,hack]s1 ,h]oes ( ! ,comput] ,revolution1 by ,/ev5 ,levy 7,c7#aihd by ,/ev5 ,levy ,*apt]s #a & #b ( ,hack]s1 ,h]oes ( ! ,comput] ,revolution by ,/ev5 ,levy ,:o's ,:o ,! ,wiz>ds & _! ,ma*9es ,bob ,albre*t ,f\nd ( ,p's ,comput] ,company :o took visc]al pleasure 9 expos+ y\ng/]s to comput]s4 ,altair #hhjj ,! pione]+ microcomput] t galvaniz$ h>dw>e hack]s4 ,build+ ?is kit made y le>n hack+4 ,!n y tri$ to figure out :at to ,,d ) x4 ,apple ,,ii ,/eve ,wozniak's fri5dly1 flaky1 good-look+ comput]1 wildly successful & ! sp>k & s\l ( a ?riv+ indu/ry4 ,at>i #hjj ,?is home comput] gave great graphics to game hack]s l ,john ,h>ris1 ?\gh ! company t made x 0 loa? to tell y h[ x work$4 ,bob & ,c>olyn ,box ,_w-record-hold+ gold prospectors turn$ s(tw>e />s1 work+ = ,si]ra ,on-,l9e4 ,d\g ,c>l/on ,corporate lawy] :o *uck$ x all to =m ! ,brod]bund s(tw>e company4 ,bob ,davis ,left job 9 liquor /ore to become be/-sell+ au?or ( ,si]ra ,on-,l9e comput] game ,ulysses & ! ,gold5 ,fleece4 ,success 0 8 d[nfall4 ,pet] ,deuts* ,bad 9 sports1 brilliant at ma?1 ,pet] 0 /ill 9 %ort pants :5 he /ubl$ on ! ,,tx-#j at ,,mit--& hack$ x along ) ! ma/]s4 ,/eve ,dompi] ,homebrew memb] :o fir/ made ! ,altair s+1 & lat] wrote ! ,t>ge game on ! ,sol :i* entranc$ ,tom ,snyd]4 ,john ,drap] ,! notori\s ,capta9 ,crun* :o fe>lessly explor$ ! phone sy/ems1 got jail$1 hack$ microprocessors4 ,cig>ettes made 8 viol5t4 ,m>k ,du*a9eau ,! "y ,dungeonma/] :o copy-protect$ ,on-,l9es disks at 8 :im4 ,*ris ,esponosa ,f\rte5-ye>-old foll[] ( ,/eve ,wozniak & e>ly ,apple employee4 ,lee ,fels5/e9 ,=m] milit>y editor ( ,b]keley ,b>b1 & h]o ( an imag9>y sci5ce-fiction novel1 he design$ comput]s ) junky>d approa* & 0 c5tral figure 9 ,bay ,area h>dw>e hack+ 9 ! sev5ties4 ,ed ,fr$k9 ,g5tle f\nd] ( ,in=mation ,int]national1 ?\ght himself _w's greates programm] until he met ,/ew ,nelson4 ,fa!r figure to hack]s4 ,gordon ,fr5* ,silv]-hair$ h>dw>e hack] ^: g>age held n c>s b 8 homebrew$ ,*ick5 ,hawk comptu]1 !n held ! fir/ ,homebrew ,comput] ,club meet+4 ,ri*>d ,g>riott ,a/ronaut's son :o1 z ,"l ,briti%1 creat$ ,ultima _w on comput] disks4 ,bill ,gates ,cocky wiz>d1 ,h>v>d drop\t :o wrote ,altair ,,basic1 & compla9$ :5 hack]s copi$ x4 ,bill ,gosp] ,horwitz ( comput] keybo>ds1 ma/] ma? & ,,life hack] at ,,mit ,,ai lab1 guru ( ! ,hack] ,e?ic & /ud5t ( ,*9ese re/aurant m5us4 ,ri*>d ,gre5blatt ,s+le-m9d$1 unkempt1 prolific1 & canonical ,,mit hack] :o w5t into night phase s (t5 t he zor*$ 8 academic c>e]4 ,! hack]'s hack]4 ,john ,h>ris ,! "y ,at>i #hjj game hack] :o became ,si]ra ,on-,l9e's /> programm]1 b ye>n$ = female companion%ip4 ,,ibm-,,pc ,,ibm's entry into ! p]sonal comput] m>ket :i* amaz+ly includ$ a bit ( ! ,hack] ,e?ic1 & took ov]4 ,h4,e4 z op5 ar*itecture4 ,,ibm #gjd ,,ibm 0 ,! ,enemy1 & ?is 0 its ma*9e1 ! ,hulk+ ,giant comput] 9 ,,mit's ,build+ #bf4 ,lat] modifi$ into ! ,,ibm #gji1 !n ! ,,ibm #gjij4 ,bat*-process$ & intol]able4 ,j]ry ,jewell ,vietnam vet turn$ programm] :o f\nd$ ,sirius ,s(tw>e4 ,/ev5 ,jobs ,vision>y1 bead$1 non-hack+ y\ng/] :o took ,wozniak's ,apple ,,ii 1 made a lot ( deals1 & =m$ a company t w\ld make a billion doll>s4 ,tom ,knight ,at sixte51 an ,,mit hack] :o w\ld "n ! ,incompatible ,"t-%>+ ,sy/em4 ,lat] a ,gre5blatt nemesis ov] ! ,,lisp ma*9e s*ism4 ,alan ,kotok ,! *ubby ,,mit /ud5t f ,j]sey :o work$ "u ! rail lay\t at ,,tmrc1 le>n$ ! phone sy/em at ,we/]n ,electric1 & became a leg5d>y ,,tx-#j & ,,pdp-#a hack]4 ,effrem ,lipk9 ,hack]-activi/ f ,new ,york :o lov$ ma*9es b hat$ _! uses4 ,co-,f\nd$ ,community ,memory2 fri5d ( ,fels5/e94 ,,lisp ,ma*9e ,! ultimate hack] comput]1 inv5t$ mosly by ,gre5blatt & subject ( a bitt] dispute at ,,mit4 ,uncle ,john ,mc,carthy ,abs5t-m9d$ b brilliant ,,mit lat] ,/an=d pr(essor :o help$ pione] comput] *ess1 artificial intellig5ce1 ,,lisp4 ,bob ,m>% ,b]keley-ite & ,homebrew] :o %>$ g>age ) ,fels5/e9 & f\nd$ ,processor ,te*nology1 :i* made ! ,sol comput]4 ,rog] ,mel5 ,homebrew] :o co-f\nd$ ,cromemco company to make circuit bo>ds = ,altair4 ,8 ,dazzl] play$ ,,life programs on 8 kit*5 table4 ,l\is ,m]ton ,pseudonym = ! ,,ai *ess hack] ^: t5d5cy to g catatonic br\ght ! hack] community toge!r4 ,jude ,milhon ,met ,lee ,fels5/e9 ?r\gh a classifi$ ad 9 ! ,b]keley ,b>b1 & became m ?an a fri5d-- a memb] ( ! ,community ,memory collective4 ,m>v9 ,m9sky ,playful & brilliant ,,mit pr( :o head$ ! ,,ai lave & all[$ ! hack]s to run free4 ,fr$ ,moore ,vagabond pacifi/ :o hat$ money1 lov$ te*nology1 & co-f\nd$ ,homebrew ,club4 ,/ew>t ,nelson ,buck-too!d1 dim9utive1 b fi]y ,,ai lab hack] :o connect$ ! ,,pdp-#a comptu] to hack ! phone sy/em4 ,lat] co-f\nd$ ! ,sy/ems ,concepts company4 ,t$ ,nelson ,self-describ$ innovator & not$ curmudgeon :o self-publi%$ ! influ5tial ,comput] ,lib book4 ,russel ,n(tsk] ,h>ri$ adm9i/rator ( ,,mit ,,ai lab 9 ! late sixties2 lat] presid5t ( ,symbolics company4 ,adam ,osborne ,bangkok-born publi%]-turn$-comput]-manufactur] :o consid]$ himself a philsoph]4 ,f\nd$ ,osborne ,comput] ,company to make adequate ma*9es4 ,,pdp-#a ,digital ,equipm5t's fir/ m9icomput]1 & 9 #aifa an int]active gods5d to ! ,,mit hack]s & a slap 9 ! face to ,,ibm fascism4 ,,pdp-#f ,design$ 9 "p by ,kotok1 ?is ma9frame comput] 0 corn]/one ( ,,ai lab1 ) its gorgei\s in/ruction set & sixte5 sexy regi/]s4 ,tom ,pittman ,! religi\s ,homebrew hack] :o lo/ 8 wife b kept ! fai? ) 8 ,t9y ,basic4 ,ed ,rob]ts ,enigmatic f\nd] ( ,,mits company :o %ook ! _w ) 8 ,altair comput]4 ,he want$ to help p build m5tal pyramids4 ,/eve ,slug ,russell ,mc,carthy's coolie1 :o hack$ ! ,spacew> program1 fir/ videogame1 on ! ,,pdp-#a4 ,nev] made a dime f x4 ,pet] ,samson ,,mit hack]1 "o ( ! fir/1 :o lov$ sy/ems1 tra9s1 ,,tx-#j1 music1 p>liam5t>y proc$ure1 pranks1 & hack+4 ,bob ,saund]s ,jolly1 bald+ ,,tmrc hack] :o m>ri$ e>ly1 hack$ till late at night eat+ lemon gunkies1 & ma/]$ ! ,,cbs ,/rategy on ,spacew>4 ,w>r5 ,s*wad] ,big blond hack] f rural ,wiscons9 :o w5t f ! assembly l9e to s(tw>e />dom b c\ldn't reconcile ! %ift ) 8 devotion to ,jehovah's ,witnesses4 ,david ,silv] ,left s*ool at f\rte5 to be mascot ( ,,ai lab2 mak] ( illicit keys & build] ( a t9y robot t did ! impossible4 ,dan ,sokol ,long-hair$ prank/] :o revel$ 9 reveal+ te*nological secrets at ,homebrew ,club4 ,help$ lib]ate ,alair ,,basic on pap] tape4 ,les ,solomon ,editor ( ,popul> ,electroics1 ! pull] ( /r+s :o set ! comput] revolution into motion4 ,m>ty ,sp]gel ,! ,junk ,man1 ! ,homebrew memb] :o suppli$ circuits & cables & c\ld make y a deal = any?+4 ,ri*>d ,/allman ,! ,la/ ( ! ,hack]s1 :o v[$ to def5d ! pr9ciples ( ,hack]ism to ! bitt] end4 ,rema9$ at ,,mit until !re 0 no "o to eat ,*9ese food )4 ,jeff ,/eph5son ,?irty-ye>-old m>tial arts vet]an & hack] :o 0 a/\nd$ t jo9+ ,si]ra ,on-,l9e meant enroll+ 9 ,summ] ,camp4 ,jay ,sullivan ,m,addeningly clam wiz>d-level programm] at ,in=matics :o impress$ ,k5 ,williams by kn[+ ! mean+ ( ! ^w any4 ,dick ,sund]l& ,*alk-complexion$ ,,mba :o believ$ t firm manag]ial bureaucracy 0 a wor? goal1 b z presid5t ( ,si]ra ,on-,l9e f\nd t hack]s didn't ?9k t way4 ,g]ry ,sussman ,"y ,,mit hack] br&$ los] because he smok$ a pipe & mung$ 8 programs2 lat] became w9n] by algori?mic magic4 ,m>got ,tomm]vik ,) h] husb& ,al1 long-hair$ ,m>got p>lay$ h] game %[ w9n+s into a magaz9e t deifi$ ! ,apple ,comput]4 ,tom ,swift ,t]m9al ,lee ,fels5/e9's leg5d>y1 nev]-to-be-built comput] t]m9al :i* w\ld give ! us] ultimate leave to get 8 h&s on ! _w4 ,,tx-#j ,fill$ a small room1 b 9 ! late fifties ?is #c million ma*9e 0 ! _w's fir/ p]sonal comput]--= ! community ( ,,mit hack]s t =m$ ar\nd x4 ,jim ,w>r5 ,portly purveyor ( te*no-gossip at ,homebrew1 he 0 fir/ editor ( hippie-/yl$ ,dr4 ,dobbs ,j\rnal1 lat] />t$ ! lucrative ,comput] ,faire4 ,r&y ,wigg9ton ,fifte5-ye>-old memb] ( ,/eve ,wozniak's kiddie corps1 he help ,woz trundle ! ,apple ,,ii to ,homebrew4 ,/ill 9 high s*ool :5 he became ,apple's fir/ s(tw>e employee4 ,k5 ,williams ,arrogant & brilliant "y programm] :o saw ! writ+ on ! ,,crt & />t$ ,si]ra ,on-,l9e to make a kill+ & improve society by sell+ games = ! ,apple comput]4 ,rob]ta ,williams ,k5 ,williams' timid wife :o r$iscov]$ h] own creativity by writ+ ,my/]y ,h\se1 ! fir/ ( h] _m be/sell+ comput] games4 ,/ev5 ,woz ,wozniak ,op5he>t$1 te*nologically d>+ h>dw>e hack] f ,san ,jose suburbs4 ,woz built ! ,apple ,comput] = ! pleasure ( himself & fri5ds4 ,,"p ,,"o ,true ,hack]s ,,cambridge3 ,! ,fifties & ,sixties ,,*apt] #a ,,! ,,te* ,,model ,,railroad ,,club ,j :y ,pet] ,samson 0 w&]+ ar\nd 9 ,build+ #bf 9 ! middle ( ! night is a matt] t he w\ld f9d difficult to expla94 ,"s ?