ! nature ( ! real ,brahman4 ,:at con/itutes t imp]fection is beg9n+less ,nesci5ce 7avidy71 :i*1 hid+ ! tru? ( ?+s1 gives rise to manifold illusions1 & _c be def9$ ei!r z some?+ t is or z some?+ t is n4--',by ! ,untrue !y are hidd52 ( !m :i* are true ! ,untrue is ! cov]+' 7,*1 ,up4 ,,viii1 #c1 #a72 ',"k ,mya to be ,prakriti1 & ! great ,"l him :o is associat$ ) ,mya' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #aj72 ',indra appe>s manifold ?r\gh ! ,mys' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #e1 #ai72 ',my ,mya is h>d to ov]come' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,vii1 #ad72 ',:5 ! s\l slumb]+ 9 beg9n+less ,my awakes' 7,gau4 ,k4 ,i1 #af74--,^! & simil> texts tea* t x is ?r\gh beg9n+less ,my t to ,brahman :i* truly is pure non-diff]5c$ intellig5ce its own nature hides itself1 & t x sees div]sity )9 itself4 ,z has be5 said1 ',because ! ,holy ,"o is ess5tially ( ! nature ( intellig5ce1 ! =m ( all1 b n mat]ial2 !re=e "k t all p>ticul> ?+s l rocks1 oceans1 hills & s on1 h proce$$ f intellig5ce ,,footnote #bb3a ,b :51 on ! cessation ( all "w1 ev]y?+ is only pure intellig5ce 9 its own prop] =m1 )\t any imp]fections2 !n no diff]5ces-- ! fruit ( ! tree ( wi%es--any long] exi/ betwe5 ?+s4 ,!re=e no?+ :atev]1 at any place or any "t1 exi/s ap>t f intellig5ce3 intellig5ce1 :i* is "o only1 is view$ z manifold by ^? ^: m9ds are di/ract$ by ! effects ( _! own works4 ,intellig5ce pure1 free f /a91 free f grief1 free f all contact ) desire & o!r affections1 ev]la/+ly "o is ! highe/ ,"l--,vsudeva ap>t f :om no?+ exi/s4 ,i h ?us decl>$ to y ! la/+ tru? ( ?+s--t intellig5ce only is true & ev]y?+ else untrue4 ,& t also :i* is ! cause ( ord9>y worldly exi/5ce has be5 decl>$ to y' 7,vi4 ,pu4 ,,ii1 #ab1 #ci1 #dj1 #dc-de74 ,avidy is put an end to by true ,k4 ,o!r texts decl>e t ?is ,nesci5ce comes to an end ?r\gh ! cognition ( ! ess5tial unity ( ! ,self ) ,brahman :i* is no?+ b non-diff]5c$ intellig5ce4 ',he does n aga9 g to dea?2' ',he sees ?is z "o2' ',he :o sees ?is does n see dea?' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #bg72 ',:5 he f9ds fre$om f fe> & re/ 9 t :i* is invisible1 incorporeal1 undef9$1 unsupport$1 !n he has obta9$ ! fe>less' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #g72 ',! fett] ( ! he>t is brok51 all d\bts are solv$ & all 8 works p]i% :5 he has be5 beheld :o is high & l[' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #b1 #h72 ',he kn[s ,brahman1 he becomes ,brahman only' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #b1 #i72 ',kn[+ him only a man passes ov] dea?2 !re is no o!r pa? to g' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #h74 ,9 ^! & simil> passages1 ! t]m 'dea?' d5otes ,nesci5ce2 analog\sly to ! use ( ! t]m 9 ! foll[+ words ( ,sanatsujta1 ',delusion ,i call dea?2 & fre$om f delusion ,i call immortality' 7,sanatsuj4 ,,ii1 #e74 ,! k aga9 ( ! ess5tial unity & non-diff]5ce ( ,brahman-- :i* is asc]ta9$ f decisive texts su* z ',! ,true1 k1 ! ,inf9ite is ,brahman' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a72 ',k1 bliss is ,brahman' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #i1 #bh7--;is confirm$ by o!r passages1 su* z ',n[ if a man m$itates on ano!r deity1 ?9k+ ! deity is "o & he ano!r1 he does n "k' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,i1 #d1 #aj72 ',let m5 m$itate ^u him z ! ,self 7,bri4 ,up4 ,i1 #d1 #g72 ',?\ art t' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #h1 #g72 ',am ,i ?\1 ,o holy deity8 & art ?\ me1 ,o holy deity8'2 ',:at ,i am t is he2 :at he is t am ,i4'--,?is ! ,strakra himself w decl>e ',b z ! ,self 7scriptural texts7 ackn[l$ge & make u appreh5d 7! ,"l7' 7,ve4 ,s4 ,,iv1 #a1 #c74 ,?us ! ,vkyakra also1 ',x is ! ,self--?us "o %\ld appreh5d 7ev]y?+71 = ev]y?+ is effect$ by t4' ,& to hold t by su* cognition ( ! on5ess ( ,brahman ess5tially false bondage1 toge!r ) its cause1 comes to an end1 is only reasonable4 ,scripture is ( great] =ce ?an ,p]ception ,b1 an objection is rais$--h[ c k1 spr++ f ! sacr$ texts1 br+ ab\t a cessation ( ! view ( diff]5ce1 9 manife/ opposition to ! evid5ce ( ,p]ception8--,h[ !n1 we rejo91 c ! k t ?is ?+ is a rope & n a snake br+ ab\t1 9 opposition to actual p]ception1 ! cessation ( ! 7idea ( !7 snake8--,y w p]haps reply t 9 ?is latt] case !re is a conflict betwe5 two =ms ( p]ception1 :ile 9 ! case "u discussion ! conflict is betwe5 direct p]ception & ,scripture :i* is bas$ on p]ception4 ,b aga9/ ?is we w\ld ask ! "q h[1 9 ! case ( a conflict betwe5 two equal cognitions1 we decide z to :i* ( ! two is refut$ 7sublat$7 by ! o!r4 ,if--z is to be expect$--y reply t :at makes ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two is t "o ( !m is due to a defective cause :ile ! o!r is n3 we po9t out t ?is di/9ction holds good also 9 ! case ( ,scripture & p]ception be+ 9 conflict4 ,x is n consid]ations z to ! equality ( conflict+ cognitions1 z to _! be+ dep5d5t or indep5d5t1 & s on1 t det]m9e :i* ( ! two sublates ! o!r2 if t 7 ! case1 ! p]ception :i* pres5ts to u ! flame ( ! lamp z "o only w\ld n be sublat$ by ! cognition arriv$ at by inf]5ce t !re is a succession ( diff]5t flames4 ,:]ev] !re is a conflict betwe5 cognitions bas$ on two diff]5t means ( k we assign ! position ( ! 'sublat$ "o' to t :i* admits ( be+ acc\nt$ = 9 "s o!r way2 :ile t cognition :i* af=ds no op5+ = be+ held unau?oritative & _c be acc\nt$ = 9 ano!r way1 is ! 'sublat+ "o ,,footnote #be3a4' ,?is is ! pr9ciple on :i* ! relation betwe5 ':at sublates' & ':at is sublat$' is decid$ ev]y:]e4 ,n[ appreh5sion ( ,brahman--:i* is m]e intellig5ce1 et]nal1 pure1 free1 self-lum9\s--is effect$ by ,scripture :i* re/s on endless unbrok5 tradition1 _c !re=e be suspect$ ( any1 ev5 ! lea/1 imp]fection1 & h5ce _c be non-au?oritative2 ! /ate ( bondage1 on ! o!r h&1 ) its manifold di/9ctions is prov$ by ,p]ception1 ,inf]5ce1 & s on1 :i* are capable ( imp]fections & !re=e may be non-au?oritative4 ,x is !re=e reasonable to conclude t ! /ate ( bondage is put an end to by ! appreh5sion ( ,brahman4 ,& t imp]fection ( :i* ,p]ception--?r\gh :i* we appreh5d a _w ( manifold di/9ctions--may be assum$ to be capable1 is s-call$ ,nesci5ce1 :i* consi/s 9 ! beg9n+less wrong imag9ation ( diff]5ce4--,well !n--a fur!r objection is rais$--let u admit t ,scripture is p]fect because re/+ on an endless unbrok5 tradition2 b mu/ we !n n admit t texts evid5tly presuppos+ ! view ( duality1 z e4g4 ',let him :o desires ! heav5ly _w (f] ! ,jyoti%toma-sacrifice'--are liable to refutation8--,true1 we reply4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! ,udgtri & ,pratih>tri break+ ! *a9 7n at ! same "t1 b7 9 succession ,,footnote #bf3a1 s "h also ! e>li] texts 7:i* ref] to duality & transitory rew>ds7 are sublat$ by ! lat] texts :i* tea* f9al release1 & are n !mselves sublat$ by any?+ else4 ,! texts :i* repres5t ,brahman z devoid ( qualities h great] =ce ,! same reason+ applies to ^? passages 9 ! ,v$nta-texts :i* inculcate m$itation on ! qualifi$ ,brahman1 s9ce ! highe/ ,brahman is )\t any qualities4--,b consid] su* passages z ',he :o cognises all1 :o kn[s all' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,i1 #a1 #i72 ',8 high p[] is reveal$ z manifold1 z ess5tial1 act+ z =ce & k' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #h72 ',he ^: wi%es are true1 ^: purposes are true' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #a1 #e72 h[ c ^! passages1 :i* cle>ly aim at def9+ ! nature ( ,brahman1 be liable to refutation8--,ow+ to ! great] weight1 we reply1 ( ^? texts :i* set =? ,brahman z devoid ( qualities4 ',x is n co>se1 n f9e1 n %ort1 n long' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #h1 #h72 ',! ,true1 k1 inf9ite is ,brahman' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a72 ',t :i* is free f qualities1' 't :i* is free f /a9'--^! & simil> texts convey ! notion ( ,brahman be+ *angeless1 et]nal intellig5ce devoid ( all diff]5ce2 :ile ! o!r texts--quot$ be=e--tea* ! qualifi$ ,brahman4 ,& !re be+ a conflict betwe5 ! two sets ( passages1 we--accord+ to ! ,mmms pr9ciple ref]r$ to above--decide t ! texts ref]r+ to ,brahman z devoid ( qualities are ( great] =ce1 because !y are lat] 9 ord] ,,footnote #bg3a ?an ^? :i* speak ( ,brahman z hav+ qualities4 ,?us ev]y?+ is settl$4 ,! text ,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a ref]s to ,brahman z devoid ( qualities4 ,b--an objection is rais$--ev5 ! passage ',! ,true1 k1 inf9ite is ,brahman' intimates c]ta9 qualities ( ,brahman1 viz4 true be+1 k1 inf9ity6--,n s1 we reply4 ,f ! circum/ance t all ! t]ms ( ! s5t5ce /& 9 co-ord9ation1 x foll[s t !y convey ! idea ( "o matt] 7s5se7 only4 ,if aga9/ ?is y urge t ! s5t5ce may convey ! idea ( "o matt] only1 ev5 if directly express+ a ?+ di/+ui%$ by sev]al qualities2 we mu/ rem>k t y display an ignorance ( ! mean+ ( language :i* appe>s to po9t to "s weakm9d$ness on y\r "p4 ,a s5t5ce conveys ! idea ( "o matt] 7s5se7 only :5 all its con/itutive words d5ote "o & ! same ?+2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 x expresses a ?+ possess+ sev]al attributes1 ! diff]5ce ( ^! attributes necess>ily leads to a diff]5ce 9 mean+ on ! "p ( ! individual words1 & !n ! on5ess ( mean+ ( ! s5t5ce is lo/4--,b f y\r view ( ! passage x w\ld foll[ t ! sev]al words are m]e synonyms6--,give u y\r att5tion1 we reply1 & le>n t sev]al words may convey "o mean+ )\t be+ idle synonyms4 ,f ! det]m9ation ( ! unity ( purport ( ! :ole s5t5ce ,,footnote #bg3b we conclude t ! sev]al words1 appli$ to "o ?+1 aim at express+ :at is opposite 9 nature to :atev] is contr>y to ! mean+s ( ! sev]al words1 & t ?us !y h mean+ & unity ( mean+ & yet are n m]e synonyms4 ,! details are z foll[s4 ,brahman is to be def9$ z :at is contr>y 9 nature to all o!r ?+s4 ,n[ :atev] is oppos$ to ,brahman is virtually set aside by ! ?ree words 7con/itut+ ! def9ition ( ,brahman 9 ! ,taittiriya-text74 ,! ^w 'true' 7or 'truly be+'7 has ! purport ( di/+ui%+ ,brahman f :atev] ?+s h no tru?1 z be+ ! abodes ( *ange2 ! ^w 'k' di/+ui%es ,brahman f all non-s5ti5t ?+s ^: light dep5ds on some?+ else 7:i* are n self-lum9\s72 & ! ^w 'inf9ite' di/+ui%es x f :atev] is limit$ 9 "t or space or nature4 ,nor is ?is 'di/9ction' "s positive or negative attribute ( ,brahman1 x r is j ,brahman itself z oppos$ to ev]y?+ else2 j z ! di/9ction ( :ite col\r f black & o!r col\rs is j ! true nature ( :ite1 n an attribute ( x4 ,! ?ree words con/itut+ ! text ?us h a mean+1 h "o mean+1 & are non-synonym\s1 9 s f> z !y convey ! ess5tial di/9ction ( "o ?+1 viz4 ,brahman f ev]y?+ else4 ,! text ?us decl>es ! "o ,brahman :i* is self-lum9\s & free f all diff]5ce4 ,on ?is int]pretation ( ! text we disc]n its on5ess 9 purport ) o!r texts1 su* z ',be+ only ?is 0 9 ! beg9n+1 "o only1 )\t a second4' ,texts su* z ',t f :5ce ^! be+s are born' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #a72 ',be+ only ?is 0 9 ! beg9n+' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #b1 #a72 ',self alone 0 ?is 9 ! beg9n+' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,i1 #d1 #a71 c41 describe ,brahman z ! cause ( ! _w2 & ( ?is ,brahman ! ,taittirya passage ',! ,true1 k1 inf9ite is ,brahman' gives ! /rict def9ition4 ,9 agreem5t ) ! pr9ciple t all skhs tea* ! same doctr9e we h to und]/& t1 9 all ! texts :i* speak ( ,brahman z cause1 ,brahman mu/ be tak5 z be+ ')\t a second'1 i4e4 )\t any o!r be+ ( ! same or a diff]5t k9d2 & ! text :i* aims at def9+ ,brahman has !n to be int]pret$ 9 accordance ) ?is *>act]i/ic ( ,brahman1 viz4 its be+ )\t a second4 ,! /atem5t ( ! ,*ndogya z to ,brahman be+ )\t a second mu/ also be tak5 to imply t ,brahman is non-dual z f> z qualities are conc]n$2 o!rwise x w\ld conflict ) ^? passages :i* speak ( ,brahman z be+ )\t qualities & )\t /a94 ,we !re=e conclude t ! def9+ ,taittirya-text tea*es ,brahman to be an absolutely homog5e\s sub/ance4 ,b1 ! above explanation ( ! passage be+ accept$1 x foll[s t ! words 'true be+1' 'k1' c41 h to be view$ z ab&on+ _! direct s5se1 & m]ely sugge/+ a ?+ di/9ct 9 nature f all t is opposite 7to :at ! ?ree words directly d5ote71 & ?is means t we resort to s-call$ implication 7impli$ mean+1 lak%an76--,:at objection is !re to su* a proce$+8 we reply4 ,! =ce ( ! g5]al purport ( a s5t5ce is great] ?an t ( ! direct d5otative p[] ( ! simple t]ms1 & x is g5]ally admitt$ t ! purport ( grammatical co-ord9ation is on5ess 7( ! matt] d5ot$ by ! t]ms co-ord9at$74--,b we nev] obs]ve t all words ( a s5t5ce are to be und]/ood 9 an impli$ s5se6--,is x !n n obs]v$1 we reply1 t "o ^w is to be tak5 9 its impli$ mean+ if o!rwise x w\ld contradict ! purport ( ! :ole s5t5ce8 ,& if ! purport ( ! s5t5ce1 :i* is no?+ b an aggregate ( words employ$ toge!r1 has once be5 asc]ta9$1 :y %\ld we n take two or ?ree or all words 9 an impli$ s5se--j z we _h tak5 "o--& ?us make !m fit 9 ) ! g5]al purport8 ,9 agreem5t h]e) ^? s*ol>s :o expla9 to u ! s5se ( imp]ative s5t5ces1 tea* t 9 imp]ative s5t5ces belong+ to ord9>y spee* all words h an impli$ mean+ only 7n _! directly d5otative mean+74 ,=1 !y ma9ta91 imp]ative =ms h _! prim>y mean+ only 9 7,v$ic7 s5t5ces :i* enjo9 some?+ n e/abli%$ by o!r means2 & h5ce 9 ord9>y spee* ! effect ( ! action is convey$ by implication only4 ,! o!r words also1 :i* =m "p ( ^? imp]ative s5t5ces & d5ote matt]s connect$ ) ! action1 h _! prim>y mean+ only if connect$ ) an action n e/abli%$ by o!r means2 :ile if connect$ ) an ord9>y action !y h a second>y1 impli$1 mean+ only ,,footnote #cj3a4 ,p]ception reveals to u non-diff]5c$ sub/ance only ,we h s f> %[n t 9 ! case ( a conflict betwe5 ,scripture & ,p]ception & ! o!r in/rum5ts ( k1 ,scripture is ( great] =ce4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 is t no su* conflict is obs]v$ to exi/1 s9ce ,p]ception itself gives rise to ! appreh5sion ( a non-diff]5c$ ,brahman ^: nature is pure ,be+4--,b h[ c x be said t ,p]ception1 :i* has = its object ?+s ( v>i\s k9ds-- & accord+ly expresses itself 9 judgm5ts su* z ',"h is a j>1' ',!re is a piece ( clo?'--causes ! appreh5sion ( m]e ,be+8 ,if !re 7 no appreh5sion ( diff]5ce1 all cognitions w\ld h "o & ! same object1 & !re=e w\ld give rise to "o judgm5t only-- z takes place :5 "o unbrok5 p]ceptional cognition is cont9u$ = "s "t4--,true4 ,we !re=e h to enquire 9 :at way1 9 ! judgm5t '"h is a j>1' an ass]tion is made ab\t be+ z well z "s special =m ( be+4 ,^! impli$ judgm5ts _c bo? be f\nd$ on p]ception1 = !y are ! results ( acts ( cognition occupy+ diff]5t mom5ts ( "t1 :ile ! p]ceptional cognition takes place 9 "o mom5t 7is in/antane\s74 ,we !re=e mu/ decide :e!r x is ! ess5tial nature ( ! j>1 or its diff]5ce f o!r ?+s1 t is ! object ( p]ception4 ,& we mu/ adopt ! =m] alt]native1 because ! appreh5sion ( diff]5ce presupposes ! appreh5sion ( ! ess5tial nature ( ! ?+1 &1 9 addition1 ! remembrance ( its c\nt]5tities 7i4e4 ! ?+s f :i* ! giv5 ?+ diff]s74 ,h5ce diff]5ce is n appreh5d$ by ,p]ception2 & all judgm5ts & propositions relative to diff]5ce are f\nd$ on error only4 ,diff]5ce--bh$a--does n admit ( logical def9ition ,! ,logicians1 moreov]1 are unable to give a def9ition ( su* a ?+ z 'diff]5ce4' ,diff]5ce _c 9 ! fir/ place be ! ess5tial nature 7( t :i* diff]s72 = f t x w\ld foll[ t on ! appreh5sion ( ! ess5tial nature ( a ?+ !re w\ld at once arise n only ! judgm5t z to t ess5tial nature b also judgm5ts z to its diff]5ce f ev]y?+ else4--,b1 x may be object$ to ?is1 ev5 :5 ! ess5tial nature ( a ?+ is appreh5d$1 ! judgm5t '?is ?+ is diff]5t f o!r ?+s' dep5ds on ! remembrance ( its c\nt]5tities1 & z long z ?is remembrance does n take place s long ! judgm5t ( diff]5ce is n =m$6--,su* reason+1 we reply1 is inadmissible4 ,he :o ma9ta9s t 'diff]5ce' is no?+ b 'ess5tial nature' has no "r to assume a dep5d5ce on c\nt]5tities s9ce1 accord+ to him1 ess5tial nature & diff]5ce are ! same1 i4e4 no?+ b ess5tial nature3 ! judgm5t ( diff]5ce c1 on 8 view1 dep5d on c\nt]5tities no m ?an ! judgm5t ( ess5tial nature does4 ,8 view really implies t ! two words '! j>' & 'diff]5t' 79 ! judgm5t '! j> is diff]5t'7 are synonym\s1 j z ! words 'ha/a' & 'k>a' are 7bo? ( :i* mean 'h&'74 ,nor1 9 ! second place1 c 'diff]5ce' be held to be an attribute 7dh>ma74 ,= if x 7 t1 we %\ld h to assume t 'diff]5ce' possesses diff]5ce 7i4e4 is diff]5t7 f ess5tial nature2 = o!rwise x w\ld be ! same z ! latt]4 ,& ?is latt] diff]5ce w\ld h to be view$ z an attribute ( ! fir/ diff]5ce1 & ?is w\ld lead u on to a ?ird diff]5ce1 & s 9 inf9itum4 ,& ! view ( 'diff]5ce' be+ an attribute w\ld fur!r imply t diff]5ce is appreh5d$ on ! appreh5sion ( a ?+ di/+ui%$ by attributes su* z g5]ic "* & s on1 & at ! same "t t ! ?+ ?us di/+ui%$ is appreh5d$ on ! appreh5sion ( diff]5ce2 & ?is w\ld con/itute a logical seesaw4-- ',diff]5ce' ?us %[+ itself incapable ( logical def9ition1 we are confirm$ 9 our view t p]ception reveals m]e ',be+' only4 ,moreov]1 x appe>s t 9 /ates ( consci\sness su* z ',"h is a j>1' ',!re is a piece ( clo?1' ',! j> is p]ceiv$1' ',! piece ( clo? is p]ceiv$1' t :i* con/itutes ! ?+s is ,be+ 7exi/5ce2 satt7 & p]ception 7or 'consci\sness'2 anubhti74 ,& we obs]ve t x is pure ,be+ only :i* p]si/s 9 all /ates ( cognition3 ?is pure ,be+ alone1 !re=e1 is real4 ,! diff]5ces1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* d n p]si/1 are unreal4 ,! case is analog\s to t ( ! snake-rope4 ,! rope :i* p]si/s z a sub/rate is real1 :ile ! non-cont9u\s ?+s 7:i* by wrong imag9ation are sup]impos$ on ! rope7 su* z a snake1 a cleft 9 ! gr\nd1 a wat]c\rse1 & s on1 are unreal4 ,b--our adv]s>y objects--! in/ance is n truly analog\s4 ,9 ! case ( ! snake-rope ! non-reality ( ! snake results f ! snake's be+ sublat$ 7bdhita7 by ! cognition ( ! true nature ( ! sub/rate ',?is is a rope1 n a snake'2 x does n result f ! non-cont9u\sness ( ! snake4 ,9 ! same way ! reality ( ! rope does n foll[ f its p]si/5ce1 b f ! fact ( its be+ n sublat$ 7by ano!r cognition74 ,b :at1 we ask1 e/abli%es ! non-reality ( j>s & pieces ( clo?8--,all are agre$1 we reply1 t we obs]ve1 9 j>s & simil> ?+s1 individual diff]5ce 7vyvritti1 lit]ally 'sep>ation1' 'di/9ction'74 ,! po9t to decide is ( :at nature su* diff]5ce is4 ,does x n mean t ! judgm5t ',?is is a j>' implies ! negation ( pieces ( clo? & o!r ?+s8 ,b ?is means t by ?is judgm5t pieces ( clo? & o!r ?+s are sublat$ 7bdhita74 ,individual diff]5ce 7vyvritti7 ?us means ! cessation 7or abs5ce71 due to sublation1 ( c]ta9 objects ( cognition1 & x proves ! non-reality ( :atev] has non-cont9u\s exi/5ce2 :ile on ! o!r h&1 pure ,be+1 l ! rope1 p]si/s non-sublat$4 ,h5ce ev]y?+ t is additional to pure ,be+ is non-real4--,?is admits ( be+ express$ 9 te*nical =m4 ',be+' is real because x p]si/s1 z prov$ by ! case ( ! rope 9 ! snake-rope2 j>s & simil> ?+s are non-real because !y are non-cont9u\s1 z prov$ by ! case ( ! snake t has ! rope = its sub/rate4 ,f all ?is x foll[s t p]si/+ consci\sness only has real be+2 x alone is4 ,be+ & consci\sness are "o4 ,consci\sness is svayampraksa4 ,b1 our adv]s>y objects1 z m]e ,be+ is ! object ( consci\sness1 x is diff]5t !refrom 7& ?us !re exi/s aft] all 'diff]5ce' or 'plurality'74--,n s1 we reply4 ,t !re is no su* ?+ z 'diff]5ce1' we h already %[n above on ! gr\nds t x is n ! object ( p]ception1 & moreov] incapable ( def9ition4 ,x _c !re=e be prov$ t ',be+' is ! object ( consci\sness4 ,h5ce ,consci\sness itself is ',be+'--t :i* is4--,?is consci\sness is self-prov$1 j because x is consci\sness4 ,7 x prov$ ?r\gh some?+ else1 x w\ld foll[ t l j>s & simil> ?+s x is n consci\sness4 ,nor c !re be assum$1 = consci\sness1 ! ne$ ( ano!r act ( consci\sness 7?r\gh :i* its k w\ld be e/abli%$72 = x %9es =? 7praksate7 ?r\gh its own be+4 ,:ile x exi/s1 consci\sness--diff]+ !re9 f j>s & ! l--is nev] obs]v$ n to %9e =?1 & x _c !re=e be held to dep5d1 9 its %9+ =?1 on some?+ else4--,y 7:o object to ! above reason+7 p]haps hold ! foll[+ view3--ev5 :5 consci\sness has aris51 x is ! object only :i* %9es =?--a fact express$ 9 s5t5ces su* z3 ! j> is p]ceiv$4 ,:5 a p]son =ms ! judgm5t ',?is is a j>1' he is n at ! "t consci\s ( a consci\sness :i* is n an object & is n ( a def9ite "*4 ,h5ce ! exi/5ce ( consci\sness is ! reason :i* br+s ab\t ! '%9+ =?' ( j>s & o!r objects1 & ?us has a simil> (fice z ! approximation ( ! object to ! eye or ! o!r organs ( s5se 7:i* is ano!r condition ( p]ceptive consci\sness74 ,aft] ?is ! exi/5ce ( consci\sness is inf]r$ on ! gr\nd t ! %9+ =? ( ! object is 7n p]man5t1 b7 occasional only ,,footnote #cd3a4 ,& %\ld ?is argum5tation be object$ to on ! gr\nd ( its imply+ t consci\sness--:i* is ess5tially ( ! nature ( intellig5ce-- is some?+ non-intellig5t l mat]ial ?+s1 we ask y to def9e ?is negation ( non-intellig5ce 7:i* y decl>e to be *>act]i/ic ( consci\sness74 ,h we1 p]haps1 to und]/& by x ! inv>iable concomitance ( exi/5ce & %9+ =?8 ,if s1 we po9t out t ?is inv>iable concomitance is also f\nd 9 ! case ( pleasure & simil> affections2 = :5 pleasure & s on exi/ at all1 !y nev] are non-p]ceiv$ 7i4e4 !y exi/ 9 s f> only z we are consci\s ( !m74 ,x is ?us cle> t we h no consci\sness ( consci\sness itself--j z ! tip ( a f+]1 al?\gh t\*+ o!r ?+s1 is incapable ( t\*+ itself4 ,all ?is reason+1 we reply1 is entirely spun out ( y\r own fancy1 )\t any due consid]ation ( ! p[] ( consci\sness4 ,! fact is1 t 9 p]ceiv+ col\r & o!r qualities ( ?+s1 we are n aw>e ( a '%9+ =?' z an attribute ( ^? ?+s1 & z some?+ diff]5t f consci\sness2 nor c ! assumption ( an attribute ( ?+s call$ 'light1' or '%9+ =?1' be prov$ 9 any way1 s9ce ! entire empirical _w itself c be prov$ only ?r\gh consci\sness1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* we bo? admit4 ,consci\sness1 !re=e1 is n some?+ :i* is inf]r$ or prov$ ?r\gh "s o!r act ( k2 b :ile prov+ ev]y?+ else x is prov$ by itself4 ,?is may be express$ 9 te*nical =m z foll[s-- ,consci\sness is1 ) reg>d to its attributes & to ! empirical judgm5ts conc]n+ x1 indep5d5t ( any o!r ?+1 because ?r\gh its connexion ) o!r ?+s x is ! cause ( _! attributes & ! empirical judgm5ts conc]n+ !m4 ,= x is a g5]al pr9ciple t ( two ?+s t :i* ?r\gh its connexion ) ! o!r is ! cause ( ! attributes (--& ! empirical judgm5ts ab\t--! latt]1 is itself indep5d5t ( t o!r z to ^? two po9ts4 ,we see e4g4 t col\r1 ?r\gh its conjunction ) e>? & ! l1 produces 9 !m ! quality ( visibility1 b does n itself dep5d = its visibility on conjunction ) col\r4 ,h5ce consci\sness is itself ! cause ( its own '%9+ =?1' z well z ( ! empirically obs]v$ %9+ =? ( objects su* z j>s & ! l4 ,consci\sness is et]nal & incapable ( *ange4 ,?is self-lum9\s consci\sness1 fur!r1 is et]nal1 = x is n capable ( any =m ( non-exi/5ce--:e!r s--call$ antec$5t non-exi/5ce or any o!r =m4 ,?is foll[s f its be+ self-e/abli%$4 ,= ! antec$5t non-exi/5ce ( self-e/abli%$ consci\sness _c be appreh5d$ ei!r ?r\gh consci\sness or any?+ else4 ,if consci\sness itself gave rise to ! appreh5sion ( its own non-exi/5ce1 x c\ld n d s 9 s f> z 'be+1' = t w\ld contradict its be+2 if x is1 i4e4 if its non-exi/5ce is n1 h[ c x give rise to ! idea ( its non-exi/5ce8 ,nor c x d s if n be+2 = if consci\sness itself is n1 h[ c x furni% a pro( = its own non-exi/5ce8 ,nor c ! non-exi/5ce ( consci\sness be appreh5d$ ?r\gh any?+ else2 = consci\sness _c be ! object ( any?+ else4 ,any in/rum5t ( k prov+ ! non-exi/5ce ( consci\sness1 c\ld d s only by mak+ consci\sness its object--'?is is consci\sness'2 b consci\sness1 z be+ self-e/abli%$1 does n admit ( t objectivation :i* is impli$ 9 ! ^w '?is1' & h5ce its previ\s non-exi/5ce _c be prov$ by any?+ ly+ outside itself4 ,z consci\sness ?us does n admit ( antec$5t non-exi/5ce1 x fur!r _c be held to orig9ate1 & h5ce also all ^? o!r /ates ( be+ :i* dep5d on orig9ation _c be pr$icat$ ( x4 ,z consci\sness is beg9n+less1 x fur!r does n admit ( any plurality )9 itself2 = we obs]ve 9 ?is case ! pres5ce ( some?+ :i* is contr>y to :at inv>iably accompanies plurality 7?is some?+ be+ 'beg9n+lessness' :i* is contr>y to ! quality ( hav+ a beg9n+--:i* quality inv>iably accompanies plurality74 ,= we nev] obs]ve a ?+ *>act]is$ by plurality to be )\t a beg9n+4--,& moreov] diff]5ce1 orig9ation1 c41 are objects ( consci\sness1 l col\r & o!r qualities1 & h5ce _c be attributes ( consci\sness4 ,!re=e1 consci\sness be+ ess5tially consci\sness only1 no?+ else t is an object ( consci\sness c be its attribute4 ,! conclusion is t consci\sness is free f diff]5ce ( any k9d4 ,! app>5t diff]5ce betwe5 ,consci\sness & ! consci\s subject is due to ! unreal ahamkra4 ,f ?is x fur!r foll[s t !re is no sub/rate ( consci\sness--diff]5t f consci\sness itself--su* z p ord9>ily mean :5 speak+ ( a 'kn[]4' ,x is self-lum9\s consci\sness itself :i* con/itutes ! s-call$ 'kn[]4' ,?is foll[s !refrom also t consci\sness is n non-intellig5t 7jada72 = non-intellig5ce inv>iably accompanies abs5ce ( ,selfhood 7antmatva72 h5ce1 non-intellig5ce be+ abs5t 9 consci\sness1 consci\sness is n non-,self1 t means1 x is ! ,self4 ,b1 our adv]s>y aga9 objects1 ! consci\sness :i* expresses itself 9 ! judgm5t ',i "k1' proves t ! quality ( be+ a 'kn[]' belongs to consci\sness6--,by no means1 we reply4 ,! attribution to consci\sness ( ?is quality re/s on error1 no less ?an ! attribution1 to ! %ell1 ( ! quality ( be+ silv]4 ,consci\sness _c /& 9 ! relation ( an ag5t t[>d itself3 ! attribute ( be+ a kn[+ ag5t is errone\sly imput$ to x--an error analog\s to t express$ 9 ! judgm5t ',i am a man1' :i* id5tifies ! ,self ( a p]son ) ! outw>d aggregate ( matt] t be>s ! ext]nal *>act]i/ics ( humanity4 ,to be a 'kn[]' means to be ! ag5t 9 ! action ( kn[+2 & ?is is some?+ ess5tially *angeful & non-intellig5t 7jada71 hav+ its abode 9 ! ahamkra1 :i* is itself a ?+ subject to *ange4 ,h[1 on ! o!r h&1 c\ld su* ag5cy possibly belong to ! *angeless 'witness' 7( all *ange1 i4e4 consci\sness7 ^: nature is pure ,be+8 ,t ag5cy _c be an attribute ( ! ,self foll[s !refrom also t1 l col\r & o!r qualities1 ag5cy dep5ds1 = its own pro(1 on see+1 i4e4 consci\sness4 ,t ! ,self does n fall )9 ! sph]e 7is n an object (71 ! idea ( ',i' is prov$ !reby also t 9 deep sleep1 swoon1 & simil> /ates1 ! idea ( ! ',i' is abs5t1 :ile ! consci\sness ( ! ,self p]si/s4 ,moreov]1 if ! ,self 7 admitt$ to be an ag5t & an object ( ! idea ( ',i1' x w\ld be difficult to avoid ! conclusion t l ! body x is non-intellig5t1 some?+ m]ely outw>d 7'be+ = o!rs only1 n = itself'7 & de/itute ( ,selfhood4 ,t f ! body1 :i* is ! object ( ! idea ( ',i1' & kn[n to be an ag5t1 !re is diff]5t t ,self :i* enjoys ! results ( ! body's actions1 viz4 ! heav5ly ^w1 & s on1 is ackn[l$g$ by all :o admit ! validity ( ! in/rum5ts ( k2 analog\sly1 !re=e1 we mu/ admit t diff]5t f ! kn[] :om we und]/& by ! t]m ',i1' is ! 'witness+' inw>d ,self4 ,! non-intellig5t ahamkra ?us m]ely s]ves to manife/ ! nature ( non-*ang+ consci\sness1 & x effects ?is by be+ its abode2 = x is ! prop] quality ( manife/+ ag5ts to manife/ ! objects manife/$1 9 s f> z ! latt] abide 9 !m4 ,a mirror1 e4g41 or a %eet ( wat]1 or a c]ta9 mass ( matt]1 manife/s a face or ! disc ( ! moon 7reflect$ 9 ! mirror or wat]7 or ! g5]ic "* ( a c[ 7impress$ on ! mass ( matt]7 9 s f> z all ^? ?+s abide 9 !m4--,9 ?is way1 !n1 !re arises ! errone\s view t f9ds expression 9 ! judgm5t ',i "k4'--,nor mu/ y1 9 ! way ( objection1 raise ! "q h[ self-lum9\s consci\sness is to be manife/$ by ! non-intellig5t ahamkra1 :i* r is itself manife/$ by consci\sness2 = we obs]ve t ! surface ( ! h&1 :i* itself is manife/$ by ! rays ( sunlight fall+ on x1 at ! same "t manife/s ^? rays4 ,?is is cle>ly se5 9 ! case ( rays pass+ ?r\gh ! int]/ices ( network2 ! light ( ^? rays is int5sifi$ by ! h& on :i* !y fall1 & :i* at ! same "t is itself manife/$ by ! rays4 ,x ?us appe>s t ! 'kn[+ ag5t1' :o is d5ot$ by ! ',i1' 9 ! judgm5t ',i "k1' con/itutes no real attribute ( ! ,self1 ! nature ( :i* is pure intellig5ce4 ,?is is also ! reason :y ! consci\sness ( ,egoity does n p]si/ 9 ! /ates ( deep sleep & f9al release3 9 ^? /ates ?is special =m ( consci\sness passes away1 & ! ,self appe>s 9 its true nature1 i4e4 z pure consci\sness4 ,h5ce a p]son :o has ris5 f deep1 dreamless sleep reflects1 ',j n[ ,i 0 unconsci\s ( myself4' ,summ+ up ( ! prvapak%a view4 ,z ! outcome ( all ?is1 we sum up our view z foll[s4--,et]nal1 absolutely non-*ang+ consci\sness1 ^: nature is pure non-diff]5c$ intellig5ce1 free f all di/9ction :atev]1 ow+ to error illusorily manife/s itself 7viv>ttate7 z brok5 up into manifold di/9ctions--kn[+ subjects1 objects ( k1 acts ( k4 ,& ! purpose = :i* we ent] on ! consid]ation ( ! ,v$nta-texts is utt]ly to de/roy :at is ! root ( t error1 i4e4 ,nesci5ce1 & ?us to obta9 a firm k ( ! on5ess ( ,brahman1 ^: nature is m]e intellig5ce--free1 pure1 et]nal4 ,,footnote #bb3a4 ,9 agreem5t ) ! use made ( ?is passage by ! ,prvapak%91 vijna mu/ "h be und]/ood 9 ! s5se ( avidy4 ,vijnasabd5a vividham jyate-n5eti k>anavyutpatty-vidy-bhidhiyate4 ,sru4 ,pra4 ,,footnote #be3a4 ,! di/9ction is illu/rat$ by ! diff]5t views ,p]ception & ,inf]5ce cause u to take ( ! nature ( ! flame ( ! lamp4 ,to ,p]ception ! flame1 z long z x burns1 seems "o & ! same3 b on ! gr\nd ( ! obs]vation t ! diff]5t p>ticles ( ! wick & ! oil are consum$ 9 succession1 we inf] t !re are _m di/9ct flames succe$+ "o ano!r4 ,& we accept ! ,inf]5ce z valid1 & z sublat+ or refut+ ! imm$iate p]ception1 because ! p]ceiv$ on5ess ( ! flame admits ( be+ acc\nt$ = 'o!rwise1' viz4 on ! gr\nd ( ! _m di/9ct flames orig9at+ 9 su* rapid succession t ! eye mi/akes !m = "o4 ,! inf]5ce on ! o!r h& does n admit ( be+ expla9$ 9 ano!r way4 ,,footnote #bf3a4 ,! ref]5ce is to ! po9t discuss$ ,p4 ,m4 ,s4 ,,vi1 #e1 #ed 7,jaim4 ,ny4 ,ml ,vi/>a1 p4 #bhe74 ,,footnote #bg3a4 ,! texts :i* d5y all qualities ( ,brahman are lat] 9 ord] ?an ! texts :i* ref] to ,brahman z qualifi$1 because d5ial presupposes t :i* is to be d5i$4 ,,footnote #bg3b4 ,! unity ( purport ( ! s5t5ce is inf]r$ f its con/itu5t words hav+ ! same case-end+4 ,,footnote #cj3a4 ,! !ory "h ref]r$ to is held by "s ( ! ,mmmsakas4 ,! imp]ative =ms ( ! v]b h _! prim>y mean+1 i4e4 ! p[] ( orig9at+ action1 only 9 ,v$ic s5t5ces :i* enjo9 ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 actions = ! br++ ab\t ( c]ta9 ends3 no o!r means ( k b ! ,v$a in=m+ u t su* ends c be accompli%$ by su* actions4 ,nobody1 e4g4 w\ld (f] a soma sacrifice 9 ord] to obta9 ! heav5ly _w1 7 he n told by ! ,v$a to d s4 ,9 ord9>y life1 on ! o!r h&1 no imp]ative possesses ?is entirely unique orig9ative =ce1 s9ce any action :i* may be p]=m$ 9 consequ5ce ( a comm& may be prompt$ by o!r motives z well3 x is1 9 te*nical ,indian language1 e/abli%$ already1 ap>t f ! comm&1 by o!r means ( k4 ,! man :o1 e4g4 is told to milk a c[ might h proce$$ to d s1 ap>t f ! comm&1 = reasons ( 8 own4 ,imp]atives 9 ord9>y spee* are !re=e held n to h _! prim>y mean+1 & ?is conclusion is ext5d$1 some:at unw>rantably "o %\ld say1 to all ! words ent]+ into an imp]ative clause4 ,,footnote #cd3a4 ,be+ n p]man5t b occasional1 x is an effect only1 & z su* mu/ h a cause4 ,,! ,,great ,,siddh,,nta4 ,?is entire !ory re/s on a fictiti\s f\ndation ( altoge!r holl[ & vici\s argum5ts1 incapable ( be+ /at$ 9 def9ite logical alt]natives1 & devis$ by m5 :o are de/itute ( ^? p>ticul> qualities :i* cause individuals to be *os5 by ! ,supreme ,p]son reveal$ 9 ! ,upani%ads2 ^: intellects are d>k5$ by ! impression ( beg9n+less evil2 & :o ?us h no insight into ! nature ( words & s5t5ces1 into ! real purport convey$ by !m1 & into ! proc$ure ( s\nd argum5tation1 ) all its me?ods dep5d+ on p]ception & ! o!r in/rum5ts ( "r k4 ,! !ory !re=e mu/ ne$s be reject$ by all ^? :o1 ?r\gh texts1 p]ception & ! o!r means ( k--assi/$ by s\nd reason+--h an insight into ! true nature ( ?+s4 ,!re is no pro( ( non-diff]5c$ sub/ance4 ,to ent] into details4--,^? :o ma9ta9 ! doctr9e ( a sub/ance devoid ( all diff]5ce h no "r to ass]t t ?is or t is a pro( ( su* a sub/ance2 = all means ( "r k h = _! object ?+s affect$ ) diff]5ce4--,%\ld any "o tak+ 8 /& on ! receiv$ views ( 8 sect1 ass]t t ! !ory ( a sub/ance free f all diff]5ce 7does n require any fur!r means ( pro( b7 is imm$iately e/abli%$ by "o's own consci\sness2 we reply t he also is refut$ by ! fact1 w>rant$ by ! witness ( ! ,self1 t all consci\sness implies diff]5ce3 all /ates ( consci\sness h = _! object some?+ t is m>k$ by "s diff]5ce1 z appe>s 9 ! case ( judgm5ts l ',i saw ?is4' ,& %\ld a /ate ( consci\sness--al?\gh directly appreh5d$ z imply+ diff]5ce--be det]m9$ by "s fallaci\s reason+ to be devoid ( diff]5ce1 ?is det]m9ation c\ld be effect$ only by means ( "s special attributes additional to ! quality ( m]e ,be+2 & ow+ to ^! special qualities on :i* ! det]m9ation dep5ds1 t /ate ( consci\sness w\ld cle>ly aga9 be *>act]is$ by diff]5ce4 ,! mean+ ( ! m5tion$ det]m9ation c\ld ?us only be t ( a ?+ affect$ ) c]ta9 diff]5ces "s o!r diff]5ces are d5i$2 b manife/ly ?is w\ld n prove ! exi/5ce ( a ?+ free f all diff]5ce4 ,to ?\ght !re at any rate belongs ! quality ( be+ ?\ght & self-illum9at$ness1 = ! kn[+ pr9ciple is obs]v$ to h = its ess5tial nature ! illum9+ 7mak+ to %9e =?7 ( objects4 ,& t also 9 ! /ates ( deep sleep1 swoon1 c41 consci\sness is affect$ ) diff]5ce we %all prove1 9 its prop] place1 9 great] detail4 ,moreov] y y\rself admit t to consci\sness !re actually belong diff]5t attributes su* z p]man5cy 7on5ess1 self-lum9\sness1 c4 71 & ( ^! x _c be %[n t !y are only ,be+ 9 g5]al4 ,& ev5 if ! latt] po9t 7 admitt$1 we obs]ve t !re takes place a discussion ( diff]5t views1 & y y\rself attempt to prove y\r !ory by means ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 ^? views & y\r own4 ,x !re=e mu/ be admitt$ t reality is affect$ ) diff]5ce well e/abli%$ by valid means ( pro(4 ,sabda proves diff]5ce4 ,z to s\nd 7spee*2 sabda7 x is specially app>5t t x possesses ! p[] ( d5ot+ only su* ?+s z are affect$ ) diff]5ce4 ,spee* op]ates ) words & s5t5ces4 ,n[ a ^w 7pada7 orig9ates f ! comb9ation ( a radical elem5t & a suffix1 & z ^! two elem5ts h diff]5t mean+s x necess>ily foll[s t ! ^w itself c convey only a s5se affect$ ) diff]5ce4 ,& fur!r1 ! plurality ( words is bas$ on plurality ( mean+s2 ! s5t5ce !re=e :i* is an aggregate ( words expresses "s special comb9ation ( ?+s 7mean+s ( words71 & h5ce has no p[] to d5ote a ?+ devoid ( all diff]5ce4--,! conclusion is t s\nd _c be a means ( k = a ?+ devoid ( all diff]5ce4 ,pratyak%a--ev5 ( ! nirvikalpaka k9d--proves diff]5ce4 ,p]ception 9 ! next place--) its two subdivisions ( non-det]m9ate 7nirvikalpaka7 & det]m9ate 7savikalpaka7 p]ception--also _c be a means ( k = ?+s devoid ( diff]5ce4 ,det]m9ate p]ception cle>ly has = its object ?+s affect$ ) diff]5ce2 = x relates to t :i* is di/+ui%$ by g5]ic diff]5ce & s on4 ,b also non-det]m9ate p]ception has = its object only :at is m>k$ ) diff]5ce2 = x is on ! basis ( non-det]m9ate p]ception t ! object di/+ui%$ by g5]ic "* & s on is recognis$ 9 ! act ( det]m9ate p]ception4 ,non-det]m9ate p]ception is ! appreh5sion ( ! object 9 s f> z de/itute ( "s diff]5ces b n ( all diff]5ce4 ,appreh5sion ( ! latt] k9d is 9 ! fir/ place n obs]v$ ev] to take place1 & is 9 ! second place impossible3 = all appreh5sion by consci\sness takes place by means ( "s di/9ction ',?is is su* & su*4' ,no?+ c be appreh5d$ ap>t f "s special feature ( make or /ructure1 z e4g4 ! triangul>ly %ap$ dewlap 9 ! case ( c[s4 ,! true di/9ction betwe5 non-det]m9ate & det]m9ate p]ception is t ! =m] is ! appreh5sion ( ! fir/ individual among a numb] ( ?+s belong+ to ! same class1 :ile ! latt] is ! appreh5sion ( ! second1 ?ird1 & s on1 individuals4 ,on ! appreh5sion ( ! fir/ individual c[ ! p]ceiv+ p]son is n consci\s ( ! fact t ! special %ape :i* con/itutes ! g5]ic "* ( ! class 'c[s' ext5ds to ! pres5t individual also2 :ile ?is special consci\sness arises 9 ! case ( ! p]ception ( ! second & ?ird c[4 ,! p]ception ( ! second individual ?us is 'det]m9ate' 9 s f> z x is det]m9$ by a special attribute1 viz4 ! ext5sion1 to ! p]ception1 ( ! g5]ic "* ( a class--manife/$ 9 a c]ta9 outw>d %ape--:i* connects ?is act ( p]ception ) ! e>li] p]ception 7( ! fir/ individual72 su* det]m9ation be+ asc]ta9$ only on ! appreh5sion ( ! second individual4 ,su* ext5sion or cont9uance ( a c]ta9 g5]ic "* is1 on ! o!r h&1 n appreh5d$ on ! appreh5sion ( ! fir/ individual1 & p]ception ( ! latt] k9d !nce is 'non-det]m9ate4' ,t x is su* is n due to non-appreh5sion ( /ructure1 col\r1 g5]ic "* & s on1 = all ^! attributes are equally objects ( s5su\s p]ception 7& h5ce p]ceiv$ z belong+ to ! fir/ individual also74 ,moreov] t :i* possesses /ructure _c be p]ceiv$ ap>t f ! /ructure1 & h5ce 9 ! case ( ! appreh5sion ( ! fir/ individual !re is already p]ception ( /ructure1 giv+ rise to ! judgm5t ',! ?+ is su* & su*4' ,9 ! case ( ! second1 ?ird1 c41 individuals1 on ! o!r h&1 we appreh5d1 9 addition to ! ?+ possess+ /ructure & to ! /ructure itself1 ! special attribute ( ! p]si/5ce ( ! g5]ic "*1 & h5ce ! p]ception is 'det]m9ate4' ,f all ?is x foll[s t p]ception nev] has = its object t :i* is devoid ( all diff]5ce4 ,! bh$bh$a view is unt5able4 ,! same argum5ts t5d to refute ! view t !re is diff]5ce & abs5ce ( diff]5ce at ! same "t 7! s-call$ bh$bh$a view74 ,take ! judgm5t ',?is is su* & su*'2 h[ c we realise "h ! non-diff]5ce ( 'be+ ?is' & 'be+ su* & su*'8 ,! 'su* & su*' d5otes a peculi> make *>act]is$1 e4g4 by a dewlap1 ! '?is' d5otes ! ?+ di/+ui%$ by t peculi> make2 ! non-diff]5ce ( ^! two is ?us contradict$ by imm$iate consci\sness4 ,at ! outset ! ?+ p]ceiv$ is p]ceiv$ z sep>ate f all o!r ?+s1 & ?is sep>ation is f\nd$ on ! fact t ! ?+ is di/+ui%$ by a special con/itution1 let u say ! g5]ic *>act]i/ics ( a c[1 express$ by ! t]m 'su* & su*4' ,9 g5]al1 :]ev] we cognise ! relation ( di/+ui%+ attribute & ?+ di/+ui%$ !reby1 ! two cle>ly pres5t !mselves to our m9d z absolutely diff]5t4 ,some?+s--e4g4 /affs & bracelets--appe> sometimes z hav+ a sep>ate1 indep5d5t exi/5ce ( _! own2 at o!r times !y pres5t !mselves z di/+ui%+ attributes ( o!r ?+s or be+s 7i4e4 ( ! p]sons c>ry+ /affs or we>+ bracelets74 ,o!r entities--e4g4 ! g5]ic "* ( c[s--h a be+ only 9 s f> z !y con/itute ! =m ( sub/ances1 & ?us always pres5t !mselves z di/+ui%+ attributes ( ^? sub/ances4 ,9 bo? cases !re is ! same relation ( di/+ui%+ attribute & ?+ di/+ui%$ !reby1 & ^! two are appreh5d$ z absolutely diff]5t4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two classes ( entities is only t /affs1 bracelets1 & simil> ?+s are capable ( be+ appreh5d$ 9 sep>ation f o!r ?+s1 :ile ! g5]ic *>act]i/ics ( a species are absolutely incapable !re(4 ,! ass]tion1 !re=e1 t ! diff]5ce ( ?+s is refut$ by imm$iate consci\sness1 is bas$ on ! pla9 d5ial ( a c]ta9 =m ( consci\sness1 ! "o namely--admitt$ by e "o--:i* is express$ 9 ! judgm5t ',?is ?+ is su* & su*4'--,?is same po9t is cle>ly exp\nd$ by ! ,strakra 9 ,,ii1 #b1 #cc4 ,inf]5ce also tea*es diff]5ce4 ,p]ception ?us hav+ = its object only :at is m>k$ by diff]5ce1 inf]5ce also is 9 ! same case2 = its object is only :at is di/+ui%$ by connexion ) ?+s kn[n ?r\gh p]ception & o!r means ( k4 ,& ?us1 ev5 9 ! case ( disagreem5t z to ! numb] ( ! diff]5t in/rum5ts ( k1 a ?+ devoid ( diff]5ce c\ld n be e/abli%$ by any ( !m s9ce ! in/rum5ts ( k ackn[l$g$ by all h only "o & ! same object1 viz4 :at is m>k$ by diff]5ce4 ,& a p]son :o ma9ta9s ! exi/5ce ( a ?+ devoid ( diff]5ce on ! gr\nd ( diff]5ces affect+ t v ?+ simply contradicts himself )\t kn[+ :at he does2 he is 9 fact no bett] ?an a man :o ass]ts t 8 own "m nev] _h any *ildr54 ,p]ception does n reveal m]e be+4 ,9 reply to ! ass]tion t p]ception causes ! appreh5sion ( pure ,be+ only1 & !re=e _c h diff]5ce = its object2 & t 'diff]5ce' _c be def9$ because x does n admit ( be+ set =? 9 def9ite alt]natives2 we po9t out t ^! *>ges are completely refut$ by ! fact t ! only objects ( p]ception are ?+s di/+ui%$ by g5]ic "* & s on1 & t g5]ic "* & s on--z be+ relative ?+s--give at once rise to ! judgm5t z to ! di/9ction betwe5 !mselves & ! ?+s 9 :i* !y inh]e4 ,y y\rself admit t 9 ! case ( k & 9 t ( col\r & o!r qualities ?is relation holds good1 viz4 t some?+ :i* gives rise to a judgm5t ab\t ano!r ?+ at ! same "t gives rise to a judgm5t ab\t itself2 ! same may !re=e be admitt$ ) reg>d to diff]5ce ,,footnote #dd3a4 ,= ?is reason ! *>ge ( a regressus 9 inf9itum & a logical seesaw 7see above1 p4 #cb7 _c be upheld4 ,= ev5 if p]ceptive cognition takes place )9 "o mom5t1 we appreh5d )9 t mom5t ! g5]ic "* :i* con/itutes on ! "o h& ! diff]5ce ( ! ?+ f o!rs1 & on ! o!r h& ! peculi> "* ( ! ?+ itself2 & ?us !re rema9s no?+ to be appreh5d$ 9 a second mom5t4 ,moreov]1 if p]ception made u appreh5d only pure ,be+ judgm5ts cle>ly ref]r+ to diff]5t objects--su* z ',"h is a j>1' ',!re is a piece ( clo?'--w\ld be devoid ( all mean+4 ,& if ?r\gh p]ception we did n appreh5d diff]5ce--z m>k$ by g5]ic "*1 c41 con/itut+ ! /ructure or make ( a ?+1 :y %\ld a man se>*+ = a horse n be satisfi$ ) f9d+ a buffalo8 ,& if m]e ,be+ only 7 ! object ( all our cognitions1 :y %\ld we n rememb]1 9 ! case ( ea* p>ticul> cognition1 all ! words :i* are connect$ ) all our cognitions8 ,& fur!r1 if ! cognition ( a horse & t ( an elephant _h "o object only1 ! lat] cognition w\ld cause u to appreh5d only :at 0 appreh5d$ be=e1 & !re be+ ?us no diff]5ce 7( object ( cognition7 !re w\ld be no?+ to di/+ui% ! lat] /ate ( cognition f remembrance4 ,if on ! o!r h& a diff]5ce is admitt$ = ea* /ate ( consci\sness1 we admit !reby t p]ception has = its objects ?+s affect$ ) diff]5ce4 ,if all acts ( cognition _h "o & ! same object only1 ev]y?+ w\ld be appreh5d$ by "o act ( cognition2 & f ?is x w\ld foll[ t !re are no p]sons ei!r deaf or bl9d6 ,nor does1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! eye appreh5d m]e ,be+ only2 = :at x does appreh5d is col\r & ! col\r$ ?+1 & ^? o!r qualities 7viz4 ext5sion1 c471 :i* inh]e 9 ! ?+ toge!r ) col\r4 ,nor does feel+ d s2 = x has = its objects ?+s palpable4 ,nor h ! e> & ! o!r s5ses m]e ,be+ = _! object2 b !y relate to :at is di/+ui%$ by a special s\nd or ta/e or smell4 ,h5ce !re is n any s\rce ( k caus+ u to appreh5d m]e ,be+4 ,if moreov] ! s5ses _h = _! object m]e ,be+ free f all diff]5ce1 x w\ld foll[ t ,scripture :i* has ! same object w\ld 7n be orig9ative ( k b7 p]=m ! function ( a m]e anuvda1 i4e4 x w\ld m]ely make /atem5ts ab\t some?+1 ! k ( :i* is already e/abli%$ by "s o!r means4 ,& fur!r1 accord+ to y\r own doctr9e1 m]e ,be+1 i4e4 ,brahman1 w\ld hold ! position ( an object ) reg>d to ! in/rum5ts ( k2 & ?us !re w\ld cl+ to x all ! imp]fections indicat$ by y\rself--non-intellig5t nature1 p]i%abl5ess & s on4--,f all ?is we conclude t p]ception has = its object only :at is di/+ui%$ by diff]5ce manife/+ itself 9 g5]ic "* & s on1 :i* con/itute ! make or /ructure ( a ?+4 7,t ! g5]ic "* ( a ?+ is no?+ else b its p>ticul> /ructure foll[s7 f ! fact t we d n p]ceive any?+1 diff]5t f /ructure1 :i* c\ld be claim$ z con/itut+ ! object ( ! cognition t sev]al individuals possess "o & ! same g5]al =m4 ,& z our !ory suffici5tly acc\nts = ! ord9>y notions z to g5]ic "*1 & z moreov] ev5 ^? :o hold g5]ic "* to be some?+ diff]5t f /ructure admit t !re is su* a ?+ z 7common7 /ructure1 we adh]e to ! conclusion t g5]ic "* is no?+ b /ructure4 ,by '/ructure' we und]/& special or di/9ctive =m2 & we ackn[l$ge diff]5t =ms ( t k9d accord+ to ! diff]5t classes ( ?+s4 ,& z ! curr5t judgm5ts z to ?+s be+ diff]5t f "o ano!r c be expla9$ on ! basis ( ! appreh5sion ( g5]ic "*1 & z no additional entity is obs]v$ to exi/1 & z ev5 ^? :o ma9ta9 ! exi/5ce ( su* an additional ?+ admit ! exi/5ce ( g5]ic "*1 we fur!r conclude t diff]5ce 7bh$a7 is no?+ b g5]ic "* 7jti74-- ,b if ?is 7 s1 ! judgm5t z to diff]5ce w\ld imm$iately foll[ f ! judgm5t z to g5]ic "*1 z soon z ! latt] is appreh5d$6 ,q true1 we reply4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! judgm5t ( diff]5ce is imm$iately =mulat$ on ! basis ( ! judgm5t z to g5]ic "*4 ,= '! g5]ic "*' ( a c[1 e4g41 means j ! exclusion ( ev]y?+ else3 z soon z t "* is appreh5d$ all ?\ght & spee* ref]r+ to o!r creatures belong+ to ! same wid] g5us 7:i* includes buffaloes & s on also7 come to an end4 ,x is ?r\gh ! appreh5sion ( diff]5ce only t ! idea ( non-diff]5ce comes to an end4 ,,footnote #dd3a4 ,col\r reveals itself z well z ! ?+ t has col\r2 k reveals itself z well z ! object kn[n2 s diff]5ce manife/s itself z well z ! ?+s t diff]4 ,plurality is n unreal4 ,next z to ! ass]tion t all diff]5ce pres5t$ 9 our cognition--z ( j>s1 pieces ( clo? & ! l--is unreal because su* diff]5ce does n p]si/4 ,?is view1 we ma9ta91 is altoge!r errone\s1 spr+s 9 fact f ! neglect ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 p]si/5ce & non-p]si/5ce on ! "o h&1 & ! relation betwe5 :at sublates & :at is sublat$ on ! o!r h&4 ,:]e two cognitions are mutually contradictory1 !re ! latt] relation holds good1 & !re is non-p]si/5ce ( :at is sublat$4 ,b j>s1 pieces ( clo? & ! l1 d n contradict "o ano!r1 s9ce !y are sep>ate 9 place & "t4 ,if on ! o!r h& ! non-exi/5ce ( a ?+ is cognis$ at ! same "t & ! same place :]e & :5 its exi/5ce is cognis$1 we h a mutual contradiction ( two cognitions1 & !n ! /rong] "o sublates ! o!r cognition :i* ?us comes to an end4 ,b :5 ( a ?+ t is p]ceiv$ 9 connexion ) "s place & "t1 ! non-exi/5ce is p]ceiv$ 9 connexion ) "s o!r place & "t1 !re arises no contradiction2 h[ !n %\ld ! "o cognition sublate ! o!r8 or h[ c x be said t ( a ?+ abs5t at "o "t & place !re is abs5ce at o!r times & places also8 ,9 ! case ( ! snake-rope1 !re arises a cognition ( non-exi/5ce 9 connexion ) ! giv5 place & "t2 h5ce !re is contradiction1 "o judgm5t sublates ! o!r & ! sublat$ cognition comes to an end4 ,b ! circum/ance ( some?+ :i* is se5 at "o "t & 9 "o place n p]si/+ at ano!r "t & 9 ano!r place is n obs]v$ to be inv>iably accompani$ by falsehood1 & h5ce m]e non-p]si/5ce ( ?is k9d does n con/itute a reason = unreality4 ,to say1 on ! o!r h&1 t :at is is real because x p]si/s1 is to prove :at is prov$ already1 & requires no fur!r pro(4 ,be+ & consci\sness are n "o4 ,h5ce m]e ,be+ does n alone con/itute reality4 ,& z ! di/9ction betwe5 consci\sness & its objects--:i* re/s j on ?is relation ( object & t = :i* ! object is--is prov$ by p]ception1 ! ass]tion t only consci\sness has real exi/5ce is also dispos$ (4 ,! true mean+ ( ,svayampraksatva4 ,we next take up ! po9t z to ! self-lum9\sness ( consci\sness 7above1 p4 #cc74 ,! cont5tion t consci\sness is n an object holds good = ! kn[+ ,self at ! "t :5 x illum9es 7i4e4 con/itutes z its objects7 o!r ?+s2 b !re is no absolute rule z to all consci\sness nev] be+ any?+ b self-lum9\s4 ,= common obs]vation %[s t ! consci\sness ( "o p]son may become ! object ( ! cognition ( ano!r1 viz4 ( an inf]5ce f\nd$ on ! p]son's fri5dly or unfri5dly appe>ance & ! l1 & aga9 t a p]son's own pa/ /ates ( consci\sness become ! object ( 8 own cognition--z appe>s f judgm5ts su* z ',at "o "t ,i knew4' ,x _c !re=e be said ',if x is consci\sness x is self-prov$' 7above p4 #cc71 nor t consci\sness if becom+ an object ( consci\sness w\ld no long] be consci\sness2 = f ?is x w\ld foll[ t "o's own pa/ /ates1 & ! consci\s /ates ( o!rs-- because be+ objects ( consci\sness--are n !mselves consci\sness4 ,moreov]1 unless x 7 admitt$ t !re is inf]5tial k ( ! ?\ghts ( o!rs1 !re w\ld be no appreh5sion ( ! connexion ( words & mean+1 & ?is w\ld imply ! absolute t]m9ation ( all human int]c\rse dep5d+ on spee*4 ,nor also w\ld x be possible = pupils to atta* !mselves to a tea*] ( sacr$ lore1 = ! reason t !y _h become aw>e ( 8 wisdom & le>n+4 ,! g5]al proposition t consci\sness does n admit ( be+ an object is 9 fact q unt5able4 ,! ess5tial 'nature ( consci\sness or k--consi/s !re9 t x %9es =?1 or manife/s itself1 ?r\gh its own be+ to its own sub/rate at ! pres5t mom5t2 or 7to give ano!r def9ition7 t x is in/rum5tal 9 prov+ its own object by its own be+ ,,footnote #dh3a4 ,n[ ^! two *>act]i/ics are e/abli%$ by a p]son's own /ate ( consci\sness & d n vani% :5 t consci\sness becomes ! object ( ano!r /ate ( consci\sness2 consci\sness rema9s also 9 ! latt] case :at x is4 ,j>s & simil> ?+s1 on ! o!r h&1 d n possess consci\sness1 n because !y are objects ( consci\sness b because !y lack ! two *>act]i/ics /at$ above4 ,if we made ! pres5ce ( consci\sness dep5d5t on ! abs5ce ( its be+ an object ( consci\sness1 we %\ld arrive at ! conclusion t consci\sness is n consci\sness2 = !re are ?+s--e4g4 sky-fl[]s--:i* are n objects ( consci\sness & at ! same "t are n consci\sness4 ,y w p]haps reply to ?is t a sky-fl[]'s n be+ consci\sness is due n to its n be+ an object ( consci\sness1 b to its non-exi/5ce6--,well !n1 we rejo91 let u say analog\sly t ! reason ( j>s & ! l n be+ contradictory to ,nesci5ce 7i4e4 ( _! be+ jada71 is _! n be+ ( ! nature ( consci\sness1 & let u n h rec\rse to _! be+ objects ( consci\sness6--,b if consci\sness is an object ( consci\sness1 we conclude t x also is non-contradictory ( ,nesci5ce1 l a j>6--,at ?is conclusion1 we rejo91 y may arrive ev5 on ! opposite assumption1 reason+ z foll[s3 ',consci\sness is non-contradictory ( ,nesci5ce1 because x is n an object ( consci\sness1 l a sky-fl[]6 ,all :i* %[s t to ma9ta9 z a g5]al pr9ciple t some?+ :i* is an object ( consci\sness _c itself be consci\sness is simply ridicul\s4' ,,footnote #dh3a4 ,! comm5t ( ! ,sru4 ,pra4 on ! above def9itions runs1 ) a few additional explanations1 z foll[s3 ,! t]m 'anubhti' "h d5otes k 9 g5]al1 n only su* k z is n remembrance 7:i* limit$ mean+ ! t]m has sometimes74 ,) ref]5ce to ! '%9+ =?' x might be said t 9 ?is way j>s also & simil> ?+s "k or are consci\s because !y also %9e =?' 7viz4 9 s f> z !y are kn[n72 to exclude j>s & ! l ! text !re=e adds 'to its own sub/rate' 7! j> '%9es =?1' n to itself1 b to ! kn[+ p]son74 ,!re are o!r attributes ( ! ,self1 su* z atomic ext5sion1 et]nity1 & s on1 :i* are reveal$ 7n ?r\gh !mselves7 b ?r\gh an act ( k diff]5t f !m2 to exclude ^? ! text adds '?r\gh its own be+4' ,9 ord] to exclude pa/ /ates ( consci\sness or acts ( k1 ! text adds 'at ! pres5t mom5t4' ,a pa/ /ate ( consci\sness is inde$ n reveal$ )\t ano!r act ( k 7repres5t+ x71 & w\ld ?us by itself be exclud$2 b ! text adds ?is specification 7viz4 'at ! pres5t mom5t'7 on purpose1 9 ord] to intimate t a pa/ /ate ( consci\sness c be repres5t$ by ano!r /ate--a po9t d5i$ by ! oppon5t4 ',at ! pres5t mom5t' means '! connexion ) ! object ( k belong+ to ! pres5t "t4' ,)\t ! addition ( 'to its own sub/rate' ! def9ition might imply t a /ate ( consci\sness is manife/ to ano!r p]son also2 to exclude ?is ! clause is add$4 ,?is fir/ def9ition might be object$ to z acceptable only to ^? :o ma9ta9 ! svayampraksatva-!ory 7:i* ne$ n be discuss$ "h72 h5ce a second def9ition is giv54 ,! two clauses 'to its own sub/rate' & 'at ! pres5t mom5t' h to be suppli$ 9 ?is second def9ition also4 ',in/rum5tal 9 br++ ab\t' w\ld apply to /affs1 :eels1 & su* l implem5ts also2 h5ce ! text adds 'its own object4' 7,/affs1 :eels1 c4 h no 'objects4'7 ,k dep5d+ on sight does n br+ ab\t an object dep5d+ on he>+2 to exclude ?is notion ( univ]sal in/rum5tality ! text specifies ! object by ! words 'its own4' ,! clause '?r\gh its own be+' excludes ! s5se organs1 :i* reveal objects n by _! own be+1 b 9 s f> z !y give rise to k4 ,! two clauses 'at ! pres5t mom5t' & 'to its own sub/rate' h ! same (fice 9 ! second def9ition z 9 ! fir/4 ,consci\sness is n et]nal4 ,x 0 fur!r ma9ta9$ by ! prvapak%9 t z consci\sness is self-e/abli%$ x has no antec$5t non-exi/5ce & s on1 & t ?is disproves its hav+ an orig94 ,b ?is is an attempt to prove some?+ n prov$ by some?+ else t is equally unprov$2 comp>able to a man bl9d f bir? und]tak+ to guide ano!r bl9d man6 ,y h no "r to ma9ta9 ! non-exi/5ce ( ! antec$5t non-exi/5ce ( consci\sness on ! gr\nd t !re is no?+ to make u appreh5d t non-exi/5ce2 = !re is some?+ to make u appreh5d x1 viz4 consci\sness itself6--,b h[ c consci\sness at ! "t :5 x is1 make u appreh5d its own previ\s non-exi/5ce :i* is contradictorily oppos$ to x8--,consci\sness1 we rejo91 does n necess>ily con/itute z its objects only :at occupies ! same "t ) itself2 7 x s x w\ld foll[ t nei!r ! pa/ nor ! future c be ! object ( consci\sness4 ,or d y mean t !re is an absolute rule t ! ,antec$5t non-exi/5ce ( consci\sness1 if prov$1 mu/ be contemporane\s ) consci\sness8 ,h y !n1 we ask1 ev] obs]v$ ?is s z to be able to ass]t an absolute rule8 ,& if x 7 obs]v$1 t w\ld prove ! exi/5ce ( previ\s non-exi/5ce1 n its negation6--,! fact1 h[ev]1 is t no p]son 9 8 s5ses w ma9ta9 ! contemporane\s exi/5ce ( consci\sness & its own antec$5t non-exi/5ce4 ,9 ! case ( p]ceptive k orig9at+ f s5sation1 !re is inde$ ?is limitation1 t x causes ! appreh5sion ( su* ?+s only z are actually pres5t at ! same "t4 ,b ?is limitation does n ext5d to cognitions ( all k9ds1 nor to all in/rum5ts ( k2 = we obs]ve t remembrance1 inf]5ce1 & ! magical p]ception ( ,yogis appreh5d su* ?+s also z are n pres5t at ! "t ( appreh5sion4 ,on ?is v po9t !re re/s ! relation connect+ ! means ( k ) _! objects1 viz4 t ! =m] are n )\t ! latt]4 ,?is does n mean t ! in/rum5t ( k is connect$ ) its object 9 t way t x is n )\t some?+ t is pres5t at ! "t ( cognition2 b r t ! in/rum5t ( k is oppos$ to ! falsehood ( t special =m 9 :i* ! object pres5ts itself z connect$ ) "s place & "t4--,?is disposes also ( ! cont5tion t remembrance has no ext]nal object2 = x is obs]v$ t remembrance is relat$ to su* ?+s also z h p]i%$4--,possibly y w n[ argue z foll[s4 ,! antec$5t non-exi/5ce ( consci\sness _c be asc]ta9$ by p]ception1 = x is n some?+ pres5t at ! "t ( p]ception4 ,x fur!r _c be asc]ta9$ by ! o!r means ( k1 s9ce !re is no *>act]i/ic m>k 7l+a7 on :i* an inf]5ce c\ld be bas$3 = we d n obs]ve any *>act]i/ic m>k inv>iably accompani$ by ! antec$5t non-exi/5ce ( consci\sness4 ,nor d we meet ) any scriptural text ref]r+ to ?is antec$5t non-exi/5ce4 ,h5ce1 9 ! abs5ce ( any valid in/rum5t ( k1 ! antec$5t non-exi/5ce ( consci\sness _c be e/abli%$ at all4--,if1 we reply1 y ?us1 altoge!r sett+ aside ! =ce ( self-prov$ness 7on :i* y _h reli$ hi!rto71 take y\r /& on ! abs5ce ( valid means ( k1 we aga9 mu/ reque/ y to give 92 = !re is a valid means ( k :]eby to prove ! antec$5t non-exi/5ce ( consci\sness1 viz4 valid non-p]ception 7anupalabdhi74 ,moreov]1 we obs]ve t p]ceptional k proves its object1 be x a j> or some?+ else1 to exi/ only z long z x exi/s itself1 n at all times2 we d n1 ?r\gh x1 appreh5d ! antec$5t or subsequ5t exi/5ce ( ! j>4 ,n[ ?is abs5ce ( appreh5sion is due to ! fact t consci\sness itself is limit$ 9 "t4 ,if t consci\sness :i* has a j> = its object 7 itself appreh5d$ z non-limit$ 9 "t1 ! object also--! j>--w\ld be appreh5d$ "u ! same =m1 i4e4 x w\ld be et]nal4 ,& if self-e/abli%$ consci\sness 7 et]nal1 x w\ld be imm$iately cognis$ z et]nal2 b ?is is n ! case4 ,analog\sly1 if inf]5tial consci\sness & o!r =ms ( consci\sness 7 appreh5d$ z non-limit$ 9 "t1 !y w\ld all ( !m reveal _! objects also z non-limit$1 & ^! objects w\ld ?us be et]nal2 = ! objects are con=m 9 nature to _! respective =ms ( consci\sness4 ,!re is no consci\sness )\t object4 ,nor is !re any consci\sness devoid ( objects2 = no?+ ( ?is k9d is ev] kn[n4 ,moreov]1 ! self-lum9\sness ( consci\sness has1 by our oppon5t himself1 be5 prov$ on ! gr\nd t its ess5tial nature consi/s 9 illum9+ 7reveal+7 objects2 ! self-lum9\sness ( consci\sness n admitt+ ( pro( ap>t f its ess5tial nature :i* consi/s 9 ! light+ up ( objects4 ,& z moreov]1 accord+ to our oppon5t1 consci\sness _c be ! object ( ano!r consci\sness1 x w\ld foll[ t 7hav+ nei!r an object nor itself be+ an object7 x is some?+ altoge!r unreal1 imag9>y4 ,nor are y ju/ifi$ 9 ma9ta9+ t 9 deep sleep1 swoon1 s5selessness & simil> /ates1 pure consci\sness1 devoid ( any object1 manife/s itself4 ,?is view is negativ$ by 'valid non-p]ception' 7see above1 p4 #eb74 ,if consci\sness 7 pres5t 9 ^? /ates also1 !re w\ld be remembrance ( x at ! "t ( wak+ f sleep or recov]y f swoon2 b z a matt] ( fact !re is no su* remembrance4--,b x is n an absolute rule t some?+ ( :i* we 7 consci\s mu/ be rememb]$2 h[ !n c ! abs5ce ( remembrance prove ! abs5ce ( previ\s consci\sness8--,unless1 we reply1 !re be "s cause ( ov]p[]+ /r5g? :i* q oblit]ates all impressions--z e4g4 ! dissolution ( ! body--! abs5ce ( remembrance does necess>ily prove ! abs5ce ( previ\s consci\sness4 ,&1 moreov]1 9 ! pres5t case ! abs5ce ( consci\sness does n only foll[ f abs5ce ( remembrance2 x is also prov$ by ! ?\ght pres5t+ itself to ! p]son ris5 f sleep1 ',= s long a "t ,i 0 n consci\s ( any?+4'--,nor may x be said t ev5 if !re 0 consci\sness1 abs5ce ( remembrance w\ld necess>ily foll[ f ! abs5ce 7dur+ deep sleep7 ( ! di/9ction ( objects1 & f ! ext9ction ( ! consci\sness ( ! ',i'2 = ! non-consci\sness ( "s "o ?+1 & ! abs5ce ( "s "o ?+ _c be ! cause ( ! non-remembrance ( "s o!r ?+1 ( :i* !re _h be5 consci\sness4 ,& t 9 ! /ates 9 "q ! consci\sness ( ! ',i' does p]si/1 w moreov] be %[n fur!r on4 ,b1 our oppon5t urges1 h y n said y\rself t ev5 9 deep sleep & simil> /ates !re is consci\sness m>k$ by diff]5ce8-- ,true1 we h said s4 ,b t consci\sness is consci\sness ( ! ,self1 & t ?is is affect$ by diff]5ce w be prov$ fur!r on4 ,at pres5t we are only int]e/$ 9 d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( y\r pure consci\sness1 devoid ( all objects & )\t a sub/rate4 ,nor c we admit t y\r pure consci\sness c\ld con/itute :at we call ! consci\sness ( ! ,self2 = we %all prove t ! latt] has a sub/rate4 ,x ?us _c be ma9ta9$ t ! antec$5t non-exi/5ce ( consci\sness does n admit ( be+ prov$1 because consci\sness itself does n prove x4 ,& z we h %[n t consci\sness itself may be an object ( consci\sness1 we h !reby disprov$ ! alleg$ impossibility ( antec$5t non-exi/5ce be+ prov$ by o!r means4 ,h]e) falls ! ass]tion t ! non-orig9ation ( consci\sness c be prov$4 ,consci\sness is capable ( *ange4 ,aga9/ ! ass]tion t ! alleg$ non-orig9ation ( consci\sness at ! same "t proves t consci\sness is n capable ( any o!r *anges 7p4 #cf71 we rem>k t ! g5]al proposition on :i* ?is conclusion re/s is too wide3 x w\ld ext5d to antec$5t non-exi/5ce itself1 ( :i* x is evid5t t x comes to an end1 al?\gh x does n orig9ate4 ,9 qualify+ ! *anges z *anges ( ',be+1' y manife/ great logical acum5 inde$6 ,= accord+ to y\r own view ,nesci5ce also 7:i* is n ',be+'7 does n orig9ate1 is ! sub/rate ( manifold *anges1 & comes to an end ?r\gh ! rise ( k6 ,p]haps y w say t ! *anges ( ,nesci5ce are all unreal4 ,b1 d y !n1 we ask 9 reply1 admit t any *ange is real8 ,y d n2 & yet x is only ?is admission :i* w\ld give a s5se to ! di/9ction express$ by ! ^w ',be+' ,,footnote #ed3a4 ,nor is x true t consci\sness does n admit ( any division )9 itself1 because x has no beg9n+ 7p4 #cf74 ,= ! non-orig9at$ ,self is divid$ f ! body1 ! s5ses1 c41 & ,nesci5ce also1 :i* is av[$ly )\t a beg9n+1 mu/ ne$s be admitt$ to be divid$ f ! ,self4 ,& if y say t ! latt] division is unreal1 we ask :e!r y h ev] obs]v$ a real division inv>iably connect$ ) orig9ation6 ,moreov]1 if ! di/9ction ( ,nesci5ce f ! ,self is n real1 x foll[s t ,nesci5ce & ! ,self are ess5tially "o4 ,y fur!r h y\rself prov$ ! diff]5ce ( views by means ( ! diff]5ce ( ! objects ( k z e/abli%$ by non-refut$ k2 an analog\s case be+ furni%$ by ! diff]5ce ( acts ( cleav+1 :i* results f ! diff]5ce ( objects to be cleft4 ,& if y ass]t t ( ?is kn[+--:i* is ess5tially kn[+ only--no?+ t is an object ( k c be an attribute1 & t ^! objects--j because !y are objects ( k--_c be attributes ( kn[+2 we po9t out t bo? ^! rem>ks w\ld apply also to et]nity1 self-lum9\sness1 & ! o!r attributes ( 'kn[+'1 :i* are ackn[l$g$ by y\rself1 & e/abli%$ by valid means ( pro(4 ,nor may y urge aga9/ ?is t all ^! alleg$ attributes are 9 reality m]e 'consci\sness' or 'kn[+'2 = !y are ess5tially di/9ct4 ,by 'be+ consci\s' or 'kn[+'1 we und]/& ! illum9+ or manife/+ ( "s object to its own sub/rate 7i4e4 ! sub/rate ( k71 by its own exi/5ce 7i4e4 ! exi/5ce ( k7 m]ely2 by self-lum9\sness 7or 'self-illum9at$ness'7 we und]/& ! %9+ =? or be+ manife/ by its own exi/5ce m]ely to its own sub/rate2 ! t]ms '%9+ =?'1 'illum9+'1 'be+ manife/' 9 bo? ^! def9itions mean+ ! capability ( becom+ an object ( ?\ght & spee* :i* is common to all ?+s1 :e!r intellig5t or non-intellig5t4 ,et]nity aga9 means 'be+ pres5t 9 all "t'2 on5ess means 'be+ def9$ by ! numb] "o'4 ,ev5 if y say t ^! attributes are only negative ones1 i4e4 equal to ! abs5ce ( non-intellig5ce & s on1 y /ill _c avoid ! admission t !y are attributes ( consci\sness4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 be+ ( a nature opposite to non-intellig5ce & s on1 be n admitt$ z attributes ( consci\sness--:e!r ( a positive or a negative k9d--9 addition to its ess5tial nature2 x is an altoge!r unmean+ proce$+ to d5y to x su* qualities1 z non-intellig5ce & ! l4 ,we moreov] mu/ admit ! foll[+ alt]native3 consci\sness is ei!r prov$ 7e/abli%$7 or n4 ,if x is prov$ x foll[s t x possesses attributes2 if x is n1 x is some?+ absolutely nugatory1 l a sky-fl[]1 & simil> purely imag9>y ?+s4 ,,footnote #ed3a4 ,! ,snk>a is n entitl$ to ref] to a di/9ction ( real & unreal division1 because accord+ to 8 !ory all di/9ction is unreal4 ,consci\sness is ! attribute ( a p]man5t ,consci\s self4 ,let x !n be said t consci\sness is pro( 7siddhih7 itself4 ,pro( ( :at1 we ask 9 reply1 & to :om8 ,if no def9ite answ] c be giv5 to ^! two que/ions1 consci\sness _c be def9$ z 'pro('2 = 'pro(' is a relative notion1 l 'son4' ,y w p]haps reply ',pro( to ! ,self'2 & if we g on ask+ ',b :at is t ,self'8 y w say1 ',j consci\sness z already said by u be=e4' ,true1 we reply1 y said s2 b x c]ta9ly 0 n well said4 ,= if x is ! nature ( consci\sness to be 'pro(' 7'light1' 'enlight5m5t'7 on ! "p ( a p]son ) reg>d to some?+1 h[ c ?is consci\sness :i* is ?us connect$ ) ! p]son & ! ?+ be itself consci\s ( itself8 ,to expla93 ! ess5tial "* ( consci\sness or k is t by its v exi/5ce x r5d]s ?+s capable ( becom+ objects1 to its own sub/rate1 ( ?\ght & spee*4 ,?is consci\sness 7anubhti71 :i* is also t]m$ jna1 avagati1 samvid1 is a p>ticul> attribute belong+ to a consci\s ,self & relat$ to an object3 z su* x is kn[n to e "o on ! te/imony ( 8 own ,self--z appe>s f ord9>y judgm5ts su* z ',i "k ! j>1' ',i und]/& ?is matt]1' ',i am consci\s ( 7! pres5ce (7 ?is piece ( clo?4' ,t su* is ! ess5tial nature ( consci\sness y y\rself admit2 = y h prov$ !reby its self-lum9\sness4 ,( ?is consci\sness :i* ?us cle>ly pres5ts itself z ! attribute ( an ag5t & z relat$ to an object1 x w\ld be difficult inde$ to prove t at ! same "t x is itself ! ag5t2 z difficult z x w\ld be to prove t ! object ( action is ! ag5t4 ,= we cle>ly see t ?is ag5t 7! subject ( consci\sness7 is p]man5t 7con/ant71 :ile its attribute1 i4 e4 consci\sness1 n diff]+ h]e9 f joy1 grief1 & ! l1 rises1 p]si/s = "s "t1 & !n comes to an end4 ,! p]man5cy ( ! consci\s subject is prov$ by ! fact ( recognition1 ',?is v same ?+ 0 =m]ly appreh5d$ by me4' ,! non-p]man5cy ( consci\sness1 on ! o!r h&1 is prov$ by ?\ght express+ itself 9 ! foll[+ =ms1 ',i "k at pres5t1' ',i knew at a "t1' ',i1 ! kn[+ subject1 no long] h k ( ?is ?+4' ,h[ !n %\ld consci\sness & 7! consci\s subject7 be "o8 ,if consci\sness :i* *anges e mom5t 7 admitt$ to con/itute ! consci\s subject1 x w\ld be impossible = u to recognise ! ?+ se5 to-day z ! "o we saw ye/]day2 = :at has be5 p]ceiv$ by "o _c be recognis$ by ano!r4 ,& ev5 if consci\sness 7 id5tifi$ ) ! consci\s subject & ackn[l$g$ z p]man5t1 ?is w\ld no bett] acc\nt = ! fact ( recognition4 ,= recognition implies a consci\s subject p]si/+ f ! e>li] to ! lat] mom5t1 & n m]ely consci\sness4 ,its expression is ',i myself p]ceiv$ ?is ?+ on a =m] occasion4' ,accord+ to y\r view ! quality ( be+ a consci\s ag5t _c at all belong to consci\sness2 = consci\sness1 y say1 is j consci\sness & no?+ m4 ,& t !re exi/s a pure consci\sness devoid ( sub/rate & objects alike1 we h already refut$ on ! gr\nd t ( a ?+ ( ?is k9d we h absolutely no k4 ,& t ! consci\sness admitt$ by bo? ( u %\ld be ! ,self is refut$ by imm$iate consci\sness itself4 ,& we h also refut$ ! fallaci\s argum5ts br\ght =w>d to prove t m]e consci\sness is ! only reality4--,b1 ano!r objection is rais$1 %\ld ! relation ( ! ,self & ! ',i' n r be conceiv$ z foll[s3--,9 self-consci\sness :i* expresses itself 9 ! judgm5t ',i "k1' t intellig5t some?+ :i* con/itutes ! absolutely non-objective elem5t1 & is pure homog5e\s light1 is ! ,self2 ! objective elem5t 7yu%mad-ar?a7 on ! o!r h&1 :i* is e/abli%$ ?r\gh its be+ illum9$ 7reveal$7 by ! ,self is ! ,i--9 ',i "k'--& ?is is some?+ diff]5t f pure intellig5ce1 some?+ objective or ext]nal8 ,by no means1 we reply2 = ?is view contradicts ! relation ( attribute & sub/rate ( attribute ( :i* we are directly consci\s1 z impli$ 9 ! ?\ght ',i "k4' ,consid] also :at foll[s4--',if ! ,i 7 n ! ,self1 ! inw>dness ( ! ,self w\ld n exi/2 = x is j ! consci\sness ( ! ,i :i* sep>ates ! inw>d f ! outw>d4 ',may ,i1 free+ myself f all pa91 ent] on free possession ( endless delight8 ,?is is ! ?\ght :i* prompts ! man desir\s ( release to apply himself to ! /udy ( ! sacr$ texts4 ,7 x a settl$ matt] t release consi/s 9 ! annihilation ( ! ,i1 ! same man w\ld move away z soon z release 7 only h9t$ at4 ,:5 ,i myself h p]i%$1 !re /ill p]si/s "s consci\sness diff]5t f me2 to br+ ?is ab\t nobody truly w ex]t himself4 ',moreov] ! v exi/5ce ( consci\sness1 its be+ a consci\sness at all1 & its be+ self-lum9\s1 dep5d on its connexion ) a ,self2 :5 t connexion is dissolv$1 consci\sness itself _c be e/abli%$1 n any m ?an ! act ( cutt+ c take place :5 !re is no p]son to cut & no?+ to be cut4 ,h5ce x is c]ta9 t ! ,i1 i4e4 ! kn[+ subject1 is ! inw>d ,self4' ,?is scripture confirms :5 say+ ',by :at %\ld he "k ! kn[]8' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #d1 #ae72 & ,smriti also1 ',him :o kn[s ?is !y call ! kn[] ( ! body' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,xiii1 #a74 ,& ! ,strakra also1 9 ! section beg9n+ ) ',n ! ,self on acc\nt ( scriptural /atem5t' 7,,ii1 #c1 #ag71 w say ',= ?is v reason 7x is7 a kn[]' 7,,ii1 #c1 #ah72 & f ?is x foll[s t ! ,self is n m]e consci\sness4 ,:at is e/abli%$ by consci\sness ( ! ',i' is ! ,i itself1 :ile ! n-,i is giv5 9 ! consci\sness ( ! n-,i2 h5ce to say t ! kn[+ subject1 :i* is e/abli%$ by ! /ate ( consci\sness1 ',i "k1' is ! n-,i1 is no bett] ?an to ma9ta9 t "o's own "m is a b>r5 woman4 ,nor c x be said t ?is ',i1' ! kn[+ subject1 is dep5d5t on its light = some?+ else4 ,x r is self-lum9\s2 = to be self-lum9\s means to h consci\sness = "o's ess5tial nature4 ,& t :i* has light = its ess5tial nature does n dep5d = its light on some?+ else4 ,! case is analog\s to t ( ! flame ( a lamp or c&le4 ,f ! circum/ance t ! lamp illum9es ) its light o!r ?+s1 x does n foll[ ei!r t x is n lum9\s1 or t its lum9\sness dep5ds on some?+ else2 ! fact r is t ! lamp be+ ( lum9\s nature %9es itself & illum9es ) its light o!r ?+s also4 ,to expla94--,! "o sub/ance tejas1 i4e4 fire or heat1 subsi/s 9 a d\ble =m1 viz4 z light 7prabh71 & z lum9\s matt]4 ,al?\gh light is a quality ( lum9\s sub/antial ?+s1 x is 9 itself no?+ b ! sub/ance tejas1 n a m]e quality l e4g4 :it5ess2 = x exi/s also ap>t f its sub/rates1 & possesses col\r 7:i* is a quality74 ,hav+ ?us attributes diff]5t f ^? ( qualities su* z :it5ess & s on1 & possess+ illum9+ p[]1 x is ! sub/ance tejas1 n any?+ else 7e4g4 a quality74 ,illum9+ p[] belongs to x1 because x lights up itself & o!r ?+s4 ,at ! same "t x is practically treat$ z a quality because x always has ! sub/ance tejas = its sub/rate1 & dep5ds on x4 ,?is mu/ n be object$ to on ! gr\nd t :at is call$ light is really no?+ b dissolv+ p>ticles ( matt] :i* proce$ f ! sub/ance tejas2 = if ?is 7 s1 %9+ gems & ! sun w\ld 9 ! end consume !mselves completely4 ,moreov]1 if ! flame ( a lamp consi/$ ( dissolv+ p>ticles ( matt]1 x w\ld nev] be appreh5d$ z a :ole2 = no reason c be /at$ :y ^? p>ticles %\ld regul>ly rise 9 an agglom]at$ =m to ! height ( f\r f+]s bread?1 & aft] t simultane\sly disp]se !mselves uni=mly 9 all directions--upw>ds1 sideways1 & d[nw>ds4 ,! fact is t ! flame ( ! lamp toge!r ) its light is produc$ anew e mom5t & aga9 vani%es e mom5t2 z we may inf] f ! successive comb9ation ( suffici5t causes 7viz4 p>ticles ( oil & wick7 & f its com+ to an end :5 ^? causes are completely consum$4 ,analog\sly to ! lamp1 ! ,self is ess5tially intellig5t 7kid-rpa71 & has intellig5ce 7kaitanya7 = its quality4 ,& to be ess5tially intellig5t means to be self-lum9\s4 ,!re are _m scriptural texts decl>+ ?is1 comp>e e4g4 ',z a mass ( salt has nei!r inside nor outside b is altoge!r a mass ( ta/e1 ?us inde$ t ,self has nei!r inside nor outside b is altoge!r a mass ( k' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #e1 #ac72 ',!re t p]son becomes self-lum9\s1 !re is no de/ruction ( ! kn[+ ( ! kn[]' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #c1 #ad2 #cj72 ',he :o kn[s1 let me smell ?is1 he is ! ,self 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #ab1 #d72 ',:o is t ,self8 ,t "o :o is made ( k1 among ! prnas1 )9 ! he>t1 ! light1 ! p]son' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #c1 #g72 ',= x is he :o sees1 he>s1 smells1 ta/es1 ?9ks1 consid]s1 acts1 ! p]son ^: ,self is k' 7,pr4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #i72 ',:]eby %\ld "o "k ! kn[]' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #e1 #ae74 ',?is p]son kn[s1' ',! se] does n see dea? nor illness nor pa9' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #bf1 #b72 ',t highe/ p]son n rememb]+ ?is body into :i* he 0 born' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #ab1 #c72 ',?us ^! sixte5 p>ts ( ! spectator t g t[>ds ! p]son2 :5 !y h readi$ ! p]son1 s9k into him' 7,pr4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #e72 ',f ?is consi/+ ( m9d1 !re is diff]5t an int]ior ,self consi/+ ( k' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #d74 ,& ! ,strakra also w ref] to ! ,self z a 'kn[]' 9 ,,ii1 #c1 #ah4 ,all :i* %[s t ! self-lum9\s ,self is a kn[]1 i4e4 a kn[+ subject1 & n pure light 7non-p]sonal intellig5ce74 ,9 g5]al we may say t :]e !re is light x mu/ belong to some?+1 z %[n by ! light ( a lamp4 ,! ,self ?us _c be m]e consci\sness4 ,! gramm>ians moreov] tell u t words su* z 'consci\sness1' 'k1' c41 are relative2 nei!r ord9>y nor ,v$ic language uses expressions su* z 'he kn[s' )\t ref]5ce to an object kn[n & an ag5t :o kn[s4 ,) ref]5ce to ! ass]tion t consci\sness con/itutes ! ,self1 because x 7consci\sness7 is n non-intellig5t 7jada71 we ask :at y und]/& by ?is abs5ce ( non-intellig5ce4' ,if y reply 'lum9\sness due to ! be+ ( ! ?+ itself 7i4e4 ( ! ?+ :i* is ajada7'2 we po9t out t ?is def9ition w\ld wrongly include lamps also1 & simil> ?+s2 & x w\ld moreov] give rise to a contradiction1 s9ce y d n admit light z an attribute1 diff]5t f consci\sness itself4 ,nor c we all[ y to def9e ajadatva z 'be+ ( t nature t light is always pres5t1 )\t any exception1' = ?is def9ition w\ld ext5d also to pleasure1 pa91 & simil> /ates4 ,%\ld y ma9ta9 t pleasure & s on1 al?\gh be+ ?r\gh\t ( ! nature ( light1 are non-intellig5t = ! reason t1 l j>s1 c41 !y %9e =? 7appe>7 to some?+ else & h5ce belong to ! sph]e ( ! n-,self2 we ask 9 reply3 ,d y mean !n to say t k appe>s to itself8 ,k no less ?an pleasure appe>s to "s "o else1 viz4 ! ',i'3 !re is1 9 t respect1 no diff]5ce betwe5 ! judgm5t ',i "k1' & ! judgm5t ',i am pleas$4' ,non-intellig5ce 9 ! s5se ( appe>+ness-to-itself is ?us n prov$ = consci\sness2 & h5ce x foll[s t :at con/itutes ! ,self is ! non-jada ',i' :i* is prov$ to itself by its v ,be+4 ,t k is ( ! nature ( light dep5ds altoge!r on its connection ) ! kn[+ ',i'3 x is due to ! latt]1 t k1 l pleasure1 manife/s itself to t consci\s p]son :o is its sub/rate1 & n to anybody else4 ,! ,self is ?us n m]e k1 b is ! kn[+ ',i4' ,! view t ! consci\s subject is some?+ unreal1 due to ! ahamkra1 _c be ma9ta9$4 ,we turn to a fur!r po9t4 ,y ma9ta9 t consci\sness :i* is 9 reality devoid alike ( objects & sub/rate pres5ts itself1 ow+ to error1 9 ! =m ( a kn[+ subject1 j z "m o' pe>l appe>s z silv]2 7consci\sness itself be+ view$ z a real sub/rate ( an errone\s imputation71 because an errone\s imputation _c take place ap>t f a sub/rate4 ,b ?is !ory is indef5sible4 ,if ?+s 7 z y describe !m1 ! consci\s ',i' w\ld be cognis$ z co-ord9ate ) ! /ate ( consci\sness ',i am consci\sness1' j z ! %9+ ?+ pres5t+ itself to our eyes is judg$ to be silv]4 ,b ! fact is t ! /ate ( consci\sness pres5ts itself z some?+ ap>t1 con/itut+ a di/+ui%+ attribute ( ! ,i1 j z ! /ick is an attribute ( ,devadatta :o c>ries x4 ,! judgm5t ',i am consci\s' reveals an ',i' di/+ui%$ by consci\sness2 & to decl>e t x ref]s only to a /ate ( consci\sness--:i* is a m]e attribute--is no bett] ?an to say t ! judgm5t ',devadatta c>ries a /ick' is ab\t ! /ick only4 ,nor are y "r 9 say+ t ! idea ( ! ,self be+ a kn[+ ag5t1 pres5ts itself to ! m9d ( him only :o errone\sly id5tifies ! ,self & ! body1 an error express+ itself 9 judgm5ts su* z ',i am /\t1' & is on t acc\nt false2 = f ?is x w\ld foll[ t ! consci\sness :i* is errone\sly imag9$ z a ,self is also false2 = x pres5ts itself to ! m9d ( ! same p]son4 ,y w p]haps rejo9 t consci\sness is n false because x 7alone7 is n sublatcd by t cognition :i* sublates ev]y?+ else4 ,well1 we reply1 !n ! kn[]%ip ( ! ,self also is n false2 = t also is n sublatcd4 ,y fur!r ma9ta9 t ! "* ( be+ a kn[]1 i4e4 ! ag5t 9 ! action ( kn[+1 does n become ! non-*ang+ ,self2 t be+ a kn[] is some?+ imply+ *ange1 ( a non-intellig5t k9d 7jada71 & resid+ 9 ! ahamkra :i* is ! abode ( *ange & a m]e effect ( ! ,unevolv$ 7! ,prakriti72 t be+ an ag5t & s on is l col\r & o!r qualities1 an attribute ( :at is objective2 & t if we admit ! ,self to be an ag5t & ! object ( ! notion ( ! ',i1' x also foll[s t ! ,self is1 l ! body1 n a real ,self b some?+ ext]nal & non-intellig5t4 ,b all ?is is unf\nd$1 s9ce ! int]nal organ is1 l ! body1 non-intellig5t1 an effect ( ,prakriti1 an object ( k1 some?+ outw>d & = ! sake ( o!rs m]ely2 :ile be+ a kn[+ subject con/itutes ! special ess5tial nature ( intellig5t be+s4 ,to expla94 ,j z ! body1 ?r\gh its objectiv5ess1 outw>dness1 & simil> causes1 is di/+ui%$ f :at possesses ! opposite attributes ( subjectiv5ess1 inw>dness1 & s on2 = ! same reason ! ahamkra also--:i* is ( ! same sub/antial nature z ! body--is simil>ly di/+ui%$4 ,h5ce ! ahamkra is no m a kn[] ?an x is some?+ subjective2 o!rwise !re w\ld be an evid5t contradiction4 ,z kn[+ _c be attribut$ to ! ahamkra1 :i* is an object ( k1 s kn[]%ip also _c be ascrib$ to x2 = ( t also x is ! object4 ,nor c x be ma9ta9$ t to be a kn[] is some?+ ess5tially *ang+4 ,= to be a kn[] is to be ! sub/rate ( ! quality ( k1 & z ! kn[+ ,self is et]nal1 k :i* is an ess5tial quality ( ! ,self is also et]nal4 ,t ! ,self is et]nal w be decl>$ 9 ! ,stra1 ,,ii1 #c1 #ag2 & 9 ,,ii1 #c1 #ah ! t]m 'ja' 7kn[]7 w %[ t x is an ess5tial quality ( ! ,self to be ! abode ( k4 ,t a ,self ^: ess5tial nature is k %\ld be ! sub/rate ( ! 7quality (7 k--j z gems & ! l are ! sub/rate ( light--gives rise to no contradiction :atev]4 ,k 7! quality7 :i* is 9 itself unlimit$1 is capable ( contraction & expansion1 z we %all %[ lat] on4 ,9 ! s-call$ k%etraja--condition ( ! ,self1 k is1 ow+ to ! influ5ce ( "w 7k>man71 ( a contract$ nature1 z x m or less adapts itself to "w ( diff]5t k9ds1 & is v>i\sly det]m9$ by ! diff]5t s5ses4 ,) ref]5ce to ?is v>i\s fl[ ( k z due to ! s5ses1 x is spok5 ( z ris+ & sett+1 & ! ,self possesses ! quality ( an ag5t4 ,z ?is quality is n1 h[ev]1 ess5tial1 b orig9at$ by action1 ! ,self is ess5tially un*ang+4 ,?is *angeful quality ( be+ a kn[] c belong only to ! ,self ^: ess5tial nature is k2 n possibly to ! non-intellig5t ahamkra4 ,b1 y w p]haps say1 ! ahamkra1 al?\gh ( non- intellig5t nature1 may become a kn[] 9 s f> z by approximation to intellig5ce x becomes a reflection ( ! latt]4 ,h[1 we ask 9 return1 is ?is becom+ a reflection ( intellig5ce imag9$ to take place8 ,does consci\sness become a reflection ( ! ahamkra1 or does ! ahamkra become a reflection ( consci\sness8 ,! =m] alt]native is inadmissible1 s9ce y w n all[ to consci\sness ! quality ( be+ a kn[]2 & s is ! latt] s9ce1 z expla9$ above1 ! non-intellig5t ahamkra c nev] become a kn[]4 ,moreov]1 nei!r consci\sness nor ! ahamkra are objects ( visual p]ception4 ,only ?+s se5 by ! eye h reflections4--,let x !n be said t z an iron ball is heat$ by contact ) fire1 s ! consci\sness ( be+ a kn[] is imp>t$ to ! ahamkra ?r\gh its contact ) ,intellig5ce4--,?is view too is inadmissible2 = z y d n all[ real kn[]%ip to ,intellig5ce1 kn[]%ip or ! consci\sness ( kn[]%ip _c be imp>t$ to ! ahamkra by contact ) ,intellig5ce2 & mu* less ev5 c kn[]%ip or ! consci\sness ( x be imp>t$ to ,intellig5ce by contact ) ! ess5tially non- intellig5t ahamkra4 ,nor c we accept :at y say ab\t 'manife/ation4' ,nei!r ! ahamkra1 y say1 nor ,intellig5ce is really a kn[+ subject1 b ! ahamkra manife/s consci\sness abid+ )9 itself 7)9 ! ahamkra71 z ! mirror manife/s ! image abid+ )9 x4 ,b ! ess5tially non-intellig5t ahamkra evid5tly _c 'manife/' ! self-lum9\s ,self4 ,z has be5 said ',t ! non-intellig5t ahamkra %\ld manife/ ! self-lum9\s ,self1 has no m s5se ?an to say t a sp5t coal manife/s ! ,sun4' ,! tru? is t all ?+s dep5d = _! pro( on self-lum9\s consci\sness2 & n[ y ma9ta9 t "o ( ^! ?+s1 viz4 ! non-intellig5t ahamkra--:i* itself dep5ds = its light on consci\sness--manife/s consci\sness1 ^: ess5tial light nev] rises or sets1 & :i* is ! cause t proves ev]y?+6 ,:oev] kn[s ! nature ( ! ,self w ju/ly d]ide su* a view6 ,! relation ( 'manife/ation' _c hold good betwe5 consci\sness & ! ahamkra = ! fur!r reason also t !re is a contradiction 9 nature betwe5 ! two1 & because x w\ld imply consci\sness n to be consci\sness4 ,z has be5 said1 ',"o _c manife/ ! o!r1 ow+ to contradictor9ess2 & if ! ,self 7 some?+ to be manife/$1 t w\ld imply its be+ non-intellig5t l a j>4' ,nor is ! matt] improv$ by y\r introduc+ ! h& & ! sunbeams 7above1 p4 #ch71 & to say t z ! sunbeams :ile manife/+ ! h&1 are at ! same "t manife/$ by ! h&1 s consci\sness1 :ile manife/+ ! ahamkra1 is at ! same "t itself manife/$ by ! latt]4 ,! sunbeams are 9 reality n manife/$ by ! h& at all4 ,:at takes place is t ! motion ( ! sunbeams is rev]s$ 7reflect$7 by ! oppos$ h&2 !y ?us become m num]\s1 & h5ce are p]ceiv$ m cle>ly2 b ?is is due altoge!r to ! multitude ( beams1 n to any manife/+ p[] on ! "p ( ! h&4 ,:at c\ld1 moreov]1 be ! nature ( t 'manife/ation' ( ! ,self consi/+ ( ,intellig5ce1 :i* w\ld be effect$ ?r\gh ! ahamkra8 ,x _c be orig9ation2 = y ackn[l$ge t :at is self- e/abli%$ _c be orig9at$ by any?+ else4 ,nor c x be 'illum9ation' 7mak+ to %9e =?71 s9ce consci\sness _c-- accord+ to y--be ! object ( ano!r consci\sness4 ,= ! same reason x _c be any action assi/+ ! means ( be+ consci\s ( consci\sness4 ,= su* helpful action c\ld be ( two k9ds only4 ,x w\ld ei!r be su* z to cause ! connexion ( ! object to be kn[n ) ! s5se-organs2 z e4g4 any action :i*1 9 ! case ( ! appreh5sion ( a species or ( "o's own face1 causes connexion betwe5 ! organ ( sight & an individual ( ! species1 or a look+-glass4 ,or x w\ld be su* z to remove "s ob/ructive impurity 9 ! m9d ( ! kn[+ p]son2 ( ?is k9d is ! action ( calmness & self- re/ra9t ) ref]5ce to scripture :i* is ! means ( appreh5d+ ! highe/ reality4 ,moreov]1 ev5 if x 7 admitt$ t consci\sness may be an object ( consci\sness1 x c\ld n be ma9ta9$ t ! ',i' assi/s ! means :]eby t consci\sness is effect$4 ,= if x did s1 x c\ld only be 9 ! way ( remov+ any ob/acles imp$+ ! orig9ation ( su* consci\sness2 analog\s to ! way 9 :i* a lamp assi/s ! eye by dispell+ ! d>kness :i* imp$es ! orig9ation ( ! appreh5sion ( col\r4 ,b 9 ! case "u discussion we are unable to imag9e su* ob/acles4 ,!re is no?+ p]ta9+ to consci\sness :i* ob/ructs ! orig9ation ( ! k ( consci\sness & :i* c\ld be remov$ by ! ahamkra4--,!re is some?+1 y w p]haps reply1 viz4 ,nesci5ce6 ,n s1 we reply4 ,t ,nesci5ce is remov$ by ! ahamkra _c be admitt$2 k alone c put an end to ,nesci5ce4 ,nor c consci\sness be ! abode ( ,nesci5ce1 because 9 t case ,nesci5ce w\ld h ! same abode & ! same object z k4 ,9 pure k :]e !re is no kn[+ subject & no object ( k--! s-call$ 'witness+' pr9ciple 7sk%97--,nesci5ce _c exi/4 ,j>s & simil> ?+s _c be ! abode ( ,nesci5ce because !re is no possibility ( _! be+ ! abode ( k1 & = ! same reason pure k also _c be ! abode ( ,nesci5ce4 ,& ev5 if consci\sness 7 admitt$ to be ! abode ( ,nesci5ce1 x c\ld n be ! object ( k2 = consci\sness be+ view$ z ! ,self _c be ! object ( k1 & h5ce k _c t]m9ate ! ,nesci5ce abid+ )9 consci\sness4 ,= k puts an end to ,nesci5ce only ) reg>d to its own objects1 z 9 ! case ( ! snake-rope4 ,& ! consequ5ce ( ?is w\ld be t ! ,nesci5ce atta*$ to consci\sness c\ld nev] be de/roy$ by any "o4--,if ,nesci5ce1 we fur!r rem>k1 is view$ z t :i* c be def9$ nei!r z ,be+ nor non-,be+1 we %all %[ lat] on t su* ,nesci5ce is some?+ q incompreh5sible4--,on ! o!r h&1 ,nesci5ce1 if und]/ood to be ! antec$5t non- exi/5ce ( k1 is n oppos$ 9 nature to ! orig9ation ( k1 & h5ce ! dispell+ ( ,nesci5ce _c be view$ z promot+ ! means ( ! k ( ! ,self4--,f all ?is x foll[s t ! ahamkra _c effect 9 any way 'manife/ation ( consci\sness4' ,nor 7to f9i% up ?is po9t7 c x be said t x is ! ess5tial nature ( manife/+ ag5ts to manife/ ?+s 9 s f> z ! latt] h _! abode 9 ! =m]2 = su* a relation is n obs]v$ 9 ! case ( lamps & ! l 7:i* manife/ :at lies outside !m74 ,! ess5tial nature ( manife/+ ag5ts r lies !re9 t !y promote ! k ( ?+s z !y really are1 & ?is is also ! nature ( :atev] promotes k & ! means !re(4 ,nor is x ev5 true t ! mirror manife/s ! face4 ,! mirror is only ! cause ( a c]ta9 irregul>ity1 viz4 ! rev]sion ( ! ocul> rays ( light1 & to ?is irregul>ity !re is due ! appe>ance ( ! face )9 ! mirror2 b ! manife/+ ag5t is ! light only4 ,& x is evid5t t ! ahamkra is n capable ( produc+ an irregul>ity 7analog\s to t produc$ by ! mirror7 9 consci\sness :i* is self-lum9\s4--,&--) reg>d to ! second analog\s in/ance alleg$ by y--! fact is t ! species is kn[n ?r\gh ! individual because ! latt] is its sub/rate 7z express$ 9 ! g5]al pr9ciple1 '! species is ! =m ( ! individual'71 b n because ! individual 'manife/s' ! species4 ,?us !re is no reason1 ei!r real or spr++ f "s imp]fection1 :y ! consci\sness ( consci\sness %\ld be br\ght ab\t by its abid+ 9 ! ahamkra1 & ! attribute ( be+ ! kn[+ ag5t or ! consci\sness ( t _c !re=e belong to ! ahamkra4 ,h5ce1 :at con/itutes ! inw>d ,self is n pure consci\sness b ! ',i' :i* proves itself z ! kn[+ subject4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( egoity1 'inw>dness' c\ld n be e/abli%$ = consci\sness4 ,! consci\s subject p]si/s 9 deep sleep4 ,we n[ come to ! "q z to ! nature ( deep sleep4 ,9 deep sleep ! quality ( d>kness prevails 9 ! m9d & !re is no consci\sness ( outw>d ?+s1 & ?us !re is no di/9ct & cle> pres5tation ( ! ',i'2 b all ! same ! ,self someh[ pres5ts itself up to ! "t ( wak+ 9 ! "o =m ( ! ',i1' & ! latt] _c !re=e be said to be abs5t4 ,pure consci\sness assum$ by y 7to manife/ itself 9 deep sleep7 is really 9 no bett] case2 = a p]son ris5 f deep sleep nev] repres5ts to himself 8 /ate ( consci\sness dur+ sleep 9 ! =m1 ',i 0 pure consci\sness free f all egoity & oppos$ 9 nature to ev]y?+ else1 witness+ ,nesci5ce'2 :at he ?9ks is only ',i slept well4' ,f ?is =m ( reflection x appe>s t ev5 dur+ sleep ! ,self4 i4e4 ! ',i1' 0 a kn[+ subject & p]ceptive ( pleasure4 ,nor mu/ y urge aga9/ ?is t ! reflection has ! foll[+ =m3 ',z n[ ,i feel pleasure1 s ,i slept !n also'2 = ! reflection is di/9ctly n ( t k9d4 ,,footnote #fh3a ,nor mu/ y say t ow+ to ! non-p]man5cy ( ! ',i' its p]ception ( pleasure dur+ sleep _c connect itself ) ! wak+ /ate4 ,= 7! ',i' is p]man5t z appe>s f ! fact t7 ! p]son :o has ris5 f sleep recalls ?+s ( :i* he 0 consci\s be=e 8 sleep1 ',i did su* & su* a ?+1' ',i obs]v$ ?is or t1' ',i said s or s4'--,b1 y w p]haps say1 he also reflects1 ',= su* & su* a "t ,i 0 consci\s ( no?+6'--',& :at does ?is imply8' we ask4--',x implies a negation ( ev]y?+6'--,by no means1 we rejo94 ,! words ',i 0 consci\s' %[ t ! kn[+ ',i' p]si/$1 & t h5ce :at is negat$ is only ! objects ( k4 ,if ! negation impli$ 9 '( no?+' includ$ ev]y?+1 x w\ld also negative ! pure consci\sness :i* y hold to p]si/ 9 deep sleep4 ,9 ! judgm5t ',i 0 consci\s ( no?+1' ! ^w ',i' cle>ly ref]s to ! ',i1' i4 e4 ! kn[+ ,self :i* p]si/s ev5 dur+ deep sleep1 :ile ! words '0 consci\s ( no?+' negative all k on ! "p ( t ',i'2 if1 n[1 9 ! face ( ?is1 y und]take to prove by means ( ?is v judgm5t t k--:i* is expressly d5i$--exi/$ at ! "t1 & t ! p]si/+ kn[+ ,self did n exi/1 y may address y\r pro( to ! pati5t gods :o give no reply6--,b--our oppon5t goes on to urge--,i =m ! foll[+ judgm5t also3 ',i !n 0 n consci\s ( myself1' & f ?is ,i und]/& t ! ',i' did n p]si/ dur+ deep sleep6--,y d n "k1 we rejo91 t ?is d5ial ( ! p]si/5ce ( ! ',i' flatly contradicts ! /ate ( consci\sness express$ 9 ! judgm5t ',i 0 n consci\s ( myself' & ! v]bal =m ( ! judgm5t itself6--,b :at !n is d5i$ by ! words '( myself8--,?is1 we admit1 is a reasonable "q4 ,let u consid] ! po9t4 ,:at is negativ$ 9 t judgm5t is n ! kn[+ ',i' itself1 b m]ely ! di/9ctions ( ca/e1 condition ( life1 c4 :i* belong to ! ',i' at ! "t ( wak+4 ,we mu/ di/+ui% ! objects ( ! sev]al p>ts ( ! judgm5t "u discussion4 ,! object ( ! '7me7 myself' is ! ',i' di/+ui%$ by class *>act]i/ics z x pres5ts itself 9 ! wak+ /ate2 ! object ( ! ^w ',i' 79 ! judgm5t7 is t ',i' :i* consi/s ( a uni=m fl[ ( self-consci\sness :i* p]si/s 9 sleep also1 b is !n n q di/9ct4 ,! judgm5t ',i did n "k myself' !re=e means t ! sleep] 0 n consci\s ( ! place :]e he slept1 ( 8 special *>act]i/ics1 & s on4--,x is1 moreov]1 y\r own view t 9 deep sleep ! ,self occupies ! position ( a witness+ pr9ciple ) reg>d to ,nesci5ce4 ,b by a witness 7sk%97 we und]/& "s "o :o kn[s ab\t some?+ by p]sonal obs]vation 7sk%t72 a p]son :o does n "k _c be a witness4 ,accord+ly1 9 scripture z well z 9 ord9>y language a kn[+ subject only1 n m]e k1 is spok5 ( z a witness2 & ) ?is ! ,rev]5d ,pn9i also agrees :5 tea*+ t ! ^w 'sk%9' means "o :o kn[s 9 p]son 7,p4 ,s4 ,v1 #b1 #ia74 ,n[ ?is witness is no?+ else b ! ',i' :i* is appreh5d$ 9 ! judgm5t ',i "k'2 & h[ !n %\ld ?is ',i' n be appreh5d$ 9 ! /ate ( sleep8 ,t :i* itself appe>s to ! ,self appe>s z ! ',i1' & x ?us foll[s t also 9 deep sleep & simil> /ates ! ,self :i* !n %9es =? appe>s z ! ',i4' ,,footnote #fh3a4 ,i4 e4 ! reflection z to ! p]ception ( pleasure ref]s to ! pa/ /ate ( sleep only1 n to ! pres5t mom5t ( reflection4 ,! consci\s subject p]si/s 9 ! /ate ( release4 ,to ma9ta9 t ! consci\sness ( ! ',i' does n p]si/ 9 ! /ate ( f9al release is aga9 altoge!r inappropriate4 ,x 9 fact am\nts to ! doctr9e--only express$ 9 some:at diff]5t words-- t f9al release is ! annihilation ( ! ,self4 ,! ',i' is n a m]e attribute ( ! ,self s t ev5 aft] its de/ruction ! ess5tial nature ( ! ,self might p]si/--z x p]si/s on ! cessation ( ignorance2 b x con/itutes ! v nature ( ! ,self4 ,su* judgm5ts z ',i "k'1 ',k has aris5 9 me'1 %[1 on ! o!r h&1 t we are consci\s ( k z a m]e attribute ( ! ,self4--,moreov]1 a man :o suff]+ pa91 m5tal or ( o!r k9d-- :e!r su* pa9 be real or due to error only--puts himself 9 relation to pa9--',i am suff]+ pa9'--naturally beg9s to reflect h[ he may once = all free himself f all ^! manifold afflictions & enjoy a /ate ( untr\bl$ ease2 ! desire ( f9al release ?us hav+ aris5 9 him he at once sets to "w to accompli% x4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 he 7 to realise t ! effect ( su* activity w\ld be ! loss ( p]sonal exi/5ce1 he surely w\ld turn away z soon z somebody began to tell him ab\t 'release'4 ,& ! result ( ?is w\ld be t1 9 ! abs5ce ( will+ & qualifi$ pupils1 ! :ole scriptural tea*+ z to f9al release w\ld lose its au?oritative "*4--,nor mu/ y ma9ta9 aga9/ ?is t ev5 9 ! /ate ( release !re p]si/s pure consci\sness2 = ?is by no means improves y\r case4 ,no s5sible p]son ex]ts himself "u ! influ5ce ( ! idea t aft] he himself has p]i%$ !re w rema9 "s entity t]m$ 'pure light6'--,:at con/itutes ! 'inw>d' ,self ?us is ! ',i'1 ! kn[+ subject4 ,?is 'inw>d' ,self %9es =? 9 ! /ate ( f9al release also z an ',i'2 = x appe>s to itself4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple is t :atev] be+ appe>s to itself appe>s z an ',i'2 bo? p>ties 9 ! pres5t dispute e/abli% ! exi/5ce ( ! transmigrat+ ,self on su* appe>ance4 ,on ! contr>y1 :atev] does n appe> z an ',i'1 does n appe> to itself2 z j>s & ! l4 ,n[ ! emancipat$ ,self does ?us appe> to itself1 & !re=e x appe>s z an ',i'4 ,nor does ?is appe>ance z an ',i' imply 9 any way t ! releas$ ,self is subject to ,nesci5ce & implicat$ 9 ! ,samsra2 = ?is w\ld contradict ! nature ( f9al release1 & moreov] ! consci\sness ( ! ',i' _c be ! cause ( ,nesci5ce & s on4 ,nesci5ce 7ignorance7 is ei!r ignorance z to ess5tial nature1 or ! cognition ( some?+ "u an aspect diff]5t f ! real "o 7z :5 a p]son suff]+ f jaundice sees all ?+s yell[72 or cognition ( :at is altoge!r opposite 9 nature 7z :5 "m o' pe>l is mi/ak5 = silv]74 ,n[ ! ',i' con/itutes ! ess5tial nature ( ! ,self2 h[ !n c ! consci\sness ( ! ',i1' i4e4 ! consci\sness ( its own true nature1 implicate ! releas$ ,self 9 ,nesci5ce1 or1 9 ! ,samsra8 ,! fact r is t su* consci\sness de/roys ,nesci5ce1 & s on1 because x is ess5tially oppos$ to !m4 ,9 agreem5t ) ?is we obs]ve t p]sons l ! ri%i ,vmadeva1 9 :om ! intuition ( _! id5tity ) ,brahman _h totally de/roy$ all ,nesci5ce1 enjoy$ ! consci\sness ( ! p]sonal ',i'2 = scripture says1 ',see+ ?is ! ri%i ,vmadeva und]/ood1,i 0 ,manu & ! ,sun' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,i1 #d1 #aj74 ,& ! highe/ ,brahman also1 :i* is oppos$ to all o!r =ms ( ,nesci5ce & d5ot$ & conceiv$ z pure ,be+1 is spok5 ( 9 an analog\s way2 cp4 ',let me make ea* ( ^! ?ree deities1' c4 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #c1 #c72 ',may ,i be _m1 may ,i gr[ =?' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #b1 #c72 ',he ?\ght1 %all ,i s5d =? worlds8' 7,ait4 r4 ,,ii1 #d1 #a1 #a72 & aga91 ',s9ce ,i transc5d ! ,de/ructible1 & am high] also ?an ! ,inde/ructible1 !re=e ,i am proclaim$ 9 ! _w & 9 ! ,v$a z ! highe/ ,p]son' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,xv1 #ah72 ',i am ! ,self1 ,o ,gdkesa4' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,x1 #bj72 ',nev] 0 ,i n' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,ii1 #ab72 ',i am ! s\rce & ! de/ruction ( ! :ole _w' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,vii1 #f72 ',i am ! s\rce ( all2 f me proce$s ev]y?+' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,x1 #h72 ',i am he :o raises !m f ! ocean ( ! _w ( dea?' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,xii1 #g72 ',i am ! giv] ( se$1 ! fa!r' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,xiv1 #d72 ',i "k ! ?+s pa/' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,vii1 #bf74--;,b if ! ',i' 7aham7 con/itutes ! ess5tial nature ( ! ,self1 h[ is x t ! ,holy ,"o tea*es ! pr9ciple ( egoity 7ahamkra7 to belong to ! sph]e ( objects1 ',! great elem5ts1 ! ahamkra1 ! und]/&+ 7buddhi71 & ! ,unevolv$' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,xiii1 #e78--;,z 9 all passages1 we reply1 :i* give in=mation ab\t ! true nature ( ! ,self x is spok5 ( z ! ',i'1 we conclude t ! ',i' con/itutes ! ess5tial nature ( ! inw>d ,self4 ,:]e1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,holy ,"o decl>es ! ahamkra--a special effect ( ! ,unevolv$--to be compris$ )9 ! sph]e ( ! ,objective1 he means t pr9ciple :i* is call$ ahamkra1 because x causes ! assumption ( ,egoity on ! "p ( ! body :i* belongs to ! ,n-self4 ,su* egoity con/itutes ! ahamkra also designat$ z pride or arrogance1 :i* causes m5 to slight p]sons sup]ior to !mselves1 & is ref]r$ to by scripture 9 _m places z some?+ evil4 ,su* consci\sness ( ! ',i' !re=e z is n sublat$ by any?+ else has ! ,self = its object2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 su* consci\sness ( ! ',i' z has ! body = its object is m]e ,nesci5ce4 ,9 agreem5t ) ?is ! ,rev]5d ,p>s>a has said1 ',he> f me ! ess5tial nature ( ,nesci5ce2 x is ! attribution ( ,selfhood to :at is n ! ,self4' ,if ! ,self 7 pure consci\sness !n pure consci\sness only1 & n ! quality ( be+ a kn[+ subject1 w\ld pres5t itself 9 ! body also1 :i* is a ,n-self wrongly imag9$ to be a ,self4 ,! conclusion !re=e rema9s t ! ,self is no?+ b ! kn[+ ',i'4 ,?us x has be5 said1 ',z is prov$ by p]ception1 & z also results f reason+ & tradition1 & f its connexion ) ignorance1 ! ,self pres5ts itself z a kn[+ ',i'4 ,& aga91',t :i* is diff]5t f body1 s5ses1 m9d1 & vital airs2 :i* does n dep5d on o!r means2 :i* is p]man5t1 p]vad+1 divid$ accord+ to bodies-t is ! ,self bless$ 9 itself4' ,"h 'n dep5d5t on o!r means' means 'self-lum9\s'2 & 'p]vad+' means 'be+ ( su* a nature z to ent]1 ow+ to excessive m9ut5ess1 into all non-s5ti5t ?+s4' ,9 cases ( ,scripture conflict+ ) ,p]ception1 ,scripture is n /rong]4 ,! ,true _c be kn[n ?r\gh ! ,untrue4 ,) ref]5ce to ! ass]tion 7p4 #bd ff47 t ,p]ception1 :i* dep5ds on ! view ( plurality1 is bas$ on "s defect & h5ce admits ( be+ o!rwise acc\nt$ =--:5ce x foll[s t x is sublat$ by ,scripture2 we ask y to po9t out :at defect x is on :i* ,p]ception is bas$ & may h5ce be acc\nt$ = o!rwise4--' ,! beg9n+less imag9ation ( diff]5ce' we expect y to reply4-- ,b1 we ask 9 return1 h y !n come to "k by "s o!r means t ?is beg9n+less imag9ation ( diff]5ce1 act+ 9 a mann] analog\s to t ( c]ta9 defects ( vision1 is really ! cause ( an altoge!r p]v]se view ( ?+s8--,if y reply t ?is is kn[n j f ! fact t ,p]ception is 9 conflict ) ,scripture1 we po9t out t y are reason+ 9 a circle3 y prove ! defectiv5ess ( ! imag9ation ( plurality ?r\gh ! fact t ,scripture tells u ab\t a sub/ance devoid ( all diff]5ce2 & at ! same "t y prove ! latt] po9t ?r\gh ! =m]4 ,moreov]1 if ,p]ception gives rise to p]v]se cognition because x is bas$ on ! imag9ation ( plurality1 ,scripture also is 9 no bett] case--= x is bas$ on ! v same view4--,if aga9/ ?is y urge t ,scripture1 al?\gh bas$ on a defect1 yet sublates ,p]ception 9 s f> z x is ! cause ( a cognition :i* dispels all plurality appreh5d$ ?r\gh ,p]ception1 & ?us is lat] 9 ord] ?an ,p]ception2 we rejo9 t ! defectiv5ess ( ! f\ndation ( ,scripture hav+ once be5 recognis$1 ! circum/ance ( its be+ lat] is ( no avail4 ,= if a man is afraid ( a rope :i* he mi/akes = a snake 8 fe> does n come to an end because ano!r man1 :om he consid]s to be 9 error himself1 tells him ',?is is no snake1 d n be afraid4' ,& t ,scripture is f\nd$ on some?+ defective is kn[n at ! v "t ( he>+ ,scripture1 = ! reflection 7:i* foll[s on he>+7 consi/s 9 repeat$ attempts to cognise ! on5ess ( ,brahman--a cognition :i* is de/ructive ( all ! plurality appreh5d$ ?r\gh ! fir/ he>+ ( ! ,v$a4--,we fur!r ask1 ',by :at means d y arrive at ! conclusion t ,scripture _c possibly be assum$ to be defective 9 any way1 :ile defects may be ascrib$ to ,p]ception'8 ,x is c]ta9ly n ,consci\sness--self-prov$ & absolutely devoid ( all diff]5ce--:i* enlight5s y on ?is po9t2 = su* ,consci\sness is unrelat$ to any objects :atev]1 & incapable ( p>tiality to ,scripture4 ,nor c s5se-p]ception be ! s\rce ( y\r conviction2 = z x is f\nd$ on :at is defective x gives p]v]se in=mation4 ,nor aga9 ! o!r s\rces ( k2 = !y are all bas$ on s5se-p]ception4 ,z ?us !re are no ackn[l$g$ means ( k to prove y\r view1 y mu/ give x up4 ,b1 y w p]haps say1 we proce$ by means ( ! ord9>y empirical means & objects ( k6--,:at1 we ask 9 reply1 d y und]/& by 'empirical'8--,:at re/s on imm$iate unreflective k1 b is f\nd n to hold good :5 te/$ by logical reason+6--,b :at is ! use1 we ask1 ( k ( ?is k9d8 ,if logical reason+ refutes some?+ kn[n ?r\gh "s means ( k1 t means ( k is no long] au?oritative6--,n[ y w possibly argue z foll[s3 ',scripture z well z ,p]ception is f\nd$ on ,nesci5ce2 b all ! same ,p]ception is sublat$ by ,scripture4 ,= z ! object ( ,scripture1 i4e4 ,brahman1 :i* is "o & )\t a second1 is n se5 to be sublat$ by any ult]ior cognition1 ,brahman1 i4e4 pure non-diff]5c$ ,consci\sness1 rema9s z ! sole ,reality4'--,b "h too y are wrong1 s9ce we mu/ decide t some?+ :i* re/s on a defect is unreal1 al?\gh x may rema9 unrefut$4 ,we w illu/rate ?is po9t by an analog\s in/ance4 ,let u imag9e a race ( m5 afflict$ ) a c]ta9 special defect ( vision1 )\t be+ aw>e ( ?is _! defect1 dwell+ 9 "s remote m\nta9 caves inaccessible to all o!r m5 provid$ ) s\nd eyes4 ,z we assume all ( ^! cave dwell]s to be afflict$ ) ! same defect ( vision1 !y1 all ( !m1 w equally see & judge bright ?+s1 e4g4 ! moon1 to be d\ble4 ,n[ 9 ! case ( ^! p !re nev] arises a subsequ5t cognition sublat+ _! primitive cognition2 b ! latt] is false all ! same1 & its object1 viz41 ! d\bl5ess ( ! moon1 is false likewise2 ! defect ( vision be+ ! cause ( a cognition n correspond+ to reality4-- ,& s x is ) ! cognition ( ,brahman also4 ,?is cognition is bas$ on ,nesci5ce1 & !re=e is false1 toge!r ) its object1 viz4 ,brahman1 al?\gh no sublat+ cognition pres5ts itself4--,?is conclusion admits ( v>i\s expressions 9 logical =m4 ',! ,brahman "u dispute is false because x is ! object ( k :i* has sprung f :at is affect$ ) ,nesci5ce2 z ! ph5om5al _w is4' ',brahman is false because x is ! object ( k2 z ! _w is4' ',brahman is false because x is ! object ( k1 ! rise ( :i* has ! ,untrue = its cause2 z ! _w is4' ,y w n[ p]haps set =? ! foll[+ analogy4 ,/ates ( dream+ consci\sness--su* z ! p]ception ( elephants & ! l 9 "o's dreams--are unreal1 & yet !y are ! cause ( ! k ( real ?+s1 viz4 good or ill =tune 7port5d$ by ^? dreams74 ,h5ce !re is no reason :y ,scripture--al?\gh unreal 9 s f> z bas$ on ,nesci5ce--%\ld n likewise be ! cause ( ! cognition ( :at is real1 viz4 ,brahman4--,! two cases are n p>allel1 we reply4 ,! consci\s /ates exp]i5c$ 9 dreams are n unreal2 x is only _! objects t are false2 ^! objects only1 n ! consci\s /ates1 are sublat$ by ! wak+ consci\sness4 ,nobody ?9ks '! cognitions ( :i* ,i 0 consci\s 9 my dream are unreal'2 :at m5 actually ?9k is '! cognitions are real1 b ! ?+s are n real4' ,9 ! same way ! illusive /ate ( consci\sness :i* ! magician produces 9 ! m9ds ( o!r m5 by means ( mantras1 drugs1 c41 is true1 & h5ce ! cause ( love & fe>2 = su* /ates ( consci\sness also are n sublat$4 ,! cognition :i*1 ow+ to "s defect 9 ! object1 ! s5se organ1 c41 appreh5ds a rope z a snake is real1 & h5ce ! cause ( fe> & o!r emotions4 ,true also is ! imag9ation :i*1 ow+ to ! ne>ness ( a snake1 arises 9 ! m9d ( a man ?\gh n actually bitt51 viz4 t he has be5 bitt52 true also is ! repres5tation ( ! imag9$ poison1 = x may be ! cause ( actual dea?4 ,9 ! same way ! reflection ( ! face 9 ! wat] is real1 & h5ce enables u to asc]ta9 details belong+ to ! real face4 ,all ^! /ates ( consci\sness are real1 z we conclude f _! hav+ a beg9n+ & actual effects4--,nor w\ld x avail y to object t 9 ! abs5ce ( real elephants1 & s on1 ! ideas ( !m _c be real4 ,= ideas require only "s sub/rate 9 g5]al2 ! m]e appe>ance ( a ?+ is a suffici5t sub/rate1 & su* an appe>ance is pres5t 9 ! case 9 "q1 ow+ to a c]ta9 defect4 ,! ?+ we det]m9e to be unreal because x is sublat$2 ! idea is non-sublat$1 & !re=e real4 ,nor c y quote 9 fav\r ( y\r view--( ! real be+ kn[n ?r\gh ! unreal--! in/ance ( ! /roke & ! lett]4 ,! lett] be+ appreh5d$ ?r\gh ! /roke 7i4e4 ! writt5 "*7 does n furni% a case ( ! real be+ appreh5d$ ?r\gh ! unreal2 = ! /roke itself is real4--,b ! /roke causes ! idea ( ! lett] only 9 s f> z x is appreh5d$ z be+ a lett]1 & ?is 'be+ a lett]' is untrue6--,n s1 we rejo94 ,if ?is 'be+ a lett]' 7 unreal x c\ld n be a means ( ! appreh5sion ( ! lett]2 = we nei!r obs]ve nor c prove t :at is non-exi/5t & indef9able con/itutes a means4--,let !n ! idea ( ! lett] con/itute ! means6--,9 t case1 we rejo91 ! appreh5sion ( ! real does n spr+ f ! unreal2 & besides1 x w\ld foll[ !refrom t ! means & :at is to be effect$ !reby w\ld be "o1 i4e4 bo? w\ld be1 )\t any di/9ction1 ! idea ( ! lett] only4 ,moreov]1 if ! means 7 con/itut$ by ! /roke 9 s f> z x is n ! lett]1 ! appreh5sion ( all lett]s w\ld result f ! sight ( "o /roke2 = "o /roke may easily be conceiv$ z n be+ any lett]4--,b1 9 ! same way z ! ^w ',devadatta' conv5tionally d5otes "s p>ticul> man1 s "s p>ticul> /roke appreh5d$ by ! eye may conv5tionally symbolise "s p>ticul> lett] to be appreh5d$ by ! e>1 & ?us a p>ticul> /roke may be ! cause ( ! idea ( a p>ticul> lett]6--,q s1 we reply1 b on ?is explanation ! real is kn[n ?r\gh ! real2 = bo? /roke & conv5tional p[] ( symbolisation are real4 ,! case is analog\s to t ( ! idea ( a buffalo be+ caus$ by ! picture ( a buffalo2 t idea re/s on ! simil>ity ( picture & ?+ depict$1 & t simil>ity is some?+ real4 ,nor c x be said 7) a view to prov+ ! prvapak%a by ano!r analog\s in/ance7 t we meet ) a cognition ( ! real by means ( ! unreal 9 ! case ( s\nd 7sabda7 :i* is ess5tially uni=m1 b causes ! appreh5sion ( diff]5t ?+s by means ( diff]5ce ( tone 7nda74 ,= s\nd is ! cause ( ! appreh5sion ( diff]5t ?+s 9 s f> only z we appreh5d ! connexion ( s\nd manife/+ itself 9 v>i\s tones1 ) ! diff]5t ?+s indicat$ by ^? v>i\s tones ,,footnote #gg3a4 ,&1 moreov]1 x is n correct to argue on ! gr\nd ( ! uni=mity ( s\nd2 = only p>ticul> significant s\nds su* z 'ga1' :i* c be appreh5d$ by ! e>1 are really 's\nd4'--,all ?is proves t x is difficult inde$ to %[ t ! k ( a true ?+1 viz4 ,brahman1 c be d]iv$ f ,scripture1 if ,scripture--z bas$ on ,nesci5ce--is itself untrue4 ,our oppon5t may f9ally argue z foll[s3--,scripture is n unreal 9 ! same s5se z a sky-fl[] is unreal2 = antec$5tly to ! cognition ( univ]sal non-duality ,scripture is view$ z some?+ t is1 & only on ! rise ( t k x is se5 to be unreal4 ,at ?is latt] "t ,scripture no long] is a means ( cognis+ ,brahman1 devoid ( all diff]5ce1 consi/+ ( pure ,intellig5ce2 z long on ! o!r h& z x is su* a means1 ,scripture is2 = !n we judge ',scripture is4'--,b to ?is we reply t if ,scripture is n 7true71 ! judgm5t ',scripture is' is false1 & h5ce ! k re/+ on false ,scripture be+ false likewise1 ! object ( t k1 i4e4 ,brahman itself1 is false4 ,if ! cognition ( fire :i* re/s on mi/ be+ mi/ak5 = smoke is false1 x foll[s t ! object ( t cognition1 viz4 fire itself1 is likewise unreal4 ,nor c x be %[n t 79 ! case ( ,brahman7 !re is no possibility ( ult]ior sublative cognition2 = !re may be su* sublative cognition1 viz4 ! "o express$ 9 ! judgm5t '! ,reality is a ,void4' ,& if y say t ?is latt] judgm5t re/s on error1 we po9t out t accord+ to y\rself ! k ( ,brahman is also bas$ on error4 ,& ( our judgm5t 7viz4 '! ,reality is a ,void'7 x may truly be said t all fur!r negation is impossible4--,b !re is no ne$ to cont9ue ?is demolition ( an altoge!r baseless !ory4 ,,footnote #gg3a4 ,& ^? manife/ations ( s\nd by means ( v>i\s tones are !mselves some?+ real4 ,no scriptural texts tea* a ,brahman devoid ( all diff]5ce4 ,we n[ turn to ! ass]tion t c]ta9 scriptural texts1 z e4g4 ',be+ only 0 ?is 9 ! beg9n+1' are meant to tea* t !re truly exi/s only "o homog5e\s sub/ance1 viz4 ,intellig5ce free f all diff]5ce4--,?is we _c all[4 ,= ! section 9 :i* ! quot$ text occurs1 9 ord] to make good ! initial decl>ation t by ! k ( "o ?+ all ?+s are kn[n1 %[s t ! highe/ ,brahman :i* is d5ot$ by ! t]m ',be+' is ! sub/antial & also ! op]ative cause ( ! _w2 t x is all-kn[+1 end[$ ) all p[]s2 t its purposes come true2 t x is ! inw>d pr9ciple1 ! support & ! rul] ( ev]y?+2 & t di/+ui%$ by ^! & o!r good qualities x con/itutes ! ,self ( ! entire _w2 & !n f9ally proce$s to in/ruct ,svetaketu t ?is ,brahman con/itutes 8 ,self also 7',?\ art t'74 ,we h fully set =? ?is po9t 9 ! ,v$r?a-samgraha & %all e/abli% x 9 great] detail 9 ! pres5t "w also1 9 ! s-call$ rambhana-adhik>ana4--,9 ! same way ! passage '! high] k is t by :i* ! ,inde/ructible is appreh5d$1 c4' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,i1 #a1 #e7 fir/ d5ies ( ,brahman all ! evil qualities connect$ ) ,prakriti1 & !n tea*es t to x !re belong et]nity1 all-p]vad+ness1 subtilty1 omnipres5ce1 omnisci5ce1 imp]i%abl5ess1 creativ5ess ) reg>d to all be+s1 & o!r auspici\s qualities4 ,n[ we ma9ta9 t also ! text ',true1 k1 inf9ite is ,brahman'1 does n prove a sub/ance devoid ( all diff]5ce1 = ! reason t ! co-ord9ation ( ! t]ms ( :i* x consi/s expla9s itself 9 s f> only z d5ot+ "o ?+ di/+ui%$ by sev]al attributes4 ,= 'co-ord9ation' 7smndhik>anya1 lit4'! abid+ ( sev]al ?+s 9 a common sub/rate'7 means ! ref]5ce 7( sev]al t]ms7 to "o ?+1 !re be+ a diff]5ce ( reason = ! application 7( sev]al t]ms to "o ?+74 ,n[ :e!r we take ! sev]al t]ms1' ,true'1',k'1',inf9ite'1 9 _! prim>y s5se1 i4 e4 z d5ot+ qualities1 or z d5ot+ modes ( be+ oppos$ to :atev] is contr>y to ^? qualities2 9 ei!r case we mu/ ne$s admit a plurality ( causes = ! application ( ^? sev]al t]ms to "o ?+4 ,!re is h[ev] t diff]5ce betwe5 ! two alt]natives t 9 ! =m] case ! t]ms pres]ve _! prim>y mean+1 :ile 9 ! latt] case _! d5otative p[] dep5ds on s-call$ 'implication' 7lak%an74 ,nor c x be said t ! opposition 9 nature to non-k1 c47:i* is ! purport ( ! t]ms on ! hypo!sis ( lak%an71 con/itutes no?+ m ?an ! ess5tial nature 7( "o non-diff]5c$ sub/ance2 ! ?ree t]ms ?us hav+ "o purport only72 = z su* ess5tial nature w\ld be suffici5tly appreh5d$ ?r\gh "o t]m1 ! employm5t ( fur!r t]ms w\ld be purposeless4 ,?is view w\ld moreov] be 9 conflict ) co-ord9ation1 z x w\ld n all[ ( diff]5ce ( motive = sev]al t]ms appli$ to "o ?+4 ,on ! o!r h& x _c be urg$ aga9/ ! =m] alt]native t ! di/9ction ( sev]al attributes pr$icat$ ( "o ?+ implies a di/9ction 9 ! ?+ to :i* ! attributes belong1 & t f ?is x foll[s t ! sev]al t]ms d5ote sev]al ?+s--a result :i* also c\ld n be reconcil$ ) 'co-ord9ation'2 = :at 'co-ord9ation' aims at is j to convey ! idea ( "o ?+ be+ qualifi$ by sev]al attributes4 ,= ! gramm>ians def9e 'coord9ation' z ! application1 to "o ?+1 ( sev]al words1 = ! application ( ea* ( :i* !re is a diff]5t motive4 ,y h fur!r ma9ta9$ ! foll[+ view3--,9 ! text '"o only )\t a second'1 ! phrase ')\t a second' negatives all duality on ,brahman's "p ev5 9 s f> z qualities are conc]n$4 ,we mu/ !re=e1 accord+ to ! pr9ciple t all ,skhs convey ! same doctr9e1 assume t all texts :i* speak ( ,brahman z cause1 aim at sett+ =? an absolutely non-dual sub/ance4 ,( ,brahman ?us indirectly def9$ z a cause1 ! text ',! ,true1 k1 inf9ite is ,brahman1' conta9s a direct def9ition2 ! ,brahman "h meant to be def9$ mu/ ?us be devoid ( all qualities4 ,o!rwise1 moreov]1 ! text w\ld be 9 conflict ) ^? o!r texts :i* decl>e ,brahman to be )\t qualities & blemi%4--,b ?is also _c be admitt$4 ,:at ! phrase ')\t a second' really aims at intimat+ is t ,brahman possesses manifold p[]s1 & ?is x does by d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( ano!r rul+ pr9ciple diff]5t f ,brahman4 ,t ,brahman actually possesses manifold p[]s ! text %[s fur!r on1 ',x ?\ght1 may ,i be _m1 may ,i gr[ =?1' & 'x s5t =? fire1' & s on4--,b h[ are we to "k t ! m]e phrase ')\t a second' is meant to negative ! exi/5ce ( all o!r causes 9 g5]al8--,z foll[s1 we reply4 ,! clause ',be+ only ?is 0 9 ! beg9n+1 "o only1' tea*es t ,brahman :5 ab\t to create con/itutes ! sub/antial cause ( ! _w4 ,"h ! idea ( "s fur!r op]ative cause capable ( giv+ rise to ! effect naturally pres5ts itself to ! m9d1 & h5ce we und]/& t ! add$ clause ')\t a second' is meant to negative su* an additional cause4 ,if x 7 meant absolutely to d5y all duality1 x w\ld d5y also ! et]nity & o!r attributes ( ,brahman :i* y y\rself assume4 ,y 9 ?is case make j ! wrong use ( ! pr9ciple ( all !--,skhs conta9+ ! same doctr9e2 :at ?is pr9ciple dem&s is t ! qualities attribut$ 9 all--,skhs to ,brahman z cause %\ld be tak5 ov] into ! passage "u discussion also4 ,! same consid]ation tea*es u t also ! text ',true1 k'1 c41 tea*es ,brahman to possess attributes2 = ?is passage has to be int]pret$ 9 agreem5t ) ! texts ref]r+ to ,brahman z a cause4 ,nor does ?is imply a conflict ) ! texts :i* decl>e ,brahman to be )\t qualities2 = ^? texts are meant to negative ! evil qualities dep5d+ on ,prakriti4--,^? texts aga9 :i* ref] to m]e k decl>e inde$ t k is ! ess5tial nature ( ,brahman1 b ?is does n mean t m]e k con/itutes ! fundam5tal reality4 ,= k con/itutes ! ess5tial nature ( a kn[+ subject only :i* is ! sub/rate ( k1 9 ! same way z ! sun1 lamps1 & gems are ! sub/rate ( ,light4 ,t ,brahman is a kn[+ subject all scriptural texts decl>e2 cp4 ',he :o is all kn[+' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,i1 #a1 #i72 ',x ?\ght' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #b1 #c72 ',?is div9e be+ ?\ght' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #c1 #b72 ',he ?\ght1 let me s5d =? ! worlds' 7,ait4 r4 ,,ii1#d1 #a1 #b72 ',he :o arranges ! wi%es--z et]nal ( ^? :o are n et]nal1 z ?9k] ( 7o!r7 ?9k]s1 z "o ( _m' 7,ka4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #e1 #ac72 ',!re are two unborn ones--"o :o kn[s1 "o :o does n "k--"o /rong1 ! o!r weak' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,i1 #i72 ',let u "k ,him1 ! highe/ ( ,lords1 ! great ,"l1 ! highe/ deity ( deities1 ! ma/] ( ma/]s1 ! highe/ above ! god1 ! "l ( ! _w1 ! adorable "o' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #g72 ',( him !re is kn[n no effect 7body7 or in/rum5t2 no "o is se5 l unto him or bett]2 8 high p[] is reveal$ z manifold1 =m+ 8 ess5tial nature1 z k1 /r5g?1 & action' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #h72 ',t is ! ,self1 free f s91 ageless1 dea?less1 griefless1 free f hung] & ?ir/1 ^: wi%es are true1 ^: purposes are true' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #a1 #e74 ,^! & o!r texts decl>e t to ,brahman1 ^: ess5tial nature is k1 !re belong _m excell5t qualities--among :i* t ( be+ a kn[+ subject /&s fir/1 & t ,brahman is free f all evil qualities4 ,t ! texts ref]r+ to ,brahman z free f qualities1 & ^? :i* speak ( x z possess+ qualities1 h really "o & ! same object may be inf]r$ f ! la/ ( ! passages quot$ above2 ! e>li] "p ( :i*--'free f s91' up to 'free f ?ir/'--d5ies ( ,brahman all evil qualities1 :ile its latt] "p--'^: wi%es are true1' & s on--ass]ts ( its c]ta9 excell5t qualities4 ,z ?us !re is no contradiction betwe5 ! two classes ( texts1 !re is no reason :atev] to assume t ei!r ( !m has = its object some?+ t is false4--,) reg>d to ! conclud+ passage ( ! ,taittiriya-text1 'f :5ce all spee*1 toge!r ) ! m9d1 turns away1 unable to rea* x ,,footnote #hb3a1' we po9t out t ) ! passage ',f t]ror ( x ! w9d bl[s1' !re beg9s a decl>ation ( ! qualities ( ,brahman1 & t ! next section '"o hundr$ times t human bliss1' c41 makes /atem5ts z to ! relative bliss enjoy$ by ! diff]5t classes ( embodi$ s\ls2 ! conclud+ passage ',he :o kn[s ! bliss ( t ,brahman f :5ce all spee*1 toge!r ) ! m9d1 turns away unable to rea* x1' h5ce mu/ be tak5 z proclaim+ ) emphasis ! inf9ite nature ( ,brahman's auspici\s qualities4 ,moreov]1 a clause 9 ! *apt] "u discussion--viz4 'he obta9s all desires1 toge!r ) ,brahman ! all-wise' 7,,ii1 #a7--:i* gives in=mation z to ! fruit ( ! k ( ,brahman cle>ly decl>es ! inf9ite nature ( ! qualities ( ! highe/ all-wise ,brahman4 ,! desires are ! auspici\s qualities ( ,brahman :i* are ! objects ( desire2 ! man :o kn[s ,brahman obta9s1 toge!r ) ,brahman1 all qualities ( x4 ,! expression 'toge!r )' is meant to br+ out ! prim>y importance ( ! qualities2 z also describ$ 9 ! s-call$ dah>a- vidy 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #a74 ,& t fruit & m$itation are ( ! same "* 7i4e4 t 9 m$itations on ,brahman its qualities are ! *ief matt] ( m$itation1 j z ^! qualities are ! pr9cipal po9t 9 ,brahman rea*$ by ! ,devotee7 is prov$ by ! text ',accord+ to :at a man's ?\ght is 9 ?is _w1 s w he be aft] he has dep>t$ ?is life' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ad1 #a74 ,if x be said t ! passage ',by :om x is n ?\ght by him x is ?\ght'1 'n und]/ood by ^? :o und]/&' 7,ke4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #c71 decl>es ,brahman n to be an object ( k2 we d5y ?is1 because 7 x s1 c]ta9 o!r texts w\ld n tea* t f9al ,release results f k2 cp4 ',he :o kn[s ,brahman obta9s ! ,highe/' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a1 #a72 ',he kn[s ,brahman1 he becomes ,brahman4' ,&1 moreov]1 ! text ',he :o kn[s ,brahman z non-exi/+ becomes himself non-exi/+2 he :o kn[s ,brahman z exi/+1 him we "k himself z exi/+' 7,taitt ,up4 ,,ii1 #f1 #a71 makes ! exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce ( ! ,self dep5d5t on ! exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce ( k :i* has ,brahman = its object4 ,we ?us conclude t all scriptural texts enjo9 j ! k ( ,brahman = ! sake ( f9al ,release4 ,?is k is1 z we already "k1 ( ! nature ( m$itation1 & :at is to be m$itat$ on is ,brahman z possess+ qualities4 7,! text f ! ,ke4 ,up4 !n expla9s itself z foll[s3--7 ,we are in=m$ by ! passage 'f :5ce spee* toge!r ) m9d turns away1 be+ unable to rea* x'1 t ! inf9ite ,brahman ) its unlimit$ excell5ces _c be def9$ ei!r by m9d or spee* z be+ s or s mu*1 & f ?is we conclude ! ,k5a text to mean t ,brahman is n ?\ght & n und]/ood by ^? :o und]/& x to be ( a def9itely limit$ nature2 ,brahman 9 tru? be+ unlimit$4 ,if ! text did n mean ?is1 x w\ld be self-contradictory1 p>ts ( x say+ t ,brahman is n ?\ght & n und]/ood1 & o!r p>ts1 t x is ?\ght & is und]/ood4 ,n[ z reg>ds ! ass]tion t ! text ',?\ maye/ n see ! se] ( see+2 ?\ maye/ n ?9k ! ?9k] ( ?9k+' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #e1 #b71 d5ies ! exi/5ce ( a see+ & ?9k+ subject diff]5t f m]e see+ & ?9k+--,?is view is refut$ by ! foll[+ int]pretation4 ,! text addresses itself to a p]son :o has =m$ ! errone\s op9ion t ! quality ( consci\sness or k does n con/itute ! ess5tial nature ( ! kn[]1 b belongs to x only z an adv5titi\s attribute1 & tells him ',d n view or ?9k ! ,self to be su*1 b consid] ! see+ & ?9k+ ,self to h see+ & ?9k+ = its ess5tial nature4'--,or else ?is text may mean t ! embodi$ ,self :i* is ! se] ( see+ & ! ?9k] ( ?9k+ %\ld be set aside1 & t only ! highe/ ,self--! inn] ,self ( all be+s--%\ld be m$itat$ ^u4--,o!rwise a conflict w\ld arise ) texts decl>+ ! kn[]%ip ( ! ,self1 su* z ':]eby %\ld he "k ! kn[]8' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #e1 #ae74 ,y\r ass]tion t ! text ',bliss is ,brahman' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #f1 #a7 proves pure ,bliss to con/itute ! ess5tial nature ( ,brahman is already dispos$ ( by ! refutation ( ! view t k 7consci\sness7 con/itutes ! ess5tial nature ( ,brahman2 ,brahman be+ 9 reality ! sub/rate only ( k4 ,= by bliss we und]/& a pleas+ /ate ( consci\sness4 ,su* passages z 'consci\sness1 bliss is ,brahman1' !re=e mean 'consci\sness--! ess5tial "* ( :i* is bliss--is ,brahman4' ,on ?is id5tity ( ! two ?+s !re re/s t homog5e\s "* ( ,brahman1 s mu* insi/$ ^u by y\rself4 ,& 9 ! same way z num]\s passages tea* t ,brahman1 :ile hav+ k = its ess5tial nature1 is at ! same "t a kn[+ subject2 s o!r passages1 speak+ ( ,brahman z some?+ sep>ate f m]e bliss1 %[ x to be n m]e bliss b a subject enjoy+ bliss2 cp4 ',t is "o bliss ( ,brahman' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #h1 #d72 'he kn[+ ! bliss ( ,brahman' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #i1 #a74 ,to be a subject enjoy+ bliss is 9 fact ! same z to be a consci\s subject4 ,we n[ turn to ! num]\s texts :i*1 accord+ to ! view ( our oppon5t1 negative ! exi/5ce ( plurality4--',:]e !re is duality z x 7' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #e1 #ae72 ',!re is n any plurality "h2 f dea? to dea? goes he :o sees "h any plurality' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #ai72 ',b :5 = him ! ,self alone has become all1 by :at means1 & :om1 %\ld he see8' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #e1 #ae7 c4--,b :at all ^! texts d5y is only plurality 9 s f> z contradict+ t unity ( ! _w :i* dep5ds on its be+ 9 its entirety an effect ( ,brahman1 & hav+ ,brahman = its inw>d rul+ pr9ciple & its true ,self4 ,!y d n1 on ! o!r h&1 d5y t plurality on ,brahman's "p :i* dep5ds on its int5tion to become manifold--a plurality prov$ by ! text ',may ,i be _m1 may ,i gr[ =?' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #b1 #c74 ,nor c our oppon5t urge aga9/ ?is t1 ow+ to ! d5ial ( plurality conta9$ 9 o!r passages ?is la/ text ref]s to some?+ n real2 = x is an altoge!r laughable ass]tion t ,scripture %\ld at fir/ tea* ! doctr9e1 difficult to compreh5d1 t plurality z sugge/$ by ,p]ception & ! o!r means ( ,k belongs to ,brahman also1 & %\ld aft]w>ds negative ?is v doctr9e6 ,nor is x true t ! text ',if he makes b ! smalle/ ant>am 7i4 e4 diff]5ce1 int]val1 break7 9 x !re is fe> = him' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #g7 implies t he :o sees plurality )9 ,brahman enc\nt]s fe>4 ,= ! o!r text ',all ?is is ,brahman2 let a man m$itate ) calm m9d on all ?is z beg9n+1 end+ & brea?+ 9 x1 i4e4 ,brahman' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ad1 #a7 tea*es directly t reflection on ! plurality ( ,brahman is ! cause ( peace ( m9d4 ,= ?is passage decl>es t peace ( m9d is produc$ by a reflection on ! entire _w z spr++ f1 abid+ )91 & be+ absorb$ into ,brahman1 & ?us hav+ ,brahman = its ,self2 & z ?us ! view ( ,brahman con/itut+ ! ,self ( ! _w ) all its manifold di/9ctions ( gods1 m51 animals1 inanimate matt] & s on1 is said to be ! cause ( peace ( m9d1 &1 consequ5tly1 ( abs5ce ( fe>1 t same view surely _c be a cause ( fe>6--,b h[ !n is x t ! ,taitt4 text decl>es t '!re is fe> = him'8--,t text1 we reply1 decl>es 9 its e>li] "p t re/ 9 ,brahman is ! cause ( fe>lessness 7':5 he f9ds fre$om f fe>1 re/1 9 t :i* is invisible1 incorporeal1 undef9$1 unsupport$2 !n he has obta9$ fe>lessness'72 its latt] "p !re=e means t fe> takes place :5 !re is an int]val1 a break1 9 ?is re/+ 9 ,brahman4 ,z ! great ,ri%i says ',:5 ,vsudeva is n m$itat$ on = an h\r or ev5 a mom5t only2 t is loss1 t is great calamity1 t is error1 t is *ange4' ,! ,stra ,,iii1 #b1 ii does n1 z our oppon5t alleges1 ref] to a ,brahman free f all diff]5ce1 b to ,brahman z possess+ attributes--z we %all %[ 9 its place4 ,& ! ,stra ,,iv1 #b1 #c decl>es t ! ?+s se5 9 dreams are m]e ',my' because !y diff] 9 "* f ! ?+s p]ceiv$ 9 ! wak+ /ate2 f :i* x foll[s t ! latt] ?+s are real4 ,,footnote #hb3a4 ,:i* passage appe>s to ref] to a nirguna brahman1 :5ce x might be inf]r$ t ! connect$ initial passage--',satyam janam1' c4--has a simil> purport4 ,nor d ,smriti & ,purna tea* su* a doctr9e4 ,nor is x true t also accord+ to ,smriti & ,purnas only non- diff]5c$ consci\sness is real & ev]y?+ else unreal4--',he :o kn[s me z unborn & )\t a beg9n+1 ! supreme ,"l ( ! worlds' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,x1 #c72 ',all be+s abide 9 me1 ,i abide n 9 !m4 ,nay1 ! be+s abide n 9 me--behold my lordly p[]4 ,my ,self br++ =? ! be+s supports !m b does n abide 9 !m' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,ix1 #d1 #e72 ',i am ! orig9 & ! dissolution ( ! entire _w2 high] ?an ,i !re is no?+ else3 on me all ?is is /rung z pe>ls on a ?read' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,vii1 #f1 #g72 ',p]vad+ ?is entire ,univ]se by a portion 7( m9e7 ,i abide' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,x1 #db72 ',b ano!r1 ! highe/ ,p]son1 is call$ ! highe/ ,self :o1 p]vad+ ! ?ree worlds supports !m1 ! et]nal ,"l4 ,because ,i transc5d ! ,p]i%able & am high] ?an ! ,imp]i%able ev51 ,i am among ! p & 9 ! ,v$a celebrat$ z ! supreme ,p]son' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,xv1 #ag1 #ah74 ',he transc5ds ! fundam5tal matt] ( all be+s1 its modifications1 prop]ties & imp]fections2 he transc5ds all inve/+ 7obscur+7 influ5ces1 he :o is ! ,self ( all4 ,:atev] 7room7 !re is 9 ! int]/ices ( ! _w is fill$ by him2 all auspici\s qualities con/itute 8 nature4 ,! :ole creation ( be+s is tak5 out ( a small "p ( 8 p[]4 ,assum+ at w :atev] =m he desires he be/[s b5efits on ! :ole _w effect$ by him4 ,glory1 /r5g?1 dom9ion1 wisdom1 en]gy1 p[] & o!r attributes are collect$ 9 him1 ,supreme ( ! supreme 9 :om no tr\bles abide1 rul] ov] high & l[1 "l 9 collective & di/ributive =m1 non-manife/ & manife/1 univ]sal "l1 all-see+1 all-kn[+1 all-p[]ful1 highe/ ,"l4 ,! k by :i* t p]fect1 pure1 highe/1 /a9less homog5e\s 7,brahman7 is kn[n or p]ceiv$ or compreh5d$--t is k3 all else is ignorance' 7,vi%nu ,purna ,,vi1 #e1 #hb-hg74--',to t pure "o ( mighty p[]1 ! highe/ ,brahman to :i* no t]m is applicable1 ! cause ( all causes1 ! "n ,bhagavat is suitable4 ,! lett] bha implies bo? ! *]i%] & support]2 ! lett] ga ! lead]1 mov] & creator4 ,! two syllables bhaga indicate ! six attributes--dom9ion1 /r5g?1 glory1 spl5d\r1 wisdom1 dispassion4 ,t 9 him--! univ]sal ,self1 ! ,self ( ! be+s--all be+s dwell & t he dwells 9 all1 ?is is ! mean+ ( ! lett] va4 ,wisdom1 might1 /r5g?1 dom9ion1 glory1 )\t any evil qualities1 are all d5ot$ by ! ^w bhagavat4 ,?is great ^w bhagavat is ! "n ( ,vsudeva :o is ! highe/ ,brahman--& ( no "o else4 ,?is ^w :i* d5otes p]sons wor?y ( rev]5ce 9 g5]al is us$ 9 its prim>y s5se ) ref]5ce to ,vsudeva only2 9 a d]iv$ s5se ) reg>d to o!r p]sons' 7,vi4 ,pu4 ,,vi1 #e1 #gb ff472 ',:]e all ^! p[]s abide1 t is ! =m ( him :o is ! univ]sal =m3 t is ! great =m ( ,h>i4 ,t =m produces 9 its sport =ms end[$ ) all p[]s1 :e!r ( gods or m5 or animals4 ,= ! purpose ( b5efit+ ! worlds1 n spr++ f "w 7k>man7 is ?is action ( ! unfa?omable "o2 all-p]vad+1 irresi/ible' 7,vi4 ,pu4 ,,vi1 #g1 #fi- #ga72 ',him :o is ( ?is k9d1 /a9less1 et]nal1 all-p]vad+1 imp]i%able1 free f all evil1 nam$ ,vi%nu1 ! highe/ abode' 7,vi4 ,pu4 ,i1 #bb1ec72 ',he :o is ! highe/ ( ! high1 ! ,p]son1 ! highe/ ,self1 f\nd$ on himself2 :o is devoid ( all ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics ( col\r1 ca/e & ! l2 :o is exempt f bir?1 *ange1 increase1 decay & dea?2 ( :om x c only be said t he ev] is4 ,he is ev]y:]e & 9 him ev]y?+ abides2 h5ce he is call$ ,vsudeva by ^? :o "k4 ,he is ,brahman1 et]nal1 supreme1 imp]i%able1 undecay+2 ( "o ess5tial nature & ev] pure1 z free f all defects4 ,?is :ole _w is ,brahman1 compris+ )9 its nature ! ,evolv$ & ! ,unevolv$2 & also exi/+ 9 ! =m ( ! ,p]son & 9 t ( "t' 7,vi4 ,pu4 ,i1 #b1 #aj-ad72 ',! ,prakriti ab\t :i* ,i told & :i* is ,evolv$ z well z ,unevolv$1 & ! ,p]son--bo? ^! are m]g$ 9 ! highe/ ,self4 ,! highe/ ,self is ! support ( all1 ! highe/ ,"l2 z ,vi%nu he is prais$ 9 ! ,v$as & ! ,v$nta-texts' 7,vi4 ,pu4 ,,vi1 #d1 #ch1 #ci74 ',two =ms are !re ( t ,brahman1 "o mat]ial1 ! o!r immat]ial4 ,^! two =ms1 p]i%able & imp]i%able1 are )9 all ?+s3 ! imp]i%able "o is ! highe/ ,brahman1 ! p]i%able "o ?is :ole _w4 ,z ! light ( a fire burn+ 9 "o place spreads all ar\nd1 s ! en]gy ( ! highe/ ,brahman con/itutes ?is entire _w' 7,vi4 ,pu4 ,i1 #bc1ec-ee74 ',! en]gy ( ,vi%nu is ! highe/1 t :i* is call$ ! embodi$ s\l is inf]ior2 & !re is ano!r ?ird en]gy call$ k>man or ,nesci5ce1 actuat$ by :i* ! omnipres5t en]gy ( ! embodi$ s\l p]petually und]goes ! afflictions ( worldly exi/5ce4 ,obscur$ by ,nesci5ce ! en]gy ( ! embodi$ s\l is *>act]is$ 9 ! diff]5t be+s by diff]5t degrees ( p]fection' 7,vi4 ,pu4 ,,vi1 #g1 #fa-fc74 ,^! & o!r texts tea* t ! highe/ ,brahman is ess5tially free f all imp]fection :atsoev]1 comprises )9 itself all auspici\s qualities1 & f9ds its pa/ime 9 orig9at+1 pres]v+1 reabsorb+1 p]vad+1 & rul+ ! univ]se2 t ! entire complex ( intellig5t & non-intellig5t be+s 7s\ls & matt]7 9 all _! diff]5t e/ates is real1 & con/itutes ! =m1 i4e4 ! body ( ! highe/ ,brahman1 z appe>s f ^? passages :i* co-ord9ate x ) ,brahman by means ( t]ms su* z s>ra 7body71 rpa 7=m71 tanu 7body71 amsa 7"p71 sakti 7p[]71 vibhti 7manife/ation ( p[]71 & s on2--t ! s\ls :i* are a manife/ation ( ,brahman's p[] exi/ 9 _! own ess5tial nature1 & also1 ?r\gh _! connexion ) matt]1 9 ! =m ( embodi$ s\ls 7k%etraja72--& t ! embodi$ s\ls1 be+ engross$ by ,nesci5ce 9 ! =m ( good & evil works1 d n recognise _! ess5tial nature1 :i* is k1 b view !mselves z hav+ ! "* ( mat]ial ?+s4--,! outcome ( all ?is is t we h to cognise ,brahman z c>ry+ plurality )9 itself1 & ! _w1 :i* is ! manife/ation ( 8 p[]1 z some?+ real4 ,:5 n[ ! text1 9 ! sloka ':]e all diff]5ce has vani%$' 7,vi4 ,pu4 ,,vi1 #g1 #ec71 decl>es t ! ,self1 al?\gh connect$ ) ! diff]5t effects ( ,prakriti1 su* z div9e1 human bodies1 & s on1 yet is ess5tially free f all su* di/9ctions1 & !re=e n ! object ( ! words d5ot+ ^? diff]5t classes ( be+s1 b to be def9$ z m]e k & ,be+2 to be kn[n by ! ,self & n to be rea*$ by ! m9d ( ! practition] ( ,yoga 7yogayuj72 ?is mu/ 9 no way be und]/ood z d5y+ ! reality ( ! _w4-- ,b h[ is ?is kn[n8--,z foll[s1 we reply4 ,! *apt] ( ! ,purna 9 :i* t sloka occurs at fir/ decl>es conc5tration 7,yoga7 to be ! rem$y ( all ! afflictions ( ! ,samsra2 !reupon expla9s ! diff]5t /ages ( ,yoga up to ! s-call$ pratyhra 7complete re/ra9+ ( ! s5ses f receiv+ ext]nal impressions72 !n1 9 ord] to tea* ! atta9m5t ( ! 'p]fect object' 7subhsraya7 requir$ = dhran1 decl>es t ! highe/ ,brahman1 i4 e4 ,vi%nu1 possesses two =ms1 call$ p[]s 7sakti71 viz4 a d5n$ "o 7mrta7 & an undef9$ "o 7amrta72 & !n tea*es t a portion ( ! 'def9$' =m1 viz4 ! embodi$ s\l 7k%etraja71 :i* is di/+ui%$ by its connexion ) matt] & involv$ 9 ,nesci5ce-- t is t]m$ 'action1' & con/itutes a ?ird p[]--is n p]fect4 ,! *apt] fur!r tea*es t a portion ( ! undef9$ =m :i* is free f ,nesci5ce call$ action1 sep>at$ f all matt]1 & possess+ ! "* ( pure k1 is also n ! 'p]fect object1' s9ce x is de/itute ( ess5tial purity2 &1 f9ally1 decl>es t ! 'p]fect object' is to be f\nd 9 t def9$ =m :i* is special to ,bhagavat1 & :i* is ! abode ( ! ?ree p[]s1 viz4 t non-def9$ =m :i* is ! highe/ p[]1 t non-def9$ =m :i* is t]m$ embodi$ s\l1 & con/itutes ! second>y 7ap>a7 p[]1 & ,nesci5ce 9 ! =m ( "w--:i* is call$ ! ?ird p[]1 & is ! cause ( ! ,self1 :i* is ( ! ess5ce ( ! highe/ p[]1 pass+ into ! /ate ( embodi$ s\l4 ,?is def9$ =m 7:i* is ! 'p]fect object'7 is prov$ by c]ta9 ,v$nta-texts1 su* z 't great p]son ( sun-l lu/re' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #h74 ,we h5ce mu/ take ! sloka1 '9 :i* all diff]5ces vani%1' c41 to mean t ! pure ,self 7! ,self 9 s f> z k only7 is n capable ( con/itut+ ! 'p]fect object4' ,analog\sly two o!r passages decl>e ',because ?is _c be reflect$ ^u by ! beg9n] 9 ,yoga1 ! second 7=m7 ( ,vi%nu is to be m$itat$ ^u by ,yog9s- ! highe/ abode4' ',t 9 :i* all ^! p[]s h _! abode1 t is ! o!r great =m ( ,h>i1 diff]5t f ! 7mat]ial7 ,visva =m4' ,9 an analog\s mann]1 ,p>s>a decl>es t ,brahm1 ,katurmukha1 ,sanaka1 & simil> mighty be+s :i* dwell )9 ?is _w1 _c con/itute ! 'p]fect object' because !y are involv$ 9 ,nesci5ce2 aft] t goes on to say t ! be+s f\nd 9 ! ,samsra are 9 ! same condition--= !y are ess5tially devoid ( purity s9ce !y rea* _! true nature1 only lat] on1 :5 ?r\gh ,yoga k has aris5 9 !m--2 & f9ally tea*es t ! ess5tial individual nature ( ! highe/ ,brahman1 i4e4 ,vi%nu1 con/itutes ! 'p]fect object4' ',f ,brahm d[n to a blade ( grass1 all liv+ be+s t dwell )9 ?is _w are 9 ! p[] ( ! ,samsra due to works1 & h5ce no pr(it c be d]iv$ by ! dev\t f mak+ !m objects ( _! m$itation4 ,!y are all implicat$ 9 ,nesci5ce1 & /& )9 ! sph]e ( ! ,samsra2 k arises 9 !m only lat] on1 & !y are ?us ( no use 9 m$itation4 ,_! k does n belong to !m by ess5tial nature1 = x comes to !m ?r\gh some?+ else4 ,!re=e ! /a9less ,brahman :i* possesses ess5tial k1' c4 c4--,all ?is proves t ! passage '9 :i* all diff]5ce vani%es' does n mean to d5y ! reality ( ! _w4 ,nor1 aga91 does ! passage 't :i* has k = its ess5tial nature' 7,vi4 ,pu4 #a1b1f7 imply t ! :ole complex ( ?+s diff]5t f k is false2 = x decl>es only t ! appe>ance ( ! ,self--! ess5tial nature ( :i* is k--z gods1 m51 & s on1 is errone\s4 ,a decl>ation t ! appe>ance ( "m o' pe>l z silv] is f\nd$ on error surely does n imply t all ! silv] 9 ! _w is unreal6--,b if1 on ! gr\nd ( an insight into ! on5ess ( ,brahman & ! _w--z express$ 9 texts :]e ! two appe> 9 co-ord9ation--a text decl>es t x is an error to view ,brahman1 ^: ess5tial nature is k1 "u ! =m ( mat]ial ?+s1 ?is aft] all implies t ! :ole aggregate ( ?+s is false6--,by no means1 we rejo94 ,z our s/ra di/9ctly tea*es t ! highe/ ,brahman1 i4 e4 ,vi%nu1 is free f all imp]fections :atsoev]1 comprises )9 himself all auspici\s qualities1 & reveals 8 p[] 9 mighty manife/ations1 ! view ( ! _w's reality _c possibly be errone\s4 ,t in=mation z to ! on5ess ( two ?+s by means ( co-ord9ation does n all[ ( sublation 7( ei!r ( ! two71 & is non-contradictory1 we %all prove fur!r on4 ,h5ce also ! sloka la/ ref]r$ to does n sublate ! reality ( ! _w4 ',t f :5ce ^! be+s are born1 by :i*1 :5 born1 !y live1 into :i* !y ent] :5 !y die1 endeav\r to "k t2 t is ,brahman' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #a74 ,f ?is scriptural text we asc]ta9 t ,brahman is ! cause ( ! orig9ation1 & s on1 ( ! _w4 ,aft] ?is we le>n f a ,purna text 7',he %\ld make ! ,v$a gr[ by means ( ,itihsa & ,purna2 ! ,v$a fe>s t a man ( little read+ may d x h>m'7 t ! ,v$a %\ld be made to gr[ by ,itihsa & ,purna4 ,by ?is 'mak+ to gr[' we h to und]/& ! elucidation ( ! s5se ( ! ,v$ic texts /udi$ by means ( o!r texts1 promulgat$ by m5 :o _h ma/]$ ! entire ,v$a & its cont5ts1 & by ! /r5g? ( _! devotion _h ga9$ full intuition ( ,v$ic tru?4 ,su* 'mak+ to gr[' mu/ ne$s be und]tak51 s9ce ! purport ( ! entire ,v$a ) all its ,skhs _c be fa?om$ by "o :o has /udi$ a small "p only1 & s9ce )\t kn[+ t purport we _c arrive at any c]titude4 ,! ,vi%nu ,purna relates h[ ,maitreya1 wi%+ to h 8 k ( ,v$ic matt]s /r5g!n$ by ! holy ,p>s>a1 :o ?r\gh ! fav\r ( ,pula/ya & ,vasi%?a _h obta9$ an insight into ! true nature ( ! highe/ div9ity1 began to "q ,p>s>a1 ',i am desir\s to he> f !e h[ ?is _w orig9at$1 & h[ x w aga9 orig9ate 9 future1 & ( :at x consi/s1 & :5ce proce$ animate & inanimate ?+s2 h[ & into :at x has be5 resolv$1 & into :at x w 9 future be resolv$8' c4 7,vi4 ,pu4 ,i1 #a74 ,! que/ions ask$ ref] to ! ess5tial nature ( ,brahman1 ! diff]5t modes ( ! manife/ation ( its p[]1 & ! diff]5t results ( propitiat+ x4 ,among ! que/ions belong+ to ! fir/ category1 ! "q ':5ce proce$ animate & inanimate ?+s8' relates to ! effici5t & ! mat]ial cause ( ! _w1 & h5ce ! clause '( :at ! _w consi/s' is to be tak5 z imply+ a "q z to :at con/itutes ! ,self ( ?is _w1 :i* is ! object ( creation1 su/5tation1 & dissolution4 ,! reply to ?is "q is giv5 9 ! words '& ! _w is ,he4' ,n[ ! id5tity express$ by ?is clause is f\nd$ !reon t he 7i4e4 ,brahman or ,vi%nu7 p]vades ! _w z its ,self 9 ! "* ( its inw>d ,rul]2 & is n f\nd$ on unity ( sub/ance ( ! p]vad+ pr9ciple & ! _w p]vad$4 ,! phrase 'consi/s (' 7-maya7 does n ref] to an effect 7s t ! "q ask$ w\ld be z to ! causal sub/ance ( :i* ?is _w is an effect71 = a sep>ate "q on ?is po9t w\ld be ne$less4 ,nor does !--maya express1 z x sometimes does-e4g4 9 ! case ( prana-maya ,,footnote #ib3a1 ! own s5se ( ! ^w to :i* x is atta*$2 = 9 t case ! =m ( ! reply '& ! _w is ,he' 7:i* implies a di/9ction betwe5 ! _w & ,vi%nu7 w\ld be inappropriate2 ! reply w\ld 9 t case r be ',vi%nu only4' ,:at 'maya' actually d5otes "h is abundance1 prevail+ness1 9 agreem5t ) ,pn9i1 ,v1 #d1 #ba1 & ! mean+ is t ,brahman prevails 9 ! _w 9 s f> z ! entire _w con/itutes its body4 ,! co-ord9ation ( ! two words '! _w' & ',he' ?us re/s on t relation betwe5 ! two1 ow+ to :i* ! _w is ! body ( ,brahman1 & ,brahman ! ,self ( ! _w4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we ma9ta9$ t ! s/ra aims only at inculcat+ ! doctr9e ( "o sub/ance free f all diff]5ce1 !re w\ld be no s5se 9 all ^? que/ions & answ]s1 & no s5se 9 an entire na/ra devot$ to ! explanation ( t "o ?+4 ,9 t case !re w\ld be room = "o "q only1 viz4 ':at is ! sub/rate ( ! errone\s imag9ation ( a _w8' & = "o answ] to ?is "q1 viz4 'pure consci\sness devoid ( all di/9ction6'--,& if ! co-ord9ation express$ 9 ! clause '& ! _w is he' 0 meant to set =? ! absolute on5ess ( ! _w & ,brahman1 !n x c\ld n be held t ,brahman possesses all k9ds ( auspici\s qualities1 & is oppos$ to all evil2 ,brahman w\ld r become ! abode ( all t is impure4 ,all ?is confirms ! conclusion t ! co-ord9ation express$ 9 t clause is to be und]/ood z directly tea*+ ! relation betwe5 a ,self & its body4--,! sloka1 ',f ,vi%nu ! _w has sprung3 9 him he exi/s3 he is ! cause ( ! subsi/5ce & dissolution ( ?is _w3 & ! _w is he' 7,vi4 ,pu4 ,i1 #a1 #ce71 /ates succ9ctly :at a subsequ5t passage--beg9n+ ) '! highe/ ( ! high' 7,vi4 ,pu4 ,i1 #b1 #aj7--sets =? 9 detail4 ,n[ !re ! sloka1'to ! un*angeable "o' 7,i1 #b1 #a71 r5d]s homage to ! holy ,vi%nu1 :o is ! highe/ ,brahman 9 s f> z abid+ )9 8 own nature1 & !n ! text proce$s to glorify him 9 8 ?reefold =m z ,hiranyag>bha1 ,h>i1 & ,sank>a1 z ,pradhna1 ,"t1 & z ! totality ( embodi$ s\ls 9 _! comb9$ & di/ribut$ =m4 ,"h ! sloka1 ',him ^: ess5tial nature is k' 7,i1 #b1 #f71 describes ! aspect ( ! highe/ ,self 9 s f> z abid+ 9 ! /ate ( discrete embodi$ s\ls2 ! passage _c !re=e be und]/ood z ref]r+ to a sub/ance free f all diff]5ce4 ,if ! s/ra aim$ at tea*+ t ! errone\s conception ( a manifold _w has = its sub/rate a ,brahman consi/+ ( non-diff]5c$ intellig5ce1 !re w\ld be room nei!r = ! objection rais$ 9 ,i1 #c1 ,i 7',h[ c we attribute ag5cy creative & o!rwise to ,brahman :i* is )\t qualities1 unlimit$1 pure1 /a9less8'7 nor = ! refutation ( t objection1 ',because ! p[]s ( all ?+s are ! objects ( 7true7 k exclud+ all 7bad7 reason+1 !re=e !re belong to ,brahman also su* ess5tial p[]s z ! p[] ( creat+1 pres]v+1 & s on1 ! _w2 j z heat ess5tially belongs to fire ,,footnote #id3a4' ,9 t case ! objection w\ld r be made 9 ! foll[+ =m3 ',h[ c ,brahman1 :i* is )\t qualities1 be ! ag5t 9 ! creation1 pres]vation1 & s on1 ( ! _w8' & ! answ] w\ld be1 ',creation by ,brahman is n some?+ real1 b some?+ errone\sly imag9$4'--,! purport ( ! objection z x /&s 9 ! text is z foll[s3 ',we obs]ve t action creative & o!rwise belongs to be+s end[$ ) qualities su* z goodness1 & s on1 n p]fect1 & subject to ! influ5ce ( k>man2 h[ !n c ag5cy creative1 & s on1 be attribut$ to ,brahman :i* is devoid ( qualities1 p]fect1 n "u ! influ5ce ( k>man1 & incapable ( any connexion ) action8' ,& ! reply is1 ',!re is no?+ unreasonable 9 hold+ t ,brahman z be+ ( ! nature describ$ above1 & diff]5t 9 k9d f all ?+s p]ceiv$1 %\ld possess manifold p[]s2 j z fire1 :i* is diff]5t 9 k9d f wat] & all o!r mat]ial sub/ances1 possesses ! quality ( heat & o!r qualities4' ,! slokas also1 :i* beg9 ) ! words ',?\ alone art real' 7,vi4 ,pu4 ,i1 #d1 #ch ff471 d n ass]t t ! :ole _w is unreal1 b only t1 z ,brahman is ! ,self ( ! _w1 ! latt] view$ ap>t f ,brahman is n real4 ,?is ! text proce$s to confirm1 '?y greatness x is by :i* all movable & immovable ?+s are p]vad$4' ,?is means--because all ?+s movable & immovable are p]vad$ by !e1 !re=e all ?is _w has !e = its ,self1 & h5ce '!re is none o!r ?an !e' & ?us ?\ be+ ! ,self ( all art alone real4 ,su* be+ ! doctr9e int5d$ to be set =?1 ! text rightly says1 '?is all-p]vasiv5ess ( ?9e is ?y greatness'2 o!rwise x w\ld h to say1 'x is ?y error4' ,7 ?is latt] view int5d$1 words su* z ',"l ( ! _w1' '?\1' c41 c\ld n1 moreov]1 be tak5 9 _! direct s5se1 & !re w\ld arise a contradiction ) ! subject-matt] ( ! entire *apt]1 viz4 ! praise ( ! ,holy "o :o 9 ! =m ( a mighty bo> _h uplift$ 9 play ! entire e>?4--,because ?is entire _w is ?y =m 9 s f> z x is p]vad$ z its ,self by !e ^: true nature is k2 !re=e ^? :o d n possess t devotion :i* enables m5 to view !e z ! ,self ( all1 errone\sly view ?is _w z consi/+ only ( gods1 m51 & o!r be+s2 ?is is ! purport ( ! next sloka1 '?is :i* is se54'--,& x is an error n only to view ! _w :i* has its real ,self 9 !e z consi/+ ( gods1 m51 & s on1 b also to consid] ! ,selfs ^: true nature is k z be+ ( ! nature ( mat]ial be+s su* z gods1 m51 & ! l2 ?is is ! mean+ ( ! next sloka1 '?is _w ^: true nature is k4'--,^? wise m51 on ! o!r h&1 :o h an insight into ! ess5tially intellig5t ,self1 & ^: m9ds are cle>$ by devotion--! means ( appreh5d+ ! ,holy "o z ! univ]sal ,self--1 !y view ?is entire _w ) all its manifold bodies--! effects ( primeval matt]--z ?y body--a body ! ,self ( :i* is con/itut$ by k abid+ ap>t f its _w-body2 ?is is ! mean+ ( ! foll[+ sloka3 ',b ^? :o possess k1' c4--,if ! diff]5t slokas 7 n int]pret$ 9 ?is way1 !y w\ld be m]e unmean+ reit]ations2 _! con/itutive words c\ld n be tak5 9 _! prim>y s5se2 & we %\ld come into conflict ) ! s5se ( ! passages1 ! subject-matt] ( ! *apt]1 & ! purport ( ! entire s/ra4 ,! passage1 fur!r1 ',( t ,self al?\gh x exi/s 9 "o's own & 9 o!r bodies1 ! k is ( "o k9d' 7,vi4 ,pu4 ,,ii1 #ad1 #ca ff471 ref]s to t view ( duality accord+ to :i* ! diff]5t ,selfs--al?\gh equal 9 s f> z !y are all ( ! ess5ce ( k--are con/itut$ into sep>ate be+s1 gods1 m51 c41 by _! connexion ) diff]5t portions ( matt] all ( :i* are modifications ( prim>y matt]1 & decl>es t view to be false4 ,b ?is does n imply a d5ial ( ! duality :i* holds good betwe5 matt] on ! "o h& & ,self on ! o!r3 :at ! passage means is t ! ,self :i* dwells 9 ! diff]5t mat]ial bodies ( gods1 m51 & s on1 is ( "o & ! same k9d4 ,s ! ,holy "o himself has said1 ',9 ! dog & ! l[ man eat+ dog's fle% ! wise see ! same'2 ',brahman1 )\t any imp]fection1 is ! same' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,v1 #ah1 #ai74 ,&1 moreov]1 ! clause ',( ! ,self al?\gh exi/+ 9 "o's own & 9 o!r bodies' directly decl>es t a ?+ diff]5t f ! body is di/ribut$ among "o's own & o!r bodies4 ,nor does ! passage ',if !re is "s o!r 7p>a7 diff]5t 7anya7 f me1' c4 7,vi4 ,pu4 ,,ii1 #ac1 #hf7 intimate ! on5ess ( ! ,self2 = 9 t case ! two words 'p>a' & 'anya' w\ld express "o mean+ only 7viz4 'o!r' 9 ! s5se ( 'di/9ct f'74 ,! ^w 'p>a' !re d5otes a ,self di/9ct f t ( "o's own ,self1 & ! ^w 'anya' is introduc$ to negative a "* diff]5t f t ( pure intellig5ce3 ! s5se ( ! passage ?us is ',if !re is "s ,self di/9ct f m9e1 & ( a "* diff]5t f m9e :i* is pure k1 !n x c be said t ,i am ( su* a "* & he ( a diff]5t "*'2 b ?is is n ! case1 because all ,selfs are equal 9 z f> z _! nature consi/s ( pure k4--,also ! sloka beg9n+ ',ow+ to ! diff]5ce ( ! holes ( ! flute' 7,vi4 ,pu4 ,,ii1 #ad1 #cb7 only decl>es t ! inequality ( ! diff]5t ,selfs is ow+ n to _! ess5tial nature1 b to _! dwell+ 9 diff]5t mat]ial bodies2 & does n tea* ! on5ess ( all ,selfs4 ,! diff]5t portions ( air1 aga91 pass+ ?r\gh ! diff]5t holes ( ! flute--to :i* ! _m ,selfs are comp>$--are n said to be "o b only to be equal 9 "*2 !y are "o 9 "* 9 s f> z all ( !m are ( ! nature ( air1 :ile ! diff]5t names ( ! successive notes ( ! musical scale are appli$ to !m because !y pass out by ! diff]5t holes ( ! in/rum5t4 ,= an analog\s reason ! sev]al ,selfs are d5om9at$ by diff]5t names1 viz4 gods & s on4 ,^? mat]ial ?+s also :i* are p>ts ( ! sub/ance fire1 or wat]1 or e>?1 are "o 9 s f> only z !y consi/ ( "o k9d ( sub/ance2 b are n absolutely "o2 ^? diff]5t portions ( air1 !re=e1 :i* con/itute ! notes ( ! scale are likewise n absolutely "o4 ,:]e ! ,purna fur!r says ',he 7or t7 ,i am & ?\ art ,he 7or t72 all ?is univ]se t has ,self = its true nature is ,he 7or t72 ab&on ! error ( di/9ction' 7,vi4 ,pu4 ,,ii1 #af1 #bc72 ! ^w 't' ref]s to ! intellig5t "* m5tion$ previ\sly :i* is common to all ,selfs1 & ! co-ord9ation /at$ 9 ! two clauses !re=e intimates t intellig5ce is ! "* ( ! be+s d5ot$ ',i' & ',?\'2 'ab&on !re=e1' ! text goes on to say1 '! illusion t ! diff]5ce ( outw>d =m1 div9e & s on1 causes a correspond+ diff]5ce 9 ! ,selfs4' ,if ?is explanation 7 n accept$ 7b absolute non-diff]5ce insi/$ ^u7 !re w\ld be no room = ! ref]5ces to diff]5ce :i* ! passages quot$ manife/ly conta94 ,accord+ly ! text goes on to say t ! k+ act$ on ! in/ruction he _h receiv$1 'he ab&on$ ! view ( diff]5ce1 hav+ recognis$ ! ,real4'--,b on :at gr\nd d we arrive at ?is decision 7viz4 t ! passage "u discussion is n meant to tea* absolute non-duality78--,on ! gr\nd1 we reply1 t ! prop] topic ( ! :ole section is to tea* ! di/9ction ( ! ,self & ! body--= ?is is evid5t f :at is said 9 an e>ly "p ( ! section1 'z ! body ( man1 *>act]is$ by h&s1 feet1 & ! l1' c4 7,vi4 ,pu4 ,,ii1 #ac1 #he74--;,= analog\s reasons ! sloka ',:5 t k :i* gives rise to di/9ction' c4 7,vi4 ,pu4 ,,vi1 #g1 #id7 tea*es nei!r ! ess5tial unity ( all ,selfs nor ! on5ess ( ! individual ,self & ! highe/ ,self4 ,& t ! embodi$ s\l & ! highe/ ,self %\ld be ess5tially "o1 is no m possible ?an t ! body & ! ,self %\ld be "o4 ,9 agreem5t h]e) ,scripture says1 ',two birds1 insep>able fri5ds1 cl+ to ! same tree4 ,"o ( !m eats ! sweet fruit1 ! o!r looks on )\t eat+' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #a1 #a74 ',!re are two dr9k+ _! rew>d 9 ! _w ( _! own works1 ent]$ into ! cave1 dwell+ on ! highe/ summit4 ,^? :o "k ,brahman call !m %ade & light1' c4 7,ka4 ,up4 ,i1 #c1 #a74 ,& 9 ?is s/ra also 7i4e4 ! ,vi%nu ,purna7 !re are passages ( analog\s import2 cp4 ! /anzas quot$ above1 ',he transc5ds ! causal matt]1 all effects1 all imp]fections su* z ! gunas' c4 ,! ,stras also ma9ta9 ! same doctr9e1 cp4 ,i1 #a1 #ag2 ,i1 #b1 #ba2 ,,ii1 #a1 #bb2 & o!rs4 ,!y !re9 foll[ ,scripture1 :i* 9 sev]al places ref]s to ! highe/ & ! individual s\l z /&+ ov] aga9/ ea* o!r1 cp4 e4g4 ',he :o dwells 9 ! ,self & )9 ! ,self1 :om ! ,self does n "k1 ^: body ! ,self is1 :o rules ! ,self f )9' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #g1 #bb72 ',embrac$ by ! intellig5t ,self 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #c1 #ba72 ',m\nt$ by ! intellig5t ,self 7,,iv1 #c1 #ce74 ,nor c ! individual ,self become "o ) ! highe/ ,self by free+ itself f ,nesci5ce1 ) ! help ( ! means ( f9al ,release2 = t :i* admits ( be+ ! abode ( ,nesci5ce c nev] become q incapable ( x4 ,s ! ,purna says1 ',x is false to ma9ta9 t ! individual ,self & ! highe/ ,self ent] into real union2 = "o sub/ance _c pass ov] into ! nature ( ano!r sub/ance4' ,accord+ly ! ,bhagavad ,gt decl>es t ! releas$ s\l atta9s only ! same attributes z ! highe/ ,self4 ',abid+ by ?is k1 !y1 atta9+ to an equality ( attributes ) me1 d nei!r come =? at ! "t ( creation1 nor are tr\bl$ at ! "t ( g5]al de/ruction' 7,,xiv1 #b74 ,simil>ly our ,purna says1 ',t ,brahman leads him :o m$itates on x1 & :o is capable ( *ange1 t[>ds its own be+ 7tmabhva71 9 ! same way z ! magnet attracts ! iron' 7,vi4 ,pu4 ,,vi1 #g1 #cj74 ,"h ! phrase 'leads him t[>ds 8 own be+' means 'imp>ts to him a nature l 8 own' 7n 'completely id5tifies him ) itself'72 = ! attract$ body does n become ess5tially "o ) ! body attract+4 ,! same view w be set =? by ! ,strakra 9 ,,iv1 #d1 #ag2 #ba1 & ,i1 #c1 #b4 ,! ,vritti also says 7) ref]5ce to ,s4 ,,iv1 #d1 #ag7 ') ! exception ( ! bus9ess ( ! _w 7! individual s\l 9 ! /ate ( release7 is equal 7to ! highe/ ,self7 ?r\gh light'2 & ! au?or ( ! ,dramidabh%ya says1 ',ow+ to its equality 7syujya7 ) ! div9ity ! disembodi$ s\l effects all ?+s1 l ! div9ity4' ,! foll[+ scriptural texts e/abli% ! same view1 ',^? :o dep>t f h5ce1 aft] hav+ kn[n ! ,self & ^? true desires1 = !m !re is fre$om 9 all ! worlds' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #a1 #f72 ',he :o kn[s ,brahman rea*es ! ,highe/' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a72 ',he obta9s all desires toge!r ) ! intellig5t ,brahman' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a1 #a72 ',hav+ rea*$ ! ,self :i* consi/s ( bliss1 he w&]s ab\t 9 ^! worlds hav+ z mu* food & assum+ z _m =ms z he likes' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #aj1 #e72 ',!re he moves ab\t' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #ab1 #c72 ',= he is flav\r2 = only aft] hav+ p]ceiv$ a flav\r c any "o p]ceive pleasure' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #g72 ',z ! fl[+ riv]s g to _! sett+ 9 ! sea1 los+ "n & =m2 ?us he :o kn[s1 fre$ f "n & =m1 goes to ! div9e ,p]son :o is high] ?an ! high' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #b1 #h72 ',he :o kn[s1 %ak+ (f good & evil1 rea*es ! highe/ on5ess1 free f /a9' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #a1 #c74 ,! objects ( m$itation 9 all ! vidys :i* ref] to ! highe/ ,brahman1 are ,brahman view$ z hav+ qualities1 & ! fruit ( all ^? m$itations4 ,= ?is reason ! au?or ( ! ,stras decl>es t !re is option among ! diff]5t vidys--cp4 ,ve4 ,s4 ,,iii1 #c1 ,,ii2 ,,iii41 #c1 #ei4 ,9 ! same way ! ,vkyakra tea*es t ! qualifi$ ,brahman only is ! object ( m$itation1 & t !re is option ( vidys2 :]e he says '7,brahman7 connect$ 7) qualities71 s9ce ! m$itation ref]s to its qualities4' ,! same view is express$ by ! ,bh%yakra 9 ! passage beg9n+ ',al?\gh he :o bases himself on ! k ( ,be+4'--,texts su* z ',he kn[s ,brahman1 he becomes ,brahman' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #b1 #i7 h ! same purport1 = !y mu/ be tak5 9 connexion ) ! o!r texts 7ref]r+ to ! fate ( him :o kn[s7 su* z ',fre$ f "n & =m he goes to ! div9e ,p]son :o is high] ?an ! high'2 ',free f /a9 he rea*es ! highe/ on5ess' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #b1 #h2 ,,iii1 #a1c72 ',hav+ approa*$ ! highe/ light he manife/s himself 9 8 own %ape' 7,kh4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #c1 #d74 ,( him :o has fre$ himself f 8 ord9>y "n & =m1 & all ! di/9ctions f\nd$ !reon1 & has assum$ ! uni=m "* ( intellig5ce1 x may be said t he is ( ! "* ( ,brahman4--,our ,purna also prop\nds ! same view4 ,! sloka 7,,vi1 #g1 #ia71 ',k is ! means to obta9 :at is to be obta9$1 viz4 ! highe/ ,brahman3 ! ,self is to be obta9$1 fre$ f all k9ds ( imag9ation1' /ates t t ,self :i* ?r\gh m$itation on ,brahman1 is fre$ f all imag9ation s z to be l ,brahman1 is ! object to be atta9$4 7,! ?ree =ms ( imag9ation to be got rid ( are s- call$ k>ma-bhvan1 brahma-bhvan & a comb9ation ( ! two4 ,see ,vi4 ,pu4 ,,vi1 #g47 ,! text !n goes on1 ',! embodi$ ,self is ! us] ( ! in/rum5t1 k is its in/rum5t2 hav+ accompli%$ ,release-- :]eby 8 object is atta9$--he may leave (f4' ,?is means t ! ,devotee is to practise m$itation on ! highe/ ,brahman until x has accompli%$ its end1 viz4 ! atta9m5t ( ! ,self free f all imag9ation4--,! text cont9ues1 ',hav+ atta9$ ! be+ ( its be+1 !n he is non-diff]5t f ! highe/ ,self2 8 diff]5ce is f\nd$ on ,nesci5ce only4' ,?is sloka describes ! /ate ( ! releas$ s\l4 ',its be+' is ! be+1 viz4 ! "* or nature1 ( ,brahman2 b ?is does n mean absolute on5ess ( nature2 because 9 ?is latt] case ! second 'be+' w\ld be out ( place & ! sloka w\ld contradict :at _h be5 said be=e4 ,! mean+ is3 :5 ! s\l has atta9$ ! nature ( ,brahman1 i4e4 :5 x has fre$ itself f all false imag9ation1 !n x is non-diff]5t f ! highe/ ,self4 ,?is non-diff]5ce is due to ! s\l1 z well z ! highe/ ,self1 hav+ ! ess5tial nature ( uni=m intellig5ce4 ,! diff]5ce ( ! s\l--pres5t+ itself z ! s\l ( a god1 a man1 c4--f ! highe/ ,self is n due to its ess5tial nature1 b re/s on ! basis ( ,nesci5ce 9 ! =m ( "w3 :5 ?r\gh m$itation on ,brahman ?is basis is de/roy$1 ! diff]5ce due to x comes to an end1 & ! s\l no long] diff]s f ! highe/ ,self4 ,s ano!r text says1 ',! diff]5ce ( ?+s ( "o nature is due to ! inve/+ ag5cy ( outw>d works2 :5 ! diff]5ce ( gods1 m51 c41 is de/roy$1 x has no long] any inve/+ p[]' 7,vi4 ,pu4 ,,ii1 #ad1 #cc74--,! text !n adds a fur!r explanation1 ':5 ! k :i* gives rise to manifold diff]5ce is completely de/roy$1 :o !n w produce diff]5ce t has no real exi/5ce8' ,! manifold diff]5ce is ! di/9ction ( gods1 m51 animals1 & inanimate ?+s3 comp>e ! say+ ( ,saunaka3'?is f\rfold di/9ction is f\nd$ on false k4' ,! ,self has k = its ess5tial nature2 :5 ,nesci5ce call$ "w--:i* is ! cause ( ! manifold di/9ctions ( gods1 m51 c4--has be5 completely de/roy$ ?r\gh m$itation on ! highe/ ,brahman1 :o !n w br+ ab\t ! di/9ction ( gods1 c41 f ! highe/ ,self--a di/9ction :i* 9 ! abs5ce ( a cause _c truly exi/4--,t ,nesci5ce is call$ k>man 7"w7 is /at$ 9 ! same *apt] ( ! ,purna 7/4 #fa--;avidy k>masamja74 ,! passage 9 ! ,bhagavad ,gt1 ',"k me to be ! k%etraja' 7,,xiii1 #b71 tea*es ! on5ess ( all 9 s f> z ! highe/ ,self is ! inw>d rul] ( all2 tak5 9 any o!r s5se x w\ld be 9 conflict ) o!r texts1 su* z ',all creatures are ! ,p]i%able1 ! un*ang+ s\l is ! ,imp]i%able2 b ano!r is ! highe/ ,p]son' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,xv1 #af74 ,9 o!r places ! ,div9e "o decl>es t z inw>d ,rul] he is ! ,self ( all3 ',! ,"l dwells 9 ! he>t ( all creatures' 7,,xviii1 #fa71 & ',i dwell )9 ! he>t ( all' 7,,xv1 #ae74 & ',i am ! ,self :i* has its abode )9 all creatures' 7,x1 #bj74 ,! t]m 'creature' 9 ^! passages d5otes ! entire aggregate ( body1 c41 up to ! ,self4--,because he is ! ,self ( all1 ! text expressly d5ies t among all ! ?+s con/itut+ 8 body !re is any "o sep>ate f him1',!re is n any?+ :i* is )\t me' 7,x1 #ci74 ,! place :]e ?is text occurs is ! w9d+ up ( a glorification ( ! ,div9e "o1 & ! text has to be und]/ood accord+ly4 ,! passage imm$iately foll[+ is ',:atev] be+ !re is1 p[]ful1 beautiful1 or glori\s1 ev5 t "k ?\ to h sprung f a portion ( my glory2 p]vad+ ?is entire ,univ]se by a portion ( m9e ,i d abide' 7,x1 #da2 #db74 ,all ?is cle>ly proves t ! au?oritative books d n tea* ! doctr9e ( "o non-diff]5c$ sub/ance2 t !y d n tea* t ! univ]se ( ?+s is false2 & t !y d n d5y ! ess5tial di/9ction ( intellig5t be+s1 non-intellig5t ?+s1 & ! ,"l4 ,,footnote #ib3a4 ',prnamaya' is expla9$ z mean+ 'prana' only4 ,,footnote #id3a4 ,! s5se 9 :i* ?is sloka has to be tak5 is ',z 9 ord9>y life we ascribe to c]ta9 ?+s 7e4g4 gems1 mantras7 c]ta9 special p[]s because o!rwise ! effects !y produce c\ld n be acc\nt$ =2 s to ,brahman also1' c4 ,! !ory ( ,nesci5ce _c be prov$4 ,we n[ proce$ to ! consid]ation ( ,nesci5ce4--,accord+ to ! view ( our oppon5t1 ?is entire _w1 ) all its endless di/9ctions ( ,rul]1 creatures rul$1 & s on1 is1 ow+ to a c]ta9 defect1 fictiti\sly sup]impos$ ^u ! non-diff]5c$1 self-lum9\s ,reality2 & :at con/itutes t defect is beg9n+less ,nesci5ce1 :i* inve/s ! ,reality1 gives rise to manifold illusions1 & _c be d5n$ ei!r z be+ or non-be+4 ,su* ,nesci5ce1 he says1 mu/ necess>ily be admitt$1 fir/ly on ! gr\nd ( scriptural texts1 su* z ',hidd5 by :at is untrue' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #c1 #b71 & secondly because o!rwise ! on5ess ( ! individual s\ls ) ,brahman--:i* is taught by texts su* z ',?\ are t'--_c be e/abli%$4 ,?is ,nesci5ce is nei!r 'be+1' because 9 t case x c\ld n be ! object ( errone\s cognition 7bhrama7 & sublation 7bdha72 nor is x 'non-be+1' because 9 t case x c\ld n be ! object ( appreh5sion & sublation ,,footnote #ajb3a4 ,h5ce or?odox ,philosoph]s decl>e t ?is ,nesci5ce falls "u nei!r ( ^! two opposite categories4 ,n[ ?is !ory ( ,nesci5ce is altoge!r unt5able4 ,9 ! fir/ place we ask1 ',:at is ! sub/rate ( ?is ,nesci5ce :i* gives rise to ! great error ( plurality ( exi/5ce8' ,y _c reply '! individual s\l'2 = ! individual s\l itself exi/s 9 s f> only z x is fictiti\sly imag9$ ?r\gh ,nesci5ce4 ,nor c y say ',brahman'2 = ,brahman is no?+ b self-lum9\s intellig5ce1 & h5ce contradictory 9 nature to ,nesci5ce1 :i* is av[$ly sublat$ by k4 ',! highe/ ,brahman has k = its ess5tial nature3 if ,nesci5ce1 :i* is ess5tially false & to be t]m9at$ by k1 inve/s ,brahman1 :o !n w be /rong en\gh to put an end to x8' ',:at puts an end to ,nesci5ce is ! k t ,brahman is pure k6'--',n s1 = t k also is1 l ,brahman1 ( ! nature ( light1 & h5ce has no p[] to put an end to ,nesci5ce4--,& if !re exi/s ! k t ,brahman is k1 !n ,brahman is an object ( k1 & t1 accord+ to y\r own tea*+1 implies t ,brahman is n ( ! nature ( consci\sness4' ,to expla9 ! second ( ^! slokas4--,if y ma9ta9 t :at sublates ,nesci5ce is n t k :i* con/itutes ,brahman's ess5tial nature1 b r t k :i* has = its object ! tru? ( ,brahman be+ ( su* a nature1 we demur2 = z bo? ^! k9ds ( k are ( ! same nature1 viz4 ! nature ( light1 :i* is j t :i* con/itutes ,brahman's nature1 !re is no reason = mak+ a di/9ction & say+ t "o k is contradictory ( ,nesci5ce1 & ! o!r is n4 ,or1 to put x o!rwise--t ess5tial nature ( ,brahman :i* is appreh5d$ ?r\gh ! cognition t ,brahman is k1 itself %9es =? 9 consequ5ce ( ! self-lum9\s nature ( ,brahman1 & h5ce we h no "r to make a di/9ction betwe5 t k :i* con/itutes ,brahman's nature1 & t ( :i* t nature is ! object1 & to ma9ta9 t ! latt] only is antagoni/ic to ,nesci5ce4--,moreov] 7& ?is expla9s ! ?ird sloka71 accord+ to y\r own view ,brahman1 :i* is m]e consci\sness1 _c be ! object ( ano!r consci\sness1 & h5ce !re is no k :i* has ,brahman = its object4 ,if1 !re=e1 k is contradictory to non-k 7,nesci5ce71 ,brahman itself mu/ be contradictory to x1 & h5ce _c be its sub/rate4 ,%ells 7mi/ak5 = silv]7 & ! l :i* by !mselves are incapable ( ?r[+ light ^u _! own true nature are n contradictory to non-k ( !mselves1 & dep5d1 = ! t]m9ation ( t non-k1 on ano!r k 7viz4 on ! k ( an intellig5t be+72 ,brahman1 on ! o!r h&1 ^: ess5tial nature is e/abli%$ by its own consci\sness1 is contradictorily oppos$ to non-k ( itself1 & h5ce does n dep5d1 = ! t]m9ation ( t non-k1 on "s o!r k4--,if our oppon5t %\ld argue t ! k ( ! falsity ( :atev] is o!r ?an ,brahman is contradictory to non- k1 we ask :e!r ?is k ( ! falsity ( :at is o!r ?an ,brahman is contradictory to ! non-k ( ! true nature ( ,brahman1 or to t non-k :i* consi/s 9 ! view ( ! reality ( ! app>5t _w4 ,! =m] alt]native is inadmissible2 because ! cognition ( ! falsity ( :at is o!r ?an ,brahman has a diff]5t object 7f ! non-k ( ,brahman's true nature7 & !re=e _c be contradictory to x2 = k & non-k are contradictory 9 s f> only z !y ref] to "o & ! same object4 ,& ) reg>d to ! latt] alt]native we po9t out t ! k ( ! falsity ( ! _w is contradictory to ! non- k :i* consi/s 9 ! view ( ! reality ( ! _w2 ! =m] k !re=e sublates ! latt] non-k only1 :ile ! non-k ( ! true nature ( ,brahman is n t\*$ by x4-- ,aga9/ ?is x w p]haps be urg$ t :at is "h call$ ! non- k ( ! true nature ( ,brahman1 really is ! view ( ,brahman be+ dual 9 nature1 & t ?is view is put an end to by ! cognition ( ! falsity ( :atev] is o!r ?an ,brahman2 :ile ! true nature ( ,brahman itself is e/abli%$ by its own consci\sness4-- ,b ?is too we refuse to admit4 ,if non-duality con/itutes ! true nature ( ,brahman1 & is prov$ by ,brahman's own consci\sness1 !re is room nei!r = :at is contradictory to x1 viz4 t non-k :i* consi/s 9 ! view ( duality1 nor = ! sublation ( t non- k4--,let !n non-duality be tak5 = an attribute 7n ! ess5tial nature7 ( ,brahman6--,?is too we refuse to admit2 = y y\rself h prov$ t ,brahman1 :i* is pure ,consci\sness1 is free f attributes :i* are objects ( ,consci\sness4--,f all ?is x foll[s t ,brahman1 ^: ess5tial nature is k1 _c be ! sub/rate ( ,nesci5ce3 ! !ory1 9 fact1 involves a flat contradiction4 ,:51 9 ! next place1 y ma9ta9 t ,brahman1 ^: nature is homog5e\s intellig5ce1 is inve/$ & hidd5 by ,nesci5ce1 y !reby ass]t ! de/ruction ( ,brahman's ess5tial nature4 ,caus+ light to disappe> means ei!r ob/ruct+ ! orig9ation ( light1 or else de/roy+ light t exi/s4 ,& z y tea* t light 7consci\sness7 _c orig9ate1 ! 'hid+' or 'mak+ to disappe>' ( light c only mean its de/ruction4--,consid] ! foll[+ po9t also4 ,y\r !ory is t self-lum9\s consci\sness1 :i* is )\t object & )\t sub/rate1 becomes1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( an imp]fection resid+ )9 itself1 consci\s ( itself z connect$ ) innum]\s sub/rata & innum]\s objects4--,is !n1 we ask1 t imp]fection resid+ )9 consci\sness some?+ real or some?+ unreal8--,! =m] alt]native is exclud$1 z n be+ admitt$ by y\rself4 ,nor c we accept ! latt] alt]native2 = if we did we %\ld h to view t imp]fection z be+ ei!r a kn[+ subject1 or an object ( k1 or ,kn[+ itself4 ,n[ x _c be ',kn[+1' z y d5y t !re is any di/9ction 9 ! nature ( kn[+2 & t ',kn[+1' :i* is ! sub/rate ( ! imp]fection1 _c be held to be unreal1 because t w\ld involve ! acceptance ( ! ,mdhyamika doctr9e1 viz4 ( a g5]al void ,,footnote #ajf3a4 ,& if kn[]s1 objects ( k & kn[+ z det]m9$ by ^? two are fictiti\s1 i4e4 unreal1 we h to assume ano!r fundam5tal imp]fection1 & are ?us driv5 into a regressuss 9 inf9itum4--,to avoid ?is difficulty1 x might n[ be said t real consci\sness itself1 :i* con/itutes ,brahman's nature1 is t imp]fection4--,b if ,brahman itself con/itutes ! imp]fection1 !n ,brahman is ! basis ( ! appe>ance ( a _w1 & x is gratuit\s to assume an additional avidy to acc\nt = ! vorld4 ,moreov]1 z ,brahman is et]nal1 x w\ld foll[ f ?is hypo!sis t no release c\ld ev] take place4 ,unless1 !re=e1 y admit a real imp]fection ap>t f ,brahman1 y are unable to acc\nt = ! great _w-error4 ,:at1 to come to ! next po9t1 d y und]/& by ! inexplicability 7anirvakaniyat7 ( ,nesci5ce8 ,its diff]5ce 9 nature f t :i* is1 z well z t :i* is n6 ,a ?+ ( su* k9d w\ld be inexplicable inde$2 = none ( ! means ( k apply to x4 ,t is to say--! :ole _w ( objects mu/ be ord]$ accord+ to our /ates ( consci\sness1 & e /ate ( consci\sness pres5ts itself 9 ! =m1 ei!r ( some?+ exi/+ or ( some?+ non-exi/+4 ,if1 !re=e1 we %\ld assume t ( /ates ( consci\sness :i* are limit$ to ?is d\ble =m1 ! object c be some?+ :i* is nei!r exi/+ nor non-exi/+1 !n any?+ :atev] might be ! object ( any /ate ( consci\sness :atev]4 ,aga9/ ?is our oppon5t may n[ argue z foll[s3--,!re is1 aft] all1 some?+1 call$ avidy1 or ajna1 or by "s o!r "n1 :i* is a positive entity 7bhva71 diff]5t f ! antec$5t non-exi/5ce ( k2 :i* effects ! obscuration ( ! ,real2 :i* is ! mat]ial cause ( ! errone\s sup]imposition on ! ,real1 ( manifold ext]nal & int]nal ?+s2 & :i* is t]m9at$ by ! cognition ( ! true nature ( ! "o sub/ance :i* con/itutes ,reality4 ,= ?is avidy is appreh5d$ ?r\gh ,p]ception z well z ,inf]5ce4 ,brahman1 9 s f> z limit$ by ?is avidy1 is ! mat]ial cause ( ! errone\s sup]imposition--^u ! inw>d ,self1 :i* 9 itself is *angeless pure intellig5ce1 b has its true nature obscur$ by ?is sup]imposition--( t plurality :i* comprises ! ahamkra1 all acts ( k & all objects ( k4 ,?r\gh special =ms ( ?is defect 7i4e4 avidy7 !re are produc$1 9 ?is _w sup]impos$ ^u ,reality1 ! manifold special sup]impositions pres5t+ !mselves 9 ! =m ( ?+s & cognitions ( ?+s--su* z snakes 7sup]impos$ ^u ropes71 silv] 7sup]impos$ on %ells71 & ! l4 ,avidy con/itutes ! mat]ial cause ( ?is entire false _w2 s9ce = a false ?+ we mu/ ne$s inf] a false cause4 ,t ?is avidy or ajna 7non-k7 is an object ( int]nal ,p]ception1 foll[s f ! fact t judgm5ts su* z ',i d n "k'1 ',i d n "k ei!r myself or o!rs1' directly pres5t !mselves to ! m9d4 ,a m5tal /ate ( ?is k9d has = its object n t non- k :i* is ! antec$5t non-exi/5ce ( k--= su* abs5ce ( k is asc]ta9$ by ! six? means ( pro( 7anupalabdhi72 x r is a /ate :i* pres5ts its object directly1 & ?us is ( ! same k9d z ! /ate express$ 9 ! judgm5t ',i am exp]i5c+ pleasure4' ,ev5 if we admit t 'abs5ce ( some?+' 7abhva7 c be ! object ( p]ception1 ! /ate ( consci\sness "u discussion _c h abs5ce ( k 9 ! ,self = its object4 ,= at ! v mom5t ( su* consci\sness k exi/s2 or if x does n exi/ !re c be no consci\sness ( ! abs5ce ( k4 ,to expla94 ,:5 ,i am consci\s t ,i am non-kn[+1 is !re or is !re n appreh5sion ( ! ,self z hav+ non-exi/5ce ( k = its attribute1 & ( k z ! c\nt]5tity ( non-k8 ,9 ! =m] case !re c be no consci\sness ( ! abs5ce ( k1 = t w\ld imply a contradiction4 ,9 ! latt] case1 su* consci\sness c all ! less exi/1 = x presupposes k ( t to :i* abs5ce ( k belongs z an attribute 7viz4 ! ,self7 & ( its own c\nt]5tity1 viz4 k4 ,! same difficulty arises if we view ! abs5ce ( k z ei!r ! object ( ,inf]5ce1 or z ! object ( ! special means ( pro( call$ 'abhva' 7i4e4 anupalabdhi74 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 non-k is view$ 7n z a m]ely negative1 b7 z a positive entity1 !re arises no contradiction ev5 if !re is 7z !re is 9 fact7 at ! same "t k ( ! ,self z qualifi$ by non-k1 & ( k z ! c\nt]5tity ( non-k2 & we !re=e mu/ accept ! conclusion t ! /ate ( consci\sness express$ by ',i am non-kn[+1' has = its object a non- k :i* is a positive entity4--,b1 a ,nesci5ce :i* is a positive entity1 contradicts ! witness+ consci\sness1 ^: nature consi/s 9 ! light+ up ( ! tru? ( ?+s6 ,n s1 we reply4 ,witness+ consci\sness has = its object n ! true nature ( ?+s1 b ,nesci5ce2 = o!rwise ! light+ up 7i4e4 ! consci\sness7 ( false ?+s c\ld n take place4 ,k :i* has = its object non-k 7,nesci5ce71 does n put an end to t non-k4 ,h5ce !re is no contradiction 7betwe5 kaitanya & ajana74--,b1 a new objection is rais$1 ?is positive entity1 ,nesci5ce1 becomes an object ( witness+ ,consci\sness1 only 9 s f> z x 7,nesci5ce7 is def9$ by "s p>ticul> object 7viz4 ! p>ticul> ?+ :i* is n kn[n71 & su* objects dep5d = _! pro( on ! diff]5t means ( k4 ,h[ !n c t ,nesci5ce1 :i* is def9$ by ! ',i' 7z express$ e4 g4 9 ! judgm5t1 ',i d n "k myself'71 become ! object ( witness+ ,consci\sness8--,!re is no difficulty "h1 we reply4 ,all ?+s :atsoev] are objects ( ,consci\sness1 ei!r z ?+s kn[n or z ?+s n kn[n4 ,b :ile ! m$iation ( ! means ( k is requir$ 9 ! case ( all ^? ?+s :i*1 z be+ non-intellig5t 7jada71 c be prov$ only 9 s f> z be+ objects kn[n 7?r\gh "s means ( k71 su* m$iation is n requir$ 9 ! case ( ! intellig5t 7ajada7 inn] ,self :i* proves itself4 ,consci\sness ( ,nesci5ce is ?us possible 9 all cases 7includ+ ! case ',i d n "k myself'71 s9ce witness+ ,consci\sness always gives def9ition to ,nesci5ce4--,f all ?is x foll[s t1 ?r\gh ,p]ception confirm$ by ,reason+1 we appreh5d ,nesci5ce z a positive entity4 ,?is ,nesci5ce1 view$ z a positive entity1 is also prov$ by ,inf]5ce1 viz4 9 ! foll[+ =m3 ,all k e/abli%$ by "o ( ! diff]5t means ( pro( is prec$$ by some?+ else1 :i* is diff]5t f ! m]e antec$5t non- exi/5ce ( k2 :i* hides ! object ( k2 :i* is t]m9at$ by k2 & :i* exi/s 9 ! same place z k2 because k possesses ! prop]ty ( illum9+ ?+s n illum9$ be=e2--j z ! light ( a lamp lit 9 ! d>k illum9es ?+s4--,nor mu/ y object to ?is inf]5ce on ! gr\nd t d>kness is n a sub/ance1 b r ! m]e abs5ce ( light1 or else ! abs5ce ( visual p]ception ( =m & col\r1 & t h5ce d>kness _c be br\ght =w>d z a simil> in/ance prov+ ,nesci5ce to be a positive entity4 ,= t ,d>kness mu/ be consid]$ a positive sub/ance foll[s1 fir/ly1 f its be+ m or less d5se1 & secondly1 f its be+ p]ceiv$ z hav+ col\r4 ,to all ?is we make ! foll[+ reply4 ,nei!r ,p]ception alone1 nor ,p]ception aid$ by ,reason+1 reveals to u a positive entity1 ,nesci5ce1 z impli$ 9 judgm5ts su* z ',i am non-kn[+1' ',i "k nei!r myself nor o!rs4' ,! contradiction :i* 0 urg$ above aga9/ ! view ( non-k be+ ! antec$5t non-exi/5ce ( k1 pres5ts itself equally 9 connexion ) non-k view$ z a positive entity4 ,= "h ! foll[+ alt]native pres5ts itself--! inn] ,reality is ei!r kn[n or n kn[n z t :i* gives def9ition to ,nesci5ce by be+ ei!r its object or its sub/rate4 ,if x be ?us kn[n1 !n !re is 9 x no room = ,nesci5ce :i* is said to be t :i* is put an end to by ! cognition ( ! true nature ( ! ,inn] ,reality4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x be n ?us kn[n1 h[ %\ld !re be a consci\sness ( ,nesci5ce 9 ! abs5ce ( t :i* def9es x1 viz4 k ( ! sub/rate or ( ! object ( ,nesci5ce8--,let x !n be said t :at is contradictory to non-k is ! cle> pres5tation ( ! nature ( ! inn] ,self1 & t 7:ile !re is consci\sness ( ajna7 we h only an obscure pres5tation ( ! nature ( ! ,self2 ?+s be+ ?us1 !re is no contradiction betwe5 ! cognition ( ! sub/rate & object ( ,nesci5ce on ! "o side1 & ! consci\sness ( ajna on ! o!r4--,well1 we reply1 all ?is holds good on our side also4 ,ev5 if ajna means antec$5t non-exi/5ce ( k1 we c say t k ( ! sub/rate & object ( non-k has = its object ! ,self pres5t$ obscurely only2 & ?us !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 our views--unless y *oose to be ob/9ate6 ,:e!r we view non-k z a positive entity or z ! antec$5t non-exi/5ce ( k1 9 ei!r case x comes out z :at ! ^w indicates1 viz4 non-k4 ,non-k means ei!r abs5ce ( k1 or t :i* is o!r ?an k1 or t :i* is contradictory to k2 & 9 any ( ^! cases we h to admit t non-k presupposes ! cognition ( ! nature ( k4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! cognition ( ! nature ( d>kness %\ld n require ! k ( ! nature ( light1 yet :5 d>kness is consid]$ "u ! aspect ( be+ contr>y to light1 ?is presupposes ! cognition ( light4 ,& ! non-k held by y is nev] kn[n 9 its own nature b m]ely z 'non-k1' & x !re=e presupposes ! cognition ( k no less ?an our view does1 accord+ to :i* non-k is simply ! negation ( k4 ,n[ antec$5t non-exi/5ce ( k is admitt$ by y also1 & is an und\bt$ object ( consci\sness2 ! "r conclusion !re=e is t :at we are consci\s ( 9 su* judgm5ts z ',i am non-kn[+1' c41 is ?is v antec$5t non-exi/5ce ( k :i* we bo? admit4 ,x1 moreov]1 is impossible to ascribe to ,brahman1 ^: nature is con/itut$ by et]nal free self-lum9\s intellig5ce1 ! consci\sness ( ,nesci5ce2 = :at con/itutes its ess5ce is consci\sness ( itself4 ,if aga9/ ?is y urge t ,brahman1 al?\gh hav+ consci\sness ( ,self = its ess5tial nature1 yet is consci\s ( non-k 9 s f> z its 7,brahman's7 nature is hidd52 we ask 9 return :at we h to und]/& by ,brahman's nature be+ hidd54 ,y w p]haps say '! fact ( its n be+ illum9$4' ,b h[1 we ask1 c !re be abs5ce ( illum9ation ( ! nature ( t ^: v nature consi/s 9 consci\sness ( ,self1 i4e4 self-illum9ation8 ,if y reply t ev5 t ^: nature is consci\sness ( ,self may be 9 ! /ate ( its nature n be+ illum9$ by an outside ag5cy1 we po9t out t z accord+ to y light _c be consid]$ u an attribute1 b con/itutes ! v nature ( ,brahman1 x w\ld-- illum9ation com+ f an ext]nal ag5cy--foll[ t ! v nature ( ,brahman c be de/roy$ f ! outside4 ,?is we h already rem>k$4--,fur!r1 y\r view implies on ! "o h& t ?is non- k :i* is ! cause ( ! concealm5t ( ,brahman's nature hides ,brahman 9 s f> z ,brahman is consci\s ( x1 & on ! o!r h& t hav+ hidd5 ,brahman1 x becomes ! object ( consci\sness on ! "p ( ,brahman2 & ?is evid5tly con/itutes a logical see-saw4 ,y w p]haps say ,,footnote #aaa3a t x hides ,brahman 9 s f> only z ,brahman is consci\s ( x4 ,b1 we po9t out1 if ! consci\sness ( ajna takes place on ! "p ( a ,brahman ^: nature is n hidd51 ! :ole hypo!sis ( ! 'hid+' ( ,brahman's nature loses its purport1 & ) x ! fundam5tal hypo!sis z to ! nature ( ajnna2 = if ,brahman may be consci\s ( ajnna 7)\t a previ\s obscuration ( its nature by ajnna7 x may z well be held to be 9 ! same way consci\s ( ! _w1 :i*1 by y1 is consid]$ to be an effect ( ajnna4 ,h[1 fur!r1 d y conceive ?is consci\sness ( ajnna on ,brahman's "p8 ,is x due to ,brahman itself1 or to some?+ else8 ,9 ! =m] case ?is consci\sness w\ld result f ,brahman's ess5tial nature1 & h5ce !re w\ld nev] be any ,release4 ,or else1 consci\sness ( ajnna con/itut+ ! nature ( ,brahman1 :i* is admitt$ly pure consci\sness1 9 ! same way z ! consci\sness ( false silv] is t]m9at$ by t cognition :i* sublates ! silv]1 s "s t]m9at+ act ( cognition w\ld ev5tually put an end to ,brahman's ess5tial nature itself4--,on ! second alt]native we ask :at t some?+ else %\ld be4 ,if y reply 'ano!r ajnna1' we are l$ into a regressus 9 inf9itum4--,let x !n be said ,,footnote #aab3a t ajnna hav+ fir/ hidd5 ,brahman !n becomes ! object ( its consci\sness4 ,?is1 we rejo91 w\ld imply t ajnna act+ l a defect ( ! eye by its v ess5tial be+ hides ,brahman1 & !n ajnna c\ld n be sublat$ by k4 ,let u !n put ! case z foll[s3--,ajnna1 :i* is by itself beg9n+less1 at ! v same "t effects ,brahman's witness+ x 7be+ consci\s ( x71 & ,brahman's nature be+ hidd52 9 ?is way ! regressus 9 inf9itum & o!r difficulties w be avoid$4--,b ?is also we _c admit2 = ,brahman is ess5tially consci\sness ( ,self1 & _c become a witness+ pr9ciple unless its nature be previ\sly hidd54--,let !n ,brahman be hidd5 by "s o!r cause6--,?is1 we rejo91 w\ld take away f ajnna its alleg$ beg9n+lessness1 & fur!r w\ld also lead to an inf9ite regress4 ,& if ,brahman 7 assum$ to become a witness1 )\t its ess5tial nature be+ hidd51 x c\ld n possess--:at yet x is ma9ta9$ to possess--! uni=m "* ( consci\sness ( ,self4--,if1 moreov]1 ,brahman is hidd5 by avidy1 does x !n n %9e =? at all1 or does x %9e =? to "s ext5t8 ,on ! =m] alt]native ! n %9+ =? ( ,brahman--^: nature is m]e light-- r$uces x to an absolute non-entity4 ,reg>d+ ! latt] alt]native we ask1 '( ,brahman1 :i* is ( an absolutely homog5e\s nature1 :i* "p d y consid] to be conceal$1 & :i* to %9e =?8' ,to t sub/ance :i* is pure light1 free f all division & di/9ction1 !re _c belong two modes ( be+1 & h5ce obscuration & light _c abide 9 x toge!r4--,let u !n say t ,brahman1 :i* is homog5e\s be+1 intellig5ce1 bliss1 has its nature obscur$ by avidy1 & h5ce is se5 indi/9ctly z x 74--,b h[1 we ask1 are we to conceive ! di/9ctness or indi/9ctness ( t ^: nature is pure light8 ,:5 an object ( light :i* has p>ts & di/+ui%+ attributes appe>s 9 its totality1 we say t x appe>s di/9ctly2 :ile we say t its appe>ance is indi/9ct :5 "s ( its attributes d n appe>4 ,n[ 9 ^? aspects ( ! ?+ :i* d n appe>1 light 7illum9ation7 is abs5t altoge!r1 & h5ce we _c !re speak ( indi/9ctness ( light2 9 ^? p>ts on ! o!r h& :i* d appe>1 ! light ( :i* !y are ! object is di/9ct4 ,indi/9ctness is ?us n possible at all :]e !re is light4 ,9 ! case ( su* ?