+s are n spok54 ,if y 7 l ! p :om ,pet] ,samson 0 com+ to "k & befri5d 9 ?is1 8 fre%man ye> at ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology 9 ! w9t] ( #aieh-ei1 no explanation w\ld be requir$4 ,w&]+ ar\nd ! labyr9? ( laboratories & /or]ooms1 se>*+ = ! secrets ( telephone swit*+ 9 ma*9e rooms1 trac+ pa?s ( wires or relays 9 subt]ranean /eam tunnels 4 4 4 = "s1 x 0 common behavior1 & !re 0 no ne$ to ju/ify ! impulse1 :5 confront$ ) a clos$ door ) an unbe>ably intrigu+ noise beh9d x1 to op5 ! door un9vit$4 ,& !n1 if !re 0 no "o to physically b> access to :atev] 0 mak+ t intrigu+ noise1 to t\* ! ma*9e1 />t flick+ swit*es & not+ responses1 & ev5tually to loos5 a screw1 unhook a template1 jiggle "s diodes & tweak a few connections4 ,pet] ,samson & 8 fri5ds _h gr[n up ) a specific relation%ip to ! _w1 :]e9 ?+s _h mean+ only if y f\nd out h[ !y work$4 ,& h[ w\ld y g ab\t t if n by gett+ y\r h&s on !m8 ,x 0 9 ! basem5t ( ,build+ #bf t ,samson & 8 fri5ds discov]$ ! ,,eam room4 ,build+ #bf 0 a long glass-&-/eel /ructure1 "o ( ,,mit's new] build+s1 contra/+ ) ! v5]able pill>$ /ructures t front$ ! ,in/itute on ,massa*usetts ,av5ue4 ,9 ! basem5t ( ?is build+ void ( p]sonality1 ! ,,eam room4 ,electronic ,acc\nt+ ,ma*9]y4 ,a room t h\s$ ma*9es :i* ran l comput]s4 ,n _m p 9 #aiei _h ev5 se5 a comput]1 let alone t\*$ "o4 ,samson1 a wiry1 curly-hair$ r$head ) a way ( ext5d+ 8 v[els s t x w\ld seem he 0 rac+ ?r\gh li/s ( possible mean+s ( /atem5ts 9 mid-^w1 _h view$ comput]s on 8 visits to ,,mit f 8 homet[n ( ,l[ell1 ,massa*usetts1 less ?an ?irty miles f campus4 ,?is made him a ,cambridge ur*91 "o ( doz5s ( sci5ce-crazy high s*ool]s 9 ! region :o 7 drawn1 z if by gravitational pull1 to ! ,cambridge campus4 ,he _h ev5 tri$ to rig up 8 own comput] ) disc>d$ p>ts ( old p9ball ma*9es3 !y 7 ! be/ s\rce ( logic elem5ts he c\ld f9d4 ,,logic ,,elem5ts3 ! t]m seems to encapsulate :at drew ,pet] ,samson1 son ( a mill ma*9]y repairman1 to electronics4 ,! subject made s5se4 ,:5 y gr[ up ) an insatiable curiosity z to h[ ?+s "w1 ! delight y f9d ^u discov]+ some?+ z elegant z circuit logic1 :]e all connections h to complete _! loops1 is pr(\ndly ?rill+4 ,pet] ,samson1 :o e>ly on appreciat$ ! ma!matical simplicity ( ^! ?+s1 c\ld recall see+ a television %[ on ,bo/on's public ,,tv *annel1 ,,wgbh1 :i* gave a rudim5t>y introduction to programm+ a comput] 9 its own language4 ,x fir$ 8 imag9ation3 to ,pet] ,samson1 a comput] 0 surely l ,aladd9's lamp--rub x1 & x w\ld d y\r bidd+4 ,s he tri$ to le>n m ab\t ! field1 built ma*9es ( 8 own1 ent]$ sci5ce project competitions & conte/s1 & w5t to ! place t p ( 8 ilk aspir$ to3 ,,mit4 ,! repository ( ! v brighte/ ( ^? weird high s*ool kids ) owl-l glasses & und]develop$ pectorals :o dazzl$ ma? tea*]s & flunk$ ,,pe1 :o dream$ n ( scor+ on prom night1 b ( gett+ to ! f9als ( ! ,g5]al ,electric ,sci5ce ,fair competition4 ,,mit1 :]e he w\ld w&] ! hallways at two o'clock 9 ! morn+1 look+ = some?+ int]e/+1 & :]e he w\ld inde$ discov] some?+ t w\ld help draw him deeply into a new =m ( creative process1 & a new life-/yle1 & w\ld put him into ! =efront ( a society envision$ only by a few sci5ce-fiction writ]s ( mild disrepute4 ,he w\ld discov] a comput] t he c\ld play )4 ,! ,,eam room :i* ,samson _h *anc$ on 0 load$ ) l>ge keypun* ma*9es ! size ( squat file cab9ets4 ,no "o 0 protect+ !m3 ! room 0 /aff$ only by day1 :5 a select gr\p :o _h atta9$ (ficial cle>ance 7 privileg$ en\gh to submit long manila c>ds to op]ators :o w\ld !n use ^! ma*9es to pun* holes 9 !m accord+ to :at data ! privileg$ ones want$ ent]$ on ! c>ds4 ,a hole 9 ! c>d w\ld repres5t "s in/ruction to ! comput]1 tell+ x to put a piece ( data some:]e1 or p]=m a function on a piece ( data1 or move a piece ( data f "o place to ano!r4 ,an entire /ack ( ^! c>ds made "o comput] program1 a program be+ a s]ies ( in/ructions :i* yield "s expect$ result1 j z ! in/ructions 9 a recipe1 :5 precisely foll[$1 lead to a cake4 ,^? c>ds w\ld be tak5 to yet ano!r op]ator up/airs :o w\ld fe$ ! c>ds into a read] t w\ld note :]e ! holes 7 & dispat* ?is in=mation to ! ,,ibm #gjd comput] on ! fir/ floor ( ,build+ #bf4 ,! ,hulk+ ,giant4 ,! ,,ibm #gjd co/ sev]al million doll>s1 took up an entire room1 ne$$ con/ant att5tion f a cadre ( pr(essional ma*9e op]ators1 & requir$ special air-condition+ s t ! gl[+ vacuum tubes inside x w\ld n heat up to data-de/roy+ temp]atures4 ,:5 ! air-condition+ broke d[n--a fairly common occurr5ces--a l\d gong w\ld s\nd1 & ?ree eng9e]s w\ld spr+ f a ne>by (fice to frantically take cov]s (f ! ma*9e s its inn>ds w\ldn't melt4 ,all ^! p 9 *>ge ( pun*+ c>ds1 fe$+ !m into read]s1 & press+ buttons & swit*es on ! ma*9e 7 :at 0 commonly call$ a ,prie/hood1 & ^? privileg$ en\gh to submit data to ^? mo/ holy prie/s 7 ! (ficial acolytes4 ,x 0 an almo/ rituali/ic ex*ange4 ,,acolyte3 ,oh ma*9e1 w\ld y accept my (f] ( in=mation s y may run my program & p]haps give me a computation8 ,,prie/ 7on behalf ( ! ma*9e73 ,we w try4 ,we promise no?+4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ev5 ^! mo/ privileg$ ( acolytes 7 n all[$ direct access to ! ma*9e itself1 & !y w\ld n be able to see = h\rs1 sometimes = days1 ! results ( ! ma*9e's +e/ion ( _! bat* ( c>ds4 ,?is 0 some?