+s z are appreh5d$ z objects1 indi/9ctness may take place1 viz4 9 s f> z "s ( _! di/+ui%+ attributes are n appreh5d$4 ,b 9 ,brahman1 :i* is n an object1 )\t any di/+ui%+ attributes1 pure light1 ! ess5tial nature ( :i* x is to %9e =?1 indi/9ctness :i* consi/s 9 ! non-appreh5sion ( c]ta9 attributes c 9 no way be conceiv$1 & h5ce n be expla9$ z ! effect ( avidy4 ,we1 moreov]1 mu/ ask ! foll[+ "q3 ',is ?is indi/9ctness :i* y consid] an effect ( avidy put an end to by ! rise ( true k or n8' ,on ! latt] alt]native !re w\ld be no f9al release4 ,9 ! =m] case we h to ask ( :at nature ,reality is4 ',x is ( an ess5tially cle> & di/9ct nature4' ,does ?is nature !n exi/ previ\sly 7to ! cessation ( indi/9ctness71 or n8 ,if x does1 !re is no room :atev] ei!r = indi/9ctness ! effect ( avidy1 or = its cessation4 ,if x does n previ\sly exi/1 !n ,release discloses itself z some?+ to be effect$1 & !re=e non- et]nal4--,& t su* non-k is impossible because !re is no def9able sub/rate = x we h %[n above4--,he1 moreov]1 :o holds ! !ory ( error re/+ on a non-real defect1 w f9d x difficult to prove ! impossibility ( error be+ )\t any sub/rate2 =1 if ! cause ( error may be unreal1 error may be suppos$ to take place ev5 9 case ( its sub/rate be+ unreal4 ,& ! consequ5ce ( ?is w\ld be ! !ory ( a g5]al ,void4 ,! ass]tion1 aga91 t non-k z a positive entity is prov$ by ,inf]5ce1 also is gr\ndless4 ,b ! inf]5ce 0 actually set =?6--,true2 b x 0 set =? badly4 ,= ! reason y employ$ = prov+ ajna is a s-call$ contradictory "o 7i4e4 x proves ! contr>y ( :at x is meant to prove71 9 s f> z x proves :at is n desir$ & :at is diff]5t f ajna 7= :at x proves is t !re is a c]ta9 k1 viz4 t all k re/+ on valid means ( pro( has non-k = its antec$5t74 7,& ) reg>d to ?is k aga9 we mu/ ask :e!r x also has non- k = its antec$5t47 ,if ! reason 7reli$ on 9 all ?is argum5tation7 does n prove1 9 ?is case also1 ! antec$5t exi/5ce ( positive non-k1 x is too g5]al 7& h5ce n to be tru/$ 9 any case74 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x does prove antec$5t non-k1 !n ?is latt] non-k /&s 9 ! way ( ! non-k 7:i* y try to prove by inf]5ce7 be+ an object ( consci\sness1 & ?us ! :ole supposition ( ajna z an entity becomes useless4 ,! prov+ in/ance1 moreov]1 adduc$ by our oppon5t1 has no prov+ p[]2 = ! light ( a lamp does n possess ! prop]ty ( illum9+ ?+s n illum9$ be=e4 ,ev]y:]e illum9+ p[] belongs to k only2 !re may be light1 b if !re is n also ,k !re is no light+ up ( objects4 ,! s5ses also are only causes ( ! orig9ation ( k1 & possess no illum9+ p[]4 ,! function ( ! light ( ! lamp on ! o!r h& is a m]ely auxili>y "o1 9 s f> z x dispels ! d>kness antagoni/ic to ! organ ( sight :i* gives rise to k2 & x is only ) a view to ?is auxili>y action t illum9+ p[] is conv5tionally ascrib$ to ! lamp4--,b 9 us+ ! light ( ! lamp z a prov+ in/ance1 we did n mean to ma9ta9 t x possesses illum9+ p[] equal to t ( light2 we introduc$ x m]ely ) ref]5ce to ! illum9+ p[] ( k1 9 s f> z prec$$ by ! removal ( :at obscures its object6--,we refuse to accept ?is explanation4 ,illum9+ p[] does n only mean ! dispell+ ( :at is antagoni/ic to x1 b also ! def9+ ( ?+s1 i4e4 ! r5d]+ !m capable ( be+ objects ( empirical ?\ght & spee*2 & ?is belongs to k only 7n to ! light ( ! lamp74 ,if y all[ ! p[] ( illum9+ :at 0 n illum9$1 to auxili>y factors also1 y mu/ fir/ ( all all[ x to ! s5ses :i* are ! mo/ em95t factors ( t k9d2 & z 9 _! case !re exi/s no diff]5t ?+ to be t]m9at$ by _! activity1 7i4e4 no?+ analog\s to ! ajna to be t]m9at$ by k71 ?is :ole argum5tation is beside ! po9t4 ,!re are also =mal inf]5ces1 oppos$ to ! conclusion ( ! prvapak%94--,( ! ajna "u discussion1 ,brahman1 :i* is m]e k1 is n ! sub/rate1 j because x is ajna2 z %[n by ! case ( ! non-k ( ! %ell 7mi/ak5 = silv]7 & simil> cases2 = su* non-k abides )9 ! kn[+ subject4-- ,! ajna "u discussion does n obscure k1 j because x is ajna2 z %[n by ! cases ( ! %ell1 c42 = su* non- k hides ! object4--,ajna is n t]m9at$ by k1 because x does n hide ! object ( k2 :atev] non-k is t]m9at$ by k1 is su* z to hide ! object ( k2 z e4g4 ! non-k ( ! %ell4--,brahman is n ! sub/rate ( ajna1 because x is devoid ( ! "* ( kn[+ subject2 l j>s & simil> ?+s4--,brahman is n hidd5 by ajna1 because x is n ! object ( k2 :atev] is hidd5 by non-k is ! object ( k2 s e4g4 %ells & simil> ?+s4--,brahman is n connect$ ) non-k to be t]m9at$ by k1 because x is n ! object ( k2 :atev] is connect$ ) non-k to be t]m9at$ by k is an object ( k2 z e4g4 %ells & ! l4 ,k bas$ on valid means ( pro(1 has n = its antec$5t1 non-k o!r ?an ! antec$5t non-exi/5ce ( k2 j because x is k bas$ on valid pro(2 l t valid k :i* proves ! ajna ma9ta9$ by y4--,k does n de/roy a real ?+1 because x is k 9 ! abs5ce ( "s specific p[] /r5g!n+ x2 :atev] is capable ( de/roy+ ?+s is--:e!r x be k or ajna--/r5g!n$ by "s specific p[]2 z e4g4 ! k ( ! ,"l & ( ,yog9s2 & z ! ajna consi/+ 9 a pe/le 7! bl[ ( :i* de/roys ! pot74 ,ajna :i* has ! "* ( a positive entity _c be de/roy$ by k2 j because x is a positive entity1 l j>s & simil> ?+s4 ,b1 x n[ may be said1 we obs]ve t fe> & o!r affections1 :i* are positive entities & produc$ by previ\s cognitions1 are de/roy$ by sublative acts ( cognition6--,n s1 we reply4 ,^? affections are n de/roy$ by k2 !y r pass away by !mselves1 be+ ( a mom5t>y 7tempor>y7 nature only1 & on ! cessation ( _! cause !y d n arise aga94 ,t !y are ( a mom5t>y nature only1 foll[s f _! be+ obs]v$ only 9 imm$iate connexion ) ! causes ( _! orig9ation1 & n o!rwise4 ,if !y 7 n ( a tempor>y nature1 ea* elem5t ( ! /ream ( cognitions1 :i* are ! cause ( fe> & ! l1 w\ld give rise to a sep>ate feel+ ( fe>1 & ! result w\ld be t !re w\ld be consci\sness ( _m di/9ct feel+s ( fe> 7& ?is we "k n to be ! case74--,9 conclusion we rem>k t 9 def9+ "r k z 't :i* has = its antec$5t ano!r entity1 diff]5t f its own antec$5t non-exi/5ce1' y d n give pro( ( v em95t logical acut5ess2 = :at s5se has x to pr$icate ( an entity t x is diff]5t f non5tity8--,= all ^! reasons ,inf]5ce also does n prove an ajna :i* is a positive entity4 ,& t x is n prov$ by ,scripture & ar?patti1 w be %[n lat] on4 ,& ! reason+ "u ,s4 ,,ii1 #a1 #d4 w dispose ( ! argum5t :i* ma9ta9s t ( a false ?+ ! sub/antial cause also mu/ be false4 ,we ?us see t !re is no cognition ( any k9d :i* has = its object a ,nesci5ce ( 'inexplicable' nature4--,nor c su* an inexplicable entity be admitt$ on ! gr\nd ( appreh5sion1 errone\s appreh5sion & sublation 7cp4 above1 p4 #ajb74 ,= t only :i* is actually appreh5d$1 c be ! object ( appreh5sion1 error & sublation1 & we h no "r to assume1 z an object ( ^! /ates ( consci\sness1 some?+ :i* is appreh5d$ nei!r by !m nor any o!r /ate ( consci\sness4--',b 9 ! case ( ! %ell1 c41 silv] is actually appreh5d$1 & at ! same "t !re arises ! sublat+ consci\sness ?is silv] is n real1 & x is n possible t "o ?+ %\ld appe> z ano!r2 we !re=e are driv5 to ! hypo!sis t ow+ to "s defect1 we actually appreh5d silv] ( an altoge!r peculi> k9d1 viz4 su* z c be def9$ nei!r z real nor z unreal4'--,?is also we _c all[1 s9ce ?is v assumption necess>ily implies t "o ?+ appe>s z ano!r4 ,= appreh5sion1 activity1 sublation1 & errone\s cognition1 all result only f "o ?+ appe>+ z ano!r1 & x is n reasonable to assume some?+ altoge!r non-p]ceiv$ & gr\ndless4 ,! silv]1 :5 appreh5d$1 is n appreh5d$ z some?+ 'inexplicable1' b z some?+ real2 7 x appreh5d$ "u ! =m] aspect x c\ld be ! object nei!r ( errone\s nor ( sublative cognition1 nor w\ld ! appreh5d+ p]son endeav\r to seize x4 ,= ^! reasons y 7! anirva-kaniyatva-vd97 also mu/ admit t ! actual process is t ( "o ?+ appe>+ z ano!r4 ,^? also :o hold o!r !ories z to ! k9d ( cognition "u discussion 7( :i* ! %ell1 mi/ak5 = silv]1 is an in/ance7 mu/--:atsoev] ef=t !y may make to avoid x--admit t _! !ory f9ally implies ! appe>+ ( "o ?+ z ano!r4 ,! s- call$ asatkhyti-view implies t ! non-exi/+ appe>s z exi/+2 ! tmakhyti-view1 t ! ,self--:i* "h means 'cognition'-- appe>s z a ?+2 & ! akhyti-view1 t ! attribute ( "o ?+ appe>s z t ( ano!r1 t two acts ( cognition appe> z "o1 &--on ! view ( ! non-exi/5ce ( ! object--t ! non- exi/+ appe>s z exi/+ ,,footnote #aah3a4 ,moreov]1 if y say t !re is orig9at$ silv] ( a totally new inexplicable k9d1 y are b\nd to assign ! cause ( ?is orig9ation4 ,?is cause _c be ! p]ception ( ! silv]2 = ! p]ception has ! silv] = its object1 & h5ce has no exi/5ce be=e ! orig9ation ( ! silv]4 ,& %\ld y say t ! p]ception1 hav+ aris5 )\t an object1 produces ! silv] & !reupon makes x its object1 we truly d n "k :at to say to su* excell5t reason+6--,let x !n be said t ! cause is "s defect 9 ! s5se-organ4--,?is1 too1 is inadmissible2 = a defect abid+ 9 ! p]cipi5t p]son _c produce an objective effect4--,nor c ! organs ( s5se 7ap>t f defects7 give rise to ! silv]2 = !y are causes ( cognitions only 7n ( ?+s cognis$74 ,nor1 aga91 ! s5se-organs 9 s f> z modifi$ by "s defect2 = !y also c only produce modifications 9 :at is effect$ by !m1 i4e4 cognition4 ,& ! hypo!sis ( a beg9n+less1 false ajna con/itut+ ! g5]al mat]ial cause ( all errone\s cognitions has be5 refut$ above4 ,h[ is x1 moreov]1 t ?is new & inexplicable ?+ 7:i* y assume to acc\nt = ! silv] p]ceiv$ on ! %ell7 becomes to u ! object ( ! idea & ^w 'silv]1' & n ( "s o!r idea & t]m1 e4g4 ( a j>8--,if y reply t ?is is due to its simil>ity to silv]1 we po9t out t 9 t case ! idea & ! ^w pres5t+ !mselves to our m9d %\ld be t ( 'some?+ resembl+ silv]4' ,%\ld y1 on ! o!r h&1 say t we appreh5d ! ?+ z silv] because x possesses ! g5]ic *>act]i/ics ( silv]1 we ask :e!r ^! g5]ic *>act]i/ics are real or unreal4 ,! =m] alt]native is impossible1 because some?+ real _c belong to :at is unreal2 & ! latt] is impossible because some?+ unreal _c belong to :at is real4 ,b we ne$ n ext5d any fur!r ?is refutation ( an altoge!r ill- f\nd$ !ory4 ,,footnote #ajb3a4 ',nesci5ce' is sublat$ 7refut$7 by ! cognition ( ,brahman1 & !reby %[n to h be5 ! object ( errone\s cognition3 x ?us _c be 'be+1' i4e4 real4 ,nor c x be altoge!r unreal1 'non-be+1' because 9 t case x c\ld n be ! object ei!r ( m5tal appreh5sion or ( sublation4 ,,footnote #ajf3a4 ,if ! imp]fection inh]+ 9 ,consci\sness is itself ( ! nature ( consci\sness1 & at ! same "t unreal1 we %\ld h to di/+ui% two k9ds ( ,consci\sness--:i* is contr>y to ! fundam5tal doctr9e ( ! on5ess ( ,consci\sness4 ,& if1 on ! o!r h&1 we %\ld say t ! ,consci\sness 9 :i* ! imp]fection inh]es is ( ! same nature z ! latt]1 i4e4 unreal1 we are l&$ 9 ! view ( univ]sal unreality4 ,,footnote #aaa3a4 ,all[+ ! =m] view ( ! "q only4 ,,footnote #aab3a4 ,adopt+ ! latt] view only2 see prec$+ note4 ,,footnote #aah3a4 ,= a full explanation ( ! nature ( ^! 'khytis1' see ,a4 ,v5is' translation ( ! ,v$nta ,siddhnta ,muktvali 7,repr9t f ! ,p&it1 p4 #acj ff474 ,all k is ( ! ,real4 ',^? :o und]/& ! ,v$a hold t all cognition has = its object :at is real2 = ,sruti & ,smriti alike tea* t ev]y?+ p>ticipates 9 ! nature ( ev]y?+ else4 ,9 ! scriptural acc\nt ( creation prec$$ by int5tion on ! "p ( ! ,creator x is said t ea* ( ^! elem5ts 0 made trip>tite2 & ?is trip>tite con/itution ( all ?+s is appreh5d$ by ,p]ception z well4 ,! r$ col\r 9 burn+ fire comes f 7primal elem5t>y7 fire1 ! :ite col\r f wat]1 ! black col\r f e>?--9 ?is way ,scripture expla9s ! ?reefold nature ( burn+ fire4 ,9 ! same way all ?+s are compos$ ( elem5ts ( all ?+s4 ,! ,vi%nu ,purna1 9 its acc\nt ( creation1 makes a simil> /atem5t3 ,! elem5ts possess+ v>i\s p[]s & be+ unconnect$ c\ld n1 )\t comb9ation1 produce liv+ be+s1 n hav+ m+l$ 9 any way4 ,hav+ comb9$1 !re=e1 ) "o ano!r1 & ent]+ into mutual associations-- beg9n+ ) ! pr9ciple call$ ,mahat1 & ext5d+ d[n to ! gross elem5ts--!y =m$ an egg1 c4 7,vi4 ,pu4 ,i1 #b1 #ej2 #eb74 ,?is trip>tit5ess ( ! elem5ts ! ,strakra also decl>es 7,ve4 ,s4 ,,iii1 #a1 #c74 ,= ! same reason ,sruti enjo9s ! use ( ,putka spr\ts :5 no ,soma c be procur$2 =1 z ! ,mmmsakas expla91 !re are 9 ! ,putka plant "s p>ts ( ! ,soma plant 7,p4 ,m4 ,s472 & = ! same reason nvra gra9s may be us$ z a sub/itute = rice gra9s4 ,t ?+ is simil> to ano!r :i* conta9s )9 itself "s "p ( t o!r ?+2 & ,scripture itself has ?us /at$ t 9 %ells1 c41 !re is conta9$ "s silv]1 & s on4 ,t "o ?+ is call$ silv] & ano!r %ell has its reason 9 ! relative prepond]ance ( "o or ! o!r elem5t4 ,we obs]ve t %ells are simil> to silv]2 ?us p]ception itself in=ms u t "s elem5ts ( ! latt] actually exi/ 9 ! =m]4 ,sometimes x happ5s t ow+ to a defect ( ! eye ! silv]-elem5t only is appreh5d$1 n ! %ell-elem5t1 & !n ! p]cipi5t p]son1 desir\s ( silv]1 moves to pick up ! %ell4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 8 eye is free f su* defect1 he appreh5ds ! %ell-elem5t & !n refra9s f action4 ,h5ce ! cognition ( silv] 9 ! %ell is a true "o4 ,9 ! same way ! relation ( "o cognition be+ sublat$ by ano!r expla9s itself ?r\gh ! prepond]ant elem5t1 accord+ z ! prepond]ance ( ! %ell-elem5t is appreh5d$ p>tially or 9 its totality1 & does n !re=e dep5d on "o cognition hav+ = its object ! false ?+ & ano!r ! true ?+4 ,! di/9ctions made 9 ! practical ?\ght & bus9ess ( life ?us expla9 !mselves on ! basis ( ev]y?+ p>ticipat+ 9 ! nature ( ev]y?+ else4' ,9 dreams1 aga91 ! div9ity creates1 9 accordance ) ! m]it or dem]it ( liv+ be+s1 ?+s ( a special nature1 subsi/+ = a c]ta9 "t only1 & p]ceiv$ only by ! individual s\l = :i* !y are meant4 ,9 agreem5t h]e) ,scripture says1 ) ref]5ce to ! /ate ( dream+1 ',!re are no *>iots 9 t /ate1 no horses1 no roads2 !n he creates *>iots1 horses1 & roads4 ,!re are no delights1 no joys1 no bliss2 !n he creates delights1 joys1 & bliss4 ,!re are no tanks1 no lakes1 no riv]s2 !n he creates tanks1 lakes1 & riv]s4 ,= he is ! mak]' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #c1 #aj74 ,! mean+ ( ?is is1 t al?\gh !re are !n no *>iots1 c41 to be p]ceiv$ by o!r p]sons1 ! ,"l creates su* ?+s to be p]ceiv$ by ! dream+ p]son only4 ',= he is ! mak]'2 = su* creative ag5cy belongs to him :o possesses ! wond]ful p[] ( mak+ all 8 wi%es & plans to come true4 ,simil>ly ano!r passage1 ',t p]son :o is awake 9 ^? :o are asleep1 %ap+ "o lovely sight aft] ano!r1 t inde$ is ! ,bright1 t is ,brahman1 t alone is call$ ! ,immortal4 ,all worlds are conta9$ 9 x1 & no "o goes beyond x' 7,ka4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #e1 #h74--,! ,strakra also1 aft] hav+ 9 two ,stras 7,,iii1 #b1 #a2 #b7 /at$ ! hypo!sis ( ! individual s\l creat+ ! objects appe>+ 9 dreams1 f9ally decides t t wond]ful creation is produc$ by ! ,"l = ! b5efit ( ! individual dream]2 = ! reason t z long z ! individual s\l is 9 ! samsra /ate1 its true nature--compris+ ! p[] ( mak+ its wi%es to come true--is n fully manife/$1 & h5ce x _c practically ex]cise t p[]4 ,! la/ clause ( ! ,ka?a text 7'all worlds are conta9$ 9 x1' c47 cle>ly %[s t ! highe/ ,self only is ! creator meant4 ,t ! dream+ p]son :o lies 9 8 *amb] %\ld g 9 8 body to o!r c\ntries & exp]i5ce v>i\s results ( 8 m]it or dem]it--be+ at "o "t cr[n$ a k+1 hav+ at ano!r "t 8 head cut (f1 & s on--is possible 9 s f> z !re is creat$ = him ano!r body 9 e way resembl+ ! body re/+ on ! b$4 ,! case ( ! :ite %ell be+ se5 z yell[1 expla9s itself z foll[s4 ,! visual rays issu+ f ! eye are 9 contact ) ! bile conta9$ 9 ! eye1 & !reupon ent] into conjunction ) ! %ell2 ! result is t ! :it5ess belong+ to ! %ell is ov]p[]$ by ! yell[ness ( ! bile1 & h5ce n appreh5d$2 ! %ell ?us appe>s yell[1 j z if x 7 gilt4 ,! bile & its yell[ness is1 ow+ to its exce$+ t5uity1 n p]ceiv$ by ! by/&]s2 b ?9 ?\gh x be x is appreh5d$ by ! p]son suff]+ f jaundice1 to :om x is v ne>1 9 s f> z x issues f 8 own eye1 & ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ! visual rays1 aid$ by ! action ( ! impression produc$ on ! m9d by t appreh5sion1 x is appreh5d$ ev5 9 ! di/ant object1 viz4 ! %ell4--,9 an analog\s way ! cry/al :i* is plac$ ne> ! rose is appreh5d$ z r$1 = x is ov]p[]$ by ! brilliant col\r ( ! rose2 ! brilliancy ( ! rose is p]ceiv$ 9 a m di/9ct way ow+ to its close conjunction ) ! transp>5t sub/ance ( ! cry/al4--,9 ! same way ! cognition ( wat] 9 ! mirage is true4 ,!re always exi/s wat] 9 connexion ) light & e>?2 b ow+ to "s defect ( ! eye ( ! p]ceiv+ p]son1 & to ! my/]i\s influ5ce ( m]it & dem]it1 ! light & ! e>? are n appreh5d$1 :ile ! wat] is appreh5d$4--,9 ! case aga9 ( ! firebr& swung r\nd rapidly1 its appe>ance z a fi]y :eel expla9s itself ?r\gh ! circum/ance t mov+ v rapidly x is 9 conjunction ) all po9ts ( ! circle describ$ )\t our be+ able to appreh5d ! int]vals4 ,! case is analog\s to t ( ! p]ception ( a real :eel2 b !re is ! diff]5ce t 9 ! case ( ! :eel no int]vals are appreh5d$1 because !re are none2 :ile 9 ! case ( ! firebr& none are appreh5d$ ow+ to ! rapidity ( ! movem5t4 ,b 9 ! latt] case also ! cognition is true4--,aga91 9 ! case ( mirrors & simil> reflect+ surfaces ! p]ception ( "o's own face is likewise true4 ,! fact is t ! motion ( ! visual rays 7proce$+ f ! eye t[>ds ! mirror7 is rev]s$ 7reflect$7 by ! mirror1 & t ?us ^? rays appreh5d ! p]son's own face1 subsequ5tly to ! appreh5sion ( ! surface ( ! mirror2 & z 9 ?is case also1 ow+ to ! rapidity ( ! process1 !re is no appreh5sion ( any int]val 7betwe5 ! mirror & ! face71 ! face pres5ts itself z be+ 9 ! mirror4--,9 ! case ( "o direction be+ mi/ak5 = ano!r 7z :5 a p]son ?9ks ! s\? to be :]e ! nor? is71 ! fact is t1 ow+ to ! unse5 pr9ciple 7i4 e4 m]it or dem]it71 ! direction :i* actually exi/s 9 ! o!r direction 7= a po9t :i* is to ! nor? ( me is to ! s\? ( ano!r po9t7 is appreh5d$ by itself1 ap>t f ! o!r elem5ts ( direction2 ! appreh5sion :i* actually takes place is ?us likewise true4 ,simil> is ! case ( ! d\ble moon4 ,"h1 ei!r ?r\gh pressure ( ! f+] ^u ! eye1 or ow+ to "s abnormal affection ( ! eye1 ! visual rays are divid$ 7split71 & ! d\ble1 mutually indep5d5t app>atus ( vision ?us orig9at+1 becomes ! cause ( a d\ble appreh5sion ( ! moon4 ,"o app>atus appreh5ds ! moon 9 h] prop] place2 ! o!r :i* moves some:at obliquely1 appreh5ds at fir/ a place close by ! moon1 & !n ! moon h]self1 :i* ?us appe>s some:at remov$ f h] prop] place4 ,al?\gh1 !re=e1 :at is appreh5d$ is ! "o moon di/+ui%$ by connection ) two places at ! same "t--an appreh5sion due to ! d\ble app>atus ( vision--yet1 ow+ to ! diff]5ce ( appreh5sions1 !re is a diff]5ce 9 ! "* ( ! object appreh5d$1 & an abs5ce ( ! appreh5sion ( unity1 & ?us a d\ble moon pres5ts itself to p]ception4 ,t ! second spot is view$ z qualify+ ! moon1 is due to ! circum/ance t ! appreh5sion ( t spot1 & t ( ! moon :i* is n appreh5d$ 9 h] prop] place1 are simultane\s4 ,n[ "h ! d\bl5ess ( ! app>atus is real1 & h5ce ! appreh5sion ( ! moon di/+ui%$ by connexion ) two places is real also1 & ow+ to ?is d\bl5ess ( appreh5sion1 ! d\bl5ess ( aspect ( ! object appreh5d$1 i4e4 ! moon1 is likewise real4 ,t !re is only "o moon con/itut+ ! true object ( ! d\ble appreh5sion1 ?is is a matt] = :i* ocul> p]ception by itself does n suffice1 & h5ce :at is actually se5 is a d\ble moon4 ,t1 al?\gh ! two eyes toge!r con/itute "o visual app>atus only1 ! visual rays be+ divid$ ?r\gh "s defect ( ! eyes1 give rise to a d\ble app>atus--?is we inf] f ! effect actually obs]v$4 ,:5 t defect is remov$ !re takes place only "o appreh5sion ( ! moon z connect$ ) h] prop] place1 & ?us ! idea ( "o moon only arises4 ,x is at ! same "t q cle> h[ ! defect ( ! eye gives rise to a d\ble visual app>atus1 ! latt] to a d\ble appreh5sion1 & ! latt] aga9 to a d\bl5ess ( ! object ( appreh5sion4 ,we h ?us prov$ t all cognition is true4 ,! %ortcom+s ( o!r views z to ! nature ( cognition h be5 set =? at l5g? by o!r philosoph]s1 & we !re=e d n ent] on t topic4 ,:at ne$ is !re1 9 fact1 ( l5g?y pro(s8 ,^? :o ackn[l$ge ! validity ( ! diff]5t means ( k1 p]ception1 & s on1 &-- :at is v\*$ = by sacr$ tradition--! exi/5ce ( a highe/ ,brahman--free f all %ad[ ( imp]fection1 ( measureless excell5ce1 compris+ )9 itself numb]less auspici\s qualities1 all-kn[+1 imm$iately realis+ all its purposes--1 :at %\ld !y n be able to prove8 ,t holy highe/ ,brahman--:ile produc+ ! entire _w z an object ( fruition = ! individual s\ls1 9 agreem5t ) _! respective good & ill des]ts--creates c]ta9 ?+s ( su* a nature z to become common objects ( consci\sness1 ei!r pleasant or unpleasant1 to all s\ls toge!r1 :ile c]ta9 o!r ?+s are creat$ 9 su* a way z to be p]ceiv$ only by p>ticul> p]sons1 & to p]si/ = a limit$ "t only4 ,& x is ?is di/9ction--viz4 ( ?+s t are objects ( g5]al consci\sness1 & ( ?+s t are n s--:i* makes ! diff]5ce betwe5 :at is call$ '?+s sublat+' & '?+s sublat$4'--,ev]y?+ is expla9$ h]eby4 ,nei!r ,scripture nor ,smriti & ,purna tea* ,nesci5ce4 ,! ass]tion t ,nesci5ce--to be def9$ nei!r z t :i* is nor z t :i* is n--re/s on ! au?ority ( ,scripture is untrue4 ,9 passages su* z 'hidd5 by ! untrue' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #c1 #b71 ! ^w 'untrue' does n d5ote ! ,undef9able2 x r means t :i* is diff]5t f 'rita1' & ?is latt] ^w--z we see f ! passage 'enjoy+ ! rita' 7,ka4 ,up4 #a1c1 #a7--;d5otes su* actions z aim at no worldly end1 b only at ! propitiation ( ! highe/ ,p]son1 & ?us enable ! devotee to rea* him4 ,! ^w 'anrita' !re=e d5otes actions ( a diff]5t k9d1 i4e4 su* z aim at worldly results & ?us /& 9 ! way ( ! s\l rea*+ ,brahman2 9 agreem5t ) ! passage '!y d n f9d t ,brahma-_w1 = !y are c>ri$ away by anrita' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #c1 #b74 ,aga91 9 ! text ',!n !re 0 nei!r non-,be+ nor ,be+' 7,ri4 ,samh4 ,x1 #abi1 #a71 ! t]ms 'be+' & 'non-be+' d5ote intellig5t & non-intellig5t be+s 9 _! di/ributive /ate4 ,:at t text aims at /at+ is t intellig5t & non-intellig5t be+s1 :i* at ! "t ( ! orig9ation ( ! _w are call$ 'sat' & 'tyat' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #f71 are1 dur+ ! p]iod ( reabsorption1 m]g$ 9 ! collective totality ( non-intellig5t matt] :i* ! text d5otes by ! t]m 'd>kness' 7,ri4 ,samh4 ,x1 #abi1 #c74 ,!re is ?us no ref]5ce :atev] to some?+ 'n def9able ei!r z be+ or non-be+'3 ! t]ms 'be+' & 'non-be+' are appli$ to diff]5t mode2 ( be+ at diff]5t times4 ,t ! t]m 'd>kness' d5otes ! collective totality ( non-intellig5t matt] appe>s f ano!r scriptural passage1 viz1 ',! ,non-evolv$ 7avyaktam7 is m]g$ 9 ! ,imp]i%able 7ak%>a71 ! ,imp]i%able 9 d>kness 7tamas71 d>kness becomes "o ) ! highe/ div9ity4' ,true1 ! ^w 'd>kness' d5otes ! subtle condition ( primeval matt] 7prakriti71 :i* =ms ! totality ( non- intellig5t ?+s2 b ?is v ,prakriti is call$ ,my--9 ! text ',"k ,prakriti to be ,my1' & ?is proves x be some?+ 'undef9able'3 ,n s1 we reply2 we meet ) no passages :]e ! ^w ',my' d5otes t :i* is undef9able4 ,b ! ^w ',my' is synonym\s ) 'mi?y1' i4e4 falsehood1 & h5ce d5otes ! ,undef9able also4 ,?is1 too1 we _c admit2 = ! ^w ',my' does n 9 all places ref] to :at is false2 we see x appli$ e4g4 to su* ?+s z ! weapons ( ,asuras & ,rk%asas1 :i* are n 'false' b real4 ',my1' 9 su* passages1 really d5otes t :i* produces v>i\s wond]ful effects1 & x is 9 ?is s5se t ,prakriti is call$ ,my4 ,?is appe>s f ! passage 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #i7 ',f t ! my9 creates all ?is1 & 9 t ! o!r "o is b\nd up by my4' ,= ?is text decl>es t ,prakriti--!re call$ ,my--produces manifold wond]ful creations1 & ! highe/ ,p]son is !re call$ 'my9' because he possesses t p[] ( my2 n on acc\nt ( any ignorance or nesci5ce on 8 "p4 ,! latt] "p ( ! text expressly says t 7n ! ,"l b7 ano!r "o1 i4e4 ! individual s\l is b\nd up by my2 & !re) agrees ano!r text1 viz4 ',:5 ! s\l slumb]+ 9 beg9n+less ,my awakes' 7,gaud4 ,k474 ,aga91 9 ! text ',indra goes multi=m ?r\gh ! ,mys' 7,ri4 ,samh4 ,,vi1 #dg1 #ah71 ! manifold p[]s ( ,indra are spok5 (1 & ) ?is agrees :at ! next v]se says1 'he %9es greatly z ,tva%tri'3 = an unreal be+ does n %9e4 ,& :]e ! text says 'my ,my is h>d to ov]come' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,vii1 #ad71 ! qualification giv5 !re to ,my1 viz4 'consi/+ ( ! gunas1' %[s t :at is meant is ,prakriti consi/+ ( ! ?ree gunas4--,all ?is %[s t ,scripture does n tea* ! exi/5ce ( a 'pr9ciple call$ ,nesci5ce1 n to be def9$ ei!r z t :i* is or t :i* is n4' ,nor aga9 is su* ,nesci5ce to be assum$ = ! reason t o!rwise ! scriptural /atem5ts ( ! unity ( all be+ w\ld be unmean+4 ,= if ! text ',?\ art t1' be view$ z tea*+ ! unity ( ! individual s\l & ! highe/ ,self1 !re is c]ta9ly no reason1 f\nd$ on unmean+ness1 to ascribe to ,brahman1 intimat$ by ! ^w 't'--:i* is all-kn[+1 c4--,nesci5ce1 :i* is contradictory to ,brahman's nature4--,itihsa & ,purna also d n any:]e tea* t to ,brahman !re belongs ,nesci5ce4 ,b1 an objection is rais$1 ! ,vi%nu ,purna1 9 ! sloka1 ',! />s are ,vi%nu1' c4 7,,ii1 #ab1 #ch71 fir/ ref]s to ,brahman z "o only1 & compris+ all ?+s )9 itself2 !reupon /ates 9 ! next sloka t ?is entire _w1 ) all its di/9ctions ( hills1 oceans1 c41 is sprung out ( ! 'ajna' ( ,brahman1 :i* 9 itself is pure 'jna1' i4e4 k2 !reupon confirms ! view ( ! _w hav+ sprung f ajna by ref]r+ to ! fact t ,brahman1 :ile abid+ 9 its own nature1 is free f all diff]5ce 7sl4 #dj72 proves 9 ! next two slokas ! non-reality ( plurality by a consid]ation ( ! ?+s ( ?is _w2 sums up1 9 ! foll[+ sloka1 ! unreality ( all t is diff]5t f ,brahman2 !n 7#dc7 expla9s t action is ! root ( t ajna :i* causes u to view ! "o uni=m ,brahman z manifold2 !reupon decl>es ! intellig5ce con/itut+ ,brahman's nature to be free f all di/9ction & imp]fection 7#dd72 & f9ally tea*es 7#de7 t ,brahman s con/itut$1 alone is truly real1 :ile ! s- call$ reality ( ! _w is m]ely conv5tional4--,?is is n1 we reply1 a true repres5tation ( ! drift ( ! passage4 ,! passage at ! outset /ates t1 9 addition to ! detail$ description ( ! _w giv5 be=e1 !re w n[ be giv5 a succ9ct acc\nt ( ano!r aspect ( ! _w n yet t\*$ ^u4 ,?is acc\nt has to be und]/ood z foll[s4 ,( ?is univ]se1 compris+ intellig5t & non- intellig5t be+s1 ! intellig5t "p--:i* is n to be rea*$ by m9d & spee*1 to be kn[n 9 its ess5tial nature by ! ,self only1 &1 ow+ to its purely intellig5tial "*1 n t\*$ by ! diff]5ces due to ,prakriti--is1 ow+ to its imp]i%able nature1 d5ot$ z t :i* is2 :ile ! non-intellig5t1 mat]ial2 "p :i*1 9 consequ5ce ( ! actions ( ! intellig5t be+s und]goes manifold *anges1 & ?us is p]i%able1 is d5ot$ z t :i* is n4 ,bo? p>ts1 h[ev]1 =m ! body ( ,vsudeva1 i4e4 ,brahman1 & h5ce h ,brahman = _! ,self4 ,! text !re=e says 7#cg71 ',f ! wat]s :i* =m ! body ( ,vi%nu 0 produc$ ! lotus-%ap$ e>?1 ) its seas & m\nta9s'3 :at is meant is t ! entire ,brahma-egg :i* has aris5 f wat] con/itutes ! body ( :i* ,vi%nu is ! s\l4 ,?is relation ( s\l & body =ms ! basis ( ! /atem5ts ( co-ord9ation made 9 ! next sloka 7#ch71 ',! />s are ,vi%nu1' c42 ! same relation _h be5 already decl>$ 9 num]\s previ\s passages ( ! ,purna 7'all ?is is ! body ( ,h>i1' c474 ,all ?+s 9 ! _w1 :e!r !y are or are n1 are ,vi%nu's body1 & he is _! s\l4 ,( ! next sloka1 ',because ! ,"l has k = 8 ess5tial nature1' ! mean+ is ',because ( ! ,"l :o abides z ! ,self ( all individual s\ls1 ! ess5tial nature is k only--:ile bodies div9e1 human1 c41 h no "p 9 x--1 !re=e all non-intellig5t ?+s1 bodies human & div9e1 hills1 oceans1 c41 spr+ f 8 k1 i4e4 h _! root 9 ! actions spr++ f ! volitions ( m51 gods1 c41 9 ^: v>i\s =ms ! fundam5tal intellig5ce manife/s itself4 ,& s9ce non-intellig5t matt] is subject to *anges correspond+ to ! actions ( ! individual s\ls1 x may be call$ 'non-be+1' :ile ! s\ls are 'be+4'--,?is ! next sloka fur!r expla9s ':5 k is pure1' c4 ,! mean+ is ':5 ! works :i* are ! cause ( ! di/9ction ( ?+s are de/roy$1 !n all ! di/9ctions ( bodies1 human or div9e1 hills1 oceans1 c4--all :i* are objects ( fruition = ! diff]5t individual s\ls--pass away4' ,non-intellig5t matt]1 z ent]+ into v>i\s /ates ( a non-p]man5t nature1 is call$ 'non-be+'2 :ile s\ls1 ! nature ( :i* consi/s 9 p]man5t k1 are call$ 'be+4' ,on ?is diff]5ce ! next sloka insi/s 7#da74 ,we say 'x is' ( t ?+ :i* is ( a p]man5tly uni=m nature1 n connect$ ) ! idea ( beg9n+1 middle & end1 & :i* h5ce nev] becomes ! object ( ! notion ( non-exi/5ce2 :ile we say 'x is n' ( non-intellig5t matt] :i* con/antly passes ov] into diff]5t /ates1 ea* lat] /ate be+ out ( connexion ) ! e>li] /ate4 ,! con/ant *anges to :i* non- intellig5t matt] is liable are illu/rat$ 9 ! next sloka1 ',e>? is made into a j>1' c4 ,& = ?is reason1 ! subsequ5t sloka goes on to say t !re is no?+ b k4 ,?is fundam5tal k or intellig5ce is1 h[ev]1 v>i\sly connect$ ) manifold individual =ms ( be+ due to k>man1 & h5ce ! text adds3 ',! "o intellig5ce is 9 _m ways connect$ ) be+s ^: m9ds diff]1 ow+ to ! diff]5ce ( _! own acts' 7sl #dc1 second half74 ,intellig5ce1 pure1 free f /a9 & grief1 c41 :i* con/itutes ! intellig5t elem5t ( ! _w1 & un9tellig5t matt]--^! two toge!r con/itute ! _w1 & ! _w is ! body ( ,vsudeva2 su* is ! purport ( sloka #dd4--,! next sloka sums up ! :ole doctr9e2 ! words 'true & untrue' !re d5ote :at 9 ! prec$+ v]ses _h be5 call$ 'be+' & 'non-be+'2 ! second half ( ! sloka ref]s to ! practical plurality ( ! _w z due to k>man4 ,n[ all ^! slokas d n conta9 a s+le ^w support+ ! doctr9e ( a ,brahman free f all diff]5ce2 ( a pr9ciple call$ ,nesci5ce abid+ )9 ,brahman & to be def9$ nei!r z t :i* is nor z t :i* is n2 & ( ! _w be+ wrongly imag9$1 ow+ to ,nesci5ce4 ,! expressions 't :i* is' & 't :i* is n' 7sl #ce71 & 'satya' 7true7 & 'asatya' 7untrue2 sl #de71 c 9 no way d5ote some?+ n to be def9$ ei!r z be+ or non-be+4 ,by 't :i* is n' or ':i* is untrue1' we h to und]/& n :at is undef9able1 b t :i* has no true be+1 9 s f> z x is *angeable & p]i%able4 ,( ?is "* is all non-intellig5t matt]4 ,?is also appe>s f ! in/ance adduc$ 9 sl #db3 ! j> is some?+ p]i%able1 b n a ?+ devoid ( pro( or to be sublat$ by true k4 ',non-be+' we may call x1 9 s f> z :ile x is obs]v$ at a c]ta9 mom5t 9 a c]ta9 =m x is at "s o!r mom5t obs]v$ 9 a diff]5t condition4 ,b !re is no contradiction betwe5 two diff]5t conditions ( a ?+ :i* are p]ceiv$ at diff]5t times2 & h5ce !re is no reason to call x some?+ futile 7tu**a7 or false 7mi?y71 c4 ,scripture does n tea* t ,release is due to ! k ( a non- qualifi$ ,brahman4--! mean+ ( 'tat tvam asi4' ,nor c we admit ! ass]tion t ,scripture tea*es ! cessation ( avidy to spr+ only f ! cognition ( a ,brahman devoid ( all diff]5ce4 ,su* a view is cle>ly negativ$ by passages su* z ! foll[+3 ',i "k t great p]son ( sun-l lu/re beyond d>kness2 kn[+ him a man becomes immortal1 !re is no o!r pa? to g' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #h72 ',all mom5ts sprang f lightn+1 ! ,p]son--none is "l ov] him1 8 "n is great glory--!y :o "k him become immortal' 7,mahn4 ,up4 ,i1 #h-aa74 ,= ! reason t ,brahman is *>act]is$ by diff]5ce all ,v$ic texts decl>e t f9al release results f ! cognition ( a qualifi$ ,brahman4 ,& t ev5 ^? texts :i* describe ,brahman by means ( negations really aim at sett+ =? a ,brahman possess+ attributes1 we h already %[n above4 ,9 texts1 aga91 su* z ',?\ art t1' ! co-ord9ation ( ! con/itu5t p>ts is n meant to convey ! idea ( ! absolute unity ( a non-diff]5c$ sub/ance3 on ! contr>y1 ! words 't' & '?\' d5ote a ,brahman di/+ui%$ by diff]5ce4 ,! ^w 't' ref]s to ,brahman omnisci5t1 c41 :i* _h be5 introduc$ z ! g5]al topic ( consid]ation 9 previ\s passages ( ! same section1 su* z ',x ?\ght1 may ,i be _m'2 ! ^w '?\1' :i* /&s 9 co- ord9ation to 't1' conveys ! idea ( ,brahman 9 s f> z hav+ = its body ! individual s\ls connect$ ) non-intellig5t matt]4 ,?is is 9 accordance ) ! g5]al pr9ciple t co-ord9ation is meant to express "o ?+ subsi/+ 9 a tw(old =m4 ,if su* d\bl5ess ( =m 7or "*7 7 ab&on$1 !re c\ld be no diff]5ce ( aspects giv+ rise to ! application ( diff]5t t]ms1 & ! entire pr9ciple ( co-ord9ation w\ld ?us be giv5 up4 ,& x w\ld fur!r foll[ t ! two words co-ord9at$ w\ld h to be tak5 9 an impli$ s5se 7in/ead ( _! prim>y direct mean+74 ,nor is !re any ne$ ( our assum+ implication 7lak%an7 9 s5t5ces ,,footnote #acj3a su* z '?is p]son is t ,devadatta 7kn[n to me f =m] occasions7'2 = !re is no contradiction 9 ! cognition ( ! on5ess ( a ?+ connect$ ) ! pa/ on ! "o h&1 & ! pres5t on ! o!r1 ! contradiction t arises f diff]5ce ( place be+ remov$ by ! accompany+ diff]5ce ( "t4 ,if ! text ',?\ art t' 7 meant to express absolute on5ess1 x w\ld1 moreov]1 conflict ) a previ\s /atem5t 9 ! same section1 viz4 ',x ?\ght1 may ,i be _m'2 &1 fur!r1 ! promise 7also made 9 ! same section7 t by ! k ( "o ?+ all ?+s are to be kn[n c\ld n be consid]$ z fulfill$4 ,x1 moreov]1 is n possible 7:ile1 h[ev]1 x w\ld result f ! absolute on5ess ( 'tat' & 'tvam'7 t to ,brahman1 ^: ess5tial nature is k1 :i* is free f all imp]fections1 omnisci5t1 compris+ )9 itself all auspici\s qualities1 !re %\ld belong ,nesci5ce2 & t x %\ld be ! sub/rate ( all ^? defects & afflictions :i* spr+ f ,nesci5ce4 ,if1 fur!r1 ! /atem5t ( co-ord9ation 7'?\ art t'7 7 meant to sublate 7! previ\sly exi/+ wrong notion ( plurality71 we %\ld h to admit t ! two t]ms 't' & '?\' h an impli$ mean+1 viz4 9 s f> z d5ot+1 on ! "o h&1 "o sub/rate only1 &1 on ! o!r1 ! cessation ( ! diff]5t attributes 7directly express$ by ! two t]ms72 & ?us implication & ! o!r %ortcom+s m5tion$ above w\ld cl+ to ?is int]pretation z well4 ,& !re w\ld be ev5 fur!r difficulties4 ,:5 we =m ! sublative judgm5t '?is is n silv]1' ! sublation is f\nd$ on an indep5d5t positive judgm5t1 viz4 '?is is a %ell'3 9 ! case "u discussion1 h[ev]1 ! sublation w\ld n be kn[n 7?r\gh an indep5d5t positive judgm5t71 b w\ld be assum$ m]ely on ! gr\nd t x _c be help$4 ,&1 fur!r1 !re is really no possibility ( sublation1 s9ce ! ^w 't' does n convey ! idea ( an attribute 9 addition to ! m]e sub/rate4 ,to ?is x mu/ n be object$ t ! sub/rate 0 previ\sly conceal$1 & t h5ce x is ! special function ( ! ^w 't' to pres5t ! sub/rate 9 its non-conceal$ aspect2 = if1 previ\sly to ! sublative judgm5t1 ! sub/rate 0 n evid5t 7z an object ( consci\sness71 !re is no possibility ( its becom+ ! object ei!r ( an error or its sublation4--,nor c we all[ y to say t1 previ\sly to sublation1 ! sub/rate 0 non-conceal$ 9 s f> z 7i4 e4 0 kn[n z7 ! object ( error1 = 9 its 'non-conceal$' aspect ! sub/rate is oppos$ to all error1 & :5 t aspect %9es =? !re is no room ei!r = error or sublation4--,! outcome ( ?is is t z long z y d n admit t !re is a real attribute 9 addition to ! m]e sub/rate1 & t ?is attribute is = a "t hidd51 y _c %[ ! possibility ei!r ( error or sublation4 ,we add an illu/rative in/ance4 ,t ) reg>d to a man !re %\ld arise ! error t he is a m]e l[-ca/e hunt] is only possible on condition ( a real additional attribute--e4g4 ! man's pr9cely bir?--be+ hidd5 at ! "t2 & ! cessation ( t error is br\ght ab\t by ! decl>ation ( ?is attribute ( pr9cely bir?1 n by a m]e decl>ation ( ! p]son be+ a man3 ?is latt] fact be+ evid5t ne$ n be decl>$ at all1 & if x is decl>$ x sublates no error4--,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! text is und]/ood to ref] to ,brahman z hav+ ! individual s\ls = its body1 bo? words 7't' & '?\'7 keep _! prim>y d5otation2 &1 ! text ?us mak+ a decl>ation ab\t "o sub/ance di/+ui%$ by two aspects1 ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( 'co-ord9ation' is pres]v$1 ,on ?is int]pretation ! text fur!r intimates t ,brahman--free f all imp]fection & compris+ )9 itself all auspici\s qualities--is ! int]nal rul] ( ! individual s\ls & possesses lordly p[]4 ,x moreov] satisfies ! dem& ( agreem5t ) ! tea*+ ( ! previ\s "p ( ! section1 & x also fulfils ! promise z to all ?+s be+ kn[n ?r\gh "o ?+1 viz4 9 s f> z ,brahman hav+ = its body all intellig5t & non-intellig5t be+s 9 _! gross /ate is ! effect ( ,brahman hav+ = its body ! same ?+s 9 _! subtle /ate4 ,& ?is int]pretation f9ally avoids all conflict ) o!r scriptural passages1 su* z ',him ! great ,"l1 ! highe/ ( ,lords' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #g72 ',8 high p[] is reveal$ z manifold' 7ibid4 ,,vi1 #h72 ',he t is free f s91 ^: wi%es are true1 ^: purposes are true' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #g1 #a71 & s on4 ,b h[1 a "q may be ask$1 c we decide1 on y\r int]pretation ( ! text1 :i* ( ! two t]ms is meant to make an orig9al ass]tion ) reg>d to ! o!r8--,! "q does n arise1 we reply2 = ! text does n mean to make an orig9al ass]tion at all1 ! tru? :i* x /ates hav+ already be5 e/abli%$ by ! prec$+ clause1 ',9 t all ?is _w has its ,self4' ,?is clause does make an orig9al /atem5t--9 agreem5t ) ! pr9ciple t ',scripture has a purport ) reg>d to :at is n e/abli%$ by o!r means'--t is1 x pr$icates ( 'all ?is1' i4e4 ?is entire _w toge!r ) all individual s\ls1 t 't1' i4e4 ,brahman is ! ,self ( x4 ,! reason ( ?is ! text /ates 9 a previ\s passage1 ',all ^! creatures h _! root 9 t :i* is1 _! dwell+ & _! re/ 9 t :i* is'2 a /atem5t :i* is illu/rat$ by an e>li] "o 7belong+ to a diff]5t section71 viz4 ',all ?is is ,brahman2 let a man m$itate ) calm m9d on ?is _w z beg9n+1 end+1 & brea?+ 9 ,brahman' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii4 #ad1 #a74 ,simil>ly o!r texts also tea* t ! _w has its ,self 9 ,brahman1 9 s f> z ! :ole aggregate ( intellig5t & non-intellig5t be+s con/itutes ,brahman's body4 ,comp>e ',abid+ )91 ! rul] ( be+s1 ! ,self ( all'2 ',he :o dwells 9 ! e>?1 diff]5t f ! e>?1 :om ! e>? does n "k1 ^: body ! e>? is1 :o rules ! e>? )9--he is ?y ,self1 ! rul] )91 ! immortal4 ,he :o dwells 9 ! ,self1'c4 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #g1c2 #bb72 ',he :o mov+ )9 ! e>?1 & s on--^: body is dea?1 :om dea? does n "k1 he is ! ,self ( all be+s1 free f s91 div9e1 ! "o ,god1 ,nryana' 7,subl4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #a72 ',hav+ creat$ t he ent]$ into x2 hav+ ent]$ x he became sat & tyat' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #f74 ,& also 9 ! section "u discussion ! passage ',hav+ ent]$ into !m ) ?is liv+ ,self let me evolve names & =ms1' %[s t x is only ?r\gh ! ent]+ into !m ( ! liv+ s\l ^: ,self is ,brahman1 t all ?+s possess _! sub/antiality & _! connexion ) ! words d5ot+ !m4 ,& z ?is passage mu/ be und]/ood 9 connexion ) ,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #f 7:]e ! 'sat' d5otes ! individual s\l7 x foll[s t ! individual s\l also has ,brahman = its ,self1 ow+ to ! fact ( ,brahman hav+ ent]$ into x4--,f all ?is x foll[s t ! entire aggregate ( ?+s1 intellig5t & non- intellig5t1 has its ,self 9 ,brahman 9 s f> z x con/itutes ,brahman's body4 ,& z1 ?us1 ! :ole _w diff]5t f ,brahman d]ives its sub/antial be+ only f con/itut+ ,brahman's body1 any t]m d5ot+ ! _w or some?+ 9 x conveys a mean+ :i* has its prop] consummation 9 ,brahman only3 9 o!r words all t]ms :atsoev] d5ote ,brahman 9 s f> z di/+ui%$ by ! diff]5t ?+s :i* we associate ) ^? t]ms on ! basis ( ord9>y use ( spee* & etymology4--,! text 't art ?\' we !re=e und]/& m]ely z a special expression ( ! tru? already prop\nd$ 9 ! clause '9 t all ?is has its ,self4' ,?is be+ s1 x appe>s t ^? z well :o hold ! !ory ( ! absolute unity ( "o non-diff]5c$ sub/ance1 z ^? :o tea* ! doctr9e ( bh$bh$a 7co-exi/+ diff]5ce & non-diff]5ce71 & ^? :o tea* ! absolute diff]5ce ( sev]al sub/ances1 give up all ^? scriptural texts :i* tea* t ,brahman is ! univ]sal ,self4 ,) reg>d to ! fir/-m5tion$ doctr9e1 we ask 'if !re is only "o sub/ance2 to :at c ! doctr9e ( univ]sal id5tity ref]8'--,! reply w p]haps be 'to t v same sub/ance4'--,b1 we reply1 ?is po9t is settl$ already by ! texts def9+ ! nature ( ,brahman ,,footnote #acd3a1 & !re is no?+ left to be det]m9$ by ! passages decl>+ ! id5tity ( ev]y?+ ) ,brahman4--,b ^? texts s]ve to dispel ! idea ( fictiti\s diff]5ce6--,?is1 we reply1 _c1 z has be5 %[n above1 be effect$ by texts /at+ univ]sal id5tity 9 ! way ( co-ord9ation2 & /atem5ts ( co- ord9ation1 moreov]1 introduce into ,brahman a d\bl5ess ( aspect1 & ?us contradict ! !ory ( absolute on5ess4--,! bh$bh$a view implies t ow+ to ,brahman's connexion ) limit+ adjuncts 7updhi7 all ! imp]fections result+ !refrom--& :i* av[$ly belong to ! individual s\l--w\ld manife/ !mselves 9 ,brahman itself2 & z ?is contradicts ! doctr9e t ! ,self ( all is con/itut$ by a ,brahman free f all imp]fection & compris+ )9 itself all auspici\s qualities1 ! texts convey+ t doctr9e w\ld h to be disreg>d$4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! !ory be held 9 t =m t 'bh$bh$a' belongs to ,brahman by its own nature 7n only ow+ to an updhi71 ! view t ,brahman by its ess5tial nature appe>s z individual s\l1 implies t imp]fections no less ?an p]fections are ess5tial to ,brahman1 & ?is is 9 conflict ) ! texts tea*+ t ev]y?+ is id5tical ) ,brahman free f all imp]fections4--,= ^? f9ally :o ma9ta9 absolute diff]5ce1 ! doctr9e ( ,brahman be+ ! ,self ( all has no mean+ :atsoev]--= ?+s absolutely diff]5t c 9 no way be "o--& ?is implies ! ab&onm5t ( all ,v$nta-texts toge!r4 ,^?1 on ! o!r h&1 :o take _! /& on ! doctr9e1 proclaim$ by all ,upani%ads1 t ! entire _w =ms ! body ( ,brahman1 may accept 9 _! fulness all ! texts tea*+ ! id5tity ( ! _w ) ,brahman4 ,= z g5us 7jti7 & quality 7guna71 s sub/ances 7dravya7 also may occupy ! position ( det]m9+ attributes 7vise%ana71 9 s f> namely z !y con/itute ! body ( some?+ else4 ,enunciations su* z '! ,self 7s\l7 is1 accord+ to its works1 born ei!r 7z7 a god1 or a man1 or a horse1 or a bull1' %[ t 9 ord9>y spee* z well z 9 ! ,v$a co-ord9ation has to be tak5 9 a real prim>y 7n impli$7 s5se4 ,9 ! same way x is also 9 ! case ( g5]ic "* & ( qualities ! relation ( 'mode' only 79 :i* g5]ic "* & qualities /& to sub/ances7 :i* det]m9es /atem5ts ( co-ord9ation1 su* z '! ox is brok5-horn$1' '! clo? is :ite4' ,& z mat]ial bodies be>+ ! g5]ic m>ks ( humanity are def9ite ?+s1 9 s f> only z !y are modes ( a ,self or s\l1 enunciations ( co-ord9ation su* z '! s\l has be5 born z a man1 or a eunu*1 or a woman1' are 9 e way appropriate4 ,:at det]m9es /atem5ts ( co-ord9ation is ?us only ! relation ( 'mode' 9 :i* "o ?+ /&s to ano!r1 n ! relation ( g5]ic "*1 quality1 & s on1 :i* are ( an exclusive nature 7& _c !re=e be exhibit$ 9 co-ord9ation ) sub/ances74 ,su* words inde$ z d5ote sub/ances capable ( subsi/+ by !mselves occasionally take suffixes1 indicat+ t ^? sub/ances =m ! di/+ui%+ attributes ( o!r sub/ances-- z :5 f d&a1 '/aff1' we =m d&91 '/aff-be>]'2 9 ! case1 on ! o!r h&1 ( sub/ances n capable ( subsi/+ & be+ appreh5d$ ap>t f o!rs1 ! fact ( _! hold+ ! position ( attributes is asc]ta9$ only f _! appe>+ 9 grammatical co- ord9ation4--,b1 an objection is rais$1 if x is suppos$ t 9 s5t5ces su* z '! ,self is born1 z god1 man1 animal1' c41 ! body ( a man1 god1 c41 /&s t[>ds ! ,self 9 ! relation ( a mode1 9 ! same way z 9 s5t5ces su* z '! ox is brok5-horn$1' '! clo? is :ite1' ! g5]ic *>act]i/ic & ! quality /& 9 ! relation ( modes to ! sub/ances 7'c[1' 'clo?'7 to :i* !y are grammatically co-ord9at$2 !n !re w\ld necess>ily be simultane\s cognition ( ! mode1 & t to :i* ! mode belongs1 i4e4 ( ! body & ! ,self2 j z !re is simultane\s cognition ( ! g5]ic "* & ! individual4 ,b z a matt] ( fact ?is is n ! case2 we d n necess>ily obs]ve a human1 div9e1 or animal body toge!r ) ! ,self4 ,! co-ord9ation express$ 9 ! =m '! ,self is a man1' is !re=e an 'impli$' "o only 7! /atem5t n admitt+ ( be+ tak5 9 its prim>y lit]al s5se74--,?is is n s1 we reply4 ,! relation ( bodies to ! ,self is /rictly analog\s to t ( class *>act]i/ics & qualities to ! sub/ances 9 :i* !y inh]e2 = x is ! ,self only :i* is _! sub/rate & _! f9al cause 7prayojana71 & !y are modes ( ! ,self4 ,t ! ,self only is _! sub/rate1 appe>s f ! fact t :5 ! ,self sep>ates itself f ! body ! latt] p]i%es2 t ! ,self alone is _! f9al cause1 appe>s f ! fact t !y exi/ to ! end t ! fruits ( ! actions ( ! ,self may be enjoy$2 & t !y are modes ( ! ,self1 appe>s f ! fact t !y are m]e attributes ( ! ,self manife/+ itself z god1 man1 or ! l4 ,^! are j ! circum/ances on acc\nt ( :i* words l 'c[' ext5d 9 _! mean+ 7beyond ! class *>act]i/ics7 s z to comprise ! individual also4 ,:]e ^? circum/ances are abs5t1 z 9 ! case ( /affs1 e>r+s1 & ! l1 ! attributive position is express$ 7n by co-ord9ation b7 by means ( special d]ivative =ms--su* z d&9 7/aff-be>]71 kundal9 7adorn$ ) e>r+s74 ,9 ! case ( bodies div9e1 human1 c41 on ! o!r h&1 ! ess5tial nature ( :i* x is to be m]e modes ( ! ,self :i* con/itutes _! sub/rate & f9al cause1 bo? ord9>y & ,v$ic language express ! relation subsi/+ betwe5 ! two1 9 ! =m ( co-ord9ation1 ',?is ,self is a god1 or a man1' c4 ,t class *>act]i/ics & individuals are inv>iably obs]v$ toge!r1 is due to ! fact ( bo? be+ objects ( visual p]ception2 ! ,self1 on ! o!r h&1 is n su*1 & h5ce is n appreh5d$ by ! eye1 :ile ! body is s appreh5d$4 ,nor mu/ y raise ! objection t x is h>d to und]/& h[ t :i* is capable ( be+ appreh5d$ by itself c be a m]e mode ( some?+ else3 = t ! body's ess5tial nature actually consi/s 9 be+ a m]e mode ( ! ,self is prov$--j z 9 ! case ( class *>act]i/ics & s on--by its hav+ ! ,self only = its sub/rate & f9al cause1 & /&+ to x 9 ! relation ( a di/+ui%+ attribute4 ,t two ?+s are inv>iably p]ceiv$ toge!r1 dep5ds1 z already obs]v$1 on _! be+ appreh5d$ by means ( ! same app>atus1 visual or o!rwise4 ,e>? is naturally connect$ ) smell1 ta/e1 & s on1 & yet ^! qualities are n p]ceiv$ by ! eye2 9 ! same way ! eye :i* p]ceives ! body does n p]ceive t ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( ! body :i* consi/s 9 its be+ a m]e mode ( ! ,self2 ! reason ( ! diff]5ce be+ t ! eye has no capacity to appreh5d ! ,self4 ,b ?is does n imply t ! body does n possess t ess5tial nature3 x r is j ! possession ( t ess5tial nature on :i* ! judgm5t ( co-ord9ation 7'! ,self is a man1 god1' c47 is bas$4 ,& z words h ! p[] ( d5ot+ ! relation ( some?+ be+ a mode ( ! ,self1 !y d5ote ?+s toge!r ) ?is relation4--,b 9 ord9>y spee* ! ^w 'body' is und]/ood to mean ! m]e body2 x does n !re=e ext5d 9 its d5otation up to ! ,self6--,n s1 we reply4 ,! body is1 9 reality1 no?+ b a mode ( ! ,self2 b1 = ! purpose ( %[+ ! di/9ction ( ?+s1 ! ^w 'body' is us$ 9 a limit$ s5se4 ,analog\sly words su* z ':it5ess1' 'g5]ic "* ( a c[1' 'species1''quality1' are us$ 9 a di/9ctive s5se 7al?\gh ':it5ess' is n f\nd ap>t f a :ite ?+1 ( :i* x is ! prakra1 & s on74 ,words su* z 'god1' 'man1' c41 !re=e d ext5d 9 _! connotation up to ! ,self4 ,& z ! individual s\ls1 di/+ui%$ by _! connexion ) aggregates ( matt] be>+ ! *>act]i/ic m>ks ( humanity1 div9e nature1 & s on1 con/itute ! body ( ! highe/ ,self1 & h5ce are modes ( x1 ! words d5ot+ ^? individual s\ls ext5d 9 _! connotation up to ! v highe/ ,self4 ,& z all intellig5t & non-intellig5t be+s are ?us m]e modes ( ! highe/ ,brahman1 & h reality !reby only1 ! words d5ot+ !m are us$ 9 co- ord9ation ) ! t]ms d5ot+ ,brahman4--,?is po9t has be5 demon/rat$ by me 9 ! ,v$r?asamgraha4 ,a ,stra also 7,,iv1 #a1 #c7 w decl>e ! id5tity ( ! _w & ,brahman to consi/ 9 ! relation ( body & ,self2 & ! ,vkyakra too says ',x is ! ,self--?us ev]y?+ %\ld be appreh5d$4' ,,footnote #acj3a4 ,:i* are alleg$ to prove t smndhik>anya is to be expla9$ on ! basis ( lak%an4 ,,footnote #acd3a4 ,su* z ',! ,true1 k1' c4 ,summ>y /atem5t z to ! way 9 :i* diff]5t scriptural texts are to reconcil$4 ,! :ole matt] may be summ>ily /at$ z foll[s4 ,"s texts decl>e a di/9ction ( nature betwe5 non-intellig5t matt]1 intellig5t be+s1 & ,brahman1 9 s f> z matt] is ! object ( enjoym5t1 ! s\ls ! enjoy+ subjects1 & ,brahman ! rul+ pr9ciple4 ',f t ! ,"l ( ,my creates all ?is2 9 t ! o!r "o is b\nd up ?r\gh t ,my' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #i72 ',"k ,prakriti to be ,my1 & ! great ,"l ! rul] ( ,my' 7#aj72 ',:at is p]i%able is ! ,pradhna1 ! immortal & imp]i%able is ,h>a3 ! "o ,god rules ! ,p]i%able & ! ,self' 7,svet ,up4 ,i1 #aj7--;,9 ?is la/ passage ! clause '! immortal & imp]i%able is ,h>a1' ref]s to ! enjoy+ individual s\l1 :i* is call$ ',h>a1' because x draws 7h>ati7 t[>ds itself ! pradhna z ! object ( its enjoym5t4--' ,he is ! cause1 ! "l ( ! lords ( ! organs1 & !re is ( him nei!r p>5t nor "l' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #i72 ',! ma/] ( ! pradhna & ( ! individual s\ls' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #af72 ',! rul] ( all1 ! "l ( ! ,selfs1 ! et]nal1 bless$1 undecay+ "o' 7,mahnr4 ,up4 ,,xi1 #c72 ',!re are two unborn ones1 "o kn[+1 ! o!r n kn[+1 "o a rul]1 ! o!r n a rul]' 7,svet4 ,up4 #a1 #i72 ',! et]nal among ! non-et]nal1 ! intellig5t "o among ! intellig5t1 :o ?\gh "o fulfils ! desires ( _m' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #ac72 ',kn[+ ! enjoy]1 ! object ( enjoym5t & ! ,mov]' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,i1 #ab72 ',"o ( !m eats ! sweet fruit1 ! o!r looks on )\t eat+' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #f72 ',?9k+ t ! ,self is diff]5t f ! ,mov]1 bless$ by him he rea*es ,immortality' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,i1 #f72 ',!re is "o unborn female be+1 r$1 :ite1 & black1 uni=m b produc+ manifold (fspr+4 ,!re is "o unborn male be+ :o loves h] & lies by h]2 !re is ano!r :o leaves h] aft] he has enjoy$ h]' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #e74 ',on ! same tree man1 imm]s$1 bewild]$1 grieves on acc\nt ( 8 impot5ce2 b :5 he sees ! o!r ,"l cont5t$ & kn[s 8 glory1 !n 8 grief passes away' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #i74--,smriti expresses itself simil>ly4--',?us eightfold is my nature divid$4 ,l[] is ?is ,nature2 o!r ?an ?is & high] "k t ,nature ( m9e :i* con/itutes ! individual s\l1 by :i* ?is _w is support$' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,vii1 #d1 #e74 ',all be+s at ! end ( a ,kalpa return into my ,nature1 & aga9 at ! beg9n+ ( a ,kalpa d ,i s5d !m =?4 ,re/+ on my own ,nature aga9 & aga9 d ,i s5d =? ?is entire body ( be+s1 :i* has no p[] ( its own1 be+ subject to ! p[] ( nature' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,ix1 #g1 #h72 ',) me z sup]visor ,nature br+s =? ! movable & ! immovable1 & = ?is reason ! _w ev] moves r\nd' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,ix1 #aj72 ',"k ?\ bo? ,nature & ! ,s\l to be )\t beg9n+' 7,,xiii1 #ai72 ',! great ,brahman is my womb1 9 :i* ,i place ! embryo1 & !nce !re is ! orig9 ( all be+s' 7,,xiv1 #c74 ,?is la/ passage means--! womb ( ! _w is ! great ,brahman1 i4e4 non- intellig5t matt] 9 its subtle /ate1 commonly call$ ,prakriti2 ) ?is ,i connect ! embryo1 i4e4 ! intellig5t pr9ciple4 ,f ?is contact ( ! non-intellig5t & ! intellig5t1 due to my w1 !re ensues ! orig9ation ( all be+s f gods d[n to lifeless ?+s4 ,non-intellig5t matt] & intellig5t be+s--hold+ ! relative positions ( objects ( enjoym5t & enjoy+ subjects1 & appe>+ 9 multif>i\s =ms--o!r scriptural texts decl>e to be p]man5tly connect$ ) ! highe/ ,p]son 9 s f> z !y con/itute 8 body1 & ?us are controll$ by him2 ! highe/ ,p]son ?us con/itut+ _! ,self4 ,comp>e ! foll[+ passages3 ',he :o dwells 9 ! e>? & )9 ! e>?1 :om ! e>? does n "k1 ^: body ! e>? is1 & :o rules ! e>? )91 he is ?y ,self1 ! rul] )91 ! immortal1' c4 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #g1 #c-bc72 ',he :o moves )9 ! e>?1 ^: body ! e>? is1 c42 he :o moves )9 dea?1 ^: body dea? is1' c47,subla ,up4 ,,vii1 #a74 ,9 ?is latt] passage ! ^w 'dea?' d5otes :at is also call$ 'd>kness1' viz4 non-intellig5t matt] 9 its subtle /ate2 z appe>s f ano!r passage 9 ! same ,upani%ad1'! ,imp]i%able is m]g$ 9 d>kness4' ,& comp>e also ',ent]$ )91 ! rul] ( creatures1 ! ,self ( all' 7,taitt4 r4 ,,iii1 #bd74 ,o!r texts1 aga91 aim at tea*+ t ! highe/ ,self to :om non- intellig5t & intellig5t be+s /& 9 ! relation ( body1 & h5ce ( modes1 subsi/s 9 ! =m ( ! _w1 9 its causal z well z 9 its effect$ aspect1 & h5ce speak ( ! _w 9 ?is its d\ble aspect z t :i* is 7! ,real72 s e4g4 ',be+ only ?is 0 9 ! beg9n+1 "o only )\t a second--x desir$1 may ,i be _m1 may ,i gr[ =?--x s5t =? fire1' c41 up to 'all ^! creatures h _! root 9 t :i* is1' c41 up to 't art ?\1 ,o ,svetaketu' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #b-h72 ',he wi%$1 may ,i be _m1' c41 up to 'x became ! true & ! untrue' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #f74 ,^! sections also ref] to ! ess5tial di/9ction ( nature betwe5 non-intellig5t matt]1 intellig5t be+s1 & ! highe/ ,self :i* is e/abli%$ by o!r scriptural texts2 s 9 ! ,*ndogya passage1 ',let me ent] ^? ?ree div9e be+s ) ?is liv+ ,self1 & let me !n evolve names & =ms'2 & 9 ! ,taitt4 passage1 ',hav+ s5t =? t he ent]$ into x2 hav+ ent]$ x he became sat & tyat1 k & 7:at is7 )\t k1 ! true & ! untrue1' c4 ,^! two passages evid5tly h ! same purport1 & h5ce ! s\l's hav+ its ,self 9 ,brahman--:i* view is impli$ 9 ! ,*4 passage--mu/ be und]/ood z re/+ !reon t ! s\ls 7toge!r1 ) matt]7 con/itute ! body ( ,brahman z ass]t$ 9 ! ,taitt4 passage 7'x became k & t :i* is )\t k1' i4e4 s\ls & matt]74 ,! same process ( evolution ( names & =ms is describ$ else:]e also1 ',all ?is 0 !n unevolv$2 x became evolv$ by =m & "n' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,i1 #d1 #g74 ,! fact is t ! highe/ ,self is 9 its causal or 9 its 'effect$' condition1 accord+ z x has = its body intellig5t & non-intellig5t be+s ei!r 9 _! subtle or _! gross /ate2 ! effect1 !n1 be+ non-diff]5t f ! cause1 & h5ce be+ cognis$ ?r\gh ! cognition ( ! cause1 ! result is t ! desir$ 'cognition ( all ?+s ?r\gh "o' c on our view be well e/abli%$4 ,9 ! clause ',i w ent] into ^! ?ree div9e be+s ) ?is liv+ ,self1' c41 ! t]m '! ?ree div9e be+s' d5otes ! entire aggregate ( non-s5ti5t matt]1 & z ! text decl>es t ! highe/ ,self evolv$ names & =ms by ent]+ into matt] by means ( ! liv+ s\ls ( :i* he is ! ,self1 x foll[s t all t]ms :atsoev] d5ote ! highe/ ,self z qualifi$ by individual ,selfs1 ! latt] aga9 be+ qualifi$ by non-s5ti5t matt]4 ,a t]m :i* d5otes ! highe/ ,self 9 its causal condition may !re=e be exhibit$ 9 co-ord9ation ) ano!r t]m d5ot+ ! highe/ ,self 9 its 'effect$' /ate1 bo? t]ms be+ us$ 9 _! prim>y s5ses4 ,brahman1 hav+ = its modes intellig5t & non- intellig5t ?+s 9 _! gross & subtle /ates1 ?us con/itutes effect & cause1 & ! _w ?us has ,brahman = its mat]ial cause 7updna74 ,nor does ?is give rise to any confusion ( ! ess5tial con/itu5t elem5ts ( ! great aggregate ( ?+s4 ,( "s p>ti- col\r$ piece ( clo? ! mat]ial cause is ?reads :ite1 r$1 black1 c42 all ! same1 ea* def9ite spot ( ! clo? is connect$ ) "o col\r only :ite e4g41 & ?us !re is no confusion ( col\rs ev5 9 ! 'effect$' condition ( ! clo?4 ,analog\sly ! comb9ation ( non-s5ti5t matt]1 s5ti5t be+s1 & ! ,"l con/itutes ! mat]ial cause ( ! _w1 b ?is does n imply any confusion ( ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( enjoy+ s\ls1 objects ( enjoym5t1 & ! univ]sal rul]1 ev5 9 ! _w's 'effect$' /ate4 ,!re is inde$ a diff]5ce betwe5 ! two cases1 9 s f> z ! ?reads are capable ( exi/+ ap>t f "o ano!r1 & are only occasionally comb9$ accord+ to ! volition ( m51 s t ! web sometimes exi/s 9 its causal1 sometimes 9 its effect$ /ate2 :ile non- s5ti5t matt] & s5ti5t be+s 9 all _! /ates =m ! body ( ! highe/ ,self1 & ?us h a be+ only z ! modes ( t--on :i* acc\nt ! highe/ ,self may1 9 all cases1 be d5ot$ by any t]m :atsoev]4 ,b ! two cases are analog\s1 9 s f> z !re p]si/s a di/9ction & abs5ce ( all confusion1 on ! "p ( ! con/itu5t elem5ts ( ! aggregate4 ,?is be+ ?us1 x foll[s t ! highe/ ,brahman1 al?\gh ent]+ into ! 'effect$' condition1 rema9s un*ang$--= its ess5tial nature does n become diff]5t-- & we also und]/& :at con/itutes its 'effect$' condition1 viz4 its abid+ z ! ,self ( non-intellig5t & intellig5t be+s 9 _! gross condition1 di/+ui%$ by "n & =m4 ,= becom+ an effect means ent]+ into ano!r /ate ( be+4 ,^? texts1 aga91 :i* speak ( ,brahman z devoid ( qualities1 expla9 !mselves on ! gr\nd ( ,brahman be+ free f all t\* ( evil4 ,= ! passage1 ,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #a1 #e--:i* at fir/ negatives all evil qualities 'free f s91 f old age1 f dea?1 f grief1 f hung] & ?ir/'1 & aft] t affirms auspici\s qualities '^: wi%es & purposes come true'--enables u to decide t 9 o!r places also ! g5]al d5ial ( qualities really ref]s to evil qualities only4--,passages :i* decl>e k to con/itute ! ess5tial nature ( ,brahman expla9 !mselves on ! gr\nd t ( ,brahman--:i* is all-kn[+1 all-p[]ful1 antagoni/ic to all evil1 a mass ( auspici\s qualities--! ess5tial nature c be def9$ z k 7intellig5ce7 only--:i* also foll[s f ! 'self- lum9\sness' pr$icat$ ( x4 ,texts1 on ! o!r h&1 su* z ',he :o is all-kn[+' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,i1 #a1 #i72 ',8 high p[] is reveal$ z manifold1 z ess5tial1 act+ z =ce & k' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #h72 ',:]eby %\ld he "k ! kn[]' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #d1 #ad71 tea* ! highe/ ,self to be a kn[+ subject4 ,o!r texts1 aga91 su* z ',! ,true1 k1 inf9ite is ,brahman' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a1 #a71 decl>e k to con/itute its nature1 z x c be d5n$ ?r\gh k only1 & is self-lum9\s4 ,& texts su* z ',he desir$1 may ,i be _m' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #f72 ',x ?\ght1 may ,i be _m2 x evolv$ itself ?r\gh "n & =m' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #b71 tea* t ,brahman1 ?r\gh its m]e wi%1 appe>s 9 manifold modes4 ,o!r texts1 aga91 negative ! opposite view1 viz4 t !re is a plurality ( ?+s n hav+ _! ,self 9 ,brahman4 ',f dea? to dea? goes he :o sees "h any plurality'2 ',!re is "h n any plurality' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #ai72 ',= :]e !re is duality z x 7' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #d1 #ad74 ,b ^! texts 9 no way negative t plurality ( modes--decl>$ 9 passages su* z ',may ,i be _m1 may ,i gr[ =?'--:i* spr+s f ,brahman's w1 & appe>s 9 ! di/9ction ( names & =ms4 ,?is is prov$ by clauses 9 ^? 'negativ+' texts !mselves1 ',:osoev] looks = any?+ else:]e ?an 9 ! ,self'1 'f t great ,be+ !re has be5 brea!d =? ! ,rig-v$a1' c4 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #d1 #f1 #aj74--,on ?is me?od ( int]pretation we f9d t ! texts decl>+ ! ess5tial di/9ction & sep>ation ( non-s5ti5t matt]1 s5ti5t be+s1 & ! ,"l1 & ^? decl>+ him to be ! cause & ! _w to be ! effect1 & cause & effect to be id5tical1 d n 9 any way conflict ) o!r texts decl>+ t matt] & s\ls =m ! body ( ! ,"l1 & t matt] & s\ls 9 _! causal condition are 9 a subtle /ate1 n admitt+ ( ! di/9ction ( names & =ms :ile 9 _! 'effect$' gross /ate !y are subject to t di/9ction4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we d n see h[ !re is any op5+ = !ories ma9ta9+ ! connexion ( ,brahman ) ,nesci5ce1 or di/9ctions 9 ,brahman due to limit+ adjuncts 7updhi7--su* & simil> doctr9es re/ on fallaci\s reason+1 & flatly contradict ,scripture4 ,!re is no?+ contradictory 9 all[+ t c]ta9 texts decl>e ! ess5tial di/9ction ( matt]1 s\ls1 & ! ,"l1 & _! mutual relation z modes & t to :i* ! modes belong1 & t o!r texts aga9 repres5t !m z /&+ 9 ! relation ( cause & effect1 & tea* cause & effect to be "o4 ,we may illu/rate ?is by an analog\s case f ! ,k>maknda4 ,!re six sep>ate oblations to ,agni1 & s on1 are enjo9$ by sep>ate s-call$ orig9ative injunctions2 ^! are !reupon comb9$ into two gr\ps 7viz4 ! new moon & ! full-moon sacrifices7 by a d\ble clause ref]r+ to ^? gr\ps1 & f9ally a s-call$ injunction ( qualification enjo9s ! entire sacrifice z some?+ to be p]=m$ by p]sons ent]ta9+ a c]ta9 wi%4 ,9 a simil> way c]ta9 ,v$nta-texts give in/ruction ab\t matt]1 s\ls1 & ! ,"l z sep>ate entities 7',p]i%able is ! pradhna1 imp]i%able & immortal ,h>a1' c41 ,svet ,up4 ,i1 #aj2 & o!rs72 !n o!r texts tea* t matt] & s\ls 9 all _! diff]5t /ates con/itute ! body ( ! highe/ ,p]son1 :ile ! latt] is _! ,self 7',^: body ! e>? is1' c472 & f9ally ano!r gr\p ( texts tea*es--by means ( words su* z ',be+1' ',brahman1' ',self1' d5ot+ ! highe/ ,self to :i* ! body belongs-- t ! "o highe/ ,self 9 its causal & effect$ /ates comprises )9 itself ! triad ( entities :i* _h be5 taught 9 sep>ation 7',be+ only ?is 0 9 ! beg9n+'2 ',9 t all ?is has its ,self2 ',all ?is is ,brahman'74--,t ! highe/ ,self ) matt] & s\ls = its body %\ld be simply call$ ! highe/ ,self1 is no m objectionable ?an t t p>ticul> =m ( ,self :i* is inve/$ ) a human body %\ld simply be spok5 ( z ,self or s\l--z :5 we say ',?is is a happy s\l4' ,nesci5ce _c be t]m9at$ by ! simple act ( cognis+ ,brahman z ! univ]sal self4 ,! doctr9e1 aga91 t ,nesci5ce is put an end to by ! cognition ( ,brahman be+ ! ,self ( all c 9 no way be upheld2 = z bondage is some?+ real x _c be put an end to by k4 ,h[1 we ask1 c any "o ass]t t bondage--:i* consi/s 9 ! exp]i5ce ( pleasure & pa9 caus$ by ! connexion ( s\ls ) bodies ( v>i\s k9d1 a connexion spr++ f good or evil actions--is some?+ false1 unreal8 ,& t ! cessation ( su* bondage is to be obta9$ only ?r\gh ! grace ( ! highe/ ,self pleas$ by ! dev\t m$itation ( ! wor%ipp]1 we h already expla9$4 ,z ! cognition ( univ]sal on5ess :i* y assume re/s on a view ( ?+s directly contr>y to reality1 & !re=e is false1 ! only effect x c h is to /r5g!n ! ties ( bondage4 ,moreov]1 texts su* z ',b diff]5t is ! highe/ ,p]son' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,xv1 #ag71 & ',hav+ kn[n ! ,self & ! ,mov] z sep>ate' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,i1 #f71 tea* t x is ! cognition ( ,brahman z ! inw>d rul] diff]5t f ! individual s\l1 t effects ! highe/ aim ( man1 i4e4 f9al release4 ,&1 fur!r1 z t 'bondage-t]m9at+' k :i* y assume is itself unreal1 we %\ld h to look out = ano!r act ( cognition to put an end to x4--,b may x n be said t ?is t]m9at+ cognition1 aft] hav+ put an end to ! :ole aggregate ( di/9ctions antagoni/ic to x1 imm$iately passes away itself1 because be+ ( a m]ely in/antane\s nature8--,no1 we reply4 ,s9ce its nature1 its orig9ation1 & its de/ruction are all alike fictiti\s1 we h cle>ly to se>* = ano!r ag5cy capable ( de/roy+ t avidy :i* is ! cause ( ! fiction ( its de/ruction6--,let u !n say t ! ess5tial nature ( ,brahman itself is ! de/ruction ( t cognition6--,f ?is x w\ld foll[1 we reply1 t su* 't]m9at+' k w\ld n arise at all2 = t ! de/ruction ( :at is some?+ p]man5t c cle>ly n orig9ate6--,:o moreov] %\ld1 accord+ to y1 be ! cognis+ subject 9 a cognition :i* has = its object ! negation ( ev]y?+ t is diff]5t f ,brahman8--,t cognis+ subject is himself some?+ fictiti\sly sup]impos$ on ,brahman6--,?is may n be1 we reply3 he himself w\ld 9 t case be some?+ to be negativ$1 & h5ce an object ( ! 't]m9at+' cognition2 he c\ld n !re=e be ! subject ( cognition6--,well1 !n1 let u assume t ! ess5tial nature ( ,brahman itself is ! cognis+ subject6--,d y mean1 we ask 9 reply1 t ,brahman's be+ ! kn[+ subject 9 t 't]m9at+' cognition belongs to ,brahman's ess5tial nature1 or t x is some?+ fictiti\sly sup]impos$ on ,brahman8 ,9 ! latt] case t sup]imposition & ! ,nesci5ce f\nd$ on x w\ld p]si/1 because !y w\ld n be objects ( ! t]m9at+ cognition1 & if a fur!r t]m9at+ act ( k 7 assum$1 t also w\ld possess a triple aspect 7viz4 k1 object kn[n1 & subject kn[+71 & we ?us %\ld be l$ to assume an inf9ite s]ies ( kn[+ subjects4 ,if1 on ! o!r b&1 ! ess5tial nature ( ,brahman itself con/itutes ! kn[+ subject1 y\r view really co9cides ) ! "o held by u4 ,,footnote #adf3a ,& if y %\ld say t ! t]m9at+ k itself & ! kn[+ subject 9 x are ?+s sep>ate f ,brahman & !mselves conta9$ 9 ! sph]e ( :at is to be t]m9at$ by t k1 y\r /atem5t w\ld be no less absurd ?an if y 7 to say 'ev]y?+ on ! surface ( ! e>? has be5 cut d[n by ,devadatta ) "o /roke'--mean+ !reby t ,devadatta himself & ! action ( cutt+ d[n are compris$ among ! ?+s cut d[n6--,! second alt]native1 on ! o!r h&--accord+ to :i* ! kn[+ subject is n ,brahman itself1 b a kn[] sup]impos$ ^u x--w\ld imply t t subject is ! ag5t 9 an act ( k result+ 9 8 own de/ruction2 & ?is is impossible s9ce no p]son aims at de/roy+ himself4 ,& %\ld x be said t ! de/ruction ( ! kn[+ ag5t belongs to ! v nature ( ,brahman itself ,,footnote #adg3a1 x w\ld foll[ t we c assume nei!r plurality nor ! errone\s view ( plurality1 nor avidy z ! root ( t errone\s view4--,all ?is confirms our !ory1 viz4 t s9ce bondage spr+s f ajnna 9 ! =m ( an et]nal /ream ( k>man1 x c be de/roy$ only ?r\gh k ( ! k9d ma9ta9$ by u4 ,su* k is to be atta9$ only ?r\gh ! due daily p]=mance ( religi\s duties z prescrib$ = a man's ca/e & srama1 su* p]=mance be+ sanctifi$ by ! accompany+ ?\ght ( ! true nature ( ! ,self1 & hav+ ! "* ( propitiation ( ! highe/ ,p]son4 ,n[1 t m]e works produce limit$ & non-p]man5t results only1 & t on ! o!r h& works n aim+ at an imm$iate result b meant to please ! highe/ ,p]son1 br+ ab\t k ( ! "* ( dev\t m$itation1 & !reby ! unlimit$ & p]man5t result ( ! intuition ( ,brahman be+ ! ,self ( all--^! are po9ts n to be kn[n )\t an insight into ! nature ( works1 & h5ce1 )\t ?is1 ! attitude describ$-- :i* is prec$$ by ! ab&onm5t ( m]e works--_c be rea*$4 ,= ^! reasons ! enquiry into ,brahman has to be ent]$ ^u aft] ! enquiry into ! nature ( works4 ,,footnote #adf3a4 ,accord+ to :i* ,brahman is n jnam1 b jtri4 ,,footnote #adg3a4 ,&1 on t acc\nt1 belongs to :at con/itutes man's highe/ aim4 ,! ,v$nt9 aim+ to asc]ta9 ! nature ( ,brahman f ,scripture1 ne$ n be disconc]t$ by ! ,mmms-!ory ( all spee* hav+ in=m+ p[] ) reg>d to actions only4 ,"h ano!r prim facie view ,,footnote #adh3a f9ally pres5ts itself4 ,! p[] ( words to d5ote ?+s _c be asc]ta9$ 9 any way b by obs]v+ ! spee* & actions ( exp]i5c$ p4 ,n[ z su* spee* & action always implies ! idea ( some?+ to be done 7krya71 words are means ( k only ) ref]5ce to ?+s to be done2 & h5ce ! matt] inculcat$ by ! ,v$a also is only ?+s to be done4 ,f ?is x foll[s t ! ,v$nta-texts _c claim ! position ( au?oritative means ( k ) reg>d to ,brahman1 :i* is 7n a ?+ to be done b7 an accompli%$ fact4--,aga9/ ?is view x mu/ n be urg$ t 9 ! case ( s5t5ces expressive ( accompli%$ facts--z e4g4 t a son is born to somebody--! idea ( a p>ticul> ?+ may ) c]ta9ty be inf]r$ z ! cause ( c]ta9 outw>d signs--su* z e4g4 a pleas$ expression ( c\nt5ance-- :i* are g5]ally due to ! atta9m5t ( a desir$ object2 = ! possible causes ( joy1 pa/1 pres5t1 & future1 are inf9ite 9 numb]1 & 9 ! giv5 case o!r causes ( joy1 z e4g4 ! bir? hav+ tak5 place 9 an auspici\s mom5t1 or hav+ be5 an easy "o1 c41 may easily be imag9$4 ,nor1 aga91 c x be ma9ta9$ t ! d5otative p[] ( words ) reg>d to accompli%$ ?+s may be asc]ta9$ 9 ! way ( our inf]r+ ei!r ! mean+ ( "o ^w f ! kn[n mean+ ( o!r words1 or ! mean+ ( ! radical "p ( a ^w f ! kn[n mean+ ( a =mative elem5t2 = ! fact is t we are only able to inf] on ! basis ( a gr\p ( words kn[n to d5ote a c]ta9 ?+ to be done1 :at ! mean+ ( "s p>ticul> con/itu5t ( t gr\p may be4--,nor1 aga91 :5 a p]son1 afraid ( :at he ?9ks to be a snake1 is obs]v$ to dismiss 8 fe> on be+ told t ! ?+ is n a snake b only a rope1 c we det]m9e !reby t :at t]m9ates 8 fe> is ! idea ( ! non- exi/5ce ( a snake4 ,= !re are _m o!r ideas :i* may acc\nt = ! cessation ( 8 fe>--he may ?9k1 e4g41 '?is is a ?+ incapable ( mov+1 devoid ( poison1 )\t consci\sness'--! p>ticul> idea pres5t to 8 m9d we are !re=e n able to det]m9e4--,! tru? is t f ! fact ( all activity be+ inv>iably dep5d5t on ! idea ( some?+ to be done1 we le>n t ! mean+ :i* words convey is some?+ prompt+ activity4 ,all words ?us d5ot+ some?+ to be done1 ! sev]al words ( a s5t5ce express only "s p>ticul> action to be p]=m$1 & h5ce x is n possible to det]m9e t !y possess ! p[] ( d5ot+ _! own mean+ only1 9 connexion ) ! mean+ ( ! o!r words ( ! s5t5ce4--7,nor mu/ x be said t :at moves to action is n ! idea ( ! ?+ to be done1 b ! idea ( ! means to d x2 =7 ! idea ( ! means to br+ ab\t ! desir$ end causes action only ?r\gh ! idea ( ! ?+ to be done1 n ?r\gh itself2 z is evid5t f ! fact t ! idea ( means pa/1 future1 & ev5 pres5t 7:5 divorc$ f ! idea ( an end to be accompli%$71 does n prompt to action4 ,z long z a man does n reflect '! means t[>ds ! desir$ end are n to be accompli%$ )\t an ef=t ( m9e2 x mu/ !re=e be accompli%$ ?r\gh my activity'2 s long he does n beg9 to act4 ,:at causes activity is ?us only ! idea ( ?+s to be done2 & z h5ce words d5ote su* ?+s only1 ! ,v$a also c tell u only ab\t ?+s to be done1 & is n !re=e 9 a position to give in=mation ab\t ! atta9m5t ( an inf9ite & p]man5t result1 su* result be+ con/itut$ by ,brahman1 :i* is 7n a ?+ to be done1 b7 an accompli%$ entity4 ,! ,v$a does1 on ! o!r h&1 actually tea* t m]e works h a p]man5t result 7',imp]i%able is ! m]it ( him :o (f]s ! kturmsya-sacrifices1' & s on72 & h5ce x foll[s t to ent] on an enquiry into ,brahman = ! reason t ! k ( ,brahman has an inf9ite & p]man5t result1 :ile ! result ( works is limit$ & non-p]man5t1 is an altoge!r unju/ifi$ proce$+4 ,to ?is we make ! foll[+ reply4--,to set aside ! univ]sally kn[n mode ( asc]ta9+ ! connexion ( words & _! mean+s1 & to ass]t t all words express only "o non-worldly mean+ 7viz4 ^? ?+s to be done :i* ! ,v$a inculcates71 is a proce$+ = :i* m5 pay+ due att5tion to ! means ( pro( c h only a slight reg>d4 ,a *ild av[$ly le>ns ! connexion ( words & mean+s 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,! fa!r & "m & o!r p ab\t him po9t ) ! f+] at ! *ild's "m1 fa!r1 uncle1 c1 z well z at v>i\s dome/ic & wild animals1 birds1 snakes1 & s on1 to ! end t ! *ild may at ! same "t pay att5tion to ! t]ms !y use & to ! be+s d5ot$ !reby1 & ?us aga9 & aga9 make him und]/& t su* & su* words ref] to su* & su* ?+s4 ,! *ild ?us obs]v+ 9 c\rse ( "t t ^! words ( !mselves give rise to c]ta9 ideas 9 8 m9d1 & at ! same "t obs]v+ nei!r any diff]5t connexion ( words & ?+s1 nor any p]son arbitr>ily e/abli%+ su* connexion1 comes to ! conclusion t ! application ( su* & su* words to su* & su* ?+s is bas$ on ! d5otative p[] ( ! words4 ,& be+ taught lat] on by 8 eld]s t o!r words also1 9 addition to ^? le>n$ fir/1 h _! def9ite mean+1 he 9 ! end becomes acqua9t$ ) ! mean+s ( all words1 & freely =ms s5t5ces convey+ c]ta9 mean+s = ! purpose ( imp>t+ ^? mean+s to o!r p]sons4 ,& !re is ano!r way also 9 :i* ! connexion ( words & ?+s c easily be asc]ta9$4 ,"s p]son ord]s ano!r1 by means ( "s expressive ge/ure1 to g & in=m ,devadatta t 8 fa!r is do+ well1 & ! man ord]$ goes & tells ,devadatta ',y\r fa!r is do+ well4' ,a by-/&] :o is acqua9t$ ) ! mean+ ( v>i\s ge/ures1 & ?us kn[s on :at err& ! mess5g] is s5t1 foll[s him & he>s ! words employ$ by him to deliv] 8 message3 he !re=e readily inf]s t su* & su* words h su* & su* a mean+4--,we ?us see t ! !ory ( words hav+ a mean+ only 9 relation to ?+s to be done is baseless4 ,! ,v$nta-texts tell u ab\t ,brahman1 :i* is an accompli%$ entity1 & ab\t m$itation on ,brahman z hav+ an unlimit$ result1 & h5ce x behoves u to und]take an enquiry into ,brahman s z fully to asc]ta9 its nature4 ,we fur!r ma9ta9 t ev5 on ! supposition ( ! ,v$a relat+ only to ?+s to be done1 an enquiry into ,brahman mu/ be und]tak54 ,= ',! ,self is to be se51 to be he>d1 to be reflect$ on1 to be m$itat$ on' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #d1 #e72 ',he is to be se>*$ out1 him we mu/ try to und]/&' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #g1 #a72 ',let a ,brhmana hav+ kn[n him practise wisdom' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #ba72 ',:at is )9 t small e!r1 t is to be s\ght =1 t is to be und]/ood' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #a1a72 ',:at is 9 t small e!r1 t is to be m$itat$ ^u' 7,mahnr4 ,up4 ,x1 #g7--^! & simil> texts enjo9 a c]ta9 action1 viz4 m$itation on ,brahman1 & :5 we !n read ',he :o kn[s ,brahman atta9s ! highe/1' we und]/& t ! atta9m5t ( ,brahman is meant z a rew>d = him :o is qualifi$ = & ent]s on su* m$itation4 ,brahman itself & its attributes are ?us e/abli%$ !reby only--t !y subs]ve a c]ta9 action1 viz4 m$itation4 ,!re are analog\s in/ances 9 ! ,k>maknda ( ! ,v$a4 ,:5 an ar?avda-passage describes ! heav5ly vorld z a place :]e !re is no heat1 no fro/1 no grief1 c41 ?is is done m]ely ) a view to ^? texts :i* enjo9 c]ta9 sacrifices on ^? :o are desir\s ( ! heav5ly _w4 ,:]e ano!r ar?avda says t '^? :o p]=m c]ta9 sattra-sacrifices are firmly e/abli%$1' su* 'firm e/abli%m5t' is ref]r$ to only because x is meant z ! rew>d = ^? act+ on ! text :i* enjo9s ^? sattras1 ',let him p]=m ! rtri-sattras' 7,p4 ,m4 ,s4 ,,iv1 #c1 #ag74 ,& :]e a text says t a p]son ?reat5+ a ,brhmana is to be puni%$ ) a f9e ( "o hundr$ gold pieces1 ?is /atem5t is made m]ely ) ref]5ce to ! prohibitory passage1 ',let him n ?reat5 a ,brhmana'7,p4 ,m4 ,s4 ,,iii1 #d1 #ag74 ,we1 h[ev]1 really object to ! :ole !ory ( ! mean+ ( words dep5d+ on _! connexion ) '?+s to be done1' s9ce ?is is n ev5 ! case 9 imp]ative clauses su* z 'br+ ! c[4' ,= y are q unable to give a satisfactory def9ition ( y\r '?+ to be done '7krya74 ,y und]/& by 'krya' t :i* foll[s on ! exi/5ce ( action 7kriti7 & is aim$ at by action4 ,n[ to be aim$ at by action is to be ! object 7k>man7 ( action1 & to be ! object ( action is to be t :i* x is mo/ desir$ to obta9 by action 7accord+ to ! gramm>ian's def9ition74 ,b :at "o desires mo/ to obta9 is pleasure or ! cessation ( pa94 ,:5 a p]son desir\s ( "s pleasure or cessation ( pa9 is aw>e t 8 object is n to be accompli%$ )\t ef=t on 8 "p1 he resolves on ef=t & beg9s to act3 9 no case we obs]ve an object ( desire to be aim$ at by action 9 any o!r s5se ?an t ( its accompli%m5t dep5d+ on activity4 ,! prompt+ quality 7pr]akatva7 also1 :i* belongs to objects ( desire1 is no?+ b ! attribute ( _! accompli%m5t dep5d+ on activity2 = x is ?is :i* moves to action4--,nor c x be said t 'to be aim$ at by action' means to be t :i* is 'agreeable' 7anukla7 to man2 = x is pleasure only t is agreeable to man4 ,! cessation ( pa91 on ! o!r h&1 is n :at is 'agreeable' to man4 ,! ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 pleasure & pa9 is t ! =m] is agreeable to man1 & ! latt] disagreeable 7pratikla71 & ! cessation ( pa9 is desir$ n because x is agreeable1 b because pa9 is disagreeable3 abs5ce ( pa9 means t a p]son is 9 8 normal condition1 affect$ nei!r ) pa9 nor pleasure4 ,ap>t f pleasure1 action _c possibly be agreeable1 nor does x become s by be+ subs]vi5t to pleasure2 = its ess5tial nature is pa94 ,its be+ helpful to pleasure m]ely causes ! resolve ( und]tak+ x4--,nor1 aga91 c we def9e t :i* is aim$ at by action z t to :i* action is auxili>y or supplem5t>y 7se%a71 :ile itself x holds ! position ( some?+ pr9cipal to be subs]v$ by o!r ?+s 7se%972 = ( ! se%a & se%9 also no prop] def9ition c be giv54 ,x _c be said t a se%a is t :i* is inv>iably accompani$ by an activity proce$+ ) a view to some?+ else1 & t ! correlate ( su* a se%a is ! se%92 = on ?is def9ition ! action is n a se%a1 & h5ce t :i* is to be effect$ by ! action _c be ! correlative se%94 ,& moreov] a se%9 may n be def9$ z :at is correlative to an action proce$+ ) a view to--i4 e4 aim+ at--some?+ else2 = x is j ?is 'be+ aim$ at' ( :i* we require a def9ition1 & moreov] we obs]ve t also ! se%9 7or 'pradhna'7 is capable ( action proce$+ ) a view to ! se%a1 z :5 e4g4 a ma/] does some?+ =--let u say1 keeps or fe$s--8 s]vant4 ,?is la/ criticism y mu/ n attempt to w>d (f by ma9ta9+ t ! ma/] 9 keep+ 8 s]vant acts ) a view to himself 7to 8 own advantage72 = ! s]vant 9 s]v+ ! ma/] likewise acts ) a view to himself4--,& z1 fur!r1 we h no adequate def9ition ( 'krya1' x w\ld be inappropriate to def9e se%a z t :i* is correlative to krya1 & se%9 z t :i* is correlative to se%a4-- ,nor1 f9ally1 may we def9e 't :i* is aim$ at by action' z t :i* is ! f9al end 7prayojana7 ( action2 = by ! f9al end ( an action we c\ld only und]/& ! end = :i* ! ag5t und]takes ! action1 & ?is end is no o!r ?an ! desir$ object4 ,z ?us ':at is aim$ at by action' _c be def9$ o!rwise ?an :at is desir$1 krya _c be def9$ z :at is to be effect$ by action & /&s to action 9 ! relation ( pr9cipal matt] 7pradhna or se%974 7,let x !n be said t ! 'niyoga1' i4e4 :at is commonly call$ ! aprva--! sup]s5su\s result ( an action :i* lat] on produces ! s5sible result--con/itutes ! prayojana--! f9al purpose--( ! action4--,b7 ! aprva also c1 z x is some?+ diff]5t f ! direct objects ( desire1 viz4 pleasure & ! cessation ( pa91 be view$ only z a means ( br++ ab\t ^! direct objects1 & z some?+ itself to be effect$ by ! action2 x is = ?is v reason t x is some?+ diff]5t f ! action1 o!rwise ! action itself w\ld be t :i* is effect$ by ! action4 ,! ?+ to be effect$ by ! action-:i* is express$ by means ( optative & imp]ative v]bal =ms su* z yajeta1 'let him sacrifice'--is1 9 accordance ) ! fact ( its be+ connect$ ) words su* z sv>gakmah1 'he :o is desir\s ( heav5'1 und]/ood to be ! means ( br++ ab\t 7! enjoym5t (7 ! heav5ly _w2 & z ! 7sacrificial7 action itself is transitory1 !re is assum$ an altoge!r 'new' or 'unprec$5t$' 7aprva7 effect ( x :i* 7lat] on7 is to br+ ab\t ! enjoym5t ( heav54 ,?is s-call$ 'aprva' c !re=e be und]/ood only ) reg>d to its capability ( br++ ab\t ! heav5ly _w4 ,n[ x c]ta9ly is ludicr\s to ass]t t ! aprva1 :i* is assum$ to ! end ( firmly e/abli%+ ! indep5d5t "* ( ! effect ( ! action fir/ recognis$ z su* 7i4e4 indep5d5t71 lat] on becomes ! means ( realis+ ! heav5ly _w2 = z ! ^w express+ ! result ( ! action 7yajta7 appe>s 9 syntactical connexion ) 'sv>gakmah' 7desir\s ( heav571 x does n1 f ! v beg9n+1 d5ote an indep5d5t object ( action1 & moreov] x is impossible to recognise an indep5d5t result ( action o!r ?an ei!r pleasure or cessation ( pa91 or ! means to br+ ab\t ^! two results4--,:at1 moreov]1 d y und]/& by ! aprva be+ a f9al end 7prayojana78-,y w p]haps reply1 'its be+ agreeable l pleasure4'--,is !n ! aprva a pleasure8 ,x is pleasure alone :i* is agreeable6--,well1 let u !n def9e ! aprva z a k9d ( pleasure ( a special nature1 call$ by t "n6--,b :at pro(1 we ask1 h y = ?is8 ,y w1 9 ! fir/ place1 admit y\rself t y d n directly exp]i5ce any pleasure spr++ f consci\sness ( y\r aprva1 :i* c\ld 9 any way be comp>$ to ! pleasure caus$ by ! consci\sness ( ! objects ( ! s5ses4--,well1 let u say !n t z au?oritative doctr9e gives u ! notion ( an aprva z some?+ b5eficial to man1 we conclude t x w be enjoy$ lat] on4--,b1 we ask1 :at is ! au?oritative doctr9e e/abli%+ su* an aprva b5eficial to man8 ,n1 9 ! fir/ place1 ord9>y1 i4e4 non-,v$ic doctr9e2 = su* has = its object action only :i* always is ess5tially pa9ful4 ,nor1 9 ! next place1 ,v$ic texts2 = ^? also enjo9 action only z ! means to br+ ab\t c]ta9 results su* z ! heav5ly _w4 ,nor aga9 ! ,smriti texts enjo9+ works ( ei!r p]man5t or occasional obligation2 = ^? texts always convey ! notion ( an aprva only on ! basis ( an antec$5t k ( ! aprva z intimat$ by ,v$ic texts conta9+ t]ms su* z sv>gakmah4 ,& we1 moreov]1 d n obs]ve t 9 ! case ( works hav+ a def9ite result 9 ?is life1 !re is enjoym5t ( any special pleasure call$ aprva1 9 addition to ^? advantages :i* con/itute ! special result ( ! "w & are enjoy$ "h bel[1 z e4g4 abundance ( food or fre$om f sickness4 ,?us !re is n any pro( ( ! aprva be+ a pleasure4 ,! ar?avda-passages ( ! ,v$a also1 :ile glorify+ c]ta9 pleasurable results ( works1 z e4g4 ! heav5ly _w1 d n any:]e exhibit a simil> glorification ( a pleasure call$ aprva4 ,f all ?is we conclude t also 9 injunctory s5t5ces t :i* is express$ by imp]ative & simil> =ms is only ! idea t ! mean+ ( ! root--z kn[n f gramm>--is to be effect$ by ! ef=t ( ! ag5t4 ,& t :at con/itutes ! mean+ ( roots1 viz4 ! action ( sacrific+ & ! l1 possesses ! quality ( pleas+ ! highe/ ,p]son1 :o is ! inn] rul] ( ,agni & o!r div9ities 7to :om ! sacrifices are o/5sibly (f]$71 & t ?r\gh ! highe/ ,p]son ?us pleas$ ! result ( ! sacrifice is accompli%$1 we %all %[ lat] on1 "u ,s4 ,,iii1 #b1 #cg--;,x is ?us f9ally prov$ t ! ,v$nta-texts give in=mation ab\t an accompli%$ entity1 viz4 ,brahman1 & t ! fruit ( m$itation on ,brahman is some?+ inf9ite & p]man5t4 ,:]e1 on ! o!r h&1 ,scripture ref]s to ! fruit ( m]e works1 su* z ! kturmsya- sacrifices1 z some?+ imp]i%able1 we h to und]/& ?is imp]i%abl5ess 9 a m]ely relative s5se1 = ,scripture def9itely tea*es t ! fruit ( all works is p]i%able4 ,we ?us arrive at ! settl$ conclusion t1 s9ce ! fruit ( m]e works is limit$ & p]i%able1 :ile t ( ! cognition ( ,brahman is inf9ite & p]man5t1 !re is good reason = ent]+ on an enquiry into ,brahman--! result ( :i* enquiry w be ! accurate det]m9ation ( ,brahman's nature4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( ',enquiry4' ,:at !n is t ,brahman :i* is "h said to be an object t %\ld be enquir$ into8--,to ?is "q ! second ,stra gives a reply4 ,,footnote #adh3a4 ,?is view is held by ! ,prbhk>a ,mmmsakas4 #b4 7,brahman is t7 f :i* ! orig91 c41 ( ?is 7_w proce$74 ,! expression '! orig9'1 c41 means 'creation1 subsi/5ce1 & reabsorption'4 ,! '?is' 79 '( ?is'7 d5otes ?is entire _w ) its manifold wond]ful arrangem5ts1 n to be fa?om$ by ?\ght1 & compris+ )9 itself ! aggregate ( liv+ s\ls f ,brahm d[n to blades ( grass1 all ( :i* exp]i5ce ! fruits 7( _! =m] actions7 9 def9ite places & at def9ite times4 ',t f :i*1' i4 e4 t highe/ ,p]son :o is ! rul] ( all2 ^: nature is antagoni/ic to all evil2 ^: purposes come true2 :o possesses inf9ite auspici\s qualities1 su* z k1 bless$ness1 & s on2 :o is omnisci5t1 omnipot5t1 supremely m]ciful2 f :om ! creation1 subsi/5ce1 & reabsorption ( ?is _w proce$--he is ,brahman3 su* is ! mean+ ( ! ,stra4--,! def9ition "h giv5 ( ,brahman is f\nd$ on ! text ,taitt4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #a1 ',bhrigu ,vruni w5t to 8 fa!r ,v>una1 say+1 ,sir1 tea* me ,brahman'1 c41 up to ',t f :i* ^! be+s are born1 t by :i* :5 born !y live1 t into :i* !y ent] at _! dea?1 try to "k t3 t is ,brahman4' ,a d\bt arises "h4 ,is x possible1 or n1 to ga9 a k ( ,brahman f ! *>act]i/ic m>ks /at$ 9 ?is passage8--,x is n possible1 ! ,prvapak%9 cont5ds4 ,! attributes /at$ 9 t passage--viz4 be+ t f :i* ! _w orig9ates1 & s on--d n prop]ly indicate ,brahman2 = z ! ess5ce ( an attribute lies 9 its sep>ative or di/9ctive function1 !re w\ld result f ! plurality ( di/9ctive attributes plurality on ! "p ( ,brahman itself4--,b :5 we say ',devadatta is ( a d>k complexion1 is "y1 has r$di% eyes1' c41 we also make a /atem5t z to sev]al attributes1 & yet we are und]/ood to ref] to "o ,devadatta only2 simil>ly we und]/& 9 ! case "u discussion also t !re is "o ,brahman only6--,n s1 we reply4 ,9 ,devadatta's case we connect all attributes ) "o p]son1 because we "k 8 unity ?r\gh o!r means ( k2 o!rwise ! di/9ctive p[] ( sev]al attributes w\ld lead u1 9 ?is case also1 to ! assumption ( sev]al sub/ances to :i* ! sev]al attributes belong4 ,9 ! case "u discussion1 on ! o!r h&1 we d n1 ap>t f ! /atem5t z to attributes1 "k any?+ ab\t ! unity ( ,brahman1 & ! di/9ctive p[] ( ! attributes ?us necess>ily urges ^u u ! idea ( sev]al ,brahmans4--,b we ma9ta9 t ! unity ( ! t]m ',brahman' intimates ! unity ( ! ?+ ',brahman'6--,by no means1 we reply4 ,if a man :o kn[s no?+ ab\t c[s1 b wi%es to "k ab\t !m1 is told 'a c[ is t :i* has ei!r entire horns1 or mutilat$ horns1 or no horns1' ! mutally exclusive ideas ( ! possession ( entire horns1 & s on1 raise 9 8 m9d ! ideas ( sev]al individual c[s1 al?\gh ! t]m 'c[' is "o only2 & 9 ! same way we are l$ to ! idea ( sev]al di/9ct ,brahmans4 ,= ?is reason1 ev5 ! diff]5t attributes comb9$ are incapable ( def9+ ! ?+1 ! def9ition ( :i* is desir$4--,nor aga9 are ! *>act]i/ics enum]at$ 9 ! ,taitt4 passage 7viz4 creation ( ! _w1 c47 capable ( def9+ ,brahman 9 ! way ( second>y m>ks 7upalak%ana71 because ! ?+ to be def9$ by !m is n previ\sly kn[n 9 a diff]5t aspect4 ,s-call$ second>y m>ks are ! cause ( some?+ already kn[n f a c]ta9 po9t ( view1 be+ kn[n 9 a diff]5t aspect--z :5 x is said ',:]e t crane is /&+1 t is ! irrigat$ field ( ,devadatta4'--,b may we n say t f ! text ',! ,true1 k1 ! ,inf9ite is ,brahman1' we already h an idea ( ,brahman1 & t h5ce its be+ ! cause ( ! orig91 c41 ( ! _w may be tak5 z collat]al indications 7po9t+ to some?+ already kn[n 9 a c]ta9 way78--,n s1 we reply2 ei!r ( ^! two def9+ texts has a mean+ only ) ref]5ce to an aspect ( ,brahman already kn[n f ! o!r "o1 & ?is mutual dep5d5ce deprives bo? ( _! =ce4--,brahman _c !re=e be kn[n ?r\gh ! *>act]i/ic m>ks m5tion$ 9 ! text "u discussion4 ,to ?is prim facie view we make ! foll[+ reply4 ,brahman c be kn[n on ! basis ( ! orig9ation1 subsi/5ce1 & reabsorption ( ! _w--^! *>act]i/ics occupy+ ! position ( collat]al m>ks4 ,no objection c be rais$ aga9/ ?is view1 on ! gr\nd t1 ap>t f :at ^! collat]al m>ks po9t to1 no o!r aspect ( ,brahman is kn[n2 = z a matt] ( fact !y po9t to t :i* is kn[n to u z possess+ supreme greatness 7brihattva7 & p[] ( gr[? 7brimhana7--?is be+ ! mean+ ( ! root brimh 7f :i* ',brahman' is d]iv$74 ,( ?is ,brahman1 ?us already kn[n 7on ! basis ( etymology71 ! orig9ation1 su/5tation1 & reabsorption ( ! _w are collat]al m>ks4 ,moreov]1 9 ! ,taitt4 text "u discussion1 ! relative pron\n--:i* appe>s 9 ?ree =ms1 7t7 'f :5ce1' 7t7 'by :i*1' 7t7 'into :i*'--ref]s to some?+ :i* is already kn[n z ! cause ( ! orig91 & s on1 ( ! _w4 ,?is previ\s k re/s on ! ,*4 passage1 ',be+ only ?is 0 9 ! beg9n+1' c41 up to 'x s5t =? fire'--:i* decl>es t ! "o pr9ciple d5ot$ z 'be+' is ! univ]sal mat]ial1 & in/rum5tal cause4 ,!re ! clause ',be+ only ?is 0 9 ! beg9n+1 "o only1' e/abli%es t "o be+ z ! g5]al mat]ial cause2 ! ^w ')\t a second' negatives ! exi/5ce ( a second op]ative cause2 & ! clauses 'x ?\ght1 may ,i be _m1 may ,i gr[ =?'1 & 'x s5t =? fire'1 e/abli% t "o be+ 7z ! cause & sub/ance ( ev]y?+74 ,if1 !n1 x is said t ,brahman is t :i* is ! root ( ! _w's orig9ation1 subsi/5ce1 & reabsorption1 ^? ?ree processes suffici5tly indicate ,brahman z t entity :i* is _! mat]ial & op]ative cause2 & z be+ ! mat]ial & ! op]ative cause implies greatness 7brihattva7 manife/+ itself 9 v>i\s p[]s1 su* z omnisci5ce1 & s on1 ,brahman ?us is some?+ already kn[n2 & z h5ce orig9ation1 c41 ( ! _w are m>ks ( some?+ already kn[n1 ! objection f\nd$ above on ! abs5ce ( k ( ano!r aspect ( ,brahman is se5 to be invalid4--,nor is !re really any objection to ! orig9ation1 c41 ( ! _w be+ tak5 z *>act]i/ic m>ks ( ,brahman 9 s f> z !y are di/9ctive attributes4 ,= tak5 z attributes !y indicate ,brahman z some?+ diff]5t f :at is oppos$ to ^? attributes4 ,sev]al attributes :i* d n contradict ea* o!r may s]ve q well z *>act]i/ic m>ks def9+ "o ?+1 ! nature ( :i* is n o!rwise kn[n1 )\t ! plurality ( ! attributes 9 any way involv+ plurality ( ! ?+ def9$2 = z ^? attributes are at once und]/ood to belong to "o sub/rate1 we naturally comb9e !m )9 t "o sub/rate4 ,su* attributes1 ( c\rse1 z ! possession ( mutilat$ horns 7m5tion$ above71 :i* are contradictorily oppos$ to ea* o!r1 necess>ily lead to ! assumption ( sev]al individual c[s to :i* !y sev]ally belong2 b ! orig9ation1 c41 ( ! _w are processes sep>at$ f ea* o!r by diff]5ce ( "t only1 & may !re=e1 )\t contradiction1 be connect$ ) "o ,brahman 9 succession4--,! text 'f :5ce ^! be+s'1 c41 tea*es u t ,brahman is ! cause ( ! orig9ation1 c41 ( ! _w1 & ( ?is ,brahman ?us kn[n ! o!r text ',! ,true1 k1 ! ,inf9ite is ,brahman'1 tells u t its ess5tial nature m>ks x (f f ev]y?+ else4 ,! t]m ',true' expresses ,brahman 9 s f> z possess+ absolutely non-condition$ exi/5ce1 & ?us di/+ui%es x f non-intellig5t matt]1 ! abode ( *ange1 & ! s\ls implicat$ 9 matt]2 = z bo? ( ^! ent] into diff]5t /ates ( exi/5ce call$ by diff]5t names1 !y d n enjoy uncondition$ be+4 ,! t]m 'k' expresses ! *>act]i/ic ( p]man5tly non-contract$ intellig5ce1 & ?us di/+ui%es ,brahman f ! releas$ s\ls ^: intellig5ce is sometimes 9 a contract$ /ate4 ,& ! t]m ',inf9ite' d5otes t1 ^: nature is free f all limitation ( place1 "t1 & p>ticul> sub/antial nature2 & z ,brahman's ess5tial nature possesses attributes1 inf9ity belongs bo? to ! ess5tial nature & to ! attributes4 ,! qualification ( ,inf9ity excludes all ^? individual s\ls ^: ess5tial nature & attributes are n unsurpassable1 & :o are di/9ct f ! two classes ( be+s already exclud$ by ! two =m] t]ms 7viz4 'true be+' & 'k'74--,! entire text !re=e def9es ,brahman-- :i* is already kn[n to be ! cause ( ! orig9ation1 c41 ( ! _w--z t :i* is 9 k9d diff]5t f all o!r ?+s2 & x is !re=e n true t ! two texts "u discussion h no =ce because mutually dep5d+ on ea* o!r4 ,& f ?is x foll[s t a k ( ,brahman may be ga9$ on ! gr\nd ( its *>act]i/ic m>ks--su* z its be+ ! cause ( ! orig9ation1 c41 ( ! _w1 free f all evil1 omnisci5t1 all-p[]ful1 & s on4 ,to ^?1 on ! o!r h&1 :o ma9ta9 t ! object ( enquiry is a sub/ance devoid ( all diff]5ce1 nei!r ! fir/ nor ! second ,stra c be acceptable2 = ! ,brahman1 ! enquiry into :i* ! fir/ ,stra proposes1 is1 accord+ to au?oritative etymology1 some?+ ( supreme greatness2 & accord+ to ! second ,stra x is ! cause ( ! orig91 subsi/5ce1 & f9al de/ruction ( ! _w4 ,! same rem>k holds good ) reg>d to all foll[+ ,stras1 & ! scriptural texts on :i* !y are bas$--none ( !m confirm ! !ory ( a sub/ance devoid ( all diff]5ce4 ,nor1 aga91 does ,reason+ prove su* a !ory2 = ,reason+ has = its object ?+s possess+ a 'prov+' attribute :i* con/antly goes toge!r ) an attribute 'to be prov$4' ,& ev5 if1 9 agreem5t ) y\r view1 we expla9$ ! second ,stra z mean+ ',brahman is t :5ce proce$s ! error ( ! orig9ation1 c41 ( ! _w'1 we %\ld n !reby advance y\r !ory ( a sub/ance devoid ( all diff]5ce4 ,=1 z y tea*1 ! root ( all error is ,nesci5ce1 & ,brahman is t :i* witnesses 7is consci\s (7 ,nesci5ce1 & ! ess5ce ( witness+ consci\sness consi/s 9 be+ pure light 7intellig5ce71 & ! ess5ce ( pure light or intellig5ce is t1 di/+ui%+ itself f ! ,non-intellig5t1 x r5d]s itself1 z well z :at is diff]5t f x1 capable ( becom+ ! object ( empiric ?\ght & spee* 7vyavahra74 ,all ?is implies ! pres5ce ( diff]5ce--if !re 7 no diff]5ce1 light or intellig5ce c\ld n be :at x is1 x w\ld be some?+ altoge!r void1 )\t any mean+4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'orig9ation & s on4' ,an objection to ! purport ( ! prec$+ ,stras "h pres5ts itself4-- ,! ass]tion t ,brahman1 z ! cause ( ! orig9ation1 c41 ( ! _w1 mu/ be kn[n ?r\gh ! ,v$nta-texts is unf\nd$2 = z ,brahman may be inf]r$ z ! cause ( ! _w ?r\gh ord9>y reason+1 x is n some?+ requir+ to be taught by au?oritative texts4--,to ?is objection ! next ,stra replies4 #c4 ,because ,scripture is ! s\rce 7( ! k ( ,brahman74 ,because ,brahman1 be+ rais$ above all contact ) ! s5ses1 is n an object ( p]ception & ! o!r means ( pro(1 b to be kn[n ?r\gh ,scripture only2 !re=e ! text ',:5ce ^! creatures are born1' c41 has to be accept$ z in/ruct+ u reg>d+ ! true nature ( ,brahman4--,b1 our oppon5t po9ts out1 ,scripture _c be ! s\rce ( our k ( ,brahman1 because ,brahman is to be kn[n ?r\gh o!r means4 ,= x is an ackn[l$g$ pr9ciple t ,scripture has mean+ only ) reg>d to :at is n e/abli%$ by o!r s\rces ( k4--,b :at1 to raise a prim facie c\nt] objection1 are ^? o!r s\rces ( k8 ,x _c1 9 ! fir/ place1 be ,p]ception4 ,p]ception is tw(old1 be+ bas$ ei!r on ! s5se- organs or on extraord9>y conc5tration ( m9d 7yoga74 ,( ,p]ception ( ! =m] k9d !re are aga9 two sub-species1 accord+ z ,p]ception takes place ei!r ?r\gh ! out] s5se-organs or ! int]nal organ 7manas74 ,n[ ! out] s5se-organs produce k ( _! respective objects1 9 s f> z ! latt] are 9 actual contact ) ! organs1 b are q unable to give rise to ! k ( ! special object con/itut$ by a supreme ,self t is capable ( be+ consci\s ( & creat+ ! :ole aggregate ( ?+s4 ,nor c int]nal p]ception give rise to su* k2 = only purely int]nal ?+s1 su* z pleasure & pa91 fall )9 its cognisance1 & x is incapable ( relat+ itself to ext]nal objects ap>t f ! out] s5se-organs4 ,nor1 aga91 p]ception bas$ on ,yoga2 = al?\gh su* p]ception--:i* spr+s f int5se imag9ation-- implies a vivid pres5tation ( ?+s1 x is1 aft] all1 no?+ m ?an a reproduction ( objects p]ceiv$ previ\sly1 & does n !re=e rank z an in/rum5t ( k2 = x has no means ( apply+ itself to objects o!r ?an ^? p]ceiv$ previ\sly4 ,& if1 aft] all1 x does s1 x is 7n a means ( k b7 a s\rce ( error4--,nor also inf]5ce ei!r ( ! k9d :i* proce$s on ! obs]vation ( special cases or ( ! k9d :i* re/s on g5]alizations 7cp4 ,nyya ,s4 ,i1 #a1e174 ,n inf]5ce ( ! =m] k9d1 because su* inf]5ce is n kn[n to relate to any?+ ly+ beyond ! rea* ( ! s5ses4 ,nor inf]5ce ( ! latt] k9d1 because we d n obs]ve any *>act]i/ic feature t is inv>iably accompani$ by ! pres5ce ( a supreme ,self capable ( be+ consci\s (1 & con/ruct+1 ! univ]se ( ?+s4--,b !re is su* a feature1 viz4 ! _w's be+ an effect$ ?+2 x be+ a matt] ( common exp]i5ce t :atev] is an effect or product1 is due to an ag5t :o possesses a k ( ! mat]ial cause1 ! in/rum5tal cause1 ! f9al end1 & ! p]son meant to make use ( ! ?+ produc$4 ,x fur!r is matt] ( exp]i5ce t :atev] consi/s ( non-s5ti5t matt] is dep5d5t on1 or rul$ by1 a s+le intellig5t pr9ciple4 ,! =m] g5]alization is exemplifi$ by ! case ( j>s & simil> ?+s1 & ! latt] by a liv+ body 9 good heal?1 :i* consi/s ( non-intellig5t matt] dep5d5t on an intellig5t pr9ciple4 ,& t ! body is an effect$ ?+ foll[s f its consi/+ ( p>ts4--,aga9/ ?is argum5tation also objections may be rais$4 ,:at1 x mu/ be ask$1 d y und]/& by ?is dep5d5ce on an intellig5t pr9ciple8 ,n1 we suppose1 t ! orig9ation & subsi/5ce ( ! non-intellig5t ?+ %\ld be dep5d5t on ! intellig5t pr9ciple2 = 9 t case y\r example w\ld n help to prove y\r cont5tion4 ,nei!r ! orig9 nor ! subsi/5ce ( a p]son's heal?y body dep5ds on ! intellig5t s\l ( t p]son alone2 !y r are br\ght ab\t by ! m]it & dem]it ( all ^? s\ls :i* 9 any way %>e ! fruition ( t body--! wife1 e4g4 ( t p]son1 & o!rs4 ,moreov]1 ! exi/5ce ( a body made up ( p>ts means t body's be+ connect$ ) its p>ts 9 ! way ( s-call$ intimate relation 7sama-vya71 & ?is requires a c]ta9 comb9ation ( ! p>ts b n a presid+ intellig5t pr9ciple4 ,! exi/5ce ( animat$ bodies1 moreov]1 has = its *>act]i/ic m>k ! process ( brea?+1 :i* is abs5t 9 ! case ( ! e>?1 sea1 m\nta9s1 c4--all ( :i* are includ$ 9 ! class ( ?+s conc]n+ :i* y wi% to prove some?+--1 & we !re=e miss a uni=m k9d ( exi/5ce common to all ^? ?+s4--,let u !n und]/& by ! dep5d5ce ( a non-intellig5t ?+ on an intellig5t pr9ciple1 ! fact ( ! motion ( ! =m] dep5d+ on ! latt]6--,?is def9ition1 we rejo91 w\ld compreh5d also ^? cases 9 :i* heavy ?+s1 su* z c>riages1 masses ( /one1 trees1 c41 are set 9 motion by sev]al intellig5t be+s 7:ile :at y want to prove is ! dep5d5ce ( a mov+ ?+ on "o intellig5t pr9ciple74 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 y mean to say t all motion dep5ds on intellig5ce 9 g5]al1 y only prove :at requires no pro(4--,ano!r alt]native1 moreov]1 "h pres5ts itself4 ,z we bo? admit ! exi/5ce ( individual s\ls1 x w be ! m economical hypo!sis to ascribe to !m ! ag5cy impli$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! _w4 ,nor mu/ y object to ?is view on ! gr\nd t su* ag5cy _c belong to ! individual s\ls because !y d n possess ! k ( mat]ial causes1 c41 z specifi$ above2 = all intellig5t be+s are capable ( direct k ( mat]ial causes1 su* z e>? & s on1 & in/rum5tal causes1 su* z sacrifices & ! l4 ,e>? & o!r mat]ial sub/ances1 z well z sacrifices & ! l1 are directly p]ceiv$ by individual intellig5t be+s at ! pres5t "t 7& 7 no d\bt equally p]ceiv$ s at a =m] "t :5 ?is _w _h to be plann$ & con/ruct$74 ,nor does ! fact t intellig5t be+s are n capable ( direct insight into ! unse5 pr9ciple--call$ 'aprva1' or by simil> names--:i* resides 9 ! =m ( a p[] 9 sacrifices & o!r in/rum5tal causes1 9 any way preclude _! be+ ag5ts 9 ! con/ruction ( ! _w4 ,direct insight into p[]s is n[h]e requir$ = und]tak+ "w3 :at is requir$ = t purpose is only direct pres5tative k ( ! ?+s end[$ ) p[]1 :ile ( p[] itself x suffices to h "s k9d ( k4 ,pott]s apply !mselves to ! task ( mak+ pots & j>s on ! /r5g? ( ! direct k !y possess ( ! implem5ts ( _! "w--! :eel1 ! /aff1 c4--)\t tr\bl+ ab\t a simil> k ( ! p[]s inh]5t 9 ^? implem5ts2 & 9 ! same way intellig5t be+s may apply !mselves to _! "w 7to be effect$ by means ( sacrifices1 c471 if only !y are assur$ by sacr$ tradition ( ! exi/5ce ( ! v>i\s p[]s possess$ by sacrifices & ! l4--,moreov]1 exp]i5ce tea*es t ag5ts hav+ a k ( ! mat]ial & o!r causes mu/ be inf]r$ only 9 ! case ( ^? effects :i* c be produc$1 & ! mat]ial & o!r causes ( :i* c be kn[n3 su* ?+s1 on ! o!r h&1 z ! e>?1 m\nta9s1 & oceans1 c nei!r be produc$1 nor c _! mat]ial & o!r causes ev] be kn[n2 we !re=e h no "r to inf] = !m intellig5t produc]s4 ,h5ce ! quality ( be+ an effect$ ?+ c be us$ z an argum5t = prov+ ! exi/5ce ( an intellig5t causal ag5t1 only :]e t quality is f\nd 9 ?+s1 ! production ( :i*1 & ! k ( ! causes ( :i*1 is possible at all4--,exp]i5ce fur!r tea*es t e>!n pots & simil> ?+s are produc$ by intellig5t ag5ts possess+ mat]ial bodies1 us+ implem5ts1 n end[$ ) ! p[] ( a ,supreme ,"l1 limit$ 9 k & s on2 ! quality ( be+ an effect !re=e supplies a reason = inf]r+ an intellig5t ag5t ( ! k9d describ$ only1 & ?us is oppos$ to ! inf]5ce ( attributes ( a contr>y nature1 viz4 omnisci5ce1 omnipot5ce1 & ^? o!r attributes t belong--to ! highe/ ,s\l1 ^: exi/5ce y wi% to e/abli%4--,nor does ?is 7z might be object$7 imply an ab&onm5t ( all inf]5ce4 ,:]e ! ?+ to be inf]r$ is kn[n ?r\gh o!r means ( pro( also1 any qualities ( an opposite nature :i* maybe sugge/$ by ! inf]5tial m>k 7l+a7 are oppos$ by ^? o!r means ( pro(1 & !re=e mu/ be dropp$4 ,9 ! case "u discussion1 h[ev]1 ! ?9e2 to be inf]r$ is some?+ n gu>ante$ by any o!r means ( pro(1 viz4 a p]son capable ( con/ruct+ ! entire univ]se2 "h !re is no?+ to int]f]e ) ! ascription to su* a p]son ( all ^? qualities :i*1 on ! basis ( me?odical inf]5ce1 necess>ily belong to x4--,! conclusion f all ?is is t1 ap>t f ,scripture1 ! exi/5ce ( a ,"l does n admit ( pro(4 ,aga9/ all ?is ! ,prvapak%9 n[ re/ates 8 case z foll[s3--,x _c be ga9said t ! _w is some?+ effect$1 = x is made up ( p>ts4 ,we may /ate ?is argum5t 9 v>i\s te*nical =ms4 ',! e>?1 m\nta9s1 c41 are ?+s effect$1 because !y consi/ ( p>ts2 9 ! same way z j>s & simil> ?+s4' ',! e>?1 seas1 m\nta9s1 c41 are effects1 because1 :ile be+ big2 7i4e4 non-atomic71 !y are capable ( motion2 j z j>s & ! l4' ',bodies1 ! _w1 c41 are effects1 because1 :ile be+ big1 !y are solid 7mrtta72 j z j>s & ! l4'--,b1 an objection is rais$1 9 ! case ( ?+s made up ( p>ts we d n1 9 addition to ?is attribute ( consi/+ ( p>ts1 obs]ve any o!r aspect det]m9+ t ! ?+ is an effect--s z to enable u to say '?is ?+ is effect$1 & t ?+ is n'2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 we d obs]ve x z an indisp5sable condition ( some?+ be+ an effect1 t !re %\ld be ! possibility ( su* an effect be+ br\ght ab\t1 & ( ! exi/5ce ( su* k ( mat]ial causes1 c4 7z ! br++ ab\t ( ! effect presupposes74--,n s1 we reply4 ,9 ! case ( a cause be+ inf]r$ on ! gr\nd ( an effect1 ! k & p[] ( ! cause mu/ be inf]r$ 9 accordance ) ! nature ( ! effect4 ,f ! circum/ance ( a ?+ consi/+ ( p>ts we "k x to be an effect & on ?is basis we judge ( ! p[] & k ( ! cause4 ,a p]son recognises pots1 j>s & ! l1 z ?+s produc$1 & !refrom inf]s ! con/ructive skill & k ( _! mak]2 :51 aft] ?is1 he sees = ! fir/ "t a k+ly palace ) all its v>i\s wond]ful p>ts & /ructures1 he concludes f ! special way 9 :i* ! p>ts are jo9$ t ?is also is an effect$ ?+1 & !n makes an inf]5ce z to ! ar*itect's manifold k & skill4 ,analog\sly1 :5 a liv+ body & ! _w h once be5 recognis$ to be effects1 we inf]--z _! mak]-- "s special intellig5t be+1 possess+ direct insight into _! nature & skill to con/ruct !m4--,pleasure & pa91 moreov]1 by :i* m5 are requit$ = _! m]it & dem]it1 are !mselves ( a non-intellig5t nature1 & h5ce _c br+ ab\t _! results unless !y are controll$ by an intellig5t pr9ciple1 & ?is also compels u to assume a be+ capable ( allott+ to ea* individual s\l a fate correspond+ to its des]ts4 ,= we d n obs]ve t non- intellig5t implem5ts1 su* z axes & ! l1 h[ev] mu* !y may be fav\r$ by circum/ances ( "t1 place1 & s on1 are capable ( produc+ po/s & pill>s unless !y be h&l$ by a c>p5t]4 ,& to quote aga9/ ! g5]alization on :i* we rely ! in/ance ( ! se$ & spr\t & ! l c only spr+ f an ignorance & /upidity :i* may be call$ truly demoniac4 ,! same rem>k w\ld apply to pleasure & pa9 if us$ z a c\nt] in/ance4 7,= 9 all ^! cases ! action :i* produces an effect mu/ necess>ily be guid$ by an intellig5t pr9ciple47--,nor may we assume1 z a 'less complicat$ hypo!sis1' t ! guid+ pr9ciple 9 ! con/ruction ( ! _w is ! individual s\ls1 ^: exi/5ce is ackn[l$g$ by bo? p>ties4 ,= on ! te/imony ( obs]vation we mu/ d5y to ^? s\ls ! p[] ( see+ :at is extremely subtle or remote 9 "t or place 7:ile su* p[] mu/ necess>ily be ascrib$ to a _w- con/ruct+ intellig5ce74 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h no gr\nd = conclud+ t ! ,"l is1 l ! individual s\ls1 de/itute ( su* p[]2 h5ce x _c be said t o!r means ( k make x impossible to inf] su* a ,"l4 ,! fact r is t z 8 exi/5ce is prov$ by ! argum5t t any def9ite effect presupposes a causal ag5t compet5t to produce t effect1 he is prov$ at ! same "t z possess+ ! ess5tial p[] ( intuitively kn[+ & rul+ all ?+s 9 ! univ]se4--,! cont5tion t f ! _w be+ an effect x foll[s t its mak] does n possess lordly p[] & s on1 s t ! prov+ reason w\ld prove some?+ contr>y to ! special attributes 7belong+ to a supreme ag5t1 viz4 omnipot5ce1 omnisci5ce1 c471 is f\nd$ on evid5t ignorance ( ! nature ( ! inf]5tial process4 ,= ! inf]5ce cle>ly does n prove t !re exi/ 9 ! ?+ inf]r$ all ! attributes belong+ to ! prov+ collat]al in/ances1 includ+ ev5 ^? attributes :i* /& 9 no causal relation to ! effect4 ,a c]ta9 effect :i* is produc$ by "s ag5t presupposes j s mu* p[] & k on ! "p ( t ag5t z is requisite = ! production ( ! effect1 b 9 no way presupposes any incapability or ignorance on ! "p ( t ag5t ) reg>d to ?+s o!r ?an ! p>ticul> effect2 = su* incapability & ignorance d n /& t[>ds t effect 9 any causal relation4 ,if ! orig9ation ( ! effect c be acc\nt$ = on ! basis ( ! ag5t's capability ( br++ x ab\t1 & ( 8 k ( ! special mat]ial & in/rum5tal causes1 x w\ld be unreasonable to ascribe causal ag5cy to 8 7altoge!r irrelevant7 incapabilities & ignorance ) reg>d to o!r ?+s1 only because ^? incapabilities1 c41 are obs]v$ to exi/ toge!r ) 8 special capability & k4 ,! "q w\ld arise moreov] :e!r su* want ( capability & k 7) reg>d to ?+s o!r ?an ! "o actually effect$7 w\ld be helpful t[>ds ! br++ ab\t ( t "o effect1 9 s f> z ext5d+ to all o!r ?+s or to "s o!r ?+s4 ,! =m] alt]native is exclud$ because no ag5t1 a pott] e4g41 is q ignorant ( all o!r ?+s b 8 own special "w2 & ! second alt]native is inadmissible because !re is no def9ite rule indicat+ t !re %\ld be c]ta9 def9ite k9ds ( want ( k & skill 9 ! case ( all ag5ts ,,footnote #afh3a1 & h5ce exceptions w\ld arise ) reg>d to e special case ( want ( k & skill4 ,f ?is x foll[s t ! abs5ce ( lordly p[] & simil> qualities :i* 7inde$ is obs]v$ 9 ! case ( ord9>y ag5ts b7 9 no way contributes t[>ds ! production ( ! effects 7to :i* su* ag5ts give rise7 is n prov$ 9 ! case ( t :i* we wi% to prove 7i4e4 a ,"l1 creator ( ! _w71 & t h5ce ,inf]5ce does n e/abli% qualities contr>y 7to ! qualities *>act]i/ic ( a ,"l74 ,a fur!r objection w p]haps be rais$1 viz4 t z exp]i5ce tea*es t pott]s & s on direct _! implem5ts ?r\gh ! m$iation ( _! own bodies1 we are n ju/ifi$ 9 hold+ t a bodiless ,supreme ,"l directs ! mat]ial & in/rum5tal causes ( ! univ]se4--,b 9 reply to ?is we appeal to ! fact ( exp]i5ce1 t evil demons possess+ m5's bodies1 & also v5om1 are driv5 or drawn out ( ^? bodies by m]e w p[]4 ,nor mu/ y ask 9 :at way ! volition ( a bodiless ,"l c put o!r bodies 9 motion2 = volition is n dep5d5t on a body4 ,! cause ( volitions is n ! body b ! int]nal organ 7manas71 & su* an organ we ascribe to ! ,"l also1 s9ce :at proves ! pres5ce ( an int]nal organ end[$ ) p[] & k is j ! pres5ce ( effects4--,b volitions1 ev5 if directly spr++ f ! int]nal organ1 c belong to embodi$ be+s only1 su* only possess+ int]nal organs6--,?is objection also is f\nd$ on a mi/ak5 g5]alization3 ! fact r is t ! int]nal organ is p]man5t1 & exi/s also 9 sep>ation f ! body4 ,! conclusion1 !re=e1 is t--z ! individual s\ls ) _! limit$ capacities & k1 & _! dep5d5ce on m]it & dem]it1 are incapable ( giv+ rise to ?+s s v>i\sly & wond]fully made z worlds & animat$ bodies are--inf]5ce directly leads u to ! !ory t !re is a supreme intellig5t ag5t1 call$ ! ,"l1 :o possesses unfa?omable1 unlimit$ p[]s & wisdom1 is capable ( con/ruct+ ! entire _w1 is )\t a body1 & ?r\gh 8 m]e volition br+s ab\t ! inf9ite expanse ( ?is entire univ]se s v>i\sly & wond]fully plann$4 ,z ,brahman may ?us be asc]ta9$ by means ( k o!r ?an revelation1 ! text quot$ "u ! prec$+ ,stra _c be tak5 to convey in/ruction z to ,brahman4 ,s9ce1 moreov]1 exp]i5ce demon/rates t mat]ial & in/rum5tal causes always are ?+s absolutely di/9ct f ea* o!r1 z e4g4 ! clay & ! pott] ) 8 implem5ts2 & s9ce1 fur!r1 !re are sub/ances n made up ( p>ts1 z e4g4 e!r1 :i* !re=e _c be view$ z effects2 we mu/ object on ^! gr\nds also to any attempt to repres5t ! "o ,brahman z ! univ]sal mat]ial & in/rum5tal cause ( ! entire _w4 ,aga9/ all ?is we n[ argue z foll[s3--,! ,v$nta-text decl>+ ! orig9ation1 c41 ( ! _w does tea* t !re is a ,brahman possess+ ! *>act]i/ics m5tion$2 s9ce ,scripture alone is a means = ! k ( ,brahman4 ,t ! _w is an effect$ ?+ because x consi/s ( p>ts2 & t1 z all effects are obs]v$ to h = _! antec$5ts c]ta9 appropriate ag5ts compet5t to produce !m1 we mu/ inf] a causal ag5t compet5t to plan & con/ruct ! univ]se1 & /&+ t[>ds x 9 ! relation ( mat]ial & op]ative cause--?is w\ld be a conclusion altoge!r unju/ifi$4 ,!re is no pro( to %[ t ! e>?1 oceans1 c41 al?\gh ?+s produc$1 7 creat$ at "o "t by "o creator4 ,nor c x be plead$ 9 fav\r ( su* a conclusion t all ^? ?+s h "o uni=m "* ( be+ effects1 & ?us are analog\s to "o s+le j>2 = we obs]ve t v>i\s effects are di/+ui%$ by diff]5ce ( "t ( production1 & diff]5ce ( produc]s4 ,nor aga9 may y ma9ta9 ! on5ess ( ! creator on ! gr\nd t individual s\ls are incapable ( ! creation ( ?is wond]ful univ]se1 & t if an additional pr9ciple be assum$ to acc\nt = ! _w--:i* manife/ly is a product--x w\ld be illegitimate to assume m ?an "o su* pr9ciple4 ,= we obs]ve t individual be+s acquire m & m extraord9>y p[]s 9 consequ5ce ( an increase ( religi\s m]it2 & z we may assume t ?r\gh an ev5tual supreme degree ( m]it !y may 9 ! end qualify !mselves = produc+ q extraord9>y effects1 we h no "r to assume a highe/ s\l ( inf9ite m]it1 diff]5t f all individual s\ls4 ,nor also c x be prov$ t all ?+s are de/roy$ & produc$ all at once2 = no su* ?+ is obs]v$ to take place1 :ile x is1 on ! o!r h&1 obs]v$ t ?+s are produc$ & de/roy$ 9 succession2 & if we inf] t all ?+s are produc$ & de/roy$ because !y are effects1 !re is no reason :y ?is production & de/ruction %\ld n take place 9 a way agree+ ) ord9>y exp]i5ce4 ,if1 !re=e1 :at x is desir$ to prove is ! ag5cy ( "o intellig5t be+1 we are met by ! difficulty t ! prov+ reason 7viz4 ! circum/ance ( some?+ be+ an effect7 is n inv>iably connect$ ) :at x is desir$ to prove2 !re1 fur!r1 is ! fault ( qualities n met ) 9 exp]i5ce be+ attribut$ to ! subject ab\t :i* some?+ has to be prov$2 & la/ly !re is ! fault ( ! prov+ collat]al in/ances be+ de/itute ( :at has to be prov$--= exp]i5ce does n exhibit to u "o ag5t capable ( produc+ ev]y?+4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 :at y wi% to prove is m]ely ! exi/5ce ( an intellig5t creative ag5t1 y prove only :at is prov$ already 7n conte/$ by any "o74--,moreov]1 if y use ! attribute ( be+ an effect 7:i* belongs to ! totality ( ?+s7 z a means to prove ! exi/5ce ( "o omnisci5t & omnipot5t creator1 d y view ?is attribute z belong+ to all ?+s 9 s f> z produc$ toge!r1 or 9 s f> z produc$ 9 succession8 ,9 ! =m] case ! attribute ( be+ an effect is n e/abli%$ 7= exp]i5ce does n %[ t all ?+s are produc$ toge!r72 & 9 ! latt] case ! attribute w\ld really prove :at is contr>y to ! hypo!sis ( "o creator 7= exp]i5ce %[s t ?+s produc$ 9 succession h diff]5t causes74 ,9 attempt+ to prove ! ag5cy ( "o intellig5t creative be+ only1 we ?us ent] into conflict ) ,p]ception & ,inf]5ce1 & we moreov] contradict ,scripture1 :i* says t '! pott] is born' & '! c>twright is born' 7& ?us decl>es a plurality ( intellig5t ag5ts74 ,moreov]1 z we obs]ve t all effect$ ?+s1 su* z liv+ bodies & s on1 are connect$ ) pleasure & ! l1 :i* are ! effects ( sattva 7goodness7 & ! o!r prim>y con/itu5ts ( matt]1 we mu/ conclude t effect$ ?+s h sattva & s on = _! causes4 ,sattva & s on--:i* con/itute ! di/9ctive elem5ts ( ! causal sub/ance--are ! causes ( ! v>i\s nature ( ! effects4 ,n[ ^? effects c be connect$ ) _! causes only 9 s f> z ! int]nal organ ( a p]son possess+ sattva & s on und]goes modifications4 ,& t a p]son possesses ^? qualities is due to k>man4 ,?us1 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! orig9ation ( diff]5t effects we mu/ necess>ily assume ! connexion ( an intellig5t ag5t ) k>man1 :]eby alone he c become ! cause ( effects2 & moreov] ! v>i\s "* ( k & p[] 7:i* ! v>i\s effects presuppose7 has its reason 9 k>man4 ,& if x be said t x is 7n ! v>i\s k1 c41 b7 ! m]e wi% ( ! ag5t t causes ! orig9ation ( effects1 we po9t out t ! wi%1 z be+ specialis$ by its p>ticul> object1 mu/ be bas$ on sattva & s on1 & h5ce is necess>ily connect$ ) k>man4 ,f all ?is x foll[s t individual s\ls only c be causal ag5ts3 no legitimate inf]5ce leads to a ,"l diff]5t f !m 9 nature4--,?is admits ( v>i\s expressions 9 te*nical =m4 ',bodies1 worlds1 c41 are effects due to ! causal en]gy ( individual s\ls1 j z pots are'2 '! ,"l is n a causal ag5t1 because he has no aims2 j z ! releas$ s\ls h none'2 '! ,"l is n an ag5t1 because he has no body2 j z ! releas$ s\ls h none4' 7,?is la/ argum5tation _c be object$ to on ! gr\nd t individual s\ls take possession ( bodies2 = 9 _! case !re exi/s a beg9n+less subtle body by means ( :i* !y ent] into gross bodies74--',"t is nev] devoid ( creat$ worlds2 because x is "t1 j l ! pres5t "t 7:i* has its creat$ _w74' ,consid] ! foll[+ po9t also4 ,does ! ,"l produce 8 effects1 ) 8 body or ap>t f 8 body8 ,n ! latt]2 = we d n obs]ve causal ag5cy on ! "p ( any bodiless be+3 ev5 ! activities ( ! int]nal organ are f\nd only 9 be+s hav+ a body1 & al?\gh ! int]nal organ be et]nal we d n "k ( its produc+ any effects 9 ! case ( releas$ disembodi$ s\ls4 ,nor aga9 is ! =m] alt]native admissible2 = 9 t case ! ,"l's body w\ld ei!r be p]man5t or non-p]man5t4 ,! =m] alt]native w\ld imply t some?+ made up ( p>ts is et]nal2 & if we once admit ?is we may z well admit t ! _w itself is et]nal1 & !n !re is no reason to inf] a ,"l4 ,& ! latt] alt]native is inadmissible because 9 t case !re w\ld be no cause ( ! body1 diff]5t f x 7:i* w\ld acc\nt = ! orig9ation ( ! body74 ,nor c\ld ! ,"l himself be assum$ z ! cause ( ! body1 s9ce a bodiless be+ _c be ! cause ( a body4 ,nor c\ld x be ma9ta9$ t ! ,"l c be assum$ to be 'embodi$' by means ( "s o!r body2 = ?is leads u into a regressus 9 inf9itum4--,%\ld we1 moreov]1 repres5t to ourselves ! ,"l 7:5 productive7 z engag$ 9 ef=t or n8--,! =m] is inadmissible1 because he is )\t a body4 ,& ! latt] alt]native is exclud$ because a be+ n mak+ an ef=t does n produce effects4 ,& if x be said t ! effect1 i4 e4 ! _w1 has = its causal ag5t "o ^: activity consi/s 9 m]e desire1 ?is w\ld be to ascribe to ! subject ( ! conclusion 7i4e4 ! _w7 qualities n kn[n f exp]i5ce2 & moreov] ! attribute to be prov$ w\ld be abs5t 9 ! case ( ! prov+ in/ances 7su* z j>s1 c41 :i* are n ! "w ( ag5ts engag$ 9 m]e wi%+74 ,?us ! inf]5ce ( a creative ,"l :i* claims to be 9 agreem5t ) obs]vation is refut$ by reason+ :i* itself is 9 agreem5t ) obs]vation1 & we h5ce conclude t ,scripture is ! only s\rce ( k ) reg>d to a supreme s\l t is ! ,"l ( all & con/itutes ! highe/ ,brahman4 ,:at ,scripture tells u ( is a be+ :i* compreh5ds )9 itself inf9ite1 altoge!r unsurpassable excell5ces su* z omnipot5ce & s on1 is antagoni/ic to all evil1 & totally diff]5t 9 "* f :atev] is cognis$ by ! o!r means ( k3 t to su* a be+ !re %\ld atta* ev5 ! slighte/ imp]fection due to its simil>ity 9 nature to ! ?+s kn[n by ! ord9>y means ( k1 is ?us altoge!r exclud$4--,! ,prvapak%9 _h rem>k$ t ! on5ess ( ! in/rum5tal & ! mat]ial cause is nei!r matt] ( obs]vation nor capable ( pro(1 & t ! same holds good ) reg>d to ! !ory t c]ta9 non-composite sub/ances su* z e!r are creat$ ?+s2 t ^! po9ts also are 9 no way contr>y to reason1 we %all %[ lat] on "u ,s4 ,i1 #d1 #bc1 & ,s4 ,,ii1 #c1 #a4 ,! conclusion mean:ile is t1 s9ce ,brahman does n fall )9 ! sph]e ( ! o!r means ( k1 & is ! topic ( ,scripture only1 ! text 'f :5ce ^! creatures1' c41 does give au?oritative in=mation z to a ,brahman possess+ ! *>act]i/ic qualities s (t5 enum]at$4 ,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( ',scripture be+ ! s\rce4' ,a new objection "h pres5ts itself4--,brahman does n inde$ fall )9 ! prov9ce ( ! o!r means ( k2 b all ! same ,scripture does n give au?oritative in=mation reg>d+ x3 = ,brahman is n some?+ t has = its purport activity or cessation f activity1 b is some?+ fully e/abli%$ & accompli%$ )9 itself4--,to ?is objection ! foll[+ ,stra replies4 ,,footnote #afh3a4 ,a c]ta9 pott] may n possess ! skill & k requir$ to make *airs & b$s2 b "s o!r pott] may possess bo?1 & s on4 ,we _c !re=e po9t to any def9ite want ( skill & k z inv>iably accompany+ ! capability ( produc+ effects ( "s o!r k9d4 #d4 ,b t 7i4e4 ! au?oritativ5ess ( ,scripture ) reg>d to ,brahman7 exi/s on acc\nt ( ! connexion 7( ,scripture ) ! highe/ aim ( man74 ,! ^w 'b' is meant to rebut ! objection rais$4 ,t1 i4e4 ! au?oritativ5ess ( ,scripture ) reg>d to ,brahman1 is possible1 on acc\nt ( samanvaya1 i4e4 connexion ) ! highe/ aim ( man--t is to say because ! scriptural texts are connect$ )1 i4e4 h = _! subject1 ,brahman1 :i* con/itutes ! highe/ aim ( man4 ,= su* is ! connect$ mean+ ( ! :ole aggregate ( words :i* con/itutes ! ,upani%ads--',t f :5ce ^! be+s are born'7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #a1 #a74 ',be+ only ?is 0 9 ! beg9n+1 "o1 )\t a second' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #b71 c4 c4 ,& ( aggregates ( words :i* are capable ( giv+ in=mation ab\t accompli%$ ?+s kn[n ?r\gh ! ord9>y means ( asc]ta9+ ! mean+ ( words1 & :i* connect$ly ref] to a ,brahman :i* is ! cause ( ! orig9ation1 subsi/5ce1 & de/ruction ( ! entire _w1 is antagoni/ic to all imp]fection & s on1 we h no "r to say t1 ow+ to ! abs5ce ( a purport 9 ! =m ( activity or cessation ( activity1 !y really ref] to some?+ o!r ?an ,brahman4 ,= all in/rum5ts ( k h _! end 9 det]m9+ ! k ( _! own special objects3 _! action does n adapt itself to a f9al purpose1 b ! latt] r adapts itself to ! means ( k4 ,nor is x true t :]e !re is no connexion ) activity or cessation ( activity all aim is abs5t2 = 9 su* cases we obs]ve connexion ) :at con/itutes ! g5]al aim1 i4e4 ! b5efit ( man4 ,/atem5ts ( accompli%$ matt] ( fact--su* z 'a son is born to !e4' ',?is is no snake'--evid5tly h an aim1 viz4 9 s f> z !y ei!r give rise to joy or remove pa9 & fe>4 ,aga9/ ?is view ! ,prvapak%9 n[ argues z foll[s4 ,! ,v$nta- texts d n imp>t k ( ,brahman2 = unless relat$ to activity or ! cessation ( activity1 ,scripture w\ld be unmean+1 devoid ( all purpose4 ,p]ception & ! o!r means ( k inde$ h _! aim & end 9 supply+ k ( ! nature ( accompli%$ ?+s & facts2 ,scripture1 on ! o!r h&1 mu/ be suppos$ to aim at "s practical purpose4 ,= nei!r 9 ord9>y spee* nor 9 ! ,v$a d we ev] obs]ve ! employm5t ( s5t5ces devoid ( a practical purpose3 ! employm5t ( s5t5ces n hav+ su* a purpose is 9 fact impossible4 ,& :at con/itutes su* purpose is ! atta9m5t ( a desir$1 or ! avoidance ( a non-desir$ object1 to be effect$ by "s action or ab/5tion f action4 ',let a man desir\s ( weal? atta* himself to ! c\rt ( a pr9ce'2 'a man ) a weak dige/ion mu/ n dr9k mu* wat]'2 'let him :o is desir\s ( ! heav5ly _w (f] sacrifices'2 & s on4 ,) reg>d to ! ass]tion t su* s5t5ces also z ref] to accompli%$ ?+s--'a son is born to !e' & s on--are connect$ ) c]ta9 aims ( man1 viz4 joy or ! cessation ( fe>1 we ask :e!r 9 su* cases ! atta9m5t ( man's purpose results f ! ?+ or fact itself1 z e4 g4 ! bir? ( a son1 or f ! k ( t ?+ or fact4--,y w reply t z a ?+ al?\gh actually exi/+ is ( no use to man z long z x is n kn[n to him1 man's purpose is accompli%$ by 8 k ( ! ?+4--,x !n appe>s1 we rejo91 t man's purpose is effect$ ?r\gh m]e k1 ev5 if !re is no actual ?+2 & f ?is x foll[s t ,scripture1 al?\gh connect$ ) c]ta9 aims1 is n a means ( k = ! actual exi/5ce ( ?+s4 ,9 all cases1 !re=e1 s5t5ces h a practical purpose2 !y det]m9e ei!r "s =m ( activity or cessation f activity1 or else "s =m ( k4 ,no s5t5ce1 !re=e1 c h = its purport an accompli%$ ?+1 & h5ce ! ,v$nta-texts d n convey ! k ( ,brahman z su* an accompli%$ entity4 ,at ?is po9t somebody prop\nds ! foll[+ view4 ,! ,v$nta-texts are an au?oritative means = ! cognition ( ,brahman1 because z a matt] ( fact !y also aim at some?+ to be done4 ,:at !y really mean to tea* is t ,brahman1 :i* 9 itself is pure homog5e\s k1 )\t a second1 n connect$ ) a _w1 b is1 ow+ to beg9n+less ,nesci5ce1 view$ z connect$ ) a _w1 %\ld be fre$ f ?is connexion4 ,& x is ?r\gh ?is process ( dissolution ( ! _w t ,brahman becomes ! object ( an injunction4--,b :i* texts embody ?is injunction1 accord+ to :i* ,brahman 9 its pure =m is to be realis$ ?r\gh ! dissolution ( ?is app>5t _w ) its di/9ction ( kn[+ subjects & objects ( k8--,texts su* z ! foll[+3 ',"o %\ld n see 7i4 e4 repres5t to oneself7 ! se] ( see+1 "o %\ld n ?9k ! ?9k] ( ?9k+' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #d1 #b72 = ?is means t we %\ld realise ,brahman 9 ! =m ( pure ,see+ 7k71 free f ! di/9ction ( see+ ag5ts & objects ( sight4 ,brahman is inde$ accompli%$ ?r\gh itself1 b all ! same x may con/itute an object to be accompli%$1 viz4 9 s f> z x is be+ dis5gag$ f ! app>5t _w4 ,?is view 7! ,mmmsaka rejo9s7 is unf\nd$4 ,he :o ma9ta9s t injunction con/itutes ! mean+ ( s5t5ces mu/ be able to assign ! injunction itself1 ! qualification ( ! p]son to :om ! injunction is address$1 ! object ( ! injunction1 ! means to c>ry x out1 ! special mode ( ! proc$ure1 & ! p]son c>ry+ out ! injunction4 ,among ^! ?+s ! qualification ( ! p]son to :om ! injunction addresses itself is some?+ n to be enjo9$ 7b exi/+ previ\sly to ! injunction71 & is ( ! nature ei!r ( cause 7nimitta7 or a result aim$ at 7phala74 ,we !n h to decide :at1 9 ! case "u discussion 7i4e4 ! alleg$ injunction set =? by ! antagoni/71 con/itutes ! qualification ( ! p]son to :om ! injunction addresses itself1 & :e!r x be ( ! nature ( a cause or ( a result4--,let x !n be said t :at con/itutes ! qualification 9 our case is ! intuition ( ! true nature ( ,brahman 7on ! "p ( ! p]son to :om ! injunction is address$74--,?is1 we rejo91 _c be a cause1 z x is n some?+ previ\sly e/abli%$2 :ile 9 o!r cases ! nimitta is some?+ s e/abli%$1 z e4g4 'life' is 9 ! case ( a p]son to :om ! foll[+ injunction is address$1 ',z long z 8 life la/s he is to make ! ,agnihotra-oblation4' ,& if1 aft] all1 x 7 admitt$ to be a cause1 x w\ld foll[ t1 z ! intuition ( ! true nature ( ,brahman is some?+ p]man5t1 ! object ( ! injunction w\ld h to be accompli%$ ev5 subsequ5tly to f9al release1 9 ! same way z ! ,agnihotra has to be p]=m$ p]man5tly z long z life la/s4-- ,nor aga9 c ! intuition ( ,brahman's true nature be a result2 = !n1 be+ ! result ( an action enjo9$1 x w\ld be some?+ non- p]man5t1 l ! heav5ly _w4--,:at1 9 ! next place1 w\ld be ! 'object to be accompli%$' ( ! injunction8 ,y may n reply ',brahman'2 = z ,brahman is some?+ p]man5t x is n some?+ t c be realis$1 & moreov] x is n d5ot$ by a v]bal =m 7su* z d5ote actions t c be accompli%$1 z e4g4 yga1 sacrifice74--,let x !n be said t :at is to be realis$ is ,brahman1 9 s f> z free f ! _w6--,b1 we rejo91 ev5 if ?is be accept$ z a ?+ to be realis$1 x is n ! object 7vi%aya7 ( ! injunction--t x _c be = ! second reason j /at$--b its f9al result 7phala74 ,:at moreov] is1 on ?is la/ assumption1 ! ?+ to be realis$--,brahman1 or ! cessation ( ! app>5t _w8-- ,n ,brahman2 = ,brahman is some?+ accompli%$1 & f y\r assumption x w\ld foll[ t x is n et]nal4--,well !n1 ! dissolution ( ! _w6--,n s1 we reply2 = !n x w\ld n be ,brahman t is realis$4--,let x !n be said t ! dissolution ( ! _w only is ! object ( ! injunction6--,?is1 too1 _c be1 we rejo92 t dissolution is ! result 7phala7 & _c !re=e be ! object ( ! injunction4 ,= ! dissolution ( ! _w means f9al release2 & t is ! result aim$ at4 ,moreov]1 if ! dissolution ( ! _w is tak5 z ! object ( ! injunction1 t dissolution w\ld foll[ f ! injunction1 & ! injunction w\ld be c>ri$ out by ! dissolution ( ! _w2 & ?is w\ld be a case ( vici\s mutual dep5d5ce4--,we fur!r ask--is ! _w1 :i* is to be put an end to1 false or real8--,if x is false1 x is put an end to by k alone1 & !n ! injunction is ne$less4 ,%\ld y reply to ?is t ! injunction puts an end to ! _w 9 s f> z x gives rise to k1 we reply t k spr+s ( itself f ! texts :i* decl>e ! highe/ tru?3 h5ce !re is no ne$ ( additional injunctions4 ,z k ( ! mean+ ( ^? texts sublates ! entire false _w di/9ct f ,brahman1 ! injunction itself ) all its adjuncts is se5 to be some?+ baseless4--,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! _w is true1 we ask--is ! injunction1 :i* puts an end to ! _w1 ,brahman itself or some?+ diff]5t f ,brahman8 ,if ! =m]1 ! _w _c exi/ at all3 = :at t]m9ates x1 viz4 ,brahman1 is some?+ et]nal2 & ! injunction ?us be+ et]nal itself ,_c be accompli%$ by means ( c]ta n actions4--,let !n ! latt] alt]native be accept$6--,b 9 t case1 ! niyoga be+ some?+ :i* is accompli%$ by a set ( p]=mances ! function ( :i* x is to put an end to ! entire _w1 ! p]=m+ p]son himself p]i%es 7) ! re/ ( ! _w71 & ! niyoga ?us rema9s )\t a sub/rate4 ,& if ev]y?+ ap>t f ,brahman is put an end to by a p]=mance ! function ( :i* x is to put an end to ! _w1 !re rema9s no result to be effect$ by ! niyoga1 consequ5tly !re is no release4 ,fur!r1 ! dissolution ( ! _w _c con/itute ! in/rum5t 7k>ana7 9 ! action enjo9$1 because no mode ( proc$ure 7itik>tavyat7 c be assign$ = ! in/rum5t ( ! niyoga1 & unless assi/$ by a mode ( proc$ure an in/rum5t _c op]ate1-- ,b :y is !re no 'mode ( proc$ure'8--,= ! foll[+ reasons4 ,a mode ( proc$ure is ei!r ( a positive or a negative k9d4 ,if positive1 x may be ( two k9ds1 viz4 ei!r su* z to br+ ab\t ! in/rum5t or to assi/ x4 ,n[ 9 our case !re is no room = ei!r ( ^! alt]natives4 ,n = ! =m]2 = !re exi/s 9 our case no?+ analog\s to ! /roke ( ! pe/le 7:i* has ! manife/ effect ( sep>at+ ! rice gra9s f ! husks71 :]eby ! visible effect ( ! dissolution ( ! :ole _w c\ld be br\ght ab\t4 ,nor1 secondly1 is !re ! possibility ( any?+ assi/+ ! in/rum5t1 already exi/+ indep5d5tly1 to br+ ab\t its effect2 = ow+ to ! exi/5ce ( su* an assi/+ factor ! in/rum5t itself1 i4e4 ! cessation ( ! app>5t _w1 _c be e/abli%$4 ,nor mu/ y say t x is ! cognition ( ! non-duality ( ,brahman t br+s ab\t ! means = ! dissolution ( ! _w2 =1 z we h already expla9$ above1 ?is cognition directly br+s ab\t f9al ,release1 :i* is ! same z ! dissolution ( ! _w1 & ?us !re is no?+ left to be effect$ by special means4--,& if f9ally ! mode ( proc$ure is some?+ purely negative1 x c1 ow+ to ?is its nature1 nei!r br+ ab\t nor 9 any way assi/ ! in/rum5tal cause4 ,f all ?is x foll[s t !re is no possibility ( injunctions hav+ = _! object ! realisation ( ,brahman1 9 s f> z free f ! _w4 ,"h ano!r prim facie view ( ! "q is set =?4--,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! ,v$nta-texts are n means ( au?oritative k1 s9ce !y ref] to ,brahman1 :i* is an accompli%$ ?+ 7n a ?+ 'to be accompli%$'72 nev]!less ,brahman itself is e/abli%$1 viz4 by means ( ^? passages :i* enjo9 m$itation 7z some?+ 'to be done'74 ,?is is ! purport ( texts su* z ! foll[+3 ',! ,self is to be se51 to be he>d1 to be reflect$ on1 to be m$itat$ ^u' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #d1 #e72 ',! ,self :i* is free f s9 mu/ be se>*$ out' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #g1 #a72 ',let a man m$itate ^u him z ! ,self' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,i1 #d1 #g72 ',let a man m$itate ^u ! ,self z 8 _w' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,i1 #d1 #ae74--,^! injunctions h m$itation = _! object1 & m$itation aga9 is def9$ by its own object only1 s t ! injunctive ^w imm$iately sugge/s an object ( m$itation2 & z su* an object !re pres5ts itself1 ! ',self' m5tion$ 9 ! same s5t5ce4 ,n[ !re arises ! "q1 ,:at are ! *>act]i/ics ( t ,self8 & 9 reply to x !re come 9 texts su* z ',! ,true1 k1 inf9ite is ,brahman'2 ',be+ only ?is 0 9 ! beg9n+1 "o )\t a second4' ,z ^! texts give ! requir$ special in=mation1 !y /& 9 a supplem5t>y relation to ! injunctions1 & h5ce are means ( "r k2 & 9 ?is way ! purport ( ! ,v$nta- texts includes ,brahman--z hav+ a def9ite place 9 m$itation :i* is ! object ( injunction4 ,texts su* z ',"o only )\t a second' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #b1 #a72 ',t is ! true1 t is ! ,self 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #h1 #g72 ',!re is "h n any plurality' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #ai71 tea* t !re is "o ,reality only1 viz4 ,brahman1 & t ev]y?+ else is false4 ,& z ,p]ception & ! o!r means ( pro(1 z well z t "p ( ,scripture :i* ref]s to action & is bas$ on ! view ( plurality1 convey ! notion ( plurality1 & z !re is contradiction betwe5 plurality & absolute ,unity1 we =m ! conclusion t ! idea ( plurality arises ?r\gh beg9n+less avidy1 :ile absolute ,unity alone is real4 ,& ?us x is ?r\gh ! injunction ( m$itation on ,brahman--:i* has = its result ! intuition ( ,brahman--t man rea*es f9al release1 i4e4 becomes "o ) ,brahman1 :i* consi/s ( non-dual intellig5ce free ( all ! manifold di/9ctions t spr+ f ,nesci5ce4 ,nor is ?is becom+ "o ) ,brahman to be accompli%$ by ! m]e cognition ( ! s5se ( c]ta9 ,v$nta-texts2 = ?is is n obs]v$--! fact r be+ t ! view ( plurality p]si/s ev5 aft] ! cognition ( ! s5se ( ^? texts--1 &1 moreov]1 if x 7 s1 ! injunction by ,scripture ( he>+1 reflect+1 c41 w\ld be purposeless4 ,to ?is reason+ ! foll[+ objection might be rais$4--,we obs]ve t :5 a man is told t :at he is afraid ( is n a snake1 b only a rope1 8 fe> comes to an end2 & z bondage is z unreal z ! snake imag9$ 9 ! rope x also admits ( be+ sublat$ by k1 & may !re=e1 ap>t f all injunction1 be put an end to by ! simple compreh5sion ( ! s5se ( c]ta9 texts4 ,if f9al release 7 to be br\ght ab\t by injunctions1 x w\ld foll[ t x is n et]nal--n any m ?an ! heav5ly _w & ! l2 :ile yet its et]nity is admitt$ by e "o4 ,acts ( religi\s m]it1 moreov] 7su* z are prescrib$ by injunctions71 c only be ! causes ( c]ta9 results 9 s f> z !y give rise to a body capable ( exp]i5c+ ^? results1 & ?us necess>ily produce ! s-call$ samsra-/ate 7:i* is oppos$ to f9al release1 &7 :i* consi/s 9 ! connexion ( ! s\l ) "s sort ( body1 high or l[4 ,release1 !re=e1 is n some?+ to be br\ght ab\t by acts ( religi\s m]it4 ,9 agreem5t h]e) ,scripture says1 ',= ! s\l z long z x is 9 ! body1 !re is no release f pleasure & pa92 :5 x is free f ! body1 !n nei!r pleasure nor pa9 t\* x' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #ab1 #a74 ,?is passage decl>es t 9 ! /ate ( release1 :5 ! s\l is fre$ f ! body1 x is n t\*$ by ei!r pleasure or pa9--! effects ( acts ( religi\s m]it or dem]it2 & f ?is x foll[s t ! disembodi$ /ate is n to be accompli%$ by acts ( religi\s m]it4 ,nor may x be said t1 z o!r special results are accompli%$ by special injunctions1 s ! disembodi$ /ate is to be accompli%$ by ! injunction ( m$itation2 = t /ate is ess5tially some?+ n to be effect$4 ,?us scriptural texts say1 ',! wise man :o kn[s ! ,self z bodiless among ! bodies1 z p]si/+ among non-p]si/+ ?+s1 z great & all-p]vad+2 he does n grieve' 7,ka4 ,up4 ,i1 #b1 #bb72 ',t p]son is )\t brea?1 )\t int]nal organ1 pure1 )\t contact' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a1 #b74-- ,release :i* is a bodiless /ate is et]nal1 & _c !re=e be accompli%$ ?r\gh m]itori\s acts4 ,9 agreem5t h]e) ,scripture says1 ',t :i* ?\ see/ ap>t f m]it 7dh>ma7 & non-m]it1 f :at is done & n done1 f :at exi/s & :at has to be accompli%$--tell me t' 7,ka4 ,up4 ,i1 #b1 #ad74-- ,consid] :at foll[s also4 ,:5 we speak ( some?+ be+ accompli%$ 7effect$-sdhya7 we mean "o ( f\r ?+s1 viz4 its be+ orig9at$ 7utpatti71 or obta9$ 7prpti71 or modifi$ 7vikriti71 or 9 "s way or o!r 7(t5 purely c]emonial7 made ready or fit 7samskriti74 ,n[ 9 nei!r ( ^! f\r s5ses c f9al ,release be said to be accompli%$4 ,x _c be orig9at$1 = be+ ,brahman itself x is et]nal4 ,x _c be atta9$3 = ,brahman1 be+ ! ,self1 is some?+ et]nally atta9$4 ,x _c be modifi$2 = t w\ld imply t l s\r milk & simil> ?+s 7:i* are capable ( *ange7 x is non-et]nal4 ,nor f9ally c x be made 'ready' or 'fit4' ,a ?+ is made ready or fit ei!r by ! removal ( "s imp]fection or by ! addition ( "s p]fection4 ,n[ ,brahman _c be fre$ f any imp]fection1 = x is et]nally faultless2 nor c a p]fection be add$ to x1 = x is absolutely p]fect4 ,nor c x be improv$ 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we speak ( improv+ a mirror1 viz4 by poli%+ x2 = z x is absolutely *angeless x _c become ! object ( any action1 ei!r ( its own or ( an outside ag5t4 ,&1 aga91 actions affect+ ! body1 su* z ba?+1 d n 'purify' ! ,self 7z might possibly be ma9ta9$7 b only ! organ ( ,egoity 7ahamk>tri7 :i* is ! product ( avidy1 & connect$ ) ! body2 x is ?is same ahamk>tri also t enjoys ! fruits spr++ f any action ^u ! body4 ,nor mu/ x be said t ! ,self is ! ahamk>tri2 = ! ,self r is t :i* is consci\s ( ! ahamk>tri4 ,?is is ! tea*+ ( ! mantras3 ',"o ( !m eats ! sweet fruit1 ! o!r looks on )\t eat+' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #a1 #a72 ',:5 he is 9 union ) ! body1 ! s5ses1 & ! m9d1 !n wise m5 call him ! ,enjoy]' 7,ka4 ,up4 ,i1 #c1d72 ',! "o ,god1 hidd5 9 all be+s1 all-p]vad+1 ! ,self )9 all be+s1 wat*+ ov] all works1 dwell+ 9 all be+s1 ! witness1 ! p]ceiv]1 ! only "o1 free f qualities' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #aa72 ',he encircl$ all1 bright1 bodiless1 sca!less1 )\t muscles1 pure1 unt\*$ by evil' 7sa4 ,up4 #h74--;,all ^! texts di/+ui% f ! ahamk>tri due to ,nesci5ce1 ! true ,self1 absolutely p]fect & pure1 free f all *ange4 ,release !re=e-- :i* is ! ,self--_c be br\ght ab\t 9 any way4--,b1 if ?is is s1 :at !n is ! use ( ! compreh5sion ( ! texts8--,x is ( use1 we reply1 9 s f> z x puts an end to ! ob/acles 9 ! way ( ,release4 ,?us scriptural texts decl>e3 ',y inde$ are our fa!r1 y :o c>ry u f our ignorance to ! o!r %ore' 7,pra4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #h72 ',i h he>d f m5 l y t he :o kn[s ! ,self ov]comes grief4 ,i am 9 grief4 ,d1 ,sir1 help me ov] ?is grief ( m9e' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #a1 #c72 ',to him ^: faults _h ?us be5 rubb$ out ,sanatkumra %[$ ! o!r bank ( ,d>kness' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #bf1 #b74 ,?is %[s t :at is effect$ by ! compreh5sion ( ! mean+ ( texts is m]ely ! cessation ( imp$im5ts 9 ! way ( ,release4 ,?is cessation itself1 al?\gh some?+ effect$1 is ( ! nature ( t k9d ( nonexi/5ce :i* results f ! de/ruction ( some?+ exi/5t1 & z su* does n pass away4--,texts su* z ',he kn[s ,brahman1 he becomes ,brahman' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #b1 #i72 ',hav+ kn[n him he passes beyond dea?' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,iii1#h71 decl>e t ,release foll[s imm$iately on ! cognition ( ,brahman1 & ?us negative ! int]v5tion ( injunctions4--,nor c x be ma9ta9$ t ,brahman is relat$ to action 9 s f> z con/itut+ ! object ( ! action ei!r ( k or ( m$itation2 = scriptural texts d5y its be+ an object 9 ei!r ( ^! s5ses4 ,comp>e ',diff]5t is ?is f :at is kn[n1 & f :at is unkn[n' 7,ke4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #d72 ',by :om he kn[s all ?is1 :]eby %\ld he "k him8' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #e1 #ae72 ',t d ?\ "k z ,brahman1 n t on :i* !y m$itate z be+ ?is' 7,ke4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #d74 ,nor does ?is view imply t ! sacr$ texts h no object at all2 = x is _! object to put an end to ! view ( diff]5ce spr++ f avidy4 ,scripture does n objectivise ,brahman 9 any def9ite =m1 b r tea*es t its true nature is to be non-object1 & !reby puts an end to ! di/9ction1 fictiti\sly sugge/$ by ,nesci5ce1 ( kn[+ subjects1 acts ( k1 & objects ( k4 ,comp>e ! text ',y %\ld n see a se] ( see+1 y %\ld n ?9k a ?9k] ( ?\ght1' c4 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #d1 #b74--,nor1 aga91 mu/ x be said t1 if k alone puts an end to bondage1 ! injunctions ( he>+ & s on are purposeless2 = _! function is to cause ! orig9ation ( ! compreh5sion ( ! texts1 9 s f> z !y div]t f all o!r alt]natives ! /ud5t :o is naturally incl9$ to yield to di/ractions4--,nor1 aga91 c x be ma9ta9$ t a cessation ( bondage ?r\gh m]e k is nev] obs]v$ to take place2 = z bondage is some?+ false 7unreal7 x _c possibly p]si/ aft] ! rise ( k4 ,= ! same reason x is a mi/ake to ma9ta9 t ! cessation ( bondage takes place only aft] ! dea? ( ! body4 ,9 ord] t ! fe> inspir$ by ! imag9$ snake %\ld come to an end1 x is requir$ only t ! rope %\ld be recognis$ z :at x is1 n t a snake %\ld be de/roy$4 ,if ! body 7 some?+ real1 its de/ruction w\ld be necess>y2 b be+ ap>t f ,brahman x is unreal4 ,he ^: bondage does n come to an end1 9 him true k has n aris52 ?is we inf] f ! effect ( su* k n be+ obs]v$ 9 him4 ,:e!r ! body p]si/ or n1 he :o has rea*$ true k is releas$ f t v mom5t4-- ,! g5]al conclusion ( all ?is is t1 z ,release is n some?+ to be accompli%$ by injunctions ( m$itation1 ,brahman is n prov$ to be some?+ /&+ 9 a supplem5t>y relation to su* injunctions2 b is r prov$ by 7non-injunctory7 texts1 su* z ',?\ art t'2 ',! ,true1 k1 inf9ite is ,brahman'2 ',?is ,self is ,brahman4' ,?is view 7! hold] ( ! dhyna-vidhi !ory rejo9s7 is unt5able2 s9ce ! cessation ( bondage _c possibly spr+ f ! m]e compreh5sion ( ! mean+ ( texts4 ,ev5 if bondage 7 some?+ unreal1 & !re=e capable ( sublation by k1 yet be+ some?+ direct1 imm$iate1 x c\ld n be sublat$ by ! indirect compreh5sion ( ! s5se ( texts4 ,:5 a man directly consci\s ( a snake be=e him is told by a compet5t by-/&] t x is n a snake b m]ely a rope1 8 fe> is n dispell$ by a m]e cognition contr>y to t ( a snake1 & due to ! in=mation receiv$2 b ! in=mation br+s ab\t ! cessation ( 8 fe> 9 t way t x r\ses him to an activity aim+ at ! direct p]ception1 by means ( 8 s5ses1 ( :at ! ?+ be=e him really is4 ,hav+ at fir/ />t$ back 9 fe> ( ! imag9$ snake1 he n[ proce$s to asc]ta9 by means ( ocul> p]ception ! true nature ( ! ?+1 & hav+ accompli%$ ?is is fre$ f fe>4 ,x w\ld n be correct to say t 9 ?is case words 7viz4 ( ! p]son in=m+7 produce ?is p]ceptional k2 = words are n a s5se-organ1 & among ! means ( k x is ! s5se-organs only t give rise to direct k4 ,nor1 aga91 c x be plead$ t 9 ! special case ( ,v$ic texts s5t5ces may give rise to direct k1 ow+ to ! fact t ! p]son conc]n$ has cleans$ himself ( all imp]fection ?r\gh ! p]=mance ( actions n aim+ at imm$iate results1 & has be5 )drawn f all outw>d objects by he>+1 reflection1 & m$itation2 = 9 o!r cases also1 :]e special imp$im5ts 9 ! way ( k are be+ remov$1 we nev] obs]ve t ! special means ( k1 su* z ! s5se-organs & s on1 op]ate outside _! prop] limit$ sph]e4--,nor1 aga91 c x be ma9ta9$ t m$itation acts z a means helpful t[>ds ! compreh5sion ( texts2 = ?is leads to vici\s reciprocal dep5d5ce--:5 ! mean+ ( ! texts has be5 compreh5d$ x becomes ! object ( m$itation2 & :5 m$itation has tak5 place !re arises compreh5sion ( ! mean+ ( ! texts6--,nor c x be said t m$itation & ! compreh5sion ( ! mean+ ( texts h diff]5t objects2 = if ?is 7 s ! compreh5sion ( ! texts c\ld n be a means helpful t[>ds m$itation3 m$itation on "o ?+ does n give rise to eag]ness ) reg>d to ano!r ?+6--,= m$itation :i* consi/s 9 un9t]rupt$ remembrance ( a ?+ cognis$1 ! cognition ( ! s5se ( texts1 moreov]1 =ms an indisp5sable pr]equisite2 = k ( ,brahman--! object ( m$itation--_c orig9ate f any o!r s\rce4--,nor c x be said t t k on :i* m$itation is bas$ is produc$ by "o set ( texts1 :ile t k :i* puts an end to ! _w is produc$ by su* texts z '?\ art t1' & ! l4 ,=1 we ask1 has ! =m] k ! same object z ! latt]1 or a diff]5t "o8 ,on ! =m] alt]native we are l$ to ! same vici\s reciprocal dep5d5ce :i* we not$ above2 & on ! latt] alt]native x _c be %[n t m$itation gives rise to eag]ness ) reg>d to ! latt] k9d ( k4 ,moreov]1 z m$itation presupposes plurality compris+ an object ( m$itation1 a m$itat+ subject & s on1 x really _c 9 any p]ceptible way be helpful t[>ds ! orig9ation ( ! compreh5sion ( ! s5se ( texts1 ! object ( :i* is ! on5ess ( a ,brahman free f all plurality3 he1 !re=e1 :o ma9ta9s t ,nesci5ce comes to an end ?r\gh ! m]e compreh5sion ( ! mean+ ( texts really implies t ! injunctions ( he>+1 reflection1 & m$itation are purposeless4 ,! conclusion t1 s9ce direct k _c spr+ f texts1 ,nesci5ce is n t]m9at$ by ! compreh5sion ( ! mean+ ( texts1 disposes at ! same "t ( ! hypo!sis ( ! s-call$ ',release 9 ?is life' 7jvanmukti74 ,= :at def9ition1 we ask1 c be giv5 ( ?is ',release 9 ?is life'8--',release ( a s\l :ile yet jo9$ to a body'6--,y might z well say1 we reply1 t y\r "m nev] _h any *ildr56 ,y h y\rself prov$ by scriptural passages t 'bondage' means ! be+ jo9$ to a body1 & 'release' be+ free f a body6-- ,let u !n def9e jvanmukti z ! cessation ( embodi$ness1 9 t s5se t a p]son1 :ile ! appe>ance ( embodi$ness p]si/s1 is consci\s ( ! unreality ( t appe>ance4--,b1 we rejo91 if ! consci\sness ( ! unreality ( ! body puts an end to embodi$ness1 h[ c y say t jvanmukti means release ( a s\l :ile jo9$ to a body8 ,on ?is explanation !re rema9s no diff]5ce :atsoev] betwe5 ',release 9 ?is life' & ,release aft] dea?2 = ! latt] also c only be def9$ z cessation ( ! false appe>ance ( embodi$ness4--,let u !n say t a p]son is 'jvanmukta' :5 ! appe>ance ( embodi$ness1 al?\gh sublat$ by true k1 yet p]si/s 9 ! same way z ! appe>ance ( ! moon be+ d\ble p]si/s 7ev5 aft] x has be5 recognis$ z false74--,?is too we _c all[4 ,z ! sublat+ act ( cognition on :i* ,release dep5ds ext5ds to ev]y?+ ) ! exception ( ,brahman1 x sublates ! g5]al defect due to causal ,nesci5ce1 inclusive ( ! p>ticul> errone\s appe>ance ( embodi$ness3 ! latt] be+ sublat$ 9 ?is way _c p]si/4 ,9 ! case ( ! d\ble moon1 on ! o!r h&1 ! defect ( vision on :i* ! errone\s appe>ance dep5ds is n ! object ( ! sublative art ( cognition1 i4e4 ! cognition ( ! on5ess ( ! moon1 & x !re=e rema9s non-sublat$2 h5ce ! false appe>ance ( a d\ble moon may p]si/4--,moreov]1 ! text ',= him !re is delay only z long z he is n fre$ f ! body2 !n he w be releas$' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #ad1 #b71 tea*es t he :o takes 8 /& on ! k ( ! ,real requires = 8 ,release ! putt+ (f ( ! body only3 ! text ?us negatives jivanmukti4 pa/amba also rejects ! view ( jivanmukti1 ',ab&on+ ! ,v$as1 ?is _w & ! next1 he 7! ,samnys97 is to seek ! ,self4 7,"s say t7 he obta9s salvation :5 he kn[s 7! ,self74 ,?is op9ion is contradict$ by ! s/ras4 7,=7 if ,salvation 7 obta9$ :5 ! ,self is kn[n1 he %\ld n feel any pa9 ev5 9 ?is _w4 ,h]eby t :i* foll[s is expla9$' 7,dh4 ,s4 ,,ii1 #i1 #ac-ag74--,?is refutes also ! view t ,release is obta9$ ?r\gh m]e k4--,! conclusion to be drawn f all ?is is t ,release1 :i* consi/s 9 ! cessation ( all ,plurality1 _c take place z long z a man lives4 ,& we !re=e adh]e to our view t ,bondage is to be t]m9at$ only by means ( ! injunctions ( m$itation1 ! result ( :i* is direct k ( ,brahman4 ,nor mu/ ?is be object$ to on ! gr\nd t ,release1 if br\ght ab\t by injunctions1 mu/ !re=e be some?+ non-et]nal2 = :at is effect$ is n ,release itself1 b only ! cessation ( :at imp$es x4 ,moreov]1 ! injunction does n directly produce ! cessation ( ,bondage1 b only ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ! direct cognition ( ,brahman z consi/+ ( pure k1 & n connect$ ) a _w4 ,x is ?is k only :i* ! injunction produces4--,b h[ c an injunction cause ! orig9ation ( k8-- ,h[1 we ask 9 return1 c1 on y\r view1 works n aim+ at "s imm$iate result cause ! orig9ation ( k8--,y w p]haps reply 'by means ( purify+ ! m9d' 7manas72 b ?is reply may be giv5 by me also4--,b 7! objector resumes7 !re is a diff]5ce4 ,on my view ,scripture produces k 9 ! m9d purifi$ by works2 :ile on y\r view we mu/ assume t 9 ! purifi$ m9d ! means ( k are produc$ by injunction4--,! m9d itself1 we reply1 purifi$ by k1 con/itutes ?is means4--,h[ d y "k ?is8 our oppon5t que/ions4--,h[1 we ask 9 return1 d y "k t ! m9d is purifi$ by works1 & t1 9 ! m9d s purifi$ ( a p]son )drawn f all o!r objects by he>+1 reflection & m$itation1 ,scripture produces t k :i* de/roys bondage8--,?r\gh c]ta9 texts su* z ! foll[+3 ',!y seek to "k him by sacrifice1 by gifts1 by p5ance1 by fa/+' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #bb72 ',he is to be he>d1 to be reflect$ on1 to be m$itat$ on' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #d1 #e72 ',he kn[s ,brahman1 he becomes ,brahman' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #b1 #i74--,well1 we reply1 9 ! same way our view--viz4 t ?r\gh ! injunction ( m$itation ! m9d is cle>$1 & t a cle> m9d gives rise to direct k ( ,brahman--is confirm$ by scriptural texts su* z ',he is to be he>d1 to be reflect$ on1 to be m$itat$ on' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #d1 #e72 ',he :o kn[s ,brahman rea*es ! highe/' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a1 #a72 ',he is n appreh5d$ by ! eye nor by spee*' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #a1 #h72 ',b by a pure m9d' 7872 ',he is appreh5d$ by ! he>t1 by wisdom1 by ! m9d' 7,ka4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #f1 #i74 ,nor c x be said t ! text 'n t :i* !y m$itate ^u z ?is' 7,ke4 ,up4 ,i1 #d7 negatives m$itation2 x does n =bid m$itation on ,brahman1 b m]ely decl>es t ,brahman is diff]5t f ! _w4 ,! mantra is to be expla9$ z foll[s3 ',:at m5 m$itate ^u z ?is _w1 t is n ,brahman2 "k ,brahman to be t :i* is n utt]$ by spee*1 b ?r\gh :i* spee* is utt]$4' ,on a diff]5t explanation ! clause '"k t to be ,brahman' w\ld be irrational1 & ! injunctions ( m$itation on ! ,self w\ld--be mean+less4--,! outcome ( all ?is is t unreal ,bondage :i* appe>s 9 ! =m ( a plurality ( kn[+ subjects1 objects ( k1 c41 is put an end to by ! injunctions ( m$itation1 ! fruit ( :i* is direct intuitive k ( ,brahman4 ,nor c we approve ( ! doctr9e held by "s t !re is no contradiction betwe5 diff]5ce & non-diff]5ce2 = diff]5ce & non-diff]5ce _c co-exi/ 9 "o ?+1 any m ?an coldness & heat1 or light & d>kness4--,let u fir/ he> 9 detail :at ! hold] ( ?is s-call$ bh$bh$a view has to say4 ,! :ole univ]se ( ?+s mu/ be ord]$ 9 agreem5t ) our cognitions4 ,n[ we are consci\s ( all ?+s z diff]5t & non-diff]5t at ! same "t3 !y are non-diff]5t 9 _! causal & g5]ic aspects1 & diff]5t 9 s f> z view$ z effects & individuals4 ,!re inde$ is a contradiction betwe5 light & d>kness & s on2 = ^! _c possibly exi/ toge!r1 & !y are actually met ) 9 diff]5t abodes4 ,su* contradictor9ess is n1 on ! o!r h&1 obs]v$ 9 ! case ( cause & effect1 & g5us & individual2 on ! contr>y we "h di/9ctly appreh5d "o ?+ z hav+ two aspects--'?is j> is clay'1 '?is c[ is %ort-horn$4' ,! fact is t exp]i5ce does n %[ u any?+ t has "o aspect only4 ,nor c x be said t 9 ^! cases !re is abs5ce ( contradiction because z fire consumes grass s non-diff]5ce absorbs diff]5ce2 = ! same ?+ :i* exi/s z clay1 or gold1 or c[1 or horse1 c41 at ! same "t exi/s z j> or diadem1 or %ort-horn$ c[ or m>e4 ,!re is no comm& ( ! ,"l to ! effect t "o aspect only %\ld belong to ea* ?+1 non-diff]5ce to :at is non-diff]5t1 & diff]5ce to :at is diff]5t4--,b "o aspect only belongs to ea* ?+1 because x is ?us t ?+s are p]ceiv$6--,on ! contr>y1 we reply1 ?+s h tw(old aspects1 j because x is ?us t !y are p]ceiv$4 ,no man1 h[ev] wide he may op5 8 eyes1 is able to di/+ui% 9 an object--e4g4 a j> or a c[--plac$ be=e him :i* "p is ! clay & :i* ! j>1 or :i* "p is ! g5]ic "* ( ! c[ & :i* ! individual c[4 ,on ! contr>y1 8 ?\ght f9ds its true expression 9 ! foll[+ judgm5ts3 '?is j> is clay'2 '?is c[ is %ort-horn$4' ,nor c x be ma9ta9$ t he makes a di/9ction betwe5 ! cause & g5us z objects ( ! idea ( p]si/5ce1 & ! effect & individual z objects ( ! idea ( discont9uance 7diff]5ce72 = z a matt] ( fact !re is no p]ception ( ^! two elem5ts 9 sep>ation4 ,a man may look ev] s close at a ?+ plac$ be=e him1 he--w n be able to p]ceive a diff]5ce ( aspect & to po9t out '?is is ! p]si/+1 g5]al1 elem5t 9 ! ?+1 & t ! non-p]si/5t1 individual1 elem5t4' ,j z an effect & an individual give rise to ! idea ( "o ?+1 s ! effect plus cause1 & ! individual plus g5]ic "*1 also give rise to ! idea ( "o ?+ only4 ,?is v circum/ance makes x possible = u to recognise ea* individual ?+1 plac$ z x is among a multitude ( ?+s diff]+ 9 place1 "t1 & "*4--,ea* ?+ ?us be+ cognis$ z end[$ ) a tw(old aspect1 ! !ory ( cause & effect1 & g5]ic "* & individual1 be+ absolutely diff]5t1 is cle>ly refut$ by p]ception4 ,b1 an objection is rais$1 if on acc\nt ( grammatical co-ord9ation & ! result+ idea ( on5ess1 ! judgm5t '?is pot is clay' is tak5 to express ! relation ( diff]5ce1 plus non-diff]5ce1 we %all h analog\sly to inf] f judgm5ts su* z ',i am a man'1 ',i am a div9e be+' t ! ,self & ! body also /& 9 ! bh$bh$a-relation2 ! !ory ( ! co-exi/5ce ( diff]5ce & non-diff]5ce w ?us act l a fire :i* a man has lit on 8 he>?1 & :i* 9 ! end consumes ! entire h\se6--,?is1 we reply1 is ! baseless idea ( a p]son :o has n duly consid]$ ! true nature ( co-ord9ation z e/abli%+ ! bh$bh$a-relation4 ,! correct pr9ciple is t all reality is det]m9$ by /ates ( consci\sness n sublat$ by valid means ( pro(4 ,! imag9ation1 h[ev]1 ( ! id5tity ( ! ,self & ! body is sublat$ by all ! means ( pro( :i* apply to ! ,self3 x is 9 fact no m valid ?an ! imag9ation ( ! snake 9 ! rope1 & does n !re=e prove ! non-diff]5ce ( ! two4 ,! co-ord9ation1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* is express$ 9 ! judgm5t '! c[ is %ort-horn$' is nev] obs]v$ to be refut$ 9 any way1 & h5ce e/abli%es ! bh$bh$a- relation4 ,= ! same reasons ! individual s\l 7jva7 is n absolutely diff]5t f ,brahman1 b /&s to x 9 ! bh$bh$a-relation 9 s f> z x is a "p 7amsa7 ( ,brahman4 ,its non-diff]5ce f ,brahman is ess5tial 7svbhvika72 its diff]5ce is due to limit+ adjuncts 7aupdhika74 ,?is we "k1 9 ! fir/ place1 f ^? scriptural texts :i* decl>e non-diff]5ce--su* z ',?\ art t' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi72 ',!re is no o!r se] b he' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #g1 #bc72 ',?is ,self is ,brahman' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #e1 #ai72 & ! passage f ! ,brahmaskta 9 ! ,samhitopani%ad ( ! ?>vanas :i*1 aft] hav+ said t ,brahman is ,heav5 & ,e>?1 cont9ues1 ',! fi%]m5 are ,brahman1 ! slaves are ,brahman1 ,brahman are ^! gambl]s2 man & woman are born f ,brahman2 wom5 are ,brahman & s are m54' ,&1 9 ! second place1 f ^? texts :i* decl>e diff]5ce3 ',he :o1 "o1 et]nal1 intellig5t1 fulfils ! desires ( _m non-et]nal intellig5t be+s' 7,ka4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #e1 #ac72 ',!re are two unborn1 "o kn[+1 ! o!r n-kn[+2 "o /rong1 ! o!r weak' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,i1 #i72 ',be+ ! cause ( _! connexion ) him1 ?r\gh ! qualities ( action & ! qualities ( ! ,self1 he is se5 z ano!r' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,v1 #ab72 ',! ,"l ( nature & ! s\ls1 ! rul] ( ! qualities1 ! cause ( ! bondage1 ! exi/5ce & ! release ( ! samsra' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #af72 ',he is ! cause1 ! "l ( ! lords ( ! organs' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #i72 ',"o ( ! two eats ! sweet fruit1 )\t eat+ ! o!r looks on' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #f72 ',he :o dwell+ 9 ! ,self 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #g1 #bb72 ',embrac$ by ! intellig5t ,self he kn[s no?+ t is )\t1 no?+ t is )9' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #c1 #ba72 ',m\nt$ by ! intellig5t ,self he goes groan+' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #c1 #ce72 ',hav+ kn[n him he passes beyond dea?' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #h74--,on ! gr\nd ( ^! two sets ( passages ! individual & ! highe/ ,self mu/ ne$s be assum$ to /& 9 ! bh$bh$a-relation4 ,& texts su* z ',he kn[s ,brahman1 he becomes ,brahman' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #b1 #i71 :i* tea* t 9 ! /ate ( ,release ! individual s\l ent]s into ,brahman itself2 & aga9 texts su* z ',b :5 ! ,self has become all = him1 :]eby %\ld he see ano!r' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #d1 #ac71 :i* =bid u to view1 9 ! /ate ( ,release1 ! ,"l z some?+ diff]5t 7f ! individual s\l71 %[ t non-diff]5ce is ess5tial 7:ile diff]5ce is m]ely aupdhika74 ,b1 an objection is rais$1 ! text ',he rea*es all desires toge!r 9 ! wise ,brahman1' 9 us+ ! ^w 'toge!r' %[s t ev5 9 ! /ate ( ,release ! s\l is diff]5t f ,brahman1 & ! same view is express$ 9 two ( ! ,stras1 viz4 ,,iv1 #d1 #ag2 #ba4--,?is is n s1 we reply2 = ! text1 ',!re is no o!r se] b he' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #g1 #bc71 & _m simil> texts di/9ctly negative all plurality 9 ! ,self4 ,! ,taittirya-text quot$ by y means t man rea*es ,brahman ) all desires1 i4e4 ,brahman compris+ )9 itself all objects ( desire2 if x 7 und]/ood diff]5tly1 x w\ld foll[ t ,brahman holds a subord9ate position only4 ,& if ! ,stra ,,iv1 #d1 #ag meant t ! releas$ s\l is sep>ate f ,brahman x w\ld foll[ t x is defici5t 9 lordly p[]2 & if ?is 7 s ! ,stra w\ld be 9 conflict ) o!r ,stras su* z ,,iv1 #d1 #a4--;,= ^! reasons1 non-diff]5ce is ! ess5tial condition2 :ile ! di/9ction ( ! s\ls f ,brahman & f ea* o!r is due to _! limit+ adjuncts1 i4e4 ! int]nal organ1 ! s5se-organs1 & ! body4 ,brahman inde$ is )\t p>ts & omnipres5t2 b ?r\gh its adjuncts x becomes capable ( division j z e!r is divid$ by j>s & ! l4 ,nor mu/ x be said t ?is leads to a repreh5sible mutual dep5d5ce--,brahman 9 s f> z divid$ ent]+ into conjunction ) its adjuncts1 & aga9 ! division 9 ,brahman be+ caus$ by its conjunction ) its adjuncts2 = ^! adjuncts & ,brahman's connexion ) !m are due to action 7k>man71 & ! /ream ( action is )\t a beg9n+4 ,! limit+ adjuncts to :i* a s\l is jo9$ spr+ f ! s\l z connect$ ) previ\s works1 & "w aga9 spr+s f ! s\l z jo9$ to its adjuncts3 & z ?is connexion ) works & adjuncts is )\t a beg9n+ 9 "t1 no fault c be f\nd ) our !ory4--,! non-diff]5ce ( ! s\ls f ea* o!r & ,brahman is ?us ess5tial1 :ile _! diff]5ce is due to ! ,updhis4 ,^! ,updhis1 on ! o!r h&1 are at ! same "t ess5tially non-di/9ct & ess5tially di/9ct f ea* o!r & ,brahman2 = !re are no o!r ,updhis 7to acc\nt = _! di/9ction if non-ess5tial71 & if we admitt$ su*1 we %\ld aga9 h to assume fur!r ,updhis1 & s on 9 inf9itum4 ,we !re=e hold t ! ,updhis are produc$1 9 accordance ) ! actions ( ! individual s\ls1 z ess5tially non-diff]5t & diff]5t f ,brahman4 ,to ?is bh$bh$a view ! ,prvapak%9 n[ objects on ! foll[+ gr\nds3--,! :ole aggregate ( ,v$nta-texts aims at enjo9+ m$itation on a non-dual ,brahman ^: ess5ce is reality1 intellig5ce1 & bliss1 & ?us sets =? ! view ( non-diff]5ce2 :ile on ! o!r h& ! k>ma-section ( ! ,v$a1 & likewise p]ception & ! o!r means ( k1 intimate ! view ( ! diff]5ce ( ?+s4 ,n[1 z diff]5ce & non-diff]5ce are contradictory1 & z ! view ( diff]5ce may be acc\nt$ = z re/+ on beg9n+less ,nesci5ce1 we conclude t univ]sal non-diff]5ce is :at is real4-- ,! t5et t diff]5ce & non-diff]5ce are n contradictory because bo? are prov$ by our consci\sness1 _c be upheld4 ,if "o ?+ has diff]5t *>act]i/ics f ano!r !re is di/9ction 7bh$a7 ( ! two2 ! contr>y condition ( ?+s con/itutes non- di/9ction 7abh$a72 :o 9 8 s5ses !n w\ld ma9ta9 t ^! two-su*ness & non-su*ness--c be f\nd toge!r8 ,y h ma9ta9$ t non-diff]5ce belongs to a ?+ view$ z cause & g5us1 & diff]5ce to ! same view$ z effect & individual2 & t1 ow+ to ?is tw(old aspect ( ?+s1 non-diff]5ce & diff]5ce are n irreconcileable4 ,b t ?is view also is unt5able1 a pres5tation ( ! "q 9 def9ite alt]natives w %[4 ,d y mean to say t ! diff]5ce lies 9 "o aspect ( ! ?+ & ! non-diff]5ce 9 ! o!r8 or t diff]5ce & non-diff]5ce belong to ! ?+ possess+ two aspects8--,on ! =m] alt]native ! diff]5ce belongs to ! individual & ! non-diff]5ce to ! g5us2 & ?is implies t !re is no "o ?+ ) a d\ble aspect4 ,& %\ld y say t ! g5us & individual toge!r con/itute "o ?+ only1 y ab&on ! view t x is diff]5ce ( aspect :i* takes away ! contradictor9ess ( diff]5ce & non-diff]5ce4 ,we h moreov] rem>k$ already t diff]5ce 9 *>act]i/ics & its opposite are absolutely contradictory4--,on ! second alt]native we h two aspects ( diff]5t k9d & an unkn[n ?+ suppos$ to be ! sub/rate ( ^? aspects2 b ?is assumption ( a triad ( entities proves only _! mutual diff]5ce ( "*1 n _! non- diff]5ce4 ,%\ld y say t ! non-contradictor9ess ( two aspects con/itutes simultane\s diff]5ce & non-diff]5ce 9 ! ?+ :i* is _! sub/rate1 we ask 9 return--,h[ c two aspects :i* h a ?+ = _! sub/rate1 & ?us are diff]5t f ! ?+1 introduce into t ?+ a comb9ation ( two contradictory attributes 7viz4 diff]5ce & non-diff]5ce78 ,& mu* less ev5 are !y able to d s if !y are view$ z non-diff]5t f ! ?+ :i* is _! sub/rate4 ,if1 moreov]1 ! two aspects on ! "o h&1 & ! ?+ 9 :i* !y inh]e on ! o!r1 be admitt$ to be di/9ct entities1 !re w be requir$ a fur!r factor to br+ ab\t _! diff]5ce & non-diff]5ce1 & we %all ?us be l$ into a regressus 9 inf9itum4--,nor is x a fact t ! idea ( a ?+ inclusive ( its g5]ic "* be>s ! "* ( unity1 9 ! same way z ! admitt$ly uni=m idea ( an individual2 = :]ev] a /ate ( consci\sness expresses itself 9 ! =m '?is is su* & su*' x implies ! di/9ction ( an attribute or mode1 & t to :i* ! attribute or mode belongs4 ,9 ! case "u discussion ! g5us con/itutes ! mode1 & ! individual t to :i* ! mode belongs3 ! idea does n !re=e possess ! "* ( unity4 ,= ^! v reasons ! individual s\l _c /& to ,brahman 9 ! bh$bh$a-relation4 ,& z ! view ( non-diff]5ce is f\nd$ on ,scripture1 we assume t ! view ( diff]5ce re/s on beg9n+less ,nesci5ce4--,b on ?is view want ( k & all ! imp]fections spr++ !refrom1 su* z bir?1 dea?1 c41 w\ld cl+ to ,brahman itself1 & ?is w\ld contradict scriptural texts su* z ',he :o is all-kn[+' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,i1 #a1 #i72 ',t ,self free f all evil' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #a1 #e74 ,n s1 we reply4 ,= all ^? imp]fections we consid] to be unreal4 ,on y\r view on ! o!r h&1 :i* admits no?+ b ,brahman & its limit+ adjuncts1 all ! imp]fections :i* spr+ f contact ) ^? adjuncts mu/ really belong to ,brahman4 ,= z ,brahman is )\t p>ts1 indivisible1 ! updhis _c divide or split x s z to connect !mselves ) a "p only2 b necess>ily connect !mselves ) ,brahman itself & produce _! effects on x4-- ,"h ! foll[+ explanation may possibly be attempt$4 ,brahman det]m9$ by an updhi con/itutes ! individual s\l4 ,?is s\l is ( atomic size s9ce :at det]m9es x1 viz4 ! int]nal organ1 is itself ( atomic size2 & ! limitation itself is )\t beg9n+4 ,all ! imp]fections !re=e connect !mselves only ) t special place t is det]m9$ by ! updhi1 & d n affect ! highe/ ,brahman :i* is n limit$ by ! updhi4--,9 reply to ?is we ask--,d y mean to say t :at con/itutes ! atomic individual s\l is a "p ( ,brahman :i* is limit$ & cut (f by ! limit+ adjunct2 or "s p>ticul> "p ( ,brahman :i*1 )\t be+ !reby divid$ (f1 is connect$ ) an atomic updhi2 or ,brahman 9 its totality z connect$ ) an updhi2 or "s o!r intellig5t be+ connect$ ) an updhi1 or f9ally ! updhi itself8--,! fir/ alt]native is n possible1 because ,brahman _c be divid$2 x w\ld moreov] imply t ! individual s\l has a beg9n+1 = division means ! mak+ ( "o ?+ into two4--,on ! second alt]native x w\ld foll[ t1 z a "p ( ,brahman w\ld be connect$ ) ! updhi1 all ! imp]fections due to ! updhis w\ld adh]e to t "p4 ,& fur!r1 if ! updhi w\ld n possess ! p[] ( attract+ to itself ! p>ticul> "p ( ,brahman ) :i* x is connect$1 x w\ld foll[ t :5 ! updhi moves ! "p )1 :i* x is connect$ w\ld con/antly *ange2 9 o!r words1 bondage & release w\ld take place at e mom5t4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! updhi possess$ ! p[] ( attraction1 ! :ole ,brahman--z n be+ capable ( division--w\ld be attract$ & move ) ! updhi4 ,& %\ld x be said t :at is all-p]vad+ & )\t p>ts _c be attract$ & move1 well !n ! updhi only moves1 & we are aga9 met by ! difficulties /at$ above4 ,moreov]1 if all ! updhis 7 connect$ ) ! p>ts ( ,brahman view$ z "o & undivid$1 all individual s\ls1 be+ no?+ b p>ts ( ,brahman1 w\ld be consid]$ z non-di/9ct4 ,& %\ld x be said t !y are n ?us cognis$ z "o because !y are con/itut$ by diff]5t p>ts ( ,brahman1 x w\ld foll[ t z soon z ! updhi ( "o individual s\l is mov+1 ! id5tity ( t s\l w\ld be lo/ 7= x w\ld1 9 successive mom5ts1 be con/itut$ by diff]5t p>ts ( ,brahman74--,on ! ?ird alt]native 7! :ole (7 ,brahman itself be+ connect$ ) ! updhi ent]s into ! condition ( individual s\l1 & !re rema9s no non- condition$ ,brahman4 ,&1 moreov]1 ! s\l 9 all bodies w !n be "o only4--,on ! f\r? alt]native ! individual s\l is some?+ altoge!r diff]5t f ,brahman1 & ! diff]5ce ( ! s\l f ,brahman ?us ceases to dep5d on ! updhis ( ,brahman4--,& ! fif? alt]native means ! embrac+ ( ! view ( ! ,krvka 7:o makes no di/9ction betwe5 s\l & matt]74--,! conclusion f all ?is is t on ! /r5g? ( ! texts decl>+ non-diff]5ce we mu/ admit t all diff]5ce is bas$ on ,nesci5ce only4 ,h5ce1 ,scripture be+ an au?oritative in/rum5t ( k 9 s f> only z x has = its end action & ! cessation ( action1 ! ,v$nta-texts mu/ be all[$ to be a valid means ( k ) reg>d to ,brahman's nature1 9 s f> z !y /& 9 a supplem5t>y relation to ! injunctions ( m$itation4 ,?is view is f9ally combat$ by ! ,mmmsaka4 ,ev5 if1 he says1 we all[ ! ,v$nta-texts to h a purport 9 s f> z !y are supplem5t>y to injunctions ( m$itation1 !y _c be view$ z valid means ( k ) reg>d to ,brahman4 ,d ! texts ref]r+ to ,brahman1 we ask1 occupy ! position ( valid means ( k 9 s f> z !y =m a syntactic :ole ) ! injunctions ( m$itation1 or z indep5d5t s5t5ces8 ,9 ! =m] case ! purport ( ! syntactic :ole is simply to enjo9 m$itation1 & x _c !re=e aim at giv+ in/ruction ab\t ,brahman4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! texts ab\t ,brahman are sep>ate indep5d5t s5t5ces1 !y _c h ! purport ( prompt+ to action & are !re=e devoid ( in/ructive p[]4 ,nor mu/ x be said t m$itation is a k9d ( cont9u$ remembrance1 & z su* requires to be def9$ by ! object rememb]$2 & t ! dem& ( ! injunction ( m$itation = some?+ to be rememb]$ is satisfi$ by texts su* z ',all ?is is t ,self'1 '! ,true1 k1 inf9ite is ,brahman1' c41 :i* set =? ! nature & attributes ( ,brahman &--=m+ a syntactic :ole ) ! injunctions--are a valid means ( k ) reg>d to ! exi/5ce ( ! matt] !y convey4 ,= ! fact is t ! dem& on ! "p ( an injunction ( m$itation = an object to be rememb]$ may be satisfi$ ev5 by some?+ unreal 7n true71 z 9 ! case ( injunctions su* z ',let him m$itate ^u m9d z ,brahman' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ah1 #a73 ! real exi/5ce ( ! object ( m$itation is !re=e n dem&$4--,! f9al conclusion arriv$ at 9 ?is prvapak%a is !re=e z foll[s4 ,z ! ,v$nta-texts d n aim at prompt+ to action or ! cessation ( action2 z1 ev5 on ! supposition ( _! be+ supplem5t>y to injunctions ( m$itation1 ! only ?+ !y effect is to set =? ! nature ( ! object ( m$itation2 & z1 ev5 if !y are view$ z indep5d5t s5t5ces1 !y accompli% ! end ( man 7i4e4 please1 gratify7 by k m]ely--be+ ?us comp>able to tales ) :i* we soo! *ildr5 or sick p]sons2 x does n lie )9 _! prov9ce to e/abli% ! reality ( an accompli%$ ?+1 & h5ce ,scripture _c be view$ z a valid means = ! cognition ( ,brahman4 ,to ?is prim facie view ! ,strakra replies1 ',b ?is on acc\nt ( connexion4' ',connexion' is "h to be tak5 9 an em95t s5se1 z 'connexion ) ! end ( man4' ,t ,brahman1 :i* is measureless bliss & !re=e con/itutes ! highe/ end ( man1 is connect$ ) ! texts z ! topic set =? by !m1 proves ,scripture to be a valid means = ! cognition ( ,brahman4 ,to ma9ta9 t ! :ole body ( ,v$nta-texts-:i* tea* u t ,brahman is ! highe/ object to be atta9$1 s9ce x consi/s ( supreme bliss free ( all blemi% :atsoev]--is devoid ( all use & purpose m]ely because x does n aim at action or ! cessation ( action2 is no bett] ?an to say t a y\? ( royal desc5t is ( no use because he does n belong to a community ( l[ wret*es liv+ on ! fle% ( dogs6 ,! relation ( ! diff]5t texts is z foll[s4 ,!re are individual s\ls ( numb]less k9ds-gods1 ,asuras1 ,g&h>vas1 ,siddhas1 ,vidydh>as1 ,k9n>as1 ,kimpuru%as1 ,yak%as1 ,rk%asas1 ,piskas1 m51 bea/s1 birds1 creep+ animals1 trees1 bu%es1 creep]s1 grasses & s on-- di/+ui%$ z male1 female1 or sexless1 & hav+ diff]5t s\rces ( n\ri%m5t & support & diff]5t objects ( enjoym5t4 ,n[ all ^! s\ls are defici5t 9 insight into ! true nature ( ! highe/ reality1 _! und]/&+s be+ obscur$ by ,nesci5ce op]at+ 9 ! =m ( beg9n+less k>man2 & h5ce ^? texts only are fully useful to !m :i* tea* t !re exi/s a highe/ ,brahman--:i* ! s\ls 9 ! /ate ( release may cognise z non-diff]5t f !mselves1 & :i* !n1 ?r\gh its own ess5tial nature1 qualities1 p[] & en]gies1 imp>ts to ^? s\ls bliss inf9ite & unsurpassable4 ,:5 n[ ! "q arises--z x mu/ arise--1 z to h[ ?is ,brahman is to be atta9$1 !re /ep 9 c]ta9 o!r ,v$nta- texts--su* z ,he :o kn[s ,brahman rea*es ! highe/' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a1 #a71 & ',let a man m$itate on ! ,self z 8 _w' 7,bri4 ,up4 #a1 #d1 #ae7--;&1 by means ( t]ms d5ot+ 'kn[+' & s on1 enjo9 m$itation z ! means ( atta9+ ,brahman4 7,we may illu/rate ?is relation exi/+ betwe5 ! texts sett+ =? ! nature ( ,brahman & ^? enjo9+ m$itation by two comp>isons47 ,! case is l t ( a man :o has be5 told ',!re is a treasure hidd5 9 y\r h\se'4 ,he le>ns ?r\gh ?is s5t5ce ! exi/5ce ( ! treasure1 is satisfi$1 & !n takes active /eps to f9d x & make x 8 own4-- ,or take ! case ( a "y pr9ce :o1 int5t on "s boyi% play1 leaves 8 fa!r's palace &1 los+ 8 way1 does n return4 ,! k+ ?9ks 8 son is lo/2 ! boy himself is receiv$ by "s good ,brahman :o br+s him up & tea*es him )\t kn[+ :o ! boy's fa!r is4 ,:5 ! boy has rea*$ 8 sixte5? ye> & is accompli%$ 9 e way1 "s fully tru/wor?y p]son tells him1 ',y\r fa!r is ! rul] ( all ^! l&s1 fam\s = ! possession ( all noble qualities1 wisdom1 g5]osity1 k9dness1 c\rage1 val\r & s on1 & he /ays 9 8 capital1 long+ to see y1 8 lo/ *ild4 ,he>+ t 8 fa!r is alive & a man s high & noble1 ! boy's he>t is fill$ ) supreme joy2 & ! k+ also1 und]/&+ t 8 son is alive1 9 good heal?1 h&some & well in/ruct$1 consid]s himself to h atta9$ all a man c wi% =4 ,he !n takes /eps to recov] 8 son1 & f9ally ! two are reunit$4 ,! ass]tion aga9 t a /atem5t ref]r+ to "s accompli%$ ?+ gratifies m5 m]ely by imp>t+ a k ( ! ?+1 )\t be+ a means ( k ) reg>d to its real exi/5ce--s t x w\ld be comp>able to ! tales we tell to *ildr5 & sick p--1 c 9 no way be upheld4 ,:5 x is asc]ta9$ t a ?+ has no real exi/5ce1 ! m]e k or idea ( ! ?+ does n gratify4 ,! pleasure :i* /ories give to *ildr5 & sick p is due to ! fact t !y errone\sly believe !m to be true2 if !y 7 to f9d out t ! matt] pres5t to _! ?\ght is untrue _! pleasure w\ld come to an end t v mom5t4 ,& ?us 9 ! case ( ! texts ( ! ,upani%ads also4 ,if we ?\ght t ^! texts d n mean to intimate ! real exi/5ce ( ,brahman1 ! m]e idea ( ,brahman to :i* !y give rise w\ld n satisfy u 9 any way4 ,! conclusion !re=e is t texts su* z ',t f :5ce ^! be+s are born' c4 d convey valid in/ruction z to ! exi/5ce ( ,brahman1 i4e4 t be+ :i* is ! sole cause ( ! _w1 is free f all %ad[ ( imp]fection1 comprises )9 itself all auspici\s qualities1 su* z omnisci5ce & s on1 & is ( ! nature ( supreme bliss4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'connexion'4 #e4 ,on acc\nt ( see+ 7i4e4 ?9k+7 t :i* is n f\nd$ on ,scripture 7i4e4 ! ,pradhna7 is n 7:at is taught by ! texts ref]r+ to ! orig9ation ( ! _w74 ,we h ma9ta9$ t :at is taught by ! texts relative to ! orig9ation ( ! _w is ,brahman1 omnisci5t1 & s on4 ,! pres5t ,stra & ! foll[+ ,stras n[ add t ^? texts c 9 no way ref] to ! ,pradhna & simil> entities :i* re/ on ,inf]5ce only4 ,we read 9 ! ,*ndogya1 ',be+ only 0 ?is 9 ! beg9n+1 "o only1 )\t a second4--,x ?\ght1 may ,i be _m1 may ,i gr[ =?4-- ,x s5t =? fire' 7,,vi1 #b1 #a ff47--,"h a d\bt arises :e!r ! cause ( ! _w d5ot$ by ! t]m ',be+' is ! ,pradhna4 assum$ by o!rs1 :i* re/s on ,inf]5ce1 or ,brahman z def9$ by u4 ,! ,prvapak%9 ma9ta9s t ! ,pradhna is meant4 ,= he says1 ! ,*ndogya text quot$ expresses ! causal /ate ( :at is d5ot$ by ! ^w '?is'1 viz4 ! aggregate ( ?+s compris+ manifold effects1 su* z e!r1 c41 consi/+ ( ! ?ree elem5ts ( ,goodness1 ,passion & ,d>kness1 & =m+ ! sph]e ( fruition ( intellig5t be+s4 ,by ! 'effect$' /ate we und]/& ! assum+1 on ! "p ( ! causal sub/ance1 ( a diff]5t condition2 :atev] !re=e con/itutes ! ess5tial nature ( a ?+ 9 its effect$ /ate ! same con/itutes its ess5tial nature 9 ! causal /ate also4 ,n[ ! effect1 9 our case1 is made up ( ! ?ree elem5ts ,goodness1 ,passion & ,d>kness2 h5ce ! cause is ! ,pradhna :i* consi/s 9 an equipoise ( ^? ?ree elem5ts4 ,& z 9 ?is ,pradhna all di/9ctions are m]g$1 s t x is pure ,be+1 ! ,*ndogya text ref]s to x z ',be+1 "o only1 )\t a second4' ,?is e/abli%es ! non-diff]5ce ( effect & cause1 & 9 ?is way ! promise t ?r\gh ! k ( "o ?+ all ?+s are to be kn[n admits ( be+ fulfill$4 ,o!rwise1 moreov]1 !re w\ld be no analogy betwe5 ! in/ance ( ! lump ( clay & ! ?+s made ( x1 & ! matt] to be illu/rat$ !reby4 ,! texts speak+ ( ! orig9ation ( ! _w !re=e intimate ! ,pradhna taught by ! great ,sage ,kapila4 ,& z ! ,*ndogya passage has1 ow+ to ! pres5ce ( an initial /atem5t 7pratij7 & a prov+ in/ance1 ! =m ( an inf]5ce1 ! t]m ',be+' means j t :i* re/s on inf]5ce1 viz4 ! ,pradhna4 ,?is prim facie view is set aside by ! words ( ! ,stra4 ,t :i* does n re/ on ,scripture1 i4e4 ! ,pradhna1 :i* re/s on ,inf]5ce only1 is n :at is intimat$ by ! texts ref]r+ to ! orig9ation ( ! _w2 = ! text exhibits ! root 'k%'--:i* means 'to ?9k'--z d5ot+ a special activity on ! "p ( :at is t]m$ ',be+4' ',x ?\ght1 may ,i be _m1 may ,i gr[ =?4' ',?9k+' _c possibly belong to ! non-s5ti5t ,pradhna3 ! t]m ',be+' c !re=e d5ote only ! all-kn[+ highe/ ,p]son :o is capable ( ?\ght4 ,9 agreem5t ) ?is we f9d t1 9 all sections :i* ref] to creation1 ! act ( creation is /at$ to be prec$$ by ?\ght4 ',he ?\ght1 %all ,i s5d =? worlds4 ,he s5t =? ^! worlds' 7,ait4 r4 ,,ii1 #d1 #a1 #b72 ',he ?\ght he s5t =? ,prna' 7,pr4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #c72 & o!rs4--,b x is a rule t z a cause we mu/ assume only :at corresponds to ! effect6--,j s2 & :at corresponds to ! total aggregate ( effects is ! highe/ ,p]son1 all-kn[+1 all- p[]ful1 ^: purposes realise !mselves1 :o has m9ds & matt] 9 _! subtle /ate = 8 body4 ,comp>e ! texts ',8 high p[] is reveal$ z manifold1 z inh]5t1 act+ z =ce & k' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #h72 ',he :o is all-kn[+1 all-p]ceiv+' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,i1 #a1 #i72 ',he ( :om ! ,unevolv$ is ! body1 ( :om ! ,imp]i%able is ! body1 ( :om ,dea? is ! body1 he is ! inn] ,self ( all ?+s' 7,subl4 ,up4 ,,vii74--,?is po9t 7viz4 z to ! body ( ! highe/ ,p]son7 w be e/abli%$ "u ,s4 ,,ii1 #a1 #d4 ,! pres5t ,stra decl>es t ! texts treat+ ( creation _c ref] to ! ,pradhna2 ! ,stra j m5tion$ w dispose ( objections4 ,nor is ! ,prvapak%9 "r 9 ma9ta9+ t ! ,*ndogya passage is ( ! nature ( an ,inf]5ce2 = x does n /ate a reason 7hetu--:i* is ! ess5tial ?+ 9 an ,inf]5ce74 ,! illu/rative in/ance 7( ! lump ( clay7 is introduc$ m]ely 9 ord] to conv9ce him :o consid]s x impossible t all ?+s %\ld be kn[n ?r\gh "o ?+--z ma9ta9$ 9 ! passage '?r\gh :i* t is he>d :i* 0 n he>d1' c41--t ?is is possible aft] all4 ,& ! m5tion made 9 ! text ( 'see+' cle>ly %[s t !re is absolutely no int5tion ( sett+ =? an ,inf]5ce4 ,let u assume1 !n1 ! ,prvapak%9 resumes1 t ! 'see+' ( ! text d5otes n 'see+' 9 its prim>y1 direct s5se--su* z belongs to intellig5t be+s only2 b 'see+' 9 a second>y1 figurative s5se :i* !re is ascrib$ to ! ,pradhna 9 ! same way z 9 passages imm$iately foll[+ x is ascrib$ to fire & wat]--'! fire saw'2 '! wat] saw' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #b1 #c74 ,! transf]5ce1 to non- exi/5t ?+s1 ( attributes prop]ly belong+ to s5ti5t be+s is q common2 z :5 we say '! rice-fields look out = ra9'2 '! ra9 delight$ ! se$s4'--,?is view is set aside by ! next ,stra4 #f4 ,if x be said t 7! ^w 'see+'7 has a second>y 7figurative7 mean+2 we d5y ?is1 on acc\nt ( ! ^w ',self' 7be+ appli$ to ! cause ( ! _w74 ,! cont5tion t1 because1 9 passages /&+ close by1 ! ^w 'see+' is us$ 9 a second>y s5se1 ! 'see+' pr$icat$ ( ! ,sat 7',be+'7 is also to be tak5 9 a second>y s5se1 viz4 z d5ot+ 7n real ?\ght b7 a c]ta9 condition previ\s to creation1 _c be upheld2 = 9 o!r texts met ) 9 ! same section 7viz4 ',all ?is has t = its ,self2 t is ! ,true1 t is ! ,self'1 ,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #h1 #g71 t :i* fir/ _h be5 spok5 ( z ,sat is call$ ! ',self'4 ,! designation ',self' :i* 9 ?is passage is appli$ to ! ,sat 9 its relation to ! entire _w1 s5ti5t or non-s5ti5t1 is 9 no way appropriate to ! ,pradhna4 ,we !re=e conclude t1 z ! highe/ ,self is ! ,self ( fire1 wat]1 & e>? also1 ! words fire1 c4 79 ! passages /at+ t fire1 c4 ?\ght7 d5ote ! highe/ ,self only4 ,?is conclusion agrees ) ! text ',let me ent] into ^! ?ree be+s ) ?is liv+ ,self1 & evolve names & =ms'1 = ?is text implies t fire1 wat]1 c4 possess sub/antial be+ & def9ite names only ?r\gh ! highe/ ,self hav+ ent]$ into !m4 ,! ?\ght ascrib$ 9 ! text to fire1 wat]1 c4 h5ce is ?\ght 9 ! prop] s5se1 & ! hypo!sis t1 ow+ to its connexion ) ^! latt] texts1 ! ?\ght pr$icat$ ( ',be+' 7'x ?\ght1' c4 7 %\ld be ?\ght 9 a figurative s5se only ?us lapses altoge!r4 ,! next foll[+ ,stra confirms ! same view4 #g4 ,because release is taught ( him :o takes 8 /& on x4 ,svetaketu1 :o is desir\s ( f9al release1 is at fir/--by means ( ! clause ',?