+ ,samson knew1 & ( c\rse x fru/rat$ ! hell out ( ,samson1 :o want$ to get at ! damn ma*9e4 ,= ?is 0 :at life 0 all ab\t4 ,:at ,samson did n "k1 & 0 delight$ to discov]1 0 t ! ,,eam room also _h a p>ticul> keypun* ma*9e call$ ! #djg4 ,n only c\ld x pun* c>ds1 b x c\ld also read c>ds1 sort !m1 & pr9t !m on li/+s4 ,no "o seem$ to be gu>d+ ^! ma*9es1 :i* 7 comput]s1 sort (4 ,( c\rse1 us+ !m w\ld be no picnic3 "o ne$$ to actually wire up :at 0 call$ a plug bo>d1 a two-in*-by-two-in* pla/ic squ>e ) a mass ( holes 9 x4 ,if y put hundr$s ( wires ?r\gh ! holes 9 a c]ta9 ord]1 y w\ld get some?+ t look$ l a rat's ne/ b w\ld fit into ?is electrome*anical ma*9e & alt] its p]sonality4 ,x c\ld d :at y want$ x to d4 ,s1 )\t any au?orization :atsoev]1 t is :at ,pet] ,samson set out to d1 along ) a few fri5ds ( 8 f an ,,mit organization ) a special int]e/ 9 model railroad+4 ,x 0 a casual1 un?9k+ /ep into a sci5ce-fiction future1 b t 0 typical ( ! way t an odd subculture 0 pull+ itself up by its boot/raps & gr[+ to und]gr\nd prom95ce--to become a culture t w\ld be ! impolite1 unsanction$ s\l ( comput]dom4 ,x 0 among ! fir/ comput] hack] escapades ( ! ,te* ,model ,railroad ,club1 or ,,tmrc4 99 99 99 ,pet] ,samson _h be5 a memb] ( ! ,te* ,model ,railroad ,club s9ce 8 fir/ week at ,,mit 9 ! fall ( #aieh4 ,! fir/ ev5t t ent]+ ,,mit fre%m5 att5d$ 0 a traditional welcom+ lecture1 ! same "o t _h be5 giv5 = z long z anyone at ,,mit c\ld rememb]4 ,,look ,,at ,,! ,,p]son ,,to ,,y\r ,,left 4 4 4 ,,look ,,at ,,! ,,p]son ,,to ,,y\r ,,"r 4 4 4 ,,"o ,,( ,,y ,,?ree ,,w ,,n ,,graduate ,,f ,,! ,,in/itute4 ,! int5d$ effect ( ! spee* 0 to create t horrid feel+ 9 ! back ( ! collective fre%man ?roat t signal$ unprec$5t$ dread4 ,all _! lives1 ^! fre%m5 _h be5 almo/ exempt f academic pressure4 ,! exemption _h be5 e>n$ by virtue ( brilliance4 ,n[ ea* ( !m _h a p]son to ! "r & a p]son to ! left :o 0 j z sm>t4 ,maybe ev5 sm>t]4 ,b to c]ta9 /ud5ts ?is 0 no *all5ge at all4 ,to ^! y\ng/]s1 classmates 7 p]ceiv$ 9 a sort ( fri5dly haze3 maybe !y w\ld be ( assi/ance 9 ! consum+ que/ to f9d out h[ ?+s work$1 & !n to ma/] !m4 ,!re 7 en\gh ob/acles to le>n+ already--:y bo!r ) /upid ?+s l br[n-nos+ tea*]s & /riv+ = grades8 ,to /ud5ts l ,pet] ,samson1 ! que/ meant m ?an ! degree4 ,sometime aft] ! lecture came ,fre%man ,midway4 ,all ! campus organizations--special-int]e/ gr\ps1 frat]nities1 & su*-- set up boo?s 9 a l>ge gymnasium to try to recruit new memb]s4 ,! gr\p t snagg$ ,pet] 0 ! ,te* ,model ,railroad ,club4 ,its memb]s1 bright-ey$ & crew-cutt$ upp]classm5 :o spoke ) ! spasmodic cad5ces ( p :o want words out ( ! way 9 a hurry1 boa/$ a spectacul> display ( ,,ho gauge tra9s !y _h 9 a p]man5t clubroom 9 ,build+ #bj4 ,pet] ,samson _h long be5 fasc9at$ by tra9s1 especially subways4 ,s he w5t along on ! walk+ t\r to ! build+1 a %+le-clad tempor>y /ructure built dur+ ,_w ,w> ,,ii4 ,! hallways 7 cav]n\s1 & ev5 ?