\ art t'--in/ruct$ to m$itate on himself z hav+ 8 ,self 9 t :i* truly is2 & !reupon ! passage '= him !re is delay' only z long z ',i %all n be releas$1 !n ,i %all be unit$' tea*es t = a man tak+ 8 /& ^u t tea*+ !re w be ,release1 i4e4 union ) ,brahman--:i* is delay$ only until ?is mortal body falls away4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! text w\ld tea* t ! non-intellig5t ,pradhna is ! g5]al cause1 x c\ld n possibly tea* t m$itation on ?is ,pradhna be+ a man's ,self is ! means t[>ds 8 ,release4 ,a man tak+ 8 /& on su* m$itation r w\ld on dea? be unit$ ) a non-s5ti5t pr9ciple1 accord+ to ! scriptural say+1 ',accord+ z 8 ?\ght is 9 ?is _w1 s w he be :5 he has dep>t$ ?is life' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ad1 #a74 ,& ,scripture1 :i* is m lov+ ?an ev5 a ?\s& p>5ts1 _c possibly tea* su* union ) ! ,non-s5ti5t1 :i* is ackn[l$g$ to be ! cause ( all ! assaults ( suff]+ 9 its ?reefold =m4 ,moreov]1 ^? :o hold ! !ory ( ! ,pradhna be+ ! cause ( ! _w d n !mselves ma9ta9 t he :o takes 8 /& ^u ! ,pradhna atta9s f9al release4 ,! ,pradhna is n ! cause ( ! _w = ! foll[+ reason also3 #h4 ,& because !re is no /atem5t ( its hav+ to be set aside4 ,if ! ^w ',sat' d5ot$ ! ,pradhna z ! cause ( ! _w1 we %\ld expect ! text to tea* t ! idea ( hav+ 8 ,self 9 t ',sat' %\ld be set aside by ,svetaketu z desir\s ( ,release2 = t idea w\ld be contr>y to ,release4 ,s f> f tea*+ ?is1 ! text1 h[ev]1 directly inculcates t notion 9 ! words ',?\ art t4'-- ,! next ,stra adds a fur!r reason4 #i4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! contradiction ( ! initial /atem5t4 ,! ,pradhna's be+ ! cause ( ! _w w\ld imply a contradiction ( ! initial /atem5t1 viz4 t ?r\gh ! k ( "o ?+ all ?+s are to be kn[n4 ,n[1 on ! pr9ciple ( ! non-diff]5ce ( cause & effect1 ?is initial /atem5t c only be fulfill$ 9 t way t ?r\gh ! k ( ! ',sat'1 :i* is ! cause1 !re is kn[n ! entire _w1 :e!r s5ti5t or non-s5ti5t1 :i* con/itutes ! effect4 ,b if ! ,pradhna 7 ! cause1 ! aggregate ( s5ti5t be+s c\ld n be kn[n ?r\gh x--= s5ti5t be+s are n ! effect ( a non-s5ti5t pr9ciple1 & !re w\ld ?us arise a contradiction4--,! next ,stra supplies a fur!r reason4 #aj4 ,on acc\nt ( 7! individual s\l7 go+ to ! ,self4 ,) ref]5ce to ! ',sat' ! text says1 ',le>n f me ! true nature ( sleep4 ,:5 a man sleeps "h1 he becomes unit$ ) ! ,sat1 he is gone to 8 own 7,self74 ,!re=e !y say he sleeps 7svapiti71 because he is gone to 8 own 7sva-apta7' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #h1 #a74 ,?is text designates ! s\l 9 ! /ate ( deep sleep z hav+ ent]$ into1 or be+ m]g$ or reabsorb$ 91 ! ,self4 ,by reabsorption we und]/& some?+ be+ m]g$ 9 its cause4 ,n[ ! non-intellig5t ,pradhna _c be ! cause ( ! intellig5t s\l2 h5ce ! s\l's go+ to its ,self c only mean its go+ to !1 i4e4 ! univ]sal1 ,self4 ,! t]m 'individual s\l' 7jva7 d5otes ,brahman 9 s f> z hav+ an intellig5t sub/ance = its body1 ,brahman itself con/itut+ ! ,self2 z we le>n f ! text ref]r+ to ! di/9ction ( names & =ms4 ,?is ,brahman1 ?us call$ jva41 is 9 ! /ate ( deep sleep1 no less ?an 9 t ( a g5]al pralaya1 free f ! inve/m5t ( names & =ms1 & is !n designat$ z m]e ',be+' 7sat72 z ! text says1 'he is !n unit$ ) ! ,sat'4 ,z ! s\l is 9 ! /ate ( deep sleep free f ! inve/m5t ( "n & =m1 & inve/$ by ! intellig5t ,self only1 ano!r text says ) ref]5ce to ! same /ate1' ,embrac$ by ! intellig5t ,self he kn[s no?+ t is )\t1 no?+ t is )9' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #c1 #ba74 ,up to ! "t ( f9al release !re arise 9 ! s\l inve/$ by "n & =m ! cognitions ( objects diff]5t f itself4 ,dur+ deep sleep ! s\ls dive/ !mselves ( names & =ms1 & are embrac$ by ! ',sat' only2 b 9 ! wak+ /ate !y aga9 inve/ !mselves ) names & =ms1 & ?us be> correspond+ di/9ctive names & =ms4 ,?is1 o!r scriptural texts also di/9ctly decl>e1 ',:5 a man ly+ 9 deep sleep sees no dream :atev]1 he becomes "o ) t prna alone2--f t ,self ! prnas proce$1 ea* t[>ds its place' 7,kau4 ,up4 #aaa1c72 ',:atev] ^! creatures are "h1 :e!r a lion or a wolf or a bo> or a gnat or a mosquito1 t !y become aga9' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #i1 #c74--;,h5ce ! t]m ',sat' d5otes ! highe/ ,brahman1 ! all-kn[+ highe/ ,"l1 ! highe/ ,p]son4 ,?us ! ,vrittikra also says1 ',!n he becomes unit$ ) ! ,sat--?is is prov$ by 7all creatures7 ent]+ into x & com+ back out ( x4' ,& ,scripture also says1 ',embrac$ by ! intellig5t ,self4'--,! next ,stra gives an additional reason4 #aa4 ,on acc\nt ( ! uni=mity ( view4 ',9 ! beg9n+ ! ,self 0 all ?is2 !re 0 no?+ else :atsoev] ?9k+4 ,he ?\ght1 %all ,i s5d =? worlds8 ,he s5t =? ^! worlds' 7,ait4 r4 ,,ii1 #d1 #a1 #a72 ',f t ,self sprang e!r1 f e!r air1 f air fire1 f fire wat]1 f wat] e>?' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a72 ',f ?is great ,be+ 7 brea!d =? ! ,rig-v$a1' c4-- ,^! & simil> texts ref]r+ to ! creation h all ! same purport3 !y all tea* u t ! ,supreme ,"l is ! cause ( ! _w4 ,we !re=e conclude t 9 ! ,*4 passage also ! ,sat1 :i* is said to be ! cause ( ! _w1 is ! ,supreme ,"l4 #ab4 ,& because x is directly /at$ 9 ,scripture4 ,! text ( ! same ,upani%ad directly decl>es t ! be+ d5ot$ by ! ^w ',sat' evolves1 z ! univ]sal ,self1 names & =ms2 is all-kn[+1 all-p[]ful1 all-embrac+2 is free f all evil1 c42 realises all its wi%es & purposes4 ',let me1 ent]+ ^? be+s ) ?is liv+2 ,self1 evolve names & =ms' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #c1 #b72 ',all ^! creatures h _! root 9 ! ,sat1 !y dwell 9 ! ,sat1 !y re/ 9 ! ,sat' 7,,vi1 #h1 #d72 ',all ?is has t = its ,self2 x is ! ,true1 x is ! ,self 7,,vi1 #h1 #g72 ',:atev] !re is ( him "h 9 ! _w1 & :atev] is n1 all t is conta9$ )9 x' 7,,viii1 #a1 #c72 ',9 x all desires are conta9$4 ,x is ! ,self free f s91 free f old age1 f dea? & grief1 f hung] & ?ir/1 ^: wi%es come true1 ^: purposes come true' 7,,viii1 #a1 #e74--;,& analog\sly o!r scriptural texts1 ',( him !re is no ma/] 9 ! _w1 no rul]2 n ev5 a sign ( him4 ,he is ! cause1 ! "l ( ! lords ( ! organs1 & !re is ( him nei!r p>5t nor "l' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #i74 ',! wise "o :o1 hav+ creat$ all =ms & hav+ giv5 !m names1 is call+ !m by ^? names' 7,taitt4 ,ar4 ,,iii1 #ab1 #g72 ',he :o ent]$ )9 is ! rul] ( all be+s1 ! ,self ( all' 7,taitt4 ,ar4 ,,iii1 #bd72 ',! ,self ( all1 ! refuge1 ! rul] ( all1 ! ,"l ( ! s\ls' 7,mahnr4 ,up4 ,,xi72 ',:atsoev] is se5 or he>d 9 ?is _w1 inside or outside1 p]vad+ t all ,nryana abides' 7,mahnr4 ,up4 ,,xi72 ',he is ! inn] ,self ( all be+s1 free f all evil1 ! div9e1 ! only god ,nryana4'--,^! & o!r texts :i* decl>e ! _w to h sprung f ! highe/ ,"l1 c 9 no way be tak5 z e/abli%+ ! ,pradhna4 ,h5ce x rema9s a settl$ conclusion t ! highe/ ,p]son1 ,nryana1 free f all %ad[ ( imp]fection1 c41 is ! s+le cause ( ! :ole ,univ]se1 & is t ,brahman :i* ^! ,stras po9t out z ! object ( enquiry4 ,= ! same reasons ! !ory ( a ,brahman1 :i* is no?+ b non- diff]5c$ intellig5ce1 mu/ also be consid]$ z refut$ by ! ,strakra1 ) ! help ( ! scriptural texts quot$2 = ^? texts prove t ! ,brahman1 :i* =ms ! object ( enquiry1 possesses attributes su* z ?9k+1 & s on1 9 _! real lit]al s5se4 ,on ! !ory1 on ! o!r h&1 ( a ,brahman t is no?+ b di/9ctionless intellig5ce ev5 ! witness+ function ( consci\sness w\ld be unreal4 ,! ,stras propose z ! object ( enquiry ,brahman z kn[n f ! ,v$nta-texts1 & !reupon tea* t ,brahman is intellig5t 7,s4 ,i1 #a1 #e ff47 ,to be intellig5t means to possess ! quality ( intellig5ce3 a be+ devoid ( ! quality ( ?\ght w\ld n diff] 9 nature f ! ,pradhna4 ,fur!r1 on ! !ory ( ,brahman be+ m]e non-diff]5c$ light x w\ld be difficult to prove t ,brahman is self-lum9\s4 ,= by light we und]/& t p>ticul> ?+ :i* r5d]s itself1 z well z o!r ?+s1 capable ( becom+ ! object ( ord9>y ?\ght & spee*2 b z a ?+ devoid ( all diff]5ce does n1 ( c\rse1 possess ^! two *>act]i/ics x foll[s t x is z devoid ( intellig5ce z a pot may be4--,let x !n be assum$ t al?\gh a ?+ devoid ( all di/9ction does n actually possess ^! *>act]i/ics1 yet x has ! pot5tiality ( possess+ !m6--,b if x possesses ! attribute ( pot5tiality1 x is cle> t y ab&on y\r entire !ory ( a sub/ance devoid ( all di/9ction6--,let u !n admit1 on ! au?ority ( ,scripture1 t ! univ]sal sub/ance possesses ?is "o di/+ui%+ attribute ( self-lum9\sness4--,well1 9 t case y mu/ ( c\rse admit1 on ! same au?ority1 all ^? o!r qualities also :i* ,scripture v\*es =1 su* z all-kn[+ness1 ! possession ( all p[]s1 & s on4--,moreov]1 pot5tiality means capability to produce c]ta9 special effects1 & h5ce c be det]m9$ on ! gr\nd ( ^? special effects only4 ,b if !re are no means ( kn[+ ^! p>ticul> effects1 !re are also no means ( cognis+ pot5tiality4--,& ^? :o hold ! !ory ( a sub/ance devoid ( all diff]5ce1 h n ev5 means ( pro( = _! sub/ance2 = z we h %[n be=e1 ,p]ception1 ,inf]5ce1 ,scripture1 & "o's own consci\sness1 are all alike 9 s f> z hav+ = _! objects ?+s m>k$ by diff]5ce4--,x !re=e rema9s a settl$ conclusion t ! ,brahman to be kn[n is no?+ else b ! highe/ ,p]son capable ( ! ?\ght '( becom+ _m' by manife/+ himself 9 a _w compris+ manifold s5ti5t & non-s5ti5t creatures4-- ,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'see+'4 ,s f> ! ,stras h decl>$ t ! ,brahman :i* =ms ! object ( enquiry is diff]5t f ! non-intellig5t ,pradhna1 :i* is m]ely an object ( fruition = intellig5t be+s4 ,!y n[ proce$ to %[ t ,brahman--:i* is antagoni/ic to all evil & con/itut$ by supreme bliss--is diff]5t f ! individual s\l1 :i* is subject to k>man1 :e!r t s\l be 9 its purifi$ /ate or 9 ! impure /ate t is due to its imm]sion 9 ! ocean ( manifold & endless suff]+s1 spr++ f ! s\l's contact ) ,prakriti 7,pradhna74 #ac4 ,! ,self consi/+ ( ,bliss 7is ! highe/ ,self7 on acc\nt ( multiplication4 ,we read 9 ! text ( ! ,taittiryas1 ',diff]5t f ?is ,self1 :i* consi/s ( ,und]/&+1 is ! o!r inn] ,self :i* consi/s ( bliss' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #e74--;,"h ! d\bt arises :e!r ! ,self consi/+ ( bliss be ! highe/ ,self1 :i* is diff]5t f ! inn] ,self subject to bondage & release1 & t]m$ 'jva4' 7i4e4 liv+ self or individual s\l71 or :e!r x be t v inn] ,self1 i4e4 ! jva4--,x is t inn] ,self1 ! ,prvapak%9 cont5ds4 ,= ! text says '( t ?is1 i4e4 ! ,self consi/+ ( bliss1 is ! srra ,self'2 & srra means t :i* is jo9$ to a body1 9 o!r words1 ! s-call$ jva4--,b1 an objection is rais$1 ! text enum]ates ! diff]5t ,selfs1 beg9n+ ) ! ,self consi/+ ( bliss1 to ! end t man may obta9 ! bliss ( ,brahman1 :i* 01 at ! outset1 /at$ to be ! cause ( ! _w 7,,ii1 #a71 & 9 ! end tea*es t ! ,self consi/+ ( bliss is ! cause ( ! _w 7,,ii1 #f74 ,& t ! cause ( ! _w is ! all-kn[+ ,"l1 s9ce ,scripture says ( him t 'he ?\ght1' we h already expla9$4-- ,t cause ( ! _w1 ! ,prvapak%9 rejo9s1 is n diff]5t f ! jva2 = 9 ! text ( ! ,*ndogyas t ,be+ :i* fir/ is describ$ z ! creator ( ! _w is exhibit$1 9 two passages1 9 co-ord9ation ) ! jva 7'hav+ ent]$ into !m ) t liv+ ,self' & ',?\ art t1 ,o ,svetaketu'74 ,& ! purport ( co- ord9ation is to express on5ess ( be+1 z :5 we say1 ',?is p]son "h is t ,devadatta we knew be=e4' ,& creation prec$$ by ?\ght c v well be ascrib$ to an intellig5t jva4 ,! connexion ( ! :ole ,taittirya-text !n is z foll[s4 ,9 ! introductory clause1 ',he :o kn[s ,brahman atta9s ! ,highe/1' ! true nature ( ! jva1 free f all connexion ) matt]1 is ref]r$ to z some?+ to be atta9$2 & ( ?is nature a def9ition is giv5 9 ! words1 ',! ,true1 k1 ! ,inf9ite is ,brahman4' ,! atta9m5t ( ! jva 9 ?is =m is :at con/itutes ,release1 9 agreem5t ) ! text1 ',s long z he is 9 ! body he _c get free f pleasure & pa92 b :5 he is free f ! body !n nei!r pleasure nor pa9 t\*es him' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #ab1 #a74 ,?is true nature ( ! ,self1 free f all avidy1 :i* ! text beg9s by pres5t+ z an object to be atta9$1 is !reupon decl>$ to be ! ,self consi/+ ( bliss4 ,9 ord] to lead up to ?is--j z a man po9ts out to ano!r ! moon by fir/ po9t+ out ! bran* ( a tree ne> :i* ! moon is to be se5--! text at fir/ ref]s to ! body 7',man consi/s ( food'72 next to ! vital brea? ) its five modifications :i* is )9 ! body & supports x2 !n to ! manas )9 ! vital brea?2 !n to ! buddhi )9 ! manas--'! ,self consi/+ ( brea?'2 '! ,self consi/+ ( m9d' 7manas72 '! ,self consi/+ ( und]/&+' 7vijna74 ,hav+ ?us gradually l$ up to ! jva1 ! text f9ally po9ts out ! latt]1 :i* is ! inn]mo/ ( all 7',diff]5t f t is ! inn] ,self :i* consi/s ( bliss'71 & ?us completes ! s]ies ( ,selfs "o inside ! o!r4 ,we h5ce conclude t ! ,self consi/+ ( bliss is t same jva-self :i* 0 at ! outset po9t$ out z ! ,brahman to be atta9$4--,b ! clause imm$iately foll[+1 ',brahman is ! tail1 ! support 7( ! ,self ( bliss'71 indicates t ,brahman is some?+ diff]5t f ! ,self ( bliss6-- ,by no means 7! ,prvapak%9 rejo9s74 ,brahman is1 ow+ to its diff]5t *>act]i/ics1 !re comp>$ to an animal body1 & head1 w+s1 & tail are ascrib$ to x1 j z 9 a prec$+ clause ! body consi/+ ( food _h also be5 imag9$ z hav+ head1 w+s1 & tail--^! memb]s n be+ some?+ diff]5t f ! body1 b ! body itself4 ,joy1 satisfaction1 great satisfaction1 bliss1 are imag9$ z ! memb]s1 non-diff]5t f x1 ( ,brahman consi/+ ( bliss1 & ( !m all ! unmix$ bliss-con/itut$ ,brahman is said to be ! tail or support4 ,if ,brahman 7 some?+ diff]5t f ! ,self consi/+ ( bliss1 ! text w\ld h cont9u$1 ',diff]5t f ?is ,self consi/+ ( bliss is ! o!r inn] ,self--,brahman4' ,b !re is no su* cont9uation4 ,! connexion ( ! diff]5t clauses /&s z foll[s3 ,aft] ,brahman has be5 introduc$ z ! topic ( ! section 7',he :o kn[s ,brahman atta9s ! ,highe/'71 & def9$ z diff]5t 9 nature f ev]y?+ else 7',! ,true1 k'71 ! text designates x by ! t]m ',self1' c4 7',f t ,self sprang e!r'71 & !n1 9 ord] to make x cle> t ,brahman is ! inn]mo/ ,self ( all1 enum]ates ! pranamaya & s on--designat+ !m 9 succession z m & m inw>d ,selfs--1 & f9ally leads up to ! n&amaya z ! inn]mo/ ,self7',diff]5t f ?is1 c41 is ! ,self consi/+ ( bliss'74 ,f all :i* x appe>s t ! t]m ',self' up to ! end d5otes ! ,brahman m5tion$ at ! beg9n+4-- ,b1 9 imm$iate cont9uation ( ! clause1 ',brahman is ! tail1 ! support1' ! text exhibits ! foll[+ sloka3 ',non-exi/+ becomes he :o views ,brahman z non-exi/+2 :o kn[s ,brahman z exi/+1 him we "k z himself exi/+4' ,"h ! exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce ( ! ,self are decl>$ to dep5d on ! k & non-k ( ,brahman1 n ( ! ,self consi/+ ( bliss4 ,n[ no d\bt c possibly arise z to ! exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce ( ?is latt] ,self1 :i*1 9 ! =m ( joy1 satisfaction1 c41 is kn[n to e "o4 ,h5ce ! sloka _c ref] to t ,self1 & h5ce ,brahman is diff]5t f t ,self4--,?is objection1 ! ,prvapak%9 rejo9s1 is unf\nd$4 ,9 ! e>li] p>ts ( ! *apt] we h correspond+ slokas1 ea* ( !m foll[+ on a prec$+ clause t ref]s to ! tail or support ( a p>ticul> ,self3 9 ! case1 e4g4 ( ! ,self consi/+ ( food1 we read1 ',?is is ! tail1 ! support1' & !n comes ! sloka1 ',f food are produc$ all creatures1' c4 ,n[ x is evid5t t all ^! slokas are meant to set =? n only :at _h be5 call$ 'tail1' b ! entire ,self conc]n$ 7,self ( food1 ,self ( brea?1 c472 & f ?is x foll[s t also ! sloka1 ',non-exi/+ becomes he1' does n ref] to ! 'tail' only z some?+ o!r ?an ! ,self ( bliss1 b to ! entire ,self ( bliss4 ,& !re may v well be a d\bt ) reg>d to ! k or non-k ( ! exi/5ce ( t ,self consi/+ ( unlimit$ bliss4 ,on y\r view also ! circum/ance ( ,brahman :i* =ms ! tail n be+ kn[n is due to its be+ ( ! nature ( limitless bliss4 ,& %\ld x be said t ! ,self ( bliss _c be ,brahman because ,brahman does n possess a head & o!r memb]s2 ! answ] is t ,brahman also does n possess ! quality ( be+ a tail or support1 & t h5ce ,brahman _c be a tail4--,let x !n be said t ! expression1 ',brahman is ! tail1' is m]ely figurative1 9 s f> z ,brahman is ! sub/rate ( all ?+s imag9$ ?r\gh avidy6--,b1 ! ,prvapak%9 rejo9s1 we may z well assume t ! ascription to ,brahman ( joy1 z its head & s on1 is also m]ely figurative1 meant to illu/rate ! nature ( ,brahman1 i4e4 ! ,self ( bliss z free f all pa94 ,to speak ( ,brahman or ! ,self z consi/+ ( bliss has ?us ! purpose ( sep>at+ f all pa9 & grief t :i* 9 a prec$+ clause 7',! ,true1 k1 ! ,inf9ite is ,brahman'7 _h already be5 sep>at$ f all *angeful mat]ial ?+s4 ,z appli$ to ,brahman 7or ! ,self71 ^: nature is no?+ b absolute bliss1 ! t]m 'n&amaya' !re=e has to be int]pret$ z mean+ no?+ m ?an 'n&a'2 j z prnamaya means prna4 ,! outcome ( all ?is is t ! t]m 'n&amaya' d5otes ! true ess5tial nature--:i* is no?+ b absolute uni=m bliss--( ! jiva t appe>s z di/+ui%$ by all ! manifold individualis+ =ms :i* are ! figm5ts ( ,nesci5ce4 ,! ,self ( bliss is ! jva or pratyag-tman1 i4e4 ! individual s\l4 ,aga9/ ?is prim facie view ! ,strakra cont5ds t ! ,self consi/+ ( bliss is ! highe/ ,self 'on acc\nt ( multiplication4'-- ,! section :i* beg9s ) ! words1',?is is an exam9ation ( bliss1' & t]m9ates ) ! sloka1 'f :5ce all spee* turns back' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #h71 arrives at bliss1 supreme & n to be surpass$1 by successively multiply+ inf]ior /ages ( bliss by a hundr$2 n[ su* supreme bliss _c possibly belong to ! individual s\l :i* enjoys only a small %>e ( v limit$ happ9ess1 mix$ ) endless pa9 & grief2 & !re=e cle>ly indicates1 z its abode1 ! highe/ ,self1 :i* diff]s f all o!r ,selfs 9 s f> z be+ radically oppos$ to all evil & ( an unmix$ bless$ nature4 ,! text says1 ',diff]5t f ?is ,self consi/+ ( und]/&+ 7vijna7 !re is ! inn] ,self consi/+ ( bliss'4 ,n[ t :i* consi/s ( und]/&+ 7vijna7 is ! individual s\l 7jva71 n ! int]nal organ 7buddhi7 only2 = ! =mative elem5t1 'maya1' 7'consi/+ ('2 9 vijnamaya7 indicates a diff]5ce 7betwe5 vijna & vijnamaya74 ,! t]m 'prna-maya' 7'consi/+ ( brea?'7 we expla9 to mean 'prna' only1 because no o!r explanation is possible2 b z vijnamaya may be expla9$ z1--jva1 we h no "r to neglect 'maya' z unmean+4 ,& ?is int]pretation is q suitable1 z ! s\l 9 ! /ates ( bondage & release alike is a 'kn[+' subject4 ,t moreov] ev5 9 'prnamaya'1 & s on1 ! affix 'maya' may be tak5 z hav+ a mean+ w be %[n fur!r on4--,b h[ is x !n t 9 ! sloka :i* ref]s to ! vijnamaya1 ',und]/&+ 7vijna7 p]=ms ! sacrifice'1 ! t]m 'vijna' only is us$8--,! ess5tial nature1 we reply1 ( ! kn[+ subject is suitably call$ 'k'1 & ?is t]m is transf]r$ to ! kn[+ subject itself :i* is def9$ z possess+ t nature4 ,= we g5]ally see t words :i* d5ote attributes def9+ ! ess5tial nature ( a ?+ also convey ! notion ( ! ess5tial nature ( ! ?+ itself4 ,?is also acc\nts = ! fact t ! sloka 7',vijna p]=ms ! sacrifice1 x p]=ms all sacr$ acts'7 speaks ( vijna z be+ ! ag5t 9 sacrifices & s on2 ! buddhi alone c\ld n be call$ an ag5t4 ,= ?is reason ! text does n ascribe ag5cy to ! o!r ,selfs 7! prnamaya & s on7 :i* are m5tion$ be=e ! vijnamaya2 = !y are non-intellig5t in/rum5ts ( intellig5ce1 & ! latt] only c be an ag5t4 ,) ! same view ! text fur!r on 7,,ii1 #f71 di/+ui%+ ! intellig5t & ! non-intellig5t by means ( _! diff]5t *>act]i/ic attributes1 says 9 ! end 'k & non-k1' mean+ !reby t :i* possesses ! attribute ( k & t :i* does n4 ,an analog\s case is met ) 9 ! s-call$ ant>ymi-brhmana 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iii4 #g74 ,!re ! ,knvas read1 ',he :o dwells 9 k' 7vijna2 ,,iii1 #g1 #af71 b in/ead ( ?is ! ,mdhy&9as read 'he :o dwells 9 ! ,self1' & s make cle> t :at ! ,knvas designate z 'k' really is ! kn[+ ,self4--,t ! ^w vijna1 al?\gh d5ot+ ! kn[+ ,self1 yet has a neut] t]m9ation1 is meant to d5ote x z some?+ sub/antial4 ,we h5ce conclude t he :o is diff]5t f ! ,self consi/+ ( k1 i4e4 ! individual ,self1 is ! highe/ ,self :i* consi/s ( bliss4 ,x is true inde$ t ! sloka1 ',k p]=ms ! sacrifice1 'directly m5tions k only1 n ! kn[+ ,self2 all ! same we h to und]/& t :at is meant is ! latt]1 :o is ref]r$ to 9 ! clause1 'diff]5t f ?is is ! inn] ,self :i* consi/s ( k4' ,?is conclusion is support$ by ! sloka ref]r+ to ! ,self :i* consi/s ( food 7,,ii1 #b72 = t sloka ref]s to food only1 ',f food are produc$ all creatures1' c41 all ! same ! prec$+ clause '?is man consi/s ( ! ess5ce ( food' does n ref] to food1 b to an effect ( x :i* consi/s ( food4 ,consid]+ all ?is ! ,strakra himself 9 a subsequ5t ,stra 7,i1 #a1 #ah7 bases 8 view on ! decl>ation1 9 ! scriptural text1 ( diff]5ce4--,we n[ turn to ! ass]tion1 made by ! ,prvapak%91 t ! cause ( ! _w is n diff]5t f ! individual s\l because 9 two ,*ndogya passages x is exhibit$ 9 co-ord9ation ) ! latt] 7'hav+ ent]$ into !m ) ?is liv+ ,self1' ',?\ art t'72 & t h5ce ! introductory clause ( ! ,taitt4 passage 7',he :o kn[s ,brahman rea*es ! ,highe/'7 ref]s to ! individual s\l--:i* fur!r on is call$ 'consi/+ ( bliss1' because x is free f all t is n pleasure4-- ,?is view _c be upheld2 = al?\gh ! individual s\l is intellig5t1 x is incapable ( produc+ ?r\gh its volition ?is inf9ite & wond]ful ,univ]se--a process describ$ 9 texts su* z ',x ?\ght1 may ,i be _m1 may ,i gr[ =?4--,x s5t =? fire1' c4 ,t ev5 ! releas$ s\l is unequal to su* '_w bus9ess' z creation1 two lat] ,stras w expressly decl>e4 ,b1 if y d5y t ,brahman1 ! cause ( ! _w1 is id5tical ) ! individual s\l1 h[ !n d y acc\nt = ! co-ord9ation 9 :i* ! two appe> 9 ! ,*ndogya texts8--,h[1 we ask 9 return1 c ,brahman1 ! cause ( all1 free f all %ad[ ( imp]fection1 omnisci5t1 omnipot5t1 c4 c41 be "o ) ! individual s\l1 all ^: activities--:e!r x be ?9k+1 or w9k+ ( an eye1 or any?+ else--dep5d on k>man1 :i* implies endless suff]+ ( v>i\s k9d8--,if y reply t ?is is possible if "o ( two ?+s is unreal1 we ask--:i* !n d y mean to be unreal8 ,brahman's connexion ) :at is evil8--or its ess5tial nature1 ow+ to :i* x is absolutely good & antagoni/ic to all evil8--,y w p]haps reply t1 ow+ to ! fact ( ,brahman1 :i* is absolutely good & antagoni/ic to all evil1 be+ ! sub/rate ( beg9n+less ,nesci5ce1 !re pres5ts itself ! false appe>ance ( its be+ connect$ ) evil4 ,b !re y ma9ta9 :at is contradictory4 ,on ! "o side !re is ,brahman's absolute p]fection & antagonism to all evil2 on ! o!r x is ! sub/rate ( ,nesci5ce1 & !reby ! sub/rate ( a false appe>ance :i* is involv$ 9 endless pa92 = to be connect$ ) evil means to be ! sub/rate ( ,nesci5ce & ! appe>ance ( suff]+ :i* is produc$ !reby4 ,n[ x is a contradiction to say t ,brahman is connect$ ) all ?is & at ! same "t antagoni/ic to x6--,nor c we all[ y to say t !re is no real contradiction because t appe>ance is some?+ false4 ,= :atev] is false belongs to t gr\p ( ?+s contr>y to man's true int]e/1 = ! de/ruction ( :i* ! ,v$nta-texts are /udi$4 ,to be connect$ ) :at is hurtful to man1 & to be absolutely p]fect & antagoni/ic to all evil is self- contradictory4--,b1 our adv]s>y n[ rejo9s1 :at aft] all are we to d8 ,! holy text at fir/ cle>ly promises t ?r\gh ! cognition ( "o ?+ ev]y?+ w be kn[n 7'by :i* t :i* is n he>d is he>d1' c41 ,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #a1 #c72 !reupon decl>es t ,brahman is ! sole cause ( ! _w 7',be+ only ?is 0 9 ! beg9n+'71 & possesses exalt$ qualities su* z ! p[] ( realis+ its int5tions 7'x ?\ght1 may ,i be _m'72 & !n f9ally1 by means ( ! co-ord9ation1 ',?\ art t' intimates t ,brahman is "o ) ! individual s\l1 :i* we "k to be subject to endless suff]+6 ,no?+ !re=e is left to u b ! hypo!sis t ,brahman is ! sub/rate ( ,nesci5ce & all t spr+s f x6--,n ev5 = ! purpose1 we reply1 ( mak+ s5se ( ,scripture may we assume :at 9 itself is s5seless & contradictory6--,let u !n say t ,brahman's connexion ) evil is real1 & its absolute p]fection unreal6-- ,scripture1 we reply1 aims at com=t+ ! s\l afflict$ by ! assaults ( ?reefold pa91 & n[1 accord+ to y1 x tea*es t ! assaults ( suff]+ are real1 :ile its ess5tial p]fection & happ9ess are unreal figm5ts1 due to error6 ,?is is excell5t com=t inde$6--,to avoid ^! difficulties let u !n assume t bo? aspects ( ,brahman--viz4 on ! "o h& its ent]+ into ! di/ressful condition ( individual s\ls o!r ?an non-diff]5c$ intellig5ce1 & on ! o!r its be+ ! cause ( ! _w1 end[$ ) all p]fections1 c4--are alike unreal6--,well1 we reply1 we d n exactly admire ! dep? ( y\r insight into ! connect$ mean+ ( texts4 ,! promise t ?r\gh ! k ( "o ?+ ev]y?+ w be kn[n c c]ta9ly n be fulfill$ if ev]y?+ is false1 = 9 t case !re exi/s no?+ t c\ld be kn[n4 ,9 s f> z ! cognition ( "o ?+ has some?+ real = its object1 & ! cognition ( all ?+s is ( ! same k9d1 & moreov] is compris$ 9 ! cognition ( "o ?+2 9 s f> x c be said t ev]y?+ is kn[n ?r\gh "o ?+ be+ kn[n4 ,?r\gh ! cognition ( ! real %ell we d n cognise ! unreal silv] ( :i* ! %ell is ! sub/rate4--,well1 our adv]s>y resumes1 let x !n be said t ! mean+ ( ! decl>ation t ?r\gh ! cognition ( "o ?+ ev]y?+ is to be kn[n is t only non-diff]5c$ ,be+ is real1 :ile ev]y?+ else is unreal4--,if ?is 7 s1 we rejo91 ! text w\ld n say1 'by :i* ! non-he>d is he>d1 ! non-kn[n is kn[n'2 = ! mean+ ( ?is is1 'by :i* :5 he>d & kn[n' 7n 'kn[n z false'7 '! non-he>d is he>d1' c4 ,moreov]1 if ! mean+ 7 t only ! "o non-diff]5c$ sub/ance und]/ood to be ! cause ( ! _w is real1 ! illu/rative in/ance1 ',z by "o lump ( clay ev]y?+ made ( clay is kn[n1' w\ld n be suitable2 = :at is meant !re is t ?r\gh ! cognition ( ! 7real7 lump ( clay its 7real7 effects are kn[n4 ,nor mu/ 'y say t 9 ! illu/rative in/ance also ! unreality ( ! effect is set =?2 = z ! p]son to be in=m$ is n 9 any way conv9c$ at ! outset t ?+s made ( clay are unreal1 l ! snake imag9$ 9 ! rope1 x is impossible t su* unreality %\ld be ref]r$ to z if x 7 some?+ well kn[n 7& ! clause1 'z by "o lump ( clay1' c41 und\bt$ly does ref] to some?+ well kn[n71 9 ord] to r5d] ! initial ass]tion plausible4 ,& we are n aw>e ( any means ( k--assi/$ or non-assi/$ by ratioc9ation--t w\ld prove ! non-reality ( ?+s effect$1 previ\s to ! cognition produc$ by texts su* z ',t art ?\'2 a po9t :i* w be discuss$ at l5g? "u ,,ii1 #a4--';,be+ only ?is 0 9 ! beg9n+1 "o1 )\t a second'2 'x ?\ght1 may ,i be _m1 may ,i gr[ =?2 x s5t =? fire'2 ',let me n[ ent] ^? ?ree be+s ) ?is liv+ ,self & evolve names & =ms'2 ',all ^! creatures1 my son1 h _! root 9 ! ,true1 !y dwell 9 ! ,true1 !y re/ 9 ! ,true1' c42 ^! passages decl>e 9 succession t t :i* really is is ! ,self ( ?is _w2 t previ\s to creation !re is no di/9ction ( names & =ms2 t = ! creation ( ! _w ,brahman1 t]m$ '! ,true' 7or ',real'71 requires no o!r op]ative cause b itself2 t at ! "t ( creation x =ms a resolution1 possible to itself only1 ( mak+ itself manifold 9 ! =m ( endless movable & immovable ?+s2 t 9 accordance ) ?is resolution !re takes place a creation1 proce$+ 9 a p>ticul> ord]1 ( an inf9ite numb] ( manifold be+s2 t by ,brahman ent]+ into all non-intellig5t be+s ) ! liv+ s\l--:i* has its ,self 9 ,brahman--!re takes place an evolution1 inf9ite 9 ext5t1 ( all _! p>ticul> names & =ms2 & t ev]y?+ diff]5t f ,brahman has its root & abode 9 t1 is mov$ by t1 lives by t1 re/s on t4 ,all ! diff]5t po9ts--to be le>n$ f ,scripture only--:i* are "h set =? agree ) :at num]\s o!r scriptural texts tea* ab\t ,brahman1 viz4 t x is free f all evil1 devoid ( all imp]fection1 all-kn[+1 all-p[]ful2 t all its wi%es & purposes realise !mselves2 t x is ! cause ( all bliss2 t x enjoys bliss n to be surpass$4 ,to ma9ta9 !n t ! ^w 't1' :i* ref]s back to ! ,brahman m5tion$ be=e1 i4e4 a ,brahman possess+ inf9ite attributes1 %\ld aim at convey+ in/ruction ab\t a sub/ance devoid ( all attributes1 is z unmean+ z ! incoh]5t talk ( a madman4 ,! ^w '?\' aga9 d5otes ! individual s\l z di/+ui%$ by its implication 9 ! c\rse ( transmigratory exi/5ce1 & ! prop] s5se ( ?is t]m also w\ld h to be ab&on$ if x 7 meant to sugge/ a sub/ance devoid ( all di/9ctions4 ,& t1 9 ! case ( a be+ consi/+ ( non-diff]5c$ light1 obscuration by ,nesci5ce w\ld be tantam\nt to complete de/ruction1 we h already expla9$ above4--,all ?is be+ ?us1 y\r int]pretation w\ld involve t ! prop] mean+ ( ! two words 't' & '?\'--:i* ref] to "o ?+--w\ld h to be ab&on$1 & bo? words w\ld h to be tak5 9 an impli$ s5se only4 ,aga9/ ?is ! ,prvapak%9 n[ may argue z foll[s4 ,sev]al words :i* are appli$ to "o ?+ are meant to express "o s5se1 & z ?is is n possible 9 s f> z ! words connote diff]5t attributes1 ?is "p ( _! connotation becomes inop]ative1 & !y d5ote only ! unity ( "o sub/ance2 implication 7lak%an71 !re=e1 does n take place4 ,:5 we say 'blue 7is7 7!7 lotus' we employ two words ) ! int5tion ( express+ ! unity ( "o ?+1 & h5ce d n aim at express+ a duality ( attributes1 viz4 ! quality ( blu5ess & ! g5]ic "* ( a lotus4 ,if ?is latt] po9t 0 aim$ at1 x w\ld foll[ t ! s5t5ce w\ld convey ! on5ess ( ! two aspects ( ! ?+1 viz4 its be+ blue & its be+ a lotus2 b ?is is n possible1 = ! ?+ 7d5ot$ by ! two t]ms7 is n *>act]is$ by 7! d5otation (7 ! ^w 'lotus1' 9 s f> z itself *>act]is$ by blu5ess2 = ?is w\ld imply a reciprocal inh]5ce 7samavya7 ( class-*>act]i/ics & quality ,,footnote #bai3a4 ,:at ! co-ord9ation ( ! two words conveys is1 !re=e1 only ! on5ess ( a sub/ance *>act]is$ by ! quality ( blu5ess1 & at ! same "t by ! class attributes ( a lotus4 ,9 ! same way1 :5 we say '?is 7p]son is7 t ,devadatta' ! co-ord9ation ( ! words _c possibly mean t ,devadatta 9 s f> z di/+ui%$ by 8 connexion ) a pa/ "t & a di/ant place is "o ) ,devadatta 9 s f> z di/+ui%$ by 8 connexion ) ! pres5t "t & a ne> place2 :at x means to express is only t !re is on5ess on ! "p ( a p]sonal sub/ance--:i* sub/ance is *>act]is$ by connexion ) bo? places & mom5ts ( "t4 ,x is true inde$ t :5 we at fir/ he> ! "o ^w 'blue' we =m ! idea ( ! attribute ( blu5ess1 :ile1 aft] hav+ appreh5d$ ! relation ( co-ord9ation 7express$ 9 'blue is ! lotus'71 ?is idea no long] pres5ts itself1 = ?is w\ld imply a contradiction2 b all ! same 'implication' does n take place4 ,! ess5ce ( co-ord9ation consi/s1 9 all cases1 !re9 t x suppresses ! di/+ui%+ elem5ts 9 ! words co-ord9at$4 ,& z ?us our explanation _c be *>g$ ) 'implication1' x _c be object$ to4 ,all ?is1 we rejo91 is unf\nd$4 ,:at ! words 9 all s5t5ces :atsoev] aim at convey+ is only a p>ticul> connexion ( ! ?+s kn[n to be d5ot$ by ^? words4 ,words su* z 'blue1' /&+ 9 co- ord9ation ) o!rs1 express t "s matt] possess+ ! attribute ( blu5ess1 c41 z kn[n f ! ord9>y use ( language1 is connect$ ) "s o!r matt]4 ,:51 e4g41 somebody says 'br+ ! blue lotus1' a ?+ is br\ght :i* possesses ! attribute ( blu5ess4 ,& :5 we are told t 'a h]d ( elephants excit$ ) passion lives 9 ! ,v9dhya-=e/1' we aga9 und]/& t :at is meant is some?+ possess+ sev]al attributes d5ot$ by sev]al words4 ,analog\sly we h to und]/&1 z ! ?+ intimat$ by ,v$nta-texts 9 ! =m ( coord9ation1 ,brahman z possess+ su* & su* attributes4--,x is an error to assume t1 :]e a s5t5ce aims at sett+ =? attributes1 "o attribute is to be tak5 z qualify+ ! ?+ 9 s f> z qualifi$ by ano!r attribute2 ! case r is t ! ?+ itself is equally qualifi$ by all attributes4 ,= co-ord9ation means ! application1 to "o ?+1 ( sev]al words hav+ diff]5t reasons ( application2 & ! effect ( co-ord9ation is t "o & ! same ?+1 because be+ connect$-- positively or negatively--) "s attribute o!r ?an t :i* is convey$ by "o ^w1 is also kn[n ?r\gh o!r words4 ,z e4g4 :5 x is said t ',devadatta 7is7 d>k-complexion$1 "y1 r$di%-ey$1 n /upid1 n poor1 ( irreproa*able "*4' ,:]e two co-ord9ate words express two attributes :i* _c exi/ comb9$ 9 "o ?+1 "o ( ! two words is to be tak5 9 a second>y s5se1 :ile ! o!r reta9s its prim>y mean+1 z e4g4 9 ! case ( ! s5t5ce1 ',! ,vhka man is an ox4' ,b 9 ! case ( ! 'blue lotus' & ! l1 :]e !re is no?+ contradictory 9 ! connexion ( ! two attributes ) "o ?+1 co-ord9ation expresses ! fact ( "o ?+ be+ *>act]is$ by two attributes4--,possibly our oppon5t w "h make ! foll[+ rem>k4 ,a ?+ 9 s f> z def9$ by its correlation to "s "o attribute is some?+ diff]5t f ! ?+ 9 s f> z def9$ by its correlation to "s second attribute2 h5ce1 ev5 if !re is equality ( case affixes 7z 9 'nlam utpalam'71 ! words co-ord9at$ are incapable ( express+ on5ess1 & _c1 !re=e1 express ! on5ess ( a ?+ qualifi$ by sev]al attributes2 n any m ?an ! juxtaposition ( two words su* z 'j>' & 'clo?'--bo? hav+ ! same case-end+--c prove t ^! two ?+s are "o4 ,a /atem5t ( co-ord9ation1 !re=e1 r aims at express+ ! on5ess ( a ?+ 9 t way t x pres5ts to ! m9d ! ess5tial nature ( ! ?+ by means ( 7words d5ot+7 its attributes4--,?is w\ld be s1 we reply1 if x 7 only ! fact ( a ?+'s /&+ 9 correlation to two attributes t is 9 ! way ( its unity4 ,b ?is is n ! case2 = :at /&s 9 ! way ( su* unity is ! fact ( !re be+ sev]al attributes :i* are n capable ( be+ comb9$ 9 "o ?+4 ,su* incapability is1 9 ! case ( ! g5]ic "* ( a j> & t ( a piece ( clo?1 prov$ by o!r means ( k2 b !re is no contradiction betwe5 a ?+ be+ blue & its be+ a lotus2 n any m ?an !re is betwe5 a man & ! /ick or ! e>r+s he we>s1 or ?an !re is betwe5 ! col\r1 ta/e1 smell1 c41 ( "o & ! same ?+4 ,n only is !re no contradiction1 b x is ?is v fact ( "o ?+ possess+ two attributes :i* makes possible co- ord9ation--! ess5ce ( :i* is t1 ow+ to a diff]5ce ( causes ( application1 sev]al words express "o & ! same ?+4 ,= if !re 7 no?+ b ess5tial unity ( be+1 :at reason w\ld !re be = ! employm5t ( sev]al words8 ,if ! purport ( ! attributes 71 n to intimate _! connexion ) ! ?+1 b m]ely to sugge/ ! ?+ itself1 "o attribute w\ld suffice = su* sugge/ion1 & any?+ fur!r w\ld be mean+less4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x 7 assum$ t ! use ( a fur!r 'sugge/ive' attribute is to br+ out a diff]5ce ( aspect 9 ! ?+ sugge/$1 su* diff]5ce ( aspect w\ld imply diff]5tiation 9 ! ?+ 7:i* y ma9ta9 to be free f all diff]5ce74--,nor is !re any %ade ev5 ( 'implication' 9 ! judgm5t1 ',?is p]son is t ,devadatta'2 = !re is absolutely no contradiction betwe5 ! pa/ ,devadatta1 :o 0 connect$ ) "s di/ant place1 & ! pres5t ,devadatta1 :o is connect$ ) ! place be=e u4 ,= ?is v reason ^? :o ma9ta9 ! p]man5cy ( ?+s prove ! on5ess ( a ?+ relat$ to two mom5ts ( "t on ! basis ( ! judgm5t ( recognition 7'?is is t'72 if !re really 7 a contradiction betwe5 ! two repres5tations x w\ld foll[ t all ?+s are 7n p]man5t b7 mom5t>y only4 ,! fact is t ! contradiction involv$ 9 "o ?+ be+ connect$ ) two places is remov$ by ! diff]5ce ( ! correlative mom5ts ( "t4 ,we !re=e hold to ! conclusion t co- ord9at$ words d5ote "o ?+ qualifi$ by ! possession ( sev]al attributes4 ,= ?is v reason ! ,v$ic passage1 ',he buys ! ,soma by means ( a c[ "o ye> old1 ( a tawny col\r1 ) r$di%-br[n eyes' 7arunay1 ekahyany1 pigk%y71 mu/ be und]/ood to enjo9 t ! pur*ase is to be effect$ by means ( a c[ "o ye> old1 possess+ ! attributes ( tawny col\r1 c4 ,?is po9t is discuss$ ,p4 ,m4 ,s4 ,,iii1 #a1 #ab4--,! ,prvapak%9 !re argues z foll[s3 ,we admit t ! ^w 'arunay' 7'by means ( a tawny "o'7 d5otes ! quality ( tawn9ess inclusive ( ! ?+ possess+ t quality2 = qualities z well z g5]ic "* exi/ only 9 s f> z be+ modes ( sub/ances4 ,b x is n possible to re/rict tawny col\r to connexion ) a c[ "o ye> old1 = ! injunction ( two diff]5t ?+s 7:i* w\ld result f su* re/riction2 & :i* w\ld necessitate ! s5t5ce to be con/ru$ z----7 ',he buys by means ( a c[ "o ye> old1 & t a r$ "o' is n p]missible ,,footnote #bbb3a4 ,we mu/ !re=e break up ! s5t5ce into two1 "o ( :i* is con/itut$ by ! "o ^w 'arunay'--?is ^w express+ t tawny col\r ext5ds equally to all ! sub/ances enjo9$ 9 t section 7z in/rum5tal t[>ds ! end ( ! sacrifice74 ,& ! use ( ! fem99e case-t]m9ation ( ! ^w is m]ely meant to sugge/ a special in/ance 7viz4 ! c[7 ( all ! ?+s1 ( :atev] g5d]1 :i* are enjo9$ 9 t section4 ,tawn9ess mu/ n !re=e be re/rict$ to ! c[ "o ye> old only4-- ,( ?is prvapak%a ! ,stra disposes 9 ! foll[+ words3 ',!re be+ on5ess ( s5se1 & h5ce connexion ( sub/ance & quality ) "o action1 !re is re/riction4'--,! fact t ! two words 'arunay' & 'ekahyany'--:i* d5ote a sub/ance1 viz4 a c[ "o ye> old1 di/+ui%$ by ! quality ( possess+ tawny col\r--/& 9 co-ord9ation e/abli%es t !y h "o s5se2 & is ! sub/ance1 viz4 ! c[1 & ! quality1 viz4 tawny col\r--:i* ! ^w 'arunay' d5otes z /&+ 9 ! relation ( di/+ui%+ attribute & ?+ di/+ui%$ !reby--c ?us1 )\t any contradiction1 be connect$ ) ! "o action call$ '! buy+ ( ! ,soma'1 tawny col\r is re/rict$ to ! c[ "o ye> old :i* is in/rum5tal ) reg>d to ! pur*ase4 ,if ! connexion ( tawn9ess ) ! action ( buy+ 7 to be det]m9$ f syntactical connexion--9 ! same way z !re is made out ! connexion ( ! c[ "o ye> old ) t action--!n ! injunctory s5t5ce w\ld inde$ enjo9 two matt]s 7& ?is w\ld be objectionable74 ,b su* is n ! case2 = ! "o ^w 'aruny' d5otes a sub/ance *>act]is$ by ! quality ( tawn9ess1 & ! co-ord9ation 9 :i* 'arunay' /&s to 'ekahyany' makes u appreh5d m]ely t ! ?+ *>act]is$ by tawn9ess also is "o ye> old1 b does n make a special /atem5t z to ! connexion ( t quality ) ! ?+4 ,= ! purport ( co-ord9ation is ! unity ( a ?+ di/+ui%$ by attributes2 accord+ to ! def9ition t ! application to "o ?+ ( sev]al words possess+ diff]5t reasons ( application1 con/itutes co-ord9ation4 ,= ! same reason1 ! syntactical unity 7ekavkyatvam7 ( s5t5ces su* z '! clo? is r$' foll[s f all ! words ref]r+ to "o ?+4 ,! function ( ! syntactical collocation is to express ! connexion ( ! clo? ) ! action ( be+2 ! connexion ( ! r$ col\r 7) ! clo?7 on ! o!r h& is d5ot$ by ! ^w 'r$' only4 ,& :at is asc]ta9$ f co- ord9ation 7smndhik>anya7 is only t ! clo? is a sub/ance to :i* a c]ta9 col\r belongs4 ,! :ole matt] may1 )\t any contradiction1 be conceiv$ z foll[s4 ,sev]al words--hav+ ei!r ! affixes ( ! oblique cases or t ( ! nom9ative case--:i* d5ote "o or two or sev]al qualities1 pres5t to ! m9d ! idea ( t :i* is *>act]is$ by ^? qualities1 & _! co-ord9ation intimates t ! ?+ *>act]is$ by all ^? attributes is "o only2 & ! entire s5t5ce f9ally expresses ! connexion 9 :i* ! ?+ ) its attributes /&s to ! action d5ot$ by ! v]b4 ,?is may be illu/rat$ by v>i\s s5t5ces exhibit+ ! co- ord9ation ( words possess+ diff]5t case-end+s1 z e4g4 ',!re /&s ,devadatta1 a "y man ( a d>ki% complexion1 ) r$ eyes1 we>+ e>r+s & c>ry+ a /ick' 7:]e all ! words /&+ 9 apposition to ,devadatta h ! nom9ative t]m9ation72 ',let him make a /age curta9 by means ( a :ite clo?' 7:]e ':ite' & 'clo?' h in/rum5tal case-end+s71 c4 c4 ,we may fur!r illu/rate ! entire relation ( co-ord9at$ words to ! action by means ( ! foll[+ two examples3 ',let him boil rice 9 ! cook+-pot by means ( firewood'3 "h we take 9 simultane\sly ! idea ( an action di/+ui%$ by its connexion ) sev]al ?+s4 ,if we n[ consid] ! foll[+ amplifi$ s5t5ce1 ',let a skilful cook prep>e1 9 a vessel ( ev5 %ape1 boil$ rice mix$ ) milk1 by means ( /icks ( dry khdira wood1' we f9d t ea* ?+ connect$ ) ! action is d5ot$ by an aggregate ( co-ord9at$ words2 b z soon z ea* ?+ is appreh5d$1 x is at "o & ! same mom5t conceiv$ z some?+ di/+ui%$ by sev]al attributes1 & z su* connects itself ) ! action express$ by ! v]b4 ,9 all ?is !re is no contradiction :atev]4--,we mu/ fur!r object to ! ass]tion t a ^w d5ot+ a quality :i* /&s 9 a s5t5ce t has already m5tion$ a sub/ance d5otes ! quality only 7exclusive ( ! sub/ance s qualifi$71 & t h5ce ! ^w 'arunay' also d5otes a quality only4 ,! fact is t nei!r 9 ord9>y nor 9 ,v$ic language we ev] meet ) a ^w :i*--d5ot+ a quality & at ! same "t /&+ 9 co-ord9ation ) a ^w d5ot+ a sub/ance--d5otes a m]e quality4 ,nor is x correct to say t a quality-^w occurr+ 9 a s5t5ce :i* has already m5tion$ a sub/ance d5otes a m]e quality3 = 9 a s5t5ce su* z '! clo? 7is7 :ite1' :]e a sub/ance is m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ place1 ! quality-^w cle>ly d5otes 7n m]e :it5ess b7 some?+ :i* possesses ! quality ( :it5ess4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 we h a collocation ( words su* z 'patasya suklah' 7'( ! clo?'--g542 ':ite' nom471 ! idea ( a clo? di/+ui%$ by :it5ess does n arise2 b ?is is due n to ! fact ( ! sub/ance be+ m5tion$ fir/1 b to ! fact ( ! two words exhibit+ diff]5t case-t]m9ations4 ,z soon z we add to ^? two words an appropriate ?ird "o1 e4g4 'bhgah' 7s t ! :ole means ',! :ite "p ( a clo?'71 ! co-ord9ation ( two words ) ! same case-t]m9ation gives rise to ! idea ( a ?+ di/+ui%$ by ! attribute ( :it5ess4--,nor c we agree to ! cont5tion t1 z ! buy+ ( ! ,soma is exclusively conclud$ by ! c[ "o ye> old 7z in/rum5tal 9 ! pur*ase71 ! quality ( tawn9ess 7d5ot$ by ! ^w 'arunay'7 _c connect itself ) ! action express$ by ! v]b2 = a ^w t d5otes a quality & /&s 9 co-ord9ation ) a ^w d5ot+ a sub/ance :i* has no qualities oppos$ 9 nature to t quality1 d5otes a quality abid+ 9 t sub/ance1 & ?us naturally connects itself ) ! action express$ by ! v]b4 ,& s9ce1 z %[n1 ! quality ( tawn9ess connects itself ) its sub/ance 7! c[7 on ! m]e basis ( ! =m ( ! words1 x is wrong 7on ! "p ( ! ,prvapak%9 to ab&on ?is natural connexion &7 to e/abli% _! connexion on ! gr\nd ( _! be+ o!rwise incapable ( s]v+ z means ( ! pur*ase4 ,all ?is confirms our cont5tion1 viz4 t ! co-ord9ation ( '?\' & 't' mu/ be und]/ood to express on5ess1 )\t1 at ! same "t1 !re be+ giv5 up ! diff]5t attributes d5ot$ by ! two words4 ,?is h[ev] is n feasible = ^? :o d n admit a highe/ ,self free f all imp]fection & end[$ ) all p]fections1 & diff]5t f t intellig5t s\l :i* is condition$ by ,nesci5ce1 involv$ 9 endless suff]+ & und]go+ alt]nate /ates ( purity & impurity4--,b1 an objection is rais$1 ev5 if su* a highe/ ,self be ackn[l$g$1 x w\ld h to be admitt$ t ! s5t5ce aims at convey+ ! on5ess ( t :i* is di/+ui%$ by ! diff]5t attributes d5ot$ by ! words co-ord9at$1 & f ?is x foll[s t ! highe/ ,self p>ticipates 9 all ! suff]+ express$ by ! ^w '?\'6--,?is is n s1 we reply2 s9ce ! ^w '?\' also d5otes ! highe/ ,self1 viz4 9 s f> z x is ! inn] ,rul] 7ant>ym97 ( all s\ls4--,! connect$ mean+ ( ! text is z foll[s4 ,t :i* is d5ot$ z ',be+1' i4e4 ! highe/ ,brahman :i* is ! cause ( all1 free f all %ad[ ( imp]fection1 c41 resolv$ 'to be _m'2 x !reupon s5t =? ! entire _w1 consi/+ ( fire1 wat]1 c42 introduc$1 9 ?is _w s s5t =?1 ! :ole mass ( individual s\ls into diff]5t bodies div9e1 human1 c41 correspond+ to ! des]t ( ea* s\l--! s\ls ?us con/itut+ ! ,self ( ! bodies2 & f9ally1 itself ent]+ accord+ to its wi% into ^! s\ls--s z to con/itute _! inn] ,self--evolv$ 9 all ^! aggregates1 names & =ms1 i4e4 r5d]$ ea* aggregate some?+ sub/antial 7va/u7 & capable ( be+ d5ot$ by a ^w4 ',let me ent] into ^! be+s ) ?is liv+ ,self 7jv5a tmana7 means ') ?is liv+ me1' & ?is %[s ! liv+ ,self1 i4e4 ! individual s\l to h ,brahman = its ,self4 ,& t ?is hav+ ,brahman = its ,self means ,brahman's be+ ! inn] ,self ( ! s\l 7i4e4 ! ,self inside ! s\l1 b n id5tical ) x71 ,scripture decl>es by say+ t ,brahman ent]$ into x4 ,?is is cle>ly /at$ 9 ! passage ,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #f1 ',he s5t =? all ?is1 :atev] !re is4 ,hav+ s5t =? he ent]$ into x4 ,hav+ ent]$ x he became sat & tyat4' ,= "h 'all ?is' comprises be+s intellig5t z well z non-intellig5t1 :i* aft]w>ds are di/+ui%$ z sat & tyat1 z k 7vijna7 & non- k4 ,brahman is ?us said to ent] into intellig5t be+s also4 ,h5ce1 ow+ to ?is evolution ( names & =ms1 all words d5ote ! highe/ ,self di/+ui%$ by non-intellig5t matt] & intellig5t s\ls4--,ano!r text1 viz4 ,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #h1 #g1';,all ?is has its ,self 9 t1' d5otes by 'all ?is' ! entire _w inclusive ( intellig5t s\ls1 & says t ( ?is _w t 7i4e4 ,brahman7 is ! ,self4 ,brahman ?us be+ ! ,self ) reg>d to ! :ole univ]se ( matt] & s\ls1 ! univ]se inclusive ( intellig5t s\ls is ! body ( ,brahman4--,o!r scriptural texts tea* ! same doctr9e2 cp4 ',ent]$ )91 ! rul] ( be+s1 ! ,self ( all' 7,taitt4 r4 ,,iii1 #bd72';,he :o dwell+ 9 ! e>? is )9 ! e>?--^: body is ! e>?1' c41 up to 'he :o dwell+ )9 ! ,self is )9 ! ,self1 :om ! ,self does n "k1 ( :om ! ,self is ! body1 :o rules ! ,self f )91 he is ?y ,self1 ! ,rul] )91 ! ,immortal' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #g1 #c-bb2 ,mdhy&4 ,s472 ',he :o moves )9 ! e>?1 ( :om ! e>? is ! body1 c4--:o moves )9 ! ,imp]i%able1 ( :om ! ,imp]i%able is ! body1 :om ! ,imp]i%able does n "k2 he ! inw>d rul] ( all be+s1 free f evil1 ! div9e1 ! "o god1 ,nrayana' 7,sub4 ,up4 ,,vii74 ,all ^! texts decl>e t ! _w inclusive ( intellig5t s\ls is ! body ( ! highe/ ,self1 & ! latt] ! ,self ( ev]y?+4 ,h5ce ^? words also t d5ote intellig5t s\ls designate ! highe/ ,self z hav+ intellig5t s\ls = 8 body & con/itut+ ! ,self ( !m2 9 ! same way z words d5ot+ non-s5ti5t masses ( matt]1 su* z ! bodies ( gods1 m51 c41 designate ! individual s\ls to :i* ^? bodies belong4 ,= ! body /&s t[>ds ! embodi$ s\l 9 ! relation ( a mode 7prakra72 & z words d5ot+ a mode accompli% _! full function only 9 d5ot+ ! ?+ to :i* ! mode belongs1 we mu/ admit an analog\s compreh5siv5ess ( mean+ = ^? words :i* d5ote a body4 ,=1 :5 a ?+ is appreh5d$ "u ! =m '?is is su*1' ! elem5t appreh5d$ z 'su*' is :at con/itutes a mode2 n[ z ?is elem5t is relative to ! ?+1 ! idea ( x is also relative to ! ?+1 & f9ds its accompli%m5t 9 ! ?+ only2 h5ce ! ^w also :i* expresses ! mode f9ds its accompli%m5t 9 ! ?+4 ,h5ce words su* z 'c['1 'horse'1 'man'1 :i* d5ote a mode1 viz4 a species1 comprise 9 _! mean+ also t mass ( matt] :i* exhibits ! *>act]i/ics ( ! species1 & z t mass ( matt] con/itutes ! body & !re=e is a mode ( a s\l1 & z t s\l aga91 s embodi$1 is a mode ( ! highe/ ,self2 x foll[s t all ^! words ext5d 9 _! signification up to ! highe/ ,self4 ,! mean+ ( all words !n is ! highe/ ,self1 & h5ce _! co- ord9ation ) words directly d5ot+ t highe/ ,self is a prim>y 7n m]ely 'impli$'7 "o4 ,b1 an objection is rais$1 we inde$ obs]ve t words d5ot+ species or qualities /& 9 co-ord9ation to words d5ot+ sub/ances1 '! ox is %ort-horn$1' '! sug> is :ite'2 b :]e sub/ances appe> z ! modes ( o!r sub/ances we f9d t =mative affixes are us$1 '! man is d&91 kundal9' 7be>+ a /ick2 we>+ e>r+s74--,?is is n s1 we reply4 ,!re is no?+ to s+le out ei!r species1 or quality1 or sub/ance1 z :at det]m9es co- ord9ation3 co-ord9ation disreg>ds su* limitations4 ,:5ev] a ?+ 7:e!r species1 or quality1 or sub/ance7 has exi/5ce z a mode only--ow+ to its pro(1 exi/5ce & conception be+ insep>ably connect$ ) some?+ else--! words d5ot+ x1 z !y designate a sub/ance *>act]is$ by ! attribute d5ot$ by !m1 appropriately ent] into co-ord9ation ) o!r words d5ot+ ! same sub/ance z *>act]is$ by o!r attributes4 ,:]e1 on ! o!r h&1 a sub/ance :i* is e/abli%$ 9 sep>ation f o!r ?+s & re/s on itself1 is assum$ to /& occasionally 9 ! relation ( mode to ano!r sub/ance1 ?is is appropriately express$ by ! use ( d]iv$ =ms su* z 'd&91 kundal94' ,h5ce su* words z ',i1' '?\1' c41 :i* are diff]5t =ms ( appellation ( ! individual s\l1 at bottom d5ote ! highe/ ,self only2 = ! individual s\ls toge!r ) non-s5ti5t matt] are ! body--& h5ce modes--( ! highe/ ,self4 ,?is entire view is cond5s$ 9 ! co-ord9ation ',?\ art t4' ,! individual s\l be+ ?us connect$ ) ! highe/ ,self z its body1 its attributes d n t\* ! highe/ ,self1 n any m ?an infancy1 y\?1 & o!r attributes ( ! mat]ial body t\* ! individual s\l4 ,h5ce1 9 ! co-ord9ation ',?\ art t1' ! ^w 't' d5otes ! highe/ ,brahman :i* is ! cause ( ! _w1 ^: purposes come true1 :i* comprises )9 itself all bless$ qualities1 :i* is free f all %ad[ ( evil2 :ile ! ^w '?\' d5otes ! same highe/ ,self 9 s f> z hav+ = its body ! individual s\ls toge!r ) _! bodies4 ,! t]ms co-ord9at$ may ?us be tak5 9 _! prim>y s5ses2 !re is no contradiction ei!r ) ! subject-matt] ( ! section1 or ) scripture 9 g5]al2 & n a %ad[ ( imp]fection su* z ,nesci5ce1 & s on1 atta*es to ,brahman1 ! blameless1 ! absolutely bless$4 ,! co- ord9ation ) ! individual s\l ?us proves only ! diff]5ce ( ,brahman f ! s\l1 :i* is a m]e mode ( ,brahman2 & h5ce we hold t diff]5t f ! ,self consi/+ ( k1 i4e4 ! individual s\l1 is ! ,self consi/+ ( bliss1 i4e4 ! highe/ ,self4 ,nor is !re any =ce 9 ! objection t z ! ,self ( bliss is said to be 'srira1' i4e4 embodi$-viz4 9 ! clause '( him ! embodi$ ,self is ! same' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #e1 #f7--;x _c be diff]5t f ! individual s\l4 ,= ?r\gh\t ?is section ! recurr+ clause '( him ! embodi$ ,self is ! same z ( ! prec$+ "o1' ref]s to ! highe/ ,self1 call+ t ! 'embodi$' "o4 ,! clause ',f t same ,self sprang e!r' 7,,ii1 #a7 designates ! highe/ ,brahman-:i* is diff]5t f ! individual s\l & is introduc$ z ! highe/ cause ( all ?+s creat$--z ! ',self'2 :5ce we conclude t all ?+s diff]5t f x--f e!r up to ! ,self ( food con/itute its body4 ,! ,subla-upani%ad moreov] /ates q directly t all be+s con/itute ! body ( ! highe/ ,self3 ',he ( :om ! e>? is ! body1 ( :om wat] is ! body1 ( :om fire is ! body1 ( :om w9d is ! body1 ( :om e!r is ! body1 ( :om ! ,imp]i%able is ! body1 ( :om ,dea? is ! body1 he ! inn] ,self ( all1 ! div9e "o1 ! "o god ,nryana4' ,f ?is x foll[s t :at con/itutes ! embodi$ ,self ( ! ,self ( food is no?+ else b ! highe/ ,self ref]r$ to 9 ! clause ',f t same ,self sprang e!r4' ,:51 !n1 ! text fur!r on says ) reg>d to ! ,self ( brea?1 '( him ! embodi$ ,self is ! same z ( ! prec$+ "o' 7,,ii1 #c71 ! mean+ c only be t :at con/itutes ! embodi$ ,self ( ! 'prec$+' ,self ( food1 viz4 ! highe/ ,self :i* is ! univ]sal cause1 is also ! embodi$ ,self ( ! ,self consi/+ ( brea?4 ,! same reason+ holds good ) reg>d to ! ,self consi/+ ( m9d & ! ,self consi/+ ( k4 ,9 ! case1 f9ally1 ( ! ,self consi/+ ( bliss1 ! expression '! same' 7e%a eva7 is meant to convey t t ,self has its ,self 9 no?+ diff]5t f itself4 ,= :51 aft] hav+ und]/ood t ! highe/ ,self is ! embodi$ ,self ( ! vijnamaya also1 we are told t ! embodi$ ,self ( t vijnamaya is also ! embodi$ ,self ( ! n&amaya1 we und]/& t ( ! n&amaya--:i* we "k to be ! highe/ ,self on ! gr\nd ( 'multiplication'--its own ,self is ! ,self4 ,! f9al purport ( ! :ole section ?us is t ev]y?+ diff]5t f ! highe/ ,self1 :e!r ( intellig5t or non-intellig5t nature1 con/itutes its body1 :ile t ,self alone is ! non-condition$ embodi$ ,self4 ,= ?is v reason compet5t p]sons designate ?is doctr9e :i* has ! highe/ ,brahman = its subject-matt] z ! 'srraka1' i4 e4 ! doctr9e ( ! 'embodi$' ,self4--,we h ?us arriv$ at ! conclusion t ! ,self ( bliss is some?+ diff]5t f ! individual ,self1 viz4 ! highe/ ,self4 ,"h ! ,prvapak%9 raises ! foll[+ objection4--,! ,self consi/+ ( bliss 7n&amaya7 is n some?+ diff]5t f ! individual s\l1 because ! =mative elem5t--maya d5otes some?+ made1 a ?+ effect$4 ,t ?is is ! mean+ (--maya 9 n&amaya we "k f ,pn9i ,,iv1 #c1 #add4--;,b accord+ to ,p4 ,v1 #d1 #ba1--maya has also ! s5se ( 'ab\nd+ 9'2 z :5 we say '! sacrifice is annamaya1' i4e4 ab\nds 9 food4 ,& ?is may be its s5se 9 'n&amaya' also6--,n s1 ! ,prvapak%9 replies4 ,9 'annamaya1' 9 an e>li] "p ( ! *apt]1--maya has ! s5se ( 'made ('1 'consi/+ ('2 & = ! sake ( consi/5cy1 we mu/ h5ce ascribe ! same s5se to x 9 'n&amaya4' ,& ev5 if1 9 ! latt] ^w1 x d5ot$ abundance1 ?is w\ld n prove t ! n&amaya is o!r ?an ! individual s\l4 ,= if we say t a ,self 'ab\nds' 9 bliss1 ?is implies t ) all ?is bliss !re is mix$ "s small "p ( pa92 & to be 'mix$ ) pa9' is :at con/itutes ! "* ( ! individual s\l4 ,x is !re=e prop] to assume1 9 agreem5t ) its previ\s use1 t 'n&amaya' means 'consi/+ ( bliss4' ,9 ord9>y spee* z well z 9 ,v$ic language 7cp4 common words su* z 'mr9maya1' 'hiranmaya'2 & ,v$ic clauses su* z 'p>namayijuhh'7 -maya z a rule means 'consi/+ (1' & ?is mean+ h5ce pres5ts itself to ! m9d fir/4 ,& ! individual s\l may be d5ot$ z 'made ( bliss'2 = 9 itself x is ( ! ess5ce ( bliss1 & its ,samsra /ate !re=e is some?+ 'made ( bliss4' ,! conclusion !re=e is t1 ow+ to ! receiv$ mean+ ( -maya1 ! n&amaya is none o!r ?an ! individual s\l4--,to ?is prim facie view ! next ,stra ref]s & refutes x4 ,,footnote #bai3a4 ,i4e4 we %\ld n 9 t case be able to decide :e!r ! quality 7i4e41 "h1 ! blu5ess7 inh]es 9 ! class 7i4e41 "h1 ! lotus71 or vice v]sa4 ,,footnote #bbb3a4 ,= x w\ld imply s-call$ vkyabh$a1 'split ( ! s5t5ce1' :i* arises :5 "o injunctory clause is made to enjo9 two diff]5t ?+s4 #ad4 ,if1 on acc\nt ( its be+ a ^w d5ot+ an effect1 7n&amaya be said7 n 7to d5ote ! highe/ ,self72 7we say7 no1 on acc\nt ( abundance4 ,we d5y ! conclusion ( ! ,prvapak%91 on ! gr\nd ( !re be+ abundance ( bliss 9 ! highe/ ,brahman1 & 'abundance' be+ "o ( ! possible mean+s ( -maya4--,s9ce bliss su* z describ$ 9 ! ,taitt4 ,up4--bliss :i* is rea*$ by successively multiply+ by hundr$ all inf]ior k9ds ( bliss--_c belong to ! individual s\l1 we conclude t x belongs to ,brahman2 & z ,brahman _c be an effect1 & z -maya1 may h ! s5se ( 'ab\nd+ 91' we conclude t ! n&amaya is ,brahman itself2 inn] contradiction oblig+ u to set aside t s5se ( -maya :i* is recomm5d$ by reg>d to 'consequ5ce' & frequ5cy ( usage4 ,! reg>d = consi/5cy1 moreov]1 already has to be set aside 9 ! case ( ! 'prnamaya'2 = 9 t t]m -maya _c d5ote 'made (4' ,! 'prnamaya' ,self c only be call$ by t "n 9 s f> z air ) its five modifications has 7among o!rs7 ! modification call$ prna1 i4e4 brea?+ out1 or because among ! five modifications or functions ( air prna is ! 'ab\nd+1' i4e4 prevail+ "o4--,nor c x be truly said t -maya is b r>ely us$ 9 ! s5se ( 'ab\nd+ 9'3 expressions su* z 'a sacrifice ab\nd+ 9 food' 7annamaya71 'a procession ) _m c>riages' 7sakatamay71 are by no means uncommon4-- ,nor c we admit t to call some?+ 'ab\nd+ 9 bliss' implies ! pres5ce ( "s pa94 ,= 'abundance' precludes paucity on ! "p ( t :i* is said to ab\nd1 b does n imply ! pres5ce ( :at is contr>y4 ,! pres5ce or abs5ce ( :at is contr>y has to be asc]ta9$ by o!r means ( pro(2 & 9 our case we d asc]ta9 ! abs5ce ( :at is contr>y to bliss by su* means1 viz4 ! clause 'free f evil1' c4 ,abundance ( bliss on ! "p ( ,brahman c]ta9ly implies a relation to paucity on ! "p ( "s o!r bliss2 & 9 accordance ) ?is dem& ! text says ',t is "o measure ( human bliss1' c4 7,,ii1 #h1 #a74 ,! bliss ( ,brahman is ( measureless abundance1 comp>$ to ! bliss ( ! individual s\l4--,nor c x be ma9ta9$ t ! individual s\l may be view$ z be+ an effect ( bliss4 ,= t a s\l ^: ess5tial nature is k & bliss %\ld 9 any way be *ang$ into some?+ else1 z a lump ( clay is made into a pot1 is an assumption contradict$ by all scripture1 sacr$ tradition1 & reason+4 ,t 9 ! ,samsra /ate ! s\l's bliss & k are contract$ ow+ to k>man w be %[n lat] on4--,! ,self ( bliss !re=e is o!r ?an ! individual s\l2 x is ,brahman itself4 ,a fur!r reason = ?is conclusion is suppli$ by ! next ,stra4 #ae4 ,& because he is decl>$ to be ! cause ( ?atra4 ',= :o c\ld brea!1 :o c\ld brea! =?1 if t bliss exi/$ n 9 ! e!r8 ,he alone causes bliss' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #g74 ,?is means-- ,he alone is ! cause ( bliss on ! "p ( ! individual s\ls4-- ,"s "o is "h designat$ z ! cause ( bliss enjoy$ by ! s\ls2 & we ?us conclude t ! caus] ( bliss1 :o mu/ be o!r ?an ! s\ls to :i* bliss is imp>t$1 is ! highe/ ,self ab\nd+ 9 bliss4 ,9 ! passage quot$ ! t]m 'bliss' d5otes him :o ab\nds 9 bliss1 z w be %[n lat] on4--,a fur!r reason is giv5 9 ! next ,stra4 #af4 ,& because t 7,brahman7 :i* is ref]r$ to 9 ! mantra is decl>$ 7to be ! n&amaya74 ,t ,brahman :i* is describ$ 9 ! mantra1 ',true ,be+1 k1 inf9ite is ,biahman1' is proclaim$ z ! ,self ab\nd+ 9 bliss4 ,& t ,brahman is ! highe/ ,brahman1 o!r ?an ! individual s\l2 = ! passage ',he :o kn[s ,brahman atta9s ! ,highe/' ref]s to ,brahman z some?+ to be obta9$ by ! individual s\l1 & ! words ',on ?is ! foll[+ v]se is record$' %[ t ! v]se is relat$ to t same ,brahman4 ,! mantra ?us is meant to r5d] cle> ! mean+ ( ! ,brhmana passage4 ,n[ ! ,brahman to be rea*$ by ! m$itat+ ,devotee mu/ be some?+ diff]5t f him4 ,! same po9t is r5d]$ cle> by all ! foll[+ ,brhmana passages & mantras3 'f t same ,self sprang e!r1' & s on4 ,! ,self ab\nd+ 9 bliss !re=e is o!r ?an ! individual s\l4 ,"h an oppon5t argues z foll[s3--,we inde$ mu/ ackn[l$ge t ! object to be rea*$ is some?+ diff]5t f ! m$itat+ ,devotee2 b ! fact is t ! ,brahman describ$ 9 ! mantra does n sub/antially diff] f ! individual s\l2 t ,brahman is no?+ b ! s\l ( ! ,devotee 9 its pure /ate1 consi/+ ( m]e non- diff]5c$ intellig5ce1 free f all %ade ( ,nesci5ce4 ,to ?is pure condition x is r$uc$ 9 ! mantra describ+ x z true ,be+1 k1 inf9ite4 ,a subsequ5t passage1 't f :i* all spee*1 ) ! m9d1 turns away1 unable to rea* x' 7,,ii4 #i71 expresses ?is same /ate ( non-diff]5tiation1 describ+ x z ly+ beyond m9d & spee*4 ,x is ?is !re=e to :i* ! mantra ref]s1 & ! ,self ( bliss is id5tical ) x4--,to ?is view ! next ,stra replies4 #ag4 ,n ! o!r1 on acc\nt ( impossibility4 ,! o!r ?an ! highe/ ,self1 i4e4 ! "o call$ jva1 ev5 9 ! /ate ( release1 is n t ,self :i* ! mantra describes2 = ?is is n possible4 ,= to a ,self ( t k9d uncondition$ intellig5ce 7su* z is1 9 ! mantra1 ascrib$ to ,brahman2 cp4 ! t]m 'vipaskit'7 _c belong4 ,uncondition$ intellig5ce is illu/rat$ by ! p[] ( all "o's purposes realis+ !mselves2 z express$ 9 ! text ',he desir$1 may ,i be _m1 may ,i gr[ =?4' ,intellig5ce 7vipaskittvam1 i4e4 p[] ( insight into v>i\s ?+s7 does inde$ belong to ! s\l 9 ! /ate ( release2 b z 9 ! ,samsra /ate ! same s\l is devoid ( su* insight1 we _c ascribe to x non- condition$ intellig5ce4 ,& if ! releas$ s\l is view$ z be+ m]e non-diff]5c$ intellig5ce1 x does n possess ! capacity ( see+ diff]5t ?+s1 & h5ce _c ( c\rse possess vipaskittva 9 ! s5se /at$ above4 ,t1 h[ev]1 ! exi/5ce ( a sub/ance devoid ( all diff]5ce _c be prov$ by any means ( k1 we h already %[n be=e4 ,aga91 if ! clause 'f :5ce spee* returns1' c41 7 meant to express t spee* & m9d return f ,brahman1 ?is c\ld n mean t ! ,real is devoid ( all diff]5ce1 b only t m9d & spee* are n means = ! k ( ,brahman4 ,& f ?is x w\ld foll[ t ,brahman is some?+ altoge!r empty1 futile4 ,let u exam9e ! context4 ,! :ole section1 beg9n+ ) ',he :o kn[s ,brahman rea*es ,brahman1' decl>es t ,brahman is all- kn[+1 ! cause ( ! _w1 consi/+ ( pure bliss1 ! cause ( bliss 9 o!rs2 t ?r\gh its m]e wi% x creates ! :ole univ]se compris+ matt] & s\ls2 t ent]+ into ! univ]se ( creat$ ?+s x con/itutes _! ,self2 t x is ! cause ( fe> & fe>lessness2 t x rules ,vyu ditya & o!r div9e be+s2 t its bliss is ev] s mu* sup]ior to all o!r bliss2 & _m o!r po9ts4 ,n[1 all at once1 ! clause 'f :5ce spee* returns' is said to mean t nei!r spee* nor m9d applies to ,brahman1 & t ?us !re are no means :atev] ( kn[+ ,brahman6 ,?is is idle talk inde$6 ,9 ! clause '7t7 f :i* spee* returns1' ! relative pron\n 'f :i*' d5otes bliss2 ?is bliss is aga9 explicitly ref]r$ to 9 ! clause 'kn[+ ! bliss ( ,brahman'--! g5itive '( ,brahman' intimat+ t ! bliss belongs to ,brahman2 :at !n c\ld be ! mean+ ( ?is clause :i* di/9ctly speaks ( a k ( ,brahman1 if ,brahman _h at ! same "t to be conceiv$ z transc5d+ all ?\ght & spee*8 ,:at ! clause really means r is t if "o und]takes to /ate ! def9ite am\nt ( ! bliss ( ,brahman--! sup]abundance ( :i* is illu/rat$ by ! successive multiplications ) hundr$--m9d & spee* h to turn back p[]less1 s9ce no su* def9ite am\nt c be assign$4 ,he :o kn[s ! bliss ( ,brahman z n to be def9$ by any def9ite am\nt1 does n fe> any?+4--,t1 moreov]1 ! all-wise be+ ref]r$ to 9 ! mantra is o!r ?an ! individual s\l 9 ! /ate ( release1 is r5d]$ p]fectly cle> by :at--9 passages su* z 'x desir$1' c4-- is said ab\t its effect+1 ?r\gh its m]e volition1 ! orig9ation & subsi/5ce ( ! _w1 its be+ ! inn] ,self ( ! _w1 & s on4 #ah4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! decl>ation ( diff]5ce4 ,! "p ( ! *apt]--beg9n+ ) ! words ',f t same ,self !re sprang e!r'--:i* sets =? ! nature ( ! ,brahman ref]r$ to 9 ! mantra1 decl>es its diff]5ce f ! individual s\l1 no less ?an f ! ,selfs consi/+ ( food1 brea?1 & m9d1 viz4 9 ! clause 'diff]5t f ?is :i* consi/s ( k1 is ! o!r inn] ,self :i* consi/s ( bliss4'--,?r\gh ?is decl>ation ( diff]5ce f ! individual s\l we "k t ! ,self ( bliss ref]r$ to 9 ! mantra is o!r ?an ! individual s\l4 #ai4 ,& on acc\nt ( desire1 !re is no reg>d to :at is inf]r$ 7i4 e4 matt]74 ,9 ord] t ! individual s\l :i* is en?rall$ by ,nesci5ce may op]ate z ! cause ( ! _w1 x mu/ ne$s be connect$ ) non- s5ti5t matt]1 call$ by su* names z pradhna1 or numnika 7t :i* is inf]r$74 ,= su* is ! condition = ! creative en]gy ( ,brahm & simil> be+s4 ,our text1 on ! o!r h&1 tea*es t ! creation ( ! aggregate ( s5ti5t & non-s5ti5t ?+s results f ! m]e wi% ( a be+ free f all connexion ) non-s5ti5t matt]1 ',he desir$1 may ,i be _m1 may ,i gr[ =?2' ',he s5t =? all1 :atev] !re is' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #f74 ,we ?us und]/& t t ,self ( bliss :i* s5ds =? ! _w does n require connexion ) non-s5ti5t matt] call$ numnika1 & h5ce conclude t x is o!r ?an ! individual s\l4--,a fur!r reason is /at$ 9 ! next ,stra4 #bj4 ,& ,scripture tea*es ! jo9+ ( ?is 7i4e4 ! individual s\l7 ) t 7i4e4 bliss7 9 t 7i4e4 ! n&amaya74 ',a flav\r he is inde$2 hav+ obta9$ a flav\r ?is "o enjoys bliss' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #g74 ,?is text decl>es t ?is "o1 i4e4 ! s- call$ individual s\l1 enjoys bliss ?r\gh obta9+ ! n&amaya1 "h call$ 'flav\r4' ,n[ to say t any "o is id5tical ) t by obta9+ :i* he enjoys bliss1 w\ld be madness inde$4--,x be+ ?us asc]ta9$ t ! ,self ( bliss is ! highe/ ,brahman1 we conclude t 9 passages su* z 'if t bliss 7 n 9 ! e!r' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #g74 & 'k1 bliss is ,brahman' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #i1 #bh71 ! ^w 'n&a' d5otes ! 'n&amaya'2 j z vijna means ! vijnamaya4 ,x is = ! same reason 7viz4 ( n&a mean+ ! same z n&amaya7 t ! clause 'he :o kn[s ! bliss ( ,brahman' exhibits ,brahman z be+ connect$ ) n&a1 & t ! fur!r clause 'he :o kn[s ?is rea*es ! ,self ( bliss1' decl>es ! rea*+ ( ! ,self ( bliss to be ! fruit ( ! k ( bliss4 ,9 ! subsequ5t anuvka also1 9 ! clauses 'he p]ceiv$ t food is ,brahman1' 'he p]ceiv$ t brea? is ,brahman1' c4 7,,iii1 i2 #b1 c471 ! words 'food1' 'brea?1' & s on1 are meant to sugge/ ! ,self made ( food1 ! ,self made ( brea?1 c41 m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ anuvka2 & h5ce also 9 ! clause 'he p]ceiv$ t bliss is ,brahman1' ! ^w 'bliss' mu/ be und]/ood to d5ote ! ,self ( bliss4 ,h5ce1 9 ! same anuvka1 ! acc\nt ( ! fate aft] dea? ( ! man :o kn[s concludes ) ! words 'hav+ rea*$ ! ,self ( bliss' 7,,iii1 #aj1e74 ,x is ?us f9ally prov$ t ! highe/ ,brahman--:i* 9 ! previ\s adhik>ana _h to be %[n to be o!r ?an ! s-call$ ,pradhna--is also o!r ?an ! be+ call$ individual s\l4--,?is concludes ! topic ( ! n&amaya4 ,a new d\bt "h pres5ts itself4--,x mu/ inde$ be admitt$ t su* individual s\ls z possess only a mod]ate degree ( m]it are unable to accompli% ! creation ( ! _w by _! m]e wi%1 to enjoy supreme bliss1 to be ! cause ( fe>lessness1 & s on2 b :y %\ld n be+s l ditya & ,prajpati1 ^: m]it is extraord9>ily great1 be capable ( all ?is8--,( ?is sugge/ion ! next ,stra disposes4 #ba4 ,! "o )9 7! sun & ! eye72 on acc\nt ( 8 qualities be+ decl>$4 ,x is said 9 ! ,*ndogya3 ',n[ t p]son bright z gold1 :o is se5 )9 ! sun1 ) be>d bright z gold & hair bright z gold1 gold5 altoge!r to ! v tips ( 8 nails1 ^: eyes are l blue lotus2 8 "n is ,ut1 = he has ris5 7udita7 above all evil4 ,he also :o kn[s ?is rises above all evil4 ,rik & ,sman are 8 jo9ts4- ,s mu* ) ref]5ce to ! devas4--,n[ ) ref]5ce to ! body4-- ,n[ t p]son :o is se5 )9 ! eye1 he is ,rik1 he is ,sman1 ,uk?a1 ,yajus1 ,brahman4 ,! =m ( ?is p]son 79 ! eye7 is ! same z ( t p]son yond] 79 ! sun71 ! jo9ts ( ! "o are ! jo9ts ( ! o!r1 ! "n ( ! "o is !--"n ( ! o!r' 7,*4 ,up4 ,i1 #g74--;,"h !re arises ! d\bt :e!r t p]son dwell+ )9 ! eye & ! sun be ! individual s\l call$ ditya1 :o ?r\gh accumulation ( religi\s m]it possesses lordly p[]1 or ! highe/ ,self o!r ?an t s\l4 ,t individual s\l ( high m]it1 ! ,prvapak%9 ma9ta9s4 ,= ! text /ates t t p]son has a body1 & connexion ) a body belongs to individual s\ls only1 = x is meant to br+ ! s\l into contact ) pleasure & pa91 accord+ to its des]ts4 ,x is = ?is reason t ,scripture describes f9al ,release :]e !re is no connexion ) works z a /ate ( disembodi$ness4 ',s long z he is 9 ! body he _c get free f pleasure & pa94 ,b :5 he is free f ! body1 !n nei!r pleasure nor pa9 t\*es him' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #ab1 #a74 ,& a s\l ( transc5d5t m]it may possess surpass+ wisdom & p[]1 & ?us be capable ( be+ "l ( ! worlds & ! wi%es 7,i1 #f1 #h74 ,= ! same reason su* a s\l may be ! object ( dev\t m$itation1 be/[ rew>ds1 & by be+ in/rum5tal 9 de/roy+ evil1 be helpful t[>ds f9al release4 ,ev5 among m5 "s are se5 to be ( sup]ior k & p[]1 ow+ to sup]ior religi\s m]it2 & ?is holds good ) reg>d to ! ,siddhas & ,g&h>vas also2 !n ) reg>d to ! devas2 !n ) reg>d to ! div9e be+s1 beg9n+ ) ,indra4 ,h5ce1 also1 "o among ! div9e be+s1 beg9n+ ) ,brahm1 may 9 ea* kalpa rea*1 ?r\gh a p>ticul>ly high degree ( m]it1 va/ lordly p[] & ?us effect ! creation ( ! _w1 & s on4 ,on ?is supposition ! texts ab\t t :i* con/itutes ! cause ( ! _w & ! inw>d ,self ( ! _w mu/ also be und]/ood to ref] to "s su* s\l :i*1 ow+ to sup]iority ( m]it1 has become all-kn[+ & all-p[]ful4 ,a s- call$ highe/ ,self1 diff]5t f ! individual s\ls1 does n !re=e exi/4 ,:]e ! texts speak ( t :i* is nei!r co>se nor f9e nor %ort1 c41 !y only mean to *>act]ise ! individual s\l2 & ^? texts also :i* ref] to f9al ,release aim only at sett+ =? ! ess5tial nature ( ! individual s\l & ! means ( atta9+ t ess5tial nature4 ,?is prim facie view is set aside by ! ,stra4 ,! p]son :o is p]ceiv$ )9 ! sun & )9 ! eye1 is some?+ diff]5t f ! individual s\l1 viz4 ! highe/ ,self2 because !re are decl>$ qualities belong+ to t4 ,! text ascribes to him ! quality ( hav+ ris5 above1 i4e4 be+ free f all evil1 & ?is c belong to ! highe/ ,self only1 n to ! individual s\l4 ,= to be free f all evil means to be free f all influ5ce ( k>man1 & ?is quality c belong to ! highe/ ,self only1 diff]+ f all individual s\ls :i*1 z is %[n by _! exp]i5ce ( pleasure & pa91 are 9 ! bonds ( k>man4 ,^? ess5tial qualities also :i* presuppose fre$om f all evil 7& :i* are m5tion$ 9 o!r ,v$ic passages71 su* z ma/]y ov] all worlds & wi%es1 capability ( realis+ "o's purposes1 be+ ! inn] ,self ( all1 c41 belong to ! highe/ ,self alone4 ,comp>e passages su* z ',x is ! ,self free f evil1 free f old age1 f dea? & grief1 f hung] & ?ir/1 ^: wi%es come true1 ^: purposes come true' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #a1 #e72 & ',he is ! inn] ,self ( all1 free f evil1 ! div9e "o1 ! "o god ,nryana' 7,sub4 ,up474 ,attributes su* z ! attribute ( be+ ! creator ( ! :ole univ]se--:i* presupposes ! p[] ( realis+ "o's wi%es--7cp4 ! passage 'x desir$1 may ,i be _m'72 ! attribute ( be+ ! cause ( fe> & fe>lessness2 ! attribute ( enjoy+ transc5d+ bliss n limit$ by ! capabilities ( ?\ght & spee* & ! l1 are ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( t only :i* is n t\*$ by k>man1 & !y _c !re=e belong to ! individual s\l4--,nor is !re any tru? 9 ! cont5tion t ! p]son )9 ! sun1 c41 _c be a be+ diff]5t f individual s\ls because x possesses a body4 ,= s9ce a be+ :i* possesses ! p[] ( realis+ all its desires c assume a body ?r\gh its m]e wi%1 x is n g5]ally true t embodi$ness proves dep5d5ce on k>man4--,b1 x may be said1 by a body we und]/& a c]ta9 comb9ation ( matt] :i* spr+s f ! primal sub/ance 7prakriti7 ) its ?ree con/itu5ts4 ,n[ connexion ) su* a body _c possibly be br\ght ab\t by ! wi% ( su* s\ls ev5 z are free f all evil & capable ( realis+ _! desires2 = su* connexion w\ld n be to ! s\l's b5efit4 ,9 ! case1 on ! o!r h&1 ( a s\l subject to k>man & n kn[+ its own ess5tial nature1 su* connexion ) a body necess>ily takes place 9 ord] t ! s\l may enjoy ! fruit ( its actions--q ap>t f ! s\l's desire4-- ,y\r objection w\ld be well f\nd$1 we reply1 if ! body ( ! highe/ ,self 7 an effect ( ,prakriti ) its ?ree con/itu5ts2 b x is n s1 x r is a body suitable to ! nature & int5tions ( t ,self4 ,! highe/ ,brahman1 ^: nature is fundam5tally antagoni/ic to all evil & ess5tially compos$ ( inf9ite k & bliss--:]eby x diff]s f all o!r s\ls--possesses an inf9ite numb] ( qualities ( unimag9able excell5ce1 &1 analog\sly1 a div9e =m suitable to its nature & int5tions1 i4e4 adorn$ ) inf9ite1 supremely excell5t & wond]ful qualities-- spl5d\r1 beauty1 fragrance1 t5d]ness1 lovel9ess1 y\?fulness1 & s on4 ,& 9 ord] to gratify 8 devotees he individualises t =m s z to r5d] x suitable to _! appreh5sion--he :o is a b\ndless ocean z x 7 ( compassion1 k9dness & lordly p[]1 :om no %ad[ ( evil may t\*---he :o is ! highe/ ,self1 ! highe/ ,brahman1 ! supreme s\l1 ,nryana6--,c]ta9 texts tell u t ! highe/ ,brahman is ! sole cause ( ! entire _w3 ',f :i* ^! be+s orig9ate' 7,taitt4 ,up472 ',be+ only 0 ?is 9 ! beg9n+' 7,kh4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #b1 #a72 ',! ,self only 0 ?is 9 ! beg9n+' 7,ai4 ,up4 ,i1 #a72 ',nryana alone exi/$1 n ,brahm nor ,siva4' ,o!r texts def9e 8 nature3 ',! ,true1 k1 inf9ite is ,brahman' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a1 #a72 ',k1 bliss is ,brahman' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iii4 #i4 #bh72 & o!rs aga9 d5y ( ,brahman all connexion ) evil qualities & inf]ior bodies sprung f ,prakriti1 & all dep5d5ce on k>man1 & proclaim 8 glori\s qualities & glori\s =ms3 ',free f qualities' 7872 ',free f ta9t' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #ai72 ',free f old age1 f dea? & grief1 f hung] & ?ir/1 realis+ 8 wi%es & purposes' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #a1 #e72 ',!re is no effect & no cause kn[n ( him1 no "o is se5 l to him or sup]ior3 8 high p[] is reveal$ z manifold1 z inh]5t action ( =ce & k' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #h72 ',t highe/ great "l ( lords1 ! highe/ deity ( deities' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #g72 ',he is ! cause1 ! "l ( ! lords ( ! organs1 & !re is ( him nei!r p>5t nor "l' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #i72 ',hav+ creat$ all =ms & giv5 names to !m ! wise "o goes on call+ !m by ^? names' 7,taitt4 r4 ,,iii1 #ab1 #g72 ',i "k t great ,p]son ( sunlike lu/re beyond ! d>kness' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #h72 ',all mom5ts orig9at$ f ! ,p]son %9+ l lightn+' 7,mahnr4 ,up4 ,i1 #f74--,?is ess5tial =m ( 8 ! mo/ compassionate ,"l by 8 m]e w individualises z a %ape human or div9e or o!rwise1 s z to r5d] x suitable to ! appreh5sion ( ! devotee & ?us satisfy him4 ,?is ! foll[+ scriptural passage decl>es1 ',unborn he is born 9 _m ways' 7,gau4 ,k4 ,,iii1 #bd72 & likewise ,smriti4 ',?\gh unborn ,i1 ! imp]i%able ,self1 ! ,"l ( ! be+s1 presid+ ov] my ,nature1 manife/ myself by my ,mya = ! protection ( ! ,good & ! de/ruction ( ! evil do]s '7,bha4 ,g4 ,,iv1 #f4 #h74 ,! ',good' "h are ! ,devotees2 & by ',mya' is meant ! purpose1 ! k ( ! ,div9e ,be+--2 9 agreem5t ) ! ,naighantukas :o regi/] ',mya' z a synonym ( jna 7k74 ,9 ! ,mahbhrata also ! =m assum$ by ! highe/ ,p]son 9 8 avatras is said n to consi/ ( ,prakriti1 '! body ( ! highe/ ,self does n consi/ ( a comb9ation ( mat]ial elem5ts4'--,= ^! reasons ! ,p]son )9 ! ,sun & ! eye is ! highe/ ,self :i* is diff]5t f ! individual s\l ( ! ,sun1 c4 #bb4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! decl>ation ( diff]5ce 7! highe/ ,self is7 o!r 7?an ! individual s\ls ( ! sun1 c474 ,!re are texts :i* cle>ly /ate t ! highe/ ,self is diff]5t f ditya & ! o!r individual s\ls3 ',he :o1 dwell+ )9 ,aditya 7! sun71 is diff]5t f ditya1 :om ditya does n "k1 ( :om ditya is ! body1 :o rules ditya f )92 :o dwell+ )9 ! ,self is diff]5t f ! ,self1' c4 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #g1 #i ff4 72 ',( :om ! ,imp]i%able is ! body1 :om ! ,imp]i%able does n "k2 :o moves )9 ,dea?1 ( :om ,dea? is ! body1 :om ,dea? does n "k2 he is ! inn] self ( all be+s1 free f evil1 div9e1 ! "o ,god ,nryana' 7,sub4 ,up4 ,,vii74 ,^! texts decl>e all individual s\ls to be ! body ( ! s9less highe/ ,self :i* is said to be ! inw>d pr9ciple ( all ( !m4--,x is !reby completely prov$ t ! highe/ ,self is some?+ diff]5t f all individual s\ls su* z ditya1 & s on4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( ! '"o )94' ,! text1 ',t f :i* ^! be+s are born1' tea*es t ,brahman is ! cause ( ! _w2 to ! "q !nce aris+ ( :at nature t cause ( ! _w is1 c]ta9 o!r texts give a reply 9 g5]al t]ms 7' ,be+ only ?is 0 9 ! beg9n+'2 ',x s5t =? fire'2 ',! ,self only ?is 0 9 ! beg9n+1' c472 & !reupon x is %[n on ! basis ( ! special nature ( t cause z prov$ by ! attributes ( '?\ght' & 'bliss1' t ,brahman is diff]5t f ! pradhna & ! individual s\ls4 ,! rema9+ "p ( ?is ,pda n[ is devot$ to ! task ( prov+ t :]e su* special t]ms z ,e!r & ! l are us$ 9 sections sett+ =? ! creation & gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 !y designate n ! ?+-s5ti5t or non- s5ti5t--:i* is kn[n f ord9>y exp]i5ce1 b ,brahman z prov$ s f>4 #bc4 ,e!r 7is ,brahman71 on acc\nt ( ! *>act]i/ic m>ks4 ,we read 9 ! ,*ndogya 7,i1 #i71 ',:at is ! orig9 ( ?is _w8' ',e!r1' he repli$4 ',= all ^! be+s spr+ f ! e!r only1 & return into ! e!r4 ,e!r is great] ?an ^!2 e!r is _! re/4' ,"h !re arises ! d\bt :e!r ! ^w 'e!r' d5otes ! well-kn[n elem5t or ,brahman4--,! ,prvapak%9 ma9ta9s ! =m] alt]native4 ,=1 he says1 9 ! case ( ?+s to be appreh5d$ ?r\gh words we mu/ accept t s5se ( ! ^w :i*1 prov$ by etymology1 is imm$iately sugge/$ by ! ^w4 ,we !re=e conclude f ! passage t ! well-kn[n ,e!r is ! cause ( ! entire aggregate ( ?+s1 mov+ or non-mov+1 & t h5ce ,brahman is ! same z ,e!r4--,b has x n be5 %[n t ,brahman is some?+ diff]5t f non-s5ti5t ?+s because its creative activity is prec$$ by ?\ght8--,?is has be5 ass]t$ inde$1 b by no means prov$4 ,= ! prop] way to comb9e ! diff]5t texts is z foll[s4 ,hav+ be5 told t 't f :i* ^! be+s are born is ,brahman'1 we desire to "k m especially :at t s\rce ( all be+s is1 & ?is desire is satisfi$ by ! special in=mation giv5 by ! text1 ',all ^! ?+s spr+ f ! e!r4' ,x ?us be+ asc]ta9$ t ! e!r only is ! cause ( ! orig91 & s on1 ( ! _w1 we conclude t also su* g5]al t]ms z ',be+' 7',be+ only 0 ?is 9 ! beg9n+'7 d5ote ! p>ticul> sub/ance call$ 'e!r4' ,& we fur!r conclude t 9 passages su* z '! ,self only 0 all ?is 9 ! beg9n+'1 ! ^w ',self 7tman7 also d5otes ! e!r2 = t ^w is by no means limit$ to non-s5ti5t ?+s--cp41 e4g41 ! phrase1 ',clay con/itutes ! ,self ( ! j>'--1 & its etymology also 7tman f p1 to rea*7 %[s t x may v well be appli$ to ! e!r4 ,x hav+ ?us be5 asc]ta9$ t ! e!r is ! g5]al cause or ,brahman1 we mu/ int]pret su* words z '?9k+' 7:i* we meet ) 9 connexion ) ! creative activity ( ! g5]al cause7 9 a suitable1 i4e4 second>y1 or metaphorical s5se4 ,if ! texts d5ot$ ! g5]al cause by g5]al t]ms only1 su* z ',be+'1 we %\ld1 9 agreem5t ) ! prim>y s5se ( '?9k+'1 & simil> t]ms1 decide t t cause is an intellig5t be+2 b s9ce1 z a matt] ( fact1 we asc]ta9 a p>ticul> cause on ! basis ( ! ^w 'e!r'1 our decision _c be =m$ on g5]al consid]ations ( :at w\ld suit ! s5se4--,b :at !n ab\t ! passage1 ',f ! ,self !re sprang ! e!r' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a1 #a71 f :i* x appe>s t ! e!r itself is some?+ creat$8--,all elem5t>y sub/ances1 we reply1 su* z e!r1 air1 & s on1 h two diff]5t /ates1 a gross mat]ial "o1 & a subtle "o4 ,! e!r1 9 its subtle /ate1 is ! univ]sal cause2 9 its gross /ate x is an effect ( ! primal cause2 9 its gross /ate x ?us spr+s f itself1 i4e4 e!r 9 ! subtle /ate4 ,! text1 ',all ^! be+s spr+ f e!r only' 7,*4 ,up4 ,i1 #i1 #a71 decl>es t ! :ole _w orig9ates f e!r only1 & f ?is x foll[s t e!r is none o!r ?an ! g5]al cause ( ! _w1 i4e4 ,brahman4 ,?is non-diff]5ce ( ,brahman f ! empirically kn[n e!r also gives a satisfactory s5se to texts su* z ! foll[+3 ',if ?is e!r 7 n bliss' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #g1 #a72 ',e!r1 inde$1 is ! evolv] ( names & =ms' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #ad1 #a1 & s on74--,x ?us appe>s t ,brahman is none o!r ?an ! well- kn[n elem5tal e!r4 ,?is prim facie view is set aside by ! ,stra4 ,! ^w 'e!r' 9 ! text "u discussion d5otes ! highe/ ,self ) its previ\sly e/abli%$ *>act]i/ics--:i* is some?+ q diff]5t f ! non-s5ti5t elem5tal e!r4 ,= ! qualities :i* ! passage attributes to e!r1 viz4 its be+ ! "o cause ( ! entire _w1 its be+ great] ?an all1 & ! re/ ( all1 cle>ly indicate ! highe/ ,self4 ,! non-intellig5t elem5tal e!r _c be call$ ! cause ( all1 s9ce intellig5t be+s cle>ly _c be its effects2 nor c x be call$ ! 're/' ( intellig5t be+s1 = non-s5ti5t ?+s are evil & antagoni/ic to ! true aim ( man2 nor c x be call$ 'great]' ?an all1 = x is impossible t a non-s5ti5t elem5t %\ld possess all excell5t qualities :atev] & ?us be absolutely sup]ior to ev]y?+ else4--,nor is ! ,prvapak%9 "r :5 ma9ta9+ t1 z ! ^w 'e!r' satisfies ! dem& = a special cause ( ! _w1 all o!r texts are to be int]pret$ 9 accordance h]e)4 ,! words1 ',all ^! be+s inde$ spr+ f ! e!r only1' m]ely give expression to some?+ g5]ally kn[n1 & /atem5ts ( ?is nature presuppose o!r means ( k to prove !m4 ,n[ ^! o!r means requir$ are1 9 our case1 suppli$ by su* texts z ',be+ only 0 ?is 9 ! beg9n+1' & ^!1 z we h %[n1 e/abli% ! exi/5ce ( ,brahman4 ,to ,brahman ?us e/abli%$1 ! text m5tion+ ! e!r m]ely ref]s z to some?+ well kn[n4 ,brahman may suitably be call$ 'e!r' 7ksa71 because be+ ( ! nature ( light x %9es 7ksate7 itself1 & makes o!r ?+s %9e =? 7ksayati74 ,moreov]1 ! ^w 'e!r' is inde$ capable ( convey+ ! idea ( a special be+ 7z cause71 b z x d5otes a special non-intellig5t ?+ :i* _c be admitt$ z ! cause ( ! intellig5t "p ( ! _w we mu/ d5y all au?oritativ5ess to ! attempt to tamp]1 9 ! int]e/ ( t "o ^w1 ) ! s5se ( o!r texts :i* h ! p[] ( giv+ in/ruction z to an entirely new ?+ 7viz4 ,brahman71 di/+ui%$ by ! possession ( omnisci5ce1 ! p[] ( realis+ its purposes & simil> attributes1 :i* we asc]ta9 f c]ta9 complem5t>y texts-su* z 'x ?\ght1 may ,i be _m1 may ,i gr[ =?1' & 'x desir$1 may ,i be _m1 may ,i gr[ =?4' ,we also po9t out t ! agreem5t 9 purport ( a numb] ( texts capable ( e/abli%+ ! exi/5ce ( a wond]ful be+ possess+ inf9ite wond]ful attributes is n lightly to be disreg>d$ 9 fav\r ( "o s+le text vhi* moreov] 7has n ! p[] ( intimat+ some?+ n kn[n be=e1 b7 only makes a ref]5ce to :at is already e/abli%$ by o!r texts4--,z to ! av]m5t t ! ^w ',self' is n exclusively limit$ to s5ti5t be+s1 we rem>k t t ^w is inde$ appli$ occasionally to non- s5ti5t ?+s1 b prevail+ly to t :i* is ! correlative ( a body1 i4e4 ! s\l or _s2 9 texts su* z '! ,self only 0 ?is 9 ! beg9n+1' & 'f ! ,self !re sprang ! e!r1' we mu/ !re=e und]/& by ! ',self1' ! univ]sal _s4 ,! d5otative p[] ( ! t]m 'atman1' :i* is ?us prov$ by itself1 is moreov] confirm$ by ! complem5t>y passages 'x desir$1 may ,i s5d =? ! worlds'1 'x desir$1 may ,i be _m1 may ,i gr[ =?4'--,we ?us arrive at ! foll[+ conclusion3 ,brahman1 :i*--by ! passage ',be+ only ?is 0 9 ! beg9n+'--is e/abli%$ z ! sole cause ( ! _w1 possess+ all ^? manifold wond]ful attributes :i* are asc]ta9$ f ! complem5t>y passages1 is1 9 ! text "u discussion1 ref]r$ to z some?+ already kn[n1 by means ( ! t]m 'e!r4'--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana (' e!r4' #bd4 ,= ! same reason brea? 7is ,brahman74 ,we read 9 ! ,*ndogya 7,i1 #aj2 ii71 ',pra/otri1 t deity :i* belongs to ! ,pra/va1' c42 & fur!r on1 ':i* !n is t deity8 ,he said--,brea?4 ,= all ^! be+s m]ge into brea? alone1 & f brea? !y arise4 ,?is is ! deity belong+ to ! ,pra/va4 ,if )\t kn[+ t deity y _h sung =?1 y\r head w\ld h fall5 (f4' ,"h ! ^w 'brea?1' analog\sly to ! ^w 'e!r' d5otes ! highe/ ,brahman1 :i* is diff]5t f :at is commonly call$ brea?2 we inf] ?is f ! fact t special *>act]i/ics ( ,brahman1 viz4 ! :ole _w's ent]+ into & ris+ f x1 are 9 t text ref]r$ to z well-kn[n ?+s4 ,!re inde$ "h arises a fur!r d\bt2 = z x is a matt] ( obs]vation t ! exi/5ce1 activity1 c41 ( ! :ole aggregate ( creatures dep5d on brea?1 brea?--9 its ord9>y acceptation--may be call$ ! cause ( ! _w4 ,?is d\bt is1 h[ev]1 dispos$ ( by ! consid]ation t brea? is n pres5t 9 ?+s su* z /ones & wood1 nor 9 intellig5ce itself1 & t h5ce ( brea? 9 ! ord9>y s5se x _c be said t 'all be+s ent] into x1' c4 ,we !re=e conclude t ,brahman is "h call$ 'brea?' 9 s f> z he be/[s ! brea? ( life on all be+s4 ,& ! g5]al result ( ! discussion c>ri$ on 9 connexion ) ! la/ two ,stras ?us is t ! words 'e!r' & 'brea?' d5ote some?+ o!r ?an :at is ord9>ily d5ot$ by ^? t]ms1 viz4 ! highe/ ,brahman1 ! sole cause ( ?is entire _w1 free f all evil1 c4 c4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'brea?4' ,! subsequ5t ,stras up to ! end ( ! ,pda demon/rate t ! be+ :i* ! texts ref] to z ',light' or ',indra'--t]ms :i* 9 ord9>y language are appli$ to c]ta9 o!r well-kn[n be+s--1 & :i* is repres5t$ z possess+ "s "o or o!r supremely exalt$ quality t is inv>iably connect$ ) _w-creative p[]1 is no o!r ?an ! highe/ ,brahman4 #be4 ,! light 7is ,brahman71 on acc\nt ( ! m5tion ( feet4 ,we read 9 ! ,*ndogya4 7,,iii1 #ac1 #g71 ',n[ t light :i* %9es above ?is heav51 high] ?an ev]y?+1 9 ! highe/ worlds beyond :i* !re are no o!r worlds1 t is ! same light :i* is )9 man4'--,"h a d\bt arises1 viz4 :e!r ! brightly %9+ ?+ "h call$ 'light' is ! well-kn[n light ( ! sun & s on1 view$ z a causal univ]sal pr9ciple 7,brahman72 or ! all-kn[+1 c41 highe/ ,p]son ( inf9ite spl5d\r1 :o is diff]5t 9 nature f all s5ti5t & non-s5ti5t be+s1 & is ! highe/ cause4--,! ,prvapak%9 ma9ta9s t ! ref]5ce is to ord9>y light4 ,=1 he says1 ! passage does n m5tion a p>ticul> *>act]i/ic attribute :i* c belong to ! highe/ ,self only--:ile su* attributes 7 met ) 9 ! texts ref]r+ to ,e!r & ,brea?--1 & z ?us !re is no op5+ = a recognition ( ! highe/ ,self1 & z at ! same "t ! text id5tifies 'light' ) ! inte/9al heat ( liv+ be+s1 we conclude t ! text repres5ts ! well-kn[n ord9>y light z ,brahman1 ! cause ( ! _w--:i* is possible z causal ag5cy is connect$ ) extreme light & heat4--,?is prim facie view ! ,stra sets aside4 ,! light :i* ! text /ates to be connect$ ) heav5 & possess+ supreme spl5d\r c be ! highe/ ,p]son only1 s9ce a prec$+ passage 9 ! same section--' ,all ! be+s are "o foot ( x1 ?ree feet are ! ,immortal 9 heav5'--ref]s to all be+s z be+ a foot ( t same be+ :i* is connect$ ) heav54 ,al?\gh ! passage1 ',t light :i* %9es above1' c41 does n m5tion a special attribute ( ! highe/ ,p]son1 yet ! passage previ\sly quot$ ref]s to ! highe/ ,p]son z connect$ ) heav51 & we !re=e recognise t ,p]son z ! light connect$ ) heav51 m5tion$ 9 ! subsequ5t passage4 ,nor does ! id5tification1 made 9 a clause ( ! text1 ( light ) ! inte/9al heat give rise to any difficulty2 = t clause is meant to enjo9 m$itation on ! highe/ ,brahman 9 ! =m ( inte/9al heat1 su* m$itation hav+ a special result ( its own4 ,moreov]1 ! ,"l himself decl>es t he con/itutes ! ,self ( ! inte/9al fire1 ',becom+ ! ,vaisvn>a-fire ,i abide 9 ! body ( liv+ creatures' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,xv1 #ad74 #bf4 ,if x be object$ t 7,brahman is7 n 7d5ot$7 on acc\nt ( ! metre be+ d5ot$2 7we reply7 n s1 because ?us ! direction ( ! m9d 7on ,brahman7 is decl>$2 = ?us x is se54 ,! previ\s section at fir/ ref]s to ! metre call$ ,gyatr1 ',! ,gyatr inde$ is ev]y?+' 7,,iii1 #ab1 #a71 & !n introduces--) ! words '?is is also decl>$ by a ,rik v]se'--! v]se1 ',su* is ! greatness ( x 7viz4 ! ,gyatr71' c4 ,n[1 z ?is v]se also ref]s to ! metre1 !re is n any ref]5ce to ! highe/ ,p]son4-- ,to ?is objection ! second "p ( ! ,stra replies4 ,! ^w ',gyatr' does n "h d5ote ! metre only1 s9ce ?is _c possibly be ! ,self ( all2 b ! text decl>es ! application ( ! idea ( ,gyatr to ,brahman1 i4e4 tea*es1 to ! end ( a c]ta9 result be+ obta9$1 m$itation on ,brahman 9 s f> z simil> to ,gyatr4 ,= ,brahman hav+ f\r feet1 9 ! s5se indicat$ by ! rik1 may be comp>$ to ! ,gyatr ) its f\r 7metrical7 feet4 ,! ,gyatr 7inde$ has z a rule ?ree feet1 b7 occasionally a ,gyatr ) f\r feet is met )2 s1 e4g41 ',indras sakpatih val5a pditah duskyavano vri% samitsu ssahih4' ,we see t 9 o!r passages also words prim>ily d5ot+ metres are employ$ 9 o!r s5ses2 ?us1 e4g41 9 ! samv>gavidy 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #c1 #h71 :]e ,virj 7! "n ( a metre ( t5 syllables7 d5otes a gr\p ( t5 div9e be+s4 ,= ?is conclusion ! next ,stra supplies a fur!r argum5t4 #bg4 ,& ?us also1 because 7?us only7 ! designation ( ! be+s1 & s on1 be+ ! 7f\r7 feet is possible4 ,! text1 moreov]1 designates ! ,gyatr z hav+ f\r feet1 aft] hav+ ref]r$ to ! be+s1 ! e>?1 ! body1 & ! he>t2 n[ ?is has a s5se only if x is ,brahman1 :i* "h is call$ ,gyatr4 #bh4 ,if x be said t 7,brahman is7 n 7recognis$7 on acc\nt ( ! diff]5ce ( designation2 7we say7 n s1 on acc\nt ( !re be+ no contradiction 9 ei!r 7designation74 ,9 ! =m] passage1 '?ree feet ( x are :at is immortal 9 heav51' heav5 is ref]r$ to z ! abode ( ! be+ "u discussion2 :ile 9 ! latt] passage1 't light :i* %9es above ?is heav51' heav5 is m5tion$ z m>k+ its b\nd>y4 ,ow+ to ?is discrepancy1 ! ,brahman ref]r$ to 9 ! =m] text is n recognis$ 9 ! latt]4--,?is objection ! ,stra disposes ( by po9t+ out t ow+ to ! ess5tial agreem5t ( ! two /atem5ts1 no?+ /&s 9 ! way ( ! requir$ recognition4 ,:5 we say1 ',! hawk is on ! top ( ! tree1' & '! hawk is above ! top ( ! tree1' we mean "o & ! same ?+4--,! 'light1' !re=e1 is no?+ else b ! mo/ glori\s & lum9\s highe/ ,p]son4 ,him :o 9 ! =m] passage is call$ f\r-foot$1 we "k to h an extraord9>ily beautiful %ape & col\r--7cp41 e4g41 ',i "k t great ,p]son ( sunlike col\r beyond ! d>kness' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #i77--1 & z h5ce 8 brilliancy also mu/ be extraord9>y1 he is1 9 ! text "u discussion1 q appropriately call$ 'light4'--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'light4' ,x has be5 %[n t ! be+ end[$ ) supreme brilliance1 call$ ',light1' :i* ! text m5tions z some?+ well kn[n1 is ! highe/ ,p]son4 ,! ,strakra w n[ %[ t ! be+ designat$ z ,indra & ,prna1 :i* ! text enjo9s z an object ( m$itation1 = ! reason t x is ! means = atta9+ immortality--a p[] :i* is insep>able f causal p[]--1 is likewise ! highe/ ,p]son4 #bi4 ,prna is ,brahman1 on acc\nt ( connexion4 ,we read 9 ! ,prat>dana-vidy 9 ! ,kau%taki-brhmana t ',prat>dana1 ! son ( ,divodsa1 came1 by fight+ & /r5g?1 to ! belov$ abode ( ,indra4' ,be+ ask$ by ,indra to *oose a boon he reque/s ! ,god to be/[ on him t boon :i* he himself consid]s mo/ b5eficial to man2 :]eupon ,indra says1 ',i am prna 7brea?71 ! intellig5t ,self1 m$itate on me z ,life1 z ,immortality4' ,"h ! d\bt arises :e!r ! be+ call$ ,prna & ,indra1 & designat+ itself z ! object ( a m$itation mo/ b5eficial to man1 is an individual s\l1 or ! highe/ ,self4--,an individual s\l1 ! ,prvapak%9 ma9ta9s4 ,=1 he says1 ! ^w ',indra' is kn[n to d5ote an individual ,god1 & ! ^w ',prna1' :i* /&s 9 grammatical co-ord9ation ) ,indra1 also applies to individual s\ls4 ,?is individual be+1 call$ ,indra1 in/ructs ,prat>dana t m$itation on himself is mo/ b5eficial to man4 ,b :at is mo/ b5eficial to man is only ! means to atta9 immortality1 & su* a means is f\nd 9 m$itation on ! causal pr9ciple ( ! _w1 z we "k f ! text1 ',= him !re is delay only s long z he is n deliv]$2 !n he w be p]fect' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #ad1 #b74 ,we h5ce conclude t ,indra1 :o is kn[n z an individual s\l1 is ! causal pr9ciple1 ,brahman4 ,?is view is reject$ by ! ,stra4 ,! be+ call$ ,indra & ,prna is n a m]e individual s\l1 b ! highe/ ,brahman1 :i* is o!r ?an all individual s\ls4 ,= on ?is supposition only x is appropriate t ! be+ introduc$ z ,indra & ,prna %\ld1 9 ! way ( grammatical co-ord9ation1 be connect$ ) su* t]ms z 'bless$1' 'non-age+1' 'immortal4' 7',t ,prna inde$ is ! intellig5t ,self1 bless$1 non-age+1 immortal1' ,kau4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #i47 #cj4 ,if x be said t 7,brahman is7 n 7d5ot$7 on acc\nt ( ! speak] d5ot+ himself2 7we say1 n s71 because ! multitude ( connexions ) ! inn] ,self 7is possible only7 9 t 7speak] if view$ z ,brahman74 ,an objection is rais$4--,t ! be+ introduc$ z ,indra & ,prna %\ld be ! highe/ ,brahman1 = ! reason t x is id5tical ) him :o1 lat] on1 is call$ 'bless$1' 'non-age+1' 'immortal'--?is we _c admit4 ',"k me only1 ,i am prna1 m$itate on me z ! intellig5t ,self1 z life1 z immortality'--! speak] ( ^! words is ,indra1 & ?is ,indra enjo9s on ,prat>dana m$itation on 8 own p]son only1 ! individual "* ( :i* is br\ght out by ref]5ce to c]ta9 de$s ( /r5g? su* z ! slay+ ( ! son ( ,tva%tri 7',i slew ! ?ree-head$ son ( ,tva%tri1' c474 ,z ?us ! initial "p ( ! section cle>ly ref]s to an individual be+1 ! t]ms occurr+ 9 ! conclud+ "p 7'bless$1' 'non-age+1' 'immortal'7 mu/ be int]pret$ s z to make !m agree ) :at prec$es4--,?is objection ! ,stra disposes (4 ',= ! multitude ( connexions ) ! ,self'--i4e4 ! multitude ( ?+s connect$ ) ! ,self z its attributes--is possible only '9 t1' i4e4 9 t speak] view$ z ! highe/ ,brahman4 ',=1 z 9 a c>1 ! circumf]5ce ( ! :eel is plac$ on ! spokes1 & ! spokes on ! nave1 ?us are ^! objects plac$ on ! subjects1 & ! subjects on ! prna4 ,t prna inde$ is ! intellig5t ,self1 bless$1 non-age+1 immortal4' ,! 'objects' 7bhtamtrh7 "h are ! aggregate ( non-s5ti5t ?+s2 ! 'subjects' 7prajmtrh7 are ! s5ti5t be+s 9 :i* ! objects are said to abide2 :5 !reupon ! texts says t ( ^! subjects ! be+ call$ ,indra & ,prna is ! abode1 & t he is bless$1 non-age+1 immortal2 ?is qualification ( be+ ! abode ( ?is ,univ]se1 ) all its non- s5ti5t & s5ti5t be+s1 c belong to ! highe/ ,self only1 :i* is o!r ?an all individual s\ls4 ,! ,stra may also be expla9$ 9 a some:at diff]5t way1 viz4 '!re is a multitude ( connexions belong+ to ! highe/ ,self1 i4e4 ( attributes special to ! highe/ ,self1 9 t1 viz4 section4' ,! text at fir/ says1 ',*oose ?\ t boon = me :i* ?\ deeme/ mo/ b5eficial to man'--to :i* ! reply is1 ',m$itate on me4' ,"h ,indra- prna is repres5t$ z ! object ( a m$itation :i* is to br+ ab\t ,release2 ! object ( su* m$itation c be none b ! highe/ ,self4--',he makes him :om he wi%es to lead up f ^! worlds d a good de$2 & him :om he wi%es to lead d[n f ^! worlds he makes d a bad de$4' ,! causality ) reg>d to all actions :i* is "h describ$ is aga9 a special attribute ( ! highe/ ,self4--,! same has to be said ) reg>d to ! attribute ( be+ ! abode ( all1 9 ! passage ab\t ! :eel & spokes1 quot$ above2 & ) reg>d to ! attributes ( bliss1 abs5ce ( old age & immortality1 ref]r$ to 9 ano!r passage quot$ be=e4 ,also ! attributes ( be+ '! rul] ( ! worlds1 ! "l ( all1' c belong to ! highe/ ,self only4--,! conclusion !re=e is t ! be+ call$ ,indra & ,prna is none o!r b ! highe/ ,self4--,b h[ !n c ,indra1 :o is kn[n to be an individual p]son only1 enjo9 m$itation on himself8--,to ?is "q ! next ,stra replies4 #ca4 ,! in/ruction 7giv5 by ,indra ab\t himself7 7is possible7 ?r\gh insight bas$ on ,scripture1 z 9 ! case ( ,vmadeva4 ,! in/ruction :i*1 9 ! passages quot$1 ,indra gives z to ! object ( m$itation1 i4e4 ,brahman con/itut+ 8 ,self1 is n bas$ on su* an insight into 8 own nature z is e/abli%$ by o!r means ( pro(1 b on an intuition ( 8 own ,self1 m$iat$ by ,scripture4 ',hav+ ent]$ into !m ) ?is liv+ ,self let me evolve names & =ms' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #c1 #b72 ',9 x all t exi/s has its ,self 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #h1 #g72 ,ent]$ )91 ! rul] ( creatures1 ! ,self ( all' 7,taitt4 ,ar4 ,,iii1 #ba72 ',he :o dwell+ 9 ! ,self is diff]5t f ! ,self1' c4 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #g1 #bb7--;f ^! & simil> texts ,indra has le>n$ t ! highe/ ,self has ! indiviual s\ls = its body1 & t h5ce words su* z ',i' & '?\1' :i* d5ote individual be+s1 ext5d 9 _! connotation up to ! highe/ ,self2 :51 !re=e1 he says1 ',"k me only'1 & ',m$itate on me'1 he really means to tea* t ! highe/ ,self1 ( :i* 8 own individual p]son is ! body1 is ! prop] object ( m$itation4 ',z 9 ! case ( ,vmadeva4' ,z ! ,ri%i ,vmadeva p]ceiv+ t ,brahman is ! inn] ,self ( all1 t all ?+s con/itute its body1 & t ! mean+ ( words d5ot+ a body ext5ds up to ! pr9ciple embodi$1 d5otes ) ! ^w ',i' ! highe/ ,brahman to :i* he himself /&s 9 ! relation ( a body1 & !n pr$icates ( ?is ',i' ,manu ,srya & o!r be+s--',see+ ?is ! ,ri%i4 ,vmadeva und]/ood1 ,i am ,manu1 ,i am ,srya' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,i1 #d1 #aj74 ,simil>ly ,prahlda says1 ',z ! ,inf9ite "o abides )9 all1 he con/itutes my ,i also2 all is f me1 ,i am all1 )9 me is all4' 7,vi4 ,pu4 ,i1 #ai1 #he47 ,! next ,stra /ates1 9 reply to an objection1 ! reason :y1 9 ! section "u discussion1 t]ms d5ot+ ! individual s\l1 & o!rs d5ot+ non-s5ti5t ?+s are appli$ to ,brahman4 #cb4 ,if x be said 7t ,brahman is n meant7 on acc\nt ( *>act]i/ic m>ks ( ! individual s\l & ! *ief vital air2 we say no1 on acc\nt ( ! ?reefoldness ( m$itation2 on acc\nt ( 7su* ?reefold m$itation7 be+ met 79 o!r texts also72 & on acc\nt ( 7su* ?reefold m$itation7 be+ appropriate "h 7also74 ,an objection is rais$4 ',let none try to f9d out :at spee* is1 let him "k ! speak]'2 ',i slew ! ?ree-head$ son ( ,tva%tri2 ,i deliv]$ ! ,arunmukhas1 ! devotees1 to ! wolves'2 ^! passages /ate *>act]i/ic m>ks ( an individual s\l 7viz4 ! god ,indra74-- ',z long z ,prna dwells 9 ?is body1 s long !re is life'2 ',prna alone is ! consci\s ,self1 & hav+ laid hold ( ?is body1 x makes x rise up4'--,^! passages aga9 m5tion *>act]i/ic attributes ( ! *ief vital air4 ,h5ce !re is "h no 'multitude ( attributes belong+ to ! ,self4'--,! latt] "p ( ! ,stra refutes ?is objection4 ,! highe/ ,self is call$ by ^! diff]5t t]ms 9 ord] to tea* ?reefoldness ( dev\t m$itation2 viz4 m$itation on ,brahman 9 itself z ! cause ( ! entire _w2 on ,brahman z hav+ = its body ! totality ( enjoy+ 7individual7 s\ls2 & on ,brahman z hav+ = its body ! objects & means ( enjoym5t4--,?is ?reefold m$itation on ,brahman1 moreov]1 is met ) also 9 o!r *apt]s ( ! sacr$ text4 ,passages su* z ',! ,true1 k1 inf9ite is ,brahman1' ',bliss is ,brahman1' dwell on ,brahman 9 itself4 ,passages aga9 su* z ',hav+ creat$ t he ent]$ into x4 ,hav+ ent]$ x he became sat & tyat1 def9$ & undef9$1' c4 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #f71 repres5t ,brahman z hav+ = its body ! individual s\ls & inanimate nature4 ,h5ce1 9 ! *apt] "u discussion also1 ?is ?reefold view ( ,brahman is q appropriate4 ,:]e to p>ticul> individual be+s su* z ,hiranyag>bha1 & s on1 or to p>ticul> inanimate ?+s su* z prakriti1 & s on1 !re are attribut$ qualities especially belong+--to ! highe/ ,self2 or :]e ) words d5ot+ su* p]sons & ?+s !re are co-ord9at$ t]ms d5ot+ ! highe/ ,self1 ! int5tion ( ! texts is to convey ! idea ( ! highe/ ,self be+ ! inn] ,self ( all su* p]sons & ?+s4-- ,! settl$ conclusion1 !re=e1 is t ! be+ designat$ z ,indra & ,prna is o!r ?an an individual s\l1 viz4 ! highe/ ,self4 ,,second ,p,,da4 ,,! cont5ts ( ! fir/ ,pda may be summ$ up z foll[s3--,x has be5 %[n t a p]son :o has read ! text ( ! ,v$a2 :o fur!r1 ?r\gh ! /udy ( ! ,k>ma-,mmmsa1 has acquir$ a full k ( ! nature ( 7sacrificial & simil>7 works1 & has recognis$ t ! fruits ( su* works are limit$ & non-p]man5t2 9 :om !re has aris5 ! desire = ! highe/ aim ( man1 i4e4 ,release1 :i*1 z he has come to "k 9 ! c\rse ( read+ ! ,v$nta portions ( scripture1 is effect$ by m$itation on ! nature ( ,brahman--su* m$itation hav+ an inf9ite & p]man5t result2 :o has conv9c$ himself t words are capable ( convey+ in=mation ab\t accompli%$ ?+s 7n only ab\t ?+s to be done71 & has arriv$ at ! conclusion t ! ,v$nta-texts are an au?oritative means ( k ) reg>d to ! highe/ ,brahman2--t su* a p]son1 we say1 %\ld beg9 ! /udy ( ! ,srraka-,mmms :i* indicates ! me?od h[ ,brahman is to be kn[n ?r\gh ! ,v$nta-texts4 ,we next h %[n t ! text ',t f :i* ^! creatures are born1' c41 conveys ! idea ( ! highe/ ,brahman z t be+ :i* 9 sport1 z x 71 creates1 su/a9s1 & f9ally reabsorbs ?is entire univ]se1 compris+ )9 itself inf9ite numb]s ( v>i\sly con/itut$ animat$ be+s--mov+ & non-mov+--1 ( objects ( enjoym5t = ^? be+s1 ( means ( enjoym5t1 & ( abodes ( enjoym5t2 & :i* is ! sole cause ( all bliss4 ,we h e/abli%$ t ?is highe/ ,brahman1 :i* is ! sole cause ( ! _w1 _c be ! object ( ! o!r means ( k1 & h5ce is to be kn[n ?r\gh scripture only4 ,we h po9t$ out t ! position ( scripture z an au?oritative means ( k is e/abli%$ by ! fact t all ! ,v$nta-texts connect$ly ref] to ! highe/ ,brahman1 :i*1 al?\gh n relat$ to any injunctions ( action or ab/5tion f action1 by its own ess5tial nature con/itutes ! highe/ end ( man4 ,we h prov$ t ,brahman1 :i* ! ,v$nta-texts tea* to be ! sole cause ( ! _w1 mu/ be an intellig5t pr9ciple o!r ?an ! non-s5ti5t pradhna1 s9ce ,brahman is said to ?9k4 ,we h decl>$ t ?is intellig5t pr9ciple is o!r ?an ! s-call$ individual s\l1 :e!r 9 ! /ate ( bondage or t ( release2 s9ce ! texts describe x z 9 ! enjoym5t ( supreme bliss1 all- wise1 ! cause ( fe> or fe>lessness on ! "p ( intellig5t be+s1 ! inn] ,self ( all creat$ ?+s1 :e!r intellig5t or non- intellig5t1 possess+ ! p[] ( realis+ all its purposes1 & s on4--,we h ma9ta9$ t ?is highe/ ,be+ has a div9e =m1 peculi> to itself1 n made ( ! /uff ( ,prakriti1 & n due to k>man4--,we h expla9$ t ! be+ :i* "s texts ref] to z a well-kn[n cause ( ! _w--designat+ x by t]ms su* z e!r or brea?1 :i* g5]ally d5ote a special non-s5ti5t be+--is t same highe/ ,self :i* is diff]5t f all be+s1 s5ti5t or non- s5ti5t4--,we h decl>$ t1 ow+ to its connexion ) heav51 ?is same highe/ ,self is to be recognis$ 9 :at ! text calls a 'light1' said to possess supreme spl5d\r1 su* z =ms a special *>act]i/ic ( ! highe/ ,be+4 ,we h /at$ t1 z we recognise ?r\gh insight d]iv$ f scripture1 t same highe/ ,p]son is d5ot$ by t]ms su* z ,indra1 & s on2 z ! text ascribes to t ',indra' qualities exclusively belong+ to ! highe/ ,self1 su*1 e4g41 z be+ ! cause ( ! atta9m5t ( immortality4-- ,& ! g5]al result arriv$ at 0 t ! ,v$nta-texts help u to ! k ( "o be+ only1 viz4 ,brahman1 or ! highe/ ,p]son1 or ,nryana--( :om x is %[n t he _c possibly be ! object ( ! o!r means ( k1 & :om ! possession ( an unlimit$ numb] ( glori\s qualities proves to diff] totally f all o!r be+s :atsoev]4 ,n[1 al?\gh ,brahman is ! only object ( ! tea*+ ( ! ,v$nta- texts1 yet "s ( ^! texts might give rise to ! notion t !y aim at sett+ =? 7n ,brahman71 b "s p>ticul> be+ compris$ )9 ei!r ! pradhna or ! aggregate ( individual s\ls4 ,! rema9+ ,pdas ( ! fir/ ,adhyya !re=e apply !mselves to ! task ( dispell+ ?is notion & prov+ t :at ! texts 9 "q aim at is to set =? c]ta9 glori\s qualities ( ,brahman4 ,! second ,pda discusses ^? texts :i* conta9 some:at obscure ref]5ces to ! individual s\l2 ! ?ird ,pda ^? :i* conta9 cle> ref]5ces to ! same2 & ! f\r? ,pda f9ally ^? texts :i* appe> to conta9 ev5 cle>] intimations ( ! individual s\l1 & s on4 #a4 ,ev]y:]e2 because !re is taught :at is kn[n4 ,we read 9 ! ,*ndogya1 ',man is made ( ?\ght2 accord+ to :at 8 ?\ght is 9 ?is _w1 s w he be :5 he has dep>t$ ?is life4 ,let him =m ?is ?\ght3 he :o consi/s ( m9d1 ^: body is brea?1 ^: =m is light1' c4 7,,iii1 #ad74 ,we "h und]/& t ( ! m$itation enjo9$ by ! clause 'let him =m ?is ?\ght' ! object is ! be+ said to consi/ ( m9d1 to h brea? = its body1 c4 ,a d\bt1 h[ev]1 arises :e!r ! be+ possess+ ^! attributes be ! individual s\l or ! highe/ ,self4--,! ,prvapak%9 ma9ta9s ! =m] alt]native4 ,=1 he says1 m9d & brea? are in/rum5ts ( ! individual s\l2 :ile ! text ')\t brea?1 )\t m9d1' di/9ctly d5ies !m to ! highe/ ,self4 ,nor c ! ,brahman m5tion$ 9 a previ\s clause ( ! same section 7',all ?is inde$ is ,brahman'7 be connect$ z an object ) ! m$itation enjo9$ 9 ! passage "u discussion2 = ,brahman is !re ref]r$ to 9 ord] to sugge/ ! idea ( its be+ ! ,self ( all--:i* idea con/itutes a means = br++ ab\t t calmness ( m9d :i* is helpful t[>ds ! act ( m$itation enjo9$ 9 ! clause ',let a man m$itate ) calm m9d1' c4 ,nor1 aga91 c x be said t z ! m$itation convey$ by ! clause 'let him =m ?is ?\ght' dem&s an object1 ,brahman1 al?\gh m5tion$ 9 ano!r passage1 only admits ( be+ connect$ ) ! passage "u discussion2 = ! dem& = an object is fully satisfi$ by ! be+ made ( m9d1 c41 :i* is m5tion$ 9 t v passage itself2 9 ord] to supply ! object we h m]ely to *ange ! case-t]m9ations ( ! words 'manomayah prnas>rah1' c4 ,x hav+ ?us be5 det]m9$ t ! be+ made ( m9d is ! individual s\l1 we fur!r conclude t ! ,brahman m5tion$ 9 ! conclud+ passage ( ! section 7',t is ,brahman'7 is also ! individual s\l1 !re call$ ,brahman 9 ord] to glorify x4 ,?is prim facie view is set aside by ! ,stra4 ,! be+ made ( m9d is ! highe/ ,self2 = ! text /ates c]ta9 qualities1 su* z be+ made ( m9d1 c41 :i* are well kn[n to d5ote1 9 all ,v$nta- texts1 ,brahman only4 ,passages su* z ',he :o is made ( m9d1 ! guide ( ! body ( brea?' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #b1 #g72 ',!re is ! e!r )9 ! he>t1 & 9 x !re is ! ,p]son1 consi/+ ( m9d1 immortal1 gold5' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,i4 #f1 #a72 ',he is conceiv$ by ! he>t1 by wisdom1 by ! m9d4 ,^? :o "k him are immortal' 7,ka4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #f1 #i72 ',he is n appreh5d$ by ! eye nor by spee*1 b by a purifi$ m9d' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #a1 #h72 ',! brea? ( brea?' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #ahc72 ',brea? alone is ! consci\s ,self1 & hav+ laid hold ( ?is body x makes x rise up' 7,kau4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #c72 ',all ^! be+s m]ge into brea? alone1 & f brea? !y arise' 7,*4 ,up4 ,i1 #aa1 #e7--^! & simil> texts ref] to ,brahman z consi/+ ( m9d1 to be appreh5d$ by a purifi$ m9d1 hav+ brea? = its body1 & be+ ! abode & rul] ( brea?4 ,?is be+ s1 we decide t 9 ! conclud+ passage1 'my ,self )9 ! he>t1 t is ,brahman1' ! ^w ',brahman' has to be tak5 9 its prim>y s5se 7& does n d5ote ! individual s\l74 ,! text :i* decl>es ,brahman to be )\t m9d & brea?1 m]ely means to d5y t ! ?\ght ( ,brahman dep5ds on a m9d 7int]nal organ71 & t its life dep5ds on brea?4 ,or else we may int]pret ! ,v$ic text & ! ,stra z foll[s4 ,! passage ',all ?is is ,brahman2 let a man m$itate ) a calm m9d on ?is _w z orig9at+1 end+1 & brea?+ 9 ,brahman1' conveys ! imag9ation ( m$itation on ,brahman z ! ,self ( all4 ,! subsequ5t clause ',let him =m ! ?\ght1' c41 =ms an additional /atem5t to t injunction1 ! purport ( :i* is to sugge/ c]ta9 attributes ( ,brahman1 su* z be+ made ( m9d4 ,s t ! mean+ ( ! :ole section is ',let a man m$itate on ,brahman1 :i* is made ( m9d1 has brea? = its body1 c41 z ! ,self ( ! :ole _w4'-- ,"h a d\bt pres5ts itself4 ,does ! t]m ',brahman' 9 ?is section d5ote ! individual s\l or ! highe/ ,self8--,! individual s\l1 ! ,prvapak%9 ma9ta9s1 = t only admits ( be+ exhibit$ 9 co-ord9ation ) ! ^w 'all4' ,= ! ^w 'all' d5otes ! entire _w f ,brahm d[n to a blade ( grass2 & ! exi/5ce ( ,brahm & o!r individual be+s is det]m9$ by special =ms ( k>man1 ! root ( :i* is ! beg9n+less ,nesci5ce ( ! individual s\l4 ,! highe/ ,brahman1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* is all-kn[+1 all- p[]ful1 free f all evil & all %ad[ ( ,nesci5ce & simil> imp]fections1 _c possibly exi/ z ! ',all' :i* comprises )9 itself ev]y?+ t is bad4 ,moreov] we f9d t occasionally ! t]m ',brahman' is appli$ to ! individual s\l also2 j z ! highe/ ,"l 7p>amesv>a7 may be call$ '! highe/ ,self' 7p>amtman7 or '! highe/ ,brahman4' ,t 'greatness' 7brihattva2 :i* is ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( 'brahman'7 belongs to ! individual s\l :5 x has fre$ itself f its limit+ conditions1 is moreov] atte/$ by scripture3 ',t 7s\l7 is fit = inf9ity' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,v1 #i74 ,& z ! s\l's ,nesci5ce is due to k>man 7only71 ! text may v well designate x--z x does by means ( ! t]m 'tajjaln'--z ! cause ( ! orig91 subsi/5ce1 & reabsorption ( ! _w4 ,t is to say--! individual s\l :i*1 9 its ess5tial nature1 is non-limit$1 & !re=e ( ! nature ( ,brahman1 ow+ to ! influ5ce ( ,nesci5ce ent]s into ! /ate ( a god1 or a man1 or an animal1 or a plant4 ,?is view is reject$ by ! ,stra4 ',ev]y:]e1' i4e4 9 ! :ole _w :i* is ref]r$ to 9 ! clause ',all ?is is ,brahman' we h to und]/& ! highe/ ,brahman--:i* ! t]m ',brahman' d5otes z ! ,self ( ! _w--1 & n ! individual s\l2 'because !re is taught :at is kn[n1' i4e4 because ! clause ',all ?is is ,brahman'-- = :i* clause ! t]m 'tajjaln' supplies ! reason--ref]s to ,brahman z some?+ g5]ally kn[n4 ,s9ce ! _w spr+s f ,brahman1 is m]g$ 9 ,brahman1 & dep5ds on ,brahman = its life1 !re=e--z ! text says--',all ?is has its ,self 9 ,brahman'2 & ?is %[s to u t :at ! text und]/&s by ,brahman is t be+ f :i*1 z g5]ally kn[n f ! ,v$nta texts1 !re proce$ ! creation1 & s on1 ( ! _w4 ,t ! highe/ ,brahman only1 all- wise & supremely bless$1 is ! cause ( ! orig91 c41 ( ! _w1 is decl>$ 9 ! section :i* beg9s4 ',t f :i* ^! be+s are born1' c41 & :i* says fur!r on1 'he knew t ,bliss is ,brahman1 = f bliss ^! be+s are born' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #f72 & analog\sly ! text ',he is ! cause1 ! "l ( lords ( ! organs1' c4 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #i71 decl>es ! highe/ ,brahman to be ! cause ( ! individual s\l4 ,ev]y:]e1 9 fact1 ! texts proclaim ! causality ( ! highe/ ,self only4 ,z ?us ! _w :i* spr+s f ,brahman1 is m]g$ 9 x1 & brea!s ?r\gh x1 has its ,self 9 ,brahman1 ! id5tity ( ! two may prop]ly be ass]t$2 & h5ce ! text--! mean+ ( :i* is ',let a man m$itate ) calm m9d on ! highe/ ,brahman ( :i* ! _w is a mode1 :i* has ! _w = its body1 & :i* is ! ,self ( ! _w'--fir/ proves ,brahman's be+ ! univ]sal ,self1 & !n enjo9s m$itation on x4 ,! highe/ ,brahman1 9 its causal condition z well z 9 its s-call$ 'effect$' /ate1 con/itutes ! ,self ( ! _w1 = 9 ! =m] x has = its body all s5ti5t & non-s5ti5t be+s 9 _! subtle =m1 & 9 ! latt] ! same be+s 9 _! gross condition4 ,nor is !re any contradiction betwe5 su* id5tity ) ! _w on ,brahman's "p1 & ! fact t ,brahman treasures )9 itself glori\s qualities antagoni/ic to all evil2 = ! imp]fections adh]+ to ! bodies1 :i* are m]e modes ( ,brahman1 d n affect ,brahman itself to :i* ! modes belong4 ,su* id5tity r proves = ,brahman supreme lordly p[]1 & ?us adds to its excell5ces4 ,nor1 aga91 c x rightly be ma9ta9$ t ( ! individual s\l also id5tity ) ! _w c be pr$icat$2 = ! s\ls be+ sep>ate accord+ to ! bodies ) :i* !y are jo9$ _c be id5tical ) ea* o!r4 ,ev5 9 ! /ate ( release1 :5 ! individual s\l is n 9 any way limit$1 x does n possess t id5tity ) ! _w on :i* !re dep5ds causality ) reg>d to ! _w's creation1 su/5tation1 & reabsorption2 z w be decl>$ 9 ,stra ,,iv1 #d1 #ag4 ,nor1 f9ally1 does ! ,prvapak%9 improve 8 case by cont5d+ t ! individual s\l may be ! cause ( ! creation1 c41 ( ! _w because x 7viz4 ! s\l7 is due to k>man2 = al?\gh ! fact giv5 z reason is true1 all ! same ! ,"l alone is ! cause ( ! ,univ]se4--,all ?is proves t ! be+ to :i* ! text ref]s z ,brahman is none o!r ?an ! highe/ ,self4 ,?is second alt]native int]pretation ( ! ,stra is pref]r$ by mo/ compet5t p]sons4 ,! ,vrittikra1 e4g4 says1 ',t ,brahman :i* ! clause ,all ?is is ,brahman decl>es to be ! ,self ( all is ! ,"l4' #b4 ,& because ! qualities meant to be /at$ are possible 79 ,brahman74 ,! qualities ab\t to be /at$ c belong to ! highe/ ,self only4 ',made ( m9d1 hav+ brea? = its body1' c4 ',made ( m9d' means to be appreh5d$ by a purifi$ m9d only4 ,! highe/ ,self c be appreh5d$ only by a m9d purifi$ by m$itation on t ,self1 su* m$itation be+ assi/$ by ! sev5 means1 viz4 ab/5tion1 c4 7see above1 p4 #ag74 ,?is intimates t ! highe/ ,self is ( pure goodness1 preclud+ all evil1 & !re=e diff]5t 9 nature f ev]y?+ else2 = by ! impure m9d$ impure objects only c be appreh5d$4-- ',hav+ ! vital brea? = its body' means--be+ ! support] ( all life 9 ! _w4 ,to /& 9 ! relation ( a body to some?+ else1 means to abide 9 t o!r ?+1 to be dep5d5t on x1 & to subs]ve x 9 a subord9ate capacity1 z we %all fully %[ lat] on4 ,& all 'vital brea?' or 'life' /&s 9 t relation to ! highe/ ,self4 ',^: =m is light'2 i4e4 :o is ( supreme spl5d\r1 8 =m be+ a div9e "o ( supreme excell5ce peculi> to him1 & n consi/+ ( ! /uff ( ,prakriti4--',^: purposes are true'2 i4e4 ^: purposes realise !mselves )\t any ob/ruction4 ',:o is ! 7or ( !7 ,self ( e!r'2 i4e4 :o is ( a delicate & transp>5t nature1 l e!r2 or :o himself is ! ,self ( e!r1 :i* is ! causal sub/ance ( ev]y?+ else2 or :o %9es =? himself & makes o!r ?+s %9e =?4--',to :om all works belong'2 i4e4 he ( :om ! :ole _w is ! "w2 or he to :om all activities belong4-- ',to :om all wi%es belong'2 i4e4 he to :om all pure objects & means ( desire & enjoym5t belong4 ',he to :om all od\rs & ta/es belong'2 i4e4 he to :om !re belong1 z objects ( enjoym5t1 all k9ds ( uncommon1 special1 p]fect1 supremely excell5t od\rs & ta/es2 ord9>y smells & ta/es be+ negativ$ by ano!r text1 viz4 ',t :i* is )\t s\nd1 )\t t\*1 )\t ta/e1' c4 7,ka4 ,up4 ,i1 #c1 #ae74--';,he :o embraces all ?is'2 i4e4 he :o makes 8 own ! :ole gr\p ( glori\s qualities enum]at$4--',he :o does n speak1' because1 be+ 9 possession ( all he c\ld desire1 he 'has no reg>d = any?+'2 i4e4 he :o1 9 full possession ( lordly p[]1 e/eems ?is :ole _w ) all its creatures no high] ?an a blade ( grass1 & h5ce abides 9 sil5ce4--,all ^! qualities /at$ 9 ! text c belong to ! highe/ ,self only4 #c4 ,b1 on acc\nt ( impossibility1 n ! embodi$ s\l4 ,^? :o fully consid] ?is inf9ite multitude ( exalt$ qualities w recognise t n ev5 a %ad[ ( !m c belong to ! individual s\l--:e!r 9 ! /ate ( bondage or t ( release-- :i* is a ?+ z insignificant z a gl[-worm &1 ?r\gh its connexion ) a body1 liable to ! attacks ( endless suff]+4 ,x is n possible !re=e to hold t ! section "u discussion %\ld ref] to ! individual s\l4 #d4 ,& because !re is 7sep>ate7 d5otation ( ! object & ! ag5t4 ,! clause ',:5 ,i %all h dep>t$ f h5ce ,i %all obta9 him' d5otes ! highe/ ,brahman z ! object to be obta9$1 & ! individual s\l z t :i* obta9s x4 ,?is %[s t ! s\l :i* obta9s is ! p]son m$itat+1 & ! highe/ ,brahman t is to be obta9$1 ! object ( m$itation3 ,brahman1 !re=e1 is some?+ diff]5t f ! atta9+ s\l4 #e4 ,on acc\nt ( ! diff]5ce ( words4 ,! clause ',t is ! ,self ( me1 )9 ! he>t' designates ! embodi$ s\l by means ( a g5itive =m1 :ile ! object ( m$itation is exhibit$ 9 ! nom9ative case4 ,simil>ly1 a text ( ! ,vjasaney9s1 :i* treats ( ! same topic1 applies diff]5t t]ms to ! embodi$ & ! highe/ ,self1 ',l a rice gra91 or a b>ley gra91 or a can>y se$1 or ! k]nel ( a can>y se$1 ?us t gold5 ,p]son is )9 ! ,self' 7,sat4 ,br4 ,x1 #f1 #c1 #b74 ,"h ! locative =m1 ')9 ! ,self1' d5otes ! embodi$ ,self1 & ! nom9ative1 't gold5 ,p]son1' ! object to be m$itat$ on4--,all ?is proves ! highe/ ,self to be ! object ( m$itation4 #f4 ,& on acc\nt ( ,smriti4 ',i dwell )9 ! he>ts ( all1 f me come memory & k1 z well z _! loss'2 ',he :o free f delusion kn[s me to be ! highe/ ,p]son'2 ',! ,"l1 ,o ,arjuna1 is seat$ 9 ! he>t ( all ,be+s1 driv+ r\nd by 8 my/]i\s p[] all be+s z if m\nt$ on a ma*9e2 to him fly = refuge' 7,bha4 ,gi4 ,,xv1 #ae1 #ai2 ,,xviii1 #fa74 ,^! ,smriti-texts %[ ! embodi$ s\l to be ! m$itat+ subject1 & ! highe/ ,self ! object ( m$itation4 #g4 ,%\ld x be said t 7! passage does7 n 7ref] to ,brahman7 on acc\nt ( ! smallness ( ! abode1 & on acc\nt ( ! d5otation ( t 7viz4 m9ut5ess ( ! be+ m$itat$ on72 we say no1 because 7,brahman7 has ?us to be m$itat$ ^u1 & because 79 ! same passage7 x is said to be l e!r4 ,x might be cont5d$ t1 z ! text 'he is my ,self )9 ! he>t' decl>es ! be+ m$itat$ on to dwell )9 a m9ute abode1 viz4 ! he>t2 & z moreov] ano!r text--'small] ?an a gra9 ( rice1' c41 decl>es x to be itself ( m9ute size1 t be+ _c be ! highe/ ,self1 b only ! embodi$ s\l4 ,= o!r passages speak ( ! highe/ ,self z unlimit$1 & ( ! embodi$ s\l z hav+ ! size ( ! po9t ( a goad 7cp4 e4g4 ,mu4 ,up4 ,i1 #a1 #f1 & ,svet4 ,up4 ,v1 #h74--,?is objection ! ,stra rebuts by decl>+ t ! highe/ ,self is spok5 ( z su*1 i4e4 m9ute1 on acc\nt ( its hav+ to be m$itat$ ^u z su*4 ,su* m9ut5ess does n1 h[ev]1 belong to its true nature2 = 9 ! same section x is di/9ctly decl>$ to be inf9ite l e!r--'great] ?an ! e>?1 great] ?an ! sky1 great] ?an heav51 great] ?an all ^! worlds' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ad1 #c74 ,?is %[s t ! designation ( ! highe/ ,self z m9ute is = ! purpose ( m$itation only4--,! connexion ( ! :ole section !n is z foll[s4 ,! clause ',all ?is is ,brahman2 let a man m$itate ) calm m9d on ?is _w z beg9n+1 end+1 & brea?+ 9 ,brahman1' enjo9s m$itation on ,brahman z be+ ! ,self ( all1 9 s f> z x is ! cause ( ! orig9 & de/ruction ( all1 & ent]+ into all be+s z _! s\l gives life to !m4 ,! next clause1 ',man is made ( ?\ght2 accord+ z 8 ?\ght is 9 ?is _w1 s w he be :5 he has dep>t$ ?is life1' decl>es ! atta9m5t ( ! desir$ object to dep5d on ! nature ( ! m$itation2 & ! foll[+ clause1 ',let him !re=e =m ! foll[+ ?\ght1' !reupon repeats ! injunction ) a view to ! decl>ation ( details4 ,! clause ',he :o consi/s ( m9d1' c41 up to ':o is nev] surpris$1' !n /ates ! nature & qualities1 ( ! be+ to be m$itat$ ^u1 :i* are to be compris$ 9 ! m$itation4 ,next1 ! clause ',he is my ,self1' up to '! k]nel ( a can>y se$1' decl>es t ! highe/ ,p]son1 = ! purpose ( m$itation1 abides 9 ! he>t ( ! m$itat+ devotee2 repres5t+ x z be+ itself m9ute1 s9ce ! he>t is m9ute4 ,aft] ?is ! clause ',he also is my ,self1' up to ':o is nev] surpris$1' describes ^? aspects ( ! be+ m$itat$ ^u z )9 ! he>t1 :i* are to be atta9$ by ! devotee4 ,next1 ! words '?is my ,self )9 ! he>t is t ,brahman' enjo9s ! reflection t ! highe/ ,brahman1 z describ$ be=e1 is1 ow+ to its supreme k9dness1 pres5t 9 our he>ts 9 ord] !reby to refre% & inspirit u4 ,!n ! clause ',:5 ,i %all h dep>t$ f h5ce ,i %all obta9 him' sugge/s ! idea t !re is a c]ta9ty ( obta9+ him on ! basis ( dev\t m$itation2 & f9ally ! clause ',he :o has ?is fai? has no d\bt' decl>es t ! devotee :o is firmly conv9c$ ( 8 aim be+ atta9able 9 ! way describ$1 w atta9 x beyond any d\bt4--,f all ?is x appe>s t ! 'limitation ( abode1' & ! 'm9ut5ess' ascrib$ to ,brahman1 are m]ely = ! purpose ( m$itation4 #h4 ,%\ld x be said t !re is atta9m5t ( fruition 7( pleasure & pa972 we reply1 n s1 on acc\nt ( diff]5ce4 ,b1 if ! highe/ ,brahman is assum$ to dwell )9 bodies1 l ! individual s\l1 x foll[s t1 l ! latt]1 x is subject to ! exp]i5ce ( pleasure & pa91 su* exp]i5ce spr++ f connexion ) bodies6--,( ?is objection ! ,stra disposes by rem>k+ 'n s1 on acc\nt ( diff]5ce 7( reason74' ,= :at is ! cause ( exp]i5ces1 pleasurable or pa9ful1 is n ! m]e dwell+ )9 a body1 b r ! subjection to ! influ5ce ( good & evil de$s2 & su* subjection is impossible 9 ! case ( ! highe/ ,self to :i* all evil is =eign4 ,comp>e ! scriptural text ',"o ( ! two eats ! sweet fruit1 ! o!r "o looks on )\t eat+' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #a1 #a74--;,"h f9i%es ! adhik>ana ( ':at is kn[n ev]y:]e4' ,well !n1 if ! highe/ ,self is n an enjoy]1 we mu/ conclude t :]ev] fruition is ref]r$ to1 ! embodi$ s\l only is meant6--,( ?is view ! next adhik>ana disposes4 #i4 ,! eat] 7is ! highe/ ,self7 on acc\nt ( !re be+ tak5 all t is movable & immovable4 ,we read 9 ! ,ka?avall 7,i1 #c1 #be71 ',:o !n kn[s :]e he is to :om ! ,brahmans & ,k%attriyas are b food1 & dea? itself a condim5t8' ,a d\bt "h arises :e!r ! 'eat]'1 sugge/$ by ! words 'food' & 'condim5t1' is ! individual s\l or ! highe/ ,self4-- ,! individual s\l1 ! ,prvapak%9 ma9ta9s2 = all enjoym5t presupposes works1 & works belong to ! individual s\l only4--,( ?is view ! ,stra disposes4 ,! 'eat]' c be ! highe/ ,self only1 because ! tak+1 i4 e4 eat+1 ( ! :ole aggregate ( movable & immovable ?+s c be pr$icat$ ( t ,self only4 ',eat+' does n "h mean fruition dep5d5t on "w1 b r ! act ( reabsorption ( ! _w on ! "p ( ! highe/ ,brahman1 i4 e4 ,vi%nu1 :o is ! cause ( ! orig9ation1 subsi/5ce1 & f9al de/ruction ( ! univ]se4 ,?is appe>s f ! fact t ,vi%nu is m5tion$ 9 ! same section1 ',he rea*es ! end ( 8 j\rney1 & t is ! highe/ place ( ,vi%nu' 7,ka4 ,up4 ,i1 #c1 #i74 ,moreov] ! clause 'to :om dea? is a condim5t' %[s t by ! ,brahmans & ,k%attriyas1 m5tion$ 9 ! text1 we h to und]/& ! :ole univ]se ( mov+ & non-mov+ ?+s1 view$ z ?+s to be consum$ by ! highe/ ,self4 ,= a condim5t is a ?+ :i*1 :ile itself be+ eat51 causes o!r ?+s to be eat52 ! mean+ ( ! passage1 !re=e1 is t :ile dea? itself is consum$1 be+ a condim5t z x 71 !re is at ! same "t eat5 :atev] is flav\r$ or made palatable by dea?1 & t is ! entire _w ( be+s 9 :i* ! ,brahmans & ,k%attriyas hold ! =emo/ place4 ,n[ su* eat+ ( c\rse is de/ruction or reabsorption1 & h5ce su* enjoym5t--mean+ g5]al reabsorption--c belong to ! highe/ ,self only4 #aj4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! topic ( ! :ole section4 ,moreov] ! highe/ ,brahman con/itutes ! topic ( ! entire section4 ,cp4 ',! wise :o kn[s ! ,self z great & omnipres5t does n grieve' 7,ka4 ,up4 ,i1 #b1 #bb72 ',t ,self _c be ga9$ by ! ,v$a1 nor by und]/&+1 nor by mu* le>n+4 ,he :om ! ,self *ooses1 by him ! ,self c be ga9$2 ! ,self *ooses him z 8 own' 7,i1 #b1 #bc74-- ,moreov]1 ! clause 7=m+ "p ( ! text "u discussion71',:o kn[s him 7i4e4 ! be+ :i* con/itutes ! topic ( ! section7 :]e he is8' cle>ly %[s t we h to recognise "h ! ,self ( :i* x _h previ\sly be5 said t x is h>d to "k unless x assi/s u ) its grace4 ,to ?is conclusion a new objection pres5ts itself4--,fur!r on 9 ! same ,upani%ad 7,i1 #c1 #a7 we meet ) ! foll[+ text3 ',!re are two1 dr9k+ _! rew>d 9 ! _w ( _! own works1 ent]$ into ! cave1 dwell+ on ! highe/ summit2 ^? :o "k ,brahman call !m %ade & light1 likewise ^? h\sehold]s :o p]=m ! ,tr9akiketa- sacrifice4' ,n[ ?is text cle>ly ref]s to ! individual s\l :i* enjoys ! rew>d ( its works1 toge!r ) an associate c\pl$ to x4 ,& ?is associate is ei!r ! vital brea?1 or ! organ ( k 7buddhi74 ,= ! dr9k+ ( 'rita' is ! enjoym5t ( ! fruit ( works1 & su* enjoym5t does n suit ! highe/ ,self4 ,! buddhi1 or ! vital brea?1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* are in/rum5ts ( ! enjoy+ embodi$ s\l1 may someh[ be br\ght into connexion ) ! enjoym5t ( ! fruit ( works4 ,z ! text is ?us se5 to ref] to ! embodi$ s\l c\pl$ ) "s associate1 we inf]1 on ! gr\nd ( ! two texts belong+ to "o section1 t also ! 'eat]' describ$ 9 ! =m] text is none o!r ?an ! individual s\l4--,to ?is objection ! next ,stra replies4 #aa4 ,! 'two ent]$ into ! cave' are ! two ,selfs2 on acc\nt ( ?is be+ se54 ,! two1 ent]$ into ! cave & dr9k+ _! rew>d1 are nei!r ! embodi$ s\l toge!r ) ! vital brea?1 nor ! embodi$ s\l toge!r ) ! buddhi2 x is r ! embodi$ ,self & ! highe/ ,self :i* are designat$ by ^? t]ms4 ,= ?is is se51 i4e4 x is se5 t 9 t section ! individual ,self & ! highe/ ,self only are spok5 ( z ent]$ into ! cave4 ,to ! highe/ ,self !re ref]s ,i1 #b1 #ab1 ',! wise :o by m$itation on 8 ,self recognises ! ,anci5t :o is difficult to see1 :o has ent]$ into ! d>k1 :o is hidd5 9 ! cave1 :o dwells 9 ! abyss1 z ,god1 he inde$ leaves joy & sorr[ f> beh9d4' ,& to ! individual s\l !re ref]s ,i1 #d1 #g1 ',:o is toge!r ) ! vital brea?1 :o is ,aditi1 :o is made ( ! deities1 :o ent]+ into ! cave abides !re91 :o 0 born v>i\sly ?r\gh ! elem5ts4' ,aditi "h means ! individual s\l :i* enjoys 7atti7 ! fruits ( its works2 :i* is associat$ ) ! vital brea?2 :i* is made ( ! deities1 i4e4 ^: enjoym5t is dep5d5t on ! diff]5t s5se-organs2 :i* abides 9 ! holl[ ( ! he>t2 & :i*1 be+ connect$ ) ! elem5t>y sub/ances1 e>?1 & s on1 is born 9 v>i\s =ms--human1 div9e1 c4--,t ! text speaks ( ! two ,selfs z dr9k+ _! rew>d 7:ile actually ! individual s\l only does s7 is to be und]/ood 9 ! same way z ! phrase '!re g ! umbrella-be>]s' 7"o ( :om only c>ries ! umbrella74 ,or else we may acc\nt = ?is on ! gr\nd t bo? are ag5ts ) reg>d to ! dr9k+1 9 s f> z ! 'dr9k+' individual s\l is caus$ to dr9k by ! highe/ ,self4 #ab4 ,& on acc\nt ( di/9ctive qualities4 ,ev]y:]e 9 t section we meet ) /atem5ts ( di/9ctive attributes ( ! two ,selfs1 ! highe/ ,self be+ repres5t$ z ! object ( m$itation & atta9m5t1 & ! individual ,self z ! m$itat+ & atta9+ subject4 ,! passage ',:5 he has kn[n & und]/ood t :i* is born f ,brahman1 ! intellig5t1 to be div9e & v5]able1 !n he obta9s ev]la/+ peace' 7,i1 #a1 #ag7 ref]s to ! m$itat+ individual s\l :i* recognises itself z be+ ( ! nature ( ,brahman4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i1 #c1 #b1 ',t :i* is a bridge = sacrific]s1 ! highe/ imp]i%able ,brahman = ^? :o wi% to cross ov] to ! fe>less %ore1 ! ,nkiketa1 may we be able to "k t1' ref]s to ! highe/ ,self z ! object ( m$itation2 ',nkiketa' "h mean+ t :i* is to be rea*$ ?r\gh ! ,nkiketa-rite4 ,aga91 ! passage ',"k ! ,self to be sitt+ 9 ! *>iot & ! body to be ! *>iot' 7,i1 #c1 #c7 ref]s to ! m$itat+ individual s\l2 & ! v]se1 ,i1 #c1 #i1 ',b he :o has und]/&+ = 8 *>iote]1 & holds ! re9s ( ! m9d1 he rea*es ! end ( 8 j\rney1 & t is ! highe/ place ( ,vi%nu4' ref]s to ! embodi$ & ! highe/ ,selfs z t :i* atta9s & t :i* is to be atta9$4 ,& 9 ! text "u discussion also 7,i1 #c1 #a71 ! two ,selfs are di/9ctly designat$ z light & %ade1 ! "o be+ all-kn[+1 ! o!r devoid ( k4 ,b1 a new objection is rais$1 ! initial passage1 ,i1 #a1 #bj1 ',t d\bt :i* !re is :5 a man is dead--"s say+1 he is2 o!rs1 he is n1' cle>ly asks a "q z to ! true nature ( ! individual s\l1 & we h5ce conclude t t s\l =ms ! topic ( ! :ole *apt]4--,n s1 we reply4 ,t "q does n spr+ f any d\bt z to ! exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce ( ! s\l ap>t f ! body2 = if ?is 7 s ! two fir/ boons *os5 by ,nkiketas w\ld be unsuitable4 ,= ! /ory runs z foll[s3 ,:5 ! sacrifice (f]$ by ! fa!r ( ,nkiketas--at :i* all ! possessions ( ! sacrific] 7 to be giv5 to ! prie/s--is draw+ t[>ds its close1 ! boy1 feel+ afraid t "s defici5cy on ! "p ( ! gifts might r5d] ! sacrifice unavail+1 & dutifully wi%+ to r5d] 8 fa!r's sacrifice complete by giv+ 8 own p]son also1 repeat$ly asks 8 fa!r1 ',& to :om w y give me'8 ,! fa!r1 irritat$ by ! boy's p]si/5t que/ion+1 gives an angry reply1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is ! boy goes to ! palace ( ,yama1 & ,yama be+ abs5t1 /ays !re = ?ree days )\t eat+4 ,yama on 8 return is al>m$ at ?is neglect ( hospitality1 & wi%+ to make up = x all[s him to *oose ?ree boons4 ,nkiketas1 !reupon1 full ( fai? & piety1 *ooses z 8 fir/ boon t 8 fa!r %\ld =give him4 ,n[ x is cle> t conduct ( ?is k9d w\ld n be possible 9 ! case ( "o n conv9c$ ( ! s\l hav+ an exi/5ce indep5d5t ( ! body4 ,= 8 second boon1 aga91 he *ooses ! k ( a sacrificial fire1 :i* has a result to be exp]i5c$ only by a s\l t has dep>t$ f ! body2 & ?is *oice also c cle>ly be made only by "o :o kn[s t ! s\l is some?+ diff]5t f ! body4 ,:51 !re=e1 he *ooses = 8 ?ird boon ! cle>+ up ( 8 d\bt z to ! exi/5ce ( ! s\l aft] dea? 7z /at$ 9 v4 #bj71 x is evid5t t 8 "q is prompt$ by ! desire to acquire k ( ! true nature ( ! highe/ ,self--:i* k has ! =m ( m$itation on ! highe/ ,self--1 & by means !re(1 k ( ! true nature ( f9al ,release :i* consi/s 9 obta9+ ! highe/ ,brahman4 ,! passage1 !re=e1 is n conc]n$ m]ely ) ! problem z to ! sep>ation ( ! s\l f ! body1 b r ) ! problem ( ! ,self free+ itself f all bondage :atev]--! same problem1 9 fact1 ) :i* ano!r scriptural passage also is conc]n$1 viz4 ',:5 he has dep>t$ !re is no m k' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #d1 #ab74 ,! full purport ( ,nkiketas' "q1 !re=e1 is z foll[s3 ,:5 a man qualifi$ = ,release has di$ & ?us fre$ himself f all bondage1 !re arises a d\bt z to 8 exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce--a d\bt due to ! disagreem5t ( philosoph]s z to ! true nature ( ,release2 9 ord] to cle> up ?is d\bt ,i wi% to le>n f !e ! true nature ( ! /ate ( ,release4-- ,philosoph]s1 inde$1 hold _m widely diff]+ op9ions z to :at con/itutes ,release4 ,"s hold t ! ,self is con/itut$ by consci\sness only1 & t ,release consi/s 9 ! total de/ruction ( ?is ess5tial nature ( ! ,self4 ,o!rs1 :ile hold+ ! same op9ion z to ! nature ( ! ,self1 def9e ,release z ! pass+ away ( ,nesci5ce 7avidy74 ,o!rs hold t ! ,self is 9 itself non- s5ti5t1 l a /one1 b possesses1 9 ! /ate ( bondage1 c]ta9 di/9ctive qualities1 su* z k1 & s on4 ,release !n consi/s 9 ! total removal ( all ^! qualities1 ! ,self rema9+ 9 a /ate ( pure isolation 7kaivalya74 ,o!rs1 aga91 :o ackn[l$ge a highe/ ,self free f all imp]fection1 ma9ta9 t ?r\gh connexion ) limit+ adjuncts t ,self ent]s on ! condition ( an individual s\l2 ,release !n means ! pure exi/5ce ( ! highe/ ,self1 consequ5t on ! pass+ away ( ! limit+ adjuncts4 ,^?1 h[ev]1 :o und]/& ! ,v$nta1 tea* z foll[s3 ,!re is a highe/ ,brahman :i* is ! sole cause ( ! entire univ]se1 :i* is antagoni/ic to all evil1 ^: ess5tial nature is inf9ite k & bless$ness1 :i* comprises )9 itself numb]less auspici\s qualities ( supreme excell5ce1 :i* is diff]5t 9 nature f all o!r be+s1 & :i* con/itutes ! inn] ,self ( all4 ,( ?is ,brahman1 ! individual s\ls--^: true nature is unlimit$ k1 & ^: only ess5tial attribute is ! intuition ( ! supreme ,self-- are modes1 9 s f>1 namely1 z !y con/itute its body4 ,! true nature ( ^! s\ls is1 h[ev]1 obscur$ by ,nesci5ce1 i4e4 ! influ5ce ( ! beg9n+less *a9 ( works2 & by ,release !n we h to und]/& t intuition ( ! highe/ ,self1 :i* is ! natural /ate ( ! individual s\ls1 & :i* foll[s on ! de/ruction ( ,nesci5ce4--,:5 ,nkiketas desires ,yama graci\sly to tea* him ! true nature ( ,release & ! means to atta9 x1 ,yama at fir/ te/s him by dwell+ on ! difficulty ( compreh5d+ ,release1 & by tempt+ him ) v>i\s worldly enjoym5ts4 ,b hav+ 9 ?is way recognis$ ! boy's ?or\gh fitness1 he 9 ! end in/ructs him z to ! k9d ( m$itation on ! highe/ ,self :i* con/itutes k ( ! highe/ ,reality1 z to ! nature ( ,release--:i* consi/s 9 rea*+ ! abode ( ! highe/ ,self--1 & z to all ! requir$ details4 ,?is in/ruction beg9s1 ,i1 #b1 #ab1 ',! ,anci5t "o :o is difficult to see1' c41 & ext5ds up to ,i1 #c1 #i4 '& t is ! highe/ place ( ,vi%nu4'--,x ?us is an e/abli%$ conclusion t ! 'eat]' is no o!r ?an ! highe/ ,self4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! eat]4' #ac4 7,! ,p]son7 )9 ! eye 7is ! highe/ ,self7 on acc\nt ( suitability4 ,! ,*&ogas h ! foll[+ text3 ',! ,p]son t is se5 )9 ! eye1 t is ! ,self4 ,?is is ! immortal1 ! fe>less1 ?is is ,brahman' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #ae1 #a74 ,! d\bt "h arises :e!r ! p]son t is "h spok5 ( z abid+ )9 ! eye is ! reflect$ ,self1 or "s div9e be+ presid+ ov] ! s5se ( sight1 or ! embodi$ ,self1 or ! highe/ ,self4--,x is ! reflect$ ,self1 ! ,prvapak%9 ma9ta9s2 = ! text ref]s to ! p]son se5 z some?+ well kn[n1 & ! expression1 'is se51' cle>ly ref]s to some?+ directly p]ceiv$4 ,or x may be ! individual s\l1 = t also may be ref]r$ to z some?+ well kn[n1 z x is 9 special connexion ) ! eye3 p1 by look+ into ! op5 eye ( a p]son1 det]m9e :e!r ! liv+ s\l rema9s 9 him or is dep>t+4 ,or else we may assume t ! ,p]son se5 )9 ! eye is "s p>ticul> div9e be+1 on ! /r5g? ( ! scriptural text1 ,bri4 ,up4 ,v1 #e1 #b1 ',he 7! p]son se5 )9 ! sun7 re/s ) 8 rays 9 him 7! p]son )9 ! eye74' ,any ( ^! be+s may q suitably be ref]r$ to z some?+ well kn[n4--,( ^! alt]natives ! ,stra disposes by decl>+ t ! ,p]son )9 ! eye is ! highe/ ,self4 ,= ! text goes on to say ab\t ! ,p]son se5 )9 ! eye1 ',!y call him ,samyadvma1 = all bless+s g t[>ds him4 ,he is also ,vman1 = he leads all bless+s4 ,he is also ,bhman1 = he %9es 9 all worlds4' ,& all ^! attributes c be reconcil$ ) ! highe/ ,self only4 #ad4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! /atem5t z to abode1 & s on4 ,abid+ )9 ! eye1 rul+ ! eye1 & s on are pr$icat$ by scripture ( ! highe/ ,self only1 viz4 9 ,bri4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #g1 #ah1 ',he :o dwells )9 ! eye1 :o rules ! eye )94' ,we !re=e recognise t highe/ ,self 9 ! text1 ',t ,p]son :i* is se5 )9 ! eye4' ,! argum5t f\nd$ on ref]5ce to 'some?+ well kn[n' ?us suits ! highe/ ,self v well2 & also ! clause :i* d5otes imm$iate p]ception 7'is se5'7 appe>s q suitable1 s9ce ! highe/ ,self is directly intuit$ by p]sons practis+ my/ic conc5tration ( m9d 7,yoga74 #ae4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! text ref]r+ only to :at is *>act]is$ by pleasure4 ,! ,p]son abid+ )9 ! eye is ! highe/ ,p]son1 = ! foll[+ reason also4 ,! topic ( ! :ole section is ,brahman *>act]is$ by delight1 z indicat$ 9 ! passage ',ka 7pleasure7 is ,brahman1 ,kha 7e!r7 is ,brahman' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iv1#aj1 #e74 ,to t same ,brahman ! passage "u discussion 7',! ,p]son t is se5 9 ! eye'7 ref]s = ! purpose ( enjo9+ fir/ a place ) :i* ,brahman is to be connect$ 9 m$itation1 & secondly "s special qualities--su* z compris+ & lead+ all bless+s--to be attribut$ to ,brahman 9 m$itation4--,! ^w 'only' 9 ! ,stra indicates ! indep5d5ce ( ! argum5t set =?4 ,b--an objection is rais$--betwe5 ! ,brahman introduc$ 9 ! passage ',ka is ,brahman1'c41 & ! text "u discussion !re int]v5es ! vidy ( ! ,fires 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #aa-ac71 & h5ce ,brahman does n readily connect itself ) our passage4 ,= ! text says t aft] ! ,fires _h taught ,upakosala ! k ( ,brahman 7',brea? is ,brahman1 ,ka is ,brahman1' c471 !y taught him a m$itation on !mselves 7',aft] t ! ,grhapatya fire taught him1' c41 ,*4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #aa1 #a74 ,& ?is k ( ! ,fires _c be consid]$ a m]e subord9ate "p ( ! k ( ,brahman1 = ! text decl>es t x has special fruits ( its own--viz4 ! atta9m5t ( a ripe old age & prosp]\s desc5dants1 c4--:i* are n compris$ 9 ! results ( ! k ( ,brahman1 b r oppos$ to !m 9 nature4--,to ?is we make ! foll[+ reply4 ,z bo? passages 7viz4 ,,iv1 #aj1 #e1 ',brea? is ,brahman1' c42 & ,,iv1 #ae1 #a1 '?is is ,brahman'7 conta9 ! ^w ,brahman1 & z f ! words ( ! ,fires1 '! tea*] w tell y ! way1' x foll[s t ! k ( ,brahman is n complete be=e t way has be5 taught1 we det]m9e t ! k ( ! ,fires :i* /&s betwe5 ! two sections ( ! k ( ,brahman is a m]e subord9ate memb] ( ! latt]4 ,?is also appe>s f ! fact t ! ,grhapatya fire beg9s to in/ruct ,upakosala only aft] he has be5 introduc$ into ! k ( ,brahman4 ,upakosala moreov] compla9s t he is full ( sorr[s 7,i1 #aj1 #c71 & ?us %[s himself to be consci\s ( all ! suff]+s incid5tal to human life-bir?1 old age1 dea?1 c4--:i* result f man be+ tr\bl$ by manifold desires = objects o!r ?an ! atta9m5t ( ,brahman2 :5 !re=e ! ,fires conclude _! in/ruction by comb9+ 9 say+1 ',?is1 ,o fri5d1 is ! k ( u & ! k ( ! ,self :i* we imp>t to !e1' x is evid5t t ! vidy ( ! ,fires has to be tak5 z a subord9ate memb] ( ! k ( ! ,self ^: only fruit is ,release4 ,& f ?is x foll[s t ! /atem5t ( ! results ( ! ,agnividy has to be tak5 7n z an injunction ( results-phalavidhi--b7 m]ely z an ar?avda 7cp4 ,p4 ,m4 ,s4 ,,iv1 #c1 #a74 ,x1 moreov]1 is by no means true t ! text m5tions su* fruits ( ! ,agnividy z w\ld be oppos$ to f9al ,release2 all ! fruits m5tion$ suit v well ! case ( a p]son qualifi$ = ,release4 ',he de/roys s9' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #aa1 #b2 #ab1 #b2 #ac1 #b71 i4e4 he de/roys all evil works /&+ 9 ! way ( ! atta9m5t ( ,brahman4 ',he obta9s ! _w1' i4 e4 all imp$+ evil works hav+ be5 de/roy$ he obta9s ! _w ( ,brahman4 ',he rea*es 8 full age1' i4e4 he fully rea*es t age :i* is requir$ = ! completion ( m$itation on ,brahman4 ',he lives long1' i4e4 he lives unassail$ by afflictions until he rea*es ,brahman4 ',8 desc5dants d n p]i%1' i4e4 8 pupils1 & _! pupils1 z well z 8 sons1 gr&sons1 c41 d n p]i%2 i4 e4 !y are all kn[]s ( ,brahman1 9 agreem5t ) :at ano!r text decl>es to be ! rew>d ( k ( ,brahman--',9 8 family no "o is born ignorant ( ,brahman' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #b1 #i74 ',we gu>d him 9 ?is _w & ! o!r1' i4e4 we ,fires gu>d him f all tr\bles until he rea*es ,brahman4--,! ,agnividy ?us be+ a memb] ( ! ,brahmavidy1 !re is no reason :y ! ,brahman introduc$ 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! ,brahmavidy %\ld n be connect$ ) ! latt] "p--! function ( ?is latt] "p be+ to enjo9 a place ( m$itation 7,brahman be+ m$itat$ on z ! ,p]son )9 ! eye71 & "s special qualities ( ,brahman to be includ$ 9 ! m$itation4--,b 7an objection is rais$7 z ! ,fires tell ,upakosala '! tea*] w tell y ! way1' we conclude t ! tea*] has to give in=mation z to ! way to ,brahman only2 h[ !n c 8 tea*+ ref] to ! place ( m$itation & ! special qualities ( ,brahman8--,we h to consid]1 we reply1 9 :at connexion ! ,fires address ^? words to ,upakosala4 ,8 tea*] hav+ gone on a j\rney )\t hav+ imp>t$ to him ! k ( ,brahman1 & ,upakosala be+ deject$ on t acc\nt1 ! sacr$ fires ( 8 tea*]1 well pleas$ ) ! way 9 :i* ,upakosala _h t5d$ !m1 & wi%+ to *e] him up1 imp>t to him ! g5]al k ( ! nature ( ,brahman & ! subsidi>y k ( ! ,fires4 ,b rememb]+ t1 z scripture says1 '! k acquir$ f a tea*] is be/1' & h5ce consid]+ x advisable t ! tea*] himself %\ld in/ruct ,upakosala z to ! attributes ( ! highe/ ,brahman1 ! place ) :i* x is to be connect$ 9 m$itation & ! way lead+ to x1 !y tell him '! tea*] w tell y ! way1' ! 'way' connot+ ev]y?+ t rema9s to be taught by ! tea*]4 ,9 agreem5t h]e) ! tea*]--hav+ fir/ said1 ',i w tell y ?is2 & z wat] does n cl+ to a lotus leaf1 s no evil cl+s to "o :o kn[s x'--in/ructs him ab\t ,brahman z possess+ c]ta9 auspici\s attributes1 & to be m$itat$ ^u z abid+ )9 ! eye1 & ab\t ! way lead+ to ,brahman4--,x is ?us a settl$ conclusion t ! text "u discussion ref]s to t ,brahman :i* 0 introduc$ 9 ! passage ',ka is ,brahman1' & t h5ce ! ,p]son abid+ )9 ! eye is ! highe/ ,self4 ,b--an objection is rais$--h[ d y "k t ! passage ',ka 7pleasure7 is ,brahman1 ,kha 7e!r7 is ,brahman' really ref]s to ! highe/ ,brahman1 s z to be able to int]pret on t basis ! text ab\t ! ,p]son )9 ! eye8 ,x is a m obvi\s int]pretation to take ! passage ab\t ,ka & ,kha z enjo9+ a m$itation on ,brahman view$ "u ! =m ( elem5tal e!r & ( ord9>y worldly pleasure4 ,?is int]pretation w\ld1 moreov]1 be 9 agreem5t ) o!r simil>ly word$ texts 7:i* are g5]ally und]/ood to enjo9 m$itation on ,brahman 9 a def9ite =m71 su* z ',"n is ,brahman'1 ',m9d is ,brahman4' #af4 ,= t v reason t 7e!r7 is ,brahman4 ,because ! clause ',:at is ,ka ! same is ,kha' speaks ( e!r z *>act]is$ by pleasure1 ! e!r :i* is d5ot$ by ',kha' is no o!r ?an ! highe/ ,brahman4 ,to expla94 ,on ! ,fires decl>+ ',brea? is ,brahman1 ,ka is ,brahman1 ,kha is ,brahman1' ,upakosala says1 ',i und]/& t brea? is ,brahman1 b ,i d n und]/& ,ka & ,kha4' ,! mean+ ( ?is is z foll[s4 ,! ,fires _c speak ( m$itation on ,brahman "u ! =m ( brea? & s on1 because !y are engag$ 9 giv+ in/ruction to me1 :o am afraid ( bir?1 old age1 dea?1 c41 & desir\s ( f9al ,release4 ,:at !y decl>e to me !re=e is m$itation on ,brahman itself4 ,n[ "h ,brahman is exhibit$ 9 co- ord9ation ) c]ta9 well-kn[n ?+s1 brea? & s on4 ,t ,brahman %\ld be qualifi$ by co-ord9ation ) brea? is suitable1 ei!r f ! po9t ( view ( ,brahman hav+ ! attribute ( support+ ! _w1 or on acc\nt ( ,brahman be+ ! rul] ( brea?1 :i* /&s to x 9 ! relation ( a body4 ,h5ce ,upakosala says1 ',i und]/& t brea? is ,brahman4' ,) reg>d to pleasure & e!r1 on ! o!r h&1 !re arises ! "q :e!r !y are exhibit$ 9 ! relation ( qualify+ attributes ( ,brahman on ! gr\nd ( _! =m+ ! body ( ,brahman1 & h5ce be+ rul$ by x1 or :e!r ! two t]ms are meant to det]m9e ea* o!r1 & ?us to convey a notion ( ! true nature ( ,brahman be+ con/itut$ by supreme delight4 ,on ! =m] alt]native ! decl>ation ( ! ,fires w\ld only /ate t ,brahman is ! rul] ( ! elem5tal e!r & ( all delight dep5d+ on ! s5se-organs1 & ?is w\ld give no notion ( ,brahman's true nature2 on ! latt] alt]native ! ,fires w\ld decl>e t unlimit$ delight con/itutes ,brahman's true nature4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 :i* ( ! two mean+s has to be tak51 ,upakosala !re=e says1 ',i d n und]/& ,ka & ,kha4' ,! ,fires1 compreh5d+ :at is 9 8 m9d1 !reupon reply1 ',:at is ,ka ! same is ,kha1 :at is ,kha ! same is ,ka1' :i* means t ! bliss :i* con/itutes ,brahman's nature is unlimit$4 ,! same ,brahman !re=e :i* has brea? = its attribute because brea? con/itutes its body1 is ( ! nature ( unlimit$ bliss2 ! text !re=e adds1 ',!y taught him t 7viz4 ,brahman7 z brea? & z e!r4' ,:at ! text1 ',ka is ,brahman1 ,kha is ,brahman1' tea*es ?us is ,brahman z consi/+ ( unlimit$ bliss1 & ?is ,brahman is resum$ 9 ! subsequ5t text ab\t ! ,p]son se5 )9 ! eye4 ,t ,p]son !re=e is ! highe/ ,self4 #ag4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! /atem5t ( ! way ( him :o has he>d ! ,upani%ads4 ,o!r scriptural texts give an acc\nt ( ! way--! fir/ /ation ( :i* is light--t leads up to ! highe/ ,p]son1 )\t any subsequ5t return1 ! s\l ( him :o has read ! ,upani%ads1 & has ?us acquir$ a k ( ! true nature ( ! highe/ ,self4 ,n[ ?is same way is describ$ by ! tea*] to ,upakosala 9 connexion ) ! in/ruction z to ! ,p]son 9 ! eye1 ',!y g to light1 f light to day1' c4 ,?is also proves t ! ,p]son )9 ! eye is ! highe/ ,self4 #ah4 ,n any o!r1 on acc\nt ( non-p]man5cy ( abode1 & ( impossibility4 ,z ! reflect$ ,self & ! o!r ,selfs m5tion$ by ! ,prvapak%9 d n necess>ily abide )9 ! eye1 & z conditionless immortality & ! o!r qualities 7ascrib$ 9 ! text to ! ,p]son )9 ! eye7 _c possibly belong to !m1 ! ,p]son )9 ! eye _c be any ,self o!r ?an ! highe/ ,self4 ,( ! reflect$ ,self x _c be said t x p]man5tly abides )9 ! eye1 = its pres5ce !re dep5ds on ! ne>ness to ! eye ( ano!r p]son4 ,! embodi$ ,self aga9 has its seat )9 ! he>t1 :i* is ! root ( all s5se-organs1 s z to assi/ !reby ! activities ( ! diff]5t s5ses2 x _c !re=e abide )9 ! eye4 ,& ) reg>d to ! div9ity ! text says t 'he re/s ) 8 rays 9 him1 i4e4 ! eye'3 ?is implies t ! div9e be+ may preside ov] ! organ ( sight al?\gh itself abid+ 9 ano!r place2 x does n !re=e abide 9 ! eye4 ,moreov]1 non-condition$ immortality & simil> qualities _c belong to any ( ^! ?ree ,selfs4 ,! ,p]son se5 )9 ! eye !re=e is ! highe/ ,self4 ,we h1 "u ,s4 ,i1 #b1 #ad1 assum$ z prov$ t ! abid+ )9 ! eye & rul+ ! eye1 :i* is ref]r$ to 9 ,bri4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #g1 #ah 7',he :o dwells 9 ! eye1' c471 c belong to ! highe/ ,self only1 & h on t basis prov$ t ! ,self )9 ! eye is ! highe/ ,self4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( t ')94'--,! next ,stra n[ proce$s to prove t assumption4 #ai4 ,! int]nal ,rul] 7ref]r$ to7 9 ! clauses ) respect to ! gods1 ) respect to ! worlds1 c4 7is ! highe/ ,self71 because ! attributes ( t are designat$4 ,! ,vjasaney9s1 ( ! ,knwa z well z ! ,mdhy&9a bran*1 h ! foll[+ text3 ',he :o dwell+ 9 ! e>? is )9 ! e>?1 :om ! e>? does n "k1 ^: body ! e>? is1 :o rules ! e>? )91 he is ?y ,self1 ! rul] )91 ! ,immortal4' ,! text !reupon ext5ds ?is tea*+ z to a be+ t dwells 9 ?+s1 is )9 !m1 is n kn[n by !m1 has !m = its body & rules !m2 9 ! fir/ place to all div9e be+s1 viz4 wat]1 fire1 sky1 air1 sun1 ! regions1 moon1 />s1 e!r1 d>kness1 light2 & next to all mat]ial be+s1 viz4 brea?1 spee*1 eye1 e>1 m9d1 sk91 k1 se$--clos+ ea* section ) ! words1 ',he is ?y ,self1 ! rul] )91 ! ,immortal4' ,! ,mdhy&9as1 h[ev]1 h ?ree additional sections1 viz4 ',he :o dwells 9 all worlds1' c42 'he :o dwells 9 all ,v$as1' c42 ',he :o dwells 9 all sacrifices'2 &1 moreov]1 9 place ( ',he :o dwells 9 k' 7vijna7 !y read ',he :o dwells 9 ! ,self4'--,a d\bt "h arises :e!r ! inw>d ,rul] ( ^! texts be ! individual ,self or ! highe/ ,self4 ,! individual ,self1 ! ,prvapak%9 ma9ta9s4 ,= 9 ! supplem5t>y passage 7:i* foll[s ^u ! text consid]$ s f>7 ! int]nal ,rul] is call$ ! 'se]' & 'he>]1' i4e4 8 k is said to dep5d on ! s5se-organs1 & ?is implies ! view t ! 'se]' only 7i4e4 ! individual s\l only7 is ! inw>d ,rul]2 & fur!r ! clause ',!re is no o!r se] b he' negatives any o!r se]4 ,?is view is set aside by ! ,stra4 ,! ,rul] )91 :o is spok5 ( 9 ! clauses m>k$ 9 ! text by ! t]ms ') respect ( ! gods1' ') respect ( ! worlds1' c41 is ! highe/ ,self free f all evil1 ,nryana4 ,! ,stra purposely jo9s ! two t]ms ') respect to ! gods' & ') respect to ! worlds' 9 ord] to intimate t1 9 addition to ! clauses ref]r+ to ! gods & be+s 7bhta7 exhibit$ by ! ,knva-text1 ! ,mdhy&9a-text conta9s additional clauses ref]r+ to ! worlds1 ,v$as1 c4 ,! inw>d ,rul] spok5 ( 9 bo? ^! sets ( passages is ! highe/ ,self2 = attributes ( t ,self are decl>$ 9 ! text4 ,= x is a cle> attribute ( ! highe/ ,self t be+ "o only x rules all worlds1 all ,v$as1 all div9e be+s1 & s on4 ,uddlaka asks1 ',do/ ?\ "k t ,rul] )9 :o )9 rules ?is _w & ! o!r _w & all be+s8 c4--tell n[ t ,rul] )9'2 & ,yjavalkya replies ) ! long passus1 ',he :o dwells 9 ! e>?1' c41 describ+ ! ,rul] )9 z him :o1 abid+ )9 all worlds1 all be+s1 all div9ities1 all ,v$as1 & all sacrifices1 rules !m f )9 & con/itutes _! ,self1 !y 9 turn con/itut+ 8 body4 ,n[ ?is is a position :i* c belong to none else b ! highe/ ,p]son1 :o is all-kn[+1 & all ^: purposes imm$iately realise !mselves4 ,t x is ! highe/ ,self only :i* rules ov] all & is ! ,self ( all1 o!r ,upani%ad-texts also decl>e2 cp4 e4g4 ',ent]$ )91 ! rul] ( creatures1 ! ,self ( all'2 ',hav+ s5t =? ?is he ent]$ into x4 ,hav+ ent]$ x he became sat & tyat1' c4 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #f74 ,simil>ly ! text f ! ,subla-,up41 :i* beg9s1 '!re 0 n any?+ "h 9 ! beg9n+1' & ext5ds up to '! "o ,god1 ,nryana1' %[s t x is ! highe/ ,brahman only :i* rules all1 is ! ,self ( all1 & has all be+s = its body4 ,moreov]1 ess5tial immortality 7:i* ! text ascribes to ! ,rul] )97 is an attribute ( ! highe/ ,self only4--,nor mu/ x be ?\ght t ! p[] ( see+ & s on t belongs to ! highe/ ,self is dep5d5t on s5se-organs2 x r results imm$iately f its ess5tial nature1 s9ce its omnisci5ce & p[] to realise its purposes are due to its own be+ only4 ,9 agreem5t h]e) scripture says1 ',he sees )\t eyes1 he he>s )\t e>s1 )\t h&s & feet he grasps & ha/es' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ai74 ,:at t]ms su* z 'see+' & 'he>+' really d5ote is n k 9 s f> z produc$ by ! eye & e>1 b ! intuitive pres5tation ( col\r & s\nd4 ,9 ! case ( ! individual s\l1 ^: ess5tially intelligis+ nature is obscur$ by k>man1 su* intuitive k arises only ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ! s5se-organs2 9 ! case ( ! highe/ ,self1 on ! o!r h&1 x spr+s f its own nature4--,aga91 ! clause '!re is no o!r se] b he' means t !re is no se] o!r ?an ! se] & rul] describ$ 9 ! prec$+ clauses4 ,to expla94 ,! clauses ':om ! e>? does n "k1' c41 up to ':om ! ,self does n "k' mean to say t ! ,rul] )9 rules )\t be+ p]ceiv$ by ! e>?1 ,self1 & ! o!r be+s :i* he rules4 ,?is is confirm$ by ! subsequ5t clauses1 'unse5 b a se]'1 'unhe>d b a he>]1' c4 ,& ! next clauses1 '!re is no o!r se] b he1' c41 !n mean to negative t !re is any o!r be+ :i* c\ld be view$ z ! rul] ( t ,rul]4 ,moreov]1 ! clauses 't is ! ,self ( !e1' ',he is ! ,self ( !e' exhibit ! individual ,self 9 ! g5itive =m 7'( !e'71 & ?us di/+ui% x f ! ,rul] )91 :o is decl>$ to be _! ,self4 #bj4 ,& n t :i* ,smriti assumes1 on acc\nt ( ! decl>ation ( qualities n belong+ to t2 nor ! embodi$ "o4 ',t :i* ,smriti assumes' is ! ,pradhna2 ! 'embodi$ "o' is ! individual s\l4 ,nei!r ( ^! c be ! ,rul] )91 s9ce ! text /ates attributes :i* _c possibly belong to ei!r4 ,= !re is n ev5 ! %ad[ ( a possibility t ess5tial capability ( see+ & rul+ all ?+s1 & be+ ! ,self ( all1 & immortality %\ld belong ei!r to ! non-s5ti5t ,pradhna or to ! individual s\l4--,! la/ two ,stras h decl>$ t ! m5tion$ qualities belong to ! highe/ ,self1 :ile !y d n belong to ! individual s\l4 ,! next ,stra supplies a new1 indep5d5t argum5t4 #ba4 ,= bo? also speak ( x z some?+ diff]5t4 ,bo?1 i4e4 ! ,mdhy&9as z well z ! ,knvas1 di/+ui% 9 _! texts ! embodi$ s\l1 toge!r ) spee* & o!r non-intellig5t ?+s1 f ! ,rul] )91 repres5t+ x z an object ( 8 rule4 ,! ,mdhy&9as read1 ',he :o dwells 9 ! ,self1 :om ! ,self does n "k1' c42 ! ,knvas1 ',he :o dwells )9 und]/&+'1 c4 ,! decl>ation ( ! individual ,self be+ rul$ by ! ,rul] )9 implies ( c\rse ! decl>ation ( ! =m] be+ diff]5t f ! latt]4 ,! conclusion f all ?is is t ! ,rul] )9 is a be+ diff]5t f ! individual s\l1 viz4 ! highe/ ,self free f all evil1 ,nryana4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! int]nal ,rul]'4 #bb4 ,t :i* possesses ! qualities ( invisibility1 c41 on acc\nt ( ! decl>ation ( attributes4 ,! ?>vanikas read 9 _! text1 ',! high] k is t by :i* t ,inde/ructible is appreh5d$4 ,t :i* is invisible1 unseizable1 )\t orig9 & qualities1 c41 t x is :i* ! wise reg>d z ! s\rce ( all be+s'2 & fur!r on1 ',t :i* is high] ?an ! high ,imp]i%able' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,i1 #a1 #e1 #f2 ,,ii1 #a1 #b74 ,! d\bt "h arises :e!r ! ,inde/ructible1 possess+ ! qualities ( imp]ceptibility1 c41 & t :i* is high] ?an ! ,inde/ructible1 %\ld be tak5 to d5ote ! ,pradhna & ! s\l ( ! ,snkhyas1 or :e!r bo? d5ote ! highe/ ,self4--,! ,prvapak%9 ma9ta9s ! =m] alt]native4 ,=1 he says1 :ile 9 ! text la/ discuss$ !re is m5tion$ a special attribute ( an intellig5t be+1 viz4 9 ! clause 'unse5 b a se]'1 no simil> attribute is /at$ 9 ! =m] ( ! two texts "u discussion1 & ! latt] text cle>ly describes ! collective individual s\l1 :i* is high] ?an ! imp]i%able ,pradhna1 :i* itself is high] ?an all its effects4 ,! reasons = ?is decision are z foll[s3--,col\r & s on reside 9 ! gross =ms ( non-intellig5t matt]1 viz4 ! elem5ts1 e>?1 & s on4 ,:51 !re=e1 visibility & s on are expressly negativ$1 su* negation sugge/s a non-s5ti5t ?+ cognate to e>?1 c41 b ( a subtle k9d1 & su* a ?+ is no o!r ?an ! ,pradhna4 ,& z some?+ high] ?an ?is ,pradhna !re are kn[n ! collective s\ls only1 "u ^: guidance ! ,pradhna gives bir? to all its effects1 f ! s-call$ ,mahat d[nw>ds to individual ?+s4 ,?is int]pretation is confirm$ by ! comp>isons set =? 9 ! next sloka1 ',z ! spid] s5ds =? & draws 9 its ?reads1 z plants spr+ f ! e>?1 z hair gr[s on ! head & body ( ! liv+ man1 ?us does ev]y?+ arise "h f ! ,inde/ructible4' ,! section !re=e is conc]n$ only ) ! ,pradhna & ! individual s\l4 ,?is prim facie view is set aside by ! ,stra4 ,t :i* possesses invisibility & ! o!r qualities /at$ 9 ! text1 & t :i* is high] ?an ! high ,inde/ructible1 is no o!r ?an ! highe/ ,self4 ,= ! text decl>es attributes :i* belong to ! highe/ ,self only1 viz4 9 ,i1 #a1 #i1 ',he :o kn[s all1 cognises all1' c4 ,let u %ortly consid] ! connexion ( ! text4 ,! passage beg9n+ '! high] k is t by :i* ! ,inde/ructible is appreh5d$' decl>es an inde/ructible be+ possess+ ! attributes ( invisibility & s on4 ,! clause 'ev]y?+ arises "h f ! ,inde/ructible' next decl>es t f t be+ all ?+s orig9ate4 ,next ! sloka1 ',he :o kn[s all & cognises all1' pr$icates ( t ,inde/ructible :i* is ! s\rce ( all be+s1 omnisci5ce1 & simil> qualities4 ,& f9ally ! text1 ',t :i* is high] ?an ! high ,inde/ructible1' *>act]ises t same be+--:i* previ\sly _h be5 call$ invisible1 ! s\rce ( be+s1 inde/ructible1 all- kn[+1 c4--z ! highe/ ( all4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t 9 ! text 'high] ?an ! high ,inde/ructible' ! t]m ',inde/ructible' does n d5ote ! invisible1 c4 ,inde/ructible1 :i* is ! *ief topic ( ! entire section2 = !re c ( c\rse be no?+ high] ?an t :i*1 z be+ all-kn[+1 ! s\rce ( all1 c41 is itself high] ?an any?+ else4 ,! ',inde/ructible' 9 t text !re=e d5otes ! elem5ts 9 _! subtle condition4 #bc4 ,n ! two o!rs1 on acc\nt ( di/9ction & /atem5t ( diff]5ce4 ,! section di/+ui%es ! inde/ructible be+1 :i* is ! s\rce ( all1 c41 f ! ,pradhna z well z ! individual s\l1 9 s f>1 namely1 z x und]takes to prove t by ! cognition ( "o ?+ ev]y?+ is kn[n2 & x moreov]1 9 passages su* z 'high] ?an ! high ,inde/ructible1' explicitly /ates ! diff]5ce ( ! inde/ructible be+ f ^? o!r two4--,! text fir/ relates t ,brahm told ! k ( ,brahman1 :i* is ! f\ndation ( ! k ( all1 to 8 elde/ son ,a?>van3 ?is introduces ! k ( ,brahman z ! topic ( ! section4 ,!n1 ! text proce$s1 9 ord] to obta9 ?is k ( ,brahman1 :i* _h be5 h&$ d[n ?r\gh a succession ( tea*]s to ,angiras1 ,saunaka approa*$ ,angiras respectfully & ask$ him3 ',:at is t ?r\gh :i*1 if kn[n1 all ?is is kn[n8' i4e4 s9ce all k is f\nd$ on ! k ( ,brahman1 he enquires aft] ! nature ( ,brahman4 ,angiras replies t he :o wi%es to atta9 ,brahman mu/ acquire two k9ds ( k1 bo? ( !m hav+ ,brahman = _! object3 an indirect "o :i* spr+s f ! /udy ( ! s/ras1 viz4 ! ,v$a1 ,sik%1 ,kalpa1 & s on1 & a direct "o :i* spr+s f conc5trat$ m$itation 7yoga74 ,! latt] k9d ( k is ! means ( obta9+ ,brahman1 & x is ( ! nature ( dev\t m$itation 7bhakti71 z *>act]is$ 9 ! text ',he :om ! ,self *ooses1 by him ! ,self c be ga9$' 7,,iii1 #b1 #c74 ,! means aga9 t[>ds ?is k9d ( k is su* k z is ga9$ f sacr$ tradition1 assi/$ by ab/5tion & ! o!r six auxili>y means 7sec above1 p4 #ag72 9 agreem5t ) ! text1 ',him ! ,brahmattas seek to "k by ! /udy ( ! ,v$a1 by sacrifice1 by gifts1 by p5ance1 by fa/+' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #bb74--,?us ! ,rev]5d ,p>s>a also says1 ',! cause ( atta9+ him is k & "w1 & k is tw(old1 accord+ z x is bas$ on sacr$ tradition or spr+s f discrim9ation4' ,! ,mundaka-text ref]s to ! inf]ior k9d ( k 9 ! passage '! l[] k is ! ,rig-v$a1' c41 up to '& ! dh>ma- s/ras'2 ?is k is ! means t[>ds ! intuition ( ,brahman2 :ile ! high] k9d ( k1 :i* is call$ 'upsan1' has ! "* ( dev\t m$itation 7bhakti71 & consi/s 9 direct intuition ( ,brahman1 is ref]r$ to 9 ! clause '! high] k is t by :i* ! ,inde/ructible is appreh5d$4' ,! text next foll[+1 ',t :i* is invisible1 c41 !n sets =? ! nature ( ! highe/ ,brahman1 :i* is ! object ( ! two k9ds ( k previ\sly describ$4 ,aft] ?is ! passage ',z ! spid] s5ds =? & draws 9 its ?read' decl>es t f t inde/ructible highe/ ,brahman1 z *>act]is$ be=e1 !re orig9ates ! :ole univ]se ( ?+s1 s5ti5t & non-s5ti5t4 ,! next soka 7tapas kyate1 c47 /ates p>ticul>s ab\t ?is orig9ation ( ! univ]se f ,brahman4 ',brahman swells ?r\gh brood+'2 ?r\gh brood+1 i4e4 ?\ght--9 agreem5t ) a lat] text1 'brood+ consi/s ( ?\ght'--,brahman swells1 i4e4 ?r\gh ?\ght 9 ! =m ( an int5tion1 viz4 'may ,i become _m1' ,brahman becomes ready = creation4 ,f x !re spr+s fir/ 'anna1' i4e4 t :i* is ! object ( fruition on ! "p ( all enjoy+ ag5ts1 viz4 ! non-evolv$ subtle pr9ciples ( all elem5ts4 ,f ?is 'anna' !re spr+ successively brea?1 m9d1 & all o!r effect$ ?+s up to "w1 :i* is ! means ( produc+ rew>d 9 ! =m ( ! heav5ly _w1 & ,release4 ,! la/ sloka ( ! fir/ *apt] !reupon fir/ /ates ! qualities1 su* z omnisci5ce & s on1 :i* capacitate ! highe/ ,brahman = creation1 & !n decl>es t f ! inde/ructible highe/ ,brahman !re spr+s ! effect$ 7krya7 ,brahman1 di/+ui%$ by "n & =m1 & compris+ all enjoy+ subjects & objects ( enjoym5t4--,! fir/ sloka ( ! second *apt] decl>es fir/ t ! highe/ ,brahman is absolutely real 7',t is true'71 & !n admoni%es ^? :o desire to rea* ! inde/ructible highe/ ,self1 :i* possesses all ! bless$ qualities /at$ be=e & exi/s ?r\gh itself1 to turn away f o!r rew>ds & to p]=m all ^? sacrificial works dep5d+ on ! ?ree sacr$ fires :i* 7 se5 & reveal$ by poets 9 ! f\r ,v$as & are incumb5t on m5 accord+ to ca/e & srama4 ,! section '?is is y\r pa?' 7,i1 #b1 #a7 up to '?is is ! holy ,brahma-_w ga9$ by y\r good works' 7,i1 #b1 #f7 next /ates ! p>ticul> mode ( p]=m+ ^? works1 & decl>es t an omission ( "o ( ! successive works enjo9$ 9 ,druti & ,smriti involves fruitlessness ( ! works actually p]=m$1 & t some?+ n p]=m$ 9 ! prop] way is z good z n p]=m$ at all4 ,/anzas #g & ff4 7',b frail 9 tru? are ^? boats'7 decl>e t ^? :o p]=m ?is l[] class ( works h to return aga9 & aga9 into ! ,samsra1 because !y aim at worldly results & are defici5t 9 true k4 ,/anza #h 7'b ^? :o practise p5ance & fai?'7 !n proclaims t works p]=m$ by a man possess+ true k1 & h5ce n aim+ at worldly rew>ds1 result 9 ! atta9m5t ( ,brahman2 & /anzas #ab a1 #ac 7'hav+ exam9$ all ^! worlds'7 enjo9 k1 /r5g!n$ by due works1 on ! "p ( a man :o has turn$ away f m]e works1 z ! means ( rea*+ ,brahman2 & due rec\rse to a tea*] on ! "p ( him :o is desir\s ( su* k4--,! fir/ *apt] ( ! second section ( ! ,upani%ad 7,,ii1 #a7!n cle>ly tea*es h[ ! imp]i%able highe/ ,brahman1 i4e4 ! highe/ ,self--z con/itut+ ! ,self ( all ?+s & hav+ all ?+s = its body--has all ?+s = its outw>d =m & emits all ?+s f itself4 ,! rema9d] ( ! ,upani%ad 7',manife/1 ne>1' c4 7 tea*es h[ ?is highe/ ,brahman1 :i* is imp]i%able & high] ?an ! s\l1 :i* itself is high] ?an ! ,unevolv$2 :i* dwells 9 ! highe/ ,heav52 & :i* is ( ! nature ( supreme bliss1 is to be m$itat$ ^u z )9 ! holl[ ( ! he>t2 h[ ?is m$itation has ! "* ( dev\t fai? 7bhakti72 & h[ ! devotee1 free+ himself f ,nesci5ce1 obta9s = 8 rew>d intuition ( ,brahman1 :i* r5d]s him l ,brahman4 ,x ?us cle>ly appe>s t 'on acc\nt ( di/9ction & /atem5t ( diff]5ce' ! ,upani%ad does n treat ( ! ,pradhna & ! s\l4 ,= t ! highe/ ,brahman is diff]5t f ^? two is decl>$ 9 passages su* z ',t heav5ly ,p]son is )\t body2 he is bo? )\t & )91 n produc$1 )\t brea? & )\t m9d1 pure1 high] ?an :at is high] ?an ! ,imp]i%able' 7,,ii1 #a1 #b72 = ! la/ words mean 't imp]i%able highe/ ,self possess+ invisibility & simil> qualities1 :i* is high] ?an ! aggregate ( individual s\ls1 :i* itself is high] ?an ! non-evolv$ subtle elem5ts4' ,! t]m 'ak%>a' 7imp]i%able7 is to be etymologically expla9$ ei!r z t :i* p]vades 7asnute7 or t :i* does n pass away 7a- k%>ati71 & is on ei!r ( ^! explanations applicable to ! highe/ ,self1 ei!r because t ,self p]vades all its effects or because x is l ! s-call$ ,mahat 7:i* is also call$ ak%>a71 free f all pass+ away or decay+4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'invisibility & s on4' #bd4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! description ( its =m4 ',fire is 8 head1 8 eyes ! sun & ! moon1 ! regions 8 e>s1 8 spee* ! ,v$as disclos$1 ! w9d 8 brea?1 8 he>t ! univ]se2 f 8 feet came ! e>?2 he is inde$ ! inn] ,self ( all ?+s' 7,,ii1 #a1 #d7--! outw>d =m "h describ$ c belong to none b ! highe/ ,self2 t is1 ! inn] ,self ( all be+s4 ,! section !re=e treats ( ! highe/ ,self4 #be4 ,vaisvn>a 7is ! highe/ ,self71 on acc\nt ( ! di/9ctions qualify+ ! common t]m4 ,! ,*&ogas read 9 _! text1 ',y "k at pres5t t ,vaisvn>a ,self1 tell u t1' c41 & fur!r on1 ',b he :o m$itates on ! ,vaisvn>a ,self z a span long1' c4 7,*4 ,up4 ,v1 #aa1 #f2 #ah1 #a74 ,! d\bt "h arises :e!r t ,vaisvn>a ,self c be made out to be ! highe/ ,self or n4 ,! ,prvapak%9 ma9ta9s ! latt] alt]native4 ,=1 he says1 ! ^w ,vaisvn>a is us$ 9 ! sacr$ texts 9 f\r diff]5t s5ses4 ,x d5otes 9 ! fir/ place ! inte/9al fire1 s 9 ,bri4 ,up1 ,v1 #i1 ',t is ! ,vaisvn>a fire by :i* ! food t is eat5 is cook$1 i4e4 dige/$4 ,its noise is t :i* "o he>s :5 "o cov]s "o's e>s4 ,:5 man is on ! po9t ( dep>t+ ?is life he does n he> t noise4'--,x next d5otes ! ?ird ( ! elem5ts1 s 9 ,ri4 ,samh4 ,x1 #hh1 #ab1 ',= ! :ole _w ! gods h made ! ,agni ,vaisvn>a a sign ( ! days4'--,x also d5otes a div9ity1 s ,ri4 ,samh4 ,i1 #ih1 #a1 ',may we be 9 ! fav\r ( ,vaisvn>a1 = he is ! k+ ( ! k+s1' c4 ,& f9ally x d5otes ! highe/ ,self1 z 9 ! passage1 ',he (f]$ x 9 ! ,self1 9 ! he>t1 9 ,agni ,vaisvn>a'2 & 9 ,pra4 ,up4 ,i1 #g1 ',?us he rises z ,vaisvn>a1 assum+ all =ms1 z brea? ( life1 z fire4'--,& ! *>act]i/ic m>ks m5tion$ 9 ! introductory clauses ( ! ,*&ogya-text "u discussion admit ( int]pretations agree+ ) e "o ( ^! mean+s ( ! ^w ,vaisvn>a4 ,aga9/ ?is prim facie view ! ,stra decl>es itself4 ,! t]m ',vaisvn>a' 9 ! ,*ndogya-text d5otes ! highe/ ,self1 because ! 'common' t]m is !re qualifi$ by attributes specially belong+ to ! highe/ ,self4 ,= ! passage tells u h[ ,aupamanyava & f\r o!r great ,rh%is1 hav+ met & discuss$ ! "q z to :at 0 _! ,self & ,brahman1 come to ! conclusion to g to ,uddlaka because he is reput$ to "k ! ,vaisvn>a ,self4 ,uddlaka1 recognis+ _! anxiety to "k ! ,vaisvn>a ,self1 & deem+ himself n to be fully in=m$ on ?is po9t1 ref]s !m to ,asvapati ,kaikeya z ?or\ghly kn[+ ! ,vaisvn>a ,self2 & !y !reupon1 toge!r ) ,uddlaka1 approa* ,asvapati4 ,! k+ duly hon\rs !m ) pres5ts1 & z !y appe> unwill+ to receive !m1 expla9s t !y may suitably d s1 he himself be+ engag$ 9 ! p]=mance ( a religi\s v[2 & at ! same "t in/ructs !m t ev5 m5 kn[+ ,brahman mu/ avoid :at is =bidd5 & d :at is prescrib$4 ,:5 !reupon he adds t he w give !m z mu* weal? z to ! prie/s engag$ 9 8 sacrifice1 !y1 desir\s ( ,release & ( kn[+ ! ,vaisn>a ,self1 reque/ him to expla9 t ,self to !m4 ,n[ x cle>ly appe>s t z ! ,ri%is are said to be desir\s ( kn[+--t ,brahman :i* is ! ,self ( ! individual s\ls 7':at is our ,self1 :at is ,brahman'71 & !re=e se>* = "s "o to in/ruct !m on t po9t1 ! ,vaisvn>a ,self--to a p]son acqua9t$ ) :i* !y address !mselves--c be ! highe/ ,self only4 ,9 ! e>li] clauses ! t]ms us$ are ',self' & ',brahman1' 9 ! lat] ',self' & ',vaisvn>a'2 f ?is x appe>s also t ! t]m ',vaisvn>a1' :i* takes ! place ( ',brahman1' d5otes none o!r b ! highe/ ,self4 ,! results1 moreov]1 ( ! k ( ! ,vaisvn>a ,self1 :i* are /at$ 9 subsequ5t passages1 %[ t ! ,vaisvn>a ,self is ! highe/ ,brahman4 ',he eats food 9 all worlds1 9 all be+s1 9 all ,selfs'2 'z ! fibres ( ! ,i%k re$ :5 ?r[n into ! fire are burnt1 ?us all 8 s9s are burn$' 7,v1 #ah1 ,i2 #bd1 #c74 ,! next ,stra supplies a fur!r reason = ! same conclusion4 #bf4 ,t :i* ! text ref]s to is an inf]5tial m>k--?us4 ,! text describes ! %ape ( ,vaisvn>a1 ( :om heav51 c41 d[n to e>? con/itute ! sev]al limbs2 & x is kn[n f ,scripture & ,smriti t su* is ! %ape ( ! highe/ ,self4 ,:51 !re=e1 we recognise t %ape z ref]r$ to 9 ! text1 ?is supplies an inf]5tial m>k ( ,vaisvn>a be+ ! highe/ ,self4--,! '?us' 7iti7 9 ! ,stra d5otes a c]ta9 mode1 t is to say1 'a %ape ( su* a k9d be+ recognis$ 9 ! text enables u to inf] t ,vaisvn>a is ! highe/ ,self4' ,= 9 ,scripture & ,smriti alike ! highe/ ,p]son is decl>$ to h su* a %ape4 ,cp4 e4g4 ! text ( ! ?>vanas4 ',agni is 8 head1 ! sun & moon 8 eyes1 ! regions 8 c>s1 8 spee* ! ,v$as disclos$1 ! w9d 8 brea?1 8 he>t ! ,univ]se2 f 8 feet came ! e>?2 he is inde$ ! inn] ,self ( all ?+s' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,ii1 ,i1 #d74 ',agni' 9 ?is passage d5otes ! heav5ly _w1 9 agreem5t ) ! text 't _w inde$ is ,agni4' ,& ! foll[+ ,smrriti texts3 ',he ( :om ! wise decl>e ! heav5ly _w to be ! head1 ! e!r ! navel1 sun & moon ! eyes1 ! regions ! e>s1 ! e>? ! feet2 he ^: ,self is unfa?omable is ! lead] ( all be+s'2 & '( :om ,agni is ! m\?1 heav5 ! head1 ! e!r ! navel1 ! e>? ! feet1 ! sun ! eye1 ! regions ! e>2 wor%ip to him1 ! ,self ( ! ,univ]se6'--,n[ our text decl>es ! heav5ly _w & s on to con/itute ! head & ! o!r limbs ( ,vaisvn>a4 ,= ,kaikeya on be+ ask$ by ! ,ri%is to in/ruct !m z to ! ,vasvn>a ,self recognises t !y all "k some?+ ab\t ! ,vaisvn>a ,self :ile some?+ !y d n "k 7= ?us only we c expla9 8 special que/ions71 & !n 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :at ea* kn[s & :at n1 que/ions !m sep>ately4 ,:5 !reupon ,aupamanyava replies t he m$itates on heav5 only z ! ,self1 ,kaikeya1 9 ord] to disabuse him f ! notion t heav5 is ! :ole ,vaisvn>a ,self1 tea*es him t heav5 is ! head ( ,vaisvn>a1 & t ( heav5 :i* ?us is a "p only ( ,vaisvn>a1 ,sutejas is ! special "n4 ,simil>ly he is !reupon told by ! o!r ,ri%is t !y m$itate only on sun1 air1 e!r1 & e>?1 & in=ms !m 9 return t ! special names ( ^! be+s are '! omni=m1' 'he :o moves 9 v>i\s ways1' '! full "o1''weal? & 'firm re/1' & t ^! all are m]e memb]s ( ! ,vaisvn>a ,self1 viz4 its eyes1 brea?1 trunk1 bladd]1 & feet4 ,! %ape ?us describ$ 9 detail c belong to ! highe/ ,self only1 & h5ce ,vaisvn>a is none o!r b ! highe/ ,self4 ,! next ,stra meets a fur!r d\bt z to ?is decision n yet be+ well e/abli%$4 #bg4 ,%\ld x be said t x is n s1 on acc\nt ( ! ^w1 c41 & on acc\nt ( ! abid+ )92 we say1 no2 on acc\nt ( m$itation be+ taught ?us1 on acc\nt ( impossibility2 & because !y read ( him z p]son4 ,an objection is rais$4 ,vaisvn>a _c be asc]ta9$ to be ! highe/ ,self1 because1 on ! acc\nt ( ! text & ( ! abid+ )91 we c und]/& by ! ,vaisvn>a 9 our text ! inte/9al fire also4 ,! text to :i* we ref] occurs 9 ! ,vaisvn>a-vidy ( ! ,vjasaney9s1 ',?is "o is ! ,agni ,vaisvn>a1' :]e ! two words ',agni' & ',vaisvn>a' are exhibit$ 9 co-ord9ation4 ,& 9 ! section "u discussion ! passage1 '! he>t is ! ,grhapatya fire1 ! m9d ! ,anvhrya-pakana fire1 ! m\? ! havanya fire' 7,*4 ,up4 ,v1 #ah1 #b71 repres5ts ! ,vaisvn>a 9 s f> z abid+ )9 ! he>t & s on z con/itut+ ! triad ( sacr$ fires4 ,moreov] ! text1 ',! fir/ food :i* a man may take is 9 ! place ( ,soma4 ,& he :o (f]s t fir/ oblation %\ld (f] x to ,prna' 7,v1 #ai1 #a71 intimates t ,vaisvn>a is ! abode ( ! (f]+ to ,prna4 ,9 ! same way ! ,vjasaney9s decl>e t ,vaisvn>a abides )9 man1 viz4 9 ! passage ',he :o kn[s ?is ,agni ,vaisvn>a %ap$ l a man abid+ )9 man4' ,z ?us ,vaisvn>a appe>s 9 co-ord9ation ) ! ^w ',agni1' is repres5t$ z ! triad ( sacr$ fires1 is said to be ! abode ( ! oblation to ,brea?1 & to abide )9 man1 he mu/ be view$ z ! inte/9al fire1 & x is !re=e n true t he c be id5tifi$ ) ! highe/ ,self only4 ,?is objection is set aside by ! ,stra4 ,x is n s 'on acc\nt ( m$itation 7on ! highe/ ,self7 be+ taught ?us1' i4e4 z ! text means to tea* t ! highe/ ,brahman :i*1 9 ! mann] describ$ be=e1 has ! ?ree worlds = its body %\ld be m$itat$ ^u z qualifi$ by ! inte/9al fire :i* 7l o!r be+s7 con/itutes ,brahman's body4 ,= ! ^w ',agni' d5otes n only ! inte/9al fire1 b also ! highe/ ,self 9 s f> z qualifi$ by ! inte/9al fire4-- ,b h[ is ?is to be kn[n8--',on acc\nt ( impossibility2' i4e4 because x is impossible t ! m]e inte/9al fire %\ld h ! ?ree worlds = its body4 ,! true /ate ( ! case !re=e is t ! ^w ,agni1 :i* is und]/ood to d5ote ! inte/9al fire1 :5 appe>+ 9 co-ord9ation ) ! t]m ,vaisvn>a repres5t$ z hav+ ! ?ree worlds = 8 body1 d5otes 7n ! inte/9al fire1 b7 ! highe/ ,self z qualifi$ by t fire view$ z =m+ ! body ( ! ,self4 ,?us ! ,"l also says1 ',z ,vaisvn>a fire ,i abide 9 ! body ( liv+ creatures &1 be+ assi/$ by brea? inspir$ & expir$1 dige/ ! f\rfold food' 7,bha ,g4 ,,xiv1 #ae74 ',z ,vaisvn>a fire' "h means 'embodi$ 9 ! inte/9al fire4'--,! ,*ndogya text "u discussion enjo9s m$itation on ! highe/ ,self embodi$ 9 ! ,vaisvn>a fire4--,moreov] ! ,vjasaney9s read ( him1 viz4 ! ,vaisvn>a1 z man or p]son1 viz4 9 ! passage ',t ,agni ,vaisvn>a is ! p]son' 7,sa4 ,br4 ,x1 #f1 #a1 #aa74 ,! inte/9al fire by itself _c be call$ a p]son2 uncondition$ p]sonality belongs to ! highe/ ,self only4 ,comp>e '! ?\s&-head$ p]son' 7,ri4 ,samh471 & '! ,p]son is all ?is' 7,sve4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ae74 #bh4 ,= ! same reasons n ! div9ity & ! elem5t4 ,= ! reasons /at$ ,vaisvn>a c be nei!r ! deity ,fire1 nor ! elem5tal fire :i* holds ! ?ird place among ! gross elem5ts4 #bi4 ,jaim9i ?9ks t !re is no objection to 7! ^w ',agni'7 directly 7d5ot+ ! highe/ ,self74 ,s f> x has be5 ma9ta9$ t ! ^w ',agni1' :i* /&s 9 co- ord9ation ) ! t]m ',vaisvn>a1' d5otes ! highe/ ,self 9 s f> z qualifi$ by ! inte/9al fire con/itut+ its body2 & t h5ce ! text "u discussion enjo9s m$itation on ! highe/ ,self4 ,jaim9i1 on ! o!r h&1 is ( op9ion t !re is no reasonable objection to ! t]m ',agni1' no less ?an ! t]m3 ',vaisvn>a1' be+ tak5 directly to d5ote ! highe/ ,self4 ,t is to say--9 ! same way z ! t]m ',vaisvn>a1' al?\gh a common t]m1 yet :5 qualifi$ by attributes especially belong+ to ! highe/ ,self is kn[n to d5ote ! latt] only z possess+ ! quality ( rul+ all m52 s ! ^w ',agni' also :5 appe>+ 9 connexion ) special attributes belong+ to ! highe/ ,self d5otes t ,self only4 ,= any quality on ! gr\nd ( :i* ',agni' may be etymologically expla9$ to d5ote ord9>y fire--z :5 e4g4 we expla9 'agni' z he :o 'agre nayati'-- may also1 9 its highe/ non-condition$ degree1 be ascrib$ to ! supreme ,self4 ,ano!r difficulty rema9s4 ,! passage 7,v1 #ah1 #a7 'yas tv etam evam prdesamtram abhivimnam1' c4 decl>es t ! non-limit$ highe/ ,brahman is limit$ by ! measure ( ! pradesas1 i4e4 ( ! diff]5t spaces-heav51 e!r1 e>?1 c4--:i* _h previ\sly be5 said to con/itute ! limbs ( ,vaisvn>a4 ,h[ is ?is possible8 #cj4 ,on acc\nt ( def9it5ess2 ?us sm>a?ya op9es4 ,! tea*] sm>a?ya is ( op9ion t ! text repres5ts ! highe/ ,self z possess+ a def9ite ext5t1 to ! end ( r5d]+ ! ?\ght ( ! m$itat+ devotee m def9ite4 ,t is to say--! limitation due to ! limit$ ext5t ( heav51 sun1 c4 has ! purpose ( r5d]+ def9ite to ?\ght him :o p]vades 7abhi7 all ?is ,univ]se & 9 reality transc5ds all measure 7vimna74--,a fur!r difficulty rema9s4 ,= :at purpose is ! highe/ ,brahman "h repres5t$ l a man1 hav+ a head & limbs8--,?is po9t ! next ,stra elucidates4 #ca4 ,on acc\nt ( m$itation1 ,bd>i ?9ks4 ,! tea*] ,bd>i ?9ks t ! repres5tation 9 ! text ( ! supreme ,self 9 ! =m ( a man is = ! purpose ( dev\t m$itation4 ',he :o 9 ?is way m$itates on t ,vaisvn>a ,self z prdesamtra & abhivimna1 he eats food 9 all worlds1 9 all be+s1 9 all ,selfs4' ,:at ?is text enjo9s is dev\t m$itation = ! purpose ( rea*+ ,brahman4 ',9 ?is way' means 'z hav+ a human =m4' ,& '! eat+' ( food 9 all worlds1 c4 means ! ga9+ ( intuitional k ( ,brahman :i* abides ev]y:]e & is 9 itself ( ! nature ( supreme bliss4 ,! special k9d ( food1 i4e4 ! special objects ( enjoym5t :i* belong to ! diff]5t ,selfs /&+ "u ! influ5ce ( k>man _c be meant "h2 = ^? limit$ objects h to be %unn$ by ^? :o desire f9al release4 ,a fur!r "q arises4 ,if ,vaisvn>a is ! highe/ ,self1 h[ c ! text say t ! alt> is its *e/1 ! grass on ! alt> its hairs1 & s on8 7,v1 #ah1 #b47 ,su* a /atem5t has a s5se only if we und]/& by ,vaisvn>a ! inte/9al fire4--,?is difficulty ! next ,stra elucidates4 #cb4 ,on acc\nt ( imag9ative id5tification1 ?us ,jaim9i ?9ks2 = ?us ! text decl>es4 ,! tea*] ,jaim9i is ( op9ion t ! alt> is /at$ to be ! *e/ ( ,vaisvn>a1 & s on1 9 ord] to effect an imag9ative id5tification ( ! (f]+ to ,prna :i* is daily p]=m$ by ! m$itat+ devotees & is ! means ( pleas+ ,vaisvn>a1 hav+ ! heav5 & s on = 8 body1 i4e4 ! highe/ ,self1 ) ! ,agnihotra- (f]+4 ,= ! fruit due to m$itation on ! highe/ ,self1 z well z ! id5tity ( ! (f]+ to brea? ) ! ,agnihotra1 is decl>$ 9 ! foll[+ text1 ',he :o )\t kn[+ ?is (f]s ! ,agnihotra--t w\ld be z if remov+ ! live coals he 7 to p\r 8 libation on dead a%es4 ,b he :o (f]s ?is ,agnihotra ) a full k ( its purport1 he (f]s x 9 all worlds1 9 all be+s1 9 all ,selfs4 ,z ! fibres ( ! ,i%k re$ :5 ?r[n into ! fire are burnt1 ?us all 8 s9s are burnt4' 7,v1 #bd1 #a-c47 #cc4 ,moreov]1 !y record him 9 t4 ,!y 7i4e4 ! ,vjasaney9s7 speak ( him1 viz4 ,vaisvn>a :o has heav5 = 8 head1 c4--i4e4 ! highe/ ,self--z )9 t1 i4e4 ! body ( ! devotee1 s z to =m ! abode ( ! oblation to ,prna2 viz4 9 ! text1',( t ,vaisvn>a ,self ! head is ,sutejas1' & s on4 ,! context is z foll[s4 ,! clause ',he :o m$itates on ! ,vaisvn>a ,self z prdesamtra1' c4 enjo9s m$itation on ! highe/ ,self hav+ ! ?ree worlds = its body1 i4e4 on ,vaisvn>a4 ,! foll[+ clause 'he eats food 9 all worlds' tea*es t ! atta9+ ( ,brahman is ! rew>d ( su* m$itation4 ,& !n ! text proce$s to tea* ! ,agnihotra (f]$ to ,prna1 :i* is some?+ subsidi>y to ! m$itation taught4 ,! text "h e/abli%es an id5tity betwe5 ! memb]s--fire1 sun1 c4--( ! ,vaisvn>a enjo9$ z object ( m$itation 7:i* memb]s are call$ ,sutejas1 ,visv>pa1 c4 71 & p>ts--viz4 head1 eye1 brea?1 trunk1 bladd]1 feet--( ! wor%ipp]'s body4 ',! head is ,sutejas'--t means3 ! head ( ! devotee is 7id5tical )7 heav51 :i* is ! head ( ! highe/ ,self2 & s on up to '! feet1' i4e4 ! feet ( ! devotee are id5tical ) ! e>?1 :i* con/itutes ! feet ( ! highe/ ,self1 ,! devotee hav+ ?us reflect$ on ! highe/ ,self1 :i* has ! ?ree worlds = its body1 z pres5t )9 8 own body1 !reupon is told to view 8 own *e/1 hair1 he>t1 m9d & m\? z id5tical ) ! alt>1 grass & ! o!r ?+s :i* are requir$ = ! ,agnihotra2 fur!r to id5tify ! oblation to ,prna ) ! ,agnihotra1 & by means ( ?is ,prna-agnihotra to w9 ! fav\r ( ,vaisvn>a1 i4 e4 ! highe/ ,self4 ,! f9al--conclusion !n rema9s t ,vaisvn>a is none o!r ?an ! highe/ ,self1 ! supreme ,p]son4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( ',vaisvn>a4' ,,?ird ,p,,da4 #a4 ,! abode ( heav51 e>?1 c4 7is ! highe/ ,self71 on acc\nt ( t]ms :i* are its own4 ,! foll[]s ( ! ,a?>va-v$a h ! foll[+ text1 ',he 9 :om ! heav51 ! e>? & ! sky are wov51 ! m9d also1 ) all ! vital airs1 "k him alone z ! ,self1 & leave (f o!r words2 he is ! bank 7setu7 ( ! ,immortal' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #b1 #e74 ,! d\bt "h arises :e!r ! be+ spok5 ( z ! abode ( heav51 e>?1 & s on1 is ! individual s\l or ! highe/ ,self4 ,! ,prvapak%9 ma9ta9s ! =m] alt]native4 ,=1 he rem>ks1 9 ! next sloka1 ':]e l spokes 9 ! nave ( a :eel ! art]ies meet1 he moves ab\t )91 becom+ manifold1' ! ^w ':]e' ref]s back to ! be+ :i* 9 ! prec$+ sloka _h be5 call$ ! abode ( heav51 e>?1 & s on1 ! clause beg9n+ ) ':]e' ?us decl>+ t t be+ is ! basis ( ! art]ies2 & ! next clause decl>es t same be+ to become manifold or to be born 9 _m ways4 ,n[1 connexion ) ! art]ies is cle>ly *>act]i/ic ( ! individual s\l2 & s is be+ born 9 _m =ms1 div9e & s on4 ,moreov]1 9 ! v sloka "u discussion x is said t t be+ is ! abode ( ! m9d & ! five vital airs1 & ?is also is a *>act]i/ic attribute ( ! individual s\l4 ,x be+1 on ^! gr\nds1 asc]ta9$ t ! text ref]s to ! individual s\l we mu/ attempt to reconcile !re)1 z well z we c1 :at is said ab\t its be+ ! abode ( heav51 e>?1 c4 ,?is prim facie view is set aside by ! ,stra4 ,t :i* is describ$ z ! abode ( heav51 e>?1 c4 is none o!r ?an ! highe/ ,brahman1 on acc\nt ( a t]m :i* is 'its own1' i4e4 :i* specially belongs to x4 ,! clause we h 9 view is 'he is ! bank ( ! ,immortal4' ,?is description applies to ! highe/ ,brahman only1 :i* alone is1 9 all ,upani%ads1 t]m$ ! cause ( ! atta9m5t ( ,immortality2 cp4 e4g4 ',kn[+ him ?us a man becomes immortal2 !re is no o!r pa? to g' 7,sve4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #h74 ,! t]m 'setu' is d]iv$ f si1 :i* means to b9d1 & !re=e means t :i* b9ds1 i4e4 makes "o to atta9 immortality2 or else x may be und]/ood to mean t :i* leads t[>ds immortality t lies beyond ! ocean ( samsra1 9 ! same way z a bank or bridge 7setu7 leads to ! fur!r side ( a riv]4--,moreov] ! ^w ',self 7tman7 7:i*1 9 ! text "u discussion1 is also appli$ to t :i* is ! abode ( heav51 e>?1 c471 )\t any fur!r qualification1 prim>ily d5otes ,brahman only2 = 'tman' comes f p1 to rea*1 & means t :i* 'rea*es' all o!r ?+s 9 s f> z x rules !m4 ,& fur!r on 7,,ii1 #b1 #g7 !re are o!r t]ms1 'all kn[+1' 'all cognis+1' :i* also specially belong to ! highe/ ,brahman only4 ,?is ,brahman may also be repres5t$ z ! abode ( ! art]ies2 z prov$ e4g4 by ,mahnr4 ,up4 7,,xi1 #h-ab71 ',surr\nd$ by ! art]ies he hangs 444 9 ! middle ( ?is po9t$ flame !re dwells ! highe/ ,self4' ,( t ,self x may also be said t x is born 9 _m ways2 9 accordance ) texts su* z 'n born1 he is born 9 _m ways2 ! wise "k ! place ( 8 bir?4' ,= 9 ord] to fit himself to be a refuge = gods1 m51 c4 ! supreme ,p]son1 )\t h[ev] putt+ aside 8 true nature1 associates himself ) ! %ape1 make1 qualities & works ( ! diff]5t classes ( be+s1 & ?us is born 9 _m ways4 ,smriti says ! same3 ',?\gh be+ unborn1 ( non-p]i%able nature1 ! ,"l ( all be+s1 yet presid+ ov] my ,prakriti ,i am born by my own my/]i\s p[]' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,iv1 #f74 ,( ! m9d also & ! o!r organs ( ! individual s\l ! highe/ ,self is /rictly ! abode2 = x is ! abode ( ev]y?+4--,! next ,stra supplies a fur!r reason4 #b4 ,& on acc\nt ( its be+ decl>$ t to :i* ! releas$ h to resort4 ,! ,p]son :o is ! abode ( heav51 e>?1 & s on1 is also decl>$ by ! text to be :at is to be rea*$ by ^? :o are releas$ f ! bondage ( ,samsra exi/5ce4 ',:5 ! se] sees ! brilliant mak] & ,"l z ! ,p]son :o has 8 s\rce 9 ,brahman1 !n possess+ true k he %akes (f good & evil1 &1 free f passion1 rea*es ! highe/ on5ess' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #a1 #c74 ',z ! fl[+ riv]s disappe> 9 ! sea1 los+ _! "n & =m1 ?us a wise man fre$ f "n & =m goes to ! div9e ,p]son :o is high] ?an ! high' 7,,iii1 #b1 #h74 ,= x is only ^? fre$ f ! bondage ( ,samsra :o %ake (f good & evil1 are free f passion1 & fre$ f "n & =m4 ,= ! ,samsra /ate consi/s 9 ! possession ( "n & =m1 :i* is due to connexion ) non-s5ti5t matt]1 su* connexion spr++ f good & evil works4 ,! ,p]son !re=e :o is ! abode ( heav51 e>?1 c41 & :om ! text decl>es to be ! aim to be rea*$ by ^? :o1 hav+ fre$ !mselves f good & evil1 & h5ce f all contact ) matt]1 atta9 supreme on5ess ) ! highe/ ,brahman1 c be none o!r ?an ?is highe/ ,brahman itself4 ,?is conclusion1 bas$ on t]ms exclusively applicable to ! highe/ ,brahman1 is n[ confirm$ by ref]5ce to ! abs5ce ( t]ms specially applicable to ! individual s\l4 #c4 ,n t :i* is inf]r$1 on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( t]ms d5ot+ x1 & 7s also n7 ! be>] ( ! ,prnas 7i4 e4 ! individual s\l74 ,z ! section "u discussion does n treat ( ! ,pradhna1 !re be+ no t]ms ref]r+ to t1 s x is ) reg>d to ! individual s\l also4 ,9 ! text ( ! ,stra we h to read ei!r anumnam1 i4 e4 'inf]5ce1' 9 ! s5se ( 'object ( inf]5ce1' or else numnam1 'object ( inf]5ce'2 :at is meant be+ 9 bo? cases ! ,pradhana inf]r$ to exi/ by ! ,snkhyas4 #d4 ,on acc\nt ( ! decl>ation ( diff]5ce4 ',on ! same tree man sits imm]s$ 9 grief1 bewild]$ by ans2 b :5 he sees ! o!r "o1 ! ,"l1 cont5t$1 & 8 glory2 !n 8 grief passes away' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #a1 #b74 ,?is1 & simil> texts1 speak ( t "o1 i4e4 ! "o previ\sly describ$ z ! abode ( heav51 e>?1 c41 z diff]5t f ! individual s\l4--,! text means--! individual s\l grieves1 be+ bewild]$ by h] :o is n 'sa1' i4e4 ,prakriti1 ! object ( fruition4 ,b its grief passes away :5 x sees him :o is o!r ?an itself1 i4e4 ! belov$ ,"l ( all1 & 8 greatness :i* consi/s 9 8 rul+ ! entire _w4 #e4 ,on acc\nt ( ! subject-matt]4 ,x has be5 already %[n1 viz4 "u ,i1 #b1 #ba1 t ! highe/ ,brahman con/itutes ! initial topic ( ! ,upani%ad4 ,& by ! argum5ts set =? 9 ! previ\s ,stras ( ! pres5t ,pda1 we h remov$ all suspicion z to ! topic />t$ be+ dropp$ 9 ! body ( ! ,upani%ad4 #f4 ,& on acc\nt ( abid+ & eat+4 ',two birds1 insep>able fri5ds1 cl+ to ! same tree4 ,"o ( !m eats ! sweet fruit2 )\t eat+1 ! o!r looks on' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #a1 #a74 ,?is text decl>es t "o enjoys ! fruit ( works :ile ! o!r1 )\t enjoy+1 %9+ abides )9 ! body4 ,n[ ?is %9+ be+ :i* does n enjoy ! fruit ( works c only be ! be+ previ\sly describ$ z ! abode ( heav51 e>?1 c41 & *>act]is$ z all kn[+1 ! bridge ( immortality1 ! ,self ( all2 x c 9 no way be ! individual ,self :i*1 lam5t+1 exp]i5ces ! results ( its works4 ,! settl$ conclusion1 !re=e1 is t ! abode ( heav51 e>?1 & s on1 is none o!r ?an ! highe/ ,self4-- ,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'heav51 e>?1 & s on4' #g4 ,! bhman 7is ! highe/ ,self71 z ! in/ruction ab\t x is additional to t ab\t s]5ity4 ,! ,*&ogas read z foll[s3 ',:]e "o sees no?+ else1 he>s no?+ else1 kn[s no?+ else1 t is fulness 7bhman74 ,:]e "o sees some?+ else1 he>s some?+ else1 kn[s some?+ else1 t is ! ,little' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #bc1 #bd74 ,! t]m 'bhman' is d]iv$ f bahu 7mu*1 _m71 & prim>ily signifies 'mu*ness4' ,by 'mu*' 9 ?is connexion1 we h h[ev] to und]/&1 n :at is num]\s1 b :at is l>ge1 = ! text uses ! t]m 9 contra/ ) ! ',little' 7alpa71 i4e4 ! ',small4' ,& ! be+ qualifi$ z 'l>ge1' we conclude f ! context to be ! ,self2 = ?is section ( ! ,upani%ad at ! outset /ates t he :o kn[s ! ,self ov]comes grief 7,,vii1 #a1 #c71 !n tea*es ! k ( ! bhman1 & concludes by say+ t '! ,self is all ?is' 7,,vii1 #be1 #b74 ,! "q n[ arises :e!r ! ,self call$ bhman is ! individual ,self or ! highe/ ,self4--,! ,prvapak%9 ma9ta9s ! =m] view4 ,=1 he says1 to ,n>ada :o _h approa*$ ,sanatkumra ) ! desire to be in/ruct$ ab\t ! ,self1 a s]ies ( be+s1 beg9n+ ) '"n' & end+ ) 'brea?1' are enum]at$ z objects ( dev\t m$itation2 ,nrada asks ea* "t :e!r !re be any?+ great] ?an "n1 & s on1 & ea* "t receives an affirmative reply 7'spee* is great] ?an "n1' c472 :51 h[ev]1 ! s]ies has advanc$ z f> z ,brea?1 !re is no su* "q & reply4 ,?is %[s t ! in/ruction ab\t ! ,self t]m9ates ) ,brea?1 & h5ce we conclude t brea? 9 ?is place means ! individual s\l :i* is associat$ ) brea?1 n a m]e modification ( air4 ,also ! clauses ',brea? is fa!r1 brea? is "m1' c4 7,,vii1 #ae1 #a71 %[ t brea? "h is some?+ intellig5t4 ,& ?is is fur!r prov$ by ! clause ',slay] ( ?y fa!r1 slay] ( ?y "m1' c4 7,,vii1 #ae1 #b2 #c71 :i* decl>es t he :o (f5ds a fa!r1 a "m1 c41 z long z !re is brea? 9 !m1 really hurts !m1 & !re=e des]ves reproa*2 :ile no blame atta*es to him :o (f]s ev5 ! grosse/ viol5ce to !m aft] _! brea? has dep>t$4 ,= a consci\s be+ only is capable ( be+ hurt1 & h5ce ! ^w 'brea?' "h d5otes su* a be+ only4 ,moreov]1 z x is obs]v$ t also 9 ! case ( su* liv+ be+s z h no vital brea? 7viz4 plants71 suff]+ results1 or does n result1 accord+ z injury is inflict$ or n1 we mu/ = ?is reason also decide t ! brea? spok5 ( 9 ! text z some?+ susceptible ( injury is ! individual s\l4 ,x consequ5tly w\ld be an error to suppose1 on ! gr\nd ( ! comp>ison ( ,prna to ! nave ( a :eel 9 :i* ! spokes are set1 t ,prna "h d5otes ! highe/ ,self2 = ! highe/ ,self is incapable ( be+ injur$4 ,t comp>ison1 on ! o!r h&1 is q 9 its place1 if we und]/& by ,prna ! individual s\l1 = ! :ole aggregate ( non-s5ti5t matt] :i* /&s to ! individual s\l 9 ! relation ( object or in/rum5t ( enjoym5t1 has an exi/5ce dep5d5t on ! individual s\l4 ,& ?is s\l1 !re call$ ,prna1 is :at ! text lat] on calls ,bhman2 = z !re is no "q & reply z to some?+ great] ?an ,prna1 ,prna cont9ues1 )\t break1 to be ! subject-matt] up to ! m5tion ( bhman4 ,! p>agraphs int]v5+ betwe5 ! section on ,prna 7,,vii1 #ae7 & ! section on ! bhman 7,,vii1 #bc ff47 are to be und]/ood z foll[s4 ,! ,prna section closes ) ! rem>k t he :o fully kn[s ,prna is an ativd91 i4e4 "o :o makes a f9al supreme decl>ation4 ,9 ! next s5t5ce !n1 ',b ?is "o 9 tru? is an ativd9 :o makes a supreme /atem5t by means ( ! ,true1' ! clause ',b ?is "o is an ativd9' ref]s back to ! previ\sly m5tion$ p]son :o kn[s ! ,prna1 & ! relative clause ':o makes1' c41 enjo9s on him ! speak+ ( ! tru? z an auxili>y elem5t 9 ! m$itation on ,prna4 ,! next p>agraph1 ',:5 "o und]/&s ! tru? !n "o decl>es ! tru?1' intimates t speak+ ! tru? /&s 9 a supplem5t>y relation t[>ds ! cognition ( ! true nature ( ! ,prna z describ$ be=e4 ,= ! accompli%m5t ( su* cognition ! subsequ5t f\r p>agraphs enjo9 reflection1 fai?1 att5dance on a spiritual guide1 & ! due p]=mance ( sacr$ duties4 ,9 ord] t su* duties may be und]tak51 ! next p>agraphs !n tea* t bliss con/itutes ! nature ( ! individual s\l1 previ\sly call$ ,prna1 & f9ally t ! ,bhman1 i4e4 ! supreme fulness ( su* bliss1 is ! prop] object ( inquiry4 ,! f9al purport ( ! tea*+1 !re=e1 is t ! true nature ( ! individual s\l1 fre$ f ,nesci5ce1 is abundant bliss--a conclusion :i* p]fectly agrees ) ! initial /atem5t t he :o kn[s ! ,self passes beyond sorr[4 ,t be+1 !re=e1 :i* has ! attribute ( be+ 'bhman1' is ! individual ,self4 ,?is be+ s1 x is also intelligible :y1 fur!r on1 :5 ! text describes ! glory & p[] ( ! individual ,self1 x uses ! t]m ',i'2 = ',i' d5otes j ! individual ,self3 ',i am bel[1 ,i am above1 c41 ,i am all ?is' 7,,vii1 #be1 #a74 ,?is conclusion hav+ be5 settl$1 all rema9+ clauses mu/ be expla9$ s z to agree ) x4 ,?is prim facie view is set aside by ! ,stra4 ,! be+ *>act]is$ 9 ! text z 'bhman' is n ! individual ,self1 b ! highe/ ,self1 s9ce in/ruction is giv5 ab\t ! bhman 9 addition to 's]5ity' 7samprasda74 ',samprasda' d5otes ! individual s\l1 z we "k f ! foll[+ text1 ',n[ t s]5ity1 hav+ ris5 f out ?is body1 & hav+ rea*$ ! highe/ light1 appe>s 9 its true =m' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #c1 #d74 ,n[ 9 ! text "u discussion in/ruction is giv5 ab\t a be+ call$ '! ,true1' & possess+ ! attribute ( 'bhman1' z be+ some?+ additional to ! individual s\l2 & ?is be+ call$ '! ,true' is none o!r ?an ! highe/ ,brahman4 ,j z 9 ! s]ies ( be+s beg9n+ ) "n & end+ ) brea?1 ea* successive be+ is m5tion$ 9 addition to ! prec$+ "o-- :]efrom we conclude t x is some?+ really diff]5t f :at prec$es2 s t be+ also :i* is call$ '! ,true1' & :i* is m5tion$ 9 addition to ! individual ,self call$ ,prna1 is some?+ diff]5t f ! individual ,self1 & ?is be+ call$ '! ,true' is ! same z ! ,bhman2 9 o!r words1 ! text tea*es t ! ,bhman is ! highe/ ,brahman call$ '! ,true4' ,?is ! ,vrittikra also decl>es3 ',b ! ,bhman only4 ,! ,bhman is ,brahman1 because 9 ! s]ies beg9n+ ) "n in/ruction is giv5 ab\t x subsequ5tly to ! individual ,self4' ,b h[ d we "k t ! in/ruction z to '! ,true' is 9 addition to1 & ref]s to some?+ diff]5t f1 ! be+ call$ ,prna8--,! text1 aft] hav+ decl>$ t he :o kn[s ! ,prna is an ativd91 goes on1 ',b really t "o is an ativd9 :o makes a supreme decl>ation by means ( ! ,true4' ,! 'b' "h cle>ly sep>ates him :o is an ativd9 by means ( ! ,true f ! previ\s ativd91 & ! clause ?us does n cause u to recognise him :o is ativd9 by means ( ,prna2 h5ce '! ,true' :i* is ! cause ( ! latt] ativd9 be+ :at he is mu/ be some?+ diff]5t f ! ,prna :i* is ! cause ( ! =m] ativd9's quality4--,b we h ma9ta9$ above t ! text enjo9s ! speak+ ( '! ,true' m]ely z an auxili>y duty = him :o kn[s ,prna2 & t h5ce ! ,prna cont9ues to be ! g5]al subject-matt]6--,?is cont5tion is unt5able1 we reply4 ,! conjunction 'b' %[s t ! section gives in/ruction ab\t a new ativd91 & does n m]ely decl>e t ! ativd9 previ\sly m5tion$ has to speak ! tru?4 ,x is diff]5t ) texts su* z ',b t "o inde$ is an ,agnihotr9 :o speaks ! tru?'2 !re we h no k ( any fur!r ,agnihotr91 & !re=e mu/ int]pret ! text z enjo9+ tru?fulness z an obligation incumb5t on ! ord9>y ,agnihotr94 ,9 ! text "u discussion1 on ! o!r h&1 we h ! t]m '! ,true'1 :i* makes u appreh5d t !re is a fur!r ativd9 diff]5t f ! prec$+ "o2 & we "k t t t]m is us$ to d5ote ! highe/ ,brahman1 z e4g4 9 ! text1 ',! ,true1 k1 ! ,inf9ite is ,brahman4' ,! ativd9 :o takes 8 /& on ?is ,brahman1 !re=e1 mu/ be view$ z diff]5t f ! prec$+ ativd92 & a diff]5ce ?us e/abli%$ on ! basis ( ! mean+ & connexion ( ! diff]5t s5t5ces _c be set aside4 ,an ativd9 7'"o :o 9 8 decl>ation goes beyond'7 is "o :o ma9ta9s1 z object ( 8 devotion1 some?+ :i*1 z be+ m b5eficial to man1 surpasses o!r objects ( devotion4 ,! text at fir/ decl>es t he :o kn[s ,prna1 i4e4 ! individual s\l1 is an ativd91 9 s f> z ! object ( 8 dev\t m$itation surpasses ! objects f "n up to hope2 & !n goes on to say t1 z t object also is n ( supreme b5efit to man1 an ativd9 9 ! full s5se ( ! t]m is he only :o proclaims z ! object ( 8 devotion ! highe/ ,brahman1 :i* alone is ( supreme unsurpassable b5efit to man4 ',he :o is an ativd9 by ! ,true1' i4e4 he :o is an ativd9 *>act]is$ by ! highe/ ,brahman z ! object ( 8 m$itation4 ,= ! same reason ! pupil entreats1 ',sir1 may ,i be an ativd9 ) ! ,true6' & ! tea*] replies1 ',b we mu/ desire to "k ! ,true6'--,moreov]1 ! text1 ,,vii1 #bf1 ,i1 ',prna spr+s f ! ,self1' decl>es ! orig9ation f ! ,self ( ! be+ call$ ,prna2 & f ?is we inf] t ! ,self :i* is introduc$ z ! g5]al subject-matt] ( ! section1 9 ! clause ',he :o kn[s ! ,self passes beyond dea?1' is diff]5t f ! be+ call$ ,prna4--,! cont5tion t1 because !re is no "q & answ] z to some?+ great] ?an ,prna1 ! in/ruction ab\t ! ,self mu/ be suppos$ to come to an end ) ! in/ruction ab\t ,prna1 is by no means legitimate4 ,= t a new subject is introduc$ is prov$1 n only by ^? que/ions & answ]s2 x may be prov$ by o!r means also1 & we h already expla9$ su* means4 ,! foll[+ is ! reason :y ! pupil does n ask ! "q :e!r !re is any?+ great] ?an ,prna4 ,) reg>d to ! non- s5ti5t objects ext5d+ f "n to hope--ea* ( :i* surpasses ! prec$+ "o 9 s f> z x is m b5eficial to man--! tea*] does n decl>e t he :o kn[s !m is an ativd92 :51 h[ev]1 he comes to ! individual s\l1 !re call$ ,prna1 ! k ( ^: true nature he consid]s highly b5eficial1 he expressly says t 'he :o sees ?is1 notes ?is1 und]/&s ?is is an ativd9' 7,,vii1 #ae1 #d74 ,! pupil !re=e imag9es t ! in/ruction ab\t ! ,self is n[ complet$1 & h5ce asks no fur!r "q4 ,! tea*] on ! o!r h&1 hold+ t ev5 t k is n ! highe/1 spontane\sly cont9ues 8 tea*+1 & tells ! pupil t truly he only is an ativd9 :o proclaims ! supremely & absolutely b5eficial be+ :i* is call$ '! ,true1' i4e4 ! highe/ ,brahman4 ,on ?is sugge/ion ( ! highe/ ,brahman ! pupil1 desir\s to le>n its true nature & true wor%ip1 entreats ! tea*]1 ',sir1 may ,i become an ativd9 by ! ,true6' ,!reupon ! tea*]--9 ord] to help ! pupil to become an ativd91--a position :i* requires previ\s intuition ( ,brahman--enjo9s on him m$itation on ,brahman :i* is ! means to atta9 intuition 7',y mu/ desire to "k ! ,true6'72 next recomm5ds to him reflection 7manana7 :i* is ! means t[>ds m$itation 7',y mu/ desire to und]/& reflection'72 !n--tak+ x = grant$ t ! injunction ( reflection implies ! injunction ( 'he>+' ! sacr$ texts :i* is ! prelim9>y = reflect+-- advises him to *]i% fai? 9 ,brahman :i* is ! prelim9>y means t[>ds he>+ 7',y mu/ desire to und]/& fai?'72 aft] t tells him to practise1 z a prelim9>y t[>ds fai?1 reliance on ,brahman 7',y mu/ desire to und]/& reliance'72 next admoni%es him1 to apply himself to 'action1' i4e4 to make ! ef=t :i* is a prelim9>y requisite = all ! activities enum]at$ 7',y mu/ desire to und]/& action'74 ,f9ally1 9 ord] to enc\rage ! pupil to ent] on all ?is1 ! tea*] tells him to recognise t bliss con/itutes ! nature ( t ,brahman :i* is ! aim ( all 8 ef=t 7',y mu/ desire to und]/& bliss'72 & bids him to realise t ! bliss :i* con/itutes ,brahman's nature is supremely l>ge & full 7',y mu/ endeav\r to und]/& ! bhman1 i4e4 ! supreme fulness ( bliss'74 ,& ( ?is ,brahman1 ^: nature is absolute bliss1 a def9ition is !n giv5 z foll[s1' ,:]e "o sees no?+ else1 he>s no?+ else1 kn[s no?+ else1 t is bhman4' ,?is means-- :5 ! m$itat+ devotee realises ! intuition ( ?is ,brahman1 :i* consi/s ( absolute bliss1 he does n see any?+ ap>t f x1 s9ce ! :ole aggregate ( ?+s is conta9$ )9 ! ess5ce & outw>d manife/ation 7vibhti7 ( ,brahman4 ,he1 !re=e1 :o has an intuitive k ( ,brahman z qualifi$ by its attributes & its vibhti--:i* also is call$ aisv>ya1 i4e4 lordly p[]--& consi/+ ( supreme bliss1 sees no?+ else s9ce !re is no?+ ap>t f ,brahman2 & sees1 i4e4 feels no pa9 s9ce all possible objects ( p]ception & feel+ are ( ! nature ( bliss or pleasure2 = pleasure is j t :i*1 be+ exp]i5c$1 is agreeable to man's nature4--,b an objection is rais$1 x is an actual fact t ?is v _w is p]ceiv$ z some?+ diff]5t f ,brahman1 & z be+ ( ! nature ( pa91 or at ! be/1 limit$ pleasure2 h[ !n c x be p]ceiv$ z be+ a manife/ation ( ,brahman1 z hav+ ,brahman = its ,self1 & h5ce consi/+ ( bliss8--,! individual s\ls1 we reply1 :i* are "u ! influ5ce ( k>man1 are consci\s ( ?is _w z diff]5t f ,brahman1 &1 accord+ to _! individual k>man1 z ei!r made up ( pa9 or limit$ pleasure4 ,b z ?is view dep5ds altoge!r on k>man1 to him :o has fre$ himself f ,nesci5ce 9 ! =m ( k>man1 ?is same _w pres5ts itself z ly+ )9 ! intuition ( ,brahman1 toge!r ) its qualities & vibhti1 & h5ce z ess5tially blissful4 ,to a man tr\bl$ ) excess ( bile ! wat] he dr9ks has a ta/e ei!r d[nright unpleasant or mod]ately pleasant1 accord+ to ! degree to :i* 8 heal? is affect$2 :ile ! same wat] has an unmix$ly pleasant ta/e = a man 9 good heal?4 ,z long z a boy is n aw>e t "s play?+ is meant to amuse him1 he does n c>e = x2 :5 on ! o!r h& he appreh5ds x z meant to give him delight1 ! ?+ becomes v de> to him4 ,9 ! same way ! _w becomes an object ( supreme love to him :o recognises x z hav+ ,brahman = its ,self1 & be+ a m]e play?+ ( ,brahman--( ,brahman1 ^: ess5tial nature is supreme bliss1 & :i* is a treasure-h\se1 z x 71 ( numb]less auspici\s qualities ( supreme excell5ce4 ,he :o has rea*$ su* intuition ( ,brahman1 sees no?+ ap>t f x & feels no pa94 ,?is ! conclud+ passages ( ! text set =? 9 detail1 ',he :o sees1 p]ceives & und]/&s ?is1 loves ! ,self1 delights 9 ! ,self1 revels 9 ! ,self1 rejoices 9 ! ,self2 he becomes a ,self rul]1 he moves & rules 9 all worlds accord+ to 8 pleasure4 ,b ^? :o h a diff]5t k f ?is1 !y are rul$ by o!rs1 !y live 9 p]i%able worlds1 !y d n move 9 all ! worlds accord+ to _! lik+4' ',!y are rul$ by o!rs1' means '!y are 9 ! p[] ( k>man4' ,& fur!r on1 ',he :o sees ?is does n see dea?1 nor illness1 nor pa92 he :o sees ?is sees ev]y?+ & obta9s ev]y?+ ev]y:]e4' ,t ,brahman is ( ! nature ( supreme bliss has be5 %[n 9 detail "u ,i1 #a1 #ab ff4--,! conclusion f all ?is is t1 z ! text applies ! t]m 'bhman' to :at 0 previ\sly call$ ! ,real or ,true1 & :i* is diff]5t f ! individual s\l !re call$ ,prna1 ! bhman is ! highe/ ,brahman4 #h4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! suitability ( ! attributes4 ,! attributes also :i* ! text ascribes to ! bhman suit ! highe/ ,self only4 ,s immortality 7',! ,bhman is immortal1' ,,vii1 #bd1 #a72 n be+ bas$ on some?+ else 7'x re/s 9 its own greatness'72 be+ ! ,self ( all 7'! bhman is bel[1' c41 'x is all ?is'72 be+ t :i* produces all 7'f ! ,self !re spr+s brea?1' c4 74 ,all ^! attributes c be reconcil$ ) ! highe/ ,self only4-- ,! ,prvapak%9 has po9t$ to ! text :i* decl>es ! ',i' to be ! ,self ( all 7,,vii1 #be1 #a72 b :at t text really tea*es is m$itation on ,brahman "u ! aspect ( ! ',i4' ,?is appe>s f ! introductory clause ',n[ foll[s ! in/ruction ) reg>d to ! ,i4' ,t ( ! ',i1' i4e4 ! individual ,self1 also ! highe/ ,self is ! true ,self1 scripture decl>es 9 sev]al places1 s e4g4 9 ! text ab\t ! inw>d ,rul] 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #g74 ,z !re=e ! individual s\l f9ds its completion 9 ! highe/ ,self only1 ! ^w ',i' also ext5ds 9 its connotation up to ! highe/ ,self2 & ! in/ruction ab\t ! ',i' :i* is giv5 9 ! text has ?us = its object m$itation on ! highe/ ,self 9 s f> z hav+ ! individual ,self = its body4 ,z ! highe/ ,self has all be+s = its body & ?us is ! ,self ( all1 x is ! ,self ( ! individual s\l also2 & ?is ! text decl>es 9 ! passage beg9n+ ',n[ foll[s ! in/ruction ab\t ! ,self1' & end+ ',self is all ?is4' ,9 ord] to prove ?is ! text decl>es t ev]y?+ orig9ates f ! highe/ ,self :i* =ms ! ,self ( ! individual s\l also1 viz4 9 ! passage ',f ! ,self ( him :o sees ?is1 p]ceives ?is1 kn[s ?is1 !re spr+s brea?1' c4--t means3 brea? & all o!r be+s spr+ f ! highe/ ,self :i* abides )9 ! ,self ( ! m$itat+ devotee z its inn] rul]4 ,h5ce1 ! text means to intimate1 m$itation %\ld be p]=m$ on ! ',i1' 9 ord] ?us firmly to e/abli% ! cognition t ! highe/ ,self has ! ',i1' i4e4 ! individual s\l = its body4 ,x is ?us an e/abli%$ conclusion t ! bhman is ! highe/ ,self4 ,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'fulness4' #i4 ,! ,imp]i%able 7is ,brahman71 on acc\nt ( its support+ t :i* is ! end ( e!r4 ,! ,vjasaney9s1 9 ! *apt] record+ ! que/ions ask$ by ,grg1 read z foll[s3 ',he said1 ,o ,grg1 ! ,brhmanas call t ! ,imp]i%able4 ,x is nei!r co>se nor f9e1 nei!r %ort nor long1 x is n r$1 n fluid1 x is )\t a %ad[1' c4 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #h1 #h74 ,a d\bt "h arises :e!r t ,imp]i%able be ! ,pradhna1 or ! individual s\l1 or ! highe/ ,self4--,! ,pradhna1 x may be ma9ta9$ 9 ! fir/ place4 ,= we see t 9 passages su* z 'high] ?an t :i* is high] ?an ! ,imp]i%able' ! t]m ',imp]i%able' actually d5otes ! ,pradhna2 & moreov] ! qualities enum]at$1 viz4 n be+ ei!r co>se or f9e1 c41 are *>act]i/ic ( ! ,pradhna4--,b1 an objection is rais$1 9 texts su* z ',t k by :i* ! ,imp]i%able is appreh5d$' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,i1 #a1 #e71 ! ^w ',imp]i%able' is se5 to d5ote ! highe/ ,brahman6--,9 cases1 we reply1 :]e ! mean+ ( a ^w may be det]m9$ on ! basis ei!r ( "s o!r means ( pro( or ( ,scripture1 ! =m] mean+ pres5ts itself to ! m9d fir/1 & h5ce !re is no reason :y su* mean+ %\ld n be accept$4--,b h[ d y "k t ! e!r ( ! text is n e!r 9 ! ord9>y s5se8--,f ! description1 we reply1 giv5 ( x 9 ! text1 ',t above ! heav5s1' c4 ,!re x is said t all creat$ ?+s pa/1 pres5t & future re/ on e!r z _! basis2 e!r _c !re=e be tak5 z t elem5t>y sub/ance :i* itself is compris$ 9 ! sph]e ( ?+s creat$4 ,we !re=e mu/ und]/& by 'e!r' matt] 9 its subtle /ate1 i4e4 ! ,pradhna2 & ! ,imp]i%able :i* !reupon is decl>$ to be ! support ( t ,pradhna1 h5ce _c itself be ! ,pradhna4--,nor is !re any =ce 9 ! argum5t t a s5se e/abli%$ by "s o!r means ( pro( pres5ts itself to ! m9d m imm$iately ?an a s5se e/abli%$ by ,scripture2 = z ! ^w 'ak%>a' 7i4e4 ! non-p]i%able7 intimates its s5se directly ?r\gh ! mean+ ( its con/itu5t elem5ts o!r means ( pro( ne$ n be reg>d$ at all4 ,moreov] ,yjavalkya _h said previ\sly t ! e!r is ! cause & abode ( all ?+s pa/1 pres5t & future1 & :5 ,grg !reupon asks him 9 :at t e!r 'is wov51' i4e4 :at is ! causal sub/ance & abode ( e!r1 he replies '! ,imp]i%able4' ,n[ ?is also proves t by ! ',imp]i%able' we h to und]/& ! ,pradhna :i* f o!r s\rces is kn[n to be ! causal sub/ance1 & h5ce ! abode1 ( all effect$ ?+s :atsoev]4 ,?is prim facie view is set aside by ! ,stra4 ,! ',imp]i%able' is ! highe/ ,brahman1 because ! text decl>es x to support t :i* is ! end1 i4 e4 t :i* lies beyond e!r1 viz4 unevolv$ matt] 7avykritam74 ,! e!r ref]r$ to 9 ,grg's "q is n e!r 9 ! ord9>y s5se1 b :at lies beyond e!r1 viz4 unevolv$ matt]1 & h5ce ! ',imp]i%able' :i* is said to be ! support ( t 'unevolv$' _c itself be ! 'unevolv$1' i4e4 _c be ! ,pradhna4 ,let u1 !n1 ! ,prvapak%9 resumes1 und]/& by ! ',imp]i%able1' ! individual s\l2 = ?is may be view$ z ! support ( ! entire aggregate ( non-s5ti5t matt]1 inclusive ( ! elem5ts 9 _! subtle condition2 & ! qualities ( non-co>s5ess1 c41 are *>act]i/ic ( t s\l also4 ,moreov] !re are sev]al texts 9 :i* ! t]m ',imp]i%able' is actually se5 to d5ote ! individual s\l2 s e4g4 '! non-evolv$' is m]g$ 9 ! ',imp]i%able'2 ',t ( :i* ! non-evolv$ is ! body2 t ( :i* ! ,imp]i%able is ! body'2 ',all ! creatures are ! ,p]i%able1 ! non-*ang+ ,self is call$ ! ,imp]i%able' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,xv1 #af74 ,to ?is alt]native prim facie view ! next ,stra replies4 #aj4 ,& ?is 7support+7 7spr+s7 f comm&4 ,! text decl>es t ?is support+ ( e!r & all o!r ?+s proce$s f comm&4 ',9 ! comm& ( t ,imp]i%able sun & moon /&1 held ap>t2 9 ! comm& ( t ,imp]i%able heav5 & e>? /&1 held ap>t1' c4 ,n[ su* supreme comm&1 ?r\gh :i* all ?+s 9 ! univ]se are held ap>t1 _c possibly belong to ! individual s\l 9 ! /ate ei!r ( bondage or ( release4 ,! comm&+ ',imp]i%able' !re=e is none o!r ?an ! supreme ,p]son4 #aa4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! exclusion ( 7:at is (7 ano!r nature 7?an ,brahman74 ,ano!r nature1 i4 e4 ! nature ( ! ,pradhna1 & s on4 ,a supplem5t>y passage excludes diff]5ce on ! "p ( ! ,imp]i%able f ! supreme ,p]son4 ',t ,imp]i%able1 ,o ,grg1 is unse5 b see+2 unhe>d b he>+2 un?\ght b ?9k+2 unkn[n b kn[+4 ,!re is no?+ t sees b x1 no?+ t he>s b x1 no?+ t ?9ks b x1 no?+ t kn[s b x4 ,9 t ,imp]i%able1 ,o ,grg1 ! e!r is wov51 w>p & wo(4' ,"h ! decl>ation z to ! ,imp]i%able be+ :at sees1 he>s1 c4 excludes ! non-intellig5t ,pradhna2 & ! decl>ation z to its be+ all- see+1 c4 :ile n se5 by any "o excludes ! individual s\l4 ,?is exclusion ( :at has a nature o!r ?an t ( ! highe/ ,self ?us confirms ! view ( t ,self be+ meant4--,or else ! ,stra may be expla9$ 9 a diff]5t way1 viz4 ',on acc\nt ( ! exclusion ( ! exi/5ce ( ano!r4' ,on ?is alt]native ! text ',!re is no?+ t sees b x1' c41 is to be und]/ood z foll[s3 ':ile ?is ,imp]i%able1 n se5 by o!rs b see+ all o!rs1 =ms ! basis ( all ?+s diff]5t f itself2 !re is no o!r pr9ciple :i*1 unse5 by ! ,imp]i%able b see+ x1 c\ld =m its basis1' i4e4 ! text w\ld exclude ! exi/5ce ( any o!r ?+ b ! ,imp]i%able1 & ?us implicitly d5y t ! ,imp]i%able is ei!r ! ,pradhna or ! individual ,self4--,moreov] ! text ',by ! comm& ( t ,imp]i%able m5 praise ^? :o give1 ! gods foll[ ! ,sacrfic]1 ! fa!rs ! ,d>v-(f]+1' decl>es ! ,imp]i%able to be t on ! comm& ( :i* !re proce$ all works enjo9$ by ,scripture & ,smriti4 su* z sacrific+1 giv+1 c41 & ?is aga9 %[s t ! ,imp]i%able mu/ be ,brahman1 ! supreme ,p]son4 ,aga91 ! subsequ5t passus1 ',:osoev] )\t kn[+ t ,imp]i%able1' c41 decl>es t ignorance ( ! ,imp]i%able leads to ! ,samsra1 :ile k ( x helps to rea* ,immortality3 ?is also proves t ! ,imp]i%able is ! highe/ ,brahman4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! ,imp]i%able4' #ab4 ,on acc\nt ( 8 be+ designat$ z ! object ( see+1 he 7i4e4 ! highe/ ,self7 7is t object74 ,! foll[]s ( ! ,a?>va-v$a1 9 ! section conta9+ ! "q ask$ by ,satyakma1 read z foll[s3 ',he aga9 :o m$itates ) ?is syllable ,aum ( ?ree ,mtrs on ! highe/ ,p]son1 he comes to light & to ! sun4 ,z a snake frees itself f its sk91 s he frees himself f evil4 ,he is l$ up by ! ,sman v]ses to ! ,brahma- _w2 he sees ! p]son dwell+ 9 ! ca/le :o is high] ?an ! individual s\ls concret$ ) bodies & high] 7?an ^?7' 7,pra4 ,up4 ,v1 #b74 ,"h ! t]ms 'he m$itates' & 'he sees' h ! same s5se1 'see+' be+ ! result ( dev\t m$itation2 = accord+ to ! pr9ciple express$ 9 ! text 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ad7 ',accord+ z man's ?\ght is 9 ?is _w1' :at is rea*$ by ! devotee is ! object ( m$itation2 & moreov] ! text exhibits ! same object1 viz4 '! highe/ ,p]son' 9 connexion ) bo? v]bs4 ,! d\bt "h pres5ts itself :e!r ! highe/ ,p]son 9 ?is text be ! s-call$ f\r-fac$ ,brahm1 ! ,"l ( ! mundane egg :o repres5ts ! individual s\ls 9 _! collective aspect1 or ! supreme ,p]son :o is ! ,"l ( all4--,! ,prvapak%9 ma9ta9s ! =m] view4 ,=1 he argues1 on ! introductory "q1 ',he :o "h among m5 %\ld m$itate until dea? on ! syllable ,om1 :at w\ld he obta9 by x8' ,! text fir/ decl>es t he :o m$itates on t syllable z hav+ "o ,mtr1 obta9s ! _w ( m52 & next1 t he :o m$itates on x z hav+ two ,mtrs obta9s ! _w ( ! atmosph]e4 ,h5ce ! ,brahma-_w1 :i* ! text aft] t repres5ts z ! object rea*$ by him :o m$itates on ,om z hav+ ?ree syllables1 mu/ be ! _w ( ,brahm ,katurmukha :o is con/itut$ by ! aggregate ( ! individual s\ls4 ,:at ! s\l hav+ rea*$ t _w sees1 !re=e is ! same ,brahm ,katurmukha2 & ?us only ! attribute 'etasmj' jvaghant p>t p>am' is suitable2 = ! collective s\l1 i4 e4 ,brahm ,katurmukha1 resid+ 9 ! ,brahma-_w is high] 7p>a7 ?an ! di/ributive or discrete s\l 7jva7 :i* is concret$ 7ghan-bhta7 ) ! body & s5se-organs1 & at ! same "t is high] 7p>a7 ?an ^!4 ,! highe/ ,p]son m5tion$ 9 ! text1 !re=e1 is ,brahma ,katurmukha2 & ! qualities m5tion$ fur!r on1 su* z abs5ce ( decay1 c41 mu/ be tak5 9 su* a way z to agree ) t ,brahm4 ,to ?is prim facie view ! ,stra replies t ! object ( see+ is ,he1 i4e4 ! highe/ ,self1 on acc\nt ( designation4 ,! text cle>ly designates ! object ( see+ z ! highe/ ,self4 ,= ! conclud+ sloka1 :i* ref]s to t object ( see+1 decl>es t 'by means ( ! ,omkra he :o kn[s rea*es t :i* is tranquil1 free f decay1 immortal1 fe>less1 ! highe/'--all :i* attributes prop]ly belong to ! highe/ ,self only1 z we "k f texts su* z 't is ! ,immortal1 t is ! fe>less1 t is ,brahman' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #ae1 i74 ,! qualification express$ 9 ! clause 'etasmj jva4--ghant1' c4 may also ref] to ! highe/ ,self only1 n to ,brahm ,katurmukha2 = ! latt] is himself compreh5d$ by ! t]m 'jvaghana4' ,= t t]m d5otes all s\ls :i* are embodi$ ow+ to k>man2 & t ,katurmukha is "o ( ^? we "k f texts su* z ',he :o fir/ creates ,brahm' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #ah74 ,nor is !re any /r5g? 9 ! argum5t t1 s9ce ! ,brahma-_w m5tion$ 9 ! text is kn[n to be ! _w ( ,katurmukha1 z x foll[s next on ! _w ( ! atmosph]e1 ! be+ abid+ !re mu/ ne$s be ,katurmukha4 ,we r argue z foll[s--z f ! conclud+ clause 't :i* is tranquil1 free f decay1' c41 we asc]ta9 t ! object ( intuition is ! highe/ ,brahman1 ! ,brahma-_w spok5 ( z ! abode ( ! see+ devotee _c be ! p]i%able _w ( ,brahm ,katurmukha4 ,a fur!r reason = ?is conclusion is suppli$ by :at ! text says ab\t 'him :o is fre$ f all evil be+ l$ up by ! ,sman v]ses to ! _w ( ,brahman'2 = ! place rea*$ by him :o is fre$ f all evil _c be ! m]e abode ( ,katurmukha4 ,h5ce also ! conclud+ sloka says ) ref]5ce to t ,brahma-_w 't :i* ! wise tea*'3 :at ! wise see & tea* is ! abode ( ! highe/1 ( ,vi%nu2 cp4 ! text '! wise ev] see t highe/ abode ( ,vi%nu4' ,nor is x ev5 /rictly true t ! _w ( ,brahm foll[s on ! atmosph]e1 = ! sv>ga-_w & sev]al o!rs lie betwe5 ! two4 ,we !re=e %ortly expla9 ! drift ( ! :ole *apt] z foll[s4 ,at ! outset ( ! reply giv5 to ,satyakma !re is m5tion$1 9 addition to ! highe/ 7p>a7 ,brahman1 a l[] 7ap>a7 ,brahman4 ,?is l[] or effect$ 7krya7 ,brahman is di/+ui%$ z tw(old1 be+ connect$ ei!r ) ?is t]re/rial _w or yond]1 non-t]re/rial1 _w4 ,him :o m$itates on ! ,pranava z hav+ "o syllable1 ! text decl>es to obta9 a rew>d 9 ?is _w--he rea*es ! _w ( m54 ,he1 on ! o!r h&1 :o m$itates on ! ,pranava z hav+ two syllables is said to obta9 8 rew>d 9 a sup]-t]re/rial sph]e--he rea*es ! _w ( ! atmosph]e4 ,& he f9ally :o1 by means ( ! trisyllabic ,pranava :i* d5otes ! highe/ ,brahman1 m$itates on ?is v highe/ ,brahman1 is said to rea* t ,brahman1 i4 e4 ! supreme ,p]son4--,! object ( see+ is ?us none o!r ?an ! highe/ ,self4-- ,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( ! 'object ( see+4' #ac4 ,! small 7e!r7 7is ,brahman71 on acc\nt ( ! subsequ5t 7argum5ts74 ,! ,*&ogas h ! foll[+ text1 ',n[ 9 t city ( ,brahman !re is ! palace1 ! small lotus1 & 9 x t small e!r4 ,n[ :at is )9 t small e!r t is to be s\ght =1 t is to be und]/ood' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #a1 #a74--,! "q "h arises :e!r t small e!r 7space7 )9 ! lotus ( ! he>t be ! mat]ial clem5t call$ e!r1 or ! individual ,self1 or ! highe/ ,self4--,! fir/ view pres5t+ itself is t ! elem5t is meant1 = ! reason t ! ^w 'e!r' is g5]ally us$ 9 t s5se2 & because ! clause ':at is )9 t small e!r' %[s t ! e!r m5tion$ con/itutes ! abode ( some?+ else t is to be enquir$ into4--,?is view is set aside by ! ,stra4 ,! small e!r )9 ! he>t is ! highe/ ,brahman1 on acc\nt ( ! subsequ5t reasons1 conta9$ 9 clauses ( ! same section4 ,! passage ',t ,self :i* is free f evil1 free f old age1 free f dea?1 free f grief1 free f hung] & ?ir/1 ^: wi%es & purposes come true' 7,,viii1 #g1 #a7 ascribes to t small e!r qualities--su* z uncondition$ ,selfhood1 fre$om f evil1 c4--:i* cle>ly %[ t e!r to be ! highe/ ,brahman4 ,& ?is conclusion is confirm$ by :at o!r texts say ab\t him :o kn[s ! small e!r atta9+ ! p[] ( realis+ 8 own wi%es1',^? :o dep>t f h5ce hav+ come to "k ! ,self & ^? real wi%es1 = !m !re is fre$om 9 all worlds'2 & ':atev] object he desires1 by 8 m]e w x comes to him2 hav+ obta9$ x he is happy' 7,*1 ,up4 ,,viii1 #a1 #f2 #b1 #i74 ,if moreov] ! e!r )9 ! he>t 7 ! elem5tal e!r1 ! comp>ison in/itut$ 9 ! passage ',z l>ge z t 7elem5tal7 e!r is1 s l>ge is ?is e!r )9 ! he>t' w\ld be :olly inappropriate4 ,nor mu/ x be said t t comp>ison re/s on ! limitation ( ! e!r )9 ! he>t 7s t ! two t]ms comp>$ w\ld be ! limit$ elem5tal e!r )9 ! he>t1 & ! univ]sal elem5tal e!r72 = !re /ill w\ld rema9 ! inappropriate ass]tion t ! e!r )9 ! he>t is ! abode ( heav51 e>? & all o!r ?+s4--,b1 an objection is rais$1 also on ! alt]native ( ! small e!r be+ ! highe/ ,brahman1 ! comp>ison to ! univ]sal elem5tal e!r is unsuitable2 = scripture explicitly /ates t ! highe/ ,self is 7n z l>ge b7 l>g] ?an ev]y?+ else1 'l>g] ?an ! e>?1 l>g] ?an ! sky1' c4 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ad1 #c74 ,n s1 we reply2 :at ! text says z to ! e!r )9 ! he>t be+ z l>ge z ! univ]sal e!r is meant 7n to make a conclusive /atem5t z to its ext5t b only7 to negative t smallness ( ! e!r :i* is e/abli%$ by its abid+ )9 ! he>t4 ,simil>ly we say '! sun moves ) ! spe$ ( an arr['2 ! sun inde$ moves mu* fa/] ?an an arr[1 b :at our ass]tion means is m]ely t he does n move sl[ly4--,b1 a fur!r d\bt is />t$1 ! passage ',t ,self :i* is free f s91' c4 does n appe> to ref] back to ! small e!r )9 ! he>t4 ,= ! text makes a di/9ction betwe5 t e!r & t )9 t e!r :i* x decl>es to be ! due object ( se>* & enquiry4 ,?is latt] object !re=e is ! topic ( discussion1 & :5 ! text says lat] on ',t ,self1 free f s91 c4 is to be se>*$ out' we mu/ und]/& x to ref] to ! same object ( se>*4--,?is w\ld be s1 we reply1 if ! text did n di/+ui% ! small e!r & t :i* abides )9 x2 b z a matt] ( fact x does di/+ui% ! two4 ,! connexion is z foll[s4 ,! text at fir/ ref]s to ! body ( ! devotee z ! city ( ,brahman1 ! idea be+ t ,brahman is pres5t !re9 z object ( m$itation2 & !n designates an organ ( t body1 viz4 ! small lotus-%ap$ he>t z ! palace ( ,brahman4 ,x !n fur!r ref]s to ,brahman--! all kn[+1 all p[]ful1 ^: love t[>ds 8 devotees is b\ndless l ! ocean--z ! small e!r )9 ! he>t1 mean+ !reby t ,brahman :o = ! b5efit ( 8 devotees is pres5t )9 t palace %\ld be m$itat$ ^u z ( m9ute size1 & f9ally--9 ! clause 't is to be se>*$ out'--enjo9s z ! object ( m$itation t :i* abides 9 t ,brahman1 i4e4 on ! "o h&1 its ess5tial fre$om f all evil qualities1 & on ! o!r ! :ole treasure ( its auspici\s qualities1 its p[] ( realis+ its wi%es & s on4 ,! 't' 79 't is to be se>*$ out'7 enjo9s z objects ( se>* ! small e!r1 i4e4 ,brahman itself z well z ! qualities abid+ )9 x4-- ,b h[1 x may be ask$1 d y "k t ! ^w 't' really ref]s to bo?1 viz4 ! highe/ ,brahman1 !re call$ 'small e!r1' & ! qualities abid+ 9 x1 & t h5ce ! clause enjo9s an enquiry into bo? ^! entities8--,li/51 att5tively1 we reply1 to our explanation6 ,! clause ',z l>ge z ?is e!r is1 s l>ge is ?is e!r )9 ! he>t' decl>es ! exce$+ greatness ( ! small e!r2 ! clause ',bo? heav5 & e>? are conta9$ )9 x' up to 'lightn+ & />s' decl>es t same small e!r to be ! abode ( ! entire _w2 & ! clause ',& :atev] !re is = him 9 ?is _w1 & :atev] !re is n1 all t is conta9$ )9 x' decl>es t :atev] objects ( enjoym5t !re are = ! devotee 9 ?is _w1 & :atev] o!r objects !re are n = him1 i4e4 are m]ely wi%es b n obta9$ by him1 all ^? objects are conta9$ )9 t same small e!r4 ,! text next decl>es t t small e!r1 al?\gh dwell+ )9 ! he>t :i* is a "p ( ! body1 is n affect$ by ! body's old age & decay1 = be+ extremely m9ute x is n capable ( *ange2 & adds 't true be+ is ! ,brahman-city1' i4e4 t ,reality :i* is ! cause ( all is ! city call$ ,brahman1 i4e4 ! abode ( ! entire ,univ]se4 ,! foll[+ clause '9 x all desires are conta9$' aga9 ref]r+ to ! small e!r 7'9 x'7 decl>es t 9 x all desires1 i4e4 all desirable qualities are conta9$4 ,! text next proce$s to set =? t ! small e!r possesses ,selfhood & c]ta9 desirable auspici\s qualities-?is is done 9 ! passage ',x is ! ,self free f s9' c4 up to '^: purposes realise !mselves4' ,! foll[+ section--',& z "h on e>?' d[n to '= !m !re is fre$om 9 all ! worlds'-- decl>es t ^? :o d n "k ^? eight qualities & ! ,self1 call$ 'small e!r1' :i* is *>act]is$ by !m1 & :o p]=m actions aim+ at objects ( enjoym5t diff]5t f t ,self1 obta9 p]i%able results only1 & d n atta9 ! p[] ( realis+ _! wi%es2 :ile ^? on ! o!r h& :o "k ! ,self call$ 'small e!r' & ! qualities abid+ )9 x1 ?r\gh ! grace ( t v same highe/ ,self1 obta9 all _! wi%es & ! p[] ( realis+ _! purposes4 ,on ! gr\nd ( ?is connect$ consid]ation ( ! :ole *apt] we are able to decide t ! text enjo9s z ! object ( se>* & enquiry bo? ! highe/ ,brahman & ! :ole body ( auspici\s qualities abid+ )9 x4 ,?is ! ,vkyakra also r5d]s cle> 9 ! passage beg9n+ ',9 ! text :at is )9 t !re is designation ( wi%es 7i4e4 desirable qualities74'--,= all ^! reasons ! small e!r is ! highe/ ,brahman4 #ad4 ,on acc\nt ( ! go+ & ( ! ^w2 = ?us x is se52 & 7!re is7 an inf]5tial sign4 ',z p :o d n "k ! c\ntry walk aga9 & aga9 ov] a gold treasure' c41 '?us d all ^! creatures day aft] day g into t ,brahma-_w' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #c1 #b74 ,! circum/ance1 "h /at$1 ( all individual s\ls go+ to a place :i* ! qualification 't' connects ) ! subject-matt] ( ! :ole *apt]1 i4e4 ! small e!r2 & ! fur!r circum/ance ( ! goal ( _! go+ be+ call$ ! ,brahma-_w1 also prove t ! small e!r is none o!r ?an ! highe/ ,brahman4--,b 9 :at way d ^! two po9ts prove :at !y are claim$ to prove8--',= ?us x is se5'2 ! ,stra adds4 ,= we see x /at$ 9 o!r texts1 t all individual s\ls g daily to ,brahman1 viz4 9 ! /ate ( deep sleep1 ',all ^! creatures hav+ become unit$ ) ! ,true d n "k t !y are unit$ ) ! ,true'2 ',hav+ come back f ! ,true !y "k n t !y h come back f ! ,true' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #i1 #b2 #aj1 #b74 ,& 9 ! same way we see t ! ^w ',brahma-_w' d5otes ! highe/ ,brahman2 s e4g4 '?is is ! ,brahma-_w1 ,o ,k+' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #c1 #cb74--,! ,stra subjo9s a fur!r reason4 ,ev5 if ! go+ ( ! s\ls to ,brahman 7 n se5 9 o!r texts1 ! fact t ! text "u discussion decl>es ! individual s\ls to abide 9 ,brahman 9 ! /ate ( deep sleep1 enjoy+ fre$om f all pa9 & tr\ble j z if !y 7 m]g$ 9 ! pralaya /ate1 is a suffici5t 'inf]5tial sign' to prove t ! 'small e!r' is ! highe/ ,brahman4 ,& simil>ly ! t]m ',brahma-_w' z exhibit$ 9 ! text "u discussion1 if und]/ood z d5ot+ co-ord9ation 7i4e4 't _w :i* is ,brahman'71 is suffici5t to prove by itself t ! 'small e!r'--to :i* t t]m is appli$--is ! highe/ ,brahman2 x !re=e is ne$less to appeal to o!r passages4 ,t ?is explanation ( ',brahma-_w' is pref]able to ! "o :i* und]/&s by ,brahma-_w '! _w ( ,brahman' is prov$ by consid]ations simil> to ^? by :i* ! ,p4 ,m4 ,stras prove t ',ni%da-/hapati' means a headman :o at ! same "t is a ,ni%da4--,ano!r explanation ( ! passage "u discussion may also be giv54 ,:at is said !re ab\t all ^! creatures daily 'go+ into ! ,brahma-_w1' may n ref] at all to ! /ate ( deep sleep1 b r mean t al?\gh 'daily go+ into ! ,brahman-_w1' i4 e4 al?\gh at all "t mov+ above ! small e!r1 i4 e4 ,brahman :i* z ! univ]sal ,self is ev]y:]e1 yet all ^! creatures n kn[+ ,brahman d n f9d1 i4e4 obta9 x2 j z m5 n kn[+ ! place :]e a treasure is hidd5 d n f9d x1 al?\gh !y con/antly pass ov] x4 ,?is con/ant mov+ ab\t on ! "p ( ignorant creatures on ! surface1 z x 71 ( ! small e!r abid+ )9 z _! inw>d ,rul]1 proves t small e!r to be ! highe/ ,brahman4 ,t ! highe/ ,brahman abides )9 z ! inn] ,self ( creatures :i* dwell 9 x & are rul$ by x1 we are told 9 o!r texts also1 s e4g4 9 ! ,ant>ym9-brhmana4 ',he :o dwells 9 ! ,self1 )9 ! ,self1 :om ! ,self does n "k1 ( :om ! ,self is ! body1 :o rules ! ,self )92 unse5 b see+1 unhe>d b he>+' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #g1 #bb2 #bc74--,on ?is int]pretation we expla9 ! la/ "p ( ! ,stra z foll[s4 ,ev5 if o!r texts did n ref] to x1 ?is daily mov+ ab\t on ! "p ( ignorant creatures1 on ! e!r )9 ! he>t-- :i* ! comp>ison ) ! treasure ( gold %[s to be ! supreme good ( man--1 is 9 itself a suffici5t pro( = ! small e!r be+ ,brahman4 #ae4 ,& on acc\nt ( !re be+ obs]v$ 9 t 7small e!r71 support+ :i* is a greatness ( t 7i4 e4 ,brahman74 ,9 cont9uation ( ! passage ',x is ! ,self free f ,s91' c41 :i* ref]s to ! small e!r1 ! text says3 'x is a bank1 a limit>y support1 t ^! worlds may n be conf\nd$4' ,:at ! text "h says ab\t ! small e!r support+ ! _w proves x to be ! highe/ ,brahman2 = to support ! _w is ! glory ( ,brahman4 ,comp>e ',he is ! ,"l ( all1 ! k+ ( all ?+s1 ! protector ( all ?+s4 ,he is a bank & a b\nd>y1 s t ^! worlds may n be conf\nd$' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #bb72 ',by ! comm& ( t ,imp]i%able1 ,o ,grg1 heav5 & e>? /&1 held ap>t' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #h1 #i74 ,n[ ?is specific greatness ( ! highe/ ,brahman1 :i* consi/s 9 its support+ ! _w1 is also obs]v$ 9 ! small e!r--:i* proves ! latt] to be none o!r ?an ,brahman4 #af4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! settl$ mean+4 ,! ^w 'e!r1' moreov]1 is kn[n to h1 among o!r mean+s1 t ( ,brahman4 ,comp>e ',= :o c\ld brea!1 :o c\ld brea! =?1 if t e!r 7 n bliss8' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #g72 ',all ^! be+s take _! rise f ! e!r' 7,*4 ,up4 ,i1 #i1 #a74 ,x has to be kept 9 view t 9 ! text "u discussion ! mean+ ',brahman' is support$ by :at is said ab\t ! qualities ( ! small e!r--viz4 fre$om f s91 c4--& h5ce is /rong] ?an ! o!r mean+--1 accord+ to :i* ksa signifies ! elem5tal e!r4 ,s f> ! ,stras h refut$ ! view ( ! small e!r be+ ! elem5t4 ,!y n[ ent] on combat+ ! notion t ! small e!r may possibly be ! individual s\l4 #ag4 ,if x be said t on acc\nt ( ref]5ce to ! o!r "o he is meant2 we say no1 on acc\nt ( impossibility4 ,an objection is rais$ to ! argum5tation t1 on acc\nt ( complem5t>y passages1 ! small e!r mu/ be expla9$ to mean ! highe/ ,self4 ,=1 ! objector says1 a cle> ref]5ce to him :o is 'o!r' ?an ! highe/ ,self1 i4e4 to ! individual s\l1 is conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ passage 7,,viii1 #ab1 #c73 ',?us does t s]5ity 7samprasda71 hav+ ris5 f ?is body & approa*$ ! highe/ light1 appe> 9 its own =m4' ',t is ! ,self1' he said4 ',t is ! immortal1 ! fe>less1 ?is is ,brahman' 7,,viii1 #g1 #c874 ,we admit t = ! diff]5t reasons /at$ above ! e!r )9 ! he>t _c be ! elem5tal e!r2 b ow+ to ! =ce ( ! intimations convey$ by ! complem5t>y passages j quot$1 we mu/ adopt ! view t :at is meant is ! individual s\l4 ,& z ! ^w 'ksa' may be connect$ ) praksa 7light71 x may be appli$ to ! individual s\l also4--,?is view is set aside by ! ,stra4 ,! small e!r _c be ! individual s\l because ! qualities attribut$ 9 ! text to ! =m]1 viz4 fre$om f s91 c41 _c possibly belong to ! individual s\l4 #ah4 ,%\ld x be said t f a subsequ5t passage 7x appe>s t ! individual ,s\l is meant72 r 7! s\l7 9 s f> z its true nature has become manife/4 ,! ,prvapak%9 n[ ma9ta9s t we asc]ta9 f a subsequ5t decl>ation made by ,prajpati t x is j ! individual ,s\l t possesses fre$om f s9 & ! o!r qualities enum]at$4 ,! :ole tea*+ ( ,prajpati1 he says1 ref]s to ! individual ,s\l only4 ,indra hav+ he>d t ,prajpati _h spok5 ab\t a ,self free f s91 old age1 c41 ! enquiry into :i* enables ! s\l to obta9 all worlds & desires1 approa*es ,prajpati ) ! wi% to le>n ! true nature ( t ,self :i* %\ld be enquir$ into4 ,prajpati !reupon1 wi%+ to te/ ! capacity ( 8 pupil = receiv+ true in/ruction1 gives him successive in=mation ab\t ! embodi$ s\l 9 ! /ate ( wak+1 dream & dreamless sleep4 ,:5 he f9ds t ,indra sees no good 9 in/ruction ( ?is k9d & ?us %[s himself fit to receive in/ruction ab\t ! true nature ( ! disembodi$ ,self1 he expla9s to him t ! body is a m]e abode = a rul+ ,self2 t t bodiless ,self is ess5tially immortal2 & t ! s\l1 z long z x is jo9$ to a body due to k>man1 is compell$ to exp]i5ce pleasure & pa9 correspond+ to its embodi$ /ate1 :ile x rises above all ?is :5 x has fre$ itself f ! body 7,,viii1 #ab1 #a74 ,he !n cont9ues3 ',?us t s]5ity hav+ ris5 f ?is body & approa*$ ! highe/ light1 appe>s 9 its own =m'2 ?us tea*+ him ! true nature1 free f a body1 ( ! individual s\l4 ,he next in=ms him t ! 'highe/ light' :i* ! s\l rea*es is ! supreme ,p]son 7',t is ! supreme ,p]son'71 & t ! s\l hav+ rea*$ t highe/ light & fre$ itself f :at obscur$ its own true nature1 obta9s 9 ! _w ( ,brahman :atev] enjoym5ts x desires1 & is no long] connect$ ) a body spr++ f k>man & insep>able f pa9 & pleasure1 or ) any?+ else t causes di/ress4 7',he moves ab\t !re laugh+1' c474 ,he next illu/rates ! connexion ) a body1 ( ! s\l 9 ! ,samsra /ate1 by means ( a comp>ison3 ',l z a horse atta*$ to a c>t1' c4 ,aft] t he expla9s t ! eye & ! o!r s5se-organs are in/rum5ts ( k1 col\r1 & s on1 ! objects ( k1 & ! individual ,self ! kn[+ subject2 & t h5ce t ,self is diff]5t f ! body & ! s5se-organs 7',n[ :]e ! sight has ent]$' up to '! m9d is 8 div9e eye'74 ,next he decl>es t1 aft] hav+ dive/$ itself ( ! body & ! s5ses1 ! ,self p]ceives all ! objects ( its desire by means ( its 'div9e eye1' i4 e4 ! p[] ( cognition :i* con/itutes its ess5tial nature 7',he by means ( ! div9e eye1' c474 ,he fur!r decl>es t ^? :o h true k "k ! ,self z su* 7'on t ,self ! devas m$itate'72 & 9 conclusion tea*es t he :o has t true k ( ! ,self obta9s = 8 rew>d ! intuition ( ,brahman--:i* is sugge/$ by :at ! text says ab\t ! obta9+ ( all worlds & all desires 7',he obta9s all worlds & all desires1' c41 up to ! end ( ! *apt]74--,x ?us appe>s t ! entire *apt] proposes z ! object ( cognition ! individual s\l free f s91 & s on4 ,! qualities1 viz4 fre$om f guilt1 c41 may ?us belong to ! individual ,self1 & on ?is gr\nd we conclude t ! small e!r is ! individual ,self4 ,?is view ! second half ( ! ,stra sets aside4 ,! two sections1 t :i* treats ( ! small e!r & t :i* conta9s ! tea*+ ( ,prajpati1 h diff]5t topics4 ,prajpati's tea*+ ref]s to ! individual s\l1 ^: true nature1 ) its qualities su* z fre$om f evil1 c41 is at fir/ hidd5 by untru?1 :ile lat] on1 :5 x has fre$ itself f ! bondage ( k>man1 ris5 f ! body1 & approa*$ ! highe/ light1 x manife/s itself 9 its true =m & !n is *>act]is$ by fre$om f all evil & by o!r auspici\s qualities4 ,9 ! section treat+ ( ! small e!r1 on ! o!r h&1 we h to d ) ! small e!r1 i4e4 ! highe/ ,brahman1 ^: true nature is nev] hidd51 & :i* !re=e is unconditionally *>act]is$ by fre$om f evil1 & s on4-- ,moreov]1 ! dah>ksa-section ascribes to ! small e!r o!r attributes :i* _c belong to ! individual ,self ev5 ':5 its true nature has manife/$ itself4' ,! small e!r is !re call$ a bank & support ( all worlds2 & "o ( its names1'satyam1' is expla9$ to imply t x gov]ns all s5ti5t & non-s5ti5t be+s4 ,all ?is also proves t ! small e!r is none o!r ?an ! highe/ ,self4 ,t ! individual s\l1 'ev5 :5 its true nature is manife/1' _c be view$ z a bank & support ( ! worlds1 c41 we %all %[ "u ,,iv1 #d4 ,b if ?is is s1 :at !n is ! mean+ ( ! ref]5ce to ! individual s\l :i* is made 9 ! section treat+ ( ! small e!r1 viz4 9 ! passage1 ',n[ t s]5e be+1 :i* aft] hav+ ris5 f ?is body1' c4 7,,viii1 #c1 #d78 ,to ?is "q ! next ,stra replies4 #ai4 ,& ! ref]5ce has a diff]5t mean+4 ,! text 9 "q decl>es t ! releas$ individual s\l :5 rea*+ ! highe/ light1 i4e4 ,brahman1 :i* is free f all s91 & s on1 atta9s its true nature1 :i* is *>act]is$ by simil> fre$om f s91 & s on4 ,n[ ?is ref]5ce to ! individual s\l1 z describ$ 9 ! tea*+ ( ,prajpati1 has ! purpose ( giv+ in/ruction 7n ab\t ! qualities ( ! individual s\l1 b7 ab\t ! nature ( t :i* is ! cause ( ! qualities ( ! individual s\l1 i4e4 ! qualities specially belong+ to ! supreme ,p]son4 ,! reason :y1 9 ! section conta9+ ! tea*+ ( ,prajpati1 in=mation is giv5 z to ! true nature ( ! releas$ individual s\l is t su* k assi/s ! doctr9e ref]r+ to ! small e!r4 ,= ! individual ,self :i* wi%es to rea* ,brahman mu/ "k 8 own true nature also1 s z to realise t he1 z be+ himself end[$ ) auspici\s qualities1 w f9ally arrive at an intuition ( ! highe/ ,brahman1 :i* is a mass ( auspici\s qualities rais$ to ! highe/ degree ( excell5ce4 ,! cognition ( ! s\l's own true nature is itself compris$ 9 ! result ( ! m$itation on ,brahman1 & ! results :i* are proclaim$ 9 ! tea*+ ( ,prajpati 7',he obta9s all worlds & all wi%es'2 ',he moves ab\t !re laugh+1' c47 ?us really are results ( ! k ( ! small e!r4 #bj4 ,if x be said1 ow+ to ! scriptural decl>ation ( smallness2 t has be5 expla9$4 ,! text describes ! e!r )9 ! he>t z be+ ( small compass1 & ?is agrees inde$ ) ! individual s\l :i* else:]e is comp>$ to ! po9t ( an awl1 b n ) ,brahman1 :i* is great] ?an ev]y?+4--,! reply to ?is objection has virtually be5 giv5 be=e1 viz4 "u ,i1 #b1 #g1 :]e x is said t ,brahman may be view$ z ( small size1 = ! purpose ( dev\t m$itation4 ,x ?us rema9s a settl$ conclusion t ! small e!r is none o!r b ! highe/ ,p]son :o is unt\*$ by ev5 a %ad[ ( imp]fection1 & is an ocean ( inf9ite1 supremely exalt$1 qualities--k1 /r5g?1 lordly p[]1 c4 ,! be+1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* 9 ! tea*+ ( ,prajpati is describ$ z fir/ hav+ a body due to k>man-- z we see f passages su* z '!y /rike x z x 71 !y cut x z x 7'--& z aft]w>ds approa*+ ! highe/ light1 & !n manife/+ its ess5tial qualities1 viz4 fre$om f s91 c41 is ! individual s\l2 n ! small e!r 7or ,brahman74 ,! next ,stra supplies a fur!r reason = ?is conclusion4 #ba4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! imitation ( t4 ,! individual s\l1 free f bondage1 & ?us possess+ ! qualities ( fre$om f s91 c41 _c be ! small e!r1 i4e4 ! highe/ ,brahman1 because x is /at$ to 'imitate1' i4e4 to be equal to t ,brahman4 ,! text mak+ t /atem5t is ,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #a1 #c1 ',:5 ! se] 7i4e4 ! individual s\l7 sees ! brilliant mak]1 ! ,"l1 ! ,p]son :o has 8 s\rce 9 ,brahman2 !n becom+ wise & %ak+ (f good & evil1 he rea*es ! highe/ equality1 free f passions4' ,! be+ to :i* ! tea*+ ( ,prajpati ref]s is ! 'imitator1' i4 e4 ! individual s\l2 ! ,brahman :i* is 'imitat$' is ! small e!r4 #bb4 ,! same is decl>$ by ,smriti also4 ,smriti also decl>es t ! transmigrat+ s\l :5 rea*+ ! /ate ( ,release 'imitates1' i4e4 atta9s supreme equality ( attributes ) ! highe/ ,brahman4 ',abid+ by ?is k !y1 atta9+ to equality ( attributes ) me1 are n born aga9 at ! "t ( creation1 nor are !y affect$ by ! g5]al dissolution ( ! _w' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,xiv1 #b74 ,"s ma9ta9 t ! la/ two ,stras con/itute a sep>ate adhik>ana 7head ( discussion71 meant to prove t ! text ,mu4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #b1 #aj 7',aft] him ! %9+ "o1 ev]y?+ %9es2 by ! light ( him all ?is is light$'71 ref]s to ! highe/ ,brahman4 ,?is view is1 h[ev]1 inadmissible1 = ! reason t ) reg>d to ! text quot$ no prvapak%a c arise1 x hav+ be5 prov$ "u ,i1 #b1 #ba ff41 & #a1c1 #a1 ff41 t ! :ole section ( :i* t text =ms "p is conc]n$ ) ,brahman2 & x fur!r hav+ be5 %[n "u ,i1 #a1 #bd ff41 t ,brahman is appreh5d$ "u ! =m ( light4--,! int]pretation moreov] does n fit 9 ) ! word+ ( ! ,stras4-- ,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( ! 'small "o4' #bc4 ,on acc\nt ( ! t]m1 ! "o measur$4 ,we read 9 ! ,ka?avall ',! ,p]son ( ! size ( a ?umb /&s 9 ! middle ( ! ,self1 z "l ( ! pa/ & ! future1 & h5ce=w>d fe>s no m'2 ',t ,p]son ( ! size ( a ?umb is l a light )\t smoke1' c4 7,ka4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #d1 #a2 #ac74 ,& ',! ,p]son n l>g] ?an a ?umb1 ! inn] ,self1 is always settl$ 9 ! he>t ( m5' 7,ka4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #f1 #ag74 ,a d\bt "h arises :e!r ! be+ measur$ by ! ext5t ( a span be ! individual s\l or ! highe/ ,self4--,! ,prvapak%9 ma9ta9s ! =m] view2 =1 he says1 ano!r scriptural text also decl>es ! individual s\l to h t measure1 '! rul] ( ! vital airs moves ?r\gh 8 own works1 ( ! size ( a ?umb1 brilliant l ! sun1 end[$ ) purposes & egoity' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,v1 #g2 #h74 ,moreov]1 ! highe/ ,self is n any:]e else1 n ev5 = ! purpose ( m$itation1 repres5t$ z hav+ ! size ( a ?umb4 ,x ?us be+ det]m9$ t ! be+ ( ! l5g? ( a ?umb is ! individual ,self1 we und]/& ! t]m ',"l1' :i* is appli$ to x1 z mean+ t x is ! ,"l ( ! body1 ! s5se-organs1 ! objects & ! in/rum5ts ( fruition4--,( ?is view ! ,stra disposes1 ma9ta9+ t ! be+ a ?umb long c be none b ! highe/ ,self1 j on acc\nt ( t t]m4 ,= lord%ip ov] all ?+s pa/ & future _c possibly belong to ! individual ,self1 :i* is "u ! p[] ( k>man4--,b h[ c ! highe/ ,self be said to h ! measure ( a ?umb8--,on ?is po9t ! next ,stra satisfies u4 #bd4 ,b ) ref]5ce to ! he>t1 m5 be+ qualifi$4 ,9 s f> z ! highe/ ,self abides1 = ! purpose ( dev\t m$itation1 9 ! he>t ( ! devotee--:i* he>t is ( ! measure ( a ?umb--x may itself be view$ z hav+ ! measure ( a ?umb4 ,! individual s\l also c be said to h ! measure ( a ?umb only 9 s f> z dwell+ )9 ! he>t2 = scripture directly /ates t its real size is t ( ! po9t ( a goad1 i4e4 m9ute4 ,& z m5 only are capable ( dev\t m$itation1 & h5ce alone h a claim on scripture1 ! fact t ! he>ts ( o!r liv+ creatures also1 su* z donkeys1 horses1 snakes1 c41 h ! same size1 _c give rise to any objection4--,! discussion ( ?is matt] w be complet$ lat] on ,,footnote #cbf3a4 #be4 ,also be+s above !m 7i4e4 m571 ,bd>yana ?9ks1 on acc\nt ( possibility4 ,9 ord] to prove t ! highe/ ,brahman may be view$ z hav+ ! size ( a ?umb1 x has be5 decl>$ t ! scriptural texts enjo9+ m$itation on ,brahman are ! conc]n ( m54 ,?is (f]s an opportunity = ! discussion ( ! "q :e!r also o!r classes ( individual s\ls1 su* z devas1 are qualifi$ = k ( ,brahman4 ,! ,prvapak%9 d5ies ?is qualification 9 ! case ( gods & o!r be+s1 on ! gr\nd ( abs5ce ( capability4 ,=1 he says1 bodiless be+s1 su* z gods1 are incapable ( ! accompli%m5t ( m$itation on ,brahman1 :i* requires z its auxili>ies ! sev5 means enum]at$ above 7p4 #ag7--,?is mu/ n be object$ to on ! gr\nd ( ! devas1 & s on1 hav+ bodies2 = !re is no means ( pro( e/abli%+ su* embodi$ness4 ,we h inde$ prov$ above t ! ,v$nta-texts may intimate accompli%$ ?+s1 & h5ce are an au?oritative means = ! cognition ( ,brahman2 b we d n meet ) any ,v$nta-text1 ! purport ( :i* is to tea* t ! devas1 & s on1 possess bodies4 ,nor c ?is po9t be e/abli%$ ?r\gh mantras & ar?avda texts2 = ^! are m]ely supplem5t>y to ! injunctions ( actions 7sacrificial1 & s on71 & !re=e h a diff]5t aim4 ,& ! injunctions !mselves prove no?+ ) reg>d to ! devas1 except t ! latt] are t ) a view to :i* ^? actions are p]=m$4 ,9 ! same way x also _c be %[n t ! gods h any desires or wants 7to fulfil or supply :i* !y might ent] on m$itation ( ,brahman74 ,= ! two reasons above we !re=e conclude t ! devas1 & s on1 are n qualifi$ = m$itation on ,brahman4--,?is view is contradict$ by ! ,stra4 ,su* m$itation is possible 9 ! case ( high] be+s also ,bd>yana ?9ks2 on acc\nt ( ! possibility ( want & capacity on _! "p also4 ,want & wi% exi/ 9 _! case s9ce !y also are liable to suff]+1 spr++ f ! assaults1 h>d to be endur$1 ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( pa91 & s9ce !y also "k t supreme enjoym5t is to be f\nd 9 ! highe/ ,brahman1 :i* is unt\*$ by ! %ad[ ev5 ( imp]fection1 & is a mass ( auspici\s qualities 9 _! highe/ p]fection4 ',capability'1 on ! o!r h&1 dep5ds on ! possession ( a body & s5se-organs ( :atev] degree ( t5uity2 & t ! devas1 f ,brahma d[nw>d1 possess a body & s5se-organs1 is decl>$ 9 all ! ,upani%ads1 9 ! *apt]s treat+ ( creation & ! *apt]s enjo9+ m$itation4 ,9 ! ,*ndogya1 e4g4 x is relat$ h[ ! highe/ ,be+ hav+ resolv$ on creation1 evolv$ ! aggregate ( non-s5ti5t matt] ) its diff]5t k9ds1 & !n produc$ ! f\rfold multitude ( liv+ creatures1 ea* hav+ a mat]ial body correspond+ to its k>man1 & a suitable "n ( its own4 ,simil>ly1 all ! o!r scriptural acc\nts ( creation decl>e t !re are f\r classes ( creatures--devas1 m51 animals1 & non-mov+ be+s1 su* z plants--& ! diff]5ce ( ^! classes dep5ds on ! individual ,selfs be+ jo9$ to v>i\s bodies capacitat+ !m to exp]i5ce ! results ( _! works1 ea* 9 t "o ( ! f\rte5 worlds--beg9n+ ) ! _w ( ,brahm--:i* is ! suitable place = retribution4 ,= 9 !mselves1 ap>t f bodies1 ! individual ,selfs are n di/+ui%$ z m51 gods1 & s on4 ,9 ! same way ! /ory ( ! devas & ,asuras approa*+ ,prajpati ) fuel 9 _! h&s1 /ay+ ) him z pupils = ?irty-two ye>s1 c4 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #g ff471 cle>ly %[s t ! devas possess bodies & s5se- organs4 ,analog\sly1 mantras & ar?avdas1 :i* are complem5t>y to injunctions ( works1 conta9 unmi/akeable ref]5ces to ! corporeal nature ( ! gods 7',indra hold+ 9 8 h& ! ?und]bolt'2 ',indra lift$ ! ?und]bolt'1 c472 & z ! latt] is n contradict$ by any o!r means ( pro( x mu/ be accept$ on ! au?ority /at$4 ,nor c x be said t ^? mantras & ar?avdas are really meant to express some?+ else 7?an ^? details m5tion$ above71 9 s f>1 namely1 z !y aim at proclaim+ or glorify+ ! action ) :i* !y are connect$2 = ^? v details subs]ve ! purpose ( glorification1 & s on1 & )\t !m glorification is n possible4 ,= we praise or glorify a ?+ by decl>+ its qualities2 if su* qualities d n exi/ all glorification lapses4 ,x _c by any means be ma9ta9$ t any?+ may be glorifi$ by ! proclamation ( its qualities1 ev5 if su* qualities d n really exi/4 ,h5ce ! ar?avdas :i* glorify a c]ta9 action1 j !reby intimate ! real exi/5ce ( ! qualities & details ( ! action4 ,! mantras aga91 :i* are prescrib$ 9 connexion ) ! actions1 s]ve ! purpose ( ?r[+ light on ! use to be d]iv$ f ! p]=mance ( ! actions1 & ?is !y accompli% by mak+ /atem5ts z to ! p>ticul> qualities1 su* z embodi$ness & ! l1 :i* belong to ! devas & o!r classes ( be+s4 ,o!rwise ,indra1 & s on1 w\ld n be rememb]$ at ! "t ( p]=mance2 = ! idea ( a div9ity pres5ts itself to ! m9d only 9 connexion ) ! special attributes ( t div9ity4 ,9 ! case ( su* qualities z are n e/abli%$ by o!r means ( pro(1 ! prim>y /atem5t is made by ! ar?avda or ! mantra3 ! =m] !reby glorifies ! action1 & ! latt] proclaims x z possess+ c]ta9 qualities or details2 & bo? ^! ends are accompli%$ by mak+ /atem5ts z to ! gods1 c41 possess+ c]ta9 qualities1 su* z embodi$ness & ! l4 ,9 ! case1 aga91 ( c]ta9 qualities be+ already e/abli%$ by o!r means ( pro(1 ! mantras & ar?avdas m]ely ref] to !m 7z some?+ already kn[n71 & 9 ?is way p]=m _! function ( glorification & elucidation4 ,& :]e1 ?irdly1 !re is a contradiction betwe5 ! o!r means ( k & :at mantras & ar?avdas /ate 7z :51 e4g4 a text ( ! latt] k9d says t '! sacrificial po/ is ! sun'71 ! int5tion ( ! text is metaphorically to d5ote1 by means ( ^? app>5tly unmean+ t]ms1 c]ta9 o!r qualities :i* are n exclud$ by ! o!r means ( k2 & 9 ?is way ! function ( glorification & elucidation is aga9 accompli%$4 ,n[ :at ! injunction ( a sacrificial action dem&s z its supplem5t1 is a /atem5t z to ! p[] ( ! div9ity to :om ! sacrifice is (f]$2 = ! p]=mance :i* scripture enjo9s on m5 desir\s ( c]ta9 results1 is itself ( a m]ely transitory nature1 & h5ce requires "s ag5t capable ( br++ ab\t1 at "s future "t1 ! result desir$ z1 e4g4 ! heav5ly _w4 ',vyu is ! swifte/ god2 he 7! sacrific]7 approa*es ,vyu ) 8 own %>e2 ! god !n leads him to prosp]ity' 7,taitt4 ,samh4 ,i1 #b1 #a72 ',:at he seeks by means ( t (f]+1 may he obta9 t1 may he prosp] !re91 may ! gods fav\rably grant him t' 7,taitt4 ,br4 ,,iii1 #e1 #aj1 #e72 ^! & simil> ar?avdas & mantras intimate t ! gods :5 propitiat$ by c]ta9 sacrificial works1 give c]ta9 rew>ds & possess ! p[] to d s2 & !y ?us connect !mselves ) ! g5]al context ( scripture z supply+ an evid5tly requir$ item ( in=mation4 ,moreov]1 ! m]e v]b 'to sacrifice' 7yaj71 z d5ot+ wor%ip ( ! gods1 intimates ! pres5ce ( a deity :i* is to be propitiat$ by ! action call$ sacrifice1 & ?us con/itutes ! ma9 elem5t ( t action4 ,a c>eful consid]ation ( ! :ole context ?us reveals t ev]y?+ :i* is want$ = ! due accompli%m5t ( ! action enjo9$ is to be le>n$ f ! text itself1 & t h5ce we ne$ n h rec\rse to su* entities z ! 'unse5 pr9ciple' 7aprva71 assum$ to be d5ot$ by1 or to be imag9$ 9 connexion )1 ! passages enjo9+ c]ta9 actions4 ,h5ce ! dh>mas/ras1 itihsas1 & purnas also1 :i* are f\nd$ on ! diff]5t brhmanas1 mantras & ar?avdas1 cle>ly tea* t ,brahma & ! o!r gods1 z well z ! ,asuras & o!r sup]human be+s1 h bodies & s5se-organs1 con/itutions ( diff]5t k9ds1 diff]5t abodes1 enjoym5ts1 & functions4--,ow+ to _! hav+ bodies1 ! gods !re=e are also qualifi$ = m$itation on ,brahman4 ,,footnote #cbf3a4 ,! 'pramitdhik>ana' is resum$ 9 ,stra #da4 #bf4 ,if x be said t !re results a contradiction to "w2 we d5y ?is1 on acc\nt ( ! obs]vation ( ! assumption ( sev]al 7bodies74 ,an objection "h pres5ts itself4 ,if we admit ! gods to h bodies1 a difficulty arises at ! sacrifices1 z x is impossible t "o & ! same corporeal ,indra--:o is at ! same "t invit$ by _m sacrific]s 'come1 ,o ,indra'1 'come1 ,o ,"l ( ! r$ horses1' c4-- %\ld be pres5t at all ^? places4 ,& t ! gods1 ,agni & s on1 really d come to ! sacrifices is prov$ by ! foll[+ scriptural text3 ',to ^: sacrifice d ! gods g1 & to ^: n8 ,he :o fir/ receives ! gods1 sacrifices to !m on ! foll[+ day' 7,taitt4 ,samh4 ,i1 #f1 #g1 #a74 ,9 refutation ( ?is objection ! ,sutra po9ts out t !re is se51 i4e4 record$1 ! assumption ( sev]al bodies at ! same "t1 on ! "p ( be+s end[$ ) special p[]s1 su* z ,saubh>i4 #bg4 ,if x be said 7t a contradiction w result7 ) reg>d to words2 we say no1 s9ce be+s orig9ate f !m 7z appe>s7 f p]ception & inf]5ce4 ,well !n let u admit t !re is no difficulty z f> z sacrifices are conc]n$1 = ! reason /at$ 9 ! prec$+ ,stra4 ,b ano!r difficulty pres5ts itself ) reg>d to ! words ( :i* ! ,v$a consi/s4 ,= if ,indra & ! o!r gods are corporeal be+s1 x foll[s t !y are made up ( p>ts & h5ce non-p]man5t4 ,?is implies ei!r t ! ,v$ic words d5ot+ !m--n diff]+ !re9 f common worldly words su* z ,devadatta--are totally devoid ( mean+ dur+ all ^? p]iods :i* prec$e ! orig9ation ( ! be+s call$ ,indra & s on1 or foll[ on _! de/ruction2 or else t ! ,v$a itself is non-p]man5t1 non-et]nal4--,?is objection is n valid1 ! ,stra po9ts out1 = ! reason t ^? be+s1 viz4 ,indra & s on1 aga9 & aga9 orig9ate f ! ,v$ic words4 ,to expla94 ,v$ic words1 su* z ,indra & s on1 d n1 l ! ^w ,devadatta & ! l1 d5ote1 on ! basis ( conv5tion1 "o p>ticul> individual only3 !y r d5ote by _! own p[] p>ticul> species ( be+s1 j z ! ^w 'c[' d5otes a p>ticul> species ( animals4 ,:5 !re=e a special individual ( ! class call$ ,indra has p]i%$1 ! creator1 appreh5d+ f ! ,v$ic ^w ',indra' :i* is pres5t to 8 m9d ! class *>act]i/ics ( ! be+s d5ot$ by t ^w1 creates ano!r ,indra possess+ ^? v same *>act]i/ics2 j z ! pott] fa%ions a new j>1 on ! basis ( ! ^w 'j>' :i* is /irr+ 9 8 m9d4--,b h[ is ?is kn[n8--',?r\gh p]ception & inf]5ce1' i4e4 ?r\gh ,scripture & ,smriti4 ,scripture says1 e4g4 ',by means ( ! ,v$a ,prajpati evolv$ names & =ms1 ! be+ & ! non-be+'2 & ',say+ bhh 7e>?7 he creat$ ! e>?2 say+ bhuvah he creat$ ! air1' & s on2 :i* passages tea* t ! creator at fir/ be?9ks himself ( ! *>act]i/ic make ( a ?+1 9 connexion ) ! ^w d5ot+ x1 & !reupon creates an individual ?+ *>act]is$ by t make4 ,smriti makes simil> /atem5ts2 comp>e1 e4 g4 ',9 ! beg9n+ !re 0 s5t =? by ! creator1 div9e spee*--beg9n+less & endless--9 ! =m ( ! ,v$a1 & f x !re orig9at$ all creatures'2 & ',he1 9 ! beg9n+1 sep>ately creat$ f ! words ( ! ,v$a ! names & works & %apes ( all ?+s'2 & ',! names & =ms ( be+s1 & all ! multiplicity ( works ,he 9 ! beg9n+ creat$ f ! ,v$a4' ,?is proves t f ! corporeality ( ! gods1 & s on1 x foll[s nei!r t ! words ( ! ,v$a are unmean+ nor t ! ,v$a itself is non-et]nal4 #bh4 ,& = ?is v reason et]nity 7( ! ,v$a74 ,z words su* z ,indra & ,vasi%?a1 :i* d5ote gods & ,ri%is1 d5ote 7n individuals only1 b7 classes1 & z ! creation ( ^? be+s is prec$$ by _! be+ sugge/$ to ! creative m9d ?r\gh ^? words2 = ?is reason ! et]nity ( ! ,v$a admits ( be+ reconcil$ ) :at scripture says ab\t ! mantras & kndas 7sections7 ( ! sacr$ text hav+ 'mak]s' & ab\t ,ri%is see+ ! hymns2 cp4 su* passages z ',he *ooses ! mak]s ( mantras'2 ',rev]5ce to ! ,ri%is :o are ! mak]s ( mantras'2 ',t is ,agni2 ?is is a hymn ( ,visvmitra4' ,= by means ( ^! v texts ,prajpati pres5ts to 8 own m9d ! *>act]i/ics & p[]s ( ! diff]5t ,ri%is :o make ! diff]5t sections1 hymns1 & mantras1 !reupon creates !m end[$ ) ^? *>act]i/ics & p[]s1 & appo9ts !m to rememb] ! v same sections1 hymns1 c4 ,! ,ri%is be+ ?us gift$ by ,prajpati ) ! requisite p[]s1 und]go suitable prep>atory au/]ities & f9ally see ! mantras1 & s on1 proclaim$ by ! ,vasi%?as & o!r ,ri%is ( =m] ages ( ! _w1 p]fect 9 all _! s\nds & acc5ts1 )\t hav+ le>n$ !m f ! recitation ( a tea*]4 ,!re is ?us no conflict betwe5 ! et]nity ( ! ,v$a & ! fact t ! ,ri%is are ! mak]s ( its sections1 hymns1 & s on4 ,a fur!r objection is rais$4 ,let x be admitt$ t aft] ea* pralaya ( ! k9d call$ 'cont+5t' 7naimittika71 ,prajpati may proce$ to create new ,indras1 & s on1 9 ! way ( rememb]+ on ! basis ( ! ,v$a ! ,indras1 & s on1 ( prec$+ p]iods4 ,9 ! case1 on ! o!r h&1 ( a pralaya ( ! k9d call$ elem5tal 7prkritika71 9 :i* ! creator1 ,prajpati himself1 & words--:i* are ! effects ( ! elem5tal ahankra-- pass away1 :at possibility is !re ( ,prajpati und]tak+ a new creation on ! basis ( ,v$ic words1 & h[ c we speak ( ! p]man5cy ( a ,v$a :i* p]i%es8 ,he :o ma9ta9s ! et]nity ( ! ,v$a & ! corporeality ( gods1 & s on1 is ?us really driv5 to ! hypo!sis ( ! c\rse ( mundane exi/5ce be+ )\t a beg9n+ 7i4e4 n prec$$ by a pralaya74--,( ?is difficulty ! next ,stra disposes4 #bi4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! equality ( names & =ms !re is no contradiction1 ev5 9 ! r5ovation 7( ! _w72 z appe>s f-- ,sruti & ,smriti4 ,on acc\nt ( ! sam5ess ( names & =ms1 z /at$ be=e1 !re is no difficulty 9 ! way ( ! orig9ation ( ! _w1 ev5 9 ! case ( total pralayas4 ,= :at actually takes place is z foll[s4 ,:5 ! p]iod ( a great pralaya draws t[>ds its close1 ! div9e supreme ,p]son1 rememb]+ ! con/itution ( ! _w previ\s to ! pralaya1 & =m+ ! volition ',may ,i become manifold' sep>ates into its con/itu5t elem5ts ! :ole mass ( enjoy+ s\ls & objects ( enjoym5t :i*1 dur+ ! pralaya /ate1 _h be5 m]g$ 9 him s z to possess a sep>ate exi/5ce 7n actual b7 pot5tial only1 & !n emits ! entire _w j z x _h be5 be=e1 f ! s-call$ ,mahat d[n to ! ,brahman-egg1 & ,hiranyag>bha 7,prajpati74 ,hav+ !reupon manife/$ ! ,v$as 9 exactly ! same ord] & arrangem5t !y _h _h be=e1 & hav+ taught !m to ,hiranyag>bha1 he entru/s to him ! new creation ( ! diff]5t classes ( be+s1 gods1 & s on1 j z x 0 be=e2 & at ! same "t abides himself )9 ! _w s creat$ z its inn] ,self & ,rul]4 ,?is view ( ! process removes all difficulties4 ,! sup]human orig9 & ! et]nity ( ! ,v$a really mean t intellig5t ag5ts hav+ receiv$ 9 _! m9ds an impression due to previ\s recitations ( ! ,v$a 9 a fix$ ord] ( words1 *apt]s1 & s on1 rememb] & aga9 recite x 9 t v same ord] ( succession4 ,?is holds good bo? ) reg>d to u m5 & to ! highe/ ,"l ( all2 !re h[ev] is t diff]5ce betwe5 ! two cases t ! repres5tations ( ! ,v$a :i* ! supreme ,p]son =ms 9 8 own m9d are spontane\s1 n dep5d5t on an impression previ\sly made4 ,to ! "q :5ce all ?is is kn[n1 ! ,stra replies 'f ,scripture & ,smriti4' ,! scriptural passage is ',he :o fir/ creates ,brahm & deliv]s ! ,v$as to him' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #ah74 ,& z to ,smriti we h ! foll[+ /atem5t 9 ,manu1 ',?is univ]se exi/$ 9 ! %ape ( d>kness1 c4--,he desir+ to produce be+s ( _m k9ds f 8 own body1 fir/ ) a ?\ght creat$ ! wat]s & plac$ 8 se$ 9 !m4 ,t se$ became a gold5 egg equal to ! sun 9 brilliancy2 9 t he himself 0 born z ,brahm1 ! prog5itor ( ! :ole _w' 7,manu ,i1 #e2 #h-i74 ,to ! same effect are ! texts ( ! ,paurnikas1 ',f ! navel ( ! sleep+ div9ity !re sprung up a lotus1 & 9 t lotus !re 0 born ,brahma fully kn[+ all ,v$as & ,v$ngas4 ,& !n ,brahm 0 told by him 7! highe/ ,div9ity71 ',d ?\ create all be+s1 ,o ,great-m9d$ "o'2 & ! foll[+ passage1 ',f ! highe/ ,nryana !re 0 born ! ,f\r-fac$ "o4'-- ,& 9 ! section :i* beg9s ',i w tell ! orig9al creation1' we read ',because hav+ creat$ wat] 7nra7 ,i abide )9 x1 !re=e my "n %all be ,nryana4 ,!re ,i lie asleep 9 e ,kalpa1 & z ,i am sleep+ !re spr+s f my navel a lotus1 & 9 t lotus !re is born ! ,f\r-fac$ "o1 & ,i tell him ,d ?\1 ,great-m9d$ "o1 create all be+s4'--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! deities4' #cj4 ,on acc\nt ( ! impossibility 7( qualification = ! madhuvidy1 c47 7,jaim9i ma9ta9s ! non-qualification 7( gods1 c4747 ,s f> x has be5 prov$ t also ! gods1 & s on1 are qualifi$ = ! k ( ,brahman4 ,b a fur!r po9t "h pres5ts itself = consid]ation1 viz4 :e!r ! gods are qualifi$ or n to und]take ^? m$itations ( :i* !y !mselves are ! objects4 ,! ,stra /ates z a prvapak%a view held by ,jaim9i1 t !y are n s qualifi$1 = ! reason t !re are no o!r dityas1 ,vasus1 & s on1 :o c\ld be m$itat$ on by ! dityas & ,vasus !mselves2 & t moreov] = ! dityas & ,vasus ! qualities & position ( ^? classes ( deities _c be objects ( desire1 consid]+ t !y possess !m already4 ,! s-call$ ,madhuvidy 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii7 repres5ts z objects ( dev\t m$itation c]ta9 p>ts ( ! sun :i* are be+ enjoy$ by ! diff]5t classes ( div9e be+s1 ,vasus1 dityas1 & s on--! sun be+ !re call$ 'madhu4' i4e4 honey or nect>1 on acc\nt ( 8 be+ ! abode ( a c]ta9 nect> to be br\ght ab\t by c]ta9 sacrificial works to be kn[n f ! ,rig-v$a1 & s on2 & z ! rew>d ( su* m$itation ! text names ! atta9m5t ( ! position ( ! ,vasus1 dityas1 & s on4 #ca4 ,& on acc\nt ( 7m$itat+ on ! "p ( ! gods7 be+ 9 ! ,light4 ',him ! devas m$itate ^u z ! light ( lights1 z immortal "t' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #af74 ,?is text decl>es t ! m$itation ( ! gods has = its object ! ,light1 i4e4 ! highe/ ,brahman4 ,n[ ?is express decl>ation z to ! gods be+ m$itat+ devotees ) reg>d to m$itations on ,brahman :i* are common to m5 & gods1 implies a d5ial ( ! gods be+ qualifi$ = m$itations on o!r objects4 ,! conclusion !re=e is t ! ,vasus1 & s on1 are n qualifi$ = m$itations on ! ,vasus & o!r classes ( deities4 #cb4 ,b ,bd>yana 7ma9ta9s7 ! exi/5ce 7( qualification72 = !re is 7possibility ( su*74 ,! ,rev]5d ,bd>yana ?9ks t ! dityas1 ,vasus1 & s on1 are also qualifi$ = m$itations on div9ities4 ,= x is 9 _! case also possible t _! atta9m5t ( ,brahman %\ld be view$ z prec$$ by _! atta9m5t ( ,vasu-hood or ditya-hood1 9 s f>1 namely1 z !y m$itate on ,brahman z abid+ )9 !mselves4 ,!y may be ,vasus & dityas 9 ! pres5t age ( ! _w1 b at ! same "t be desir\s ( hold+ ! same position 9 future ages also4 ,9 ! ,madhuvidy we h to di/+ui% two sections1 conc]n$ respectively ) ,brahman 9 its causal & its effect$ /ate4 ,! =m] section1 ext5d+ f ! beg9n+ up to ':5 f !nce he has ris5 upw>ds1' enjo9s m$itation on ,brahman 9 its condition z effect1 i4e4 z appe>+ 9 ! =m ( creatures su* z ! ,vasus1 & s on2 :ile ! latt] section enjo9s m$itation on ! causal ,brahman view$ z abid+ )9 ! sun z its inn] ,self4 ,! purport ( ! :ole vidy is t he :o m$itates on ,brahman 9 ?is its tw(old =m w 9 a future age ( ! _w enjoy ,vasu-hood1 & w f9ally atta9 ,brahman 9 its causal aspect1 i4e4 ! v highe/ ,brahman4 ,f ! fact t ! text1 ',& inde$ to him :o ?us kn[s ! ,brahma-upani%ad1 ! sun does n rise & does n set2 = him !re is day once & = all1' calls ! :ole ,madhuvidy a ',brahma'-- upani%ad1 & t ! rew>d decl>$ is ! atta9m5t ( ,vasu-hood1 & s on1 lead+ up to ! atta9m5t ( ,brahman1 we cle>ly are entitl$ to inf] t ! m$itations :i* ! text enjo9s1 viz4 on ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! sun view$ z objects ( enjoym5t = ! ,vasus1 & s on1 really are meant z m$itations on ,brahman z abid+ 9 ^? diff]5t =ms4 ,m$itation on ! ,vasus & simil> be+s is ?us se5 to be possible = ! ,vasus !mselves4 ,& z ,brahman really con/itutes ! only object ( m$itation1 we also see ! appropriat5ess ( ! text discuss$ above1 ',on him ! gods m$itate z ! light ( lights4' ,! ,vrittikra expresses ! same op9ion1 ',= !re is possibility ) reg>d to ! ,madhu-vidy1 & s on1 ,brahman only be+ ! object ( m$itation ev]y:]e4'--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'honey4' ,! ,stras n[ ent] on a discussion ( ! "q :e!r ! ,sdras also are qualifi$ = ! k ( ,brahman4 ,! ,prvapak%9 ma9ta9s t !y are s qualifi$2 = qualification1 he says1 dep5ds on want & capacity1 & bo? ^! are possible 9 ! case ( ,sdras also4 ,! ,sdra is n inde$ qualifi$ = any works dep5d+ on a k ( ! sacr$ fires1 = f su* k he is deb>r$2 b he possesses qualification = m$itation on ,brahman1 :i* aft] all is no?+ b a c]ta9 m5tal en]gy4 ,! only works pr]equisite = m$itation are ^? works :i* are incumb5t on a man z a memb] ( a ca/e or srama1 & ^! consi/1 9 ! ,sdra's case1 9 ob$i5ce to ! high] ca/es4 ,& :5 we read '!re=e ! ,sdra is n qualifi$ = sacrifices1' ! purport ( ?is passage is only to make a confirmatory ref]5ce to some?+ already settl$ by reason1 viz4 t ! ,sdra is n qualifi$ = ! p]=mance ( sacrifices :i* _c be accompli%$ by "o n acqua9t$ ) ! sacr$ fires 7& n to d5y ! ,sdra's compet5ce = dev\t m$itation74--,b h[ c m$itation on ,brahman be und]tak5 by a man :o has n /udi$ ! ,v$as1 inclusive ( ! ,v$nta1 & h5ce kn[s no?+ ab\t ! nature ( ,brahman & ! prop] modes ( m$itation8--,^? also1 we reply1 :o d n /udy ,v$a & ,v$nta may acquire ! requisite k by he>+ ,itihsas & ,purnas2 & !re are texts :i* all[ ,sdras to become acqua9t$ ) texts ( t k9d2 cp4 e4g4 '"o is to make ! f\r ca/es to he> texts1 ! ,brhmana com+ fir/4' ,moreov]1 ^? ,purnas & ,itihsas make m5tion ( ,sdras1 su* z ,vidura1 :o _h a k ( ,brahman4 ,& ! ,upani%ads !mselves1 viz4 9 ! s-call$ ,samv>ga-vidy1 %[ t a ,sdra is qualifi$ = ! k ( ,brahman2 = !re ! tea*] ,raikva addresses ,jnasruti1 :o wi%es to le>n f him1 z ,sdra1 & !reupon in/ructs him 9 ! k ( ,brahman 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #b1 #c74 ,all ?is proves t ,sdras also h a claim to ! k ( ,brahman4 ,?is conclusion we d5y1 on ! gr\nd ( ! abs5ce ( capability4 ,x is impossible t ! capability ( p]=m+ m$itations on ,brahman %\ld belong to a p]son n kn[+ ! nature ( ,brahman & ! due modes ( m$itation1 & n qualifi$ by ! k ( ! requisite prelim9>ies ( su* m$itation1 viz4 recitation ( ! ,v$a1 sacrifices1 & s on4 ,m]e want or desire does n imp>t qualification to a p]son de/itute ( ! requir$ capability4 ,& ?is abs5ce ( capability is due1 9 ! ,sdra's case1 to abs5ce ( legitimate /udy ( ! ,v$a4 ,! injunctions ( sacrificial works naturally connect !mselves ) ! k & ! means ( k 7i4e4 religi\s c]emonies & ! l7 t belong to ! ?ree high] ca/es1 = ^! ca/es actually possess ! k 7requir$ = ! sacrifices71 ow+ to _! /udy+ ! ,v$a 9 agreem5t ) ! injunction :i* prescribes su* /udy = ! high] ca/es2 ! same injunctions d n1 on ! o!r h&1 connect !mselves ) ! k & means ( k belong+ to o!rs 7?an memb]s ( ! ?ree high] ca/es74 ,& ! same naturally holds good ) reg>d to ! injunctions ( m$itation on ,brahman4 ,& z ?us only su* k z is acquir$ by /udy prompt$ by ! ,v$ic injunction ( /udy supplies a means = m$itation on ,brahman1 x foll[s t ! ,sdra = :om t injunction is n meant is incapable ( su* m$itation4 ,itihsas & ,purnas hold ! position ( be+ helpful means t[>ds m$itation 9 s f> only z !y confirm or support ! ,v$a1 n indep5d5tly ( ! ,v$a4 ,& t ,sdras are all[$ to he> ,itihsas & ,purnas is meant only = ! end ( de/roy+ _! s9s1 n to prep>e !m = m$itation on ,brahman4 ,! case ( ,vidura & o!r ,sdras hav+ be5 'f\nd$ on ,brahman1' expla9s itself z foll[s3--,ow+ to ! effect ( =m] actions1 :i* _h n yet work$ !mselves out1 !y 7 born 9 a l[ ca/e1 :ile at ! same "t !y possess$ wisdom ow+ to ! fact t ! k acquir$ by !m 9 =m] bir?s _h n yet q vani%$4 7,on ^! g5]al gr\nds we object to ,sdras be+ view$ z qualifi$ = m$itation on ,brahman47 ,! ,stra n[ refutes t argum5t1 :i* ! ,prvapak%9 d]ives f ! use ( ! ^w ',sdra' 9 ! ,samv>ga-vidy4 #cc4 7,t7 grief ( him 7arose71 ?is is intimat$ by 8 7,jnasruti's7 resort+ to him 7,raikva7 on he>+ a disrespectful spee* ab\t himself4 ,f :at ! text says ab\t ,jnasruti ,pautryana hav+ be5 taunt$ by a flam+o = 8 want ( k ( ,brahman1 & hav+ !reupon resort$ to ,raikva1 :o possess$ ! k ( ,brahman1 x appe>s t sorr[ 7suk7 _h tak5 possession ( him2 & x is ) a view to ?is t ,raikva addresses him z ,sdra4 ,= ! ^w ,sdra1 etymologically consid]$1 means "o :o grieves or sorr[s 7sokati74 ,! appellation 'sdra' !re=e ref]s to 8 sorr[1 n to 8 be+ a memb] ( ! f\r? ca/e4 ,?is cle>ly appe>s f a consid]ation ( ! :ole /ory4 ,jnasruti ,pautryana 0 a v lib]al & pi\s k+4 ,be+ mu* pleas$ ) 8 virtu\s life1 & wi%+ to r\se 9 him ! desire ( kn[+ ,brahman1 two noble-m9d$ be+s1 assum+ ! %ape ( flam+oes1 flew pa/ him at night "t1 :5 "o ( !m address$ ! o!r1 ',o ,bhallk%a4 ! light ( ,jnasruti has spread l ! sky2 d n g ne> t x may n burn !e4' ,to ?is praise ( ,jnasruti ! o!r flam+o repli$1 ',h[ c y speak ( him1 be+ :at he is1 z if he 7 ,raikva sayuktvn8' i4e4 'h[ c y speak ( ,jnasruti1 be+ :at he is1 z if he 7 ,raikva1 :o kn[s ,brahman & is end[$ ) ! mo/ em95t qualities8 ,raikva1 :o kn[s ,brahman1 alone 9 ?is _w is truly em95t4 ,janasruti may be v pi\s1 b z he does n "k ,brahman :at quality ( 8 c\ld produce spl5d\r capable ( burn+ me l ! spl5d\r ( ,raikva8' ,! =m] flam+o !reupon asks :o t ,raikva is1 & its companion replies1 ',he 9 ^: "w & k !re are compris$ all ! works done by good m5 & all ! k belong+ to intellig5t creatures1 t is ,raikva4' ,jnasruti1 hav+ he>d ?is spee* ( ! flam+o--:i* impli$ a reproa* to himself z be+ de/itute ( ! k ( ,brahman1 & a glorification ( ,raikva z possess+ t k--at once s5ds 8 door-keep] to look = ,raikva2 & :5 ! door-keep] f9ds him & br+s ^w1 ! k+ himself repairs to him ) six hundr$ c[s1 a gold5 necklace1 & a c>riage yok$ ) mules1 & asks him to tea* him ! deity on :i* he m$itates1 i4e4 ! highe/ deity4 ,raikva1 :o ?r\gh ! might ( 8 ,yoga-k is acqua9t$ ) ev]y?+ t passes 9 ! ?ree worlds1 at once p]ceives t ,jnasruti is inw>dly griev$ at ! slight+ spee* ( ! flam+o1 :i* _h be5 provok$ by ! k+'s want ( k ( ,brahman1 & is n[ mak+ an ef=t due to ! wi% ( kn[+ ,brahman2 & ?us recognises t ! k+ is fit = ! reception ( t k4 ,reflect+ !reupon t a k ( ,brahman may be firmly e/abli%$ 9 ?is pupil ev5 )\t long att5dance on ! tea*] if only he w be lib]al to ! tea*] to ! utmo/ ( 8 capability1 he addresses him3 ',d ?\ take away 7aph>a7 7^! ?+s71 ,o ,sdra2 keep 7! *>iot7 ) ! c[s = ?yself4' ,:at he means to say is1 ',by s mu* only 9 ! way ( gifts be/[$ on me1 ! k ( ,brahman _c be e/abli%$ 9 !e1 :o1 ?r\gh ! desire = su* k1 art plung$ 9 grief'--! address ',o ,sdra' intimat+ t ,raikva kn[s ,jnasruti to be plung$ 9 grief1 & on t acc\nt fit to receive in/ruction ab\t ,brahman4 ,jnasruti !reupon approa*es ,raikva = a second "t1 br++ z mu* weal? z he possibly c1 & moreov] 8 own daught]4 ,raikva aga9 intimates 8 view ( ! pupil's fitness = receiv+ in/ruction by address+ him a second "t z ',sdra1' & says1 ',y h br\ght ^!1 ,o ,sdra2 by ?is m\? only y made me speak1' i4e4 ',y n[ h br\ght pres5ts to ! utmo/ ( y\r capability2 by ?is means only y w induce me1 )\t l5g?y s]vice on y\r "p1 to utt] spee* conta9+ t in/ruction ab\t ,brahman :i* y desire4'-- ,hav+ said ?is he beg9s to in/ruct him4--,we ?us see t ! appellation 'sdra' is meant to intimate ! grief ( ,jnasruti--:i* grief 9 its turn indicates ! k+'s fitness = receiv+ in/ruction2 & is n meant to decl>e t ,jnasruti belongs to ! l[e/ ca/e4 #cd4 ,& on acc\nt ( 7,jnasruti 7 k%attriya-hood be+ und]/ood4 ,! fir/ section ( ! vidy tells u t ,jnasruti be/[$ mu* weal? & food2 lat] on he is repres5t$ z s5d+ 8 door-keep] on an err&2 & 9 ! end1 z be/[+ on ,raikva _m villages-- :i* %[s him to be a t]ritorial "l4 ,all ^! circum/ances sugge/ ,jnasruti's be+ a ,k%attriya1 & h5ce n a memb] ( ! l[e/ ca/e4--,! above ,stra hav+ decl>$ t ! k%attriya-hood ( ,jnasruti is indicat$ 9 ! introductory leg5d1 ! next ,stra %[s t ! same circum/ance is indicat$ 9 ! conclud+ leg5d4 #ce4 ,on acc\nt ( ! inf]5tial sign fur!r on1 toge!r ) ,kaitr>a?a4 ,! k%attriya-hood ( ,jnasruti is fur!r to be accept$ on acc\nt ( ! ,k%attriya ,abhipratr9 ,kaitr>a?a1 :o is m5tion$ fur!r on 9 ?is v same ,samv>gavidy :i* ,raikva imp>ts to ,jnasruti4--,b :y8-- ,z foll[s4 ,! section beg9n+ ',once a ,brahmakr9 begg$ ( ,saunaka ,kpeya & ,abhipratr9 ,kk%as5i :ile be+ wait$ on at _! meal1' & end+ '?us d we1 ,o ,brahmakr91 m$itate on t be+1' %[s ,kpeya1 ,abhipratr91 & ! ,brahmakr9 to be connect$ ) ! ,samv>ga-vidy4 ,n[ ,abhipratr9 is a ,k%attriya1 ! o!r two are ,brhmanas4 ,?is %[s t !re are connect$ ) ! vidy1 ,brhmanas1 & f among non-,brhmanas1 a ,k%attriya only1 b n a ,sdra4 ,x !re=e appe>s appropriate to inf] t ! p]son1 o!r ?an ! ,brhmana ,raikva1 :o is likewise connect$ ) ?is vidy1 viz4 ,jnasruti1 is likewise a ,k%attriya1 n a ,sdra4--,b h[ d we "k t ,abhipratr9 is a ,kaitr>a?a & a ,k%attriya8 ,nei!r ( ^! circum/ances is /at$ 9 ! leg5d 9 ! ,samv>ga-vidy6 ,to ?is "q ! ,stra replies1 'on acc\nt ( ! inf]5tial m>k4' ,f ! inf]5tial m>k t ,saunaka ,kpeya & ,abhipratr9 ,kk%as5i are said to h be5 sitt+ toge!r at a meal we und]/& t !re is "s connexion betwe5 ,abhipratr9 & ! ,kpeyas4 ,n[ ano!r scriptural passage runs z foll[s3 ',! ,kpeyas made ,kaitr>a?a p]=m t sacrifice' 7,tnd ,br4 ,,xx1 #ab1 #e71 & ?is %[s t "o connect$ ) ! ,kpeyas 0 a ,kaitr>a?a2 & a fur!r text %[s t a ,kaitr>a?a is a ,k%attriya4 'f him !re 0 desc5d$ a ,kaitr>a?a :o 0 a pr9ce4' ,all ?is fav\rs ! inf]5ce t ,abhipratr9 0 a ,kaitr>a?a & a ,k%attriya4 ,s f> ! ,stras h %[n t !re is no inf]5tial m>k to prove :at is contradict$ by reason+1 viz4 ! qualification ( ! ,sdras4 ,! next ,stra decl>es t ! non-qualification ( ! ,sdra prov$ by reason+ is confirm$ by ,scripture & ,smriti4 #cf4 ,on acc\nt ( ! ref]5ce to c]emonial purifications1 & on acc\nt ( ! decl>ation ( _! abs5ce4 ,9 sections ! purport ( :i* is to give in/ruction ab\t ,brahman ! c]emony ( initiation is ref]r$ to1 ',i w initiate y2 he initiat$ him' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d74 ,& at ! same "t ! abs5ce ( su* c]emonies 9 ! case ( ,sdras is /at$3 ',9 ! ,sdra !re is n any s91 & he is n fit = any c]emony' 7,manu ,x1 #abf72 & ',! f\r? ca/e is once born1 & n fit = any c]emony' 7,manu ,x1 #d74 #cg4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! proc$ure1 on ! asc]ta9m5t ( ! non- be+ ( t4 ,t a ,sdra is n qualifi$ = k ( ,brahman appe>s f t fact also t z soon z ,gautama has conv9c$ himself t ,jbla1 :o wi%es to become 8 pupil1 is n a ,sdra1 he proce$s to tea* him ! k ( ,brahman4 #ch4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! prohibition ( he>+1 /udy+1 & p]=mance ( 7,v$ic7 matt]4 ,! ,sdra is specially =bidd5 to he> & /udy ! ,v$a & to p]=m ! ?+s enjo9$ 9 x4 ',= a ,sdra is l a cemet]y1 !re=e ! ,v$a mu/ n be read 9 ! vic9ity ( a ,sdra2' ',!re=e ! ,sdra is l a bea/1 unfit = sacrifices4' ,& he :o does n he> ! ,v$a recit$ _c le>n x s z to und]/& & p]=m :at ! ,v$a enjo9s4 ,! prohibition ( he>+ ?us implies ! prohibition ( und]/&+ & :atev] dep5ds on x4 #ci4 ,& on acc\nt ( ,smriti4 ,smriti also decl>es ?is prohibition ( he>+1 & s on4 ',! e>s ( him :o he>s ! ,v$a are to be fill$ ) molt5 lead & lac2 if he pron\nces x 8 tongue is to be slit2 if he pres]ves x 8 body is to be cut ?r\gh4' ,& ',he is n to tea* him sacr$ duties or v[s4 '--,x is ?us a settl$ matt] t ! ,sdras are n qualifi$ = m$itations on ,brahman4 ,we mu/ "h po9t out t ! non-qualification ( ,sdras = ! cognition ( ,brahman c 9 no way be ass]t$ by ^? :o hold t a ,brahman consi/+ ( pure non-diff]5c$ intellig5ce con/itutes ! sole reality2 t ev]y?+ else is false2 t all bondage is unreal2 t su* bondage may be put an end to by ! m]e cognition ( ! true nature ( ,reality--su* cognition result+ f ! he>+ ( c]ta9 texts2 & t ! cessation ( bondage ?us effect$ con/itutes f9al ,release4 ,= k ( ! true nature ( ,reality1 9 ! s5se indicat$1 & ! release result+ f x1 may be secur$ by any "o :o le>ns f ano!r p]son t ,brahman alone is real & t ev]y?+ else is falsely sup]impos$ on ,brahman4 ,t ! cognition ( su* tru? c be arriv$ at only on ! basis ( c]ta9 ,v$ic texts1 su* z ',?\ art t1' is a re/riction :i* does n admit ( pro(2 = k ( ! tru? does n dep5d on man's *oice1 & at once spr+s up 9 ! m9d ev5 ( an unwill+ man z soon z ! conditions = su* orig9ation are pres5t4 ,nor c x be prov$ 9 any way t bondage c be put an end to only ?r\gh su* k ( ! tru? z spr+s f ,v$ic texts2 = error comes to an end ?r\gh ! k ( ! true nature ( ?+s1 :atev] ag5cy may give rise to su* k4 ,true k1 ( ! k9d describ$1 w spr+ up 9 ! m9d ( a man z soon z he he>s ! non-scriptural decl>ation1 ',brahman1 consi/+ ( non-diff]5c$ intellig5ce1 is ! sole ,reality2 ev]y?+ else is false1' & ?is w suffice to free him f error4 ,:5 a compet5t & tru/wor?y p]son ass]ts t :at 0 mi/ak5 = silv] is m]ely a sp>kl+ %ell1 ! error ( a ,sdra no less ?an ( a ,brhmana comes to an end2 9 ! same way a ,sdra also w free himself f ! great cosmic error z soon z ! k ( ! true nature ( ?+s has aris5 9 8 m9d ?r\gh a /atem5t re/+ on ! traditional lore ( m5 kn[+ ! ,v$a4 ,nor mu/ y object to ?is on ! gr\nd t m5 kn[+ ! ,v$a d n in/ruct ,sdras1 & s on1 because ! text1 'he is n to tea* him sacr$ ?+s1' =bids !m to d s2 = m5 :o h once le>n$-- f texts su* z ',?\ art t'--t ,brahman is _! ,self1 & ?us are /&+ on ! v top ( ! ,v$a z x 71 move no long] 9 ! sph]e ( ^? to :om injunctions & prohibitions apply1 & ! prohibition quot$ does n !re=e t\* !m4 ,k ( ,brahman may ?us spr+ up 9 ! m9d ( ,sdras & ! l1 ow+ to in/ruction receiv$ f "o ( ^? m5 :o h pass$ beyond all prohibition4 ,nor mu/ x be said t ! in/ance ( ! %ell & ! silv] is n analog\s1 9 s f>1 namely1 z ! error ) reg>d to silv] 9 ! %ell comes to an end z soon z ! true /ate ( ?+s is decl>$2 :ile ! great cosmic error t cl\ds ! ,sdra's m9d does n come to an end z soon z1 f ! tea*+ ( ano!r man1 he le>ns ! tru? ab\t ,reality4 ,= ! case ( ! ,sdra does n h]e9 diff] f t ( ! ,brhmana2 ! latt] also does n at once free himself f ! cosmic error4 ,nor aga9 w x avail to plead t ! sacr$ texts orig9ate ! dem&$ f9al cognition 9 ! m9d ( ! ,brhmana z soon z m$itation has dispell$ ! ob/ructive imag9ation ( plurality2 = 9 ! same way1 i4e4 help$ by m$itation1 ! non-,v$ic in/ruction giv5 by ano!r p]son produces ! requir$ cognition 9 ! m9d ( ! ,sdra4 ,= m$itation means no?+ b a /eady consid]ation ( ! s5se :i* s5t5ces decl>atory ( ! unity ( ,brahman & ! ,self may convey1 & ! effect ( su* m$itation is to de/roy all impressions oppos$ to su* unity2 y y\rself ?us admit t ! injunction ( m$itation aims at some?+ visible 7i4e4 an effect t c be def9itely assign$1 :5ce x foll[s t ! ,sdra also is qualifi$ = x1 :ile he w\ld n be qualifi$ = an activity hav+ an 'adri%ta1' i4e4 sup]s5su\s1 transc5d5tal effect74 ,! recital ( ! text ( ! ,v$a also & ! l 7are n indisp5sable means = br++ ab\t cognition ( ,brahman1 b7 m]ely subs]ve ! orig9ation ( ! desire ( k4 ,! desire ( k may arise 9 a ,sdra also 7viz4 9 "s o!r way71 & !reupon real k may result f non-,v$ic in/ruction1 ob/ructive imag9ations hav+ previ\sly be5 de/roy$ by m$itation4 ,& ?us 9 8 case also non-real bondage w come to an end4--,! same conclusion may also be arriv$ at by a diff]5t road4 ,! m]e ord9>y in/rum5ts ( k1 viz4 p]ception & inf]5ce assi/$ by reason+1 may sugge/ to ! ,sdra ! !ory t !re is an inw>d ,reality con/itut$ by non-diff]5c$ self- lum9\s intellig5ce1 t ?is inw>d pr9ciple witnesses ,nesci5ce1 & t ow+ to ,nesci5ce ! entire app>5t _w1 ) its manifold di/9ctions ( kn[+ subjects & objects ( k1 is sup]impos$ ^u ! inn] ,reality4 ,he may !reupon1 by un9t]rupt$ m$itation on ?is inn] ,reality1 free himself f all imag9ations oppos$ to x1 arrive at ! intuitive k ( ! inn] pr9ciple1 & ?us obta9 f9al release4 ,& ?is way be+ op5 to release1 !re is really no use to be disc]n$ 9 ! ,v$nta-texts1 sugge/+ z !y cle>ly d ! entirely false view t ! real be+ 7is n absolutely homog5e\s intellig5ce1 b7 possesses inf9ite transc5d5t attributes1 be+ end[$ ) manifold p[]s1 connect$ ) manifold creations1 & s on4 ,9 ?is way ! qualification ( ,sdras = ! k ( ,brahman is p]fectly cle>4 ,& z ! k ( ,brahman may be rea*$ 9 ?is way n only by ,sdras b also by ,brhmanas & memb]s ( ! o!r high] ca/es1 ! poor ,upani%ad is practically defunct4--,to ?is ! foll[+ objection w possibly be rais$4 ,man be+ implicat$ 9 & confus$ by ! beg9n+less c\rse ( mundane exi/5ce1 requires to receive f some:]e a sugge/ion z to ?is empirical _w be+ a m]e error & ! ,reality be+ some?+ q diff]5t1 & ?us only !re arises 9 him a desire to ent] on an enquiry1 proce$+ by means ( p]ception1 & s on4 ,n[ t :i* gives ! requir$ sugge/ion is ! ,v$a1 & h5ce we _c d )\t x4--,b ?is objection is n valid4 ,= 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o are aw$ by all ! dang]s & tr\bles ( exi/5ce1 ! desire to ent] on a philosophical inve/igation ( ,reality1 proce$+ by means ( ,p]ception & ,inf]5ce1 spr+s up q ap>t f ! ,v$a1 ow+ to ! obs]vation t !re are v>i\s sects ( philosoph]s4 ,snkhyas1 & s on1 :o make x _! bus9ess to c>ry on su* inve/igations4 ,& :5 su* desire is once r\s$1 ,p]ception & ,inf]5ce alone 79 ! way all[$ by ! ,snk>as !mselves7 lead on to ! !ory t ! only ,reality is intellig5ce et]nal1 pure1 self-lum9\s1 non-dual1 non- *ang+1 & t ev]y?+ else is fictiti\sly sup]impos$ !reon4 ,t ?is self-lum9\s ,reality possesses no o!r attribute to be le>n$ f scripture is admitt$2 = accord+ to y\r op9ion also scripture sublates ev]y?+ t is n ,brahman & m]ely sup]impos$ on x4 ,nor %\ld x be said t we mu/ h rec\rse to ! ,upani%ads = ! purpose ( e/abli%+ t ! ,real f\nd 9 ! way ( p]ception & inf]5ce is at ! same "t ( ! nature ( bliss2 = ! m]ely & absolutely ,intellig5t is se5 ( itself to be ( t nature1 s9ce x is diff]5t f ev]y?+ t is n ( t nature4--,!re are1 on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o hold t ! k :i* ! ,v$nta-texts enjo9 z ! means ( ,release is ( ! nature ( dev\t m$itation2 t su* m$itation has ! effect ( w9n+ ! love ( ! supreme ,_s & is to be le>n$ f scripture only2 t ! injunctions ( m$itation ref] to su* k only z spr+s f ! legitimate /udy ( ! ,v$a on ! "p ( a man duly purifi$ by initiation & o!r c]emonies1 & is assi/$ by ! sev5 means 7see above1 p4 #ag72 & t ! supreme ,p]son pleas$ by su* m$itation be/[s on ! devotee k ( 8 own true nature1 dissolves !reby ! ,nesci5ce spr++ f works1 & ?us releases him f bondage4 ,& on ?is view ! pro( ( ! non-qualification ( ! ,sdra1 z giv5 9 ! prec$+ ,stras1 holds good4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! exclusion ( ! ,sdras4' ,hav+ ?us complet$ ! inve/igation ( qualification :i* _h sugge/$ itself 9 connexion ) ! matt] 9 h&1 ! ,stras return to ! be+ measur$ by a ?umb1 & /ate ano!r reason = its be+ expla9$ z ,brahman--z already und]/ood on ! basis ( its be+ decl>$ ! rul] ( :at is & :at w be4 #dj4 ,on acc\nt ( ! trembl+4 ,9 ! "p ( ! ,ka?a-,upani%ad :i* int]v5es betwe5 ! passage ',! ,p]son ( ! size ( a ?umb /&s 9 ! middle ( ! ,self 7,,ii1 #d1 #ab71 & ! passage ',! ,p]son ( ! size ( a ?umb1 ! inn] ,self' 7,,ii1 #f1 #ag71 we meet ) ! text ':atev] !re is1 ! :ole _w1 :5 gone =?1 trembles 9 its brea?4 ,a great t]ror1 a rais$ ?und]bolt2 ^? :o knew x became immortal4 ,f fe> ( x fire burns1 f fe> ! sun %9es1 f fe> ,indra & ,vyu1 & ,dea? z ! fif? run away' 7,,ii1 #f1 #b2 #c74 ,?is text decl>es t ! :ole _w & ,agni1 ,srya1 & s on1 abid+ )9 t ,p]son ( ! size ( a ?umb1 :o is "h designat$ by ! t]m 'brea?1' & go+ =? f him1 tremble f _! great fe> ( him4 ',:at w happ5 to u if we transgress 8 comm&m5ts8'--?9k+ ?us ! :ole _w trembles on acc\nt ( great fe>1 z if x 7 a rais$ ?und]bolt4 ,9 ?is explanation we take ! clause ',a great fe>1 a rais$ ?und]bolt1' 9 ! s5se ( '7! _w trembles7 f great fe>1' c41 z x is cle>ly connect$ 9 mean+ ) ! foll[+ clause3 'f fe> ! fire burns1' c4--,n[ :at is describ$ "h is ! nature ( ! highe/ ,brahman2 = t su* p[] belongs to ,brahman only we "k f o!r texts1 viz43 ',by ! comm& ( t ,imp]i%able1 ,o ,grg1 sun & moon /& ap>t' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #h1 #i72 & ',f fe> ( x ! w9d bl[s1 f fe> ! sun rises2 f fe> ( x ,agni & ,indra1 yea ,dea? runs z ! fif?' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #h1 #a74--,! next ,stra supplies a fur!r reason4 #da4 ,on acc\nt ( light be+ se5 7decl>$ 9 ! text74 ,betwe5 ! two texts ref]r+ to ! ,p]son ( ! size ( a ?umb1 !re is a text decl>+ t to t ,p]son !re belongs light t obscures all o!r light1 & is ! cause & assi/ance ( all o!r light2 & su* light is *>act]i/ic ( ,brahman only4 ',! sun does n %9e !re1 nor ! moon & ! />s1 nor ^! lightn+s1 & mu* less ?is fire4 ,aft] him1 ! %9+ "o1 ev]y?+ %9es2 by 8 light all ?is is light$' 7,ka4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #e1 #ae7--,?is v same sloka is read 9 ! ?>vana 7i4e4 ,mundaka7 ) ref]5ce to ,brahman4 ,ev]y:]e1 9 fact1 ! texts attribute supreme lum9\sness to ,brahman only4 ,comp>e3 ',hav+ approa*$ ! highe/ light he manife/s himself 9 8 own %ape' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #ab1 #c72 ',him ! gods m$itate on z ! light ( lights1 z immortal "t' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1af72 ',n[ t light :i* %9es above ?is heav5' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ac1 #g74--;,x is ?us a settl$ conclusion t ! ,p]son measur$ by a ?umb is ! highe/ ,brahman4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'him :o is measur$' 7by a ?umb74 #db4 ,! e!r1 on acc\nt ( ! designation ( some?+ diff]5t1 & s on4 ,we read 9 ! ,*ndogya4 ',! e!r is ! evolv] ( =ms & names4 ,t )9 :i* ^! =ms & names are 7or t :i* is )9-- or )\t--^! =ms & names7 is ,brahman1 ! ,immortal1 ! ,self' 7,,viii1 #ad74 ,a d\bt "h arises :e!r ! be+ "h call$ e!r be ! releas$ individual s\l1 or ! highe/ ,self4--,! ,prvapak%9 adopts ! =m] view4 ,=1 he says1 ! releas$ s\l is introduc$ z subject-matt] 9 an imm$iately prec$+ clause1',%ak+ (f all z a horse %akes 8 hair1 & z ! moon frees himself f ! m\? ( ,rhu2 hav+ %ak5 (f ! body ,i obta91 satisfi$1 ! uncreat$ _w ( ,brahman' ,moreov]1 ! clause ',t :i* is )\t =ms & names' cle>ly designates ! releas$ s\l fre$ f "n & =m4 ,& '! evolv] ( names & =ms' is aga9 t same s\l *>act]is$ ) a view to its previ\s condition2 = ! individual s\l 9 its non-releas$ /ate support$ ! %apes ( gods1 & s on1 & _! names4 ,) a view1 f9ally1 to its pres5t /ate 9 :i* x is free f "n & =m1 ! la/ clause decl>es 't is ,brahman1 ! ,immortal'4 ,! t]m 'e!r' may v well be appli$ to ! releas$ s\l :i* is *>act]is$ by ! possession ( non-limit$ spl5d\r4-- ,b1 z ! text "u discussion is supplem5t>y to ! section deal+ ) ! small e!r )9 ! he>t 7,,viii1 #a1 #a ff471 we und]/& t t small e!r is ref]r$ to "h also2 & x has be5 prov$ above t t small e!r is ,brahman6--,n s1 we reply4 ,! text "u discussion is sep>at$ f ! section treat+ ( ! small e!r )9 ! he>t1 by ! tea*+ ( ,prajpati4 & t tea*+ is conc]n$ ) ! *>act]i/ics ( ! individual s\l 9 its diff]5t conditions up to ,release2 & moreov] ! e>li] "p ( ! section "u discussion speaks ( ! be+ :i* %akes (f evil1 & ?is und\bt$ly is ! releas$ individual s\l introduc$ 9 ! tea*+ ( ,prajpati4 ,all ?is %[s t ! e!r 9 our passage d5otes ! releas$ individual s\l4 ,?is view is set aside by ! ,stra4 ,! e!r 9 our passage is ! highe/ ,brahman1 because ! clause ',e!r is ! evolv] ( =ms & names' designates some?+ o!r ?an ! individual s\l4 ,! e!r :i* evolves names & =ms _c be ! individual s\l ei!r 9 ! /ate ( bondage or t ( release4 ,9 ! /ate ( bondage ! s\l is "u ! influ5ce ( k>man1 itself p>ticipates 9 "n & =m1 & h5ce _c br+ ab\t names & =ms4 ,& 9 its releas$ /ate x is expressly said n to take "p 9 ! _w-bus9ess 7,ve4 ,s4 ,,iv1 #d1 #ag71 & !re=e is all ! less qualifi$ to evolve names & =ms4 ,! ,"l1 on ! o!r h&1 :o is ! rul+ pr9ciple 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,univ]se is expressly decl>$ by scripture to be ! evolv] ( names & =ms2 cp4 ',ent]+ into !m ) ?is liv+ ,self1 let me evolve names & =ms' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #c1 #b72 ',:o is all-kn[+1 ^: brood+ consi/s ( k1 f him is born ?is ,brahman1 "n1 =m1 & matt]' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,i1 #a1 #i71 c4 ,h5ce ! e!r :i* br+s ab\t names & =ms is some?+ diff]5t f ! s\l = :i* "n & =m are br\ght ab\t2 x is 9 fact ! highe/ ,brahman4 ,?is ! next clause ( ! text confirms1 ',t :i* is )9 ^? =ms & names'2 ! purport ( :i* is3 because t e!r is )9 names & =ms1 n be+ t\*$ by !m b be+ some?+ ap>t1 !re=e x is ! evolv] ( !m2 ?is also foll[+ f 8 be+ free f evil & end[$ ) ! p[] ( realis+ 8 purposes4 ,! '& s on' 9 ! ,stra ref]s to ! ,brahma-hood1 ,self-hood1 & immortality m5tion$ 9 ! text 7',t is ! ,brahman1 ! ,immortal1 ! ,self'74 ,= ,brahma-hood1 i4e4 greatness1 & s on1 9 _! uncondition$ s5se1 belong to ! highe/ ,self only4 ,x is ?us cle> t ! e!r is ! highe/ ,brahman4--,nor is ! ,prvapak%9 "r 9 ma9ta9+ t a clause imm$iately prec$+ 7'%ak+ (f all evil'7 introduces ! individual s\l z ! g5]al topic ( ! section4 ,= :at ! "p ( ! text imm$iately prec$+ ! passage "u discussion does introduce z g5]al topic1 is ! highe/ ,brahman1 z %[n by ! clause ',i obta9 ! ,brahma- _w4' ,brahman is1 x is true1 repres5t$ !re z ! object to be obta9$ by ! releas$ s\l2 b z ! releas$ s\l _c be ! evolv] ( names & =ms1 c41 we mu/ conclude t x is ,brahman 7& n ! releas$ s\l71 :i* con/itutes ! topic ( ! :ole section4 ,moreov] 7to take a wid] view ( ! context ( our passage7 ! t]m 'e!r' prompts u to recognise "h ! small e!r 7m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ section ( ! eigh? book7 z ! g5]al topic ( ! book2 & z ! tea*+ ( ,prajpati is meant to set =? 7n ! individual s\l by itself b7 ! nature ( ! s\l ( ! m$itat+ devotee1 x is prop] to conclude t ! text "u discussion is meant f9ally to repres5t1 z ! object to be obta9$1 ! small e!r previ\sly inculcat$ z object ( m$itation4 ,9 conclusion we rem>k t ! t]m 'e!r' is n[h]e se5 to d5ote ! individual ,self4--,! e!r t evolves names & =ms1 !re=e1 is ! highe/ ,brahman4 ,b1 an objection is rais$1 !re is no o!r ,self diff]5t f ! individual ,self2 = scripture tea*es ! unity ( all ,selfs & d5ies duality4 ,t]ms su* z '! highe/ ,self1' '! highe/ ,brahman1' '! highe/ ,"l1' are m]ely designations ( ! individual s\l 9 ! /ate ( ,release4 ,! ,brahma-_w to be atta9$1 !re=e1 is no?+ diff]5t f ! atta9+ individual s\l2 & h5ce ! e!r also t evolves names & =ms c be t s\l only4--,to ?is objection ! next ,stra replies4 #dc4 ,on acc\nt ( diff]5ce 9 deep sleep & dep>t+4 ,we h to supply 'on acc\nt ( designation' f ! prec$+ ,stra4 ,because ! text designates ! highe/ ,self z some?+ diff]5t f ! individual ,self 9 ! /ate ( deep sleep z well z at ! "t ( dep>ture1 ! highe/ ,self is ?us diff]5t4 ,= ! ,vjasaneyaka1 aft] hav+ introduc$ ! individual ,self 9 ! passage ',:o is t ,self8--,he :o consi/+ ( k is among ! prnas1' c4 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #c1 #g71 describes h[1 9 ! /ate ( deep sleep1 be+ n consci\s ( any?+ x is held embrac$ by ! all-kn[+ highe/ ,self1 embrac$ by ! intellig5t ,self x kn[s no?+ t is )\t1 no?+ t is )9' 7,,iv1 #c1 #ba74 ,s also ) ref]5ce to ! "t ( dep>ture1 i4e4 dy+ ',m\nt$ by ! intellig5t ,self x moves along groan+' 7,,iv1 #c1 #ce74 ,n[ x is impossible t ! unconsci\s individual ,self1 ei!r ly+ 9 deep sleep or dep>t+ f ! body1 %\ld at ! same "t be embrac$ or m\nt$ by itself1 be+ all- kn[+4 ,nor c ! embrac+ & m\nt+ ,self be "s o!r individual ,self2 = no su* ,self c be all-kn[+4--,! next ,stra supplies a fur!r reason4 #dd4 ,& on acc\nt ( su* words z ,"l4 ,t embrac+ highe/ ,self is fur!r on designat$ by t]ms su* z ,"l1 & s on4 ',he is ! ,"l ( all1 ! ma/] ( all1 ! rul] ( all4 ,he does n become great] by good works1 nor small] by evil works4 ,he is ! "l ( all1 ! k+ ( be+s1 ! protector ( be+s4 ,he is a bank & a b\nd>y s t ^! worlds may n be conf\nd$4 ,brhmanas seek to "k him by ! /udy ( ! ,v$a4 ,he :o kn[s him becomes a ,muni4 ,wi%+ = t _w only1 m5dicants leave _! homes' 7,,iv1 #d1 #bb74 ',?is inde$ is ! great unborn ,self1 ! /rong1 ! giv] ( weal?1--undecay+1 undy+1 immortal1 fe>less is ,brahman' 7,,iv1 #d1 #bd2 #be74 ,n[ all ! qualities "h decl>$1 viz4 be+ ! "l ( all1 & s on1 _c possibly belong to ! individual ,self ev5 9 ! /ate ( ,release2 & we ?us aga9 arrive at ! conclusion t ! e!r evolv+ =ms & names is some?+ diff]5t f ! releas$ individual s\l4 ,! decl>ations ( g5]al ,unity :i* we meet ) 9 ! texts re/ !reon1 t all s5ti5t & non-s5ti5t be+s are effects ( ,brahman1 & h5ce h ,brahman = _! inn] ,self4 ,t ?is is ! mean+ ( texts su* z ',all ?is is ,brahman1' c41 we h expla9$ be=e4 ,& ! texts d5y+ plurality are to be und]/ood 9 ! same way4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! designation ( some?+ diff]5t1 & s on4' ,,f\r? ,p,,da4 #a4 ,if x be said t "s 7m5tion7 t :i* re/s on ,inf]5ce2 we d5y ?is because 7! =m7 ref]s to :at is conta9$ 9 ! simile ( ! body2 & 7?is ! text7 %[s4 ,s f> ! ,stras h giv5 in/ruction ab\t a ,brahman1 ! enquiry into :i* s]ves z a means to obta9 :at is ! highe/ good ( man1 viz4 f9al release2 :i* is ! cause ( ! orig9ation1 & s on1 ( ! _w2 :i* diff]s 9 nature f all non-s5ti5t ?+s su* z ! ,pradhna1 & f all intellig5t be+s :e!r 9 ! /ate ( bondage or ( release2 :i* is free f all %ad[ ( imp]fection2 :i* is all kn[+1 all p[]ful1 has ! p[] ( realis+ all its purposes1 comprises )9 itself all bless$ qualities1 is ! inn] ,self ( all1 & possesses unb\nd$ p[] & might4 ,b "h a new special objection pres5ts itself4 ,9 ord] to e/abli% ! !ory ma9ta9$ by ,kapila1 viz4 ( !re be+ a ,pradhna & individual s\ls :i* d n h _! ,self 9 ,brahman1 x is po9t$ out by "s t 9 c]ta9 bran*es ( ! ,v$a !re are met ) c]ta9 passages :i* appe> to adumbrate ! doctr9e ( ! ,pradhna be+ ! univ]sal cause4 ,! ,stras n[ apply !mselves to ! refutation ( ?is view1 9 ord] !reby to confirm ! !ory ( ,brahman be+ ! only cause ( all4 ,we read 9 ! ,ka?a-,upani%ad1 ',beyond ! s5ses !re are ! objects1 beyond ! objects !re is ! m9d1 beyond ! m9d !re is ! intellect1 ! great ,self is beyond ! intellect4 ,beyond ! ,great !re is ! ,unevolv$1 beyond ! ,unevolv$ !re is ! ,p]son4 ,beyond ! ,p]son !re is no?+--?is is ! goal1 ! highe/ road' 7,ka4 ,up4 ,i1 #c1 #aa74 ,! "q "h arises :e!r by ! ',unevolv$' be or be n meant ! ,pradhna1 z e/abli%$ by ,kapila's !ory1 ( :i* ,brahman is n ! ,self4--,! ,prvapak%9 ma9ta9s ! =m] alt]native4 ,=1 he says1 9 ! clause 'beyond ! ,great is ! ,unevolv$1 beyond ! ,unevolv$ is ! ,p]son1' we recognise ! arrangem5t ( entities z e/abli%$ by ! ,snkhya-sy/em1 & h5ce mu/ take ! ',unevolv$' to be ! ,pradhna4 ,?is is fur!r confirm$ by ! additional clause 'beyond ! ,p]son !re is no?+1' :i* 79 agreem5t ) ,snkhya pr9ciples7 d5ies t !re is any be+ beyond ! s\l1 :i* itself is ! tw5ty-fif? & la/ ( ! pr9ciples recognis$ by ! ,snkhyas4 ,?is prim facie view is express$ 9 ! =m] "p ( ! ,stra1 ',if x be said t 9 ! skhs ( "s t :i* re/s on ,inf]5ce1 i4e4 ! ,pradhna1 is /at$ z ! univ]sal cause4' ,! latt] "p ( ! ,stra refutes ?is view4 ,! ^w ',unevolv$' does n d5ote a ,pradhna indep5d5t ( ,brahman2 x r d5otes ! body repres5t$ z a *>iot 9 ! simile ( ! body1 i4e4 9 ! passage in/itut+ a comp>ison betwe5 ! ,self1 body1 intellect1 & s on1 on ! "o side1 & ! *>iote]1 *>iot1 c4 on ! o!r side4--,! details are z foll[s4 ,! text at fir/--9 ! section beg9n+ ',"k ! ,self to be ! p]son driv+1' c41 & end+ 'he rea*es ! end ( ! j\rney1 & t is ! highe/ place ( ,vi%nu' 7,i1 #c1 #c-i7--;comp>es ! devotee desir\s ( rea*+ ! goal ( 8 j\rney ?r\gh ! samsra1 i4e4 ! abode ( ,vi%nu1 to a man driv+ 9 a *>iot2 & 8 body1 s5ses1 & s on1 to ! *>iot & p>ts ( ! *>iot2 ! mean+ ( ! :ole comp>ison be+ t he only rea*es ! goal :o has ! *>iot1 c4 9 8 control4 ,x !reupon proce$s to decl>e :i* ( ! diff]5t be+s enum]at$ & comp>$ to a *>iot1 & s on1 occupy a sup]ior position to ! o!rs 9 s f>1 namely1 z !y are t :i* requires to be controll$--'high] ?an ! s5ses are ! objects1' & s on4 ,high] ?an ! s5ses comp>$ to ! horses--are ! objects--comp>$ to roads1--because ev5 a man :o g5]ally controls 8 s5ses f9ds x difficult to ma/] !m :5 !y are 9 contact ) _! objects2 high] ?an ! objects is ! m9d-comp>$ to ! re9s--because :5 ! m9d incl9es t[>ds ! objects ev5 ! non-proximity ( ! latt] does n make mu* diff]5ce2 high] ?an ! m9d 7manas7 is ! intellect 7buddhi7--comp>$ to ! *>iote]--because 9 ! abs5ce ( decision 7:i* is ! *>act]i/ic quality ( buddhi7 ! m9d also has little p[]2 high] ?an ! intellect aga9 is ! 7individual7 ,self1 = t ,self is ! ag5t :om ! intellect s]ves4 ,& z all ?is is subject to ! wi%es ( ! ,self1 ! text *>act]ises x z ! 'great ,self4' ,sup]ior to t ,self aga9 is ! body1 comp>$ to ! *>iot1 = all activity :]eby ! individual ,self /rives to br+ ab\t :at is ( advantage to itself dep5ds on ! body4 ,& high] f9ally ?an ! body is ! highe/ ,p]son1 ! inn] ,rul] & ,self ( all1 ! t]m & goal ( ! j\rney ( ! individual s\l2 = ! activities ( all ! be+s enum]at$ dep5d on ! wi%es ( t highe/ ,self4 ,z ! univ]sal inn] ,rul] t ,self br+s ab\t ! m$itation ( ! ,devotee also2 = ! ,stra 7,,ii1 #c1 #da7 expressly decl>es t ! activity ( ! individual s\l dep5ds on ! ,supreme ,p]son4 ,be+ ! means = br++ ab\t ! m$itation & ! goal ( m$itation1 t same ,self is ! highe/ object to be atta9$2 h5ce ! text says ',high] ?an ! ,p]son !re is no?+--t is ! goal1 ! highe/ road4' ,analog\sly scripture1 9 ! ant>ym9-,brhmana1 at fir/ decl>es t ! highe/ ,self )9 witnesses & rules ev]y?+1 & !reupon negatives ! exi/5ce ( any fur!r rul+ pr9ciple ',!re is no o!r se] b he1' c4 ,simil>ly1 9 ! ,bhagavad-gt1 ',! abode1 ! ag5t1 ! v>i\s s5ses1 ! diff]5t & manifold functions1 & fif? ! ,div9ity 7i4e4 ! highe/ ,p]son7' 7,,xviii1 #ad72 & ',i dwell )9 ! he>t ( all2 memory & p]ception1 z well z _! loss1 come f me' 7,,xv1 #ae74 ,& if1 z 9 ! explanation ( ! text "u discussion1 we speak ( t highe/ ,self be+ 'controll$1' we mu/ und]/& !reby ! s\l's tak+ refuge ) x2 comp>e ! passage ,bha4 ,g4 ,,xviii1 #fa-fb1 ',! ,"l dwells 9 ! he>t ( all creatures1 :irl+ !m r\nd z if m\nt$ on a ma*9e2 to ,him g = refuge4' ,n[ all ! be+s1 s5ses1 & s on1 :i* _h be5 m5tion$ 9 ! simile1 are recognis$ 9 ! passage 'high] ?an ! s5ses are ! objects1' c41 be+ designat$ !re by _! prop] names2 b !re is no m5tion made ( ! body :i* previ\sly _h be5 comp>$ to ! *>iot2 we !re=e conclude t x is ! body :i* is d5ot$ by ! t]m '! ,unevolv$4' ,h5ce !re is no reason to see "h a ref]5ce to ! ,pradhna z e/abli%$ 9 ! !ory ( ,kapila4 ,nor d we recognise1 9 ! text "u discussion1 ! g5]al sy/em ( ,kapila4 ,! text decl>es ! objects1 i4e4 s\nds & s on1 to be sup]ior to ! s5ses2 b 9 ,kapila's sy/em ! objects are n view$ z ! causes ( ! s5ses4 ,= ! same reason ! /atem5t t ! manas is high] ?an ! objects does n agree ) ,kapila's doctr9e4 ,nor is ?is ! case ) reg>d to ! clause 'high] ?an ! buddhi is ! great "o1 ! ,self2 = ) ,kapila ! 'great "o' 7mahat7 is ! buddhi1 & x w\ld n d to say 'high] ?an ! great "o is ! great "o4' ,& f9ally ! 'great "o1' accord+ to ,kapila1 _c be call$ ! ',self4' ,! text "u discussion ?us ref]s only to ^? entities :i* _h previ\sly appe>$ 9 ! simile4 ,! text itself fur!r on proves ?is1 :5 say+ ',t ,self is hidd5 9 all be+s & does n %9e =?1 b x is se5 by subtle se]s ?r\gh _! %>p & subtle intellect4 ,a wise man %\ld keep d[n spee* 9 ! m9d1 he %\ld keep t )9 k 7:i* is7 )9 ! ,self2 he %\ld keep k )9 ! great ,self1 & t he %\ld keep )9 ! quiet ,self4' ,= ?is passage1 aft] hav+ /at$ t ! highe/ ,self is difficult to see ) ! inn] & out] organs ( k1 describes ! mode 9 :i* ! s5se-organs1 & s on1 are to be held 9 control4 ,! wise man %\ld re/ra9 ! s5se-organs & ! organs ( activity )9 ! m9d2 he %\ld re/ra9 t 7i4e4 ! m9d7 )9 k1 i4e4 )9 ! intellect 7buddhi71 :i* abides )9 ! ,self2 he %\ld fur!r re/ra9 ! intellect )9 ! great ,self1 i4e4 ! active individual ,self2 & t ,self f9ally he %\ld re/ra9 )9 ! quiet ,self1 i4e4 ! highe/ ,brahman1 :i* is ! inn] rul] ( all2 i4e4 he %\ld rea*1 ) 8 individual ,self s qualifi$1 ! place ( ,vi%nu1 i4e4 ,brahman4--,b h[ c ! t]m '! ,unevolv$' d5ote ! evolv$ body8--,to ?is "q ! next ,stra furni%es a reply4 #b4 ,b ! subtle 7body71 on acc\nt ( its capability4 ,! elem5ts 9 _! f9e /ate are :at is call$ ! ',unevolv$1' & ?is ent]+ into a p>ticul> condition becomes ! body4 ,x is ! ',unevolv$' 9 ! p>ticul> condition ( ! body1 :i* 9 ! text "u discussion is call$ ! ',unevolv$4' ',on acc\nt ( its capability1' i4e4 because ,unevolv$ non-s5ti5t matt]1 :5 assum+ c]ta9 /ates & =ms1 is capable ( ent]+ on activities promot+ ! int]e/ ( man4 ,b1 an objection is rais$1 if ! ',unevolv$' is tak5 to be matt] 9 its subtle /ate1 :at objection is !re to our accept+ = ! explanation ( our text t :i* is e/abli%$ 9 ! ,snkhya-sy/em8 = !re also ! ',unevolv$' means no?+ else b matt] 9 its subtle /ate4 ,to ?is ! next ,stra replies-- #c4 7,matt] 9 its subtle /ate7 subs]ves an end1 on acc\nt ( its dep5d5ce on him 7viz4 ! ,supreme ,p]son74 ,matt] 9 its subtle /ate subs]ves ends1 9 s f> only z x is dep5d5t on ! ,supreme ,p]son :o is ! cause ( all4 ,we by no means wi% to d5y unevolv$ matt] & all its effects 9 !mselves1 b 9 s f> only z !y are ma9ta9$ n to h _! ,self 9 ! ,supreme ,p]son4 ,= ! fact is t !y con/itute 8 body & ,he ?us con/itutes _! ,self2 & x is only ?r\gh ?is _! relation to him t ! ,pradhna1 & s on1 are capable ( accompli%+ _! sev]al ends4 ,o!rwise ! diff]5t ess5tial natures ( !m all c\ld nev] exi/1--nor p]si/1 nor act4 ,x is j on ! gr\nd ( ?is dep5d5ce on ! ,"l n be+ ackn[l$g$ by ! ,snkhyas t _! sy/em is disprov$ by u4 ,9 ,scripture & ,smriti alike1 :]ev] ! orig9ation & de/ruction ( ! _w are describ$1 or ! greatness ( ! ,supreme ,p]son is glorifi$1 ! ,pradhna & all its effects1 no less ?an ! individual s\ls1 are decl>$ to h _! ,self 9 t ,supreme ,p]son4 ,comp>e1 e4g4 ! text :i* fir/ says t ! e>? is m]g$ 9 wat]1 & fur!r on '! elem5ts are m]g$ 9 ! ,mahat1 ! ,mahat 9 ! ,unevolv$1 ! ,unevolv$ 9 ! ,imp]i%able1 ! ,imp]i%able 9 ,d>kness2 ,d>kness becomes "o ) ! highe/ div9ity4' ,& ',he ( :om ! e>? is ! body1' c4 up to 'he ( :om ! ,unevolv$ is ! body2 ( :om ! ,imp]i%able is ! body2 ( :om dea? is ! body2 he ! inn] ,self ( all be+s1 free f all evil1 ! div9e "o1 ! "o ,god ,nryana4' ,& ,e>?1 wat]1 fire1 air1 e!r1 m9d1 intellect1 egoity--?us eightfold is my nature divid$4 ,l[] is ?is nature2 o!r ?an ?is & high] "k t nature ( m9e :i* has become ! individual s\l by :i* ?is _w is support$4 ,rememb] t all be+s spr+ f ?is2 ,i am ! orig9 & ! dissolution ( ! :ole ,univ]se4 ,high] ?an ,i !re is none else2 all ?is is /rung on me z pe>ls on a ?read' 7,bha4 ,g ,,vii1 #d-g74 ,& '! ,evolv$ is ,vi%nu1 & ! ,unevolv$1 he is ! ,p]son & "t4-- ,! nature 7prakriti7 decl>$ by me1 hav+ ! d\ble =m ( ! ,evolv$ & ! ,unevolv$1 & ! s\l-bo? ^! are m]g$ 9 ! highe/ ,self4 ,t ,self is ! support ( all1 ! ,supreme ,p]son :o "u ! "n ( ,vi%nu is glorifi$ 9 ! ,v$as & ! ,v$nta books4' #d4 ,& on acc\nt ( !re be+ no /atem5t ( its be+ an object ( k4 ,if ! text meant ! ,non-evolv$ z und]/ood by ! ,snkhyas x w\ld ref] to x z some?+ to be kn[n2 = ! ,snkhyas1 :o hold ! !ory ( ,release result+ f ! discrim9ative k ( ! ,evolv$1 ! ,non-evolv$1 & ! s\l1 admit t all ^! are objects ( k4 ,n[ our text does n ref] to ! ,un-evolv$ z an object ( k1 & x _c !re=e be ! ,pradhna assum$ by ! ,snkhyas4 #e4 ,%\ld x be said t 7! text7 decl>es 7x72 we say1 n s2 = ! intellig5t ,self 7is meant71 on acc\nt ( subject-matt]4 ',he :o has m$itat$ on t :i* is )\t s\nd1 )\t t\*1 )\t =m1 )\t decay1 )\t ta/e1 et]nal1 )\t smell1 )\t beg9n+1 )\t end1 beyond ! ,great1 un*angeable2 is fre$ f ! jaws ( dea?' 7,ka4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #c1ae71 ?is scriptural text1 closely foll[+ on ! text "u discussion1 repres5ts ! ',unevolv$' z ! object ( k6--,n s1 we reply4 ,:at t sloka repres5ts z ! object ( m$itation is 7n ! ,unevolv$ b7 ! intellig5t ,self1 i4e4 ! ,supreme ,p]son4 ,= x is ! latt] :o =ms ! g5]al subject-matt]1 z we inf] f two prec$+ passages1 viz4 ',he :o has k = 8 *>iote]1 & :o holds ! re9s ( ! m9d1 he rea*es ! end ( 8 j\rney1 ! highe/ place ( ,vi%nu'2 & ',t ,self is hidd5 9 all be+s & does n %9e =?1 b x is se5 by subtle se]s ?r\gh _! %>p & subtle intellect4' ,= ?is reason1 also1 ! clause ',high] ?an ! p]son !re is no?+' _c be tak5 z meant to d5y ! exi/5ce ( an entity beyond ! 'puru%a' 9 ! ,snkhya s5se4 ,t ! highe/ ,self possesses ! qualities ( be+ )\t s\nd1 c41 we moreov] "k f o!r scriptural texts1 su* z ,mu4 ,up4 ,i1 #a1 #f ',t :i* is n to be se51 n to be grasp$1' c4 ,& ! qualification 'beyond ! ,great1 un*angeable' is meant to decl>e t ! highe/ ,self is beyond ! individual ,self :i* _h be5 call$ '! ,great' 9 a previ\s passage 'beyond ! intellect is ! ,great ,self4' #f4 ,& ( ?ree only !re is ?is m5tion & "q4 ,9 ! ,upani%ad "u discussion !re is m5tion made ( ?ree ?+s only z objects ( k--! ?ree /&+ to "o ano!r 9 ! relation ( means1 end to be realis$ by ^? means1 & p]sons realis+1--& que/ions are ask$ z to ^? ?ree only4 ,!re is no m5tion (1 nor "q ref]r+ to1 ! ,unevolv$4--,nakiketas desir\s ( ,release hav+ be5 all[$ by ,dea? to *oose ?ree boons1 *ooses = 8 fir/ boon t 8 fa!r %\ld be well dispos$ t[>ds him--)\t :i* he c\ld n hope = spiritual welf>e4 ,= 8 second boon he *ooses ! k ( ! ,nakiketa-fire1 :i* is a means t[>ds f9al ,release4 ',?\ kn[e/1 ,o ,dea?1 ! fire- sacrifice :i* leads to heav52 tell x to me1 full ( fai?4 ,^? :o live 9 ! heav5-_w rea* ,immortality--?is ,i ask z my second boon4' ,! t]m 'heav5-_w' "h d5otes ! highe/ aim ( man1 i4e4 ,release1 z appe>s f ! decl>ation t ^? :o live !re enjoy fre$om f old age & dea?2 f ! fact t fur!r on 7,i1 #a1 #bf7 works lead+ to p]i%able results are disp>ag$2 & f :at ,yama says 9 reply to ! second dem& ',he :o ?rice p]=ms ?is ,nkiketa- rite ov]comes bir? & dea?4' ,z 8 ?ird boon he1 9 ! =m ( a "q ref]r+ to f9al release1 actually enquires ab\t ?ree ?+s1 viz4 '! nature ( ! end to be rea*$1 i4e4 ,release2 ! nature ( him :o wi%es to rea* t end2 & ! nature ( ! means to rea* x1 i4e4 ( m$itation assi/$ by c]ta9 works4 ,yama1 hav+ te/$ ,nakiketas' fitness to receive ! desir$ in/ruction1 !reupon beg9s to tea* him4 ',! ,anci5t :o is difficult to be se51 :o has ent]$ into ! d>k1 :o is hidd5 9 ! cave1 :o dwells 9 ! abyss2 hav+ kn[n him z ,god1 by means ( m$itation on 8 ,self1 ! wise "o leaves joy & sorr[ beh9d4' ,"h ! clause 'hav+ kn[n ! ,god1' po9ts to ! div9e ,be+ t is to be m$itat$ ^u2 ! clause 'by means ( m$itation on 8 ,self po9ts to ! atta9+ ag5t1 i4e4 ! individual s\l z an object ( k2 & ! clause 'hav+ kn[n him ! wise ones leave joy & sorr[ beh9d' po9ts to ! m$itation ?r\gh :i* ,brahman is to be rea*$4 ,nakiketas1 pleas$ ) ! g5]al in/ruction receiv$1 que/ions aga9 9 ord] to receive cle>] in=mation on ^? ?ree matt]s1 ',:at ?\ see/ z diff]5t f dh>ma & diff]5t f adh>ma1 z diff]5t f t1 f t :i* is done & n done1 z diff]5t f :at is pa/ or future1 tell me t'2 a "q ref]r+ to ?ree ?+s1 viz4 an object to be effect$1 a means to effect x1 & an effect+ ag5t-- ea* ( :i* is to be diff]5t f any?+ else pa/1 pres5t1 or future ,,footnote #cfb3a4 ,yama !reupon at fir/ in/ructs him z to ! ,pranava1 ',t ^w :i* all ! ,v$as record1 :i* all p5ances proclaim1 desir+ :i* m5 become religi\s /ud5ts2 t ^w ,i tell !e briefly--x is ,om'--an in/ruction :i* implies praise ( ! ,pranava1 & 9 a g5]al way sets =? t :i* ! ,pranava expresses1 e4g4 ! nature ( ! object to be rea*$1 ! nature ( ! p]son rea*+ x1 & ! means = rea*+ x1 su* means "h consi/+ 9 ! ^w ',om1' :i* d5otes ! object to be rea*$ ,,footnote #cfb3b4 ,he !n cont9ues to glorify ! ,pranava 7,i1 a1 #af-ag71 & !reupon gives special in=mation 9 ! fir/ place ab\t ! nature ( ! atta9+ subject1 i4e41 ! individual s\l1 ',! kn[+ ,self is n born1 x dies n1' c4 ,next he tea*es ,nakiketas z to ! true nature ( ! object to be atta9$1 viz4 ! highe/ ,brahman or ,vi%nu1 9 ! section beg9n+ ',! ,self small] ?an small1' & end+ ',:o !n kn[s :]e he is8' 7,i1 #b1 #bj-be74 ,"p ( ?is section1 viz4 ',t ,self _c be ga9$ by ! ,v$a1' c41 at ! same "t tea*es t ! m$itation ?r\gh :i* ,brahman is atta9$ is ( ! nature ( devotion 7bhakti74 ,next ! sloka ,i1 #c1 #a ',!re are ! two dr9k+ _! rew>d' %[s t1 z ! object ( dev\t m$itation & ! devotee abide toge!r1 m$itation is easily p]=m$4 ,!n ! section beg9n+ ',"k ! ,self to be him :o drives 9 ! *>iot1' & end+ '! wise say ! pa? is h>d' 7,i1 #c1 #c-ad71 tea*es ! true mode ( m$itation1 & h[ ! devotee rea*es ! highe/ abode ( ,vi%nu2 & !n !re is a f9al ref]5ce to ! object to be rea*$ 9 ,i1 #c1ae1 ',t :i* is )\t s\nd1 )\t t\*1' c4 ,x ?us appe>s t !re are ref]5ces & que/ions reg>d+ ^? ?ree matt]s only2 & h5ce ! ',un-evolv$' _c mean ! ,pradhna ( ! ,snkhyas4 ,,footnote #cfb3a4 ,! comm5t>y proposes diff]5t ways ( f9d+ ^? ?ree objects ( enquiry 9 ! words ( ,nakiketas4 ,accord+ to ! fir/ explanation1 't :i* is diff]5t f dh>ma' is a means diff]+ f all ord9>y means2 'adh>ma' 'n-dh>ma' is :at is n a means1 b ! result to be rea*$3 h5ce 't :i* is diff]5t f adh>ma' is a result diff]+ f all ord9>y results4 ',:at is diff]5t f t' is an ag5t diff]5t f 't'2 i4e4 an ord9>y ag5t1 & s on4 7,sru4 ,praks4 p4 #abbf47 ,,footnote #cfb3b4 ,! syllable ',om1' :i* d5otes ,brahman1 is a means t[>ds m$itation 7,brahman be+ m$itat$ ^u "u ?is =m71 & ?us indirectly a means t[>ds rea*+ ,brahman4 #g4 ,& z 9 ! case ( ! ',great4' ,9 ! case ( ! passage ',high] ?an ! intellect is ! ,great ,self1' we conclude f ! co-ord9ation ( '! ,great' ) ! ,self t :at ! text means is n ! ',great' pr9ciple ( ! ,sankhyas2 analog\sly we conclude t ! ',unevolv$1' :i* is said to be high] ?an ! ,self1 _c be ! ,pradhna ( ,kapila's sy/em4 #h4 ,on acc\nt ( !re be+ no special *>act]i/ic2 z 9 ! case ( ! cup4 ,9 ! discussion ( ! foll[+ passages also we aim only at refut+ ! sy/em ( ! ,sankhyas2 n at disprov+ ! exi/5ce & nature ( ,prakriti1 ! 'great' pr9ciple1 ! ahamra1 & s on1 view$ z dep5d5t on ,brahman4 ,= t !y exi/ 9 ?is latt] relation is prov$ by ,scripture z well z ,smriti4--,a text ( ! foll[]s ( ! ,a?>van runs z foll[s3 ',h] :o produces all effects1 ! non-kn[+ "o1 ! unborn "o1 we>+ eight =ms1 ! firm "o--%e is kn[n 7by ! ,"l7 & rul$ by him1 %e is spread out & incit$ & rul$ by him1 gives bir? to ! _w = ! b5efit ( ! s\ls4 ,a c[ %e is )\t beg9n+ & end1 a "m produc+ all be+s2 :ite1 black1 & r$1 milk+ all wi%es = ! ,"l4 ,_m babes unkn[n dr9k h]4 ! imp>tial "o2 b "o ,god only1 foll[+ 8 own w1 dr9ks h] submitt+ to him4 ,by 8 own ?\ght & "w ! mighty ,god /rongly enjoys h]1 :o is common to all1 ! milkgiv]1 :o is press$ by ! sacrifices4 ,! ,non-evolv$ :5 be+ c\nt$ by tw5ty-f\r is call$ ! ,evolv$4' ,?is passage evid5tly describes ! nature ( ,prakriti1 & s on1 & ! same ,upani%ad also tea*es ! ,supreme ,p]son :o con/itutes ! ,self ( ,prakriti1 & s on4 ',him !y call ! tw5ty- six? or also ! tw5ty-sev5?2 z ! ,p]son devoid ( all qualities ( ! ,snkhyas he is kn[n by ! foll[]s ( ! ,a?>van ,,footnote #cfd3a4'--,o!r foll[]s ( ! ,a?>van read 9 _! text t !re are sixte5 orig9at+ pr9ciples 7prakriti7 & eight effect$ ?+s 7vikra2 ,g>bha ,up4 #c74--,! ,svetsvat>as aga9 set =? ! nature ( ,prakriti1 ! s\l & ! ,"l z foll[s4 ',! ,"l supports all ?is toge!r1 ! ,p]i%able & ! ,imp]i%able1 ! ,evolv$ & ! ,unevolv$2 ! o!r "o is 9 bondage1 s9ce he is an enjoy]2 b hav+ kn[n ! ,god he is free f all fett]s4 ,!re are two unborn ones1 ! "o kn[+ & a ,"l1 ! o!r )\t k & lordly p[]2 !re is ! "o unborn female on :om ! enjoym5t ( all enjoy]s dep5ds2 & !re is ! inf9ite ,self appe>+ 9 all %apes1 b itself inactive4 ,:5 a man f9ds out ^! ?ree1 t is ,brahman4 ,! ,p]i%able is ! ,pradhna1 ! ,immortal & ,imp]i%able is ,h>a2 ! "o ,god rules ! ,p]i%able & ! ,self4 ,f m$itation on him1 f union ) him1 f becom+ "o ) him !re is 9 ! end cessation ( all ,mya' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,i1 #h-aj74 ,& ',! sacr$ v]ses1 ! (f]+s1 ! sacrifices1 ! v[s1 ! pa/1 ! future1 & all t ! ,vcdas decl>e--f t ! ,rul] ( ,mya creates all ?is2 & 9 ?is ! o!r "o is b\nd up ?r\gh ,mya4 ,"k !n ,prakriti to be ,mya & ! great ,"l ! rul] ( ,mya2 ) 8 memb]s ?is :ole _w is fill$' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,v1 #i-aj74 ,&1 fur!r on1 ',! ma/] ( ,pradhna & ! s\l1 ! "l ( ! gunas1 ! cause ( ! bondage1 exi/5ce1 & release ( worldly exi/5ce' 7,,vi1 #af74 ,?us likewise 9 ,smriti1 ',d ?\ "k bo? ,nature & ! s\l to be )\t beg9n+1 & "k all effects & qualities to h sprung f ,nature4 ,nature is decl>$ to be ! cause ( ! activity ( causes & effects1 :il/ ! s\l is ! cause ( !re be+ enjoym5t ( pleasure & pa94 ,= ! s\l abid+ 9 ,nature exp]i5ces ! qualities d]iv$ f ,nature1 ! reason be+ its connexion ) ! qualities1 9 its bir?s 9 good & evil wombs' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,xiii1 #ai-ba74 ,& ',goodness1 ,passion1 & ,d>kness--^! are ! qualities :i*1 issu+ f nature1 b9d 9 ! body ! embodi$ s\l1 ! undecay+ "o' 7,,xiv1 #e74 ,& ',all be+s at ! end ( a kalpa return into my ,nature1 & aga91 at ! beg9n+ ( a kalpa1 d ,i s5d !m =?4 ,presid+ ov] my own nature aga9 & aga9 d ,i s5d =? ?is va/ body ( be+s :i* has no fre$om ( its own1 be+ subject to ,nature4--,) me z rul] ,nature br+s =? all mov+ & non-mov+ ?+s1 & = ?is reason ! _w does ev] g r\nd' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,ix1 #g1 #h1 #aj74 ,:at we !re=e refuse to accept are a ,prakriti1 & s on1 ( ! k9d assum$ by ,kapila1 i4e4 n hav+ _! ,self 9 ,brahman4--,we n[ proce$ to expla9 ! ,stra4 ,we read 9 ! ,svetsvat>a-,upani%ad ',!re is "o aj1 r$1 :ite1 & black1 produc+ manifold (fspr+ ( ! same nature4 ,"o aja loves h] & lies by h]2 ano!r leaves h] aft] hav+ enjoy$ h]4' ,a d\bt arises "h :e!r ?is mantra decl>es a m]e ,prakriti z assum$ 9 ,kapila's sy/em1 or a ,prakriti hav+ its ,self 9 ,brahman4 ,! ,prvapak%9 ma9ta9s ! =m] alt]native4 ,=1 he po9ts out1 ! text ref]s to ! non-orig9at$ness ( ,prakriti1 call+ h] aj1 i4e4 unborn1 & fur!r says t %e by h]self indep5d5tly produces manifold (fspr+ resembl+ h]self4 ,?is view is reject$ by ! ,stra1 on ! gr\nd t !re is no intimation ( a special circum/ance det]m9+ ! acceptance ( ! ,prakriti z assum$ by ! ,snkhyas1 i4e4 indep5d5t ( ,brahman2 = t %e is aj1 i4 e4 n born1 is n a suffici5tly special *>act]i/ic4 ,! case is analog\s to t ( ! 'cup4' ,9 ! mantra ',!re is a cup hav+ its m\? bel[ & its bottom above' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #b1 #c71 ! ^w kamasa conveys to u only ! idea ( "s implem5t us$ 9 eat+1 b we are unable to see :at special k9d ( kamasa is meant2 = 9 ! case ( words ! mean+ ( :i* is asc]ta9$ on ! gr\nd ( _! d]ivation 7z 'kamasa' f 'kam1' to eat or dr9k71 ! special s5se ( ! ^w 9 any place _c be asc]ta9$ )\t ! help ( consid]ations ( g5]al possibility1 g5]al subject-matt]1 & s on4 ,n[ 9 ! case ( ! cup we are able to asc]ta9 t ! cup meant is ! head1 because !re is a complem5t>y passage ',:at is call$ ! cup ) its m\? bel[ & its bottom above is ! head'2 b if we look out = a simil> help to det]m9e ! special mean+ ( aj1 we f9d no?+ to conv9ce u t ! aja1 i4 e4 ! 'unborn' pr9ciple1 is ! ,prakriti ( ! ,snkhyas4 ,nor is !re any?+ 9 ! text to convey ! idea ( t aj hav+ ! p[] ( indep5d5t creation2 = ! clause 'giv+ bir? to manifold (fspr+' decl>es only t %e creates1 n t %e creates unaid$4 ,! mantra does n !re=e tell u ab\t an 'unborn' pr9ciple indep5d5t ( ,brahman4-- ,!re moreov] is a special reason = und]/&+ by ! aj some?+ t dep5ds on ,brahman4 ,?is ! foll[+ ,stra /ates4 ,,footnote #cfd3a4 ,^! quotations are f ! ,kulik-,upani%ad 7transl4 by ,deuss51 ,sev5ty ,upani%ads1 p4 #fch ff47 ,! translation z giv5 above foll[s ! read+s adopt$ by ,rmnuja & expla9$ 9 !-- ,sruta-,praksik4 #i4 ,b %e beg9s ) light2 = ?us "s read 9 _! text4 ,! 'b' has ass]tory =ce4 ',light' 9 ! ,stra means ,brahman1 9 accordance ) ! mean+ ( ! t]m z kn[n f texts su* z ',on him ! gods m$itate1 ! light ( lights' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,x1 #d1 #af72 ',t light :i* %9es beyond heav5' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ac1 #g74 ',%e beg9s ) light' ?us means '%e has ,brahman = h] cause4'--',= ?us "s read 9 _! text1' i4e4 because ! memb]s ( "o ,skh1 viz ! ,taittiriyas read 9 _! text t ?is 'aj' has ,brahman = h] cause4 ,! ,mahnryana-,upani%ad 7( ! ,taittiryas7 at fir/ ref]s to ,brahman abid+ 9 ! holl[ ( ! he>t z ! object ( m$itation4 ',small] ?an ! small1 great] ?an ! great1 ! ,self plac$ 9 ! holl[ ( ?is creature'2 next decl>es t all ! worlds & ,brahma & ! o!r gods orig9at$ f t ,self2 & !n says t !re sprung f x also ?is aj :i* is ! cause ( all ',! "o aj 7goat71 r$1 :ite & black1 :i* gives bir? to num]\s (fspr+ ( ! same %ape1 "o aja 7he-goat7 loves & lies by h]2 ano!r "o =sakes h] aft] hav+ enjoy$ h]4' ,! subject-matt] ( ! entire section evid5tly is to give in/ruction z to ! :ole aggregate ( ?+s o!r ?an ,brahman orig9at+ f ,brahman & ?us hav+ its ,self 9 x2 h5ce we conclude t also ! aj :i* gives bir? to manifold creatures l h]1 & is enjoy$ by ! s\l controll$ by k>man1 :ile %e is ab&on$ by ! s\l possess+ true k is1 no less ?an vital airs1 seas1 m\nta9s1 c41 a creature ( ,brahman1 & h5ce has its ,self 9 ,brahman4 ,we !n apply to ! int]pretation ( ! ,svetsvat>a-text ! mean+ ( ! analog\s ,mahnrayana-text1 z det]m9$ by ! complem5t>y passages1 & ?us arrive at ! conclusion t ! aj 9 ! =m] text also is a be+ hav+ its ,self 9 ,brahman4 ,t ?is is s1 moreov]1 appe>s f ! ,svetsvat>a itself4 ,= 9 ! e>ly "p ( t ,upani%ad1 we h aft] ! introductory "q1 ',is ,brahman ! cause8' ! passage ',! sages devot$ to m$itation & conc5tration h se5 ! p]son ^: ,self is ! div9ity1 hidd5 9 its own qualities' 7,i1 #a1 #c72 :i* evid5tly ref]s to ! aj z be+ ( ! nature ( a p[] ( ! highe/ ,brahman4 ,& z fur!r on also 7viz4 9 ! passages ',f t ! ,my9 creates all ?is1 & 9 ?is ! o!r is b\nd up ?r\gh ,mya'2 ',"k !n ,prakriti to be ,my & ! ,great ,"l ! rul] ( ,my'2 & 'he :o rules e place ( bir?1' ,v1 #i-aa7 ! v same be+ is ref]r$ to1 !re rema9s n ev5 a %ad[ ( pro( = ! ass]tion t ! mantra "u discussion ref]s to an indep5d5t ,prakriti z assum$ by ! ,snkhyas4 ,b a fur!r objection is rais$1 if ! ,prakriti d5ot$ by aj beg9s )1 i4e4 is caus$ by ,brahman1 h[ c x be call$ aj1 i4e4 ! non- produc$ "o2 or1 if x is non-produc$1 h[ c x be orig9at$ by ,brahman8 ,to ?is ! next ,stra replies4 #aj4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! tea*+ ( =mation 7i4e4 creation7 !re is no contradiction2 z 9 ! case ( ! honey4 ,! '&' expresses disposal ( a d\bt t _h aris54 ,!re is no contradiction betwe5 ! ,prakriti be+ aj & orig9at+ f light4 ,on acc\nt ( in/ruction be+ giv5 ab\t ! =mation 7kalpana71 i4e4 creation ( ! _w4 ,?is int]pretation ( 'kalpana' is 9 agreem5t ) ! use ( ! v]b klip 9 ! text1 'z =m]ly ! creator made 7akalpayat7 sun & moon4' ,9 our text ! sloka 'f t ! ,"l ( ,my creates all ?is' gives in/ruction ab\t ! creation ( ! _w4 ,f t1 i4e4 f matt] 9 its subtle causal /ate :5 x is n yet divid$1 ! ,"l ( all creates ! entire ,univ]se4 ,f ?is /atem5t ab\t creation we und]/& t ,prakriti exi/s 9 a tw(old /ate accord+ z x is ei!r cause or effect4 ,dur+ a pralaya x unites itself ) ,brahman & abides 9 its subtle /ate1 )\t any di/9ction ( names & =ms2 x !n is call$ ! ',unevolv$1' & by o!r simil> names4 ,at ! "t ( creation1 on ! o!r h&1 !re reveal !mselves 9 ,prakriti ,goodness & ! o!r gunas1 x divides itself accord+ to names & =ms1 & !n is call$ ! ',evolv$1' & s on1 &1 trans=m+ itself into fire1 wat]1 & e>?1 x appe>s z r$1 :ite1 & black4 ,9 its causal condition x is aj1 i4e4 unborn1 9 its effect$ condition x is 'caus$ by light1 i4e4 ,brahman'2 h5ce !re is no contradiction4 ,! case is analog\s to t ( ! 'honey4' ,! sun 9 8 causal /ate is "o only1 b 9 8 effect$ /ate ! ,"l makes him into honey 9 s f> namely z he !n1 = ! purpose ( enjoym5t on ! "p ( ! ,vasus & o!r gods1 is ! abode ( nect> br\ght ab\t by sacrificial works to be le>n$ f ! ,rik & ! o!r ,v$as2 & fur!r makes him to rise & to set4 ,& betwe5 ^! two conditions !re is no contradiction4 ,?is is decl>$ 9 ! ,madhuvidy 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii71 f ',! sun is inde$ ! honey ( ! ,devas1' d[n to ':5 f !nce he has ris5 upw>ds he nei!r rises nor sets2 be+ "o he /&s 9 ! c5tre'--'"o' "h means '( "o nature4'--,! conclusion !re=e is t ! ,svetsvat>a mantra "u discussion ref]s to ,prakriti z hav+ h] ,self 9 ,brahman1 n to ! ,prakriti assum$ by ! ,snkhyas4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 are ( op9ion t ! "o aj ( :i* ! mantra speaks has = its *>act]i/ics light1 wat]1 & e>?4 ,to !m we address ! foll[+ que/ions4 ,d y mean t by :at ! text speaks ( z an aj1 consi/+ ( fire1 wat]1 & e>?1 we h to und]/& ^? ?ree elem5ts only2 or ,brahman 9 ! =m ( ^? ?ree elem5ts2 or "s p[] or pr9ciple :i* is ! cause ( ! ?ree elem5ts8 ,! fir/ alt]native is 9 conflict ) ! circum/ance t1 :ile fire1 wat]1 & e>? are sev]al ?+s1 ! text explicitly ref]s to "o ,aj4 ,nor may x be urg$ t fire1 wat]1 & e>?1 al?\gh sev]al1 become "o1 by be+ made trip>tite 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #c1 #c72 = ?is mak+ !m trip>tite1 does n take away _! be+ sev]al2 ! text cle>ly %[+ t ea* sev]al elem5t becomes trip>tite1 ',let me make ea* ( ^! ?ree div9e be+s trip>tite4'--,! second alt]native aga9 divides itself into two alt]natives4 ,is ! "o aj ,brahman 9 s f> z hav+ pass$ ov] into fire1 wat]1 & e>?2 or ,brahman 9 s f> z abid+ )9 itself & n pass+ ov] into effects8 ,! =m] alt]native is exclud$ by ! consid]ation t x does n remove plurality 7:i* _c be reconcil$ ) ! "o aj74 ,! second alt]native is contradict$ by ! text call+ t aj r$1 :ite1 & black2 & moreov] ,brahman view$ z abid+ )9 itself _c be *>act]is$ by fire1 wat]1 & e>?4 ,on ! ?ird alt]native x has to be assum$ t ! text d5otes by ! t]m 'aj' ! ?ree elem5ts1 & t on ?is basis !re is imag9$ a causal condition ( ^! elem5ts2 b bett] ?an ?is assumption x evid5tly is to accept ! t]m 'aj' z directly d5ot+ ! causal /ate ( ^? ?ree elem5ts z kn[n f scripture4 ,nor c we admit ! cont5tion t ! t]m 'aj' is meant to tea* t ,prakriti %\ld metaphorically be view$ z a %e-goat2 = su* a view w\ld be altoge!r purposeless4 ,:]e--9 ! passage ',"k ! ,self to be him :o drives 9 ! *>iot'--! body1 & s on1 are comp>$ to a *>iot1 & s on1 ! object is to set =? ! means ( atta9+ ,brahman2 :]e ! sun is comp>$ to honey1 ! object is to illu/rate ! enjoym5t ( ! ,vasus & o!r gods2 b :at simil> object c\ld possibly be atta9$ by direct+ u to view ,prakriti z a goat8 ,su* a metaphorical view w\ld 9 fact be n m]ely useless2 x w\ld be d[nright irrational4 ,prakriti is a non-intellig5t pr9ciple1 ! causal sub/ance ( ! entire mat]ial ,univ]se1 & con/itut+ ! means = ! exp]i5ce ( pleasure & pa91 & = ! f9al release1 ( all intellig5t s\ls :i* are connect$ ) x f all et]nity4 ,n[ x w\ld be simply contr>y to good s5se1 metaphorically to transf] to ,prakriti su* z describ$ ! nature ( a %e-goat--:i* is a s5ti5t be+ t gives bir? to v few creatures only1 ent]s only occasionally into connexion ) o!rs1 is ( small use only1 is n ! cause ( h]self be+ ab&on$ by o!rs1 & is capable ( ab&on+ ^? connect$ ) h]4 ,nor does x recomm5d itself to take ! ^w aj 7und]/ood to mean '%e-goat'7 9 a s5se diff]5t f t 9 :i* we und]/& ! t]m 'aja' :i* occurs twice 9 ! same mantra4--,let !n all ?ree t]ms be tak5 9 ! same metaphorical s5se 7aja mean+ he-goat74--,x w\ld be altoge!r s5seless1 we reply1 to comp>e ! s\l :i* absolutely dissociates itself f ,prakriti 7',ano!r aja leaves h] aft] hav+ enjoy$ h]'7 to a he-goat :i* is able to ent] aga9 into connexion ) :at he has ab&on$1 or ) any?+ else4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! cup4' #aa4 ,n f ! m5tion ( ! numb] ev51 on acc\nt ( ! div]sity & ( ! excess4 ,! ,vjasaney9s read 9 _! text ',he 9 :om ! five five-p & ! e!r re/1 him alone ,i believe to be ! ,self2 ,i1 :o "k1 believe him to be ,brahman' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #ag74 ,! d\bt "h arises :e!r ?is text be meant to set =? ! categories z e/abli%$ 9 ,kapila's doctr9e1 or n4--,! ,prvapak%9 ma9ta9s ! =m] view1 on ! gr\nd t ! ^w 'five-p1' qualifi$ by ! ^w 'five1' intimates ! tw5ty-five categories ( ! ,snkhyas4 ,! comp\nd 'five- p' 7pakajanh7 d5otes gr\ps ( five be+s1 j z ! t]m paka-plyah d5otes aggregates ( five bundles ( grass4 ,& z we want to "k h[ _m su* gr\ps !re are1 ! additional qualification 'five' intimates t !re are five su* gr\ps2 j z if x 7 said 'five five-bundles1 i4 e4 five aggregates consi/+ ( five bundles ea*4' ,we ?us und]/& t ! 'five five-p' are tw5ty- five ?+s1 & z ! mantra 9 :i* ! t]m is met ) ref]s to f9al release1 we recognise ! tw5ty-five categories kn[n f ! ,snkhya-smriti :i* are "h ref]r$ to z objects to be kn[n by p]sons desir\s ( release4 ,= ! foll[]s ( ,kapila tea* t '!re is ! fundam5tal causal sub/ance :i* is n an effect4 ,!re are sev5 ?+s1 viz4 ! ,mahat1 & s on1 :i* are causal sub/ances z well z effects4 ,!re are sixte5 effects4 ,! s\l is nei!r a causal sub/ance nor an effect' 7,sn4 ,k4 #c74 ,! mantra !re=e is meant to intimate ! categories kn[n f ! ,snkhya4--,to ?is ! ,stra replies t f ! m5tion ( ! numb] tw5ty-five suppos$ to be impli$ 9 ! expression '! five five-p1' x does n foll[ t ! categories ( ! ,snkhyas are meant4 ',on acc\nt ( ! div]sity1' i4e4 on acc\nt ( ! five-p fur!r qualifi$ by ! numb] five be+ diff]5t f ! categories ( ! ,snkhyas4 ,= 9 ! text '9 :om ! five five-p & ! e!r re/1' ! '9 :om' %[s ! five-p to h _! abode1 & h5ce _! ,self1 9 ,brahman2 & 9 ! cont9uation ( ! text1 'him ,i believe ! ,self1' ! 'him' connect+ itself ) ! prec$+ '9 :om' is recognis$ to be ,brahman4 ,! five five-p mu/ !re=e be diff]5t f ! categories ( ! ,snkhya-sy/em4 ',& on acc\nt ( ! excess4' ,moreov] !re is1 9 ! text "u discussion1 an excess ov] & above ! ,snkhya categories1 consi/+ 9 ! ,self d5ot$ by ! relative pron\n '9 :om1' & 9 ! specially m5tion$ ,e!r4 ,:at ! text designates !re=e is ! ,supreme ,p]son :o is ! ,univ]sal ,"l 9 :om all ?+s abide--su* z he is describ$ 9 ! text quot$ above1 ',!re=e "s call him ! tw5ty-six?1 & o!rs ! tw5ty-sev5?4' ,! 'ev5' 9 ! ,stra is meant to intimate t ! 'five five-p' c 9 no way mean ! tw5ty-five categories1 s9ce !re is no p5tad ( gr\ps consi/+ ( five ea*4 ,= 9 ! case ( ! categories ( ! ,snkhyas !re are no g5]ic *>act]i/ics or ! l :i* c\ld det]m9e ! arrangem5t ( ^? categories 9 fives4 ,nor mu/ x be urg$ aga9/ ?is t !re is a det]m9+ reason = su* an arrangem5t 9 s f> z ! tattvas ( ! ,snkhyas =m natural gr\ps compris+ fir/ly1 ! five organs ( action2 secondly1 ! five s5se-organs2 ?irdly1 ! five gross elem5ts2 f\r?ly1 ! subtle p>ts ( ^? elem5ts2 & fif?ly1 ! five rema9+ tattvas2 = z ! text "u discussion m5tions ! e!r by itself1 ! possibility ( a gr\p consi/+ ( ! five gross elem5ts is preclud$4 ,we _c !re=e take ! comp\nd 'five p' z d5ot+ a gr\p consi/+ ( five con/itu5t memb]s1 b1 9 agreem5t ) ,pn4 ,,ii1 #a1 #ej1 z m]ely be+ a special "n4 ,!re are c]ta9 be+s ! special "n ( :i* is 'five-p1' & ( ^! be+s ! additional ^w 'paka' pr$icates t !y are five 9 numb]4 ,! expression is ?us analog\s to ! t]m '! sev5 sev5- ri%is' 7:]e ! t]m 'sev5-ri%is' is to be und]/ood z ! "n ( a c]ta9 class ( ri%is only74--,:o !n are ! be+s call$ 'five- p8'--,to ?is "q ! next ,stra replies4 #ab4 ,! brea?1 & s on1 on ! gr\nd ( ! complem5t>y passage4 ,we see f a complem5t>y passage1 viz4 ',!y :o "k ! brea? ( brea?1 ! eye ( ! eye1 ! e> ( ! e>1 ! food ( food1 ! m9d ( m9d1' t ! 'five-p' are ! brea?1 & eye1 & s on1 all ( :i* h _! abode 9 ,brahman4 ,b1 an objection is rais$1 :ile ! mantra '9 :om ! five five- p1' c41 is common to ! ,knvas & ! ,mdhy&9as1 ! complem5t>y passage '!y :o "k ! brea? ( brea?1' c41 9 ! text ( ! =m] makes no m5tion ( food1 & h5ce we h no reason to say t ! 'five-p' 9 _! text are ! brea?1 eye1 & s on4 ,to ?is objection ! next ,stra replies4 #ac4 ,by light1 food n be+ 7m5tion$ 9 ! text7 ( "s4 ,9 ! text ( "s1 viz4 ! ,knvas1 :]e food is n m5tion$1 ! five-p are recognis$ to be ! five s5ses1 ow+ to ! phrase '( lights' :i* is met ) 9 ano!r complem5t>y passage4 ,9 ! mantra1 'him ! gods wor%ip z ! light ( lights1' :i* prec$es ! mantra ab\t ! 'five-p1' ,brahman is spok5 ( z ! light ( lights1 & ?is sugge/s ! idea ( c]ta9 lights ! activity ( :i* dep5ds on ,brahman4 ,! mantra leaves x undet]m9$ :at ^! lights are2 b f :at foll[s ab\t ! 'five-p1' c41 we le>n t :at is meant are ! s5ses :i* light up z x 7 _! respective objects4 ,9 '! brea? ( brea?' ! second 'brea?' 79 ! g5itive case7 d5otes ! s5se-organ ( t\*1 z t organ is connect$ ) air1 & z ! vital brea? 7:i* w\ld o!rwise sugge/ itself z ! mo/ obvi\s explanation ( prna7 does n h>monise ) ! metaphorical t]m 'light4' ',( ! eye' ref]s to ! organ ( sight2 '( ! e>' to ! organ ( he>+4 ',( food' comprises ! s5ses ( smell & ta/e toge!r3 x d5otes ! s5se ( smell on ! gr\nd t t s5se is connect$ ) e>?1 :i* may be 'food1' & ! s5se ( ta/e 9 s f> z 'anna' may be also expla9$ z t by means ( :i* eat+ goes on 7adyate74 ',( m9d' d5otes m9d1 i4 e4 ! s-call$ int]nal organ4 ,ta/e & smell ?us be+ tak5 9 comb9ation1 we h ! requir$ numb] ( five1 & we ?us expla9 ! 'five-p' z ! s5se-organs :i* ?r[ light on _! objects1 toge!r ) ! int]nal organ1 i4e4 m9d4 ,! mean+ ( ! clause ab\t ! 'five-p' !re=e is t ! s5ses-- call$ 'five-p'--& ! elem5ts1 repres5t$ by ! ,e!r1 h _! basis 9 ,brahman2 & z ?us all be+s are decl>$ to abide 9 ,brahman1 ! five 'five-p' c 9 no way be ! tw5ty-five categories assum$ by ! ,snkhyas4--,! g5]al ,conclusion is t ! ,v$nta-texts1 :e!r ref]r+ to numb]s or n1 n[h]e set =? ! categories e/abli%$ 9 ,kapila's sy/em4 #ad4 ,& on acc\nt ( 7,brahman7 z describ$ be+ decl>$ to be ! cause ) reg>d to ,e!r1 & s on4 ,"h ! philosoph] :o holds ! ,pradhna to be ! g5]al cause comes =w>d ) ano!r objection4 ,! ,v$nta-texts1 he says1 d n tea* t creation proce$s f "o & ! same ag5t only1 & y !re=e h no "r to hold t ,brahman is ! sole cause ( ! _w4 ,9 "o place x is said t our _w proce$$ f ',be+'1 ',be+ only ?is 0 9 ! beg9n+' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #b1 #a74 ,9 o!r places ! _w is said to h sprung f ',non-be+'1 ',non-be+ inde$ ?is 0 9 ! beg9n+' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #g1 i72 & ',non-be+ only 0 ?is 9 ! beg9n+2 x became ,be+' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ai1 #a74 ,z ! ,v$nta-texts are ?us n consequ5t 9 _! /atem5ts reg>d+ ! creator1 we _c conclude f !m t ,brahman is ! sole cause ( ! _w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? texts d enable u to conclude t ! ,pradhna only is ! univ]sal cause4 ,= ! text ',n[ all ?is 0 !n undevelop$' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,i1 #d1 #g7 tea*es t ! _w 0 m]g$ 9 ! undevelop$ ,pradhna4 & ! subsequ5t clause1 ',t develop$ itself by =m & "n1' t f t ,undevelop$ !re result$ ! creation ( ! _w4 ,= ! ,undevelop$ is t :i* is n di/+ui%$ by names & =ms1 & ?is is none o!r ?an ! ,pradhna4 ,& z ?is ,pradhna is at ! same "t et]nal1 z f> z its ess5tial nature is conc]n$1 & ! sub/rate ( all *ange1 !re is no?+ contradictory 9 ! diff]5t acc\nts ( creation call+ x sometimes ',be+' & sometimes ',non-be+'2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ^! t]ms _c1 )\t contradiction1 bo? be appli$ to ,brahman4 ,! causality ( ! ,undevelop$ hav+ ?us be5 asc]ta9$1 su* expressions z 'x ?\ght1 may ,i be _m1' mu/ be int]pret$ z mean+ its be+ ab\t to proce$ to creation4 ,! t]ms ',self' & ',brahman' also may be appli$ to ! ,pradhna 9 s f> z x is all-p]vad+ 7atman f pnoti71 & preem95tly great 7brihat74 ,we !re=e conclude t ! only cause ( ! _w ab\t :i* ! ,v$nta-texts give in=mation is ! ,pradhna4 ,?is view is set aside by ! ,stra4 ,! ^w & is us$ 9 ! s5se ( b4 ,x is possible to asc]ta9 f ! ,v$nta-texts t ! _w spr+s f none o!r ?an ! highe/ ,brahman1 :i* is all- kn[+1 "l ( all1 free f all %ad[ ( imp]fection1 capable ( absolutely realis+ its purposes1 & s on2 s9ce scripture decl>es ,brahman z describ$ to be ! cause ( ,e!r1 & s on4 ,by ',brahman z describ$' is meant ',brahman di/+ui%$ by omnisci5ce & o!r qualities1 z describ$ 9 ! ,stra t f :i* ! orig9ation1 & s on1 ( ! _w proce$1 & 9 o!r places4' ,t ,brahman only is decl>$ by scripture to be ! cause ( ,e!r1 & s on1 i4e4 ! be+ :i* is decl>$ to be ! cause 9 passages su* z ',f t ,self sprang ,e!r' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a72 't s5t =? fire'7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #b1 #c71 is none o!r ?an ,brahman possess+ omnisci5ce & simil> qualities4 ,= ! =m] ( ^! texts foll[s on ! passage ',! ,true1 intellig5ce1 inf9ite is ,brahman2 he rea*es all desires toge!r ) ! intellig5t ,brahman1' :i* introduces ,brahman z ! g5]al subject-matt]--t ,brahman be+ !n ref]r$ to by means ( ! connect+ words 'f t4' ,9 ! same way ! 't' 79 't s5t =? fire'7 ref]s back to ! omnisci5t ,brahman introduc$ 9 ! clause 't ?\ght1 may ,i be _m4' ,?is view is confirm$ by a consid]ation ( all ! acc\nts ( creation1 & we h5ce conclude t ,brahman is ! sole cause ( ! _w4--,b ! text ',non-be+ inde$ ?is 0 9 ! beg9n+' calls ! g5]al cause 'some?+ t is n'2 h[ !n c y say t we inf] f ! ,v$nta-texts z ! g5]al cause ( ! _w a ,brahman t is all-kn[+1 absolutely realises its purposes1 & s on8--,to ?is "q ! next ,stra replies4 #ae4 ,f connexion4 ,! fact is t ,brahman intellig5t1 consi/+ ( bliss1 c41 connects itself also ) ! passage ',non-be+ 0 ?is 9 ! beg9n+' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #g74 ,= ! section ( ! text :i* prec$es t passage 7viz4 ',diff]5t f ?is ,self consi/+ ( und]/&+ is ! ,self consi/+ ( ,bliss2--he wi%$1 may ,i be _m2--he creat$ all :atev] !re is4 ,hav+ creat$ he ent]$ into x2 hav+ ent]$ x he became sat & tyat'7 cle>ly ref]s to ,brahman consi/+ ( ,bliss1 :i* realises its purposes1 creates all be+s1 & ent]+ into !m is ! ,self ( all4 ,:51 !re=e1 aft] ?is we meet ) ! sloka 7',non-be+ ?is 0 9 ! beg9n+'7 introduc$ by ! words ',on ?is !re is also ?is sloka'--:i* %[s t ! sloka is meant to ?r[ light on :at prec$es2 & :5 fur!r or we h ! passage ',f fe> ( x ! w9d bl[s' c41 :i*1 ref]r+ to ! same ,brahman1 pr$icates ( x univ]sal rul]%ip1 bliss ( nature1 & s on2 we conclude ) c]ta9ty t ! sloka ab\t ',non-be+' also ref]s to ,brahman4 ,z dur+ a pralaya ! di/9ction ( names & =ms does n exi/1 & ,brahman also !n does n exi/ 9 s f> z connect$ ) names & =ms1 ! text applies to ,brahman ! t]m ',non-be+4' ,! text ',non-be+ only ?is 0 9 ! beg9n+' expla9s itself 9 ! same way4--,nor c we admit ! cont5tion t ! text ',n[ all ?is 0 !n undevelop$ 'ref]s to ! ,pradhna z ! cause ( ! _w2 = ! ,undevelop$ !re spok5 ( is no?+ else b ,brahman 9 s f> z its body is n yet evolv$4 ,= ! text cont9ues ',t same be+ ent]$ ?i!r to ! v tips ( ! f+]-nails2' ',:5 see+1 eye by "n2 :5 he>+1 e> by "n2 :5 ?9k+1 m9d by "n2' ',let m5 m$itate ^u him z ,self2' :]e ! introductory words 't same be+' ref] back to ! ,undevelop$--:i* ?us is said to ent] into all ?+s & !reby to become _! rul]4 ,& x is kn[n f ano!r text also 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #c1 #b7 t x is ! all-creative highe/ ,brahman :i* ent]s into its creation & evolves names & =ms4 ,! text ',hav+ ent]$ )91 ! rul] ( creatures1 ! ,self ( all' moreov] %[s t ! creative pr9ciple ent]s into its creatures = ! purpose ( rul+ !m1 & su* ent]+ aga9 _c be attribut$ to ! non-s5ti5t ,pradhna4 ,! ,undevelop$ !re=e is ,brahman 9 t /ate :]e its body is n yet develop$2 & :5 ! text cont9ues 'x develop$ itself by names & =ms' ! mean+ is t ,brahman develop$ itself 9 s f> z names & =ms 7 di/+ui%$ 9 ! _w t con/itutes ,brahman's body4 ,on ?is explanation ( ! texts relat+ to creation we fur!r are enabl$ to take ! ?\ght1 purpose1 c41 attribut$ to ! creative pr9ciple1 9 _! prim>y lit]al s5se4 ,&1 we f9ally rem>k1 nei!r ! t]m ',brahman' nor ! t]m ',self 9 any way suits ! ,pradhna1 :i* is nei!r absolutely great nor p]vad+ 9 ! s5se ( ent]+ into ?+s creat$ ) a view to rul+ !m4 ,x ?us rema9s a settl$ conclusion t ,brahman is ! sole cause ( ! _w4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '7,brahman's7 causality4' #af4 ,because x d5otes ! _w4 ,! ,snkhya comes =w>d ) a fur!r objection4 ,al?\gh ! ,v$nta-texts tea* an intellig5t pr9ciple to be ! cause ( ! _w1 !y d n pres5t to u z objects ( k any?+ t c\ld be ! cause ( ! _w1 ap>t f ! ,pradhna & ! s\l z e/abli%$ by ! ,snkhya-sy/em4 ,= ! ,kau%tak9s decl>e 9 _! text1 9 ! dialogue ( ,blki & ,ajtasatru1 t none b ! enjoy+ 7individual7 s\l is to be kn[n z ! cause ( ! _w1 ',%all ,i tell y ,brahman8 ,he :o is ! mak] ( ^? p]sons & ( :om ?is is ! "w 7or to :om ?is "w belongs7 he inde$ is to be kn[n' 7,kau4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #ai74 ,blki at ! outset proposes ,brahman z ! object ( in/ruction1 & :5 he is f\nd himself n to "k ,brahman1 ,ajtasatru in/ructs him ab\t x1 'he inde$ is to be kn[n4' ,b f ! relative clause 'to :om ?is "w belongs1' :i* connects ! be+ to be kn[n ) "w1 we inf] t by ,brahman we h "h to und]/& ! enjoy+ s\l :i* is ! rul] ( ,prakriti1 n any o!r be+4 ,= no o!r be+ is connect$ ) "w2 "w1 :e!r m]itori\s or ! contr>y1 belongs to ! individual s\l only4 ,nor mu/ y conte/ ?is conclusion on ! gr\nd t '"w' is "h to be expla9$ z mean+ ! object ( activity1 s t ! s5se ( ! clause w\ld be 'he ( :om ?is entire _w1 z pres5t$ by p]ception & ! o!r means ( k1 is ! "w4' ,= 9 t case ! sep>ate /atem5ts made 9 ! two clauses1 ':o is ! mak] ( ^? p]sons' & '( :om ?is is ! "w1' w\ld be devoid ( purport 7! latt] imply+ ! =m]74 ,moreov]1 ! g5]ally accept$ mean+ ( ! ^w 'k>man1' bo? 9 ,v$ic & worldly spee*1 is "w 9 ! s5se ( good & evil actions4 ,& z ! orig9ation ( ! _w is caus$ by actions ( ! v>i\s individual s\ls1 ! designation ( 'mak] ( ^? p]sons' also suits only ! individual s\l4 ,! mean+ ( ! :ole passage !re=e is ',he :o is ! cause ( ! diff]5t p]sons t h _! abode 9 ! disc ( ! sun1 & s on1 & are in/rum5tal t[>ds ! retributive exp]i5ces ( ! individual s\ls2 & to :om !re belongs k>man1 good & evil1 to :i* !re is due 8 becom+ su* a cause2 he inde$ is to be kn[n1 8 ess5tial nature is to be cognis$ 9 di/9ction f ,prakriti4' ,& also 9 :at foll[s1 ',! two came to a p]son :o 0 asleep4 ,he pu%$ him ) a /ick1' c41 :at is said ab\t ! sleep+ man be+ pu%$1 r\s$1 c41 all po9ts only to ! individual s\l be+ ! topic ( in/ruction4 ,fur!r on also ! text treats ( ! individual s\l only1 ',z ! ma/] fe$s ) 8 p1 nay z 8 p fe$ on ! ma/]1 ?us does ?is consci\s ,self fe$ ) ! o!r ,selfs4' ,we mu/ consid] also ! foll[+ passage--:i* conta9s ! explanation giv5 by ,ajatasatru to ,blki1 :o _h be5 unable to say :]e ! s\l goes at ! "t ( deep sleep--' ,!re are ! art]ies call$ ,hitas4 ,9 ^! ! p]son is2 :5 sleep+ he sees no dream1 !n he 7or t1 i4e4 ! aggregate ( ! s5se-organs7 becomes "o ) ?is prna alone4 ,!n spee* goes to him ) all names1 c41 ! m9d ) all ?\ghts4 ,& :5 he awakes1 !n1 z f a burn+ fire sp>ks proce$ 9 all directions1 ?us f t ,self ! prnas proce$ ea* t[>ds its place1 f ! prnas ! gods1 f ! gods ! worlds4' ,! individual s\l :i* passes ?r\gh ! /ates ( dream1 deep sleep & wak+1 & is t into :i* !re are m]g$ & f :i* !re proce$ spee* & all ! o!r organs1 is "h decl>$ to be ! abode ( deep sleep '!n x 7viz4 ! aggregate ( ! organs7 becomes "o 9 t prna4' ,prna "h means ! individual s\l 9 s f> z support+ life2 = ! text cont9ues ':5 t "o awakes' & nei!r ! vital brea? nor ! ,"l 7bo? ( :om might be propos$ z explanations ( prna7 c be said to be asleep & to wake4 ,or else 'asm9 prne' might be expla9$ z '9 ! vital brea? 7:i* abides7 9 ! individual s\l1' ! mean+ ( ! clause be+ 'all ! organs1 spee* & s on1 become "o 9 ! vital brea? :i* itself abides 9 ?is s\l4' ,! ^w 'prna' w\ld ?us be tak5 9 its prim>y lit]al s5se2 yet all ! same ! s\l con/itutes ! topic ( ! section1 ! vital brea? be+ a m]e in/rum5t ( ! s\l4 ,! ,brahman m5tion$ at ! outset !re=e is none o!r ?an ! individual s\l1 & !re is no?+ to prove a "l diff]5t f x4 ,& z ! attributes :i* ! texts ascribe to ! g5]al cause1 viz4 ?\ght & s on1 are attributes ( intellig5t be+s only1 we arrive at ! conclusion t :at con/itutes ! cause ( ! _w is ! non-intellig5t ,pradhna guid$ by ! intellig5t s\l4 ,?is prim facie view ! ,stra disposes (1 by say+ 'because 7! "w7 d5otes ! _w4' ,x is n ! insignificant individual s\l-- :i* is "u ! influ5ce ( its good & evil works1 & by errone\sly imput+ to itself ! attributes ( ,prakriti becomes ! cause ( ! effects ( ! latt]--t is ! topic ( our text2 b r ! ,supreme ,p]son :o is free f all %ad[ ( imp]fection su* z ,nesci5ce & ! l1 :o is a treasure ( all possible auspici\s qualities 9 _! highe/ degree ( p]fection1 :o is ! sole cause ( ?is entire _w4 ,?is is prov$ by ! circum/ance t ! t]m '"w' connect$ ) '?is' 79 '( :om ?is 7is7 ! "w'7 d5otes ! ,univ]se :i* is an effect ( ! ,supreme ,p]son4 ,= ! ^w '?is' mu/1 on acc\nt ( its s5se1 ! g5]al topic ( ! section & s on1 be tak5 9 a non-limit$ mean+1 & h5ce d5otes ! entire _w1 z pres5t$ by ,p]ception & ! o!r means ( k1 ) all its s5ti5t & non-s5ti5t be+s4 ,t ! t]m '"w' does n "h d5ote good & evil actions1 appe>s f ! foll[+ consid]ation ( ! context4 ,blki at fir/ (f]s to tea* ,brahman 7',%all ,i tell y ,brahman8'7 & !reupon holds =? on v>i\s p]sons abid+ 9 ! sun1 & s on1 z be+ ,brahman4 ,ajatasatru h[ev] refuses to accept ?is in/ruction z n sett+ =? ,brahman1 & f9ally1 9 ord] to enlight5 ,blki1 addresses him ',he1 ,o ,blki1 :o is ! mak] ( ^? p]sons1' c4 ,n[ z ! diff]5t p]sonal s\ls abid+ 9 ! sun1 c41 & connect$ ) k>man 9 ! =m ( good & evil actions1 are kn[n already by ,blki1 ! t]m 'k>man'--met ) 9 ! next clause--is cle>ly meant to ?r[ light on "s ,p]son s f> n kn[n to ,blki1 & !re=e mu/ be tak5 to mean n good & evil de$s or action 9 g5]al1 b r ! entire ,univ]se 9 s f> z be+ ! outcome ( activity4 ,on ?is int]pretation only ! passage gives in/ruction ab\t some?+ n kn[n be=e4 ,%\ld x be said t ?is w\ld be ! case also if ! subject to :i* ! in/ruction ref]s 7 ! true ess5tial nature ( ! s\l1 indicat$ "h by its connexion ) k>man1 we reply t ?is w\ld involve ! 7objectionable7 assumption ( s-call$ implication 7lak%an71 9 s f> namely z :at ! clause w\ld directly intimate is 7n ! ess5tial nature ( ! s\l z free f k>man b r7 ! connexion ( ! s\l ) k>man4 ,moreov] if ! int5tion ( ! passage 7 ?is1 viz4 to give in/ruction z to ! s\l1 ! latt] be+ po9t$ at by means ( ! ref]5ce to k>man1 ! int5tion w\ld be fully accompli%$ by say+ 'to :om k>man belongs1 he is to be kn[n2' :ile 9 ! text z x actually /&s '( :om ?is is ! k>man' ! '?is' w\ld be unmean+4 ,! mean+ ( ! two sep>ate clauses ':o is ! mak] ( ^? p]sons' & '( :om ?is is ! "w' is z foll[s4 ,he :o is ! creator ( ^? p]sons :om y call$ ,brahman1 & ( :om ^? p]sons are ! creatures2 he ( :om ?is entire _w is ! effect1 & be=e :om all ?+s s5ti5t & non-s5ti5t are equal 9 s f> z be+ produc$ by him2 he1 ! highe/ & univ]sal cause1 ! ,supreme ,p]son1 is ! object to be kn[n4 ,! mean+ impli$ "h is--al?\gh ! orig9ation ( ! _w has = its condition ! de$s ( individual s\ls1 yet ^? s\ls d n indep5d5tly orig9ate ! means = _! own retributive exp]i5ce1 b exp]i5ce only :at ! ,"l has creat$ to t end 9 agreem5t ) _! works4 ,! individual s\l1 h5ce1 _c /& 9 creative relation to ^? p]sons4--,:at ! text "u discussion inculcates z ! object ( k !re=e is ! highe/ ,brahman :i* is kn[n f all ,v$nta-texts z ! univ]sal cause4 #ag4 ,%\ld x be said t ?is is n s on acc\nt ( ! inf]5tial m>ks ( ! individual s\l & ! *ief vital air2 we reply t ?is has be5 expla9$ be=e4 ,) ref]5ce to ! plea urg$ by ! ,prvapak%9 t1 ow+ to inf]5tial m>ks po9t+ to ! individual s\l1 & ! circum/ance ( m5tion be+ made ( ! *ief vital air1 we mu/ decide t ! section treats ( ! enjoy+ individual s\l & n ( ! highe/ ,self1 ! ,stra rem>ks t ?is argum5tation has already be5 dispos$ (1 viz4 9 connexion ) ! ,prat>dana vidy4 ,= !re x 0 %[n t :5 a text is asc]ta9$1 on ! gr\nd ( a compreh5sive survey ( initial & conclud+ clauses1 to ref] to ,brahman1 all inf]5tial m>ks :i* po9t to o!r topics mu/ be int]pret$ s z to fall 9 ) ! pr9cipal topic4 ,n[ 9 our text ,brahman is introduc$ at ! outset ',%all ,i tell y ,brahman8' x is fur!r m5tion$ 9 ! middle ( ! section1 = ! clause '( :om ?is is ! "w' does n ref] to ! s\l 9 g5]al b to ! highe/ ,p]son :o is ! cause ( ! :ole _w2 & at ! end aga9 we he> ( a rew>d :i* connects itself only ) m$itations on ,brahman1 viz4 supreme sov]eignty prec$$ by ! conque/ ( all evil4 ',hav+ ov]come all evil he obta9s pre-em95ce among all be+s1 sov]eignty & supremacy--yea1 he :o kn[s ?is4' ,! section ?us be+ conc]n$ ) ,brahman1 ! ref]5ces to ! individual s\l & to ! *ief vital air mu/ also be int]pret$ s z to fall 9 ) ,brahman4 ,9 ! same way x 0 %[n above t ! ref]5ces to ! individual s\l & ! *ief vital air :i* are met ) 9 ! ,prat>dana vidy really expla9 !mselves 9 connexion ) a ?reefold m$itation on ,brahman4 ,z 9 ! passage ',!n ) ?is prna alone he becomes "o' ! two words '?is' & 'prna' may be tak5 z co- ord9at$ & x h5ce w\ld be inappropriate to sep>ate !m 7& to expla9 '9 ! prna :i* abides 9 ?is s\l'71 & z ! ^w 'prna' is asc]ta9$ to mean ,brahman also1 we mu/ und]/& ! m5tion ( prna to be made ) a view to m$itation on ,brahman 9 s f> z hav+ ! prna = its body4 ,b h[ c ! ref]5ces to ! individual s\l be put 9 connexion ) ,brahman8--,?is po9t is tak5 up by ! next ,stra4 #ah4 ,b ,jaim9i ?9ks t x has ano!r purport1 on acc\nt ( ! "q & answ]2 & ?us "s also4 ,! 'b' is meant to preclude ! idea t ! m5tion made ( ! individual s\l enables u to und]/& ! :ole section z conc]n$ ) t s\l4--,! tea*] ,jaim9i is ( op9ion t ! m5tion made ( ! individual s\l has ano!r mean+1 i4e4 aims at convey+ ! idea ( :at is diff]5t f ! individual s\l1 i4e4 ! nature ( ! highe/ ,brahman4 ',on acc\nt ( "q & answ]4' ,accord+ to ! /ory told 9 ! ,upani%ad1 ,ajtasatru leads ,blki to :]e a sleep+ man is re/+1 & conv9ces him t ! s\l is diff]5t f brea?1 by address+ ! sleep+ p]son1 9 :om brea? only is awake1 ) names belong+ to prna ,,footnote #chc3a )\t ! sleep] be+ awak$ !reby1 & aft] t r\s+ him by a pu% ( 8 /aff4 ,!n1 ) a view to tea*+ ,blki ! diff]5ce ( ,brahman f ! individual s\l1 he asks him ! foll[+ que/ions3 ',:]e1 ,o ,blki1 did ?is p]son "h sleep8 ,:]e 0 he8 ,:5ce did he ?us come back8' ,to ^! que/ions he !reupon himself replies1 ',:5 sleep+ he sees no dream1 !n he becomes "o 9 t prna alone4--,f t ,self ! organs proce$ ea* t[>ds its place1 f ! organs ! gods1 f ! gods ! worlds4' ,n[ ?is reply1 no less ?an ! que/ions1 cle>ly ref]s to ! highe/ ,self z some?+ diff]5t f ! individual ,self4 ,= t ent]+ into :i* ! s\l1 9 ! /ate ( deep sleep1 atta9s its true nature & enjoys complete s]5ity1 be+ free f ! di/urb+ exp]i5ces ( pleasure & pa9 t accompany ! /ates ( wak+ & ( dream2 & t f :i* x aga9 returns to ! fruition ( pleasure & pa92 t is no?+ else b ! highe/ ,self4 ,=1 z o!r scriptural texts te/ify 7',!n he becomes unit$ ) ! ,true1' ,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #h1 #a2 ',embrac$ by ! intellig5t ,self he kn[s no?+ t is )\t1 no?+ t is )91' ,bri1 ,up4 ,,iv1 #c1 #ba71 ! abode ( deep sleep is ! intellig5t ,self :i* is diff]5t f ! individual ,self1 i4e4 ! highe/ ,self4 ,we ?us conclude t ! ref]5ce1 9 "q & answ]1 to ! individual s\l subs]ves ! end ( in/ruction be+ giv5 ab\t :at is diff]5t f t s\l1 i4e4 ! highe/ ,self4 ,we h5ce also reject ! ,prvapak%9's cont5tion t "q & answ] ref] to ! individual s\l1 t ! ve9s call$ hita are ! abode ( deep sleep1 & t ! well-kn[n clause z to ! prna mu/ be tak5 to mean t ! aggregate ( ! organs becomes "o 9 ! individual s\l call$ prna4 ,= ! ve9s are ! abode1 n ( deep sleep1 b ( dream1 &1 z we h %[n above1 ,brahman only is ! abode ( deep sleep2 & ! text decl>es t ! individual s\l1 toge!r ) all its m9i/]+ organs1 becomes "o )1 & aga9 proce$s f1 ,brahman only--:i* ! text designates z ,prna4--,moreov] "s1 viz4 ! ,vjasaney9s 9 ?is same colloquy ( ,blki & ,ajtasatru z record$ 9 _! text1 cle>ly di/+ui% f ! vijna-maya1 i4e4 ! individual s\l 9 ! /ate ( deep sleep1 ! highe/ ,self :i* !n is ! abode ( ! individual s\l4 ',:]e 0 !n ! p]son1 consi/+ ( intellig5ce1 & f :5ce did he ?us come back8--,:5 he 0 ?us asleep1 !n ! intellig5t p]son1 hav+ ?r\gh ! intellig5ce ( ! s5ses absorb$ )9 himself all intellig5ce1 lies 9 ! e!r t is )9 ! he>t4' ,n[ ! ^w 'e!r' is kn[n to d5ote ! highe/ ,self2 cf4 ! text '!re is )9 t ! small e!r'7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #a1 #a74 ,?is %[s u t ! individual s\l is m5tion$ 9 ! ,vjasaney9 passage to ! end ( sett+ =? :at is diff]5t f x1 viz4 ! prja ,self1 i4e4 ! highe/ ,brahman4 ,! g5]al conclusion !re=e is t ! ,kau%taki-text "u discussion proposes z ! object ( k some?+ t is diff]5t f ! individual s\l1 viz4 ! highe/ ,brahman :i* is ! cause ( ! :ole _w1 & t h5ce ! ,v$nta-texts n[h]e intimate t g5]al causality belongs ei!r to ! individual s\l or to ! ,pradhna "u ! s\l's guidance4 ,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'd5otation ( ! _w4' ,,footnote #chc3a4 ,! names ) :i* ! k+ addresses ! sleep] are ,great "o1 clad 9 :ite raim5t1 ,soma1 k+4 ,! ,sru4 ,pra4 comm5ts z foll[s3 ,great "o2 because accord+ to ,sruti ,prna is ! olde/ & be/4 ,clad 9 :ite raim5t2 because ,sruti says t wat] is ! raim5t ( ,prna2 & else:]e1 t :at is :ite belongs to wat]4 ,soma2 because scripture says '( ?is prna wat] is ! body1 light ! =m1 viz4 yond] moon4' ,k+2 = ,sruti says ',prna inde$ is ! rul]4' #ai4 ,on acc\nt ( ! connect$ mean+ ( ! s5t5ces4 ,9 spite ( ! conclusion arriv$ at !re may rema9 a suspicion t "h & !re 9 ! ,upani%ads texts are to be met ) :i* aim at sett+ =? ! s\l z ma9ta9$ 9 ,kapila's sy/em1 & t h5ce !re is no room = a be+ diff]5t f ! individual s\l & call$ ,"l4 ,?is suspicion ! ,stra und]takes to remove1 9 connexion ) ! ,maitreyi-brhmana1 9 ! ,brihad>anyaka4 ,!re we read ',v]ily1 a husb& is de>1 n = ! love ( ! husb&1 b = ! love ( ! ,self a husb& is de>1 & s on4 ,ev]y?+ is de>1 n = ! love ( ev]y?+1 b = ! love ( ! ,self ev]y?+ is de>4 ,! ,self %\ld be se51 %\ld be he>d1 %\ld be reflect$ on1 %\ld be m$itat$ ^u4 ,:5 ! ,self has be5 se51 he>d1 reflect$ ^u1 m$itat$ ^u1 !n all ?is is kn[n' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #e1 #f74--;,"h ! d\bt arises :e!r ! ,self enjo9$ 9 ?is passage z ! object ( see+1 c41 be ! s\l z held by ! ,snkhyas1 or ! ,supreme ,"l1 all-kn[+1 capable ( realis+ all 8 purposes1 & s on4 ,! ,prvapak%9 upholds ! =m] alt]native4 ,=1 he says1 ! beg9n+ no less ?an ! middle & ! conclud+ "p ( ! section conveys ! idea ( ! individual s\l only4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ! individual s\l only is meant1 z appe>s f ! connexion ( ! ,self ) husb&1 wife1 *ildr51 weal?1 cattle1 & s on4 ,?is is confirm$ by ! middle "p ( ! section :]e ! ,self is said to be connect$ ) orig9ation & de/ruction1 'a mass ( k1 he hav+ ris5 f ^! elem5ts vani%es aga9 into !m4 ,:5 he has dep>t$ !re is no m consci\sness4' ,& 9 ! end we h ':]eby %\ld he "k ! kn[]'2 :]e we aga9 recognise ! kn[+ subject1 i4e4 ! individual s\l1 n ! ,"l4 ,we ?us conclude t ! :ole text is meant to set =? ! s\l z held by ! ,snkhyas4--,b 9 ! beg9n+ !re is a clause1 viz4 ',!re is no hope ( immortality by weal?1' :i* %[s t ! :ole section is meant to in/ruct u z to ! means ( immortality2 h[ !n c x be meant to set =? ! individual s\l only8--,y /ate ! v reason prov+ t ! text is conc]n$ ) ! individual s\l only6 ,= accord+ to ! ,snkhya- sy/em immortality is obta9$ ?r\gh ! cognition ( ! true nature ( ! s\l view$ z free f all errone\s imputation to itself ( ! attributes ( non-s5ti5t matt]2 & ! text !re=e makes x its task to set =?1 = ! purpose ( immortality1 ! ess5tial nature ( ! s\l free f all connexion ) ,prakriti1 '! ,self %\ld be he>d1' & s on4 ,& z ! s\ls dissociat$ f ,prakriti are all ( a uni=m nature1 all s\ls are kn[n ?r\gh ! k ( ! s\l free f ,prakriti1 & ! text !re=e rightly says t ?r\gh ! ,self be+ kn[n ev]y?+ is kn[n4 ,& z ! ess5tial nature ( ! ,self is ( "o & ! same k9d1 viz4 k or intellig5ce1 9 all be+s f gods d[n to plants1 ! text rightly ass]ts ! unity ( ! ,self 't ,self is all ?is'2 & d5ies all o!rness f ! ,self1 on ! gr\nd ( ! *>act]i/ic attributes ( gods & s on really be+ ( ! nature ( ! ,n-self1 'he is ab&on$ by ev]y?+1' c4 ,! clause1 ',= :]e !re is duality z x 71' :i* d5ies plurality1 intimates t ! plurality introduc$ into ! homog5e\s ,self by ! diff]5t =ms--su* z ( gods1 & s on--assum$ by ,prakriti1 is false4 ,& !re is also no objection to ! tea*+ t '! ,rig-v$a & s on are brea!d =? f t great be+ 7i4e4 ,prakriti72 = ! orig9ation ( ! _w is caus$ by ! s\l 9 its quality z rul] ( ,prakriti4--,x ?us be+ asc]ta9$ t ! :ole ,maitrey-brhmana is conc]n$ ) ! s\l 9 ! ,snkhya s5se1 we1 accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( ! unity ( purport ( all ,v$nta-texts1 conclude t !y all treat ( ! ,snkhya s\l only1 & t h5ce ! cause ( ! _w is to be f\nd n 9 a s-call$ ,"l b 9 ,prakriti rul$ & guid$ by ! s\l4 ,?is prim facie view is set aside by ! ,stra4 ,! :ole text ref]s to ! ,supreme ,"l only2 = on ?is supposition only a satisfactory connexion ( ! p>ts ( ! text c be made out4 ,on be+ told by ,yjavalkya t !re is no hope ( immortality ?r\gh weal?1 ,maitrey expresses h] slight reg>d = weal? & all su* ?+s z d n help to immortality1 & asks to be in/ruct$ z to ! means ( immortality only 7',:at %\ld ,i d ) t by :i* ,i d n become immortal8 ,:at my "l kn[s tell t cle>ly to me'74 ,n[ ! ,self :i* ,yjavalkya1 respond+ to h] reque/s1 po9ts out to h] z ! prop] object ( k1 c be none o!r ?an ! highe/ ,self2 = o!r scriptural texts cle>ly tea* t ! only means ( rea*+ immortality is to "k ! ,supreme ,p]son--',hav+ kn[n him ?us man passes beyond dea?'2 ',kn[+ him ?us he becomes immortal "h1 !re is no o!r pa? to g' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #h74 ,! k ( ! true nature ( ! individual s\l :i* obta9s immortality1 & is a m]e manife/ation ( ! p[] ( ! ,supreme ,p]son1 mu/ be held to be useful t[>ds ! cognition ( ! ,supreme ,p]son :o br+s ab\t ,release1 b is n 9 itself in/rum5tal t[>ds su* ,release2 ! be+ ! k ( :i* ! text decl>es to be ! means ( immortality is !re=e ! highe/ ,self only4 ,aga91 ! causal p[] ) reg>d to ! entire _w :i* is express$ 9 ! passage1 'f t great ,be+ !re 7 brea!d =? ! ,rig v$a1' c41 _c possibly belong to ! m]e individual s\l :i* 9 its /ate ( bondage is "u ! influ5ce ( k>man & 9 ! /ate ( release has no?+ to d ) ! _w2 x c 9 fact belong to ! ,supreme ,p]son only4 ,aga91 :at ! text says z to ev]y?+ be+ kn[n by ! k ( "o ?+ 7',by ! see+ inde$ ( ! ,self1' c47 is possible only 9 ! case ( a ,supreme ,self :i* con/itutes ! ,self ( all4 ,:at ! ,prvapak%9 said z to ev]y?+ be+ kn[n ?r\gh ! cognition ( ! "o individual s\l1 s9ce all individual s\ls are ( ! same type--?is also _c be upheld2 = z long z !re is a k ( ! s\l only & n also ( ! _w ( non-s5ti5t ?+s1 !re is no k ( ev]y?+4 ,& :5 ! text enum]ates diff]5t ?+s 7'?is ,brahman class1 ?is ,k%atra class1' c471 & !n concludes 'all ?is is t ,self'--:]e ! '?is' d5otes ! entire ,univ]se ( animate & inanimate be+s z kn[n ?r\gh ,p]ception1 ,inf]5ce1 & s on--univ]sal unity su* z decl>$ "h is possible only ?r\gh a highe/ ,self :i* is ! ,self ( all4 ,x is n1 on ! o!r h&1 possible t :at ! ^w '?is' d5otes1 i4e4 ! :ole _w ( intellig5t & non-intellig5t creatures1 %\ld be "o ) ! p]sonal s\l z long z x rema9s :at x is1 :e!r connect$ ) or disassociat$ f non-s5ti5t matt]4 ,9 ! same _s ! passage1 ',all ?+s ab&on him :o views all ?+s else:]e ?an 9 ! ,self1' f9ds fault ) him :o views any?+ ap>t f ! univ]sal ,self4 ,! qualities also :i* 9 ! e>li] ,maitrey-brhmana 7,,ii1 #d1 #ab7 are pr$icat$ ( ! be+ "u discussion1 viz4 greatness1 endlessness1 unlimit$ness1 _c belong to any "o else b ! highe/ ,self4 ,t ,self !re=e is ! topic ( ! ,brhmana4 ,we fur!r demur to our antagoni/'s ma9ta9+ t ! entire ,brhmana treats ( ! individual s\l because t s\l is at ! outset repres5t$ z ! object ( enquiry1 ?is be+ inf]r$ f its connexion ) husb&1 wife1 weal?1 c4 ,= if ! clause '= ! love 7lit]ally1 = ! desire7 ( ! ,self ref]s to ! individual ,self1 we _c help connect+ 7z1 9 fact1 we mu/ d 9 any case7 t ,self ) ! ,self ref]r$ to 9 ! subsequ5t clause1 '! ,self inde$ is to be se51' c42 ! connexion hav+ to be conceiv$ 9 t way t ! in=mation giv5 9 ! =m] clause someh[ subs]ves ! cognition ( ! ,self enjo9$ 9 ! latt] clause4 ',= ! desire ( ! ,self w\ld !n mean '= ! atta9m5t ( ! objects desir$ by ! ,self4' ,b if x is fir/ said t husb&1 wife1 c41 are de> because !y fulfil ! wi%es ( ! individual ,self1 x c\ld h>dly be said fur!r on t ! nature ( t ,self mu/ be enquir$ into2 = :at1 9 ! circum/ances ( ! case1 naturally is to be enquir$ into & se>*$ = are ! de> objects b n ! true nature ( him to :om ^? objects are de>1 ap>t f ! objects !mselves4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly be some:at s5seless to decl>e t s9ce husb&1 wife1 c41 are de> because !y fulfil ! desires ( ! individual s\l1 !re=e1 sett+ aside ^? de> objects1 we mu/ enquire into ! true nature ( t s\l ap>t f all ! objects ( its desire4 ,on ! contr>y1 x hav+ be5 decl>$ t husb&1 wife1 c41 are de> n on acc\nt ( husb&1 wife1 c41 b on acc\nt ( ! ,self1 !y %\ld n be dropp$1 b includ$ 9 ! fur!r inve/igation1 j because !y subs]ve ! ,self4 ,& %\ld our oppon5t 79 ord] to avoid ! difficulty ( e/abli%+ a satisfactory connexion betwe5 ! diff]5t clauses7 ma9ta9 t ! clause1 'b ev]y?+ is de> = ! love ( ! ,self1' is n connect$ ) ! foll[+ clause1 '! ,self is to be se51' c41 we po9t out t ?is w\ld break ! :ole connexion ( ! ,brahmna4 ,& if we all[$ su* a break1 we %\ld !n be unable to po9t out :at is ! use ( ! e>li] "p ( ! ,brahmna4 ,we mu/ !re=e attempt to expla9 ! connexion 9 su* a way z to make x cle> :y all se>* = de> objects--husb&1 wife1 *ildr51 weal?1 c4--%\ld be ab&on$ & ! ,self only %\ld be se>*$ =4 ,?is explanation is z foll[s4 ,aft] hav+ /at$ t weal?1 & s on1 are no means to obta9 immortality :i* consi/s 9 p]man5t absolute bliss1 ! text decl>es t ! pleasant exp]i5ces :i* we d]ive f weal?1 husb&1 wife1 c44 & :i* are n ( a p]man5t nature & always alloy$ ) a great deal ( pa91 are caus$ n by weal?1 husb&1 wife1 c41 !mselves1 b r by ! highe/ ,self ^: nature is absolute bliss4 ,he !re=e :o be+ himself ( ! nature ( p]fect bliss causes o!r be+s & ?+s also to be ! abodes ( p>tial bliss1 he--! highe/ ,self--is to be con/itut$ ! object ( k4 ,! clauses1 'n = ! wi% ( ! husb& a husb& is de>1' c41 !re=e mu/ be und]/ood z foll[s--a husb&1 a wife1 a son1 c41 are n de> to u 9 consequ5ce ( a wi% or purpose on _! "p1 'may ,i1 = my own end or advantage be de> to him1' b !y are de> to u = ! wi% ( ! ,self1 i4e4 to ! end t !re may be accompli%$ ! desire ( ! highe/ ,self--:i* desire aims at ! devotee obta9+ :at is de> to him4 ,= ! highe/ ,self pleas$ ) ! works ( 8 devotees imp>ts to diff]5t ?+s su* de>ness1 i4e4 joy-giv+ quality z corresponds to ^? works1 t 'de>ness' be+ b\nd 9 ea* case to a def9ite place1 "t1 nature & degree4 ,?is is 9 accordance ) ! scriptural text1 ',= he alone be/[s bliss' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #g74 ,?+s are n de>1 or ! contr>y1 to u by !mselves1 b only 9 s f> z ! highe/ ,self makes !m su*4 ,comp>e ! text1 ',! same ?+ :i* er/ gave u delight lat] on becomes ! s\rce ( grief2 & :at 0 ! cause ( wra? aft]w>ds t5ds to peace4 ,h5ce !re is no?+ t 9 itself is ( ! nature ei!r ( pleasure or ( pa94' ,b1 ano!r view ( ! mean+ ( ! text is propos$1 ev5 if ! ,self 9 ! clause '= ! desire ( ! ,self' 7 accept$ z d5ot+ ! individual ,self1 yet ! clause '! ,self mu/ be se5' w\ld ref] to ! highe/ ,self only4 ,= 9 t case also ! s5se w\ld be z foll[s--because ! possession ( husb&1 wife1 & o!r s-call$ de> ?+s is aim$ at by a p]son to :om !y are de>1 n ) a view ( br++ ab\t :at is desir$ by !m 7viz4 husb&1 wife1 c471 b r to ! end ( br++ ab\t :at is desir$ by himself2 !re=e t be+ :i* is1 to ! individual s\l1 absolutely & unlimit$ly de>1 viz4 ! highe/ ,self1 mu/ be con/itut$ ! sole object ( cognition1 n su* objects z husb&1 wife1 weal?1 c41 ! nature ( :i* dep5ds on v>i\s ext]nal circum/ances & ! possession ( :i* gives rise ei!r to limit$ pleasure alloy$ ) pa9 or to m]e pa94--,b aga9/ ?is we rem>k t z1 9 ! section "u discussion1 ! words designat+ ! individual ,self d5ote ! highe/ ,self also1 ,,footnote #cia3a1 ! t]m ',self' 9 bo? clauses1 ',= ! desire ( ! ,self' & ',! ,self is to be se51' really ref]s to "o & ! same be+ 7viz4 ! highe/ ,self71 & ! int]pretation ?us agrees ) ! "o giv5 above4--,9 ord] to prove ! t5et t words d5ot+ ! individual s\l at ! same "t d5ote ! highe/ ,self1 by means ( argum5ts made use ( by o!r tea*]s also1 ! ,strakra sets =? ! two foll[+ ,stras4 #bj4 7,x is7 a m>k indicat+ t ! promissory /atem5t is prov$2 ?us sm>a?ya ?9ks4 ,accord+ to ! tea*] sm>a?ya ! circum/ance t t]ms d5ot+ ! individual s\l are us$ to d5ote ,brahman is a m>k enabl+ u to inf] t ! promissory decl>ation accord+ to :i* ?r\gh ! k ( "o ?+ ev]y?+ is kn[n is well e/abli%$4 ,if ! individual s\l 7 n id5tical ) ,brahman 9 s f> z x is ! effect ( ,brahman1 !n ! k ( ! s\l--be+ some?+ di/9ct f ,brahman--w\ld n foll[ f ! k ( ! highe/ ,self4 ,!re are ! texts decl>+ ! on5ess ( ,brahman previ\s to creation1 su* z '! ,self only 0 ?is 9 ! beg9n+' 7,ait4 r4 ,,ii1 #d1 #a1 #a71 & on ! o!r h& ^? texts :i* decl>e t ! s\ls spr+ f & aga9 are m]g$ 9 ,brahman2 su* z ',z f a blaz+ fire sp>ks be+ l unto fire fly =? a ?\s&fold1 ?us are v>i\s be+s br\ght =? f ! ,imp]i%able1 & return ?i!r also' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a1 #a74 ,^! two sets ( texts toge!r make u appreh5d t ! s\ls are "o ) ,brahman 9 s f> z !y are its effects4 ,on ?is gr\nd a ^w d5ot+ ! individual s\l d5otes ! highe/ ,self z well4 ,,footnote #cia3a4 ,if x be insi/$ ^u t ! ,self 9 '= ! desire ( ! ,self' is ! individual ,self1 we po9t out t t]ms d5ot+ ! individual ,self at ! same "t d5ote ! highe/ ,self also4 ,?is t5et ( 8 ,rmnuja consid]s to be set =? & legitimately prov$ 9 ,stra #bc1 :ile ,stras #ba & #bb al?\gh advocat+ ! "r pr9ciple fail to assign valid argum5ts4 #ba4 ,because 7! s\l7 :5 x w dep>t is su*2 ?us ,audulomi ?9ks4 ,x is wrong to ma9ta9 t ! designation ( ,brahman by means ( t]ms d5ot+ ! individual s\l is int5d$ to prove ! tru? ( ! decl>ation t ?r\gh ! k ( "o ?+ ev]y?+ is kn[n1 9 s f> namely z ! s\l is an effect ( ,brahman & h5ce "o ) x4 ,= scriptural texts su* z '! kn[+ ,self is n born1 x dies n' 7,ka4 ,up4 ,i1 #b1 #ah71 decl>e ! s\l n to h orig9at$1 & x moreov] is admitt$ t ! _w is ea* "t creat$ to ! end ( ! s\ls und]go+ exp]i5ces retributive ( _! =m] de$s2 o!rwise ! inequalities ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! creation w\ld be inexplicable4 ,if moreov] ! s\l 7 a m]e effect ( ,brahman1 its ,release w\ld consi/ 9 a m]e return into ! sub/ance ( ,brahman1-- analog\s to ! refund+ into ,brahman ( ! mat]ial elem5ts1 & t w\ld mean t ! injunction & p]=mance ( acts lead+ to su* ,release w\ld be purportless4 ,release1 und]/ood 9 t s5se1 moreov] w\ld n be any?+ b5eficial to man2 = to be refund$ into ,brahman z an e>!n vessel is refund$ into its own causal sub/ance1 i4e4 clay1 means no?+ else b complete annihilation4 ,h[1 "u ^! circum/ances1 c]ta9 texts c speak ( ! orig9ation & reabsorption ( ! individual s\l w be set =? lat] on4-- ,accord+ to ! op9ion ( ! tea*] ,audulomi1 ! highe/ ,selfs be+ d5ot$ by t]ms directly d5ot+ ! individual s\l is due to ! s\l's becom+ ,brahman :5 dep>t+ f ! body4 ,?is is 9 agreem5t ) texts su* z ! foll[+1 ',?is s]5e be+ hav+ ris5 f ?is body & approa*$ ! highe/ light appe>s 9 its true =m' 7,kh4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #c1 #d72 ',z ! fl[+ riv]s disappe> 9 ! sea1 los+ _! "n & =m1 ?us a wise man fre$ f "n & =m goes to ! div9e ,p]son :o is high] ?an ! high' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #b1 #h74 #bb4 ,on acc\nt ( 7,brahman's7 abid+ 7)9 ! individual s\l72 ?us ,ksakritsna 7holds74 ,we mu/ object likewise to ! view set =? 9 ! prec$+ ,stra1 viz4 t ,brahman is d5ot$ by t]ms d5ot+ ! individual s\l because t s\l :5 dep>t+ becomes "o ) ,brahman4 ,= t view _c /& ! te/ ( be+ submitt$ to def9ite alt]natives4--,is ! s\l's n be+ su*1 i4e4 n be+ ,brahman1 previ\sly to its dep>ture f ! body1 due to its own ess5tial nature or to a limit+ adjunct1 & is x 9 ! latt] case real or unreal8 ,9 ! fir/ case ! s\l c nev] become "o ) ,brahman1 = if its sep>ation f ,brahman is due to its own ess5tial nature1 t sep>ation c nev] vani% z long z ! ess5tial nature p]si/s4 ,& %\ld x be said t its ess5tial nature comes to an end toge!r ) its di/9ction f ,brahman1 we reply t 9 t case x p]i%es utt]ly & does n !re=e become ,brahman4 ,! latt] view1 moreov]1 precludes itself z 9 no way b5eficial to man1 & s on4-- ,if1 9 ! next place1 ! diff]5ce ( ! s\l f ,brahman dep5ds on ! pres5ce ( real limit+ adjuncts1 ! s\l is ,brahman ev5 be=e its dep>ture f ! body1 & we !re=e _c reasonably accept ! di/9ction impli$ 9 say+ t ! s\l becomes ,brahman only :5 x dep>ts4 ,= on ?is view !re exi/s no?+ b ,brahman & its limit+ adjuncts1 & z ^? adjuncts _c introduce diff]5ce into ,brahman :i* is )\t p>ts & h5ce incapable ( diff]5ce1 ! diff]5ce resides altoge!r 9 ! adjuncts1 & h5ce ! s\l is ,brahman ev5 be=e its dep>ture f ! body4--,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! diff]5ce due to ! adjuncts is n real1 we ask--:at is x !n t becomes ,brahman on ! dep>ture ( ! s\l8--,brahman itself ^: true nature _h previ\sly be5 obscur$ by ,nesci5ce1 its limit+ adjunct6--,n s1 we reply4 ,( ,brahman ^: true nature consi/s 9 et]nal1 free1 self-lum9\s intellig5ce1 ! true nature _c possibly be hidd5 by ,nesci5ce4 ,= by 'hid+' or 'obscur+' we und]/& ! cessation ( ! light t belongs to ! ess5tial nature ( a ?+4 ,:]e1 !re=e1 light itself & alone con/itutes ! ess5tial nature ( a ?+1 !re c ei!r be no obscuration at all1 or if !re is su* x means complete annihilation ( ! ?+4 ,h5ce ,brahman's ess5tial nature be+ manife/ at all times1 !re exi/s no diff]5ce on acc\nt ( :i* x c\ld be said to become ,brahman at ! "t ( ! s\l's dep>ture2 & ! di/9ction introduc$ 9 ! la/ ,stra 7':5 dep>t+'7 ?us has no mean+4 ,! text on :i* ,audulomi relies1 ',hav+ ris5 f ?is body1' c41 does n decl>e t t :i* previ\sly 0 n ,brahman becomes su* at ! "t ( dep>ture1 b r t ! true nature ( ! s\l :i* _h previ\sly exi/$ already becomes manife/ at ! "t ( dep>ture4 ,?is w be expla9$ "u ,,iv1 #d1 #a4 ,! !ories /at$ 9 ! two prec$+ ,stras ?us hav+ be5 f\nd unt5able1 ! tea*] ,ksakritsna /ates 8 own view1 to ! effect t words d5ot+ ! jva are appli$ to ,brahman because ,brahman abides z its ,self )9 ! individual s\l :i* ?us con/itutes ,brahman's body4 ,?is !ory re/s on a numb] ( well-kn[n texts1 ',ent]+ into !m ) ?is liv+ 7individual7 s\l let me evolve names & =ms' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #c1 #b72 ',he :o dwell+ )9 ! ,self1 c41 ^: body ! ,self is1' c4 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #g1 #bb72 ',he :o moves )9 ! ,imp]i%able1 ( :om ! ,imp]i%able is ! body1' c2 ',ent]$ )91 ! rul] ( be+s1 ! ,self ( all4' ,t ! t]m 'jva' d5otes n only ! jva itself1 b ext5ds 9 its d5otation up to ! highe/ ,self1 we h expla9$ be=e :5 discuss+ ! text1 ',let me evolve names & =ms4' ,on ?is view ( ! id5tity ( ! individual & ! highe/ ,self consi/+ 9 _! be+ relat$ to ea* o!r z body & s\l1 we c accept 9 _! full & unmutilat$ mean+ all scriptural texts :atev]--:e!r !y proclaim ! p]fection & omnisci5ce ( ! highe/ ,brahman1 or tea* h[ ! individual s\l /eep$ 9 ignorance & mis]y is to be sav$ ?r\gh m$itation on ,brahman1 or describe ! orig9ation & reabsorption ( ! _w1 or aim at %[+ h[ ! _w is id5tical ) ,brahman4 ,= ?is reason ! au?or ( ! ,stras1 reject+ o!r views1 accepts ! !ory ( ,ksakritsna4 ,return+ to ! ,maitrey-brhmana we proce$ to expla9 ! g5]al s5se1 f ! passage previ\sly discuss$ onw>ds4 ,be+ que/ion$ by ,maitrey z to ! means ( immortality1 ,yjavalkya tea*es h] t ?is means is giv5 9 m$itation on ! highe/ ,self 7',! ,self is to be se51' c474 ,he next indicates 9 a g5]al way ! nature ( ! object ( m$itation 7',:5 ! ,self is se51' c471 &--avail+ himself ( ! similes ( ! drum1 c4--( ! gov]nm5t ov] ! organs1 m9d1 & s on1 :i* are in/rum5tal t[>ds m$itation4 ,he !n expla9s 9 detail t ! object ( m$itation1 i4e4 ! highe/ ,brahman1 is ! sole cause ( ! entire _w2 & ! rul] ( ! aggregate ( organs on :i* !re dep5ds all activity ) reg>d to ! objects ( ! s5ses 7',z cl\ds ( smoke proce$1' c42 ',z ! ocean is ! home ( all ! wat]s'74 ,he1 next1 9 ord] to /imulate ! ef=t :i* leads to immortality1 %[s h[ ! highe/ ,self abid+ 9 ! =m ( ! individual ,self1 is ( "o uni=m "*1 viz4 t ( limitless intellig5ce 7',z a lump ( salt1' c471 & h[ t same ,self *>act]is$ by homog5e\s limitless intellig5ce connects itself 9 ! ,samsra /ate ) ! products ( ! elem5ts 7'a mass ( k1 x rises f ^? elem5ts & aga9 vani%es into !m'74 ,he !n adds1 ',:5 he has dep>t$1 !re is no m k'2 mean+ t 9 ! /ate ( ,release1 :]e ! s\l's unlimit$ ess5tial intellig5ce is n contract$ 9 any way1 !re is none ( ^? specific cognitions by :i* ! ,self id5tify+ itself ) ! body1 ! s5se-organs1 c41 views itself z a man or a god1 & s on4 ,next--9 ! passage1 ',= :]e !re is duality z x 7'--he1 hold+ t ! view ( a plurality ( ?+s n hav+ _! ,self 9 ,brahman is due to ignorance1 %[s t = him :o has fre$ himself f ! %ackles ( ignorance & recognises ?is :ole _w z animat$ by ,brahman1 ! view ( plurality is dispell$ by ! recognition ( ! abs5ce ( any exi/5ce ap>t f ,brahman4 ,he !n proce$s1 ',he by :om he kn[s all ?is1 by :at means %\ld he "k ,him8' ,?is means--,he1 i4e4 ! highe/ ,self1 :i* abid+ )9 ! individual s\l z its true ,self be/[s on x ! p[] ( k s t ! s\l kn[s all ?is ?r\gh ! highe/ ,self2 by :at means %\ld ! s\l "k ,him8 ,9 o!r words1 !re is no su* means ( k3 ! highe/ ,self _c be fully und]/ood by ! individual s\l4 ',t ,self1' he cont9ues1 'is to be express$ z--n s1 n s6' ,t means--,he1 ! highe/ ,"l1 diff]5t 9 nature f ev]y?+ else1 :e!r s5ti5t or non-s5ti5t1 abides )9 all be+s z _! ,self1 & h5ce is n t\*$ by ! imp]fections ( :at con/itutes 8 body m]ely4 ,he !n concludes1 ',:]eby %\ld he "k ! ,kn[]8 ,?us1 ,o ,maitrey1 ?\ ha/ be5 in/ruct$4 ,?us f> goes ,immortality'2 ! purport ( ^! words be+--,by :at means1 ap>t f ! m$itation describ$1 %\ld man "k ,him :o is diff]5t 9 nature f all o!r be+s1 :o is ! sole cause ( ! entire _w1 :o is ! ,kn[] ( all1 ,him ! ,supreme ,p]son8 ,x is m$itation on ,him only :i* %[s ! road to ,immortality4 ,x ?us appe>s t ! ,maitrey-brhmana is conc]n$ ) ! highe/ ,brahman only2 & ?is confirms ! conclusion t ,brahman only1 & ) x ,prakriti z rul$ by ,brahman1 is ! cause ( ! _w4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! connexion ( s5t5ces4' #bc4 7,brahman is7 ! mat]ial cause on acc\nt ( ?is n be+ 9 conflict ) ! promissory /atem5ts & ! illu/rative in/ances4 ,! claims rais$ by ! a!i/ic ,snkhya hav+ ?us be5 dispos$ (1 ! !i/ic ,snkhya comes =w>d z an oppon5t4 ,x mu/ inde$ be admitt$1 he says1 t ! ,v$nta-texts tea* ! cause ( ! _w to be an all-kn[+ ,"l2 = !y attribute to t cause ?\ght & simil> *>act]i/ics4 ,b at ! same "t we le>n f ^? same texts t ! mat]ial cause ( ! _w is none o!r ?an ! ,pradhna2 ) an all-kn[+1 un*ang+ sup]9t5d+ ,"l !y connect a ,pradhna1 rul$ by him1 :i* is non-intellig5t & und]goes *anges1 & ! two toge!r only !y repres5t z ! cause ( ! _w4 ,?is view is convey$ by ! foll[+ texts1 ':o is )\t p>ts1 )\t actions1 tranquil1 )\t fault1 )\t ta9t' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #ah72 ',?is great unborn ,self1 undecay+1 undy+' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #be72 ',he kn[s h] :o produces all effects1 ! non-kn[+ "o1 ! unborn "o1 we>+ eight =ms1 ! firm "o4 ,rul$ by him %e is spread out1 & incit$ & guid$ by him gives bir? to ! _w = ! b5efit ( ! s\ls4 ,a c[ %e is )\t beg9n+ & end1 a "m produc+ all be+s' 7see above1 p4 #cfc74 ,t ! ,"l creates ?is _w 9 s f> only z guid+ ,prakriti1 ! mat]ial cause1 we le>n f ! foll[+ text1 ',f t ! ,"l ( ,mya creates all ?is4 ,"k ,mya to be ,prakriti & ! ,"l ( ,mya ! great ,"l' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #i1 #aj74 ,& simil>ly ,smriti1 ') me z sup]visor ,prakriti br+s =? ! ,univ]se ( ! movable & ! immovable' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,ix1 #aj74 ,al?\gh1 !re=e1 ! ,pradhna is n expressly /at$ by ,scripture to be ! mat]ial cause1 we mu/ assume t !re is su* a ,pradhna & t1 sup]9t5d$ by ! ,"l1 x con/itutes ! mat]ial cause1 because o!rwise ! texts decl>+ ,brahman to be ! cause ( ! _w w\ld n be fully intelligible4 ,= ord9>y exp]i5ce %[s u on all sides t ! op]ative cause & ! mat]ial cause are q di/9ct3 we inv>iably h on ! "o side clay1 gold1 & o!r mat]ial sub/ances :i* =m ! mat]ial causes ( pots1 ornam5ts1 & s on1 & on ! o!r h&1 di/9ct f !m1 pott]s1 goldsmi?s1 & s on1 :o act z op]ative causes4 ,& we fur!r obs]ve t ! production ( effects inv>iably requires sev]al in/rum5tal ag5cies4 ,! ,v$nta-texts !re=e _c possess ! /r5g? to conv9ce u1 9 op5 defiance ( ! two inv>iable rules1 t ! "o ,brahman is at ! same "t ! mat]ial & ! op]ative cause ( ! _w2 & h5ce we ma9ta9 t ,brahman is only ! op]ative b n ! mat]ial cause1 :ile ! mat]ial cause is ! ,pradhna guid$ by ,brahman4 ,?is prim facie view ! ,stra combats4 ,prakriti1 i4e4 ! mat]ial cause1 n only ! op]ative cause1 is ,brahman only2 ?is view be+ 9 h>mony ) ! promissory decl>ation & ! illu/rative in/ances4 ,! promissory decl>ation is ! "o ref]r+ to ! k ( all ?+s ?r\gh ! k ( "o1 ',did y ev] ask = t in/ruction by :i* t :i* is n he>d becomes he>d8' c4 7,*1 ,up4 ,,vi1 #a1 #c74 ,& ! illu/rative in/ances are ^? :i* set =? ! k ( ! effect z result+ f ! k ( ! cause1 ',z by "o lump ( clay !re is made kn[n all t is made ( clay2 z by "o nugget ( gold1 c42 z by "o in/rum5t = p>+ ! nails1' c4 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #a1 #d74 ,if ,brahman 7 m]ely ! op]ative cause ( ! _w1 ! k ( ! entire _w w\ld n result f ! k ( ,brahman2 n any m ?an we "k ! pot :5 we "k ! pott]4 ,& ?us scriptural decl>ation & illu/rative in/ances w\ld be /ultifi$4 ,b if ,brahman is ! g5]al mat]ial cause1 !n ! k ( ,brahman implies ! k ( its effect1 i4e4 ! _w1 9 ! same way z ! k ( su* special mat]ial causes z a lump ( clay1 a nugget ( gold1 an in/rum5t = p>+ ! nails1 implies ! k ( all ?+s made ( clay1 gold or iron--su* z pots1 bracelets1 diadems1 hat*ets1 & s on4 ,= an effect is n a sub/ance diff]5t f its cause1 b ! cause itself :i* has pass$ into a diff]5t /ate4 ,! initial decl>ation ?us be+ confirm$ by ! in/ances ( clay & its products1 c41 :i* /& 9 ! relation ( cause & effect1 we conclude t ,brahman only is ! mat]ial cause ( ! _w4 ,t ,scripture tea*es ! op]ative & ! mat]ial causes to be sep>ate1 is n true2 x r tea*es ! unity ( ! two4 ,= 9 ! text1 ',h y ask$ = t desa 7above1 & g5]ally1 und]/ood to mean in/ruction71 by :i* t :i* is n he>d becomes he>d8' ! ^w 'desa' has to be tak5 to mean rul]1 9 agreem5t ) ! text1 'by ! comm&--or rule--( t ,imp]i%able sun & moon /& ap>t' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #h1 #i71 s t ! passage means1 ',h y ask$ = t ,rul] by :om1 :5 he>d & kn[n1 ev5 t :i* is n he>d & kn[n1 becomes he>d & kn[n8' ,?is cle>ly %[s ! unity ( ! op]ative 7rul+ or sup]vis+7 cause & ! mat]ial cause2 tak5 9 conjunction ) ! subsequ5t decl>ation ( ! unity ( ! cause previ\s to creation1 ',be+ only1 ?is 0 9 ! beg9n+1 "o only1' & ! d5ial ( a fur!r op]ative cause impli$ 9 ! fur!r qualification 'advityam1' i4e4 ')\t a second4'--,b h[ !n h we to und]/& texts su* z ! "o quot$ above 7f ! ,klika-,upani%ad7 :i* decl>e ,prakriti to be et]nal & ! mat]ial cause ( ! _w8--,prakriti1 we reply1 9 su* passages d5otes ,brahman 9 its causal phase :5 names & =ms are n yet di/+ui%$4 ,= a pr9ciple indep5d5t ( ,brahman does n exi/1 z we "k f texts su* z ',ev]y?+ ab&ons him :o views any?+ z ap>t f ! ,self2 & ',b :]e = him ! ,self has become all1 :]eby %\ld he see :om8' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #d1 #f2 #ae74 ,consid] also ! texts1 ',all ?is is ,brahman' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ad1 #a72 & ',all ?is has its ,self 9 t' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #h1 #g72 :i* decl>e t ! _w :e!r 9 its causal or its effect$ condition has ,brahman = its ,self4 ,! relation ( ! _w to ,brahman has to be conceiv$ 9 agreem5t ) scriptural texts su* z ',he :o moves )9 ! e>?1' c41 up to ',he :o moves )9 ! ,imp]i%able'2 & ',he :o dwells )9 ! e>?1' c41 up to ',he :o dwells )9 ! ,self 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #g1 #c-bc74 ,! highe/ ,brahman1 hav+ ! :ole aggregate ( non-s5ti5t & s5ti5t be+s = its body1 ev] is ! ,self ( all4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 names & =ms are n evolv$1 n di/+ui%$ 9 ,brahman2 at o!r times !y are evolv$1 di/9ct4 ,9 ! latt] /ate ,brahman is call$ an effect & manifold2 9 ! =m] x is call$ "o1 )\t a second1 ! cause4 ,?is causal /ate ( ,brahman is meant :]e ! text quot$ above speaks ( ! c[ )\t beg9n+ & end1 giv+ bir? to effects1 & s on4--,b1 ! text1 ',! great "o is m]g$ 9 ! ,unevolv$1 ! ,unevolv$ is m]g$ 9 ! ,imp]i%able1' intimates t ! ,unevolv$ orig9ates & aga9 passes away2 & simil>ly ! ,mahbhrata says1 'f t !re sprung ! ,non-evolv$ compris+ ! ?ree gunas2 ! ,non-evolv$ is m]g$ 9 ! indivisible ,p]son4'--,^! texts1 we reply1 pres5t no real difficulty4 ,= ,brahman hav+ non-s5ti5t matt] = its body1 t /ate :i* consi/s ( ! ?ree gunas & is d5ot$ by ! t]m ',unevolv$' is some?+ effect$4 ,& ! text1 ',:5 !re 0 d>kness1 nei!r day nor night1' /ates t also 9 a total pralaya non-s5ti5t matt] hav+ ,brahman = its ,self cont9ues to exi/ 9 a highly subtle condition4 ,?is highly subtle matt] /&s to ,brahman ! cause ( ! _w 9 ! relation ( a mode 7prakra71 & x is ,brahman view$ z hav+ su* a mode t ! text f ! ,kl4 ,upani%ad ref]s to4 ,= ?is reason also ! text1 '! ,imp]i%able is m]g$ 9 d>kness1 d>kness becomes "o ) ! highe/ ,god1' decl>es n t d>kness is completely m]g$ & lo/ 9 ! ,div9ity b only t x becomes "o ) x2 :at ! text wants to intimate is t /ate ( ,brahman 9 :i*1 hav+ = its mode extremely subtle matt] "h call$ ',d>kness1' x abides )\t evolv+ names & =ms4 ,! mantra1 ',!re 0 d>kness1 hidd5 9 d>kness1' c4 7,ri4 ,samh4 ,x1 #abi1 #c71 sets =? ! same view2 & s does ,manu 7,i1 #e71 ',?is univ]se exi/$ 9 ! %ape ( ,d>kness1 unp]ceiv$1 de/itute ( di/9ctive m>ks1 unatta9able by reason+1 unkn[able1 :olly imm]s$ z x 7 9 deep sleep4' ,&1 z to ! text1 'f t ! ,"l ( ,mya creates ev]y?+1' we %all prove lat] on ! un*angeabl5ess ( ,brahman1 & expla9 ! scriptural texts ass]t+ x4 ,z to ! cont5tion rais$ by ! ,prvapak%9 t on ! basis ( inv>iable exp]i5ce x mu/ be held t "o & ! same pr9ciple _c be bo? mat]ial & op]ative cause1 & t effects _c be br\ght ab\t by "o ag5cy1 & t h5ce ! ,v$nta-texts c no m e/abli% ! view ( ,brahman be+ ! sole cause ?an ! comm& 'spr9kle ) fire' w conv9ce u t fire may p]=m ! (fice ( wat]2 we simply rem>k t ! highe/ ,brahman :i* totally diff]s 9 nature f all o!r be+s1 :i* is omnipot5t & omnisci5t1 c by itself accompli% ev]y?+4 ,! inv>iable rule ( exp]i5ce holds good1 on ! o!r h&1 ) reg>d to clay & simil> mat]ials :i* are de/itute ( intellig5ce & h5ce incapable ( guid+ & sup]vis+2 & ) reg>d to pott]s & simil> ag5ts :o d n possess ! p[] ( trans=m+ !mselves into manifold products1 & _c directly realise _! int5tions4-- ,! conclusion !re=e rema9s t ,brahman alone is ! mat]ial z well z ! op]ative cause ( ! ,univ]se4 #bd4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! /atem5t ( reflection4 ,brahman mu/ be held to be bo? causes = t reason also t texts su* z ',he desir$1 may ,i be _m1 may ,i gr[ =?1' & ',x ?\ght1 may ,i be _m1 may ,i gr[ =?1' decl>e t ! creative ,brahman =ms ! purpose ( its own ,self multiply+ itself4 ,! text cle>ly tea*es t creation on ,brahman's "p is prec$$ by ! purpose ',may ,i1 & no o!r ?an ,i1 become manifold 9 ! %ape ( v>i\s non- s5ti5t & s5ti5t be+s4' #be4 ,& on acc\nt ( bo? be+ directly decl>$4 ,! conclusion arriv$ at above is bas$ n only on scriptural decl>ation1 illu/rative in/ances & /atem5ts ( reflection2 b 9 addition ,scripture directly /ates t ,brahman alone is ! mat]ial z well z op]ative cause ( ! _w4 ',:at 0 ! wood1 :at ! tree f :i* !y h %ap$ heav5 & e>?8 ,y wise ones1 se>* 9 y\r m9ds1 :]eon x /ood1 support+ ! worlds4--,brahman 0 ! wood1 ,brahman ! tree f :i* !y %ap$ heav5 & e>?2 y wise ones1 ,i tell y1 x /ood on ,brahman1 support+ ! worlds4'--,"h a "q is ask$1 sugge/$ by ! ord9>y worldly view1 z to :at 0 ! mat]ial & in/rum5ts us$ by ,brahman :5 creat+2 & ! answ]--bas$ on ! insight t !re is no?+ unreasonable 9 ascrib+ all possible p[]s to ,brahman :i* diff]s f all o!r be+s--decl>es t ,brahman itself is ! mat]ial & ! in/rum5ts2-- :]eby ! ord9>y view is dispos$ (4--,! next ,stra supplies a fur!r reason4 #bf4 ,on acc\nt ( 7! ,self7 mak+ itself4 ,( ,brahman :i* ! text _h introduc$ z int5t on creation1 ',he wi%$1 may ,i be _m' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #f71 a subsequ5t text says1 ',t itself made its ,self 7,,ii1 #g71 s t ,brahman is repres5t$ z ! object z well z ! ag5t 9 ! act ( creation4 ,x be+ ! ,self only :i* "h is made _m1 we und]/& t ! ,self is mat]ial cause z well z op]ative "o4 ,! ,self ) names & =ms non- evolv$ is ag5t 7cause71 ! same ,self ) names & =ms evolv$ is object 7effect74 ,!re is ?us no?+ contr>y to reason 9 "o ,self be+ object z well z ag5t4 ,a new d\bt "h pres5ts itself4--',! ,true1 k1 inf9ite is ,brahman' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a72 ',bliss is ,brahman' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #i1 #bh72 ',free f s91 free f old age1 free f dea? & grief1 free f hung] & ?ir/' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #a1e72 ',)\t p>ts1 )\t action1 tranquil1 )\t fault1 )\t ta9t' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #ai72 ',?is great unborn ,self1 undecay+1 undy+' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #be7--;f all ^! texts x appe>s t ,brahman is ess5tially free f ev5 a %ad[ ( all ! imp]fections :i* afflict all s5ti5t & non-s5ti5t be+s1 & has = its only *>act]i/ics absolutely supreme bliss & k4 ,h[ !n is x possible t ?is ,brahman %\ld =m ! purpose ( becom+1 & actually become1 manifold1 by appe>+ 9 ! =m ( a _w compris+ v>i\s s5ti5t & non-s5ti5t be+s--all ( :i* are ! abodes ( all k9ds ( imp]fections & afflictions8 ,to ?is "q ! next ,stra replies4 #bg4 ,ow+ to modification4 ,?is means--ow+ to ! ess5tial nature ( modification 7p>9ma74 ,! modification taught 9 our sy/em is n su* z to introduce imp]fections into ! highe/ ,brahman1 on ! contr>y x conf]s on x limitless glory4 ,= our tea*+ z to ,brahman's modification is z foll[s4 ,brahman--ess5tially antagoni/ic to all evil1 ( uni=m goodness1 diff]+ 9 nature f all be+s o!r ?an itself1 all- kn[+1 end[$ ) ! p[] ( imm$iately realis+ all its purposes1 9 et]nal possession ( all x wi%es =1 supremely bless$-- has = its body ! entire univ]se1 ) all its s5ti5t & non- s5ti5t be+s--! univ]se be+ = x a play?+ z x 7--& con/itutes ! ,self ( ! ,univ]se4 ,n[1 :5 ?is _w :i* =ms ,brahman's body has be5 gradually reabsorb$ into ,brahman1 ea* con/itu5t elem5t be+ refund$ into its imm$iate cause1 s t 9 ! end !re rema9s only ! highly subtle1 elem5t>y matt] :i* ,scripture calls ,d>kness2 & :5 ?is s-call$ ,d>kness itself1 by assum+ a =m s extremely subtle t x h>dly des]ves to be call$ some?+ sep>ate f ,brahman1 ( :i* x con/itutes ! body1 has become "o ) ,brahman2 !n ,brahman inve/$ ) ?is ultra-subtle body =ms ! resolve ',may ,i aga9 possess a _w-body con/itut$ by all s5ti5t & non-s5ti5t be+s1 di/+ui%$ by names & =ms j z 9 ! previ\s aeon1' & modifies 7p>9mayati7 itself by gradually evolv+ ! _w-body 9 ! inv]se ord] 9 :i* reabsorption _h tak5 place4 ,all ,v$nta-texts tea* su* modification or *ange on ,brahman's "p4 ,!re is1 e4g41 ! text 9 ! ,brihad-ranyaka :i* decl>es t ! :ole _w con/itutes ! body ( ,brahman & t ,brahman is its ,self4 ,t text tea*es t e>?1 wat]1 fire1 sky1 air1 heav51 sun1 ! regions1 moon & />s1 e!r1 d>kness1 light1 all be+s1 brea?1 spee*1 eye1 e>1 m9d1 sk91 k =m ! body ( ,brahman :i* abides )9 !m z _! ,self & ,rul]4 ,?us 9 ! ,knva-text2 ! ,mdhy&9a-text reads '! ,self' in/ead ( 'k'2 & adds ! worlds1 sacrifices & v$as4 ,! p>allel passage 9 ! ,subla- ,upani%ad adds to ! be+s enum]at$ z con/itut+ ,brahman's body 9 ! ,brihad-ranyaka1 buddhi1 ahamkra1 ! m9d 7kitta71 ! ,un- evolv$ 7avyakta71 ! ,imp]i%able 7ak%>a71 & concludes ',he :o moves )9 dea?1 ( :om dea? is ! body1 :om dea? does n "k1 he is ! inn] ,self ( all1 free f all evil1 div9e1 ! "o god ,nryana4 ,! t]m ',dea?' "h d5otes matt] 9 its extremely subtle =m1 :i* 9 o!r texts is call$ ,d>kness2 z we inf] f ! ord] ( enum]ation 9 ano!r passage 9 ! same ,upani%ad1 '! ,unevolv$ is m]g$ 9 ! ,imp]i%able1 ! ,imp]i%able 9 ,d>kness4' ,t ?is ,d>kness is call$ ',dea?' is due to ! fact t x obscures ! und]/&+ ( all s\ls & ?us is h>mful to !m4 ,! full text 9 ! ,subla-,up4 decl>+ ! successive absorption ( all ! be+s =m+ ,brahman's body is z foll[s1 ',! e>? is m]g$ 9 wat]1 wat] 9 fire1 fire 9 air1 air 9 ! e!r1 ! e!r 9 ! s5se-organs1 ! s5se-organs 9 ! tanmtras1 ! tanmtras 9 ! gross elem5ts1 ! gross elem5ts 9 ! great pr9ciple1 ! great pr9ciple 9 ! ,unevolv$1 ! ,unevolv$ 9 ! ,imp]i%able2 ! ,imp]i%able is m]g$ 9 ,d>kness2 ,d>kness becomes "o ) ! highe/ ,div9ity4' ,t ev5 9 ! /ate ( non-sep>ation 7to :i* ! texts ref] z 'becom+ "o'7 non-s5ti5t matt] z well z s5ti5t be+s1 toge!r ) ! impressions ( _! =m] de$s1 p]si/s 9 an extremely subtle =m1 w be %[n "u ,,ii1 #a1 #ce4 ,we h ?us a ,brahman all-kn[+1 ( ! nature ( supreme bliss & s on1 "o & )\t a second1 hav+ = its body all s5ti5t & non- s5ti5t be+s abid+ 9 an extremely subtle condition & hav+ become '"o' ) ! ,supreme ,self 9 s f> z !y _c be designat$ z some?+ sep>ate f him2 & ( ?is ,brahman ,scripture records t x =ms ! resolve ( becom+ _m--9 s f>1 namely1 z inve/+ itself ) a body consi/+ ( all s5ti5t & non- s5ti5t be+s 9 _! gross1 manife/ /ate :i* admits ( di/9ctions ( "n & =m--& !reupon modifies 7p>9ma7 itself into ! =m ( ! _w4 ,?is is di/9ctly indicat$ 9 ! ,taittirya-,upani%ad1 :]e ,brahman is at fir/ describ$ z ',! ,true1 k1 inf9ite1' z '! ,self ( bliss :i* is diff]5t f ! ,self ( ,und]/&+1' z 'he :o be/[s bliss'2 & :]e ! text fur!r on says1 ',he desir$1 may ,i be _m1 may ,i gr[ =?4 ,he brood$ ov] himself1 & hav+ ?us brood$ he s5t =? all :atev] !re is4 ,hav+ s5t =? he ent]$ x4 ,hav+ ent]$ x he became sat & tyat1 def9$ & undef9$1 support$ & non-support$1 k & non-k1 real & unreal4' ,! 'brood+' ref]r$ to 9 ?is text d5otes kn[+1 viz4 reflection on ! %ape & "* ( ! previ\s _w :i* ,brahman is ab\t to reproduce4 ,comp>e ! text '^: brood+ consi/s ( k' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,i1 #a1 #i74 ,! mean+ !re=e is t ,brahman1 hav+ an inw>d intuition ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! =m] _w1 creates ! new _w on ! same patt]n4 ,t ,brahman 9 all kalpas aga9 & aga9 creates ! same _w is g5]ally kn[n f ,sruti & ,smriti4 ,cp4 ',z ! creator =m]ly made sun & moon1 & sky & e>?1 & ! atmosph]e & ! heav5ly _w1' & ':atev] v>i\s signs ( ! seasons are se5 9 succession1 ! same appe> aga9 & aga9 9 successive yugas & kalpas4' ,! s5se ( ! ,taittirya-text !re=e is z foll[s4 ,! highe/ ,self1 :i* 9 itself is ( ! nature ( unlimit$ k & bliss1 has = its body all s5ti5t & non-s5ti5t be+s--in/rum5ts ( sport = him z x 7--9 s subtle a =m t !y may be call$ non-exi/+2 & z !y are 8 body he may be said to consi/ ( !m 7tan-maya74 ,!n desir\s ( provid+ himself ) an inf9ity ( play?+s ( all k9ds he1 by a s]ies ( /eps beg9n+ ) ,prakriti & ! aggregate ( s\ls & lead+ d[n to ! elem5ts 9 _! gross /ate1 s modifies himself z to h ^? elem5ts = 8 body-- :5 he is said to consi/ ( !m--& ?us appe>s 9 ! =m ( our _w conta9+ :at ! text d5otes z sat & tyat1 i4e4 all intellig5t & non-intellig5t ?+s1 f gods d[n to plants & /ones4 ,:5 ! text says t ! ,self hav+ ent]$ into x became sat & tyat1 ! mean+ is t ! highe/ ,self1 :i* 9 its causal /ate _h be5 ! univ]sal ,self1 abides1 9 its effect$ /ate also1 z ! ,self ( ! diff]5t sub/ances und]go+ *anges & ?us becomes ?is & t4 ,:ile ! highe/ ,self ?us und]goes a *ange-- 9 ! =m ( a _w compris+ ! :ole aggregate ( s5ti5t & non-s5ti5t be+s--all imp]fection & suff]+ are limit$ to ! s5ti5t be+s con/itut+ "p ( its body1 & all *ange is re/rict$ to ! non-s5ti5t ?+s :i* con/itute ano!r "p4 ,! highe/ ,self is effect$ 9 t s5se only t x is ! rul+ pr9ciple1 & h5ce ! ,self1 ( matt] & s\ls 9 _! gross or evolv$ /ate2 b j on acc\nt ( be+ ?is1 viz4 _! inn] ,rul] & ,self1 x is 9 no way t\*$ by _! imp]fections & *anges4 ,consi/+ ( unlimit$ k & bliss he = ev] abides 9 8 uni=m nature1 engag$ 9 ! sport ( mak+ ?is _w g r\nd4 ,?is is ! purport ( ! clause 'x became ! real & ! unreal'3 al?\gh und]go+ a *ange into ! multiplicity ( actual s5ti5t & non-s5ti5t ?+s1 ,brahman at ! same "t 0 ! ,real1 i4e4 t :i* is free f all %ad[ ( imp]fection1 consi/+ ( no?+ b pure k & bliss4 ,t all be+s1 s5ti5t & non- s5ti5t1 & :e!r 9 _! non-evolv$ or evolv$ /ates1 are m]e play?+s ( ,brahman1 & t ! creation & reabsorption ( ! _w are only 8 sport1 ?is has be5 expressly decl>$ by ,dvaipyana1 ,p>s>a & o!r ,ri%is1',"k t all transitory be+s1 f ! ,unevolv$ d[n to individual ?+s1 are a m]e play ( ,h>i'2 ',view 8 action l t ( a playful *ild1' c4 ,! ,strakra w di/9ctly en\nce ! same view 9 ,,ii1 #a1 #cc4 ,) a simil> view ! text 'f t ! ,"l ( ,mya s5ds =? all ?is2 & 9 t ! o!r is b\nd by ,my' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #i71 ref]s to ,prakriti & s\l1 :i* toge!r con/itute ! body ( ,brahman1 z ?+s diff]5t f ,brahman1 al?\gh !n1 i4e4 at ! "t ( a pralaya1 !y are "o ) ,brahman 9 s f> z _! extreme subtlety does n admit ( _! be+ conceiv$ z sep>ate2 ?is x does to ! end ( sugge/+ t ev5 :5 ,brahman und]goes ! *ange into ! %ape ( ?is _w1 all *anges exclusively belong to non-s5ti5t matt] :i* is a mode ( ,brahman1 & all imp]fections & suff]+s to ! individual s\ls :i* also are modes ( ,brahman4 ,! text has to be view$ z agree+ 9 mean+ ) 't ,self made itself4' ,( a simil> purport is ! acc\nt giv5 9 ,manu1 ',he be+ desir\s to s5d =? f 8 body be+s ( _m k9ds1 fir/ ) a ?\ght creat$ ! wat]s & plac$ 8 se$ 9 !m' 7,i1 #h74 ,x is 9 ?is way t room is f\nd = ^? texts also :i* proclaim ,brahman to be free f all imp]fection & all *ange4 ,x ?us rema9s a settl$ conclusion t ,brahman by itself con/itutes ! mat]ial z well z ! op]ative cause ( ! _w4 #bh4 ,& because x is call$ ! womb4 ,brahman is ! mat]ial z well z ! op]ative cause ( ! _w = t reason also t c]ta9 texts call x ! womb1 '! mak]1 ! ,"l1 ! ,p]son1 ,brahman1 ! womb' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #a1 #c72 't :i* ! wise reg>d z ! womb ( all be+s' 7,i1 #a1 #f74 ,& t 'womb' means z mu* z mat]ial cause1 appe>s f ! complem5t>y passage ',z a spid] s5ds =? & draws 9 its ?reads' 7,i1 #a1 #g7-- #bi4 ,h]e) all 7texts7 are expla9$1 expla9$4 ,h]eby1 i4e4 by ! :ole array ( argum5ts set =? 9 ! f\r pdas ( ! fir/ adhyya2 all ^? p>ticul> passages ( ! ,v$nta-texts :i* give in/ruction z to ! cause ( ! _w1 are expla9$ z mean+ to set =? a ,brahman all-wise1 all-p[]ful1 diff]5t 9 nature f all be+s intellig5t & non-intellig5t4 ,! repetition ( ! ^w 'expla9$' is meant to indicate ! t]m9ation ( ! adhyya4 ,,second ,,adhy,,ya ,,fir/ ,p,,da4 #a4 ,if x be said t !re w\ld result ! fault ( !re be+ no room = 7c]ta97 ,smritis3 7we reply7 'no1' because !re w\ld result ! fault ( want ( room = o!r ,smritis4 ,! fir/ adhyya has e/abli%$ ! tru? t :at ! ,v$nta-texts tea* is a ,supreme ,brahman1 :i* is some?+ diff]5t z well f non-s5ti5t matt] kn[n ?r\gh ! ord9>y means ( pro(1 viz4 ,p]ception & s on1 z f ! intellig5t s\ls :e!r connect$ ) or sep>at$ f matt]2 :i* is free f ev5 a %ad[ ( imp]fection ( any k9d2 :i* is an ocean z x 7 ( auspici\s qualities & s on2 :i* is ! sole cause ( ! entire ,univ]se2 :i* con/itutes ! inn] ,self ( all ?+s4 ,! second adhyya is n[ begun = ! purpose ( prov+ t ! view ?us set =? _c be impugn$ by :atev] argum5ts may possibly be br\ght =w>d4 ,! ,strakra at fir/ turns aga9/ ^? :o ma9ta9 t ! ,v$anta- texts d n e/abli% ! view indicat$ above1 on ! gr\nd ( t view be+ contradict$ by ! ,smriti ( ,kapila1 i4 e4 ! ,snkhya- sy/em4 ,b h[ c x be ma9ta9$ at all t ,scripture does n set =? a c]ta9 view because !reby x w\ld ent] into conflict ) ,smriti8 ,= t ,smriti if contradict$ by ,scripture is to be held ( no acc\nt1 is already settl$ 9 ! ,prva ,mmms 7',b :]e !re is contradiction ,smriti is n to be reg>d$1' ,i1 #c1 #c74--,:]e1 we reply1 a matt] c be def9itely settl$ on ! basis ( ,scripture--z e4g4 9 ! case ( ! ,v$ic injunction1 'he is to s+1 aft] hav+ t\*$ ! ,udumb>a bran*' 7:i* cle>ly contradicts ! ,smriti injunction t ! :ole bran* is to be cov]$ up7--,smriti inde$ ne$ n be reg>d$4 ,b ! topic ) :i* ! ,v$nta-texts are conc]n$ is h>d to und]/&1 & h5ce1 :5 a conflict arises betwe5 ^? texts & a ,smriti prop\nd$ by "s great ,ri%i1 ! matt] does n admit ( imm$iate decisive settlem5t3 x is n !re=e unreasonable to und]take to prove by ,smriti t ,scripture does n set =? a c]ta9 doctr9e4 ,t is to say--we possess a ,smriti compos$ ) a view to tea* m5 ! nature & means ( supreme happ9ess1 by ! great ,ri%i ,kapila to :om ,scripture1 ,smriti1 ,itihsa & ,purna alike ref] z a p]son wor?y ( all respect 7comp>e e4 g4 '! ,ri%i ,kapila1' ,svet4 ,up4 ,v1 #b71 & :o moreov] 7unlike ,brihaspati & o!r ,smriti-- writ]s7 fully ackn[l$ges ! validity ( all ! means ( e>?ly happ9ess :i* are set =? 9 ! k>maknda ( ! ,v$a1 su* z ! daily oblations to ! sacr$ fires1 ! ,new & ,full ,moon (f]+s & ! great ,soma sacrifices4 ,n[1 z m5 hav+ only an imp]fect k ( ! ,v$a1 & moreov] naturally sl[-m9d$1 c h>dly asc]ta9 ! s5se ( ! ,v$nta-texts )\t ! assi/ance ( su* a ,smriti1 & z to be satisfi$ ) t s5se ( ! ,v$nta :i* discloses itself on a m]e sup]ficial /udy ( ! text w\ld imply ! admission t ! :ole ,snkhya ,smriti1 al?\gh compos$ by an able & tru/wor?y p]son1 really is useless2 we see ourselves driv5 to ackn[l$ge t ! doctr9e ( ! ,v$nta-texts _c diff] f ! "o e/abli%$ by ! ,snkhyas4 ,nor mu/ y object t to d s w\ld =ce on u ano!r unacceptable conclusion1 viz4 t ^? ,smritis1 t ( ,manu e4g41 :i* ma9ta9 ,brahman to be ! univ]sal cause1 are de/itute ( au?ority2 = ,manu & simil> works inculcate practical religi\s duty & ?us h at any rate ! unconte/$ function ( support+ ! tea*+ ( ! k>maknda ( ! ,v$a4 ,! ,snkhya ,smriti1 on ! o!r h&1 is entirely devot$ to ! sett+ =? ( !oretical tru? 7n ( practical duty71 & if x is n accept$ 9 t quality1 x is ( no use :atsoev]4--,on ?is gr\nd ! ,stra sets =? ! prim facie view1 ',if x be said t !re results ! fault ( !re be+ no room = c]ta9 ,smritis4' ,! same ,stra replies 'no2 because !re w\ld result ! fault ( want ( room = o!r ,smritis4' ,= o!r ,smritis1 t ( ,manu e4g41 tea* t ,brahman is ! univ]sal cause4 ,?us ,manu says1 ',?is 7_w7 exi/$ 9 ! %ape ( d>kness1 & s on4 ,!n ! div9e ,self exi/5t1 indisc]nible b mak+ disc]nible all ?is1 ! great elem5ts & ! re/1 appe>$ ) irresi/ible p[]1 dispell+ ! d>kness4 ,he1 desir+ to produce be+s ( _m k9ds f 8 own body1 fir/ ) a ?\ght creat$ ! wat]s1 & plac$ 8 se$ 9 !m' 7,manu ,i1 #e-h74 ,& ! ,bhagavad-git1 ',i am ! orig9 & ! dissolution ( ! :ole ,univ]se' 7,,vii1 #f74 ',i am ! orig9 ( all2 ev]y?+ proce$s f me' 7,x1 #h74 ,simil>ly1 9 ! ,mahbhrata1 to ! "q ',:5ce 0 creat$ ?is :ole _w ) its movable & immovable be+s8' ! answ] is giv51 ',nryana assumes ! =m ( ! _w1 he ! inf9ite1 et]nal "o'2 & 'f him !re orig9ates ! ,unevolv$ consi/+ ( ! ?ree gunas'2 & '! ,unevolv$ is m]g$ 9 ! non-act+ ,p]son4' ,& ,p>s>a says1 ',f ,vi%nu !re sprang ! _w & 9 him x abides2 he makes ?is _w p]si/ & he rules x--he is ! _w4' ,?us also pa/amba1 ',! liv+ be+s are ! dwell+ ( him :o lies 9 all caves1 :o is n kill$1 :o is spotless'2 & ',f him spr+ all bodies2 he is ! prim>y cause1 he is et]nal1 p]man5t4' 7,dh>mas4 ,i1 #h1 #bb1 #d2 #bc1 #b74--;,if ! "q z to ! mean+ ( ! ,v$nta-texts 7 to be settl$ by means ( ,kapila's ,smriti1 we %\ld h to accept ! extremely undesirable conclusion t all ! ,smritis quot$ are ( no au?ority4 ,x is true t ! ,v$nta-texts are conc]n$ ) !oretical tru? ly+ outside ! sph]e ( ,p]ception & ! o!r means ( k1 & t h5ce /ud5ts possess+ only a limit$ k ( ! ,v$a require "s help 9 ord] fully to make out ! mean+ ( ! ,v$nta4 ,b :at mu/ be avoid$ 9 ?is case is to give any op5+ = ! conclusion t ! v num]\s ,smritis :i* closely foll[ ! doctr9e ( ! ,v$nta1 are compos$ by ! mo/ compet5t & tru/wor?y p]sons & aim at support+ t doctr9e1 are irrelevant2 & x is = ?is reason t ,kapila's ,smriti :i* conta9s a doctr9e oppos$ to ,scripture mu/ be disreg>d$4 ,! support requir$ is elucidation ( ! s5se convey$ by ,scripture1 & ?is cle>ly _c be effect$ by means ( a ,smriti contradict+ ,scripture4 ,nor is x ( any avail to plead1 z ! ,prvapak%9 does1 t ,manu & o!r ,smritis ( ! same k9d fulfil 9 any case ! function ( elucidat+ ! acts ( religi\s duty enjo9$ 9 ! k>maknda4 ,= if !y enjo9 acts ( religi\s duty z means to w9 ! fav\r ( ! ,supreme ,p]son b d n impress ^u u ! idea ( t ,supreme ,p]son himself :o is to be pleas$ by ^? acts1 !y are also n capable ( impress+ ^u u ! idea ( ^? acts !mselves4 ,t x is ! "* ( all religi\s acts to w9 ! fav\r ( ! ,supreme ,_s1 ,smriti di/9ctly decl>es1 ',man atta9s to p]fection by wor%ipp+ ) 8 prop] action ,him f :om all ,be+s proce$2 & by :om all ?is is /ret*$ out' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,xviii1 #df72 ',let a man m$itate on ,nryana1 ! div9e "o1 at all works1 su* z ba?+ & ! l2 he w !n rea* ! _w ( ,brahman & n return hi!r' 7,dak%a- smriti72 & ',^? m5 ) :om1 int5t on _! duties1 ?\ art pleas$1 ,o ,"l1 !y pass beyond all ?is ,mya & f9d ,release = _! s\ls' 7,vi4 ,pu474 ,nor c x be said t ,manu & simil> ,smritis h a function 9 s f> z sett+ =? works 7n aim+ at f9al ,release b7 br++ ab\t c]ta9 results includ$ 9 transmigratory exi/5ce1 :e!r "h on e>? or 9 a heav5ly _w2 = ! ess5tial "* ( ^? works also is to please ! highe/ ,p]son4 ,z is said 9 ! ,bhagavad-gt 7,,ix1 #bc1 #bd72 ',ev5 !y :o devot$ to o!r gods wor%ip !m ) fai?1 wor%ip me1 aga9/ ord9ance4 ,= ,i am ! enjoy] & ! ,"l ( all sacrifices2 b !y "k me n 9 tru? & h5ce !y fall1' & ',?\ art ev] wor%ipp$ by me ) sacrifices2 ?\ alone1 be>+ ! =m ( pitris & ( gods1 enjoye/ all ! (f]+s made to ei!r4' ,nor f9ally c we admit ! cont5tion t x is rational to int]pret ! ,v$nta-texts 9 accordance ) ,kapila's ,smriti because ,kapila1 9 ! ,svetsvat>a text1 is ref]r$ to z a compet5t p]son4 ,= f ?is x w\ld foll[ t1 z ,brihaspati is1 9 ,sruti & ,smriti1 m5tion$ z a patt]n ( consummate wisdom1 ,scripture %\ld be int]pret$ 9 agreem5t ) ! op5ly mat]iali/ic & a!i/ic ,smriti compos$ by t au?ority4 ,b1 x may "h be said1 ! ,v$nta-texts %\ld aft] all be int]pret$ 9 agreem5t ) ,kapila's ,smriti1 = ! reason t ,kapila _h ?r\gh ! p[] ( 8 conc5trat$ m$itation 7yoga7 arriv$ at an insight into tru?4--,to ?is objection ! next ,stra replies4 #b4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! non-p]ception 7( tru? on ! "p7 ( o!rs4 ,! '&' 9 ! ,stra has ! =ce ( 'b1' be+ meant to dispel ! d\bt rais$4 ,!re are _m o!r au?ors ( ,smritis1 su* z ,manu1 :o ?r\gh ! p[] ( _! m$itation _h atta9$ insight into ! highe/ tru?1 & ( :om x is kn[n f ,scripture t ! purport ( _! tea*+ 0 a salut>y m$ic9e to ! :ole _w 7':atev] ,manu said t 0 m$ic9e'74 ,n[1 z ^! ,ri%is did n see tru? 9 ! way ( ,kapila1 we conclude t ,kapila's view1 :i* contradicts ,scripture1 is f\nd$ on error1 & _c !re=e be us$ to modify ! s5se ( ! ,v$nta-texts4--,"h f9i%es ! adhik>ana treat+ ( ',smriti4' #c4 ,h]eby ! ,yoga is refut$4 ,by ! above refutation ( ,kapila's ,smriti ! ,yoga-smriti also is refut$4--,b a "q arises1 ,:at fur!r d\bt arises "h ) reg>d to ! ,yoga sy/em1 s z to r5d] ne$ful ! =mal ext5sion to ! ,yoga ( ! argum5ts previ\sly set =? aga9/ ! ,snkhya8-- ,x might appe>1 we reply1 t ! ,v$nta %\ld be support$ by ! ,yoga-smriti1 fir/ly1 because ! latt] admits ! exi/5ce ( a ,"l2 secondly1 because ! ,v$nta-texts m5tion ,yoga z a means to br+ ab\t f9al ,release2 & ?irdly1 because ,hiranyag>bha1 :o proclaim$ ! ,yoga-smriti is qualifi$ = ! promulgation ( all ,v$nta-texts4-- ,b ^! argum5ts refute !mselves z foll[s4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! ,yoga holds ! ,pradhna1 :i* is indep5d5t ( ,brahman1 to be ! g5]al mat]ial cause1 & h5ce ! ,"l ackn[l$g$ by x is a m]e op]ative cause4 ,9 ! second place ! nature ( m$itation1 9 :i* ,yoga consi/s1 is det]m9$ by ! nature ( ! object ( m$itation1 & z ( its two objects1 viz4 ! s\l & ! ,"l1 ! =m] does n h its ,self 9 ,brahman1 & ! latt] is nei!r ! cause ( ! _w nor end[$ ) ! o!r auspici\s qualities 7:i* belong to ,brahman71 ! ,yoga is n ( ,v$ic "*4 ,& z to ! ?ird po9t1 ,hiranyag>bha himself is only an individual s\l1 & h5ce liable to be ov]p[]$ by ! inf]ior gunas1 i4e4 passion & d>kness2 & h5ce ! ,yoga-smriti is f\nd$ on error1 no less ?an ! ,purnas1 promulgat$ by him1 :i* are f\nd$ on rajas & tamas4 ,! ,yoga _c1 !re=e1 be us$ = ! support ( ! ,v$nta4--,"h f9i%es ! adhik>ana ( '! refutation ( ! ,yoga4' #d4 ,n1 on acc\nt ( ! diff]5ce ( "* ( t2 & its be+ su* 7appe>s7 f ,scripture4 ,! same oppon5t :o laid /ress on ! conflict betwe5 ,scripture & ,smriti n[ aga9 comes =w>d1 rely+ ?is "t 7n on ,smriti b7 on simple reason+4 ,y\r doctr9e1 he says1 z to ! _w be+ an effect ( ,brahman :i* y attempt$ to prove by a refutation ( ! ,snkhya ,smriti %[s itself to be irrational = ! foll[+ reason4 ,p]ception & ! o!r means ( k %[ ?is _w ) all its s5ti5t & non-s5ti5t be+s to be ( a non-intellig5t & impure nature1 to possess none ( ! qualities ( ! ,"l1 & to h pa9 = its v ess5ce2 & su* a _w totally diff]s 9 nature f ! ,brahman1 po/ulat$ by y1 :i* is said to be all-kn[+1 ( supreme lordly p[]1 antagoni/ic to all evil1 enjoy+ unbrok5 uni=m bless$ness4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 "* ( ! _w f ,brahman is1 moreov]1 n only kn[n ?r\gh ,p]ception1 & s on1 b is se5 to be directly /at$ 9 ,scripture itself2 comp>e ',k & non-k' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #f1 #a72 ',?us are ^! objects plac$ on ! subjects1 & ! subjects on ! prna' 7,kau4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #i72 ',on ! same tree man sits griev+1 imm]s$1 bewild]$ by 8 own impot5ce' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #g72 ',! s\l n be+ a ,"l is b\nd because he has to enjoy' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,i1 #h72 & s on2 all :i* texts ref] to ! effect1 i4e4 ! _w z be+ non-intellig5t1 ( ! ess5ce ( pa91 & s on4 ,! g5]al rule is t an effect is non- diff]5t 9 "* f its cause2 z e4g4 pots & bracelets are non-diff]5t 9 "* f _! mat]ial causes--clay & gold4 ,! _w _c1 !re=e1 be ! effect ( ,brahman f :i* x diff]s 9 "*1 & we h5ce conclude t1 9 agreem5t ) ! ,snkhya ,smriti1 ! ,pradhna :i* resembles ! actual _w 9 "* mu/ be assum$ to be ! g5]al cause4 ,scripture1 al?\gh n dep5d5t on any?+ else & conc]n$ ) sup]-s5su\s objects1 mu/ all ! same come to t]ms ) ratioc9ation 7t>ka72 = all ! diff]5t means ( k c 9 _m cases help u to arrive at a decisive conclusion1 only if !y are support$ by ratioc9ation4 ,= by t>ka we und]/& t k9d ( k 7intellectual activity7 :i* 9 ! case ( any giv5 matt]1 by means ( an inve/igation ei!r into ! ess5tial nature ( t matt] or into collat]al 7auxili>y7 factors1 det]m9es :at possesses prov+ p[]1 & :at are ! special details ( ! matt] "u consid]ation3 ?is k9d ( cognitional activity is also call$ ha4 ,all means ( k equally /& 9 ne$ ( t>ka2 ,scripture h[ev]1 ! au?oritative "* ( :i* specially dep5ds on expectancy 7knk%71 proximity 7sannidhi71 & compatibility 7yogyat71 ?r\gh\t requires to be assi/$ by t>ka4 ,9 accordance ) ?is ,manu says1',he :o inve/igates by means ( reason+1 he only kn[s religi\s duty1 & none o!r4' ,x is ) a view to su* confirmation ( ! s5se ( ,scripture by means ( ,reason+ t ! texts decl>e t c]ta9 topics su* z ! ,self mu/ be 'reflect$ on' 7mantavya74--,n[ "h x might possibly be said t z ,brahman is asc]ta9$ f ,scripture to be ! sole cause ( ! _w1 x mu/ be admitt$ t intellig5ce exi/s 9 ! _w also1 :i* is an effect ( ,brahman4 ,9 ! same way z ! consci\sness ( an intellig5t be+ is n p]ceiv$ :5 x is 9 ! /ates ( deep sleep1 swoon1 c41 s ! intellig5t nature ( j>s & ! l also is n obs]v$1 al?\gh x really exi/s2 & x is ?is v diff]5ce ( manife/ation & non-manife/ation ( intellig5ce on :i* ! di/9ction ( intellig5t & non-intellig5t be+s dep5ds4--,b to ?is we reply t p]man5t non-p]ception ( intellig5ce proves its non-exi/5ce4 ,?is consid]ation also refutes ! hypo!sis ( ?+s commonly call$ non-intellig5t possess+ ! p[]1 or pot5tiality1 ( consci\sness4 ,= if y ma9ta9 t a ?+ possesses ! p[] ( produc+ an effect :ile yet t effect is nev] & n[h]e se5 to be produc$ by x1 y may z well proclaim at a meet+ ( sons ( b>r5 wom5 t _! mo!rs possess em95t procreative p[]6 ,moreov]1 to prove at fir/ f ! ,v$nta- texts t ,brahman is ! mat]ial cause ( ! _w1 & f ?is t pots & ! l possess pot5tial consci\sness1 & !refrom ! exi/5ce ( non-manife/$ consci\sness2 & !n1 on ! o!r h&1 to />t f ! la/ pr9ciple z prov$ & to d$uce !refrom t ! ,v$nta-texts prove ,brahman to be ! mat]ial cause ( ! _w1 is simply to argue 9 a circle2 = t ! relation ( cause & effect %\ld exi/ betwe5 ?+s diff]5t 9 "* is j :at _c be prov$4--,:at sam5ess ( "*1 aga91 ( causal sub/ance & effects1 h y 9 m9d :5 y ma9ta9 t f ! abs5ce ( su* sam5ess x foll[s t ,brahman _c be prov$ to be ! mat]ial cause ( ! _w8 ,x _c be complete sam5ess ( all attributes1 because 9 t case ! relation ( cause & effect 7:i* aft] all requires "s diff]5ce7 c\ld n be e/abli%$4 ,= we d n obs]ve t 9 pots & j>s :i* are fa%ion$ out ( a lump ( clay !re p]si/s ! quality ( 'be+ a lump' :i* belongs to ! causal sub/ance4 ,& %\ld y say t x suffices t !re %\ld be equality 9 "s or any attribute1 we po9t out t su* is actually ! case ) reg>d to ,brahman & ! _w1 bo? ( :i* h ! attribute ( 'exi/5ce' & o!rs4 ,! true /ate ( ! case r is z foll[s4 ,!re is equality ( nature betwe5 an effect & a cause1 9 t s5se t ^? ess5tial *>act]i/ics by :i* ! causal sub/ance di/+ui%es itself f o!r ?+s p]si/ 9 its effects also3 ^? *>act]i/ic features1 e4g41 :i* di/+ui% gold f clay & o!r mat]ials1 p]si/ also 9 ?+s made ( gold- bracelets & ! l4 ,b apply+ ?is consid]ation to ,brahman & ! _w we f9d t ,brahman's ess5tial nature is to be antagoni/ic to all evil1 & to consi/ ( k1 bliss & p[]1 :ile ! _w's ess5tial nature is to be ! opposite ( all ?is4 ,brahman _c1 !re=e1 be ! mat]ial cause ( ! _w4 ,b1 x may be object$1 we obs]ve t ev5 ?+s ( diff]5t ess5tial *>act]i/ics /& to ea* o!r 9 ! relation ( cause & effect4 ,f man1 e4g41 :o is a s5ti5t be+1 !re spr+ nails1 tee?1 & hair1 :i* are non-s5ti5t ?+s2 ! s5ti5t scorpion spr+s f non-s5ti5t dung2 & non-s5ti5t ?reads proce$ f ! s5ti5t spid]4--,?is objection1 we reply1 is n valid2 = 9 ! in/ances quot$ ! relation ( cause & effect re/s on ! non- s5ti5t elem5ts only 7i4e4 x is only ! non-s5ti5t matt] ( ! body :i* produces nails1 c474 ,b1 a fur!r objection is rais$1 ,scripture itself decl>es 9 _m places t ?+s g5]ally held to be non-s5ti5t really possess intellig5ce2 comp>e 'to him ! e>? said'2 '! wat] desir$'2 '! prnas qu>rell+ among !mselves z to _! relative pre-em95ce w5t to ,brahman4' ,& ! writ]s ( ! ,purnas ako attribute consci\sness to riv]s1 hills1 ! sea1 & s on4 ,h5ce !re is aft] all no ess5tial diff]5ce 9 nature betwe5 s5ti5t & s-call$ non- s5ti5t be+s4--,to ?is objection ! ,prvapak%9 replies 9 ! next ,stra4 #e4 ,b 7!re is7 d5otation ( ! sup]9t5d+ 7deities71 on acc\nt ( di/9ction & ent]+4 ,! ^w 'b' is meant to set aside ! objection />t$4 ,9 texts su* z 'to him ! e>? said1' ! t]ms 'e>?' & s on1 d5ote ! div9ities presid+ ov] e>? & ! re/4--,h[ is ?is kn[n8--' ,?r\gh di/9ction & connexion4' ,= e>? & s on are d5ot$ by ! di/9ctive t]m 'div9ities'2 s e4g4 ',let me ent] into ^? ?ree div9ities' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #c1 #b71 :]e fire1 wat]1 & e>? are call$ div9ities2 & ,kau4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #ad1 ',all div9ities cont5d+ ) ea* o!r z to pre-em95ce1' & 'all ^! div9ities hav+ recognis$ pre-em95ce 9 prna4' ,! 'ent]+' ( ! ,stra ref]s to ,ait4 ,ar4 ,,ii1 #d1 #b1 #d1 ',agni hav+ become spee* ent]$ into ! m\?2 ,aditya hav+ become sight ent]$ into ! eyes1' c41 :]e ! text decl>es t ,agni & o!r div9e be+s ent]$ into ! s5se-organs z _! sup]9t5d5ts4 ,we !re=e adh]e to our conclusion t ! _w1 be+ non- intellig5t & h5ce ess5tially diff]5t 9 nature f ,brahman1 _c be ! effect ( ,brahman2 & t !re=e1 9 agreem5t ) ,smriti confirm$ by reason+1 ! ,v$nta-texts mu/ be held to tea* t ! ,pradhna is ! univ]sal mat]ial cause4 ,?is prim facie view is met by ! foll[+ ,stra4 #f4 ,b x is se54 ,! 'b' indicates ! *ange ( view 7introduc$ 9 ! pres5t ,stra74 ,! ass]tion t ,brahman _c be ! mat]ial cause ( ! _w because ! latt] diff]s f x 9 ess5tial nature1 is unf\nd$2 s9ce x is a matt] ( obs]vation t ev5 ?+s ( diff]5t nature /& to ea* o!r 9 ! relation ( cause & effect4 ,= x is obs]v$ t f honey & simil> sub/ances !re orig9ate worms & o!r little animals4--,b x has be5 said above t 9 ^? cases !re is sam5ess ( nature1 9 s f> z ! relation ( cause & effect holds good only betwe5 ! non-intellig5t elem5ts 9 bo?6-- ,?is ass]tion 0 inde$ made1 b x does n suffice to prove t equality ( "* betwe5 cause & effect :i* y h 9 view4 ,=1 be+ appreh5sive t f ! dem& ( equality ( "* 9 "s po9t or o!r only x w\ld foll[ t1 z all ?+s h c]ta9 *>act]i/ics 9 common1 any?+ might orig9ate f any?+1 y h decl>$ t ! equality ( "* necess>y = ! relation ( cause & effect is con/itut$ by ! p]si/5ce1 9 ! effect1 ( ^? *>act]i/ic po9ts :i* diff]5tiate ! cause f o!r ?+s4 ,b x is evid5t t ?is re/rictive rule does n hold good 9 ! case ( ! orig9ation ( worms & ! l f honey & s on2 & h5ce x is n unreasonable to assume t ! _w also1 al?\gh diff]+ 9 "* f ,brahman1 may orig9ate f ! latt]4 ,= 9 ! case ( worms orig9at+ f honey1 scorpions f dung1 c41 we d n obs]ve--:at inde$ we d obs]ve 9 c]ta9 o!r cases1 z ( pots made ( clay1 ornam5ts made ( gold--t ! special *>act]i/ics di/+ui%+ ! causal sub/ance f o!r ?+s p]si/ 9 ! effects also4 #g4 ,if x be said t 7! effect is7 non-exi/+2 we say no1 !re be+ a m]e d5ial4 ,b1 an objection is rais$1 if ,brahman1 ! cause1 diff]s 9 nature f ! effect1 viz4 ! _w1 ?is means t cause & effect are sep>ate ?+s & t h5ce ! effect does n exi/ 9 ! cause1 i4 e4 ,brahman2 & ?is aga9 implies t ! _w orig9ates f :at has no exi/5ce6--,n s1 we reply4 ,= :at ! prec$+ ,stra has laid d[n is m]ely ! d5ial ( an absolute rule dem&+ t cause & effect %\ld be ( ! same nature2 x 0 n ass]t$ t ! effect is a ?+ altoge!r diff]5t & sep>ate f ! cause4 ,we by no means ab&on our t5et t ,brahman ! cause modifies itself s z to assume ! =m ( a _w diff]+ f x 9 "*4 ,= su* is ! case ) ! honey & ! worms also4 ,!re is diff]5ce ( *>act]i/ics1 b--z 9 ! case ( gold & gold5 bracelets-- !re is on5ess ( sub/ance4--,an objection is rais$4 #h4 ,on acc\nt ( su* consequ5ces 9 reabsorption 7! ,v$nta-texts w\ld be7 inappropriate4 ,! t]m 'reabsorption' "h /&s z an in/ance ( all ! /ates ( ,brahman1 reabsorption1 creation1 & s on--among :i* x is ! fir/ z appe>s f ! texts giv+ in/ruction ab\t ^? sev]al /ates ',be+ only 0 ?is 9 ! beg9n+'2 ',! ,self only 0 ?is 9 ! beg9n+4' ,if we accept ! doctr9e ( ! on5ess ( sub/ance ( cause & effect1 !n1 absorption1 creation1 c4 ( ! _w all be+ 9 ,brahman1 ! diff]5t /ates ( ! _w w\ld connect !mselves ) ,brahman1 & ! latt] w\ld ?us be affect$ by all ! imp]fections ( its effect2 9 ! same way z all ! attributes ( ! bracelet are pres5t 9 ! gold also4 ,& ! undesirable consequ5ce ( ?is w\ld be t contradictory attributes z pr$icat$ 9 diff]5t ,v$nta-texts w\ld h to be attribut$ to "o & ! same sub/ance2 cp4 ',he :o is all-kn[+' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,i1 #a1 #i72 ',free f s91 free f old age & dea?' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #a1 #e72 ',( him !re is kn[n nei!r cause nor effect' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #h72 ',( ^! two "o eats ! sweet fruit' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #f72 ',! ,self t is n a ,"l is b\nd because he has to enjoy' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,i1 #h72 ',on acc\nt ( 8 impot5ce he lam5ts1 bewild]$' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #g74--,nor c we accept ! explanation t1 z ,brahman 9 its causal z well z its effect$ /ate has all s5ti5t & non-s5ti5t be+s = its body2 & z all imp]fections inh]e 9 t body only1 !y d n t\* ,brahman 9 ei!r its causal or effect$ /ate4 ,= x is n possible t ! _w & ,brahman %\ld /& to ea* o!r 9 ! relation ( effect & cause1 & if x 7 possible1 ! imp]fections due to connexion ) a body w\ld necess>ily cl+ to ,brahman4 ,x is n1 we say1 possible t ! intellig5t & non-intellig5t be+s toge!r %\ld con/itute ! body ( ,brahman4 ,= a body is a p>ticul> aggregate ( e>? & ! o!r elem5ts1 dep5d+ = its subsi/5ce on vital brea? ) its five modifications1 & s]v+ z an abode to ! s5se-organs :i* m$iate ! exp]i5ces ( pleasure & pa9 retributive ( =m] works3 su* is 9 ,v$ic & worldly spee* ! s5se connect$ ) ! t]m 'body4' ,b num]\s ,v$ic texts--',free f s91 f old age & dea?' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #a72 ',)\t eat+ ! o!r "o looks on' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #f72 ',grasp+ )\t h&s1 ha/+ )\t feet1 he sees )\t eyes1 he he>s )\t e>s' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ai72 ',)\t brea?1 )\t m9d' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a1 #b7--;decl>e t ! highe/ ,self is free f k>man & ! enjoym5t ( its fruits1 is n capable ( enjoym5t dep5d5t on s5se-organs1 & has no life dep5d5t on brea?3 :5ce x foll[s t he _c h a body con/itut$ by all ! non-s5ti5t & s5ti5t be+s4 ,nor c ei!r non-s5ti5t be+s 9 _! individual =ms su* z grass1 trees1 c41 or ! aggregate ( all ! elem5ts 9 _! subtle /ate be view$ z ! abode ( s5se-activity 7)\t :i* !y _c con/itute a body72 nor are ! elem5ts 9 _! subtle /ate comb9$ into e>? & ! o!r gross elem5ts 7:i* aga9 w\ld be requir$ = a body74 ,& s5ti5t be+s :i* consi/ ( m]e intellig5ce are ( c\rse incapable ( all ?is1 & h5ce ev5 less fit to con/itute a body4 ,nor may x be said t to h a body m]ely means to be ! abode ( fruition1 & t ,brahman may possess a body 9 ?is latt] s5se2 = !re are abodes ( fruition1 su* z palaces & ! l1 :i* are n consid]$ to be bodies4 ,nor w x avail1 n>r[+ ! la/ def9ition1 to say t t only is an abode ( enjoym5t directly abid+ 9 :i* a be+ enjoys pa9 & pleasure2 = if a s\l ent]s a body o!r ?an its own1 t body is inde$ ! abode 9 :i* x enjoys ! pa9s & pleasures due to su* ent]+1 b is n admitt$ to be 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w ! body ( ! s\l ?us ent]$4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,"l1 on ! o!r h&1 :o is 9 ! enjoym5t ( self-e/abli%$ supreme bliss1 x c 9 no way be ma9ta9$ t he mu/ be jo9$ to a body1 consi/+ ( all s5ti5t & non-s5ti5t be+s1 = ! purpose ( enjoym5t4--,t view also accord+ to :i* a 'body' means no m ?an a means ( enjoym5t is refut$ h]eby4 ,y w n[ possibly try ano!r def9ition1 viz4 t ! body ( a be+ is con/itut$ by t1 ! nature1 subsi/5ce & activity ( :i* dep5d on ! w ( t be+1 & t h5ce a body may be ascrib$ to ! ,"l 9 s f> z ! ess5tial nature1 subsi/5ce1 & activity ( all dep5d on him4--,b ?is also is objectionable2 s9ce 9 ! fir/ place x is n a fact t ! nature ( a body dep5ds on ! w ( ! intellig5t s\l jo9$ ) x2 s9ce1 fur!r1 an injur$ body does n obey 9 its movem5ts ! w ( its possessor2 & s9ce ! p]si/5ce ( a dead body does n dep5d on ! s\l t t5ant$ x4 ,danc+ puppets & ! l1 on ! o!r h&1 are ?+s ! nature1 subsi/5ce1 & motions ( :i* dep5d on ! w ( intellig5t be+s1 b we d n on t acc\nt consid] !m to be ! bodies ( ^? be+s4 ,z1 moreov]1 ! nature ( an et]nal intellig5t s\l does n dep5d on ! w ( ! ,"l1 x _c be its body "u ! pres5t def9ition4--,nor aga9 c x be said t ! body ( a be+ is con/itut$ by t :i* is exclusively rul$ & support$ by t be+ & /&s t[>ds x 9 an exclusive subs]vi5t relation 7se%a72 = ?is def9ition w\ld include actions also4 ,& f9ally x is a fact t sev]al texts def9itely decl>e t ! ,"l is )\t a body1 ',)\t h&s & feet he grasps & ha/5s' c4 ,z ?us ! relation ( embodi$ be+ & body _c subsi/ betwe5 ,brahman & ! _w1 & z if x did subsi/1 all ! imp]fections ( ! _w w\ld cl+ to ,brahman2 ! ,v$nta--texts are wrong 9 tea*+ t ,brahman is ! mat]ial cause ( ! _w4 ,to ?is prim facie view ! next ,stra replies4 #i4 ,n s2 z !re are p>allel in/ances4 ,! tea*+ ( ! ,v$nta-texts is n inappropriate1 s9ce !re are in/ances ( good & bad qualities be+ sep>ate 9 ! case ( "o ?+ connect$ ) two diff]5t /ates4 ,! 'b' 9 ! ,stra indicates ! impossibility ( ,brahman be+ connect$ ) ev5 a %ad[ ( :at is evil4 ,! mean+ is z foll[s4 ,z ,brahman has all s5ti5t & non-s5ti5t ?+s = its body1 & con/itutes ! ,self ( t body1 !re is no?+ contr>y to reason 9 ,brahman be+ connect$ ) two /ates1 a causal & an effect$ "o1 ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( :i* are expansion on ! "o h& & contraction on ! o!r2 = ?is expansion & contraction belong 7n to ,brahman itself1 b7 to ! s5ti5t & non-s5ti5t be+s4 ,! imp]fections adh]+ to ! body d n affect ,brahman1 & ! good qualities belong+ to ! ,self d n ext5d to ! body2 9 ! same way z y\?1 *ildhood1 & old age1 :i* are attributes ( embodi$ be+s1 su* z gods or m51 belong to ! body only1 n to ! embodi$ ,self2 :ile k1 pleasure & s on belong to ! consci\s ,self only1 n to ! body4 ,on ?is und]/&+ !re is no objection to expressions su* z 'he is born z a god or z a man' & '! same p]son is a *ild1 & !n a y\?1 & !n an old man' ,t ! "* ( a god or man belongs to ! individual s\l only 9 s f> z x has a body1 w be %[n "u ,,iii1 #a1 #a4 ,! ass]tion made by ! ,prvapak%9 z to ! impossibility ( ! _w1 compris+ matt] & s\ls & be+ ei!r 9 its subtle or its gross condition1 /&+ to ,brahman 9 ! relation ( a body1 we decl>e to be ! va9 outcome ( altoge!r vici\s reason+ spr++ f ! idle fancies ( p]sons :o h nev] fully consid]$ ! mean+ ( ! :ole body ( ,v$nta-texts z support$ by legitimate argum5tation4 ,= z a matt] ( fact all ,v$nta-texts di/9ctly decl>e t ! entire _w1 subtle or gross1 mat]ial or spiritual1 /&s to ! highe/ ,self 9 ! relation ( a body4 ,comp>e e4g4! ant>ym9-brhmana1 9 ! ,knva z well z ! ,mdhy&9a-text1 :]e x is said fir/ ( non-s5ti5t ?+s 7'he :o dwells )9 ! e>?1 ^: body ! e>? is' c471 & aft]w>ds sep>ately ( ! intellig5t s\l 7'he :o dwells 9 und]/&+1' accord+ to ! ,knvas2 'he :o dwells )9 ! ,self1' accord+ to ! ,mdhy&9as7 t !y con/itute ! body ( ! highe/ ,self4 ,simil>ly ! ,subla- ,upani%ad decl>es t matt] & s\ls 9 all _! /ates con/itute ! body ( ! highe/ ,self 7',he :o dwells )9 ! e>?' c471 & concludes by say+ t t ,self is ! s\l ( all ^? be+s 7',he is ! inn] ,self ( all' c474 ,simil>ly ,smriti1 ',! :ole _w is ?y body'2 ',wat] is ! body ( ,vi%nu'2 ',all ?is is ! body ( ,h>i'2 ',all ^! ?+s are 8 body'2 ',he hav+ reflect$ s5t =? f 8 body'--:]e ! 'body' means ! elem5ts 9 _! subtle /ate4 ,9 ord9>y language ! ^w 'body' is n1 l words su* z j>1 limit$ 9 its d5otation to ?+s ( "o def9ite make or "*1 b is obs]v$ to be appli$ directly 7n only second>ily or metaphorically7 to ?+s ( altoge!r diff]5t make & *>act]i/ics--su* z worms1 insects1 mo?s1 snakes1 m51 f\r-foot$ animals1 & s on4 ,we mu/ !re=e aim at giv+ a def9ition ( ! ^w t is 9 agreem5t ) g5]al use4 ,! def9itions giv5 by ! ,prvapak%9--'a body is t :i* causes ! enjoym5t ( ! fruit ( actions' c4--d n fulfil ?is requirem5t2 = !y d n take 9 su* ?+s z e>? & ! l :i* ! texts decl>e to be ! body ( ! ,"l4 ,& fur!r !y d n take 9 ^? bodily =ms :i* ! ,"l assumes accord+ to 8 wi%1 nor ! bodily =ms releas$ s\ls may assume1 accord+ to ',he is "o' c4 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #cf1 #b72 = none ( ^? embodim5ts subs]ve ! fruition ( ! results ( actions4 ,& fur!r1 ! bodily =ms :i* ! ,supreme ,p]son assumes at wi% are n special comb9ations ( e>? & ! o!r elem5ts2 = ,smriti says1 ',! body ( t highe/ ,self is n made f a comb9ation ( ! elem5ts4' ,x ?us appe>s t x is also too n>r[ a def9ition to say t a body is a comb9ation ( ! diff]5t elem5ts4 ,aga91 to say t a body is t1 ! life ( :i* dep5ds on ! vital brea? ) its five modifications is also too n>r[1 viz 9 respect ( plants2 = al?\gh vital air is pres5t 9 plants1 x does n 9 !m support ! body by appe>+ 9 five special =ms4 ,nor aga9 does x answ] to def9e a body z ei!r ! abode ( ! s5se-organs or z ! cause ( pleasure & pa92 = nei!r ( ^! def9itions takes 9 ! bodies ( /one or wood :i* 7 be/[$ on ,ahaly & o!r p]sons 9 accordance ) _! de$s4 ,we are ?us l$ to adopt ! foll[+ def9ition--,any sub/ance :i* a s5ti5t s\l is capable ( completely controll+ & support+ = its own purposes1 & :i* /&s to ! s\l 9 an entirely subord9ate relation1 is ! body ( t s\l4 ,9 ! case ( bodies injur$1 p>alys$1 c41 control & s on are n actually p]ceiv$ because ! p[] ( control1 al?\gh exi/+1 is ob/ruct$2 9 ! same way z1 ow+ to "s ob/ruction1 ! p[]s ( fire1 heat1 & s on may n be actually p]ceiv$4 ,a dead body aga9 beg9s to decay at ! v mom5t 9 :i* ! s\l dep>ts f x1 & is actually dissolv$ %ortly aft]2 x 7?us /rictly speak+ is n a body at all b7 is spok5 ( z a body because x is a "p ( ! aggregate ( matt] :i* previ\sly con/itut$ a body4 ,9 ?is s5se1 !n1 all s5ti5t & non-s5ti5t be+s toge!r con/itute ! body ( ! ,supreme ,p]son1 = !y are completely controll$ & support$ by him = 8 own ends1 & are absolutely subord9ate to him4 ,texts :i* speak ( ! highe/ ,self z 'bodiless among bodies' 7e4g4 ,ka4 ,up4 ,i4 #b1 #bb71 only mean to d5y ( ! ,self a body due to k>man2 = z we h se51 ,scripture decl>es t ! ,univ]se is 8 body4 ,?is po9t w be fully e/abli%$ 9 subsequ5t adhik>anas also4 ,! two prec$+ ,stras 7#h & #i7 m]ely sugge/ ! matt] prov$ 9 ! adhik>ana beg9n+ ) ,,ii1 #a1 #ba4 #aj4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! objections to 8 view4 ,! !ory ( ,brahman be+ ! univ]sal cause has to be accept$ n only because x is itself free f objections1 b also because ! pradhna !ory is op5 to objections1 & h5ce mu/ be ab&on$4 ,= on ?is latt] !ory ! orig9ation ( ! _w _c be acc\nt$ =4 ,! ,snkhyas hold t ow+ to ! s\l's approximation to ,prakriti ! attributes ( ! latt] are fictiti\sly sup]impos$ ^u ! s\l :i* 9 itself consi/s entirely ( pure intellig5ce free f all *ange1 & t !reon dep5ds ! orig9ation ( ! empirical _w4 ,n[ "h we mu/ raise ! "q z to ! nature ( t approximation or ne>ness ( ,prakriti :i* causes ! sup]imposition on ! *angeless s\l ( ! attributes ( ,prakriti4 ,does t ne>ness mean m]ely ! exi/5ce ( ,prakriti or "s *ange 9 ,prakriti8 or does x mean "s *ange 9 ! s\l8--,n ! latt]2 = ! s\l is assum$ to be incapable ( *ange4--,nor aga9 a *ange 9 ,prakriti2 = *anges 9 ,prakriti are suppos$1 9 ! sy/em1 to be ! effects ( sup]imposition1 & _c !re=e be its cause4 ,& if1 f9ally1 ! ne>ness ( ,prakriti means no m ?an its exi/5ce1 x foll[s t ev5 ! releas$ s\l w\ld be liable to t sup]imposition 7= ,prakriti exi/s always74--,! ,snkhya is ?us unable to give a rational acc\nt ( ! orig9ation ( ! _w4 ,?is same po9t w be treat$ ( fully 9 connexion ) ! special refutation ( ! ,snkhya !ory4 7,,ii1 #b1 #f47 #aa4 ,also 9 consequ5ce ( ! ill-f\nd$ness ( reason+4 ,! !ory1 re/+ on ,scripture1 ( ,brahman be+ ! univ]sal cause mu/ be accept$1 & ! !ory ( ! ,pradhna mu/ be ab&on$1 because all 7m]e7 reason+ is ill-f\nd$4 ,?is latt] po9t is prov$ by ! fact t ! argum5ts set =? by ,buddha1 ,kanda1 ,ak%apda1 ,j9a1 ,kapila & ,patajali respectively are all mutually contradictory4 #ab4 ,%\ld x be said t inf]5ce is to be c>ri$ on 9 a diff]5t way2 7we reply t7 ?us also x foll[s t 7! objection rais$7 is n got rid (4 ,let u !n view ! matt] z foll[s4 ,! argum5ts actually set =? by ,buddha & o!rs may h to be consid]$ z invalid1 b all ! same we may arrive at ! ,pradhna !ory ?r\gh o!r l9es ( reason+ by :i* ! objections rais$ aga9/ ! !ory are refut$4-- ,b1 we reply1 ?is also is ( no avail4 ,a !ory :i* re/s exclusively on argum5ts d]iv$ f human reason may1 at "s o!r "t or place1 be dise/abli%$ by argum5ts devis$ by p m skilful ?an y 9 reason+2 & ?us !re is no gett+ ov] ! objection f\nd$ on ! invalidity ( all m]e argum5tation4 ,! conclusion f all ?is is t1 ) reg>d to sup]s5su\s matt]s1 ,scripture alone is au?oritative1 & t reason+ is to be appli$ only to ! support ( ,scripture4 ,9 agreem5t h]e) ,manu says1 ',he :o supports ! tea*+ ( ! ,ri%is & ! doctr9e z to sacr$ duty ) argum5ts n conflict+ ) ! ,v$a1 he alone truly kn[s sacr$ duty' 7,manu ,,xii1 #ajf74 ,! tea*+ ( ! ,snkhyas :i* conflicts ) ! ,v$a _c !re=e be us$ = ! purpose ( confirm+ & elucidat+ ! mean+ ( ! ,v$a4--,"h f9i%es ! section treat+ ( 'diff]5ce ( nature4' #ac4 ,!reby also ! rema9+ 7!ories7 :i* are n compris$ 7)9 ! ,v$a7 are expla9$4 ,n compris$ means ^? !ories :i* are n kn[n to be compris$ )9 7c\nt5anc$ by7 ! ,v$a4 ,! ,stra means to say t by ! demolition giv5 above ( ! ,snkhya doctr9e :i* is n compris$ )9 ! ,v$a ! rema9+ !ories :i* are 9 ! same position1 viz4 ! !ories ( ,kanda1 ,ak%apda1 ,j9a1 & ,buddha1 mu/ likewise be consid]$ z demoli%$4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 a new objection may be rais$1 on ! gr\nd namely t1 s9ce all ^! !ories agree 9 ! view ( atoms con/itut+ ! g5]al cause1 x _c be said t _! reason+ z to ! causal sub/ance is ill-f\nd$4--,!y inde$1 we reply1 are agre$ to t ext5t1 b !y are all ( !m equally f\nd$ on ,reason+ only1 & !y are se5 to disagree 9 _m ways z to ! nature ( ! atoms :i* by diff]5t s*ools are held to be ei!r fundam5tally void or non-void1 hav+ ei!r a m]ely cognitional or an objective exi/5ce1 be+ ei!r mom5t>y or p]man5t1 ei!r ( a def9ite nature or ! rev]se1 ei!r real or unreal1 c4 ,?is disagreem5t proves all ^? !ories to be ill-f\nd$1 & ! objection is ?us dispos$ (4--,"h f9i%es ! section ( '! rema9+ 7!ories7 non-compris$ 7)9 ! ,v$a74' #ad4 ,if x be said t f 7,brahman7 becom+ an enjoy]1 !re foll[s non-di/9ction 7( ,brahman & ! individual s\l72 we reply--x may be z 9 ord9>y life4 ,! ,snkhya "h comes =w>d ) a new objection4 ,y ma9ta91 he says1 t ! highe/ ,brahman has ! "* ei!r ( a cause or an effect accord+ z x has = its body s5ti5t & non-s5ti5t be+s 9 ei!r _! subtle or gross /ate2 & t ?is expla9s ! diff]5ce 9 nature betwe5 ! individual s\l & ,brahman4 ,b su* diff]5ce is n possible1 s9ce ,brahman1 if embodi$1 at once becomes an enjoy+ subject 7j l ! individual s\l74 ,= if1 possess+ a body1 ! ,"l necess>ily exp]i5ces all pa9 & pleasure due to embodi$ness1 no less ?an ! individual s\l does4--,b we h1 "u ,i1 #b1 #h1 refut$ ! view ( ! ,"l's be+ liable to exp]i5ces ( pleasure & pa96--,by no means6 ,!re y h %[n only t ! ,"l's abid+ )9 ! he>t ( a creature s z to con/itute ! object ( its devotion does n imply fruition on 8 "p ( pleasure & pa94 ,n[1 h[ev]1 y ma9ta9 t ! ,"l is embodi$ j l an individual s\l1 & ! unavoidable inf]5ce f ?is is t1 l t s\l1 he und]goes pleasurable & pa9ful exp]i5ces4 ,= we obs]ve t embodi$ s\ls1 al?\gh n capable ( p>ticipat+ 9 ! *ang+ /ates ( ! body su* z *ildhood1 old age1 c41 yet exp]i5ce pleasures & pa9s caus$ by ! normal or abnormal condition ( ! matt] con/itut+ ! body4 ,9 agreem5t ) ?is ,scripture says1 ',z long z he possesses a body !re is = him no escape f pleasure & pa92 b :5 he is free ( ! body !n nei!r pleasure nor pa9 t\*es him' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #ab1 #a74 ,z ?us1 ! !ory ( an embodi$ ,brahman con/itut+ ! univ]sal cause does n all[ ( a di/9ction 9 nature betwe5 ! ,"l & ! individual s\l2 & z1 fur!r1 ! !ory ( a m]e ,brahman 7i4e4 an absolutely homog5e\s ,brahman7 leads to ! conclusion t ,brahman is ! abode ( all ! imp]fections atta*+ to ! _w1 9 ! same way z a lump ( clay or gold p>ticipates 9 ! imp]fections ( ! ?+ fa%ion$ out ( x2 we ma9ta9 t ! !ory ( ! ,pradhna be+ ! g5]al cause is ! m valid "o4 ,to ?is objection ! ,stra replies 9 ! words1 'x may be1 z 9 ord9>y life4' ,! desir$ di/9ction 9 nature betwe5 ! ,"l & ! individual s\l may exi/ all ! same4 ,t a s\l exp]i5ces pleasures & pa9s caus$ by ! v>i\s /ates ( ! body is n due to ! fact ( its be+ jo9$ to a body1 b to its k>man 9 ! =m ( good & evil de$s4 ,! scriptural text also :i* y quote ref]s to t body only :i* is orig9at$ by k>man2 = o!r texts 7',he is onefold1 he is ?reefold'2 ',if he desires ! _w ( ! ,fa!rs'2 ',he moves ab\t !re eat+1 play+1 rejoic+'2 ,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #bf1 #b2 ,,viii1 #b1 #a2 #ab1 #c7 %[ t ! p]son :o has fre$ himself f ! bondage ( k>man & become manife/ 9 8 true nature is n t\*$ by a %ad[ ( evil :ile all ! same he has a body4 ,! highe/ ,self1 :i* is ess5tially free f all evil1 ?us has ! entire _w 9 its gross & its subtle =m = its body2 b be+ 9 no way connect$ ) k>man x is all ! less connect$ ) evil ( any k9d4--',z 9 ord9>y life4' ,we obs]ve 9 ord9>y life t :ile ^? :o ei!r obs]ve or transgress ! ord9ances ( a rul] exp]i5ce pleasure or pa9 accord+ z ! rul] %[s !m fav\r or re/ra9s !m1 x does n foll[ f ! m]e fact ( ! rul]'s hav+ a body t he himself also exp]i5ces ! pleasure & pa9 due to ! obs]vance or transgression ( 8 comm&s4 ,! au?or ( ! ,dramida-bh%ya gives expression to ! same view1 ',z 9 ord9>y life a pr9ce1 al?\gh /ay+ 9 a v unpleasant place infe/$ ) mosquitoes & full ( discom=ts ( all k9d is yet n t\*$ by all ^! tr\bles1 8 body be+ con/antly refre%$ by fans & o!r means ( com=t1 rules ! c\ntries = :i* he c>es & cont9ues to enjoy all possible pleasures1 su* z fragrant od\rs & ! l2 s ! ,"l ( creation1 to :om 8 p[] s]ves z an ev]-mov+ fan z x 71 is n t\*$ by ! evils ( t creation1 b rules ! _w ( ,brahman & ! o!r worlds = :i* he c>es1 & cont9ues to enjoy all possible delights4' ,t ! nature ( ,brahman %\ld und]go *anges l a lump ( clay or gold we d n admit1 s9ce _m texts decl>e ,brahman to be free f all *ange & imp]fection4--,o!rs give a diff]5t explanation ( ?is ,stra4 ,accord+ to !m x refutes ! prvapak%a t on ! view ( ,brahman be+ ! g5]al cause ! di/9ction ( enjoy+ subjects & objects ( enjoym5t _c be acc\nt$ =--prov+ ! possibility ( su* di/9ction by means ( ! analog\s in/ance ( ! sea & its waves & flakes ( foam4 ,b ?is int]pretation is inappropriate1 s9ce = ^? :o hold t creation proce$s f ,brahman connect$ ) "s p[] or ,nesci5ce or a limit+ adjunct 7updhi7 no su* prim facie view c arise4 ,= on _! !ory ! enjoy+ subject is t :i* is condition$ by ! p[] or ,nesci5ce or updhi inh]+ 9 ! causal sub/ance1 & ! p[] or ,nesci5ce or updhi is ! object ( enjoym5t2 & z ! two are ( diff]5t nature1 !y _c pass ov] into ea* o!r4 ,! view ( ,brahman itself und]go+ an ess5tial *ange 7on :i* t prim facie view might possibly be held to arise7 is n admitt$ by ^? philosoph]s2 = ,stra ,,ii1 #a1 #ce tea*es t ! individual s\ls & _! de$s =m a /ream :i* has no beg9n+ 7s t ! di/9ction ( enjoy+ subjects & objects ( enjoym5t is et]nal74 ,b ev5 if x be held t ,brahman itself und]goes a *ange1 ! d\bt z to ! non-di/9ction ( subjects & objects ( enjoym5t does n arise2 = ! di/9ction ( ! two gr\ps w1 on t view1 be analog\s to t ( j>s & platt]s :i* are modifications ( ! "o sub/ance clay1 or to t ( bracelets & cr[ns fa%ion$ out ( ! "o sub/ance gold4 ,& on ! view ( ,brahman itself und]go+ a *ange !re arises a fur!r difficulty1 viz4 9 s f> z ,brahman 7:i* is no?+ b pure non-condition$ intellig5ce7 is held to trans=m itself into 7limit$7 enjoy+ s\ls & 7non-s5ti5t7 objects ( enjoym5t4 #ae4 ,! non-diff]5ce 7( ! _w7 f t 7viz4 ,brahman7 foll[s f :at beg9s ) ! ^w rambhana4 ,"u ,,ii1 #a1 #g & o!r ,stras ! non-diff]5ce ( ! effect1 i4e4 ! _w f ! cause1 i4e4 ,brahman 0 assum$1 & x 0 on ?is basis t ! pro( ( ,brahman be+ ! cause ( ! _w proce$$4 ,! pres5t ,stra n[ raises a prim facie objection aga9/ t v non-diff]5ce1 & !n proce$s to refute x4 ,on ! po9t 9 "q ! s*ool ( ,kanda argues z foll[s4 ,x is 9 no way possible t ! effect %\ld be non-diff]5t f ! cause4 ,= cause & effect are ! objects ( diff]5t ideas3 ! ideas :i* h = _! respective objects ?reads & a piece ( clo?1 or a lump ( clay & a j>1 are di/9ctly n ( "o & ! same k9d4 ,! diff]5ce ( words supplies a second argum5t2 nobody applies to m]e ?reads ! ^w 'piece ( clo?1' or vice v]s4 ,a ?ird argum5t re/s on ! diff]5ce ( effects3 wat] is n fet*$ f ! well 9 a lump ( clay1 nor is a well built ) j>s4 ,!re1 f\r?ly1 is ! diff]5ce ( "t2 ! cause is prior 9 "t1 ! effect po/]ior4 ,!re is1 fif?ly1 ! diff]5ce ( =m3 ! cause has ! %ape ( a lump1 ! effect 7! j>7 is %ap$ l a belly ) a broad basis2 clay 9 ! latt] condition only is meant :5 we say ',! j> has gone to pieces4' ,!re1 six?ly1 is a num]ical diff]5ce3 ! ?reads are _m1 ! piece ( clo? is "o only4 ,9 ! sev5? place1 !re is ! uselessness ( ! activity ( ! produc+ ag5t 7:i* w\ld result f cause & effect be+ id5tical72 = if ! effect 7 no?+ b ! cause1 :at c\ld be effect$ by ! activity ( ! ag5t8--,let u !n say t1 al?\gh ! effect exi/s 7at all times71 ! activity ( ! ag5t mu/ be po/ulat$ z helpful t[>ds ! effect4--,b 9 t case ! activity ( ! ag5t w\ld h to be assum$ z tak+ place p]petually1 & z h5ce ev]y?+ w\ld exi/ always1 !re w\ld be no di/9ction betwe5 et]nal & non-et]nal ?+s6--,let u !n say t ! effect1 al?\gh always exi/+1 is at fir/ non-manife/ & !n is manife/$ ?r\gh ! activity ( ! ag5t2 9 ?is way t activity w n be purposeless1 & !re w be a di/9ction betwe5 et]nal & non-et]nal ?+s6-- ,?is view also is unt5able4 ,= if t manife/ation requires ano!r manife/ation 7to acc\nt = x7 we are driv5 into a regressus 9 inf9itum4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x is indep5d5t ( ano!r manife/ation 7& h5ce et]nal71 x foll[s t ! effect also is et]nally p]ceiv$4 ,& if1 z a ?ird alt]native1 ! manife/ation is said to orig9ate1 we lapse into ! asatkryavda 7accord+ to :i* ! effect does n exi/ be=e its orig9ation74 ,moreov]1 if ! activity ( ! ag5t s]ves to manife/ ! effect1 x foll[s t ! activity devot$ to a j> w manife/ also wat]pots & simil> ?+s4 ,= ?+s :i* admitt$ly possess manife/+ p[]1 su* z lamps & ! l1 are n obs]v$ to be re/rict$ to p>ticul> objects to be manife/$ by !m3 we d n see t a lamp lit = %[+ a j> does n at ! same "t manife/ wat]pots & o!r ?+s4 ,all ?is proves t ! activity ( ! ag5t has a purpose 9 s f> only z x is ! cause ( ! orig9ation ( an effect :i* previ\sly did n exi/2 & ?us ! !ory ( ! previ\s exi/5ce ( ! effect _c be upheld4 ,nor does ! fact ( def9ite causes hav+ to be employ$ 79 ord] to produce def9ite effects2 clay e4g4 to produce a j>7 prove t t only :i* already exi/s c become an effect2 = ! facts expla9 !mselves also on ! hypo!sis ( ! cause hav+ def9ite pot5tialities 7det]m9+ ! def9ite effect :i* w result f ! cause74 ,b1 an objection is rais$1 he also :o holds ! !ory ( ! previ\s non-exi/5ce ( ! effect1 c really d no?+ ) ! activity ( ! ag5t4 ,= z1 on 8 view1 ! effect has no exi/5ce be=e x is orig9at$1 ! activity ( ! ag5t mu/ be suppos$ to op]ate else:]e ?an on ! effect2 & z ?is 'else:]e' comprises )\t di/9ction all o!r ?+s1 x foll[s t ! ag5t's activity ) ref]5ce to ?reads may give rise to wat]pots also 7n only to clo?74--,n s1 ! ,vaise%ika replies4 ,activity appli$ to a c]ta9 cause gives rise to ^? effects only ! pot5tiality ( :i* inh]es 9 t cause4 ,n[1 aga9/ all ?is1 ! foll[+ objection is rais$4 ,! effect is non-diff]5t f ! cause4 ,= 9 reality !re is no su* ?+ z an effect diff]5t f ! cause1 s9ce all effects1 & all empirical ?\ght & spee* ab\t effects1 are bas$ on ,nesci5ce4 ,ap>t f ! causal sub/ance1 clay1 :i* is se5 to be pres5t 9 effect$ ?+s su* z j>s1 ! s-call$ effect1 i4e4 ! j> or pot1 re/s altoge!r on ,nesci5ce4 ,all effect$ ?+s :atev]1 su* z j>s1 wat]pots1 c41 view$ z diff]5t f _! causal sub/ance1 viz4 clay1 :i* is p]ceiv$ to exi/ 9 ^! its effects1 re/ m]ely on empirical ?\ght & spee*1 & are fundam5tally false1 unreal2 :ile ! causal sub/ance1 i4e4 clay1 alone is real4 ,9 ! same way ! entire _w 9 s f> z view$ ap>t f its cause1 i4e4 ,brahman :i* is no?+ b pure non-diff]5c$ ,be+1 re/s exclusively on ! empirical assumption ( ,egoity & s on1 & is false2 :ile reality belongs to ! causal ,brahman :i* is m]e ,be+4 ,x foll[s t !re is no su* ?+ z an effect ap>t f its cause2 ! effect 9 fact is id5tical ) ! cause4 ,nor mu/ y object to our !ory on ! gr\nd t ! corroborative in/ance ( ! silv] errone\sly imag9$ 9 ! %ell is inappropriate because ! non- reality ( su* effect$ ?+s z j>s is by no means well prov$ :ile ! non-reality ( ! %ell-silv] is s prov$2 = z a matt] ( fact x is det]m9$ by reason+ t x is ! causal sub/ance ( j>s1 viz4 clay1 only t is real :ile ! reality ( ev]y?+ ap>t f clay is disprov$ by reason+4 ,& if y ask :]eupon t reason+ re/s1 we reply--on ! fact t ! clay only is cont9u\s1 p]man5t1 :ile ev]y?+ diff]5t f x is discont9u\s1 non- p]man5t4 ,= j z 9 ! case ( ! snake-rope we obs]ve t ! cont9u\sly exi/+ rope only--:i* =ms ! sub/rate ( ! imag9$ snake--is real1 :ile ! snake or cleft 9 ! gr\nd1 :i* is non-cont9u\s1 is unreal2 s we conclude t x is ! p]man5tly endur+ clay-mat]ial only :i* is real1 :ile ! non-cont9u\s effects1 su* z j>s & pots1 are unreal4 ,&1 fur!r1 s9ce :at is real1 i4 e4 ! ,self1 does n p]i%1 & :at is altoge!r unreal1 z e4g4 ! horn ( a h>e1 is n p]ceiv$1 we conclude t an effect$ ?+1 :i* on ! "o h& is p]ceiv$ & on ! o!r is liable to de/ruction1 mu/ be view$ z some?+ to be def9$ nei!r z t :i* is nor z t :i* is n4 ,& :at is ?us undef9able1 is false1 no less ?an ! silv] imag9$ 9 ! %ell1 ! anirvakanyatva ( :i* is prov$ by p]ception & sublation 7see above1 p4 #ajb ff474--,we fur!r ask1 ',is a causal sub/ance1 su* z clay1 :5 produc+ its effect1 9 a non-modifi$ /ate1 or has x pass$ ov] into "s special modifi$ condition8' ,! =m] alt]native _c be all[$1 because !nce x w\ld foll[ t ! cause orig9ates effects at all times2 & ! latt] mu/ equally be reject$1 because ! pass+ ov] ( ! cause into a special /ate w\ld oblige u to po/ulate a previ\s pass+ ov] into a diff]5t /ate 7to acc\nt = ! latt] pass+ ov]7 & aga9 a previ\s "o1 c41 s t a regressus 9 inf9itum w\ld result4--,let x !n be said t ! causal sub/ance :5 giv+ rise to ! effect is inde$ un*ang$1 b connect$ ) a special op]ative cause1 "t & place 7?is connexion acc\nt+ = ! orig9ation ( ! effect74--,b ?is also we _c all[2 = su* connexion w\ld be ) ! causal sub/ance ei!r z un*ang$ or z hav+ ent]$ on a *ang$ condition2 & ?us ! difficulties /at$ above w\ld arise aga94-- ,nor may y say t ! orig9ation ( j>s1 gold co9s1 & s\r milk f clay1 gold1 & milk respectively is actually p]ceiv$2 t ?is p]ception is n sublat$ ) reg>d to "t & place--:ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! p]ception ( silv] 9 ! %ell is s sublat$--& t h5ce all ^? :o tru/ p]ception mu/ necess>ily admit t ! effect does orig9ate f ! cause4 ,= ?is argum5tation does n /& ! te/ ( be+ set =? 9 def9ite alt]natives4 ,does ! m]e gold1 c41 by itself orig9ate ! sva/ika-ornam5t8 or is x ! gold co9s 7us$ = mak+ ornam5ts7 :i* orig9ate8 or is x ! gold1 z =m+ ! sub/rate ( ! co9s ,,footnote #dcd3a8 ,! m]e gold1 9 ! fir/ place1 _c be orig9ative z !re exi/s no effect diff]5t f ! gold 7to :i* ! orig9ative activity c\ld apply itself72 & a ?+ _c possibly display orig9ative activity ) reg>d to itself4--,b1 an objection is rais$1 ! sva/ika- ornam5t is p]ceiv$ z diff]5t f ! gold6--,x is n1 we reply1 diff]5t f ! gold2 = ! gold is recognis$ 9 x1 & no o!r ?+ b gold is p]ceiv$4--,b ! exi/5ce ( ano!r ?+ is prov$ by ! fact ( !re be+ a diff]5t idea1 a diff]5t ^w1 & s on6--,by no means1 we reply4 ,o!r ideas1 words1 & s on1 :i* h ref]5ce to an altoge!r undef9$ ?+ are f\nd$ on error1 no less ?an ! idea (1 & ! ^w d5ot+1 %ell-silv]1 & h5ce h no p[] ( prov+ ! exi/5ce ( ano!r ?+4 ,nor1 9 ! second place1 is ! gold co9 orig9ative ( ! sva/ika-ornam5t2 = we d n p]ceive ! co9 9 ! sva/ika1 z we d p]ceive ! ?reads 9 ! clo?4 ,nor1 9 ! ?ird place1 is ! effect orig9at$ by ! gold 9 s f> z be+ ! sub/rate ( ! co92 = ! gold 9 s f> z =m+ ! sub/rate ( ! co9 is n p]ceiv$ 9 ! sva/ika4 ,z x ?us appe>s t all effects view$ ap>t f _! causal sub/ances are unreal1 we arrive at ! conclusion t ! entire _w1 view$ ap>t f ,brahman1 is also some?+ unreal2 = x also is an effect4 ,9 ord] to facilitate ! und]/&+ ( ! tru? t ev]y?+ ap>t f ,brahman is false1 we h s f> reason$ on ! assumption ( ?+s su* z clay1 gold1 c41 be+ real1 & h !reby prov$ ! non-reality ( all effects4 ,9 tru?1 h[ev]1 all special causal sub/ances are unreal q z mu* z j>s & gold5 ornam5ts are2 = !y are all ( !m equally effects ( ,brahman4 ',9 t all ?is has its ,self2 x is ! ,true' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #h1 #g72 ',!re is "h no plurality2 f dea? to dea? goes he :o sees "h plurality z x 7' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #ai72 ',= :]e !re is duality z x 71 !re "o sees ano!r2 b :5 = him ! ,self only has become all1 :]eby !n %\ld he see & :om %\ld he see8' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #d1 #ac72 ',indra goes manifold by means ( 8 mys' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #e1 #ai72--^! & o!r simil> texts tea* t :atev] is diff]5t f ,brahman is false4 ,nor mu/ x be imag9$ t ! tru? intimat$ by ,scripture c be 9 conflict ) ,p]ception2 = 9 ! way set =? above we prove t all effects are false1 & moreov] ,p]ception really has = its object pure ,be+ only 7cp4 above1 p4 #cj74 ,& if !re is a conflict betwe5 ! two1 sup]ior =ce belongs to ,scripture1 to :i* no imp]fection c be attribut$2 :i* occupies a f9al position among ! means ( k2 & :i*1 al?\gh dep5d5t on ,p]ception1 & s on1 = ! appreh5sion ( ! =m & mean+ ( words1 yet is indep5d5t z f> z prov+ p[] is conc]n$4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ev]y?+ diff]5t f ,brahman1 ! g5]al cause1 is unreal4 ,nor mu/ ?is conclusion be object$ to on ! gr\nd t f ! falsity ( ! _w x foll[s t ! individual s\ls also are non- real4 ,= x is ,brahman itself :i* con/itutes ! individual s\ls3 ,brahman alone takes ^u itself ! condition ( individual s\l 9 all liv+ bodies2 z we "k f _m texts3 ',hav+ ent]$ into !m ) ?is liv+ ,self 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #c72 ',! "o god hidd5 )9 all be+s' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #aa72 ',! "o god ent]$ 9 _m places'2 ',t ,self hidd5 9 all be+s does n %9e =?' 7,ka4 ,up4 ,i1 #c1ab72 ',!re is no o!r se] b he' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #c1 #bc72 & o!rs4--,b if y ma9ta9 t ! "o ,brahman con/itutes ! s\l 9 all liv+ bodies1 x foll[s t any p>ticul> pa9 or pleasure %\ld affect ! consci\sness ( all embodi$ be+s1 j z an agreeable s5sation affect+ ! foot gives rise to a feel+ ( pleasure 9 ! head2 & t !re w\ld be no di/9ction ( individual s\l & ,"l1 releas$ s\ls & s\ls 9 bondage1 pupils & tea*]s1 m5 wise & ignorant1 & s on4 ,n[1 9 reply to ?is1 "s ( ^? :o hold ! non-duality ( ,brahman give ! foll[+ explanation4 ,! _m individual s\ls are ! reflections ( ! "o ,brahman1 & _! /ates ( pa91 pleasure1 & s on1 rema9 di/9ct ow+ to ! diff]5t limit+ adjuncts 7on :i* ! exi/5ce ( ea* individual s\l z su* dep5ds71 9 ! same way z ! _m reflect$ images ( "o & ! same face 9 mirrors1 cry/als1 sword-blades1 c41 rema9 di/9ct ow+ to _! limit+ adjuncts 7viz4 mirrors1 c472 "o image be+ small1 ano!r l>ge1 "o be+ bright1 ano!r dim1 & s on4--,b y h said t scriptural texts su* z ',hav+ ent]$ ) ?is liv+ ,self %[ t ! s\ls are n diff]5t f ,brahman6--,!y are inde$ n diff]5t 9 reality1 b we ma9ta9 _! di/9ction on ! basis ( an imag9$ diff]5ce4--,to :om !n does t imag9ation belong8 ,n to ,brahman surely ^: nature1 consi/+ ( pure intellig5ce1 all[s no room = imag9ation ( any k9d6 ,nor also to ! individual s\ls2 = ?is w\ld imply a faulty mutual dep5d5ce1 ! exi/5ce ( ! s\l dep5d+ on imag9ation & t imag9ation resid+ 9 ! s\l6 ,n s1 ! advaita-vd9 replies4 ,nesci5ce 7wrong imag9ation7 & ! exi/5ce ( ! s\ls =m an endless retrogressive *a92 _! relation is l t ( ! se$ & ! spr\t4 ,moreov]1 mutual dep5d5ce & ! l1 :i* are held to con/itute defects 9 ! case ( real ?+s1 are unable to dise/abli% ,nesci5ce1 ! v nature ( :i* consi/s 9 be+ t :i* _c rationally be e/abli%$1 & :i* h5ce may be comp>$ to somebody's swall[+ a :ole palace & ! l 7z se5 9 a dream or "u ! influ5ce ( a magical illusion74 ,9 reality ! individual s\ls are non-diff]5t f ,brahman1 & h5ce ess5tially free f all impurity2 b z !y are liable to impurity caus$ by _! limit+ adjuncts--9 ! same way z ! face reflect$ 9 a mirror is liable to be dimm$ by ! dimness ( ! mirror--!y may be ! abodes ( ,nesci5ce & h5ce may be view$ z ! figm5ts ( wrong imag9ation4 ,l ! dimness ( ! reflect$ face1 ! imp]fection adh]+ to ! s\l is a m]e error2 = o!rwise x w\ld foll[ t ! s\l c nev] obta9 release4 ,& z ?is error ( ! s\ls has proce$$ f all et]nity1 ! "q z to its cause is n to be rais$4 ,?is1 we reply1 is ! view ( tea*]s :o h no insight into ! true nature ( aduality1 & are prompt$ by ! wi% ( captur+ ! admiration & applause ( ^? :o believe 9 ! doctr9e ( duality4 ,= if1 z a fir/ alt]native1 y %\ld ma9ta9 t ! abode ( ,nesci5ce is con/itut$ by ! s\l 9 its ess5tial1 n fictiti\sly imag9$1 =m2 ?is means t ,brahman itself is ! abode ( ,nesci5ce4 ,if1 9 ! second place1 y %\ld say t ! abode ( ,nesci5ce is ! s\l1 view$ z diff]5t f ,brahman & fictiti\sly imag9$ 9 x1 ?is w\ld mean t ! ,non-intellig5t 7jada7 is ! abode ( ,nesci5ce4 ,= ^? :o hold ! view ( ,non-duality d n ackn[l$ge a ?ird aspect diff]5t f ^! two 7i4e4 f ,brahman :i* is pure intellig5ce1 & ! ,non-intellig5t fictiti\sly sup]impos$ on ,brahman74 ,& if1 z a ?ird alt]native1 x be ma9ta9$ t ! abode ( ,nesci5ce is ! s\l 9 its ess5tial nature1 ?is nature be+ h[ev] qualifi$ by ! fictiti\sly imag9$ aspect2 we mu/ negative ?is also1 s9ce t :i* has an absolutely homog5e\s nature _c 9 any way be %[n to be qualifi$1 ap>t f ,nesci5ce4 ,! s\l is qualifi$ 9 s f> only z x is ! abode ( ,nesci5ce1 & y !re=e def9e no?+4--,moreov]1 ! !ory ( ,nesci5ce abid+ )9 ! individual s\l is resort$ to = ! purpose ( e/abli%+ a basis = ! di/9ction ( bondage & release1 b x really is q unable to effect ?is4 ,= if by ,release be und]/ood ! de/ruction ( ,nesci5ce1 x foll[s t :5 "o s\l atta9s ,release & ,nesci5ce is ?us de/roy$1 ! o!r s\ls also w be releas$4--,b ,nesci5ce p]si/s because o!r s\ls are n releas$6-- ,well !n ! "o s\l also is n releas$ s9ce ,nesci5ce is n de/roy$6--,b we assume a diff]5t ,nesci5ce = ea* s\l2 t s\l ^: ,nesci5ce is de/roy$ w be releas$1 & t ^: ,nesci5ce is n de/roy$ w rema9 9 ,bondage6--,y n[ argue on ! assumption ( a special avidy = ea* s\l4 ,b :at ab\t ! di/9ction ( s\ls impli$ !re98 ,is t di/9ction ess5tial to ! nature ( ! s\l1 or is x ! figm5t ( ,nesci5ce8 ,! =m] alt]native is exclud$1 z x is admitt$ t ! s\l ess5tially is pure1 non-diff]5c$ intellig5ce2 & because on t alt]native ! assumption ( avidy to acc\nt = ! di/9ction ( s\ls w\ld be purposeless4 ,on ! latt] alt]native two subord9ate alt]natives arise--,does ?is avidy :i* gives rise to ! fictiti\s di/9ction ( s\ls belong to ,brahman8 or to ! individual s\ls8--,if y say 'to ,brahman'1 y\r view co9cides ) m9e4--,well !n1 'to ! s\ls'6-- ,b h y !n q =gott5 t ,nesci5ce is assum$ = ! purpose ( acc\nt+ = ! di/9ction ( s\ls8--,let u !n view ! matt] z foll[s--^? sev]al avidys :i* are assum$ = ! purpose ( e/abli%+ ! di/9ction ( s\ls b\nd & releas$1 to ^? same avidys ! di/9ction ( s\ls is due4--,b "h y reason 9 a manife/ circle3 ! avidys are e/abli%$ on ! basis ( ! di/9ction ( s\ls1 & ! di/9ction ( s\ls is e/abli%$ :5 ! avidys are e/abli%$4 ,nor does ! argum5t ( ! se$ & spr\t apply to ! pres5t "q4 ,= 9 ! case ( se$s & plants ea* sev]al se$ gives rise to a diff]5t plant2 :ile 9 ! case "u discussion y adopt ! impossible proc$ure ( e/abli%+ ! sev]al avidys on ! basis ( ! v s\ls :i* are assum$ to be due to ^? avidys4 ,& if y attempt to give to ! argum5t a some:at diff]5t turn1 by ma9ta9+ t x is ! avidys abid+ 9 ! e>li] s\ls :i* fictiti\sly give rise to ! lat] s\ls1 we po9t out t ?is implies ! s\ls be+ %ort-liv$ only1 & moreov] t ea* s\l w\ld h to take ^u itself ! consequ5ces ( de$s n its own & escape ! consequ5ces ( its own de$s4 ,! same reason+ disposes ( ! hypo!sis t x is ,brahman :i* effects ! fictiti\s exi/5ce ( ! subsequ5t s\ls by means ( ! avidys abid+ )9 ! e>li] s\ls4 ,& if !re is assum$ a beg9n+less fl[ ( avidys1 x foll[s t !re is also a beg9n+less fl[ ( ! condition ( ! s\ls dep5d5t on ^? avidys1 & t /eady uni=mity ( ! /ate ( ! s\ls :i* is suppos$ to hold good up to ! mom5t ( ,release c\ld ?us n be e/abli%$4 ,conc]n+ y\r ass]tion t1 z ,nesci5ce is some?+ unreal & h5ce altoge!r unprov$1 x is n dise/abli%$ by su* defects z mutual dep5d5ce :i* t\* real ?+s only2 we rem>k t 9 t case ,nesci5ce w\ld cl+ ev5 to releas$ s\ls & ! highe/ ,brahman itself4--,b impure ,nesci5ce _c cl+ to :at has = its ess5ce pure cognition6--,is ,nesci5ce !n to be dealt ) by rational argum5ts8 ,if s1 x w foll[ t1 on acc\nt ( ! argum5ts set =? 7mutual dep5d5ce1 & s on71 x likewise does n cl+ to ! individual s\ls4 ,we fur!r put ! foll[+ "q-- ,:5 ! ,nesci5ce abid+ 9 ! individual s\l passes away1 ow+ to ! rise ( ! k ( tru?1 does !n ! s\l also p]i% or does x n p]i%8 ,9 ! =m] case ,release is no?+ else b de/ruction ( ! ess5tial nature ( ! s\l2 9 ! latt] case ! s\l does n atta9 ,release ev5 on ! de/ruction ( ,nesci5ce1 s9ce x cont9ues to exi/ z s\l diff]5t f ,brahman4--,y h fur!r ma9ta9$ t ! di/9ction ( s\ls z pure & impure1 c41 admits ( be+ acc\nt$ = 9 ! same way z ! dimness or cle>ness1 & s on1 ( ! diff]5t images ( a face z se5 reflect$ 9 mirrors1 cry/als1 sword-blades & ! l4 ,b "h ! foll[+ po9t requires consid]ation4 ,on :at occasion d ! smallness1 dimness & o!r imp]fections due to ! limit+ adjuncts 7i4e4 ! mirrors1 c47 pass away8--,:5 ! mirrors & o!r limit+ adjuncts !mselves pass away6--,does !n1 we ask1 ! reflect$ image :i* is ! sub/rate ( ^? imp]fections p]si/ or n8 ,if y say t x p]si/s1 !n by analogy ! individual s\l also mu/ be assum$ to p]si/1 & f ?is x foll[s t x does n atta9 ,release4 ,& if ! reflect$ image is held to p]i% toge!r ) its imp]fections1 by analogy ! s\l also w p]i% & !n ,release w be no?+ b annihilation4-- ,consid] ! foll[+ po9t also4 ,! de/ruction ( a non-advantage\s 7apuru%r?a7 defect is ( advantage to him :o is consci\s ( t disadvantage4 ,is x !n1 we ask1 9 ! giv5 case ,brahman--:i* corresponds to ! ?+ reflect$--t is consci\s ( ! imp]fections due to ! limit+ adjuncts8 or is x ! s\l :i* corresponds to ! reflect$ image8 or is x some?+ else8 ,on ! two =m] alt]natives x appe>s t ! comp>ison 7betwe5 ,brahman & ! s\l on ! "o h&1 & ! ?+ reflect$ & ! reflection on ! o!r--on :i* comp>ison y\r :ole !ory is f\nd$7 does n hold good2 = nei!r ! face nor ! reflection ( ! face is consci\s ( ! imp]fections due to ! adjuncts2 = nei!r ( ! two is a be+ capable ( consci\sness4 ,&1 moreov]1 ,brahman's be+ consci\s ( imp]fections w\ld imply its be+ ! abode ( ,nesci5ce4 ,& ! ?ird alt]native1 aga91 is impossible1 s9ce !re is no o!r kn[+ subject b ,brahman & ! s\l4--,x w\ld1 moreov]1 be necess>y to def9e :o is ! imag9atively %ap+ ag5t 7kalpaka7 ) reg>d to ! s\l z =m$ f ,nesci5ce4 ,x _c be ,nesci5ce itself1 because ,nesci5ce is n an intellig5t pr9ciple4 ,nor c x be ! s\l1 because ?is w\ld imply ! defect ( :at has to be prov$ be+ presuppos$ = ! purposes ( ! pro(2 & because ! exi/5ce ( ! s\l is t :i* is =m$ by ,nesci5ce1 j z %ell-silv] is4 ,& if1 f9ally1 y %\ld say t ,brahman is ! fictiti\sly =m+ ag5t1 we h aga9 arriv$ at a ,brahman t is ! abode ( ,nesci5ce4--,if ,brahman is n all[$ to be ! abode ( ,nesci5ce1 we fur!r mu/ ask :e!r ,brahman sees 7is consci\s (7 ! individual s\ls or n4 ,if n1 x is n possible t ,brahman %\ld give rise to ?is manifold creation :i*1 z ,scripture decl>es1 is prec$$ by 'see+' on 8 "p1 & to ! diff]5tiation ( names & =ms4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ,brahman :i* is ( an absolutely homog5e\s nature sees ! s\ls1 x _c d s )\t ,nesci5ce2 & ?us we are aga9 l$ to ! view ( ,nesci5ce abid+ 9 ,brahman4 ,= simil> reasons ! !ory ( ! di/9ction ( ,mya & ,nesci5ce mu/ also be ab&on$4 ,= ev5 if ,brahman possesses ,my1 i4e4 illusive p[]1 x _c1 )\t ,nesci5ce1 be consci\s ( s\ls4 ,& )\t be+ consci\s ( o!rs ! "l ( ,my is unable to delude !m by 8 ,my2 & ,my h]self _c br+ ab\t ! consci\sness ( o!rs on ! "p ( its ,"l1 = x is a m]e means to delude o!rs1 aft] !y h 7by o!r means7 become objects ( consci\sness4-- ,p]haps y w say t ! ,my ( ,brahman causes him to be consci\s ( s\ls1 & at ! same "t is ! cause ( ^? s\ls' delusion4 ,b if ,my causes ,brahman--:i* is no?+ b self-illum9at$ intellig5ce1 absolutely homog5e\s & free f all =eign elem5ts-- to become consci\s ( o!r be+s1 !n ,my is no?+ b ano!r "n = ,nesci5ce4--,let x !n be said t ,nesci5ce is ! cause ( ! cognition ( :at is contr>y to tru?2 su* be+ ! case1 ,my :i* pres5ts all false ?+s diff]5t f ,brahman z false1 & ?us is n ! cause ( wrong cognition on ! "p ( ,brahman1 is n avidy4--,b ?is is inadmissible2 =1 :5 ! on5ess ( ! moon is kn[n1 t :i* causes ! idea ( ! moon be+ d\ble c be no?+ else b avidy4 ,moreov]1 if ,brahman recognises all be+s ap>t f himself z false1 he does n delude !m2 = surely none b a madman w\ld aim at delud+ be+s kn[n by him to be unreal6-- ,let u !n def9e avidy z ! cause ( a disadvantage\s cognition ( unreal ?+s4 ,my !n1 z n be+ ! cause ( su* a disadvantage\s cognition on ,brahman's "p1 _c be ( ! nature ( avidy6--,b ?is also is inadmissible2 = al?\gh ! idea ( ! moon be+ d\ble is n ! cause ( any pa91 & h5ce n disadvantage\s to man1 x is all ! same caus$ by avidy2 & if1 on ! o!r h&1 ,my :i* aims at dispell+ t idea 79 s f> z x pres5ts ! image & idea ( "o moon7 did n pres5t :at is ( disadvantage1 x w\ld n be some?+ to be de/roy$1 & h5ce w\ld be p]man5tly connect$ ) ,brahman's nature4--,well1 if x 7 s1 :at h>m w\ld !re be8--,! h>m w\ld be t su* a view implies ! !ory ( duality1 & h5ce w\ld be 9 conflict ) ! texts inculcat+ non-duality su* z ',= :]e !re is duality z x 71 c42 b :5 = him ! ,self only has become all1 :]eby !n %\ld he see1 & :om %\ld he see8'--,b ^? texts set =? ! ,real2 ,my on ! o!r h& is non-real1 & h5ce ! view ( its p]man5cy is n 9 real conflict ) ! texts6--,brahman1 we reply1 has = its ess5tial nature unlimit$ bliss1 & h5ce _c be consci\s (1 or affect$ )1 unreal ,my1 )\t avidy4 ,( :at use1 we fur!r ask1 %\ld an et]nal non-real ,my be to ,brahman8--,brahman by means ( x deludes ! individual s\ls6--,b ( :at use %\ld su* delusion be to ,brahman8--,x af=ds to ,brahman a k9d ( sport or play6--,b ( :at use is play to a be+ ^: nature is unlimit$ bliss8--,d we n !n see 9 ord9>y life also t p]sons 9 ! enjoym5t ( full happ9ess & prosp]ity indulge all ! same 9 play8--,! cases are n p>allel1 we reply4 ,= none b p]sons n 9 _! "r m9d w\ld take pleasure 9 an unreal play1 c>ri$ on by means ( implem5ts unreal & kn[n by !m to be unreal1 & 9 ! consci\sness1 itself1 unreal ( su* a play6--,! argum5ts set =? previ\sly also prove ! impossibility ( ! fictiti\s exi/5ce ( an individual s\l consid]$ z ! abode ( avidy1 ap>t f ,brahman consid]$ z ! abode ( ,my4 ,we ?us arrive at ! conclusion t ^? :o hold ! non-duality ( ,brahman mu/ also admit t x is ,brahman alone :i* is affect$ ) beg9n+less avidy1 & ow+ to ?is avidy is consci\s ( plurality )9 itself4 ,nor mu/ x be urg$ aga9/ him :o holds ?is view ( avidy belong+ to ,brahman t he is unable to acc\nt = ! di/9ction ( bondage & release1 = z !re is only ! "o ,brahman affect$ ) ,nesci5ce & to be releas$ by ! cessation ( t ,nesci5ce1 ! di/9ction ( s\ls b\nd & releas$1 c41 has no true exi/5ce3 ! empirical di/9ction ( s\ls b\nd & releas$1 ( tea*]s & pupils1 c4 is a m]ely fictiti\s "o1 & all su* fiction c be expla9$ by means ( ! avidy ( "o intellig5t be+4 ,! case is analog\s to t ( a p]son dream+3 ! tea*]s & pupils & all ! o!r p]sons & ?+s he may see 9 8 dream are fictiti\sly %ap$ out ( ! avidy ( ! "o dream+ subject4 ,= ! same reason !re is no valid f\ndation = ! assumption ( _m avidys4 ,= ^? also :o hold t avidy belongs to ! individual s\ls d n ma9ta9 t ! di/9ction ( bondage & release1 ( "o's own self & o!r p]sons1 is real2 & if x is unreal x c be acc\nt$ = by ! avidy ( "o subject4 ,?is admits ( be+ /at$ 9 v>i\s te*nical ways4--,! di/9ctions ( bondage & ( "o's own self & o!r p]sons are fictiti\sly %ap$ by "o's own avidy2 = !y are unreal l ! di/9ctions se5 by a dream+ p]son4--,o!r bodies also h a ,self ?r\gh me only2 = !y are bodies l ?is my body4--,o!r bodies also are fictiti\sly %ap$ by my avidy2 = !y are bodies or effects1 or non-intellig5t or fictiti\s creations1 z ?is my body is4--,! :ole class ( intellig5t subjects is no?+ b me2 = !y are ( intellig5t nature2 :at is n me is se5 to be ( non-intellig5t nature2 z e4g4 j>s4--,x ?us foll[s t ! di/9ctions ( "o's own self & o!r p]sons1 ( s\ls b\nd & releas$1 ( pupils & tea*]s1 & s on1 are fictiti\sly creat$ by ! avidy ( "o intellig5t subject4 ,! fact is t ! uphold] ( ,duality himself is n able to acc\nt = ! di/9ction ( s\ls b\nd & releas$4 ,= z !re is an inf9ity ( pa/ aeons1 x foll[s t1 ev5 if "o s\l only %\ld atta9 release 9 ea* aeon1 all s\ls w\ld by ?is "t h atta9$ release2 ! actual exi/5ce ( non-releas$ s\ls _c ?us be rationally acc\nt$ =4--,b ! s\ls are 'inf9ite'2 ?is acc\nts = !re be+ s\ls n yet releas$6--,:at1 pray1 d y und]/& by ?is 'inf9ity' ( s\ls8 ,does x mean t !y _c be c\nt$8 ,?is we _c all[1 = al?\gh a be+ ( limit$ k may n be able to c\nt !m1 ow+ to _! l>ge numb]1 ! all-kn[+ ,"l surely c c\nt !m2 if he c\ld n d s x w\ld foll[ t he is n all-kn[+4--,b ! s\ls are really numb]less1 & ! ,"l's n kn[+ a def9ite numb] :i* does n exi/ does n prove t he is n all-kn[+6--,n s1 we reply4 ,?+s :i* are def9itely sep>ate 7bh9na7 f ea* o!r _c be )\t numb]4 ,s\ls h a numb]1 because !y are sep>ate2 j z mu/>d se$s1 beans1 e>!n vessels1 pieces ( clo?1 & s on4 ,& f _! be+ sep>ate x moreov] foll[s t s\ls1 l e>!n vessels1 & s on1 are non- intellig5t1 n ( ! nature ( ,self1 & p]i%able2 & x fur!r foll[s !refrom t ,brahman is n inf9ite4 ,= by inf9ity we und]/& ! abs5ce ( all limitation4 ,n[ on ! !ory :i* holds t !re is a plurality ( sep>ate exi/5ces1 ,brahman :i* is consid]$ to diff] 9 "* f o!r exi/5ces _c be said to be free f sub/antial limitation2 = sub/antial limitation means no?+ else ?an ! exi/5ce ( o!r sub/ances4 ,& :at is sub/antially limit$ _c be said to be free f temporal & spatial limitation2 = obs]vation %[s t x is j ^? ?+s :i* diff] 9 nature f o!r ?+s & ?us are sub/antially limit$--su* z e>!n vessels1 & s on--:i* are also limit$ 9 po9t ( space & "t4 ,h5ce all intellig5t exi/5ces1 includ+ ,brahman1 be+ sub/antially limit$1 are also limit$ 9 po9t ( space & "t4 ,b ?is conclusion leads to a conflict ) ^? scriptural texts :i* decl>e ,brahman to be free f all limitation :atsoev] 7',! ,true1 k1 inf9ite is ,brahman1' & simil> texts71 & moreov] w\ld imply t ! s\ls z well z ,brahman are liable to orig9ation1 decay1 & s on2 = limitation 9 "t means no?+ else b a be+'s pass+ ?r\gh ! /ages ( orig9ation1 decay1 & s on4 ,! dvaita-view ?us be+ f\nd unt5able on all sides1 we adh]e to our doctr9e t ?is entire _w1 f ,brahm d[n to a blade ( grass1 spr+s f ! avidy atta*$ to ,brahman :i* 9 itself is absolutely unlimit$2 & t ! di/9ctions ( consci\sness ( pleasure & pa91 & all simil> di/9ctions1 expla9 !mselves f ! fact ( all ( !m be+ ( ! nature ( avidya1 j z ! di/9ctions ( :i* a dream+ p]son is consci\s4 ,! "o ,brahman1 ^: nature is et]nal self-illum9$ness1 free f all het]og5e\s elem5ts1 ow+ to ! influ5ce ( avidy illusorily manife/s itself 7viv>ttate7 9 ! =m ( ?is _w2 & z ?us 9 reality !re exi/s no?+ :atev] diff]5t f ,brahman1 we hold t ! _w is 'non-diff]5t' f ,brahman4 ,to ?is ! ,dvaitavd91 i4e4 ! ,vaise%ika1 replies z foll[s4 ,! doctr9e t ,brahman1 :i* 9 itself is pure1 non-diff]5c$ self- illum9$ness1 has its own true nature hidd5 by avidy & h5ce sees plurality )9 itself1 is 9 conflict ) all ! valid means ( "r k2 = z ,brahman is )\t p>ts1 obscuration1 i4e4 cessation1 ( ! light ( ,brahman1 w\ld mean complete de/ruction ( ,brahman2 s t ! hypo!sis ( obscuration is altoge!r exclud$4 ,?is & o!r argum5ts h be5 already set =?2 z also t ! hypo!sis ( obscuration contradicts o!r views held by ! ,advait94 ,nor is !re any pro( = ! ass]tion t effects ap>t f _! causes are m]e error1 l %ell-silv]1 ! sep>ate exi/5ce ( ! effect be+ refut$ by ,reason+2 = z a matt] ( fact !re is no valid reason+ ( ! k9d4 ,! ass]tion t ! cause only is real because x p]si/s1 :ile ! non-cont9u\s effects--su* z j>s & wat]pots--are unreal1 has also be5 refut$ be=e1 on ! gr\nd t ! fact ( a ?+ n exi/+ at "o place & "o "t does n sublate its real exi/5ce at ano!r "t & place4 ,nor is !re any s\ndness 9 ! argum5tation t ! effect is false because1 ow+ to its be+ p]ceiv$ & its be+ p]i%able1 x _c be def9$ ei!r z real or unreal4 ,= a ?+'s be+ p]ceiv$ & its be+ p]i%able does n prove ! ?+'s fals5ess1 b only its non- p]man5cy4 ,to prove a ?+'s fals5ess x is requir$ to %[ t x is sublat$ 7i4e4 t its non-exi/5ce is prov$ by valid means7 ) ref]5ce to t v place & "t 9 connexion ) :i* x is p]ceiv$2 b t a ?+ is sublat$ ) ref]5ce to a place & "t o!r ?an ^? 9 connexion ) :i* x is p]ceiv$1 proves only t ! ?+ does n exi/ 9 connexion ) t place & "t1 b n t x is false4 ,?is view also may be put 9 te*nical =m1 viz4 effects su* z j>s & ! l are real because !y are n sublat$ ) reg>d to _! def9ite place & "t2 j z ! ,self is4--,nor is !re any tru? 9 ! ass]tion t ! effect _c orig9ate f ! cause ei!r modifi$ or unmodifi$2 = ! effect may orig9ate f ! cause if connect$ ) c]ta9 fav\r+ conditions ( place1 "t1 c4 ,nor c y %[ any pro( = ! ass]tion t ! cause1 :e!r modifi$ or non-modifi$1 _c ent] into connexion ) su* fav\r+ conditions2 z a matt] ( fact ! cause may v well1 )\t be+ modifi$1 ent] into su* connexion4-- ,b f ?is x foll[s t ! cause mu/ h be5 previ\sly connect$ ) ^? conditions1 s9ce previ\sly also x 0 equally unmodifi$6--,n s1 we reply4 ,! connexion ) fav\r+ conditions ( "t1 place1 c41 into :i* ! cause ent]s1 dep5ds on "s o!r cause1 & n !re=e on ! fact ( its n be+ modifi$4 ,no fault !n c be f\nd ) ! view ( ! cause1 :5 hav+ ent]$ into a special /ate dep5d+ on its connexion ) "t1 place1 c41 produc+ ! effect4 ,nor c x be d5i$ 9 any way t ! cause possesses orig9ative ag5cy ) reg>d to ! effect2 = su* ag5cy is actually obs]v$1 & _c be prov$ to be irrational4--,fur!r !re is no pro( = ! ass]tion t orig9ative ag5cy _c belong ei!r to m]e gold or to a 7fir/7 effect ( gold su* z co9$ gold1 or to gold 9 s f> z =m+ ! sub/rate = co9s & ! l2 = z a matt] ( fact m]e gold 7gold 9 g5]al71 if connect$ ) ! helpful factors m5tion$ above1 may v well possess orig9ative capacity4 ,to say t we d n p]ceive any effect diff]5t f gold is futile2 = z a matt] ( fact we p]ceive ! sva/ika-ornam5t :i* is diff]5t f m]e gold1 & ! exi/5ce ( diff]5t t]ms & ideas moreov] proves ! exi/5ce ( diff]5t ?+s4 ,nor h we "h to d ) a m]e error analog\s to t ( %ell-silv]4 ,= a real effect$ ?+1 su* z a gold5 ornam5t1 is p]ceiv$ dur+ ! :ole p]iod int]v5+ betwe5 its orig9ation & de/ruction1 & su* p]ception is n sublat$ ) reg>d to t "t & place4 ,nor is !re any valid l9e ( reason+ to sublate t p]ception4 ,t at ! same "t :5 ! previ\sly non-p]ceiv$ sva/ika-ornam5t is p]ceiv$ ! gold also is recognis$1 is due to ! fact ( ! gold p]si/+ z ! sub/rate ( ! ornam5t1 & h5ce su* recognition ( ! causal sub/ance does n disprove ! reality ( ! effect4--,& ! attempts to prove ! unreality ( ! _w by means ( scriptural texts we h already dispos$ ( 9 a previ\s "p ( ?is "w4 ,we fur!r object to ! ass]tion t x is "o ,self :i* be/[s on all bodies ! prop]ty ( be+ connect$ ) ! ,self2 z f ?is x w\ld foll[ t "o p]son is consci\s ( all ! pa9s & pleasures caus$ by all bodies4 ,=1 z se5 9 ! case ( ,saubh>i & o!rs1 x is ow+ to ! on5ess ( ! ,self t "o p]son is consci\s ( ! pa9s & pleasures due to sev]al bodies4 ,nor aga9 mu/ y allege t ! non-consci\sness 7on ! "p ( "o ,self ( all pleasures & pa9s :atev]71 is due to ! plurality ( ! ,egos1 :i* are ! subjects ( cognition1 & n to ! plurality ( ,selfs2 = ! ,self is none o!r ?an ! subject ( cognition & ! ,ego4 ,! organ ( egoity 7ahamkra71 on ! o!r h&1 :i* is ! same z ! int]nal organ 7antahk>ana71 _c be ! kn[+ subject1 = x is ( a non-intellig5t nature1 & is a m]e in/rum5t l ! body & ! s5se-organs4 ,?is also has be5 prov$ be=e4--,nor is !re any pro( = y\r ass]tion t all bodies mu/ be held to spr+ f ! avidy ( "o subject1 because !y are bodies1 non-intellig5t1 effects1 fictiti\s4 ,= t all bodies are ! fictiti\s creations ( avidy is n true2 s9ce t :i* is n sublat$ by valid means ( pro( mu/ be held to be real4--,nor aga9 c y uphold ! ass]tion t all intellig5t subjects are non-diff]5t1 i4e4 "o1 because we obs]ve t :atev] is o!r ?an a subject ( cognition is non- intellig5t2 = ?is also is disprov$ by ! fact ( ! plurality ( intellig5t subjects z prov$ by ! individual di/ribution1 among !m1 ( pleasures & pa9s4--,y h fur!r ma9ta9$ ',?r\gh me only all bodies are animat$ by a ,self2 !y are ! fictiti\s creations ( my avidy2 ,i alone con/itute ! :ole aggregate ( intellig5t subjects1' &1 on ! basis ( ^! av]m5ts1 h attempt$ to prove ! on5ess ( ! ,ego4 ,b all ?is is no?+ b ! r&om talk ( a p]son :o has n ma/]$ ev5 ! pr9ciples ( 8 own !ory2 = accord+ to y\r !ory ! ,self is pure intellig5ce to :i* ! :ole di/9ction ( ',i1' ',?\1' c41 is altoge!r =eign4 ,moreov]1 if x be held t ev]y?+ diff]5t f pure1 non-diff]5c$ intellig5ce is false1 x foll[s t all ef=t sp5t on le>n+ ! ,v$a ) a view to ,release is fruitless1 = ! ,v$a also is ! effect ( avidy1 & ! ef=t sp5t on x !re=e is analog\s to ! ef=t ( tak+ hold ( ! silv] wrongly imag9$ 9 ! %ell4 ,or1 to put x f a diff]5t po9t ( view1 all ef=t devot$ to ,release is purposeless1 s9ce x is ! effect ( k dep5d+ on tea*]s ( m]ely fictiti\s exi/5ce4 ,k produc$ by texts su* z ',?\ art t' does n put an end to bondage1 because x is produc$ by texts :i* are ! fictiti\s product ( avidy2 or because x is itself ( ! nature ( avidy2 or because x has = its abode kn[+ subjects1 :o are m]e creatures ( avidy2 or because x is ! product ( a process ( /udy :i* dep5ds on tea*]s :o are ! m]e creatures ( avidy2 x is ?us no bett] ?an k re/+ on texts tea*+ h[ bondage is to be put an end to1 :i* "o might h he>d 9 a dream4 ,or1 to put ! matt] aga9 f a diff]5t po9t ( view1 ,brahman con/itut$ by pure non- diff]5c$ intellig5ce is false1 s9ce x is to be atta9$ by k1 :i* is ! effect ( avidy2 or s9ce x is to be atta9$ by k abid+ 9 kn[+ subjects :o are m]e figm5ts ( avidy2 or because x is atta9$ ?r\gh k :i* is ! m]e figm5t ( avidy4 ,= :atev] is atta9$ ?r\gh k ( t k9d is false2 z e4g4 ! ?+s se5 9 dreams or a t[n ( ! ,g&h>vas 7,fata ,morgana74 ,nor does ,brahman1 con/itut$ by pure non-diff]5c$ intellig5ce1 %9e =? by itself1 s z n to ne$--= its cognition--o!r means ( k4 ,& t t self-lum9\s k :i* y decl>e to be borne witness to by itself1 really consi/s 9 ! k ( p>ticul> objects ( k--su* k abid+ 9 p>ticul> cognis+ subjects--?is also has be5 prov$ previ\sly4 ,& ! diff]5t argum5ts :i* 7 set =? z prov+ ,brahman's non- diff]5c$ nature1 are suffici5tly refut$ by :at we h said j n[ z to all su* argum5ts !mselves be+ ! products ( avidy4 ,nor aga9 is !re any s5se 9 ! !ory t ! pr9ciple ( non- diff]5c$ intellig5ce 'witnesses' avidy1 & implicates itself 9 ! error ( ! _w4 ,= 'witness+' & error are obs]v$ to abide only 9 def9ite consci\s subjects1 n 9 consci\sness 9 g5]al4 ,nor c t pr9ciple ( pure intellig5ce be prov$ to possess illum9+ p[] or light dep5d+ on itself only4 ,= by light 7enlight5m5t7 we c und]/& no?+ b def9ite well-e/abli%$ k 7siddhi7 on ! "p ( "s kn[+ subject ) reg>d to "s p>ticul> object4 ,x is on ?is basis only t y y\rself prove ! self-illum9$ness ( y\r univ]sal pr9ciple2 to an absolutely non- diff]5c$ intellig5ce n imply+ ! di/9ction ( subject & object su* 'svayampraksat' c\ld n possibly belong4 ,) reg>d aga9 to :at y s l\dly proclaim at y\r meet+s1 viz4 t real effects are se5 to spr+ ev5 f unreal causes1 we po9t out t al?\gh y all[ to su* effects1 be+ non-sublatcd z x 71 a k9d ( exi/5ce call$ 'empirical' 7or 'conv5tional'--vyvahrika71 y y\rself ackn[l$ge t fundam5tally !y are no?+ b products ( avidy2 y ?us und]m9e y\r own position4 ,we h1 on ! o!r h&1 already dispos$ ( ?is y\r view above1 :5 prov+ t 9 all cases effects are orig9at$ by real causes only4 ,nor may y plead t :at p]ception tells u 9 su* cases is contradict$ by ,scripture2 = z1 accord+ to y1 ,scripture itself is an effect1 & h5ce ( ! ess5ce ( avidy1 x is 9 no bett] case ?an ! in/ances quot$4 ,y h fur!r decl>$ t1 al?\gh ,brahman is to be atta9$ only ?r\gh unreal k1 yet x is real s9ce :5 once atta9$ x is n sublat$ by any subsequ5t cognition4 ,b ?is reason+ also is n valid2 = :5 x has once be5 asc]ta9$ t "s pr9ciple is atta9$ ?r\gh k re/+ on a vici\s basis1 ! fact t we are n aw>e ( a subsequ5t sublation ( t pr9ciple is irrelevant4 ,t ! pr9ciple '! reality ( ?+s is a univ]sal ,void' is false1 we conclude !refrom t ! reason+ lead+ to t pr9ciple is asc]ta9$ to be ill-f\nd$1 al?\gh we are n aw>e ( any subsequ5t tru? sublat+ t pr9ciple4 ,moreov]1 = texts su* z ',!re is "h no plurality :atsoev]'1 ',k1 bliss is ,brahman1' ! abs5ce ( subsequ5t sublation is claim$ on ! gr\nd t !y negative ! :ole aggregate ( ?+s diff]5t f m]e intellig5ce1 & h5ce are lat] 9 ord] ?an all o!r texts 7:i* _h e/abli%$ t aggregate ( ?+s74 ,b somebody may rise & say '! ,reality is a ,void'1 & ?us negative ! exi/5ce ( ! pr9ciple ( m]e ,intellig5ce also2 & ! latt] pr9ciple is ?us sublat$ by ! ass]tion z to ! ,void1 :i* is lat] 9 ord] ?an ! texts :i* x negatives4 ,on ! o!r h& ! ass]tion z to ! ,void be+ ! univ]sal pr9ciple is n liable to subsequ5t sublation2 = x is impossible = any negation to g beyond x4 ,& z to re/+ on a vici\s basis1 !re is 9 t respect no diff]5ce betwe5 ,p]ception & ! o!r means ( k1 & ! view ( g5]al unreality1 f\nd$ on ! ,v$nta4 ,! prop] conclusion !re=e is t all cognitions :atsoev] abide 9 real subjects ( cognition & are !mselves real1 consi/+ 9 m5tal c]ta9ty ) reg>d to special objects4 ,"s ( ^! cognitions re/ on defects :i* !mselves are real2 o!rs spr+ f a comb9ation ( causes1 real & free f all defect4 ,unless we admit all ?is we %all n be able to acc\nt 9 a satisfactory way = ! di/9ction ( ?+s true & ?+s false1 & = all empirical ?\ght4 ,= empirical ?\ght1 :e!r true or ( ! nature ( error1 presupposes inw>d light 7illum9ation7 9 ! =m ( c]ta9ty ) reg>d to a p>ticul> object1 & belong+ to a real kn[+ subject2 m]e non-diff]5c$ ,be+1 on ! o!r h& 7n p>ticul>is$ 9 ! =m ( a kn[+ subject71 _c be ! cause ( /ates ( consci\sness1 :e!r ref]r+ to real or ,unreal ?+s1 & _c !re=e =m ! basis ( empirical ?\ght4 ,aga9/ our oppon5t's argum5t t pure ,be+ mu/ be held ! real sub/rate ( all errone\s sup]imposition 7adhysa71 = ! reason t no error c exi/ )\t a sub/rate1 we rem>k t an error may take place ev5 :5 its sub/rate is unreal1 9 ! same way z an error may exi/ ev5 :5 ! defect 7giv+ rise to ! error71 ! abode ( ! defect1 ! subject ( cognition & ! cognition itself are unreal4 ,! argum5t ?us loses its =ce4 ,possibly he w n[ argue t z an error is nev] se5 to exi/ :]e ! sub/rate is unreal1 ! reality ( pure ,be+ 7z furni%+ ! requir$ basis = error7 mu/ necess>ily be admitt$4 ,b1 we po9t out1 x also is a fact t errors are nev] obs]v$ :]e ! defect1 ! abode ( ! defect1 ! kn[+ subject & ! act ( k are unreal2 & if we pay reg>d to obs]vation1 we mu/ !re=e admit ! reality ( all ^! factors z well4 ,!re is really no diff]5ce betwe5 ! two cases1 unless our oppon5t *ooses to be ob/9ate4 ,y fur!r ass]t$ t1 on ! !ory ( _m really diff]5t ,selfs1 x w\ld foll[ f ! inf9ity ( ! pa/ aeons t all s\ls mu/ h be5 releas$ be=e ?is1 none be+ left 9 ! /ate ( bondage2 & t h5ce ! actually obs]v$ di/9ction ( s\ls b\nd & releas$ rema9s unexpla9$4 ,b ?is argum5tation is refut$ by ! fact ( ! s\ls also be+ inf9ite4 ,y inde$ ma9ta9$ t1 if ! s\ls are really sep>ate1 !y mu/ necess>ily h a def9ite numb] l beans1 mu/>d-se$s1 e>!n vessels1 & s on2 b ^! in/ances are beside ! po9t1 z e>!n vessels1 & s on1 are also inf9ite 9 numb]4--,b d we n actually see t all ^! ?+s h def9ite numb]s1 ',"h are t5 j>s2 a ?\s& beans1' c48--,true1 b ^? numb]s d n belong to ! ess5tial nature ( j>s1 & s on1 b only to j>s 9 s f> z connect$ ) "t1 place1 & o!r limit+ adjuncts4 ,& t s\ls also h def9ite numb]s 9 ?is s5se1 we readily admit4 ,& f ?is x does n foll[ t all s\ls %\ld be releas$2 = ess5tially ! s\ls are inf9ite 79 numb]74-- ,nor are y entitl$ to ma9ta9 t ! real sep>ation ( individual s\ls w\ld imply t1 z e>!n vessels & ! l1 !y are non- intellig5t1 n ( ! nature ( ,self1 & p]i%able4 ,= ! circum/ance ( individuals ( "o species be+ di/9ct f ea* o!r1 does 9 no way imply t !y possess ! *>act]i/ics ( ?+s belong+ to ano!r species3 ! individual sep>ation ( j>s does n imply _! hav+ ! *>act]i/ics ( pieces ( clo?4--,y fur!r ma9ta9 t f ! hypo!sis ( a real plurality ( s\ls x foll[s t ,brahman is sub/antially limit$1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is limit$ ) reg>d to "t & space also1 & t h5ce its inf9ity is disprov$4 ,b ?is also is a mi/ak5 conclusion4 ,?+s sub/antially limit$ may be limit$ m or less ) reg>d to "t & place3 !re is no inv>iable rule on ?is po9t1 & ! measure ( _! connexion ) space & "t has h5ce to be det]m9$ 9 dep5d5ce on o!r means ( k4 ,n[ ,brahman's connexion ) all space & all "t results f su* o!r means ( pro(1 & h5ce !re is no contradiction 7betwe5 ?is non-limitation ) reg>d to space & "t1 & its limitation 9 po9t ( sub/ance--:i* is due to ! exi/5ce ( o!r s\ls74--,b m]e sub/antial limitation1 z mean+ ! abs5ce ( non-limitation ( any k9d1 by itself proves t ,brahman is n inf9ite6--,well1 !n y y\rself are 9 no bett] case2 = y admit t ,brahman is some?+ diff]5t f avidy4 ,f ?is admission x foll[s t ,brahman also is some?+ 'diff]5t'1 & ?us all ! disadvantages connect$ ) ! view ( diff]5ce cl+ to y\r !ory z well4 ,if on ! o!r h& x %\ld n be all[$ t ,brahman diff]s 9 nature f avidy1 !n ,brahman's nature itself is con/itut$ by avidy1 & ! text def9+ ,brahman z '! ,true1 k1 inf9ite' is contr>y to s5se4--,if ! reality ( 'diff]5ce' is n admitt$1 !n !re is no long] any di/9ction betwe5 ! pro(s & ! mutual objections set =? by ! advocates ( diff]5t !ories1 & we are l&$ 9 g5]al confusion4 ,! pro( ( inf9ity1 we fur!r rem>k1 re/s altoge!r on ! abs5ce ( limitation ( space & "t1 n on abs5ce ( sub/antial limitation2 abs5ce ( su* limitation is some?+ v mu* ak9 to ! 'horn ( a h>e' & is p]ceiv$ n[h]e4 ,on ! view ( diff]5ce1 on ! o!r h&1 ! :ole _w1 z con/itut+ ,brahman's body1 is its mode1 & ,brahman is ?us limit$ nei!r ?r\gh itself nor ?r\gh o!r ?+s4-- ,we ?us arrive at ! conclusion t1 z effects are real 9 s f> z diff]5t f _! cause1 ! effect ( ,brahman1 i4e4 ! entire _w1 is diff]5t f ,brahman4 ,aga9/ ?is view ! ,stra n[ decl>es itself z foll[s4--,! non- diff]5ce ( ! _w f ,brahman1 ! highe/ cause1 foll[s f ':at beg9s ) ! ^w rambhana'--:i* proves su* non-diff]5ce2 ':at beg9s ) ! ^w rambhana' means ^? clauses at ! head ( :i* t ^w is met )1 viz4 'vkrambhanam vikro nmadheyam mrittikety eva satyam'2 ',be+ only ?is 0 9 ! beg9n+1 "o only1 )\t a second'2 'x ?\ght1 may ,i be _m1 may ,i gr[ =?2 x s5t =? fire'2 'hav+ ent]$ ) ?is liv+ ,self2 ',9 ! ,true1 my son1 all ^! creatures h _! root1 9 ! ,true !y dwell1 9 ! ,true !y re/'2 ',9 t all t exi/s has its ,self2 x is ! ,true1 x is ! ,self2 & ?\ art x1 ,o ,svetaketu' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #a-h7--;x is ^! clauses & o!rs ( simil> purport :i* are met ) 9 o!r *apt]s1 t ! ,stra ref]s to4 ,= ^! texts prove ! non- diff]5ce f ,brahman ( ! _w consi/+ ( non-s5ti5t & s5ti5t be+s4 ,?is is z foll[s4 ,! tea*]1 be>+ 9 8 m9d ! idea ( ,brahman con/itut+ ! sole cause ( ! entire _w & ( ! non-diff]5ce ( ! effect f ! cause1 asks ! pupil1 ',h y ev] ask$ = t in/ruction by :i* ! non-he>d is he>d1 ! non-p]ceiv$ is p]ceiv$1 ! n kn[n is kn[n'2 :]e9 !re is impli$ ! promise t1 ?r\gh ! k ( ,brahman ! g5]al cause1 its effect1 i4e4 ! :ole ,univ]se1 w be kn[n8 ,! pupil1 n kn[+ t ,brahman is ! sole cause ( ! ,univ]se1 raises a d\bt z to ! possibility ( "o ?+ be+ kn[n ?r\gh ano!r1',h[ !n1 ,sir1 is t in/ruction8' & ! tea*] !reupon1 9 ord] to convey ! notion ( ,brahman be+ ! sole univ]sal cause1 quotes an in/ance %[+ t ! non-diff]5ce ( ! effect f ! cause is prov$ by ord9>y exp]i5ce1 ',z by "o clod ( clay !re is kn[n ev]y?+ t is made ( clay'2 ! mean+ be+ 'z j>s1 pots1 & ! l1 :i* are fa%ion$ out ( "o piece ( clay1 are kn[n ?r\gh ! cognition ( t clay1 s9ce _! sub/ance is n diff]5t f x4',9 ord] to meet ! objection t accord+ to ,kanda's doctr9e ! effect con/itutes a sub/ance diff]5t f ! cause1 ! tea*] next proce$s to prove ! non-diff]5ce ( ! effect f ! cause by ref]5ce to ord9>y exp]i5ce1 'vkrambhanam vikro namadheyam mrittikety eva satyam'4 rambhanam mu/ "h be expla9$ z t :i* is tak5 or t\*$ 7-rabh -labh2 & 'lambhah sp>sahimsayoh'72 comp>e ,pn9i ,,iii1 #c1 #aac1 z to ! =m & mean+ ( ! ^w4 ',vk1' 'on acc\nt ( spee*1' we take to mean 'on acc\nt ( activity prec$$ by spee*'2 = activities su* z ! fet*+ ( wat] 9 a pit*] are prec$$ by spee*1',fet* wat] 9 ! pit*]1' & s on4 ,= ! br++ ab\t ( su* activity1 ! mat]ial clay 7:i* _h be5 m5tion$ j be=e7 t\*es 7ent]s into contact )7 an effect 7vikra71 i4e4 a p>ticul> make or configuration1 di/+ui%$ by hav+ a broad bottom & resembl+ ! %ape ( a belly1 & a special "n 7nmadheya71 viz4 pit*]1 & s on1 :i* is appli$ to t effect2 or1 to put x diff]5tly1 to ! end t c]ta9 activities may be accompli%$1 ! sub/ance clay receives a new configuration & a new "n4 ,,footnote #dee3a ,h5ce j>s & o!r ?+s ( clay are clay 7mrittik71 i4e4 are ( ! sub/ance ( clay1 only2 ?is only is true 7satyam71 i4e4 kn[n ?r\gh au?oritative means ( pro(2 only 7eva71 because ! effects are n kn[n z diff]5t sub/ances4 ,"o & ! same sub/ance !re=e1 su* z clay or gold1 gives occasion = diff]5t ideas & words only z x assumes diff]5t configurations2 j z we obs]ve t "o & ! same ,devadatta becomes ! object ( diff]5t ideas & t]ms1 & gives rise to diff]5t effects1 accord+ to ! diff]5t /ages ( life--y\?1 old age1 c4--:i* he has rea*$4--,! fact ( our say+ '! j> has p]i%$' :ile yet ! clay p]si/s1 0 ref]r$ to by ! ,prvapak%9 z prov+ t ! effect is some?+ diff]5t f ! cause2 b ?is view is disprov$ by ! view held by u t orig9ation1 de/ruction1 & s on1 are m]ely diff]5t /ates ( "o & ! same causal sub/ance4 ,accord+ z "o & ! same sub/ance is 9 ?is or t /ate1 !re belong to x diff]5t t]ms & diff]5t activities1 & ^! diff]5t /ates may rightly be view$ z dep5d+ on ! activity ( an ag5t4 ,! objections aga9 :i* are connect$ ) ! !ory ( 'manife/ation' are refut$ by our n ackn[l$g+ su* a ?+ at all z 'manife/ation4' ,nor does ! admission ( orig9ation r5d] ! doctr9e ( ! reality ( ! effect irrational2 = x is only ! ,real t orig9ates4--,b x is a contradiction to ma9ta9 t t :i* previ\sly exi/s is orig9at$6--,?is1 we reply1 is ! objection ( a p]son :o kn[s no?+ ab\t ! true nature ( orig9ation & de/ruction4 ,a sub/ance ent]s into diff]5t /ates 9 succession2 :at passes away is ! sub/ance 9 its previ\s /ates1 :at orig9ates is ! sub/ance 9 its subsequ5t /ates4 ,z ?us ! sub/ance 9 all its /ates has be+1 !re is no?+ irrational 9 ! satkrya !ory4-- ,b ! admission ( ! orig9ation ( a non-exi/+ /ate l&s u 9 ! asatkrya !ory6--,if he1 we retort1 :o holds ! asatkrya !ory is ( op9ion t ! orig9ation ( ! effect does n itself orig9ate1 he is simil>ly l&$ 9 ! satkrya !ory2 & if he holds t ! orig9ation itself orig9ates1 he is l$ into a regressus 9 inf9itum4 ,accord+ to u1 on ! o!r h&1 :o hold t /ates are incapable ( be+ appreh5d$ & ( act+ ap>t f t ( :i* !y are /ates1 orig9ation1 de/ruction1 & s on1 belong only to a sub/ance :i* is 9 a c]ta9 /ate2 & on ?is !ory no difficulty rema9s4 ,& 9 ! same way z ! /ate ( be+ a j> results f ! clay ab&on+ ! condition ( be+ ei!r two halves ( a j> or a lump ( clay1 plurality results f a sub/ance giv+ up ! /ate ( on5ess1 & on5ess f ! giv+ up ( plurality2 h5ce ?is po9t also gives rise to no difficulty4 ,we n[ consid] ! :ole ,*ndogya-text 9 connexion4 ',sad eva somy$am agra sd ekam evdvityam4' ,?is means--,t :i* is ,be+1 i4e4 ?is _w :i* n[1 ow+ to ! di/9ction ( names & =ms1 be>s a manifold %ape1 0 9 ! beg9n+ "o only1 ow+ to ! abs5ce ( ! di/9ction ( names & =ms4 ,& z1 ow+ to ! ',sat' be+ end[$ ) all p[]s1 a fur!r rul+ pr9ciple is out ( ! "q1 ! _w 0 also ')\t a second4' ,?is proves ! non- diff]5ce ( ! _w f ,brahman4 ,9 ! same way ! next clause also1' ,x ?\ght1 may ,i be _m1 may ,i gr[ =?1' :i* describes ! creation ( ! _w z proce$+ f a resolve ( ! ,self to diff]5tiate itself into a _w consi/+ ( manifold be+s movable & immovable1 viz4 ,fire1 & s on1 enables u to det]m9e t ! effect1 i4 e4 ! _w1 is non-diff]5t f ! highe/ cause1 i4e4 ! highe/ ,brahman4 ,& z n[ a fur!r d\bt may arise z to h[ ! highe/ ,brahman ) all its p]fections c be designat$ z "o ) ! _w1 & h[ ! _w c be designat$ z "o1 )\t a second1 n dep5d5t on ano!r guid+ pr9ciple2 & h[ ?is ?\ght1 i4e4 ! resolution1 on ! "p ( ! ,supreme cause1 ( diff]5tiat+ itself into a manifold _w1 & ! creation correspond+ to t resolution are possible2 ! text cont9ues1',t deity ?\ght--,let me n[ ent] ^? ?ree be+s ) ?is liv+ ,self 7jva tman7 & di/+ui% names & =ms'--:i* means1 ',let me make ! aggregate ( non-s5ti5t ?+s 7= ?is is meant by ! ?ree be+s7 to possess v>i\s names & =ms1 by ent]+ into !m by means ( ! gva1 :i* is ( ! nature ( my ,self4',! possession ( names & =ms mu/ ?us be und]/ood to be effect$ by ! jva ent]+ into matt] z its ,self4 ,!re is ano!r scriptural text also :i* makes x cle> t ! highe/ ,brahman ent]s1 s z to be _! ,self1 into ! _w toge!r ) ! jvas4 ',hav+ s5t =? t he ent]$ into x4 ,hav+ ent]$ into x he became sat & tyat 7i4e4 s5ti5t & non-s5ti5t be+s74',& t ! entire aggregate ( s5ti5t & non-s5ti5t be+s1 gross or subtle1 9 _! effect$ or _! causal /ate1 con/itutes ! body ( ! highe/ ,brahman1 & t on ! o!r h& ! highe/ ,brahman con/itutes _! ,self--?is is prov$ by ! ant>ym9-brhmana & simil> texts4 ,?is disposes ( ! d\bt rais$ above4 ,s9ce ,brahman abides1 z _! ,self1 9 all non-s5ti5t matt] toge!r ) ! jvas1 ,brahman is d5ot$ by ! t]m '_w' 9 s f> only z x 7i4e4 ,brahman7 has non-s5ti5t & s5ti5t be+s = its body1 & h5ce utt]ances su* z ',?is :i* is ,be+ only 0 9 ! beg9n+ "o only' are unobjectionable 9 e way4 ,all *ange & all imp]fection belongs only to ! be+s con/itut+ ,brahman's body1 & ,brahman itself is ?us prov$ to be free f all imp]fection1 a treasure z x 7 ( all imag9able holy qualites4 ,?is po9t w be fur!r elucidat$ "u ,,ii1 #a1 #bb4--,! ,*ndogya-text !n fur!r tea*es t all s5ti5t & non-s5ti5t be+s h _! ,self 9 ,brahman '9 t all ?is has its ,self2 & fur!r inculcates ?is tru? 9 ',?\ art t4' ,texts met ) 9 o!r sections also tea* ?is same non-diff]5ce ( ! g5]al cause & its effect3 ',all ?is inde$ is ,brahman' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ad1 #a72 ',:5 ! ,self has be5 se51 he>d1 p]ceiv$1 & kn[n1 !n all ?is is kn[n' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #e1 #f72 ',t ,self is all ?is' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #d1 #f72 ',brahman inde$ is all ?is' 7,mai4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #f72 ',! ,self only is all ?is' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #be1 #b74 ,o!r texts1 too1 negative diff]5ce3 ',ev]y?+ ab&ons him :o looks = any?+ else:]e ?an 9 ! ,self 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #d1 #f72 ',!re is n any plurality "h' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #ai72 ',f dea? to dea? goes he :o sees "h any plurality' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #ai74 ,& 9 ! same _s ! passage ',= :]e !re is duality z x 71 "o sees ! o!r2 b :5 = him ! ,self has become all1 :]eby !n %\ld he sec & :om8'7,bri4 ,up4 #aa1d1 #ac7--;9 sett+ =? t ! view ( duality belongs to him :o does n "k & ! view ( non-duality to him :o kn[s--intimates t non-diff]5ce only is real4 ,x is 9 ?is way t we prove1 by means ( ! texts beg9n+ ) rambhana1 t ! _w is non-diff]5t f ! univ]sal cause1 i4e4 ! highe/ ,brahman4 ,brahman only1 hav+ ! aggregate ( s5ti5t & non-s5ti5t be+s = its body & h5ce = its modes 7prakra71 is d5ot$ by all words :atsoev]4 ,! body ( ?is ,brahman is sometimes con/itut$ by s5ti5t & non-s5ti5t be+s 9 _! subtle /ate1 :5--j ow+ to t subtle /ate--!y are incapable ( be+ 7conceiv$ &7 designat$ z ap>t f ,brahman ^: body !y =m3 ,brahman is !n 9 its s-call$ causal condition4 ,at o!r times ! body ( ,brahman is con/itut$ by all s5ti5t & non-s5ti5t be+s 9 _! gross1 manife/ /ate1 ow+ to :i* !y admit ( be+ ?\ght & spok5 ( z hav+ di/9ct names & =ms3 ,brahman !n is 9 its 'effect$' /ate4 ,! effect1 i4e4 ! _w1 is ?us se5 to be non-diff]5t f ! cause1 i4e4 ! highe/ ,brahman4 ,& t 9 ! effect$ z well z ! causal /ate ( ,brahman's body z con/itut$ by s5ti5t & non-s5ti5t be+s1 & ( ,brahman embodi$ !re91 p]fections & imp]fections are di/ribut$ accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( ess5tial nature betwe5 ,brahman & its body1 z prov$ by hundr$s ( scriptural texts1 we h %[n above4 ,^? on ! o!r h& :o e/abli% ! non-diff]5ce ( cause & effect1 on ! basis ( ! !ory ( ! effect's non-reality1 are unable to prove :at !y wi% to prove2 = ! ,true & ! ,false _c possibly be "o4 ,if ^! two 7 "o1 x w\ld foll[ ei!r t ,brahman is false or t ! _w is real4--,^? aga9 :o 7l ,bhsk>a7 hold ! effect also to be real--! diff]5ce ( ! s\l & ,brahman be+ due to limit+ conditions1 :ile _! non-diff]5ce is ess5tial2 & ! diff]5ce z well z ! non-diff]5ce ( ,brahman & matt] be+ ess5tial--ent] into conflict ) all ^? texts :i* decl>e t ! s\l & ,brahman are di/9ct 9 s f> z ! s\l is "u ! p[] ( k>man :ile ,brahman is free f all evil1 c41 & all ^? texts :i* tea* t non-s5ti5t matt] und]goes *anges :ile ,brahman does n4 ,= z1 accord+ to !m1 no?+ exi/s b ,brahman & ! limit+ adjuncts1 ,brahman--z be+ indivisible--mu/ be undivid$ :ile ent]+ into connexion ) ! updhis1 & h5ce itself und]goes a *ange into inf]ior =ms4 ,& if !y say t x is only ! p[] 7sakti71 n ,brahman itself1 :i* und]goes a *ange2 ?is also is ( no avail s9ce ,brahman & its p[] are non-diff]5t4 ,o!rs aga9 7,ydavapraksa7 hold t ! g5]al cause1 i4e4 ,brahman1 is pure ,be+ 9 :i* all di/9ctions & *anges su* z be+ an enjoy+ subject1 & s on1 h vani%$1 :ile h[ev] x is end[$ ) all possible pot5tialities4 ,dur+ a pralaya ?is causal sub/ance abides self-lum9\s1 ) all ! di/9ctions ( consci\sness ( pleasure & pa9 gone to re/1 comp>able to ! s\l ( a man held by dreamless sleep1 diff]5t h[ev] 9 nature f m]e non-s5ti5t matt]4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( a creation1 on ! o!r h&1 j z ! sub/ance call$ clay assumes ! =ms ( j>s1 platt]s1 & s on1 or z ! wat] ( ! sea turns itself into foam1 waves1 bubbles1 & s on1 ! univ]sal causal sub/ance abides 9 ! =m ( a triad ( con/itu5t p>ts1 viz4 enjoy+ subjects1 objects ( enjoym5t1 & a rul]4 ,! attributes ( be+ a rul]1 or an object ( enjoym5t1 or an enjoy+ subject1 & ! p]fections & imp]fections dep5d+ on ^? attributes1 are !re=e di/ribut$ 9 ! same way z ! attributes ( be+ a j> or pit*] or platt]2 & ! diff]5t effects ( ^! attributes are di/ribut$ among diff]5t p>ts ( ! sub/ance1 clay4 ,! objects ( enjoym5t1 subjects ( enjoym5t1 & ! rul] are "o1 on ! o!r h&1 9 s f> z 't :i* is' con/itutes _! sub/ance2 j z j>s1 platt]s & pit*]s are "o 9 s f> z _! sub/ance is con/itut$ by clay4 ,x is ?us "o sub/ance only1 viz4 't :i* is1' t appe>s 9 diff]5t conditions1 & x is 9 ?is s5se t ! _w is non-diff]5t f ,brahman4--,b ?is !ory is really 9 conflict ) all ,scripture1 ,smriti1 ,itihsa1 ,purna & ,reason+4 ,= ,scripture1 ,smriti1 ,itihsa & ,purna alike tea* t !re is "o supreme cause1 viz4 ,brahman--a be+ t is ! ,"l ( all ,lords1 all-kn[+1 all-p[]ful1 in/antane\sly realis+ all its purposes1 free ( all blemi%1 n limit$ ei!r by place or "t1 enjoy+ supreme unsurpassable bliss4 ,nor c x be held t above ! ,"l !re is 'pure ,be+' ( :i* ! ,"l is a "p only4 ,= ',?is :i* is be+ only 0 9 ! beg9n+ "o only1 )\t a second2 x ?\ght1 may ,i be _m1 may ,i gr[ =?' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #b1 #c72 ',v]ily1 9 ! beg9n+ ?is 0 ,brahman1 "o only4 ,be+ "o x 0 n /rong en\gh4 ,x creat$ ! mo/ excell5t ,k%attra1 viz4 ^? ,k%attras among ! ,devas--,indra1 ,v>una1 ,soma1 ,rudra1 ,p>janya1 ,yama1 ,mrityu1 sna' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,i1 #d1 #aa72 ',9 ! beg9n+ all ?is 0 ,self1 "o only2 !re 0 no?+ :atsoev] else bl9k+4 ,he ?\ght1 %all ,i s5d =? worlds' 7,ait4 r4 ,,ii1 #d1 #a1 #a1 #b72 ',!re 0 9 tru? ,nryana only1 n ,brahm1 n sna1 nor heav5 & e>?1 nor ! nak%atras1 nor ! wat]s1 nor ,agni1 nor ,soma1 nor ,srya4 ,be+ alone he felt no delight4 ,( him m]g$ 9 m$itation' c4 7,mahn4 ,up4 ,i1 #a7--^! & o!r texts prove t ! highe/ cause is ! ,"l ( all ,lords1 ,nryana4 ,= z ! t]ms ',be+1' ',brahman1' ',self1' :i* are met ) 9 sections treat+ ( ! same topic1 are 9 "o ( ^? p>allel sections p>ticul>is$ by ! t]m ',nryana1' x foll[s t !y all mean ,nryana4 ,t ! ,"l only is ! univ]sal cause is %[n by ! foll[+ text also1 ',he ! highe/ great "l ( lords1 ! highe/ deity ( deities--he is ! cause1 ! "l ( ! lords ( ! organs1 & !re is ( him nei!r p>5t nor "l' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #g1 #i74 ,simil>ly ! ,manu ,smriti1 ',!n ! div9e ,self-exi/5t 7,brahm7--desir\s to produce f 8 own body be+s ( _m k9d--fir/ ) a ?\ght creat$ ! wat]s & plac$ 8 se$ 9 !m' 7,ma4 ,i1 #f-h74 ,itihsas & ,purnas also decl>e ! ,supreme ,p]son only to be ! univ]sal cause1 ',nryana1 ( :om ! _w is ! body1 ( inf9ite nature1 et]nal1 :5 desir\s to create s5t =? f a ?\s&? "p ( himself ! s\ls 9 two divisions4' ',f ,vi%nu ! _w orig9at$ & 9 him x abides4' ,nor is x possible to hold t ! ,"l is pure ',be+' only1 = su* ',be+' is admitt$ to be an elem5t ( ! ,"l2 & moreov] all ',be+' has diff]5ce4 ,nor c x be ma9ta9$ t ! ,"l's connexion ) all 8 auspici\s qualities--k1 bliss1 & s on--is occasional 7adv5titi\s7 m]ely2 x r is ess5tial & h5ce et]nal4 ,nor may y avail y\rself ( c]ta9 texts--viz4 ',8 high p[] 7sakti7 is reveal$ z manifold1 z ess5tial1 & 7s7 8 k1 /r5g? & action' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #h72 ',he :o is all- kn[+1 all-cognis+' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,i1 #a1 #i71 & o!rs--to ! end ( prov+ t :at is ess5tial is only ! ,"l's connexion ) ! pot5tialities 7sakti7 ( k1 bliss1 & s on4 ,= 9 ! ,svetsvat>a-text ! ^w 'ess5tial' indep5d5tly qualifies 'k1 /r5g?1 & action' no less ?an 'sakti'2 & y\r explanation w\ld necessitate s-call$ implication 7lak%an74 ,nor aga9 c x be said t 9 words su* z s>vja 7all-kn[+71 ! =mative suffix expresses pot5tiality only1 z x admitt$ly does 9 o!r words su* z pkaka 7cook72 = gramm> does n tea* t all ^! 7krit7 affixes 9 g5]al express pot5tiality or capability only4 ,x r tea*es 7cp4 ,pn9i ,,iii1 #b1 #ed7 t a few krit-affixes only h ?is limit$ mean+2 & 9 ! case ( pkaka & simil> words we mu/ assume capability to be d5ot$1 because !re is no o!r explanation op5 to u4--,if1 moreov]1 ! ,"l 7 held to be only a "p ( ! ,sat x w\ld foll[ t ! ,sat1 z ! :ole1 w\ld be sup]ior to ! ,"l j z ! ocean is sup]ior to a wave1 & ?is w\ld be 9 conflict ) ev] s _m scriptural texts :i* make /atem5ts ab\t ! ,"l1 cp4 e4g4 ',him ! highe/ great "l ( lords'2 ',!re is none se5 l to him or sup]ior' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #g1 #h74 ,if1 moreov]1 m]e ,be+ is held to be ! ,self ( all & ! g5]al :ole1 & ! ,"l only a p>ticul> "p ( x1 ?is w\ld imply ! /ultification ( all ^? texts :i* decl>e ! ,"l to be ! g5]al ,self & ! :ole ( :i* all be+s are p>ts2 = j>s & platt]s c]ta9ly _c be held to be p>ts (1 & to h _! be+ 91 pit*]s 7:i* !mselves are only special ?+s made ( clay74 ,aga9/ ?is y p]haps w plead t z ,be+ 9 g5]al is fully pres5t 9 all its p>ts1 & h5ce also 9 t "p :i* is ! ,"l1 all o!r ?+s may be view$ z hav+ _! ,self 9 & be+ p>ts (1 him4--,b f y\r pr9ciples we might ) equal "r draw ! inf]5ce t z ,be+ 9 g5]al is fully pres5t 9 ! j>1 ! ,"l is a "p ( ! j> & has 8 ,self 9 t6 ,f enunciations su* z '! j> is1' '! clo? is1' x appe>s t ,be+ is an attribute ( ?+s1 & _c !re=e be a sub/ance & a cause4 ,by ! 'be+' ( a ?+ we und]/& ! attribute ( its be+ suitable = "s def9ite practical effect2 :ile its 'non-be+' means its suitability = an effect ( an opposite nature4--,%\ld x on ! o!r h& be held t sub/ances only h be+1 ! 7unacceptable7 consequ5ce w\ld be t actions1 & s on1 are non-exi/5t4 ,& if 7to avoid ?is consequ5ce7 x 7 said t ! be+ ( actions1 & s on1 dep5ds on _! connexion ) sub/ances1 x w\ld be difficult to %[ 7:at yet %\ld be %[n7 t 'be+' is ev]y:]e ( "o & ! same nature4 ,moreov]1 if ev]y?+ 7 non-diff]5t 9 s f> z 'be+1' !re w\ld be a univ]sal consci\sness ( ! nature ( ev]y?+1 & f ?is !re w\ld foll[ a g5]al confusion ( all good & evil 7i4e4 e "o w\ld h consci\s exp]i5ce ( ev]y?+7 ,?is po9t we h expla9$ be=e4 ,= all ^! reasons non-diff]5ce c only h ! mean+ set =? by u4--,"h ! foll[+ d\bt may arise4 ,9 ! case ( *ildhood1 y\?1 & s on1 we obs]ve t diff]5t ideas & diff]5t t]ms are appli$ to diff]5t /ates ( "o & ! same be+2 9 ! case ( clay1 wood1 gold1 c41 on ! o!r h&1 we obs]ve t diff]5t ideas & t]ms are appli$ to diff]5t ?+s4 ,on :at gr\nd !n d y det]m9e t 9 ! case ( causes & effects1 su* z e4g4 clay & j>s1 x is m]e diff]5ce ( /ate on :i* ! diff]5ce ( ideas & t]ms is bas$8--,to ?is "q ! next ,stra gives a reply4 ,,footnote #dcd3a4 ,9 o!r words--is ! gold5 ornam5t orig9at$ by ! m]e =mless sub/ance1 gold2 or by ! =m belong+ to t special piece ( gold 7a co91 a b>1 c471 out ( :i* ! ornam5t is fa%ion$2 or by ! sub/ance1 gold1 9 s f> z possess+ t special =m8 ,! rukaka ( ! text has to be tak5 9 ! s5se ( ni%ka4 ,,footnote #dee3a4 ,! mean+ ( ! f\r words con/itut+ ! clause !re=e w\ld be1 ',on acc\nt ( spee* 7i4e4 = ! sake ( ! accompli%m5t ( c]ta9 activities su* z ! br++ ( wat]1 :i* are prec$$ by spee*71 !re is t\*$ 7by ! previ\sly m5tion$ sub/ance clay7 an effect & a "n2 i4e4 = ! sake (1 c41 clay modifies itself into an effect hav+ a special "n4',! ,comm5t>y rem>ks t' rambhanam '_c be tak5 9 ! s5se ( updna2 s9ce1 on ! !ory ( ! unreality ( effects1 ! effect is orig9at$ n by spee* b by ?\ght 7imag9ation7 only2 & on ! p>9ma doctr9e ! effect is likewise n orig9at$ by spee* b by ,brahman4 #af4 ,& because 7! cause7 is p]ceiv$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! effect4 ,?is means--because gold :i* is ! cause is p]ceiv$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( its effects1 su* z e>r+s & ! l2 i4e4 on acc\nt ( ! recognition ( gold :i* expresses itself 9 ! judgm5t '?is e>r+ is gold4' ,we d n on ! o!r h& p]ceive ! pres5ce ( clay1 & s on1 9 gold1 & s on4 ,! case ( ! cause & ! effect is ?us analag\s to t ( ! *ild & ! y\?3 ! ^w 'effect' d5otes no?+ else b ! causal sub/ance :i* has pass$ ov] into a diff]5t condition4 ,he also :o holds ! effect to be a new ?+ ackn[l$ges t ! effect is connect$ ) a diff]5t /ate1 & z ?is diff]5t /ate suffices to acc\nt = ! diff]5ce ( ideas & words1 we are n entitl$ to assume a new sub/ance :i* is n p]ceiv$4 ,nor mu/ x be said t ! recognition ( ! gold 9 ! e>r+ is due to g5]ic nature 7! two ?+s be+ diff]5t1 b hav+ ! same g5]ic nature72 = we p]ceive no new sub/ance :i* c\ld be ! abode ( ! g5]ic "*4 ,:at we actually p]ceive is "o & ! same sub/ance possess+ ! g5]ic *>act]i/ics ( gold1 fir/ 9 ! causal /ate & !n 9 ! effect$ /ate4 ,nor aga9 c x be said t ev5 on ! supposition ( diff]5ce ( sub/ance1 recognition ( ! cause 9 ! effect results f ! cont9uity ( ! s-call$ intimate cause 7samavyi-kra9a74 ,= :]e !re is diff]5ce ( sub/ances we d n obs]ve t m]e cont9uity ( ! abode gives rise to ! recognition 7( "o sub/ance7 9 ! o!r sub/ance resid+ 9 t abode4-,b 9 ! case ( c]ta9 effects1 z e4g4 scorpions & o!r v]m9 :i* orig9ate f dung1 t recognition ( ! causal sub/ance1 i4e4 dung 7to :i* y ref] z prov+ ! id5tity ( cause & effect71 is n obs]v$ to take place6--,y mis/ate ! case1 we reply2 "h also we d recognise 9 ! effect t sub/ance :i* is ! primal cause1 viz4 e>?4--,b 9 smoke1 :i* is ! effect ( fire1 we d n recognise fire6--,true6 b ?is does n disprove our case4 ,fire is only ! op]ative cause ( smoke2 = smoke orig9ates f damp fuel jo9$ ) fire4 ,t smoke is ! effect ( damp fuel is prov$ !reby1 z well z t bo? h smell 7:i* %[s !m to be alike ( ! sub/ance ( e>?74--,z ?us ! id5tity ( ! sub/ance is p]ceiv$ 9 ! effect also1 we are entitl$ to conclude t ! diff]5ce ( ideas & t]ms re/s on diff]5ce ( /ate only4 ,! effect1 !re=e1 is non-diff]5t f ! cause4--,?is is s = ! foll[+ reason also4 #ag4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! exi/5ce ( t :i* is po/]ior4 ,on acc\nt ( ! exi/5ce ( ! po/]ior1 i4e4 ! effect exi/+ 9 ! cause--= ?is reason also ! effect is non-diff]5t f ! cause4 ,= 9 ord9>y language z well z 9 ! ,v$a ! effect is spok5 ( 9 t]ms ( ! cause2 z :5 we say1 'all ^! ?+s--j>s1 platt]s1 c4--7 clay only ?is morn+'2 or :5 ! ,v$a says1 ',be+ only 0 ?is 9 ! beg9n+4' #ah4 ,if x be said 'n1 on acc\nt ( ! designation ( ! 7effect z !7 non-exi/5t2 we reply1 n s1 on acc\nt 7( su* designation be+ due to7 ano!r attribute1 7z appe>s7 f ! complem5t>y passage1 f ,reason+1 & f ano!r ,v$ic text4 ,! ass]tion t ord9>y spee* z well z ! ,v$a ackn[l$ges ! exi/5ce ( ! effect 9 ! cause _c be upheld 'on acc\nt ( ! designation ( 7! effect z7 ! non-exi/5t4' ,= ! ,v$a says1 ',non-be+ only 0 ?is 9 ! beg9n+' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ai1 #a72 ',non- be+ inde$ 0 ?is 9 ! beg9n+' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #f4 #a72 ',9 ! beg9n+ truly ?is 0 n any?+ :atev]4' ,& 9 ord9>y language we say ',9 ! morn+ all ?is--j>s1 platt]s1 & s on1-- 0 n4'--,?is objection ! ,stra proce$s to refute4 ',n s1 on acc\nt ( su* designation be+ due to ano!r attribute4' ,! designation ( ! effect$ sub/ance z ! non-exi/5t is due to ! effect hav+ at an e>li] "t a diff]5t quality1 i4e4 a diff]5t con/itution2 n to its be+1 z y ?9k1 absolutely non-exi/+4 ,! quality diff]5t f ! quality ( exi/5ce is non-exi/5ce2 t is to say1 ( ! _w designat$ z ?is1 ! quality ( exi/5ce is con/itut$ by "n & =m1 :ile ! quality ( non- exi/5ce consi/s 9 ! subtle /ate oppos$ to "n & =m4--,b h[ is ?is kn[n8--',f ! complem5t>y passage1 f ,reason+1 & f ano!r text4' ,! complem5t>y passage is ! "o foll[+ on ! la/ text quot$ above1 viz4 't ,non-exi/5t =m$ ! resolve may ,i be4 ,! resolve ref]r$ to 9 ?is complem5t>y text s]v+ z an inf]5tial sign to det]m9e t ! ,non-exi/5ce spok5 ( is o!r ?an absolute ,non-exi/5ce1 we1 on ! basis ( ! obs]vation t all ! ?ree texts quot$ treat ( ! same matt]1 conclude t 9 ! o!r two texts also ! ,non-exi/5t has to be und]/ood 9 ! same s5se4 ',f ,reason+4' ,reason+ %[s ,be+ & ,non-be+ to be attributes ( ?+s4 ,! possession1 on ! "p ( clay1 ( a c]ta9 %ape1 a broad base1 a belly-%ap$ body1 & s on1 is ! cause ( our ?9k+ & say+ '! j> exi/s1' :ile ! connexion1 on ! "p ( ! clay1 ) a condition oppos$ to t ( a j> is ! cause ( our ?9k+ & say+ '! j> does n exi/4' ,a condition ( ! latt] k9d is e4 g4--! clay's exi/+ 9 ! =m ( two sep>ate halves ( a j>1 & x is j ?is & simil> conditions ( ! clay :i* acc\nt = our say+ t ! j> does n exi/4 ,we d n p]ceive any non-exi/5ce ( ! j> diff]5t f ! k9d ( non- exi/5ce describ$2 & z ! latt] suffici5tly acc\nts = all curr5t ideas & expressions z to non-exi/5ce1 !re is no occasion to assume an additional k9d ( non-exi/5ce4--,& also 'f ano!r text4' ,! text meant is t (t5 quot$1 ',be+ only 0 ?is 9 ! beg9n+4' ,= !re ! view ( ! absolute non-be+ ( ! effect is object$ to1 ',b h[ c\ld x be ?us8' c41 & !n ! decision is giv5 t f ! beg9n+ ! _w 0 'be+4' ,?is matt] is cle>ly set =? 9 ! text ',?is 0 !n undi/+ui%$2 x became di/+ui%$ by "n & =m' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,i1 #d1 #g74 ,! next two ,stras confirm ! doctr9e ( ! non-diff]5ce ( ! effect f ! cause by two illu/rative in/ances4 #ai4 ,& l a piece ( clo?4 ,z ?reads :5 jo9$ 9 a peculi> cross-arrangem5t are call$ a piece ( clo?1 ?us acquir+ a new "n1 a new =m1 & new functions1 s x is ) ,brahman also4 #bj4 ,& z ! diff]5t vital airs4 ,z ! "o air1 accord+ z x und]goes 9 ! body diff]5t modifications1 acquires a new "n1 new *>act]i/ics1 & new functions1 be+ !n call$ prna1 apna1 & s on2 ?us ! "o ,brahman becomes ! _w1 ) its manifold mov+ & non-mov+ be+s4--,! non-diff]5ce ( ! _w f ,brahman1 ! highe/ cause1 is ?us fully e/abli%$4 ,"h t]m9ates ! 'rambhana' adhik>ana4 #ba4 ,f ! designation ( ! 'o!r' 7z non-diff]5t f ,brahman7 !re result 7,brahman's7 n creat+ :at is b5eficial1 & o!r imp]fections4 ',?\ art t'2 '?is ,self is ,brahman'--^! & simil> texts :i* decl>e ! non-diff]5ce ( ! _w f ,brahman1 tea*1 z has be5 said be=e1 at ! same "t ! non-diff]5ce f ,brahman ( ! individual s\l also4 ,b an objection "h pres5ts itself4 ,if ^! texts really imply t ! 'o!r "o1' i4e4 ! s\l1 is ,brahman1 !re w foll[ c]ta9 imp]fections on ,brahman's "p1 viz4 t ,brahman1 end[$ z x is ) omnisci5ce1 ! p[] ( realis+ its purposes1 & s on1 does n create a _w ( a nature b5eficial to itself1 b r creates a _w non-b5eficial to itself2 & ! l4 ,?is _w no d\bt is a /oreh\se ( numb]less pa9s1 ei!r orig9at+ 9 liv+ be+s !mselves or due to ! action ( o!r natural be+s1 or caus$ by sup]natural ag5cies4 ,no rational indep5d5t p]son endeav\rs to produce :at is cle>ly non-b5eficial to himself4 ,& z y hold ! view ( ! non-diff]5ce ( ! _w f ,brahman1 y y\rself set aside all ^? texts :i* decl>e ,brahman to be diff]5t f ! s\l2 = 7 !re su* diff]5ce1 ! doctr9e ( g5]al non-diff]5ce c\ld n be e/abli%$4 ,%\ld x be ma9ta9$ t ! texts decl>+ diff]5ce ref] to diff]5ce due to limit+ adjuncts1 :ile ! texts decl>+ non-diff]5ce mean ess5tial non-diff]5ce1 we mu/ ask ! foll[+ "q--does ! non-condition$ ,brahman "k1 or does x n "k1 ! s\l :i* is ess5tially non-diff]5t f x8 ,if x does n "k x1 ,brahman's omnisci5ce has to be ab&on$4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x kn[s x1 !n ,brahman is consci\s ( ! pa9s ( ! s\l--:i* is non- diff]5t f ,brahman--z its own pa9s2 & f ?is !re necess>ily foll[s an imp]fection1 viz4 t ,brahman does n create :at is b5eficial & does create :at is non-b5eficial to itself4 ,if1 aga91 x be said t ! diff]5ce ( ! s\l & ,brahman is due to ,nesci5ce on ! "p ( bo?1 & t ! texts decl>+ diff]5ce ref] to diff]5ce ( ?is k9d1 ! assumption ( ,nesci5ce belong+ to ! s\l leads u to ! v alt]natives j /at$ & to _! respective results4 ,%\ld ! ajana1 on ! o!r h&1 belong to ,brahman1 we po9t out t ,brahman1 ^: ess5tial nature is self- illum9$ness1 _c possibly be consci\s ( ajana & ! creation ( ! _w effect$ by x4 ,& if x be said t ! light ( ,brahman is obscur$ by ajana1 we po9t to all ! difficulties1 previ\sly set =?1 :i* foll[ f ?is hypo!sis--to obscure light means to make x cease1 & to make cease ! light ( ,brahman1 ( :om light is ! ess5tial nature1 means no less ?an to de/roy ,brahman itself4 ,! view ( ,brahman be+ ! cause ( ! _w ?us %[s itself to be unt5able4--,?is prim facie view ! next ,stra refutes4 #bb4 ,b 7,brahman is7 additional1 on acc\nt ( ! decl>ation ( diff]5ce4 ,! ^w 'b' sets aside ! prim facie view4 ,to ! individual s\l capable ( connexion ) ! v>i\s k9ds ( pa9 !re is additional1 i4e4 f x !re is diff]5t1 ,brahman4--,on :at gr\nd8--',ow+ to ! decl>ation ( diff]5ce4' ,= ,brahman is spok5 ( z diff]5t f ! s\l 9 ! foll[+ texts3--',he :o dwells 9 ! ,self & )9 ! ,self1 :om ! ,self does n "k1 ( :om ! ,self is ! body1 :o rules ! ,self )91 he is ?y ,self1 ! rul] )91 ! immortal' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #g1 #bb72 ',kn[+ z sep>ate ! ,self & ! ,mov]1 bless$ by him he ga9s ,immortality' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,i1 #f72 ',he is ! cause1 ! ,"l ( ! lords ( ! organs' 7i4e4 ! individual s\ls7 7,svet ,up4 ,,vi1 #i72 ',"o ( !m eats ! sweet fruit2 )\t eat+ ! o!r looks on' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #f72 ',!re are two1 ! "o kn[+1 ! o!r n kn[+1 bo? unborn1 ! "o a rul]1 ! o!r n a rul]' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,i1 #i72 ',embrac$ by ! prja4 ,self 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #c1 #ba72 ',m\nt$ by ! prja4 ,self' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #c1 #ce72 ',f t ! rul] ( my s5ds =? all ?is1 9 t ! o!r is b\nd up ?r\gh my 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #i72 '! ,ma/] ( ! ,pradhna & ! s\ls1 ! "l ( ! gunas' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #af72'! et]nal among et]nals1 ! intellig5t among ! intellig5t1 :o1 "o1 fulfils ! desires ( _m' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #ac72 ':o moves )9 ! ,unevolv$1 ( :om ! ,unevolv$ is ! body1 :om ! ,unevolv$ does n "k2 :o moves )9 ! ,imp]i%able1 ( :om ! ,imp]i%able is ! body1 :om ! ,imp]i%able does n "k2 :o moves )9 ,dea?1 ( :om ,dea? is ! body1 :om ,dea? does n "k2 he is ! inn] ,self ( all be+s1 free f evil1 ! div9e "o1 ! "o ,god1 ,nryana'2 & o!r simil> texts4 #bc4 ,& z 9 ! analog\s case ( /ones & ! l1 !re is impossibility ( t4 ,9 ! same way z x is impossible t ! diff]5t non-s5ti5t ?+s su* z /ones1 iron1 wood1 h]bs1 c41 :i* are ( an extremely l[ con/itution & subject to con/ant *ange1 %\ld be "o 9 nature ) ,brahman1 :i* is faultless1 *angeless1 fundam5tally antagoni/ic to all t is evil1 c4 c42 s x is also impossible t ! individual s\l1 :i* is liable to endless suff]+1 & a m]e wret*$ gl[worm z x 71 %\ld be "o ) ,brahman :o1 z we "k f ! texts1 comprises )9 himself ! treasure ( all auspici\s qualities1 c4 c4 ,^? texts1 :i* exhibit ,brahman & ! s\l 9 coord9ation1 mu/ be und]/ood z convey+ ! doctr9e1 f\nd$ on passages su* z '( :om ! ,self is ! body1' t z ! jva con/itutes ,brahman's body & ,brahman abides )9 ! jva z its ,self1 ,brahman has ! jva = its mode2 & ) ?is doctr9e ! co- ord9ation ref]r$ to is n only n 9 conflict b ev5 confirms x-- z we h %[n repeat$ly1 e4g4 "u ,s4 ,i1 #d1 #bb4 ,brahman 9 all its /ates has ! s\ls & matt] = its body2 :5 ! s\ls & matt] are 9 _! subtle /ate ,brahman is 9 its causal condition2 :51 on ! o!r h&1 ,brahman has = its body s\ls & matt] 9 _! gross /ate1 x is 'effect$' & !n call$ _w4 ,9 ?is way ! co- ord9ation above ref]r$ to fully expla9s itself4 ,! _w is non- diff]5t f ,brahman 9 s f> z x is its effect4 ,!re is no confusion ( ! diff]5t *>act]i/ic qualities2 = liability to *ange belongs to non-s5ti5t matt]1 liability to pa9 to s5ti5t s\ls1 & ! possession ( all excell5t qualities to ,brahman3 h5ce ! doctr9e is n 9 conflict ) any scriptural text4 ,t ev5 9 ! /ate ( non-sep>ation-describ$ 9 texts su* z1 ',be+ only ?is 0 9 ! beg9n+'--! s\ls jo9$ to non-s5ti5t matt] p]si/ 9 a subtle condition & ?us con/itute ,brahman's body mu/ necess>ily be admitt$2 = t ! s\ls at t "t also p]si/ 9 a subtle =m is %[n "u ,stras ,,ii1 ,i1 #cd2 #ce4 ,non-division1 at t "t1 is possible 9 s f> z !re is no di/9ction ( names & =ms4 ,x foll[s f all ?is t ,brahman's causality is n contr>y to reason4 ,^?1 on ! o!r h&1 :o expla9 ! diff]5ce1 ref]r$ to 9 ,stra #bb1 z ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! jva 9 its /ate ( bondage & ! jva 9 s f> z free f avidy1 i4e4 ! uncondition$ ,brahman1 implicate !mselves 9 contradictions4 ,= ! jiva41 9 s f> z free f avidy1 is nei!r all-kn[+1 nor ! ,"l ( all1 nor ! cause ( all1 nor ! ,self ( all1 nor ! rul] ( all--x 9 fact possesses none ( ^? *>act]i/ics on :i* ! scriptural texts f\nd ! diff]5ce ( ! releas$ s\l2 = accord+ to ! view 9 "q all ^? attributes are ! m]e figm5t ( ,nesci5ce4 ,nor aga9 c ! ,stra "u discussion be said to ref] to ! di/9ction1 f ! individual s\l1 ( a ,"l fictiti\sly creat$ by avidy--a di/9ction analog\s to t :i* a man 9 ! /ate ( avidy makes betwe5 ! %ell & ! silv]2 = x is ! task ( ! ,v$nta to convey a k ( t true ,brahman :i* is introduc$ z ! object ( enquiry 9 ! fir/ ,stra 7',n[ !n ! enquiry into ,brahman'7 & :i* is ! cause ( ! orig9ation & s on ( ! _w1 & :at !y at ?is po9t are engag$ 9 is to refute ! objections rais$ aga9/ ! doctr9e ( t ,brahman on ! basis ( ,smriti & ,reason+4--,! two ,stras ,,ii1 #a1 #h2 #i really =m a complem5t>y /atem5t to :at is prov$ 9 ! pres5t adhik>ana2 = _! purport is to %[ also t ?+s ( diff]5t nature c /& to ea* o!r 9 ! relation ( cause & effect4 ,& ! ,stra ,,ii1 #a1 #g has ref]5ce to :at is conta9$ 9 ! previ\s adhik>ana4 ,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'designation ( ! o!r4' #bd4 ,%\ld x be said t 7x is7 n1 on acc\nt ( ! obs]vation ( employm5t2 we say1 n s2 = z 9 ! case ( milk4 ,we h s f> det]m9$ t x is 9 no way unreasonable to hold t ! highe/ ,brahman1 :i* is all-kn[+1 capable ( realis+ its purposes1 c41 has all be+s1 s5ti5t & non-s5ti5t1 = its body1 & h5ce con/itutes ! ,self ( all & diff]s 9 nature f ev]y?+ else4 ,we n[ proce$ to %[ t x is n unreasonable to hold t1 possess+ all ^? attributes1 x is able to effect by its m]e w & wi% ! creation ( ?is entire manifold ,univ]se4--,b1 x may "h be said1 x is c]ta9ly a matt] ( obs]vation t ag5ts ( limit$ p[] are oblig$ to employ a numb] ( in/rum5tal ag5cies 9 ord] to effect _! purposes2 b h[ %\ld x foll[ !refrom t ! view ( ! all-p[]ful ,brahman produc+ ! _w )\t su* in/rum5tal ag5cies is 9 any way irrational8--,z1 we reply1 x is obs]v$ 9 ord9>y life t ev5 su* ag5ts z possess ! capability ( produc+ c]ta9 effects /& 9 ne$ ( c]ta9 in/rum5ts1 "s sl[-witt$ p]son may possibly imag9e t ,brahman1 be+ de/itute ( all su* in/rum5ts1 is incapable ( creat+ ! _w4 ,x is ?is d\bt :i* we h to dispel4 ,x is se5 t pott]s1 weav]s1 c41 :o produce j>s1 clo?1 & ! l1 are incapable ( actually produc+ unless !y make use ( c]ta9 implem5ts1 al?\gh !y may fully possess ! specially requir$ skill4 ,m5 de/itute ( su* skill are n capable ( production1 ev5 ) ! help ( implem5ts2 ^? hav+ ! capacity produce by means ( ! in/rum5ts only4 ,?is leads to ! conclusion t ,brahman also1 al?\gh possess+ all imag9able p[]s1 is n capable ( creat+ ! _w )\t employ+ ! requir$ in/rum5tal ag5cies4 ,b be=e creation !re exi/$ no?+ t c\ld h assi/$ him1 z we "k f texts su* z ',be+ only ?is 0 9 ! beg9n+'2 '!re 0 ,nrayana alone4' ,brahman's creative ag5cy ?us _c be r5d]$ plausible2 & h5ce ! prim facie view set =? 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! ,stra1 ',%\ld x be said t 7x is7 n2 on acc\nt ( ! obs]vation ( employm5t 7( in/rum5ts74' ,?is view is set aside by ! latt] "p ( ! ,stra1 'n s2 = z 9 ! case ( milk4' ,x is by no means a fact t e ag5t capable ( produc+ a c]ta9 effect /&s 9 ne$ ( in/rum5ts4 ,milk1 e4g4 & wat]1 :i* h ! p[] ( produc+ c]ta9 effects1 viz4 s\r milk & ice respectively1 produce ^! effects unaid$4 ,analog\sly ,brahman also1 :i* possesses ! capacity ( produc+ ev]y?+1 may actually d s )\t us+ in/rum5tal aids4 ,! '=' 9 ! ,stra is meant to po9t out ! fact t ! prov+ in/ances are g5]ally kn[n1 & ?us to indicate ! sill9ess ( ! objection4 ,:ey & simil> +r$i5ts are inde$ sometimes mix$ ) milk1 b n to ! end ( mak+ ! milk turn s\r1 b m]ely 9 ord] to accel]ate ! process & give to ! s\r milk a c]ta9 flav\r4 #be4 ,& z 9 ! case ( ! gods & s on1 9 7_!7 _w4 ,z ! gods & simil> exalt$ be+s create1 ea* 9 8 own _w1 :atev] !y require by _! m]e volition1 s ! ,supreme ,p]son creates by 8 m]e volition ! entire _w4 ,t ! gods ab\t ^: p[]s we "k f ! ,v$a only 7n ?r\gh p]ception7 are "h quot$ z supply+ a prov+ in/ance1 is done 9 ord] to facilitate ! compreh5sion ( ! creative p[] ( ,brahman1 :i* is also kn[n ?r\gh ! ,v$a4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! obs]vation ( employm5t4' #bf4 ,or ! consequ5ce ( ! entire 7,brahman ent]+ into ! effect71 & /ultification ( 7,brahman's7 be+ devoid ( p>ts4 ',be+ only 0 ?is 9 ! beg9n+'2 ',?is inde$ 0 9 ! beg9n+ n any?+'2 ',! ,self alone inde$ 0 ?is 9 ! beg9n+'--^! & o!r texts /ate t 9 ! beg9n+ ,brahman 0 "o only1 i4e4 )\t p>ts--t means3 ,brahman1 9 its causal /ate1 0 )\t p>ts because !n all di/9ction ( matt] & s\ls _h disappe>$4 ,?is "o1 non-divid$1 ,brahman !reupon hav+ =m$ ! resolution ( be+ _m divid$ itself into ! aggregate ( mat]ial ?+s--e!r1 air1 & s on--& ! aggregate ( s\ls f ,brahm d[n to blades ( grass4 ,?is be+ s1 x mu/ be held t ! entire highe/ ,brahman ent]$ into ! effect$ /ate2 t its intellig5t "p divid$ itself into ! individual s\ls1 & its non- intellig5t "p into e!r1 air1 & s on4 ,?is h[ev] /ultifies all ^? (t5-quot$ texts :i* decl>e ,brahman 9 its causal /ate to be devoid ( p>ts4 ,= al?\gh ! cause is con/itut$ by ,brahman 9 s f> z hav+ = its body matt] & s\ls 9 _! subtle /ate1 & ! effect by ,brahman inve/$ ) matt] & s\ls 9 _! gross /ate2 ! difficulty /at$ above _c be avoid$1 s9ce also t elem5t 9 ,brahman :i* is embodi$ is held to ent] into ! effect4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ,brahman is )\t p>ts1 x _c become _m1 & x is n possible t !re %\ld p]si/ a "p n ent]+ into ! effect$ /ate4 ,on ! gr\nd ( ^! unacceptable results we conclude t ,brahman _c be ! cause4--,?is objection ! next ,stra disposes (4 #bg4 ,b on acc\nt ( ,scripture2 7,brahman's possession ( v>i\s p[]s7 be+ f\nd$ ^u ! ^w4 ,! 'b' sets aside ! difficulty rais$4 ,!re is no inappropriat5ess2 'on acc\nt ( ,scripture4' ,scripture decl>es on ! "o h& t ,brahman is n made up ( p>ts1 & on ! o!r t f x a multi=m creation proce$s4 ,& 9 matt]s v\*$ = by ,scripture we mu/ con=m our ideas to :at ,scripture actually says4-- ,b !n ,scripture might be capable ( convey+ to u ideas ( ?+s altoge!r self-contradictory2 l z if somebody 7 to tell u ',wat] ) fire'6--,! ,stra !re=e adds 'on acc\nt ( its be+ f\nd$ on ! ^w4' ,z ! possession1 on ,brahman's "p1 ( v>i\s p[]s 7enabl+ x to emit ! _w7 re/s exclusively on ! au?ority ( ! ^w ( ! ,v$a & ?us diff]s altoge!r f o!r matt]s 7:i* fall )9 ! sph]e ( ! o!r means ( k also71 ! admission ( su* p[]s is n contr>y to reason4 ,brahman _c be ei!r prov$ or disprov$ by means ( g5]alisations f exp]i5ce4 #bh4 ,& ?us 9 ! ,self2 = 7!re are7 manifold 7p[]s74 ,if attributes belong+ to "o ?+ 7 on t acc\nt to be ascrib$ to o!r ?+s also1 x w\ld foll[ t attributes obs]v$ 9 non- s5ti5t ?+s1 su* z j>s & ! l1 belong also to ! intellig5t et]nal ,self1 :i* is ( an altoge!r diff]5t k9d4 ,b t su* attributes d n ext5d to ! ,self is due to ! v>iety ( ! ess5tial nature ( ?+s4 ,?is ! ,stra expresses 9 '= 7!re are7 manifold 7p[]s74' ,we p]ceive t fire1 wat]1 & s on1 :i* are ( diff]5t k9d1 possess diff]5t p[]s1 viz4 heat1 & s on3 !re is !re=e no?+ unreasonable 9 ! view t ! highe/ ,brahman :i* diff]s 9 k9d f all ?+s obs]v$ 9 ord9>y life %\ld possess innum]\s p[]s n p]ceiv$ 9 ord9>y ?+s4 ,?us ,p>s>a also--9 reply to a "q f\nd$ on ord9>y obs]vation-- viz4 ',h[ c creative en]gy be attribut$ to ,brahman1 devoid ( qualities1 pure1 c48'--decl>es ',numb]less p[]s1 ly+ beyond ! sph]e ( all ord9>y ?\ght1 belong to ,brahman1 & qualify x = creation1 & s on2 j z heat belongs to fire4' ,simil>ly1 ,scripture says1 ':at 0 t wood1 :at 0 t tree f :i* !y built heav5 & e>?8' c4 7,ri4 ,samh4 ,x1 #ha72 & ',brahman 0 t wood1 ,brahman 0 t tree'1 & s on4--,objections f\nd$ on ord9>y g5]alisations h no =ce aga9/ ,brahman :i* diff]s 9 nature f all o!r ?+s4 #bi4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! defects ( 8 view also4 ,on 8 view1 i4e4 on ! view ( him :o holds ! !ory ( ! ,pradhna or some?+ simil>1 ! imp]fections obs]v$ 9 ord9>y ?+s w\ld atta* !mselves to ! ,pradhna also1 s9ce x does n diff] 9 nature f ^? ?+s4 ,! legitimate conclusion !re=e is t ,brahman only :i* diff]s 9 nature f all o!r ?+s c be held to be ! g5]al cause4 ,! ,pradhna1 moreov]1 is )\t p>ts2 h[ !n is x possible t x %\ld give rise to a manifold _w1 compris+ ! 'great pr9ciple1' & s on8--,b !re are p>ts ( ! ,pradhna1 viz4 ,goodness1 ,passion1 & ,d>kness6--,?is we reply necessitates ! foll[+ di/9ction4 ,does ! aggregate ( ,goodness1 ,passion1 & ,d>kness con/itute ! ,pradhna8 or is ! ,pradhna ! effect ( ^? ?ree8 ,! latt] alt]native is 9 conflict ) y\r own doctr9e accord+ to :i* ! ,pradhna is cause only4 ,x moreov] contradicts ! numb] ( tattvas 7viz4 #bd7 admitt$ by y2 & z ^? ?ree gunas also h no p>ts "o does n see h[ !y c produce an effect4 ,on ! =m] alt]native1 ! gunas n be+ compos$ ( p>ts mu/ be held to aggregate or jo9 !mselves )\t any ref]5ce to diff]5ce ( space1 & f su* conjunction ! production ( gross effects _c result4--,! same objection applies to ! doctr9e ( atoms be+ ! g5]al cause4 ,= atoms1 be+ )\t p>ts & spatial di/9ction ( p>ts1 c jo9 only )\t any ref]5ce to su* spatial di/9ction1 & h5ce d n possess ! p[] ( orig9at+ effects4 #cj4 ,& 7! div9ity is7 end[$ ) all p[]s1 because t is se54 ,! highe/ div9ity :i* is diff]5t 9 nature f all o!r ?+s is end[$ ) all p[]s2 = scriptural texts %[ x to be su*1 ',8 high p[] is reveal$ z manifold1 z ess5tial1 & s 8 k1 =ce1 & action' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #h74 ,9 ! same way ano!r text fir/ decl>es ! highe/ div9ity to diff] 9 nature f ev]y?+ else1 ',free f s91 f old age1 f dea? & grief1 f hung] & ?ir/'1 & !n goes on to repres5t x z end[$ ) all p[]s1 'realis+ all its wi%es1 realis+ all its int5tions'1 c4 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #a1 #e74 ,comp>e also ',he1 consi/+ ( m9d1 hav+ prana = 8 body1 ^: =m is light1 :o realises 8 wi%es1' c4 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ad1 #b74 #ca4 ,n1 on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( organs2 ?is has be5 expla9$ 7be=e74 ,al?\gh ! "o ,brahman is diff]5t f all o!r be+s & end[$ ) all p[]s1 we yet inf] f ! text ',( him !re is kn[n no effect & no in/rum5t1' t z x is de/itute ( in/rum5ts x _c produce any effect4--,to ?is objection an answ] has already be5 giv5 9 ,,ii1 #a1 #bg2 #bh1 'on acc\nt ( its be+ f\nd$ on ! ^w1' & '= !re are manifold 7p[]s74' ,t = :i* ! sacr$ ^w is ! only means ( k1 & :i* is diff]5t f all o!r ?+s1 is capable ( produc+ ^? effects also ( ! in/rum5tal means ( :i* x is de/itute4 ,x is 9 ?is _s t ,scripture says ',he sees )\t eyes1 he he>s )\t e>s1 )\t h&s & feet he ha/5s & grasps' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ai74--;,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! consequ5ce ( ! entire 7,brahman74' #cb4 7,brahman is7 n 7! cause72 on acc\nt ( 7! _w7 hav+ ! nature ( :at dep5ds on a motive4 ,al?\gh ! ,"l1 :o be=e creation is alone1 is end[$ ) all k9ds ( p[]s s9ce he diff]s 9 nature f all o!r be+s1 & h5ce is by himself capable ( creat+ ! _w2 we all ! same _c ascribe to him actual causality ) reg>d to ! _w2 = ?is manifold _w displays ! nature ( a ?+ dep5d+ on a motive1 & ! ,"l has no motive to urge him to creation4 ,9 ! case ( all ^? :o ent] on "s activity aft] hav+ =m$ an idea ( ! effect to be accompli%$1 !re exi/s a motive 9 ! =m ( some?+ b5eficial ei!r to !mselves or to o!rs4 ,n[ ,brahman1 to ^: ess5tial nature x belongs t all 8 wi%es are et]nally fulfill$1 does n atta9 ?r\gh ! creation ( ! _w any object n atta9$ be=e4 ,nor aga9 is ! second alt]native possible4 ,= a be+1 all ^: wi%es are fulfill$1 c\ld conc]n itself ab\t o!rs only ) a view to b5efitt+ !m4 ,no m]ciful div9ity w\ld create a _w s full1 z ours is1 ( evils ( all k9d--bir?1 old age1 dea?1 hell1 & s on2--if x creat$ at all1 pity w\ld move x to create a _w altoge!r happy4 ,brahman ?us hav+ no possible motive _c be ! cause ( ! _w4--,?is prim facie view is dispos$ ( 9 ! next ,stra4 #cc4 ,b 7x is7 m]e sport1 z 9 ord9>y life4 ,! motive :i* prompts ,brahman--all ^: wi%es are fulfill$ & :o is p]fect 9 himself--to ! creation ( a _w compris+ all k9ds ( s5ti5t & non-s5ti5t be+s dep5d5t on 8 volition1 is no?+ else b sport1 play4 ,we see 9 ord9>y life h[ "s great k+1 rul+ ?is e>? ) its sev5 dvpas1 & possess+ p]fect /r5g?1 val\r1 & s on1 has a game at balls1 or ! l1 f no o!r motive ?an to amuse himself2 h5ce !re is no objection to ! view t sport only is ! motive prompt+ ,brahman to ! creation1 su/5tation1 & de/ruction ( ?is _w :i* is easily fa%ion$ by 8 m]e w4 #cd4 ,n inequality & cruelty1 on acc\nt ( !re be+ reg>d2 = s 7,scripture7 decl>es4 ,x mu/ inde$ be admitt$ t ! ,"l1 :o diff]s 9 nature f all o!r be+s1 intellig5t & non-intellig5t1 & h5ce possesses p[]s unfa?omable by ?\ght1 is capable ( creat+ ?is manifold _w1 al?\gh be=e creation he is "o only & )\t p>ts4 ,b ! assumption ( 8 hav+ actually creat$ ! _w w\ld lay him op5 to ! *>ge ( p>tiality1 9 s f> z ! _w conta9s be+s ( high1 middle1 & l[ /ation--gods1 m51 animals1 immovable be+s2 & to t ( cruelty1 9 s f> z he w\ld be in/rum5tal 9 mak+ 8 creatures exp]i5ce pa9 ( ! mo/ dreadful k9d4--,! reply to ?is is 'n s1 on acc\nt ( !re be+ reg>d'2 i4e4 'on acc\nt ( ! inequality ( creation dep5d+ on ! de$s ( ! intellig5t be+s1 gods1 & s on1 ab\t to be creat$4'--,sruti & ,smriti alike decl>e t ! connexion ( ! individual s\ls ) bodies ( diff]5t k9ds--div9e1 human1 animal1 & s on--dep5ds on ! k>man ( ^? s\ls2 comp>e ',he :o p]=ms good works becomes good1 he :o p]=ms bad works becomes bad4 ,he becomes pure by pure de$s1 bad by bad de$s' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #e74 ,9 ! same way ! rev]5d ,p>s>a decl>es t :at causes ! diff]5ce 9 nature & /atus betwe5 gods1 m51 & s on1 is ! p[] ( ! =m] de$s ( ! s\ls ab\t to ent] into a new creation--',he 7! ,"l7 is ! op]ative cause only 9 ! creation ( new be+s2 ! mat]ial cause is con/itut$ by ! pot5tialities ( ! be+s to be creat$4 ,! be+ to be embodi$ requires no?+ b an op]ative cause2 x is its own pot5tiality :i* leads its be+ into t condition ( be+ 7:i* x is to occupy 9 ! new creation74' ,pot5tiality "h means k>man4 #ce4 ,if x be said 'n s1 on acc\nt ( non-di/9ction ( de$s'2 we say1 'n s1 on acc\nt ( beg9n+lessness'2 ?is is reasonable1 & x is also obs]v$4 ,b be=e creation ! individual s\ls d n exi/2 s9ce ,scripture tea*es non-di/9ction ',be+ only ?is 0 9 ! beg9n+4' ,& z !n ! s\ls d n exi/1 no k>man c exi/1 & x _c !re=e be said t ! inequality ( creation dep5ds on k>man4--,( ?is objection ! ,stra disposes by say+ 'on acc\nt ( beg9n+lessness1' i4e4 al?\gh ! individual s\ls & _! de$s =m an et]nal /ream1 )\t a beg9n+1 yet non-di/9ction ( !m 'is reasonable' 7i4e4 may reasonably be ass]t$7 9 s f> z1 previ\s to creation1 ! sub/ance ( ! s\ls abides 9 a v subtle condition1 de/itute ( names & =ms1 & ?us incapable ( be+ designat$ z some?+ ap>t f ,brahman1 al?\gh 9 reality !n also !y con/itute ,brahman's body only4 ,if x 7 n admitt$ 7t ! di/9ctions 9 ! new creation are due to k>man71 x w\ld moreov] foll[ t s\ls are requit$ = :at !y h n done1 & n requit$ = :at !y h done4 ,! fact ( ! s\ls be+ )\t a beg9n+ is obs]v$1 viz41 to be /at$ 9 ,scripture1',! intellig5t "o is n born & dies n' 7,ka4 ,up4 ,i1 #b1 #ah72 s also ! fact ( ! fl[ ( creation go+ on f all et]nity1 ',z ! creator =m$ sun & moon =m]ly4' ,moreov]1 ! text1 ',n[ all ?is 0 !n undevelop$4 ,x became develop$ by =m & "n' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,i1 #d1 #g71 /ates m]ely t ! names & =ms ( ! s\ls 7 develop$1 & ?is %[s t ! s\ls !mselves exi/$ f ! beg9n+4 ,smriti also says1 ',do/ ?\ "k bo? ,prakriti & ! s\l to be )\t beg9n+8' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,xiii1 #ai47--;,z ,brahman ?us diff]s 9 nature f ev]y?+ else1 possesses all p[]s1 has no o!r motive ?an sport1 & arranges ! div]sity ( ! creation 9 accordance ) ! diff]5t k>man ( ! individual s\ls1 ,brahman alone c be ! univ]sal cause4 #cf4 ,& because all ! attributes are prov$ 7to be pres5t 9 ,brahman74 ,z all ^? attributes requir$ to con/itute causality :i* h be5 or w be %[n to be abs5t 9 ! ,pradhna1 ! atoms1 & s on1 c be %[n to be pres5t 9 ,brahman1 x rema9s a settl$ conclusion t ,brahman only is ! cause ( ! _w4 ,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 't :i* has ! nature ( dep5d+ on a motive4' ,,second ,p,,da4 #a4 ,n t :i* is inf]r$1 on acc\nt ( ! impossibility ( con/ruction1 & on acc\nt ( activity4 ,! ,stras h s f> set =? ! doctr9e t ! highe/ ,brahman is ! cause ( ! orig9ation & s on ( ! _w1 & h refut$ ! objections rais$ by o!rs4 ,!y n[1 9 ord] to safegu>d _! own position1 proce$ to demoli% ! positions held by ^? v adv]s>ies4 ,= o!rwise x might happ5 t "s sl[-witt$ p]sons1 unaw>e ( ^? o!r views re/+ on m]e fallaci\s argum5ts1 w\ld imag9e !m possibly to be au?oritative1 & h5ce might be some:at %ak5 9 _! belief 9 ! ,v$ic doctr9e4 ,ano!r pda !re=e is begun to ! express end ( refut+ ! !ories ( o!rs4 ,! beg9n+ is made ) ! !ory ( ,kapila1 because t !ory has sev]al features1 su* z ! view ( ! exi/5ce ( ! effect 9 ! cause1 :i* are approv$ ( by ! foll[]s ( ! ,v$a1 & h5ce is m likely1 ?an o!rs1 to give rise to ! errone\s view ( its be+ ! true doctr9e4 ,! ,stras ,i1 #a1 #e & ff4 h prov$ only t ! ,v$ic texts d n set =? ! ,snkhya view1 :ile ! task ( ! pres5t pda is to demoli% t view itself3 ! ,stras _c !re=e be *>g$ ) ne$less reit]ation4 ,! outl9e ( ! ,snkhya doctr9e is z foll[s4 ',!re is ! fundam5tal ,prakriti1 :i* is n an effect2 !re are ! sev5 effects ( ,prakriti1 viz4 ! ,mahat & s on1 & ! sixte5 effects ( ^? effects2 & !re is ! s\l1 :i* is nei!r ,prakriti nor effect'--su* is ! compreh5sive /atem5t ( ! pr9ciples4 ,! entity call$ 'fundam5tal ,prakriti' is con/itut$ by ! ?ree sub/ances call$ ,sattva1 ,rajas1 & ,tamas1 7:57 9 a /ate ( complete equipoise1 none ( ! ?ree be+ ei!r 9 defect or 9 excess2 ! ess5tial nature ( ^? ?ree consi/s respectively 9 pleasure1 pa91 & dullness2 !y h = _! respective effects lightness & illum9ation1 excitem5t & mobility1 heav9ess & ob/ruction2 !y are absolutely non-p]ceivable by means ( ! s5ses1 & to be def9$ & di/+ui%$ ?r\gh _! effects only4 ,prakriti1 consi/+ 9 ! equipoise ( ,sattva1 ,rajas1 & ,tamas is "o1 itself non-s5ti5t b subs]v+ ! enjoym5t & f9al release ( ! _m s5ti5t be+s1 et]nal1 all-p]vad+1 ev] active1 n ! effect ( any?+1 b ! "o g5]al cause4 ,!re are sev5 ,pr9ciples :i* are ! effects ( ,prakriti & ! causal sub/ances ( ev]y?+ else2 ^! sev5 are ! ,mahat1 ! ahankra1 ! subtle matt] 7tanmtra7 ( s\nd1 ! subtle matt] ( t\*1 ! subtle matt] ( col\r1 ! subtle matt] ( ta/e1 & ! subtle matt] ( smell4 ,! ahankra is ?reefold1 be+ ei!r modifi$ 7vaikrika71 or active 7taijasa71 or ! orig9ator ( ! elem5ts 7bhtdi74 ,! vaikrika is ( sattva-nature & ! orig9ator ( ! s5se-- organs2 ! bhtdi is ( tamas--nature1 & ! cause ( ^? subtle matt]s 7tanmtra7 :i* 9 _! turn are ! cause ( ! gross elem5ts2 ! taijasa is ( ! nature ( ragas1 & assi/s ! o!r two4 ,! five gross elem5ts are ! e!r & s on2 ! five intellectual s5ses are he>+ & s on2 ! five organs ( action are spee* & s on4 ,) ! addition ( ! int]nal organ 7manas7 ^! are ! sixte5 entities :i* are m]e effects4--,! s\l1 n be+ capable ( any *ange1 is n ei!r ! causal matt] or ! effect ( any?+4 ,= ! same reason x is )\t attributes1 consi/+ ( m]e intellig5ce1 et]nal1 non-active1 all-p]vad+1 & diff]5t 9 ea* body4 ,be+ incapable ( *ange & non-active1 x c nei!r be an ag5t nor an enjoy]2 b al?\gh ?is is s1 m5 9 _! confusion ( m9d1 due to ! clos5ess to ea* o!r ( ,prakriti & ! s\l1 errone\sly attribute to ,prakriti ! intellig5ce ( ! s\l1 & to ! s\l ! activity ( ,prakriti--j z ! r$ness ( ! rose sup]imposes itself on ! cry/al ne> x1--& ?us consid] ! s\l to be an ',i' & an enjoy]4 ,fruition ?us results f ignorance1 & release f k ( ! tru?4 ,?is _! !ory ! ,snkhyas prove by means ( p]ception1 inf]5ce1 & au?oritative tradition4 ,n[ ) reg>d to ^? matt]s :i* are prov$ by p]ception1 we ,v$nt9s h no v special reason = diss5t+ f ! ,snkhyas2 & :at !y say ab\t _! au?oritative tradition1 claim+ to be f\nd$ on ! k ( all-kn[+ p]sons su* z ,kapila1 has be5 pretty well disprov$ by u 9 ! fir/ adhyya4 ,if1 n[1 we fur!r manage to refute ! inf]5ce :i* leads !m to assume ! ,pradhna z ! cause ( !--_w1 we %all h dise/abli%$ _! :ole !ory4 ,we !re=e proce$ to give ?is refutation4 ,on ?is po9t ! ,snkhyas reason z foll[s4 ,x mu/ necess>ily be admitt$ t ! entire _w has "o cause only2 = if effects 7 assum$ to orig9ate f sev]al causes we %\ld nev] arrive at an ultimate cause4 ,assume t p>ts su* z e4g4 ?reads produce a :ole 7i4e4 9 ! case ( ?reads1 a piece ( clo?7 9 ! way ( _! be+ jo9$ toge!r by means ( _! six sides1 :i* are p>ts ( ! ?reads4 ,y mu/ !n fur!r assume t ! ?reads !mselves are 9 ! same way produc$ by _! p>ts1 hav+ a simil> con/itution4 ,& ^! p>ts aga9 by _! p>ts1 until y rea* ! atoms2 ^! also mu/ be assum$ to produce _! imm$iate effects by be+ jo9$ toge!r ) _! six sides1 = o!rwise solid ext5sion 7pra?iman7 c\ld n be br\ght ab\t4 ,& !n ! atoms also z be+ :oles1 consi/+ ( p>ts ,,footnote #dhb3a1 mu/ be view$ z produc$ by _! p>ts1 & ^! aga9 by _! p>ts & s on1 s t we nev] arrive at an ultimate cause4 ,9 ord] !re=e to e/abli% su* an ultimate cause we mu/ h rec\rse to ! hypo!sis ( ! g5]al cause be+ con/itut$ by "o sub/ance1 :i* possesses ! p[] ( trans=m+ itself 9 v>i\s diff]5t ways1 )\t at ! same "t =feit+ its own ess5tial nature1 & :i* =ms ! g5]al sub/rate = an inf9ity ( diff]5t effects1 f ! ,mahat d[nw>ds4 ,?is "o g5]al cause is ! ,pradhna con/itut$ by ! equipoise ( ! ?ree gunas4 ,! reasons = ! assumption ( ?is ,pradhna are z foll[s3--',on acc\nt ( ! limit$ness ( p>ticul> ?+s2 ( connexion 7anvaya72 ( activity proce$+ f special p[]2 & ( ! diff]5ce & non-diff]5ce ( cause & effect--! ,non- evolv$ 7,pradhna7 is ! g5]al cause ( ?is _m-natur$ ,univ]se' 7vaisv>pya7 7,snkhya ,k4 ,i1 #ae2 #af74--,! t]m 'vaisv>pya' d5otes t :i* possesses all =ms1 i4e4 ! entire _w ) its v>i\sly con/itut$ p>ts--bodies1 worlds1 & s on4 ,?is _w1 :i* on acc\nt ( its v>iegat$ con/itution mu/ be held to be an effect1 has = its cause ! ,unevolv$ 7avyakta ,prakriti71 :i* is ( ! same nature z ! _w4 ,:y s8 ,because x is an effect2 = we p]ceive t e effect is diff]5t f its special cause--:i* has ! same nature z ! effect--& at ! same "t is non-diff]5t4 ,su* effect$ ?+s z e4g4 a j> & a gold ornam5t are diff]5t f _! causes1 i4e4 clay & gold1 :i* h ! same nature z ! effects1 & at ! same "t non-diff]5t4 ,h5ce ! manifold-natur$ _w orig9ates f ! ,pradhna :i* has ! same nature1 & is aga9 m]g$ 9 x3 ! _w ?us has ! ,pradhna alone = its cause4 ,?is ,pradhna is con/itut$ by ! equipoise ( ! ?ree gunas1 & ?us is a cause possess+ a nature equal to t ( its effect1 i4e4 ! _w2 = ! _w is ( ! nature ( pleasure1 pa91 & dullness1 :i* consi/ ( sattva1 rajas1 & tamas respectively4 ,! case is analog\s to t ( a j> consi/+ ( clay2 ( t also ! cause is none o!r ?an ! sub/ance clay4 ,= 9 e case obs]vation %[s t only su* causal sub/ances z are ( ! same nature z ! effects possess t p[] :i* is call$ ! orig9ation ( ! effect4 ,t ! g5]al cause c be f\nd only 9 ! unevolv$ ,pradhna1 :i* consi/s ( ! ?ree gunas 9 a /ate ( equipoise & is unlimit$ ) reg>d to space z well z "t1 foll[s f ! limit$ness ( ! p>ticul> ?+s1 viz4 ! ,mahat1 ! ahankra1 & s on4 ,^! latt] ?+s are limit$ l j>s & s on1 & h5ce incapable ( orig9at+ ! entire _w4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ?is _w1 consi/+ ( ! ?ree gunas1 has = its only cause ! ,pradhna1 :i* is con/itut$ by ^? ?ree gunas 9 a /ate ( equipoise4 ,aga9/ ?is argum5tation ! ,stra says1 ',n t :i* is inf]r$1 on acc\nt ( ! impossibility ( con/ruction1 & on acc\nt ( activity4'--',inf]5ce' means 't :i* is inf]r$1' i4e4 ! ,pradhna4 ,! ,pradhna po/ulat$ by y is n capable ( con/ruct+ ?is manifold-natur$ _w1 because :ile itself be+ non-intellig5t x is n guid$ by an intellig5t be+ und]/&+ its nature4 ,:atev] is ( ?is latt] k9d is incapable ( produc+ effects2 z e4 g4 wood & ! l by !mselves are n capable ( con/ruct+ a palace or a c>riage4 ,z x is matt] ( obs]vation t non- intellig5t wood1 n guid$ by an intellig5t ag5t und]/&+ its nature1 _c produce effects2 & z x is obs]v$ t if guid$ by su* an ag5t matt] does ent] on action s z to produce effects2 ! ,pradhna1 :i* is n rul$ by an intellig5t ag5t1 _c be ! g5]al cause4 ,! '&' 9 ! ,stra is meant to add z a fur!r argum5t t 'pres5ce' 7anvaya7 has no prov+ =ce4 ,= :it5ess pres5t 9 c[s & s on is n inv>iably accompani$ by ! quality ( be+ ! cause ( ! class *>act]i/ics ( c[s4 ,nor mu/ x be said t qualities su* z :it5ess1 al?\gh pres5t 9 ! effect1 may n inde$ be causes1 b t sub/ances su* z gold & ! l :i* are pres5t 9 c]ta9 effects are inv>iably accompani$ by ! quality ( be+ causes1 & t h5ce also ! sub/ances call$ sattva1 rajas1 & tamas1 :i* are f\nd pres5t 9 all effects1 are prov$ to be ! causes ( all ^? effects4 ,= sattva & s on are attributes ( sub/ances1 b n !mselves sub/ances4 ,sattva & s on are ! causes ( ! lightness1 light1 c44 belong+ to sub/ances su* z e>? & ! l1 & h5ce di/9ctive attributes ( ! ess5tial nature ( ^? sub/ances1 b !y are n obs]v$ to be pres5t 9 any effects 9 a sub/antial =m1 z clay1 gold1 & o!r sub/ances are4 ,x is = ?is reason t !y are kn[n z 'gunas4' ,y h fur!r said t ! _w's hav+ "o cause only mu/ be po/ulat$ 9 ord] t an ultimate cause may be rea*$4 ,b z ! sattva1 rajas1 & tamas are n "o b ?ree1 y y\rself d n assume "o cause1 & h5ce d n manage to arrive at an ultimate cause4 ,= y\r ,pradhna consi/s 9 ! equipoise ( ! ?ree gunas2 !re are ?us sev]al causes1 & y h no m an ultimate cause ?an o!rs4 ,nor c y say t ?is end is accompli%$ ?r\gh ! ?ree gunas be+ unlimit$4 ,= if ! ?ree gunas are all alike unlimit$1 & !re=e omnipres5t1 !re is n[h]e a plus or m9us ( any ( !m1 & z ?us no inequality c result1 effects _c orig9ate4 ,9 ord] to expla9 ! orig9ation ( results x is !re=e necess>y to assume limitation ( ! gunas4 ,nor is our view confirm$ by ^? cases only 9 :i* x is cle>ly p]ceiv$ t matt] produces effects only :5 guid$ by an intellig5t pr9ciple2 o!r cases also 7:]e ! fact is n p]ceiv$ ) equal cle>ness7 are 9 fav\r ( our view4 ,?is ! next ,stra decl>es4 ,,footnote #dhb3a4 ,z foll[s f _! hav+ six sides4 #b4 ,if x be said--l milk or wat]2 !re also 7intellig5ce guides74 ,:at has be5 said--! ,snkhya rejo9s--z to ! impossibility ( ! ,pradhna n guid$ by an intellig5t pr9ciple con/ruct+ ?is v>i\sly con/itut$ _w1 is unf\nd$2 = ! ,pradhna may be suppos$ to act 9 ! same way z milk & wat] d4 ,milk1 :5 turn+ into s\r milk1 is capable ( go+ by itself ?r\gh a s]ies ( *anges3 x does n !re=e dep5d on any?+ else4 ,9 ! same way we obs]ve t ! homog5e\s wat] dis*>g$ f ! cl\ds spontane\sly proce$s to trans=m itself into ! v>i\s saps & juices ( diff]5t plants1 su* z palm trees1 mango trees1 wood-apple trees1 lime trees1 tam>9d trees1 & s on4 ,9 ! same way ! ,pradhna1 ( ^: ess5tial nature x is to *ange1 may1 )\t be+ guid$ by ano!r ag5t1 abide 9 ! int]val betwe5 two creations 9 a /ate ( homog5e\sness1 & !n :5 ! "t = creation comes modify itself into _m v>i\s effects due to ! loss ( equilibrium on ! "p ( ! gunas4 ,z has be5 said '7! ,pradhna acts71 ow+ to modification1 z wat] accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( ! abodes ( ! sev]al gunas' 7,snkhya ,k4 ,i1 #af74 ,9 ?is way ! ,unevolv$ acts indep5d5tly ( any?+ else4 ,to ?is reason+ ! ,stra replies '!re also4' ,also1 9 ! in/ances ( milk & wat]1 activity is n possible 9 ! abs5ce ( an intellig5t pr9ciple1 = ^! v cases h already be5 ref]r$ to z prov+ our position4 ,! ,stra ,,ii1 #a1 #bd 7:]e ! *ange ( milk into s\r milk is in/anc$7 meant to prove only t a be+ de/itute ( o!r visible in/rum5ts ( action is able to produce its own special effect1 b n to disprove ! view ( all ag5cy presuppos+ an intellig5t pr9ciple4 ,t ev5 9 wat] & s on an intellig5t pr9ciple is pres5t is prov$ by scriptural texts1 'he :o dwells 9 wat]' & s on4 #c4 ,& because f ! indep5d5ce 7( ! ,pradhna7 !re w\ld foll[ ! non-exi/5ce ( :at is diff]5t 7f creation1 i4e4 ( ! pralaya condition74 ,t ! ,pradhna :i* is n guid$ by an intellig5t pr9ciple is n ! univ]sal cause is prov$ also by ! fact t1 if we ascribe to x a p[] = *ange indep5d5t ( ! guidance ( a ,"l capable ( realis+ all 8 purposes1 x w\ld foll[ t ! pralaya /ate1 :i* is diff]5t f ! /ate ( creation1 w\ld n exi/2 :ile on ! o!r h& ! guidance ( ! ,pradhna by a ,"l expla9s ! alt]nat+ /ates ( creation & pralaya z ! effects ( 8 purposes4 ,nor c ! ,snkhya retort t our view gives rise to simil> difficulties 9 s f>1 namely1 z ! ,"l1 all ^: wi%es are et]nally accompli%$1 :o is free f all imp]fection1 c4 c41 _c be ! orig9ator ( ei!r creation or pralaya1 & z ! creation ( an unequal _w w\ld lay him op5 to ! *>ge ( m]cilessness4 ,=1 z expla9$ be=e1 ev5 a be+ p]fect & complete may ent] on activity = ! sake ( sport2 & z ! reason = a p>ticul> creation on ! "p ( an all-kn[+ ,"l may be 8 recognition ( ,prakriti hav+ rea*$ a c]ta9 special /ate1 x is ! de$s ( ! individual s\ls :i* br+ ab\t ! inequalities 9 ! new creation4--,b if ?is is s1 all diff]5ce ( /ates is caus$ exclusively by ! good & evil de$s ( ! individual s\ls2 & :at position rema9s !n = a rul+ ,"l8 ,prakriti1 impress$ by ! good & evil de$s ( ! s\ls1 w by h]self modify h]self on su* l9es z correspond to ! des]ts ( ! individual s\ls2 9 ! same way z we obs]ve t food & dr9k1 if ei!r vitiat$ by poison or re9=c$ by m$ic9al h]bs & juices1 ent] into new /ates :i* r5d] !m ! causes ( ei!r pleasure or pa94 ,h5ce all ! diff]5ces betwe5 /ates ( creation & pralaya1 z also ! inequalities among creat$ be+s su* z gods1 m51 & s on1 & f9ally ! s\ls rea*+ ! condition ( ,release1 may be cr$it$ to ! ,pradhna1 possess+ z x does ! capability ( modify+ itself into all possible =ms6--,y d n1 we reply1 appe> to "k any?+ ab\t ! nature ( good & evil works2 = ?is is a matt] to be le>n$ f ! ,sa/ra4 ,! ,sa/ra is con/itut$ by ! aggregate ( words call$ ,v$a1 :i* is h&$ on by an endless unbrok5 succession ( pupils le>n+ f qualifi$ tea*]s1 & rais$ above all suspicion ( imp]fections su* z spr+ f mi/ake & ! l4 ,x is ! ,v$a :i* gives in=mation z to good & evil de$s1 ! ess5ce ( :i* consi/s 9 _! pleas+ or displeas+ ! ,supreme ,p]son1 & z to _! results1 viz4 pleasure & pa91 :i* dep5d on ! grace or wra? ( ! ,"l4 ,9 agreem5t h]e) ! ,dramidkrya says1 ',f ! wi% ( giv+ rise to fruits !y seek to please ! ,self ) works2 he be+ pleas$ is able to be/[ fruits1 ?is is ! purport ( ! ,s/ra4' ,?us ,sruti also says1 ',sacrifices & pi\s works :i* are p]=m$ 9 _m =ms1 all t he be>s 7i4e4 he takes to himself72 be ! navel ( ! ,univ]se' 7,mahnr4 ,up4 ,i1 #f74 ,& 9 ! same _s ! ,"l himself decl>es1',f :om !re proce$ all be+s1 by :om all ?is is p]vad$--wor%ipp+ him ) ! prop] works man atta9s to p]fection' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,xviii1 #df72 & ',^! evil & malign hat]s1 l[e/ ( m51 ,i hurl p]petually into transmigrations & into demoniac wombs' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,xvi1 #ai74 ,! div9e ,supreme ,p]son1 all ^: wi%es are et]nally fulfill$1 :o is all- kn[+ & ! rul] ( all1 ^: e purpose is imm$iately realis$1 hav+ engag$ 9 sport befitt+ 8 might & greatness & hav+ settl$ t "w is ( a tw(old nature1 su* & su* works be+ good & su* & su* be+ evil1 & hav+ be/[$ on all individual s\ls bodies & s5se-organs capacitat+ !m = ent]+ on su* "w & ! p[] ( rul+ ^? bodies & organs2 & hav+ himself ent]$ into ^? s\ls z _! inn] ,self abides )9 !m1 controll+ !m z an animat+ & *e]+ pr9ciple4 ,! s\ls1 on _! side1 end[$ ) all ! p[]s imp>t$ to !m by ! ,"l & ) bodies & organs be/[$ by him1 & =m+ abodes 9 :i* he dwells1 apply !mselves on _! own "p1 & 9 accordance ) _! own wi%es1 to works ei!r good or evil4 ,! ,"l1 !n1 recognis+ him :o p]=ms good actions z "o :o obeys 8 comm&s1 blesses him ) piety1 ri*es1 worldly pleasures1 & f9al release2 :ile him :o transgresses 8 comm&s he causes to exp]i5ce ! opposites ( all ^!4 ,!re is ?us no room :atev] = objections f\nd$ on defici5cy1 on ! ,"l's "p1 ( indep5d5ce 9 8 deal+s ) m51 & ! l4 ,nor c he be arraign$ ) be+ pitiless or m]ciless4 ,= by pity we und]/& ! inability1 on somebody's "p1 to be> ! pa9 ( o!rs1 c\pl$ ) a disreg>d ( 8 own advantage4 ,:5 pity has ! effect ( br++ ab\t ! transgression ( law on ! "p ( ! pity+ p]son1 x is 9 no way to 8 cr$it2 x r implies ! *>ge ( unmanl9ess 7weakness71 & x is cr$itable to control & subdue x4 ,= o!rwise x w\ld foll[ t to subdue & *a/ise "o's enemies is some?+ to be blam$4 ,:at ! ,"l himself aims at is ev] to increase happ9ess to ! highe/ degree1 & to ?is end x is in/rum5tal t he %\ld reprove & reject ! inf9ite & intol]able mass ( s9s :i* accumulates 9 ! c\rse ( beg9n+ & endless aeons1 & ?us *eck ! t5d5cy on ! "p ( individual be+s to transgress 8 laws4 ,= ?us he says3 ',to !m ev] devot$1 wor%ipp+ me 9 love1 ,i give t means ( wisdom by :i* !y atta9 to me4 ,9 m]cy only to !m1 dwell+ 9 _! he>ts1 d ,i de/roy ! d>kness born ( ignorance ) ! brilliant light ( k' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,x1 #aj1 #aa74--;,x ?us rema9s a settl$ conclusion t ! ,pradhna1 :i* is n guid$ by an intellig5t pr9ciple1 _c be ! g5]al cause4--,"h a fur!r objection is rais$4 ,al?\gh ,prakriti1 z n be+ rul$ by an intellig5t pr9ciple1 is n capable ( t k9d ( activity :i* spr+s f ef=t1 %e may yet be capable ( t k9d ( activity :i* consi/s 9 m]e trans=mation4 ,= we obs]ve p>allel cases2 ! grass & wat] e4g4 :i* are consum$ by a c[ *ange on _! own acc\nt into milk4 ,9 ! same way1 !n1 ,prakriti may on h] own acc\nt trans=m h]self into ! _w4--,to ?is ! next ,stra replies4 #d4 ,nor l grass & s on2 because 7milk7 does n exi/ else:]e4 ,?is argum5tation does n hold good2 = z grass & ! l d n trans=m !mselves )\t ! guidance ( an intellig5t pr9ciple1 y\r prov+ in/ance is n e/abli%$4--,b :y is x n e/abli%$8-- ',because x does n exi/ else:]e4' ,if grass1 wat] & s on *ang$ into milk ev5 :5 consum$ by a bull or :5 n consum$ at all1 !n inde$ x might be held t !y *ange )\t ! guidance ( an intellig5t pr9ciple4 ,b no?+ ( ! k9d takes place1 & h5ce we conclude t x is ! intellig5t pr9ciple only :i* turns ! grass eat5 by ! c[ into milk4--,?is po9t has be5 set =? above "u ,stra #c2 ! pres5t ,stra is meant to emphasise & p>ticul>ise x4 #e4 ,& if y say--z ! man & ! /one2 ?us also4 ,"h ! foll[+ view might be urg$4 ,al?\gh ! s\l consi/s ( m]e intellig5ce & is inactive1 :ile ! ,pradhna is de/itute ( all p[] ( ?\ght2 yet ! non-s5ti5t ,pradhna may beg9 to act ow+ to ! m]e ne>ness ( ! s\l4 ,= we obs]ve p>allel in/ances4 ,a man bl9d b capable ( motion may act 9 "s way1 ow+ to ! ne>ness to him ( "s lame man :o has no p[] ( motion b possesses good eyesight & assi/s ! bl9d man ) 8 intellig5ce4 ,& ?r\gh ! ne>ness ( ! magnetic /one iron moves4 ,9 ! same way ! creation ( ! _w may result f ! connexion ( ,prakriti & ! s\l4 ,z has be5 said1 ',9 ord] t ! s\l may "k ! ,pradhna & become isolat$1 ! connexion ( ! two takes place l t ( ! lame & ! bl9d2 & !nce creation spr+s' 7,snkhya ,k4 #ba74 ,?is means--to ! end t ! s\l may exp]i5ce ! ,pradhna1 & = ! sake ( ! s\l's emancipation1 ! ,pradhna ent]s on action at ! beg9n+ ( creation1 ow+ to ! ne>ness ( ! s\l4 ,to ?is ! ,stra replies '?us also4' ,?is means--! inability ( ! ,pradhna to act rema9s ! same1 9 spite ( ^! in/ances4 ,! lame man is inde$ incapable ( walk+1 b he possesses v>i\s o!r p[]s--he c see ! road & give in/ructions reg>d+ x2 & ! bl9d man1 be+ an intellig5t be+1 und]/&s ^? in/ructions & directs 8 /eps accord+ly4 ,! magnet aga9 possesses ! attribute ( mov+ t[>ds ! iron & s on4 ,! s\l on ! o!r h&1 :i* is absolutely inactive1 is incapable ( all su* *anges4 ,z1 moreov]1 ! m]e ne>ness ( ! s\l to ! ,pradhna is some?+ et]nal1 x w\ld foll[ t ! creation also is et]nal4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! s\l is held to be et]nally free1 !n !re c be no bondage & no release4 #f4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! impossibility ( ! relation ( pr9cipal 7& subord9ate7 matt]4 ,y ,snkhyas ma9ta9 t ! orig9ation ( ! _w results f a c]ta9 relation betwe5 pr9cipal & subord9ate entities :i* dep5ds on ! relative inf]iority & sup]iority ( ! gunas-- 'accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( ! abodes ( ! sev]al gunas' 7,snkhya ,k4 ,i1 #af74 ,b1 z 9 ! pralaya /ate ! ?ree gunas are 9 a /ate ( equipoise1 none ( !m be+ sup]ior or inf]ior to ! o!rs1 t relation ( sup]iority & subord9ation _c !n exi/1 & h5ce ! _w _c orig9ate4 ,%\ld x1 on ! o!r h&1 be ma9ta9$ t ev5 9 ! pralaya /ate !re is a c]ta9 inequality1 x w\ld foll[ !refrom t creation is et]nal4 #g4 ,& if ano!r inf]5ce be made 7! result rema9s un*ang$71 on acc\nt ( 7! ,pradhna7 be+ de/itute ( ! p[] ( a kn[+ subject4 ,ev5 if ! ,pradhna 7 inf]r$ by "s reason+ diff]5t f ! argum5ts s f> refut$ by u1 our objections w\ld rema9 9 =ce because1 anyh[1 ! ,pradhna is devoid ( ! p[] ( a cognis+ subject4 ,! ,pradhna ?us _c be e/abli%$ by any mode ( inf]5ce4 #h4 ,& ev5 if x be admitt$2 on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( a purpose4 ,ev5 if x 7 admitt$ t ! ,pradhna is e/abli%$ by ,inf]5ce1 ! ,snkhya !ory c\ld n be accept$ = ! reason t ! ,pradhna is )\t a purpose4 ,=1 accord+ to ! view express$ 9 ! passage1 ',9 ord] t ! s\l may "k ! ,pradhna & become isolat$' 7,snkhya ,k4 ,i1 #ba71 ! purpose ( ! ,pradhna is fruition & f9al release on ! "p ( ! s\l2 b bo? ^! are impossible4 ,=1 z ! s\l consi/s ( pure intellig5ce1 is inactive1 *angeless1 & spotless1 & h5ce et]nally emancipat$1 x is capable nei!r ( fruition :i* consi/s 9 consci\sness ( ,prakriti1 nor ( ,release :i* consi/s 9 sep>ation f ,prakriti4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x be held t ! s\l con/itut$ z describ$ is1 ow+ to ! m]e ne>ness ( ,prakriti1 capable ( fruition1 i4e4 ( be+ consci\s ( pleasure & pa91 :i* are special modifications ( ,prakriti1 x foll[s t1 z ,prakriti is ev] ne>1 ! s\l w nev] accompli% emancipation4 #i4 ,& 7x is7 objectionable on acc\nt ( ! contradictions4 ,! ,snkhya-sy/em1 moreov]1 lab\rs f _m int]nal contradictions4-- ,! ,snkhyas hold t :ile ,prakriti is = ! sake ( ano!r & ! object ( k & fruition1 ! s\l is indep5d5t1 an enjoy+ & kn[+ ag5t1 & consci\s ( ,prakriti2 t ! s\l rea*es isolation ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( ,prakriti only1 & t z its nature is pure1 p]man5t1 un*ang+ consci\sness1 abs5ce ( all activity & isolation belong to t nature2 t = ?is reason ! accompli%+ ( ! means ( bondage & release & ( release belong to ,prakriti only2 & t1 ow+ to ,prakriti's proximity to ! un*ang+ non-active s\l1 ,prakriti1 by a process ( mutual sup]imposition 7adhysa71 works t[>ds ! creation ( a _w & subs]ves ! purposes ( ! s\l's fruition & emancipation4--',s9ce ! aggregate ( ?+s is = ! sake ( ano!r2 s9ce !re is an opposite ( ! ?ree gunas & ! re/2 s9ce !re is sup]9t5d5ce2 s9ce !re is an exp]i5c+ subject2 & s9ce !re is activity = ! sake ( isolation2 ! s\l exi/s' 7,snkhya ,k4 #ag72 ',& f t contra/ ! s\l is prov$ to be a witness1 isolat$1 neutral1 cognis+ & inactive' 7#ah74--;,& aft] hav+ /at$ t ! activity ( ! ,pradhna is = ! purpose ( ! release ( ! ,self1 ! text says1 '!re=e no 7s\l7 is ei!r b\nd or releas$1 nor does x migrate2 x is ,prakriti :i*1 abid+ 9 v>i\s be+s1 is b\nd & releas$ & migrates' 7#fb74 ,& ',f ?is connexion !re) 7i4e4 ) ! s\l7 ! non-intellig5t appe>s z intellig5t2 & al?\gh all ag5cy belongs to ! gunas1 ! indiff]5t 7s\l7 becomes an ag5t4 ,9 ord] t ! s\l may "k ! ,pradhna & become isolat$1 ! connexion ( ! two takes place l t ( ! lame & ! bl9d2 & !nce creation spr+s' 7#bj1 #ba74--,n[ to t :i* is et]nally un*ang+1 non-active & isolat$1 ! attributes ( be+ a witness & an enjoy+ & cognis+ ag5t c 9 no way belong4 ,nor also c su* a be+ be subject to error re/+ on sup]imposition2 = error & sup]imposition bo? are ( ! nature ( *ange4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 !y also _c belong to ,prakriti1 s9ce !y are attributes ( intellig5t be+s4 ,= by sup]imposition we und]/& ! attribution1 on ! "p ( an intellig5t be+1 ( ! qualities ( "o ?+ to ano!r ?+2 & ?is is ! do+ ( an intellig5t be+1 & moreov] a *ange4 ,nor is x possible t sup]imposition & ! l %\ld take place 9 ! s\l only if x is 9 approximation to ,prakriti4-- ,!y may take place j on acc\nt ( ! non-*ang+ nature ( ! s\l6--,!n1 we reply1 !y w\ld take place p]man5tly4 ,& t m]e proximity has no effective p[] we h already %[n "u ,,ii1 #a1 #d4 ,& if x is ma9ta9$ t x is ,prakriti only t migrates1 is b\nd & releas$1 h[ !n c %e be said to b5efit ! s\l1 :i* is et]nally releas$8 ,t %e does s ! ,snkhyas di/9ctly ass]t1 ',by manifold means ,prakriti1 helpful & end[$ ) ! gunas1 )\t any b5efit to h]self1 accompli%es ! purpose ( ! s\l1 :i* is ?ankless & n compos$ ( ! gunas' 7,snkhya ,k4 #fj74--,! ,snkhyas fur!r tea* t ,prakriti1 on be+ se5 by any s\l 9 h] true nature1 at once retires f t s\l--',z a danc] hav+ exhibit$ h]self on ! /age )draws f ! s\l1 s ,prakriti )draws f ! s\l :5 %e has manife/$ h]self to x' 7#ei72 ',my op9ion is t !re exi/s no?+ m s5sitive ?an ,prakriti1 :o kn[+ ,i h be5 se5 does n aga9 %[ itself to ! s\l' 7#fa74 ,b ?is doctr9e also is inappropriate4 ,=1 z ! s\l is et]nally releas$ & above all *ange1 x nev] sees ,prakriti1 nor does x attribute to itself h] qualities2 & ,prakriti h]self does n see h]self s9ce %e is ( non-intellig5t nature2 nor c %e wrongly impute to h]self ! s\l's see+ ( itself z h] own see+ ( h]self1 = %e h]self is non-intellig5t & ! s\l is incapable ( t *ange :i* consi/s 9 see+ or kn[+4--,let x !n be said t ! 'see+' means no?+ m ?an ! proximity ( ,prakriti to ! s\l6-- ,b ?is also does n help y2 =1 z said above1 f t !re w\ld foll[ et]nal see+1 s9ce ! two are 9 et]nal proximity4 ,moreov]1 ! ev] un*ang+ s\l is n capable ( an approximation :i* does n =m an elem5t ( its un*ang+ nature4--,moreov]1 if y def9e ! see+ z m]e proximity & decl>e ?is to be ! cause ( ,release1 we po9t out t x equally is ! cause ( bondage--s t bondage & release w\ld bo? be p]man5t4--,let x !n be said t :at causes bondage is wrong see+--:ile intuition ( ! true nature ( ?+s is ! cause ( ,release6--,b z bo? ^! k9ds ( see+ are no?+ b proximity1 x w\ld foll[ t bo? take place p]man5tly4 ,& if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! proximity ( ,s\l & ,prakriti 7 held n to be p]man5t1 !n ! cause ( su* proximity w\ld h to be assign$1 & aga9 ! cause ( t1 & s on ad inf9itum4--,let u !n1 to escape f ^! difficulties1 def9e proximity z no?+ m ?an ! true nature ( s\l & ,prakriti6--,z ! true nature is p]man5t1 we reply1 x w\ld foll[ !refrom t bondage & release w\ld be alike p]man5t4--,on acc\nt ( all ^! contradictory views ! sy/em ( ! ,snkhyas is unt5able4 ,we f9ally rem>k t ! argum5ts "h set =? by u at ! same "t prove ! unt5abl5ess ( ! view ( ^? :o tea* t !re is an et]nally un*ang+ ,brahman ^: nature is pure1 non-diff]5c$ intellig5ce1 & :i* by be+ consci\s ( ,nesci5ce exp]i5ces unreal bondage & release4 ,= ^? philosoph]s c %[ no m ?an ! ,snkhyas d h[ _! ,brahman c be consci\s ( ,nesci5ce1 c be subject to adhysa1 & s on4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ! foll[+ diff]5ce betwe5 ! two !ories4 ,! ,snkhyas1 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! def9ite individual di/ribution ( bir?1 dea?1 & s on1 assume a plurality ( s\ls4 ,! ,v$nt9s1 on ! o!r h&1 d n all[ ev5 s mu*1 & _! doctr9e is ?us all ! m irrational4 ,! ass]tion t !re is a diff]5ce 79 fav\r ( ! ,v$nt9s7 betwe5 ! two doctr9es1 9 s f> z ! ,v$nt9s hold ,prakriti to be some?+ unreal1 :ile ! ,snkhyas consid] x to be real1 is unf\nd$2 = pure1 homog5e\s intellig5ce1 et]nally non-*ang+1 _c possibly be consci\s ( any?+ diff]5t f itself1 :e!r x be unreal or real4 ,& if t ?+ is held to be unreal1 !re arise fur!r difficulties1 ow+ to its hav+ to be view$ z ! object ( k1 ( refutation1 & s on4 ,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! impossibility ( con/ruction4' #aj4 ,or 9 ! same way z ! big & long f ! %ort & ! atomic4 ,we h %[n t ! !ory ( ! ,pradhna be+ ! univ]sal cause is unt5able1 s9ce x re/s on fallaci\s argum5ts1 & suff]s f inn] contradictions4 ,we %all n[ prove t ! view ( atoms con/itut+ ! univ]sal cause is unt5able likewise4 ',or 9 ! same way z ! big & long f ! %ort & ! atomic' ',is unt5able' mu/ be suppli$ f ! prec$+ ,stra2 'or' has to be tak5 9 ! s5se ( '&4' ,! s5se ( ! ,stra is--9 ! same way z ! big & long1 i4e4 z ! !ory ( t]n>y comp\nds orig9at+ f ! %ort & ! atomic1 i4e4 f b9>y comp\nds & simple atoms is unt5able1 s ev]y?+ else :i* !y 7! ,vaise%ikas7 ma9ta9 is unt5able2 or1 9 o!r words--z ! !ory ( ! _w orig9at+ f atoms ?r\gh b9>y comp\nds is unt5able1 s ev]y?+ else is likewise unt5able4--,?+s consi/+ ( p>ts1 z e4g4 a piece ( clo?1 are produc$ by _! p>ts1 e4g4 ?reads1 be+ jo9$ by means ( ! six sides :i* are p>ts ( ^? p>ts4 ,analog\sly ! atoms also mu/ be held to orig9ate b9>y comp\nds 9 ! way ( comb9+ by means ( _! six sides2 = if ! atoms possess$ no di/9ction ( p>ts 7& h5ce fill$ no space71 a gr\p ( ev5 a ?\s& atoms w\ld n diff] 9 ext5sion f a s+le atom1 & ! diff]5t k9ds ( ext5sion--m9ut5ess1 %ortness1 bigness1 l5g?1 c4--w\ld nev] em]ge4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x is admitt$ t ! atoms also h di/9ct sides1 !y h p>ts & are made up ( ^? p>ts1 & ^? p>ts aga9 are made up ( _! p>ts1 & s on 9 inf9itum4-- ,b1 ! ,vaise%ika may object1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 a mu/>d se$ & a m\nta9 is due to ! paucity ( ! con/itu5t p>ts on ! "o h&1 & _! multitude on ! o!r4 ,if1 n[1 x be held t ! atom itself conta9s an inf9ity ( p>ts1 ! mu/>d se$ & ! m\nta9 alike w conta9 an inf9ity ( p>ts1 & ?us _! inequality _c be acc\nt$ =4 ,we mu/ !re=e assume t !re is a limit ( subdivision 7i4e4 t !re are real atoms :i* d n !mselves consi/ ( p>ts74--,n s1 we reply4 ,if ! atoms did n possess di/9ct p>ts1 !re c\ld orig9ate no ext5sion great] ?an ! ext5sion ( "o atom 7z already %[n71 & ?us nei!r mu/>d se$ nor m\nta9 w\ld ev] be br\ght ab\t4--,b :at1 !n1 are we to d to get out ( ?is dilemma8--,y h only to accept ! ,v$ic doctr9e ( ! orig9ation ( ! _w4 ,o!rs expla9 ! above ,stra z meant to refute an objection aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ,brahman be+ ! g5]al cause4 ,b ?is does n suit ! arrangem5t ( ! ,stras1 & w\ld imply a mean+less it]ation4 ,! objections rais$ by "s aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ,brahman h be5 dispos$ ( 9 ! prec$+ pda1 & ! pres5t pda is devot$ to ! refutation ( o!r !ories4 ,& t ! _w admits ( be+ view$ z spr++ f an intellig5t pr9ciple su* z ,brahman 0 %[n at l5g? "u ,,ii1 #a1 #d4 ,! s5se ( ! ,stra1 !re=e1 is none o!r ?an :at we /at$ above4--,b :at are ^? o!r unt5able views to :i* ! ,stra ref]s8--,to ?is "q ! next ,stra replies4 #aa4 ,on bo? assumptions also !re is no motion1 & !nce non-be+ 7( ! orig9ation ( ! _w74 ,! atomic !ory tea*es t ! _w is produc$ by ! successive =mation ( comp\nds1 b9>y1 t]n>y1 & s on1 due to ! aggregation ( atoms--su* aggregation result+ f ! motion ( ! atoms4 ,! prim>y motion ( ! atoms--:i* are ! cause ( ! orig9ation ( ! entire _w--is assum$ to be br\ght ab\t by ! unse5 pr9ciple 7adri%ta71 ',! upw>d flick]+ ( fire1 ! sideway motion ( air1 ! prim>y motion on ! "p ( atoms & ( ! manas are caus$ by ! unse5 pr9ciple4'--,is !n1 we ask1 ?is prim>y motion ( ! atoms caus$ by an adri%ta resid+ 9 !m1 or by an adri%ta resid+ 9 ! s\ls8 ,nei!r alt]native is possible4 ,= ! unse5 pr9ciple :i* is orig9at$ by ! good & evil de$s ( ! individual s\ls _c possibly reside 9 ! atoms2 & if x c\ld1 ! consequ5ce w\ld be t ! atoms w\ld con/antly produce ! _w4 ,nor aga9 c ! adri%ta resid+ 9 ! s\ls be ! cause ( motion orig9at+ 9 ! atoms4--,let x !n be assum$ t motion orig9ates 9 ! atoms1 ow+ to _! be+ 9 contact ) ! s\ls 9 :i* ! adri%ta abides6--,if ?is 7 s1 we reply1 x w\ld foll[ t ! _w w\ld be p]man5tly creat$1 = ! adri%ta1 ( ! s\ls =ms an et]nal /ream4-,b ! adri%ta requires to be matur$ 9 ord] to produce results4 ,! adri%tas ( "s s\ls come to maturity 9 ! same /ate ( exi/5ce 9 :i* ! de$s 7 p]=m$2 o!rs become mature 9 a subsequ5t /ate ( exi/5ce only2 & o!rs aga9 d n become mature be=e a new ,kalpa has begun4 ,x is ow+ to ?is dep5d5ce on ! maturation ( ! adri%tas t ! orig9ation ( ! _w does n take place at all times4--,b ?is reason+ also we _c admit4 ,= !re is no?+ :atev] to e/abli% ! conclusion t all ! diff]5t adri%tas :i* spr+ f ! manifold actions p]=m$ at diff]5t times1 )\t any previ\s agreem5t1 by ! inf9ite multitude ( individual ,selfs %\ld rea* a /ate ( uni=m maturation at "o & ! same mom5t ( "t 7s z to give rise to a new creation74 ,nor does ?is view ( y\rs acc\nt = ! fact ( ! entire _w be+ de/roy$ at ! same "t1 & rema9+ 9 a /ate ( non-maturation = ! p]iod ( a dvip>rdha4--,nor c y say t ! motion ( ! atoms is due to _! conjunction ) 7s\ls ^:7 adri%ta possesses c]ta9 specific qualities imp>t$ to !m by ! w ( ! ,"l2 = by m]e inf]5ce ! exi/5ce ( a ,"l _c be prov$1 z we h %[n "u ,i1 #a4 ,! orig9 ( ! _w _c1 !re=e1 be due to any action on ! "p ( ! atoms4 #ab4 ,& because ow+ to ! ackn[l$gm5t ( samavya1 !re results a regressus 9 inf9itum f equality4 ,! ,vaise%ika doctr9e is fur!r unt5able on acc\nt ( ! ackn[l$gm5t ( samavya4--,:y s8--,because ! samavya also1 l "p1 quality1 & g5]ic *>act]i/ics1 requires some?+ else to e/abli% x1 & t some?+ else aga9 requires "s fur!r ?+ to e/abli% x--f :i* !re arises an inf9ite regress4 ,to expla94 ,! ,vaise%ikas assume ! s-call$ samavya relation1 def9+ x z 't connexion :i* is ! cause ( ! idea ?is is "h1 9 ! case ( ?+s p]man5tly & insep>ably connect$1 & /&+ to ea* o!r 9 ! relation ( abode & ?+ abid+ 9 ! abode4' ,n[1 if su* a samavya relation is assum$ 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! fact t ?+s obs]v$ to be insep>ably connect$--z1 e4g41 class *>act]i/ics are insep>ably connect$ ) ! individuals to :i* !y belong--are su*1 i4e4 insep>ably connect$1 a reason has also to be se>*$ = :y ! samavya1 :i* is ( ! same nature z ^? ?+s 79 s f>1 namely1 z x is also insep>ably connect$ ) ! ?+s connect$ by x71 is su*2 & = t reason1 aga91 a fur!r reason has to be po/ulat$1 & s on1 9 inf9itum4 ,nor c x be said t insep>able connexion mu/ be assum$ to con/itute ! ess5tial nature ( samavya 7s t no fur!r reason ne$ be dem&$ = its insep>able connexion72 = on ?is reason+ y w\ld h to assume ! same ess5tial nature = class *>act]i/ics1 qualities1 & s on 7:i* w\ld r5d] ! assumption ( a samavya ne$less = !m also74 ,nor is x a legitimate proce$+ to po/ulate an unse5 entity su* z ! samavya is1 & !n to assume = x su* & su* an ess5tial nature4--,^! objections apply to ! samavya :e!r x be view$ z et]nal or non-et]nal4 ,! next ,stra urges a fur!r objection aga9/ x if view$ z et]nal4 #ac4 ,& because 7! _w also7 w\ld ?us be et]nal4 ,! samavya is a relation1 & if t relation is et]nal t to :i* ! relation belongs mu/ also be et]nal1 s t we w\ld arrive at ! unacceptable conclusion t ! _w is et]nal4 #ad4 ,& on acc\nt ( 7! atoms7 hav+ col\r & s on1 ! rev]se 7takes place72 z x is obs]v$4 ,f ! view t ! atoms ( f\r k9ds--viz4 ( e>? or wat] or fire or air--possess col\r1 ta/e1 smell1 & t\*1 x w\ld foll[ t ! atoms are non-et]nal1 gross1 & made up ( p>ts--& ?is is ! rev]se ( :at ! ,vaise%ikas actually tea* z to _! atoms1 viz4 t !y are et]nal1 subtle1 & n made up ( p>ts4 ,= ?+s possess+ col\r1 e4g4 j>s1 are non-et]nal1 because x is obs]v$ t !y are produc$ f o!r causes ( ! same1 i4e4 non-et]nal nature1 & s on4 ,to a non-p]ceiv$ ?+ :i* is assum$ 9 accordance ) :at is actually p]ceiv$1 we may n ascribe any attributes t w\ld be conv5i5t to u2 & x is 9 accordance ) actual exp]i5ce t y ,vaise%ikas assume ! atoms to possess col\r & o!r qualities4 ,h5ce y\r !ory is unt5able4--,let x !n1 9 ord] to avoid ?is difficulty1 be assum$ t ! atoms d n possess col\r & o!r s5sible qualities4 ,to ?is alt]native ! next ,stra ref]s4 #ae4 ,& z !re are objections 9 bo? cases4 ,a difficulty arises n only on ! view ( ! atoms hav+ col\r & o!r s5sible qualities1 b also on ! view ( _! be+ de/itute ( ^? qualities4 ,= z ! qualities ( effect$ ?+s dep5d on ! qualities ( _! causes1 e>?1 wat]1 & s on1 w\ld 9 t case be de/itute ( qualities4 ,& if to avoid ?is difficulty1 x be held t ! atoms d possess qualities1 we are aga9 met by ! difficulty /at$ 9 ! prec$+ ,stra4 ,objections ?us aris+ 9 bo? cases1 ! !ory ( ! atoms is unt5able4 #af4 ,& z x is n accept$1 x is altoge!r disreg>d$4 ,kapila's doctr9e1 al?\gh to be reject$ on acc\nt ( x's be+ 9 conflict ) ,scripture & s\nd reason+1 yet recomm5ds itself to ! adh]5ts ( ! ,v$a on "s acc\nts--z e4g4 its view ( ! exi/5ce ( ! effect 9 ! cause4 ,kanda's !ory1 on ! o!r h&1 ( :i* no "p c be accept$ & :i* is totally de/itute ( pro(1 _c b be absolutely disreg>d$ by all ^? :o aim at ! highe/ end ( man4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! big & long'4 #ag4 ,ev5 on ! aggregate ) its two causes1 !re is non- e/abli%m5t ( t4 ,we s f> h refut$ ! ,vaise%ikas1 :o hold ! doctr9e ( atoms con/itut+ ! g5]al cause4 ,n[ ! foll[]s ( ,buddha also tea* t ! _w orig9ates f atoms1 & ! ,stras !re=e proce$ to decl>e t on _! view also ! orig9ation1 c\rse1 & s on1 ( ! _w _c rationally be acc\nt$ =4 ,^! ,bauddhas belong to f\r diff]5t classes4 ,"s ( !m hold t all outw>d ?+s1 :i* are ei!r elem5ts 7bhta7 or elem5tal 7bhautika71 & all inw>d ?+s :i* are ei!r m9d 7kitta7 or m5tal 7kaitta71--all ^! ?+s consi/+ ( aggregates ( ! atoms ( e>?1 wat]1 fire & air--are prov$ by means ( ,p]ception z well z ,inf]5ce4 ,o!rs hold t all ext]nal ?+s1 e>?1 & s on1 are only to be inf]r$ f ideas 7vijna74 ,o!rs aga9 tea* t ! only reality are ideas to :i* no outw>d ?+s correspond2 ! 7s-call$7 outw>d ?+s are l ! ?+s se5 9 dreams4 ,! ?ree s*ools m5tion$ agree 9 hold+ t ! ?+s admitt$ by !m h a mom5t>y exi/5ce only1 & d n all[ t1 9 addition to ! ?+s m5tion$1 viz4 elem5ts & elem5tal ?+s1 m9d & m5tal ?+s1 !re are c]ta9 fur!r indep5d5t entities su* z e!r1 ,self1 & s on4--,o!rs f9ally ass]t a univ]sal void1 i4e4 ! non-reality ( ev]y?+4 ,! ,stras at fir/ dispose ( ! !ory ( ^? :o ackn[l$ge ! real exi/5ce ( ext]nal ?+s4 ,_! op9ion is z foll[s4 ,! atoms ( e>? :i* possess ! qualities ( col\r1 ta/e1 t\* & smell2 ! atoms ( wat] :i* possess ! qualities ( col\r1 ta/e & t\*2 ! atoms ( fire :i* possess ! qualities ( col\r & t\*2 & ! atoms ( air :i* possess ! quality ( t\* only1 comb9e s z to con/itute e>?1 wat]1 fire & air2 & out ( ! latt] !re orig9ate ! aggregates call$ bodies1 s5se-organs1 & objects ( s5se-organs4 ,& t fl[ ( ideas1 :i* assumes ! =m ( ! imag9ation ( an appreh5d+ ag5t abid+ )9 ! body1 is :at con/itutes ! s-call$ ,self4 ,on ! ag5cies enum]at$ !re re/s ! entire empiric _w4--,on ?is view ! ,stra rem>ks1 ',ev5 on ! aggregate ) its two causes1 !re is non-e/abli%m5t ( t'4 ,t aggregate :i* consi/s ( e>? & ! o!r elem5ts & ( :i* ! atoms are ! cause2 & t fur!r aggregate :i* consi/s ( bodies1 s5se-organs & objects1 & ( :i* ! elem5ts are ! cause--on nei!r ( ^! two aggregates ) _! tw(old causes c !re be prov$ e/abli%m5t ( t1 i4e4 c ! orig9ation ( t aggregate :i* we call ! _w be rationally e/abli%$4 ,if ! atoms z well z e>? & ! o!r elem5ts are held to h a mom5t>y exi/5ce only1 :51 we ask1 d ! atoms :i* p]i% )9 a mom5t1 & ! elem5ts1 move t[>ds comb9ation1 & :5 d !y comb9e8 & :5 d !y become ! 'objects ( /ates ( consci\sness'8 & :5 d !y become ! abodes ( ! activities ( appropriation1 avoidance & s on 7on ! "p ( ag5ts78 & :at is ! cognis+ ,self8 & ) :at objects does x ent] into contact ?r\gh ! s5se-organs8 & :i* cognis+ ,self cognises :i* objects1 & at :at "t8 & :i* ,self proce$s to appropriate :i* objects1 & at :at "t8 ,= ! s5ti5t subject has p]i%$1 & ! object ( s5sation has p]i%$2 & ! cognis+ subject has p]i%$1 & ! object cognis$ has p]i%$4 ,& h[ c "o subject cognise :at has be5 appreh5d$ ?r\gh ! s5ses ( ano!r8 & h[ is "o subject to take to itself :at ano!r subject has cognis$8 ,& %\ld x be said t ea* /ream ( cognitions is "o 7:]eby a k9d ( unity ( ! cognis+ subject is claim$ to be e/abli%$71 yet ?is af=ds no suffici5t basis = ! ord9>y notions & activities ( life1 s9ce ! /ream really is no?+ diff]5t f ! con/itu5t p>ts ( ! /ream 7all ( :i* are mom5t>y & h5ce discrete74--,t 9 reality ! ,ego con/itutes ! ,self & is ! kn[+ subject1 we h prov$ previ\sly4 #ah4 ,if x be said t 7?is7 is to be expla9$ ?r\gh successive causality2 we say 'no1' on acc\nt ( _! n be+ ! causes ( aggregation4 ',if x be said t ?r\gh ! successive causality ( ,nesci5ce & s on1 ! =mation ( aggregates & o!r matt]s may be satisfactorily acc\nt$ =4' ,to expla94 ,al?\gh all ! entities 7ackn[l$g$ by ! ,bauddhas7 h a m]ely mom5t>y exi/5ce1 yet all t is acc\nt$ = by avidy4 ,avidy means t conception1 contr>y to reality1 by :i* p]man5cy1 & s on1 are ascrib$ to :at is mom5t>y1 & s on4 ,?r\gh avidy !re are orig9at$ desire1 av]sion1 c41 :i* are compris$ "u ! g5]al t]m 'impression' 7samskra72 & f ^? !re spr+s cognition 7vijna7 :i* consi/s 9 ! 'k9dl+' ( m9d2 f t m9d 7kitta7 & :at is ( ! nature ( m9d 7kaitta7 & ! sub/ances possess+ col\r1 & s on1 viz4 e>?1 wat]1 c4 ,f t aga9 ! six s5se-organs1 call$ '! six abodes'2 f t ! body1 call$ 't\*' 7sp>sa72 f t s5sation 7v$an71 & s on4 ,& f t aga9 avidy1 & ! :ole s]ies z describ$2 s t !re is an endlessly revolv+ cycle1 9 :i* avidy1 & s on1 are 9 turn ! causes ( ! l9ks succe$+ !m4 ,n[ all ?is is n possible )\t ^? aggregates ( ! elem5ts & elem5tal ?+s :i* are call$ e>?1 & s on2 & !reby ! rationality ( ! =mation ( ^? aggregates is prov$4 ,to ?is ! second half ( ! ,stra replies ',n s1 on acc\nt ( 7_!7 n be+ ! causes ( aggregation'4--,?is _c rationally be assum$1 because avidy1 & s on1 _c be op]ative causes ) reg>d to ! aggregation ( e>? & ! o!r elem5ts & elem5tal ?+s4 ,= avidy1 :i* consi/s 9 ! view ( p]man5cy & s on1 belong+ to :at is non-p]man5t1 & desire1 av]sion & ! re/1 :i* are orig9at$ by avidy _c con/itute ! causes ( 7o!r7 mom5t>y ?+s ent]+ into aggregation2 n any m ?an ! mi/ak5 idea ( %ell-silv] is ! cause ( ! aggregation ( ?+s su* z %ells4 ,moreov]1 on ! ,bauddha doctr9e1 he :o views a mom5t>y ?+ z p]man5t himself p]i%es at ! same mom5t2 :o !n is ! subject 9 :om ! s-call$ samskras1 i4e4 desire1 av]sion1 & s on1 orig9ate8 ,^? :o d n ackn[l$ge "o p]man5t sub/ance con/itut+ ! abode ( ! samskras h no "r to assume ! cont9uance ( ! samskras4 #ai4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! cessation ( ! prec$+ "o on ! orig9ation ( ! subsequ5t "o4 ,= ! foll[+ reason also ! orig9ation ( ! _w _c be acc\nt$ = on ! view ( ! mom5t>9ess ( all exi/5ce4 ,at ! "t :5 ! subsequ5t mom5t>y exi/5ce orig9ates1 ! prec$+ mom5t>y exi/5ce has pass$ away1 & x _c !re=e /& 9 a causal relation t[>ds ! subsequ5t "o4 ,= if non-exi/5ce _h causal p[]1 any?+ might orig9ate at any "t at any place4--,let x !n be said t :at con/itutes a cause is no?+ else b exi/5ce 9 a previ\s mom5t4--,b1 if ?is 7 s1 ! previ\s mom5t>y exi/5ce ( a j>1 let u say1 w\ld be ! cause ( all ?+s :atev] t w\ld be met ) 9 ?is ?reefold _w 9 ! subsequ5t mom5t-c[s1 buffaloes1 horses1 *airs1 /ones1 c46--,let u !n say t a ?+ exi/+ 9 a previ\s mom5t is ! cause only ( ^? ?+s1 exi/+ 9 ! subsequ5t mom5t1 :i* belong to ! same species4--,b f ?is aga9 x w\ld foll[ t "o j> exi/+ 9 ! previ\s mom5t w\ld be ! cause ( all j>s1 to be met ) 9 any place1 exi/+ 9 ! foll[+ mom5t6--,p]haps y mean to say t "o ?+ is ! cause ( "o subsequ5t ?+ only4 ,b h[ !n are we to "k :i* ?+ is ! cause ( :i* "o subsequ5t ?+8-- ,well !n ,i say t ! mom5t>ily exi/+ j> :i* exi/s 9 a c]ta9 place is ! cause ( t "o subsequ5t mom5t>y j> only :i* exi/s at ! v same place6--,v good1 !n y hold t a place is some?+ p]man5t6 7:ile yet y\r doctr9e is t !re is no?+ p]man5t74--,moreov] z1 on y\r !ory1 ! ?+ :i* has ent]$ into contact ) ! eye or "s o!r s5se-organ does no long] exi/ at ! "t :5 ! idea orig9ates1 no?+ c ev] be ! object ( a cognition4 #bj4 ,!re n be+ 7a cause71 !re results contradiction ( ! admitt$ pr9ciple2 o!rwise simultane\sness4 ,if x be said t ! effect may orig9ate ev5 :5 a cause does n exi/1 !n--z we h po9t$ out be=e--any?+ might orig9ate any:]e & at any "t4 ,& n only w\ld ! orig9ation ( ! effect ?us rema9 unexpla9$1 b an admitt$ pr9ciple w\ld also be contradict$4 ,= y hold ! pr9ciple t !re are f\r causes br++ ab\t ! orig9ation ( a cognition1 viz4 ! adhipati-cause1 ! sahakri-cause1 ! lambhana-cause1 & ! samanant>a-cause4 ,! t]m adhipati d5otes ! s5se-organs4--,& if1 9 ord] to avoid opposition to an ackn[l$g$ pr9ciple1 x be assum$ t ! orig9ation ( a fur!r mom5t>y j> takes place at ! "t :5 ! previ\s mom5t>y j> /ill exi/s1 !n x w\ld foll[ t ! two mom5t>y j>s1 ! causal "o & ! effect$ "o1 w\ld be p]ceiv$ toge!r2 b z a matt] ( fact !y are n s p]ceiv$4 ,&1 fur!r1 ! doctr9e ( g5]al mom5t>9ess w\ld ?us be giv5 up4 ,& %\ld x be said t 7?is is n s1 b t7 mom5t>9ess rema9s1 x w\ld foll[ t ! connexion ( ! s5se-organ ) ! object & ! cognition are simultane\s4 #ba4 ,!re is non-e/abli%m5t ( pratisankhy & apratisankhy de/ruction1 on acc\nt ( non-int]ruption4 ,s f> ! hypo!sis ( orig9ation f t :i* is n has be5 refut$4 ,! pres5t ,stra n[ goes on to decl>e t also ! absolute 7niranvaya7 de/ruction ( t :i* is _c rationally be demon/rat$4 ,^? :o ma9ta9 ! mom5t>9ess ( all ?+s tea* t !re are two k9ds ( de/ruction1 "o ( a gross k9d1 :i* consi/s 9 ! t]m9ation ( a s]ies ( simil> mom5t>y exi/5ces1 & is capable ( be+ p]ceiv$ z imm$iately result+ f ag5cies su* z ! bl[ ( a hamm] 7break+ a j>1 e4g472 & ! o!r ( a subtle k9d1 n capable ( be+ p]ceiv$1 & tak+ place 9 a s]ies ( simil> mom5t>y exi/5ces at e mom5t4 ,! =m] is call$ pratisankhy-de/ruction2 ! latt] apratisankhy-de/ruction4-- ,bo? ^! k9ds ( de/ruction are n possible4--,:y8--,on acc\nt ( ! non-int]ruption1 i4e4 on acc\nt ( ! impossibility ( ! complete de/ruction ( t :i* is4 ,! impossibility ( su* de/ruction 0 prov$ by u "u ,,ii1 #a1 #ad1 :]e we %[$ t orig9ation & de/ruction mean only ! assumption ( new /ates on ! "p ( "o & ! same p]man5t sub/ance1 & !refrom prov$ ! non-diff]5ce ( ! effect f ! cause4--,"h x may possibly be object$ t z we see t a light :5 ext+ui%$ passes away absolutely1 su* absolute de/ruction may be inf]r$ 9 o!r cases also4 ,b aga9/ ?is we po9t out t 9 ! case ( a vessel ( clay be+ sma%$ we p]ceive t ! mat]ial1 i4e4 clay1 cont9ues to exi/1 & t !refrom de/ruction is asc]ta9$ to be no?+ else b ! pass+ ov] ( a real sub/ance into ano!r /ate4 ,! prop] assumption1 !re=e1 is t ! ext+ui%$ light also has pass$ ov] into a diff]5t /ate1 & t 9 t /ate x is no long] p]ceptible may be expla9$ by t /ate be+ an extremely subtle "o4 #bb4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! objections pres5t+ !mselves 9 ei!r case4 ,x has be5 %[n t nei!r orig9ation f no?+1 z held by ! advocates ( g5]al mom5t>9ess1 is possible2 nor ! pass+ away into no?+ on ! "p ( ! ?+ orig9at$4 ,! ackn[l$gm5t ( ei!r ( ^! views gives rise to difficulties4 ,if ! effect orig9ates f no?+1 x is itself ( ! nature ( no?+2 = x is obs]v$ t effects %>e ! nature ( :at !y orig9ate f4 ,pit*]s & ornam5ts1 e4g4 :i* are produc$ f clay & gold respectively1 possess ! nature ( _! causal sub/ances4 ,b y hold y\rself t ! _w is n se5 to be ( ! nature ( no?+ness2 & c]ta9ly x is n obs]v$ to be s4--,aga91 if t :i* is und]w5t absolute de/ruction1 x w\ld foll[ t aft] "o mom5t ! entire _w w\ld pass away into no?+ness2 & subsequ5tly ! _w aga9 orig9at+ f no?+ness1 x w\ld foll[ t1 z %[n above1 x w\ld itself be ( ! nature ( no?+ness 7i4e4 !re w\ld no long] be a real _w74--,!re be+ ?us difficulties on bo? views1 orig9ation & de/ruction _c take place z describ$ by y4 #bc4 ,& 9 ! case ( space also1 on acc\nt ( !re be+ no diff]5ce4 ,9 ord] to prove ! p]man5cy ( ext]nal & int]nal ?+s1 we h disprov$ ! view t ! two =ms ( de/ruction call$ pratisankhy & apratisankhy mean r$uction ( an exi/+ ?+ to no?+4 ,?is gives u an opportunity to disprove ! view ( ,e!r 7space7 be+ likewise a m]e irrational non-entity1 z ! ,bauddhas hold x to be4 ,e!r _c be held to be a m]e irrational non- entity1 because1 l ^? ?+s :i* are admitt$ to be positive exi/5ces1 i4e4 e>?1 & s on1 x is prov$ by consci\sness n invalidat$ by any means ( pro(4 ,= ! =mation ( imm$iate judgm5ts su* z '"h a hawk flies1 & !re a vulture1' implies our be+ consci\s ( e!r z m>k+ ! diff]5t places ( ! flight ( ! diff]5t birds4 ,nor is x possible to hold t ,space is no?+ else b ! non-exi/5ce 7abhva7 ( e>?1 & s on2 = ?is view collapses z soon z set =? 9 def9ite alt]natives4 ,= :e!r we def9e ,space z ! antec$5t & subsequ5t non-exi/5ce ( e>?1 & s on1 or z _! mutual non-exi/5ce1 or z _! absolute non- exi/5ce--on none ( ^! alt]natives we atta9 ! prop] idea ( ,space4 ,if1 9 ! fir/ place1 we def9e x z ! antec$5t & subsequ5t non-exi/5ce ( e>?1 & s on1 x w foll[ t1 z ! idea ( ,space c ?us n be connect$ ) e>? & o!r ?+s exi/+ at ! pres5t mom5t1 ! :ole _w is )\t ,space4 ,if1 9 ! second place1 we def9e x z ! mutual non-exi/5ce ( e>?1 & s on1 x w foll[ t1 z su* mutual non-exi/5ce inh]es 9 ! ?+s only :i* /& t[>ds ea* o!r 9 ! relation ( mutual non-exi/5ce1 !re is no p]ception ( ,space 9 ! int]vals betwe5 ^? ?+s 7:ile z a matt] ( fact !re is74 ,&1 9 ! ?ird place1 absolute non-exi/5ce ( e>?1 & s on1 _c ( c\rse be admitt$4 ,& z non-exi/5ce 7abhva7 is cle>ly conceiv$ z a special /ate ( some?+ actually exi/+1 ,space ev5 if admitt$ to be ( ! nature ( abhva1 w\ld n on t acc\nt be a futile non-entity 7some?+ 'tuk*a' or 'nirupkhya'74 #bd4 ,& on acc\nt ( recognition4 ,we return to ! pro( ( !1 previ\sly moot$1 p]man5ce ( ?+s4 ,! 'anusmriti' ( ! ,stra means cognition ( :at 0 previ\sly p]ceiv$1 i4e4 recognition4 ,x is a fact t all ?+s :i* 7 p]ceiv$ 9 ! pa/ may be recognis$1 su* recognition express+ itself 9 ! =m '?is is j t 7,i knew be=e74' ,nor mu/ y say t ?is is a m]e errone\s assumption ( on5ess due to ! fact ( ! ?+ n[ p]ceiv$ be+ simil> to ! ?+ p]ceiv$ be=e1 z 9 ! case ( ! flame 7:]e a succession ( flames cont9ually produc$ anew is mi/ak5 = "o cont9u\s flame72 = y d n admit t !re is "o p]man5t kn[+ subject t c\ld h t errone\s idea4 ,:at "o p]son has p]ceiv$1 ano!r _c judge to be ! same z1 or simil> to1 :at he is p]ceiv+ himself4 ,if !re=e y hold t !re is an errone\s idea ( on5ess due to ! p]ception ( simil>ity resid+ 9 diff]5t ?+s p]ceiv$ at diff]5t times1 y necess>ily mu/ ackn[l$ge on5ess on ! "p ( ! cognis+ subject4 ,9 ! case ( ! flame !re is a valid means ( k to prove t !re really is a succession ( simil> flames1 b 9 ! case ( ! j>1 we are n aw>e ( su* a means1 & we !re=e h no "r to assume t recognition is due to ! simil>ity ( _m successive j>s4---,p]haps y w "h argue z foll[s4 ,! mom5t>9ess ( j>s & ! l is prov$ by ,p]ception z well z ,inf]5ce4 ,p]ception 9 ! fir/ place pres5ts z its object ! pres5t ?+ :i* is diff]5t f non-pres5t ?+s1 9 ! same way z x pres5ts ! blue ?+ z diff]5t f ! yell[2 x is 9 ?is way t we "k ! diff]5ce ( ! pres5t ?+ f ! pa/ & ! future4 ,inf]5ce aga9 proce$s z foll[s--j>s & ! l are mom5t>y because !y produce effects & h exi/5ce 7sattva72 :at is non-mom5t>y1 su* z ! horn ( a h>e1 does n produce effects & does n possess exi/5ce4 ,we !re=e conclude f ! exi/5ce ( ! la/ mom5t>y j> t ! prec$+ j>- exi/5ces also are p]i%able1 j because !y are mom5t>y exi/5ces l ! exi/5ce ( ! la/ j>4--,b bo? ?is p]ception & ?is inf]5ce h already be5 disprov$ by :at 0 said above ab\t ! impossibility ( mom5t>y exi/5ces /&+ to "o ano!r 9 ! relation ( cause & effect4 ,moreov]1 t diff]5ce ( ! pres5t object f ! non-pres5t object :i* is intimat$ by ,p]ception does n prove ! pres5t object to be a diff]5t ?+ 7f ! pa/ object ( ,p]ception71 b m]ely its be+ connect$ ) ! pres5t "t4 ,?is does n prove x to be a diff]5t ?+1 = ! same ?+ c be connect$ ) diff]5t times4 ,! two reasons aga9 :i* 7 said to prove ! mom5t>9ess ( j>s are invalid because !y may be made to prove j ! contr>y ( :at !y are alleg$ to prove4 ,= we may argue z foll[s--,f exi/5ce & f _! hav+ effects x foll[s t j>s1 & s on1 are p]man5t2 = :atev] is non-p]man5t1 is non-exi/5t1 & does n produce effects1 z e4g4 ! horn ( a h>e4 ,! capacity ( produc+ effects c 9 fact be us$ only to prove non-mom5t>9ess on ! "p ( j>s1 & s on2 = z ?+s p]i%+ )9 a mom5t are n capable ( act+1 !y are n capable ( produc+ effects4 ,fur!r1 z x is se5 9 ! case ( ! la/ mom5t>y exi/5ce t its de/ruction is due to a visible cause 7viz4 ! bl[ ( a hamm] or ! l71 ! prop] conclusion is t also ! o!r mom5t>y j>s 7prec$+ ! la/ "o7 require visible causes = _! de/ruction2 & 7z no su* causes are se51 x foll[s t7 ! j> is p]man5t & cont9u\s up to ! "t :5 a de/ructive cause1 su* z ! bl[ ( a hamm]1 sup]v5es4 ,nor c x be said t hamm]s & ! l are n ! causes ( de/ruction1 b only ! causes ( ! orig9ation ( a new s]ies ( mom5t>y exi/5ces dissimil> to ! =m] ones--9 ! case ( ! j>1 e4g4 ( a s]ies ( mom5t>y fragm5ts ( a j>2 = we h prov$ be=e t ! de/ruction ( j>s1 & s on1 means no?+ b _! pass+ ov] into a diff]5t condition1 e4g4 t ( fragm5ts4 ,& ev5 if de/ruction 7 held to be some?+ diff]5t f ! orig9ation ( fragm5ts1 x w\ld yet be reasonable to inf]1 on ! gr\nd ( imm$iate succession 9 "t1 t ! cause ( ! de/ruction is ! bl[ ( ! hamm]4 ,h5ce x is impossible to d5y 9 any way ! p]man5cy ( ?+s z prov$ by ! fact ( recognition4 ,he :o ma9ta9s t recognition :i* has = its object ! on5ess ( a ?+ connect$ ) successive po9ts ( "t has = its objects diff]5t ?+s1 might z well say t sev]al cognitions (1 let u say1 blue col\r h = _! object some?+ diff]5t f blue col\r4 ,moreov]1 = him :o ma9ta9s ! mom5t>9ess ( ! cognis+ subject & ( ! objects ( cognition1 x w\ld be difficult inde$ to admit ! fact ( ,inf]5ce :i* presupposes ! asc]ta9m5t & remembrance ( g5]al propositions4 ,he w\ld 9 fact n be able to set =? ! reason requir$ to prove 8 ass]tion t ?+s are mom5t>y2 = ! speak] p]i%es 9 ! v mom5t :5 he /ates ! proposition to be prov$1 & ano!r p]son is unable to complete :at has be5 begun by ano!r & ab\t :i* he himself does n "k any?+4 #be4 ,n f non-entity1 ?is n be+ obs]v$4 ,s f> we h set =? ! argum5ts refut+ ! views ( ! ,vaibh%ikas z well z ! ,sautrntikas--bo? :i* s*ools ma9ta9 ! reality ( ext]nal ?+s4--,n[ ! ,sautrntika comes =w>d & opposes "o ( ! argum5ts set =? by u above1 viz4 t1 on ! view ( g5]al mom5t>9ess1 no?+ c ev] become an object ( cognition1 s9ce ! ?+ :i* ent]s into connexion ) ! s5se- organ is no long] 9 exi/5ce :5 ! cognition orig9ates4--,x is n1 he says1 ! p]si/5ce ( ! ?+ up to ! "t ( cognition :i* is ! cause ( its becom+ an object ( cognition4 ,to be an object ( cognition means no?+ m ?an to be ! cause ( ! orig9ation ( cognition4 ,nor does ?is def9ition imply t ! s5se- organs also are ! objects ( cognition4 ,= a cause ( cognition is held to be an object ( cognition only 9 s f> z x imp>ts to ! cognition its own =m 7& ?is ! s5se-organs d n74 ,n[ ev5 a ?+ t has p]i%$ may h imp>t$ its =m to ! cognition1 & on ! basis ( t =m1 blue col\r1 & s on1 ! ?+ itself is inf]r$4 ,nor c x be said 7z ! ,yogkras d7 t ! =m ( subsequ5t cognitions is due to ! action ( previ\s cognitions 7& n to ! ext]nal ?+72 = on ?is hypo!sis x c\ld n be expla9$ h[ 9 ! mid/ ( a s]ies ( cognitions ( blue col\r !re all at once arises ! cognition ( yell[ col\r4 ,! manifold "* ( cognitions mu/ !re=e be held to be due to ! manifold "* ( real ?+4--,to ?is we reply 'n f non-entity2 ?is n be+ obs]v$4' ,! special =ms ( cognition1 su* z blue col\r1 & s on1 _c be ! =ms ( ?+s t h p]i%$1 & !re=e are n 9 ,be+1 s9ce ?is is n obs]v$4 ,= x is n obs]v$ t :5 a sub/rate ( attributes has p]i%$1 its attributes pass ov] into ano!r ?+4 7,nor c x be said t ! ?+ t p]i%$ leaves 9 cognition a reflection ( itself1 =7 reflections also are only ( p]si/+ ?+s1 n ( m]e attributes4 ,we !re=e conclude t ! manifoldness ( cognitions c result f ! manifoldness ( ?+s only on ! condition ( ! ?+ p]si/+ at ! "t ( cognition4--,! ,stras n[ set =? a fur!r objection :i* applies to bo? s*ools4 #bf4 ,& ?us !re w\ld be accompli%m5t on ! "p ( non-active p also4 ,?us1 i4e4 on ! !ory ( univ]sal mom5t>9ess1 orig9ation f ! non-exi/5t1 causeless cognition1 & s on1 x w\ld foll[ t p]sons also n mak+ any ef=ts may accompli% all _! ends4 ,x is a fact t ! atta9m5t ( ?+s desir$ & ! w>d+ (f ( ?+s n desir$ is effect$ ?r\gh ef=t1 & s on4 ,b if all exi/5ces mom5t>ily p]i%1 a previ\sly exi/+ ?+1 or special attributes ( x1 su* z aft]-effects 7?r\gh :i* ,sv>ga & ! l are effect$7 or k 7?r\gh :i* ,release is effect$7 d n p]si/1 & h5ce no?+ :atev] c be accompli%$ by ef=t4 ,& z ?us all effects w\ld be accompli%$ )\t a cause1 ev5 p]fectly in]t m5 w\ld accompli% all ! ends to be rea*$ 9 ?is & 9 ! next life1 includ+ f9al release4 ,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! aggregates4' #bg4 ,n non-exi/5ce1 on acc\nt ( consci\sness4 ,"h n[ come =w>d ! ,yogkras1 :o hold t cognitions 7ideas7 only are real4 ,!re is no reasonable gr\nd1 !y say1 = ! view t ! manifoldness ( ideas is due to ! manifoldness ( ?+s1 s9ce ideas !mselves--no less ?an ! ?+s assum$ by o!rs--h _! di/9ct =ms1 & h5ce are manifold4 ,& ?is manifold nature ( ideas is suffici5tly expla9$ by s-call$ vsan4 ,vsan means a fl[ ( ideas 7/ates ( consci\sness--pratyaya7 ( diff]5t "*4 ,we obs]ve1 e4g41 t a cognition :i* has ! =m ( a j> 7i4e4 ! idea ( a j>7 gives rise to ! cognition ( ! two halves ( a j>1 & is itself prec$$ & produc$ by ! cognition ( a j>1 & ?is aga9 by a simil> cognition1 & s on2 ?is is :at we call a /ream or fl[ ( ideas4--,b h[1 !n1 is x t int]nal cognitions h ! =ms ( ext]nal ?+s1 mu/>d-gra9s1 m\nta9s1 & s on8-- ,ev5 if real ?+s are admitt$1 ! ,yogkra replies1 _! becom+ objects ( ?\ght & spee* dep5ds altoge!r on ! light ( k1 = o!rwise x w\ld foll[ t !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 ! objects kn[n by oneself & ^? kn[n by o!rs4 ,& t cognitions ?us %9+ =? to consci\sness h =ms 7di/9ctive *>act]i/ics7 mu/ ne$s be admitt$2 = if !y 7 )\t =m !y c\ld n %9e =?4 ,n[ we are consci\s only ( "o su* =m1 viz4 t ( ! cognition2 t ?is =m at ! same "t appe>s to u z some?+ ext]nal 7i4e4 z ! =m ( an outw>d ?+7 is due to error4 ,f ! g5]al law t we are consci\s ( ideas & ?+s toge!r only1 x foll[s t ! ?+ is n some?+ diff]5t f ! idea4 ,z1 moreov]1 ! fact ( "o idea specially repres5t+ "o p>ticul> ?+ only1 :e!r x be a j> or a piece ( clo? or any?+ else1 requires = its explanation an equality 9 "* ( ! idea & ! ?+1 ^? also :o hold ! exi/5ce ( ext]nal ?+s mu/ ne$s assume t ! idea has a =m simil> to t ( ! ?+2 & z ?is suffices = r5d]+ possible practical ?\ght & int]c\rse1 !re is no?+ au?oris+ u to assume ! exi/5ce ( ?+s 9 addition to ! ideas4 ,h5ce cognitions only con/itute reality2 ext]nal ?+s d n exi/4 ,to ?is ! ,stra replies1 ',n non-exi/5ce1 on acc\nt ( consci\sness4' ,! non-exi/5ce ( ?+s1 ap>t f ideas1 _c be ma9ta9$1 because we are consci\s ( cognitions z :at r5d]s ! kn[+ subject capable ( ?\ght & int]c\rse ) reg>d to p>ticul> ?+s4 ,= ! consci\sness ( all m5 tak+ "p 9 worldly life expresses itself 9 =ms su* z ',i "k ! j>4' ,k ( ?is k9d1 z ev]ybody's consci\sness w te/ify1 pres5ts itself directly z belong+ to a kn[+ subject & ref]r+ to an object2 ^? !re=e :o attempt to prove1 on ! basis ( ?is v k1 t ,reality is con/itut$ by m]e k1 are fit subjects = g5]al d]ision4 ,?is po9t has already be5 set =? 9 detail 9 our refutation ( ^? crypto-,bauddhas :o take %elt] "u a pret5d$ ,v$ic !ory4--,to ma9ta91 z ! ,yogkras d1 t ! g5]al rule ( idea & ?+ pres5t+ !mselves toge!r proves ! non-diff]5ce ( ! ?+ f ! idea1 implies a self-contradiction2 = 'go+ toge!r' c only be :]e !re are diff]5t ?+s4 ,to hold t x is a g5]al rule t ( ! idea--! ess5tial nature ( :i* is to make ! ?+ to :i* x ref]s capable ( ent]+ into common ?\ght & int]c\rse--we are always consci\s toge!r ) ! ?+1 & !n to prove !refrom t ! ?+ is n diff]5t f ! idea1 is a laughable proce$+ inde$4 ,& z1 accord+ to y1 cognitions p]i% absolutely1 & d n possess any p]man5tly p]si/+ aspect1 x is r difficult to prove t su* cognitions =m a s]ies 9 :i* ea* memb] col\rs or affects ! next "o 7vsan72 = h[ is ! e>li] cognition1 :i* has absolutely p]i%$1 to affect ! lat] "o1 :i* has n yet aris58 ,we conclude !re=e t ! manifoldness ( cognitions is due solely to ! manifoldness ( ?+s4 ,we are directly consci\s ( cognitions 7ideas7 z r5d]+ ! ?+s to :i* !y ref] capable ( be+ dealt ) by ord9>y ?\ght & spee*1 & ! specific "* ( ea* cognition ?us dep5ds on ! relation :i* connects x ) a p>ticul> ?+4 ,?is relation is ( ! nature ( conjunction 7samyoga71 s9ce k 7cognition7 also is a sub/ance4 ,j z light 7prabh71 al?\gh a sub/ance1 /&s to ! lamp 9 ! relation ( an attribute 7guna71 s k /&s 9 ! relation ( an attribute to ! ,self1 b1 view$ 9 itself1 x is a sub/ance4--,f all ?is x foll[s t ext]nal ?+s are n non-exi/5t4 ,! next ,stra refutes ! op9ion ( ^? :o attempt to prove ! baselessness ( ! cognitions ( ! wak+ /ate by comp>+ !m to ! cognitions ( a dream+ p]son4 #bh4 ,& on acc\nt ( diff]5ce ( nature 7!y are7 n l dreams4 ,ow+ to ! diff]5t nature ( dream-cognitions1 x _c be said t1 l !m1 ! cognitions ( ! wak+ /ate also h no ?+s to correspond to !m4 ,= dream-cognitions are orig9at$ by organs impair$ by c]ta9 defects1 su* z dr[s9ess1 & are moreov] sublat$ by ! cognitions ( ! wak+ /ate2 :ile ! cognitions ( ! wak+ /ate are ( a contr>y nature4 ,!re is ?us no equality betwe5 ! two sets4--,moreov]1 if all cognitions are empty ( real cont5t1 y are unable to prove :at y wi% to prove s9ce y\r inf]5tial cognition also is devoid ( true cont5t4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x be held to h a real cont5t1 !n x foll[s t no cognition is devoid ( su* cont5t2 = all ( !m are alike cognitions1 j l ! inf]5tial cognition4 #bi4 ,! exi/5ce 7is7 n1 on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( p]ception4 ,! exi/5ce ( m]e cognitions devoid ( correspond+ ?+s is n possible1 because su* are n[h]e p]ceiv$4 ,= we n[h]e p]ceive cognitions n inh]5t 9 a cognis+ subject & n ref]r+ to objects4 ,t ev5 dream-cognitions are n devoid ( real matt] we h expla9$ 9 ! discussion ( ! diff]5t khytis 7above1 p4 #aah74--;,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'p]ception4' #cj4 ,& on acc\nt ( its be+ unprov$ 9 e way4 ,"h n[ come =w>d ! ,mdhyamikas :o tea* t !re is no?+ b a univ]sal ,void4 ,?is !ory ( a univ]sal ,no?+ is ! real purport ( ,sugata's doctr9e2 ! !ories ( ! mom5t>9ess ( all exi/5ce1 c41 :i* imply ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! reality ( ?+s1 7 set =? by him m]ely z suit+ ! limit$ intellectual capacities ( 8 pupils4--,nei!r cognitions nor ext]nal objects h real exi/5ce2 ! ,void 7! ',no?9j'7 only con/itutes ,reality1 & f9al ,release means pass+ ov] into ,non-be+4 ,?is is ! real view ( ,buddha1 & its tru? is prov$ by ! foll[+ consid]ations4 ,z ! ,no?+ is n to be prov$ by any argum5t1 x is self-prov$4 ,= a cause has to be assign$ = t only :i* is4 ,b :at is does n orig9ate ei!r f t :i* is or t :i* is n4 ,we nev] obs]ve t :i* is to orig9ate f ,be+2 = ?+s su* z j>s1 & s on1 d n orig9ate z long z ! lump ( clay1 c41 is non- de/roy$4 ,nor c ,be+ orig9ate f ,non-be+2 = if ! j> 7 suppos$ to orig9ate f ,non-be+1 i4e4 t non-be+ :i* results f ! de/ruction ( ! lump ( clay1 x w\ld itself be ( ! nature ( ,non-be+4 ,simil>ly x c be %[n t no?+ c orig9ate ei!r f itself or f any?+ else4 ,= ! =m] hypo!sis w\ld imply ! vici\s proc$ure ( ! explanation presuppos+ ! ?+ to be expla9$2 & moreov] no motive c be assign$ = a ?+ orig9at+ f itself4 ,& on ! hypo!sis ( ?+s orig9at+ f o!r ?+s1 x w\ld foll[ t any?+ might orig9ate f any?+1 = all ?+s alike are o!r ?+s4 ,& z ?us !re is no orig9ation !re is also no de/ruction4 ,h5ce ! ,no?+ con/itutes ,reality3 orig9ation1 de/ruction1 ,be+1 ,non- be+1 & s on1 are m]e illusions 7bhrnti74 ,nor mu/ x be said t z ev5 an illusion _c take place )\t a sub/rate we mu/ assume some?+ real to s]ve z a sub/rate2 = 9 ! same way z an illusion may arise ev5 :5 ! defect1 ! abode ( ! defect1 & ! kn[+ subject are unreal1 x also may arise ev5 :5 ! sub/rate ( ! illusion is unreal4 ,h5ce ! ,no?+ is ! only reality4--,to ?is ! ,stra replies1 ',& on acc\nt ( its be+ 9 ev]yway unprov$'--! !ory ( g5]al ,no?+ness :i* y hold _c /&4 ,d y hold t ev]y?+ is be+ or non-be+1 or any?+ else8 ,on none ( ^! views ! ,no?+ness ma9ta9$ by y c be e/abli%$4 ,= ! t]ms be+ & non-be+ & ! ideas express$ by !m are g5]ally und]/ood to ref] to p>ticul> /ates ( actually exi/+ ?+s only4 ,if !re=e y decl>e 'ev]y?+ is no?+1' y\r decl>ation is equival5t to ! decl>ation1 'ev]y?+ is be+1' = y\r /atem5t also c only mean t ev]y?+ t exi/s is capable ( abid+ 9 a c]ta9 condition 7:i* y call ',no?+'74 ,! absolute ,no?+ness y h 9 m9d _c ?us be e/abli%$ 9 any way4 ,moreov]1 he :o tries to e/abli% ! t5et ( univ]sal ,no?+ness c attempt ?is 9 s f> only z1--?r\gh "s means ( k1 he has come to "k ,no?+ness1 & he mu/ !re=e ackn[l$ge ! tru? ( t means4 ,= if x 7 n true x w\ld foll[ t ev]y?+ is real4 ,! view ( g5]al ,no?+ness is ?us altoge!r incapable ( pro(4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'unprov$ness 9 e way4' #ca4 ,n s1 on acc\nt ( ! impossibility 9 "o4 ,! ,bauddhas h be5 refut$4 ,z n[ ! ,ja9as also hold ! view ( ! _w orig9at+ f atoms & simil> views1 _! !ory is review$ next4--,! ,ja9as hold t ! _w comprises s\ls 7jva71 & non-s\ls 7ajva71 & t !re is no ,"l4 ,! _w fur!r comprises six sub/ances 7dravya71 viz4 s\ls 7jva71 m]it 7dh>ma71 dem]it 7adh>ma71 bodies 7pudgala71 "t 7kla71 & space 7ksa74 ,! s\ls are ( ?ree diff]5t k9ds-b\nd 79 ! /ate ( bondage71 p]fect$ by ,yoga 7,yogasiddha71 & releas$ 7mukta74 ',m]it' is t p>ticul> _w-p]vad+ sub/ance :i* is ! cause ( ! motion ( all ?+s mov+2 'dem]it' is t all-p]vad+ sub/ance :i* is ! cause ( /ation>9ess1 ',body' is t sub/ance :i* possesses col\r1 smell1 ta/e1 & t\*4 ,x is ( two k9ds1 atomic or comp\nd$ ( atoms2 to ! latt] k9d belong w9d1 fire1 wat]1 e>?1 ! bodies ( liv+ creatures1 & s on4 ',"t' is a p>ticul> atomic sub/ance :i* is ! cause ( ! curr5t di/9ction ( pa/1 pres5t1 & future4 ',space' is "o1 & ( inf9ite ext5t4 ,f among ^! sub/ances ^? :i* are n atomic are compreh5d$ "u ! t]m '! five a/ikyas 7exi/+ bodies7'--! a/ikya ( s\ls1 ! a/ikya ( m]it1 ! a/ikya ( dem]it1 ! a/ikya ( matt]1 ! a/ikya ( space4 ,?is t]m 'a/ikya' is appli$ to sub/ances occupy+ sev]al p>ts ( space4--,!y also use ano!r division ( categories :i* subs]ves ! purpose ( ,release2 di/+ui%+ s\ls1 non-s\ls1 influx 7srava71 bondage1 nij>a1 samv>a1 & ,release4 ,release comprises ! means ( ,release also1 viz4 p]fect k1 good conduct1 & s on4 ,! s\l is t :i* has k1 see+1 pleasure1 /r5g? 7vrya7 = its qualities4 ,non-s\l is ! aggregate ( ! ?+s enjoy$ by ! s\ls4 ',influx' is :atev] is in/rum5tal t[>ds ! s\ls hav+ ! fruition ( objects1 viz4 ! s5se-organs1 & s on4--,bondage is ( eight diff]5t k9ds1 compris+ ! f\r ghtik>man1 & ! f\r aghtik>man4 ,! =m] t]m d5otes :atev] ob/ructs ! ess5tial qualities ( ! s\l1 viz4 k1 intuition1 /r5g?1 pleasure2 ! latt] :atev] causes pleasure1 pa91 & indiff]5ce1 :i* are due to ! p]si/5ce ( ! wrong imag9ation t makes ! s\l id5tify itself ) its body4--',decay' means ! au/]ities 7tapas71 kn[n f ! tea*+ ( ! ,arhat1 :i* are ! means ( ,release4--,samv>a is su* deep m$itation 7,samdhi7 z /ops ! action ( ! s5se-organs4--,release1 f9ally1 is ! manife/ation ( ! ,self 9 its ess5tial nature1 free f all afflictions su* z passion1 & s on4--,! atoms :i* are ! causes ( e>? & ! o!r comp\nds1 are n1 z ! ,vaise%ikas & o!rs hold1 ( f\r diff]5t k9ds1 b h all ! same nature2 ! di/9ctive qualities ( e>?1 & s on1 are due to a modification 7p>9ma7 ( ! atoms4 ,! ,ja9as fur!r hold t ! :ole complex ( ?+s is ( an ambigu\s nature 9 s f> z be+ exi/5t & non-exi/5t1 p]man5t & non-p]man5t1 sep>ate & non-sep>ate4 ,to prove ?is !y apply _! s-call$ sapta-bhang-nyya 7'! sy/em ( ! sev5 p>alogisms'7--',may be1 x is'2 ',may be1 x is n'2 ',may be1 x is & is n'2 ',may be1 x is n pr$icable'2 ',may be1 x is & is n pr$icable'2 ',may be1 x is n1 & is n pr$icable'2 ',may be1 x is & is n1 & is n pr$icable4' ,) ! help ( ?is !y prove t all ?+s--:i* !y decl>e to consi/ ( sub/ance 7dravya71 & p>yya--to be exi/+1 "o & p]man5t 9 s f> z !y are sub/ances1 & ! opposite 9 s f> z !y are p>yyas4 ,by p>yya !y und]/& ! p>ticul> /ates ( sub/ances1 & z ^? are ( ! nature ( ,be+ z well z ,non-be+1 !y manage to prove exi/5ce1 non-exi/5ce1 & s on4--,) reg>d to ?is ! ,stra rem>ks t no su* pro( is possible1',n s1 on acc\nt ( ! impossibility 9 "o'2 i4e4 because contradictory attributes su* z exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce _c at ! same "t belong to "o ?+1 n any m ?an light & d>kness4 ,z a sub/ance & p>ticul> /ates qualify+ x--& 7by ! ,ja9as71 call$ p>yya--are diff]5t ?+s 7padr?a71 "o sub/ance _c be connect$ ) opposite attributes4 ,x is ?us n possible t a sub/ance qualifi$ by "o p>ticul> /ate1 su* z exi/5ce1 %\ld at ! same "t be qualifi$ by ! opposite /ate1 i4 e4 non-exi/5ce4 ,! non-p]man5cy1 fur!r1 ( a sub/ance consi/s 9 its be+ ! abode ( ^? p>ticul> /ates :i* are call$ orig9ation & de/ruction2 h[ !n %\ld p]man5cy1 :i* is ( an opposite nature1 reside 9 ! sub/ance at ! same "t8 ,diff]5ce 7bh9natva7 aga9 consi/s 9 ?+s be+ ! abodes ( contradictory attributes2 non-diff]5ce1 :i* is ! opposite ( ?is1 _c h5ce possibly reside 9 ! same ?+s :i* are ! abode ( diff]5ce2 n any m ?an ! g5]ic "* ( a horse & t ( a buffalo c belong to "o animal4 ,we h expla9$ ?is matt] at l5g?1 :5--"u ,stra ,i1 #a--refut+ ! bh$bh$a-!ory4 ,"t we are consci\s ( only z an attribute ( sub/ances 7n z an indep5d5t sub/ance71 & ! "q z to its be+ & non-be+1 & s on1 does n !re=e call = a sep>ate discussion4 ,to speak ( "t z be+ & non-be+ 9 no way diff]s f g5]ic *>act]i/ics 7jti71 & s on1 be+ spok5 ( 9 ! same way2 =--z we h expla9$ be=e--( jti & ! l we are consci\s only z attributes ( sub/ances4--,b 7! ,ja9a may "h be suppos$ to ask ! ,v$nt971 h[ c y ma9ta9 t ,brahman1 al?\gh "o only1 yet at ! same "t is ! ,self ( all8--,because1 we reply1 ! :ole aggregate ( s5ti5t & non-s5ti5t be+s con/itutes ! body ( ! ,supreme ,p]son1 omnisci5t1 omnipot5t1 & s on4 ,& t ! body & ! p]son embodi$ & _! respective attributes are ( totally diff]5t nature 7s t ,brahman is n t\*$ by ! defects ( 8 body71 we h expla9$ likewise4--,moreov]1 z y\r six sub/ances1 s\l1 & s on1 are n "o sub/ance & "o p>yya1 _! be+ "o sub/ance1 & s on1 _c be us$ to prove _! be+ "o & also n "o1 & s on4--,& if x %\ld be said t ^? six sub/ances are su* 7viz4 "o & sev]al1 & s on71 ea* ow+ to its own p>yya & its own nature1 we rem>k t !n y _c avoid contradict+ y\r own !ory ( ev]y?+ be+ ( an ambigu\s nature4 ,?+s :i* /& to ea* o!r 9 ! relation ( mutual non-exi/5ce _c aft] all be id5tical4--,h5ce ! !ory ( ! ,ja9as is n reasonable4 ,moreov] x is liable to ! same objections :i* we h above set =? z apply+ to all !ories ( atoms con/itut+ ! univ]sal cause1 )\t ! guidance ( a ,"l4 #cc4 ,& likewise non-entir5ess ( ! ,self4 ,on y\r view !re w\ld likewise foll[ non-entir5ess ( ! ,self4 ,= y\r op9ion is t s\ls abide 9 numb]less places1 ea* s\l hav+ ! same size z ! body :i* x animates4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! s\l previ\sly abid+ 9 ! body ( an elephant or ! l has to ent] into a body ( small] size1 e4 g4 t ( an ant1 x w\ld foll[ t z ! s\l !n occupies less space1 x w\ld n rema9 entire1 b w\ld become incomplete4--,let u !n avoid ?is difficulty by assum+ t ! s\l passes ov] into a diff]5t /ate--:i* process is call$ p>yya1--:i* x may manage because x is capable ( contraction & dilatation4--,to ?is ! next ,stra replies4 #cd4 ,nor also is !re non-contradiction f p>yya2 on acc\nt ( *ange1 & s on4 ,nor is ! difficulty to be evad$ by ! assumption ( ! s\l assum+ a diff]5t condition ?r\gh contraction or dilatation4 ,= ?is w\ld imply t ! s\l is subject to *ange1 & all ! imp]fections spr++ f x1 viz4 non-p]man5ce1 & s on1 & h5ce w\ld n be sup]ior to non-s5ti5t ?+s su* z j>s & ! l4 #ce4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! endurance ( ! f9al 7size71 & ! 7result+7 p]man5cy ( bo?2 !re is no diff]5ce4 ,! f9al size ( ! s\l1 i4e4 ! size x has 9 ! /ate ( ,release1 is endur+ s9ce ! s\l does n subsequ5tly pass into ano!r body2 & bo?1 i4e4 ! s\l 9 ! /ate ( ,release & ! size ( t s\l1 are p]man5t 7nitya74 ,f ?is x foll[s t t ultimate size is ! true ess5tial size ( ! s\l & also belongs to x previ\sly to ,release4 ,h5ce !re is no diff]5ce ( sizes1 & ! s\l _c !re=e h ! size ( its tempor>y bodies4 ,! rhata !ory is !re=e unt5able4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! impossibility 9 "o4' #cf4 7,! sy/em7 ( ! ,"l 7mu/ be disreg>d$71 on acc\nt ( inappropriat5ess4 ,s f> x has be5 %[n t ! doctr9es ( ,kapila1 ,kanda1 ,sugata1 & ! ,arhat mu/ be disreg>d$ by m5 desir\s ( f9al beatitude2 = ^? doctr9es are all alike unt5able & =eign to ! ,v$a4 ,! ,stras n[ decl>e t1 = ! same reasons1 ! doctr9e ( ,pasupati also has to be disreg>d$4 ,! adh]5ts ( ?is view belong to f\r diff]5t classes--,kplas1 ,klmukhas1 ,psupatas1 & ,saivas4 ,all ( !m hold fanciful !ories ( ,reality :i* are 9 conflict ) ! ,v$a1 & inv5t v>i\s means = atta9+ happ9ess 9 ?is life & ! next4 ,!y ma9ta9 ! g5]al mat]ial cause & ! op]ative cause to be di/9ct1 & ! latt] cause to be con/itut$ by ,pasupati4 ,!y fur!r hold ! we>+ ( ! six s-call$ 'mudr' badges & ! l to be means to accompli% ! highe/ end ( man4 ,?us ! ,kplas say1 ',he :o kn[s ! true nature ( ! six mudrs1 :o und]/&s ! highe/ mudr1 m$itat+ on himself z 9 ! position call$ bhagsana1 rea*es ,nirvna4 ,! necklace1 ! gold5 ornam5t1 ! e>r+1 ! head-jewel1 a%es1 & ! sacr$ ?read are call$ ! six mudrs4 ,he ^: body is m>k$ ) ^! is n born "h aga94'--,simil>ly ! ,klmukhas tea* t ! means = obta9+ all desir$ results 9 ?is _w z well z ! next are con/itut$ by c]ta9 practices--su* z us+ a skull z a dr9k+ vessel1 sme>+ oneself ) ! a%es ( a dead body1 eat+ ! fle% ( su* a body1 c>ry+ a heavy /ick1 sett+ up a liquor-j> & us+ x z a plat=m = mak+ (f]+s to ! gods1 & ! l4 ',a bracelet made ( ,rudrk%a-se$s on ! arm1 matt$ hair on ! head1 a skull1 sme>+ oneself ) a%es1 c4'--all ?is is well kn[n f ! sacr$ writ+s ( ! ,saivas4 ,!y also hold t by "s special c]emonial p]=mance m5 ( diff]5t ca/es may become ,brhmanas & rea* ! highe/ srama3 'by m]ely ent]+ on ! initiatory c]emony 7dk%7 a man becomes a ,brhmana at once2 by und]tak+ ! kpla rite a man becomes at once an ascetic4' ,) reg>d to ^! views ! ,stra says '( pati1 on acc\nt ( inappropriat5ess4' ,a 'n' has "h to be suppli$ f ,stra #cb4 ,! sy/em ( ,pasupati has to be disreg>d$ because x is inappropriate1 i4 e4 because ! diff]5t views & practices ref]r$ to are oppos$ to "o ano!r & 9 conflict ) ! ,v$a4 ,! diff]5t practices enum]at$ above1 ! we>+ ( ! six mudrs & s on1 are oppos$ to ea* o!r2 & moreov] ! !oretical assumptions ( ^? p1 _! =ms ( devotion & _! practices1 are 9 conflict ) ! ,v$a4 ,= ! ,v$a decl>es t ,nryana :o is ! highe/ ,brahman is alone ! op]ative & ! sub/antial cause ( ! _w1 ',nryana is ! highe/ ,brahman1 ,nryana is ! highe/ ,reality1 ,nryana is ! highe/ light1 ,nryana is ! highe/ ,self'2 ',t ?\ght1 may ,i be _m1 may ,i gr[ =?' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #b1 #c72 ',he desir$1 may ,i be _m1 may ,i gr[ =?' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #f1 #a71 & s on4 ,9 ! same way ! texts decl>e m$itation on ! ,supreme ,p]son1 :o is ! highe/ ,brahman1 to be ! only m$itation :i* effects f9al release2 cp4 ',i "k t great ,p]son ( sunlike lu/re beyond ! d>kness4 ,a man :o kn[s him passes ov] dea?2 !re is no o!r pa? to g' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #h74 ,& 9 ! same way all texts agree 9 decl>+ t ! works subs]v+ ! k ( ,brahman are only ^? sacrificial & o!r works :i* ! ,v$a enjo9s on m5 9 ! diff]5t ca/es & /ages ( life3 ',him ,brhmanas seek to "k by ! /udy ( ! ,v$a1 by sacrifice1 by gifts1 by p5ance1 by fa/+4 ,wi%+ = t _w only1 m5dicants w&] =? f _! homes' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,xi1 #d1 #bb74 ,9 "s texts enjo9+ dev\t m$itation1 & s on1 we inde$ meet ) t]ms su* z ,prajpati1 ,siva1 ,indra1 ksa1 ,prna1 c41 b t ^! all ref] to ! supreme ,reality e/abli%$ by ! texts conc]n+ ,nryana--! aim ( :i* texts x is to set =? ! highe/ ,reality 9 its purity--1 we h already prov$ "u ,i1 #a1 #cj4 ,9 ! same way we h prov$ "u ,s4 ,i1 #a1 #b t 9 texts treat+ ( ! creation ( ! _w1 su* z ',be+ only ?is 0 9 ! beg9n+1' & ! l1 ! words ,be+1 ,brahman1 & s on1 d5ote nobody else b ,nryana1 :o is set =? z ! univ]sal creator 9 ! acc\nt ( creation giv5 9 ! text1 ',alone inde$ !re 0 ,nryana1 n ,brahm1 n ,isna--he be+ alone did n rejoice' 7,mahopani%ad ,i74--,z ! ,pasupati !ory ?us tea*es pr9ciples1 m$itations & acts conflict+ ) ! ,v$a1 x mu/ be disreg>d$4 #cg4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! impossibility ( rul]%ip4 ,^? :o /& outside ! ,v$a arrive ?r\gh inf]5ce at ! conclusion t ! ,"l is a m]e op]ative cause4 ,?is be+ s1 !y mu/ prove ! ,"l's be+ ! rul] 7( ! mat]ial cause7 on ! basis ( obs]vation4 ,b x is impossible to prove t ! ,"l is ! rul] ( ! ,pradhna 9 ! same way z ! pott] e4g4 is ! rul] ( ! clay4 ,= ! ,"l is )\t a body1 :ile ! p[] ( rul+ mat]ial causes is obs]v$ only 9 ! case ( embodi$ be+s su* z pott]s4 ,nor may y h rec\rse to ! hypo!sis ( ! ,"l be+ embodi$2 =--z we h %[n "u ,i1 #a1 #c--!re arise difficulties :e!r t body1 :i* z body mu/ consi/ ( p>ts1 be view$ z et]nal or z non-et]nal4 #ch4 ,if y say1 z 9 ! case ( ! organs2 we d5y ?is1 on acc\nt ( enjoym5t & s on4 ,x may possibly be said t1 9 ! same way z ! enjoy+ 7individual7 s\l1 al?\gh 9 itself )\t a body1 is se5 to rule ! s5se-organs1 ! body1 & s on1 ! great ,"l also1 al?\gh )\t a body1 may rule ! ,pradhna4 ,b ?is analogy _c be all[$ 'on acc\nt ( enjoym5t1' & s on4 ,! body's be+ rul$ by ! s\l is due to ! unse5 pr9ciple 9 ! =m ( good & evil works1 & has = its end ! requital ( ^? works4 ,y\r analogy w\ld ?us imply t ! ,"l also is "u ! influ5ce ( an unse5 pr9ciple1 & is requit$ = 8 good & evil works4--,! ,"l _c !re=e be a rul]4 #ci4 ,f9it5ess or abs5ce ( omnisci5ce4 ',or' "h has ! s5se ( '&4' ,if ! ,"l is "u ! influ5ce ( ! adri%ta1 x foll[s t1 l ! individual s\l1 he is subject to creation1 dissolution1 & s on1 & t he is n omnisci5t4 ,! ,pasupati !ory _c !re=e be accept$4--,x is true t ! ,stra1 'b 9 case ( conflict 7) ,scripture7 x is n to be reg>d$' 7,p4 ,m4 ,s4 ,i1 #c1 #c71 has already e/abli%$ ! non-acceptability ( all views contr>y to ! ,v$a2 ! pres5t adhik>ana1 h[ev]1 raises ?is "q aga9 9 ord] specially to decl>e t ! ,pasupati !ory is contr>y to ! ,v$a4 ,al?\gh ! ,psupata & ! ,saiva sy/ems exhibit "s features :i* are n altoge!r contr>y to ! ,v$a1 yet !y are unacceptable because !y re/ on an assumption contr>y to ! ,v$a1 viz4 ( ! diff]5ce ( ! g5]al1 in/rum5tal & mat]ial causes1 & imply an errone\s int]*ange ( high] & l[] entities4-- ,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( ',pasupati4' #dj4 ,on acc\nt ( ! impossibility ( orig9ation4 ,! ,stras n[ proce$ to refute a fur!r d\bt1 viz4 t ! ,pak>tra tantra--:i* sets =? ! means ( atta9+ supreme beatitude1 z decl>$ by ! ,"l 7,bhagavat7--may also be de/itute ( au?ority1 9 s f>1 namely1 z belong+ to ! same class z ! tantras ( ,kapila & o!rs4 ,! above ,stra raises ! d\bt4 ,! !ory ( ! ,bhgavatas is t f ,vsudeva1 :o is ! highe/ ,brahman & ! highe/ cause1 !re orig9ates ! individual s\l call$ ,sank>%ana2 f ,sank>%ana ! int]nal organ call$ ,pradyumna2 & f ,pradyumna ! pr9ciple ( egoity call$ ,aniruddha4 ,n[ ?is !ory implies ! orig9ation ( ! individual s\l1 & ?is is contr>y to ,scripture4 ,= scriptural texts decl>e ! s\l to be )\t a beg9n+--cp4 '! intellig5t "o is n born & does n die' 7,ka4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #ah71 & o!r texts4 #da4 ,& !re is n 7orig9ation7 ( ! in/rum5t f ! ag5t4 ',! int]nal organ call$ ,pradyumna orig9ates f ,sank>%ana1' i4 e4 ! int]nal organ orig9ates f ! individual s\l :i* is ! ag5t4 ,b ?is is inadmissible1 s9ce ! text 'f him !re is produc$ brea?1 m9d1 & all s5se-organs' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a1 #c7 decl>es t ! m9d also spr+s f none else b ! highe/ ,brahman4 ,z ! ,bhgavata doctr9e ?us tea*es ?+s oppos$ to ,scripture1 its au?oritativ5ess _c be admitt$4--,aga9/ ^! objections ! next ,stra decl>es itself4 #db4 ,or1 if !y are ( ! nature ( t :i* is k & s on1 !re is no contradiction to t 7i4e4 ! ,bhgavata doctr9e74 ,! 'or' sets aside ! view previ\sly ma9ta9$4 ,by 't :i* is k & s on' ,,footnote #ebd3a we h to und]/& ! highe/ ,brahman4 ,if ,sank>%ana1 ,pradyumna1 & ,aniruddha are ( ! nature ( ! highe/ ,brahman1 !n truly !re c be no objection to a body ( doctr9e :i* sets =? ?is relation4 ,! criticism t ! ,bhgavatas tea* an inadmissible orig9ation ( ! individual s\l1 is made by p :o d n und]/& t sy/em4 ,:at x tea*es is t ! highe/ ,brahman1 !re call$ ,vsudeva1 f k9dness to ^? devot$ to x1 volunt>ily abides 9 a f\rfold =m1 s z to r5d] itself accessible to its devotees4 ,?us x is said 9 ! ,pau%k>a- samhit1 ',t :i* enjo9s t ,brahmanas h to wor%ip1 "u its prop] names1 ! f\rfold nature ( ! ,self2 t is ! au?oritative doctr9e4' ,t ?is wor%ip ( t :i* is ( a f\rfold nature means wor%ip ( ! highe/ ,brahman1 call$ ,vsudeva1 is decl>$ 9 ! ,stvata-samhit1 ',?is is ! supreme s/ra1 ! great ,brahmopani%ad1 :i* imp>ts true discrim9ation to ,brahmawas wor%ipp+ ! real ,brahman "u ! "n ( ,vsudeva4' ,t highe/ ,brahman1 call$ ,vsudeva1 hav+ = its body ! complete aggregate ( ! six qualities1 divides itself 9 s f> z x is ei!r ! ',subtle' 7sk%ma71 or 'division' 7vyha71 or 'manife/ation' 7vibhava71 & is atta9$ 9 its fulness by ! devotees :o1 accord+ to _! qualifications1 d wor%ip to x by means ( works guid$ by k4 ',f ! wor%ip ( ! vibhava-aspect "o atta9s to ! vyha1 & f ! wor%ip ( ! vyha "o atta9s to ! ,subtile call$ ,vsudeva1 i4e4 ! highe/ ,brahman'--su* is _! doctr9e4 ,by ! 'vibhava' we h to und]/& ! aggregate ( be+s1 su* z ,rama1 ,kri%na1 c41 9 :om ! highe/ ,be+ becomes manife/2 by ! 'vyha' ! f\rfold arrangem5t or division ( ! highe/ ,reality1 z ,vsudeva1 ,sank>%ana1 ,pradyumna1 & ,aniruddha2 by ! ',subtle' ! highe/ ,brahman itself1 9 s f> z x has = its body ! m]e aggregate ( ! six qualities--z :i* x is call$ ',vsudeva4' ,comp>e on ?is po9t ! ,pau%k>a1 ',t body ( doctr9e ?r\gh :i*1 by means ( works bas$ on k1 "o fully atta9s to ! imp]i%able highe/ ,brahman1 call$ ,vsudeva1' & s on1 ,sank>%ana1 ,pradyumna1 & ,aniruddha are ?us m]e bodily =ms :i* ! highe/ ,brahman volunt>ily assumes4 ,scripture already decl>es1 ',n born he is born 9 _m ways1' & x is ?is bir?--consi/+ 9 ! volunt>y assumption ( bodily =m1 due to t5d]ness t[>ds its devotees--:i* ! ,bhgavata sy/em tea*es2 h5ce !re lies no valid objection to ! au?oritativ5ess ( t sy/em4 ,& z ,sank>%ana4 ,pradyumna1 & ,aniruddha are ! be+s rul+ ov] ! individual s\ls1 int]nal organs & organs ( egoity1 !re c be no objection to _! be+ !mselves d5ot$ by ^? latt] t]ms1 viz4 individual s\l1 & s on4 ,! case is analog\s to t ( ,brahman be+ designat$1 9 "s texts1 by t]ms su* z e!r1 brea?1 & ! l4 ,,footnote #ebd3a4 ,or 'by t :i* is k & cause4' #dc4 ,& on acc\nt ( contradiction4 ,! orig9ation ( ! jva is1 moreov]1 di/9ctly controv]t$ 9 ! books ( ! ,bhgavatas also4 ,?us 9 ! ,p>ama-samhit ',! nature ( ,prakriti consi/s !re9 t %e is non-s5ti5t1 = ! sake ( ano!r1 et]nal1 ev]-*ang+1 compris+ )9 h]self ! ?ree gunas & con/itut+ ! sph]e ( action & exp]i5ce = all ag5ts4 ,) h] ! s\l 7puru%a7 is connect$ 9 ! way ( insep>able association2 t s\l is kn[n to be truly )\t beg9n+ & )\t end4' ,& z all ,samhitas make simil> /atem5ts z to ! et]nity ( ! s\l1 ! ,pak>tra doctr9e manife/ly controv]ts ! view ( ! ess5tial nature ( ! jiva be+ some?+ t orig9ates4 ,h[ x is possible t 9 ! ,v$a z well z 9 common life ! s\l is spok5 ( z be+ born1 dy+1 c41 w be expla9$ "u ,s4 ,,ii1 #c1 #ag4 ,! conclusion1 !re=e1 is t ! ,bhgavata sy/em also d5ies ! orig9ation ( ! s\l1 & t h5ce ! objections rais$ on ?is gr\nd aga9/ its au?oritativ5ess are )\t any =ce4 ,ano!r objection is rais$ by "s4 ,sndilya1 !y argue1 is said to h promulgat$ ! ,pak>tra doctr9e because he did n f9d a sure basis = ! highe/ welf>e ( man 9 ! ,v$a & its auxili>y discipl9es1 & ?is implies t ! ,pak>tra is oppos$ to ! ,v$a4--8 objection1 we reply1 spr+s f no?+ else b ! m]e unreason+ fai? ( m5 :o d n possess ! fa9te/ k ( ! tea*+s ( ! ,v$a1 & h nev] consid]$ ! ho/s ( argum5ts :i* confirm t tea*+4 ,:5 ! ,v$a says1 ',morn+ aft] morn+ ^? speak untru? :o make ! ,agnihotra (f]+ be=e sunrise1' x is und]/ood t ! c5sure !re pass$ on ! (f]+ be=e sunrise is really meant to glorify ! (f]+ aft] sunrise4 ,we meet ) a simil> case 9 ! 'bhma-vidy' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #b74 ,!re at ! beg9n+ ,nrada says1 ',i "k ! ,rig-v$a1 ! ,yajur-v$a1 ! ,sma-v$a1 ! ?>vana z ! f\r?1 ! ,itihsa- purna z ! fif?1' & s on1 enum]at+ all ! v>i\s bran*es ( k1 & f9ally summ+ up ') all ?is ,i "k ! mantras only1 ,i d n "k ! ,self4' ,n[ ?is decl>ation ( ! k ( ! ,self n be+ atta9able ?r\gh any bran* ( k except ! k ( ! ,bhman evid5tly has no o!r purpose b to glorify ?is latt] k1 :i* is ab\t to be exp\nd$4 ,or else ,nrada's words ref] to ! fact t f ! ,v$a & its auxili>y discipl9es he _h n obta9$ ! k ( ! highe/ ,reality4 ,analog\s to ?is is ! case ( ,sndilya's alleg$ objection to ! ,v$a4 ,t ! ,bhgavata doctr9e is meant to facilitate ! und]/&+ ( ! s5se ( ! ,v$a :i* by itself is difficult ( compreh5sion1 is decl>$ 9 ! ,p>amasamhita1',i h read ! ,v$as at l5g?1 toge!r ) all ! v>i\s auxili>y bran*es ( k4 ,b 9 all ^! ,i _c see a cle> indication1 rais$ above all d\bt1 ( ! way to bless$ness1 :]eby ,i might rea* p]fection'2 & ',! wise ,"l ,h>i1 animat$ by k9dness = ^? devot$ to him1 extract$ ! ess5tial mean+ ( all ! ,v$nta-texts & cond5s$ x 9 an easy =m4' ,! incontrov]tible fact !n is z foll[s4 ,! ,"l :o is kn[n f ! ,v$nta-texts1 i4e4 ,vsudeva1 call$ !re ! highe/ ,brahman--:o is antagoni/ic to all evil1 ^: nature is ( uni=m excell5ce1 :o is an ocean1 z x 71 ( unlimit$ exalt$ qualities1 su* z inf9ite intellig5ce1 bliss1 & s on1 all ^: purposes come true--p]ceiv+ t ^? devot$ to him1 accord+ z !y are diff]5tly plac$ 9 ! f\r ca/es & ! f\r /ages ( life1 are int5t on ! diff]5t ends ( life1 viz4 religi\s obs]vances1 weal?1 pleasure1 & f9al release2 & recognis+ t ! ,v$as--:i* tea* ! tru? ab\t 8 own nature1 8 glori\s manife/ations1 ! means ( r5d]+ him propiti\s & ! fruits ( su* endeav\r--are difficult to fa?om by all be+s o!r ?an himself1 :e!r gods or m51 s9ce ^? ,v$as are divid$ into ,rik1 ,yajus1 ,sman1 & ,a?>van2 & be+ animat$ by inf9ite pity1 t5d]ness1 & magnanimity2 ) a view to enable 8 devotees to grasp ! true mean+ ( ! ,v$as1 himself compos$ ! ,pak>tra-s/ra4 ,! au?or ( ! ,stras 7,vysa7--:o fir/ compos$ ! ,stras1 ! purport ( :i* x is to set =? ! argum5ts e/abli%+ ! ,v$nta doctr9e1 & !n ! ,bhrata-samhit 7i4e4 ! ,mahbhrata7 9 a hundr$ ?\s& slokas 9 ord] to support !reby ! tea*+ ( ! ,v$a--himself says 9 ! *apt] call$ ,mok%adh>ma1 :i* treats ( k1 ',if a h\sehold]1 or a ,brahmakr91 or a h]mit1 or a m5dicant wi%es to a*ieve success1 :at deity %\ld he wor%ip8' & s on2 expla9s !n at great l5g? ! ,pak>tra sy/em1 & !n says1 ',f ! l5g?y ,bhrata /ory1 compris+ "o hundr$ ?\s& slokas1 ?is body ( doctr9e has be5 extract$1 ) ! *urn+-/aff ( m9d1 z butt] is *urn$ f curds--z butt] f milk1 z ! ,brahmana f m51 z ! ranyaka f ! ,v$as1 z ,amrita f m$ic9al h]bs4--,?is great ,upani%ad1 consi/5t ) ! f\r ,v$as1 9 h>mony ) ,snkhya & ,yoga1 0 call$ by him by ! "n ( ,pak>tra4 ,?is is excell5t1 ?is is ,brahman1 ?is is supremely b5eficial4 ,fully agree+ ) ! ,rik1 ! ,yajus1 ! ,sman1 & ! ,a?>vn-giras1 ?is doctr9e w be truly au?oritative4' ,! t]ms ,snkhya & ,yoga "h d5ote ! conc5trat$ application ( k & ( works4 ,z has be5 said1 ',by ! application ( k on ! "p ( ! ,snkhya1 & ( works on ! "p ( ! ,yog9s4' ,& 9 ! ,bh%map>van we read1 ',by ,brahmanas1 ,k%attriyas1 ,vaisyas & ,sdras1 ,mdhava is to be hon\r$1 s]v$ & wor%ipp$--he :o 0 proclaim$ by ,sank>%ana 9 agreem5t ) ! ,stvata law4'--,h[ !n c\ld ^! utt]ances ( ,bd>yana1 ! =emo/ among all ^? :o und]/& ! tea*+ ( ! ,v$a1 be reconcil$ ) ! view t 9 ! ,stras he ma9ta9s ! non- au?oritativ5ess ( ! ,stvata doctr9e1 ! purport ( :i* is to tea* ! wor%ip (1 & m$itation on1 ,vsudeva1 :o is none o!r ?an ! highe/ ,brahman kn[n f ! ,v$nta-texts8 ,b o!r passages 9 ! ,mahbhrata1 su* z ',!re is ! ,snkhya1 ! ,yoga1 ! ,pak>tra1 ! ,v$as1 & ! ,pasupata doctr9e2 d all ^! re/ on "o & ! same basis1 or on diff]5t ones8' & s on1 decl>e t ! ,snkhya & o!r doctr9es also are wor?y ( reg>d1 :ile yet 9 ! ,srraka ,stras ^? v same doctr9es are =mally refut$4 ,:y1 !re=e1 %\ld n ! same hold good 9 ! case ( ! ,bhgavata doctr9e8--,n s1 we reply4 ,9 ! ,mahbhrata also ,bd>ayana applies to ! ,snkhya & o!r doctr9es ! same /yle ( reason+ z 9 ! ,stras4 ,! "q1 ask$ 9 ! passage quot$1 means ',d ! ,snkhya1 ! ,yoga1 ! ,pasupata1 & ! ,pak>tra set =? "o & ! same reality1 or diff]5t ones8 ,if ! =m]1 :at is t reality8 ,if ! latt]1 !y convey contradictory doctr9es1 &1 z reality is n some?+ :i* may be optionally assum$ to be ei!r su* or su*1 "o ( ^? doctr9es only c be ackn[l$g$ z au?oritative1 & ! "q !n arises :i* is to be s ackn[l$g$8'--,! answ] to ! "q is giv5 9 ! passage beg9n+1 ',"k1 ,o royal ,sage1 all ^? diff]5t views4 ,! promulgator ( ! ,snkhya is ,kapila1' c4 ,"h ! human orig9 ( ! ,snkhya1 ,yoga1 & ,psupata is e/abli%$ on ! gr\nd ( _! hav+ be5 produc$ by ,kapila1 ,hiranyag>bha1 & ,pasupati4 ,next ! clause ',ap>ntatamas is said to be ! tea*] ( ! ,v$as' intimates ! non- human "* ( ! ,v$as2 & f9ally ! clause ',( ! :ole ,pak>tra1 ,nryana himself is ! promulgator' decl>es t ,nryana himself reveal$ ! ,pak>tra doctr9e4 ,! connect$ purport ( ^! diff]5t clauses is z foll[s4 ,z ! sy/ems ( human orig9 set =? doctr9es mutually contradictory1 &1 moreov]1 tea* :at is 9 conflict ) ! matt] kn[n f ! ,v$a--:i*1 on acc\nt ( its non-human "*1 is rais$ above all suspicion ( error & o!r imp]fections--!y _c be accept$ z au?oritative ) reg>d to any?+ n dep5d+ on human action & *oice4 ,n[ ! matt] to be kn[n f ! ,v$a is ,nryana1 :o is none o!r ?an ! highe/ ,brahman4 ,x h5ce foll[s t ! entities set =? 9 ^? diff]5t sy/ems--! pradhna1 ! s\l 7puru%a71 ,pasupati1 & s on--h to be view$ z real only 9 s f> z ,nryana1 i4e4 ! highe/ ,brahman1 z kn[n f ! ,v$nta-texts1 con/itutes _! ,self4 ,?is ! text directly decl>es 9 ! passage1 ',9 all ^? doctr9es x is se51 9 accordance ) tradition & reason+1 t ! "l ,n>ayawa is ! only basis4' ,?is means--',to him :o consid]s ! entities set =? 9 ^? sy/ems ) ! help ( argum5tation1 x is evid5t t ,nryana alone is ! basis ( all ^? entities4' ,9 o!r words1 z ! entities set =? 9 ^? sy/ems are n ,brahman1 any "o :o rememb]s ! tea*+ ( texts su* z 'all ?is inde$ is ,brahman1' ',nryana is all1' :i* decl>e ,brahman to be ! ,self ( all1 comes to ! conclusion t ,nryana alone is ! basis ( ^? entities4 ,z ?us x is settl$ t ! highe/ ,brahman1 z kn[n f ! ,v$nta- texts1 or ,nryana1 himself is ! promulgator ( ! entire ,pak>tra1 & t ?is sy/em tea*es ! nature ( ,nryana & ! prop] way ( wor%ipp+ him1 none c dise/abli% ! view t 9 ! ,pak>tra all ! o!r doctr9es are compris$4 ,= ?is reason ! ,mahbhrata says1 ',?us ! ,snkhya-yoga & ! ,v$a & ! ranyaka1 be+ memb]s ( "o ano!r1 are call$ ! ,pak>tra1' i4e4 ! ,snkhya1 ! ,yoga1 ! ,v$as1 & ! ranyakas1 :i* are memb]s ( "o ano!r because !y are "o 9 s f> z aim+ at sett+ =? "o ,tru?1 toge!r are call$ ! ,pak>tra4--,! ,snkhya expla9s ! tw5ty-five pr9ciples1 ! ,yoga tea*es c]ta9 practices & means ( m5tal conc5tration1 & ! ranyakas tea* t all ! subord9ate pr9ciples h _! true ,self 9 ,brahman1 t ! m5tal conc5tration enjo9$ 9 ! ,yoga is a mode ( m$itation on ,brahman1 & t ! rites & works :i* are set =? 9 ! ,v$a are means to w9 ! fav\r ( ,brahman--?us giv+ in/ruction z to ,brahman's nature4 ,n[ all ^! elem5ts1 9 _! inw>d connexion1 are cle>ly set =? 9 ! ,pak>tra by ! highe/ ,brahman1 i4e4 ,nryana1 himself4 ,! ,srraka ,s/ra 7i4e4 ! ,v$nta7 does n disprove ! pr9ciples assum$ by ! ,snkhyas1 b m]ely ! view ( _! n hav+ ,brahman = _! ,self2 & simil>ly 9 its criticism on ! ,yoga & ,psupata sy/ems1 x m]ely refutes ! view ( ! ,"l be+ a m]e in/rum5tal cause1 ! errone\s assumptions z to ! relative position ( high] & l[] entities1 & c]ta9 practices n w>rant$ by ! ,v$a2 b x does n reject ! ,yoga itself1 nor aga9 ! "l ,psupati4 ,h5ce ,smriti says1' ,! ,snkhya1 ! ,yoga1 ! ,pak>tra1 ! ,v$as1 & ! ,psupata doctr9e--all ^! hav+ _! pro( 9 ! ,self may n be de/roy$ by argum5ts4' ,! ess5tial po9ts 9 all ^! doctr9es are to be adopt$1 n to be reject$ absolutely z ! tea*+ ( ,j9a4 or ,sugata is to be reject$4 ,=1 z said 9 ! ,smriti text quot$ above1 9 all ^? doctr9es x is se51 accord+ to tradition & reason+1 t ! "l ,nryana is ! only basis4'--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! impossibility ( orig9ation4' ,,?ird ,p,,da4 #a4 ,n ,e!r2 on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( scriptural /atem5t4 ,we h demon/rat$ t ! ,snkhya-sy/em & o!r sy/ems /&+ outside ! ,v$a are unt5able s9ce !y re/ on fallaci\s reason+ & are self-contradictory4 ,9 ord] to prove t our own view is altoge!r free f all objections ( ?is k9d1 we %all n[ expla9 9 detail ! mode 9 :i* ?is _w1 ) all its s5ti5t & non- s5ti5t be+s1 is produc$ by ,brahman1 :om we hold to be ! g5]al creator4 ,! fir/ d\bt "h pres5t+ itself is :e!r ,e!r be some?+ produc$ or n4--,! ,prvapak%9 ma9ta9s t x is n produc$1 s9ce !re is no scriptural /atem5t to t effect4 ,a scriptural /atem5t may be expect$ ) reg>d to :at is possible2 b :at is impossible--z e4g4 ! orig9ation ( a sky-fl[] or ( ,e!r--_c possibly be taught by ,scripture4 ,= ! orig9ation ( ,e!r1 :i* is n made up ( p>ts & is all p]vasive1 _c be imag9$ 9 any way4 ,= ?is v reason1 i4e4 ! impossibility ( ! ?+1 ! ,*&ogya1 9 its acc\nt ( creation1 m5tions ! orig9ation ( fire1 wat]1 c4 only 7b n ( ,e!r7--',x ?\ght1 may ,i be _m1 may ,i gr[ =?1' ',x s5t =? fire1' & s on4 ,:5 !re=e ! ,taittirya1 ! ,a?>vana1 & o!r texts tell u t ,e!r did orig9ate--',f t ,self sprang ,e!r' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a72 ',f him is born brea?1 m9d1 & all organs ( s5se1 ,e!r1 air1 light1 wat]1' c4 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a1 #d7--su* /atem5ts are contr>y to s5se1 & h5ce refute !mselves4-- ,to ?is ! ,stra replies4 #b4 ,b !re is4 ,b !re is orig9ation ( ,e!r4 ,= ,scripture1 :i* is conc]n$ ) matt]s transc5d+ s5se p]ception1 is able to e/abli% ! tru? ev5 ( ! orig9ation ( ,e!r1 al?\gh ?is be n prov$ by o!r means ( k4 ,& 9 a matt] kn[n f ,scripture a contradictory inf]5ce1 su* z t ,e!r _c orig9ate because x is )\t p>ts1 is n ( suffici5t =ce4 ,t ! non- orig9at$ness ( ! ,self also does n re/ on its be+ )\t p>ts w be %[n fur!r on4--,"h ! ,prvapak%9 raises an objection4 #c4 ,x has a second>y s5se1 on acc\nt ( impossibility & ( ! text4 ,x is reasonable to assume t 9 passages su* z ',f t ,self !re sprang ,e!r4' ! orig9ation ( ,e!r is n to be tak5 9 its lit]al s5se2 = accord+ to ! ,*ndogya-text 'x s5t =? fire4' ,brahman engag$ 9 creation fir/ produces fire1 & fire ?us hav+ ! fir/ place1 ! text _c possibly mean to say t ,e!r also 0 produc$4 ,moreov]1 !re is ano!r text1 viz4',vyu & ant>ik%a 7i4e4 ,e!r71 ?is is ! ,immortal1' accord+ to :i* ,e!r is immortal1 i4 e4 non-produc$4--,b h[ c "o & ! same ^w viz4 x 'sprang' 7i4e4 orig9at$71 be tak5 9 a metaphorical s5se ) ref]5ce to ,e!r1 & 9 its lit]al s5se ) ref]5ce to fire1 & s on8--,to ?is ! next ,stra replies4 #d4 ,!re may be 7a d\ble s5se7 ( ! "o 7^w71 z 9 ! case ( ! ^w ',brahman4' ,s9ce 9 ! clause 'f t ,self !re sprang ,brahman1' ! ^w 'sprang' _c be tak5 9 its lit]al s5be1 x may be us$ !re 9 a second>y s5se2 :ile ! same ^w z connect$ ) ! subsequ5t clauses 'f ,vyu ,agni1' c41 may h its prim>y s5se4 ,?is w\ld be analog\s to ! use ( ! ^w ,brahman 9 ,mu4 ,up4 ,i1 #a4 ,!re 9 ! clause ',f him is born t ,brahman1 "n1 =m1 & matt]' 7#i74 ! ^w ,brahman is us$ 9 a second>y s5se1 i4e4 d5otes ! ,pradhna2 :ile 9 ! same *apt]1 9 ! clause ',brahman swells by means ( brood+' 7#h71 ! same ^w d5otes ,brahman 9 its prim>y s5se4 ,x is true inde$ t 9 ?is latt] case ! ^w ',brahman' occurs twice2 :ile 9 ! ,taitt4 text ! ^w 'sambhta' occurs once only1 & has to be c>ri$ ov] f ! fir/ clause into ! subsequ5t ones2 b ?is makes no diff]5ce1 =1 9 ! case ( su* c>ry+ ov] ( a ^w1 no less ?an 9 ! case ( actual repetition1 ! g5]al d5otation ( ! ^w is repeat$4--,! next ,stra refutes ?is objection4 #e4 ,! non-ab&onm5t ( ! promissory /atem5t 7results7 f non- diff]5ce4 ,x is n appropriate to assume1 f def]5ce to ! ,*ndogya-text1 a second>y mean+ = ^? o!r texts also :i* decl>e ,e!r to h orig9at$4 ,= ! ,*ndogyaitself virtually admits ! orig9ation ( ,e!r2 9 s f>1 namely1 z ! clause 't by :i* ! non-he>d is he>d1' c41 decl>es t ?r\gh ! k ( ,brahman ev]y?+ is kn[n4 ,?is decl>ation is n ab&on$1 i4e4 is adh]$ to1 only if ! ,e!r also is an effect ( ,brahman & ?us non-diff]5t f x4 #f4 7,z foll[s also7 f 7o!r7 texts4 ,t ,e!r is an orig9at$ ?+ foll[s f o!r clauses also 9 ! ,*ndogya3 ',be+ only ?is 0 9 ! beg9n+1 "o )\t a second' affirms ! on5ess ( ev]y?+ be=e creation1 & ',9 t all ?is has its ,self implies t ev]y?+ is an effect (1 & h5ce non- diff]5t f1 ,brahman4--,nor does ! /atem5t z to ! creation ( fire1 'x s5t =? fire1' exclude ! creation ( ,e!r4 ,= ! fir/ place :i* !re is assign$ to fire re/s only !reon t no m5tion is made ( ! creation ( ,e!r1 & ?is has no =ce to negative ! creation ( ,e!r z positively /at$ 9 o!r texts4 #g4 ,b ! division 7orig9ation7 ext5ds ov] all effects2 z 9 ord9>y life4 ,! 'b' has ! s5se ( '&4' ,z ! clause ',9 t all ?is has its ,self' & simil> ones directly /ate t ,e!r also is a creation ( ,brahman1 ! division1 i4e4 ! orig9ation ( ,e!r f ,brahman1 is implicitly decl>$ !reby4 ,z 9 ord9>y life4 ,:5 9 ord9>y life somebody has said 'all ^! m5 are ! sons ( ,devadatta1' x is kn[n t any p>ticul>s :i* may aft]w>ds be giv5 ab\t ! desc5t ( "s ( !m are meant to apply to all4--,9 accordance ) ?is our conclusion we int]pret ! text ',air & ,e!r1 ?is is ! ,immortal1' z ass]t+ only t air & ,e!r cont9ue to exi/ = a long "t1 z ! ,devas d4 #h4 ,h]eby air is expla9$4 ,! same argum5tation expla9s ! orig9ation ( air also4 ,t a special ,stra is devot$ to ! orig9ation ( air--in/ead ( dispos+ 9 "o ,stra ( ,e!r & air--is = ! sake ( ,stra #aj1 :i* /ates t 'h5ce 7i4e4 f air7 !re orig9at$ fire4' #i4 ,b !re is non-orig9ation ( t :i* is 7only72 on acc\nt ( impossibility4 ,! 'b' has an affirmative s5se4 ,!re is non-orig9ation ( t :i* is1 i4e4 ( ,brahman only2 ( :atev] is diff]5t f ,brahman non-orig9ation _c possibly be e/abli%$4 ,?is means--! orig9ation ( ,e!r & air has be5 prov$ only 9 ord] to illu/rate a g5]al tru?4 ,only t :i* is1 i4e4 ,brahman1 :i* is ! g5]al cause1 _c orig9ate4 ,:atev] is o!r ?an ,brahman1 i4 e4 ! entire _w compris+ ! ,unevolv$1 ! great pr9ciple 7mahat71 ahankra1 ! tanmtras1 ! s5se-organs1 ! ,e!r1 ! air1 & s on1 _c possibly be %[n to be non-orig9at$1 s9ce its be+ an effect is prov$ by ! text decl>+ t ev]y?+ is kn[n ?r\gh "o ?+1 & 9 o!r ways4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! ,e!r4' #aj4 ,fire 7is produc$7 !nce1 = ?us ,scripture decl>es4 ,x has be5 /at$ t ev]y?+ diff]5t f ,brahman is ! effect ( ,brahman4 ,! d\bt n[ arises :e!r ! m remote effects ( ,brahman orig9ate1 ea* ( !m1 only f t sub/ance :i* is _! imm$iately antec$5t cause or f ,brahman 9 ! =m ( t sub/ance4--,! decision is t !y orig9ate f ^? sub/ances only2 = ! text 'f air fire' directly /ates ! orig9ation ( fire f air4 #aa4 ,wat] 7f fire74 ,wat] also orig9ates '!nce1' i4 e f fire2 = s ! texts decl>e ',f fire wat]' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a1 #a72 't s5t =? wat]' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #b1 #c74 #ab4 ,e>? 7f wat]74 ,e>? orig9ates f wat]2 = s ! texts decl>e ',f wat] e>?' 7,taitt ,up4 ,,ii4 #a1 #a74 ',x 7wat]7 s5t =? food' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #b1 #c74 ,b h[ c ! ^w 'food' d5ote e>?8--,to ?is ! next ,stra replies4 #ac4 ,e>? on acc\nt ( ! subject-matt]1 ! col\r1 & o!r texts4 ,t ! ^w 'food' d5otes ! e>? is to be inf]r$ f ! fact t ! section 9 :i* ! ^w occurs has = its subject-matt] ! creation ( ! elem5ts2 z ev]y?+ eatable is a product ( ! e>?1 ! t]m d5ot+ ! effect is !re appli$ to d5ote ! cause4 ,9 ! same *apt]1 :]e ! col\r ( ! elem5ts is m5tion$ 7',! r$ col\r ( a flame is ! col\r ( fire1 ! :ite "o t ( wat]1 ! black "o t ( food '71 ! collocation ( words cle>ly %[s t 'food' means some?+ ( ! same k9d z fire & wat]1 viz4 ! elem5ts ( e>?4 ,& !re are o!r texts also :i* treat ( ! same topic & decl>e ! orig9ation ( e>? f wat]1 cp4 ,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a1 'f fire sprang wat]1 f wat] e>?4' ,all ?is proves t ! t]m 'food' d5otes e>?1 & t h5ce e>? orig9ates f wat]4 ,fire & ! o!r sub/ances1 ! orig9ation ( :i* has be5 detail$1 are m5tion$ m]ely z in/ances1 & x mu/ be und]/ood t also o!r entities1 su* z ! ',mahat1' & s on1 orig9ate only f ! imm$iately prec$+ cause1 9 agreem5t ) scriptural /atem5ts4 ,& texts su* z ',f him is born brea?1 m9d1 & all organs ( s5se1 e!r1 air1 light1 wat]1 & ! e>?1 ! support ( all' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a1 #c72 ',f him is born t ,brahman1 "n1 =m1 & food' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,i1 #a1 #i72 ',f t ,self !re sprang e!r' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a1 #a72 ',x 7i4e4 t :i* is7 s5t =? fire' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #b1 #c7-- 7:i* seems to tea* ! direct orig9ation f ,brahman ( ! diff]5t elem5ts1 & s on7--may be int]pret$ on ! und]/&+ ( ,brahman be+ _! m$iate cause also4--,?is prim facie view ! next ,stra disposes (4 #ad4 ,b he2 f ! inf]5tial m>k suppli$ by _! reflection4 ,! 'b' indicates ! sett+ aside ( ! prim facie view rais$4 ,( all effect$ ?+s1 ! ,mahat1 & s on1 ! highe/ ,p]son himself1 9 s f> z embodi$ 9 ! imm$iately prec$+ sub/ance1 is ! direct cause4--,h[ is ?is kn[n8--',f ! inf]5tial m>k suppli$ by ! reflection ( !m4' ,by 'reflection' ! ,stra means ! resolve express$ 9 ! recurr+ phrase1 ',may ,i be _m'2 ',t fire ?\ght1 may ,i be _m'2 ',t wat] ?\ght1 may ,i be _m' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #b1 #c2 #d74 ,z ^! texts decl>e t !re 0 ?\ght 9 ! =m ( a resolve ( self-multiplication--:i* ?\ght c belong to a ,self only1 we conclude t also ! ,mahat1 ! ahankra1 ! ,e!r1 & s on1 accompli% ! s5d+ =? ( _! respective effects only aft] simil> ?\ght1 & su* ?\ght c belong only to ! highe/ ,brahman embodi$ 9 ! ,mahat1 ahankra1 & s on4 ,t ! highe/ ,brahman is embodi$ 9 all be+s & con/itutes _! ,self1 is directly /at$ 9 ! ant>ym9-brhmana1 ',he :o abid+ 9 ! e>?2 abid+ 9 wat]2 abid+ 9 fire1' c4 c4 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #g1 #c ff472 & likewise 9 ! ,subla-,up1 ',^: body is ! e>?1' c4 c41 up to ',^: body is ! ,unevolv$4' ,! ,prvapak%9 _h ma9ta9$ t ! creation1 f ,brahman1 ( brea?1 & s on1 :i* is decl>$ 9 texts su* z ',f him are born brea?1 m9d1' c41 may be und]/ood z a m$iate creation4 ,?is po9t is tak5 up by ! next ,stra4 #ae4 ,b ! ord] ( succession 7:i* is /at$7 9 rev]se ord] 7( ! true "o7 is possible1 7only if ! orig9ation ( all effects is7 !nce 7i4e4 f ,brahman74 ,! 'b' has an assev]ative s5se4 ,! direct orig9ation f ,brahman ( all effects--:i* 9 passages su* z ! "o quot$ by ! ,prvapak%9 is /at$ 9 a =m ! rev]se ( ! 7true7 ord] ( orig9ation accord+ to :i* ! ,unevolv$1 ! ,mahat1 ! ahankra1 ,e!r1 & s on1 succe$ ea* o!r--is possible only on ! supposition ( ! orig9ation ( ea* effect be+ really f ,brahman itself 9 ! =m ( a special causal sub/ance4 ,to und]/& ! causality ( ,brahman z a m]ely m$iate "o w\ld be to contradict all ^? /atem5ts ( imm$iate orig9ation4 ,texts su* z ! "o quot$ ?us confirm ! conclusion t ev]y?+ orig9ates f ,brahman directly4 #af4 ,if x be said t k & m9d 7:i* are m5tion$7 betwe5 7brea? & ! elem5ts7 7are /at$7 9 ord] ( succession1 ow+ to an inf]5tial m>k ( ?is2 we say1 n s1 on acc\nt ( non- diff]5ce4 ',k' 9 ! ,stra d5otes ! means ( k1 i4e4 ! s5se- organs4--,an objection is rais$ aga9/ ! conclusion arriv$ at "u ! prec$+ ,stra4 ,we _c1 ! oppon5t says1 admit ! conclusion t ! passage f ! ,mundka ,up4 'f him is born brea?1 m9d1' c41 decl>es ! imm$iate orig9ation f ,brahman ( all ?+s1 & t h5ce ! passage confirms ! view1 fir/ sugge/$ by ! inf]5tial m>k ( '?\ght' 7see above1 ,s4 #ad71 t ev]y?+ spr+s f ,brahman direct4 ,= ! purport ( ! text is to /ate a c]ta9 ord] ( succession1 & we h5ce conclude t all ! be+s m5tion$ 7 successively creat$4 ,9 ! second half ( ! text we recognise ! s]ies ( e!r1 air1 fire1 c41 :i* is kn[n to u f o!r texts1 & f ! fact ( _! be+ exhibit$ 9 "o & ! same text we conclude t k & m9d--:i* are m5tion$ betwe5 brea? on ! "o side & ! elem5ts on ! o!r--mu/ be view$ z creat$ 9 t ord]4 ,! text !re=e 9 no way confirms ! direct orig9ation ( ev]y?+ f ,brahman4 ,to ?is ! ,stra replies1 ',n s1 on acc\nt ( non-diff]5ce4' ,! fir/ words ( ! text 'f him is born' connect !mselves equally ) brea?1 & k1 & m9d1 & ! scries ( elem5ts beg9n+ ) e!r2 & ! mean+ ( ! :ole !re=e is to decl>e t all ! entities spr+ directly f ,brahman1 n to tea* ! ord] ( succession 9 :i* !y are produc$4 ,x moreov] _c h ! purport ( tea*+ a c]ta9 ord] ( succession1 because ! ord] /at$ contradicts ! ord] e/abli%$ by o!r scriptural passages2 su* z ! "o beg9n+ '! e>? is m]g$ 9 wat]1' & end+ 'd>kness becomes "o4' ,we h5ce hold to ! conclusion t all effects orig9ate f ,brahman only1 9 s f> z embodi$ 9 ! ,unevolv$1 & s on1 & t ! t]ms 'fire' & s on d5ote ,brahman1 :i* is ! ,self ( all ^? sub/ances4--,b to int]pret all ^! words z d5ot+ ,brahman is to set aside _! special d5otative p[] z e/abli%$ by etymology6--,to ?is objection ! next ,stra replies4 #ag4 ,b t :i* abides 9 ! ?+s movable & immovable1 i4e4 ! t]ms d5ot+ ^? ?+s1 are non-second>y 7i4e4 ( prim>y d5otative p[]1 viz4 ) reg>d to ,brahman72 s9ce 7_! d5otative p[]7 is effect$ by ! be+ ( t 7i4e4 ,brahman74 ,! 'b' sets aside ! objection rais$4 7,! prim facie view "h is z foll[s47 ,z ,brahman1 :i* has all ?+s = its modes1 is n ! object ( ,p]ception & ! o!r means ( k :i* give rise to ! appreh5sion ( ! ?+s only :i* are ,brahman's modes1 & z h5ce1 previ\sly to ! /udy ( ! ,v$nta-texts1 ! idea ( t to :i* ! modes belong 7i4e4 ( ,brahman7 does n arise1 & z ! k ( all words f9ally d5ot+ ,brahman dep5ds on ! exi/5ce ( ! idea ( t to :i* ! modes belong 7i4 e4 ,brahman72 all ! individual words are us$ 9 worldly language only sep>ately to d5ote special ?+s4 ,9 o!r words1 z ! t]ms 'fire' & s on h d5otative p[] ) reg>d to p>ticul> ?+s only1 _! d5otative p[] ) reg>d to ,brahman is second>y1 indirect only4--,( ?is view ! ,stra disposes by say+ 't :i* abides 9 ! mov+ & ! non-mov+1' c4 ,! mean+ is--! t]ms :i* abide 91 i4e4 are connect$ )1 ! diff]5t mov+ & non-mov+ ?+s1 & h5ce d5ote ^? ?+s1 possess ) reg>d to ,brahman a d5otative p[] :i* is n 'bhkta1' i4e4 second>y or figurative1 b prim>y & direct4 ',:y s8' ,because ! d5otative p[] ( all words is dep5d5t on ! be+ ( ,brahman4 ,= ?is we "k f ! scriptural passage :i* tells h[ names & =ms 7 evolv$ by ,brahman4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'fire4' #ah4 ,n ! ,self1 on acc\nt ( scriptural /atem5t1 & on acc\nt ( ! et]nity 7:i* results7 f !m4 ,! ,stras s f> h /at$ t ?is entire _w1 f ,e!r d[nw>ds1 orig9ates f ! highe/ ,brahman4 ,x n[ becomes a matt] = discussion :e!r ! individual s\l also orig9ates 9 ! same way or n4--,x does s orig9ate1 ! ,prvapak%9 ma9ta9s4 ,= on ?is assumption only ! scriptural /atem5t z to ! cognition ( all ?+s ?r\gh ! cognition ( "o ?+ holds good1 & moreov] ,scripture decl>es t be=e creation ev]y?+ 0 "o4 ,moreov]1 !re are texts directly /at+ t ! s\l also 0 produc$ 9 ! same way z ,e!r & o!r creat$ ?+s4 ',prajpati s5t =? all creatures'2 ',all ^! creatures h _! root 9 ! ,true1 !y abide 9 ! ,true1 !y re/ on ! ,true' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #h1 #f72 ',f :5ce ^! be+s are produc$' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #a1 #a74 ,z ^! passages decl>e ! orig9ation ( ! _w inclusive ( s5ti5t be+s1 we conclude t ! s\ls also orig9ate4 ,nor mu/ ?is be object$ to on ! gr\nd ?an f ! fact t ,brahman is et]nal1 & ! o!r fact t texts su* z ',t art !m' tea* ! s\l to be ( ! nature ( ,brahman1 x foll[s t ! s\l also is et]nal4 ,= if we reason$ 9 ?is /yle we %\ld h to admit also t ! ,e!r & ! o!r elem5ts are et]nal1 s9ce texts su* z '9 t all ?is has its ,self' & 'all ?is inde$ is ,brahman 'intimate !m also to be ( ! nature ( ,brahman4 ,h5ce ! individual s\l also orig9ates no less ?an ,e!r & ! re/4--,to ?is ! ,stra replies1 ',n ! ,self1 on acc\nt ( scriptural /atem5t4' ,! ,self is n produc$1 s9ce c]ta9 texts directly d5y its orig9ation2 cp4 '! intellig5t "o is n born nor does he die' 7,ka4 ,up4 ,i1 #b1 #ah72 ',!re are two unborn ones1 "o intellig5t & /rong1 ! o!r non- intellig5t & weak' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,i1 #i74 ,& ! et]nity ( ! s\l is le>n$ f ! same texts1 cp4 ',!re is "o et]nal ?9k]1' c4 7,ka4 ,up4 ,,ii1#e1 #ac72 ',unborn1 et]nal1 ev]la/+ is t anci5t "o2 he is n kill$ ?\gh ! body is kill$' 7,ka4 ,up4 ,i1 #b1 #ah74--;,= ^! reasons ! s\l is n produc$4 ,b h[ !n ab\t ! decl>ation t ?r\gh ! cognition ( "o ?+ ev]y?+ is kn[n8-,!re is no difficulty "h1 s9ce ! s\l also is an effect1 & s9ce effect & cause are non-diff]5t4--,b ?is implies t ! s\l is an orig9at$ ?+ j l ,e!r & s on6--,n s1 we reply4 ,by a ?+ be+ an effect we mean its be+ due to a sub/ance pass+ ov] into "s o!r /ate2 & f ?is po9t ( view ! s\l also is an effect4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ! diff]5ce1 t ! 'o!r condition' :i* is repres5t$ by ! s\l is ( a diff]5t k9d f t :i* con/itutes non-s5ti5t ?+s1 su* z ,e!r & s on4 ,! 'o!rness' on :i* ! s\l dep5ds consi/s 9 ! contraction & expansion ( intellig5ce2 :ile ! *ange on :i* ! orig9ation ( ,e!r & s on dep5ds is a *ange ( ess5tial nature4 ,& *ange ( ! latt] k9d is :at we d5y ( ! s\l4 ,we h %[n t !re are ?ree entities ( di/9ct nature1 viz4 objects ( fruition1 enjoy+ subjects1 & a ,rul]2 t orig9ation & s on :i* are *>act]i/ic ( ! objects d n belong to ! subjects1 & t ! latt] are et]nal2 t ! *>act]i/ic qualities ( ! objects & likewise ^? ( ! subjects--viz4 liability to pa9 & suff]+--d n belong to ! ,rul]2 t ! latt] is et]nal1 free f all imp]fections1 omnisci5t1 imm$iately realis+ all 8 purposes1 ! ,"l ( ! lords ( ! organs1 ! highe/ ,"l ( all2 & t s5ti5t & non-s5ti5t be+s 9 all _! /ates con/itute ! body ( ! ,"l :ile he con/itutes _! ,self4 ,:ile ,brahman ?us has = its modes 7prakra7 ! s5ti5t & non-s5ti5t be+s 9 :i* x ev] is embodi$1 dur+ c]ta9 p]iods ^? be+s abide 9 s subtle a condition z to be incapable ( receiv+ designations diff]5t f t ( ,brahman itself2 ,brahman !n is said to be 9 its causal /ate4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 its body is con/itut$ by all ^? be+s 9 _! gross /ate1 :5 !y h sep>ate1 di/9ct names & =ms1 ,brahman is said to be 9 its effect$ condition4 ,:51 n[1 ,brahman passes ov] f ! causal /ate into ! effect$ /ate1 ! aggregate ( non-s5ti5t ?+s :i* 9 ! causal /ate 7 de/itute ( "n & =m und]goes an ess5tial *ange ( nature--imply+ ! possession ( di/9ct names & s on-- s z to become fit to con/itute objects ( fruition = s5ti5t be+s2 ! *ange1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* ! s5ti5t be+s 7! s\ls7 und]go on t occasion is no?+ m ?an a c]ta9 expansion ( intellig5ce 7or consci\sness71 capacitat+ !m to exp]i5ce ! diff]5t rew>ds or puni%m5ts = _! previ\s de$s4 ,! rul+ elem5t ( ! _w1 i4e4 ! ,"l1 f9ally1 :o has ! s5ti5t & non-s5ti5t be+s = 8 modes1 und]goes a *ange 9 s f> z he is1 at alt]nat+ p]iods1 embodi$ 9 all ^? be+s 9 _! alt]nat+ /ates4 ,! two modes1 & he to :om ! modes belong1 ?us und]go a common *ange 9 s f> z 9 ! case ( all ( !m ! causal condition passes ov] into a diff]5t condition4 ,x is ) ref]5ce to ?is *ange und]gone by "o sub/ance 9 pass+ ov] into a diff]5t /ate t ! ,*&ogya says t ?r\gh ! k ( "o ?+ ev]y?+ is kn[n1 & illu/rates ?is by ! case ( ! lump ( clay 7kn[+ :i* we "k all ?+s made ( clay74 ,texts su* z ',prajpati s5t =? ! creatures1' :i* decl>e ! orig9ation ( ! s\l1 really mean only to /ate t ! s\ls are by turns associat$ ) or dissociat$ f bodies--! effect ( :i* is t _! intellig5ce is ei!r contract$ or exp&$4 ,texts aga9 :i* d5y ! orig9ation ( ! s\l & affirm its p]man5cy 7',he is n born & does n die1' c47 mean to say t ! s\l does n1 l ! non-s5ti5t elem5t ( creation1 und]go *anges ( ess5tial nature4 ,& f9ally !re are texts ! purport ( :i* x is to decl>e ! abs5ce ( *ange ( ess5tial nature z well z ( alt]nate expansion & contraction ( intellig5ce--cp4 ',t is ! great unborn ,self1 undecay+1 undy+1 immortal1 ,brahman' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #be72 '! et]nal ?9k]1' c4 7,ka4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #e1 #ac72 su* texts h = _! subject ! highe/ ,"l4--,all ?is also expla9s h[ ,brahman1 :i* is at all times diff]5tiat$ by ! s5ti5t & non-s5ti5t be+s t con/itute its body1 c be said to be "o only previ\s to creation2 ! /atem5t is possible because at t "t ! diff]5tiation ( names & =ms did n exi/4 ,t t :i* makes ! diff]5ce betwe5 plurality & unity is ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( diff]5tiation ?r\gh names & =ms1 is di/9ctly decl>$ 9 ! text1 ',n[ all ?is 0 undiff]5tiat$4 ,x became diff]5tiat$ by =m & "n' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,i1 #d1 #g74--,^? also :o hold t ! individual s\l is due to ,nesci5ce2 & ^? :o hold x to be due to a real limit+ adjunct 7updhi72 & ^? :o hold t ,brahman1 ^: ess5tial nature is m]e ,be+1 assumes by itself ! ?reefold =m ( enjoy+ subjects1 objects ( enjoym5t1 & supreme ,rul]2 c all ( !m expla9 ! unity :i* ,scripture pr$icates ( ,brahman 9 ! pralaya /ate1 only on ! basis ( ! abs5ce ( diff]5tiation by names & =ms2 = accord+ to !m also 7!re is no absolute unity at any "t1 b7 ei!r ! pot5tiality ( ,nesci5ce1 or ! pot5tiality ( ! limit+ adjunct1 or ! pot5tialities ( enjoy+ subjects1 objects ( enjoym5t1 & supreme ,rul] p]si/ 9 ! pralaya condition also4 ,&1 moreov]1 x is prov$ by ! two ,stras1 ,,ii1 #a1 #cc2 #ce1 t ! di/9ction ( ! sev]al individual s\ls & ! /ream ( _! works are et]nal4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ! foll[+ diff]5ce betwe5 ^? sev]al views4 ,! fir/-m5tion$ view implies t ,brahman itself is "u ! illusive influ5ce ( beg9n+less ,avidy4 ,accord+ to ! second view1 ! effect ( ! real & beg9n+less limit+ adjunct is t ,brahman itself is 9 ! /ate ( bondage2 = !re is no o!r entity b ,brahman & ! adjunct4 ,accord+ to ! ?ird view1 ,brahman itself assumes diff]5t =ms1 & itself exp]i5ces ! v>i\s unpleasant consequ5ces ( de$s4 ,nor w\ld x avail to say t t "p ( ,brahman :i* is ! ,rul] is n an exp]i5c+ subject2 = z ,brahman is all-kn[+ x recognises ! enjoy+ subject z non- diff]5t f itself1 & ?us is itself an enjoy+ subject4-- ,accord+ to our view1 on ! o!r h&1 ,brahman1 :i* has = its body all s5ti5t & non-s5ti5t be+s1 :e!r 9 _! subtle or _! gross /ate1 is always--9 its effect$ z well z 9 its causal condition free f all %ad[ ( imp]fection1 & a limitless ocean z x 7 ( all exalt$ qualities4 ,all imp]fections1 & suff]+1 & all *ange belong n to ,brahman1 b only to ! s5ti5t & non- s5ti5t be+s :i* are its modes4 ,?is view removes all difficulties4-- ,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! ,self4' #ai4 ,= ?is v reason 7! individual s\l is7 a kn[]4 ,x has be5 %[n t1 diff]5t !re9 f ,e!r & ! re/1 ! s\l is n produc$4 ,?is leads to ! consid]ation ( ! s\l's ess5tial nature4 ,is t ess5tial nature con/itut$ by m]e intellig5ce z ,sugata & ,kapila hold2 or is ! s\l z ,kanda ?9ks1 ess5tially non-intellig5t1 comp>able to a /one1 :ile intellig5ce is m]ely an adv5titi\s quality ( x2 or is x ess5tially a kn[+ subject8--,! s\l is m]e intellig5ce1 ! ,prvapak%9 ma9ta9s2 = ! reason t ,scripture decl>es x to be s4 ,= 9 ! ant>ym9- brhmana ! clause :i* 9 ! ,mdhy&9a-text runs z foll[s1 'he :o abides 9 ! ,self1' is 9 ! text ( ! ,knvas repres5t$ by ! clause 'he :o abides 9 k4' ,simil>ly ! text 'k p]=ms ! sacrifice & all sacr$ acts' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #e1 ,i7 %[s t x is k only :i* is ! true nature ( ! active ,self4 ,& ,smriti texts convey ! same view1 z e4g4 'x 9 reality is ( ! nature ( absolutely spotless intellig5ce4' ,a second ,prvapak%9 d5ies ! tru? ( ?is view4 ,if1 he says1 we assume t ! ,self's ess5tial nature consi/s ei!r 9 m]e k or 9 its be+ a kn[+ subject1 x foll[s t z ! ,self is omnipres5t !re mu/ be consci\sness at all places & at all times4 ,on t doctr9e we1 fur!r1 c\ld n acc\nt = ! use ( ! in/rum5ts ( cognition 7i4e4 ! s5se-organs1 c472 nor = ! fact t 9 ! /ates ( deep sleep1 swoon & s on1 ! ,self al?\gh pres5t is n obs]v$ to be consci\s1 :ile on ! o!r h& consci\sness is se5 to arise z soon z ! conditions ( ! wak+ /ate are realis$4 ,we !re=e conclude t nei!r intellig5ce or consci\sness1 nor be+ a kn[+ ag5t1 con/itutes ! ess5ce ( ! s\l1 b t consci\sness is a m]e adv5titi\s or occasional attribute4 ,& ! omnipres5ce ( ! ,self mu/ ne$s be admitt$ s9ce its effects are p]ceiv$ ev]y:]e4 ,nor is !re any valid reason = hold+ t ! ,self moves to any place2 = z x is assum$ to be pres5t ev]y:]e ! actual accompli%m5t ( effects 7at c]ta9 places only7 may be attribut$ to ! mov+ ( ! body only4--,scripture also directly decl>es t 9 ! /ate ( deep sleep !re is no consci\sness1 ',i d n inde$ at ! pres5t mom5t "k myself1 s z to be able to say t am ,i1 nor d ,i "k ^? be+s4' ,simil>ly ,scripture decl>es ! abs5ce ( consci\sness 9 ! /ate ( f9al release1 ':5 he has dep>t$ !re is no consci\sness' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #d1 #ab72 :]e ! ,self is spok5 ( z hav+ k = its ess5tial nature1 ! mean+ only is t k con/itutes its specific quality1 & ! expression is !re=e n to be urg$ 9 its lit]al s5se4 ,aga9/ all ?is ! ,stra decl>es '= ?is v reason a kn[]4' ,?is ,self is ess5tially a kn[]1 a kn[+ subject2 n ei!r m]e k or ( non-s5ti5t nature4--,:y8--',= ?is v reason1' i4e4 on acc\nt ( ,scripture itself4 ',= ?is reason' ref]s back to ! 'on acc\nt ( ,scripture' 9 ! prec$+ ,stra4 ,= 9 ! ,*ndogya1 :]e ! condition ( ! releas$ & ! non-releas$ s\l is describ$1 ! text says ',he :o kn[s1 let me smell ?is1 he is ! ,self--) ! m9d see+ ^? pleasures he rejoices-! devas :o are 9 ! _w ( ,brahman--^: desires are true1 ^: purposes are true-- n rememb]+ ! body into :i* he 0 born' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #ab1 #d-e2 #a1 #e2 #ab1 #c74 ,& else:]e ',! se] does n see dea?' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #bf1 #b74 ,simil>ly we read 9 ! ,vjasaneyaka1 9 reply to ! "q ',:o is t ,self8'--',he :o is )9 ! he>t1 surr\nd$ by ! ,prnas1 ! p]son ( light1 consi/+ ( k' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #c1 #g72 ',by :at %\ld "o "k ! kn[]8' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #e1 #ae72 ',t p]son kn[s4' ,& '= he is ! kn[]1 ! he>]1 ! smell]1 ! ta/]1 ! p]ceiv]1 ! ?9k]1 ! ag5t--he ! p]son ^: ,self is k'2 & '?us ^! sixte5 p>ts ( t se]' 7,pra4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #i2 ,,vi1 #e74 ,to ! objection t if be+ a cognis+ subject con/itut$ ! ess5tial nature ( ! ,self x w\ld foll[ t z ! ,self is omnipres5t1 !re w\ld be consci\sness always & ev]y:]e1 ! next ,stra replies4 #bj4 ,on acc\nt ( 7its7 pass+ out1 mov+ & return+4 ,! ,self is n omnipres5t1 b on ! contr>y1 ( atomic size 7anu74-- ,h[ is ?is kn[n8--,s9ce ,scripture says t x passes out1 goes & returns4 ,its pass+ out is describ$ 9 ! foll[+ passage 'by t light ?is ,self dep>ts1 ei!r ?r\gh ! eye1 or ?r\gh ! skull1 or ?r\gh o!r p>ts ( ! body' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #b74 ,its go+ 9 ! foll[+ text 'all ^? :o pass away out ( ?is _w g to ! moon1' & its return+ 9 ! text 'f t _w he comes aga9 into ?is _w1 = action4' ,all ?is go+1 & s on1 _c be reconcil$ ) ! s\l be+ pres5t ev]y:]e4 #ba4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! latt] two 7be+ effect$7 ?r\gh ! ,self4 ,! '&' has affirm+ p[]4 ,! 'pass+ out' might someh[ be reconcil$ ) a non-mov+ ,self 7su* z ! omnipres5t ,self w\ld be7 if x 7 tak5 9 ! s5se ( ! ,self sep>at+ f ! body2 b = ! go+ & return+ no analog\s explanation is possible4 ,!y1 !re=e1 mu/ be tak5 z effect$ by ! ,self itself 7:i*1 !n1 _c be omnipres5t & non-mov+74 #bb4 ,if x be said t 7! s\l7 is n atomic1 on acc\nt ( scriptural /atem5t ( 7:at is7 n t2 we say no1 on acc\nt ( ! o!r "o be+ ! topic4 ,! passage ',he :o is )9 ! he>t1 surr\nd$ by ! ,prnas1 ! p]son consi/+ ( k' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #c1 #g7 introduces z ! topic ( discussion ! p]sonal ,self1 & fur!r on 9 ! same *apt] we read '! unborn ,self1 ! great "o' 7,,iv1 #d1 #bb74 ,! p]sonal ,self1 be+ expressly call$ great1 _c1 !re=e1 be atomic6--,n s1 we reply4 ',s9ce ! o!r "o is ! topic4' ,9 ! second text quot$ t ,self :i* is o!r ?an ! p]sonal ,self--i4e4 ! highe/ ,self 7prja7 con/itutes ! topic4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! *apt]1 inde$1 ! individual ,self is introduc$1 b lat] on1 betwe5 ! two texts quot$1 ! in/ruction beg9s to conc]n itself ) ! highe/ ,self1 'he by :om !re is kn[n ! ,self ( intellig5ce' 7pratibuddha tm2 ,,iv1 #d1 #ac74 ,x is ?is latt] ,self :i*1 9 #bb is call$ great1 n ! individual ,self4 #bc4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! v ^w1 & ( measure4 ,scripture directly applies ! ^w 'anu' to ! individual ,self1 ',by ?\ght is to be kn[n t atomic ,self into :i* ,brea? has ent]$ fivefold' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #a1 #i74--;,by ! t]m 'unmna' 9 ! ,stra we h to und]/& measurem5t by selection ( comp>ative in/ances4 ,scripture decl>es ! m9ut5ess ( ! individual ,self by ref]5ce to ?+s :i* are l atoms 9 size1 ',! individual s\l is to be kn[n z "p ( ! hundr$? "p ( ! po9t ( a hair divid$ a hundr$ times1 & yet x is to be inf9ite' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,v1 #i72 't l[] "o is se5 ( ! measure ( ! po9t ( a goad' 7,v1 #h74 ,= ^! reasons also ! individual ,self mu/ be view$ z atomic4--,b ?is conflicts ) ! fact t s5sation ext5ds ov] ! :ole body6--,?is objection ! next ,stra refutes by means ( an analog\s in/ance4 #bd4 ,!re is no contradiction1 z 9 ! case ( s&al-o9tm5t4 ,z a drop ( s&al-o9tm5t1 al?\gh appli$ to "o spot ( ! body only1 yet produces a refre%+ s5sation ext5d+ ov] ! :ole body2 ?us ! ,self also1 al?\gh dwell+ 9 "o "p ( ! body only1 is consci\s ( s5sations tak+ place 9 any "p ( ! body4 #be4 ,%\ld x be said 7t ?is is n s7 on acc\nt ( specialisation ( abode2 we say no1 on acc\nt ( ! ackn[l$gm5t 7( a place ( ! ,self71 viz4 9 ! he>t4 ,!re is a diff]5ce4 ,! drop ( o9tm5t c produce its effect z at any rate x is 9 contact ) a def9ite "p ( ! body4 ,b we "k ( no su* "p 9 ! case ( ! s\l6--,n s1 we reply4 ,scripture in=ms u t ! ,self abides 9 a def9ite "p ( ! body1 viz4 ! he>t4 ',= t ,self is 9 ! he>t1 !re are a hundr$ & "o ve9s4' ,& 9 reply to ! "q ',:at is t ,self8' ! text has ',he :o is )9 ! he>t1 surr\nd$ by ! ,prnas1 ! ,p]son ( light1 consi/+ ( k' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #c1 #g74--,! p>allel case ( ! s&al-o9tm5t is ref]r$ to 9 ord] to po9t out t ! ,self abides 9 "s p>ticul> "p ( ! body2 :ile ! o9tm5t is n b\nd to any special place4--,9 ! next ,stra ! ,strakra proce$s to /ate h[1 accord+ to 8 own view1 ! ,self1 al?\gh abid+ 9 "o spot only1 gives rise to effects ext5d+ ov] ! :ole body4 #bf4 ,or on acc\nt ( its quality z light4 ,! 'or' is meant to set aside ! view previ\sly /at$4 ,! ,self ext5ds ?r\gh ! :ole body by means ( its quality1 viz4 k or consci\sness4 ',z light4' ,z ! light ( ?+s abid+ 9 "o place--su* z gems1 ! sun1 & s on--is se5 to ext5d to _m places1 s ! consci\sness ( ! ,self dwell+ 9 ! he>t p]vades ! entire body4 ,t ! k ( ! kn[+ subject may ext5d beyond its sub/rate1 z ! light ( a lum9\s body does1 we h already expla9$ "u ! fir/ ,stra4--,b x has be5 said t ! ,self is m]e k2 h[ !n c k be said to be a quality-- :i* is some?+ diff]5t f ! ess5tial nature ( a ?+8--,?is ! next ,stra expla9s4 #bg4 ,!re is di/9ction z 9 ! case ( smell2 & ?us ,scripture decl>es4 ,j z smell1 :i* is p]ceiv$ z a quality ( e>?1 is di/9ct f e>?2 ?us k ( :i* we are consci\s z ! quality ( a kn[+ subject--:i* relation expresses itself 9 judgm5ts su* z ',i "k'--is diff]5t f ! kn[+ subject4 ,scriptural texts also prove ?is relation1 z e4g4 ',?is ,p]son kn[s4' #bh4 ,on acc\nt ( ! sep>ate /atem5t4 ,scripture ev5 /ates q directly t k is some?+ di/9ct f ! kn[+ subject1 viz4 9 ! passage ',= !re is n kn[n any int]mission ( ! kn[+ ( ! kn[]' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #c1 #cj74--;,x has be5 said t 9 passages su* z 'he :o abid+ 9 k' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #g1 #bb72 ',k p]=ms ! sacrifice' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #e1 #a72 'hav+ k = its nature1 absolutely free f /a91',scripture speaks ( ! ,self z be+ m]e k 7n a kn[]74 ,?is po9t ! next ,stra elucidates4 #bi4 ,b 7! ,self7 is designat$ z t because x has t quality 7viz4 k7 = its ess5tial quality2 z 9 ! case ( ! intellig5t 7prja7 ,self4 ,! 'b' disc>ds ! objection4 ,because t quality1 viz4 ! quality ( k1 is ! ess5tial quality1 !re=e ! ,self is1 9 ! passages quot$1 designat$ z k4 ,= k con/itutes ! ess5tial quality ( ! ,self4 ,simil>ly1 ! intellig5t highe/ ,self is occasionally call$ ',bliss1' because bliss is its ess5tial quality4 ,comp>e ',if t bliss exi/$ n 9 ! e!r' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #g1 #a72 ',he p]ceiv$ t bliss is ,brahman' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #f1 #a74 ,t bliss is ! ess5tial attribute ( ,brahman is prov$ by texts su* z ',t is "o bliss ( ,brahman'2 ',he :o kn[s ! bliss ( ,brahman is afraid ( no?+' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #d1 #a74--,or else ! analog\s case to :i* ! ,stra ref]s may be t ( ! intellig5t ,brahman be+ designat$ by ! t]m 'k1' 9 texts su* z ',tru?1 k1 ! ,inf9ite is ,brahman' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a74 ,t k is ! ess5tial quality ( ,brahman is kn[n f passages su* z 'toge!r ) ! intellig5t ,brahman' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a1 #a72 ',he :o is all-kn[+' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,i1 #a1 #i74 #cj4 ,& !re is no objection1 s9ce 7! quality ( k7 exi/s :]ev] ! ,self is2 ?is be+ obs]v$4 ,s9ce k is an attribute :i* is met ) :]ev] a ,self is1 !re is no objection to ! ,self be+ designat$ by t attribute4 ,simil>ly we obs]ve t special k9ds ( c[s1 z e4g4 hornless ones1 are designat$ by ! t]m 'c[1' s9ce ! quality ( possess+ ! g5]ic "* ( c[s is met ) ev]y:]e 9 connexion ) ! ess5tial "* ( su* animals ) mutilat$ horns2 s9ce 9 fact t quality contributes to def9e _! ess5tial "*4 ,! '&' ( ! ,stra is meant to sugge/ a fur!r argum5t1 viz4 t to apply to ! ,self ! t]m 'k' is suitable = t reason also t l k ! ,self is self-illum9at$4 ,! objection t k or consci\sness _c be an attribute insep>ably connect$ ) ! ess5tial nature ( ! ,self z !re is no consci\sness 9 deep sleep & simil> /ates is tak5 up 9 ! next ,stra4 #ca4 ,s9ce !re may be manife/ation ( t :i* exi/s2 z 9 ! case ( virile p[] & s on4 ,! 'b' is meant to set ! rais$ objection aside4 ,! case may be t :ile consci\sness is pres5t also 9 deep sleep1 & s on1 x is manife/$ 9 ! wak+ /ate only2 :5ce !re w\ld be no objection to view+ consci\sness z an ess5tial attribute ( ! ,self4 ',z 9 ! case ( virile p[] & ! l4' ,special sub/ances su* z ! virile elem5t are inde$ pres5t 9 ! male *ild already1 b !n are n manife/1 :ile lat] on !y manife/ !mselves ) advanc+ y\?2 b all ! same ! possession ( ^? sub/ances is ess5tial to ! male be+1 n m]ely adv5titi\s4 ,= to be made up ( sev5 elem5t>y sub/ances 7viz4 blood1 hum\r1 fle%1 fat1 m>r[1 bone1 & sem57 is an ess5tial1 prop]ty ( ! body4 ,t ev5 9 deep sleep & simil> /ates ! ',i' %9es =? we h expla9$ above4 ,consci\sness is always !re1 b only 9 ! wak+ /ate & 9 dreams x is obs]v$ to relate itself to objects4 ,& t to be a subject ( cognition1 & s on1 are ess5tial attributes ( ! ,self1 we h also prov$ be=e4 ,! conclusion1 !re=e1 is t to be a kn[+ subject is ! ess5tial "* ( ! ,self4 ,& t ,self is ( atomic size4 ,! text ':5 he has dep>t$ !re is no consci\sness' 7samj2 ,bri4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #d1 #ab7 does n decl>e t ! releas$ ,self has no consci\sness2 b only t 9 ! case ( t ,self !re is abs5t t k 7exp]i5ce7 ( bir?1 dea?1 & s on1 :i* 9 ! ,samsra /ate is caus$ by ! connexion ( ! ,self ) ! elem5ts--z describ$ 9 ! prec$+ passage1 't great be+ hav+ ris5 f out ^! elem5ts aga9 p]i%es aft] !m4' ,= ! text z to ! abs5ce ( samj aft] dea? mu/ be int]pret$ 9 h>mony ) o!r texts describ+ ! condition ( ! releas$ s\l1 su* z '! see+ "o does n see dea? nor illness nor pa92 ! see+ "o sees ev]y?+ & obta9s ev]y?+ ev]y:]e' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #be1 #b72 'n rememb]+ t body into :i* he 0 born-- see+ ^! pleasures ) ! m9d he rejoices' 7,,viii1 #ab1 #c2 #e74 ,! ,stras n[ proce$ to refute ! doctr9e ( ! ,self be+ 7n a kn[]7 b m]e k1 & be+ omnipres5t4 #cb4 ,!re w\ld result p]man5t consci\sness or non-consci\sness1 or else limitative re/riction to ei!r4 ,on ! o!r view1 i4e4 on ! view ( ! ,self be+ omnipres5t & m]e k1 x w\ld foll[ ei!r t consci\sness & also non- consci\sness w\ld p]man5tly take place toge!r ev]y:]e2 or else t !re w\ld be def9ite p]man5t re/riction to ei!r ( ! two1 i4e4 ei!r p]man5t consci\sness or p]man5t non-consci\sness4--,if ! omnipres5t ,self1 consi/+ ( m]e k only1 7 ! cause ( all t actual consci\sness & non-consci\sness on ! "p ( ,selfs :i* takes place 9 ! _w1 x might be conceiv$ ei!r z ! cause ( bo?--i4e4 consci\sness & non-consci\sness--& ?is w\ld mean t !re is ev]y:]e & at all times simultane\s consci\sness & non-consci\sness4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x 7 ! cause ( consci\sness only1 !re w\ld nev] & n[h]e be unconsci\sness ( any?+2 & if x 7 ! cause ( non- consci\sness only1 !re w\ld nev] & n[h]e be consci\sness ( any?+4 ,on our view1 on ! o!r h&1 ! actually p]ceiv$ di/ribution ( consci\sness & non-consci\sness expla9s itself1 s9ce we hold ! ,self to abide )9 bodies only1 s t naturally consci\sness takes place !re only1 n any:]e else4--,! view1 f9ally 7held by ! ,vaise%ikas71 ( ! consci\sness ( ! ,self dep5d+ on its organs 7m9d1 s5ses1 c42 :ile ! omnipres5t ,self is1 ap>t f ^? organs1 non-s5ti5t1 jada71 results 9 ! same difficulties z ! view criticis$ above2 = z all ! ,selfs are omnipres5t !y are 9 p]man5t conjunction ) all organs2 & moreov] x w\ld foll[ t ! adri%tas 7due to ! actions ( ! diff]5t bodies7 c\ld n ?us be held ap>t 7b w\ld cl+ to all ,selfs1 ea* ( :i* is 9 contact ) all bodies74 ,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! kn[]4' #cc4 7,! s\l is7 an ag5t1 on acc\nt ( ,scripture 7?us7 hav+ a purport4 ,x has be5 %[n t ! individual ,self is a kn[+ subject & atomic4 ,n[ ! "q arises :e!r t ,self is an ag5t or1 be+ itself non-active1 errone\sly ascribes to itself ! activity ( ! non-s5ti5t gunas4 ,! prim facie answ] is t ! individual ,self is n an ag5t1 s9ce ! sacr$ texts conc]n$ ) ! ,self decl>e t ! ,self does n act1 :ile ! gunas d act4 ,?us1 e4g4 9 ! ,ka?avall1 :]e ! text at fir/ d5ies ( ! individual ,self all ! attributes ( ,prakriti1 su* z be+ born1 age+ & dy+ 7'he is n born1 he does n die'71 & !n also d5ies t ! ,self is ! ag5t 9 acts su* z kill+ & ! l1 ',if ! slay] ?9ks t he slays1 if ! sla9 ?9ks t he is sla91 !y bo? d n und]/&2 = ?is "o does n slay1 nor is t "o sla9' 7,i1 #b1 #ai74 ,?is means--if "o ?9ks ! ,self to be ! slay] "o does n "k ! ,self4 ,& ! ,"l himself tea*es t non-ag5cy is ! ess5tial nature ( ! individual s\l1 & t x is m]e delusion on ! ,self's "p to ascribe to itself ag5cy4 ',by ! attributes 7guna7 ( ,prakriti1 actions are wr\ght all r\nd4' ,he :o is delud$ by self- conceit ?9ks ',i am ! ag5t'2 ':5 ! se] beholds no o!r ag5t ?an ! gunas'2 ',prakriti is said to be ! cause ( all ag5cy ( causes & effects1 :il/ ! s\l is ! cause ( all enjoym5t ( pleasure & pa9' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,iii1 #bg2 ,,xiv1 #ai2 ,,xiii1 #bj74--,! s\l1 !re=e1 is an enjoy] only1 :ile all ag5cy belongs to ,prakriti--,to ?is ! ,stra replies1 'an ag5t1 on acc\nt ( ,scripture ?us hav+ a mean+4' ,! ,self only is an ag5t1 n ! gunas1 because ?us only ,scripture has a mean+4 ,= ! scriptural injunctions1 su* z 'he :o desires ! heav5ly _w is to sacrifice1' ',he :o desires ,release is to m$itate on ,brahman1' & simil> ones1 enjo9 action on him only :o w enjoy ! fruit ( ! action--:e!r ! heav5ly _w1 or ,release1 or any?+ else4 ,if a non-s5ti5t ?+ 7 ! ag5t1 ! injunction w\ld n be address$ to ano!r be+ 7viz4 to an intellig5t be+--to :i* x actually is address$74 ,! t]m 's/ra' 7scriptural injunction7 moreov] comes f ss1 to comm&1 & comm&+ means impell+ to action4 ,b scriptural injunctions impel to action ?r\gh giv+ rise to a c]ta9 conception 79 ! m9d ( ! be+ address$71 & ! non-s5ti5t ,pradhna _c be made to conceive any?+4 ,scripture !re=e has a s5se only1 if we admit t none b ! intellig5t enjoy] ( ! fruit ( ! action is at ! same "t ! ag5t4 ,?us ! ,prva ,mimamsa decl>es '! fruit ( ! injunction belongs to ! ag5t' 7,,iii1 #g1 #ah74 ,! ,prvapak%9 _h cont5d$ t ! text 'if ! slay] ?9ks1 c41' proves ! ,self n to be ! ag5t 9 ! action ( slay+2 b :at ! text really means is only t ! ,self z be+ et]nal _c be kill$4 ,! text1 f ,smriti1 :i* 0 alleg$ z prov+ t ! gunas only possess active p[]1 ref]s to ! fact t 9 all activities ly+ )9 ! sph]e ( ! sams>a1 ! activity ( ! ,self is due n to its own nature b to its contact ) ! diff]5t gunas4 ,! activity ( ! gunas1 !re=e1 mu/ be view$ n z p]man5t1 b occasional only4 ,9 ! same s5se ,smriti says '! reason is ! connexion ( ! s\l ) ! guwas1 9 its bir?s1 9 good & evil wombs' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,xiii1 #ba74 ,simil>ly x is said !re 7,,xviii1 #af7 t 'he :o ?r\gh an untra9$ und]/&+ looks ^u ! isolat$ ,self z an ag5t1 t man ( p]v]t$ m9d does n see'2 ! mean+ be+ t1 s9ce x appe>s f a previ\s passage t ! activity ( ! ,self dep5ds on five factors 7z enum]at$ 9 sl4 #af71 he :o views ! isolat$ ,self to be an ag5t has no true insight4 #cd4 ,on acc\nt ( tak+ & ! decl>ation z to its mov+ ab\t4 ,! text beg9n+ ',& z a great k+1' c41 decl>es t '! ,self tak+ ! pranas moves ab\t 9 its own body1 accord+ to its pleasure' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a1 #ah71 i4e4 x tea*es t ! ,self is active 9 tak+ to itself ! prnas & mov+ ab\t 9 ! body4 #ce4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! designation 7( ! ,self z ! ag5t7 9 actions4 ,if n s1 !re w\ld be *ange ( grammatical expression4 ,because 9 ! text ',k p]=ms ! sacrifice1 x p]=ms all works' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #e7 ! ,self is designat$ z ! ag5t 9 all worldly & ,v$ic works1 = ?is reason also ! ,self mu/ be held to be an ag5t4 ,& %\ld x be said t ! ^w 'k' 9 t text d5otes n ! ,self1 b ! int]nal organ or buddhi1 we po9t out t 9 t case !re w\ld be a *ange ( grammatical expression1 t is to say1 z ! buddhi is ! in/rum5t ( action1 ! text w\ld exhibit ! in/rum5tal case in/ead ( ! nom9ative case 'by k1 & s on' 7vijn5a in/ead ( vijnam74 #cf4 7,!re w\ld be7 abs5ce ( def9ite rule1 z 9 ! case ( consci\sness4 ,! ,stra po9ts out a difficulty :i* arises on ! view ( ! ,self n be+ an ag5t4 ,stra #cb has decl>$ t if ! ,self 7 all- p]vad+ x w\ld foll[ t !re w\ld be no def9ite det]m9ation ) reg>d to consci\sness4 ,simil>ly1 if ! ,self 7 n an ag5t b all activity belong$ to ,prakriti x w\ld foll[ t z ,prakriti is a common possession ( all s\ls1 all actions w\ld result 9 enjoym5t 7exp]i5ce7 on ! "p ( all s\ls1 or else on ! "p ( none2 = z ea* ,self is held to be omnipres5t1 !y are all ( !m 9 equal proximity to all p>ts ( ! ,pradhna4 ,= ! same reason x c\ld n be ma9ta9$ t ! di/ribution ( results betwe5 ! diff]5t s\ls dep5ds on ! diff]5t int]nal organs :i* are jo9$ to ! s\ls2 = if ! s\ls are omnipres5t1 no s\l w be exclusively connect$ ) any p>ticul> int]nal organ4 #cg4 ,on acc\nt ( ! inv]sion ( p[]4 ,if ! int]nal organ 7 ! ag5t1 !n--s9ce x is impossible t a be+ o!r ?an ! ag5t %\ld be ! enjoy] ( ! fruit ( ! action--! p[] ( enjoym5t also w\ld belong to ! int]nal organ1 & w\ld consequ5tly h to be d5i$ ( ! ,self4 ,b if ?is 7 s1 !re w\ld be no long] any pro( = ! exi/5ce ( ! ,self2 = !y expressly tea* t '! p]son 7i4e4 ! s\l7 exi/s1 on acc\nt ( ! fact ( enjoym5t4' #ch4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( samdhi4 ,if ! int]nal organ 7 ! ag5t1 x w\ld be su* ev5 9 t f9al /ate ( m$itation1 call$ samdhi1 :i* is ! in/rum5t ( ,release4 ,b t /ate consi/s !re9 t ! m$itat+ be+ realises its diff]5ce f ,prakriti1 & ?is is a conception :i* ,prakriti itself 7( :i* ! int]nal organ is only a modification7 _c =m4 ,! ,self alone1 !re=e1 is ! ag5t4 ,b ?is w\ld imply t ! activity ( ! ,self is nev] at re/6 ,( ?is difficulty ! next ,stra disposes4 #ci4 ,& z ! c>p5t]1 9 bo? ways4 ,! ,self1 al?\gh always provid$ ) ! in/rum5ts ( action1 su* z ! organ ( spee*1 & s on1 acts :5 x wi%es to d s1 & does n act :5 x does n wi% to d s4 ,j z a c>p5t]1 al?\gh hav+ 8 axe & o!r implem5ts ready at h&1 works or does n "w j z he pleases4 ,if ! int]nal organ1 on ! contr>y1 7 ess5tially active1 x w\ld con/antly be act+1 s9ce z a non- intellig5t be+ x c\ld n be influ5c$ by p>ticul> reasons = action1 su* z ! desire = enjoym5t4 ,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! ag5t4' #dj4 ,b f ! highe/1 ?is be+ decl>$ by ,scripture4 ,is ! activity ( ! individual s\l indep5d5t 7free71 or does x dep5d on ! highe/ ,self8 ,x is free2 = if x 7 dep5d5t on ! highe/ ,self1 ! :ole body ( scriptural injunctions & prohibitions w\ld be unmean+4 ,= comm&m5ts c be address$ to su* ag5ts only z are capable ( ent]+ on action or refra9+ f action1 accord+ to _! own ?\ght & w4 ,?is prim facie view is set aside by ! ,stra4 ,! activity ( ! individual s\l proce$s f ! highe/ ,self z its cause4 ,= ,scripture tea*es ?is4 ',ent]$ )91 ! rul] ( creatures1 ! ,self ( all'2 ':o dwell+ 9 ! ,self is diff]5t f ! ,self1 :om ! ,self does n "k1 ^: body ! ,self is1 :o rules ! ,self f )91 he is ?y ,self1 ! inw>d rul]1 ! immortal "o4' ,smriti tea*es ! same1 ',i dwell )9 ! he>t ( all2 memory & k z well z _! loss come f me'7,bha4 ,g4 ,,xv1 #ae72 ',! ,"l1 ,o ,arjuna1 dwells 9 ! he>t ( all creatures1 :irl+1 by 8 my/]i\s p[]1 all creatures z if m\nt$ on a ma*9e' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,xviii1 #fa74--;,b ?is view implies ! mean+lessness ( all scriptural injunctions & prohibitions6--,to ?is ! next ,stra replies4 #da4 ,b ) a view to ! ef=ts made 7! ,"l makes ! s\l act7 on acc\nt ( ! 7?us result+7 non-mean+lessness ( injunctions & prohibitions & ! re/4 ,! inw>dly rul+ highe/ ,self promotes action 9 s f> z x reg>ds 9 ! case ( any action ! volitional ef=t made by ! individual s\l1 & !n aids t ef=t by grant+ its fav\r or p]mission 7anumati72 action is n possible )\t p]mission on ! "p ( ! highe/ ,self4 ,9 ?is way 7i4e4 s9ce ! action prim>ily dep5ds on ! volitional ef=t ( ! s\l7 injunctions & prohibitions are n devoid ( mean+4 ,! '& ! re/' ( ! ,stra is meant to sugge/ ! grace & puni%m5ts aw>d$ by ! ,"l4--,! case is analog\s to t ( prop]ty ( :i* two m5 are jo9t own]s4 ,if "o ( ^! wi%es to transf] t prop]ty to a ?ird p]son he _c d s )\t ! p]mission ( 8 p>tn]1 b t t p]mission is giv5 is aft] all 8 own do+1 & h5ce ! fruit ( ! action 7rew>d or any?+7 prop]ly belongs to him only4--,t1 9 ! case ( evil actions1 all[ance ( ! action on ! "p ( "o able to /op x does n necess>ily prove h>dhe>t$ness1 we h %[n above :5 expla9+ ! ,snkhya doctr9e4--,b !re is a scriptural text4--',he 7! ,"l7 makes him :om he wi%es to lead up f ^! worlds d a good de$1 & ! same makes him :om he wi%es to lead d[n f ^! worlds d a bad de$' 7,kau4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #h7--:i* means t ! ,"l himself causes m5 to d good & evil actions1 & ?is does n agree ) ! p>tial indep5d5ce claim$ above = ! s\l4--,! text quot$1 we reply1 does n apply to all ag5ts1 b means t ! ,"l1 wi%+ to d a fav\r to ^? :o are resolv$ on act+ s z fully to please ! highe/ ,p]son1 eng5d]s 9 _! m9ds a t5d5cy t[>ds highly virtu\s actions1 su* z are means to atta9 to him2 :ile on ! o!r h&1 9 ord] to puni% ^? :o are resolv$ on l9es ( action altoge!r displeas+ to him1 he eng5d]s 9 _! m9ds a delight 9 su* actions z h a d[nw>d t5d5cy & are ob/acles 9 ! way ( ! atta9m5t ( ! ,"l4 ,?us ! ,"l himself says1 ',i am ! orig9 ( all1 ev]y?+ proce$s f me2 kn[+ ?is ! wise wor%ip me ) love4 ,to !m ev] devot$1 wor%ipp+ me 9 love1 ,i give t means ( wisdom by :i* !y atta9 to me4 ,9 m]cy only to !m1 dwell+ 9 _! he>ts1 d ,i de/roy ! d>kness born ( ignorance1 ) ! brilliant light ( k' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,x1 #h2 #aj-aa74 ,& fur!r on ! ,"l--aft] hav+ describ$ 'demoniac' p1 9 ! passus beg9n+ '!y decl>e ! _w to be )\t a ,tru?1 )\t a re/+-place1 )\t a ,rul]1' & end+ 'malignantly hat+ me :o abides 9 _! own bodies & ^? ( o!rs'--decl>es1 ',^! evil & malign hat]s1 mo/ degrad$ ( m51 ,i hurl p]petually into transmigrations & into demoniac wombs' 7,,xvi1 #h- #ai74 ,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 't :i* dep5ds on ! ,highe/4' #db4 7,! s\l is7 a "p1 on acc\nt ( ! decl>ations ( diff]5ce & o!rwise2 "s also record 7t ,brahman is (7 ! nature ( slaves1 fi%]m51 & s on4 ,! ,stras h decl>$ t ! individual s\l is an ag5t1 & z su* dep5d5t on ! highe/ ,p]son4 ,! foll[+ "q n[ arises-- ,is ! individual s\l absolutely diff]5t f ,brahman8 or is x no?+ else ?an ,brahman itself 9 s f> z "u ! influ5ce ( error8 or is x ,brahman 9 s f> z det]m9$ by a limit+ adjunct 7updhi78 or is x a "p 7amsa7 ( ,brahman8--,! d\bt on ?is po9t is due to ! disagreem5t ( ! scriptural texts4--,b ?is :ole matt] has already be5 decid$ "u ,s4 ,,ii1 #a1 #bb4--,true4 ,b z a difficulty pres5ts itself on ! gr\nd ( ! conflict+ nature ( ! texts-- "s ass]t+ ! diff]5ce & "s ! unity ( ! individual s\l & ,brahman--! matt] is "h m specially decid$ by its be+ prov$ t ! s\l is a "p ( ,brahman4 ,z long z ?is decision rema9s unsettl$1 ! conclusions arriv$ at "u ! two ,stras ref]r$ to1 viz4 t ! s\l is non-diff]5t f ,brahman & t ,brahman is 'additional' to ! s\l1 are )\t a prop] basis4 ,let x !n fir/ be said t ! s\l is absolutely diff]5t f ,brahman1 s9ce texts su* z ',!re are two1 ! "o kn[+1 ! o!r n kn[+1 bo? unborn1 ! "o /rong1 ! o!r weak' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,i1 #i7 decl>e _! diff]5ce4 ,texts :i* ma9ta9 ! non-diff]5ce ( a be+ :i* is kn[+ & ano!r :i* is n kn[+1 if tak5 lit]ally1 convey a contradiction--z if "o 7 to say1 ',wat] ! gr\nd ) fire'6-& mu/ !re=e be und]/ood 9 "s second>y metaphorical s5se4 ,to hold t ! individual s\l is a "p ( ,brahman does n expla9 matt]s2 = by a '"p' we und]/& t :i* con/itutes "p ( ! ext5sion ( some?+4 ,if1 !n1 ! s\l occupi$ "p ( ! ext5sion ( ,brahman1 all its imp]fections w\ld belong to ,brahman4 ,nor c ! s\l be a "p ( ,brahman if we take '"p' to mean a piece 7kh&a72 = ,brahman does n admit ( be+ divid$ into pieces1 & moreov]1 ! difficulties connect$ ) ! =m] int]pretation w\ld pres5t !mselves "h also4 ,t some?+ absolutely diff]5t f some?+ else %\ld yet be a "p ( ! latt] _c 9 fact be prov$4 ,or else let x be said t ! s\l is ,brahman affect$ by error 7bhrama74 ,= ?is is ! tea*+ ( texts su* z ',?\ art t'2 '?is ,self is ,brahman4' ,^? texts1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* decl>e ! diff]5ce ( ! two m]ely re/ate :at is already e/abli%$ by p]ception & ! o!r means ( k1 & !re=e are %[n1 by ^? texts ! purport ( :i* x is to tea* non-duality n e/abli%$ by o!r means1 to lie--l p]ception & ! o!r means ( k !mselves--)9 ! sph]e ( ,nesci5ce4 ,or let x be assum$1 9 ! ?ird place1 t ! individual s\l is ,brahman z det]m9$ by a beg9n+less limit+ adjunct 7updhi74 ,= x is on ?is gr\nd t ,scripture tea*es ! ,self to be ,brahman4 ,& t updhi mu/ n be said to be a m]e errone\s imag9ation1 = on t view ! di/9ction ( bondage1 release1 & s on1 w\ld be impossible4 ,aga9/ all ^! views ! ,stra decl>es t ! s\l is a "p ( ,brahman2 s9ce !re are decl>ations ( diff]5ce & also 'o!rwise1' i4e4 decl>ations ( unity4 ,to ! =m] class belong all ^? texts :i* dwell on ! di/9ction ( ! creator & ! creature1 ! rul] & ! rul$1 ! all-kn[+ & ! ignorant1 ! indep5d5t & ! dep5d5t1 ! pure & ! impure1 t :i* is end[$ ) holy qualities & t :i* possesses qualities ( an opposite k9d1 ! "l & ! dep5d5t4 ,to ! latt] class belong su* texts z ',?\ art t' & '?is ,self is ,brahman4' ,"s p]sons ev5 record t ,brahman is ( ! nature ( slaves1 fi%]m51 & s on4 ,! ?>vanikas1 t is to say1 h ! foll[+ text1' ,brahman are ! slaves4 ,brahman are ^! fi%]s1' & s on2 & z ,brahman !re is said to comprise )9 itself all individual s\ls1 ! passage tea*es g5]al non-diff]5ce ( ! ,self4 ,9 ord]1 !n1 t texts ( bo? ^! classes may be tak5 9 _! prim>y1 lit]al s5se1 we mu/ admit t ! individual s\l is a "p ( ,brahman4 ,nor is x a fact t ! decl>ations ( diff]5ce ref] to matt]s settl$ by o!r means ( k1 su* z p]ception & s on1 & on t acc\nt are m]e reit]ations ( some?+ e/abli%$ o!rwise 79 consequ5ce ( :i* !y w\ld h no orig9al prov+ =ce ( _! own1 & w\ld be sublat$ by ! texts decl>+ non-duality74 ,= ! fact t ! s\l is creat$ by ,brahman1 is rul$ by x1 con/itutes its body1 is subord9ate to x1 abides 9 x1 is pres]v$ by x1 is absorb$ by x1 /&s to x 9 ! relation ( a m$itat+ devotee1 & ?r\gh its grace atta9s ! diff]5t ends ( man1 viz4 religi\s duty1 weal?1 pleasure & f9al release--all ?is & :at is effect$ !reby1 viz4 ! di/9ction ( ! s\l & ,brahman1 does n fall )9 ! cognisance ( p]ception & ! o!r means ( pro(1 & h5ce is n e/abli%$ by some?+ else4 ,x is !re=e n true t ! texts decl>+ ! creation ( ! _w1 & s on1 are m]e reit]ations ( diff]5ces e/abli%$ by o!r means ( au?oritative k1 & h5ce h = _! purport to tea* ?+s t are false4--,nor w x d to say t ! texts decl>+ duality tea* :at inde$ is n e/abli%$ by o!r means ( k b is errone\s4 ',brahman conceives ! ?\ght ( diff]5tiat+ itself1 =ms ! resolution ( becom+ _m1 & accord+ly creates ! e!r & ! o!r elem5ts1 ent]s into !m z individual s\l1 evolves all ! diff]5t =ms & names1 takes ^u himself all ! pleasures & pa9s :i* spr+ f exp]i5c+ ! inf9ite multitude ( objects ?us con/itut$1 abides )9 & inw>dly rules all be+s1 recognises itself 9 its jva- condition to be "o ) ! univ]sal causal ,brahman1 & f9ally accompli%es its release f ! samsra & ! body ( sacr$ doctr9e by :i* ?is release is effect$'--all ?is ! ,v$a inde$ decl>es1 b its real purport is t all ?is is only true ( a ,brahman "u ! influ5ce ( an illusion1 & !re=e is unreal6-- :ile at ! same "t ,brahman is def9$ z t ! ess5tial nature ( :i* is absolutely pure intellig5ce6 ,truly1 if su* 7 ! purport ( ! ,v$a1 :at m w\ld ! ,v$a be ?an ! idle talk ( a p]son out ( 8 m9d6 ,nor f9ally is !re any good 9 ! !ory ( ! s\l be+ ,brahman 9 s f> z det]m9$ by a limit+ adjunct4 ,= ?is view also is 9 conflict ) ! texts :i* di/+ui% ,brahman z ! rul+ & ! s\l z ! rul$ pr9ciple1 & s on4 ,"o & ! same ,devadatta does n become d\ble z x 7--a rul] on ! "o h& & a rul$ subject on ! o!r--because he is det]m9$ by ! h\se 9 :i* he is1 or by some?+ else4 ,9 ord] to be able to acc\nt = ! tw(old designations ( ! s\l1 we mu/ !re=e admit t ! s\l is a "p ( ,brahman4 #dc4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! mantra4 ',"o "p 7qu>t]7 ( x are all be+s1 ?ree feet 7qu>t]s7 ( x are ! ,immortal 9 heav5' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ab1 #f7--on acc\nt ( ?is mantra also ! s\l mu/ be held to be a "p ( ,brahman4 ,= ! ^w 'foot' d5otes a "p4 ,z ! individual s\ls are _m ! mantra uses ! plural =m 'all be+s4' ,9 ! ,stra 7#db7 ! ^w '"p' is 9 ! s+ul>1 ) a view to d5ote ! :ole class4 ,= ! same reason 9 ,,ii1 #c1 #ah also ! ^w 'atman' is 9 ! s+ul>4 ,= t ! individual ,selfs are diff]5t f ! ,"l1 & are _m & et]nal1 is decl>$ by texts su* z ',he :o1 et]nal & intellig5t1 fulfils ! desires ( _m :o likewise are et]nal & intellig5t' 7,ka4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #e1 #ac74 ,s9ce ?us ! plurality ( ! et]nal individual ,selfs re/s on good au?ority1 ^? :o h an insight into ! true nature ( ,selfs w disc]n )\t difficulty diff]5t *>act]i/ics di/+ui%+ ! individual ,selfs1 al?\gh all ,selfs are alike 9 s f> z hav+ intellig5ce = _! ess5tial nature4 ,moreov] ! ,stra ,,ii1 #c1 #dh directly /ates ! plurality ( ! individual ,selfs4 #dd4 ,moreov] x is s /at$ 9 ,smriti4 ,smriti moreov] decl>es ! individual s\l to be a "p ( ! highe/ ,p]son1 ',an et]nal "p ( myself becomes ! individual s\l 7jva7 9 ! _w ( life' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,xv1 #g74 ,= ?is reason also ! s\l mu/ be held to be a "p ( ,brahman4 ,b if ! s\l is a "p ( ,brahman1 all ! imp]fections ( ! s\l are ,brahman's also6 ,to ?is objection ! next ,stra replies4 #de4 ,b z 9 ! case ( light & s on4 ,n s is ! highe/4 ,! 'b' disc>ds ! objection4 ',l light & s on4' ,! individual s\l is a "p ( ! highe/ ,self2 z ! light issu+ f a lum9\s ?+ su* z fire or ! sun is a "p ( t body2 or z ! g5]ic *>act]i/ics ( a c[ or horse1 & ! :ite or black col\r ( ?+s s col\r$1 are attributes & h5ce p>ts ( ! ?+s 9 :i* ^? attributes inh]e2 or z ! body is a "p ( an embodi$ be+4 ,= by a "p we und]/& t :i* con/itutes "o place 7desa7 ( "s ?+1 & h5ce a di/+ui%+ attribute 7vise%na7 is a "p ( ! ?+ di/+ui%$ by t attribute4 ,h5ce ^? analys+ a ?+ ( t k9d discrim9ate betwe5 ! di/+ui%+ clem5t or "p ( x1 & ! di/+ui%$ elem5t or "p4 ,n[ al?\gh ! di/+ui%+ attribute & ! ?+ di/+ui%$ !reby /& to ea* o!r 9 ! relation ( "p & :ole1 yet we obs]ve !m to diff] 9 ess5tial "*4 ,h5ce !re is no contradiction betwe5 ! individual & ! highe/ ,self--! =m] ( :i* is a vise%ana ( ! latt]--/&+ to ea* o!r 9 ! relation ( "p & :ole1 & _! be+ at ! same "t ( ess5tially diff]5t nature4 ,?is ! ,stra decl>es 'n s is ! highe/1' i4e4 ! highe/ ,self is n ( ! same nature z ! individual s\l4 ,= z ! lum9\s body is ( a nature diff]5t f t ( its light1 ?us ! highe/ ,self diff]s f ! individual s\l :i* is a "p ( x4 ,x is ?is diff]5ce ( "*--due to ! individual s\l be+ ! di/+ui%+ clem5t & ! highe/ ,self be+ ! sub/ance di/+ui%$ !reby--to :i* all ^? texts ref] :i* decl>e diff]5ce4 ,^? texts1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* decl>e non-diff]5ce are bas$ on ! circum/ance t attributes :i* are incapable ( sep>ate exi/5ce are ultimately b\nd to ! sub/ance :i* !y di/+ui%1 & h5ce are fundam5tally valid4 ,t 9 decl>ations su* z ',?\ art t' & '?is ,self is ,brahman1' ! words ?\ & ,self1 no less ?an ! words t & ,brahman1 d5ote ,brahman 9 s f> z hav+ ! individual s\ls = its body1 & t ?us ! two sets ( words d5ote fundam5tally "o & ! same ?+1 has be5 expla9$ previ\sly4 #df4 ,& ,smriti texts decl>e ?is4 ,t ! _w & ,brahman /& to ea* o!r 9 ! relation ( "p & :ole1 ! =m] be+ l ! light & ! latt] l ! lum9\s body1 or ! =m] be+ l ! p[] & ! latt] l t 9 :i* ! p[] inh]es1 or ! =m] be+ l ! body & ! latt] l ! s\l2 ?is ,p>s>a also & o!r ,smriti writ]s decl>e1 ',z ! light ( a fire :i* abides 9 "o place only spreads all ar\nd1 ?us ?is :ole _w is ! p[] 7sakti7 ( ! highe/ ,brahman4' ,! '&' 9 ! ,stra implies t scriptural texts also 7'( :om ! ,self is ! body' & o!rs7 decl>e t ! individual ,self is a "p ( ,brahman 9 s f> z x is its body4 ,b if all individual s\ls are equal 9 s f> z be+ alike p>ts ( ,brahman1 alike actuat$ by ,brahman1 & alike kn[+ subjects1 :at is ! reason t1 z ,scripture tea*es1 "s ( !m are all[$ to read ! ,v$a & act accord+ to its injunctions1 :ile o!rs are exclud$ !refrom2 & aga9 t "s are to see1 feel1 & s on1 :ile o!rs are exclud$ f ^! privileges8--,?is "q is answ]$ by ! next ,stra4 #dg4 ,p]mission & exclusion 7result7 f connexion ) a body2 z 9 ! case ( light & s on4 ,al?\gh all s\ls are ess5tially ( ! same nature 9 s f> z !y are p>ts ( ,brahman1 kn[+ subjects & s on1 ! p]missions & exclusions ref]r$ to are possible = ! reason t ea* individual s\l is jo9$ to "s p>ticul> body1 pure or impure1 :e!r ( a ,brhmana or ,k%attriya or ,vaisya or ,sdra1 & s on4 ',z 9 ! case ( fire & s on4' ,all fire is ( ! same k9d1 & yet "o will+ly fet*es fire f ! h\se ( a ,brhmana1 :ile "o %uns fire f a place :]e dead bodies are burnt4 ,& f a ,brhmana "o accepts food )\t any objection1 :ile "o refuses food f a l[ p]son4 #dh4 ,& on acc\nt ( non-connect$ness !re is no confusion4 ,al?\gh ! s\ls1 z be+ p>ts ( ,brahman & s on1 are ( ess5tially ! same "*1 !y are actually sep>ate1 = ea* ( !m is ( atomic size & resides 9 a sep>ate body4 ,= ?is reason !re is no confusion or mix+ up ( ! individual sph]es ( enjoym5t & exp]i5ce4 ,! ,strakra introduces ?is ref]5ce to an advantage ( 8 own view ( ?+s1 9 ord] to intimate t ! views ( ! s\l be+ ,brahman delud$ or else ,brahman affect$ by a limit+ adjunct are on _! "p incapable ( expla9+ h[ x is t ! exp]i5ces ( ! individual ,self & ! highe/ ,self1 & ( ! sev]al individual ,selfs1 are n mix$ up4 ,b may n1 on ! view ( ! s\l be+ ,brahman delud$1 ! di/9ction ( ! sev]al sph]es ( exp]i5ce be expla9$ by means ( ! diff]5ce ( ! limit+ adjuncts pres5t$ by ,nesci5ce8--,?is ! next ,stra negatives4 #di4 ,& x is a m]e app>5t argum5t4 ,! argum5tation by :i* x is s\ght to prove t t be+ ^: nature is con/itut$ by absolutely uni=m light1 i4e4 intellig5ce1 is diff]5tiat$ by limit+ adjuncts :i* presuppose an obscuration ( t ess5tial nature1 is a m]e app>5t 7fallaci\s7 "o4 ,=1 z we h %[n be=e1 obscuration ( ! light ( t :i* is no?+ b light means de/ruction ( t light4--,if we accept z ! read+ ( ! ,stra 'bhsh' 79 plural7 ! mean+ is t ! v>i\s reasons set =? by ! adh]5ts ( t doctr9e are all ( !m fallaci\s4 ,! '&' ( ! ,stra is meant to po9t out t t doctr9e1 moreov]1 is 9 conflict ) texts su* z '?9k+ himself to be diff]5t f ! ,mov]'7,svet4 ,up4 ,i1 #f72 '!re are two unborn ones1 "o a rul]1 ! o!r n a rul]' 7,i1 #i72 '( ^? two "o eats ! sweet fruit' 7,v1 #f72 & o!rs4 ,= ev5 if diff]5ce is due to updhis :i* are ! figm5t ( ,nesci5ce1 !re is no escap+ ! conclusion t ! sph]es ( exp]i5ce mu/ be mix$ up1 s9ce ! !ory admits t ! ?+ itself ) :i* all ! limit+ adjuncts connect !mselves is "o only4 ,b ?is _c be urg$ aga9/ ! !ory ( ! individual s\l be+ ,brahman 9 s f> z det]m9$ by real limit+ adjuncts2 = on t view we may expla9 ! diff]5ce ( sph]es ( exp]i5ce z due to ! beg9n+less adri%tas :i* are ! cause ( ! diff]5ce ( ! limit+ adjuncts6--,to ?is ! next ,stra replies4 #ej4 ,on acc\nt ( ! non-det]m9ation ( ! adri%tas4 ,z ! adri%tas also :i* are ! causes ( ! s]ies ( updhis h = _! sub/rate ,brahman itself1 !re is no reason = _! def9ite allotm5t 7to def9ite individual s\ls71 & h5ce aga9 !re is no def9ite sep>ation ( ! sph]es ( exp]i5ce4 ,= ! limit+ adjuncts z well z ! adri%tas _c by _! connexion ) ,brahman split up ,brahman itself :i* is ess5tially "o4 #ea4 ,& x is ?us also 9 ! case ( purposes & s on4 ,= ! same reason !re c be no def9ite re/riction 9 ! case ( purposes & s on :i* are ! causes ( !1 diff]5t adri%tas4 7,= !y also _c introduce plurality into ,brahman t is fundam5tally "o47 #eb4 ,%\ld x be said 7t t is possible7 ow+ to ! diff]5ce ( place2 we d5y ?is1 on acc\nt ( 7all updhis7 be+ )9 7all places74 ,al?\gh ,brahman is "o only & n to be split by ! sev]al limit+ adjuncts ) :i* x is connect$1 yet ! sep>ation ( ! sph]es ( enjoym5t is n impossible s9ce ! places ( ,brahman :i* are connect$ ) ! updhis are di/9ct4--,?is ! ,stra negatives on ! gr\nd t1 z ! updhis move "h & !re & h5ce all places ent] into connexion ) all updhis1 ! mix+ up ( sph]es ( enjoym5t _c be avoid$4 ,& ev5 if ! updhis 7 connect$ ) diff]5t places1 ! pa9 connect$ ) "s p>ticul> place w\ld affect ! :ole ( ,brahman :i* is "o only4--,! two ,stras ,,ii1 #c1 #cb & #cg h /at$ an objection aga9/ ^? :o1 )\t tak+ _! /& on ! ,v$a1 held ! view ( an all-p]vad+ s\l4 ,! ,stras ,,ii1 #c1 #ej & ff41 on ! o!r h&1 combat ! view ( ^? :o1 :ile bas+ _! doctr9e on ! ,v$a1 tea* ! absolute unity ( ! ,self4-- ,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! "p4' ,,f\r? ,p,,da4 #a4 ,?us ! prnas4 ,aft] hav+ taught t ,e!r & all ! o!r elem5ts are effects1 & h5ce h orig9at$1 ! ,stras _h %[n t ! individual s\l1 al?\gh likewise an effect1 does n orig9ate 9 ! s5se ( und]go+ a *ange ( ess5tial nature2 & _h 9 connexion !re) cle>ly set =? :]e9 ! ess5tial nature ( ! s\l consi/s4 ,!y n[ proce$ to elucidate ! "q z to ! orig9ation ( ! in/rum5ts ( ! individual s\l1 viz4 ! organs & ! vital brea?4 ,! po9t "h to be decid$ is :e!r ! organs are effects z ! individual s\l is an effect1 or z e!r & ! o!r elem5ts are4 ,z ! s\l is1 ?us ! prnas are1 ! ,prvapak%9 ma9ta9s4 ,t means-- z ! s\l is n produc$1 ?us ! organs also are n produc$--,= ! latt] po9t no less ?an ! =m] is directly /at$ 9 ,scripture2 ! word+ ( ! ,stra '?us ! prnas' be+ meant to ext5d to ! case ( ! prnas also1 ! au?ority ( ,scripture to :i* rec\rse 0 _h 9 ! case ( ! s\l4--,b :at is ! scriptural text y mean8 ',non-be+1 truly ?is 0 9 ! beg9n+4 ,"h !y say1 :at 0 t8 ,^? ,ri%is inde$ 7 t ,non-be+1 ?us !y say4 ,& :o 7 ^? ,ri%is8 ,! prnas inde$ 7 ^? ,ri%is4' ,?is is ! passage :i* decl>es t be=e ! orig9ation ( ! _w ! ,ri%is exi/$4 ,z 'prnh' is 9 ! plural1 we conclude t :at is meant is ! organs & ! vital air4 ,nor c ?is text be int]pret$ to mean only t ! prnas exi/ = a v long "t 7b are n uncreat$72 z we may int]pret ! texts decl>+ ,vyu & ! atmosph]e 7ant>ik%a7 to be immortal3 ',vyu & ! atmosph]e are immortal'2 ',vyu is ! deity t nev] sets' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #c1 #c2 ,i1 #e1 #bb74 ,= ! clause ',non-be+ inde$ 0 ?is 9 ! beg9n+' decl>es t ! prnas exi/$ ev5 at ! "t :5 ! entire _w 0 9 ! pralaya /ate4 ,^? texts1 !n1 :i* speak ( an orig9ation ( ! prnas mu/ be expla9$ someh[1 j z we did ) ! texts ref]r+ to ! orig9ation ( ! individual s\l4 ,to ?is ! ,siddhnt9 replies1 '! prnas also orig9ate 9 ! same way z e!r1 & s on4'--,:y8--,because we h scriptural texts directly /at+ t be=e creation ev]y?+ 0 "o1 ',be+ only ?is 0 9 ! beg9n+1' ',! ,self only 0 ?is 9 ! beg9n+4' ,& moreov]1 ! text 'f t !re is produc$ ! prna & ! m9d & all organs'7,mu4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #c1 #a7 decl>es t ! organs orig9at$2 !y !re=e _c h exi/$ be=e creation4 ,nor is x p]missible to ascribe a diff]5t mean+ to ! texts :i* decl>e ! orig9ation ( ! s5se-organs--z we may d 9 ! case ( ! texts decl>+ ! orig9ation ( ! s\l4 ,= we h no texts directly d5y+ ! orig9ation ( ! s5se-organs1 or affirm+ _! et]nity1 :ile we h su* texts 9 ! case ( ! individual s\l4 ,9 ! text quot$ by ! ,prvapak%91 ',non-be+ inde$ 0 ?is 9 ! beg9n+1' c41 ! ^w prna c d5ote ! highe/ ,self only2 = f texts su* z ',all ^! be+s inde$ ent] into brea? alone1 & f brea? !y arise'7,*4 ,up4 ,i1 #aa1 #e71 ! ^w prna is kn[n to be "o ( ! designations ( ! highe/ ,self4 ,& z to ! clause '! prnas inde$ are ^? ,ri%is1' we rem>k t ! t]m ,ri%i may prop]ly be appli$ to ! all-see+ highe/ ,self1 b n to ! non- intellig5t organs4 ,b h[ !n is ! plural =m '! ,ri%is are ! prnas' to be acc\nt$ =8 ,?is ! next ,stra expla9s4 #b4 7,! scriptural /atem5t ( ! plural7 is second>y1 on acc\nt ( impossibility2 & s9ce 7! highe/ ,self7 is decl>$ be=e t4 ,! plural =m exhibit$ by ! text mu/ be tak5 7n 9 its lit]al1 b7 9 a second>y figurative s5se1 s9ce !re is no room !re = a plurality ( ?+s4 ,= ,scripture decl>es t previ\s to creation ! highe/ ,self only exi/s4 #c4 ,on acc\nt ( spee* hav+ = its antec$5t t4 ,= ! foll[+ reason also ! ^w 'prna1' 9 ! text quot$1 c d5ote ,brahman only4 ,spee*1 i4e4 ! names :i* h = _! object all ?+s ap>t f ,brahman1 presupposes ! exi/5ce ( ! entire univ]se ( ?+s--e!r1 & s on--:i* is ! object ( spee*4 ,b1 z accord+ to ! text '?is 0 !n non-diff]5tiat$2 x 0 !reupon diff]5tiat$ by names & =ms1' !n 7i4e4 be=e ! diff]5tiation ( individual ?+s71 no ?+s hav+ "n & =m exi/$1 !re exi/$ also no effects ( spee* & ! o!r organs ( action & s5sation1 & h5ce x _c be inf]r$ t ^? organs !mselves exi/$4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! orig9ation ( ! prnas4' #d4 7,!y are sev57 on acc\nt ( ! go+ ( ! sev5 & ( specification4 ,! "q "h arises :e!r ^? organs are sev5 only1 or elev5-- ! d\bt on ?is po9t be+ due to ! conflict+ nature ( scriptural texts4--,! ,prvapak%9 ma9ta9s ! =m] alt]native4-- ,on :at gr\nds8--',on acc\nt ( go+1 & ( specification4' ,= ! text ref]s to ! 'go+1' i4e4 to ! mov+ ab\t 9 ! diff]5t worlds1 toge!r ) ! s\l :5 be+ born or dy+1 ( sev5 prnas only1 'sev5 are ^! worlds 9 :i* ! prnas move :i* re/ 9 ! cave1 be+ plac$ !re z sev5 & sev5' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a1 #h7--:]e ! repetition 'sev5 & sev5' intimates ! plurality ( s\ls to :i* ! prnas are atta*$4 ,moreov] ^? mov+ prnas are di/9ctly specifi$ 9 ! foll[+ text1 ':5 ! five in/rum5ts ( k /& /ill1 toge!r ) ! m9d 7manas71 & :5 ! buddhi does n move1 t !y call ! highe/ go+' 7gati--,ka4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #f1 #aj74 ,! 'highe/ go+' "h means ! mov+ t[>ds ,release1 all movem5t )9 ! body hav+ come to an end4 ,z ?us ! text decl>es t at ! "t ( bir? & dea? sev5 prnas only accompany ! s\l1 & z1 ) reg>d to ! condition ( f9al conc5tration1 ^? prnas are di/9ctly specifi$ z =ms ( k 7jnni71 we conclude t ! prnas are ! sev5 foll[+ in/rum5ts ( ! s\l--! organs ( he>+1 feel+1 see+1 ta/+ & smell+1 ! buddhi & ! manas4 ,9 v>i\s o!r passages inde$1 :i* ref] to ! prnas1 high] numb]s are m5tion$1 viz4 up to f\rte51 spee*1 ! h&s1 ! feet1 ! anus1 ! organ ( g5]ation1 ! ahankra & ! kitta be+ add$ to ^? m5tion$ above2 cp4 e4g4 '!re are eight grahas' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #b1 i72 ',sev5 are ! prnas ( ! head1 two ! l[] ones '7,taitt4 ,samh4 ,v1 #c1 #b1 #e74 ,b z ! text says no?+ ab\t ^? additional organs accompany+ ! s\l1 we assume t !y are call$ prnas 9 a metaphorical s5se only1 s9ce !y all1 m or less1 assi/ ! s\l4--,?is view ! next ,stra sets aside4 #e4 ,b ! h&s & s on also2 7s9ce !y assi/ ! s\l7 abid+ 79 ! body74 ,h5ce 7x is7 n s4 ,! organs are n sev5 only1 b elev51 s9ce ! h&s & ! re/ also contribute t[>ds ! exp]i5ce & fruition ( t :i* abides 9 ! body1 i4e4 ! s\l1 & h _! sep>ate (fices1 su* z seiz+1 & s on4 ,h5ce x is n s1 i4e4 x mu/ n be ?\ght t ! h&s & ! re/ are n organs4 ,buddhi1 ahankra & kitta1 on ! o!r h&1 are 7n indep5d5t organs b7 m]e designations ( ! manas1 accord+ z ! latt] is engag$ 9 ! functions ( decid+ 7adhyavasya71 or misconception 7abhimna71 or ?9k+ 7k9t74 ,! organs !re=e are elev54 ,f ?is x foll[s t 9 ! passage ',t5 are ^! prnas 9 man1 & tman is ! elev5?' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #d1 ii71 ! ^w tman d5otes ! manas4 ,! numb] elev5 is confirm$ by scriptural & ,smriti passages1 cp4 '! t5 organs & ! "o' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,xiii1 #e72 't5 are ! vaikrika be+s1 ! manas is ! elev5?1' & o!rs4 ,:]e m organs are m5tion$1 ! diff]5t functions ( ! manas are meant2 & ref]5ces to small] numb]s are connect$ ) special effects ( ! organs1 su* z accompany+ ! s\l1 & ! l4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! go+ ( ! sev54' #f4 ,& 7!y are7 m9ute4 ,z ! text '^! are all alike1 all inf9ite' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,i1 #e1 #ac71 decl>es spee*1 m9d1 & brea? to be inf9ite1 we conclude t ! prnas are all-p]vad+4--,to ?is ! ,stra replies1 t !y are m9ute2 = ! text ':5 ! vital brea? passes out ( ! body1 all ! prnas pass out aft] x' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,v1 #d1 #b71 proves ^? prnas to be ( limit$ size1 & z :5 pass+ out !y are n p]ceiv$ by by/&]s1 !y mu/ be ( m9ute size--,! text :i* speaks ( !m z inf9ite is a text enjo9+ m$itation 7'he :o m$itates on !m z inf9ite'71 & inf9ity !re means only t abundance ( activities :i* is an attribute ( ! prna to be m$itat$ on4 #g4 ,& ! be/4 ,by '! be/' we h to und]/& ! *ief vital air 7mukhya prna71 :i*1 9 ! colloquy ( ! prnas1 is det]m9$ to be ! be/ because x is ! cause ( ! pres]vation ( ! body4 ,?is *ief vital air ! ,prvapak%9 ma9ta9s to be some?+ non-creat$1 s9ce ,scripture 7,ri4 ,samh4 ,v1 #abi1 #b71 ',by its own law ! ,"o 0 brea?+ )\t w9d1' %[s t an effect ( x1 viz4 ! act ( brea?+1 exi/$ ev5 previ\sly to creation1 at ! "t ( a great pralaya2 & because texts decl>+ x to h be5 creat$--su* z 'f him is born brea?' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a1 #c7--may be int]pret$ 9 ! same way z ! texts decl>+ t ! s\l is some?+ creat$ 7sec p4 #edj ff474-- ,to ?is ! reply is t1 s9ce ?is view contradicts scriptural /atem5ts z to ! on5ess ( all1 previ\s to creation2 & s9ce ! ,mundaka-text decl>es ! prna to h be5 creat$ 9 ! same way z e>? & ! o!r elem5ts2 & s9ce !re are no texts pla9ly d5y+ its creat$ness1 ! *ief vital air also mu/ be held to h be5 creat$4 ,! words '! ,"o 0 brea?+ )\t w9d' by no means ref] to ! vital brea? ( liv+ creatures1 b intimate ! exi/5ce ( ! highe/ ,brahman1 alone by itself2 z inde$ appe>s f ! qualification ')\t w9d4'--,t ! vital brea?1 al?\gh really dispos$ ( 9 ! prec$+ ,stras1 is specially m5tion$ 9 ! pres5t ,stra1 is ) a view to ! "q next rais$ = consid]ation4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! m9ut5ess ( ! prnas4' #h4 ,nei!r air nor function1 on acc\nt ( its be+ /at$ sep>ately4 ,is ?is ma9 vital brea? no?+ else b air1 ! second ( ! elem5ts8 ,or is x a c]ta9 motion ( ! air8 ,or is x air t has assum$ "s special condition8--,! fir/ alt]native may be adopt$1 on acc\nt ( ! text 'prna is air4'--,or1 s9ce m]e air is n call$ brea?1 :ile ?is t]m is g5]ally appli$ to t motion ( air :i* consi/s 9 inhalation & exhalation1 we may hold t brea? is a motion ( air4--,( bo? ^! views ! ,stra disposes by decl>+ 'n s1 on acc\nt ( sep>ate /atem5t4' ,= 9 ! passage ',f him !re is produc$ brea?1 m9d1 & all s5se-organs1 e!r & air1' c1 brea? & air are m5tion$ z two sep>ate ?+s4 ,= ! same reason brea? also _c be a m]e motion or function ( air2 = ! text does n m5tion any functions ( fire & ! o!r elem5ts1 side by side ) ^! elem5ts1 z sep>ate ?+s 7& ?is %[s t brea? also _c1 9 t text1 be int]pret$ to d5ote a function ( air74 ,! text 'prna is air1' on ! o!r h&1 intimates 7n t brea? is id5tical ) air1 b7 t brea? is air hav+ assum$ a special =m1 n a ?+ altoge!r diff]5t f x1 l fire4 ,9 ord9>y language1 moreov]1 ! ^w brea? does n mean a m]e motion b a sub/ance to :i* motion belongs2 we say1'! brea? moves to & fro 9 inhalation & exhalation4' ,is brea?1 :i* we ?us "k to be a modification ( air1 to be consid]$ z a k9d ( elem5t>y sub/ance1 l fire1 e>?1 & s on8 ,n s1 ! next ,stra replies4 #i4 ,b l ! eye & ! re/1 on acc\nt ( be+ taught ) !m1 & = o!r reasons4 ,brea? is n an elem5t1 b l sight & ! re/1 a special in/rum5t ( ! s\l4 ,?is appe>s f ! fact t ! texts m5tion x toge!r ) ! recognis$ organs ( ! s\l1 ! eye1 & s on2 s e4g4 9 ! colloquy ( ! prnas4 ,& su* common m5tion is suitable 9 ! case ( su* ?+s only z belong to "o class4--,! '& = o!r reasons' ( ! ,stra ref]s to ! circum/ance ( ! pr9cipal brea? be+ specially m5tion$ among ! organs compris$ "u ! t]m 'prna'2 cp4 't pr9cipal brea?' 7,*4 ,up4 ,i1 #b1 #g72 't c5tral brea?' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,i1 #e1 #ba74--;,b if ! *ief brea? is1 l ! eye & ! o!r organs1 an in/rum5t ( ! s\l1 !re mu/ be "s special =m ( activity ?r\gh :i* x assi/s ! s\l1 z ! eye e4g4 assi/s ! s\l by see+4 ,b no su* activity is p]ceiv$1 & ! brea? _c !re=e be put 9 ! same category z ! organs ( s5sation & action6--,to ?is objection ! next ,stra replies4 #aj4 ,& !re is no objection on acc\nt ( its n hav+ an activity 7k>ana72 = 7,scripture7 ?us decl>es4 ,! k>ana ( ! ,stra means kriy1 action4 ,! objection rais$ on ! gr\nd t ! pr9cipal brea? does n ex]cise any =m ( activity helpful to ! s\l1 is )\t =ce1 s9ce z a matt] ( fact ,scripture decl>es t !re is su* an activity1 9 s f> z ! vital brea? supports ! body ) all its organs4 ,= ! text 7,*4 ,up4 ,v1 #a1 #g ff47 relates h[ on ! successive dep>ture ( spee*1 & s on1 ! body & ! o!r organs ma9ta9$ _! /r5g?1 :ile on ! dep>ture ( ! vital brea? ! body & all ! organs at once became weak & p[]less4--,! conclusion !re=e is t ! brea?1 9 its fivefold =m ( prna1 apna1 & s on1 subs]ves ! purposes ( ! individual s\l1 & ?us occupies ! position ( an in/rum5t1 no less ?an ! eye & ! o!r organs4 ,b z ^? five =ms ( brea?1 viz4 prna1 udna1 c41 h diff]5t names & functions !y mu/ be sep>ate pr9ciples 7& h5ce !re is n "o pr9cipal brea?76 ,to ?is ! next ,stra replies4 #aa4 ,x is designat$ z hav+ five functions l m9d4 ,z desire1 & s on1 are n pr9ciples diff]5t f m9d1 al?\gh !y are diff]5t functions & produce diff]5t effects--accord+ to ! text1 ',desire1 purpose1 d\bt1 fai?1 want ( fai?1 firmness1 abs5ce ( firmness1 %ame1 reflection1 fe>--all ?is is m9d' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,i1 #e1 #c72 s1 on ! gr\nd ( ! text1 'prna1 apna1 vyna1 udna1 samna--all ?is is prna' 7ibid471 apna & ! re/ mu/ be held to be diff]5t functions ( prna only1 n indep5d5t pr9ciples4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( :at is 'a modification ( air4' #ab4 ,& 7x is7 m9ute4 ,?is prna also is m9ute1 s9ce z be=e 7i4e4 z 9 ! case ( ! organs7 ! text decl>es x to pass out ( ! body1 to move1 & s on1 'him :5 he passes out ! prna foll[s aft]' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,v1 #d1 #b74 ,a fur!r d\bt arises1 9 ! case ( prna1 ow+ to ! fact t 9 o!r texts x is spok5 ( z ( l>ge ext5t1 ',x is equal to ^! ?ree worlds1 equal to ?is ,univ]se' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,i1 #c1 #bb72 ',on prna ev]y?+ is f\nd$'2 ',= all ?is is %ut up 9 prna4' ,b z ! texts decl>+ ! pass+ out1 & s on1 ( ! prna1 prove x to be ( limit$ size1 ! all-embrac+ness ascrib$ to prna 9 ^? o!r texts mu/ be int]pret$ to mean only t ! life ( all liv+ & brea?+ creatures dep5ds on brea?4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! m9ut5ess ( ! be/4' #ac4 ,b ! rule 7ov] ! prnas7 on ! "p ( ,fire & ! re/1 toge!r ) him to :om ! prna belong 7i4e4 ! s\l71 is ow+ to ! ?9k+ ( t 7viz4 ! highe/ ,self72 on acc\nt ( scriptural /atem5t4 ,x has be5 %[n t ! prnas1 toge!r ) ! ma9 prna1 orig9ate f ,brahman1 & h a limit$ size4 ,t ! prnas are guid$ by ,agni & o!r div9e be+s has also be5 expla9$ on a previ\s occasion1 viz4 "u ,s4 ,,ii1 #a1 #e4 ,& x is kn[n f ord9>y exp]i5ce t ! organs are rul$ by ! individual s\l1 :i* uses !m z means ( exp]i5ce & fruition4 ,& ?is is also e/abli%$ by scriptural texts1 su* z ',hav+ tak5 ^! prnas he 7i4e4 ! s\l7 moves ab\t 9 8 own body1 accord+ to 8 pleasure'7,bri4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a1 #ah74 ,! "q n[ arises :e!r ! rule ( ! s\l & ( ! presid+ div9e be+s ov] ! prnas dep5ds on !m 7i4e4 ! s\l & ! div9ities7 only1 or on "s o!r be+4-- ,on !m only1 s9ce !y dep5d on no "o else6--,n s1 ! ,stra decl>es4 ,! rule :i* light1 & s on1 i4e4 ,agni & ! o!r div9ities1 toge!r ) him to :om ! prnas belong i4e4 ! s\l1 ex]cise ov] ! prnas1 proce$s f ! ?9k+ ( t1 i4e4 f ! w ( ! highe/ ,self4--,h[ is ?is kn[n8--',f scriptural /atem5t4' ,= ,scripture tea*es t ! organs1 toge!r ) _! guid+ div9ities & ! individual s\l1 dep5d 9 all _! do+s on ! ?\ght ( ! highe/ ,p]son4 ',he1 :o abid+ )9 ,fire1 rules ,fire f )94--,he1 :o abid+ )9 ! air--)9 ! ,self-- )9 ! eye1 & s on' 7,bri4 ,up ,,iii1 #g72 ',f fe> ( x ! w9d bl[s1 f fe> ( x ! sun rises1 f fe> ( x ,agni & ,indra1 yea ,dea? runs z ! fif?' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #h1 #a72 ',by ! comm& ( t ,imp]i%able "o1 sun & moon /&1 held ap>t'7,bri ,up ,,iii1 #h1 #i74 #ad4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! et]nity ( ?is4 ,z ! quality1 inh]+ 9 all ?+s1 ( be+ rul$ by ! highe/ ,self1 is et]nal & def9itely fix$ by be+ connect$ ) 8 ess5tial nature1 x is an unavoidable conclusion t ! rule ( ! s\l & ( ! div9ities ov] ! organs dep5ds on ! w ( ! highe/ ,self4 ,! text1 ',hav+ s5t =? ?is he ent]$ into x1 hav+ ent]$ into x he became sat & tyat' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #f71 %[s t ! ent]+ on ! "p ( ! highe/ ,p]son into all ?+s1 s z to be _! rul]1 is connect$ ) 8 ess5tial nature4 ,simil>ly ,smriti says1 ',p]vad+ ?is entire ,univ]se by a portion ( m9e ,i d abide' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,x1 #db74--;,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! rule ( ,fire & ! re/4' #ae4 ,!y1 ) ! exception ( ! be/1 are organs1 on acc\nt ( be+ s designat$4 ,are all pr9ciples call$ prnas to be consid]$ z 'organs' 7indriyni71 or is ! 'be/1' i4e4 ! *ief prna1 to be except$8-- ,all ( !m1 )\t exception1 are organs2 = !y all are call$ prnas equally1 & !y all are in/rum5ts ( ! s\l4--,n s1 ! ,stra replies4 ,! 'be/' "o is to be except$1 s9ce only ! prawas o!r ?an ! be/ are designat$ z organs4 ,texts su* z '! organs are t5 & "o' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,xiii1 #e7 apply ! t]m 'organ' only to ! s5ses ( sight & ! re/1 & ! int]nal organ4 #af4 ,on acc\nt ( scriptural /atem5t ( diff]5ce1 & on acc\nt ( diff]5ce ( *>act]i/ics4 ,texts su* z 'f him is born prna1 & ! int]nal organ1 & all organs' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a1 #c7 m5tion ! vital brea? sep>ately f ! organs1 & ?is %[s t ! brea? is n "o ( ! organs4 ,! passage inde$ m5tions ! int]nal organ 7manas7 also z some?+ sep>ate2 b 9 o!r passages ! manas is =mally includ$ 9 ! organs1 '! 7five7 organs ) m9d z ! six?' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,xv1 #g74 ,t ! vital brea? diff]s 9 nature f ! organ ( sight & ! re/1 is a matt] ( obs]vation4 ,= 9 ! /ate ( deep sleep ! function ( brea? is se5 to cont9ue1 :ile ^? ( ! eye1 & s on1 are n p]ceiv$4 ,! "w ( ! organs1 inclusive ( ! manas1 is to act z in/rum5ts ( cognition & action1 :ile ! "w ( brea? is to ma9ta9 ! body & ! organs4 ,x is = ! reason t ! subsi/5ce ( ! organs dep5ds on brea?1 t ! organs !mselves are call$ prnas4 ,?us ,scripture says1 '!y all became ! =m ( t 7brea?71 & !re=e !y are call$ aft] him prnas' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,i1 #e1 #ba74 ',!y became its =m' means--!y became its body1 _! activity dep5d$ on x4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! organs4' #ag4 ,b ! mak+ ( names & =ms 7belongs7 to him :o r5d]s trip>tite1 on acc\nt ( scriptural tea*+4 ,! ,stras h %[n t ! creation ( ! elem5ts & organs 9 _! collective aspect 7sama%ti7 & ! activity ( ! individual s\ls proce$ f ! highe/ ,self2 & !y h also fur!r confirm$ ! view t ! rule :i* ! s\ls ex]cise ov] _! organs dep5ds on ! highe/ ,self4 ,a "q n[ arises ) reg>d to ! creation ( ! _w 9 its discrete aspect 7vya%ti71 :i* consi/s 9 ! diff]5tiation ( names & =ms 7i4e4 ( individual be+s74 ,is ?is latt] creation ! "w ( ,hiranyag>bha only1 :o repres5ts ! collective aggregate ( all individual s\ls2 or1 fundam5tally1 ! "w ( ! highe/ ,brahman hav+ ,hiranyag>bha = its body--j z ! creation ( wat] e4g4 is ! "w ( ! highe/ ,brahman hav+ sire = its body8--,! ,prvapak%9 ma9ta9s ! =m] alt]native4 ,=1 he says1 ! text ',hav+ ent]$ ) ?is liv+- s\l-self 7an5a jv5t-man71 let me diff]5tiate names & =ms' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #c1 #b71 decl>es ! jva-s\l to be ! ag5t 9 diff]5tiation4 ,= ! resolve ( ! highe/ deity is express$1 n 9 ! =m 'let me diff]5tiate names & =ms by myself 7sv5a rp5a71 b 'by ?is s\l-self1' i4e4 by a "p ( ! highe/ ,self1 9 ! =m ( ! individual s\l4--,b on ?is int]pretation ! fir/ p]son 9 'vyk>avni' 7let me ent]71 & ! grammatical =m ( 'hav+ ent]$1' :i* indicates ! ag5t1 c\ld n be tak5 9 _! lit]al1 b only 9 an impli$1 s5se--z is ! case 9 a s5t5ce su* z ',hav+ ent]$ ! ho/ile army by means ( a spy1 ,i w e/imate its /r5g?' 7:]e ! real ag5t is n ! k+1 :o is ! speak]1 b ! spy74--,! cases are n analog\s1 ! ,prvapak%9 replies4 ,= ! k+ & ! spy are fundam5tally sep>ate1 & h5ce ! k+ is ag5t by implication only4 ,b 9 ! case "u discussion ! s\l is a "p1 & h5ce contributes to con/itute ! ess5tial nature (1 ! highe/ ,self2 h5ce t highe/ ,self itself ent]s & diff]5tiates 9 ! =m ( ! s\l4 ,nor c x be said t ! in/rum5tal case 7') ?is s\l-self'7 has ! impli$ mean+ ( association 7'toge!r ) ?is s\l-self'72 = if a case c be tak5 9 its prim>y s5se1 x is n prop] to und]/& x 9 a s5se :i* has to be express$ by means ( a preposition4 ,b ! ?ird case1 jv5a1 _c "h be und]/ood ev5 9 its prim>y s5se1 i4e4 t ( ! in/rum5t ( ! action2 = if ,brahman is ! ag5t 9 ! acts ( ent]+ & diff]5tiat+1 ! s\l is n t :i* is mo/ suitable to accompli% ! end ( action 7:ile yet gramm> def9es ! in/rum5tal case--k>ana--on ?is basis74 ,nor c x be said t ! activity ( ! s\l comes to an end ) ! ent]+1 :ile ! diff]5tiation ( names & =ms is ,brahman's "w1 = ! pa/ p>ticiple 7pravisya7 indicates 7accord+ to ! rules ( gramm>7 t ! two actions--( ent]+ & diff]5tiat+--belong to ! same ag5t4 ,& al?\gh ! s\l z be+ a "p ( ! highe/ ,self %>es 9 its nature1 yet 9 ord] to di/+ui% x f ! highe/ ,self1 ! text by means ( ! clause ') t liv+ ,self ref]s to x z some?+ outw>d 7n ( ! nature ( ! ,self74 ,! ag5t 9 ! action ( diff]5tiation ( names & =ms !re=e is ,hiranyag>bha4 ,smriti texts also ascribe to him ?is activity2 cp4'he 9 ! beg9n+ made1 f ! words ( ! ,v$a1 ! names & =ms ( be+s1 ( ! gods & ! re/1 & ( actions4' ,aga9/ ?is view ! ,stra decl>es itself4 ,! diff]5tiation ( names & =ms belongs to him :o r5d]s trip>tite1 i4e4 ! highe/ ,brahman2 s9ce x is assign$ by ,scripture to ! latt] only4 ,= ! text ',t div9ity ?\ght1 let me1 hav+ ent]$ ^! ?ree be+s ) ?is liv+-s\l-self1 diff]5tiate names & =ms--let me make ea* ( ^! ?ree trip>tite1' %[s t all ! activities m5tion$ h "o & ! same ag5t4 ,b ! r5d]+ trip>tite _c belong to ,brahma 7,hiranyag>bha71 :o abides )9 ! ,brahma-egg1 = t egg itself is produc$ f fire1 wat]1 & e>?1 only aft] ^! elem5ts h be5 r5d]$ trip>tite2 & ,smriti says t ,brahm himself orig9at$ 9 t egg1 '9 t egg !re orig9at$ ,brahm1 ! gr&fa!r ( all ! worlds4' ,z ?us ! action ( r5d]+ trip>tite c belong to ! highe/ ,brahman only1 ! diff]5tiation ( names & =ms1 :i* belongs to ! same ag5t1 also is ,brahman's only4--,b h[ !n does ! clause ') t liv+-s\l-self' fit 98-- ,! co-ord9ation ') t s\l1 ) ! ,self1' %[s t ! t]m 's\l' "h d5otes ! highe/ ,brahman z hav+ ! s\l = its body2 j z 9 ! clauses 't fire ?\ght'2 'x s5t =? wat]'2 'wat] ?\ght1' & s on1 :at is meant ea* "t is ,brahman hav+ fire1 wat]1 & s on1 = its body4 ,! "w ( diff]5tiat+ names & =ms ?us belongs to ! highe/ ,brahman :i* has = its body ,hiranyag>bha1 :o repres5ts ! s\l 9 its aggregate =m4 ,on ?is view ! fir/ p]son 79 'let me diff]5tiate'7 & ! ag5cy 7convey$ by ! =m ( 'pravisya'7 may1 )\t any difficulty1 be tak5 9 _! prim>y lit]al s5ses2 & ! common ag5cy1 impli$ 9 ! connexion ( pravisya & vyk>avni1 is acc\nt$ =4 ,! view "h set =? z to ! relation ( ,brahman & ,hiranyag>bha also expla9s h[ ! acc\nts ( ,hiranyag>bha's 7,brahm's7 creative activity c say t he diff]5tiat$ names & =ms4 ,! :ole passus beg9n+ 't div9ity ?\ght1' !re=e has ! foll[+ mean+--',hav+ ent]$ into ^? ?ree be+s1 viz4 ,fire1 ,wat]1 & ,e>?1 ) my ,self :i* is qualifi$ by ! collective s\l 7z con/itut+ its body71 let me diff]5tiate names & =ms1 i4e4 let me produce gods & all ! o!r k9ds ( individual be+s1 & give !m names2 & to t end1 s9ce fire1 wat]1 & e>? h n yet mutually comb9$1 & h5ce are incapable ( giv+ rise to p>ticul> ?+s1 let me make ea* ( !m trip>tite1 & ?us fit !m = creation4'--,! settl$ conclusion !n is1 t ! diff]5tiation ( names & =ms is ! "w ( ! highe/ ,brahman only4 ,b1 an objection is rais$1 ! fact t ! diff]5tiation ( names & =ms mu/ be due to ! same ag5t z ! r5d]+ trip>tite1 does n aft] all prove t ! =m] is due to ! highe/ ,self4 ,= ! r5d]+ trip>tite may itself belong to ! individual s\l4 ,= ! text relates h[1 aft] ! creation ( ! cosmic egg1 a process ( trip>tition 0 go+ on among ! individual liv+ be+s creat$ by ,brahm4 ',le>n f me1 my fri5d1 h[ ^? ?ree be+s hav+ rea*$ man become trip>tite1 ea* ( !m4 ,! e>? :5 eat5 is dispos$ ( 9 ?ree ways2 its grosse/ portion becomes feces1 its middle portion fle%1 its subtle/ portion m9d1' & s on4 ,simil>ly1 9 ! prec$+ section1 x is describ$ h[ ! process ( trip>tition goes on 9 ! case ( fire1 sun1 moon1 & lightn+1 :i* all belong to ! _w creat$ by ,brahm1 '! r$ col\r ( burn+ fire is ! col\r ( fire1' c4 ,& ! text moreov] /ates ! orig9al trip>tition to h tak5 place aft] ! diff]5tiation ( names & =ms3 ',t div9ity hav+ ent]$ into ^! ?ree be+s diff]5tiat$ names & =ms4 ,ea* ( ^! 7be+s7 x r5d]$ trip>tite4'--,to ?is objection ! next ,stra replies4 #ah4 ,fle% is ( e>?y nature2 9 ! case ( ! two o!rs also accord+ to ! text4 ,! view t ! description ( trip>tition1 giv5 9 ! passage 'ea* ( ^! he made trip>tite1' ref]s to a "t subsequ5t to ! creation ( ! mundane egg & to ! gods creat$ by ,brahm1 _c be upheld4 ,= f x !re w\ld foll[ t1 z 9 ! passage 'e>? :5 eat5 is dispos$ ( 9 ?ree ways1' c41 fle% is decl>$ to be m subtle ?an feces1 & m9d yet subtl]1 x w\ld h to be assum$--9 agreem5t ) ! nature ( ! causal sub/ance--t fle% is made ( wat] & manas ( fire ,,footnote #eha3a4 ,& simil>ly we %\ld h to assume t ur9e--:i* is ! grosse/ "p ( wat] drunk 7cp4 ,,vi1 #e1 #b7--;is ( ! nature ( e>?1 & brea?1 :i* is its subtle/ "p1 ( ! nature ( fire4 ,b ?is is n admissible2 = z ! text explicitly /ates t e>? :5 eat5 is dispos$ ( 9 ?ree ways1 fle% & m9d also mu/ be assum$ to be ( an e>?y nature4 ,9 ! same way we mu/ frame our view conc]n+ '! two o!rs1' i4e4 wat] & fire1 'accord+ to ! text4' ,t means--! ?ree p>ts into :i* wat] divides itself :5 drunk1 mu/ be tak5 to be all ( !m modifications ( wat]1 & ! ?ree p>ts ( fire :5 consum$ mu/ be held to be all ( !m modifications ( fire4 ,?us feces1 fle% & m9d are alike trans=mations ( e>?2 ur9e1 blood & brea? trans=mations ( wat]2 bones1 m>r[ & spee* trans=mations ( fire4 ,?is moreov] agrees ) ! subsequ5t /atem5t 7,,vi1 #e1 #d71 ',=1 truly1 m9d consi/s ( e>?1 brea? ( wat]1 spee* ( fire4' ,! process ( trip>tition ref]r$ to 9 ,,vi1 #c1 #d1 is n !re=e ! same z ! "o describ$ 9 ! section t tells u :at becomes ( food :5 eat51 wat] :5 drunk1 c4 ,7 ?is 7errone\s7 assumption made1 & 7 x !nce conclud$ t m9d1 brea? & spee*--z be+ ! subtle/ creat$ ?+s--are made ( fire1 ?is w\ld flatly contradict ! complem5t>y text quot$ above 7'm9d consi/s ( e>?1' c474 ,:5 ! text describes h[ e>?1 wat] & fire1 :5 eat51 are trans=m$ 9 a ?reefold way1 x ref]s to elem5ts :i* _h already be5 r5d]$ trip>tite2 ! process ( trip>tition mu/ !re=e h tak5 place be=e ! creation ( ! cosmic egg4 ,)\t su* trip>tition ! elem5ts w\ld be incapable ( giv+ rise to any effects2 su* capability !y acquire only by be+ mutually conjo9$1 & t is j ! process ( trip>tition4 ,9 agreem5t h]e) ,smriti says1 ',sep>ate f ea* o!r1 )\t connexion1 ^? elem5ts ) _! v>i\s p[]s 7 incapable ( produc+ creatures4 ,bul hav+ comb9$ completely1 ent]$ into mutual conjunction1 abid+ "o )9 ! o!r1 ! pr9ciples--f ! highe/ ,mahat d[n to individual ?+s--produc$ ! mundane egg4'-- ,:5 ! text !re=e says 7,,vi1 #c1 #c7 ',! div9ity hav+ ent]$ into ^? ?ree be+s ) t s\l-self diff]5tiat$ names & =ms2 he made ea* ( ^! trip>tite1' ! ord] 9 :i* ! text m5tions ! activities ( diff]5tiation & trip>tition is refut$ by ! ord] dem&$ by ! s5se ,,footnote #ehc3a4--,! text !n proce$s to exemplify ! process ( trip>tition1 by means ( burn+ fire1 ! sun & lightn+1 :i* inde$ are ?+s conta9$ )9 ! mundane egg 7:ile yet ! trip>tition ( elem5ts took place be=e ! egg1 ) all its cont5ts1 0 creat$72 b ?is is done = ! in=mation ( ,svetaketu1 :o himself is a be+ )9 ! mundane egg1 & has to be taught ) ref]5ce to ?+s he kn[s4 ,b1 a f9al objection is rais$1 z on ?is view ( ! matt] ! elem5ts--e>?1 wat] & fire--:i* are eat5 & drunk1 are already trip>tite1 ea* ( !m conta9+ portions ( all1 & ?us are ( a ?reefold nature1 h[ c !y be designat$ ea* ( !m by a simple t]m--e>?1 wat]1 fire8--,to ?is ! next ,stra replies4 ,,footnote #eha3a4 ,i4e4 if ! trip>tition ( e>? 7i4 e4 solid food7 :5 eat51 :i* is describ$ 9 ,,vi1 #e1 #a1 7 ! same trip>tition :i* is describ$ 9 ,,vi1 #c1 #c-d1 we %\ld h to conclude t ! =m] trip>tition consi/s1 l ! latt]1 9 an admixture to e>? ( wat] & fire4 ,,footnote #ehc3a4 ,t means--9 reality ! trip>tition ( ! elem5ts came fir/1 & aft] t ! creation ( individual be+s4 #ai4 ,b on acc\nt ( _! di/9ctive nature !re is t designation1 t designation4 ,ea* elem5t inde$ is ( a ?reefold nature1 ow+ to ! prim>y trip>tition2 b z 9 ea* mix$ elem5t "o def9ite elem5t prevails-- s t ea* elem5t has a di/9ctive "* ( its own--a def9ite designation is giv5 to ea*4--,! repetition 7( 't designation'7 9 ! ,stra indicates ! completion ( ! adhyya4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! fa%ion+ ( names & =ms4' ,,?ird ,,adhy,,ya4 ,,fir/ ,p,,da4 #a4 ,9 obta9+ ano!r ( t1 x goes envelop$1 7z appe>s7 f "q & explanation4 ,t ! ,v$nta-texts e/abli% z ! prop] object ( m$itation1 on ! "p ( all m5 desir\s ( ,release1 ! highe/ ,brahman1 :i* is ! only cause ( ! entire _w1 :i* is n t\*$ by ev5 a %ad[ ( imp]fection1 :i* is an ocean1 z x 71 ( supremely exalt$ qualities1 & :i* totally diff]s 9 nature f all o!r be+s--?is is ! po9t prov$ 9 ! two previ\s adhyyas2 !re be+ giv5 at ! same "t argum5ts to disprove ! objections rais$ aga9/ ! ,v$nta doctr9e on ! basis ( ,smriti & reason+1 to refute ! views held by o!r s*ools1 to %[ t ! diff]5t ,v$nta-texts d n contradict ea* o!r1 & to prove t ! ,self is ! object ( activities 7enjo9$ 9 injunctions ( m$itation1 & s on74 ,9 %ort1 ^? two adhyyas h set =? ! ess5tial nature ( ,brahman4 ,! subsequ5t "p ( ! "w n[ makes x its task to enquire into ! mode ( atta9+ to ,brahman1 toge!r ) ! means ( atta9m5t4 ,! ?ird adhyya is conc]n$ ) an enquiry into m$itation--:i* is ! means ( atta9+ to ,brahman2 & z ! motive = ent]+ on su* m$itation is suppli$ by ! abs5ce ( all desire = :at is o!r ?an ! ?+ to be obta9$1 & by ! desire = t ?+1 ! po9ts fir/ to be enquir$ into are ! imp]fections ( ! individual s\l--mov+ ab\t 9 ! diff]5t worlds1 :e!r wak+ or dream+ or m]g$ 9 dreamless sleep1 or 9 ! /ate ( swoon2 & ^? bless$ *>act]i/ics by :i* ,brahman is rais$ above all ^! imp]fections4 ,^! are ! topics ( ! fir/ & second pdas ( ! adhyya4 ,! fir/ "q to be consid]$ is :e!r ! s\l1 :5 mov+ f "o body into ano!r1 is envelop$ by ^? subtle rudim5ts ( ! elem5ts f :i* ! new body is produc$1 or n4 ,! ,prvapak%9 ma9ta9s ! latt] alt]native2 =1 he says1 :]ev] ! s\l goes x c easily provide itself !re ) ^? rudim5ts4 ,o!r reasons support+ ?is prim facie view w be m5tion$ & refut$ fur!r on4--,! ,stra /ates ! view f9ally accept$1 ',9 obta9+ ano!r ( t x goes envelop$4' ,! '( t' ref]s back to ! =m1 i4e4 body1 m5tion$ 9 ,,ii1 #d1 #ag4 ,! s\l :5 mov+ t[>ds ano!r embodim5t goes envelop$ by ! rudim5ts ( ! elem5ts4 ,?is is kn[n 'f "q & explanation1' i4e4 answ]4 ,"q & answ] are record$ 9 ! ',k ( ! five fires' 7,*4 ,up4 ,v1 #c-aj71 :]e ,pravhana1 aft] hav+ address$ to ,svetaketu sev]al o!r que/ions1 f9ally asks ',d y "k :y 9 ! fif? libation wat] is call$ man8' ,9 answ] to ?is la/ "q ! text !n expla9s h[ ! ,devas1 i4e4 ! prnas atta*$ to ! s\l1 (f] into ! heav5ly _w1 imag9$ z a sacrificial fire1 ! oblation call$ sraddh2 h[ ?is sraddh *anges itself into a body con si/+ ( amrita1 :i* body is call$ moon2 h[ ! same prnas (f] ?is body ( amrita 9 ,p>janya1 imag9$ z a fire1 :]eupon ! body s (f]$ becomes ra92 h[ ! same prnas ?r[ t ra9 on to ! e>?1 also imag9$ z a sacrificial fire1 :]eupon x becomes food2 h[ ?is food is !n (f]$ into man1 also comp>$ to fire1 :]e x becomes se$2 & h[1 f9ally1 ?is se$ is (f]$ into woman1 also comp>$ to a fire1 & !re becomes an embryo4 ,! text !n goes on1 ',?us 9 ! fif? oblation wat] becomes puru%avakas1' i4e4 to be designat$ by ! t]m man4 ,& ?is means t ! wat] :i*1 9 a subtle =m1 0 ?r\gh\t pres5t 9 ! previ\s oblations also1 n[1 9 t fif? oblation1 assumes ! =m ( a man4--,f ?is "q & answ] x ?us appe>s t ! s\l moves t[>ds a new embodim5t1 toge!r ) ! subtle rudim5ts f :i* ! new body spr+s4--,b ! words1 'wat] becomes puru%avakas1' only intimate t wat] assumes ! =m ( a man1 :5ce we conclude t wat] only inve/s ! s\l dur+ its w&]+s2 h[ !n c x be held t ! s\l moves inve/$ by ! rudim5ts ( all elem5ts8--,to ?is "q ! next ,stra replies4 #b4 ,b on acc\nt ( 7wat]7 consi/+ ( ! ?ree elem5ts2 on acc\nt ( pr$om9ance4 ,wat] alone c\ld n produce a new body2 = ! text ,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #c1 #d1 ',ea* ( ^! he made trip>tite1' %[s t all ! elem5ts 7' made trip>tite to ! end ( produc+ bodies4 ,t ! text "u discussion m5tions wat] only1 is due to ! pr$om9ance ( wat]2 & t among ! elem5ts giv+ rise to a new body wat] pr$om9ates1 we inf] f ! fact t blood & ! o!r hum\rs are ! pr$om9at+ elem5t 9 ! body4 #c4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! go+ ( ! prnas4 ,t ! s\l goes emb$d$ 9 ! subtle rudim5ts ( ! elem5ts foll[s !refrom also t :5 pass+ out ( ! old body x is said to be foll[$ by ! prnas1 ':5 he ?us passes out1 ! *ief prna foll[s aft] him1' c4 7,bri4 ,up4 ,v1 #d1 #b74 ,comp>e also ,smriti3 ',x draws to itself ! organs ( s5se1 ) ! m9d = ! six?4 ,:5 ! ,rul] 7s\l7 obta9s a new body1 & passes out ( ano!r1 he takes ) him ^? organs & !n moves on1 z ! w9d takes ! od\rs f _! abodes 7! fl[]s7' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,xv1 #h74 ,b ! prnas _c move )\t a sub/rate1 & h5ce we mu/ admit t ! rudim5ts ( ! elem5ts--:i* are _! sub/rate--are also mov+4 #d4 ,if x be said 7t x is n s7 on acc\nt ( scriptural /atem5t z to go+ to ,agni & ! re/2 we say no1 on acc\nt ( ! second>y nature 7( ! /atem5t74 ,b ! text1 ':5 ! spee* ( ! dead p]son ent]s into fire1' c4 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #b1 #ac74 decl>es t :5 a p]son dies 8 organs g into fire1 & s on2 !y _c !re=e accompany ! s\l4 ,h5ce ! text :i* ass]ts ! latt] po9t mu/ be expla9$ 9 "s o!r way6--,n s1 ! ,stra replies4 ,! text /at+ t ! organs g to fire1 & s on1 _c be tak5 9 its lit]al s5se2 = x cont9ues1 '! hairs ( ! body ent] into h]bs1 ! hair ( ! head into trees' 7:i* manife/ly is n true1 9 its lit]al s5se74 ,! go+ ( spee*1 ! eye1 & s on1 mu/ !re=e be und]/ood to mean t ! diff]5t organs approa* ! div9ities 7,agni & ! re/7 :o preside ov] !m4 #e4 ,%\ld x be said1 on acc\nt ( abs5ce ( m5tion 9 ! fir/ 7reply72 we say no1 = j t 7is meant71 on ! gr\nd ( fitness4 ,an objection is rais$ to ! conclusion arriv$ at "u ,,iii1 #a1 #a2 on ! gr\nd t 9 ! fir/ oblation1 describ$ 9 ,*4 ,up4 ,v1 #d1 #b1 z be+ made into ! heav5ly _w1 wat] is n m5tion$ at all z ! ?+ (f]$4 ,! text says1 'on t alt> ! gods (f] sraddh'2 & by sraddh 7belief7 ev]ybody und]/&s a c]ta9 activity ( m9d4 ,wat] !re=e is n ! ?+ (f]$4--,n s1 we reply4 ,x is no?+ else b wat]1 :i* !re is call$ sraddh4 ,= ?us only "q & answ] h a s5se4 ,= ! "q is1 ',d y "k :y 9 ! fif? libation wat] is call$ man8' & at ! outset ( ! reply sraddh is m5tion$ z con/itut+ ! oblation made into ! heav5ly _w view$ z a fire4 ,if "h ! ^w sraddh did n d5ote wat]1 "q & answ] w\ld ref] to diff]5t topics1 & !re w\ld be no connexion4 ,! =m 9 :i* ! f9al /atem5t is introduc$ 7iti tu pakamym1 c41 'b ?us 9 ! fif? oblation1' c471 moreov]1 also intimates t sraddh means wat]4 ,! ^w 'iti1' ?us1 "h intimates t ! answ] is meant to dispose ( ! "q1 ',d y "k h[8' c4 ,sraddh becomes moon1 ra91 food1 se$1 embryo 9 succession1 & ?us ! wat] comes to be call$ man4 ,moreov]1 ! ^w sraddh is actually us$ 9 ! ,v$a 9 ! s5se ( 'wat]'2 'he c>ries wat]1 sraddh inde$ is wat]' 7,taitt4 ,samh4 ,i1 #f1 #h1 #a74 ,aad :at ! text says z to k+ ,soma 7! moon7 orig9at+ f sraddh :5 (f]$1 also %[s t sraddh mu/ mean wat]4 #f4 ',on acc\nt ( ?is n be+ /at$ by ,scripture'2 n s1 on acc\nt ( ^? :o p]=m sacrifices & s on be+ und]/ood4 ,b1 a fur!r objection is rais$1 9 ! :ole section "u discussion no m5tion at all is made ( ! s\l2 ! section _c !re=e prove t ! s\l moves1 envelop$ by wat]4 ,! text speaks only ( diff]5t =ms ( wat] sraddh & ! re/4--,?is1 ! ,stra po9ts out1 is n s1 on acc\nt ( ^? :o p]=m sacrifices be+ und]/ood4 ,= fur!r on 9 ! same *apt] x is said1 t ^? :o1 :ile de/itute ( ! k ( ,brahman1 practise sacrifices1 useful works & alms1 rea* ! heav5ly _w & become !re ( ! ess5ce ( ! moon 7som>jnah72 :5ce1 on ! results ( _! good works be+ exhau/$1 !y return aga9 & ent] on a new embryonic /ate 7,*4 ,up4 ,v1 #aj74 ,n[ 9 ! prec$+ section 7,v1 #i7 x is said t !y (f] sraddh 9 ! heav5ly _w1 & t f t oblation !re arises ! k+ ,soma--an acc\nt :i* cle>ly ref]s to ! same process z ! "o describ$ 9 ,v1 #aj4 ,we h]efrom inf] t :at is meant 9 ,v1 #i is t t be+ :i* 0 di/+ui%$ by a body ( sraddh1 becomes a be+ di/+ui%$ by a body ( ! nature ( ! moon4 ,! ^w body d5otes t ! nature ( :i* x is to be ! attribute ( a s\l1 & ?us ext5ds 9 its connotation up to ! s\l4 ,! mean+ ( ! section !re=e is t x is ! s\l :i* moves envelop$ by wat] & ! o!r rudim5t>y elem5ts4--,b ! phrase 'him ! gods eat' 7,v1 #aj1 #d7 %[s t ! k+ ,soma _c be ! s\l1 = t _c be eat56--,to ?is ! next ,stra replies4 #g4 ,or x is metaphorical1 on acc\nt ( _! n kn[+ ! ,self4 ,= ?us ,scripture decl>es4 ,he :o p]=ms sacrifices1 & s on1 & ?us does n "k ! ,self1 is "h bel[ & 9 yond] _w a m]e means ( enjoym5t = ! devas4 ,he s]ves !m "h1 by propitiat+ !m ) sacrifices1 & s on2 & :5 ! gods1 pleas$ ) 8 s]vice1 h tak5 him up into yond] _w1 he !re is a common means ( enjoym5t = !m 7s9ce !y are gratifi$ by ! pres5ce ( a fai?ful s]vant74 ,t ^? n kn[+ ! ,self s]ve & b5efit ! gods1 ,scripture explicitly decl>es1 ',he is l a bea/ = ! devas' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,i1 #d1 #aj74 ,smriti also decl>es1 t :ile ^? :o "k ! ,self atta9 to ,brahman1 ^? :o d n "k x are means ( enjoym5t = ! devas1 ',to ! gods g ! wor%ipp]s ( ! gods1 & !y t are devot$ to me g to me' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,vii1 #bc74 ,:5 ,scripture speaks ( ! s\l be+ eat5 by ! gods1 x !re=e only means t ! s\l is to !m a s\rce ( enjoym5t4 ,t eat+ ! s\l means no m ?an satisfaction ) x1 may also be inf]r$ f ! foll[+ scriptural passage1 ',! gods 9 tru? d n eat nor d !y dr9k2 by ! m]e sight ( t amrita !y are satisfi$4'--,x ?us rema9s a settl$ conclusion t ! s\l moves envelop$ by ! subtle rudim5ts ( ! elem5ts4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! obta9+ ( ano!r body4' #h4 ,on ! pass+ away ( ! works1 ) a rema9d]1 accord+ to ,scripture & ,smriti2 z x w5t & n s4 ,! text decl>es t ^? :o only p]=m sacrifices & useful works asc5d by ! road ( ! fa!rs1 & aga9 return to ! e>? :5 !y h fully enjoy$ ! fruit ( _! works1 'hav+ dwelt !re yvat samptam1 !y return by ! same way' 7,*4 ,up4 ,v1 #aj1 #e74 ,! "q "h arises :e!r ! desc5d+ s\l c>ries a c]ta9 rema9d] 7anusaya7 ( its works or n4--,x does n1 s9ce x has enjoy$ ! fruit ( all its works4 ,= by 'anusaya' we h to und]/& t "p ( ! k>man :i* rema9s ov] & above ! "p retributively enjoy$2 b :5 ! fruit ( ! entire k>man has be5 enjoy$1 !re is no su* rema9d]4 ,& t ?is is s we le>n f ! phrase 'yvat samptam u%itv1' :i* means 'hav+ dwelt !re z long z ! k>man la/s' 7sampatanty an5a sv>galokam iti samptah74 ,analog\sly ano!r text says1 ',hav+ obta9$ ! end ( :atev] de$ he does on e>?1 he aga9 returns f t _w to ?is _w to action' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,v1 #d1 #f74--;,aga9/ ?is prim facie view ! ,stra decl>es ') a rema9d] he desc5ds1 on acc\nt ( :at is se51 i4e4 scriptural text1 & ,smriti4' ,! scriptural text is ! "o ',^? ^: conduct has be5 good' 7,v1 #aj1 #g71 :i* means t among ! s\ls t h return$1 ^? ^: k>man is good obta9 a good bir? z ,brhmanas or ! l1 :ile ^? ^: k>man is bad are born aga9 z l[ creatures-dogs1 pigs1 ,kndlas1 & ! l4 ,?is %[s t ! s\ls :i* h desc5d$ are /ill connect$ ) good or evil k>man4 ,smriti also decl>es ?is3 ',m5 ( ! sev]al ca/es & ord]s1 :o always /& firm 9 ! works prescrib$ = !m1 enjoy aft] dea? ! rew>ds ( _! works1 & by virtue ( a remnant 7( _! works7 !y are born aga9 9 excell5t c\ntries1 ca/es & families1 end[$ ) beauty1 long life1 le>n+ 9 ! ,v$as1 weal?1 good conduct1 happ9ess & wisdom4 ,^? :o act 9 a contr>y mann] p]i%' 7,gautama ,dha4 ,s4 ,,xi1 #bi72 ',aft]w>ds :5 a man returns to ?is _w he obta9s1 by virtue ( a rema9d] ( works1 bir? 9 a good family1 beauty ( =m1 beauty ( complexion1 /r5g?1 aptitude = le>n+1 wisdom1 weal?1 & capacity = fulfill+ 8 duties4 ,!re=e1 roll+ l a :eel 7f ! "o to ! o!r71 9 bo? worlds he dwells 9 happ9ess' 7pa/4 ,dha4 ,s4 ,,ii1 #a1 #b1 #c74 ,! clause 'z long z 8 works la/' 7yvat-samptam7 ref]s to t "p ( 8 works only :i* 0 p]=m$ ) a view to rew>d 7z promis$ = ^? works by ! ,v$a72 & ! same holds true ) reg>d to ! passage ':atev] "w man does "h on e>?' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,v1 #d1 #f74 ,nor is x possible t works1 ! fruit ( :i* has n yet be5 enjoy$1 & ^? ! result ( :i* has n be5 wip$ out by expiatory c]emonies1 %\ld be de/roy$ by ! enjoym5t ( ! fruits ( o!r works4 ,h5ce ^? :o h gone to t _w return ) a remnant ( _! works1 'z !y w5t & n s'--i4e4 9 ! same way z !y asc5d$ & also 9 a diff]5t way4 ,= ! asc5t takes place by ! foll[+ /ages--smoke1 night1 ! d>k half ( ! moon1 ! six mon?s ( ! sun's s\!rn progress1 ! _w ( ! fa!rs1 e!r1 moon4 ,! desc5t1 on ! o!r h&1 goes f ! place ( ! moon1 ?r\gh e!r1 w9d1 smoke1 mi/1 cl\d4 ,! two j\rneys are alike 9 s f> z !y pass ?r\gh e!r1 b diff]5t 9 s f> z ! desc5t t\*es w9d1 & s on1 & does n t\* ! _w ( ! fa!rs1 & o!r /ages ( ! asc5t4 #i4 ',on acc\nt ( conduct'2 n s1 s9ce 7k>ana7 connotes works2 ?us ,kr%nj9i ?9ks4 ,9 ! phrases '^? ^: works 7 good' 7ramanya-k>anh71 & '^? ^: works 7 bad' 7kapy-k>anh71 ! ^w k>ana does n d5ote good & evil works 7i4e4 n su* works z ! ,v$a on ! "o h& enjo9s z lead+ to c]ta9 rew>ds1 & on ! o!r prohibits1 ?reat5+ puni%m5t71 =1 9 ,v$ic z well z ord9>y language1 ! t]m k>ana is g5]ally us$ 9 ! s5se ( kra1 i4e4 g5]al conduct4 ,9 ord9>y spee* su* words z kra1 sla1 vritta are consid]$ synonym\s1 & 9 ! ,v$a we read ':atev] works 7k>mni7 are blameless1 ^? %\ld be reg>d$1 n o!rs4 ,:atev] our good conduct 7su-k>itni7 01 t %\ld be obs]v$ by !e1 no?+ else' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,i1 #aa1 #b7--:]e 'works' & 'conduct' are di/+ui%$4 ,diff]5ce 9 quality ( bir? !re=e dep5ds on conduct1 n on ! rema9d] ( works p]=m$ ) a view to c]ta9 results4--,?is prim facie view ! ,stra sets aside1 'n s1 because ! scriptural t]m k>ana connotes works2 ?us ! tea*] ,kr%nj9i ?9ks4' ,= m]e conduct does n lead to exp]i5ces ( pleasure & pa92 pleasure & pa9 are ! results ( works 9 ! limit$ s5se4 #aj4 ',!re is purposelessness'2 n s1 on acc\nt ( ! dep5d5ce on t4 ,b if conduct has no result1 x foll[s t good conduct1 z enjo9$ 9 ! ,smritis1 is useless6--,n s1 we reply2 = holy works enjo9$ by ! ,v$a dep5d on conduct1 9 s f> z a man ( good conduct only is entitl$ to p]=m ^? works4 ,?is appe>s f passages su* z ! foll[+3 ',a man :o is n pure is unfit = all religi\s "w1' & ',him :o is devoid ( good conduct ! ,v$as d n purify4' ,kr%nj9i's view ?us is1 t ! k>ana ( ! text implies k>man4 #aa4 ,b only good & evil works1 ?us ,bd>i ?9ks4 ,z ! v]b -k> takes k>man = its object 7punyam k>m k>ati1 c471 & z ! sep>ate d5otation 7i4e4 ! use ( app>5tly equival5t words1 viz4 k> & k>man7 c be acc\nt$ = on ! gr\nd t "o ( !m ref]s to works e/abli%$ by manife/ texts1 & ! o!r to texts inf]r$ f actually exi/+ rules ( good conduct2 & z1 :5 ! prim>y mean+ is possible1 no second>y mean+ mu/ be adopt$2 no?+ else b good & evil works 79 ! ,v$ic s5se7 are d5ot$ by ! ^w k>ana3 su* is ! op9ion ( ! tea*] ,bd>i4 ,?is op9ion ( ,bd>i1 ! au?or ( ! ,stra /ates z repres5t+ 8 own4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he adopts ! view ( ,kr%naj9i 9 s f> z he consid]s su* items ( virtu\s conduct z ! ,s&hy--:i* are enjo9$ by scriptural texts1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* is inf]r$ on ! basis ( conduct z enjo9$ by ,smriti--to h ! result ( qualify+ ! ag5t = ! p]=mance ( o!r works4--,! conclusion !re=e is t ! s\ls desc5d1 c>ry+ a remnant ( _! works4-- ,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! pass+ ( works4' #ab4 ,( ^? also :o d n p]=m sacrifices 7! asc5t7 is decl>$ by ,scripture4 ,x has be5 said t ^? :o p]=m only sacrifices1 & s on1 g to ! moon & !nce return ) a rema9d] ( _! works4 ,! "q n[ arises :e!r ^? also :o d n p]=m sacrifices g to ! moon4 ,! phrase ':o d n p]=m sacrifices' d5otes evil- do]s ( two k9ds1 viz4 ^? :o d n d :at is enjo9$1 & ^? :o d :at is =bidd54--,^! also g to ! moon1 ! ,prvapak%9 ma9ta9s2 = ! text conta9s a /atem5t to t effect1 ',all :o dep>t f ?is _w g to ! moon' 7,ka4 ,up4 ,i1 #b7--:]e x is said t all g1 )\t any di/9ction4 ,s t ^? :o p]=m good works & ^? :o p]=m evil works1 equally g to ! moon4--,?is ! next ,stra negatives4 #ac4 ,b ( ! o!rs hav+ enjoy$ 9 ,samyamana1 !re is asc5t & desc5t2 z su* a c\rse is decl>$4 ,( ! o!rs1 i4e4 ^? :o d n p]=m sacrifices1 & s on1 !re is asc5t to ! moon & desc5t f !re1 only aft] !y h 9 ! k+dom ( ,yama suff]$ ! puni%m5ts due to _! actions4 ,= ! text decl>es t evil-do]s fall "u ! p[] ( ,yama1 & h to g to him1 ',he :o ?9ks1 ?is is ! _w !re is no o!r1 falls aga9 & aga9 "u my sway' 7,ka4 ,up4 ,i1 #b1 #f72 '! son ( ,vivasvat1 ! ga!r+ place ( m5' 7,rik ,samh4 ,x1 #ad1 #a72 ',k+ ,yama1' & o!r texts4 #ad4 ,smriti texts also decl>e ?is4 ,t all be+s are "u ! sway ( ,yama1 ,p>s>a also & o!r ,smriti writ]s decl>e1 ',& all ^! pass "u ! sway ( ,yama4' #ae4 ,moreov] !re are sev54 ,! ,smritis moreov] decl>e t !re are sev5 hells1 call$ ,raurava1 & s on1 to :i* evil-do]s h to g4--,b h[ d !y1 if mov+ ab\t 9 ^? sev5 places1 rea* ! palace ( ,yama8 #af4 ,on acc\nt ( 8 activity !re also1 !re is no contradiction4 ,z _! go+ to ^? sev5 places also is due to ! comm& ( ,yama1 !re is no contradiction4--,?us ^? also :o d n p]=m sacrifices1 & s on1 aft] hav+ gone to ! _w ( ,yama1 & !re und]gone puni%m5ts accord+ to ! nature ( _! works1 lat] on asc5d to ! moon & aga9 desc5d f !re4--,( ?is conclusion ! next ,stra disposes4 #ag4 ,b1 ( k & "w--z ^! are ! lead+ topics4 ,! 'b' sets aside ! view develop$ s f>4 ,x _c be admitt$ t ^? also :o d n p]=m sacrifices1 & s on1 rea* ! moon2 because ! pa? ( ! gods & ! pa? ( ! fa!rs are meant = ! enjoym5t ( ! fruits '( k & "w4',t is to say--z ^? :o d n p]=m sacrifices _c asc5d by ! pa? ( ! gods1 s9ce !y are de/itute ( k2 s !y also _c g by ! pa? ( ! fa!rs1 s9ce !y are de/itute ( m]itori\s works4 ,& t ^! two pa?s are dep5d5t respectively on k & works1 we "k f ! fact t ^! two are ! lead+ topics4 ,= k =ms ! lead+ topic ) reg>d to ! pa? ( ! gods1 ',^? :o "k ?is1 & ^? :o 9 ! =e/ foll[ fai? & au/]ities1 g to light1' c42 & works h ! same position ) reg>d to ! pa? ( ! fa!rs1 !y :o liv+ 9 a village p]=m sacrifices1 c4 g to ! smoke1 c4 ,! text1 'all ^? :o dep>t f ?is _w g to ! moon1' mu/ !re=e be int]pret$ to mean 'all ^? :o p]=m sacrifices g to ! moon4'--,b if evil-do]s d n g to ! moon1 ! fif? oblation _c take place1 & no new body c be produc$4 ,= ! text says1 ',9 ! fif? oblation wat] is call$ man1' &1 z we h %[n1 t fif? oblation presupposes ! s\l's go+ to ! moon4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to und]/& h[ 9 _! case also a new embodim5t is possible1 x mu/ ne$s be admitt$ t !y also asc5d to ! moon4--,to ?is ! next ,stra replies4 #ah4 ,n 9 ! case ( ! ?ird 7place71 z x is ?us p]ceiv$4 ,! ?ird 'place' does n1 = ! orig9ation ( a new body1 dep5d on ! fif? oblation4 ,! t]m1'! ?ird place1' d5otes m]e evil-do]s4 ,t ^! d n1 = ! orig9ation ( a new body1 dep5d on ! fif? oblation1 is se5 f ,scripture4 ,=1 9 answ] to ! "q ',d y "k :y t _w nev] becomes full8' ! text says1 ',on nei!r ( ^! two ways are ^? small creatures cont9ually return+1 ( :om x may be said1 ,live & die4 ,?is is ! ?ird place4 ,!re=e t _w nev] becomes full4' ,z ?is passage /ates t 9 consequ5ce ( '! ?ird place' 7i4e4 ! creatures =m+ a ?ird class7 n asc5d+ to & desc5d+ f ! heav5ly _w t _w nev] becomes full1 x foll[s t t ?ird place does n1 = ! orig9ation ( bodies1 dep5d on ! fif? oblation4 ,! clause1 '9 ! fif? oblation1' moreov]1 m]ely /ates t ! connexion ( wat] ) ! fif? fire is ! cause ( ! wat] 'be+ call$ man' 7i4 e4 becom+ an embryo71 b does n d5y ! orig9ation ( embryos 9 o!r ways2 = ! text conta9s no ^w ass]t+ su* a limitation4 #ai4 ,x moreov] is record$1 9 ! _w4 ,smriti1 moreov]1 /ates t ! bodies ( "s specially m]itori\s p]sons1 su* z ,draupad1 ,dhri%tadyumna & o!rs1 7 =m$ indep5d5tly ( ! fif? oblation' 7i4e4 sexual union74 #bj4 ,& on acc\nt ( its be+ se54 ,& x is se5 9 ,scripture also1 t ! bodies ( "s be+s orig9ate indep5d5tly ( ! fif? oblation3 ',( all be+s !re are inde$ ?ree orig9s only1 t :i* spr+s f an egg1 t :i* spr+s f a liv+ be+1 t :i* spr+s f a g]m' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #c1 #a74 ,x is obs]v$ t f among ^! be+s ^? spr++ f a g]m & ^? spr++ f heat orig9ate )\t t fif? oblation4--,b ! text quot$ does n ref] to ! creatures spr++ f heat2 = x says t !re are ?ree orig9s only6--,to ?is ! next ,stra replies4 #ba4 ,! ?ird t]m includes t :i* spr+s f heat4 ,creatures sprung f heat are includ$ 9 ! ?ird t]m--viz4 t :i* spr+s f a g]m--:i* is exhibit$ 9 ! text quot$4 ,! settl$ conclusion !re=e is t ! evil-do]s d n g to ! moon4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '^? :o d n p]=m sacrifices4' #bb4 ,!re is ent]+ into simil>ity ( be+ ) ^?1 !re be+ a reason4 ,! text describes ! mann] 9 :i* ^? :o p]=m sacrifices1 & s on1 desc5d f ! moon z foll[s3 ',!y return aga9 t way z !y came1 to ! e!r1 f ! e!r to ! air4 ,!n hav+ become air !y become smoke1 hav+ become smoke !y become mi/1' c4 ,! d\bt "h arises :e!r ! s\l :5 rea*+ e!r1 & s on1 becomes e!r 9 ! same s5se z "h on e>? x becomes a man or o!r be+1 or m]ely becomes simil> to e!r1 & s on4--,! =m] view is ! true "o2 = z ! s\l 9 ! sraddh /ate becomes ! moon1 s x mu/ likewise be held to become e!r1 & s on1 !re be+ no reason = a diff]5ce 9 ! two cases4--,?is prim facie view ! ,stra sets aside4 ,! desc5d+ s\l ent]s into simil>ity ( be+ ) e!r1 & s on2 s9ce !re is a reason = ?is4 ,:5 ! s\l becomes a man or becomes ! moon1 !re is a reason = t1 s9ce x !reby becomes capacitat$ = ! enjoym5t ( pa9 & pleasure4 ,b !re is no simil> reason = ! s\l becom+ e!r1 & s on1 & h5ce ! /atem5t t ! s\l becomes e!r1 & s on1 c only mean t1 ow+ to contact ) !m1 x becomes simil> to !m4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'ent]+ into simil>ity ( be+4' #bc4 ,n v long2 on acc\nt ( special /atem5t4 ,does ! s\l 9 its desc5t ?r\gh e!r1 & s on1 /ay at ea* /age = a n v long "t1 or is !re no?+ to def9e t "t8-- ,x /ays at ea* /age = an indef9ite "t1 !re be+ no?+ to def9e ! "t4-- ,n s1 ! ,stra decides4 ,= !re is a special /atem5t1 i4e4 ! text says t :5 ! s\l has become rice or gra9 or ! l1 ! pass+ out ( t /age is beset ) difficulties4 ,f ?is we inf] t z !re is no su* /atem5t conc]n+ ! e>li] /ages1 ! s\l /ays at ea* ( !m = a %ort "t only4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! n v long "t4' #bd4 ,into 7plants7 animat$ by o!r s\ls1 because ! /atem5t is z 9 ! previ\s cases4 ,! text decl>es t 'he desc5d+ s\ls are born z rice1 corn1' c41 '!y are born "h z rice1 corn1 h]bs1 trees1' c4 ,! "q "h is :e!r ! s\ls cl+ to plants animat$ by o!r s\ls :i* h ^? plants = _! bodies2 or :e!r ! desc5d+ s\ls !mselves are born ) ^? plants = _! bodies4--,! latt] view is ! "r "o2 = ! text says1 '!y are born z rice1 gra91' & s on1 & ?is expression is ( ! same k9d z :5 we say 'he is born z a man1 z a deva1' & s on4 ,! text !re=e means t ! s\ls are embodi$ 9 ! diff]5t plants4--,?is view ! ,stra rejects4 ,! s\ls m]ely cl+ to ^? plants :i* con/itute ! bodies ( o!r s\ls2 's9ce ! /atem5t is z 9 ! previ\s cases1' i4e4 because ! text only says t ! s\ls become plants z x _h previ\sly be5 said t !y become e!r1 & s on4 ,:]e ! text means to say t ! s\l ent]s on ! condition ( an enjoy+ s\l 7i4e4 ( a s\l assum+ a new body = ! purpose ( retributive enjoym5t71 x ref]s to ! de$s :i* lead to su* enjoym5t2 s e4 g4 9 ! passage1 ',^? ^: works h be5 good obta9 a good bir?1' c4 ,b 9 ! text "u discussion !re is no su* ref]5ce to k>man4 ,= ^? works--viz4 sacrifices & ! l--:i* 7 und]tak5 ) a view to rew>d1 su* z enjoym5t ( ! heav5ly _w1 are1 9 ! case ( ! desc5d+ s\ls1 completely wip$ out by ! enjoym5t ( ! heav5ly _w 7:i* prec$es ! desc5t ( ! s\ls72 & ^? works on ! o!r h&1 ! action ( :i* has n yet begun1 lead to ! embodim5ts m5tion$ fur!r on 7',^? ^: works are good'74 ,& 9 ! int]val betwe5 ^? two conditions no new k>man orig9ates4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! text says t ! s\ls are born z plants1 ! /atem5t _c be tak5 9 its lit]al s5se4 #be4 ,x is unholy4 ,n s1 on ! gr\nd ( ,scripture4 ,! conclusion arriv$ at above _c be accept$1 s9ce !re is a reason :y ! desc5d+ s\l %\ld ent] on ! condition ( an enjoy+ s\l4 ,su* works z sacrifices1 ! fruit ( :i* is ! enjoym5t ( ! heav5ly _w1 are mix$ ) evil1 = !y imply injury to liv+ be+s z 9 ! case ( ! goat (f]$ to ,agn%omau4 ,& su* injury is evil z x is =bidd5 by texts su* z 'let him n h>m any creature4' ,nor c x be said t ! injunctions ( sacrific+ animals con/itute exceptions to ! g5]al rule ( n h>m+ any creature4--,= ! two injunctions ref] to diff]5t ?+s4 ,! injunction to kill ! goat = ,agn%omau intimates t ! kill+ ( ! animal subs]ves ! accompli%m5t ( ! sacrifice1 :ile ! injunction n to 'h>m' tea*es t su* h>m+ has disa/r\s consequ5ces4 ,%\ld x be said t ! prohibition ( h>m+ does n ref] to su* actions z ! sacrifice ( ! goat :i* proce$ on ! basis ( scriptural injunction1 b only to su* actions z spr+ f natural passion or desire 7rga72 we rem>k t 9 ! case ( sacrifices also ! action is equally prompt$ by natural desire4 ,injunctions su* z ',he :o desires ! heav5ly _w is to sacrifice'1 tea* t sacrifices are to be und]tak5 by p]sons desir\s ( c]ta9 pleasant results1 & su* p]sons hav+ ?us le>n$ by :at means ! result is to be accompli%$ proce$ to action f ! natural desire ( ! result4 ,?is applies to ! kill+ ( ! goat also :i* is (f]$ to ,agn%omau2 man le>ns f ,scripture t su* actions help to accompli% ! sacrifice :i* effects ! result1 & !n p]=ms ^? actions f natural desire4 ,! case 9 no way diff]s f t ( h>m done 9 ord9>y life--:]e ! ag5t always is prompt$ by natural desire1 hav+ someh[ arriv$ at ! conclusion t 8 action w accompli% some?+ aim$ at by himself4 ,! same holds good ) reg>d to works ( p]man5t obligation4 ,m5 le>n f ,scripture t ?r\gh ! p]=mance ( ! special duties ( _! ca/e !y atta9 happ9ess ( ! highe/ k9d1 & !n apply !mselves to _! duties f a natural desire ( su* happ9ess1 & !re=e su* works also are mix$ ) evil4 ,h5ce ! s\ls ( ^? :o h p]=m$ sacrifices1 & s on1 :i* conta9 an elem5t ( evil1 at fir/ exp]i5ce 9 ! heav5ly _w t result :i* is to be enjoy$ !re1 & !n embody+ !mselves 9 non-mov+ ?+s su* z plants1 exp]i5ce ! fruit ( t "p ( _! actions :i* is ( a h>mful nature4 ,t embodim5t 9 non-mov+ be+s is ! result ( evil de$s ,smriti decl>es3 ',ow+ to ^? defects ( "w :i* are due to ! body1 a man becomes a non-mov+ be+4' ,f all ?is x foll[s t ! s\ls embody !mselves 9 plants to ! end ( enjoy+ ! fruits ( _! works4--,to ?is ! ,stra replies--x is n s1 on acc\nt ( scriptural /atem5t4 ,= ,scripture decl>es t ! kill+ ( sacrificial animals makes !m to g up to ! heav5ly _w1 & !re=e is n ( ! nature ( h>m4 ,?is is decl>$ 9 ! text1 ',! animal kill$ at ! sacrifice hav+ assum$ a div9e body goes to ! heav5ly _w'2 ') a gold5 body x asc5ds to ! heav5ly _w4' ,an action :i* is ! means ( supreme exaltation is n ( ! nature ( h>m1 ev5 if x involves "s little pa92 x r is ( b5eficial nature4--,) ?is ! mantra also agrees3 ',?\ do/ n die1 ?\ goe/ to ! gods on easy pa?s2 :]e virtu\s m5 g1 n evil-do]s1 !re ! div9e ,savitri may lead !e4' ,an act :i* has a heal+ t5d5cy1 al?\gh x may cause a transitory pa91 m5 ( insight decl>e to be pres]vative & b5eficial4 #bf4 ,aft] t conjunction ) him :o p]=ms ! act ( g5]ation4 ,! decl>ation t ! desc5d+ s\ls become rice plants1 & s on1 _c be tak5 lit]ally = t reason also1 t ! text aft]w>ds decl>es !m to become ^? :o p]=m ! act ( g5]ation3 ',:oev] ! be+ may be t eats ! food & begets (fspr+1 t be+ he 7i4e4 ! s\l t has desc5d$7 becomes4' ,n[ ! mean+ ( ?is latt] text c only be t ! s\l ent]s into conjunction ) ! creature :i* eats ! gra92 & h5ce we h to int]pret ! previ\s text1 z to ! s\l's becom+ a plant1 9 ! same way4 #bg4 ,f ! yoni ! body4 ,only aft] hav+ rea*$ a yoni ! s\l1 affect$ ) a remnant ( its works1 obta9s a new body1 & only 9 a body !re c be ! enjoym5t ( pleasure & pa94 ,:51 !re=e1 previ\s to t ! s\l is said to rea* e!r1 w9d1 & s on1 ?is c only mean t x ent]s into conjunction ) !m4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 't animat$ by ano!r s\l4' ,,second ,p,,da4 #a4 ,9 ! int]m$iate sph]e ! creation 7is effect$ by ! s\l72 = 7,scripture7 says 7s74 ,s f> x has be5 %[n t ! s\l 9 ! wak+ /ate suff]s affliction s9ce1 9 accordance ) its de$s1 x goes1 returns1 is born1 & s on4 ,next an enquiry is in/itut$ into its condition 9 ! /ate ( dream4 ,) ref]5ce to ! /ate ( dream+ ,scripture says1 ',!re are no *>iots 9 t /ate1 no horses1 no roads2 !n he creates *>iots1 horses & roads4 ,!re are no bless+s1 no happ9ess1 no joys2 !n he himself creates bless+s1 happ9ess1 joys1 & s on4 ,= he is ! creator' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #c1 #aj74 ,a d\bt "h arises :e!r ?is creation ( *>iots & ! re/ is accompli%$ by ! individual s\l1 or by ! ,"l4--',! creation 9 ! int]m$iate /ate' is due to ! individual s\l only4 ',! int]m$iate /ate' means ! sph]e ( dreams1 9 agreem5t ) ! passage ',!re is a ?ird int]m$iate /ate1 ! place ( dreams' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #c1 #a74 ,& t creation is effect$ by ! s\l only2 = :at is ref]r$ to 9 ! passages 'he creates1' ',= he is ! mak]1' is none o!r b ! dream+ s\l4 #b4 ,& "s 7/ate ! s\l to be7 ! %ap]2 & sons1 & s on4 ,& ! foll[]s ( "o skh /ate 9 _! text t ! dream+ s\l is ! %ap] ( its desires3 ',he1 ! p]son :o is awake 9 ^? :o sleep1 %ap+ "o desir$ ?+ 7kma7 aft] ! o!r4' ,! t]m 'kma' !re d5otes n m]e desires1 b su* ?+s z sons & ! l :i* are objects ( desire4 ,= sons & s on are introduc$ z 'kmas' 9 previ\s passages3 ',ask = all kmas accord+ to ?y wi%'2 ',*oose sons & gr&sons liv+ a hundr$ ye>s' 7,ka4 ,up4 ,i1 #a1 #be2 #bc74 ,! individual s\l ?us creates *>iots1 & s on1 9 its dreams4 ,t ! s\l has ! p[] ( realis+ all its wi%es is kn[n f ! decl>ation ( ,prajpati4 ,x is !re=e able to create1 ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( special in/rum5ts4--,?is view is set aside by ! next ,stra4 #c4 ,b x is m]e ,my2 on acc\nt ( ! true nature 7( ! s\l7 n be+ fully manife/$4 ,! ?+s appe>+ 9 dreams-*>iots1 lotus tanks1 & s on--are absolute ,my1 i4e4 ?+s creat$ by ! ,supreme ,p]son4 ,= ! t]m ',my' d5otes wond]ful ?+s1 z appe>s f passages su* z ',%e 0 born 9 ! race ( ,janaka1 appe>+ l ! wond]ful p[] ( ! div9e be+ 9 bodily %ape' 7devamy74 ,! s5se ( ! passage '!re are no *>iots1' c4 !n is--!re are no *>iots & horses to be p]ceiv$ by any o!r p]son b ! dream+ "o2 & !n 'he creates *>iots1' c4--i4 e4 ! ,supreme ,p]son creates ?+s to be p]ceiv$ by ! dream] & p]si/+ = a c]ta9 "t only4 ,^? ?+s !re=e are ( a wond]ful nature 7b n illusions74 ,& ! creation ( su* wond]ful ?+s is possible = ! ,supreme ,p]son :o c imm$iately realise all 8 wi%es2 b n = ! individual s\l4 ,! latt] also1 inde$1 fundam5tally possesses t p[]2 b z 9 ! ,samsra /ate ! true nature ( ! s\l is n fully manife/$1 x is !n incapable ( accompli%+ su* wond]ful creations4 ,! text '! p]son %ap+ "o desir$ ?+ aft] ! o!r' decl>es ! ,supreme ,p]son to be ! creator1 = ! clauses imm$iately prec$+ & foll[+ t text 7viz4 ',he :o is awake 9 ^? :o sleep'2 & 't is ! ,bright1 t is ,brahman1 t alone is call$ ! ,immortal2 all worlds are conta9$ 9 x & no "o goes beyond'--,ka4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #e1 #h7 m5tion attributes di/9ctively *>act]i/ic ( ! ,supreme ,p]son4 ,& ! ,bri4 ,up4 text1 ',= he is ! mak]1' mu/ !re=e1 9 agreem5t ) ! ,ka?a-text1 also be und]/ood z decl>+ t x is ! ,supreme ,p]son only t creates ! ?+s se5 9 a dream4--,b if x is ! true nature ( ! s\l to be free f all imp]fections1 & s on1 :y !n does ?is n manife/ itself8--,to ?is ! next ,stra replies4 #d4 ,b ow+ to ! wi% ( ! highe/ x is hidd52 = f t are its bondage & ! opposite /ate4 ,! b sets ! objection aside4 ,ow+ to ! wi% ( ! highe/1 i4 e4 ! ,supreme ,p]son1 ! ess5tial nature ( ! individual s\l is hidd54 ,! ,supreme ,p]son hides ! true1 ess5tially bless$1 nature ( ! s\l :i* is 9 a /ate ( s9 ow+ to ! endless *a9 ( k>man4 ,= ?is reason we f9d x /at$ 9 ,scripture t ! bondage & release ( ! s\l result f ! wi% ( ! ,supreme ,p]son only ':5 he f9ds fre$om f fe> & re/ 9 t invisible1 incorporeal1 undef9$1 unsupport$2 !n he has gone to fe>lessness '2 '= he alone causes bless$ness'2 'f fe> ( x ! w9d bl[s' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #g1 #h74 #e4 ,or t 7results7 also f connexion ) ! body4 ,! obscuration ( ! s\l's true nature results ei!r f ! s\l's connexion ) ! body or f its connexion ) ! p[] ( matt] 9 a subtle /ate4 ,z long z ! creation la/s1 ! s\l is obscur$ by its connexion ) matt] 9 ! =m ( a body2 at ! "t ( a pralaya1 on ! o!r h&1 by its connexion ) matt] ( s exce$+ly subtle a k9d z n to admit ( diff]5tiation by means ( "n & =m4 ,z ?us its true nature is n manife/1 ! s\l is unable to create1 9 dreams1 *>iots1 lotus tanks1 & s on1 by its m]e wi%4 ,& :at ! texts say ab\t a be+ t is awake 9 ^? :o sleep & is ! abode ( all worlds 7'9 t all ! worlds abide1 & no "o goes beyond x'--,ka4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #d1 #i7 c apply to ! ,supreme ,p]son only4 ,! ?+s se5 by an individual s\l 9 its dreams !re=e are specially creat$ by ! ,supreme ,p]son1 & are meant by him to be a retribution--:e!r rew>d or puni%m5t--= de$s ( m9or importance3 !y !re=e la/ = ! "t ( ! dream only1 & are p]ceiv$ by t "o s\l only4 #f4 ,& x is sugge/ive1 accord+ to ,scripture2 ?is ! exp]ts also decl>e4 ,! ?+s se5 9 dreams are n creat$ by ! wi% ( ! individual s\l = ?is reason also1 t accord+ to ,scripture dreams are prophetic ( future good or ill =tune4 ',:5 a man engag$ 9 "s "w und]tak5 = "s special wi% sees a woman 9 8 dream1 he may inf] success f 8 dream vision4' ,^? also :o und]/& ! sci5ce ( dreams tea* t dreams =e%ad[ good & evil =tune4 ,b t :i* dep5ds on "o's own wi% c h no prophetic quality2 & z ill =tune is n desir$ ! dream] w\ld create = himself only su* visions z w\ld indicate good =tune4 ,h5ce ! creation :i* takes place 9 dreams c be ! ,"l's "w only4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! int]m$iate /ate4' #g4 ,! abs5ce ( t takes place 9 ! nds & 9 ! ,self1 accord+ to scriptural /atem5t4 ,next ! /ate ( deep dreamless sleep is enquir$ into4 ,scripture says1 ',:5 a man is asleep1 repos+ & at p]fect re/1 s t he sees no dream1 !n he lies asleep 9 ^? nds' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #f1 #c72 ',:5 he is 9 pr(\nd sleep & is consci\s ( no?+1 !re are sev5ty- two ?\s& ve9s call$ hita :i* f ! he>t spread ?r\gh ! p]ic>dium4 ,?r\gh !m he moves =? & re/s 9 ! p]ic>dium' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a1 #ai74 ',:5 a man sleeps "h1 he becomes unit$ ) ! ,true' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #h1 #a74 ,^! texts decl>e ! ve9s1 ! p]ic>dium1 & ,brahman to be ! place ( deep sleep2 & h5ce !re is a d\bt :e!r ea* ( !m 9 turns1 or all ( !m toge!r1 are t place4 ,!re is an option betwe5 !m1 s9ce !y are n 9 mutual dep5d5ce1 & s9ce ! sleep+ s\l _c at ! same "t be 9 sev]al places6--,to ?is ! ,stra replies--! abs5ce ( dreams1 i4e4 deep sleep takes place 9 ! ve9s1 9 ! p]ic>dium1 & 9 ! highe/ ,self toge!r2 s9ce ^! ?ree are decl>$ by ,scripture4 ,:5 diff]5t alt]natives may be comb9$1 on ! gr\nd ( !re be+ diff]5t effects 9 ea* case1 x is improp] to assume an option :i* implies sublation ( "s ( ! alt]natives4 ,& 9 ! pres5t case su* comb9ation is possible1 ! ve9s & ! p]ic>dium hold+ ! position ( a mansion1 z x 71 & a c\* )9 ! mansion1 :ile ,brahman is ! pill[1 z x 74 ,?us ,brahman alone is ! imm$iate re/+-place ( ! sleep+ s\l4 #h4 ,h5ce ! awak+ f t4 ,s9ce ,brahman alone directly is ! place ( deep sleep1 ,scripture is able to decl>e t ! s\ls awake f t1 i4e4 ,brahman2 comp>e ',hav+ come back f ! ,true !y d n "k t !y come f ! ,true' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #aj1 #b71 & o!r texts4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! abs5ce ( t4' #i4 ,b ! same1 on acc\nt ( "w1 remembrance1 text1 & injunction4 ,does ! same p]son :o _h gone to sleep rise aga9 at ! "t ( wak+1 or a diff]5t "o8--,s9ce ! s\l 9 deep sleep frees itself f all limit+ adjuncts1 unites itself ) ,brahman1 & ?us be+ 9 no way diff]5t f ! releas$ s\l1 is no long] 9 any way connect$ ) its previ\s body1 organs1 & s on2 ! p]son ris+ f sleep is a diff]5t "o4--,?is view ! ,stra sets aside1 say+ 'b ! same4' ,= !re rema9s ! "w1 i4e4 ! good & evil de$s previ\sly done by ! sleep]1 = :i* ! same p]son has to und]go retribution be=e ! k ( tru? arises4 ,!re is next remembrance--',i1 ! wak+ p]son1 am ! same z ,i :o 0 asleep4' ,scripture also decl>es ?is3 ',:atev] ^! creatures are "h1 :e!r a lion1 or tig]1 or wolf1 c41 t !y become aga9' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #aj1 #b74 ,&1 la/ly1 ! injunctions :i* enjo9 c]ta9 acts = ! sake ( f9al ,release w\ld be purportless if ! p]son m]g$ 9 deep sleep atta9$ ,release4 ,nor c x be said t ! sleep+ s\l is free f all limit+ adjuncts & manife/s itself 9 its true nature 7s z n to be diff]5t f ! releas$ s\l74 ,= ) reg>d to ! sleep+ p]son ! text says1',9 tru? he ?us does n "k himself t he is ,i1 nor does he "k any?+ t exi/s4 ,he is gone to utt] annihilation4 ,i see no good 9 ?is' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 ii1 #a72 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! texts1 ',hav+ approa*$ ! highe/ light he manife/s himself 9 8 true nature2 he moves ab\t !re laugh+1 play+1 delight+ himself2 ',he becomes a ,self-rul]2 he moves ab\t 9 all ! worlds accord+ to 8 wi%'2 ',! see+ "o sees ev]y?+1 & atta9s ev]y?+ ev]y:]e' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #ab1 #c2 ,,vii1 #be1 #b2 #bf1 #b71 decl>e t ! releas$ s\l is all-kn[+1 & s on4 ,:at is true ab\t ! sleep+ p]son is t he is /ill compris$ )9 ! ,samsra1 b = ! "t hav+ put (f all in/rum5ts ( k & action & become incapable ( k & enjoym5t repairs to ! place ( utt] re/1 i4e4 ! highe/ ,self1 & hav+ !re refre%$ himself1 aga9 rises to new enjoym5t ( action4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '"w1 remembrance1 text1 & injunction4' #aj4 ,9 ! swoon+ p]son !re is half-comb9ation2 ?is be+ ! rema9+ 7hypo!sis74 ,) reg>d to a p]son ly+ 9 a swoon or /unn$1 ! "q arises :e!r t /ate ( swoon is "o ( ! o!r /ates1 viz4 deep sleep & s on1 or :e!r x is a special condition ( its own4--,! =m] alt]native mu/ be accept$4 ,= ! t]m 'swoon' may be expla9$ z d5ot+ ei!r deep sleep or "s o!r ackn[l$g$ /ate1 & !re is no au?ority = assum+ an altoge!r diff]5t new /ate4--,?is view ! ,stra sets aside4 ,! condition ( a swoon+ p]son consi/s 9 rea*+ half1 viz4 ( :at leads to dea?2 = ?is is ! only hypo!sis rema9+4 ,a swoon _c be ei!r dream+ or be+ awake2 = 9 a swoon !re is no consci\sness4 ,& z x is diff]5t 9 "* z well z 9 ! occasions giv+ rise to x f deep sleep & dea?1 x _c be ei!r ( ^? two /ates2 = !re are special circum/ances occasion+ a swoon1 su* z a bl[ on ! head4 ,! only possible alt]native !n is to view a swoon z a /ate 9 :i* !re is made a half-way approa* to dea?4 ,= :ile dea? consi/s 9 ! complete cessation ( ! s\l's connexion ) ! body or organs ( any k9d1 a swoon consi/s 9 ! s\l's rema9+ connect$ ) ! subtle body & organs only4 ,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! swoon+ p]son4' #aa4 ,n on acc\nt ( place ev5 7is !re any imp]fection7 ( ! ,highe/2 = ev]y:]e 7x is describ$7 z hav+ tw(old *>act]i/ics4 ,! diff]5t /ates ( ! individual s\l h be5 discuss$1 to ! end t an insight into _! imp]fections may give rise to indiff]5ce t[>ds all worldly enjoym5ts4 ,next n[1 9 ord] to give rise to ! desire ( atta9+ to ,brahman1 ! ,stras proce$ to exp\nd h[ ,brahman's nature is rais$ above all imp]fections & con/itut$ by m]e bless$ qualities4 ,! foll[+ po9t requires to be consid]$ fir/4 ,d ^? imp]fections :i* cl+ to ! individual s\l 9 consequ5ce ( its diff]5t /ates--viz4 ! wak+ /ate1 dreams1 deep sleep1 swoon1 dep>ture f ! body--affect also ! highe/ ,brahman :i* z its inn] ,rul] abides )9 ! s\l 9 ^? diff]5t /ates1 or n8--,!y d affect x1 s9ce ,brahman abides )9 ! bodies :i* are 9 ^? diff]5t /ates4--,b ,stras su* z ,i1 #b1 #h h already decl>$ t ! highe/ ,brahman1 because n subject to ! influ5ce ( k>man1 is free f all imp]fections2 h[ !n c imp]fections cl+ to x = ! reason t x is connect$ ) ?is or t place8--,9 ! foll[+ way4 ,z 0 %[n "u ,,iii1 #b1 #f1 works give rise to imp]fection & suff]+ 9 s f> z !y cause ! connexion ( ! s\l ) a body4 ,! effici5t cause !re9 is ! imp]fection inh]5t 9 ! connexion ) a body2 = o!rwise ! works !mselves w\ld directly give rise to pa91 & :at !n w\ld be ! use ( ! connexion ) a body8 ,h5ce1 ev5 9 ! case ( a be+ n subject to k>man1 its connexion ) v>i\s unholy bodies w cause imp]fection & suff]+4 ,& ev5 :5 su* a be+ volunt>ily ent]s into su* bodies 9 ord] to rule !m1 connexion ) imp]fections is unavoidable2 no less ?an to be imm]s$ 9 blood & purul5t matt]1 ev5 if done volunt>ily1 w make a man unclean4 ,al?\gh !re=e ,brahman is ! sole cause ( ! _w & a treasure- h\se ( all bless$ qualities1 yet x is affect$ by ! imp]fections spr++ !refrom t1 z decl>$ by ,scripture1 x abides )9 matt]1 bodies1 & _! p>ts1 & ?us is connect$ ) !m 7cp4 'he :o abides )9 e>?1 )9 ! s\l1 )9 ! eye1 )9 ! se$1' c41 ,bri4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #g1 #c74 ,( ?is prim facie view ! ,stra disposes by say+--',n ev5 f place1 su* z e>?1 s\l1 c41 is !re possible = ! highe/ ,self a %ad[ ev5 ( imp]fection2 s9ce ev]y:]e 9 ,scripture z well z ,smriti ,brahman is describ$ z hav+ *>act]i/ics ( a d\ble k9d2 viz4 on ! "o h& fre$om f all imp]fections1 & on ! o!r possession ( all bless$ qualities4 ,= ,scripture says t ! ,supreme ,p]son is free f evil1 free f old age1 free f dea?1 free f grief1 free f hung] & ?ir/2 t all 8 wi%es realise !mselves1 t all its purposes realise !mselves' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #a1 #e7--;,& ,smriti says1 ',he comprises )9 himself all bless$ qualities1 by a p>ticle ( 8 p[] ! :ole mass ( be+s is support$4 ,9 him !re are comb9$ en]gy1 /r5g?1 might1 wisdom1 val\r1 & all o!r noble qualities4 ,he is ! ,highe/ ( ! high1 no pa9 or o!r imp]fections affect him1 ! ,"l ( all1 high or l[4 ,f all evil he is free1 he ^: "n is ,vi%nu1 ! highe/ abode4' ,^! & o!r passages tea* t ,brahman possesses ! d\ble *>act]i/ics /at$ above4 #ab4 ,%\ld x be said 'on acc\nt ( diff]5ce'2 n s1 because ) ref]5ce to ea* ! text says :at is n t4 ,b1 an objection is rais$1 we obs]ve1 t ! individual s\l also1 al?\gh 9 reality possess+ ! same tw(old attributes1 viz4 fre$om f all evil & s on1 z we le>n f ! tea*+ ( ,prajpati 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #g71 yet is affect$ ) imp]fections ow+ to ! fact t x is connect$ ) bodies1 div9e1 human1 & s on1 & ?us und]goes a v>iety ( conditions4 ,analog\sly we _c avoid ! conclusion t ! inn] ,rul] also1 al?\gh 9 reality possess+ ^? same tw(old attributes1 is also affect$ by imp]fection1 because ?r\gh its connexion ) ^? diff]5t bodies x likewise und]goes a v>iety ( conditions4--,?is objection ! ,stra sets aside 9 ! words1 'n s1 because ) ref]5ce to ea* ! text says :at is n t1' i4e4 :at is contr>y4 ,= :]e ! text says t ! inn] ,rul] dwells )9 ! e>?1 )9 ! s\l1 )9 ! eye1 & s on1 x concludes ea* clause by say+1 't is ?y ,self1 ! inn] ,rul]1 ! immortal "o1' i4e4 decl>es ! inn] ,rul] to be immortal1 & ?us d5ies ( him any imp]fections due to 8 connexion ) ! bodies :i* he volunt>ily ent]s 9 ord] to rule !m4 ,! true 7p]fect7 nature ( ! individual s\l1 on ! o!r h&1 is obscur$ z long z x is connect$ ) a body1 z we h expla9$ "u ,,iii1 #b1 #e4--;,b1 z ! ,prvapak%9 has po9t$ out1 ev5 if ! highe/ ,self volunt>ily ent]s into bodies1 x _c escape connexion ) ! imp]fections :i* dep5d on ! ess5tial nature ( ^? bodies4--,n s1 we reply4 ,! fact is1 t n ev5 non-s5ti5t ?+s are1 ess5tially or intr9sically1 bad2 b 9 accordance ) ! nature ( ! works ( ^? be+s :i* are "u ! rule ( k>man1 "o ?+1 ow+ to ! w ( ! ,supreme ,p]son1 causes pa9 to "o man at "o "t & pleasure at ano!r "t1 & causes pleasure or pa9 to "o p]son & ! opposite to ano!r p]son4 ,if ! effects ( ?+s dep5d$ on _! own nature only1 ev]y?+ w\ld at all times be productive = all p]sons1 ei!r ( pleasure only or ( pa9 only4 ,b ?is is n obs]v$ to be ! case4 ,9 agreem5t h]e) ,smriti says1 ',because "o & ! same ?+ causes pa9 & pleasure & envy & wra?1 ! nature ( a ?+ _c lie 9 itself4 ,z ! same ?+ :i* er/ gave rise to love causes pa9 lat] on1 & t :i* once caus$ ang] n[ causes satisfaction1 no?+ is 9 itself ( ! nature ei!r ( pleasure or ( pa94' ,to ! s\l !re=e :i* is subject to k>man ! connexion ) diff]5t ?+s is ! s\rce ( imp]fection & suff]+1 9 agreem5t ) ! nature ( its works2 :ile to ! highe/ ,brahman1 :i* is subject to itself only1 ! same connexion is ! s\rce ( playful sport1 consi/+ !re9 t he 9 v>i\s ways guides & rules ^? ?+s4 #ac4 ,"s also 7tea*7 ?us4 ,moreov]1 ! foll[]s ( "o skh explicitly tea* t ! connexion ) "o & ! same body is = ! individual s\l a s\rce ( disadvantage1 :ile = ! highe/ ,brahman x is no?+ ( ! k9d1 b con/itutes an accession ( glory 9 s f> z x manife/s him z a ,"l & ,rul]1 ',two birds1 insep>able fri5ds1 cl+ to ! same tree4 ,"o ( !m eats ! sweet fruit1 ! o!r looks on )\t eat+' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #a1 #a74--;,b ! text1 ',hav+ ent]$ by means ( t jva- self ,i w diff]5tiate names & =ms1' tea*es t ! diff]5tiation ( names & =ms dep5ds on ! ent]+ into ! elem5ts ( ! jva-s\l ^: ,self is ,brahman1 & ?is implies t ,brahman also1 z ! ,self ( ! individual s\l1 possesses def9ite %apes1 div9e1 human1 & s on1 & is to be d5om9at$ by ! correspond+ names4 ,brahman ?us falls )9 ! sph]e ( be+s to :i* injunctions & prohibitions are address$--su* z 'a ,brhmana is to sacrifice'--& h5ce necess>ily is "u ! p[] ( k>man4--,to ?is ! next ,stra replies4 #ad4 ,= 7,brahman is7 )\t =m m]ely1 s9ce x is ! pr9cipal ag5t ) reg>d to t4 ,brahman1 al?\gh by ent]+ into bodies1 human1 div9e1 & s on1 x becomes connect$ ) v>i\s =ms1 yet is 9 itself altoge!r devoid ( =m1 & !re=e does n %>e t subjection to k>man :i* 9 ! case ( ! s\l is due to its embodi$ness4--,:y8--,because z x is t :i* br+s ab\t names & =ms x /&s to !m 9 ! relation ( a sup]ior 7pradhna74 ,= ! text1 ',! ,e!r 7,brahman7 inde$ is ! accompli%] ( names & =ms2 t :i* is )\t ^! two is ,brahman1' tea*es t ,brahman1 al?\gh ent]+ into all be+s1 is n t\*$ by "n & =m1 b is t :i* br+s ab\t "n & =m4--,b1 an objection is rais$1 if ,brahman is ! inn] rul] ( be+s 9 s f> z he has !m = its body1 h[ c x be said t x is altoge!r de/itute ( =m8--,!re is a diff]5ce1 we reply4 ,! individual s\l is connect$ ) ! %ape ( ! body 9 :i* x dwells because x p>ticipates 9 ! pleasures & pa9s to :i* ! body gives rise2 b z ,brahman does n %>e ^? pleasures & pa9s1 x has no %ape or =m4 ,& ! scriptural injunctions & prohibitions apply to ^? only :o are "u ! p[] ( k>man4 ,! highe/ ,brahman !re=e is l a be+ )\t =m1 & h5ce1 al?\gh abid+ )9 all ?+s1 free f all imp]fection & end[$ ) all bless$ qualities4 ,b1 an objection is rais$1 texts su* z '! ,true1 k1 inf9ite is ,brahman' sugge/ a ,brahman ^: nature is con/itut$ exclusively by non-diff]5tiat$ light2 :ile at ! same "t a ,brahman end[$ ) qualities--su* z omnisci5ce1 be+ ! cause ( ! _w1 be+ ! inn] ,self ( all1 hav+ ! p[] ( imm$iately realis+ its wi%es & purposes--is expressly negativ$ by texts su* z 'n s1 n s' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #c1 #f71 & !re=e mu/ be held to be false4 ,h[ !n c x be ma9ta9$ t ,brahman possesses ! 'tw(old *>act]i/ics' m5tion$ "u ,stra #aa8--,to ?is ! next ,stra replies4 #ae4 ,& 9 ! same way z 7a ,brahman7 consi/+ ( light2 7! texts ?us7 n be+ devoid ( mean+4 ,9 ord] t texts su* z '! ,true1 k1 inf9ite is ,brahman' may n be devoid ( mean+1 we h to admit t light 7intellig5ce7 con/itutes ! ess5tial nature ( ,brahman4 ,b analog\sly we h also to admit t ,brahman possesses ! 'tw(old *>act]i/ics'2 = o!rwise ! texts decl>+ x to be free f all imp]fections1 all- kn[+1 ! cause ( ! _w1 & s on1 w\ld 9 _! turn be devoid ( mean+4 #af4 ,& 7! text7 says s mu* only4 ,moreov] ! text '! ,true1 k1 inf9ite is ,brahman' only tea*es t ,brahman has light = its ess5tial nature1 & does n negative ^? o!r attributes ( ,brahman--omnisci5ce1 be+ ! cause ( ! _w1 c4--:i* are intimat$ by o!r texts4 ,:at is ! object ( ! negation 9 'n s1 n s' w be %[n fur!r on4 #ag4 7,?is ,scripture7 also %[s1 & x is also /at$ 9 ,smriti4 ,t ,brahman is a treasure z x 7 ( all bless$ qualities & free f all imp]fections1 ! :ole body ( ,v$nta-texts cle>ly decl>es3 ',t highe/ great "l ( lords1 t highe/ deity ( deities'2 ',he is ! cause1 ! "l ( ! lords ( ! organs1 & !re is ( him nei!r p>5t nor "l '2 ',!re is no effect & no cause kn[n ( him1 no "o is se5 l unto him or high]4 ,8 high p[] is reveal$ z manifold1 z ess5tial action ( k & /r5g?' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #g-i72 ',he :o is all-kn[+1 ^: brood+ consi/s ( k' 7,mu4 ,i1 #a1i72 ',f fe> ( him ! w9d bl[s1 f fe> ( him ! sun moves'2 ',t is "o bliss ( ,brahman' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #h72 ',t f :i* all spee* ) ! m9d turns away1 n hav+ rea*$ x1 kn[+ ! bliss ( t ,brahman man fe>s no?+' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #i72 ',he :o is )\t p>ts1 )\t action1 tranquil1 )\t fault1 )\t ta9t' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #ai74--;,& ,smriti3 ',he :o kn[s me to be unborn & )\t a beg9n+1 ! ,supreme ,"l ( ! worlds'2 ',p]vad+ ?is entire univ]se1 by "o "p ( m9e ,i d abide'2 ',) me z sup]visor ,prakriti br+s =? ! univ]se ( ! movable & ! immovable1 & = ?is reason ! _w does ev] move r\nd'2 ',b ano!r is ! ,supreme ,p]son1 :o is call$ ! ,supreme ,_s1 :o p]vad+ ! ?ree worlds supports !m--! et]nal ,"l' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,x1 #c2 #db2 ,,ix1 #aj2 ,,xv1 #ag72 ',! all-work+1 all-p[]ful "o1 ri* 9 k & /r5g?1 :o becomes nei!r less nor m1 :o is self- dep5d5t1 )\t beg9n+1 ma/] ( all2 :o kn[s nei!r we>9ess nor exhau/ion1 nor fe>1 wra? & desire2 ! blameless "o1 rais$ above all1 )\t support1 imp]i%able4'--,z ?us ,brahman 9 :atev] place x may abide has ! 'tw(old *>act]i/ics1' ! imp]fections dep5d5t on ^? places d n t\* x4 #ah4 ,= ?is v reason comp>isons1 su* z reflect$ images ( ! sun & ! l4 ,because ,brahman1 al?\gh abid+ 9 manifold places1 ev] possesses ! tw(old *>act]i/ics1 & h5ce does n %>e ! imp]fections due to ^? places1 scriptural texts illu/rate its purity 9 ! mid/ ( inf]ior surr\nd+s by comp>+ x to ! sun reflect$ 9 wat]1 mirrors1 & ! l4 ,comp>e e4g41 ',z ! "o e!r is r5d]$ manifold by j>s & ! l1 or z ! "o sun becomes manifold 9 sev]al %eets ( wat]2 ?us ! "o ,self is r5d]$ manifold by abid+ 9 _m places4 ,= ! ,self ( all be+s1 al?\gh "o1 abides 9 ea* sep>ate be+ & is ?us se5 z "o & _m at ! same "t1 z ! moon reflect$ 9 wat]4' #ai4 ,b because x is n appreh5d$ l wat]1 !re is no equality4 ,! 'b' indicates an objection4--,! highe/ ,self is n appreh5d$ 9 e>? & o!r places 9 ! same way z ! sun or a face is appreh5d$ 9 wat] or a mirror4 ,= ! sun & a face are errone\sly appreh5d$ z abid+ 9 wat] or a mirror2 !y d n really abide !re4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 ,scripture tells u t ! highe/ ,self dwells 9 ! e>?1 9 wat]1 9 ! s\l1 c41 we appreh5d x z really dwell+ 9 all ^? places4 ,t ! imp]fections caus$ by wat] & mirrors d n atta* !mselves to ! sun or a face is due to ! fact t ! sun & ! face d n really abide 9 ! wat] & ! mirror4 ,h5ce !re is no real p>allelism betwe5 ! ?+ comp>$ 7! highe/ ,self7 & ! ?+ to :i* x is comp>$ 7! reflect$ image74 #bj4 ,! p>ticipation 7on ,brahman's "p7 9 increase & decrease1 due to its abid+ )9 7is d5i$72 on acc\nt ( ! appropriat5ess ( bo? 7comp>isons71 & because ?us x is se54 ,! comp>ison ( ! highe/ ,self to ! reflect$ sun & ! re/ is meant only to d5y ( ! ,self t x p>ticipates 9 ! imp]fections-- su* z increase1 decrease1 & ! l--:i* atta* to ! e>? & ! o!r be+s )9 :i* ! ,self abides4--,h[ d we "k ?is8-- ,f ! circum/ance t on ?is supposition bo? comp>isons are appropriate4 ,9 ! scriptural text quot$ above ,brahman is comp>$ to e!r1 :i* al?\gh "o becomes manifold ?r\gh ! ?+s--j>s & s on--)9 x2 & to ! sun1 :i* is multipli$ by ! %eets ( wat] 9 :i* he is reflect$4 ,n[ ! employm5t ( ^! comp>isons-- ) e!r :i* really does abide )9 ! j>s & s on1 & ) ! sun :i* 9 reality does n abide 9 ! wat]--is appropriate only if !y are meant to convey ! idea t ! highe/ ,self does n p>ticipate 9 ! imp]fections inh]5t 9 e>? & s on4 ,j z e!r1 al?\gh connect+ itself sep>ately ) j>s1 pots1 & s on1 :i* und]go increase & decrease1 is n itself t\*$ by ^! imp]fections2 & j z ! sun1 al?\gh se5 9 %eets ( wat] ( unequal ext5t1 is n t\*$ by _! increase & decrease2 ?us ! highe/ ,self1 al?\gh abid+ )9 v>i\sly-%ap$ be+s1 :e!r non-s5ti5t l e>? or s5ti5t1 rema9s unt\*$ by _! v>i\s imp]fections--increase1 decrease1 & s on--rema9s "o al?\gh abid+ 9 all ( !m1 & ev] keeps ! treasure ( its bless$ qualities unsulli$ by an atom ev5 ( impurity4--,! comp>ison ( ,brahman ) ! reflect$ sun holds good on ! foll[+ acc\nt4 ,z ! sun is n t\*$ by ! imp]fections belong+ to ! wat]1 s9ce he does n really abide 9 ! wat] & h5ce !re is no reason = 8 %>+ ^? imp]fections1 ?us ! highe/ ,self1 :i* really abides )9 e>? & ! re/1 is n affect$ by _! imp]fections2 = z ! nature ( ! highe/ ,self is ess5tially antagoni/ic to all imp]fection1 !re is no reason = its p>ticipat+ 9 ! imp]fection ( o!rs4--',& z ?is is se54' ,?is means--,s9ce we obs]ve 9 ord9>y life also t comp>isons are in/itut$ betwe5 two ?+s = ! reason t al?\gh !y d n possess all attributes 9 common1 !y yet h "s attribute 9 common4 ,we say1 e4 g4 '?is man is l a lion4'--,! conclusion f all ?is is t ! highe/ ,self1 :i* is ess5tially free f all imp]fections & a treasure z x 7 ( all bless$ qualities1 9 no way suff]s f dwell+ )9 ! e>? & ! re/4 ,an objection is rais$4 ,9 ! ,brihad-ranyaka1 9 ! *apt] beg9n+ ',!re are two =ms ( ,brahman1 ! mat]ial & ! immat]ial1' ! :ole mat]ial _w1 gross & subtle1 is at fir/ ref]r$ to z con/itut+ ! =m ( ,brahman1 & next a special =m ( ,brahman is m5tion$3 ',& :at is ! =m ( t ,p]son8 ,l a saffron-col\r$ raim5t1' c4 ,b !reupon ! text proce$s1 ',n[ foll[s ! tea*+-- n s1 n s2 = !re is n any?+ else high] ?an ?is n s4 ',?is passage1 ref]r+ to all ! previ\sly m5tion$ =ms ( ,brahman by means ( ! ^w 's1' negatives !m2 intimat+ !reby t ,brahman is no?+ else ?an pure ,be+1 & t all di/9ctions are m]e imag9ations due to ,brahman n kn[+ its own ess5tial nature4 ,h[ !n c ,brahman possess ! tw(old *>act]i/ics8--,to ?is ! next ,stra replies4 #ba4 ,= ! text d5ies ! previ\sly decl>$ s-mu*ness2 & decl>es m ?an t4 ,x is impossible to und]/& ! text 'n s1 n s' z negativ+ ^? di/9ctions ( ,brahman :i* _h be5 /at$ previ\sly4 ,if ! text meant t1 x w\ld be m]e idle talk4 ,= none b a p]son n 9 8 "r m9d w\ld fir/ tea* t all ! ?+s m5tion$ 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! section are di/9ctive attributes ( ,brahman--z :i* !y are n kn[n by any o!r means ( pro(--& !reupon delib]ately negative 8 own tea*+4 ,al?\gh among ! ?+s m5tion$ !re are "s :i*1 9 !mselves1 are kn[n ?r\gh o!r means ( pro(1 yet !y are n ?us kn[n to be modes ( ,brahman1 & o!rs aga9 are kn[n nei!r 9 !mselves nor z modes ( ,brahman4 ,! text !re=e _c m]ely ref] to !m z ?+s o!rwise kn[n1 b gives fundam5tal in/ruction ab\t !m4 ,h5ce ! lat] passage _c be meant z a %e] negation1 b mu/ be tak5 z d5y+ ! previ\sly describ$ 's-mu*ness' ( ,brahman2 i4e4 ! passage d5ies t limit$ nature ( ,brahman :i* w\ld result f ,brahman be+ view$ z di/+ui%$ by ! previ\sly /at$ attributes only4 ,! ^w s ref]s to t limit$ nature1 & ! phrase n s !re=e means t ,brahman is n di/+ui%$ by ! previ\sly /at$ modes only4 ,?is int]pretation is fur!r confirm$ by ! fact t aft] t negative phrase fur!r qualities ( ,brahman are decl>$ by ! text3 ',= !re is n any?+ high] ?an ?is n s4 ,!n comes ! "n1 ! ,true ( ! ,true2 = ! prnas are ! ,true1 & he is ! ,true ( !m4' ,t means3 ,?an t ,brahman :i* is express$ by ! phrase 'n s' !re is no o!r ?+ high]1 i4e4 !re is no?+ m exalt$ ?an ,brahman ei!r 9 ess5tial nature or 9 qualities4 ,& ( t ,brahman ! "n is ! ',true ( ! ,true4' ,?is "n is expla9$ 9 ! next clause1 '= ! prnas1' c4 ,! t]m prnas "h d5otes ! individual s\ls1 s call$ because ! prnas accompany !m4 ,!y are ! ',true' because !y d n1 l ! elem5ts1 und]go *anges imply+ an alt]ation ( _! ess5tial nature4 ,& ! highe/ ,self is ! ',true ( ! ,true' because :ile ! s\ls und]go1 9 accordance ) _! k>man1 contractions & expansions ( intellig5ce1 ! highe/ ,self :i* is free f all s9 kn[s ( no su* alt]nations4 ,he is !re=e m em95tly true ?an !y are4 ,z ?us ! complem5t>y passage decl>es ,brahman to be connect$ ) c]ta9 qualities1 ! clause 'n s1 n s' 7to :i* t passage is complem5t>y7 _c d5y t ,brahman possesses di/9ctive attributes1 b only t ,brahman's nature is conf9$ to ! attributes previ\sly /at$4--,brahman !re=e possesses ! tw(old *>act]i/ics4 ,t ! clause 'n s' negatives ,brahman's be+ fully describ$ by ! attributes previ\sly m5tion$1 0 above prov$ on ! gr\nd t s9ce ,brahman is n ! object ( any o!r means ( pro(1 ^? previ\s /atem5ts _c ref] to :at is already prov$1 & t ! f9al clause _c !re=e be meant to d5y :at ! previ\s clauses expressly tea*4 ,! next ,stra n[ confirms ?is circum/ance ( ,brahman n ly+ )9 ! sph]e ( ! o!r means ( pro(4 #bb4 ,t 7is7 unmanife/$2 = 7?is ,scripture7 decl>es4 ,brahman is n manife/$ by o!r means ( pro(2 = ,scripture says1 ',8 =m is n to be se51 no "o beholds him ) ! eye' 7,ka4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #f1 #i72 ',he is n appreh5d$ by ! eye nor by spee*' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #a1 #h74 #bc4 ,also 9 p]fect conciliation1 accord+ to ,scripture & ,smriti4 ,moreov]1 x is only 9 ! /ate ( p]fect conciliation or ende>m5t1 i4e4 9 m$itation be>+ ! "* ( devotion1 t an intuition ( ,brahman takes place1 n 9 any o!r /ate4 ,?is ,scripture & ,smriti alike tea*4 ',t ,self _c be ga9$ by ! ,v$a1 nor by und]/&+1 nor by mu* le>n+4 ,he :om ! ,self *ooses by him ! ,self c be ga9$4 ,! ,self *ooses him z 8 own' 7,ka4 ,up4 ,i1 #b1 #bc72 ',:5 a man's nature has become purifi$ by ! s]5e light ( k1 !n he sees him1 m$itat+ on him z )\t p>ts' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #a1 #i74 ,smriti3 ',nei!r by ! ,v$as1 nor au/]ities1 nor gifts1 nor by sacrifice1 b only by exclusive devotion1 may ,i 9 ?is =m be kn[n & beheld 9 tru? & also ent]$ into' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,xi1 #ec1ed74 ,! scriptural text beg9n+ ',two are ! =ms ( ,brahman1' :i* decl>es ! nature ( ,brahman = ! purposes ( dev\t m$itation1 _c !re=e ref] to ,brahman's be+ *>act]is$ by two =ms1 a mat]ial & an immat]ial1 z some?+ already kn[n2 = ap>t f ,scripture no?+ is kn[n ab\t ,brahman4 #bd4 ,& !re is non-diff]5ce 7( ! int5tion ( ,brahman's di/+ui%+ attributes71 z 9 ! case ( light2 & ! light 7is7 intuit$ z con/itut+ ,brahman's ess5tial nature by repetition ( ! practice 7( m$itation74 ,t ! clause 'n s' negatives n ,brahman's possess+ two =ms1 a mat]ial & an immat]ial "o1 b only ,brahman's nature be+ re/rict$ to ^? det]m9ations1 foll[s !refrom also t 9 ! vision ( ,vmadeva & o!rs :o _h atta9$ to intuition into ,brahman's nature1 ! fact ( ,brahman hav+ all mat]ial & immat]ial be+s = its attributes is appreh5d$ 9 non-diff]5ce1 i4e4 9 ! same way z ! fact ( light 7i4e4 k7 & bliss con/itut+ ,brahman's ess5tial nature4 ,comp>e ! text ',see+ ?is ! ,ri%i ,vmadeva und]/ood1 ,i am ,manu & ! sun' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,i1 #d1 #aj74 ,& t light & bliss con/itute ,brahman's nature 0 p]ceiv$ by ,vmadeva & ! re/ ?r\gh repeat$ p]=mance ( ! practice ( dev\t m$itation4 ,9 ! same way !n1 i4e4 by repeat$ m$itation1 !y also became aw>e t ,brahman has all mat]ial & immat]ial ?+s = its di/+ui%+ modes4--,! next ,stra sums up ! pro( ( ,brahman's possess+ tw(old *>act]i/ics4 #be4 ,h5ce 7,brahman is di/+ui%$7 by :at is inf9ite2 = ?us ! *>act]i/ics 7hold good74 ,by ! argum5ts /at$ x is prov$ t ,brahman is di/+ui%$ by ! inf9ite multitude ( bless$ qualities4 ,& ?is be+ s1 x foll[s t ,brahman possesses ! tw(old *>act]i/ics4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 't :i* has tw(old *>act]i/ics4' #bf4 ,b on acc\nt ( tw(old designation1 z ! snake & its coils4 ,x has be5 %[n 9 ! prec$+ adhik>ana t ! entire non- s5ti5t univ]se is ! outw>d =m ( ,brahman4 ,= ! purpose ( prov+ ,brahman's fre$om f all imp]fection1 an enquiry is n[ begun into ! p>ticul> mode 9 :i* ! _w may be conceiv$ to con/itute ! =m ( ,brahman4 ,is ! relation ( ! two l t ( ! snake & its coils2 or l t ( light & ! lum9\s body1 bo? ( :i* fall "u ! same g5us2 or l t ( ! individual s\l & ,brahman1 ! s\l be+ a di/+ui%+ attribute & = t reason a "p 7amsa7 ( ,brahman8--,on ! assumption ( ?is la/ alt]native1 :i* is ab\t to be e/abli%$ "h1 x has be5 already %[n "u two prec$+ ,stras 7,i1 #d1 #bc2 ,,ii1 #a1 #ad71 t f ,brahman1 z di/+ui%$ by s5ti5t & non-s5ti5t be+s 9 _! subtle =m1 !re orig9ates ,brahman z di/+ui%$ by all ^? be+s 9 _! gross =m4 ,:i* !n ( ! alt]natives /at$ above is ! true "o8--,! mat]ial _w is relat$ to ,brahman z ! coils to ! snake1 'on acc\nt ( tw(old designation4' ,= "s texts decl>e ! id5tity ( ! two3 ',brahman only is all ?is'2 ',! ,self only is all ?is4' ,o!r texts aga9 ref] to ! diff]5ce ( ! two3 ',hav+ ent]$ into ^! ?ree deities ) ?is jva-self1 let me diff]5tiate names & =ms4' ,we !re=e consid] all non-s5ti5t ?+s to be special =ms or arrangem5ts ( ,brahman1 z ! coils are ( a coil$-up snake or a coil$-up rope4 #bg4 ,or else l light & its abode1 bo? be+ fire4 ,! or sets aside ! o!r two alt]natives4 ,if ,brahman itself only appe>$ 9 ! =m ( non-s5ti5t ?+s--z ! snake itself only con/itutes ! coils--bo? sets ( texts1 ^? :i* decl>e diff]5ce z well z ^? :i* decl>e ! un*angeabl5ess ( ,brahman1 w\ld be contr>y to s5se4 ,we !re=e1 adopt+ ! second alt]native1 hold t ! case "u discussion is analog\s to t ( light & t 9 :i* x abides1 i4e4 ! lum9\s body4 ,! two are diff]5t1 b at ! same "t !y are id5tical 9 s f> z !y bo? are fire 7tejas74 ,9 ! same way ! non-s5ti5t _w con/itutes ! =m ( ,brahman4 #bh4 ,or else 9 ! mann] /at$ above4 ,! b sets aside ! two prec$+ alt]natives4 ,"o sub/ance may inde$ connect itself ) sev]al /ates1 b ! =m] ( ! two alt]natives implies t ,brahman itself con/itutes ! ess5tial nature ( non-s5ti5t matt]1 & ?us !re is no escape f ! objections already /at$ "u ,stra #bg4 ,let !n ! second alt]native be adopt$ accord+ to :i* ,brahma-hood 7brahmatva7 con/itutes a g5us inh]+ 9 ,brahman z well z 9 non-s5ti5t matt]1 j z fire con/itutes ! common g5us = light & lum9\s bodies4 ,b on ?is view ,brahman becomes a m]e ab/ract g5]ic "* inh]+ 9 ! ,"l 7isv>a71 s5ti5t s\ls & non-s5ti5t matt]1 j z ! g5]ic "* ( horses 7asvatva7 inh]es 9 concrete individual horses2 & ?is contradicts all ! tea*+ ( ,sruti & ,smriti 7accord+ to :i* ,brahman is ! highe/ concrete entity74 ,we !re=e hold t non-s5ti5t matt] /&s to ,brahman 9 ! same relation z ! "o previ\sly prov$ = ! individual s\l 9 ,stra ,,ii1 #c1 #dc2 #df2 viz4 t x is an attribute incapable ( be+ realis$ ap>t f ,brahman & h5ce is a "p 7amsa7 ( ! latt]4 ,! texts ref]r+ to ! two z non-diff]5t may ?us be tak5 9 _! prim>y s5se2 = ! "p is only a limit$ place ( t ( :i* x is a "p4 ,& ! texts ref]r+ to ! two z diff]5t may also be tak5 9 _! prim>y s5se2 = ! di/+ui%+ attribute & t to :i* ! attribute belongs are ess5tially diff]5t4 ,?us ,brahman's fre$om f all imp]fection is pres]v$4--,lu/re is an attribute n to be realis$ ap>t f ! gem1 & !re=e is a "p ( ! gem2 ! same relation also holds good betwe5 g5]ic "* & individuals hav+ t "*1 betwe5 qualities & ?+s hav+ qualities1 betwe5 bodies & s\ls4 ,9 ! same way s\ls z well z non-s5ti5t matt] /& to ,brahman 9 ! relation ( p>ts4 #bi4 ,& on acc\nt ( d5ial4 ,texts su* z ',?is is t great unborn ,self1 undecay+1 undy+' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #be71 ',by ! old age ( ! body t does n age' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #a1 #e71 d5y ( ,brahman ! prop]ties ( non-s5ti5t matt]4 ,f ?is x foll[s t ! relation ( ! two c only be t ( di/+ui%+ attribute & ?+ di/+ui%$1 & h5ce ( "p & :ole4 ,brahman di/+ui%$ by s5ti5t & non-s5ti5t be+s 9 _! subtle /ate is ! cause2 di/+ui%$ by ! same be+s 9 _! gross /ate is ! effect3 ! effect ?us is non-diff]5t f ! cause1 & by ! k ( ! causal ,brahman ! effect is likewise kn[n4 ,all ^! t5ets are 9 full mutual agreem5t4 ,brahman's fre$om f defects also is pres]v$2 & ?is & ,brahman's be+ ! abode ( all bless$ qualities prove t ,brahman possesses ! 'tw(old *>act]i/ics4'--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! coils ( ! snake4' #cj4 7,!re is some?+7 high] ?an t2 on acc\nt ( ! designations ( bridge1 measure1 connexion1 & diff]5ce4 ,! ,stras n[ proce$ to refute an errone\s view bas$ on "s fallaci\s argum5ts1 viz4 t !re is a be+ high] ev5 ?an ! highe/ ,brahman1 ! supreme cause1 mat]ial z well z op]ative1 ( ! entire _w--a refutation :i* w confirm ! view ( ,brahman be+ free f all imp]fections & a treasure z x 7 ( c\ntless transc5d5tally exalt$ qualities4--,!re is "s entity high] ?an ! ,brahman describ$ s f> z be+ ! cause ( ! _w & possess+ ! tw(old *>act]i/ics4 ,= ! text ',t ,self is a bank 7or bridge71 a b\nd>y' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #d1 #a7 designates ! ,self z a bank or bridge 7setu74 ,& ! t]m 'setu' means 9 ord9>y language t :i* enables "o to rea* ! o!r bank ( a riv]2 & f ?is we conclude t 9 ! ,v$ic text also !re mu/ be meant some?+ to be rea*$4 ,! text fur!r says t t bridge is to be cross$3 ',he :o has cross$ t bridge1 if bl9d1' c42 ?is also indicates t !re mu/ be some?+ to be rea*$ by cross+4 ,o!r texts1 aga91 speak ( ! highe/ ,brahman z some?+ measur$1 i4e4 limit$4 ',brahman has f\r feet 7qu>t]s71 sixte5 p>ts4' ,su* decl>ations ( ,brahman be+ some?+ limit$ sugge/ ! exi/5ce ( some?+ unlimit$ to be rea*$ by t bridge4 ,fur!r !re are texts :i* decl>e a connexion ( ! bridge z t :i* is a means t[>ds rea*+1 & a ?+ connect$ ) ! bridge z t to be rea*$3 '! highe/ bridge ( ! ,immortal' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #ai72 'he is ! bridge ( ! ,immortal' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #b1 #e74 ,= ?is reason also !re is some?+ high] ?an ! ,highe/4--,& o!r texts aga9 expressly /ate t be+ beyond ! ,highe/ to be some?+ diff]5t3 'he goes to ! div9e ,p]son :o is high] ?an ! ,highe/' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #b1 #h72 'by ?is ,p]son ?is :ole univ]se is fill$2 :at is high] ?an t is )\t =m & )\t suff]+' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #i-aj74 ,all ?is comb9$ %[s t !re is some?+ high] ?an ! highe/ ,brahman4--,! next ,stra disposes ( ?is view4 #ca4 ,b on acc\nt ( resemblance4 ,! 'b' sets aside ! prvapak%a4 ,!re is no tru? 9 ! ass]tion t f ! designation ( ! ,highe/ z a bridge 7or bank7 x foll[s t !re is some?+ beyond ! ,highe/4 ,= ,brahman 9 t text is n call$ a bank ) reg>d to some?+ to be rea*$ !reby2 s9ce ! additional clause '= ! non-conf\nd+ ( ^! worlds' decl>es t x is comp>$ to a bridge or bank 9 s f> z x b9ds to itself 7setu be+ d]iv$ f si1 to b9d7 ! :ole aggregate ( s5ti5t & non-s5ti5t ?+s )\t any confusion4 ,& 9 ! clause 'hav+ pass$ beyond t bridge' ! pass+ beyond means rea*+2 z we say1 'he passes beyond ! ,v$anta1' mean+ 'he has fully ma/]$ x4' #cb4 ,x subs]ves ! purpose ( ?\ght2 z 9 ! case ( ! feet4 ,:]e ! texts speak ( ,brahman z hav+ f\r qu>t]s1 & sixte5 p>ts1 or say t '"o qu>t] ( him are all ^! be+s' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ab1 #f71 !y d s = ! purpose ( ?\ght1 i4e4 m$itation1 only4 ,= z texts su* z '! ,tru?1 k1 inf9ite is ,brahman' tea* ,brahman1 ! cause ( ! _w1 to be unlimit$1 x _c 9 itself be subject to measure4 ,! texts ref]r+ to measure !re=e aim at m$itation only1 9 ! same way z texts su* z ',spee* is "o foot 7qu>t]7 ( him1 brea? ano!r1 ! eye ano!r1 ! m9d ano!r' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ah1 #b74--;,b h[ c some?+ t 9 itself is beyond all measure1 = ! purpose ( m$itation1 be spok5 ( z measur$8 ,to ?is ! next ,stra replies4 #cc4 ,ow+ to diff]5ce ( place1 z 9 ! case ( light1 & s on4 ,ow+ to ! diff]5ce ( limit+ adjuncts con/itut$ by special places1 su* z spee*1 & s on1 ,brahman 9 s f> z connect$ ) ^! adjuncts may be view$ z hav+ measure2 j z light & ! l al?\gh spread ev]y:]e may be view$ z limit$1 ow+ to its connexion ) diff]5t places--w9d[s1 j>s1 & s on4 #cd4 ,& on acc\nt ( possibility4 ,nor is !re any tru? 9 ! ass]tion t1 because texts su* z 'he is ! bridge ( ! ,immortal' intimate a di/9ction betwe5 t :i* causes to rea* & ! object rea*$1 !re mu/ be some?+ to be rea*$ diff]5t f t :i* causes to rea*2 = ! highe/ ,self may be view$ z be+ itself a means t[>ds itself be+ rea*$2 cp4 ',! ,self _c be rea*$ by ! ,v$a1 & s on2 he :om ! ,self *ooses by him ! ,self c be ga9$' 7,*4 ,up4 ,i1 #b1 #bc74 #ce4 ,?us1 f ! d5ial ( any?+ else4 ,nor c we all[ ! ass]tion t !re is some?+ high] ?an ! highe/ because c]ta9 texts 7'! ,p]son :i* is high] ?an ! highe/'2 'beyond ! ,imp]i%able !re is ! highe/1' c47 ref] to su* a diff]5ce4 ,= ! same texts expressly d5y t !re is any?+ else high] ?an ! highe/--'?an :om !re is no?+ else high]1 ?an :om !re is no?+ small] or l>g]' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #i74 ,s also o!r texts3 ',= !re is no?+ else high] ?an ?is n s' 7i4e4 ?an ?is ,brahman designat$ by ! phrase 'n s'2 ,bri4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #c1 #f72 ',( him none is ! ,"l1 8 "n is great glory' 7,mahnr4 ,up4 ,i1 #aj74 ,b :at !n is ! entity ref]r$ to 9 ! text 'tato yad utt>at>am '8 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #aj78--,! passage imm$iately prec$+ 7#h71 ',i "k t great p]son1 c42 a man :o kn[s him passes ov] dea?1' _h decl>$ t ! k ( ,brahman is ! only way to immortality2 & ! clause 7#i71 ',high] ?an :om !re is no?+ else1' _h confirm$ ?is by decl>+ t ,brahman is ! ,highe/ & t !re is no o!r ?+ high]4 ,9 agreem5t h]e) we mu/ expla9 /anza #aj z giv+ a reason = :at _h be5 said1 ',because t :i* is ! highe/ 7utt>at>am71 viz4 ! ,supreme ,p]son is )\t =m & )\t suff]+1 !re=e 7tatah7 ^? :o "k him become immortal1' c4 ,on any o!r explanation /anza #aj w\ld n be 9 h>mony ) /anza #h :]e ! subject is introduc$1 & ) :at is decl>$ 9 /anza #i4--;,analog\sly 9 ! text ',he goes to ! div9e ,p]son :o is high] ?an ! highe/' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #b1 #h7 '! highe/' means ! aggregate s\l 7sama%-puru%a71 :i* 9 a previ\s passage _h be5 said to be 'high] ?an ! high ,imp]i%able' 7,,ii1 #a1 #b72 & ! 'high]' ref]s to ! ,supreme ,p]son1 ) all 8 transc5d5t qualities1 :o is sup]ior to ! aggregate s\l4 #cf4 ,! omnipres5ce 7possess$7 by t1 7und]/ood7 f ! decl>ation ( ext5t4 ,t omnipres5ce :i* is possess$ 'by t1' i4e4 by ,brahman1 & :i* is kn[n 'f decl>ations ( ext5t1' & s on1 i4e4 f texts :i* decl>e ,brahman to be all-p]vad+1 is also kn[n f texts su* z 'high] ?an t !re is no?+4' ,decl>ations ( ext5t are e4g4 ! foll[+3 ',by ?is ,p]son ?is :ole ,univ]se is fill$' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,iii4 #i72 ':atev] is se5 or he>d 9 ?is _w1 is p]vad$ inside & outside by ,nryana' 7,mahnr4 ,up472 ',! et]nal1 p]vad+1 omnipres5t1 :i* ! ,wise consid] z ! s\rce ( all be+s' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,i1 #a1 #f74 ,! '& ! re/' 9 ! ,stra comprises passages su* z ',brahman inde$ is all ?is1' ',! ,self inde$ is all ?is1' & ! l4 ,! conclusion is t ! highe/ ,brahman is absolutely supreme4-- ,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! ,highe/4' #cg4 ,f !nce ! rew>d2 on acc\nt ( possibility4 ,x has be5 %[n1 = ! purpose ( giv+ rise to a desire = dev\t m$itation1 t ! s\l 9 all its /ates is imp]fect1 :ile ! ,supreme ,p]son to be rea*$ by x is free f imp]fections1 ! own] ( bless$ qualities & high] ?an ev]y?+ else4 ,be+ ab\t to inve/igate ! nature ( m$itation1 ! ,strakra n[ decl>es t ! m$itat+ devotee receives ! rew>d ( m$itation1 i4e4 ,release1 :i* consi/s 9 atta9+ to ! highe/ ,p]son1 f t highe/ ,p]son only3 & t analog\sly ! rew>ds = all works prescrib$ by ! ,v$a--:e!r to be enjoy$ 9 ?is or ! next _w--come f ! highe/ ,p]son only4 ,! ,stra !re=e says g5]ally1 'f !nce ! rew>d4'--',:y s8'--',because t only is possible4' ,= x is he only--! all-kn[+1 all-p[]ful1 supremely g5]\s "o-- :o be+ pleas$ by sacrifices1 gifts1 (f]+s1 & ! l1 z well z by pi\s m$itation1 is 9 a position to be/[ ! diff]5t =ms ( enjoym5t 9 ?is & ! heav5ly _w1 & ,release :i* consi/s 9 atta9+ to a nature l 8 own4 ,= action :i* is non- intellig5t & transitory is incapable ( br++ ab\t a result connect$ ) a future "t4 #ch4 ,& on acc\nt ( scriptural decl>ation4 ,t he be/[s all rew>ds--:e!r 9 ! =m ( enjoym5t or ,release-- ,scripture also decl>es ',?is inde$ is ! great1 ! unborn ,self1 ! eat] ( food1 ! giv] ( weal?' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #bd72 & ',= he alone causes delight' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #g74--,next a prim facie view is /at$4 #ci4 ,= ! same reasons ,jaim9i 7?9ks x to be7 religi\s action4 ,= ! same reasons1 viz4 possibility & scriptural decl>ation1 ! tea*] ,jaim9i ?9ks t religi\s works1 viz4 sacrifices1 gifts1 (f]+s1 & m$itation1 ( !mselves br+ ab\t _! rew>ds4 ,= we obs]ve t 9 ord9>y life actions su* z pl\gh+ & ! l1 & *>itable gifts & s on1 br+ ab\t _! own rew>d1 directly or indirectly4 ,& al?\gh ,v$ic works d n br+ ab\t _! rew>ds imm$iately1 !y may d s m$iately1 viz4 by means ( ! s-call$ aprva4 ,?is foll[s also f ! =m ( ! ,v$ic injunctions1 su* z ',he :o is desir\s ( ! heav5ly _w is to sacrifice4' ,z su* injunctions enjo9 sacrifices z ! means ( br++ ab\t ! object desir$ to be realis$1 viz4 ! heav5ly _w & ! l1 !re is no o!r way left ?an to assume t ! result 7:i* is se5 n to spr+ directly f ! sacrifice7 is accompli%$ by ! m$iation ( ! aprva4 #dj4 ,b ! =m]1 ,bd>yana 7?9ks71 on acc\nt ( ! designation 7( deities7 z ! cause4 ,! rev]5d ,bd>yana ma9ta9s ! previ\sly decl>$ aw>d+ ( rew>ds by ! ,supreme ,p]son s9ce ! scriptural texts ref]r+ to ! diff]5t sacrifices decl>e t ! deities only1 ,agni1 ,vyu1 & s on1 :o are propitiat$ by ! sacrifices--:i* are no?+ else b means to propitiate deities--are ! cause ( ! rew>ds atta*$ to ! sacrifices4 ,comp>e texts su* z ',let him :o is desir\s ( prosp]ity (f] a :ite animal to ,vyu4 ,= ,vyu is ! swifte/ god4 ,! man ?us approa*es ,vyu ) 8 prop] %>e1 & ,vyu leads him to prosp]ity4' ,& ! :ole in/ruction :i* ! texts give1 z to ! means by :i* m5 desir\s ( c]ta9 results are to effect ^? results1 is requir$ on acc\nt ( ! injunctions only1 & h5ce x _c be d\bt$ t x has ref]5ce to ! injunctions4 ,! app>atus ( means to br+ ab\t ! results ?us be+ le>nt f ! text only1 no p]son acqua9t$ ) ! =ce ( ! means ( pro( w ass5t to t app>atus1 z /at$ by ! text1 be+ set aside & an aprva ab\t :i* ! text says no?+ be+ fancifully assum$4 ,& t ! imp]ative v]bal =ms ( ! injunctions d5ote z ! ?+ to be effect$ by ! ef=t ( ! sacrific]1 only t :i* on ! basis ( ! usage ( language & grammatical sci5ce is recognis$ z ! mean+ ( ! root-elem5t ( su* words z 'yajeta1' viz4 ! sacrifice 7yga71 :i* consi/s 9 ! propitiation ( a div9e be+1 & n "s additional sup]s5su\s ?+ su* z ! aprva1 we h already prov$ above 7p4 #aec ff474 ,texts su* z ',vyu is ! swifte/ god' tea* t ,vyu & o!r deities are ! be/[]s ( rew>ds4 ,& t x is fundam5tally ! highe/ ,self--z con/itut+ ! inn] ,self ( ,vyu & o!r deities--:i* is pleas$ by (f]+s1 & be/[s rew>ds = !m is decl>$ by texts su* z ',(f]+s & pi\s works1 all ?is he be>s :o is ! nave ( ! ,univ]se4 ,he is ,agni & ,vyu1 he is ,sun & ,moon' 7,mahnr4 ,up4 ,i1 #f1 #g74 ,simil>ly 9 ! ant>ym9-brhmana1 ',he :o dwells 9 ,vyu1 ( :om ,vyu is ! body'2 ',he :o dwells 9 ,agni1' c4 ,smriti expresses itself simil>ly1 ',:atsoev] devotee wi%es to wor%ip ) fai? :atsoev] div9e =m1 ( him d ,i make t fai? un%akable4 ,endu$ ) su* fai? he endeav\rs to propitiate him & obta9s f him 8 desires--^? inde$ be+ orda9$ by me' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,vii1 #ba-bb72 ',= ,i am ! enjoy] & ! ,"l ( all sacrifices' 7,,ix1 #bd7--:]e ,"l means him :o be/[s ! rew>d = ! sacrifices4 ',to ! gods g ! wor%ipp]s ( ! gods1 & ^? devot$ to me g to me' 7,,vii1 #bc74 ,9 ord9>y life m51 by agriculture & ! l1 acquire weal? 9 v>i\s =ms1 & by means ( ?is propitiate _! k+1 ei!r directly or ?r\gh 8 (ficials & s]vants2 & ! k+ !reupon is se5 to rew>d !m 9 a mann] correspond+ to ! measure ( _! s]vices & pres5ts4 ,! ,v$nta-texts1 on ! o!r h&1 give in/ruction on a subject :i* transc5ds ! sph]e ( all ! o!r means ( k1 viz4 ! highe/ ,p]son :o is free f all %ad[ ev5 ( imp]fection1 & a treasure-h\se z x 7 ( all exalt$ qualities 9 _! highe/ /ate ( p]fection2 on sacrifices1 gifts1 oblations1 :i* are helpful t[>ds ! propitiation ( t ,p]son2 on praise1 wor%ip1 & m$itation1 :i* directly propitiate him2 & on ! rew>ds :i* he1 ?us propitiat$1 be/[s1 viz4 temporal happ9ess & f9al ,release4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'rew>d4' ,,?ird ,p,,da4 #a4 ,:at is und]/ood f all ! ,v$nta-texts 7is "o71 on acc\nt ( ! non-diff]5ce ( injunction & ! re/4 ,! ,stras h /at$ :atev] has to be /at$ to ! end ( r\s+ ! desire ( m$itation-conclud+ ) ! fact t ,brahman be/[s rew>ds4 ,next ! "q is introduc$ :e!r ! vidys 7i4e4 ! diff]5t =ms ( m$itation on ,brahman :i* ! ,v$nta-texts enjo97 are diff]5t or non-diff]5t1 on ! decision ( :i* "q x w dep5d :e!r ! qualities attribut$ to ,brahman 9 ^? vidys are to be compris$ 9 "o act ( m$itation or n4--,! fir/ subord9ate "q aris+ "h is :e!r "o & ! same m$itation-- z e4g4 ! vidy ( ,vaisvn>a--:i* is met ) 9 ! text ( sev]al skhs1 con/itutes "o vidy or sev]al4--,! vidys are sep>ate1 ! ,prvapak%9 ma9ta9s2 = ! fact t ! same matt] is1 )\t diff]5ce1 imp>t$ = a second "t1 & moreov] /&s "u a diff]5t head+--bo? :i* circum/ances necess>ily att5d ! text's be+ met ) 9 diff]5t skhs--proves ! diff]5ce ( ! two m$itations4 ,x is = ?is reason only t a re/rictive injunction1 su* z ! "o convey$ 9 ! text1 ',let a man tell ?is sci5ce ( ,brahman to ^? only :o h p]=m$ ! rite ( c>ry+ fire on _! head' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #b1 #aj7--:i* re/ricts ! impait+ ( k to ! ?>vanikas1 to :om t rite is peculi>--has any s5se2 = if ! vidys 7 "o1 !n ! rite m5tion$1 :i* is a "p ( ! vidy1 w\ld be valid = ! memb]s ( o!r skhs also1 & !n ! re/riction enjo9$ by ! text w\ld h no mean+4-- ,?is view is set aside by ! ,stra1 ',:at is und]/ood f all ! ,v$nta-texts' is "o & ! same m$itation1 'because !re is non- diff]5ce ( injunction & ! re/4' ,by injunction is meant ! injunction ( special activities d5ot$ by diff]5t v]bal roots--su* z upsta 'he %\ld m$itate1' vidyt 'he %\ld "k4' ,! & ! re/' ( ! ,stra is meant to comprise z additional reasons ! circum/ances m5tion$ 9 ! ,prva ,mmms-stras 7,,ii1 #d1 #i74 ,ow+ to all ^! circum/ances1 non-diff]5ce ( injunction & ! re/1 ! same vidy is recognis$ 9 o!r skhs also4 ,9 ! ,*&ogya 7,v1 #ab1 #b7 z well z 9 ! ,vjasaneyaka we meet ) "o & ! same injunction 7viz4 ',he %\ld m$itate on ,vaisvn>a'74 ,! =m 7"*1 rpa7 ( ! m$itations also is ! same1 = ! =m ( a cognition solely dep5ds on its object2 & ! object is 9 bo? cases ! same1 viz4 ,vaisvn>a4 ,! "n ( ! two vidys also is ! same1 viz4 ! k ( ,vaisvn>a4 ,& bo? vidys are decl>$ to h ! same result1 viz4 atta9+ to ,brahman4 ,all ^! reasons e/abli% ! id5tity ( vidys ev5 9 diff]5t skhs4--,! next ,stra ref]s to ! reasons set =? = 8 view by ! ,prvapak%9 & refutes !m4 #b4 ,if x be said 7t ! vidys are n "o7 on acc\nt ( diff]5ce1 we d5y ?is1 s9ce ev5 9 "o 7vidy !re may be repetition74 ,if x be said t !re is no on5ess ( vidy1 because ! fact ( ! same matt] be+ /at$ aga9 )\t diff]5ce1 & be+ met ) 9 a diff]5t *apt]1 proves ! object ( injunction to be diff]5t2 we reply t ev5 9 "o & ! same vidy "s matt] may be repeat$ )\t any *ange1 & "u a new head+ 79 a diff]5t *apt]72 if1 namely1 !re is diff]5ce ( cognis+ subjects4 ,:]e ! cognis+ p]son is "o only1 repetition ( ! same matt] "u a new head+ c only be expla9$ z mean+ diff]5ce ( object enjo9$1 & h5ce sep>ation ( ! two vidys4 ,b :]e ! cognis+ p]sons are diff]5t 7& ?is ( c\rse is em95tly s 9 ! case ( diff]5t skhs71 ! d\ble /atem5t ( "o & ! same matt] expla9s itself z subs]v+ ! cognition ( ^? diff]5t p]sons1 & h5ce does n imply diff]5ce ( matt] enjo9$4--,! next ,stra refutes ! argum5t f\nd$ on a rite enjo9$ 9 ! ,mundaka4 #c4 ,= 7! sirovrata7 conc]ns ! mode ( ! /udy ( ! ,v$a2 also on acc\nt ( 7t rite7 be+ a head+ 9 ! samkra2 & ! re/riction is l t ( ! libations4 ,:at ! text says z to a re/riction connect$ ) ! 'v[ ( ! head1' does n intimate a diff]5ce ( vidys4 ,= t v[ does n =m "p ( ! vidy4 ,! re/riction ref]s only to a peculi>ity ( ! /udy ( ! ,v$a on ! "p ( ! ?>vanikas1 be+ meant to e/abli% t !y %\ld possess t special qualification :i* ! rite produces2 b x does n affect ! vidy itself4 ,?is is prov$ by ! subsequ5t clause1 'a man :o has n p]=m$ t rite may n read ! text1' :i* directly connects ! rite ) ! /udy+ ( ! text4 ,& x is fur!r prov$ by ! fact t 9 ! book ( ! ?>vanikas1 call$ 'smk>a1' t rite is ref]r$ to z a rite connect$ ) ! ,v$a 7n ) ! special vidy set =? 9 ! ,mundaka71 viz4 9 ! passage1 '?is is expla9$ already by ! ,v$a- obs]vance' 7:i* ext5ds ! details ( ! sirovrata1 !re call$ v$a-vrata1 to o!r obs]vances74 ,by ! k ( ,brahman 7ref]r$ to 9 ! ,mundaka-text 'let a man tell ?is sci5ce ( ,brahman to ^? only1' c471 we h !re=e to und]/& k ( ! ,v$a 9 g5]al4 ,& t re/riction is 'l t ( ! libations'--i4 e4 x is analog\s to ! re/riction "u :i* ! sava-libations1 beg9n+ ) ! ,saptasrya-libation1 & t]m9at+ ) ! ,sataudana-libation1 are (f]$ 9 ! "o fire :i* is us$ by ! foll[]s ( ! ,a?>van1 & n 9 ! ord9>y ?ree fires4 #d4 ,scripture also decl>es ?is4 ,scripture also %[s t 7id5tical7 m$itation is :at all ! ,v$nta- texts intimate4 ,! ,*ndogya 7,,viii1 #a1 #a ff47 decl>es t t :i* is )9 ! small space 9 ! he>t is to be enquir$ into1 & !n 9 reply to ! "q :at ! ?+ to be enquir$ into is1 says t x is ! highe/ ,self possess+ ! eight attributes1 fre$om f all evil & ! re/1 :i* is to be m$itat$ ^u )9 ! he>t4 ,& !n ! ,taittiriya-text1 ref]r+ to ?is decl>ation 9 ! ,*ndogya1 says1 ',!re9 is a small space1 free f all grief2 :at is )9 t is to be m$itat$ ^u' 7,mahnr4 ,up4 ,x1 #bc71 & ?us likewise enjo9s m$itation on ! highe/ ,self possess+ ! eight qualities4 ,& ?is is possible only if1 ow+ to unity ( vidya1 ! qualities m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ text are includ$ also 9 ! m$itation enjo9$ 9 ! second text4--,hav+ ?us e/abli%$ ! unity ( m$itations1 ! ,stras proce$ to /ate ! practical effect ( su* unity4 #e4 7,m$itation7 ?us be+ equal1 !re is comb9ation 7( gunas72 on acc\nt ( non-diff]5ce ( purport 9 ! case ( :at subs]ves injunction4 ,! m$itation 9 all ,v$nta-texts ?us be+ ! same1 ! qualities m5tion$ 9 "o text are to be comb9$ ) ^? m5tion$ 9 ano!r2 'on acc\nt ( non-diff]5ce ( purport 9 ! case ( :at subs]ves injunction4' ,we f9d t 9 connexion ) c]ta9 injunctions ( m$itation--su* z ! m$itation on ,vaisvn>a1 or ! small e!r )9 ! he>t--! text ( "s individual ,v$nta-book m5tions c]ta9 second>y matt]s 7qualities1 guna7 :i* subs]ve t m$itation2 & z ^! gunas are connect$ ) ! m$itation !y are to be compris$ 9 x1 s t !y may accompli% _! aim1 i4e4 ( subs]v+ ! m$itation4 ,= ! same reason !re=e we h to enclose 9 ! m$itation gunas m5tion$ 9 o!r ,v$nta-texts2 = be+ also connect$ ) ! m$itation !y subs]ve x 9 ! same way4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( ':at is intimat$ by all ,v$nta-texts4 #f4 ,if x be said t !re is diff]5ce on acc\nt ( ! text2 we say no2 on acc\nt ( non-diff]5ce4 ,s f> x has be5 %[n t ! non-diff]5ce ( injunction1 & s on1 e/abli%es ! unity ( m$itations1 & t ow+ to ! latt] ! special features ( m$itation enjo9$ 9 diff]5t texts h to be comb9$4 ,next1 an enquiry is ent]$ ^u :e!r 9 ! case ( c]ta9 p>ticul> m$itations !re actually exi/s1 or n1 t non- diff]5ce ( injunction :i* is ! cause ( m$itations be+ recognis$ z id5tical4 ,a m$itation on ! ,udg?a is enjo9$ 9 ! text ( ! ,*&ogas1 z well z 9 t ( ! ,vjasaney9s 7,*4 ,up4 ,i1 #b2 ,bri4 ,up4 ,i1 #c72 & ! "q arises :e!r ! two are to be view$ z "o m$itation or n4 ,! ,prvapak%9 ma9ta9s ! =m] alt]native4 ,=1 he says1 !re is no diff]5ce ( injunction1 & s on1 s9ce bo? texts enjo9 z ! object ( m$itation ! ,udg?a view$ "u ! =m ( ,prna2 s9ce !re is ! same rew>d promis$ 9 bo? places1 viz4 ma/]+ ( "o's enemies2 s9ce ! =m ( m$itation is ! same1 ! ,udg?a be+ 9 bo? cases view$ "u ! =m ( ,prna2 s9ce ! injunction is ! same1 be+ convey$ 9 bo? cases by ! same v]bal root 7vid1 to "k72 & s9ce bo? m$itations h ! same te*nical "n1 viz4 udg?a-vidy4 ,! ,stra /ates ?is view 9 ! =m ( ! refutation ( an objection rais$ by ! advocate ( ! f9al view4 ,we d n admit1 ! objector says1 ! unity ma9ta9$ by y1 s9ce ! texts cle>ly %[ a diff]5ce ( =m4 ,! text ( ! ,vjasaney9s repres5ts z ! object ( m$itation t :i* is ! ag5t 9 ! act ( s++ out ! ,udg?a2 :ile ! text ( ! ,*&ogas enjo9s m$itation on :at is ! object ( ! action ( s++ out 7i4 e4 ! ,udg?a itself74 ,?is discrepancy e/abli%es diff]5ce 9 ! "* ( ! m$itation1 & z ?is implies diff]5ce ( ! object enjo9$1 ! m]e non- diff]5ce ( injunction1 & s on1 is ( no =ce1 & h5ce ! two m$itations are sep>ate ones4--,?is objection ! ,prvapak%9 impugns1 'on acc\nt ( non-diff]5ce4' ,= bo? texts1 at ! outset1 decl>e t ! ,udg?a is ! means to br+ ab\t ! conque/ ( enemies 7,let u ov]come ! ,asuras at ! sacrifices by means ( ! ,udg?a' 7,bri4 ,up472 ',! gods took ! ,udg?a1 ?9k+ !y w\ld ) t ov]come ! ,asuras'--,*4 ,up474 ,9 ord] !re=e n to /ultify ?is common beg9n+1 we mu/ assume t 9 ! clause ',= !m t brea? sang out' 7,bri4 ,up471 ! ,udg?a1 :i* really is ! object ( ! action ( s++1 is spok5 ( z ! ag5t4 ,o!rwise ! t]m udg?a 9 ! introductory passage 7'by means ( ! ,udg?a'7 w\ld h to be tak5 z by implication d5ot+ ! ag5t 7:ile directly x indicates ! in/rum5t74--,h5ce !re is on5ess ( ! two vidys4-- ,( ?is view ! next ,stra disposes4 #g4 ,or n1 on acc\nt ( diff]5ce ( subject-matt]2 z 9 ! case ( ! attribute ( be+ high] ?an ! high1 & s on4 ,!re is no unity ( ! two vidys1 s9ce ! subject-matt] ( ! two diff]s4 ,= ! tale 9 ! ,*ndogya-text1 :i* beg9s ':5 ! ,devas & ! ,asuras /ruggl$ toge!r1' connects itself ) ! pranava 7! syllable ,om7 :i* is introduc$ z ! object ( m$itation 9 ,*nd4 ,i1 #a1 #a1 ',let a man m$itate on ! syllable ,om z ! ,udg?a'2 & ! clause =m+ "p ( ! tale1'!y m$itat$ on t *ief brea? z ,udg?a4' !re=e ref]s to a m$itation on ! pranava :i* is a "p only ( ! ,udg?a4 ,9 ! text ( ! ,vja- saney9s2 on ! o!r h&1 !re is no?+ to correspond to ! introductory passage :i* 9 ! ,*ndogya-text det]m9es ! subject- matt]1 & ! text cle>ly /ates t ! m$itation ref]s to ! :ole ,udg?a 7n only ! pranava74 ,& ?is diff]5ce ( lead+ subject-matt] implies diff]5ce ( matt] enjo9$1 & ?is aga9 diff]5ce ( ! "* ( m$itation1 & h5ce !re is no unity ( vidys4 ,?us ! object ( m$itation = ! ,*&ogas is ! pranava view$ "u ! =m ( ,prna2 :ile = ! ,vjasaney9s x is ! ,udgtri 7:o s+s ! ,udg?a71 imag9atively id5tifi$ ) ,prna4 ,nor does !re arise1 on ?is latt] acc\nt1 a contradiction betwe5 ! lat] & ! e>li] "p ( ! /ory ( ! ,vjasaney9s4 ,= z a m$itation on ! ,udgtri necess>ily ext5ds to ! ,udg?a1 :i* is ! object ( ! activity ( s++1 ! latt] also helps to br+ ab\t ! result1 viz4 ! ma/]+ ( enemies4--,!re is ?us no unity ( vidy1 al?\gh !re may be non-diff]5ce ( injunction1 & s on4-- ',z 9 ! case ( ! attribute ( be+ high] ?an ! high1' c4 ,9 "o & ! same skh !re are two m$itations1 9 ea* ( :i* ! highe/ ,self is enjo9$ to be view$ "u ! =m ( ! pranava 7,*4 ,up4 ,i1 #f2 ,i1 #i71 & 9 s f> ! two vidys are alike4 ,b :ile ! =m] text enjo9s t ! pranava has to be view$ "u ! =m ( a gold5 man1 9 ! latt] he has to be view$ z possess+ ! attributes ( be+ high] ?an ! high1 & ow+ to ?is diff]5ce ( attributes ! two m$itations mu/ be held sep>ate 7a =tiori1 !n1 ^? m$itations are sep>ate :i* h diff]5t objects ( m$itation74 #h4 ,if t be decl>$ on acc\nt ( "n2 7we object1 s9ce7 t is also 7:]e ! objects ( injunction diff]74 ,if ! on5ess ( ! vidys be ma9ta9$ on ! gr\nd t bo? h ! same "n1 viz4 udg?a-vidy1 we po9t out t on5ess is f\nd also :]e ! objects enjo9$ are diff]5t4 ,! t]m agnihotra is appli$ equally to ! p]man5t agnihotra & to t agnihotra :i* =ms "p ( ! sacrifice call$ ',kundapy9m ayanam'2 & ! t]m udg?a is appli$ equally to ! _m diff]5t m$itations describ$ 9 ! fir/ prap?aka ( ! ,*ndogya4 #i4 ,& 7?is is7 appropriate1 on acc\nt ( ! ext5sion4 ,s9ce ! pranava1 :i* is a "p ( ! udg?a1 is introduc$ z ! subject ( m$itation 9 ! fir/ prap?aka ( ! ,*ndogya1 & ext5ds ov] ! lat] vidys also1 x is appropriate to assume t also 9 ! clause '! gods took ! udg?a'--:i* /&s 9 ! middle--! t]m udg?a d5otes ! pranava4 ,expressions su* z '! clo? is burn$' %[ t frequ5tly ! :ole d5otes ! "p4--,! conclusion f all ?is is t 9 ! ,*ndogya ! object ( m$itation is con/itut$ by ! pranava--!re t]m$ udg?a--view$ "u ! =m ( prna2 :ile 9 ! ,vjasaneyaka ! t]m udg?a d5otes ! :ole udg?a1 & ! object ( m$itation is he :o produces ! udg?a1 i4e4 ! udgtri1 view$ "u ! =m ( prna4 ,& ?is proves t ! two vidys are sep>ate4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'diff]5ce4' #aj4 ,on acc\nt ( non-diff]5ce ( ev]y?+1 ^? else:]e4 ,! ,*ndogya & ! ,vajasaneyaka alike record a m$itation on ,prana2 ! object ( m$itation be+ ,prana z possess+ ! qualities ( be+ ! olde/ & ! be/1 & also z possess+ c]ta9 o!r qualities su* z be+ ! ri*e/1 & s on 7,*4 ,up4 ,v1 #a2 ,bri4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #a74 ,9 ! text ( ! ,kau%tak9s1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is a m$itation on ,prna :i* m5tions ! =m] qualities 7'be+ ! be/' & 'be+ ! olde/'71 b n ! latt] 7'be+ ! ri*e/1' & s on74 ,?is1 ! ,prvapak%9 ma9ta9s1 con/itutes a diff]5ce betwe5 ! objects ( m$itation1 & h5ce betwe5 ! m$itations !mselves4--,?is view ! ,stra sets aside 'on acc\nt ( non- diff]5ce ( ev]y?+1 ^? else:]e4' ,!re is no diff]5ce ( m$itation4 ,^? qualities1 viz4 be+ ! ri*e/1 & s on1 are to be m$itat$ ^u 9 ! o!r place also1 viz4 9 ! m$itation on ,prna ( ! ,kau%tak9s2 's9ce !re is non-diff]5ce ( ev]y?+1' i4e4 s9ce ! text ( ! ,kau%tak9s also exhibits ! v same me?od1 9 all its details1 = prov+ :at x is und]tak5 to prove1 viz4 t ,prna is ! olde/ & be/4 ,& = t pro( x is requir$ t ,prna %\ld be view$ z possess+ also ! quality ( be+ ! ri*e/1 & s on1 & ^! qualities !re=e h to be compris$ 9 ! m$itation ( ! ,kau%tak9s also4 ,h5ce !re is no diff]5ce ( m$itation4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'non- diff]5ce ( ev]y?+4' ,9 ! same way z ! m$itation on ,prna z ! olde/ & be/ _c be accompli%$ )\t ,prna be+ also m$itat$ ^u z ! ri*e/1 & s on1 & z h5ce ^! latt] qualities h to be compris$ 9 ! m$itation on ,prna ( ! ,kau%tak9s1 al?\gh !y are n expressly m5tion$ !re2 ?us ^? qualities ( ,brahman also1 )\t :i* ! m$itation on ,brahman _c be accompli%$1 mu/ be includ$ 9 all m$itations on ,brahman--?is is ! po9t to be prov$ next4 #aa4 ,bliss & o!r qualities1 z belong+ to ! subject ( ! qualities4 ,! po9t to be decid$ "h is :e!r1 or n1 ! ess5tial qualities ( ,brahman are to be includ$ 9 all m$itations on ! highe/ ,brahman4-- ,s9ce !re is no valid reason = includ+ 9 a m$itation ^? qualities :i* are n expressly m5tion$ 9 ! section conta9+ t m$itation1 only ^? qualities :i* are ?us expressly m5tion$ %\ld be includ$6--,?is prim facie view is negativ$ by ! ,stra4 ,! clause1 'on acc\nt ( non-diff]5ce1' has to be c>ri$ on f ! prec$+ ,stra4 ,z ! 'subject ( ! qualities1' i4e4 ,brahman is ! same 9 all m$itations1 ! qualities :i* d n exi/ ap>t f _! subject1 viz4 bliss1 & s on1 are to be compris$ 9 all m$itations4--,b = ! same reason !n su* qualities z 'hav+ joy = its head' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #e7 w\ld also h to be includ$ 9 all m$itations on ,brahman6--,?is ! next ,stra negatives4 #ab4 ,su* qualities z hav+ joy = its head1 & s on1 are n e/abli%$1 = if !re 7 diff]5ce 7( memb]s7 !re w\ld be increase & decrease4 ,! decl>ation t ! ess5tial qualities ( ,brahman are e/abli%$ = all m$itations1 does n imply t su* attributes z 'hav+ joy = its head' are equally e/abli%$4 ,= ! latt] are n qualities ( ,brahman1 s9ce !y are m]e elem5ts 9 a figurative repres5tation ( ,brahman "u ! =m ( an animal body4 ,o!rwise1 i4e4 if ,brahman really possess$ diff]5t memb]s1 su* z head1 w+s1 & s on1 x w\ld be liable to increase & decrease1 & ?is w\ld be 9 conflict ) texts su* z '! ,true1 k1 inf9ite is ,brahman4'--,b if ?is reason+ holds good1 !n all ! inf9ite qualities belong+ to ,brahman su* z lordly p[]1 g5]osity1 compassion1 & s on--all ( :i* are incapable ( exi/+ ap>t f ! subject to :i* !y belong-w\ld h to be compreh5d$ 9 all ^? m$itations on ,brahman :]e !y are n expressly m5tion$2 & ?is c\ld n possibly be done1 z ^? qualities are inf9ite 9 numb]4--,?is difficulty ! next ,stra removes4 #ac4 ,b ! o!rs1 on acc\nt ( equality ) ! ?+4 ,^? o!r qualities :i* are 'equal to ! ?+1' i4 e4 :i* are attributes det]m9+ ! ess5tial "* ( ! ?+1 & !re=e necess>ily ent]+ into ! idea ( ! ?+1 mu/ be includ$ 9 all m$itations1 no less ?an ! ?+ itself4 ,to ?is class belong qualities su* z true be+1 k1 bliss1 purity1 inf9ity1 & s on4 ,= ( ,brahman--:i* by texts su* z 't f :i* all ^! be+s1' c4 _h be5 sugge/$ z ! cause ( ! _w--! ess5tial def9ition is giv5 9 texts su* z '! ,true1 k1 inf9ite is ,brahman'2 'bliss is ,brahman1' & o!rs2 & h5ce1 9 ord] t a true notion may be =m$ ( ,brahman z ! object ( m$itation1 su* qualities z true be+1 bliss1 & s on1 h to be includ$ 9 all m$itations on ,brahman4 ,su* additional qualities1 on ! o!r h&1 z e4g4 compassion1 :i* inde$ _c exi/ ap>t f ! subject to :i* !y belong1 b are n necess>y elem5ts ( ! idea ( ,brahman1 are to be includ$ 9 ^? m$itations only :]e !y are specially m5tion$4 ,b1 an objection is rais$1 if 'hav+ joy = its head' & ! l are n qualities ( ,brahman1 b m]ely s]ve ! purpose ( a figurative repres5tation ( ,brahman1 = :at purpose !n is ?is repres5tation introduc$8 ,= if some?+ is repres5t$ z some?+ else1 !re mu/ be "s motive = do+ s4 ,:]e1 e4g4 ! sacr$ text comp>es ! m$itat+ devotee to a *>iote]1 its body & organs to a *>iot1 & s on1 x does s = ! purpose ( assi/+ ! subjection to ! ,self ( ! means ( m$itation1 i4e4 ! body1 ! s5ses1 & s on4 ,b 9 ! pres5t case no su* purpose is to be disc]n$1 & h5ce x mu/ ne$s be admitt$ t hav+ joy = its head1 & s on1 are real qualities ( ,brahman4--,! next ,stra disposes ( ?is difficulty4 #ad4 ,= m$itation1 ow+ to ! abs5ce ( purpose4 ,z no o!r purpose c be assign$1 ! text mu/ be suppos$ to repres5t ,brahman z hav+ joy = its head1 & s on1 = ! purpose ( m$itation4 ,9 ord] to accompli% ! m$itation on ,brahman :i* is enjo9$ 9 ! text 'he :o kn[s 7i4e4 m$itates on7 ,brahman rea*es ! ,highe/1' ! text repres5ts ! ,brahman consi/+ ( bliss z made up ( joy1 satisfaction1 c41 & comp>es ^! to ! head1 ! w+s1 & s on4 ,! ,self ( bliss1 :i* is ! inmo/ ( all ! ,selfs m5tion$ 9 ! text1 is by ?is means repres5t$ to ! m9d 9 a def9ite %ape2 j z 9 ! prec$+ sections ! ,self ( food1 ! ,self ( brea?1 & ! re/ _h simil>ly be5 repres5t$ 9 def9ite %apes1 consi/+ ( head1 w+s1 & s on4 ,z ?us ! qualities ( hav+ joy = its head1 c4 are m]ely second>y m>ks ( ! ,self ( bliss1 !y are n necess>ily includ$ 9 ea* m$itation t involves ! idea ( t ,self4 #ae4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! t]m ',self4' ,t ?is is s fur!r foll[s f ! fact t 9 ! clause 'diff]5t f ?is is ! inn] ,self consi/+ ( bliss' ! t]m ',self is us$4 ,= z ! ,self _c really possess a head1 w+s1 & tail1 its hav+ joy = its head1 & s on1 c only be meant 9 a metaphorical s5se1 = ! sake ( easi] compreh5sion4--,b1 9 ! prec$+ sections1 ! t]m ,self _h be5 appli$ to :at is n ( ! nature ( ,self--! text speak+ ( ! ,self ( brea?1 ! ,self ( m9d1 & s on2 h[ !n are we able to det]m9e t 9 ! phrase '! ,self ( bliss' ! t]m ,self d5otes a true ,self8--,to ?is ! next ,stra replies4 #af4 ,!re is ref]5ce to ! ,self1 z 9 o!r places2 on acc\nt ( ! subsequ5t passage4 ,9 ! clause1'diff]5t f t is ! ,self ( bliss1' ! t]m ,self c ref] to ! highe/ ,self only2 'z 9 o!r cases1' i4e4 z 9 o!r passages--'! ,self only 0 ?is 9 ! beg9n+2 x ?\ght1 let me s5d =? ! worlds1' & simil> ones--! t]m ',self d5otes ! highe/ ,self only4--,b :]eby is ?is prov$8--',by ! subsequ5t passagel1 i4e4 by ! passage1 'he desir$1 may ,i be _m1 may ,i gr[ =?1'--:i* ref]s to ! ,self ( bliss4 #ag4 ,if x be said 'on acc\nt ( connexion'2 x may be s1 on acc\nt ( asc]ta9m5t4 ,b z 9 ! prec$+ sections ! t]m ,self is se5 to be connect$ ) :at is n ( ! nature ( ! ,self1 su* z ! ,self ( brea?1 & s on1 x is n possible to draw a valid conclusion f ! subsequ5t passage6--,x is possible1 ! ,stra replies1 'on acc\nt ( asc]ta9m5t4' ,= ! previ\s clause1 'f t ,self !re orig9at$ ! ,e!r1' settles 9 ! m9d ! idea ( ! highe/ ,self1 & t idea !n is transf]r$ 9 succession to ! 7s-call$7 ,self ( brea?1 ! ,self ( m9d1 & s on1 until x f9ally f9ds re/ 9 ! ,self ( bliss1 beyond :i* !re is no o!r ,self2 :ile at ! same "t ! subsequ5t clause 'he desir$' confirms ! idea ( ! highe/ ,self4 ,! t]m ,self ?us connects itself f ! beg9n+ ) ?+s :i* are n true ,selfs1 because ! highe/ ,self is z x 7 view$ 9 !m4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'bliss & ! re/4' #ah4 ,! new 7?+ is enjo9$72 on acc\nt ( ! /atem5t ( :at has to be done4 ,! ,stra discusses an additional "q connect$ ) ! m$itation on brea?4 ,bo? texts--! ,*ndogya z well z ! ,vjasaneyaka-decl>e t wat] con/itutes a dress = prana1 & ref] to ! r9s+ ( ! m\? ) wat]4 ,! d\bt "h arises :e!r :at ! texts mean to enjo9 is ! r9s+ ( ! m\?1 or a m$itation on prna z hav+ wat] = its dress4--,! ,prvapak%9 ma9ta9s ! =m] view2 =1 he says1 ! ,vjasaneyaka uses ! injunctive =m 'he is to r9se1' :ile !re is no injunctive =m ref]r+ to ! m$itation2 & :at ! text says 9 praise ( ! brea? ?us n be+ all[$ to rema9 nak$ may be tak5 z a m]e glorification ( ! act ( r9s+4 ,& z ord9>y r9s+ ( ! m\?1 subsequ5t to eat+1 is already e/abli%$ by ,smriti & cu/om1 we mu/ conclude t ! text means to enjo9 r9s+ ( ! m\? ( a diff]5t k9d1 viz4 z auxili>y to ! m$itation on prna4--,to ?is ! ,stra replies t :at ! text enjo9s is ! new' ?+1 i4e4 ! previ\sly non-e/abli%$ m$itation on wat] z =m+ ! dress ( prna4 ',on acc\nt ( ! /atem5t ( :at has to be done1' i4e4 on acc\nt ( ! /atem5t ( :at is n e/abli%$--= only on ! latt] condition ,scripture has a mean+4 ,! beg9n+ z well z ! end ( ! ,vjasaneyaka-text cle>ly ref]s to a m$itation on ! wat] us$ = r9s+ z =m+ a dress = prna2 & z r9s+ is already e/abli%$ by ,smriti & cu/om1 we naturally inf] t :at ! text enjo9s is a m$itation on brea? z hav+ ! wat] us$ 9 r9s+ = its dress4 ,?is also expla9s :y ! ,*ndogya-text does n m5tion ! r9s+ at all1 b m]ely ! clo?+ ( brea? ) wat]4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! /atem5t ( :at has to be done4' #ai4 ,& 7! qualities7 ?us be+ equal1 on acc\nt ( non-diff]5ce4 ,9 ! book ( ! ,vjasaneyaka1 call$ ,agnirahasya1 we meet ) a m$itation on ,brahman call$ ,sndilyavidy2 & !re is also a ,sndilya- vidy 9 ! ,brihadranyaka4 ,! ,prvapak%9 holds t ^! two m$itations are diff]5t s9ce ! latt] text m5tions qualities--su* z ,brahman be+ ! "l ( all--:i* are n m5tion$ 9 ! =m]2 ! objects ( m$itation ?us be+ diff]5t1 ! m$itations !mselves are diff]5t4--,?is ! ,stra negatives4 ,! object ( m$itation is 'equal1' = bo? texts /ate ! same qualities1 su* z 'consi/+ ( m9d1' & s on2 & ! additional qualities /at$ 9 ! ,brihad-ranyaka1 su* z ! rul]%ip ( ,brahman1'd n diff]' f ^? equally /at$ by bo? texts1 su* z ,brahman realis+ all its purposes1 & s on4 ,?us ! objects ( m$itation d n diff] 9 "*4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( ':at is equal4' #bj4 ,on acc\nt ( connexion1 ?us else:]e also4 ,9 ! ,brihad-ranyaka 7,v1 #e7 x is said t ,brahman is to be m$itat$ ^u z abid+ )9 ! orb ( ! sun & )9 ! "r eye2 & !n ! text m5tions two secret names ( ,brahman--aham & ah>4 ,"h ! ,prvapak%9 holds t bo? ^! names are to be compreh5d$ 9 ea* ( ! two m$itations ',on acc\nt ( connexion1' i4e4 on acc\nt ( ! object ( m$itation1 i4e4 ,brahman be+ "o only1 al?\gh connect$ ) diff]5t abodes1 x is '?us else:]e also1' i4 e4 ! same conclusion :i* _h be5 arriv$ at 9 ! case ( ! ,sndilya-vidys1 has to be accept$ ) reg>d to ,brahman abid+ 9 ! sun & 9 ! eye4 ,! m$itation is "o only1 & h5ce ! two secret names apply to ,brahman 9 bo? its abodes4--,?is view ! next ,stra negatives4 #ba4 ,or n s1 on acc\nt ( diff]5ce4 ,?is is n s1 = z ,brahman is to be m$itat$ ^u 9 two diff]5t abodes1 ! m$itations are sep>ate4 ,9 bo? ! ,sndilya-vidys1 on ! o!r h&1 ,brahman is to be m$itat$ ^u z abid+ )9 ! he>t4 #bb4 ,! text also decl>es ?is4 ,t ! qualities ( t :i* abides )9 ! sun & t :i* abides 9 ! eye are n to be comb9$1 ! text itself moreov] %[s by specially /at+ t ! *>act]i/ics ( ! "o are ^? ( ! o!r4 ,= su* a special transf] ( qualities is ne$$ only :]e ! qualities are n ( !mselves e/abli%$1 i4e4 :]e ! two ?+s are naturally diff]5t4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'connexion1' #bc4 ,& = ! same reason ! hold+ toge!r & ! p]vad+ ! sky4 ,9 ! ,taittiriyaka & 9 ! khilas ( ! ,rnyanyas we h ! foll[+ passage3 ',ga!r$ toge!r are ! p[]s among :i* ,brahman is ! olde/2 ,brahman z ! olde/ 9 ! beg9n+ /ret*$ out ! sky4 ,brahman 0 born z ! fir/ ( all be+s2 :o may rival t ,brahman8' :i* decl>es t ,brahman ga!r$ toge!r all ! mo/ anci5t p[]s1 t x p]vades ! sky1 & s on4 ,& z ^! attributes are n /at$ 9 connexion ) any special m$itation1 we mu/ inf] t !y are to be includ$ 9 all m$itations :atev] on ,brahman4--,?is prim facie view is controv]t$ by ! ,stra4 ,! hold+ toge!r ( all p[]s1 c41 al?\gh n m5tion$ 9 connexion ) any special m$itation1 is n to be includ$ 9 all m$itations :atev]1 b to be connect$ ) p>ticul> m$itations 'on ! same gr\nd1' i4e4 accord+ to diff]5ce ( place4 ,:]e ^? qualities h to be includ$ mu/ be decid$ on ! gr\nd ( feasibility4 ,! attribute ( p]vad+ ! :ole heav5 _c be includ$ 9 a m$itation on ,brahman z abid+ )9 a small place su* z ! he>t1 & h5ce ! o!r attributes also :i* are /at$ toge!r ) ! attribute m5tion$ _c be includ$ 9 ^? m$itations4 ,& :5 we f9d t 9 m$itations on ,brahman z abid+ )9 a small place x is said t ,brahman is great] ?an ! e>?1 or t ! e!r )9 ! he>t is z great z ! univ]sal e!r1 ^! attributes _c be tak5 9 _! lit]al s5se & h5ce includ$ 9 ^? m$itations1 b mu/ be view$ z m]ely meant to glorify ! object propos$ = m$itation4--,h]e) t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'hold+ toge!r4' #bd4 ,& al?\gh 7!y bo? be7 m$itations on man2 on acc\nt ( o!rs n be+ record$4 ,9 ! ,taittiriyaka z well z ! ,*ndogya we meet ) a m$itation on man 7puru%a-vidy71 9 :i* p>ts ( ! sacrifice are fancifully id5tifi$ ) ! p>ts ( ! human body4--,"h ! ,prvapak%9 ma9ta9s t ^! two m$itations are id5tical2 =1 he says1 bo? m$itations h ! same "n 7puru%a-vidy71 & ! same "* z /at$ above2 & z ! ,taittiryaka m5tions no fruit ( ! m$itation1 ! fruit decl>$ 9 ! ,*ndogya holds good = ! ,taittiryaka also1 & ?us !re is no diff]5ce ( fruit4--,?is view ! ,stra negatives4 ,al?\gh bo? m$itations are m$itations on man1 yet !y are sep>ate 'on acc\nt ( ! o!rs n be+ record$1' i4e4 on acc\nt ( ! qualities record$ 9 "o skh n be+ record$ 9 ! o!r4 ,= ! ,taittiryaka m5tions ! ?ree libations1 :ile ! ,*ndogya does n1 & s on4 ,! "* ( ! two m$itations ?us diff]s4 ,& !re is a diff]5ce ( result also4 ,= an exam9ation ( ! context 9 ! ,taittiryaka %[s t ! puru%a-vidy is m]ely a subord9ate "p ( a m$itation on ,brahman1 ! fruit ( :i* ! text decl>es to be t ! devotee rea*es ! greatness ( ,brahman2 :ile ! ,*ndogya m$itation is an indep5d5t "o1 & has = its rew>d ! atta9m5t ( long life4 ,! two m$itations are ?us sep>ate1 & h5ce ! details ( "o mu/ n be includ$ 9 ! o!r4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! m$itation on man4' #be4 ,on acc\nt ( ! diff]5ce ( s5se ( pi]c+ & s on4 ,! text ( ! ?>vanikas exhibits at ! beg9n+ ( _! ,upani%ad "s mantras1 ',pi]ce ! sukra1 pi]ce ! he>t4' ,! foll[]s ( ! ,sma-v$a read at ! beg9n+ ( _! rahasya- brhmana ',o ,god ,savitri1 promote ! sacrifice4' ,! ,k?akas & ! ,taittiryakas h ',may ,mitra be propiti\s to u1 may ,v>una be propiti\s4' ,! ,styyan9s h ',?\ art a :ite horse1 a tawny & a black "o6' ,! ,kau%tak9s h a ,brhmana ref]r+ to ! ,mahavrata- c]emony1 ',indra hav+ sla9 ,vritra became great4' ,! ,kau%tak9s also h a ,mahvrata-brhmana4 ',prajpati is ! ye>2 8 ,self is t ,mahvrata4' ,! ,vjasaney9s h a ,brhmana ref]r+ to ! ,prav>gya1 ',! gods sat d[n = a sattra-celebration4' ,) ref]5ce to all ?is a d\bt arises :e!r ^! mantras & ! sacrificial works ref]r$ to 9 ! ,brhmana texts =m p>ts ( ! m$itations enjo9$ 9 ! ,upani%ads or n4--,! ,prvapak%9 affirms ?is1 on ! gr\nd t z ! mantras & works are m5tion$ 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ! m$itations ! idea ( _! =m+ p>ts ( ! latt] naturally pres5ts itself4 ,su* mantras z 'pi]ce ! he>t' & works su* z ! prav>gya may inde$--on ! basis ( direct /atem5t 7sruti71 inf]5tial m>k 7l+a71 & syntactical connexion 7vkya71 :i* are /rong] ?an m]e proximity--be und]/ood to be connect$ ) c]ta9 actions2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 mantras su* z ',may ,v>una be propiti\s' h no application else:]e1 & are suitable introductions to m$itations4 ,we !re=e take !m to be p>ts ( ! m$itations1 & h5ce hold t ^? mantras are to be includ$ 9 all m$itations4--,?is view ! ,stra sets aside 'on acc\nt ( ! diff]5ce ( s5se ( pi]c+1 & s on4' ,! inf]5tial m>ks conta9$ 9 texts su* z 'pi]ce ! sukra1 pi]ce ! he>t'2 ',i %all speak ! "r1 ,i %all speak ! true1' %[ t ! mantras h an application 9 connexion ) c]ta9 magical practices1 or else ! /udy ( ! ,v$a1 & ! l1 & d n !re=e =m "p ( m$itations4 ,t is to say--9 ! same way z ! mantra 'pi]ce ! he>t' enables u to inf] t also ! mantra 'pi]ce ! sukra' belongs to "s magical rite1 s we inf] f ! special mean+ ( mantras su* z ',i %all speak ! "r1' c41 t also mantras su* z ',may ,mitra be propiti\s' are connect$ ) ! /udy ( ! ,v$a1 & d n !re=e =m "p ( m$itations4 ,t mantras ( ?is k9d & ,brhmana passages relative to ! ,prav>gya & ! l are plac$ at ! beg9n+ ( ,upani%ads is ow+ to _! hav+1 l ! latt]1 to be /udi$ 9 ! =e/4--,h]e) t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'pi]c+ & ! l4' #bf4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! gett+ rid ( 7x has to be comb9$ ) ! obta9+71 z x is supplem5t>y to /atem5ts ( obta9+2 z 9 ! case ( ! kusas1 ! metres1 ! praise1 & ! s++4 ,?is has be5 expla9$4 ,! ,*&ogas read 9 _! text ',%ak+ (f all evil z a horse %akes 8 hair1 & %ak+ (f ! body z ! moon frees h]self f ! m\? ( ,rhu1 ,i obta9 ! _w ( ,brahman' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #ac74 ,! ?>vanikas h ',he :o kn[s1 %ak+ (f good & evil1 free f passion1 rea*es ! highe/ on5ess4' ,! ,styyan9s h ',8 sons obta9 8 inh]itance1 8 fri5ds ! good1 8 enemies ! evil he has done4' ,! ,kau%tak9s ',he %akes (f 8 good & 8 evil de$s4 ,8 belov$ relatives obta9 ! good1 8 unbelov$ relatives ! evil he has done4' ,two ( ^! texts m5tion only ! %ak+ (f1 on ! "p ( him :o kn[s1 ( 8 good & evil works2 "o m5tions only ! obta9m5t ( ^! works1 on ! "p ( fri5ds & enemies2 & "o m5tions bo? ^! occurr5ces4--,n[ bo? ! occurr5ces1 al?\gh m5tion$ 9 sev]al m$itations1 mu/ be consid]$ elem5ts ( all m$itations3 = :oev]1 on ! basis ( a k ( ,brahman1 rea*es ,brahman1 necess>ily leaves beh9d all 8 good & evil works1 & ^? works unless ?us left beh9d _c be obta9$ by o!rs4 ,m$itation on ^? two matt]s !re=e ent]s z an elem5t into all m$itations4 ,! d\btful po9t1 h[ev]1 is :e!r !re is option betwe5 ! m$itation on ! ab&onm5t ( works1 & t on ! obta9m5t ( works by o!rs1 & t on bo? ^! ev5ts2 or :e!r 9 ea* case all ^! m$itations are to be comb9$4--,!re is option1 ! ,prvapak%9 holds2 = ! reason t ! texts make diff]5t decl>ations on ?is po9t4 ,=1 if ! m$itations _h to be comb9$1 !re w\ld be 9 ea* case m$itation on bo? ! matt]s m5tion$2 & z su* d\ble m$itation is e/abli%$ by ! ,kau%itak9 text1 x w\ld foll[ t ! /atem5ts ( ! o!r texts are )\t mean+4 ,?us ! only motive = ! decl>ations made 9 diff]5t places c be to all[ option4 ,nor mu/ ?is conclusion be controv]t$ on ! gr\nd t decl>ations ( ! same matt]1 made 9 diff]5t places1 are made ) ref]5ce to ! diff]5ce ( /ud5ts sev]ally read+ ! sev]al texts2 = ?is holds good 9 ^? cases only :]e id5tical /atem5ts are made 9 diff]5t texts2 :ile 9 ! case "u discussion two skhs m5tion ! ab&onm5t ( works1 & "o _! pass+ ov] to o!r p]sons4 ,nor c y acc\nt = ! diff]5ce ( /atem5t on ! gr\nd ( diff]5ce ( vidys2 = y y\rself ma9ta9 t ! m$itations 9 "q =m "p ( all m$itations4--,?is view ! ,stra impugns1 'b :]e ! gett+ rid ( is m5tion$1' c4 ,:]e a text m5tions ei!r ! ab&onm5t only ( works or only _! be+ obta9$ by o!rs1 bo? ^! matt]s mu/ necess>ily be comb9$1 s9ce ! /atem5t z to ! works be+ obta9$ =ms a supplem5t to ! /atem5t ( _! be+ ab&on$4 ,= ! =m] /atem5t decl>es ! place to :i* ! good & evil works1 got rid ( by him :o kn[s ,brahman1 are transf]r$4--,?is supplem5t>y relation ( two /atem5ts ! ,stra illu/rates by "s p>allel cases4 ,a clause 9 ! text ( ! ,styyan9s1 '! kusas are ! *ildr5 ( ! udumb>a tree1' =ms a def9+ supplem5t to a m g5]al /atem5t 9 ! text ( ! ,kau%tak9s1 '! kusas are ! *ildr5 ( ! tree4' ,! clause1 '! metres ( ! gods are prior1' def9es ! ord] ( ! metres :i* 9 o!r texts m5tion+ '! metres ( ! gods & ,asuras' _h be5 left undef9$1 & !re=e =ms a supplem5t to ^? texts4 ,analog\s is ! relation ( ! clause1 'he assi/s ! /otra ( ! %odas9 :5 ! sun has half ris51' to ! less def9ite /atem5t 'he assi/s ) gold ! /otra ( ! %odas92' & ! relation ( ! clause1 '! adhv>yu is n to s+1' to ! g5]al injunction 'all ! prie/s jo9 9 ! s++4' ,unless we admit t "o /atem5t1 :i* def9es "s o!r m g5]al /atem5t1 may /& to ! latt] 9 a supplem5t>y relation1 we are driv5 to assume an optional proce$+1 & ?is is objectionable z long z !re is any o!r way op52 accord+ to a pr9ciple laid d[n 9 ! ,prva ,mmms 7,x1 #h1 #ae74 ,z ! clauses ref]r+ to ! ab&onm5t ( ! works1 & ^? ref]r+ to _! be+ tak5 up by o!rs1 ?us =m "o connect$ :ole1 !re is no su* ?+ z m]e ab&onm5t & m]e tak+ up1 & h5ce !re c be no option betwe5 ! two4 ,t ! text ( ! ,kau%tak9s m5tions bo? ?us expla9s itself1 on ! gr\nd t ! sev]al decl>ations ( :at is really only "o & ! same matt] are direct$ to diff]5t he>]s4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'gett+ rid (4' #bg4 ,at dep>t+2 !re be+ no?+ to be rea*$4 ,= ?us o!rs 7also decl>e74 ,! fur!r "q arises :e!r ! putt+ (f ( all good & evil de$s takes place only at ! "t :5 ! s\l leaves ! body1 or also aft] x has dep>t$ & is on its j\rney to ! _w ( ,brahman4 ,! ,prvapak%9 holds ! latt] view1 =1 he says1 ! texts decl>e bo?4 ,! ,kau%tak9s say t ! s\l %akes (f its good & evil de$s :5 x crosses ! riv] ,viraj 9 ! _w ( ,brahman2 :ile ! ,tnd9s say ',%ak+ (f all evil1 & %ak+ (f ! body1' c41 :i* %[s t ! de$s are %ak5 (f at ! "t :5 ! s\l leaves ! body4 ,& :5 ! ,styyanaka says t '8 sons obta9 8 inh]itance1 8 fri5ds 8 good de$s1' & s on1 ?is also intimates t ! de$s are %ak5 (f at ! "t :5 ! s\l leaves ! body4 ,we !re=e mu/ conclude t a "p ( ! de$s is left beh9d at ! mom5t ( dea?1 & ! rema9d] on ! j\rney to ! _w ( ,brahman4--,?is view ! ,stra controv]ts4 ,all ! good & evil de$s ( ! dy+ man are left beh9d1 )\t rema9d]1 at ! "t :5 ! s\l p>ts f ! body4 ,= aft] ! s\l ( him :o kn[s has dep>t$ f ! body1 '!re is no?+ to be rea*$1' i4e4 !re are no fur!r pleasures & pa9s to be enjoy$ z ! result ( good & evil de$s1 diff]5t f ! obta9+ ( ,brahman1 :i* is ! fruit ( k4 ,?us o!rs 'also decl>e t1 subsequ5tly to ! s\l's dep>ture f ! body1 !re is no enjoym5t ( any pa9 or pleasure diff]5t f ! obta9+ ( ,brahman4 ',b :5 he is free ( ! body1 !n nei!r pleasure nor pa9 t\*es him'2 ',?us does t s]5e be+1 ris+ f ?is body1 appe> 9 its own =m z soon z x has approa*$ ! highe/ light' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #ab1 #a2 #c72 ',= him !re is delay only s long z he is n fre$ 7f ! body72 !n he w be p]fect' 7,,vi1 #ad1 #b74 #bh4 ,z x is desir$2 on acc\nt ( !re be+ no contradiction ( ei!r4 ,! "t :5 good & evil de$s are left beh9d ?us hav+ be5 det]m9$ on ! basis ( ! reason ( ! ?+1 ! sev]al words ( ! passages mu/ be con/ru$ z x is desir$1 i4e4 s z n to contradict ei!r1 i4e4 ei!r ! decl>ation ( scripture or ! reason ( ! ?+4 ,?us 9 ! text ( ! ,kau%tak9s ! lat] clause1 'he %akes (f 8 good & evil de$s1' mu/ be tak5 z com+ be=e ! e>li] passage 'hav+ ent]$ on t pa? ( ! gods4'-- ,"h ! ,prvapak%9 raises a new objection4 #bi4 ,!re is mean+ ( ! s\l's go+ 7only7 on ! tw(old hypo!sis2 = o!rwise !re is contradiction4 ,x is only on ! hypo!sis ( a "p ( ! good & evil works be+ left beh9d at ! "t ( ! s\l's dep>ture f ! body1 & ano!r "p lat] on1 & ! effacem5t ( works ?us tak+ place 9 a d\ble way1 t a s5se c be f\nd 9 ! scriptural decl>ation ( ! s\l proce$+ on ! pa? ( ! gods4 ,= o!rwise !re w\ld be a contradiction4 ,= if all ! works p]i%$ at ! "t ( ! s\l's dep>ture f ! body1 ! subtle body also w\ld p]i%1 & if ?is 7 s1 no go+ on ! "p ( ! m]e ,self w\ld be possible4 ,x is n !re=e possible t at ! "t ( ! s\l's dep>ture f ! body all works %\ld p]i% )\t a rema9d]4--,to ?is ! next ,stra replies4 #cj4 7,t assumption7 is ju/ifi$2 on acc\nt ( ! p]ception ( ?+s :i* are m>ks ( t2 z 9 ord9>y exp]i5ce4 ,! assumption ( all ! works p]i%+ at ! "t ( 'dep>ture' involves no contradiction2 s9ce we p]ceive1 9 ! sacr$ texts1 matt]s :i* are m>ks ( connexion ) a body ev5 on ! "p ( ! s\l :i* has dive/$ itself ( all its works & become manife/ 9 its true nature4 ,comp>e ',hav+ approa*$ ! highe/ light he manife/s himself 9 8 true =m'2 ',he moves ab\t !re laugh+1 play+1 & rejoic+'2 ',he becomes a self-rul]1 he moves ab\t 9 all worlds accord+ to 8 w'2 ',he becomes "o1 he becomes ?ree1' c4 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #ab1 #c2 ,,vii1 #be1 #b2 #bf1 #b74 ,all ^! texts ref] to ! s\l's connexion ) a body4 ,! s\l !re=e1 jo9$ to ! subtle body1 may proce$ on ! pa? ( ! gods1 ev5 aft] all its works h pass$ away4 ,b h[ c ! subtle body p]si/1 :5 ! works :i* orig9ate x h pass$ away8 ,?r\gh ! p[] ( k1 we reply4 ,k does n inde$ by itself orig9ate ! subtle body1 b x possesses ! p[] ( mak+ t body p]si/1 ev5 aft] ! gross body--:i* is ! in/rum5t = ! exp]i5ce ( all ord9>y pa9s & pleasures--& all works h pass$ away1 s z !reby to make ! s\l capable ( mov+ on ! pa? ( ! gods1 & ?us to obta9 ,brahman :i* is ! fruit ( k4 ',z 9 ord9>y life4' ,z 9 ord9>y life1 a tank1 :i* may h be5 made ) a view to ! irrigation ( rice-fields & ! l1 is ma9ta9$ & us$ = ! purpose ( draw+ dr9k+-wat]1 & s on1 ev5 aft] ! int5tions :i* orig9ally l$ to its be+ made h pass$ away4--,"h an objection is rais$4 ,x may be admitt$1 t at ! "t :5 a man possess+ true k dies1 all 8 works pass away )\t a rema9d]1 & t ! subtle body only rema9s1 enabl+ him to move t[>ds ,brahman2 b x _c be held t ! s\l 9 t /ate does n exp]i5ce pa9 & pleasure2 = we "k f sacr$ tradition t ,vasi%?a1 ,avnt>a-tamas1 & o!rs1 :o _h rea*$ intuition ( ! highe/ tru?1 ent]$ aft] dea? on o!r embodim5ts1 & exp]i5c$ pa9 & pleasure due to ! bir? ( sons1 v>i\s calamities1 & s on4--,to ?is ! next ,stra replies4 #ca4 ,( ^? :o h a c]ta9 (fice !re is subsi/5ce 7( _! works7 z long z ! (fice la/s4 ,we d n ma9ta9 t all ^? :o h rea*$ true k dive/ !mselves at ! "t ( dea? ( all _! good & evil works2 we limit our view to ^? :o imm$iately aft] dea? atta9 to mov+ on ! pa?1 ! fir/ /age ( :i* is light4 ,p]sons l ,vasi%?a1 on ! o!r h&1 :o are entru/$ ) c]ta9 (fices1 d n imm$iately aft] dea? atta9 to mov+ on ! pa? beg9n+ ) light1 s9ce ! duties und]tak5 by !m are n completely accompli%$4 ,9 ! case ( be+s ( ?is k9d1 :o ow+ to p>ticul> de$s h be5 appo9t$ to p>ticul> (fices1 ! effect ( ! works :i* gave rise to ! (fice does n pass away be=e ^? (fices are completely accompli%$2 = ! effect ( a "w is exhau/$ only ?r\gh ! complete enjoym5t ( its result4 ,9 ! case ( ^? p]sons1 !re=e1 ! effects ( ! works :i* gave rise to _! (fice cont9ue to exi/ z long z ! (fice itself1 & h5ce !y d n aft] dea? ent] on ! pa? beg9n+ ) light4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'pass+ away4' #cb4 ,!re is no re/riction 7s9ce7 all 7h to g on t pa?74 7,?us7 !re is non-contradiction ( sacr$ text & ,smriti4 ,! "q "h is :e!r ,brahman is to be rea*$ on ! pa? ( ! gods by ^? only :o take _! /& on ^? m$itations :i*1 l ! ,upakosala-vidy1 describe t pa?1 or by all :o practise any ( ! m$itations on ,brahman4 ,! ,prvapak%9 holds ! =m] view1 s9ce !re is no pro( to %[ t 9 o!r vidys ! go+ on t pa? is n m5tion$1 & s9ce ^? o!r vidys-su* z ! texts '& ^? :o 9 ! =e/ m$itate on fai? & au/]ities1'&' ^? :o 9 ! =e/ wor%ip fai?1 ! ,true' 7,*4 ,up4 ,v1 #aj1 #a2 ,bri4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #b1 #ae7--sugge/ to ! m9d ! idea ( ! k ( ,brahman4 ,?is ! ,stra negatives4 ,!re is no re/riction to t limit$ class ( devotees1 s9ce all :o c>ry on m$itations h to g on t pa?4 ,= on ?is latt] assumption only text & inf]5ce1 i4e4 scripture & au?oritative tradition1 are n contradict$4 ,z to scripture1 ! ,*ndogya & ! ,vjasaneyaka alike1 9 ! ,pakgni-vidy1 decl>e t all ^? :o practise m$itation g on t pa?4 ,9 ! ,vjasaneyaka ! words ':o "k ?is' ref] to ^? :o practise ! m$itation on ! five fires1 :ile ! foll[+ words '^? :o 9 ! =e/ m$itate on fai? & ! ,true' ref] to ^? :o m$itate on ,brahman2 & ! text !n goes on to say t all ^? devotees g to ,brahman1 on ! pa? ( ! gods4 ,texts su* z '! ,true1 k1 inf9ite is ,brahman1' & '! ,true mu/ be enquir$ into1' prove t ! t]m '! ,true' d5otes ,brahman2 & z 9 ! ,*ndogya ! t]m 'tapas' occurs 9 ! correspond+ place1 we conclude t bo? ^! t]ms1 viz4 ! ,true & tapas1 d5ote no?+ else b ,brahman4 ,m$itation on ,brahman1 prec$$ by fai?1 is m5tion$ else:]e also2 9 ! text :i* beg9s ',! ,true mu/ be enquir$ into' we read fur!r on ',fai? mu/ be enquir$ into' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #ah1 #af2 #ai74 ,smriti also decl>es t all ^? :o "k ,brahman proce$ on ! pa? ( ! gods1 ',fire1 ! light1 ! day1 ! bright =tnight1 ! six mon?s ( ! sun's nor!rn progress--proce$+ by t road ^? :o "k ,brahman g to ,brahman' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,viii1 #bd74 ,& !re are _m o!r ,sruti & ,smriti passages ( ?is k9d4 ,! conclusion !re=e is t ! ,upakosalavidy & simil> texts m]ely ref] to t go+ ( ! s\l :i* is common to all vidys4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'non-re/riction4' #cc4 ,b ! conceptions ( ! ,imp]i%able are to be compris$ 79 all m$itations74 ,!re be+ equality 7( ! ,brahman to be m$itat$ on7 & 7^? conceptions7 exi/+ 79 ,brahman72 z 9 ! case ( :at belongs to ! upasad4 ,?is has be5 expla9$4 ,we read 9 ! ,brihad-ranyaka 7,,iii1 #h1 #i71',o ,grg1 ! ,brhmanas call t ! ,ak%>a4 ,x is nei!r co>se nor f9e1' & s on4 ,& 9 ! ,a?>vana 7,mu4 ,up4 ,i1 #a1 #e7 we h ',! high] k is t by :i* ! ,ak%>a is appreh5d$4 ,t :i* _c be se5 nor seiz$1' c4 ,! d\bt "h arises :e!r all ! qualities !re pr$icat$ ( ,brahman--call$ ak%>a1 i4e4 ! ,imp]i%able--& con/itut+ some?+ contr>y 9 nature to ! app>5t _w1 are to be includ$ 9 all m$itations on ,brahman1 or only ^? :]e ! text specially m5tions !m4 ,! ,prvapak%9 advocates ! latt] view2 =1 he says1 !re is no au?ority = hold+ t ! qualities :i* *>act]ise "o m$itation are *>act]i/ic ( o!r m$itations also2 & su* negative attributes z are m5tion$ 9 ^? two texts d n--z positive qualities su* z bliss d--contribute to ! appreh5sion ( ! true nature ( ,brahman4 ,:at ^? two texts d is m]ely to d5y ( ,brahman1 previ\sly appreh5d$ z hav+ bliss1 & s on1 = its ess5tial qualities1 c]ta9 qualities belong+ to ! empirical _w1 su* z grossness1 & s on2 = all negation mu/ ref] to an e/abli%$ basis4--,?is view ! ,stra refutes4 ,! ideas ( abs5ce ( grossness1 & s on1 :i* are connect$ ) ,brahman view$ z ! ,ak%>a1 are to be includ$ 9 all m$itations on ,brahman4 ,= ! imp]i%able 7ak%>a7 ,brahman is ! same 9 all m$itations1 & qualities su* z non-grossness ent] into ! conception ( its ess5tial nature4 ,! appreh5sion ( a ?+ means ! appreh5sion ( its specific "*4 ,b m]e bliss1 & s on1 does n sugge/ ! specific "* ( ,brahman1 s9ce ^? qualities belong also to ! individual s\l4 ,:at is specifically *>act]i/ic ( ,brahman is bliss1 & s on1 9 s f> z fundam5tally oppos$ to all evil & imp]fection4 ,! individual s\l1 on ! o!r h&1 al?\gh fundam5tally free f evil1 yet is capable ( connexion ) evil4 ,n[ be+ fundam5tally oppos$ to evil implies hav+ a "* ! opposite ( grossness & all simil> qualities :i* belong to ! empirical _w1 mat]ial & m5tal4 ,he !re=e :o ?9ks ( ,brahman mu/ ?9k ( x z hav+ = its ess5tial nature bliss1 k1 & s on1 9 s f> z di/+ui%$ by abs5ce ( grossness & ! l1 & ^? qualities1 be+ no less ess5tial ?an bliss1 & s on1 mu/ !re=e be includ$ 9 all m$itations on ,brahman4--,! ,stra gives an in/ance illu/rat+ ! pr9ciple t qualities 7second>y matt]s7 foll[ ! pr9cipal matt] to :i* !y belong4 ,z ! mantra ',agnir vai hotram vetu1' al?\gh giv5 9 ! ,sma-v$a1 yet has to be recit$ 9 ! ,yajur-v$a /yle1 ) a subdu$ voice1 because x /&s 9 a subord9ate relation to ! upasad-(f]+s prescrib$ = ! f\r-days 'sacrifice call$ ,jamadagnya2 ^? (f]+s are ! pr9cipal matt] to :i* ! subord9ate matt]--! mantra--has to con=m4 ,?is po9t is expla9$ 9 ! fir/ section1 i4e4 9 ! ,prva ,mmms-stras ,,iii1 #c1 #i4--;,b ?is be+ admitt$1 x w\ld foll[ t z ,brahman is ! pr9cipal matt] 9 all m$itations on ,brahman1 & second>y matt]s h to foll[ ! pr9cipal matt]1 also su* qualities z 'do+ all works1 enjoy+ all od\rs & ! l1' :i* are m5tion$ 9 connexion ) special m$itations only1 w\ld indiscrim9ately h to be includ$ 9 all m$itations4--,) ref]5ce to ?is ! next ,stra says4 #cd4 ,s mu*2 on acc\nt ( reflection4 ,only s mu*1 i4e4 only ^? qualities :i* h to be includ$ 9 all m$itations on ,brahman1 )\t :i* ! ess5tial special nature ( ,brahman _c be conceiv$1 i4e4 bliss1 k1 & s on1 *>act]is$ by abs5ce ( grossness & ! l4 ,o!r qualities1 su* z do+ all works & ! l1 al?\gh inde$ foll[+ _! sub/rate1 are explicitly to be m$itat$ on 9 special m$itations only4-- ,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! idea ( ! ,imp]i%able4' #ce4 ,%\ld x be said t 7! =m] reply ref]s7 to t ,self to :i* ! aggregate ( mat]ial ?+s belongs 7s9ce7 o!rwise ! diff]5ce 7( ! two replies7 c\ld n be acc\nt$ =2 we say--no2 z 9 ! case ( in/ruction ,9 ! ,brihad-aranyaka 7,,iii1 #d2 #e7 ! same "q is ask$ twice 9 succession 7',tell me ! ,brahman :i* is visible1 n invisible1 ! ,self :o is )9 all'71 :ile ,yjavalkya gives a diff]5t answ] to ea* 7',he :o brea!s 9 ! upbrea?+1' c42 ',he :o ov]comes hung] & ?ir/1' c474 ,! "q "h is :e!r ! two m$itations1 sugge/$ by ^! sections1 are diff]5t or n4 ,!y are diff]5t1 s9ce ! diff]5ce ( reply effects a di/9ction betwe5 ! two vidys4 ,! =m] reply decl>es him :o is ! mak] ( brea?+ =?1 & s on to be ! inn] ,self ( all2 ! latt] describes him z free f hung]1 ?ir/1 & s on4 ,x !nce appe>s t ! =m] passage ref]s to ! inn] 7individual7 ,self :i* is diff]5t f body1 s5se-organs1 int]nal organ & vital brea?2 :ile ! latt] ref]s to t :i* aga9 diff]s f ! inn] ,self1 viz4 ! highe/ ,self1 free f hung]1 ?ir/1 & s on4 ,z ! individual s\l is inside ! aggregate ( mat]ial ?+s1 x may be spok5 ( z be+ t inn] ,self ( all4 ,al?\gh ?is k9d ( inw>dness is inde$ only a relative "o1 we nev]!less mu/ accept x 9 ?is place2 = if1 desir\s ( tak+ ?is 'be+ ! inn] ,self ( all' 9 its lit]al s5se1 we assum$ ! highe/ ,self to be meant1 ! diff]5ce ( ! two replies c\ld n be acc\nt$ =4 ,! =m] reply evid5tly ref]s to ! individual s\l1 s9ce ! highe/ ,self _c be conceiv$ z brea?+ =?1 & s on2 & ! latt] reply1 :i* decl>es ! ,self to be rais$ above hung]1 c41 evid5tly ref]s to ! highe/ ,self4 ,?is is express$ 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! ,stra3 ',! =m] reply ref]s to ! ,self to :i* !re belongs ! aggregate ( mat]ial ?+s1 i4e4 ! individual s\l z be+ ! inn] ,self ( all2 o!rwise we c\ld n acc\nt = ! diff]5ce ( ! two replies4'--,! la/ words ( ! ,stra negative ?is--'n s1' i4e4 !re is no diff]5ce ( vidys1 s9ce bo? ass]tions & replies ref] to ! highe/ ,self4 ,! "q says 9 bo? places1 '! ,brahman :i* is visible1 n invisible1 ! ,self :o is )9 all1' & ?is cle>ly ref]s to ! highe/ ,self only4 ,we inde$ obs]ve t 9 "s places ! t]m ,brahman is1 9 a d]iv$ s5se1 appli$ to ! individual s\l also2 b ! text "u discussion1 = di/9ction's sake1 adds ! qualification '! ,brahman :i* is manife/' 7sk%t74 ,! quality ( 'ap>ok%atva' 7i4e4 be+ t :i* does n transc5d ! s5ses b lies op5ly reveal$7 also1 :i* implies be+ connect$ ) all space & all "t1 suits ,brahman only1 :i* f texts su* z '! ,true1 k1 inf9ite is ,brahman' is kn[n to be inf9ite4 ,9 ! same way ! attribute ( be+ ! inn] ,self ( all c belong to ! highe/ ,self only1 :i* texts su* z ',he :o dwell+ )9 ! e>?1' c41 decl>e to be ! inn] rul] ( ! univ]se4 ,! replies to ! two que/ions likewise c ref] to ,brahman only4 ,! unconditional causal ag5cy ) reg>d to brea?1 decl>$ 9 ! clause 'he :o brea!s 9 ! upbrea?+1' c41 c belong to ! highe/ ,self only1 n to ! individual s\l1 s9ce ! latt] possesses no su* causal p[] :5 9 ! /ate ( deep sleep4 ,u%a/a !reupon1 be+ n fully enlight5$1 s9ce causality ) reg>d to brea?+ may 9 a s5se be attribut$ to ! individual s\l also1 aga9 asks a "q1 9 reply to :i* ,yjavalkya cle>ly indicates ,brahman1 ',?\ maye/ n see ! se] ( sight1' c41 i4e4 ?\ mu/ n ?9k t my previ\s spee* has nam$ z ! causal ag5t ( brea?+ ! individual s\l1 :i* is ! causal ag5t ) reg>d to ^? activities :i* dep5d on ! s5se-organs1 viz4 see+1 he>+1 ?9k+1 & kn[+2 = 9 ! /ate ( deep sleep1 swoon1 & s on1 ! s\l possesses no su* p[]4 ,& moreov] ano!r text also--',:o c\ld brea! if t bliss exi/$ n 9 ! e!r8' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #g7--;decl>es t ! highe/ ,self only is ! cause ( ! brea?+ ( all liv+ be+s4 ,9 ! same way ! answ] to ! second "q c ref] to ! highe/ ,self only1 :i* alone c be said to be rais$ above hung]1 ?ir/1 & s on4 ,= ?is reason also bo? replies w9d up ) ! same phrase1 ',ev]y?+ else is ( evil4' ,! it]ation ( "q & reply s]ves ! purpose ( %[+ t ! same highe/ ,brahman :i* is ! cause ( all brea?+ is beyond all hung]1 ?ir/1 & s on4--,! ,stra subjo9s a p>allel in/ance4 ',z 9 ! case ( in/ruction4' ,z 9 ! vidy ( t :i* truly is 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #a ff471 "q & reply are it]at$ sev]al times1 9 ord] to set =? ! v>i\s greatness & glory ( ,brahman4--,?us ! two sections "u discussion are ( ! same nature1 9 s f> z sett+ =? t ! "o ,brahman :i* is ! inn] ,self ( all is ! cause ( all life & rais$ beyond all imp]fections2 & h5ce !y con/itute "o m$itation only4--,to ?is a new objection is rais$4 ,! two sections may inde$ bo? ref] to ! highe/ ,brahman2 nev]!less !re is a diff]5ce ( m$itation1 z accord+ to ! "o ,brahman is to be m$itat$ ^u z ! cause ( all life1 & accord+ to ! o!r z rais$ above all defects2 ?is diff]5ce ( "* di/+ui%es ! two m$itations4 ,& fur!r !re is a diff]5ce ( int]rogators2 ! fir/ "q be+ ask$ by ,u%a/a1 ! second by ,kahola4 #cf4 ,!re is int]*ange 7( ideas71 = ! texts di/+ui%2 z 9 o!r cases4 ,!re is no diff]5ce ( vidy because bo? que/ions & answ]s h "o subject-matt]1 & because ! "o ^w t possesses enjo9+ p[] proves ! connexion ( ! two sections4 ,bo? que/ions h = _! topic ,brahman view$ z ! inn] ,self ( all2 & 9 ! second "q ! ^w 'eva' 7'j1' 'v'7 9 ',tell me j t ,brahman1' c41 proves t ! "q ( ,kahola has = its subject ! ,brahman1 to ! qualities ( :i* ! "q ( ,u%a/a _h ref]r$4 ,bo? answ]s aga9 ref] to ! "o ,brahman1 view$ z ! ,self ( all4 ,! idea ( ! injunction ( ! entire m$itation aga9 is sugge/$ 9 ! second section only1 ',!re=e a ,brahmana1 aft] he has done ) le>n+1 is to wi% to /& by real /r5g?4' ,! object ( m$itation be+ ?us asc]ta9$ to be "o1 !re mu/ be effect$ a mutual int]*ange ( ! ideas ( ,u%a/a & ,kahola1 i4e4 ,u%a/a's conception ( ,brahman be+ ! cause ( all life mu/ be ent]ta9$ by ! int]rogat+ ,kahola also2 & vice v]sa ! conception ( ,kahola z to ,brahman be+ beyond hung]1 ?ir/1 & s on1 mu/ be ent]ta9$ by ,u%a/a also4 ,?is int]*ange be+ made1 ! diff]5ce ( ,brahman1 ! inn] ,self ( all1 f ! individual s\l is det]m9$ by bo? sections4 ,= ?is is ! v object ( ,yjavalkya's replies3 9 ord] to intimate t ! inn] ,self ( all is diff]5t f ! individual s\l1 !y di/+ui% t ,self z ! cause ( all life & z rais$ above hung]1 ?ir/1 & s on4 ,h5ce ,brahman's be+ ! inn] ,self ( all is ! only quality t is ! subject ( m$itation2 t x is ! cause ( life & s on are only means to prove its be+ su*1 & are n !re=e to be m$itat$ on indep5d5tly4--,b if ?is is s1 to :at end mu/ !re be made an int]*ange1 on ! "p ( ! two int]rogators1 ( _! respective ideas8--,brahman hav+1 on ! gr\nd ( be+ ! cause ( all life1 be5 asc]ta9$ by ,u%a/a z ! inn] ,self ( all1 & diff]5t f ! individual s\l1 ,kahola r5ews ! "q1 ?9k+ t ! inn] ,self ( all mu/ be view$ z diff]5t f ! s\l1 on ! gr\nd ( "s special attribute :i* _c possibly belong to ! s\l2 & ,yjavalkya div9+ 8 ?\ght !reon decl>es t ! inn] ,self possesses an attribute :i* _c possibly belong to ! s\l1 viz4 be+ 9 ess5tial opposition to all imp]fection4 ,! int]*ange ( ideas !re=e has to be made = ! purpose ( e/abli%+ ! idea ( ! individual nature ( ! object ( m$itation4--',z else:]e1' i4 e4 z 9 ! case ( ! k ( t :i* truly is1 ! repeat$ que/ions & replies only s]ve to def9e "o & ! same ,brahman1 n to convey ! idea ( ! object ( m$itation hav+ to be m$itat$ on "u new aspects4--,b a new objection is rais$--,z !re is1 9 ! ,sad-vidy also1 a diff]5ce betwe5 ! sev]al que/ions & answ]s1 h[ is t vidy kn[n to be "o8--,to ?is "q ! next ,stra replies4 #cg4 ,= "o & ! same 7highe/ div9ity71 call$ ! 'truly be+1' & s on 7is ! subject ( t m$itation74 ,= ! highe/ div9ity1 call$ !re t :i* is--:i* 0 introduc$ 9 ! clause 't div9ity ?\ght1' c4--is intimat$ by all ! foll[+ sections ( t *apt]4 ,?is is prov$ by ! fact t ! attributes--'t :i* truly is' & s on--:i* 7 m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ section & confirm$ 9 ! subsequ5t ones1 are f9ally summ$ up 9 ! /atem5t1 '9 t all ?is has its ,self1 t is ! ,true1 t is ! ,self4' ,"s int]pret]s con/rue ! la/ two ,stras z con/itut+ two adhik>anas4 ,! =m] ,stra1 !y say1 tea*es t ! text1 ',i am ?\1 ?\ art ,i1' enjo9s a m$itation on ! s\l & ! highe/ ,self z int]*angeable4 ,b z on ! basis ( texts su* z ',all ?is is inde$ ,brahman1' 'all ?is has its ,self 9 ,brahman1' ',?\ art t1' ! text quot$ is z a matt] ( c\rse und]/ood to mean t !re is "o univ]sal ,self1 ! tea*+ :i* x is by ^? int]pret]s assum$ to convey w\ld be no?+ new2 & _! int]pretation !re=e mu/ be reject$4 ,! po9t z to ! on5ess ( ! individual & ! highe/ ,self w moreov] be discuss$ "u ,,iv1 ,i1 #c4 ,moreov]1 !re is no f\ndation = a special m$itation on ,brahman z ! individual s\l & ! individual s\l z ,brahman1 ap>t f ! m$itation on ! ,self ( all be+ "o4--,! second ,stra1 !y say1 decl>es ! on5ess ( ! m$itation on ! ,true enjo9$ 9 ! text1 ':osoev] kn[s ?is great wond]ful fir/-born z ! ,true ,brahman' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,v1 #d71 & ( ! m$itation enjo9$ 9 ! subsequ5t passage 7,v1 #e4 #b71 ',n[ :at is true1 t is ! ditya1 ! p]son t dwells 9 yond] orb1 & ! p]son 9 ! "r eye4' ,b ?is also is unt5able4 ,= ! diff]5ce ( abode m5tion$ 9 ! latt] passage 7viz4 ! abode 9 ! sun & 9 ! eye7 e/abli%es diff]5ce ( vidy1 z already %[n "u ,s4 ,,iii1 #c1 #ba4 ,nor is x possible to assume t ! two m$itations compris$ 9 ! latt] text :i* h a "* ( _! own 9 s f> z !y view ! ,true z embodi$ 9 syllables1 & s on1 & :i* are decl>$ to be connect$ ) a special result 7'he :o kn[s ?is de/roys evil & leaves x'71 %\ld be id5tical ) ! "o e>li] m$itation :i* has an indep5d5t "* ( its own & a result ( its own 7'he conqu]s ^! worlds'74 ,nor c x be said t ! decl>ation ( a fruit 9 'he de/roys evil & leaves x' ref]s m]ely to ! fruit 7n ( ! entire m$itation b7 ( a subord9ate "p ( ! m$itation2 = !re is no?+ to prove ?is4 ,! pro( c]ta9ly _c be said to lie 9 ! fact ( ! vidys be+ "o2 = ?is w\ld imply reason+ 9 a circle1 viz4 z foll[s--x be+ settl$ t ! vidys are "o1 x foll[s t ! fruit ( ! =m] m$itation only is ! ma9 "o1 :ile ! fruits ( ! two lat] m$itations are subord9ate ones2 &-- x be+ settl$ t ^? two lat] fruits are subord9ate ones1 x foll[s t1 z ?us !re is no diff]5ce dep5d+ on connexion ) fruits1 ! two lat] m$itations are "o ) ! prec$+ "o4--,all ?is proves t ! two ,stras c be int]pret$ only 9 ! way ma9ta9$ by u4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'be+ )94' #ch4 ,wi%es & ! re/1 "h & !re2 7z is kn[n f ! abode1 & s on74 ,we read 9 ! ,*ndogya 7,,viii1 ,i1 #a71 ',!re is t city ( ,brahman1 & 9 x ! palace1 ! small lotus1 & 9 x t small e!r1' c42 & 9 ! ,vjasaneyaka1 ',he is t great unborn ,self :o consi/s ( k1' & s on4 ,a d\bt "h arises :e!r ! two texts con/itute "o m$itation or n4--,! two m$itations are sep>ate1 ! ,prvapak%9 ma9ta9s2 = !y h diff]5t *>act]s4 ,! ,*ndogya repres5ts z ! object ( m$itation ! e!r z di/+ui%$ by eight diff]5t attributes1 viz4 fre$om f all evil & ! re/2 :ile1 accord+ to ! ,vjasaneyaka1 ! be+ to be m$itat$ on is he :o dwells )9 t e!r1 & is di/+ui%$ by attributes su* z lord%ip1 & s on4--,to ?is we reply t ! m$itations are n di/9ct1 s9ce !re is no diff]5ce ( "*4 ,= desires & s on con/itute t "* '"h & !re1' i4e4 9 bo? texts no?+ else b ,brahman di/+ui%$ by attributes1 su* z hav+ true wi%es1 & s on1 =ms ! subject ( m$itation4 ,?is is kn[n 'f ! abode & s on1' i4e4 ! m$itation is recognis$ z ! same because 9 bo? texts ,brahman is ref]r$ to z abid+ 9 ! he>t1 be+ a bridge1 & s on4 ,lord%ip & ! re/1 :i* are /at$ 9 ! ,vjasaneyaka1 are special aspects ( ! quality ( be+ capable to realise all "o's purposes1 :i* is "o ( ! eight qualities decl>$ 9 ! ,*ndogya1 & z su* prove t all ! attributes go+ toge!r ) t quality 9 ! ,*ndogya are valid = ! ,vjasaneyaka also4 ,! "* ( ! two vidys !re=e does n diff]4 ,! connexion ) a rew>d also does n diff]1 = x consi/s 9 bo? cases 9 atta9+ to ,brahman2 cp4 ,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #ab1 #c ',hav+ approa*$ ! highe/ light he is manife/$ 9 8 own =m1' & ,bri4 ,up4 ,v1 #d1 #bd ',he becomes inde$ ! fe>less ,brahman4' ,t1 9 ! ,*ndogya-text1 ! t]m e!r d5otes ! highe/ ,brahman1 has already be5 det]m9$ "u ,i1 #c1 #ad4 ,z 9 ! ,vjasaneyaka1 on ! o!r h&1 he :o abides 9 ! e!r is recognis$ z ! highe/ ,self1 we inf] t by ! e!r 9 :i* he abides mu/ be und]/ood ! e!r )9 ! he>t1 :i* 9 ! text ')9 !re is a little holl[ space 7su%ira7' 7,mahnr4 ,up4 ,,xi1 #i7 is call$ su%ira4 ,! two m$itations are !re=e "o4 ,"h an objection is rais$4 ,x _c be ma9ta9$ t ! attributes m5tion$ 9 ! ,*ndogya h to be comb9$ ) ^? /at$ 9 ! ,vjasaneyaka 7lord%ip1 rul]%ip1 c4 71 s9ce ev5 ! latt] are n truly valid = ! m$itation4 ,= ! imm$iately prec$+ passage1 ',by ! m9d x is to be p]ceiv$ t !re is "h no plurality3 f dea? to dea? goes he :o sees "h any plurality2 z "o only is to be se5 t et]nal be+1 n to be prov$ by any means ( pro(1' z well z ! subsequ5t text1 't ,self is to be describ$ by ,no1 no1' %[s t ! ,brahman to be m$itat$ ^u is to be view$ z devoid ( attributes2 & f ?is we inf] t ! attributes ( lord%ip & s on1 no less ?an ! qualities ( grossness & ! l1 h to be d5i$ ( ,brahman4 ,f ?is aga9 we inf] t 9 ! ,*ndogya also ! attributes ( satyakmatva & s on are n meant to be decl>$ z ,brahman's true qualities4 ,all su* qualities--z n be+ real qualities ( ,brahman-- h !re=e to be omitt$ 9 m$itations aim+ at f9al release4-- ,?is objection ! next ,stra disposes (4 #ci4 ,on acc\nt ( emphasis !re is non-omission4 ,attributes1 su* z hav+ ! p[] ( imm$iately realis+ "o's purposes1 & s on1 :i* are n by o!r means kn[n to con/itute attributes ( ,brahman1 & are 9 ! two texts "u discussion1 z well z 9 o!r texts1 emphatically decl>$ to be attributes ( ,brahman1 z con/itut+ ! object ( m$itations und]tak5 ) a view to f9al release1 _c be omitt$ f ^? m$itations1 b mu/ be compris$ )9 !m4 ,9 ! ,*ndogya4 ! passage1 ',^? :o dep>t f h5ce1 aft] hav+ cognis$ ! ,self & ^? self- realis+ desires1 move ab\t at w 9 all ^? worlds1' enjo9s ! k ( ,brahman z di/+ui%$ by ! p[] ( realis+ its desires & simil> qualities1 :ile ! text1 ',^? :o dep>t f "h n hav+ cognis$ ! ,self1 c41 d n move ab\t at w1' c41 f9ds fault ) ! abs5ce ( su* k1 & 9 ?is way emphasises ! importance ( ! possession ( x4 ,9 ! same way ! repeat$ decl>ations z to ,brahman's rul+ p[] 7'! "l ( all1 ! k+ ( all be+s1' c47 %[ t /ress is to be laid ^u ! quality indicat$4 ,x truly _c be held t ,scripture1 :i* 9 t5d] reg>d to man's welf>e is sup]ior to a ?\s& ( p>5ts1 %\ld1 deceitfully1 give emphatic in/ruction z to c]ta9 qualities-- n kn[n ?r\gh any o!r means ( k--:i* fundam5tally w\ld be unreal & h5ce utt]ly to be disreg>d$1 & ?us ?r[ m5 desir\s ( release1 :o z x is are utt]ly confus$ by ! revolutions ( ! :eel ( ,samsra1 into ev5 deep] confusion & di/ress4 ,t ! text1 '!re is n any div]sity "h2 z "o only is to be se5 t et]nal be+1' tea*es a unit>y view ( ! _w 9 s f> z ev]y?+ is an effect ( ,brahman & ?us has ,brahman = its ,self1 & negatives ! view ( plurality--e/abli%$ antec$5tly to ,v$ic tea*+--z exclud+ ,brahman's be+ ! univ]sal ,self1 we h expla9$ be=e4 ,9 ! clause 'n s1 n s' ! s ref]s back to ! _w z e/abli%$ by o!r means ( pro(1 & ! clause ?us decl>es t ,brahman :o is ! ,self ( all is diff]5t 9 nature f ! _w4 ,?is is confirm$ by ! subsequ5t passage1 ',he is incompreh5sible1 = he is n compreh5d$1 he is undecay+1' c42 :i* means--z he is diff]5t 9 nature f :at is compreh5d$ by ! o!r means ( pro( he is n grasp$ by ^? means2 z he is diff]5t f :at suff]s decay he does n decay1 & s on4 ,& analog\sly1 9 ! ,*&ogya1 ! text 'by ! old age ( ! body he does n age' c4 fir/ e/abli%es ,brahman's be+ diff]5t 9 nature f ev]y?+ else1 & !n decl>es x to be satyakma1 & s on4-- ,b1 an objection is rais$1 ! text1 ',^? :o dep>t f h5ce1 hav+ cognis$ ! ,self & ^? true desires1 move ab\t at w 9 all worlds4 ,?us he :o desires ! _w ( ! fa!rs1' c41 really decl>es t ! k ( ,brahman z possess+ ! p[] ( imm$iately realis+ its wi%es has = its fruit some?+ ly+ )9 ! sph]e ( transmigratory exi/5ce1 & f ?is we inf] t = him :o is desir\s ( release & ( rea*+ ,brahman ! object ( m$itation is n to be f\nd 9 ,brahman 9 s f> z possess+ qualities4 ,! fruit ( ! highe/ k is r indicat$ 9 ! passage1 ',hav+ approa*$ ! highe/ light x manife/s itself 9 its own =m'2 & h5ce ! p[] ( realis+ its wi%es & ! re/ are n to be includ$ 9 ! m$itation ( him :o wi%es to atta9 to ,brahman4--,to ?is objection ! next ,stra replies4 #dj4 ,9 ! case ( him :o has approa*$ 7,brahman72 j on t acc\nt1 ?is be+ decl>$ by ! text4 ,:5 ! s\l1 releas$ f all bonds & manife/+ itself 9 its true nature1 has approa*$1 i4e4 atta9$ to ,brahman2 !n j on t acc\nt1 i4e4 on acc\nt ( su* approa*1 ! text decl>es x to possess ! p[] ( mov+ ab\t at w 9 all worlds4 ',hav+ approa*$ ! highe/ light he manife/s himself 9 8 true =m4 ,he is ! highe/ ,p]son4 ,he moves ab\t !re laugh+1 play+1' c4 ,?is po9t w be prov$ 9 great] detail 9 ! f\r? adhyya4 ,mean:ile ! conclusion is t su* qualities z satyakmatva h to be includ$ 9 ! m$itation ( him also :o is desir\s ( release2 = ! possession ( ^? qualities =ms "p ( ! exp]i5ce ( ! releas$ s\l itself4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'wi%es & ! re/' #da4 ,!re is non-re/riction ( det]m9ation1 because ?is is se52 = !re is a sep>ate fruit1 viz4 non-ob/ruction4 ,!re are c]ta9 m$itations connect$ ) elem5ts ( sacrificial actions2 z e4g4 ',let a man m$itate on ! syllable ,om z udg?a4' ,^! m$itations are subord9ate elem5ts ( ! sacrificial acts ) :i* !y connect !mselves ?r\gh ! udg?a & s on1 9 ! same way z ! quality ( be+ made ( p>na wood connects itself ) ! sacrifice ?r\gh ! ladle 7made ( p>na wood71 & are to be und]tak5 on t v acc\nt4 ,moreov] ! /atem5t ref]r+ to ^! m$itations1 viz4 ':atev] he does ) k1 ) fai?1 ) ! ,upani%ad1 t becomes m vigor\s1' does n all[ ! assumption ( a special fruit = ^! m$itations 7ap>t f ! fruit ( ! sacrificial p]=mance72 :ile 9 ! case ( ! ladle be+ made ( p>na wood ! text m5tions a special fruit 7'he ^: ladle is made ( p>na wood does n he> an evil s\nd'74 ,! m$itations 9 "q are !re=e necess>ily to be connect$ ) ! p>ticul> sacrificial p]=mances to :i* !y belong4--,?is view ! ,stra refutes1 ',!re is non-re/riction ) reg>d to ! det]m9ations4' ,by 'det]m9ation' we h "h to und]/& ! def9ite settl+ ( ! m9d 9 a c]ta9 direction1 9 o!r words1 m$itation4 ,! m$itations on ! udg?a & s on are n def9itely connect$ ) ! sacrificial p]=mances2 's9ce t is se51' i4e4 s9ce ! texts !mselves decl>e t !re is no su* necess>y connexion2 cp4 ! text1 '!re=e bo? p]=m ! sacrificial "w1 he :o ?us kn[s x 7i4 e4 :o possesses ! k impli$ 9 ! m$itations on ! sacrifice71 z well z he :o does n "k'--:i* decl>es t he also :o does n "k ! m$itations may p]=m ! "w4 ,7 ^! m$itations auxili>y elem5ts ( ! works1 !re c\ld be no su* abs5ce ( necess>y connexion 7z decl>$ 9 ?is text74 ,x ?us be+ det]m9$ t !y are n auxili>y elem5ts1 a special result mu/ be assign$ to ! injunction ( m$itation1 & ?is we f9d 9 ! great] /r5g? :i* is imp>t$ to ! sacrifice by ! m$itation1 & :i* is a result diff]5t f ! result ( ! sacrifice itself4 ,! great] /r5g? ( ! p]=mance consi/s h]e91 t its result is n imp$$1 z x might be imp$$1 by ! result ( "s o!r p]=mance ( great] =ce4 ,?is result1 viz4 abs5ce ( ob/ruction1 is some?+ ap>t f ! g5]al result ( ! action1 su* z ! rea*+ ( ! heav5ly _w1 & s on4 ,?is ! ,stra means :5 say+1 '= sep>ate is non-ob/ruction4' ,z ?us ^? m$itations also :i* ref] to auxili>y memb]s ( sacrifices h _! own results1 !y may or may n be comb9$ ) ! sacrifices1 accord+ to wi%4 ,_! case is l t ( ! godohana vessel :i*1 ) ! view ( obta9+ a c]ta9 special result1 may be us$ in/ead ( ! kamasa4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'non- re/riction ( det]m9ation4' #db4 ,j z 9 ! case ( ! (f]+s4 ,?is has be5 expla9$4 ,9 ! dah>avidy 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #a ff47 ! text1 '^? :o dep>t hav+ kn[n "h ! ,self1 & ^? true desires1' decl>es at fir/ a m$itation on ! small e!r1 i4e4 ! highe/ ,self1 & sep>ately !refrom a m$itation on its qualities1 viz4 true desires1 & s on4 ,! d\bt "h arises :e!r1 9 ! m$itation on ^? qualities1 ! m$itation on ! highe/ ,self--z t to :i* ! qualities belong-- is to be repeat$ or n4--,x is n to be repeat$1 ! ,prvapak%9 ma9ta9s2 = ! highe/ ,self is j t :i* is con/itut$ by ! qualities--fre$om f all evil1 & s on--& z t ,self s con/itut$ c be compris$ 9 "o m$itation1 !re is no ne$ ( repeat+ ! m$itation on acc\nt ( ! qualities4--,?is view ! ,stra sets aside4 ,! m$itation has to be repeat$4 ,! highe/ ,self inde$ is t be+ to :i* alone fre$om f evil & ! o!r qualities belong1 & x =ms ! object ( ! fir/ m$itation2 yet !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 x z view$ 9 its ess5tial be+ & z view$ z possess+ ^? qualities2 & moreov]1 ! clause 'free f evil1 f old age1' c4 enjo9s a m$itation on ! ,self z possess+ ^? qualities4 ,x is !re=e fir/ to be m$itat$ on 9 its ess5tial nature1 & !n !re takes place a repetition ( ! m$itation on x 9 ord] to br+ 9 ^? special qualities4 ,! case is analog\s to t ( '! (f]+s4' ,!re is a text ',he is to (f] a purodsa on elev5 pot%]ds to ,indra ! rul]1 to ,indra ! supreme rul]1 to ,indra ! self-rul]4' ,?is injunction ref]s to "o & ! same ,indra1 possess+ ! qualities ( rul]%ip & s on2 b z1 ?r\gh connexion ) ^? sev]al qualities1 ! aspects ( ,indra diff]1 ! oblation ( ! purodsa has to be repeat$4 ,?is is decl>$ 9 ! ,snk>%ana1 ',! div9ities are diff]5t on acc\nt ( sep>ation4'--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '(f]+s4' #dc4 ,on acc\nt ( ! plurality ( indicatory m>ks2 = t 7pro(7 is /rong]4 ,?is also is decl>$ 79 ! ,prva ,mmms74 ,! ,taittiryaka conta9s ano!r dah>avidy1 ',! ?\s&-head$ god1 ! all-ey$ "o1' c4 7,mahnr4 ,up4 ,,xi74 ,"h ! d\bt arises :e!r ?is vidy1 z be+ "o ) ! previ\sly introduc$ vidy1 /ates qualities to be includ$ 9 ! m$itation enjo9$ 9 t vidy1 or qualities to be includ$ 9 ! m$itations on ! highe/ ,self z enjo9$ 9 all ! ,v$nta-texts4--,! =m] is ! case1 ! ,prvapak%9 holds1 on acc\nt ( ! lead+ subject-matt]4 ,= 9 ! prec$+ section 7,x7 ! m$itation on ! small e!r is introduc$ z ! subject-matt]4 ',!re is ! small lotus plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! t[n 7( ! body71 free f all evil1 ! abode ( ! ,highe/2 )9 t !re is a small space1 free f sorr[--:at is )9 t %\ld be m$itat$ ^u' 7,mahnr4 ,up4 ,x1 #bc74 ,n[1 z ! lotus ( ! he>t is m5tion$ only 9 section ,x1 ! ',nryana-section' 7'! he>t resembl+ ! bud ( a lotus1 ) its po9t turn$ d[nw>ds1' ,,xi1 #f71 we conclude t t section also is conc]n$ ) ! object ( m$itation to :i* ! dah>avidy ref]s4--,aga9/ ?is view ! ,stra decl>es itself1 'on acc\nt ( ! majority ( indicatory m>ks'2 i4e4 !re are 9 ! text sev]al m>ks prov+ t t section is meant to decl>e *>act]i/ics ( t :i* con/itutes ! object ( m$itation 9 all m$itations on ! highe/ be+4 ,= t be+ :i* 9 ^? m$itations is d5ot$ z ! ,imp]i%able1 ,siva1 ,sambhu4 ! highe/ ,brahman1 ! highe/ light1 ! highe/ entity1 ! highe/ ,self1 & s on1 is "h ref]r$ to by ! same names1 & !n decl>$ to be ,nryana4 ,!re are ?us sev]al indications to prove t ,nryana is none o!r ?an t :i* is ! object ( m$itation 9 all m$itations on ! ,highe/1 viz4 ,brahman1 :i* has bliss & ! re/ = its qualities4 ,by 'l+a' 7inf]5tial m>k7 we "h und]/& clauses 7vkya7 :i* conta9 a specific indication2 = su* clauses h1 accord+ to ! ,prva ,mmms1 great] prov+ p[] ?an lead+ subject-matt] 7prak>ana74 ,! argum5tation t ! clause '! he>t resembl+ ! bud ( a lotus fl[]1' c41 proves t section to /& 9 a dep5d5t relation to ! dah>avidy1 is )\t =ce2 = x be+ prov$ by a /rong] argum5t t ! section ref]s to t :i* is ! object ( m$itation 9 all m$itations1 ! clause m5tion$ may also be tak5 z decl>+ t 9 ! dah>avidy also ! object ( m$itation is ,nryana4 ,nor mu/ x be ?\ght t ! accusatives ) :i* ! section beg9s 7sahasrasir%am1 c47 are to be connect$ ) ! 'm$itat+' enjo9$ 9 ! previ\s section2 = ! 'm$itat+' is !re enjo9$ by a g]undive =m 7'tasm9 yad antas tad upsitavyam'71 & ) ?is ! subsequ5t accusatives _c be con/ru$4 ,moreov]1 ! subsequ5t clause 7'all ?is is ,nryana1' c41 :]e ! nom9ative case is us$7 %[s t ^? accusatives are to be tak5 9 ! s5se ( nom9atives4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! plurality ( indicatory m>ks4' #dd4 ,!re is option ) reg>d to :at prec$es 7i4e4 ! alt> made ( bricks7 on acc\nt ( subject-matt]1 & h5ce !re is action2 z 9 ! case ( ! mnasa cup4 ,9 ! ,vjasaneyaka1 9 ! ,agnirahasya *apt]1 !re are ref]5ces to c]ta9 alt>s built ( m9d1 'built ( m9d1 built ( spee*1' c4 ,! d\bt "h arises :e!r ^? /ructures ( m9d1 & s on1 :i* metaphorically are call$ fire-alt>s1 %\ld be consid]$ z be+ ( ! nature ( action1 on acc\nt ( _! connexion ) a p]=mance :i* itself is ( ! nature ( action2 or m]ely ( ! nature ( m$itation1 z be+ connect$ ) an activity ( ! nature ( m$itation4 ,! ,stra ma9ta9s ! =m] view4 ,s9ce ^? ?+s 'built ( m9d1 & s on1' are1 ?r\gh be+ built 7or pil$ up71 con/itut$ z fire-alt>s1 !y dem& a p]=mance ) :i* to connect !mselves2 & z 9 imm$iate proximity to !m no p]=mance is enjo9$1 & z ! g5]al subject-matt] ( ! section is ! fire-alt> built ( bricks--introduc$ by means ( ! clause ',non-be+ ?is 0 9 ! beg9n+'---:i* is inv>iably connect$ ) a p]=mance ( ! nature ( outw>d action1 viz4 a c]ta9 sacrificial p]=mance--we conclude t ! alt>s built ( m9d1 c41 :i* ! text m5tions 9 connexion ) ! same subject-matt]1 are !mselves ( ! nature ( action1 & z su* c be us$ z alt]natives = ! alt> built ( bricks4 ,,footnote #ffh3a4 ,an analog\s case is pres5t$ by ! s-call$ m5tal cup4 ,on ! t5?1 s-call$ avivkya1 day ( ! ,soma sacrifice ext5d+ ov] twelve days1 !re takes place ! m5tal (f]+ ( a ,soma cup1 all ! rites connect$ ) :i* are rehe>s$ 9 imag9ation only2 ! (f]+ ( t cup is ?us really ( ! nature ( ?\ght only1 b z x =ms an auxili>y elem5t 9 an actual outw>d sacrificial p]=mance x itself assumes ! "* ( an action4 ,,footnote #ffh3a4 ,s t = ! actual outw>d con/ruction ( a brick alt> !re may optionally be sub/itut$ ! m]ely m5tal con/ruction ( an imag9>y alt>4 #de4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! transf]4 ,t ! alt> built ( ?\ght is an optional sub/itute = ! alt> built ( bricks1 & ( ! nature ( an action1 appe>s !refrom also t ! clause '( ^! ea* "o is z great z t previ\s "o1' explicitly transf]s to ! alt>s ( m9d1 & s on1 ! p[]s ( ! previ\s alt> made ( bricks4 ,all ^? alt>s ?us hav+ equal effects !re is *oice betwe5 !m4 ,! alt>s ( m9d1 & s on1 !re=e are auxili>y memb]s ( ! sacrificial p]=mance :i* !y help to accompli%1 & h5ce !mselves ( ! nature ( action4-- ,aga9/ ?is view ! next ,stra decl>es itself4 #df4 ,b x is a m$itation only1 on acc\nt ( ass]tion & :at is se54 ,! alt>s built ( m9d1 & s on1 are n ( ! nature ( action1 b ( m$itation only1 i4e4 !y belong to a p]=mance :i* is ( ! nature ( m$itation only4 ,= ?is is :at ! text ass]ts1 viz4 9 ! clauses '!y are built ( k only1' & 'by k !y are built = him :o ?us kn[s4' ,z ! en]gies ( m9d1 spee*1 sight1 & s on1 _c be pil$ up l bricks1 x is inde$ a matt] ( c\rse t ! s-call$ alt>s con/ruct$ ( m9d1 & s on1 c be m5tal con/ructions only2 b ! text 9 addition specially confirms ?is by decl>+ t ^? alt>s are elem5ts 9 an activity ( purely intellectual "*1 & h5ce !mselves m]e creatures ( ! intellect4 ,moreov] !re is se5 9 ! text a p]=mance consi/+ ( ?\ght only to :i* ^? fires /& 9 a subsidi>y relation1 'by ! m9d !y 7 e/abli%$ on he>?s1 by ! m9d !y 7 built up1 by ! m9d ! ,soma cups 7 drawn !reat2 by ! m9d !y *ant$1 & by ! m9d !y recit$2 :atev] rite is p]=m$ at ! sacrifice1 :atev] sacrificial rite !re is1 t1 z consi/+ ( m9d1 0 p]=m$ by ! m9d only1 on ^? 7fire- alt>s7 compos$ ( m9d1 built up ( m9d4' ,f ?is decl>ation1 t :atev] sacrificial rite is actually p]=m$ 9 ! case ( fire- alt>s built ( bricks is p]=m$ m5tally only 9 ! case ( alt>s built ( m9d1 x foll[s t ! entire p]=mance is a m5tal "o only1 i4e4 an act ( m$itation4--,b1 an objection is rais$1 z ! entire passus reg>d+ ! alt>s ( m9d does n conta9 any ^w ( injunctive p[]1 & z ! text /ates no special result 7f :i* x appe>s to foll[ t ! passus does n enjo9 a new indep5d5t p]=mance71 we mu/1 on ! /r5g? ( ! fact t ! lead+ subject-matt] is an actual sacrificial p]=mance z sugge/$ by ! alt>s built ( brick1 give up ! idea t ! alt>s built ( m9d1 c41 are m5tal only because connect$ ) a p]=mance ( m]ely m5tal nature4--,?is objection ! next ,stra refutes4 #dg4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! great] /r5g? ( direct /atem5t1 & s on1 !re is no refutation4 ,! weak] means ( pro(1 con/itut$ by s-call$ lead+ subject- matt]1 _c refute :at is e/abli%$ by ?ree /rong] means ( pro(--direct /atem5t1 inf]5tial m>k1 & syntactical connexion-- viz4 t !re is an indep5d5t purely m5tal p]=mance1 & t ! alt>s made ( m9d are p>ts ( ! latt]4 ,! direct /atem5t is conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ passage1 ',^? fire-alt>s inde$ are built ( k1'--:i* is fur!r expla9$ 9 ! subsequ5t passage1 'by k alone ^! alt>s are built = him :o kn[s ?is'--! s5se ( :i* is3 ! /ructures ( m9d1 & s on1 are built 9 connexion ) a p]=mance :i* consi/s ( k 7i4e4 m$itation74--,! inf]5tial m>k is conta9$ 9 ! passage1 ',= him all be+s at all times build !m1 ev5 :ile he is asleep4' ,& ! syntactical connexion 7vkya7 consi/s 9 ! connexion ( ! two words evamvide 7= him :o kn[s ?is71 & k9vanti 7!y build7--! s5se be+3 = him :o accompli%es ! p]=mance consi/+ ( k all be+s at all times build ^? alt>s4 ,! prov+ p[] ( ! passage above ref]r$ to z conta9+ an indicatory m>k 7l+a7 lies !re9 t a con/ruction m5tally p]=m$ at all times by all be+s _c possibly connect itself ) a sacrificial p]=mance ?r\gh ! brick-alt>1 :i* is con/ruct$ by c]ta9 def9ite ag5ts & on c]ta9 def9ite occasions only1 & mu/ !re=e be an elem5t 9 a m5tal p]=mance1 i4e4 a m$itation4--,! next ,stra disposes ( ! objection t ! text _c possibly mean to enjo9 a new m5tal p]=mance1 ap>t f ! actual p]=mance1 because x conta9s no ^w ( injunctive =ce & does n m5tion a special result4 #dh4 ,on acc\nt ( connexions & ! re/1 z 9 ! case ( ! sep>at5ess ( o!r cognitions4 ,& ?is is se5 7else:]e also72 z decl>$ 79 ! ,prva ,mmms74 ,t ! text enjo9s a m$itative p]=mance diff]5t f ! actual p]=mance ( :i* ! brick-alt> is a con/itu5t elem5t1 foll[s f ! reasons prov+ sep>ation1 viz4 ! connexions4 i4e4 ! ?+s connect$ ) ! sacrifice1 su* z ! ,soma cups1 ! hymns1 ! recitations1 & s on4 ,:at is meant is t ! special m5tion ( ! cups1 & s on1 made 9 ! passage 'by ! m9d ! ,soma cups 7 drawn !reat1' proves ! diff]5ce ( ! p]=mance4--,! '& ! re/' ( ! ,stra comprises ! previ\sly /at$ argum5ts1 viz4 direct /atem5t1 & s on4 ',z o!r m$itations1' i4e4 ! case is analog\s to t ( o!r m$itations su* z ! m$itation on ! small e!r )9 ! he>t1 :i* are likewise prov$ by textual /atem5t1 & s on1 to be diff]5t & sep>ate f actual outw>d sacrificial p]=mances4--,! exi/5ce ( a sep>ate m$itative act hav+ ?us be5 asc]ta9$1 ! requisite injunction has to be con/ru$ on ! basis ( ! text z x /&s4 ,su* con/ruction ( injunctions on ! basis ( texts ( ar?avda "* is se5 9 o!r places also2 ! matt] is discuss$ 9 ,p4 ,m4 ,stras ,,iii1 #e1 #ba4--,! result ( ! m$itative p]=mance foll[s f ! passage '( ^! 7alt>s made ( m9d1 & s on7 ea* is z great z t =m] "o 7i4e4 ! alt> built ( bricks7'--= ?is implies t ! same result :i* ! brick-alt> accompli%es ?r\gh ! sacrifice ( :i* x =ms an elem5t is also atta9$ ?r\gh ! alt>s made ( m9d1 & s on1 ?r\gh ! m$itations ( :i* !y =m p>ts4--,! next ,stra disposes ( ! argum5tation t1 z ?is =mal transf] ( ! result ( ! brick-alt> to ! alt>s built ( m9d1 & s on1 %[s ! latt] to possess ! same virtues z ! =m]1 we are b\nd to conclude t !y also =m con/itu5t elem5ts ( an actual 7n m]ely m$itative7 p]=mance4 #di4 ,n s1 on acc\nt ( ?is be+ obs]v$ on acc\nt ( simil>ity also2 z 9 ! case ( ,dea?2 = 7! p]son 9 yond] orb7 does n occupy ! worlds 7( ,dea?74 ,f a transf] or assimilation ( ?is k9d x does n necess>ily foll[ t ?+s ( diff]5t op]ation are equal1 & t h5ce ^? alt>s ( m9d1 & s on1 mu/ connect !mselves ) an actual outw>d p]=mance4 ,= x is obs]v$ t su* assimilation re/s sometimes on a special po9t ( resemblance only2 s 9 ! text1 ',! p]son 9 yond] orb is ,dea? inde$1'--:]e ! feature ( resemblance is ! de/roy+ p[] ( ! two2 = ! p]son )9 yond] orb does c]ta9ly n occupy ! same worlds1 i4e4 ! same place z ,dea?4 ,analog\sly1 9 ! case "u discussion1 ! fact t ! alt>s made ( m9d are treat$ z1 9 a c]ta9 respect1 equival5t to ! alt> built ( bricks1 does n au?orise u to connect ^? alt>s ) ! sacrificial p]=mance to :i* ! alt> ( bricks belongs4 ,:5 ! text says t ! alt> made ( m9d is z great z ! alt> ( bricks1 ?is only means t ! same result :i* is atta9$ ?r\gh ! brick- alt> 9 connexion ) its own sacrificial p]=mance is also atta9$ ?r\gh ! alt> ( m9d 9 connexion ) ! m$itational p]=mance into :i* x ent]s4 #ej4 ,& by a subsequ5t 7,brhmana7 also ! 'be+ ( su* a k9d' ( ! ^w 7is prov$74 ,b ! connexion is on acc\nt ( plurality4 ,! subsequ5t ,brhmana 7,sat4 ,br4 ,x1 #e1 #d7 also proves t ! text treat+ ( ! alt>s made ( m9d1 & s on1 enjo9s a m$itation only4 ,= t ,brhmana 7:i* beg9s ',?is brick-built fire-alt> is ?is _w2 ! wat]s are its enclos+-/ones1' c47 decl>es fur!r on ':osoev] kn[s ?is ?us comes to be t :ole ,agni :o is ! space-fill]1' & f ?is x appe>s t :at is enjo9$ !re is a m$itation ) a special result ( its own4 ,& fur!r on 7,x1 #f7 !re is ano!r m$itation enjo9$1 viz4 "o on ,vaisvn>a4 ,all ?is %[s t ! ,agnirahasya book 7,sat4 ,br4 ,x7 is n solely conc]n$ ) ! injunction ( outw>d sacrificial acts4--,b :at !n is ! reason t su* matt]s z ! m5tal 7m$itative7 con/ruction ( fire-alt>s :i* ought to be includ$ 9 ! ,brihad-ranyaka are includ$ 9 ! ,agnirahasya8--',t connexion is on acc\nt ( plurality1' i4e4 ! alt>s made ( m9d1 & s on1 are1 9 ! sacr$ text1 dealt ) 9 proximity to ! real alt> made ( bricks1 because s _m details ( ! latt] are m5tally to be accompli%$ 9 ! m$itation4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'option ) ! previ\s "o4' #ea4 ,"s1 on acc\nt ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,self )9 a body4 ,9 all m$itations on ! highe/ ,self ! nature ( ! m$itat+ subject has to be asc]ta9$ no less ?an ! nature ( ! object ( m$itation & ( ! mode ( m$itation4 ,! "q !n arises :e!r ! m$itat+ ,self is to be view$ z ! kn[+1 do+1 & enjoy+ ,self1 subject to transmigration2 or z t ,self :i* ,prajpati describes 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #a71 viz4 a ,self free f all s9 & imp]fection4--,"s hold ! =m] view1 on ! gr\nd t ! m$itat+ ,self is )9 a body4 ,= z long z ! ,self dwells )9 a body1 x is a kn[]1 do]1 enjoy]1 & s on1 & x c br+ ab\t ! result ( its m$itation only z view$ "u t aspect4 ,a p]son :o1 desir\s ( ! heav5ly _w or a simil> result1 ent]s on "s sacrificial action may1 aft] he has rea*$ t result1 possess *>act]i/ics diff]5t f ^? ( a kn[+1 do+1 & enjoy+ subject1 b ^? *>act]i/ics _c be attribut$ to him z long z he is 9 ! /ate ( hav+ to br+ ab\t ! means ( accompli%+ ^? ends2 9 ! latt] /ate he mu/ be view$ z an ord9>y ag5t1 & !re x w\ld be ( no use to view him z some?+ diff]5t4 ,& ! same holds equally good ) reg>d to a p]son engag$ 9 m$itation4--,b1 an objection is rais$1 ! text 'z ! ?\ght ( a man is 9 ?is _w1 s he w be :5 he has dep>t$ ?is life' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ad1 #a7 does decl>e a diff]5ce 7betwe5 ! ag5t engag$ 9 sacrificial action1 & ! m$itat+ subject71 & f ?is x foll[s t ! m$itat+ ,self is to be conceiv$ z hav+ a nature free f all evil1 & s on4--,n s1 ! ,prvapak%9 replies2 = ! clause1 'h[soev] !y m$itate on him1' proves t t text ref]s to ! equality ( ! object m$itat$ ^u 7n ( ! m$itat+ subject74--,to ?is ! next ,stra replies4 #eb4 ,b ?is is n s1 7b r7 diff]5ce2 s9ce x is ( ! be+ ( t2 z 9 ! case ( intuition4 ,x is n true t ! m$itat+ subject mu/ be conceiv$ z hav+ ! ord9>y *>act]i/ics ( kn[+1 act+1 c42 x r possesses ^? *>act]i/ic prop]ties--fre$om f evil1 & s on-- :i* di/+ui% ! /ate ( ,release f ! ,samsra /ate4 ,at ! "t ( m$itation ! ,self ( ! devotee is ( exactly ! same nature z ! releas$ ,self4 ',= x is ( ! be+ ( t1' i4e4 x atta9s ! nature ( t--z prov$ by ! texts1 'z ! ?\ght ( a man is 9 ?is _w1 s he w be :5 he has dep>t$1' & 'h[soev] he m$itate on him1 su* he becomes himself4' ,nor c x be ma9ta9$ t ^! texts ref] only to m$itation on ! highe/ ,self 7)\t decl>+ any?+ z to ! p]sonal ,self ( ! devotee72 = ! p]sonal ,self con/itutes ! body ( ,brahman :i* is ! object ( m$itation1 & h5ce itself falls "u ! category ( object ( m$itation4 ,! "* ( su* m$itation1 !re=e1 is t x is a m$itation on ! highe/ ,self z hav+ = its body ! individual ,self1 di/+ui%$ by fre$om f evil & ! o!r qualities m5tion$ 9 ! tea*+ ( ,prajpati4 ,& h5ce ! individual ,self is1 9 su* m$itation1 to be conceiv$ 7n z ! ord9>y ,self1 b7 "u t =m :i* x has to atta9 7i4e4 ! pure =m :i* belongs to x 9 ! /ate ( ,release74 ',z 9 ! case ( intuition'--i4e4 z 9 ! case ( intuition ( ,brahman4 ,z ! intuition ( ,brahman has = its object ! ess5tial nature ( ,brahman1 s ! intuition ( ! individual s\l also has = its object its p]man5t ess5tial nature4 ,9 ! case ( sacrificial works ! conception ( ! true nature ( ! ,self =ms an auxili>y factor4 ,an injunction su* z ',let him :o is desir\s ( ! heav5ly _w sacrifice1' enjo9s ! p]=mance ( ! sacrifice to ! end ( a c]ta9 result be+ rea*$2 :ile ! conception ( ! ,self z possess+ *>act]i/ics su* z be+ a kn[+ subject1 & s on--:i* are sep>ate f ! body--has ! function ( prov+ its qualification = works meant to effect results :i* w come ab\t at "s future "t4 ,s mu* only 7i4e4 ! m]e cognition ( ! ,self z some?+ diff]5t f ! body7 is requir$ = works 7z di/+ui%$ f m$itations74--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'be+ 9 ! body4' #ec4 ,b ^? 7m$itations7 :i* are connect$ ) memb]s 7( sacrifices7 are n 7re/rict$7 to 7p>ticul>7 skhs1 b r 7belong7 to all skhs4 ,!re are c]ta9 m$itations connect$ ) c]ta9 con/itu5t elem5ts ( sacrifices-z e4g4 ',let a man m$itate on ! syllable ,om 7z7 ! ,udg?a '7,*4 ,up4 ,i1 #a1 #a72 ',let a man m$itate on ! fivefold ,saman z ! five worlds' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #b1 #a71 c4 ,! "q "h arises :e!r ^? m$itations are re/rict$ to ! memb]s ( ^? skhs 9 ^: texts !y are m5tion$2 or to be connect$ ) ! ,udg?a1 & s on1 9 all skhs4 ,!re is "h a legitimate gr\nd = d\bt1 9 s f> z1 al?\gh ! g5]al agreem5t ( all ,v$nta-texts is e/abli%$1 ! ,udg?a1 & s on1 are diff]5t 9 ea* ,v$a s9ce ! acc5ts diff] 9 ! diff]5t ,v$as--,! ,prvapak%9 decl>es t ^? m$itations are limit$ ea* to its p>ticul> skh2 =1 he says1 ! injunction ',let him m$itate on ! ,udg?a' does inde$1 v]bally1 ref] to ! ,udg?a 9 g5]al2 b z :at /&s ne>e/ to ?is injunction is ! special ,udg?a ( ! skh1 9 ^: text ?is injunction occurs1 & :i* %>es ! peculi>ities ( acc5t *>act]i/ic ( t skh1 we decide t ! m$itation is enjo9$ on memb]s ( t skh only4--,! ,stra sets ?is op9ion aside4 ,! injunction ( m$itations ( ?is type is valid = all skhs1 s9ce ! text expressly connects !m ) ! ,udg?a 9 g5]al4 ,!y !re=e hold good :]ev] !re is an ,udg?a4 ,! individual ,udg?as ( ! sev]al skhs are inde$ di/+ui%$ by diff]5t acc5tuation2 b ! g5]al /atem5t1 ',let him m$itate on ! ,udg?a4' sugge/s to ! m9d n any p>ticul> ,udg?a1 b ! ,udg?a 9 g5]al1 & h5ce !re is no reason to re/rict ! m$itation to a p>ticul> skh4 ,f ! pr9ciple moreov] t all skhs tea* ! same doctr9e1 x foll[s t ! sacrifice enjo9$ 9 ! diff]5t skhs is "o only2 & h5ce !re is no reason to hold t ! ,udg?a sugge/$ by ! injunction ( ! m$itation is a p>ticul> "o4 ,= ! ,udg?a is only an elem5t 9 ! sacrifice1 & ! sacrifice is "o & ! same4 ,! m$itations are n !re=e limit$ to p>ticul> skhs4 #ed4 ,or !re is no contradiction z 9 ! case ( mantras & ! re/4 ,! 'or' "h has ! s5se ( '&4' ,! '& ! re/' comprises g5]ic *>act]i/ics1 qualities1 numb]1 simil>ity1 ord] ( succession1 sub/ances1 & actions4 ,z !re is no?+ contr>y to reason 9 mantras & ! re/1 al?\gh m5tion$ 9 ! text ( "o skh only1 f9d+1 on ! basis ( su* means ( pro( z direct /atem5t1 & s on1 _! application 9 all skhs1 s9ce ! sacrifice to :i* !y belong is "o & ! same 9 all skhs2 s !re is likewise no contradiction 9 ! m$itations "u discussion be+ und]tak5 by memb]s ( all skhs4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( ':at is connect$ ) con/itu5t elem5ts ( ! sacrifice4' #ee4 ,!re is pre-em95ce ( pl5itude1 z 9 ! case ( ! sacrifice2 = ?us ,scripture %[s4 ,! sacr$ text 7,*4 ,up4 ,v1 #ab ff47 enjo9s a m$itation on ,vaisvn>a1 ! object ( :i* is ! highe/ ,self1 z hav+ = its body ! entire ?reefold _w1 & = its limbs ! heav5ly _w1 ! sun1 ! w9d1 & s on4 ,! d\bt "h arises :e!r sep>ate m$itations h to be p]=m$ on ! highe/ ,be+ 9 its sep>ate aspects1 or 9 its aggregate z well z 9 its di/ribut$ aspect1 or 9 its aggregate aspect only4--,9 its sep>ate aspects1 ! ,prvapak%9 ma9ta9s2 s9ce at ! outset a m$itation ( t k9d is decl>$4 ,= on ! ,ri%is 9 succession tell+ ,asvapati ! objects ( _! m$itation1 viz4 ! sky1 ! sun1 & s on1 ,asvapati expla9s to !m t ^! m$itations ref] to ! head1 eye1 & s on1 ( ! highe/ ,be+1 & m5tions = ea* ( ^! m$itations a special fruit4 ,& ! conclud+ explanation 'he :o wor%ips ,vaisvn>a z a span long1 c41' is m]ely meant to ga!r up into "o1 z x 71 ! prec$+ m$itations on ! p>ts ( ,vaisvn>a4--,ano!r ,prvapak%9 holds t ?is v conclud+ passage enjo9s a fur!r m$itation on ,vaisvn>a 9 8 collective aspect1 9 addition to ! previ\sly enjo9$ m$itations on 8 limbs2 = t passage /ates a sep>ate result1 'he eats food 9 all worlds1' c4 ,nor does ?is de/roy ! unity ( ! :ole section4 ,! case is analog\s to t ( ! m$itation on 'pl5itude' 7bhman2 ,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #bc74 ,!re1 9 ! beg9n+1 sep>ate m$itations are enjo9$ on "n1 & s on1 ) special results ( _! own2 & aft] t a m$itation is enjo9$ on bhman1 ) a result ( its own1 ',he becomes a ,self-rul]1' c4 ,! entire section really ref]s to ! m$itation on bhman2 b all ! same !re are admitt$ subord9ate m$itations on "n1 & s on1 & a special result = ea*4--,^! views are set aside by ! ,stra1 ',!re is pre-em95ce ( pl5itude1' i4e4 !re is reason to assume t ,vaisvn>a 9 8 fulness1 i4e4 9 8 collective aspect1 is meant2 s9ce we appreh5d unity ( ! entire section4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( ! section x is manife/ t :at ! ,ri%is desire to "k is ! ,vaisn>a ,self2 x is t ,self :i* ,asvapati exp\nds to !m z hav+ ! ,univ]se = 8 body1 & 9 agreem5t !re) ! la/ clause ( 8 tea*+ intimates t ! intuition ( ,brahman 7:i* is none o!r ?an ! ,vaisvn>a ,self7--:i* is !re *>act]is$ z ! food ( all worlds1 all be+s1 all ,selfs--is ! fruit ( ! m$itation on ,vaisvn>a4 ,?is summ+ up proves ! :ole section to deal ) ! same subject4 ,& on ! basis ( ?is k we det]m9e t :at ! text says z to m$itations on ! sep>ate memb]s ( ! ,vaisn>a ,self & _! special results is m]ely ( ! nature ( explanatory comm5t 7anuvda7 on p>ts ( ! m$itation on ! collective ,self4--,?is decision is arriv$ at z 9 ! case ( ! sacrifice4 ,= to ! injunction ( c]ta9 sacrifices--su* z ',let a man1 on ! bir? ( a son1 (f] a cake on twelve pot%]ds to ,vaisvn>a'--! text simil>ly adds rem>ks on p>ts ( ! oblation1 '!re is an oblation on eight pot%]ds1' & s on4--,! m$itation !re=e has to be p]=m$ on ! entire ,vaisvn>a ,self only1 n on its p>ts4 ,?is1 moreov]1 ,scripture itself intimates1 9 s f>1 namely1 z decl>+ ! evil consequ5ces ( m$itation on p>ts ( ! ,self only1 'y\r head w\ld h fall5 (f if y _h n come to me'2 'y w\ld h become bl9d1' & s on4 ,?is also %[s t ! ref]5ce to ! text enjo9+ m$itations on "n1 c41 proves no?+ z to our passage4 ,= !re ! text says no?+ z to disadvantages connect$ ) ^? special m$itations2 x only says t ! m$itation on pl5itude 7bhman7 has a m excell5t result4 ,! section1 !re=e1 al?\gh really conc]n$ ) enjo9+ ! m$itation on ! bhman1 at ! same "t means to decl>e t ! special m$itations also are fruitful2 o!rwise ! m$itation on ! bhman c\ld n be recomm5d$1 = ! reason t x has a m excell5t result ?an ! prec$+ m$itations4--,! conclusion1 !re=e1 is t ! text enjo9s a m$itation on ! collective ,vaisvn>a ,self only4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! pre-em95ce ( pl5itude4' #ef4 7,! m$itations are7 sep>ate1 on acc\nt ( ! diff]5ce ( words1 & s on4 ,! in/ances com+ "u ?is head ( discussion are all ^? m$itations on ,brahman :i* h = _! only result f9al ,release1 :i* consi/s 9 atta9+ to ,brahman--su* z ! m$itation on t :i* is1 ! m$itation on ! bhman1 ! m$itation on ! small space )9 ! he>t1 ! ,upakosala m$itation1 ! ,sndilya m$itation1 ! m$itation on ,vaisvn>a1 ! m$itation on ! ,self ( bliss1 ! m$itation on ! ,imp]i%able1 & o!rs--:e!r !y be record$ 9 "o skh only or 9 sev]al skhs4 ,to a diff]5t category belong ^? m$itations :i* h a special object su* z ,prna1 & a special result4--,! d\bt "h arises :e!r ! m$itations ( ! =m] class are all to be consid]$ z id5tical1 or z sep>ate--,! ,prvapak%9 holds t !y are all "o2 =1 he says1 !y all h "o & ! same object ( m$itation1 viz4 ,brahman4 ,= ! nature ( all cognition dep5ds on ! object cognis$2 & ! nature ( ! m$itations ?us be+ "o1 ! m$itations !mselves are "o4--,?is view ! ,stra controv]ts4 ,! m$itations are diff]5t1 on acc\nt ( ! diff]5ce ( t]ms & ! re/4 ,! '& ! re/' comprises repetition 7abhysa71 numb] 7samkhy71 quality 7guna71 subject-matt] 7prakriy71 & "n 7nmadheya2 cp4 ,p4 ,m4 ,s4 ,,ii1 #b1 #a ff474 ,we meet 9 ^? m$itations ) diff]5ce ( connexion1 express+ itself 9 diff]5ce ( words1 & s on2 :i* causes diff]5ce on ! "p ( ! m$itations enjo9$4 ,! t]ms enjo9+ m$itation1 'he kn[s1' 'he is to m$itate' 7v$a2 upsta71 & s on1 d inde$ all ( !m d5ote a c]ta9 cont9uity ( cognition1 & all ^! cognitions h = _! object ,brahman only1 b all ! same ^? cognitions diff] 9 s f> z !y h = _! object ,brahman1 z v>i\sly qualifi$ by special *>act]i/ics m5tion$ 9 ! m$itation2 9 "o m$itation he is spok5 ( z ! sole cause ( ! _w1 9 ano!r z free f all evil1 & s on4 ,we !re=e arrive at ! decision t clauses :i* describe special =ms ( m$itation hav+ = _! result ! atta9m5t to ,brahman1 & are complete 9 !mselves1 convey ! idea ( sep>ate indep5d5t m$itations1 & ?us effect sep>ation ( ! vidys4 ,?is entire "q 0 inde$ already decid$ 9 ! ,prva ,mimmsa-stras 7,,ii1 #b1 #a71 b x is "h argu$ aga9 to ! end ( dispell+ ! mi/ak5 notion t ! ,v$nta-texts aim at k only1 & n at ! injunction ( activities su* z m$itation4 ,! m$itations1 !re=e1 are sep>ate ones4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'diff]5ce ( words & ! re/4' #eg4 ,option1 on acc\nt ( ! non-diff]5ce ( result4 ,x has be5 prov$ t ! m$itation on t :i* truly is1 ! m$itation on ! small e!r )9 ! he>t1 & s on--all ( :i* h = _! result ! atta9m5t to ,brahman--are sep>ate m$itations4 ,! "q n[ arises :e!r all ^! m$itations %\ld be comb9$ by ea* m$itat+ devotee1 on acc\nt ( su* comb9ation be+ useful to him2 or :e!r1 9 ! abs5ce ( any use ( su* comb9ation1 !y %\ld be und]tak5 optionally4--,!y may be comb9$1 ! ,prvapak%9 holds2 s9ce x is obs]v$ t diff]5t scriptural matt]s are comb9$ ev5 :5 hav+ "o & ! same result4 ,! ,agnihotra1 ! ,daisaprnamsa oblation1 & o!r sacrifices1 all ( !m h "o & ! same result1 viz4 ! possession ( ! heav5ly _w2 nev]!less1 "o & ! same ag5t p]=ms !m all1 ) a view to ! great] fulness ( ! heav5ly bliss aim$ at4 ,s ! diff]5t m$itations on ,brahman also may be cumulat$ ) a view to great] fulness ( intuition ( ,brahman4--,?is view ! ,stra rejects4 ,option only betwe5 ! sev]al m$itations is possible1 on acc\nt ( ! non-diff]5ce ( result4 ,= to all m$itations on ,brahman alike ,scripture assigns "o & ! same result1 viz4 intuitive k ( ,brahman1 :i* is ( ! nature ( supreme1 unsurpassable bliss4 ',he :o kn[s ,brahman atta9s ! ,highe/' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a1 #a71 c4 ,! intuitive k ( ,brahman con/itutes supreme1 unsurpassable bliss2 & if su* intuition may be rea*$ ?r\gh "o m$itation1 ( :at use c\ld o!r m$itations be8 ,! heav5ly _w is some?+ limit$ 9 respect ( place1 "t1 & ess5tial nature1 & h5ce a p]son desir\s ( atta9+ to x may cumulate works 9 ord] to take possession ( x to a great] ext5t1 & s on4 ,b an analog\s proce$+ _c be resort$ to ) reg>d to ,brahman1 :i* is unlimit$ 9 e s5se4 ,all m$itations on ,brahman t5d to dispel ,nesci5ce1 :i* /&s 9 ! way ( ! intuition ( ,brahman1 & ?us equally h = _! result ! atta9+ to ,brahman2 & h5ce !re is option betwe5 !m4 ,9 ! case1 on ! o!r h&1 ( ^? m$itations :i* aim at o!r results ?an ,brahman1 !re may ei!r be *oice betwe5 ! sev]al m$itations1 or !y may be cumulat$--z "o may also d 9 ! case ( sacrifices aim+ at ! atta9m5t ( ! heav5ly _w2--= z ^? results are n ( an inf9ite nature "o may aim at realis+ !m 9 a high] degree4 ,?is ! next ,stra decl>es4 #eh4 ,b m$itations aim+ at objects ( desire may1 accord+ to "o's lik+1 be cumulat$ or n2 on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( ! =m] reason4 ,! la/ clause means--on acc\nt ( _! results n be+ ( an inf9ite nature4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'option4' #ei4 ,!y belong to ! con/itu5t memb]s1 z ! bases4 ,a d\bt arises :e!r m$itations su* z ! "o enjo9$ 9 ! text1 ',let him m$itate on ! syllable ,om z ! ,udg?a1' :i* are connect$ ) con/itu5t elem5ts ( ! sacrifice su* z ! ,udg?a1 contribute t[>ds ! accompli%m5t ( ! sacrifice1 & h5ce mu/ be p]=m$ at ! sacrifice z "p ( x2 or :e!r !y1 l ! godohana vessel1 b5efit ! ag5t ap>t f ! sacrifice1 & !re=e may be und]tak5 accord+ to desire4--,b has x n be5 already decid$ "u ,,iii1 #c1 #db t ^? m$itations are g5]ally b5eficial to man1 & n !re=e re/rict$ to ! sacrifices8--,true2 x is j = ! purpose ( fur!r confirm+ t conclusion t objections are n[ rais$ aga9/ x on ! gr\nd ( "s inf]5tial m>ks 7l+a7 & reason+4 ,= !re x 0 ma9ta9$ on ! /r5g? ( ! text '!re=e he does bo?' t ^? m$itations h results indep5d5t ( ! sacrifice4 ,b !re are sev]al reasons fav\r+ ! view t ^? m$itations mu/ be connect$ ) ! sacrifices z subord9ate memb]s1 j z ! ,udg?a & ! re/ to :i* ! m$itations ref]4 ,_! case is by no means analog\s to t ( ! godohana vessel1 =1 :ile 9 ! case ( ! latt]1 ! text expressly decl>es ! exi/5ce ( a special result1 ',= him :o is desir\s ( cattle he is to br+ wat] 9 a godohana1' ! texts enjo9+ ^? m$itations d n /ate special results = !m4 ,= clauses su* z 'he is to m$itate on ! ,udg?a' intimate only t ! ,udg?a is connect$ ) ! m$itation2 :ile _! connexion ) c]ta9 results is kn[n f o!r clauses1 su* z ':atev] he does ) k1 ) fai?1 ) ! ,upani%ad1 t is m vigor\s' 7accord+ to :i* ! result ( su* m$itations is only to /r5g!n ! result ( ! sacrifices74 ,& :5 a m$itation ( ?is k9d has1 on ! gr\nd ( its connexion ) ! ,udg?a or ! l--:i* !mselves are inv>iably connect$ ) sacrifices--be5 cognis$ to =m an elem5t ( a sacrifice1 "s o!r passage :i* may decl>e a fruit = t m$itation c only be tak5 z an ar?avda2 j z ! passage :i* decl>es t he ^: sacrificial ladle is made ( p>na wood does n he> an evil s\nd4 ,9 ! same way1 !re=e1 z ! ,udg?a & s on1 :i* are ! bases ( ^? m$itations1 are to be employ$ only z con/itu5t p>ts ( ! sacrifices1 s ! m$itations also connect$ ) ^? con/itu5t p>ts are !mselves to be employ$ z con/itu5t p>ts ( ! sacrifices only4 #fj4 ,& on acc\nt ( injunction4 ,! above conclusion is fur!r confirm$ by ! fact ( injunction1 i4e4 !reby t clauses su* z 'he is to m$itate on ! ,udg?a' enjo9 ! m$itation z /&+ to ! ,udg?a 9 ! relation ( a subord9ate memb]4 ,injunctions ( ?is k9d diff] f injunctions su* z 'he is to br+ wat] 9 ! godohana vessel = him :o desires cattle'2 = ! latt] /ate a special qualification on ! "p ( him :o p]=ms ! action1 :ile ! =m] d n1 & h5ce _c claim indep5d5ce4 #fa4 ,on acc\nt ( rectification4 ,! text 'f ! seat ( ! ,hotri he sets "r ! wrong ,udgha' %[s t ! m$itation is necess>ily requir$ = ! purpose ( correct+ :atev] mi/ake may be made 9 ! ,udg?a4 ,?is also proves t ! m$itation is an integral "p ( ! sacrificial p]=mance4 #fb4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! decl>ation ( a quality be+ common 7to all ! ,v$as74 ,! text ',by means ( t syllable ! ?reefold k proce$s4 ,) ,om ! ,adhv>yu gives ord]s1 ) ,om ! ,hotri recites1 ) ,om ! ,udgtri s+s1' :i* decl>es ! pranava--:i* is a 'quality' ( ! m$itation1 9 s f> z x is its basis--to be common to ! ?ree ,v$as1 fur!r %[s t ! m$itation has to be employ$ 9 connexion ) ! sacrifice4 ,= ! m$itation is connect$ ) ! ,udg?a1 & ! ,udgi?a is an integral "p ( all sacrificial p]=mances :atev]4 ,( ! prim facie view ?us f> set =? ! next ,stra disposes4 #fc4 ,r n1 z ! text does n decl>e _! go+ toge!r4 ,x is n true t ! m$itations on ! ,udg?a & ! re/ are b\nd to ! sacrifices 9 ! same way z ! ,udg?a1 & s on1 !mselves are2 = ,scripture does n decl>e t !y g toge!r )1 i4e4 are subord9ate con/itu5ts ( ! ,udg?a1 & s on4 ,! clause ',let him m$itate on ! ,udg?a' does n inde$ itself /ate ano!r qualification on ! "p ( ! ag5t 7i4e4 does n /ate t ! ag5t 9 ent]+ on ! m$itation is prompt$ by a motive o!r ?an ! "o prompt+ ! sacrifice72 b ! subsequ5t clause1 ':atev] he does ) k1 ) fai?1 ) ! ,upani%ad1 t becomes m vigor\s1' intimates t k is ! means to r5d] ! sacrificial "w m efficaci\s1 & f ?is x foll[s t ! m$itation is enjo9$ z a means t[>ds effect+ a result o!r ?an ! result ( ! sacrifice4 ,& h5ce ! m$itation _c be view$ z a subord9ate memb] ( ! ,udg?a1 :i* itself is a subord9ate memb] ( ! sacrifice4 ,x r has ! ,udg?a = its basis only4 ,he only inde$ :o is qualifi$ = ! sacrifice is qualifi$ = ! m$itation1 s9ce ! latt] aims at great] efficaci\sness ( ! sacrifice2 b ?is does n imply t ! m$itation necess>ily goes ) ! sacrifice4 ,by ! great] vig\r ( ! sacrifice is meant its non-ob/ruction by "s o!r sacrificial "w ( great] /r5g?1 its produc+ its effect )\t any delay4--,! case ( a /atem5t su* z 'he ^: ladle is ( p>na wood he>s no evil s\nd' is diff]5t4 ,!re ! text does n decl>e t ! quality ( consi/+ ( p>na wood is ! direct means ( br++ ab\t ! result ( no evil s\nd be+ he>d2 h5ce !re is no valid reason :y t quality %\ld n be subord9ate to ! ladle1 :i* itself is subord9ate to ! sacrifice2 & z x is n legitimate to assume = ! m]e subord9ate con/itu5ts ( a sacrifice special fruits 7o!r ?an ! g5]al fruit ( ! sacrifice71 ! decl>ation z to no evil s\nd be+ he>d is to be view$ z a m]e ar?avda 7i4e4 a m]e additional /atem5t meant fur!r to glorify ! result ( ! sacrifice--( :i* ! ladle made ( p>na wood is a subord9ate in/rum5t74 #fd4 ,& because 7,scripture7 %[s x4 ,a scriptural text1 moreov]1 %[s t ! m$itation is necess>y =1 & re/rict$ to1 ! sacrificial p]=mance4 ,= ! text ',a ,brahman prie/ :o kn[s ?is saves ! sacrifice1 ! sacrific]1 & all ! (ficiat+ prie/s'--:i* decl>es t all prie/s are sav$ ?r\gh ! k ( ! ,brahman--has s5se only on ! und]/&+ t t k is n re/rict$ to ! ,udjtri1 & s on 7i4e4 n to ^? prie/s :o are engag$ 9 c>ry+ out ! details ( ! sacrifices :i* are ! 'bases' ( ! m$itations74--,! conclusion1 !re=e1 is t ^? m$itations are n re/rict$ to ! sacrifices1 subord9ate memb]s ( :i* s]ve z _! 'bases4'--,?is t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'l ! bases4' ,,f\r? ,p,,da4 #a4 ,! b5efit to man results f !nce1 on acc\nt ( scriptural /atem5t2 ?us ,bd>yana ?9ks4 ,we h conclud$ ! inve/igation into ! on5ess or div]s5ess ( m$itations--! result ( :i* is to indicate 9 :i* cases ! special po9ts m5tion$ 9 sev]al m$itations h to be comb9$1 & 9 :i* n4 ,a fur!r po9t n[ to be inve/igat$ is :e!r t advantage to ! m$itat+ devotee1 :i* is held to accrue to him f ! m$itation1 results f ! m$itation directly1 or f works ( :i* ! m$itations are subord9ate memb]s4--,! ,rev]5d ,bd>yana holds ! =m] view4 ,! b5efit to man results f !nce1 i4e4 f ! m$itation1 because ,scripture decl>es ?is to be s4 ',he :o kn[s ,brahman rea*es ! ,highe/' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a1 #a72 ',i "k t great ,p]son ( sun-l lu/re beyond ! d>kness4 ,a man :o kn[s him truly passes ov] dea?2 !re is no o!r pa? to g' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #h72 ',z ! fl[+ riv]s disappe> 9 ! sea1 los+ _! "n & _! =m1 ?us a man :o possesses k1 fre$ f "n & =m1 goes to ! div9e ,p]son :o is great] ?an ! great' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #b1 #h74-- ,aga9/ ?is view ! ,prvapak%9 raises an objection4 #b4 ,on acc\nt ( 7! ,self7 /&+ 9 a complem5t>y relation1 !y are ar?avdas1 z 9 o!r cases2 ?us ,jaim9i op9es4 ,:at has be5 said z to ,scripture intimat+ t a b5eficial result is realis$ ?r\gh ! m$itations by !mselves is unt5able4 ,= texts su* z 'he :o kn[s ,brahman rea*es ! ,highe/' d n tea* t ! highe/ aim ( man is atta9$ ?r\gh k2 _! purport r is to inculcate k ( ,tru? on ! "p ( a ,self :i* is ! ag5t 9 works prescrib$4 ,k1 !re=e1 /&s 9 a complem5t>y relation to sacrificial works1 9 s f> z x imp>ts to ! act+ ,self a c]ta9 my/ic purification2 & ! texts :i* decl>e special results ( k1 !re=e1 mu/ be tak5 z m]e ar?avdas4 ',z 9 ! case ( o!r ?+s2 s ,jaim9i ?9ks1' i4e4 z ,jaim9i holds t 9 ! case ( sub/ances1 qualities1 & s on1 ! scriptural decl>ation ( results is ( ! nature ( ar?avda4--,b x has be5 %[n be=e t ! ,v$nta-texts repres5t z ! object to be atta9$1 by ^? desir\s ( ,release1 on ! basis ( ! k imp>t$ by !m1 some?+ diff]5t f ! individual ,self engag$ 9 action2 cp4 on ?is po9t ,s4 ,i1 #a1 #ae2 ,i1 #c1 #e2 ,i1 #b1 #c2 ,i1 #c1 #ah4 ,& ,s4 ,,ii1 #a1 #bb & o!rs h refut$ ! view t ,brahman is to be consid]$ z non-diff]5t f ! p]sonal s\l1 because 9 texts su* z '?\ art t' x is exhibit$ 9 co-ord9ation ) ! latt]4 ,& o!r ,stras h prov$ t ,brahman mu/1 on ! basis ( num]\s scriptural texts1 be recognis$ z ! inn] ,self ( all ?+s mat]ial & immat]ial4 ,h[ !n c x be said t ! ,v$nta-texts m]ely mean to give in/ruction z to ! true nature ( ! active individual s\l1 & t h5ce all m$itation is m]ely subs]vi5t to sacrificial works8--,on ! /r5g? ( num]\s inf]5tial m>ks1 ! ,prvapak%9 replies1 :i* prove t 9 ! ,v$nta-texts all m$itation is really view$ z subord9ate to k1 & ( ! decl>ations ( co- ord9ation ( ,brahman & ! individual s\l 7:i* mu/ be tak5 to imply t ! two are ess5tially ( ! same nature71 we _c help =m+ ! conclusion t ! real purport ( ! ,v$nta-texts is to tell u ( ! true nature ( ! individual s\l 9 s f> z diff]5t f its body4--,b1 aga9 x is object$1 ! ag5t is connect$ no less ) ord9>y worldly works ?an ) works enjo9$ by ! ,v$a1 & h5ce is n inv>iably connect$ ) sacrifices 7i4e4 works ( ! latt] type72 x _c1 !re=e1 be ma9ta9$ t m$itations on ! "p ( ! ag5t necess>ily connect !mselves ) sacrifices 9 s f> z !y effect a purification ( ! sacrific]'s m9d6--,!re is a diff]5ce1 ! ,prvapak%9 rejo9s4 ,worldly works c proce$ also if ! ag5t is non-diff]5t f ! body2 :ile an ag5t is qualifi$ = sacr$ works only 9 s f> z he is diff]5t f ! body1 & ( an et]nal non-*ang+ nature4 ,m$itations1 !re=e1 prop]ly connect !mselves ) sacrifices1 9 s f> z !y tea* t ! ag5t really is ( t latt] nature4 ,we ?us adh]e to ! conclusion t m$itations are con/itu5ts ( sacrificial actions1 & h5ce are ( no advantage by !mselves4--,b :at !n are ^? inf]5tial m>ks :i*1 z y say1 fully prove t ! ,v$nta-texts aim at sett+ =? ! nature ( ! individual s\l8--,to ?is ! next ,stra replies4 #c4 ,on acc\nt ( 7su*7 conduct be+ se54 ,x is se51 viz 9 ,scripture1 t ^? :o knew ,brahman busi$ !mselves *iefly ) sacrifices4--,asvapati ,kaikeya _h a deep k ( ! ,self2 b :5 ?ree ,ri%is _h come to him to receive in/ruction reg>d+ ! ,self1 he told !m ',i am ab\t1 to p]=m a sacrifice1 ,sirs' 7,*4 ,up4 ,v1 ,,ii74 ,simil>ly we le>n f ,smriti t ,janaka & o!r pr9ces deeply v]s$ 9 ! k ( ,brahman appli$ !mselves to sacrificial works1 ',by works only ,janaka & o!rs atta9$ to p]fection'2 ',he also1 well f\nd$ 9 k1 (f]$ _m sacrifices4' ,& ?is fact--t ^? :o "k ,brahman apply !mselves to works *iefly--%[s t k 7or m$itation7 has no indep5d5t value1 b s]ves to set =? ! true nature ( ! active ,self1 & ?us is subord9ate to "w4--,an ev5 m direct pro( is set =? 9 ! next ,stra4 #d4 ,on acc\nt ( direct scriptural /atem5t4 ,scripture itself directly decl>es k to be subord9ate to works1 ':atev] he does ) k1 ) fai?1 ) ! ,upani%ad1 t is m vigor\s'4 ,nor c x be said t ?is text ref]s1 on ! gr\nd ( lead+ subject-matt] 7prak>ana71 to ! ,udg?a only2 = direct scriptural /atem5t 7suti7 is /rong] ?an subject-matt]1 & ! words ':atev] he does ) k' cle>ly ref] to k 9 g5]al4 #e4 ,on acc\nt ( ! tak+ hold toge!r4 ,! text '!n bo? k & "w take hold ( him' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #b7 %[s t k & "w g toge!r1 & ?is go+ toge!r is possible only if1 9 ! mann] /at$1 k is subord9ate to "w4 #f4 ,on acc\nt ( injunction = su* a "o4 ,t k is subord9ate to works foll[s !refrom also t works are enjo9$ on him only :o possesses k4 ,= texts su* z ',he :o has le>nt ! ,v$a f a family ( tea*]s1' c4 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #ae71 enjo9 works on him only :o has ma/]$ ! sacr$ texts s z fully to und]/& _! mean+--= ?is is ! s5se ( ! t]m 'le>n+' 7adhyayana74 ,h5ce ! k ( ,brahman also is enjo9$ ) a view to works only3 x has no indep5d5t result ( its own4 #g4 ,on acc\nt ( def9ite rule4 ,ano!r argum5t = our conclusion is t ! text ',do+ works "h let a man desire to live a hundr$ ye>s1' c4 7,is4 ,up4 ,,ii71 expressly enjo9s lifelong works on him :o kn[s ! ,self4 ,! g5]al conclusion1 !re=e1 is t k 7m$itation7 is m]ely auxili>y to works4 ,( ?is view ! next ,stra f9ally disposes4 #h4 ,b on acc\nt ( ! tea*+ ( ! diff]5t "o1 ,bad>yana's 7view is valid72 z ?is is se54 ,k by itself b5efits man2 s9ce ,scripture tea*es t ! object ( k is ! highe/ ,brahman :i*1 z x is ( an absolutely faultless & p]fect nature1 is o!r ?an ! active individual s\l4 ,bad>yana1 !re=e1 holds t k has an indep5d5t fruit ( its own4 ,let ! inf]5tial m>ks 7ref]r$ to by ! ,prvapak%97 be2 ! direct tea*+ ( ! texts c]ta9ly ref]s to a be+ diff]5t f ! ,self t acts2 = we cle>ly see t _! object is ! highe/ creative ,brahman ) all its p]fections & exalt$ qualities1 :i* _c possibly be attribut$ to ! individual ,self :e!r 9 ! /ate ( ,release or ( bondage3 ',free f evil1 free f old age1' c4 c4 ,9 all ^? texts !re is n ! slighte/ trace ( any ref]5ce to ! wret*$ individual s\l1 z insignificant & weak z a t9y gl[-worm1 implicat$ 9 ,nesci5ce & all ! o!r evils ( f9ite exi/5ce4 ,& ! fruit ( t k ( ! highe/ ,p]son ! texts expressly decl>e1 9 _m places1 to be immortality--:i* consi/s 9 atta9+ to ,him4 ,! view ( k by itself b5efitt+ man !re=e is well f\nd$4--,! ,stras proce$ to dispose ( ! s-call$ inf]5tial m>ks4 #i4 ,b ! decl>ations are equal4 ,! argum5t t k mu/ be held subord9ate to "w because we le>n f ,scripture t ^? :o "k ,brahman p]=m sacrificial works1 w n hold good2 s9ce1 on ! o!r h&1 we also see t m5 kn[+ ,brahman ab&on$ all "w2 cp4 texts su* z ',! ,ri%is desc5d$ f ,kava%a said3 ,= :at purpose %\ld we /udy ! ,v$a8 = :at purpose %\ld we sacrifice8' ,z x ?us appe>s t ^? :o "k ,brahman give up works1 k _c be a m]e auxili>y to works4--,b h[ c x be acc\nt$ = t ^? :o "k ,brahman bo? d & d n p]=m works8--,works may be p]=m$ 9 s f> z sacrifices & ! l1 if p]=m$ by "o n hav+ any special wi%1 /& 9 subord9ate relation to ! k ( ,brahman2 h5ce !re is no objection to texts enjo9+ works4 ,& z1 on ! o!r h&1 sacrifices & su*-l works :5 aim+ at results ( _! own are oppos$ to ! k ( ,brahman :i* has ,release = its only result1 !re is all ! less objection to texts :i* sugge/ ! non- p]=mance ( works4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 k 7 subord9ate to works1 works c\ld on no acc\nt be disp5s$ )4--,aga9/ ! ass]tion t ,scripture directly decl>es k to be subord9ate to works ! next ,stra decl>es itself4 #aj4 7,x is7 non-compreh5sive4 ,! scriptural decl>ation does n ref] to all m$itations1 b only to ! m$itation on ! ,udg?a4 ,9 ! clause ':at he does ) k1' ! ':at' is 9 itself indef9ite1 & !re=e mu/ be def9$ z connect+ itself ) ! ,udg?a m5tion$ 9 ! previ\s clause1 ',let him m$itate on ! ,udg?a4' ,! s5t5ce _c be con/ru$ to mean ':atev] he does is to be done ) k1' b means 't :i* he does ) k becomes m vigor\s1' & t :i* is done ) k t is ! ,udg?a4 ,! next ,stra refutes ! argum5t set =? 9 ,stra #e4 #aa4 ,!re is di/ribution1 z 9 ! case ( ! hundr$4 ,z k & "w h diff]5t results1 ! text '( him k & "w lay hold' mu/ be und]/ood 9 a di/ributive s5se1 i4e4 z mean+ t k lays hold ( him to ! end ( br++ ab\t its own p>ticul> result1 & t s likewise does "w4 ',z 9 ! case ( a hundr$1' i4e4 z x is und]/ood t1 :5 a man sell+ a field & a gem is said to receive two hundr$ gold pieces1 "o hundr$ are giv5 = ! field & "o hundr$ = ! gem4 #ab4 ,( him :o has m]ely read ! ,v$a4 ,nor is !re any =ce 9 ! argum5t t k is only auxili>y to "w because works are enjo9$ on him :o possesses k4 ,= ! text :i* ref]s to ! man ':o has read ! ,v$a' enjo9s works on him :o has m]ely read ! texts1 & read+ !re means no?+ m ?an ! appreh5sion ( ! aggregate ( syllables call$ ,v$a1 )\t any insight into _! mean+4 ,a man :o has ?us ma/]$ ! words ( ! ,v$a appreh5ds !refrom t x makes /atem5ts z to works hav+ c]ta9 results1 & !n on 8 own acc\nt applies himself to ! enquiry into ! mean+ ( ^? decl>ations2 he :o is desir\s ( "w applies himself to ! k ( works2 he :o is desir\s ( ,release applies himself to ! k ( ,brahman4 ,& ev5 if ! injunction ( read+ 7 und]/ood z prompt+ to ! und]/&+ ( ! text also1 all ! same1 k w\ld n be a subsidi>y to works4 ,= k1 9 ! s5se ( ! ,upani%ads1 is some?+ diff]5t f m]e cognition ( s5se4 ,9 ! same way z ! p]=mance ( su* works z ! ,jyoti%toma sacrifice is some?+ diff]5t f ! cognition ( ! true nature ( ^? works2 s t vidy1 :i* effects ! highe/ purpose ( man1 i4 e4 dev\t m$itation 7dhyna1 upsan71 is some?+ diff]5t f ! m]e cognition ( ! true nature ( ,brahman4 ,k ( t k9d has n ! mo/ remote connexion ev5 ) works4 #ac4 ,n s1 on acc\nt ( non-specification4 ,nor is x true t ! text ',do+ works "h1' c41 is meant to div]t him :o kn[s ! ,self f k & re/rict him to works4 ,= !re is no special reason to hold t t text ref]s to works z indep5d5t means ( a desirable result3 x may z well be und]/ood to ref] to works m]ely subord9ate to k4 ,z he :o kn[s ! ,self has to practise m$itation z long z he lives1 he may also h to practise1 = ! same p]iod1 works t are helpful to m$itation4 ,hav+ ?us refut$ ! objection on ! gr\nd ( ! reason ( ! matt]1 ! ,strakra proce$s to give 8 own int]pretation ( ! text4 #ad4 ,or ! p]mission is = ! purpose ( glorification4 ,! or has ass]tive =ce4 ,! introductory words ( ! ,upani%ad1 ',hidd5 9 ! ,"l is all ?is1' %[ k to be ! subject- matt]2 h5ce ! p]mission ( works c aim only at ! glorification ( k4 ,! s5se ( ! text !re=e is--ow+ to ! p[] ( k a man al?\gh con/antly p]=m+ works is n /a9$ by !m4 #ae4 ,"s also1 by proce$+ accord+ to _! lik+4 ,9 "s skhs1 moreov]1 we read t he :o possesses ! k ( ,brahman may1 accord+ to 8 lik+1 give up ! /ate ( a h\sehold]1 ',:at %all we d ) (fspr+1 we :o h ?is ,self & ?is _w8' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,v1 #d1 #bb47 ,?is text also proves k n to be subsidi>y to works2 = if x 7 s subsidi>y1 x w\ld n be possible = him :o kn[s ,brahman to give up h\sehold]%ip 7) all ! works obligatory on t /ate7 accord+ to 8 lik+4 #af4 ,& de/ruction4 ,!re is moreov] a ,v$nta-text :i* decl>es ! k ( ,brahman to de/roy "w-good & evil--:i* is ! root ( all ! afflictions ( transmigratory exi/5ce3 ',! knot ( ! he>t is brok51 all d\bts are solv$1 all 8 works p]i% :5 ,he has be5 beheld :o is high & l[' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #b1 #h74 ,?is also contradicts ! view ( k be+ subord9ate to works4 #ag4 ,& ( him :o is *a/e2 = 9 ,scripture 7?is is decl>$74 ,! k ( ,brahman belongs to ^? :o h to obs]ve *a/ity1 & m5 liv+ 9 t /ate h n to p]=m ! ,agnihotra1 ! ,d>saprnamsa1 & simil> works4 ,= ?is reason also k _c be subsidi>y to works4--,b1 x may be object$1 !re is no su* condition ( life2 = texts su* z 'he is to p]=m ! ,agnihotra z long z he lives1' decl>e m5 to be oblig$ to p]=m sacrifices & ! l up to ! end ( _! lives1 & ,smriti texts contradict+ ,scripture h no au?ority4--,to meet ?is ! ,stra adds '= 9 ,scripture4' ,! ?ree /ages ( life are recognis$ 9 ,scripture only2 cp4 texts su* z ',^? :o 9 ! =e/ practise p5ance & fai?' 7,*4 ,up4 ,v1 #aj1 #a72 ',wi%+ = t _w only m5dicants w&] =? f _! homes' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #bb74 ,! text z to ! lifelong obligator9ess ( ! ,agnihotra is valid = ^? only :o d n retire f worldly life4 #ah4 ,a ref]5ce 7only7 ,jaim9i 7holds !m to be71 on acc\nt ( abs5ce ( injunction2 = 7,scripture7 =bids4 ,! argum5t = ! ?ree /ages ( life1 f\nd$ on _! m5tion 9 ,v$ic texts1 has no =ce1 s9ce all ^? ref]5ces are only ( ! nature ( anuvda4 ,= none ( ^? texts conta9 injunctive =ms4 ,! text ',!re are ?ree bran*es ( sacr$ obs]vance1' c4 7,*4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #bc1 #a71 is meant to glorify ! previ\s m$itation on ,brahman "u ! =m ( ! pranava1 z appe>s f ! conclud+ clause 'he :o is firmly gr\nd$ 9 ,brahman obta9s immortality'2 x !re=e _c mean to enjo9 ! ?ree conditions ( life z valid /ates4 ,9 ! same way ! text ',& ^? :o 9 ! =e/ practise p5ance & fai?' ref]s to ! /atem5ts previ\sly made z to ! pa? ( ! gods1 & _c !re=e be meant to make an orig9al decl>ation z to ano!r condition ( life4 ,scripture moreov] expressly =bids t o!r condition1 'a murd]] ( m5 is he :o removes ! fire1' c4 ,!re are !re=e no conditions ( life 9 :i* m5 are b\nd to obs]ve *a/ity4 ,?is is ! op9ion ( ! tea*] ,jaim9i4 #ai4 ,x is to be accompli%$1 ,bd>ayana holds1 on acc\nt ( scriptural /atem5t ( equality4 ,bd>yana is ( op9ion t1 9 ! same way z ! condition ( h\sehold]%ip1 ^? o!r conditions ( life also are obligatory2 s9ce 9 ! section beg9n+ '!re are ?ree bran*es ( sacr$ duty' all ! ?ree conditions ( life are equally ref]r$ to1 ) a view to glorify+ him :o is firmly gr\nd$ 9 ,brahman4 ,! ref]5ce !re made to ! condition ( ! h\sehold] necess>ily presupposes t condition to be already e/abli%$ & obligatory1 & ! same reason+ !n holds good ) reg>d to ! o!r conditions m5tion$4 ,nor mu/ x be said t ! special duties m5tion$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! section--sacrifice1 /udy1 *>ity1 au/]ity1 ,brahmak>ya--all ( !m belong to ! /ate ( ! h\sehold] 79 :i* case ! text w\ld conta9 no ref]5ce to ! o!r conditions ( life72 = on t supposition ! def9ite ref]5ce to a ?reefold division ( duties1 ',sacrifice1 c4 are ! fir/1 au/]ity ! second1 ,brahmak>ya ! ?ird1' w\ld be unmean+4 ,! prop] explanation is to take ! words' sacrifice1 /udy1 & *>ity' z descriptive ( ! condition ( ! h\sehold]2 ! ^w 'au/]ity' z descriptive ( ! duties ( ! ,vaikhnasa & ! w&]+ m5dicant1 :o bo? practise mortification2 & ! ^w ',brahmak>ya' z ref]r+ to ! duties ( ! ,brahmak>94 ,! t]m ',brahmasam/ha' f9ally1 9 ! conclud+ clause1 ref]s to all ! ?ree conditions ( life1 z m5 belong+ to all ^? conditions may be f\nd$ on ,brahman4 ,^?1 ! text means to say1 :o are de/itute ( ?is f\ndation on ,brahman & only p]=m ! special duties ( _! condition ( life1 obta9 ! worlds ( ! bless$2 :ile he only :o at ! same "t f\nds himself on ,brahman atta9s to immortality4--,9 ! text '& ^? :o 9 ! =e/1' c4 ! m5tion made ( ! =e/ %[s t ! /atem5t z to ! pa? ( ! gods has = its presupposition ! fact t t /age ( life :i* is especially connect$ ) ! =e/ is "o g5]ally recognis$4--,s f> x has be5 %[n t ! o!r /ages ( life are no less obligatory ?an t ( ! h\sehold]1 :e!r we take ! text "u discussion z conta9+ m]ely a ref]5ce to ^? /ages 7z e/abli%$ by indep5d5t means ( pro(7 or z directly enjo9+ !m4 ,! next ,stra is meant to %[ t ! latt] view is aft] all ! "r "o4 #bj4 ,or an injunction1 z 9 ! case ( ! c>ry+4 ,z ! second "p ( ! text ',let him approa* c>ry+ ! firewood bel[ ! ladle2 = above he c>ries x = ! gods' 7:i* ref]s to a c]ta9 =m ( ! ,agnihotra71 al?\gh hav+ ! =m ( an anuvda1 yet mu/ be int]pret$ z an injunction1 s9ce ! c>ry+ ( firewood above is n e/abli%$ by any o!r injunction2 s ! text "u discussion also mu/ be tak5 z an injunction ( ! diff]5t /ages ( life 7:i* are n =mally enjo9$ else:]e74 ,no acc\nt be+ tak5 ( ! text ( ! ,jblas1 ',hav+ complet$ 8 /ud5t%ip he is to become a h\sehold]1' c41 x is ?us a settl$ conclusion t ! texts discuss$1 al?\gh prim>ily conc]n$ ) o!r topics1 mu/ at ! same "t be view$ z prov+ ! validity ( ! sev]al conditions ( life4 ,f ?is x foll[s t ! text enjo9+ ! p]=mance ( ! ,agnihotra up to ! end ( life1 & simil> texts1 are n univ]sally b9d+1 b conc]n ^? only :o d n retire f worldly life4--,! f9al conclusion !re=e is t z ! k ( ,brahman is enjo9$ on ^? :o lead a life ( au/]ity 7:i* does n require ! p]=mance ( sacrifices & ! l71 x is n subord9ate to works1 b is 9 itself b5eficial to man4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'b5efit to man4' #ba4 ,if x be said t !y are m]e glorification1 on acc\nt ( _! ref]5ce2 n s1 on acc\nt ( ! newness4 ,! foll[+ po9t is next enquir$ into4 ,are texts su* z ',t ,udg?a is ! be/ ( all ess5ces1 ! highe/1 hold+ ! supreme place1 ! eigh?' 7,*4 ,up4 ,i1 #a1 #c7 meant to glorify ! ,udg?a z a con/itu5t elem5t ( ! sacrifice1 or to enjo9 a m$itation on ! ,udg?a z ! be/ ( all ess5ces1 & s on8 ,! ,prvapak%9 holds ! =m] view1 on ! gr\nd t ! text decl>es ! ,udg?a to be ! be/ ( all ess5ces 9 s f> z be+ a con/itu5t elem5t ( ! sacrifice4 ,! case is analog\s to t ( texts su* z '! ladle is ?is e>?1 ! havanya is ! heav5ly _w1' :i* are m]ely meant to glorify ! ladle & ! re/ z con/itu5t memb]s ( ! sacrifice4--,?is view ! latt] "p ( ! ,stra sets aside 'on acc\nt ( newness4' ,texts1 z ! "o ref]r+ to ! ,udg?a1 _c be m]e glorifications2 = ! fact ( ! ,udg?a be+ ! be/ ( ess5ces is n e/abli%$ by any o!r means ( pro(1 & ! text "u discussion _c !re=e be und]/ood z a m]e anuvda1 meant = glorification4 ,nor is !re1 9 proximity1 any injunction ( ! ,udg?a on acc\nt ( connexion ) :i* ! clause decl>+ ! ,udg?a to be ! be/ ( all ess5ces c\ld naturally be tak5 z an anuvda 7glorify+ ! ?+ previ\sly enjo9$ 9 ! injunctive text72 :ile !re is su* an injunction 9 connexion ) ! 7anuvda7 text ',! ladle is ?is e>?1' & s on4 ,we ?us _c b arrive at ! conclusion t ! text is meant to enjo9 a m$itation on ! ,udg?a z be+ ! be/ ( all ess5ces1 & s on--! fruit ( su* m$itation be+ an increase ( vig\r & efficacy on ! "p ( ! sacrifice4 #bb4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! words d5ot+ becom+4 ,t ! texts "u discussion h an injunctive purport also foll[s f ! fact t !y conta9 v]bal =ms d5ot+ becom+ or orig9ation--'he is to m$itate' & ! l2 = all su* =ms h injunctive =ce4 ,all ^! texts !re=e are meant to enjo9 special =ms ( m$itation4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( m]e glorification4' #bc4 ,%\ld x be said t 7! /ories told 9 ! ,upani%ads7 are = ! purpose ( ! ,priplava2 n s1 s9ce 7c]ta9 /ories7 are specifi$4 ,we meet 9 ! ,v$nta-texts ) c]ta9 /ories su* z ',prat>dana ! son ( ,divodsa came to ! belov$ abode ( ,indra1' c41 & simil> ones4 ,! "q "h arises :e!r ! /ories are m]ely meant to be recit$ at ! ,asvam$ha sacrifice or to convey k ( a special k9d4--,! ,prvapak%9 ma9ta9s t z ! text' !y tell ! /ories' decl>es ! special connexion ( ^? /ories ) ! s- call$ priplava p]=mance1 !y _c be assum$ to be ma9ly conc]n$ ) k4--,?is view ! ,stra negatives1 on ! gr\nd t n all /ories ( t k9d are specially connect$ ) ! priplava4 ,! texts r s+le out special /ories only z suitable = t p]=mance2 on ! g5]al injunction quot$ above !re foll[s an injunction def9+ :i* /ories are to be told1 ',k+ ,manu1 ! son ( ,vivasvat1' c4 ,! /ories told 9 ! ,v$nta-texts d n !re=e =m p>ts ( ! priplava p]=mance1 b are connect$ ) injunctions ( m$itations4 #bd4 ,?is foll[s also f ! textual connexion 7( ^? /ories ) injunctions74 ,t ^? /ories subs]ve injunctions ( m$itation is prov$ !reby also t !y are exhibit$ 9 textual connexion ) injunctions su* z '! ,self is to be se51' & s on4 ,_! position !re=e is analog\s to t ( o!r /ories told 9 ! texts1 :i* someh[ subs]ve injunctions ( works1 & are n m]ely meant = purposes ( recitation4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! priplava4' #be4 ,= ?is v reason !re is no ne$ ( ! light+ ( ! fire & s on4 ,! ,stras return1 f _! digression into ! discussion ( two special po9ts1 to ! "q z to ^? ^: condition ( life involves *a/ity4 ,! above ,stra decl>es t z p]sons ( t class are ref]r$ to by ,scripture z specially conc]n$ ) m$itation 7',he :o is f\nd$ on ,brahman rea*es immortality2' '^? :o 9 ! =e/1' c471 _! m$itation does n presuppose a k ( ! k9dl+ ( fire & s on1 i4e4 a k ( ! ,agnihotra1 ! ,d>saprnamsa1 & all ^? o!r sacrifices :i* require ! prelim9>y e/abli%nl5t ( ! sacr$ fires1 b a k ( ^? works only :i* are enjo9$ = _! special condition ( life4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! k9dl+ ( ! fire4' #bf4 ,& !re is ne$ ( all 7works71 on acc\nt ( ! scriptural /atem5t ( sacrifices & ! re/2 z 9 ! case ( ! horse4 ,if k 7m$itation71 )\t any ref]5ce to sacrifices & ! l1 is able to br+ ab\t immortality1 x mu/ be capable ( accompli%+ ?is 9 ! case ( h\sehold]s also2 & ! m5tion made ( sacrifices & ! re/ 9 texts su* z ',brhmanas seek to "k him by ! /udy ( ! ,v$a1 by sacrifice1 by gifts' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #bb71 does n prove sacrifices & s on to be auxili>y to k1 s9ce ! /ress !re lies 7n on ! sacrifices & s on1 b7 on ! desire ( k4--,( ?is view ! ,stra disposes4 ,9 ! case ( h\sehold]s1 = :om ! ,agnihotra & s on are obligatory1 k presupposes all ^? works1 s9ce scriptural texts su* z ! "o quot$ directly /ate t sacrifices & ! l are auxili>y to k4 ',!y seek to "k by means ( sacrifices' c be said only if sacrifices are und]/ood to be a means ?r\gh :i* k is br\ght ab\t2 j z "o c say 'he desires to slay ) a sword1' because ! sword is admitt$ to be an in/rum5t :]e) "o c kill4 ,:at we h to und]/& by k 9 ?is connexion has be5 repeat$ly expla9$1 viz4 a m5tal en]gy diff]5t 9 "* f ! m]e cognition ( ! s5se ( texts1 & m specifically d5ot$ by su* t]ms z dhyna or upsana1 i4e4 m$itation2 :i* is ( ! nature ( remembrance 7i4e4 repres5tative ?\ght71 b 9 intuitive cle>ness is n inf]ior to ! cle>e/ pres5tative ?\ght 7pratyak%a72 :i* by con/ant daily practice becomes ev] m p]fect1 & be+ duly cont9u$ up to dea? secures f9al ,release4 ,su* m$itation is orig9at$ 9 ! m9d ?r\gh ! grace ( ! ,supreme ,p]son1 :o is pleas$ & conciliat$ by ! diff]5t k9ds ( acts ( sacrifice & wor%ip duly p]=m$ by ! ,devotee day aft] day4 ,?is is :at ! text '!y seek to "k ?r\gh ! sacrifice' really means4 ,! conclusion !re=e is t 9 ! case ( h\sehold]s k has = its pre-requisite all sacrifices & o!r works ( p]man5t & occasional obligation4 ',z a horse4' ,z ! horse1 :i* is a means ( locomotion = man1 requires att5dants1 groom+1 c41 s k1 al?\gh itself ! means ( ,release1 dem&s ! co-op]ation ( ! diff]5t works4 ,?us ! ,"l himself says1 ',! "w ( sacrifice1 giv+1 & au/]ities is n to be rel9qui%$1 b is inde$ to be p]=m$2 = sacrifices1 gifts1 & au/]ities are purify+ to ! ?\ghtful4' ',he f :om all be+s proce$ & by :om all ?is is p]vad$-wor%ipp+ ,him ) ! prop] works man atta9s to p]fection' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,xviii1 #e2 #df74--;,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! ne$ ( all4' #bg4 ,b all ! same he mu/ be possess$ ( calmness1 subjection ( ! s5ses1 c41 s9ce ^? are enjo9$ z auxili>ies to t1 & mu/ necess>ily be accompli%$4 ,! "q is :e!r ! h\sehold] also mu/ practise calmness & s on1 or n4 ,! ,prvapak%9 says he mu/ n1 s9ce ! p]=mance ( works implies ! activity ( ! out] & inn] organs ( action1 & s9ce calmness & s on are ( an exactly opposite nature4--,?is view ! ,stra sets aside4 ,! h\sehold] also1 al?\gh engag$ 9 outw>d activity1 mu/1 9 s f> z he possesses k1 practise calmness ( m9d & ! re/ also2 = ^! qualities or /ates are by ,scripture enjo9$ z auxili>ies to k1 ',!re=e he :o kn[s ?is1 hav+ become calm1 subdu$1 satisfi$1 pati5t1 & collect$1 %\ld see ! ,self 9 ,self 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #bc74 ,z calmness ( m9d & ! re/ are se51 9 s f> z imply+ composure & conc5tration ( m9d1 to promote ! orig9ation ( k1 !y also mu/ necess>ily be aim$ at & practis$4 ,nor c x be said t betwe5 works on ! "o side & calmness & s on on ! o!r1 !re is an absolute antagonism2 = ! two h diff]5t sph]es ( application4 ,activity ( ! organs ( action is ! prop] ?+ 9 ! case ( works enjo9$2 quiesc5ce 9 ! case ( works n enjo9$ & su* z h no def9ite purpose4 ,nor also c x be object$ t 9 ! case ( works imply+ ! activity ( organs1 calmness ( m9d & s on are impossible1 ! m9d !n be+ necess>ily engross$ by ! impressions ( ! pres5t "w & its surr\nd+s2 = works enjo9$ by ,scripture h ! p[] ( pleas+ ! ,supreme ,p]son1 & h5ce1 ?r\gh 8 grace1 to cause ! de/ruction ( all m5tal impressions ob/ructive ( calmness & conc5tration ( m9d4 ,h5ce calmness ( m9d & ! re/ are to be aim$ at & practis$ by h\sehold]s also4-- ,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'calmness' & s on4 #bh4 ,& !re is p]mission ( all food 9 ! case ( dang] ( life2 on acc\nt ( ?is be+ se54 ,9 ! m$itation on prna1 accord+ to ! ,vjasaney9s & ! ,*ndogas1 !re is a /atem5t z to all food be+ all[$ to him :o kn[s ! prna4 ',by him !re is no?+ eat5 t is n food' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #a1 #ad2 & s on74 ,a d\bt "h arises :e!r ?is p]mission ( all food is valid = him :o possesses ! k ( prna1 9 all circum/ances1 or only 9 ! case ( life be+ 9 dang]4--,! ,prvapak%9 holds ! =m] view1 on acc\nt ( no special conditions be+ /at$ 9 ! text4--,?is ! ,stra sets aside '9 ! case ( dang] to life'2 = ! reason t1 z ! text %[s1 ! eat+ ( food ( all k9ds is p]mitt$ ev5 = ^? :o "k ,brahman itself-- ! k ( :i* ( c\rse is high] ?an t ( prna--only :5 _! life is 9 dang]4 ,! text allud$ to is ! "o tell+ h[ ,u%a/a ,kkryana1 :o 0 well v]s$ 9 ! k ( ,brahman1 once1 :5 9 great di/ress1 ate unlawful food4 ,we !re=e conclude t :at ! text says z to all food be+ lawful = him :o kn[s prna1 c ref] only to occasions :5 food ( any k9d mu/ be eat5 9 ord] to pres]ve life4 #bi4 ,& on acc\nt ( non-sublation4 ,! conclusion above arriv$ at is confirm$ by ! consid]ation t ?us only ^? texts are n /ultifi$ :i* enjo91 = ^? :o "k ,brahman1 purity 9 matt]s ( food ) a view to ! orig9ation ( k ( ,brahman4 ,cp4' :5 ! food is pure ! m9d becomes pure' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #bf1 #b74 #cj4 ,?is is said 9 ,smriti also4 ,t = ^? z well :o "k ,brahman1 z = o!rs1 ! eat+ ( food ( any k9d is lawful only 9 case ( extreme ne$1 ,smriti also decl>es1 ',he :o be+ 9 dang] ( 8 life eats food f any:]e is /a9$ by s9 no m ?an ! lotus leaf by wat]4' #ca4 ,& h5ce also a scriptural passage z to non-proce$+ accord+ to lik+4 ,! above conclusion is fur!r confirm$ by a scriptural passage prohibit+ lic5ce ( conduct on ! "p ( any "o4 ,! text meant is a passage 9 ! ,samhit ( ! ,ka?as1 ',!re=e a ,brahmawa does n dr9k spiritu\s liquor1 ?9k+ may ,i n be /a9$ by s94'--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! all[ance ( all food4' #cb4 ,! works ( ! sramas also1 on acc\nt ( _! be+ enjo9$4 ,x has be5 said t sacrifices & o!r works are auxili>y to ! k ( ,brahman4 ,! d\bt n[ arises :e!r ^? works are to be p]=m$ by him also :o m]ely wi%es to fulfil ! duties ( 8 srama1 )\t aim+ at f9al ,release1 or n4 ,!y are n1 ! ,prvapak%9 holds1 = t ?+s auxili>y to k %\ld /& 9 subord9ate relation to a c]ta9 /ate ( life w\ld imply ! contradiction ( p]man5t & non-p]man5t obligation4--,( ?is view ! ,stra disposes1 ',! works ( ! sramas also4' ,! works belong+ to ea* srama h to be p]=m$ by ^? also :o d n aim at m ?an to live accord+ to ! srama2 = !y are specifically enjo9$ by texts su* z z long z life la/s he is to (f] ! ,agnihotra'2 ?is implies a p]man5t obligation dep5d5t on life4 ,& t ! same works are also to be p]=m$ z be+ auxili>y to k appe>s f ! texts enjo9+ !m 9 t aspect1 ',him !y seek to "k by ! /udy ( ! ,v$a' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #bb72 ?is ! next ,stra decl>es4 #cc4 ,& on acc\nt ( co-op]ativ5ess4 ,^! works are to be p]=m$ also on acc\nt ( _! be+ co- op]ative t[>ds k 9 s f>1 namely1 z !y give rise to ! desire ( k2 & _! ?us be+ enjo9$ = a d\ble purpose does n imply contradiction any m ?an ! d\ble injunctions ( ! ,agnihotra1 :i* "o text connects ) ! life ( ! sacrific] & ano!r text ) 8 desire to rea* ! heav5ly _w4--,nor does ?is imply a diff]5ce ( works--?is ! next ,stra decl>es4 #cd4 ,9 any case !y are ! same1 on acc\nt ( tw(old inf]5tial signs4 ,!re is no radical diff]5ce ( works2 b 9 any case1 i4e4 :e!r !y be view$ z duties incumb5t on ! srama or z auxili>y to k1 sacrifices & o!r works are "o & ! same4 ,= ,scripture1 9 enjo9+ !m 9 bo? ^! aspects1 makes use ( ! same t]ms1 s t we recognise ! same acts1 & !re is no means ( pro( to e/abli% diff]5ce ( works4 #ce4 ,& ,scripture also decl>es 7k7 n to be ov]p[]$4 ,texts su* z ',by works ( sacr$ duty he drives away evil' decl>e t sacrifices & simil> works h ! effect ( k 'n be+ ov]p[]$1' i4e4 ( ! orig9ation ( k n be+ ob/ruct$ by evil works4 ,sacrifices & simil> works be+ p]=m$ day aft] day h ! effect ( purify+ ! m9d1 & ow+ to ?is1 k arises 9 ! m9d ) ev] increas+ brightness4 ,?is proves t ! works are ! same 9 ei!r case4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! be+ enjo9$' 7( sacrifices1 & s on74 #cf4 ,also 9 ! case ( ^? outside1 z ?is is se54 ,x has be5 decl>$ t ! memb]s ( ! f\r sramas h a claim to ! k ( ,brahman1 & t ! duties connect$ ) ea* sr>na promote k4 ,a d\bt n[ arises :e!r ^? m5 also :o1 on acc\nt ( pov]ty & s on1 /& outside ! sramas are qualifi$ = ! k ( ,brahman1 or rtot4--,!y are n1 ! ,prvapak%9 holds1 s9ce su* k is to be atta9$ 9 a way dep5d5t on ! special duties ( ea* srama2 :ile ^? :o d n belong to an srama are n conc]n$ ) srama duties4--,?is view ! ,stra rejects4 ,^? also :o d n /& )9 any srama are qualifi$ = k1 'because t is se51' i4e4 because ! texts decl>e t m5 su* z ,raikva1 ,bh%ma1 ,samv>ta & o!rs :o did n belong to srama 7 well gr\nd$ 9 ! k ( ,brahman4 ,x c by no means be ma9ta9$ t x is srama duties only t promote k2 = ! text 'by gifts1 by p5ance1 by fa/+1 & s on' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #bb7 di/9ctly decl>es t *>ity also & o!r practices1 :i* are n conf9$ to ! sramas1 are helpful t[>ds k4 ,9 ! same way z 9 ! case ( ^? b\nd to *a/ity--:o1 z ! texts %[1 may possess ! k ( ,brahman--k is promot$ by practices o!r ?an ! ,agnihotra & ! l1 s--x is conclud$--9 ! case ( ^? also :o d n belong to any abrama k may be promot$ by c]ta9 practices n exclusively connect$ ) any srama1 su* z pray]1 fa/+1 *>ity1 propitiation ( ! div9ity1 & s on4 #cg4 ,smriti also /ates ?is4 ,smriti also decl>es t m5 n belong+ to an srama gr[ 9 k ?r\gh pray] & ! l4 ',?r\gh pray] also a ,brhmana may become p]fect4 ,may he p]=m o!r works or n1 "o :o befri5ds all creatures is call$ a ,brhmana' 7,manu ,smri4 ,,ii1 #ag74 #ch4 ,& !re is ! promotion 7( k7 ?r\gh special acts 7( duty74 ,! above conclusion is f\nd$ n only on ,reason+ & ,smriti2 b ,scripture ev5 directly /ates t k is b5efit$ by practices n exclusively prescrib$ = ! sramas1 ',by p5ance1 ab/95ce1 fai?1 & k he is to seek ! ,self 7,pr4 ,up4 ,i1 #aj74 #ci4 ,b bett] ?an t is ! o!r also on acc\nt ( an inf]5tial m>k4 ,bett] ?an to be outside ! sramas is ! condition ( /&+ )9 an srama4 ,! latt] /ate may be due to mis=tune2 b he :o c %\ld be )9 an srama1 :i* /ate is ! m holy & b5eficial "o4 ,?is foll[s f inf]5ce only1 i4e4 ,smriti2 = ,smriti says1 ',a ,brhmana is to rema9 outside ! sramas n ev5 = "o day4' ,= "o :o has pass$ beyond ! /age ( ,brahmak>ya1 or ^: wife has di$1 ! impossibility to procure a wife con/itutes ! mis=tune 7:i* prev5ts him f belong+ to an srama74--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'wid[]s4' #dj4 ,b ( him :o has become t !re is no becom+ n t1 accord+ to ,jaim9i also1 on acc\nt ( 7,scripture7 re/ra9+ f ! abs5ce ( ! =ms ( t4 ,! d\bt "h arises :e!r ^? also :o h fall5 f ! /ate ( life ( a ,nai%?ika1 ,vaikhnasa or ,privrjaka are qualifi$ = ! k ( ,brahman or n4--,!y are s1 s9ce 9 _! case1 no less ?an 9 t ( wid[]s & ! l1 ! gr[? ( k may be assi/$ by *>ity & o!r practices n conf9$ to sramas4--,?is prim facie view ! ,stra sets aside4 ',he :o has become t1' i4e4 he :o has ent]$ on ! condition ( a ,nai%?ika or ! l '_c become n t1' i4e4 may n live 9 a non-srama condition2 s9ce scriptural texts re/ra9 m5 :o once h ent]$ ! ,nai%?ika1 c41 /ate 'f ! abs5ce ( ! =ms ( t1' i4e4 f ! discont9uance ( ! special duties ( _! srama4 ,comp>e texts su* z ',he is to g into ! =e/1 & is n to return f !nce'2 ',hav+ r5\nc$ ! _w he is n to return4' ,& h5ce p]sons :o h laps$ f _! srama are n qualifi$ = m$itation on ,brahman4 ,?is view ( 8 ! ,strakra /r5g!ns by a ref]5ce to ! op9ion ( ,jaim9i4--,b _c a ,nai%?ika :o1 ?r\gh "s s91 has laps$ f 8 duties & position1 make up = 8 transgression by "s expiatory act & ?us aga9 become fit = m$itation on ,brahman8--,to ?is po9t ! next ,stra ref]s4 #da4 ,nor ! 7expiatory p]=mance7 describ$ 9 ! *apt] treat+ ( qualification2 t be+ impossible on acc\nt ( ! ,smriti ref]r+ to su* lapse4 ,^? expiatory p]=mances :i* are describ$ 9 ! *apt] treat+ ( qualification 7,p4 ,m4 ,s4 ,,vi7 are n possible 9 ! case ( him :o has laps$ f ! condition ( a ,nai%?ika2 s9ce su* expiations d n apply to him1 z is %[n by a ,smriti text ref]r+ to su* lapse1 viz4 ',he :o hav+ once ent]$ on ! duties ( a ,nai%?ika lapses f !m1 = su* a slay] ( ! ,self ,i d n see any expiatory "w by :i* he might become clean4' ,! expiatory c]emony ref]r$ to 9 ! ,prva ,mimms !re=e applies to ! case ( o!r ,brahmakr9s only4 #db4 ,a m9or "o1 ?us "s2 7& h5ce !y hold7 ! exi/5ce 7( expiation71 z 9 ! case ( eat+4 ,?is has be5 expla9$4 ,"s tea*]s are ( op9ion t ev5 on ! "p ( ,nai%?ikas & ! re/ ! lapse f *a/ity con/itutes only a m9or (f5ce :i* c be aton$ = by expiatory obs]vances2 9 ! same way z 9 ! case ( ! eat+ ( =bidd5 food ! same pryaskitta may be us$ by ! ord9>y ,brahmakr9 & by ,nai%?ikas & ! re/4 ,?is has be5 /at$ by ! ,smriti writ]1 ',= ! o!rs also 7i4e4 ! ,nai%?ikas & s on7 ! same 7rules & practices z ^? = ! ,upakurvna7 hold good1 9 s f> z n oppos$ to _! srama4' #dc4 ,b 9 ei!r case 7su* m57 /& outside2 on acc\nt ( ,smriti & cu/om4 ,:e!r ! po9t "u discussion con/itutes a m9or or a major (f5ce1 9 any case ^? :o h laps$ /& outside ! category ( ^? qualifi$ = ! k ( ,brahman4 ,= ,smriti1 i4e4 ! text quot$ above1 ',i see no expiatory p]=mance by :i* he1 a slay] ( ,brahman z he is1 c\ld become pure aga91' decl>es t expiations are p[]less to re/ore purity4 ,& cu/om confirms ! same conclusion2 = good m5 %un ^? ,nai%?ikas :o h laps$1 ev5 aft] !y h p]=m$ pryaskittas1 & d n imp>t to !m ! k ( ,brahman1 ,! conclusion1 !re=e1 is t su* m5 are n qualifi$ = kn[+ ,brahman4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'him :o has become t4' #dd4 ,by ! ,"l 7( ! sacrifice71 s9ce ,scripture decl>es a fruit-- ?us treya ?9ks4 ,a d\bt arises :e!r ! m$itations on su* con/itu5t elem5ts ( ! sacrifice z ! ,udg?a1 & s on1 are to be p]=m$ by ! sacrific] 7= ^: b5efit ! sacrifice is (f]$71 or by ! (ficiat+ prie/s4 treya advocates ! =m] view2 on ! gr\nd ( ,scripture %[+ t 9 ! case ( su* m$itations z ! "o on ! small e!r )9 ! he>t1 fruit & m$itation belong to ! same p]son1 & t 9 ! case ( su* m$itations z ! "o on ! ,udg?a ! fruit belongs to ! sacrific] 7:5ce we conclude t ! m$itation also is 874 ,nor c x be said t ! sacrific] is n compet5t = su* m$itation1 = ! reason t l ! godohana vessel x is connect$ ) an elem5t ( ! sacrifice 7:i* latt] ! prie/s only c p]=m74 ,= ! godohana vessel s]ves to br+ wat]1 & ?is ( c\rse none else c d b ! ,adhv>yu2 :ile a m$itation on ! ,udg?a z be+ ! ess5ce ( all ess5ces c v well be p]=m$ by ! ,sacrific]--true ?\gh x be t ! ,udg?a itself c be p]=m$ by ! ,udgtri prie/ only4--,aga9/ ?is view ! next ,stra decl>es itself4 #de4 7,!y are7 ! prie/'s "w1 ,audulomi ?9ks2 s9ce = t he is engag$4 ,! tea*] ,audulomi is ( op9ion t ! m$itation on ! ,udg?a & ! l is ! "w ( ! prie/1 s9ce x is he :o is engag$ = ! purpose ( p]=m+ t :i* gives rise to ! fruit1 i4e4 ( ! entire sacrifice ) all its subord9ate p>ts4 ,injunctions ref]r+ to ! p]=mance ( ! sacrifices su* z 'he *ooses ! prie/s2 he gives to ! prie/s _! fee' indicate t ! entire sacrificial p]=mance is ! "w ( ! prie/s1 & t h5ce all activities compris$ )9 x--m5tal z well z bodily--belong to ! prie/s4 ,capability or non-capability does n con/itute ! crit]ion 9 ?is case4 ,= al?\gh ! m$itations 9 "q aim directly at ! b5efit ( man 7n at ! great] p]fection ( ! sacrifice71 yet s9ce !y fall )9 ! sph]e ( qualification ( ^? :o are qualifi$ = ! sacrifice1 & s9ce ! sacrifice ) all its subord9ate elem5ts has to be p]=m$ by ! prie/s1 & s9ce ! text ':atev] he does ) k t becomes m vigor\s' decl>es k to belong to ! same ag5t z ! works :i* are b5efit$ by su* k1 we conclude t ^? m$itations also are ! exclusive duty ( ! prie/s4 ,9 ! case ( ! m$itations on ! small e!r1 c41 on ! o!r h&1 ! text says no?+ z to _! hav+ to be p]=m$ by prie/s1 & we !re=e assume 9 accordance ) ! g5]al pr9ciple t '! fruit belongs to ! p]=m]1' t ! ag5t !re is ! p]son to :om ,scripture assigns ! fruit4-- ,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! "l 7( ! sacrifice74' #df4 ,!re is injunction ( o!r auxili>y means = him :o is su*1 z 9 ! case ( injunction & s on2 7! t]m mauna d5ot+7 accord+ to an alt]native mean+ a ?ird some?+4 ',!re=e let a ,brhmana aft] he has done ) le>n+ wi% to /& by a *ildlike /ate2 & aft] hav+ done ) ! *ildlike /ate & le>n+ 7he is7 a ,muni' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #e74 ,a d\bt arises :e!r ?is text enjo9s ,muni-hood 9 ! same way z x enjo9s le>n+ & ! *ildlike /ate1 or m]ely ref]s to x z some?+ already e/abli%$4-- ,! ,purvapak%9 holds ! latt] view on ! gr\nd t z ',muni-hood' & 'le>n+' bo? connote k1 ! ^w ',muni' m]ely ref]s back to ! k already enjo9$ 9 ! phrase 'aft] he has done ) le>n+4' ,= ! text pres5ts no ^w ( injunctive =ce ) reg>d to ,muni-hood4--,?is view ! ,stra controv]ts4 ',= him :o is su*1' i4e4 = ^? :o possess k1 '!re is an injunction ( a diff]5t co-op]ative factor' '9 ! same way z injunctions & ! re/4' ,by ! injunctions 9 ! la/ clause we h to und]/& ! special duties ( ! diff]5t sramas1 i4e4 sacrifices & ! l1 & also su* qualifications z quietness ( m9d & ! l2 & by ! '& ! re/' is meant ! le>n+ ( & pond]+ on ! sacr$ texts4 ,/at$ at l5g?1 ! mean+ ( ! ,stra !n is z foll[s--9 ! same way z texts su* z 'him ,brhmanas seek to "k ?r\gh ! recit+ ( ! ,v$a1 ?r\gh sacrifices & *>ity1 & s on1' & ',quiet1 subdu$1' c4 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #bc7 enjo9 sacrifices & s on1 & quietness ( m9d & ! l1 z helpful t[>ds k2 & z texts su* z '! ,self is to be he>d1 to be pond]$ ^u' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #d1 #e7 m5tion he>+ & pond]+ z helpful t[>ds k2 ?us ! text "u discussion enjo9s le>n+1 a *ildlike /ate ( m9d1 & ,muni-hood z ?ree fur!r diff]5t auxili>ies ( k4--',muni-hood' does n d5ote ! same ?+ z 'le>n+'--?is ! ,stra intimates by ! clause 'alt]natively a ?ird1' i4e4 z ! ^w muni is obs]v$ alt]natively to d5ote p]sons su* z ,vysa di/+ui%$ by _! p[] ( pr(\nd reflection 7manana71 ! ab/ract t]m munihood d5otes a ?ird ?+ diff]5t f le>n+ & ! '*ildlike /ate4' ,h5ce1 al?\gh ! phrase '!n a ,muni' does n conta9 a ^w ( directly injunctive p[]1 we mu/ all ! same und]/& x 9 an injunctive s5se1 viz4 '!n let him be or become a ,muni'2 = ,muni-hood is n some?+ previ\sly e/abli%$4 ,su* munihood is also some?+ diff]5t f m]e reflection 7manana72 x is ! reit]at$ repres5tation be=e ! m9d ( ! object ( m$itation1 ! idea ( t object ?us becom+ m & m vivid4 ,! mean+ ( ! entire text !re=e is z foll[s4 ,a ,brhmana is at fir/ fully to ma/] k1 i4e4 he is to atta91 by means ( he>+ & pond]+1 to ! k ( ,brahman 9 all its fulness & p]fection4 ,?is is to be effect$ ?r\gh ! gr[? ( purity ( m9d & he>t1 due to ! grace ( ! ,"l2 = ?is ,smriti decl>es1 ',nei!r by ! ,v$as nor by au/]ities1 & s on1 c ,i be s se5--2 b by devotion exclusive ,i may be kn[n' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,xi1 #ec-ed72 & ,scripture also says1 ',:o has ! highe/ devotion = ,god' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #bc71 & ',t ,self _c be ga9$ by ! /udy ( ! ,v$a1' c4 ',he :om ! ,self *ooses by him ! ,self is to be atta9$' 7,ka4 ,up4 ,i1 #b1 #bc74 ,aft] t 'he is to /& by a *ildlike /ate'2 :at ?is means w be expla9$ fur!r on4 ,& aft] t he is to be a ,muni1 i4e4 he is to fix 8 ?\ghts s exclusively & p]si/5tly on ,brahman z to atta9 to ! mode ( k call$ m$itation4 ,hav+ by ! employm5t ( ^! ?ree means rea*$ true k he--! text goes on to say--hav+ done ) amauna & mauna is a ,brhmana4 ,amauna1 i4e4 non-mauna1 d5otes all ! auxili>ies ( k diff]5t f mauna3 employ+ ^! & mauna z well he rea*es ! highe/ goal ( k4 ,&1 ! text fur!r says1 !re is no o!r means b ^? /at$ :]eby to become su*1 i4e4 a true ,brhmana4 ,! entire text ?us evid5tly means to enjo9 on any "o /&+ )9 any srama le>n+1 a *ildlike /ate1 & mauna z auxili>y means ( k1 9 addition to sacrifices & ! o!r special duties ( ! sramas4--,b1 an objection is rais$1 if k1 aid$ by pnditya1 & s on1 & ?us be+ auxili>y to ! action ( ! special duties ( ! sramas1 is ?us decl>$ to be ! means ( atta9+ to ,brahman2 h[ !n are we to und]/& ! ,*ndogya's decl>+ t a man1 9 ord] to atta9 to ,brahman1 is ?r\gh\t 8 life to c>ry on ! duties ( a h\sehold] ,,footnote #gaa3 #a8--,to ?is ! next ,stra replies4 ,,footnote #gaa3a4 ,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #ac4 #dg4 ,b on acc\nt ( ! exi/5ce 7( k7 9 all1 !re is w9d+ up ) ! h\sehold]4 ,z k belongs to ! memb]s ( all sramas x belongs to ! h\sehold] also1 & = ?is reason ! ,upani%ad w9ds up ) ! latt]4 ,?is w9d+ up !re=e is meant to illu/rate ! duties 7n ( ! h\sehold] only1 b7 ( ! memb]s ( all sramas4 ,analog\sly 9 ! text "u discussion 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #e7 ! clause ',a ,brhmana hav+ ris5 above ! desire = sons1 ! desire = weal?1 & ! desire = worlds1 w&]s ab\t z a m5dicant1' intimates duties belong+ exclusively to ! condition ( ! w&]+ begg>1 & !n ! subsequ5t clause '!re=e let a ,brhmana hav+ done ) le>n+1' c41 enjo9s pnditya1 blya1 & mauna 7n z incumb5t on ! privrjaka only1 b7 z illu/rat+ ! duties ( all sramas4-- ,?is ! next ,stra explicitly decl>es4 #dh4 ,on acc\nt ( ! o!rs also be+ taught1 9 ! same way z ! condition ( ! ,muni4 ,! injunction1 on him :o has pass$ beyond all desire1 ( mauna prec$$ by privrjya 7w&]+ ab\t z a m5dicant71 is meant to illu/rate ! duties ( all sramas4 ,= ! duties ( ! o!r sramas are taught by ,scripture no less ?an ^? ( ! ,muni 7& ! h\sehold]74 ,simil>ly x 0 %[n above t 9 ! text ',!re are ?ree bran*es ( sacr$ duty--he :o is f\nd$ on ,brahman goes to immortality1' ! t]m 'f\nd$ on ,brahman' applies equally to memb]s ( all sramas4--,x !re=e rema9s a settl$ conclusion t ! text "u discussion enjo9s pnditya1 blya1 & mauna z be+ auxili>ies to k 9 ! same way z ! o!r duties ( ! sramas1 su* z sacrifices & ! re/4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! injunction ( o!r auxili>ies4' #di4 ,n manife/+ itself2 on acc\nt ( ! connexion4 ,9 ! text discuss$ above we meet ) ! ^w 'blya1' :i* may mean ei!r 'be+ a *ild' or 'be+ & do+ l a *ild4' ,! =m] mean+ is exclud$1 z t p>ticul> age :i* is call$ *ildhood _c be assum$ at w4 ,) reg>d to ! latt] mean+1 h[ev]1 a d\bt arises1 viz4 :e!r ! text means to say t he :o aims at p]fect k is to assume all ! ways ( a *ild1 z e4g4 its wilful behavi\r1 or only its fre$om f pride & ! l4--,! =m]1 ! ,prvapak%9 ma9ta9s4 ,= ! text gives no specification1 & texts enjo9+ re/ra9ts ( diff]5t k9ds 7on ! man desir\s ( k7 are sublat$ by ?is specific text :i* enjo9s him to be 9 all po9ts l a *ild4--,?is view ! ,stra disposes (4 ',n manife/+ itself4' ,t aspect ( a *ild's nature :i* consi/s 9 ! *ild n manife/+ its nature 7viz4 9 pride1 arrogance1 & s on71 ! man aim+ at true k is to make 8 own4 ',on acc\nt ( connexion1' i4e4 because ?us only ! 'balya' ( ! text gives a possible s5se4 ,! o!r *>act]i/ic features ( '*ildhood' ! texts decl>e to be oppos$ to k1 ',he :o has n turn$ away f wick$ conduct1 :o is n tranquil & att5tive1 or ^: m9d is n at peace1 he c nev] atta9 ! ,self by k' 7,ka4 ,up4 ,i1 #b1 #bd72 ',:5 food is pure1 ! :ole nature becomes pure' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #bf1 #b71 & s on4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'non-manife/ation4' #ej4 ,:at belongs to ?is _w1 !re be+ no ob/ruction at h&2 z ?is is se54 ,k1 z enjo9$ by ,scripture1 is tw(old1 hav+ = its fruit ei!r exaltation )9 ! sph]e ( ! ,samsra1 or f9al ,release4 ,) reg>d to ! =m] ! "q arises :e!r x spr+s up only imm$iately subsequ5t to ! good works :i* are ! means to br+ x ab\t2 or1 indef9itely1 ei!r subsequ5t to su* works or at "s lat] "t4--,! ,prvapak%9 holds ! =m] view4 ,a man rea*es k ?r\gh 8 good de$s only1 z ! ,"l himself decl>es1 ',f\r k9ds ( m5 do+ good works wor%ip me1' c47,bha4 ,g4 ,,vii1 #af72 & :5 ^? works h be5 accompli%$ !re is no reason :y ! result1 i4e4 k1 %\ld be delay$4--,?is view ! ,stra disposes (4 ',:at is compris$ 9 ?is _w1' i4e4 m$itation1 ! result ( :i* is worldly exaltation1 spr+s up imm$iately aft] ! works to :i* x is due1 9 case ( !re be+ no o!r works ( great] /r5g? ob/ruct+ ! rise ( k2 b if !re is an ob/ruction ( ! latt] k9d1 k spr+s up lat] on only4 ',= ?is is se51' i4e4 ,scripture ackn[l$ges ! effects ( su* ob/ruction2 = a /atem5t su* z ':at he does ) k1 ) fai?1 ) ! ,upani%ad t is m vigor\s1' means t works jo9$ ) ! k ( ! ,udg?a1 & s on1 produce _! results )\t ob/ruction 7:i* implies t ! action ( o!r works is liable to be ob/ruct$74--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( ':at belongs to ?is _w4' #ea4 ,9 ! same way !re is non-det]m9ation ) reg>d to :at has ,release = its result2 t condition be+ asc]ta9$1 t condition be+ asc]ta9$4 ,s likewise 9 ! case ( ! orig9ation1 ?r\gh works ( v great m]it1 ( su* k z has = its result f9al ,release1 ! "t is n def9itely fix$2 = "h also !re is asc]ta9$ ! same condition1 viz4 ! t]m9ation ( ! ob/ruction pres5t$ by o!r works4 ,a fur!r d\bt might 9 ?is case be rais$ on ! gr\nd t su* works z give rise to k lead+ to f9al ,release are /rong] ?an all o!r works1 & !re=e n liable to ob/ruction4 ,b ?is d\bt is dispos$ ( by ! reflection t ev5 9 ! case ( a man kn[+ ,brahman !re may exi/ previ\s evil de$s ( ov]p[]+ /r5g?4--,! repetition ( ! la/ words ( ! ,stra indicates ! completion ( ! adhyya4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( ':at has ,release = its result4' ,,f\r? ,,adhy,,ya ,,fir/ ,p,,da4 #a4 ,repetition1 on acc\nt ( ! text tea*+ 7:at has to be done m ?an once74 ,! ?ird adhyya 0 conc]n$ ) ! consid]ation ( m$itation1 toge!r ) its means4 ,! ,stras n[ ent] on a consid]ation ( ! results ( m$itation1 aft] a fur!r prelim9>y cle>+ up ( ! nature ( m$itation4 ,! "q "h arises :e!r ! act ( k ( ,brahman inculcat$ 9 ,v$nta-texts1 su* z ',he :o kn[s ,brahman rea*es ! ,highe/1' ',hav+ kn[n him ?us he passes beyond dea?1' ',he kn[s ,brahman1 he becomes ,brahman1' is1 9 ! view ( ,scripture1 to be p]=m$ once only1 or to be repeat$ m ?an once4-- ,once suffices1 ! ,prvapak%9 ma9ta9s2 = z ! text enjo9s no?+ m ?an kn[+ !re is no au?ority = a repetition ( ! act4 ,nor c x be said t ! act ( kn[+1 analog\s to ! act ( beat+ ! rice-gra9s until !y are fre$ f ! husks1 is a visible means t[>ds effect+ ! intuition ( ,brahman1 & h5ce mu/1 l ! beat+1 be repeat$ until ! effect is accompli%$2 = kn[+ is n a visible means t[>ds any?+4 ,su* acts z ! ,jyoti%toma sacrifice & ! k inculcat$ 9 ! ,v$nta-texts are alike ( ! nature ( conciliation ( ! ,supreme ,p]son2 ?r\gh :om ?us conciliat$ man obta9s all t is b5eficial to him1 viz4 religi\s duty1 weal?1 pleasure1 & f9al ,release4 ,?is has be5 %[n "u ,,iii1 #b1 #ch4 ,! mean+ ( ,scripture !re=e is accompli%$ by p]=m+ ! act ( k once only1 z ! ,jyoti%toma is p]=m$ once4--,?is view ! ,stra sets aside4 ,! mean+ ( ,scripture is fulfill$ only by repeat$ acts ( k 'on acc\nt ( tea*+1' i4e4 because ! tea*+ ( ,scripture is convey$ by means ( ! t]m 'kn[+' 7v$ana71 :i* is synonym\s ) m$itat+ 7dhyna1 upsana74 ,t ^! t]ms are s synonym\s appe>s f ! fact t ! v]bs vid1 ups1 dhyi are 9 "o & ! same text us$ ) ref]5ce to "o & ! same object ( k4 ,a text beg9s1 e4 g4 ',let him m$itate 7upsta7 on m9d z ,brahman1' & concludes 'he :o kn[s 7v$a7 ?is %9es1 w>ms1' c4 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ah74 ,9 ! same way ! k ( ,raikva is at fir/ ref]r$ to by means ( vid1 ',he :o kn[s 7v$a7 :at he kn[s is ?us spok5 ( by me1' & fur!r on by means ( ups1'tea* me ! deity on :i* y m$itate' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #a1 #b74 ,simil>ly texts :i* h ! same mean+ z ! text ',he :o kn[s ,brahman rea*es ! ,highe/'--viz4 '! ,self %\ld be se51 be he>d1 be reflect$ on1 be m$itat$ ^u 7nididhysitavya7'--',!n he sees him m$itat+ 7dhyyamna7 on him z )\t p>ts' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #a1 #h71 & o!rs--use ! v]b dhyi to express ! mean+ ( vid4 ,n[ dhyi means to ?9k ( some?+ n 9 ! way ( m]e repres5tation 7smriti71 b 9 ! way ( cont9u$ repres5tation4 ,& ups has ! same mean+2 = we see x us$ 9 ! s5se ( ?9k+ ) un9t]rupt$ conc5tration ( ! m9d on "o object4 ,we !re=e conclude t z ! v]b 'vid' is us$ int]*angeably ) dhyi & ups1 ! m5tal activity ref]r$ to 9 texts su* z 'he kn[s ,brahman' & ! l is an (t5-repeat$ cont9u\s repres5tation4 #b4 ,& on acc\nt ( an inf]5tial m>k4 ,inf]5tial m>k "h means ,smriti4 ,smriti also decl>es t t k :i* effects ,release is ( ! nature ( cont9u$ repres5tation4 ,m$itation !re=e has to be repeat$4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'repetition4' #c4 ,b z ! ,self2 ?is 7! anci5t ,devotees7 ackn[l$ge 7s9ce ! texts7 make 7!m7 appreh5d 79 t way74 ,! foll[+ po9t is n[ tak5 into consid]ation4 ,is ,brahman to be m$itat$ ^u z some?+ diff]5t f ! m$itat+ ,devotee1 or z ! ,self ( ! latt]8--,! ,prvapak%9 holds ! =m] view4 ,=1 he says1 ! individual s\l is some?+ diff]5t f ,brahman2 z has be5 prov$ "u ,,ii1 #a1 #bb2 ,,iii1 #d1 #h2 ,i1 #a1 #ae4 ,& ,brahman mu/ be m$itat$ ^u z x truly is2 = if x is m$itat$ ^u "u an unreal aspect1 ! atta9+ to ,brahman also w n be real1 accord+ to ! pr9ciple express$ 9 ! text1 ',accord+ z a man's ?\ght is 9 ?is _w1 s w he be :5 he has dep>t$ ?is life' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ad1 #a74 ,?is view ! ,stra sets aside4 ,brahman is r to be m$itat$ ^u z be+ ! ,self ( ! m$itat+ ,devotee4 ,z ! m$itat+ individual s\l is ! ,self ( its own body1 s ! highe/ ,brahman is ! ,self ( ! individual s\l--?is is ! prop] =m ( m$itation4--,:y8 ,because ! great ,devotees ( old5 times ackn[l$g$ ?is to be ! true nature ( m$itation2 comp>e ! text ',!n ,i am inde$ ?\1 holy div9ity1 & ?\ art me4'--,b h[ c ! ,devotees claim t ,brahman :i* is a diff]5t be+ is _! ',ego'8--,because ! texts enable !m to appreh5d ?is relation z "o free f contradiction4 ',he :o dwell+ )9 ! ,self is diff]5t f ! ,self1 :om ! ,self does n "k1 ( :om ! ,self is ! body1 :o rules ! ,self f )92 he is ?y ,self1 ! inn] rul]1 ! immortal "o'7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #g1 #c72 ',9 ! ,true all ^! be+s h _! root1 !y dwell 9 ! ,true1 !y re/ 9 ! ,true2--9 t all t exi/s has its ,self' 7,kh4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #h72 ',all ?is inde$ is ,brahman' 7,kh4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ad1 #a7--;all ^! texts tea* t all s5ti5t & non- s5ti5t be+s spr+ f ,brahman1 are m]g$ 9 him1 brea! ?r\gh him1 are rul$ by him1 con/itute 8 body2 s t he is ! ,self ( all ( !m4 ,9 ! same way !re=e z1 on ! basis ( ! fact t ! individual s\l occupies ) reg>d to ! body ! position ( a ,self1 we =m su* judgm5ts ( co-ord9ation z ',i am a god--,i am a man'2 ! fact ( ! individual ,self be+ ( ! nature ( ,self ju/ifies u 9 view+ our own ,ego z belong+ to ! highe/ ,self4 ,on ! presupposition ( all ideas be+ f9ally bas$ on ,brahman & h5ce all words also f9ally d5ot+ ,brahman1 ! texts !re=e make su* /atem5ts ( mutual implication z ',i am ?\1 ,o holy div9ity1 & ?\ art me4' ,on ?is view ( ! relation ( individual s\l & highe/ ,self !re is no real contradiction betwe5 two1 app>5tly contradictory1 sets ( texts1 viz4 ^? on ! "o h& :i* negative ! view ( ! s\l be+ diff]5t f ! highe/ ,self1 ',n[ if a man m$itates ^u ano!r div9ity1 ?9k+ ! div9ity is "o & ,i ano!r1 he does n "k'2 ',he is incomplete1 let him m$itate ^u ,him z ! ,self'2 ',ev]y?+ ab&ons him :o views any?+ ap>t f ! ,self 7,bri4 ,up4 ,i1 #d1 #aj2 #g-;,,ii1 #d1 #f72 & on ! o!r h& ^? texts :i* set =? ! view ( ! s\l & ! highe/ ,self be+ diff]5t entities1 ',?9k+ ( ! 7individual7 ,self & ! ,mov] z diff]5t'7,svet4 ,up4 ,i1 #f74 ,= our view implies a d5ial ( diff]5ce 9 s f> z ! individual ',i' is ( ! nature ( ! ,self2 & x implies an ackn[l$gm5t ( diff]5ce 9 s f> z x all[s ! highe/ ,self to diff] f ! individual s\l 9 ! same way z ! latt] diff]s f its body4 ,! clause 'he is incomplete' 79 "o ( ! texts quot$ above7 ref]s to ! fact t ,brahman :i* is diff]5t f ! s\l con/itutes ! ,self ( ! s\l1 :ile ! s\l con/itutes ! body ( ,brahman4--,x ?us rema9s a settl$ conclusion t ,brahman is to be m$itat$ ^u z con/itut+ ! ,self ( ! m$itat+ ,devotee4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'm$itation "u ! aspect ( ,self4' #d4 ,n 9 ! symbol2 = 7! symbol7 is n t "o 7i4e4 ! ,self ( ! ,devotee74 ',let a man m$itate on m9d z ,brahman' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ah1 #a72 ',he :o m$itates on "n z ,brahman' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #ae7--) reg>d to ^! & simil> m$itations on outw>d symbols 7pratka7 ( ,brahman !re arises a d\bt1 viz4 :e!r 9 !m ! symbols are to be ?\ght ( z ( ! nature ( ,self or n4 ,! ,prvapak%9 holds ! =m] view4 ,=1 he says1 9 =m ^? injunctions d n diff] f o!r injunctions ( m$itation on ,brahman1 & ,brahman1 z we h se51 con/itutes ! ,self ( ! m$itat+ ,devotee4--,?is view ! ,stra sets aside4 ,a pratka _c be m$itat$ on z be+ ( ! nature ( ,self2 = ! pratka is n ! ,self ( ! m$itat+ ,devotee4 ,:at1 9 ^? m$itations1 is to be m$itat$ ^u is ! pratka only1 n ,brahman3 ! latt] ent]s into ! m$itation only z qualify+ its aspect4 ,= by a m$itation on a pratka we und]/& a m$itation 9 :i* some?+ t is n ,brahman is view$ "u ! aspect ( ,brahman1 & z ! pratka--! object ( m$itation--is n ! ,self ( ! ,devotee x _c be view$ "u t =m4--,b an objection is rais$ "h also1 x is ,brahman :i* is ! real object ( m$itation2 = :]e ,brahman may be view$ z ! object ( m$itation1 x is inappropriate to assume z objects non-s5ti5t ?+s ( small p[] su* z ! m9d1 & s on4 ,! object ( m$itation !re=e is ,brahman view$ "u ! aspect ( m9d1 & s on4--,?is objection ! next ,stra disposes (4 #e4 ,! view ( ,brahman1 on acc\nt ( sup]iority4 ,! view ( ,brahman may appropriately be sup]impos$ on m9d & ! l2 b n ! view ( m9d1 & s on1 on ,brahman4 ,= ,brahman is some?+ sup]ior to m9d1 & s on2 :ile ! latt] are inf]ior to ,brahman4 ,to view a sup]ior p]son1 a pr9ce e4g41 z a s]vant w\ld be l[]+2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 to view a s]vant z a pr9ce is exalt+4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'symbols4' #f4 ,& ! ideas ( ditya & ! re/ on ! memb]2 on acc\nt ( ?is be+ rational4 ',he :o %9es up !re let a man m$itate on him z ! ,udg?a' 7,*4 ,up4 ,i1 #c1 #a74--,) reg>d to ?is & simil> m$itations connect$ ) subord9ate p>ts ( sacrificial p]=mances !re arises ! d\bt :e!r ! idea ( ditya & s on has to be sup]impos$ on ! subord9ate "p ( ! sacrifice1 su* z ! ,udg?a1 or vice v]s 7i4 e4 :e!r ditya %\ld be m$itat$ ^u "u ! aspect ( ! ,udg?a1 or vice v]s74--,! ,prvapak%9 holds ! =m] view4 ,= ! g5]al pr9ciple is t ! l[] be+ %\ld be view$ "u ! aspect ( ! high]1 & ! ,udg?a & s on1 :i* are p>ts ( ! sacrifices ?r\gh :i* c]ta9 results are effect$1 are sup]ior to ! div9ities :o d n accompli% any result4--,( ?is view ! ,stra disposes4 ,! ideas ( ditya & s on are to be sup]impos$ on ! 'memb]s1' i4e4 ! ,udg?a & s on1 :i* are con/itu5t memb]s ( ! sacrifices2 because ( ! gods only sup]iority c be e/abli%$4 ,= x is only ?r\gh ! propitiation ( ! gods t sacrifices are capable ( br++ ab\t _! results4 ,! ,udg?a & ! re/ !re=e are to be view$ "u ! aspect ( ditya & s on4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! ideas ( ditya & s on4' #g4 ,sitt+2 on acc\nt ( possibility4 ,x has be5 %[n t t special =m ( cognitional activity :i* ! ,v$nta-texts set =? z ! means ( accompli%+ f9al ,release & :i* is call$ m$itation 7dhyna2 upsana7 has to be frequ5tly repeat$1 & is ( ! nature ( cont9u$ repres5tation4 ,a "q n[ arises z to ! way 9 :i* x has to be c>ri$ on4--,!re be+ no special re/rictive rule1 ! ,prvapak%9 holds t ! ,devotee may c>ry x on ei!r sitt+ or ly+ d[n or /&+ or walk+4--,?is view ! ,stra sets aside4 ,m$itation is to be c>ri$ on by ! ,devotee 9 a sitt+ po/ure1 s9ce 9 t po/ure only ! ne$ful conc5tration ( m9d c be rea*$4 ,/&+ & walk+ dem& ef=t1 & ly+ d[n is conducive to sleep4 ,! prop] po/ure is sitt+ on "s support1 s t no ef=t may be requir$ = hold+ ! body up4 #h4 ,& on acc\nt ( m$itation4 ,s9ce1 z intimat$ by ! text1'! ,self is to be m$itat$ ^u1' ! m5tal activity 9 "q is ( ! nature ( m$itation1 x requires z its necess>y condition conc5tration ( m9d4 ,= by m$itation is und]/ood ?\ght direct$ ^u "o object & n di/urb$ by ! ideas ( o!r ?+s4 #i4 ,& ) ref]5ce to immobility4 ,& x is ) ref]5ce to _! immobility t ! e>? & o!r inanimate ?+s--! air1 ! sky1 ! wat]s1 ! m\nta9s--may be spok5 ( z ?9k+1 '! e>? ?9ks 7dhyyati7 z x 71' & s on4 ,movelessness h5ce is *>act]i/ic ( ! int5sely m$itat+ p]son also1 & su* movelessness is to be realis$ 9 ! sitt+ po/ure only4 #aj4 ,& ,smriti texts say ! same4 ,smriti texts also decl>e t he only :o sits c m$itate1 ',hav+ plac$ 8 /eady seat ^u a pure spot1 !re seat$ ^u t seat1 conc5trat+ 8 m9d he %\ld practise ,yoga' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,vi1 #aa-ab74 #aa4 ,:]e conc5tration ( m9d 7is possible71 !re2 on acc\nt ( !re be+ no diff]5ce4 ,z ! texts d n say any?+ z to special places & times1 ! only requisite ( su* places & times is t !y %\ld fav\r conc5tration ( m9d4 ,?is agrees ) ! decl>ation ',let a man apply himself to m$itation 9 a level & clean place1 c41 fav\rable to ! m9d' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #aj74--;,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! sitt+ "o4' #ab4 ,up to dea?2 = !re also x is se54 ,! "q n[ arises :e!r ! m$itation describ$ :i* is ! means ( f9al ,release is to be accompli%$ )9 "o day1 or to be cont9u$ day aft] day1 until dea?4--,! view t x is accompli%$ )9 "o day1 z ?is w satisfy ! scriptural injunction1 is dispos$ ( by ! ,stra4 ,m$itation is to be cont9u$ until dea?4 ,= ,scripture decl>es t m$itation has to take place '!re1' i4e4 9 ! :ole p]iod f ! fir/ ef=t aft] m$itation up to dea?1 ',act+ ?us z long z life la/s he rea*es ! _w ( ,brahman4'-- ,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'up to dea?4' #ac4 ,on ! atta9m5t ( ?is1 !re result ! non-cl++ & ! de/ruction ( lat] & e>li] s9s2 ?is be+ decl>$4 ,hav+1 s f>1 elucidat$ ! nature ( m$itation1 ! ,stras n[ beg9 to consid] ! result ( m$itation4 ,scripture decl>es t on ! k ( ,brahman be+ atta9$ a man's lat] & e>li] s9s d n cl+ to him b pass away4 ',z wat] does n cl+ to a lotus leaf1 s no evil de$ cl+s to him :o kn[s ?is' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #ad1 #c72 ',hav+ kn[n t he is n sulli$ by any evil de$' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #bc72 ',z ! fibres ( ! ,i%k re$ :5 ?r[n into ! fire are burnt1 ?us all 8 s9s are burnt' 7,*4 ,up4 ,v1 #bd1 #c72 ',all 8 works p]i% :5 ,he has be5 beheld :o is high & l[' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #b1 #h74-- ,! d\bt "h arises :e!r ?is non-cl++ & de/ruction ( all s9s is possible z ! result ( m]e m$itation1 or n4--,x is n possible1 ! ,prvapak%9 ma9ta9s2 = ,scripture decl>es1 'no "w ! fruits ( :i* h n be5 completely enjoy$ p]i%es ev5 9 millions ( aeons4' ,:at ! texts1 quot$ above1 say z to ! non- cl++ & de/ruction ( works occurs 9 sections complem5t>y to passages inculcat+ k z ! means ( f9al ,release1 & may !re=e be und]/ood z someh[ meant to eulogize k4 ,nor c x be said t k is enjo9$ z an expiation ( s9s1 s t ! de/ruction ( s9s c\ld be conceiv$ z result+ f su* expiation2 = k--z we see f texts su* z ',he :o kn[s ,brahman rea*es ! ,highe/1' ',he kn[s ,brahman & he becomes ,brahman'-- is enjo9$ z a means to rea* ,brahman4 ,! texts z to ! non- cl++ & de/ruction ( s9s !re=e c only be view$ z ar?avda passages supplem5t>y to ! texts enjo9+ k ( ,brahman4--,?is view ! ,stra sets aside4 ,:5 a man rea*es k1 ! non-cl++ & de/ruction ( all s9s may be effect$ ?r\gh ! p[] ( k4 ,= ,scripture decl>es ! p[] ( k to be su* t 'to him :o kn[s ?is1 no evil de$ cl+s1' & s on4 ,nor is ?is 9 conflict ) ! text /at+ t no "w n fully enjoy$ p]i%es2 = ?is latt] text aims at confirm+ ! p[] ( works to produce _! results2 :ile ! texts "u discussion h = _! aim to decl>e t k :5 once sprung up possesses ! p[] ( de/roy+ ! capability ( previ\sly committ$ s9s to produce _! own evil results & ! p[] ( ob/ruct+ t capability on ! "p ( future evil actions4 ,! two sets ( texts ?us ref] to diff]5t matt]s1 & h5ce are n mutually contradictory4 ,!re is 9 fact no m contradiction betwe5 !m ?an !re is betwe5 ! p[] ( fire to produce heat & ! p[] ( wat] to subdue su* heat4 ,by k effect+ ! non-cl++ ( s9 we h to und]/& its ob/ruct+ ! orig9ation ( ! p[]1 on ! "p ( s91 to cause t disa/r\s disposition on ! "p ( man :i* consi/s 9 unfitness = religi\s works2 = s9s committ$ t5d to r5d] man unfit = religi\s works & incl9$ to commit fur!r s9ful actions ( ! same k9d4 ,by k effect+ ! de/ruction ( s91 on ! o!r h&1 we und]/& its de/roy+ t p[] ( s9 aft] x has once orig9at$4 ,t p[] consi/s1 fundam5tally1 9 displeasure on ! "p ( ! ,"l4 ,k ( ! ,"l1 :i*1 ow+ to ! supreme de>ness ( its object is itself supremely de>1 possesses ! *>act]i/ic p[] ( propitiat+ ! ,"l--! object ( k-- & ?us de/roys ! displeasure ( ! ,"l due to ! previ\s commission ( s9s on ! "p ( ! kn[+ ,devotee2 & at ! same "t ob/ructs ! orig9ation ( fur!r displeasure on ! ,"l's "p1 :i* o!rwise w\ld be caus$ by s9s committ$ subsequ5tly to ! orig9ation ( su* k4 ,:at ,scripture says ab\t s9 n cl++ to him :o kn[s c h[ev] be und]/ood only ) reg>d to su* s9s z spr+ f ?\ghtlessness2 = texts su* z 'he :o has n turn$ away f evil conduct' 7,ka4 ,up4 ,i1 #b1 #bd7 tea* t m$itation1 becom+ m p]fect day aft] day1 _c be accompli%$ )\t ! ,devotee hav+ previ\sly brok5 himself (f f all evil conduct4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! rea*+ ( t4' #ad4 ,( ! o!r also !re is ?us non-cl++2 b at dea?4 ,x has be5 said t1 ow+ to k1 e>li] & subsequ5t s9s d n cl+ & are de/roy$4 ,! same holds good also ) reg>d to ! o!r1 i4e4 to good works--!y also1 ow+ to k1 d n cl+ & are de/roy$2 = !re is ! same antagonism betwe5 k & ! fruit ( ^? works1 & ,scripture moreov] expressly decl>es ?is4 ,?us we read1 ',day & night d n pass t bank-- nei!r good nor evil de$s4 ,all s9s turn back f x' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #d1 #a72 ',he %akes (f 8 good & evil de$s' 7,kau4 ,up4 ,i1 #d74 ,9 ! =m] ( ^! texts good works are expressly designat$ z 's9' because _! fruits also are some?+ n desirable = him :o aims at ,release2 !re is "s reason = do+ ?is because aft] all good works are enjo9$ by ,scripture & _! fruits are desir$ by m51 & !y h5ce might be ?\ght n to be oppos$ to k4--,b ev5 to him :o possesses ! k ( ,brahman1 ! fruits ( good de$s-- su* z seasonable ra91 good crops1 c4--are desirable because !y enable him to p]=m 8 m$itations 9 due =m2 h[ !n c x be said t k is antagoni/ic to !m & de/roys !m8--,( ?is po9t ! ,stra disposes by means ( ! clause 'b on dea?4' ,good works :i* produce results fav\rable to k & m$itation p]i% only on ! dea? ( ! body 7n dur+ ! lifetime ( ! ,devotee74--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! o!r4' #ae4 ,b only ^? =m] works ! effects ( :i* h n yet begun2 on acc\nt ( t be+ ! t]m4 ,a new d\bt arises "h1 viz4 :e!r all previ\s good & evil works are de/roy$ by ! orig9ation ( k1 or only ^? ! effects ( :i* h n yet begun to op]ate4--,all works alike1 ! ,prvapak%9 says2 = ! texts-z e4g4 'all s9s are burn$'--decl>e ! fruits ( k to be ! same 9 all cases2 & ! fact ( ! body cont9u+ to exi/ subsequ5tly to ! rise ( k may be acc\nt$ = by ! =ce ( an impulse once imp>t$1 j z 9 ! case ( ! revolution ( a pott]'s :eel4--,?is view ! ,stra sets aside4 ,only ^? previ\s works p]i% ! effects ( :i* h n yet begun to op]ate2 = ! text ',= him !re is delay z long z he is n deliv]$ f ! body' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #ad1 #b7 expressly /ates :5 ! delay ( ! body's dea? w come to an end 7! body mean:ile cont9u+ to exi/ ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! anrabdhakrya works74 ,!re is no pro( = ! exi/5ce ( an impetus acc\nt+ = ! cont9uance ( ! body's life1 o!r ?an ! ,"l's pleasure or displeasure caus$ by--good or evil de$s4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! works ! op]ation ( :i* has n yet begun4' #af4 ,b ! ,agnihotra & ! re/1 7because !y t5d7 to t effect only2 ?is be+ se54 ,x might "h be said t special works incumb5t on ! sev]al sramas1 z e4 g4 ! ,agnihotra1 ne$ n be und]tak5 by ^? :o are n desir\s ( _! results1 s9ce ^! works also fall "u ! category ( good works ! result ( :i* does n 'cl+4'--,?is view ! ,stra sets aside4 ,su* works z ! ,agnihotra mu/ be p]=m$1 s9ce !re is no possibility ( _! results n cl++2 = him :o kn[s1 ^? works h k = _! exclusive effect4 ,?is we le>n f ,scripture itself3 ',him ,brhmanas seek to "k by ! /udy ( ! ,v$a1 by sacrifices1 gifts1 au/]ities1 & fa/+4' ,?is passage %[s t works su* z ! ,agnihotra give rise to k1 & z k 9 ord] to gr[ & become m p]fect has to be practis$ day aft] day until dea?1 ! special duties ( ! srama also1 :i* assi/ ! rise ( k1 h daily to be p]=m$4 ,o!rwise1 ^? duties be+ omitt$1 ! m9d w\ld lose its cle>ness & k w\ld n arise4--,b if good works su* z ! ,agnihotra only s]ve ! purpose ( giv+ rise to k1 & if good works previ\s to ! rise ( k p]i%1 accord+ to ! texts ',hav+ dwelt !re till _! works are consum$' 7,*4 ,up4 ,v1 #aj1 #e7 & 'hav+ obta9$ ! end ( 8 de$s' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #f71 to :at !n applies ! text ',8 sons ent] ^u 8 inh]itance1 8 fri5ds ^u 8 good works'8--,?is po9t is tak5 up by ! next ,stra4 #ag4 ,accord+ to "s 7a class ( good works7 o!r ?an ^!1 ( bo? k9ds4 ,! text quot$ above f "o skh 7',8 fri5ds ent] ^u 8 good de$s'7 ref]s to good works o!r ?an ! ,agnihotra & ! re/1 ! only object ( :i* is to give rise to k1 viz4 to all ^? manifold good works1 previ\s or subsequ5t to ! atta9+ to k1 ! results ( :i* are ob/ruct$ by o!r works ( great] /r5g?4 ,^? texts also :i* decl>e works n to cl+ or to be de/roy$ ?r\gh k ref] to ?is same class ( works4--,! next ,stra recalls ! fact1 already previ\sly e/abli%$1 t ! results ( works actually p]=m$ may someh[ be ob/ruct$4 #ah4 ,= 7!re is ! text7 ':atev] he does ) k4' ,! decl>ation made 9 ! text ':atev] he does ) k t is m vigor\s1' viz4 t ! k ( ! ,udg?a has = its result non-ob/ruction ( ! result ( ! sacrifice1 implies t ! result ( works actually p]=m$ may be ob/ruct$4 ,we ?us arrive at ! conclusion t ! text ( ! ,styyan9s1' 8 fri5ds ent] ^u 8 good works1' ref]s to ^? good works ( ! man possess+ k ! results ( :i* 7 someh[ ob/ruct$ 7& h5ce did n act !mselves out dur+ 8 lifetime1 s t on 8 dea? !y may be transf]r$ to o!rs74--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! ,agnihotra & ! re/4' #ai4 ,b hav+ de/roy$ by fruition ! o!r two sets he becomes "o ) ,brahman4 ,!re n[ arises ! d\bt :e!r ! good & evil works o!r ?an ^? ! non-cl++ & de/ruction ( :i* h be5 decl>$1 t is to say ^? works ! results ( :i* h begun to act1 come to an end toge!r ) t bodily exi/5ce 9 :i* k ( ,brahman orig9ates1 or ) ! la/ body due to ! action ( ! works la/ m5tion$1 or ) ano!r body due to ! action ( ! anrabdhakrya4-- ,! second ( ^! alt]natives is ! "o to be accept$1 = !re is a text decl>+ t works come to an end ) ! deliv]ance ( ! ,self f ! curr5t bodily exi/5ce3 ',= him !re is delay s long z he is n deliv]$ 7f ! body71 !n he w become "o ) ,brahman' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #ad1 #b74--,?is view ! ,stra sets aside4 ,hav+ de/roy$ ! o!r good & evil works ! results ( :i* _h begun to op]ate by retributive exp]i5ce he1 subsequ5tly to ! t]m9ation ( su* retributive enjoym5t1 becomes "o ) ,brahman4 ,if ^? good & evil works are su* t _! fruits may be fully enjoy$ )9 ! t]m ( "o bodily exi/5ce1 !y come to an end toge!r ) ! curr5t bodily exi/5ce2 if !y require sev]al bodily exi/5ces = ! full exp]i5ce ( _! results1 !y come to an end aft] sev]al exi/5ces only4 ,?is be+ s1 ! deliv]ance spok5 ( 9 ! text quot$ by ! ,prvapak%9 means deliv]ance f ^? works :5 completely de/roy$ by retributive enjoym5t1 n deliv]ance f bodily exi/5ce ab\t :i* ! text says no?+4 ,all ^? works1 on ! o!r h&1 good & evil1 :i* 7 p]=m$ be=e ! rise ( k & ! results ( :i* h n yet begun to op]ate--works :i* h gradually accumulat$ 9 ! c\rse ( inf9ite "t s z to con/itute an inf9ite quantity--are at once de/roy$ by ! might ( ! ris+ k ( ,brahman4 ,& works p]=m$ subsequ5tly to ! rise ( su* k d n 'cl+4' ,&1 z ,scripture tea*es1 ! fri5ds ( ! man possess+ true k take ov]1 on 8 dea?1 8 good works1 & 8 enemies 8 evil de$s4 ,?us !re rema9s no contradiction4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! de/ruction ( ! o!rs4' ,,second ,p,,da4 #a4 ,spee* ) m9d1 on acc\nt ( ?is be+ se5 & ( scriptural /atem5t4 ,! ,stras n[ beg9 an enquiry into ! mode ( ! go+ to ,brahman ( him :o kn[s4 ,at fir/ ! s\l's dep>ture f ! body is consid]$4 ,on ?is po9t we h ! text1 ',:5 a man dep>ts f h5ce 8 spee* is comb9$ 7sampadyate7 ) 8 m9d1 8 m9d ) 8 brea?1 8 brea? ) fire1 fire ) ! highe/ deity' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #f1 #a74 ,! d\bt "h arises :e!r ! spee*'s be+ comb9$ ) ! m9d1 ref]r$ to 9 ! text1 means t ! function ( spee* only is m]g$ 9 m9d1 or ! organ ( spee* itself4--,! ,prvapak%9 holds ! =m] view2 =1 he says1 z m9d is n ! causal sub/ance ( spee*1 ! latt] _c be m]g$ 9 x2 :ile ! scriptural /atem5t is n altoge!r irrational 9 s f> z ! functions ( spee* & o!r organs are controll$ by ! m9d1 & !re=e may be conceiv$ z be+ )drawn into x4--,?is view ! ,stra sets aside4 ,spee* itself becomes comb9$ ) m9d2 s9ce t is se54 ,= ! activity ( m9d is obs]v$ to g on ev5 :5 ! organ ( spee* has ceas$ to act4--,b is ?is n suffici5tly acc\nt$ = by ! assumption ( ! m]e function ( spee* be+ m]g$ 9 m9d8--,to ?is ! ,stra replies '& on acc\nt ( ! scriptural ^w4' ,! text says di/9ctly t spee* itself1 n m]ely ! function ( spee*1 becomes "o ) ! m9d4 ,& :5 ! function ( spee* comes to an end1 !re is no o!r means ( k to assure u t ! function only has come to an end & t ! organ itself cont9ues to h an indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,! objection t spee* _c become "o ) m9d because ! latt] is n ! causal sub/ance ( spee*1 we meet by po9t+ out t ! purport ( ! text is n t spee* is m]g$ 9 m9d1 b only t x is comb9$ or connect$ ) x4 #b4 ,& = ! same reason all foll[ aft]4 ,because spee*'s becom+ "o ) m9d means only conjunction ) ! latt]1 n m]g+ )9 x2 !re is also no objection to :at ,scripture says z to all o!r organs t foll[ spee* be+ unit$ ) m9d4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'spee*4' #c4 ,t m9d 9 brea?1 ow+ to ! subsequ5t clause4 ,t m9d1 i4e4 m9d unit$ ) all ! organs unites itself ) brea?2 n m]ely ! function ( m9d4 ,?is appe>s f ! clause foll[+ ^u ! text quot$ above1 'm9d 7unites itself7 ) brea?4' ,"h1 h[ev]1 a fur!r d\bt sugge/s itself4 ,! text ',m9d is made ( e>?' decl>es e>? to be ! causal sub/ance ( m9d1 & ! text 't 7viz4 wat]7 s5t =? e>?' decl>es wat] to be ! causal sub/ance ( e>?2 :ile ! fur!r text 'brea? is made ( wat]' %[s wat] to be ! causal sub/ance ( brea?4 ,consid]+ !re=e t 9 ! text 'm9d becomes unit$ ) brea?' ! t]m brea? is naturally und]/ood to d5ote ! causal sub/ance ( brea?1 i4e4 wat]1 ! appropriate s5se to be giv5 to ! /atem5t t m9d is unit$ ) wat] is t m9d is completely refund$ into its own causal sub/ance--s t ! 'be+ unit$' w\ld ?r\gh\t be und]/ood 'z be+ completely m]g$4'--,! reply to ?is1 h[ev]1 is1 t ! clauses ',m9d is made ( food1 brea? is made ( wat]1' only mean t m9d & brea? are n\ri%$ & su/a9$ by food & wat]1 n t food & wat] are ! causal sub/ances ( m9d & brea?4 ,! latt] inde$ is impossible2 = m9d consi/s ( ahamkra1 & z brea? is a modification ( e!r & o!r elem5ts1 ! ^w brea? may sugge/ wat]4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'm9d4' #d4 ,t 7is unit$7 ) ! rul]1 on acc\nt ( ! go+ to x1 & s on4 ,z f ! /atem5ts t spee* becomes unit$ ) m9d & m9d ) brea? x foll[s t spee* & m9d are unit$ ) m9d & brea? only2 s we conclude f ! subsequ5t clause 'brea? ) fire' t brea? becomes unit$ ) fire only4--,aga9/ ?is prim facie view ! ,stra decl>es 't brea? becomes unit$ ) ! rul] ( ! organs1 i4e4 ! individual s\l1 on acc\nt ( ! go+ to x1 & s on4' ,t brea? goes to ! individual s\l1 ! foll[+ text decl>es1 ',at ! "t ( dea? all ! prnas g to ! ,self ( a man ab\t to expire' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #c1 #ch71 ,simil>ly ,scripture m5tions ! dep>ture ( prna toge!r ) ! s\l1 'aft] him ?us dep>t+ ! prawa dep>ts'2 & aga9 its /ay+ toge!r ) ! s\l1 ',:at is t by ^: dep>ture ,i %all dep>t1 & by ^: /ay+ ,i %all /ay8' 7,pr4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #c74 ,we !re=e conclude t ! text 'brea? ) fire' means t brea? jo9$ ) ! individual s\l becomes unit$ ) fire4 ,analog\sly we may say 9 ord9>y life t ! ,yamuna is fl[+ t[>ds ! sea1 :ile 9 reality x is ! ,yamuna jo9$ ) ! ,gang :i* fl[s on4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! rul]4' #e4 ,) ! elem5ts1 ?is be+ /at$ by ,scripture4 ,!re arises ! fur!r "q :e!r brea? jo9$ ) ! s\l unites itself ) fire only or ) all ! elem5ts comb9$4--,) fire1 s mu* only be+ decl>$ by ,scripture6--,?is view ! ,stra sets aside4 ,brea? & s\l unite !mselves ) all ! elem5ts2 = ,scripture decl>es ! s\l1 :5 mov+ out1 to consi/ ( all ! elem5ts--',consi/+ ( e>?1 consi/+ ( wat]1 consi/+ ( fire4 '--,b ?is latt] text expla9s itself also on ! assumption ( brea? & s\l unitrng !mselves 9 succession ) fire & ! re/1 "o at a "t6--,?is ! next ,stra negatives4 #f4 ,n ) "o2 = bo? decl>e ?is4 ,n ) "o2 because ea* elem5t by itself is incapable ( produc+ an effect4 ,su* incapability is decl>$ by ,scripture & tradition alike4 ,! text ',hav+ ent]$ ^! be+s ) ?is jva s\l let me reveal names & =ms--let me make ea* ( ^! ?ree trip>tite' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #c7 tea*es t ! elem5ts 7 r5d]$ trip>tite 9 ord] to be capable ( evolv+ names & =ms2 & ( simil> import is ! foll[+ ,smriti text1 ',possess+ v>i\s p[]s ^! 7elem5ts71 be+ sep>ate f "o ano!r1 7 unable to produce creatures )\t comb9+4 ,b hav+ ent]$ into mutual conjunction !y1 f ! ,mahat d[n to individual be+s1 produce ! ,brahma egg4' ,f ?is x foll[s t 9 ! clause 'brea? is unit$ ) fire' ! ^w fire d5otes fire mix$ ) ! o!r elem5ts4 ,brea? & s\l !re=e are unit$ ) ! aggregate ( ! elem5ts4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! elem5ts4' #g4 ,& x is common up to ! beg9n+ ( ! way2 & ! immortality 7is t :i* is obta9$71 )\t hav+ burn$4 ,is ?is dep>ture ( ! s\l common to him :o kn[s & him :o does n "k8--,x belongs to him only :o does n "k1 ! ,prvapak%9 holds4 ,= ,scripture decl>es t = him :o kn[s !re is no dep>ture1 & t h5ce he becomes immortal !n & !re 7irrespective ( any dep>ture ( ! s\l to ano!r place71 ':5 all desires :i* once dwelt 9 8 he>t are undone1 !n ! mortal becomes immortal1 !n he obta9s ,brahman' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #g74 ,?is view ! ,stra sets aside4 ,= him also :o kn[s !re is ! same way ( pass+ out up to ! beg9n+ ( ! pa?1 i4e4 previ\sly to ! s\l's ent]+ ! ve9s4 ,= ano!r text expressly decl>es t ! s\l ( him also :o kn[s passes out by way ( a p>ticul> ve93 '!re are a hundr$ & "o ve9s ( ! he>t2 "o ( !m p5etrates ! cr[n ( ! head2 mov+ upw>ds by t a man rea*es immortality1 ! o!rs s]ve = dep>t+ 9 diff]5t directions' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #f1 #e74 ,scripture ?us decl>+ t ! s\l ( him :o kn[s passes out by way ( a p>ticul> ve91 x mu/ ( c\rse be admitt$ t x does pass out2 & z up to ! s\l's ent]+ ! ve9 no diff]5ce is m5tion$1 we mu/ assume t up to t mom5t ! dep>ture ( him :o kn[s does n diff] f t ( him :o does n "k4 ,a diff]5ce h[ev] is /at$ ) reg>d to ! /age ( ! s\l's ent]+ ! ve91 viz4 ,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #b1 ',by t light ! ,self dep>ts1 ei!r ?r\gh ! eye1 or ?r\gh ! skull1 or ?r\gh o!r p>ts ( ! body4' ,z ?is text mu/ be int]pret$ 9 agreem5t ) ! text relative to ! hundr$ & "o ve9s1 ! dep>ture by way ( ! head mu/ be und]/ood to belong to him :o kn[s1 :ile ! o!r modes ( dep>t+ belong to o!r p]sons4 ,! la/ clause ( ! ,stra '& ! immortality1 )\t hav+ burn$' replies to :at ! ,prvapak%9 said z to ! s\l ( him :o kn[s be+ decl>$ by ,scripture to atta9 to immortality !n & !re4 ,! immortality ref]r$ to 9 ! text ':5 all desires ( 8 he>t are undone' d5otes t non-cl++ & de/ruction ( e>li] & lat] s9s :i* comes to him :o kn[s1 toge!r ) ! rise ( k1 )\t ! connexion ( ! s\l ) ! body1 & ! s5se-organs be+ burn$1 i4e4 dissolv$ at ! "t4--',he rea*es ,brahman' 9 ! same text means t 9 ! act ( dev\t m$itation ! devotee has an intuitive k ( ,brahman4 #h4 ,s9ce1 up to ! union ) t 7i4e4 ,brahman7 ! texts describe ! ,samsra /ate4 ,! immortality ref]r$ to mu/ necess>ily be und]/ood z n imply+ dissolution ( ! s\l's connexion ) ! body1 s9ce up to ! s\l's atta9+ to ,brahman ! texts describe ! ,samsra /ate4 ,t atta9+ to ,brahman takes place1 z w be %[n fur!r on1 aft] ! s\l--mov+ on ! pa? ! fir/ /age ( :i* is light-- has rea*$ a c]ta9 place4 ,up to t ! texts d5ote ! ,samsra /ate ( :i* ! connexion ) a body is *>act]i/ic4 ',= him !re is delay s long z he is n deliv]$ 7f ! body72 !n he w be unit$' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #ad1 #b72 ',%ak+ (f all evil z a horse %akes 8 hairs1 & z ! moon frees h]self f ! m\? ( ,rhu2 hav+ %ak5 (f ! body ,i obta9 self1 made & satisfi$1 ! uncreat$ _w ( ,brahman' 7,,viii1 #ac74 #i4 ,& ! subtle 7body p]si/s71 on acc\nt ( a means ( k1 x be+ ?us obs]v$ 79 ,scripture74 ,! bondage ( him :o kn[s is n1 at t /age1 dissolv$1 = ?is reason also t ! subtle body cont9ues to p]si/4--,h[ is ?is kn[n8--,?r\gh a means ( k1 viz4 because x is ?us se5 9 ,scripture4 ,= ,scripture /ates t he :o kn[s1 :5 on ! pa? ( ! gods1 ent]s into a colloquy ) ! moon & o!rs1 'he is to reply1' c4 7,kau4 ,up4 ,i1 #c ff474 ,?is implies ! exi/5ce ( a body1 & !nce x foll[s t1 at t /age1 ! subtle body p]si/s4 ,! /ate ( bondage !re=e is n yet dissolv$4 #aj4 ,h5ce n 9 ! way ( de/ruction ( bondage4 ,x ?us appe>s t ! text ':5 all desires :i* once ent]$ 8 he>t are undone1 !n does ! mortal become immortal1 !n he obta9s ,brahman' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #g71 does n mean su* immortality z w\ld imply complete de/ruction ( ! /ate ( bondage4 #aa4 ,& to t v 7subtle body7 7!re belongs7 ! w>m?1 ?is only be+ reasonable4 ,x is obs]v$ t :5 a man is ab\t to die !re is "s w>m? left 9 "s "p or p>ts ( ! gross body4 ,n[ ?is w>m? _c really belong to ! gross body1 = x is n obs]v$ 9 o!r p>ts ( t body 7:ile yet !re is no reason :y x %\ld be limit$ to "s "p72 b x may reasonably be attribut$ to ! subtle body :i* may abide 9 "s "p ( ! gross body 7& into :i* ! w>m? ( ! entire gross body has )drawn itself74 ,we !re=e conclude t ?is p>tial p]ception ( w>m? is due to ! dep>t+ subtle body4 ,?is confirms ! view laid d[n 9 ,stra #g4--,! next ,stra disposes ( a fur!r d\bt rais$ z to ! dep>ture ( ! s\l ( him :o kn[s4 #ab4 ,if x be said t on acc\nt ( ! d5ial 7x is n s72 we d5y ?is4 ,f ! embodi$ s\l2 = 7t "o is7 cle>1 accord+ to "s4 ,! cont5tion t ! s\l ( him :o kn[s dep>ts f ! body 9 ! same way z o!r s\ls d _c be upheld1 s9ce ,scripture expressly negatives su* dep>ture4 ,= ,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 at fir/ describes ! mode ( dep>ture on ! "p ( him :o does n possess true k 7',he tak+ to himself ^? elem5ts ( light desc5ds into ! he>t' up to 'aft] him ?us dep>t+ ! ,prna dep>ts'72 !n ref]s to 8 assum+ ano!r body 7'he makes to himself ano!r1 new] & m beautiful %ape'72 !n concludes ! acc\nt ( him :o does n possess true k 7'hav+ atta9$ ! end ( ^! works :atev] he does "h1 he aga9 returns f t _w to ?is _w ( action4 ,s mu* = ! man :o desires'72 & !reupon proce$s explicitly to d5y ! dep>ture f ! body ( him :o possesses true k1 ',b he :o does n desire1 :o is )\t desire1 free f desire1 :o has obta9$ 8 desire1 :o desires ! ,self only1 ( him 7tasya7 ! prnas d n pass =?1--be+ ,brahman only he goes into ,brahman4' ,simil>ly a previ\s section also1 viz4 ! "o conta9+ ! que/ions put by rtabhga1 directly negatives ! view ( ! s\l ( him :o kn[s pass+ out ( ! body4 ,!re ! clause 'he aga9 conqu]s dea?' introduces him :o kn[s z ! subject-matt]1 & aft] t ! text cont9ues3 ',yjavalkya1 he said1 :5 t p]son dies1 d ! prnas pass out ( him 7asmt7 or n8--,no1 said ,yjavalkya1 !y are ga!r$ up 9 him 7atraiva71 he swells1 inflat$ ! dead lies' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #b1 #aj-aa74 ,f ^! texts x foll[s t he :o kn[s atta9s to immortality "h 7)\t 8 s\l pass+ out ( ! body & mov+ to ano!r place74--,?is view ! ,stra rejects4 ',n s2 f ! embodi$ s\l4' ,:at ^? texts d5y is ! mov+ away ( ! prnas f ! embodi$ individual s\l1 n f ! body4 ',( him 7tasya7 ! prnas d n pass =?'--"h ! '( him' ref]s to ! subject "u discussion1 i4e4 ! embodi$ s\l :i* is introduc$ by ! clause 'he :o does n desire1' n to ! body :i* ! text _h n previ\sly m5tion$4 ,! six? case 7tasya7 "h d5otes ! embodi$ s\l z t :i* is connect$ ) ! prnas 7'! prnas belong+ to t1 i4e4 ! s\l1 d n pass out'71 n z t f :i* ! pass+ out takes its />t4--,b :y %\ld ! 'tasya' n d5ote ! body z ! po9t ( />t+ 7'! prnas d n pass =? f t 7tasya71 viz4 ! body'78--,because1 we reply1 ! s\l :i* is actually m5tion$ 9 its relation ( connexion ) ! prnas 7z indicat$ by tasya7 sugge/s itself to ! m9d m imm$iately ?an ! body :i* is n m5tion$ at all2 if !re=e ! "q arises z to ! />t+-po9t ( ! pass+ =? ( ! prnas ! s\l is 7on ! basis ( ! text7 appreh5d$ z t />t+-po9t also 7i4e4 ! clause '! prnas ( him d n pass =?' implies at ! same "t '! prnas d n pass =? f him1 i4e4 f ! s\l'74 ,moreov]1 z ! prnas are well kn[n to be connect$ ) ! s\l & z h5ce x w\ld s]ve no purpose to /ate t connexion1 we conclude t ! six? case :i* expresses connexion 9 g5]al is "h meant to d5ote ! />t+-po9t 9 p>ticul>4 ,& no dispute on ?is po9t is really possible2 s9ce 'accord+ to "s' x is 'cle>' t :at ! text means to express is ! embodi$ s\l z ! />t+-po9t ( ! prnas4 ,! "s are ! ,mdhy&9as1 :o 9 _! text ( ! ,brihad-ranyaka read 'na tasmt prna utkrmanti'--'! prnas d n pass =? f him' 7! 'tasya' ?us be+ ! read+ ( ! ,knva ,skh only74--,b1 an objection is rais$1 !re is no motive = explicitly negativ+ ! pass+ away ( ! prnas f ! s\l2 = !re is no reason to assume t !re %\ld be su* a pass+ away 7& ! g5]al rule is t a d5ial is made ( t only = :i* !re is a presumption74-- ,n s1 we reply4 ,! ,*ndogya-text ',= him !re is delay only z long z he is n deliv]$ 7f ! body72 !n he w be unit$' decl>es t ! s\l becomes unit$ ) ,brahman at ! "t ( its sep>ation f ! body1 & ?is sugge/s ! idea ( ! s\l ( him :o kn[s sep>at+ itself at t v "t 7i4e4 ! "t ( dea?7 f ! prnas also4 ,b ?is w\ld mean t ! s\l _c rea* union ) ,brahman by means ( proce$+ on ! pa? ( ! gods1 & = ?is reason ! ,brihad-ranyaka 7'( him ! prnas d n pass =?'7 explicitly decl>es t ! prnas d n dep>t f ! s\l ( him :o kn[s1 be=e t s\l proce$+ on ! pa? ( ! gods atta9s to union ) ,brahman4 ,! same l9e ( refutation w\ld h to be appli$ to ! argum5ts f\nd$ by our oppon5t on ! "q ( rtabhga1 if t "q be view$ z ref]r+ to him :o possesses true k4 ,! fact h[ev] is t t passage ref]s to him :o does n possess t k2 = none ( ! que/ions & answ]s ( :i* ! section consi/s fav\rs ! presumption ( ! k ( ,brahman be+ "u discussion4 ,! matt]s t\*$ ^u 9 ^? que/ions & answ]s are ! nature ( ! s5ses & s5se objects view$ z graha & atigraha2 wat] be+ ! food ( fire2 ! non-sep>ation ( ! prnas f ! s\l at ! "t ( dea?2 ! cont9uance ( ! fame--!re call$ "n--( ! dead man2 & ! atta9m5t1 on ! "p ( ! s\l ( ! dep>t$1 to conditions ( exi/5ce correspond+ to 8 good or evil de$s4 ,! passage imm$iately prec$+ ! "o ref]r+ to ! non-dep>ture ( ! prnas m]ely means t dea? is conqu]$ 9 s f> z x is a fire & fire is ! food ( wat]2 ?is has no?+ to d ) ! own] ( true k4 ,! /atem5t t ! prnas ( ! ord9>y man :o does n possess true k d n dep>t means t at ! "t ( dea? ! prnas d n1 l ! gross body1 ab&on ! jva1 b cl+ to x l ! subtle body & accompany x4 #ac4 ,smriti also decl>es ?is4 ,smriti also decl>es t ! s\l ( him :o kn[s dep>ts by means ( an art]y ( ! head4 ',( ^?1 "o is situat$ above :i* pi]ces ! disc ( ! sun & passes beyond ! _w ( ,brahman2 by way ( t ! s\l rea*es ! highe/ goal' 7,yj4 ,smri4 ,,iii1 #afg74--;,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'up to ! beg9n+ ( ! road4' #ad4 ,) ! ,highe/2 = ?us x says4 ,x has be5 %[n t at ! "t ( dep>ture f ! body ! s\l toge!r ) ! organs & prnas unites itself ) ! subtle elem5ts1 fire & ! re/2 & ! notion t ! s\l ( him :o kn[s =ms an exception has be5 dispos$ (4 ,! fur!r "q n[ arises :e!r ^? subtle elem5ts move on t[>ds produc+ _! appropriate effects1 9 accordance ) ! works or ! nature ( m$itation 7( "s o!r s\l ) :i* ^? elem5ts jo9 !mselves71 or unite !mselves ) ! highe/ ,self4--,! ,prvapak%9 holds t1 z 9 ! case ( union ) ! highe/ ,self1 !y c\ld n give rise to _! peculi> effects1 i4e4 ! exp]i5ce ( pleasure & pa91 !y move t[>ds "s place :]e !y c give rise to _! appropriate effects4--,( ?is view ! ,stra disposes4 ,!y unite !mselves ) ! highe/ ,self2 = ,scripture decl>es 'w>m? 9 ! highe/ ,be+' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #h1 #f74 ,& ! do+s ( ^? elem5ts mu/ be view$ 9 su* a way z to agree ) ,scripture4 ,z 9 ! /ates ( deep sleep & a pralaya1 !re is1 ow+ to union ) ! highe/ ,self1 a cessation ( all exp]i5ce ( pa9 & pleasure2 s x is 9 ! case "u "q also4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'union ) ! ,highe/4' #ae4 ,non-division1 accord+ to /atem5t4 ,is ?is union ) ! highe/ ,self to be und]/ood z ord9>y 'm]g+1' i4e4 a return on ! "p ( ! effect$ ?+ into ! condition ( ! cause 7z :5 ! j> is r$uc$ to ! condition ( a lump ( clay71 or z absolute non-division f ! highe/ ,self1 su* z is meant 9 ! clauses prec$+ ! text la/ quot$1 ',spee* is m]g$ 9 m9d'8 c4--,! =m] view is to be adopt$2 = z ! highe/ ,self is ! causal sub/ance ( all1 union ) x means ! return on ! "p ( individual be+s into ! condition ( t causal sub/ance4--,?is view ! ,stra rejects4 ,union "h means non- division1 i4e4 connexion ( su* k9d t ^? subtle elem5ts are altoge!r incapable ( be+ ?\ght & spok5 ( z sep>ate f ,brahman4 ,?is ! text itself decl>es1 s9ce ! clause 'w>m? 9 ! highe/ ,be+' is connect$ ) & gov]n$ by ! prec$+ clause ',spee* is m]g$ 9 m9d4' ,?is prec$+ clause intimates a special k9d ( connexion1 viz4 absolute non-sep>ation1 & !re is no?+ to prove t ! dep5d5t clause means to express some?+ diff]5t2 nor is !re any reason :y at ! "t ( ! s\l's dep>ture ^? elem5ts %\ld ent] into ! causal condition2 nor is !re any?+ said ab\t _! aga9 proce$+ f ! causal sub/ance 9 a new creation4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'non-sep>ation4' #af4 ,a light+ up ( ! po9t ( ! abode ( t2 hav+ ! door illum9at$ by t 7! s\l71 ow+ to ! p[] ( its k & ! application ( remembrance ( ! way :i* is an elem5t ( t 7viz4 ( k71 be+ assi/$ by him :o abides )9 ! he>t1 7passes out7 by way ( ! hundr$ & fir/ art]y4 ,s f> x has be5 %[n t1 up to ! beg9n+ ( ! j\rney1 ! s\ls ( !m z well :o possess true k z ( ^? :o d n1 pass out ( ! body 9 ! same way4 ,n[ a diff]5ce is /at$ 9 ! case ( ^? :o h true k4 ,we h on ?is po9t ! foll[+ text3 ',!re are a hundr$ & "o art]ies ( ! he>t2 "o ( !m p5etrates ! cr[n ( ! head2 mov+ upw>ds by t a man rea*es immortality2 ! o!rs s]ve = dep>t+ 9 diff]5t directions' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #f1 #e74 ,! d\bt "h arises :e!r he :o kn[s dep>ts by ?is hundr$ & fir/ art]y 9 ! top ( ! head1 :ile ^? :o d n "k dep>t by way ( ! o!r art]ies2 or :e!r !re is no def9ite rule on ?is po9t4--,!re is no def9ite rule1 ! ,prvapak%9 holds4 ,= z ! art]ies are _m & exce$+ly m9ute1 !y are difficult to di/+ui%1 & ! s\l !re=e is n able to foll[ any p>ticul> "o4 ,! text !re=e 7is n meant to make an orig9al au?oritative /atem5t z to diff]5t art]ies be+ foll[$ by diff]5t s\ls1 b7 m]ely ref]s 9 an in=mal way to :at is already settl$ 7viz4 by ! reason ( ! ?+71 i4e4 ! casual dep>ture ( any s\l by any art]y4--,?is view ! ,stra rejects ',by way ( ! hundr$ & fir/4' ,! s\l ( him :o possesses true k dep>ts only by way ( ! hundr$ & fir/ art]y 9 ! cr[n ( ! head4 ,nor is t s\l unable to di/+ui% t p>ticul> artcry4 ,=1 ?r\gh ! p[] ( 8 supremely cle> k :i* has ! effect ( pleas+ ! ,supreme ,p]son1 & ?r\gh ! application ( remembrance ( ! way--:i* remembrance is a "p ( t k--! s\l ( him :o kn[s w9s ! fav\r ( ! ,supreme ,p]son :o abides )9 ! he>t1 & is assi/$ by him4 ,ow+ to ?is ! abode ( t1 i4e4 ! he>t :i* is ! abode ( ! s\l1 is illum9at$1 lit up at its tip1 & ?us1 ?r\gh ! grace ( ! ,supreme ,s\l1 ! individual s\l has ! door 7( egress f ! body7 lit up & is able to recognise t art]y4 ,!re is ?us no objection to ! view t ! s\l ( him :o kn[s passes out by way ( t p>ticul> art]y only4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! abode ( t4' #ag4 ,foll[+ ! rays4 ,scripture tea*es t ! s\l ( him :o kn[s1 aft] hav+ pass$ =? f ! he>t by way ( ! hundr$ & fir/ art]y1 foll[s ! rays ( ! sun & ?us rea*es ! disc ( ! sun3 ':5 he dep>ts f ?is body he goes upw>ds by ^! rays only' 7eva7 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #f1 #e74 ,! idea "h sugge/s itself t ! go+ ( ! s\l _c be exclusively b\nd' to ^? rays1 s9ce :5 a man dies dur+ ! night x _c foll[ tae rays ( ! sun4 ,h5ce ! text quot$ above c ref] only to a "p ( ! actual cases4--,?is view ! ,stra rejects4 ,! s\l moves upw>ds1 foll[+ ! rays only2 ! text expressly ass]t+ ?is by means ( ! 'eva'--:i* w\ld be out ( place 7 !re any alt]native4 ,nor is !re any /r5g? 9 ! argum5t t ! s\l ( him :o dies at night _c foll[ ! rays z !re are none4 ,= 9 summ] ! exp]i5ce ( heat at night-"t %[s t !re are pres5t rays !n also2 :ile 9 w9t]1 z g5]ally 9 bad wea!r1 t heat is ov]p[]$ by cold & h5ce is n p]ceiv$ 7al?\gh actually pres5t74 ,scripture moreov] /ates t ! art]ies & rays are at all times mutually connect$3 ',z a v long highway goes to two villages1 s ! rays ( ! sun g to bo? worlds1 to ?is "o & to ! o!r4 ,!y /ret* !mselves =? f ! sun & ent] into ^! art]ies'2 !y /ret* !mselves =? f ^! art]ies & ent] into yond] sun' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #f1 #b74--;,z ?us !re are rays at night also1 ! s\ls ( ^? :o "k rea* ,brahman by way ( ! rays only4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! foll[+ up ! rays4' #ah4 ,%\ld x be said1 n 9 ! night2 we say1 no2 because ! connexion p]si/s z long z ! body does4 ,scripture also decl>es ?is4 ,x is n[ enquir$ into :e!r ! s\l ( him :o1 :ile hav+ true k1 dies at night rea*es ,brahman or n4 ,al?\gh1 z sol> rays exi/ at night1 ! s\l may move on at night also foll[+ ^? rays2 yet1 s9ce dy+ at night is spok5 ( 9 ! ,stras z highly objectionable1 we conclude t he :o dies at night _c accompli% ! highe/ end ( man1 viz4 atta9m5t to ,brahman4 ,! ,stras eulogize dea? occurr+ 9 daytime & object to dea? at night-"t3 ',day-"t1 ! bright half ( ! mon? & ! nor!rn progress ( ! sun are excell5t = ^? ab\t to die2 ! contr>y times are unfav\rable4' ,accord+ to ?is1 _! diff]5t nature1 dy+ 9 day-"t may be assum$ to lead to a sup]ior /ate ( exi/5ce1 & dy+ at night to an inf]ior /ate4 ,he :o dies at night _c !re=e asc5d to ,brahman4--,?is view ! ,stra refutes3 ',because1 9 ! case ( him :o kn[s1 ! connexion ) works exi/s z long z ! body does4' ,?is is to say--s9ce ^? works :i* h n yet begun to produce _! results & :i* are ! cause ( future inf]ior /ates ( exi/5ce are de/roy$ by ! contact ) k1 :ile at ! same "t lat] works d n 'cl+' 7also ow+ to ! pres5ce ( true k71 & ^? works :i* h begun to act come to an end ) ! exi/5ce ( ! la/ body2 !re is no reason :y he :o kn[s %\ld rema9 9 bondage1 & h5ce he rea*es ,brahman ev5 if dy+ at night-"t4 ,scripture also decl>es ?is1 '= him !re is delay only z long z he is n fre$ f ! body1 !n he w be unit$4' ,! text :i* praises ! advantages ( night-"t1 ! light half ( ! mon?1 c41 !re=e mu/ be und]/ood z ref]r+ to ^? :o d n possess true k4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'night4' #ai4 ,= ! same reason also dur+ ! s\!rn progress ( ! sun4 ,! reason+ /at$ above also proves t ! own] ( true k :o may happ5 to die dur+ ! s\!rn progress ( ! sun rea*es ,brahman4 ,a fur!r d\bt1 h[ev]1 arises "h4 ,! text ',he :o dies dur+ ! sun's s\!rn progress rea*es ! greatness ( ! ,fa!rs & union ) ! moon' 7,mahnr4 ,up4 #be7 decl>es t he :o dies dur+ ! s\!rn progress rea*es ! moon2 & ! o!r text ':5 ?is ceases !y return aga9 ! same way' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #b1 #af7 /ates t he returns aga9 to ! e>?4 ,we fur!r "k t ,bh%ma & o!rs1 al?\gh fully possess+ ! k ( ,brahman1 put (f _! dea? until ! beg9n+ ( ! nor!rn progress4 ,all ?is seems to prove t he :o dies dur+ ! s\!rn progress does n rea* ,brahman4--,?is d\bt we dispose ( z foll[s4 ,^? only :o d n possess true k return f ! moon2 :ile he :o has su* k does n return ev5 aft] he has gone to ! moon4 ,= a complem5t>y clause 9 ! ,mahnryana ,up41 'f !re he rea*es ! greatness ( ,brahman1' %[s t ! abode 9 ! moon =ms = him1 :o hav+ di$ dur+ ! s\!rn progress wi%es to rea* ,brahman1 a m]e /age ( re/4 ,& ev5 if !re 7 no su* complem5t>y passage1 x w\ld foll[ f ! previ\sly /at$ abs5ce ( any reason = bondage t ! go+ ( ! wise man's s\l to ! moon 9 no way precludes 8 rea*+ ,brahman4 ,bh%ma & o!rs :o ?r\gh ! p[] ( ,yoga 7 able to *oose ! "t ( _! dea? put x (f until ! beg9n+ ( ! nor!rn progress 9 ord] to proclaim be=e ! _w ! excell5ce ( t season & ?us to promote pi\s fai? & practice4--,b we also meet ) an au?oritative /atem5t made ) ref]5ce to wise m5 ab\t to die1 z to diff]5ce ( "t ( dea? be+ ! cause ( a man ei!r return+ or n return+ to ?is _w1 ',i w decl>e at :i* "t ! ,yog9s dep>t+ return n1 & also ! "t at :i* !y return4 ,! sire1 ! light1 ! day1 ! bright =tnight1 ! six mon?s ( ! sun's nor!rn progress--! kn[]s ( ,brahman dep>t+ !re g to ,brahman4 ,! smoke1 ! night1 ! d>k =tnight1 ! six mon?s ( ! s\!rn progress--! ,yog9 dep>t+ !re hav+ rea*$ ! light ( ! moon returns aga94 ,^! are held to be ! p]petual pa?s ( ! _w--! :ite & ! black2 by ! "o man goes n to return1 by ! o!r he returns aga9' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,viii1 #bc-bf74--,to ?is po9t ! next ,stra ref]s4 #bj4 ,& ^? two 7pa?s7 are1 ) a view to ! ,yog9s1 m5tion$ z to be rememb]$4 ,! text quot$ does n /ate an injunction = ^? ab\t to die1 ( a special "t ( dea?2 b !re are r m5tion$ 9 x ^? two matt]s belong+ to ,smriti & !re=e to be rememb]$1 viz4 ! two pa?s--! pa? ( ! ,gods & ! pa? ( ! ,fa!rs--) a view to ^? :o "k & practise ,yoga2 ! text intimat+ t ,yog9s %\ld daily ?9k ( ^? pa?s :i* are includ$ 9 ,yoga m$itation4 ,9 agreem5t h]e) ! text concludes1 ',kn[+ ^! two pa?s no ,yog9 is ev] delud$4 ,h5ce 9 all times1 ,o ,arjuna1 be engag$ 9 ,yoga' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,viii1 #bg74 ,?r\gh ! t]ms '! fire1 ! light1' '! smoke1 ! night1' c4 ! pa? ( ! ,gods & ! pa? ( ! ,fa!rs are recognis$4 ,:]e1 9 ! beg9n+1 ! text ref]s to '! "t :51' ! ^w '"t' mu/ be und]/ood to d5ote ! div9e be+s rul+ "t1 s9ce ,fire & ! re/ _c be "t4 ,:at ! ,bha4 ,g4 aims at !re=e is to enjo9 on m5 possess+ true k ! remembrance ( t pa? ( ! ,gods orig9ally enjo9$ 9 ! text1 '!y g to light' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #ae1 #aj72 n to det]m9e ! prop] "t ( dy+ = ^? ab\t to die4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! s\!rn progress4' ,,?ird ,p,,da4 #a4 ,on ! pa? beg9n+ ) light1 t be+ kn[n4 ,! ,stras n[ g on to det]m9e ! road :i* ! s\l ( ! wise man foll[s1 aft] hav+--assi/$ by ! ,p]son )9 ! he>t-- pass$ out ( ! body by way ( "o p>ticul> art]y4 ,n[ ( t road v>i\s acc\nts are giv5 9 ,scripture4 ,!re is a detail$ acc\nt 9 ! ,*ndogya4 7,,iv1 #ae71 'n[ :e!r p p]=m obsequies = him or n1' c4 ,ano!r acc\nt is giv5 9 ! eigh? book ( ! same ,upani%ad1 '!n he moves upw>ds by ^? v rays' 7,,viii1 #f1 #e74 ,! ,kau%tak9s aga9 give a diff]5t acc\nt3 ',he hav+ rea*$ ! pa? ( ! ,gods comes to ! _w ( ,agni1' c4 7,kau4 ,up4 ,i1 #c74 ,diff]5t aga9 9 ! ,brihad-ranyaka3 ',^? :o ?us "k ?is & ^? :o 9 ! =e/ m$itate on fai? & ! ,true1' c4 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #b1 #ae74 ,! same ,upani%ad1 9 ano!r place 7,v1 #aj71 gives a diff]5t acc\nt3 ',:5 ! p]son goes away f ?is _w he comes to ! w9d1' c4--,a d\bt "h arises :e!r all ^! texts mean to give in/ruction z to "o & ! same road--! fir/ /age ( :i* is light--hav+ to be foll[$ by ! s\l ( ! wise man2 or :e!r !y describe diff]5t roads on any ( :i* ! s\l may proce$4--,! ,prvapak%9 holds ! latt] view2 = he says ! roads describ$ diff] 9 nature & are indep5d5t "o ( ! o!r4--,?is view ! ,stra disposes (4 ,all texts mean "o & ! same road only1 viz4 ! "o beg9n+ ) light1 & ! s\ls proce$ on t road only4 ,= t road is kn[n1 i4e4 is recognis$ 9 all ! v>i\s descriptions1 al?\gh x is1 9 diff]5t texts1 describ$ ) m or less fulness4 ,we !re=e h to proce$ "h z 9 ! case ( ! details 7guna7 :i* are m5tion$ 9 diff]5t m$itations ref]r+ to "o & ! same object1 i4e4 we h to comb9e ! details m5tion$ 9 diff]5t places into "o :ole4 ,! two ,*&ogya-texts--! "o 9 ! ,upakosalavidy & ! "o 9 ! ,vidy ( ! five fires--describe exactly ! same road4 ,& 9 ! ,vidy ( ! five fires z giv5 9 ! ,brihad-ranyaka ! same road1 beg9n+ ) light1 is also describ$1 al?\gh !re are diff]5ces 9 m9or po9ts2 we !re=e recognise ! road describ$ 9 ! ,*ndogya4 ,& 9 ! o!r texts also we ev]y:]e recognise ! div9ities ( c]ta9 /ages ( ! road1 ,agni1 ditya1 & s on4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 't :i* beg9s ) light4' #b4 ,f ! ye> to ,vyu2 on acc\nt ( non-specification & specification4 ,9 _! description ( ! pa? beg9n+ ) light ! ,*&ogas m5tion ! ye> betwe5 ! mon?s & ! sun1 'f ! mon?s to ! ye>1 f ! ye> to ! sun' 7,*4 ,up4 ,v1 #aj1 #a72 :ile ! ,vjasaney9s m5tion1 9 t v place1 ! _w ( ! ,gods1'f ! mon?s to ! _w ( ! ,gods1 f ! _w ( ! ,gods to ! sun' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #b4 #ae74 ,n[1 z ! two pa?s are id5tical1 we h to supplem5t ea* by ! additional item giv5 9 ! o!r 7& ! "q !n arises :e!r ! ord] ( ! /ages be #a4 mon?s1 #b4 ye>1 #c4 _w ( ! ,gods1 #d4 sun2 or #a4 mon?s1 #b4 _w ( ! ,gods1 #c4 ye>1 #d4 sun74 ,! ye> & ! _w ( ! ,gods are equally entitl$--to ! place aft] ! mon?s 9 s f> z textual decl>ation goes2 = bo? texts say 'f ! mon?s4' ,b we obs]ve t ! advance is ?r\gh\t f ! %ort] p]iods ( "t to ! long] ones 7'f ! day to ! bright =tnight1 f ! bright =tnight to ! six mon?s ( ! nor!rn progress'71 & z !re=e ! ye> naturally pres5ts itself to ! m9d imm$iately aft] ! six mon?s1 we decide t ! ord] is--mon?s1 ye>1 _w ( ! ,gods1 sun4--,9 ano!r place 7,bri4 ,up4 ,v1 #aj7 ! ,vjasaney9s m5tion ! w9d z ! /age prec$+ ! sun 7'! w9d makes room = him--he m\nts upw>ds2 he comes to ! sun'74 ,! ,kau%tak9s1 on ! o!r h&1 place ! _w ( ! w9d subsequ5t to light1 ref]r$ to by !m z ! _w ( ,agni 7',hav+ ent]$ on ! pa? ( ! ,gods he comes to ! _w ( ,agni1 to ! _w ( ! w9d1' c41 ,kau4 ,up4 ,i1 #c74 ,n[ 9 ?is latt] text ! fact ( ! _w ( ! w9d foll[+ ^u light is to be inf]r$ only f ! succession ( ! clauses 7'to ! _w ( ,agni'--'to ! _w ( ! w9d'71 :ile ! 'upw>ds' 9 ! text ( ! ,vjasaney9s is a direct /atem5t ( succession giv5 by ! text itself2 & z ?is latt] ord] ( succession has great] =ce ?an ! =m]1 we h to place1 9 ! s]ies ( /ages1 ! _w ( ,vyu directly be=e ! _w ( ! sun4 ,b above we h det]m9$ t ! same place 7aft] ! ye> & be=e ! sun7 has to be assign$ to ! _w ( ! ,gods also2 & h5ce a d\bt arises :e!r ! _w ( ! ,gods & ,vyu are two diff]5t ?+s--! s\l ( ! wise man pass+ by !m 9 optional succession--or "o & ! same ?+--! s\l com+1 aft] ! ye>1 to ,vyu :o is ! _w ( ! ,gods4--,!y are diff]5t ?+s1 ! ,prvapak%9 says2 = !y are g5]ally kn[n to be s4 ,& !re are def9ite indications 9 ! text t ! _w ( ! ,gods z well z ,vyu is to be plac$ imm$iately be=e ! sun--?is be+ indicat$ = ,vyu by ! 'upw>ds' ref]r$ to above1 & = ! _w ( ! ,gods by ! ablative case 7devalokt7 9 ! ,*nd4 text1 'f ! _w ( ! ,gods he goes to ! sun'--& z ?us !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 ! two1 we conclude t ! s\l passes by !m 9 ei!r ord] x may *oose4--,?is view ! ,stra negatives3 ',f ! ye> to ,vyu4' ,! s\l1 hav+ dep>t$ f ! ye>1 comes to ,vyu4 ,?is is prov$ 'by non-specification & specification4' ,= ! t]m '! _w ( ! ,gods' is a t]m ( g5]al mean+1 & h5ce c d5ote ,vyu 9 s f> z be+ ! _w ( ! ,gods2 :ile on ! o!r h& ! t]m ,vyu specifically d5otes t div9e be+ only4 ,! ,kau%tak9s speak ( '! _w ( ,vyu'2 b ?is only means ',vyu :o at ! same "t is a _w4' ,t ,vyu may be view$ z ! _w ( ! ,gods is confirm$ by ano!r scriptural passage1 viz4 'he :o bl[s 7,vyu7 is ! h\ses ( ! ,gods4 '--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( ',vyu4' #c4 ,beyond lightn+ !re is ,v>una1 on acc\nt ( connexion4 ,accord+ to ! text ( ! ,kau%tak9s ! s\l goes on to ! _w ( ,vyu1 to ! _w ( ,v>una1 to ! _w ( ,indra1 to ! _w ( ,prajpati1 to ! _w ( ,brahman4 ,! d\bt "h arises :e!r ,v>una & ! div9ities ( ! foll[+ /ages are to be ins]t$ 9 ! s]ies aft] ,vyu1 9 agreem5t ) ! ord] ( enum]ation 9 ! text ( ! ,kau%tak9s2 or at ! end ( ! :ole s]ies z /at$ 9 ! ,*ndogya4 ,up4 7,,iv1 #ae1 #e71 ,v>una ?us com+ aft] lightn+4--,! decision is 9 fav\r ( ! latt] view because ,v>una1 ! god ( wat]s1 is naturally connect$ ) lightn+ :i* dwells )9 ! cl\ds4--,?is t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( ',v>una4' #d4 ,conductors1 ?is be+ indicat$4 ,! decision "h is t light1 ,vyu1 & ! re/ m5tion$ 9 ! texts z connect$ ) ! s\l's progress on ! pa? ( ! ,gods are to be int]pret$ n z m]e m>ks indicat+ ! road1 nor z places ( enjoym5t = ! s\l1 b z div9ities appo9t$ by ! ,supreme ,p]son to conduct ! s\l along ! /ages ( ! road2 = ?is is indicat$ by :at ! ,*&ogya4 says ) reg>d to ! la/ /age1 viz4 lightn+1 ',!re is a p]son n human1 he leads !m to ,brahman4' ,:at "h is said z to t p]son n human1 viz4 t he leads ! s\l1 is to be ext5d$ to ! o!r be+s also1 light & ! re/4--,b if t n human p]son leads ! s\ls f lightn+ to ,brahman1 :at !n ab\t ,v>una1 ,indra1 & ,prajpati1 :o1 z 0 decid$ above1 are 9 *>ge ( /ages beyond lightn+8 ,d !y also lead ! s\l along _! /ages8 #e4 ,f !nce by him only :o belongs to lightn+1 ! text /at+ t4 ,! only lead] f lightn+ up to ,brahman is ! n-human p]son connect$ ) lightn+2 = ! text /ates ?is directly4 ,v>una1 ,indra1 & ,prajpati take "p 9 ! "w 9 s f> only z !y may assi/ ! p]son connect$ ) lightn+4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! conductors4' #f4 7,him :o m$itates on7 ! effect$ ,brahman1 7?us op9es7 ,bd>i2 because = him go+ is possible4 ,! foll[+ "q n[ pres5ts itself = consid]ation4 ,does ! troop ( conduct+ div9ities1 ,agni & ! re/1 lead on ^? :o m$itate on ! effect$ ,brahman1 i4e4 ,hiranyag>bha2 or ^? only :o m$itate on ! highe/ ,brahman2 or ^? :o m$itate on ! highe/ ,brahman & ^? :o m$itate on ! individual ,self z hav+ ,brahman = its ,self8--,! tea*] ,bd>i is ( op9ion t ! div9ities lead on ^? only :o m$itate on ! effect$ ,brahman4 ,= he only :o m$itates on ,hiranyag>bha c move2 :ile a p]son m$itat+ on ! highe/ ,brahman :i* is absolutely complete1 all-kn[+1 pres5t ev]y:]e1 ! ,self ( all1 _c possibly be conceiv$ z mov+ to "s o!r place 9 ord] to rea* ,brahman2 = him ,brahman r is some?+ already rea*$4 ,= him ! effect ( true k is only to put an end to t ,nesci5ce :i* has = its object ,brahman1 :i*1 9 reality1 is et]nally rea*$4 ,he1 on ! o!r h&1 :o m$itates on ,hiranyag>bha may be conceiv$ z mov+ 9 ord] to rea* 8 object1 :i* is some?+ abid+ )9 a special limit$ place4 ,x is he !re=e :o is conduct$ on by ,agni & ! o!r escort+ deities4 #g4 ,& on acc\nt ( 7,brahman7 be+ specifi$4 ,! text 'a p]son n human leads !m to ! worlds ( ,brahman' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,vi4 #b1 #ae7 by us+ ! ^w '_w1' & moreov] 9 ! plural1 det]m9es ! specification t ! n-human p]son leads ^? only :o m$itate on ,hiranyag>bha1 :o dwells )9 "s p>ticul> _w4 ,moreov]1 ! text ',i ent] ! hall ( ,prajpati1 ! h\se' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #ad7 %[s t he :o goes on ! pa? beg9n+ ) light aims at approa*+ ,hiranyag>bha4 ,b if ?is is s1 !re is a want ( appropriate d5otation 9 ! clause1 ',!re is a p]son n human1 he leads !m to ,brahman'2 if ,hiranyag>bha is meant1 ! text %\ld say ',he leads !m to ,brahm 7,brahmnam74' #h4 ,b on acc\nt ( ne>ness !re is t designation4 ,hiranyag>bha is ! fir/ creat$ be+ 7z decl>$ by ! text 'he :o creates ,brahma'72 he ?us /&s ne> to ,brahman1 & !re=e may be designat$ by ! same t]m 7viz4 ,brahman74 ,?is explanation is necessitat$ by ! reasons set =? 9 ! prec$+ ,stras 7:i* %[ t ! real highe/ ,brahman _c be meant74--,b1 if ! s\l advanc+ on ! pa? ( ! ,gods rea*es ,hiranyag>bha only1 texts su* z ',?is is ! pa? ( ! ,gods1 ! pa? ( ,brahman2 ^? :o proce$ on t pa? d n return to ! life ( man' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #ae1 #f71 & 'mov+ upw>ds by t a man rea*es immortality' 7,,viii1 #f1 #f71 are wrong 9 ass]t+ t t s\l atta9s to immortality & does n return2 = ! holy books tea* t ,hiranyag>bha1 z a creat$ be+1 passes away at ! end ( a dvip>rdha-p]iod2 & ! text ',up to ! _w ( ,brahman ! worlds return aga9' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,viii1 #af7 %[s t ^? :o h gone to ,hiranyag>bha necess>ily return also4 #i4 ,on ! pass+ away ( ! effect$ 7_w ( ,brahma71 toge!r ) its rul]1 7! s\ls g7 to :at is high] ?an t2 on acc\nt ( scriptural decl>ation4 ,on ! pass+ away ( ! effect$ _w ( ,brahma1 toge!r ) its rul] ,hiranyag>bha1 :o !n recognises 8 qualification = high] k1 ! s\l also :i* _h gone to ,hiranyag>bha atta9s to true k & ?us rea*es ,brahman1 :i* is high] ?an t1 i4e4 high] ?an ! effect$ _w ( ,brahm4 ,?is is kn[n f ! texts decl>+ t he :o proce$s on ! pa? ( light rea*es immortality & does n return2 & is fur!r confirm$ by ! text1 ',!y all1 rea*+ ! highe/ immortality1 become free 9 ! _w ( ,brahman 7,brahm7 at ! "t ( ! great end' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #b1 #f74 #aj4 ,& on acc\nt ( ,smriti4 ,?is foll[s f ,smriti also1 :i* decl>es ':5 ! pralaya has come & ! end ( ! ,highe/1 !y all toge!r ) ,brahman ent] ! highe/ place4'--,= all ^! reasons ,bd>i holds t ! troop ( ! conduct+ deities1 beg9n+ ) ,light1 leads ! s\ls ( ^? only :o m$itate on ! effect$ ,brahman1 i e4 ,hiranyag>bha4 #aa4 ,! ,highe/1 ,jaim9i ?9ks2 on acc\nt ( prim>9ess ( mean+4 ,! tea*] ,jaim9i is ( op9ion t ^? deities lead on ! s\ls ( ^? only :o m$itate on ! highe/ ,brahman4 ,= 9 ! text 'a p]son n human leads !m to ,brahman' ! ^w ,brahman is naturally tak5 9 its prim>y s5se 7i4e4 ! highe/ ,brahman72 ! second>y s5se 7i4e4 ! effect$ ,brahman7 c be admitt$ only if !re are o!r valid reasons to ref] ! passage to ! effect$ ,brahman4 ,& ! alleg$ impossibility ( ! s\l's go+ is no su* valid reason2 = al?\gh ,brahman no d\bt is pres5t ev]y:]e1 ,scripture decl>es t ! s\l ( ! wise frees itself f ,nesci5ce only on hav+ gone to "s p>ticul> place4 ,t ! orig9ation ( true k dep5ds on c]ta9 conditions ( ca/e1 srama1 religi\s duty1 purity ( conduct1 "t1 place1 & s on1 foll[s f c]ta9 scriptural texts1 z e4g4 ',brhmanas desire to "k him ?r\gh ! /udy ( ! ,v$a' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #bb72 9 ! same way x foll[s f ! text decl>+ ! s\l's go+ to ,brahman t ! f9al realisation ( t highe/ k :i* implies ! cessation ( all ,nesci5ce dep5ds on ! s\l's go+ to "s p>ticul> place4 ,! argum5ts f\nd$ on texts alleg$ to decl>e t ! s\l ( ! wise does n pass out ( ! body at all we h refut$ above4 ,! argum5t t ! specification impli$ 9 ! text :i* m5tions ,brahman-worlds cle>ly po9ts to ! effect$ ,brahman1 i4e4 ,hiranyag>bha1 is equally invalid4 ,= ! comp\nd '! ,brahman-_w' is to be expla9$ z'! _w :i* is ,brahman'2 j z accord+ to ! ,prva ,mmms ! comp\nd ',ni%da-/hapati' d5otes a /hapati :o is a ,ni%da 7n a /hapati ( ! ,ni%das74 ,a ?+ ev5 :i* is kn[n z "o only may be designat$ by a plural =m1 z 9 a mantra "o girdle is spok5 ( z '! fett]s ( ,aditi4' ,& z to ! case "u discussion1 we "k on ! au?ority ( ,scripture1 ,smriti1 ,itihsa1 & ,purna1 t ! wond]ful worlds spr++ f ! m]e w ( a p]fect & omnipres5t be+ _c be b inf9ite4 #ab4 ,& because ,scripture decl>es x4 ,& ,scripture moreov] directly decl>es t ! s\l :i* has dep>t$ by way ( ! art]y 9 ! upp] "p ( ! head & pass$ along ! pa? ( ! ,gods rea*es ! highe/ ,brahman3 ',?is s]5e be+ hav+ ris5 f ! body1 hav+ rea*$ ! highe/ light manife/s itself 9 its own %ape' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #ab1 #c74--;,aga9/ ! cont5tion t ! text ',i ent] ! hall ( ,prajpati1 ! h\se' %[s t he :o proce$s on ! pa? beg9n+ ) light aims at ! effect$ ,brahman1 ! next ,stra argues4 #ac4 ,& !re is no aim+ at ! effect$ 7,brahman74 ,! aim ( ! s\l is n at ,hiranyag>bha1 b at ! highe/ ,brahman itself4 ,= ! complem5t>y s5t5ce ',i am ! glori\s among ,brhmanas' %[s t :at ! s\l aims at is ! condition ( ! univ]sal ,self1 :i* has = its antec$5t ! putt+ (f ( all ,nesci5ce4 ,= ?is appe>s f ! prec$+ text1 ',z a horse %akes 8 hairs & z ! moon frees h]self f ! m\? ( ,rhu2 hav+ %ak5 (f ! body may ,i obta9--! uncreat$ ,brahman-_w' decl>es t ! ,brahman-_w1 :i* is ! ?+ to be rea*$1 is some?+ non-creat$1 & explicitly /ates t rea*+ t _w implies fre$om f all bondage :atsoev]4--,x is = ^! reasons t ,jaim9i holds t ! deities spe$+ ! s\l on its way lead on him only :o has ! highe/ ,brahman = ! object ( 8 m$itation4 ,n[ ! ,rev]5d ,bd>yana decl>es 8 own view1 :i* con/itutes ! f9al conclusion 9 ?is matt]4 #ad4 ,^? n dep5d+ on symbols he leads1 ?us ,bd>yana ?9ks2 !re be+ a defect 9 bo? cases2 & he ^: ?\ght is t4 ,bd>yana is ( op9ion t ! deities lead ^? n dep5d+ on symbols1 i4e4 all m$itat+ devotees o!r ?an ^? dep5d+ on symbols4 ,t is to say1 ! view t ^? are l$ :o m$itate on ! effect$ ,brahman _c be upheld2 nor is !re an exclusive rule t ^? only %\ld be l$ on :o m$itate on ! highe/ ,brahman4 ,! tru? is t ^? are l$ :o m$itate on ! highe/ ,brahman1 & also ^? :o m$itate on ! ,self 7s\l7 z diff]5t f matt] 7,prakriti7 & hav+ ,brahman = its true ,self4 ,s\ls ( bo? ^! k9ds are l$ on to ,brahman4 ,^? on ! o!r h& ^: object ( m$itation is su* ?+s z "n & s on1 :i* fall )9 :at is a m]e effect ( ,brahman--su* ?+s be+ view$ ei!r "u ! aspect ( ,brahman1 j z "s valiant man may be view$ "u ! aspect ( a lion 7:i* view expresses itself 9 ! judgm5t ',devadatta is a lion '72 or by !mselves 7)\t ref]5ce to ,brahman7--all ^? are n l$ on to ,brahman4 ,:y s8' ,because !re is a defect 9 bo? cases1' i4 e4 9 bo? ! views reject$ by ,bd>yana4 ,! view t ^? are l$ :o m$itate on ! effect$ ,brahman is 9 conflict ) texts su* z 'hav+ ris5 f ?is body & rea*$ ! highe/ light' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #ab1 #c7--;= ! nature ( ! fruit dep5ds on ! nature ( ! m$itation2 & ! view t ^? only are l$ to ! highe/ ,brahman :o m$itate on ! highe/ ,brahman1 w\ld /ultify texts su* z ! "o :i* expressly decl>es ,agni & ! re/ ( ! deities to lead on ^? :o possess ! k ( ! five fires 7',^? :o "k ?is1 viz4 ! ,vidy ( ! five fires1 & ^? :o 9 ! =e/ m$itate on fai? & au/]ity g to light--!re is a p]son n human1 he leads !m to ,brahman1' ,*4 ,up4 ,v1 #aj74 ,bo? ^! views ?us be+ defective1 we adh]e to ! conclusion t ! deities lead on to ,brahman ! two classes ( s\ls m5tion$ above4--,?is ! ,stra fur!r decl>es 9 ! words 'he ^: ?\ght is t' 7tatkratuh71 ! s5se ( :i* is t he ^: ?\ght is t rea*es t1 i4e4 t ! nature ( :at is rea*$ dep5ds on ! nature ( ! m$itation4 ,?is argum5t is f\nd$ on ! text1 ',accord+ to :at 8 ?\ght is 7ya?-kratuh7 9 ?is _w1 s w he be :5 he has dep>t$ ?is life' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ad71 :i* implies ! pr9ciple t :at a s\l aft] dea? atta9s is accord+ to its ?\ght & m$itation 9 ?is life2 & moreov] we h direct scriptural /atem5ts to ! effect t ^? :o possess ! k ( ! five fires proce$ on ! pa? ( ! ,gods1 & t ^? :o proce$ on t pa? rea* ,brahman & d n return4 ,analog\s reason+ proves t m$itation on ! s\l z free f matt] & hav+ ,brahman = its true ,self also leads to ! highe/ ,brahman4 ,9 ! case ( ^?1 on ! o!r h&1 :o rely on ! symbols 79 :i* !y m$itatively contemplate ,brahman71 beg9n+ ) "n & t]m9at+ ) prna4 7',he :o m$itates on "n z ,brahman1' ,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #a ff471 ! m$itation is n prov$ by texts ( ! two k9ds previ\sly m5tion$ to lead to ,brahman2 x r is contam9at$ by an elem5t n ( ! nature ( intellig5ce1 & h5ce--accord+ to ! pr9ciple t ! result ( a m$itation is ! same 9 nature z ! m$itation itself-- ! s\l ( ! inf]ior devotee practis+ su* m$itation does n proce$ by ! pa? ( light & does n rea* ,brahman4--,t ?is di/9ction is decl>$ by ,scripture itself1 ! next ,stra %[s4 #ae4 ,& ,scripture decl>es ! diff]5ce4 ,! text1 ',he :o m$itates on "n z ,brahman1 = him !re is movem5t z he wi%es z f> z "n ext5ds1' c4 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #a ff471 decl>es t ^? :o m$itate on ! s]ies ( symbols beg9n+ ) "n & end+ ) prna atta9 to a result ( limit$ nature & n dep5d+ on any p>ticul> pa?4 ,^? !re=e :o m$itate on ! ,intellig5t ei!r z mix$ ) ! ,non-intellig5t or by itself1 view+ x ei!r "u ! aspect ( ,brahman or z sep>at$ f ,brahman1 are n l$ on by ! conduct+ deities4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x rema9s a settl$ conclusion t ! deities spe$ on _! way ^? :o m$itate on ! highe/ ,brahman & on ! s\l z sep>at$ f ,prakriti & hav+ ,brahman = its true ,self4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( '! effect$4' ,,f\r? ,p,,da4 #a4 7,on ! s\l's7 hav+ approa*$ 7! highe/ light7 !re is manife/ation2 7z we inf]7 f ! ^w 'own4' ,! ,sras n[ proce$ to consid] ! k9d ( sup]ior exi/5ce 7aisv>ya7 :i* ! releas$ s\ls enjoy4--,! text says1 ',?us does t s]5e be+1 hav+ ris5 f ! body & hav+ approa*$ ! highe/ light1 manife/ itself 9 its own =m' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #ab1 #c74 ,does ?is passage mean t ! s\l hav+ approa*$ ! highe/ light assumes a new body1 to be br\ght ab\t !n1 z e4g4 ! body ( a deva2 or t x only manife/s its own natural "*8--,! text mu/ be und]/ood 9 ! =m] s5se1 ! ,prvapak%9 holds4 ,= o!rwise ! scriptural texts ref]r+ to ,release w\ld decl>e :at is ( no advantage to man4 ,we d n obs]ve t its own nature is ( any advantage to ! s\l4 ,9 ! /ate ( dreamless sleep ! body & ! s5se-organs cease to act1 & y may say ! pure s\l !n abides by itself1 b 9 :at way does ?is b5efit man8 ,nor c x be said t m]e cessation ( pa9 con/itutes ! well-be+ ( ! s\l :i* has approa*$ ! highe/ light1 & t 9 ?is s5se manife/ation ( its own nature may be call$ ,release2 = ,scripture cle>ly tea*es t ! releas$ s\l enjoys an inf9ity ( positive bliss1 ',"o hundr$ times ! bliss ( ,prajpati is "o bliss ( ,brahman & ( a sage free f desires'2 '= hav+ ta/$ a flav\r he exp]i5ces bliss' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #g74 ,nor c x be said t ! true nature ( ! s\l is consci\sness ( ! nature ( unlimit$ bliss :i*1 9 ! ,samsra condition1 is hidd5 by ,nesci5ce & manife/s itself only :5 ! s\l rea*es ,brahman4 ,=1 z expla9$ previ\sly1 intellig5ce :i* is ( ! nature ( light _c be hidd52 hid+ 9 t case w\ld be nei!r m nor less ?an de/ruction4 ,nor c t :i* is m]e light be ( ! nature ( bliss2 = bliss is pleasure1 & to be ( ! nature ( pleasure is to be su* z to agree ) ! ,self4 ,b1 if ! ,self is m]e light1 :]e is ! be+ by :i* light is to be appreh5d$ z agreeable to its own nature8 7i4e4 :]e is ! kn[+ subject consci\s ( bliss87 ,he1 !re=e1 :o holds ! ,self to be m]e light1 c 9 no way prove t x is ( ! nature ( bliss4 ,if1 moreov]1 t :i* ! s\l effects on approa*+ ! highe/ light is m]ely to atta9 to its own true nature1 we po9t out t t nature is some?+ et]nally accompli%$1 & t h5ce ! decl>ation t 'x manife/s 7accompli%es7 itself 9 its own nature' w\ld be purportless4 ,we h5ce conclude t on approa*+ ! highe/ light ! s\l connects itself ) a new =m only !n br\ght ab\t4 ,on ?is view ! t]m 'accompli%es itself is tak5 9 its direct s5se1 & ! expression '9 its own %ape' also is suitable 9 s f> z ! s\l accompli%es itself 9 a nature specially belong+ to x & *>act]is$ by absolute bliss4--,?is view ! ,stra rejects4 ,t special condition into :i* ! s\l passes on hav+1 on ! pa? ( ! ,gods1 approa*$ ! highe/ light is a manife/ation ( its own true nature1 n an orig9ation ( a new "*4 ,= ?is is prov$-- by ! specification impli$ 9 ! t]m 'own1' 9 ! phrase '9 its own nature4' ,if ! s\l assum$ a new body1 ?is specification w\ld be )\t mean+2 =1 ev5 )\t t1 x w\ld be cle> t ! new body belongs to ! s\l4--,aga9/ ! ass]tion t ! s\l's own true nature is some?+ et]nally accompli%$1 & t h5ce a decl>ation ( t nature 'accompli%+ itself w\ld be unmean+1 ! next ,stra decl>es itself4 #b4 ,! releas$ "o2 on acc\nt ( ! promise4 ,:at ! text says ab\t ! s\l accompli%+ itself 9 its own =m ref]s to ! releas$ s\l :i*1 fre$ f its connexion ) works & :at dep5ds !reon1 i4e4 ! body & ! re/1 abides 9 its true ess5tial nature4--,t ess5tial nature no d\bt is some?+ et]nally accompli%$1 b z 9 ! ,samsra /ate x is obscur$ by ,nesci5ce 9 ! =m ( ,k>man2 ! text ref]s to ! cessation ( su* obscuration z 'accompli%m5t4'--,h[ is ?is kn[n8--',f ! promise1'i4e4 f ! fact t ! text promises to set =? su* cessation4 ,= ,prajpati :5 say+ aga9 & aga91 ',i w expla9 t fur!r to y1' does s ) a view to ?r[ light on ! individual s\l--fir/ introduc$ 9 ! clause 't ,self :i* is free f s91 c4' 7,,viii1 #g1 #a7--;9 s f> z fre$ f all connexion ) ! ?ree empirical conditions ( wak+1 dream+ & dreamless sleep1 & releas$ f ! body :i* is due to ,k>man & ! cause ( joy & sorr[4 ,:51 !re=e1 he concludes 't s]5e be+1 i4e4 ! s\l1 hav+ ris5 f ?is body & hav+ approa*$ ! highe/ light accompli%es itself 9 its true =m1' we und]/& t su* 'accompli%m5t' means ! f9al release1 i4e4 ! cessation ( all bondage1 :i* is ga9$ by ! s\l1 previ\sly connect$ ) ,k>man1 z soon z x approa*es ! highe/ light4--,! ,prvapak%9 _h said t z 9 ! /ate ( deep sleep ! manife/ation ( ! true nature ( ! s\l is se5 9 no way to b5efit man1 ,scripture1 if decl>+ t ,release consi/s 9 a manife/ation ( ! true nature ( ! s\l1 w\ld cle>ly tea* some?+ likewise n b5eficial to man2 & t h5ce ! 'accompli%m5t 9 its own =m' mu/ mean ! s\l's ent]+ on su* a new condition ( exi/5ce z w\ld be a cause ( pleasure1 viz4 ! condition ( a deva or ! l4 ,to ?is ! next ,stra replies4 #c4 ,! ,self1 on acc\nt ( subject-matt]4 ,! subject-matt] ( ! :ole section %[s t by ! ,self manife/+ itself 9 its own =m !re is meant ! ,self z possess+ ! attributes ( fre$om f all evil & s9 & s on4 ,= ! tea*+ ( ,prajpati beg9s z foll[s3 '! ,self :i* is free f s91 free f old age1 f dea? & grief1 f hung] & ?ir/1 ^: desires & ?\ghts spontane\sly realise !mselves4' ,& t ?is ,self :i* =ms ! subject-matt] ( ! entire section is ! individual ,self we h %[n "u ,i1 #c1 #ai4 ,! manife/ation ( ! true nature ( ! s\l :5 rea*+ ! highe/ light !re=e means ! manife/ation ( t ,self :i* has fre$om f s9 & s on = its ess5tial attributes-t nature be+ 9 ! ,samsra /ate obscur$ ?r\gh ,nesci5ce4 ,:5 !re=e at ! mom5t ( ,release ^? ess5tial qualities ass]t !mselves1 ! case is "o ( manife/ation ( :at already exi/s1 n "o ( orig9ation4 ,?us ! rev]5d ,saunaka says1 ',z ! lu/re ( ! gem is n creat$ by ! act ( poli%+1 s ! ess5tial intellig5ce ( ! ,self is n creat$ by ! putt+ (f ( imp]fections4 ,z ! well is n ! cause ( ! production ( ra9 wat]1 b only s]ves to manife/ wat] :i* already exi/s--= :5ce %\ld t orig9ate :i* is n8--?us k & ! o!r attributes ( ! ,self are only manife/$ ?r\gh ! putt+ (f ( evil qualities2 !y are n produc$1 = !y are et]nal4' ,intellig5ce1 !re=e1 bliss1 & ! o!r ess5tial qualities ( ! s\l :i* 7 obscur$ & contract$ by ,k>man1 exp& & ?us manife/ !mselves :5 ! bondage due to ,k>man passes away & ! s\l approa*es ! highe/ light4 ,on ?is view ( 'manife/ation' !re rema9s no difficulty4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'on approa*+ manife/ation4' #d4 ,9 non-division2 because t is se54 ,is ! s\l1 :5 x has rea*$ ! highe/ light & fre$ itself f all bondage1 consci\s ( itself z sep>ate f ! highe/ ,self or z non-sep>ate 9 s f> z be+ a m]e 'mode' 7prakra7 ( t ,self8-- ,! =m] view is ! "r "o4 ,= ,scriptural & ,smriti texts alike decl>e t ! releas$ s\l /&s to ! highe/ ,self 9 ! relation ( fell[%ip1 equality1 equality ( attributes1 & all ?is implies consci\sness ( sep>ation4 ,comp>e ',he atta9s all desires toge!r ) ! all-kn[+ ,brahman' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a1 #a72 ',:5 ! se] sees ! %9+ mak]1 ! ,"l1 ! ,p]son :o has 8 s\rce 9 ,brahman2 !n1 possess+ p]fect k1 & %ak+ (f good & evil1 free f all passions he rea*es ! highe/ equality' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #a1 #c72 ',tak+ _! /& ^u ?is k !y1 atta9+ to an equality ( attributes ) me1 are nei!r born at ! "t ( a creation nor are !y agitat$ :5 a pralaya takes place' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,xiv1 #b74--;,aga9/ ?is view ! ,stra decl>es itself '9 non-division4' ,! releas$ s\l is consci\s ( itself z non-divid$ f ! highe/ ,brahman4 ',= ?is is se51' i4e4 = ! s\l hav+ rea*$ ,brahman & fre$ itself f ! inve/m5t ( ,nesci5ce sees itself 9 its true nature4 ,& ?is true nature consi/s h]e9 t ! s\ls h = _! inn] ,self ! highe/ ,self :ile !y con/itute ! body ( t ,self & h5ce are modes 7prakra7 ( x4 ,?is is prov$ by all ^? texts :i* exhibit ! s\l & ,brahman 9 co-ord9ation--',?\ art t' '?is ,self is ,brahman'2 ',9 t all ?is has its ,self'2 ',all ?is 9 tru? is ,brahman'2 & by o!r texts1 su* z ',he :o dwells )9 ! ,self1 :om ! ,self does n "k1 ( :om ! ,self is ! body1' c42 & ',he :o abides )91 ! rul] ( creatures1 he is ?y ,self2 z expla9$ by u "u ,stra ,i1 #d1 #bb4 ,! consci\sness ( ! releas$ s\l !re=e expresses itself 9 ! foll[+ =m3 ',i am ,brahman1 )\t any division4' ,:]e ! texts speak ( ! s\l's becom+ equal to1 or hav+ equal attributes )1 ,brahman1 ! mean+ is t ! nature ( ! individual s\l--:i* is a m]e mode ( ,brahman--is equal to t ( ,brahman1 i4e4 t on putt+ (f its body x becomes equal to ,brahman 9 purity4 ,! text decl>+ t ! s\l 'atta9s all its desires toge!r ) ,brahman' intimates t ! s\l1 toge!r ) ,brahman ( :i* x is a mode1 is consci\s ( ! attributes ( ,brahman4 ,! diff]5t texts are ?us 9 no conflict4 ,nor1 on ?is view ( ! s\l be+ non-divid$ f ,brahman 9 s f> z be+ its mode1 is !re any difficulty on acc\nt ( :at is said ab\t ! s\l "u ,s4 ,,iv1 #d1 #h2 or on acc\nt ( ! doctr9es convey$ 9 ,,ii1 #a1 #bb2 ,,iii1 #d1 #h4--;,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'non-division1 on acc\nt ( its be+ se54' #e4 ,9 7a nature l7 t ( ,brahman1 ?us ,jaim9i ?9ks2 on acc\nt ( sugge/ion & ! re/4 ,ow+ to ! fact t diff]5t texts give diff]5t acc\nts1 ! "q n[ arises ( :at "* t ess5tial nature ( ! ,self is 9 :i* x manife/s itself on rea*+ ,brahman4 ,is t nature con/itut$ by fre$om f evil & s9 & ! re/ 7i4e4 ! attributes enum]at$ ,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #g1 #a72 or by m]e intellig5ce 7vijna72 or by bo?1 !re be+ no opposition betwe5 intellig5ce & ^? o!r attributes8--,! tea*] ,jaim9i holds t ! s\l manife/s itself 9 its ,brahman "*1 i4e4 9 a "* con/itut$ by fre$om f s91 & s on4 ,^! latt] attributes are1 9 ! text ( ! 'small lotus1' m5tion$ z belong+ to ,brahman 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #a1 #e71 & may h5ce be ref]r$ to z ! ',brahman' "*4 ,& t ?is ,brahman "* is ! "* ( ! releas$ s\l also foll[s f 'sugge/ion & ! re/4' ,= fre$om f all evil & ! re/ are1 9 ! tea*+ ( ,prajpati1 ref]r$ to z attributes ( ! s\l 7,,viii1 #g1 #a74 ,! '& ! re/' ( ! ,stra ref]s to ! activities ( ! releas$ s\l--laugh+1 play+1 rejoic+1 & s on 7m5tion$ 9 ,,viii1 #ab1 #c7--:i* dep5d on ! p[] belong+ to ! s\l 9 t /ate to realise all its ideas & wi%es4 ,x is = ^! reasons t ,jaim9i holds t m]e intellig5ce does n con/itute ! true nature ( ! releas$ s\l4 #f4 ,9 ! sole nature ( intellig5ce2 z t is its ,self4 ,?us ,audulomi ?9ks4 ,intellig5ce 7consci\sness2 kaitanya7 alone is ! true nature ( ! s\l1 & h5ce x is 9 t "* only t ! releas$ s\l manife/s itself2 ?is is ! view ( ! tea*] ,audulomi4 ,t intellig5ce only con/itutes ! true be+ ( ! s\l1 we le>n f ! express /atem5t ',z a lump ( salt has nei!r inside nor outside1 b is altoge!r a mass ( ta/e2 s ?is ,self has nei!r inside nor outside1 b is altoge!r a mass ( k' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #e1 #ac74 ,:51 !re=e1 ! text attributes to ! s\l fre$om f evil & ! re/1 x does n mean to pr$icate ( x fur!r positive qualities1 b only to exclude all ! qualities dep5d+ on avidy--*ange1 pleasure1 pa91 & s on--,= ^! reasons ,audulomi holds t ! releas$ s\l manife/s itself z m]e intellig5ce4--,next ! tea*] ,bd>yana det]m9es ! "q by prop\nd+ 8 own view4 #g4 ,?us also1 on acc\nt ( exi/5ce ( ! =m] qualities 7z prov$7 by sugge/ion1 ,bd>ayana holds abs5ce ( contradiction4 ,! tea*] ,bd>yana is ( op9ion t ev5 ?us1 i4e4 al?\gh ! text decl>es ! s\l to h m]e intellig5ce = its ess5tial nature1 all ! same ! previ\sly /at$ attributes1 viz4 fre$om f all s91 & s on1 are n to be exclud$4 ,= ! au?ority ( a def9ite /atem5t 9 ! ,upani%ads proves !m to exi/ 7',t ,self :i* is free f s91' c472 & ( au?orities ( equal /r5g? "o _c refute ! o!r4 ,nor mu/ y say t ! case is "o ( ess5tial contradiction1 & t h5ce we necess>ily mu/ conclude t fre$om f s91 & s on 7d n belong to ! true nature ( ! s\l1 b7 are ! m]e figm5ts ( ,nesci5ce 7f :i* ! releas$ s\l is free74 ,= z !re is equal au?ority = bo? sides1 :y %\ld ! contr>y view n be held8 7viz4 t ! s\l is ess5tially free f s91 c41 & t ! kaitanya is non-ess5tial47 ,= ! pr9ciple is t :]e two /atem5ts re/ on equal au?ority1 t only :i* suff]s f an intr9sic impossibility is to be int]pret$ 9 a diff]5t way 7i4e4 diff]5t f :at x means on ! face ( x71 s z n to conflict ) ! o!r4 ,b :ile admitt+ ?is we d5y t ! text :i* describes ! ,self z a mass ( m]e k implies t ! nature ( ! ,self comprises no?+ :atev] b k4--,b :at !n is ! purport ( t text8--,! mean+ is cle>1 we reply2 ! text tea*es t ! entire ,self1 diff]5t f all t is non-s5ti5t1 is self-illum9$1 i4e4 n ev5 a small "p ( x dep5ds = its illum9ation on some?+ else4 ,! fact1 v\*$ = 9 ?is text1 ( ! s\l 9 its entirety be+ a m]e mass ( k 9 no way conflicts ) ! fact1 v\*$ = by o!r texts1 ( its possess+ qualities su* z fre$om f s9 & s on1 :i* inh]e 9 x z ! subject ( ^? qualities2 n any m ?an ! fact ( ! lump ( salt be+ ta/e ?r\gh & ?r\gh--:i* fact is kn[n ?r\gh ! s5se ( ta/e--conflicts ) ! fact ( its possess+ su* o!r qualities z col\r1 h>dness1 & s on1 :i* are kn[n ?r\gh ! eye & ! o!r s5se-organs4 ,! mean+ ( ! entire text is z foll[s--j z ! lump ( salt has ?r\gh\t "o & ! same ta/e1 :ile o!r sapid ?+s su* z mangoes & o!r fruit h diff]5t ta/es 9 _! diff]5t p>ts1 r9d & s on2 s ! s\l is ?r\gh\t ( ! nature ( k or self-illum9$ness4-- ,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 't :i* is l ,brahman4' #h4 ,by ! m]e w2 ,scripture /at+ t4 ,conc]n+ ! releas$ s\l ,scripture /ates1 ',he moves ab\t !re1 laugh+1 play+1 rejoic+1 be x ) wom51 or *>iots1 or relatives' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #ab1 #c74 ,! d\bt "h arises :e!r ! s\l's meet+ ) relatives & ! re/ presupposes an ef=t on its "p or foll[s on its m]e w--z ?+s spr+ f ! m]e w ( ! highe/ ,p]son4--,an ef=t is requir$2 = we obs]ve 9 ord9>y life t ev5 su* p]sons z k+s & ! l :o are capable ( realis+ all _! wi%es d n accompli% ! effects desir$ )\t "s ef=t4--,aga9/ ?is view ! ,stra says 'by ! m]e w4' ,=1 9 a previ\s passage1 ,scripture expressly says1 ',he :o desires ! _w ( ! ,fa!rs1 by 8 m]e w ! ,fa!rs rise to receive him1' c4 7,,viii1 #b1 #a74 ,& !re is no o!r text decl>+ ! ne$ ( ef=t :i* w\ld oblige u to def9e & limit ! mean+ ( ! text la/ quot$4 #i4 ,& = ?is v reason )\t ano!r rul]4 ,s9ce ! releas$ s\l realises all its wi%es1 x does n /& "u ano!r rul]4 ,= to be "u a rul] means to be subject to injunction & prohibition1 & to be su* is oppos$ to be+ free 9 ! realisation ( all "o's wi%es4 ,h5ce ,scripture says1 'he is a ,self- rul]' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #be74--;,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'wi%es4' #aj4 ,! abs5ce1 ,bd>i holds2 = ?us ,scripture says4 ,a d\bt arises :e!r ! ,releas$ has a body & s5se-organs1 or n2 or :e!r he has !m or n j z he pleases4 ,! tea*] ,bd>i holds t body & s5se-organs are abs5t2 s9ce ! text decl>es ?is4 ,! text--'z long z he is embodi$ !re is no fre$om f pleasure & pa92 b :5 he is free f ! body !n nei!r pleasure nor pa9 t\*es him' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #ab1 #a7--;decl>es t pleasure & pa9 are necess>ily connect$ ) embodi$ness2 & ! text--'hav+ ris5 f ?is body & rea*$ ! highe/ light he manife/s himself 9 8 own %ape' 7,,viii1 #ab1 #c7--;decl>es t ! ,releas$ "o is )\t a body4 #aa4 ,! pres5ce1 ,jaim9i holds2 because ! text decl>es manifoldness4 ,! tea*] ,jaim9i holds t ! ,releas$ "o has a body & s5ses2 because ! text decl>es manifoldness--',he is onefold1 he is ?reefold1 he is fivefold1 he is sev5fold' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #bf1 #b74 ,! ,self :i* is "o & indivisible _c be manifold1 & ! v>i\s =ms ( manifoldness ( :i* ! text speaks !re=e mu/ dep5d on ! body4 ,! text :i* speaks ( ! abs5ce ( a body ref]s to ! abs5ce ( t body only :i* is due to ,k>man2 = ?is latt] body only is ! cause ( pleasure & pa94 ,next ! ,rev]5d ,bd>yana decides ?is po9t by ! decl>ation ( 8 own view4 #ab4 ,= ?is reason ,bd>yana 7holds him to be7 ( bo? k9ds2 z 9 ! case ( ! twelve days' sacrifice4 ',= ?is reason1' i4e4 = ! reason t ! text ref]s to ! wi% ( ! ,releas$1 ! ,rev]5d ,bd>yana is ( op9ion t ! ,releas$ may1 at 8 lik+1 be ) or )\t a body4 ,?is satisfies bo? k9ds ( texts4 ,! case is analog\s to t ( ! twelve days' sacrifice :i*1 on ! basis ( tw(old texts--',^? desir\s ( prosp]ity are to celebrate ! dvdasha1' & ',! prie/ is to (f] ! dvdasha = him :o desires (fspr+'--belongs1 accord+ to diff]5ce ( wi%1 ei!r to ! sattra or ! ahna class ( sacrifices4--,! next ,stra decl>es t ! body & ! s5se-organs ( ! ,releas$ are n necess>ily creat$ by ! ,releas$ himself4 #ac4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( a body1 z 9 ! /ate ( dream2 t be+ possible4 ,z 9 ! abs5ce ( a body & o!r in/rum5ts ( enjoym5t creat$ by himself1 ! ,releas$ may und]go exp]i5ces ( pleasure by means ( in/rum5ts creat$ by ! highe/ ,p]son1 ! ,releas$1 al?\gh capable ( realis+ all 8 wi%es1 may n himself be creative4 ,z 9 ! /ate ( dream ! individual s\l has exp]i5ces dep5d+ on *>iots & o!r implem5ts creat$ by ! ,"l 7',he creates *>iots1 horses1' c41 ,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #c1 #aj72 ?us ! releas$ s\l also may h exp]i5ce ( diff]5t worlds creat$ by ! ,"l engag$ 9 playful sport4 #ad4 ,:5 !re is a body1 z 9 ! wak+ /ate4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 ! releas$ s\l possesses a body creat$ by its own w1 !n x enjoys its v>i\s delights 9 ! same way z a wak+ man does4--,9 ! same way z ! highe/ ,p]son creates out ( himself1 = 8 own delight1 ! _w ( ! ,fa!rs & s on2 s he sometimes creates su* worlds = ! enjoym5t ( ! releas$ s\ls4 ,b sometimes1 aga91 ! s\ls us+ _! own creative w-p[] !mselves create _! own worlds1 :i* h[ev] are includ$ )9 ! sph]e ( sport ( ! highe/ ,p]son 7s t ! s\ls 9 enjoy+ !m d n pass beyond ! intuition ( ,brahman74 ,b x has be5 taught t ! s\l is ( atomic size2 h[ !n c x connect itself ) _m bodies8--,to ?is "q ! next ,stra replies4 #ae4 ,! ent]+ is z 9 ! case ( a lamp2 = ?us ,scripture decl>es4 ,j z a lamp1 al?\gh abid+ 9 "o place only1 ent]s ?r\gh ! light proce$+ f x into connexion ) _m places2 s ! s\l also1 al?\gh limit$ to "o place1 may ?r\gh its light-l consci\sness ent] into sev]al bodies4 ,x may d ?is z well z 9 ?is life ! s\l1 al?\gh abid+ 9 "o spot ( ! body only1 viz4 ! he>t1 p]vades ! :ole body by means ( its consci\sness & ?us makes x its own4 ,!re is h[ev] ! foll[+ diff]5ce betwe5 ! two cases4 ,! non-releas$ s\l has its intellectual p[] contract$ by ! influ5ce ( ,k>man1 & h5ce is incapable ( t expansive p]vasion )\t :i* x _c id5tify itself ) o!r bodies4 ,! releas$ s\l1 on ! o!r h&1 ^: intellectual p[] is non-contract$ is capable ( ext5d+ z f> z x likes1 & ?us to make _m bodies its own4 ,= ,scripture decl>es1 ',t liv+ s\l is to be kn[n z "p ( ! hundr$? "p ( ! po9t ( a hair divid$ a hundr$ times1 & yet x is capable ( inf9ity' 7,svet4 ,up4 ,v1 #i74 ,! non-releas$ s\l is rul$ by ,k>man1 ! releas$ "o only by its w--?is is ! diff]5ce4--,b1 a new difficulty is rais$1 ,scripture decl>es t :5 ! s\l rea*es ,brahman all its inn] & out] k is /opp$3 ',embrac$ by ! highe/ ,self ! s\l kn[s no?+ t is )\t1 no?+ t is )9' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #c1 #ba74 ,h[ !n c x be said to "k all ?+s8--,to ?is ! next ,stra replies4 #af4 ,x ref]s ei!r to dreamless sleep or to union 7sampatti72 = ?is is manife/$4 ,texts z ! "o la/ quot$ d n ref] to ! releas$ s\l1 b ei!r to deep sleep or to 'union' 7sampatti71 i4e4 ! "t ( dy+2 ! latt] 9 accordance ) ! text '!n 8 spee* is unit$ 7sampadyate7 ) 8 m9d1--heat ) ! highe/ div9ity' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #ae1 #a74 ,9 bo? ^? /ates ! s\l atta9s to ! highe/ ,self & is unconsci\s4 ,t 9 ! /ates ( deep sleep & dy+ ! s\l is unconsci\s & t ! releas$ s\l is all-kn[+1 ,scripture reveals4 ,! text ',9 tru? he ?us does n "k himself t he is ,i1 nor does he "k any?+ t exi/s4 ,he is gone to utt] annihilation4 ,i see no good 9 ?is' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #aa1 #a7 decl>es t ! s\l is unconsci\s 9 ! /ate ( deep sleep2 & a subsequ5t text 9 ! same section decl>es ! releas$ s\l to be all-kn[+1 ',he see+ ^! pleasures ) ! div9e eye1 i4e4 ! m9d1 rejoices' 7,,viii1 #ab1 #e74 ,! same is cle>ly /at$ 9 ! text1',he :o sees ?is sees ev]y?+1 & obta9s ev]y?+ ev]y:]e' 7,,vii1 #b1 #f1 #b74 ,t at dea? !re is unconsci\sness appe>s f ! text1 'hav+ ris5 f ^! elem5ts he vani%es aga9 9 !m4 ,:5 he has dep>t$ !re is no m k' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #e1 #ac74 ,f all ?is x foll[s t ! text z to ! s\l be+ held 9 embrace by ! prja ,self ref]s ei!r to deep sleep or dea?4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( 'non- be+4' #ag4 ,) ! exception ( _w-en]gy2 on acc\nt ( lead+ subject- matt] & ( non-proximity4 ,! d\bt "h pres5ts itself :e!r ! p[] ( ! releas$ s\l is a univ]sal p[] su* z belongs to ! ,supreme ,p]son1 ext5d+ to ! creation1 su/5tation1 & s on1 ( ! worlds2 or is limit$ to ! intuition ( ! ,supreme ,p]son4--,! ,prvapak%9 ma9ta9s ! =m] view4 ,= he says ,scripture decl>es t ! s\l rea*es equality ) ! ,supreme ,p]son3 ',free f /a9 he rea*es ! highe/ equality' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #a1 #c72 & moreov] ,scripture ascribes to ! releas$ s\l ! p[] ( realis+ all its ?\ghts4 ,& ^! two conditions are n fulfill$ unless ! s\l possess ! special p[]s ( ! ,"l ) reg>d to ! gov]nm5t1 c41 ( ! _w4--,to ?is ! ,stra replies1 ') ! exception ( _w-en]gy4' ,! releas$ s\l1 fre$ f all t hides its true nature1 possesses ! p[] ( intuitively behold+ ! pure ,brahman1 b does n possess ! p[] ( rul+ & guid+ ! diff]5t =ms ( motion & re/ belong+ to animate & inanimate nature4--,h[ is ?is kn[n8--',f subject-matt]4' ,= x is ) special ref]5ce to ! highe/ ,brahman only t ! text m5tions rul+ & controll+ p[] ov] ! entire _w4 ',t f :5ce ^! be+s are born1 t ?r\gh :i* !y live :5 born1 t into :i* !y ent] at dea?1 endeav\r to "k t2 t is ,brahman' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #a1 #a74 ,if su* univ]sal rul+ & controll+ p[] belong$ to ! releas$ s\l z well1 x w\ld n be us$--z ! text actually uses x--= def9+ ,brahman2 = all def9ition re/s on special individual attributes4 ,analog\sly _m o!r texts speak ( univ]sal rul+ & controll+ p[] ) exclusive ref]5ce to ! ,supreme ,p]son--',be+ only ?is 0 9 ! beg9n+1 c4--x ?\ght1 may ,i be _m' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #b72 ',9 ! beg9n+ ?is 0 ,brahman1 "o only--x creat$ ! mo/ excell5t ,k%attra1' c4 7,bri4 ,up4 ,i1 #d1 #aa72 ',9 ! beg9n+ all ?is 0 ,self1 "o only--x ?\ght1 let me s5d =? ^! worlds' 7,ait4 r4 ,,ii1 #d1 #a1 #a72 ',!re 0 ,n>ayana alone1 n ,brahm1 & s on4' ',he :o dwell+ )9 ! e>?1' c4 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #g1 #c74--,?is also foll[s 'f non-proximity'2 = 9 all ^? places :i* speak ( _w-controll+ p[] ! context 9 no way sugge/s ! idea ( ! releas$ s\l1 & h5ce !re is no reason to ascribe su* p[] to ! latt]4 #ah4 ,if x be said t ?is is n s1 on acc\nt ( direct tea*+2 we reply n s1 on acc\nt ( ! texts decl>+ t :i* abides )9 ! sph]es ( ^? entru/$ ) special functions4 ,b1 an objection is rais$1 c]ta9 texts directly decl>e t ! releas$ s\l also possesses '_w-en]gy4' ,comp>e ',he becomes a self- rul]2 he moves 9 all worlds accord+ to 8 wi%es' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #be1 #b72 ',he moves ?r\gh ^! worlds1 enjoy+ any food he wi%es1 & assum+ any %ape he wi%es' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #aj1 #e74 ,we _c !re=e accept ! re/riction laid d[n 9 ! la/ ,stra4--,n s1 ! latt] half ( ! pres5t ,stra decl>es1 'on acc\nt ( ! texts decl>+ t :i* abides 9 ! sph]es ( ^? entru/$ ) special functions4' ,! mean+ ( ! texts quot$ is t ! releas$ s\l p>ticipates 9 ! enjoym5ts connect$ ) ! sph]es ( ,hiranyag>bha & o!r be+s :i* are entru/$ ) special functions4 ,! s\l ^: k is no long] ob/ruct$ by ,k>man freely enjoys all ! diff]5t worlds 9 :i* ! p[] ( ,brahman manife/s itself & ?us is fully satisfi$4--,b if ! releas$ s\l1 no less ?an ! s\l implicat$ 9 ! ,samsra1 exp]i5ces enjoym5ts belong+ to ! sph]e ( *ange1 x foll[s t ! sum ( its enjoym5ts is f9ite & limit$1 & t h5ce ! releas$ s\l is no bett] (f ?an ! s\l 9 ! /ate ( bondage6--,( ?is d\bt ! next ,stra disposes4 #ai4 ,t :i* is n )9 *ange2 = ?us ,scripture decl>es ! abid+ 7( ! s\l74 ,t :i* is n )9 *ange1 i4e4 ! highe/ ,brahman :i* is free f all *ange & ( an absolutely p]fect & bless$ nature--?is1 toge!r ) ! manife/ations ( its glory1 is :at =ms ! object ( consci\sness = ! releas$ s\l4 ,! worlds :i* are subject to *ange ?us =m objects = t s\l's exp]i5ce1 9 s f> z !y =m "p ( ,brahman's manife/ation4 ,= ,scripture decl>es t ! releas$ s\l ?us abides )91 i4e4 is consci\s ( ! *angeless highe/ ,brahman1 ':5 he f9ds fre$om f fe> & an abode 9 t :i* is invisible1 incorporeal1 undef9$1 unsupport$1 !n he obta9s ! fe>less' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #g74 ,& t ! _w is conta9$ )9 ,brahman z its manife/ation is decl>$ 9 ! text1 ',9 t all ! worlds abide1 & no "o goes beyond' 7,ka4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #e1 #h74 ,! mean+ ( ! text /at+ t ! ,releas$ freely move 9 all worlds1 & simil> texts1 !re=e is only t ! releas$ s\l :ile consci\s ( ,brahman ) its manife/ations exp]i5ces also ! enjoym5ts1 ly+ )9 ! sph]e ( *ange1 :i* abide 9 ! _w ( ,hiranyag>bha & simil> be+s2 n t x possesses ! _w- en]gies--creative1 rul+1 & s on--:i* are ! di/9ctive attribute ( ! highe/ ,"l4 #bj4 ,& ?us ,p]ception & ,inf]5ce %[4 ,t ! en]gies connect$ ) ! rule ( ! entire _w are exclusive attributes ( ! highe/ ,p]son1 ,scripture & ,smriti alike decl>e4 ,comp>e scriptural texts su* z ',f fe> ( him ! w9d bl[s1' c4 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #h1 #a72 ',by ! comm& ( t ,imp]i%able "o sun & moon /&1 held ap>t' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #i72 ',he is ! "l ( all1 ! k+ ( all be+s1 ! protector ( all be+s' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #bb74 ,& ,smriti texts su* z ',) me z ,sup]visor1 ,prakriti br+s =? ! ,univ]se ( ! movable & ! immovable1 & = ?is reason ! _w ev] moves r\nd'2 ',p]vad+ ?is entire ,univ]se by a portion ( m9e ,i d abide' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,ix1 #aj2 ,x1 #db74 ,scripture & ,smriti likewise decl>e t ( ! bliss :i* is enjoy$ by ! releas$ s\l ! highe/ ,p]son alone is ! cause--',= he alone causes bless$ness' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #g72 ',he :o s]ves me ) unsw]v+ devotion1 surpasses ^! qualities & is fitt$ = becom+ "o ) ,brahman4 ,= ,i am ! abode ( ,brahman1 ( inf9ite immortality1 ( ev]la/+ virtue1 & ( absolute bliss' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,xiv1 #bf-bg74 ,! exalt$ qualities ( ! s\l--fre$om f evil & s9 & s on--:i* manife/ !mselves 9 ! /ate ( ,release no d\bt belong to ! s\l's ess5tial nature2 b t ! s\l is ( su* a nature fundam5tally dep5ds on ! ,supreme ,p]son1 & on him also dep5ds ! p]man5cy ( ^? qualities2 !y are p]man5t 9 s f> z ! ,"l himself on :om !y dep5d is p]man5t4 ,x is 9 ! same way t all ! ?+s :i* con/itute ! means ( enjoym5t & sport on ! "p ( ! ,"l are p]man5t 9 s f> z ! ,"l himself is p]man5t4 ,x ?us appe>s t ! equality to ! ,"l :i* ! releas$ s\l may claim does n ext5d to ! _w-rul+ en]gies4 #ba4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! indication ( ! equality ( enjoym5t only4 ,! previ\s conclusion is confirm$ by ! fur!r fact t ! text directly tea*es ! releas$ s\l to be equal to ,brahman 9 s f> only z enjoy+ direct insight into ! true nature ( ,brahman4 ',he rea*es all objects ( desire1 toge!r ) ! all-kn[+ ,brahman' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a1 #a74--,! conclusion ?us is t we h to %ape our ideas z to ! p[]s ( ! releas$ s\l 9 accordance ) :at ! texts say z to ! ,"l only possess+ ! p[] ( rul+ & controll+ ! entire _w1 & t h5ce ! latt] p[] _c be attribut$ to ! s\l4--,b if ! p[]s ( ! releas$ s\l altoge!r dep5d on ! ,"l1 x may happ5 t ,he1 be+ indep5d5t 9 all 8 do+s1 may w ! releas$ s\l to return into ! ,saws>a4--,( ?is d\bt ! next ,stra disposes4 #bb4 ,non-return1 accord+ to ,scripture2 non-return1 accord+ to ,scripture4 ,we "k f ,scripture t !re is a ,supreme ,p]son ^: nature is absolute bliss & goodness2 :o is fundam5tally antagoni/ic to all evil2 :o is ! cause ( ! orig9ation1 su/5tation1 & dissolution ( ! _w2 :o diff]s 9 nature f all o!r be+s1 :o is all- kn[+1 :o by 8 m]e ?\ght & w accompli%es all 8 purposes2 :o is an ocean ( k9dness z x 7 = all :o dep5d on him2 :o is all-m]ciful2 :o is immeasurably rais$ above all possibility ( any "o be+ equal or sup]ior to him2 ^: "n is ! highe/ ,brahman4 ,& ) equal c]ta9ty we "k f ,scripture t ?is ,supreme ,"l1 :5 pleas$ by ! fai?ful wor%ip ( 8 ,devotees--:i* wor%ip consi/s 9 daily repeat$ m$itation on ,him1 assi/$ by ! p]=mance ( all ! practices prescrib$ = ea* ca/e & srama-- frees !m f ! influ5ce ( ,nesci5ce :i* consi/s ( k>man accumulat$ 9 ! inf9ite progress ( "t & h5ce h>d to ov]come2 all[s !m to atta9 to t supreme bliss :i* consi/s 9 ! direct intuition ( ,8 own true nature3 & aft] t does n turn !m back into ! mis]ies ( ,samsra4 ,! text di/9ctly tea*+ ?is is ',he :o behaves ?us all 8 life ?r\gh rea*es ! _w ( ,brahman & does n return' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #ae74 ,& ! ,"l himself decl>es ',hav+ obta9$ me great-s\l$ m5 d n come into rebir?1 ! fleet+ abode ( mis]y2 = !y h rea*$ ! highe/ p]fection4 ,up to ! _w ( ,brahma ! worlds return aga91 ,o ,arjuna2 b hav+ atta9$ to me1 ,o son ( ,kunti1 !re is no rebir?' 7,bha4 ,gi4 ,,viii1 #a1 #e-af74 ,z1 moreov]1 ! releas$ s\l has fre$ itself f ! bondage ( k>man1 has its p[]s ( k fully develop$1 & has all its be+ 9 ! supremely blissful intuition ( ! highe/ ,brahman1 x evid5tly _c desire any?+ else nor ent] on any o!r =m ( activity1 & ! idea ( its return+ into ! ,samsra !re=e is altoge!r exclud$4 ,nor inde$ ne$ we fe> t ! ,supreme ,"l :5 once hav+ tak5 to himself ! ,devotee :om he greatly loves w turn him back into ! ,samsra4 ,= ,he himself has said1 ',to ! wise man ,i am v de>1 & de> he is to me4 ,noble inde$ are all ^!1 b ! wise man ,i reg>d z my v ,self4 ,= he1 ) s\l devot$1 seeks me only z 8 highe/ goal4 ,at ! end ( _m bir?s ! wise man goes to me1 ?9k+ all is ,vsudeva4 ,su* great-s\l$ m5 are r>ely met )' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,vii1 #ag-ai74--,! repetition ( ! words ( ! ,stra indicates ! conclusion ( ?is body ( doctr9e4 ,?us ev]y?+ is settl$ to satisfaction4--,"h t]m9ates ! adhik>ana ( ') ! exception ( ! _w-en]gies4' ,"h t]m9ates ! f\r? pda ( ! f\r? adhyya ( ! comm5t>y on ! ,srraka ,mmms1 compos$ by ! rev]5d tea*] ,rmnuja4 ,?is completes ! f\r? adhyya1 & ! :ole "w2 & ! entire body ( doctr9e is ?us br\ght to a conclusion4 ,,index ,,( ,,sanskrit ,,words amsa1 "p1 ak%>a1 ! ,imp]i%able1 akhyti1 ! view t ! attribute ( "o ?+ appe>s z t ( ano!r1 ,agnirahasya1 *apt] 9 ! ,vjasaneyaka 7,sat4 ,bra4 ,x71 ,agnividy1 k ( ! ,fires 7i4e4 ,*4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #aa-ac71 agnihotra1 aghtik>man1 anga1 subord9ate matt]1 ang91 pr9cipal matt]1 ajada1 intellig5t1 ajadatva1 intellig5ce1 aj1'! unborn' pr9ciple1 goat1 ajna1 non-k1 ,nesci5ce1 ajiva1 non-s\l1 anu1 ( atomic size1 atigraha1 ativd91 "o :o makes a f9al supreme decl>ation1 ,aditi1 ! individual s\l1 adri%ta1 sup]s5su\s1 transc5d5tal1 ! unse5 pr9ciple advitya1 )\t a second1 advaita-vd91 advait91 he :o holds ! view ( non-duality1 adh>ma1 dem]it1 adhik>ana1 *apt]1 passim4 adhipati1 s5se-organ1 adhyayana1 le>n+1 adhyavasya1 ! decid+1 adhysa1 sup]imposition1 anavasda1 fre$om f dejection1 antmatva1 abs5ce ( selfhood1 anrabdhakrya1 7works7 ! effects ( :i* h n yet begun1 aniruddha1 pr9ciple ( egoity1 anirvakaniyat1 inexplicability1 anirvakaniyatv1 anirvakaniyat-vad91 ans1 anukla1 agreeable1 anuddh>%a1 abs5ce ( exultation1 anupalabdhi1 non-p]ception1 anubhti1 consci\sness1 anumati1 fav\r1 p]mission1 anumna1 inf]5ce1 anuvda1 ref]5ce to :at is e/abli%$ by o!r means1 explanatory comm5t1 anusaya1 rema9d]1 anusmriti1 recognition1 anrita1 untrue1 antahk>ana1 int]nal organ1 ant>am1 diff]5ce1 int]val1 break1 ant>ik%a1 e!r1 atmosph]e1 ant>ym91 ! inn] ,rul]1 ant>yami-brhmana1 anna1 food1 anvaya1 connexion1 pres5ce1 ap>a1 second>y1 l[e/1 ap>ok%atva1 be+ t :i* does n transc5d ! s5ses1 apna1 apuru%r?a1 non-advantage\s1 aprva1 unprec$5t$1 new1 ! sup]s5su\s result ( an action :i* lat] on produces ! s5sible result1 apratisahkhy1 abhva1 abs5ce ( some?+1 non-exi/5ce1 abhimna1 misconception1 abhivimna1 abh$a1 non-di/9ction1 amrta1 undef9$1 amrita1 amauna1 non-mauna 7see mauna71 ar?avda1 an additional /atem5t1 ar?patti1 avagati1 consci\sness1 avatra1 inc>nation1 avidy1 ,nesci5ce1 avivkya1 7day ( ,soma sacrifice71 avyakta1 ! ,unevolv$1 avykritam1 unevolv$ matt]1 asvatva1 g5]ic "* ( horses1 asatkrya1 asatkryavda1 ! !ory t ! effect does n exi/ be=e its orig9ation1 asatkhyti1 ! view t ! non-exi/+ appe>s z exi/+1 asatya1 untrue1 a/ikya1 exi/+ body1 ahamk>tri1 organ ( ,egoity1 ahamkra1 ! ',i1' egoity1 aham1 ',i1' a secret "n ( ,brahman1 ah>1 a secret "n ( ,brahman1 ahna1 class ( sacrifices1 knk%1 expectancy1 ksa1 e!r1 kra1 conduct1 tmakhyti1 ! view t ! ,self appe>s z a ?+1 atman1 ,self1 tmabhva1 own be+1 ditya1 ,sun1 desa1 in/ruction1 n&a1 bliss1 n&amaya1 consi/+ ( bliss1 numna1 object ( inf]5ce1 numnika1 to be inf]r$1 bhsa1 appe>ance1 rambhana t :i* is tak5 or t\*$1 rambhana-adhik>ana1 rhata1 a ,ja9a1 lambhana1 srama1 /age ( life1 srava1 influx1 itik>tavyat1 mode ( proc$ure1 indriya1 s5se-organ1 k%1 to ?9k1 sv>a1 ! ,"l1 utpatti1 be+ orig9at$1 udna1 udgtri1 udg?a1 udg?a-vidy1 unmana1 measure1 upakurvna1 a ,brahmakr9 :o has complet$ 8 c\rse ( /udy & becomes a h\sehold]1 ,upakosala-vidy1 upalak%ana1 second>y m>k1 upasad1 c]ta9 (f]+s1 updna1 mat]ial cause1 updhi1 limit+ adjunct1 ups1 to m$itate1 upsana1 m$itation1 upsana1 m$itation1 ha1 a k9d ( cognitional activity1 rita1 ekavkyatva1 syntactical unity1 aisv>ya1 lordly p[]1 sup]ior exi/5ce1 om1 omkra1 ! syllable ,om1 aupdhika1 limit+ adjuncts1 k>ana1 in/rum5t1 activity1 action1 ! in/rum5tal case1 k>maknda1 k>man1 action1 works1 good & evil de$s1 k>ma-bhvan1 k>ma-mmms1 kalpa1 _w p]iod1 kalpaka1 ! %ap+ ag5t1 kalpana1 =mation1 i4e4creation1 kalyna1 virtu\s conduct1 kpla1 skull1 kma1 desir$ ?+1 krya1 ?+ to be done1 kla1 "t1 ,kundapy9m ayanam1 kriti1 action1 kaivalya1 isolation1 kriy1 action1 works1 k%etraja1 embodi$ s\l1 kh&a1 a piece1 khyti1 gati1 ! go+1 guna1 quality1 attribute1 second>y matt]1 details1 godohana1 a sacrificial vessel1 graha1 ghan-bhta1 concret$1 ghtik>man1 kfaturmukha1 f\r-fac$1 kamasa1 cup1 k>ana1 conduct1 works1 kitta1 m9d1 kid-rpa1 ess5tially intellig5t1 k9ta1 ?9k+1 kaitanya1 intellig5ce1 kaitta1 m5tal1 gada1 non-intellig5t1 gti1 g5]ic "*1 giva1 individual s\l1 gva tm1 liv+ ,self1 givaghana1 givanmukta1 releas$ 9 ?is life1 gvanmukti1 release 9 ?is life1 ga41 kn[]1 gtri1 kn[]1 gna41 k1 consci\sness1 pl4 =ms ( k1 tajjalan1 tatkratuh1 accord+ to :at 8 ?\ght is1 tattva ( ! ,snkhyas1 tat tvam asi1 tanu1 body1 tan-maya1 consi/+ ( t1 tanmtra1 ! subtle matt]1 tapas1 au/]ity1 tamas1 d>kness1 t>ka1 ratioc9ation1 tuk*1 futile1 tejas1 fire or heat1 taijasa1 active1 tyat1 t1 dama1 dah>a-vidy1 dah>ksa1 small e!r1 dk%1 initiatory c]emony1 devamy1 desa1 place1 do%a1 imp]fection1 a4 dravya1 sub/ance1 dvdasha1 ! twelve days' sacrifice1 dvip>rdha1 dvpa1 isl&1 dvaita1 duality1 dvaitavd91 7! ,vaise%ika7 :o holds ! view ( duality1 dh>ma1 attribute1 dhyna1 dev\t m$itation1 dhyana-vidhi1 dhyai1 to m$itate or to "k1 nd1 ve91 nda1 tone1 nmadheya1 "n1 nitya1 p]man5t1 nitynityava/uviveka1 nididhysana1 m$itation1 nididhysitavya1 to be m$itat$ ^u1 nimitta1 cause1 niyoga1 i4e4 aprva1 sup]s5su\s result ( an action :i* lat] on products ! s5sible result1 niranvaya1 absolute1 nirupkhya1 non-entity1 nirj>a1 decay1 nirvikalpaka1 non-det]m9ate1 ,ni%da-/hapati1 nivra1 wild rice1 naimittika1 cont+5t1 nai%h?ika1 a p]petual religi\s /ud5t obs]v+ ! v[ ( *a/ity1 pakaganah1 'five-p1' pakgni-vidy1 pada1 ^w1 padr?a1 a ?+1 p>a1 highe/1 p>amtman1 high] ,self1 p>ames>a1 highe/ ,"l1 p>9ama1 modification1 p>yya1 p>ticul> /ates ( sub/ances pditya1 le>n+1 priplava1 a p]=mance ( ! ,asvam$ha sacrifice1 privrajaka1 an ascetic1 privrjya1 ! w&]+ ab\t z a m5dicant1 putika1 a plant1 pudgala1 body1 puru%a s\l1 puru%avakas1 to he designat$ by ! t]m 'man1' puru%a-vidy1 puru%ottama1 ! highe/ ,p]son1 prvapak%a1 prim facie view1 prvapak%91 he :o holds ! prim facie view1 passim4 prak>ana1 lead+ subject-matt]1 prakra1 mode1 praks1 to %9e =?1 praksa1 light1 prakriti1 primeval matt]1 orig9at+ pr9ciple1 nature1 prakriy1 subject-matt]1 prajamatrah1 subjects1 pranava1 ! syllable ,om1 ,prat>dana-vidy 7i4e4 ,kau4 ,up ,,iii71 pratikla1 disagreeable1 pratj1 initial /atem5t1 pratlbuddha atma1 ! ,self ( intellig5ce1 pratisankhya1 pratka1 symbol1 pratyak%a1 p]ception1 pres5tative ?\ght1 pratyak%at1 imm$iate pres5tation1 pratyag-tman1 ! individual s\l1 pratyaa1 consci\sness1 pratyhra1 complete re/ra9+ ( ! s5ses f receiv+ ext]nal impressions1 pra?iman1 solid ext5sion1 pradesa1 space1 pradyumna1 ! int]nal organ1 pradhna1 pr9cipal matt]1 non-s5ti5t pr9ciple1 pradhna1 a sup]ior1 prabh1 light1 prayojana1 f9al cause1 pralaya1 de/ruction ( ! _w1 prga1 kn[+1 consci\s1 intellig5t1 ! p]sonal ,self1 ! highe/ ,self1 prna1 brea?1 brea?+ out2 s\l2 ,brea?1 a "n ( ,brahman1 prna1 pl4 organs & vital brea?1 prnamaya1 consi/+ ( brea?1 prngnihotra1 prdesamtra1 prpti1 ! be+ obta9$1 pryaskitta1 expiatory rite1 pr]akatva1 prompt+ quality1 phala1 result1 phalavidhi1 injunction ( results1 bdha1 sublation1 bdhita1 sublat$1 blya1 *ildlike /ate1 buddhi1 int]nal organ1 intellect1 brimh1 root f :i* ',brahman' is d]iv$1 brimhana1 gr[?1 brihat1 great1 brihattva1 greatness1 brahmak>ya1 *a/ity1 brahmagigns1 enquiry into ,brahman1 brahmatva1 ,brahma-hood1 brahman1 brahma-bhvan1 brahmavidy1 k ( ,brahman1 brahmasam/ha1 f\nd$ on ,brahman1 bhakti1 devotion1 dev\t m$itation1 bhagavat1 ! ,"l1 !n a holy p]son1 bhagsana1 bhkta1 second>y or figurative1 bhva1 entity1 bh9na1 sep>ate1 bh9natva1 diff]5ce1 bhta1 be+s1 bhta1 elem5t1 bhtamtrh1 objects1 bhtdi1 orig9ator ( ! elem5ts1 bhman1'mu*ness1' fulness ( bliss1 bhma-vidy 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #b71 bh$a1 diff]5ce1 bh$bh$a1 view t !re is diff]5ce & abs5ce ( diff]5ce at ! same "t1 bhautika1 elem5tal1 bhrama1 errone\s cognition1 error1 bhrnti1 illusion1 madhu1 'honey1' ! sun1 madhuividy1 manana1 reflection1 manas1 int]nal organ1 m9d1 mantavya1 to be reflect$ on1 mantra1 -maya1 consi/+ (1 made (1 ,mahat1 ! ,great ,pr9ciple 7( ! ,snkhya71 mahvrata-brhmana1 mtr1 mora 7metrical unit71 mnasa1 m5tal 7(f]+ ( a ,soma cup71 my1 my91 possess+ my1 mi?y1 false1 mi?ytva1 falsehood1 mukta1 releas$1 mukhya prna1 *ief vital air1 mudr1 a badge1 muni1 mrta1 def9$1 mauna1 ,muni-hood1 /ate ( a ,muni1 ya?kratub1 accord+ z 8 ?\ght is1 yu%mad-ar?a1 ! objective elem5t1 yoga1 my/ic conc5tration ( m9d1 yogayug1 practition] ( ,yoga1 yogasiddha1 p]fect$ by ,yoga1 yogyat1 compatibility1 yoni1 female organ ( g5]ation1 rajas1 passion1 rahasya-brhmana1 rga1 passion1 rukaka ni%ka1 rpa1 =m1 "*1 lak%an1 impli$ mean+1 implication1 l+a1 inf]5tial m>k1 va/u1 sub/ance1 vkya1 syntactical connexion1 vkyabh$a1 split ( a s5t5ce1 vyu1 w9d1 vasan1 a fl[ ( ideas1 /ates ( consci\sness1 vikra1 effect$ ?+1 effect1 vikriti1 be+ ,modifi$1 vijna1 und]/&+1 k1 idea1 vijnamaya1 consi/+ ( und]/&+1 7! s\l 9 deep sleep74 vid1 to "k or to m$itate1 vidy1 =m ( m$itation on ,brahman1 v9iyoga1 application1 vipaskit1 intellig5t1 vipaskittva1 intellig5ce1 vibhava1 manife/ation1 vibhti1 manife/ation ( p[]1 vimoka1 fre5ess ( m9d1 vivrit1 to manife/ itself1 viveka1 ab/5tion1 vise%ana1 det]m9+ attribute1 vi%aya1 object1 virya1 /r5g?1 vritta1 conduct1 v$ana1 k1 v$an1 s5sation1 v$a-vrata1 vaikrika1 modifi$1 vaikhnasa1 h]mit1 vaisv>pya1 _m-natur$ univ]se1 vaisvn>a-vidy vyavahra1 spee*1 vya%ti1 discrete aspect 7( ! _w71 vyna1 vyvahrika1 conv5tional1 vyvritti1 individual diff]5ce1 vyha1 division1 sakti1 p[]1 pot5tiality1 sabda1 s\nd1 sama1 s>ira1 body1 skh1 ,sndilya-vidy1 srira1 jo9$ to a body1 sriraka 7doctr9e7 ( ! embodi$ 7self71 s/ra1 sci5ce1 scriptural injunction1 sirovrata1 v[ ( 7c>ry+ fire on !7 head1 sila1 conduct1 subhsraya1 p]fect object1 sudra 7etymology71 se%a1 supplem5t>y1 se%91 pr9cipal matt] to be subs]v$ by o!r ?+s1 sraddhi1 fai?1 belief1 sravana1 he>+1 sruti1 scriptural /atem5t1 rg1 samyamana1 samyoga1 conjunction1 samv>a1 a k9d ( deep m$itation1 samv>gavidy samvid1 consci\sness1 samsra1 samskra1 impression1 samskriti1 ! be+ made ready1 samk>%ana1 ! individual s\l1 samrkhy1 numb]1 samj1 consci\sness1 sat1 ,be+1 satkrya1 sattra class ( sacrifices1 sattva1 goodness1 satya1 true1 satyakma1 realis+ its desire1 satyakmatva1 p[] ( realis+ "o's desire1 sad-vidy1 m$itation on t :i* truly is 7,kb4 ,up4 ,,vi1 i ff471 sanniclhi1 proximity1 sapta-bhangi-nyya1 ! sy/em ( ! sev5 p>alogisms1 samanant>a1 samanvaya1 connexion1 samavya1 intimate relation1 reciprocal inh]5ce1 samavyi-k>ana1 intimate cause1 sama%ti1 collective aspect 7( ! _w71 sama%ti-puru%a1 ! aggregate s\l1 samkra1 a book ( ! ?>vanikas1 samdhi1 m$itation1 samna1 s>npatti1 union1 sampad1 to be comb9$1 sampta1 yvat samptam1 samprasda1 s]5ity1 sambhta1 sayuktvn1 s>vaja1 all-kn[+1 savikalpaka1 det]m9ate1 sahakr91 sk%t1 manife/1 sk%tkra1 imm$iate pres5tation1 sk%91 ! witness+ pr9ciple1 sdhya1 effect$1 smndhik>anya1 co-ord9ation1 syugya1 equality1 siddhi1 pro(1 def9ite well-e/abli%$ k1 suk>ita1 good conduct1 su%ira1 a holl[ place1 sk%ma1 ! ,subtle1 setu1 bank or bridge1 som>jan1 sp>sa1 t\*1 smriti1 repres5tation1 svayampraksa1 self-prov$1 svayampraksatva1 self-lum9\sness1 svayampraksat1 sv>ga1 heav51 sva/ika1 svaclhyaya1 "o's own text1 svdhyya1 ess5tial1 rgr4 ,h>a1 hita1 art]ies s call$1 hetu1 reason1