\gh ! clubroom 0 on ! second floor x _h ! dank1 dimly lit feel ( a basem5t4 ,! clubroom 0 dom9at$ by ! huge tra9 lay\t4 ,x j ab\t fill$ ! room1 & if y /ood 9 ! little control area call$ ! not* y c\ld see a little t[n1 a little indu/rial area1 a t9y work+ trolley l9e1 a papi]-ma*e m\nta91 & ( c\rse a lot ( tra9s & tracks4 ,! tra9s 7 meticul\sly craft$ to resemble _! full-scale c\nt]p>ts1 & !y *ugg$ along ! twi/s & turns ( track ) picture-book p]fection4 ,& !n ,pet] ,samson look$ und]nea? ! *e/-high bo>ds :i* held ! lay\t4 ,x took 8 brea? away4 ,und]nea? ?is lay\t 0 a m massive matrix ( wires & relays1& crossb> swit*es ?an ,pet] ,samson _h ev] dream$ exi/$4 ,!re 7 neat regim5tal l9es ( swit*es1 & a*+ly regul> r[s ( dull bronze relays1 & a long1 rambl+ tangle ( r$1 blue1 & yell[ wires--twi/+ & twirl+ l a ra9b[-color$ explosion ( ,e9/e9's hair4 ,x 0 an incr$ibly complicat$ sy/em1 & ,pet] ,samson v[$ to f9d out h[ x work$4 ,! ,te* ,model ,railroad ,club aw>d$ its memb]s a key to ! clubroom aft] !y logg$ =ty h\rs ( "w on ! lay\t4 ,fre%man ,midway _h be5 on a ,friday4 ,by ,monday1 ,pet] ,samson _h 8 key4 99 99 99 ,!re 7 two factions ( ,,tmrc4 ,"s memb]s lov$ ! idea ( sp5d+ _! "t build+ & pa9t+ replicas ( c]ta9 tra9s ) hi/orical & emotional value1 or creat+ reali/ic sc5]y = ! lay\t4 ,?is 0 ! knife-&-pa9tbru% cont+5t1 & x subscrib$ to railroad magaz9es & book$ ! club = trips on ag+ tra9 l9es4 ,! o!r faction c5t]$ on ! ,signals & ,p[] ,subcommittee ( ! club1 & x c>$ f> m ab\t :at w5t on "u ! lay\t4 ,?is 0 ,! ,sy/em1 :i* work$ some?+ l a collaboration betwe5 ,rube ,goldb]g & ,w]nh] von ,braun1 & x 0 con/antly be+ improv$1 revamp$1 p]fect$1 & sometimes gronk$--9 club j>gon1 screw$ up4 ,s,p p 7 obsess$ ) ! way ,! ,sy/em work$1 its increas+ complexities1 h[ any *ange y made w\ld affect o!r p>ts1 & h[ y c\ld put ^? relation%ips betwe5 ! p>ts to optimal use4 ,_m ( ! p>ts = ,! ,sy/em _h be5 donat$ by ! ,we/]n ,electric ,college ,gift ,plan1 directly f ! phone company4 ,! club's faculty advisor 0 also 9 *>ge ( ! campus phone sy/em1 & _h se5 to x t sophi/icat$ phone equipm5t 0 available = ! model railroad]s4 ,us+ t equipm5t z a />t+ po9t1 ! ,railroad]s _h devis$ a s*eme :i* enabl$ sev]al p to control tra9s at once1 ev5 if ! tra9s 7 at diff]5t p>ts ( ! same track4 ,us+ dials appropriat$ f telephones1 ! ,,tmrc eng9e]s c\ld specify :i* block ( track !y want$ control (1 & run a tra9 f !re4 ,?is 0 done by us+ sev]al types ( phone company relays1 includ+ crossb> executors & /ep swit*es :i* let y actually he> ! p[] be+ transf]r$ f "o block to ano!r by an o!r-worldly *unka-*unka-*unka s\nd4 ,x 0 ! ,s,p gr\p :o devis$ ?is fi5di%ly +5i\s s*eme1 & x 0 ! ,s,p gr\p :o h>bor$ ! k9d ( re/less curiosity :i* l$ !m to root ar\nd campus build+s 9 se>* ( ways to get _! h&s on comput]s4 ,!y 7 lifelong disciples ( a ,h&s-,on ,imp]ative4 ,head ( ,s,p 0 an upp]classman nam$ ,bob ,saund]s1 ) ruddy1 bulb\s features1 an infecti\s laugh1 & a tal5t = swit* ge>4 ,z a *ild 9 ,*icago1 he _h built a high-frequ5cy trans=m] = a high s*ool project2 x 0 8 six-foot-high v]sion ( a ,tesla coil1 some?+ devis$ by an eng9e] 9 ! #ahjjs :i* 0 suppos$ to s5d out furi\s waves ( electrical p[]4 ,saund]s said 8 coil project manag$ to bl[ out television reception = blocks ar\nd4 ,ano!r p]son :o gravitat$ to ,s,p 0 ,alan ,kotok1 a plump1 *9less1 ?ick-spectacl$ ,new ,j]seyite 9 ,samson's class4 ,kotok's family c\ld recall him1 at age ?ree1 pry+ a plug out ( a wall ) a screwdriv] & caus+ a hiss+ %[] ( sp>ks to erupt4 ,:5 he 0 six1 he 0 build+ & wir+ lamps4 ,9 high s*ool he _h once gone on a t\r ( ! ,mobil ,rese>* ,lab 9 ne>by ,haddonfield1 & saw 8 fir/ comput]--! exhil>ation ( t exp]i5ce help$ him decide to ent] ,,mit4 ,9 8 fre%man ye>1 he e>n$ a reputation z "o ( ,,tmrc's mo/ capable ,s,p p4 ,! ,s,p p 7 ! ones :o sp5t ,saturdays go+ to ,eli ,heffron's junky>d 9 ,som]ville scr\ng+ = p>ts1 :o w\ld sp5d h\rs on _! backs re/+ on little roll+ *airs !y call$ bunkies to get und]nea? tight spots 9 ! swit*+ sy/em1 :o w\ld "w ?r\gh ! night mak+ ! :olly unau?oriz$ connection betwe5 ! ,,tmrc phone & ! ,ea/ ,campus4 ,te*nology 0 _! playgr\nd4 ,! core memb]s hung out at ! club = h\rs2 con/antly improv+ ,! ,sy/em1 argu+ ab\t :at c\ld be done next1 develop+ a j>gon ( _! own t seem$ incompreh5sible to outsid]s :o might *ance on ^! te5-ag$ fanatics1 ) _! *eck$ %ort-sleeve %irts1 p5cils 9 _! pockets1 *9o pants1 &1 always1 a bottle ( ,coca-,cola by _! side4 7,,tmrc pur*as$ its own ,coke ma*9e = ! !n =bidd+ sum ( #afe2 at a t>iff ( five c5ts a bottle1 ! outlay 0 replac$ 9 ?ree mon?s2 to facilitate sales1 ,saund]s built a *ange ma*9e = ,coke buy]s t 0 /ill 9 use a decade lat]47 ,:5 a piece ( equipm5t wasn't work+1 x 0 los+2 :5 a piece ( equipm5t 0 ru9$1 x 0 mung$ 7,ma% ,until ,no ,good72 ! two desks 9 ! corn] ( ! room 7 n call$ ! (fice1 b ! orifice2 "o :o insi/$ on /udy+ = c\rses 0 a tool2 g>bage 0 call$ cruft2 & a project und]tak5 or a product built n solely to fulfill "s con/ructive goal1 b ) "s wild pleasure tak5 9 m]e involvem5t1 0 call$ a hack4 ,?is latt] t]m may h be5 sugge/$ by anci5t ,,mit l+o-- ! ^w hack _h long be5 us$ to describe ! elaborate college pranks t ,,mit /ud5ts w\ld regul>ly devise1 su* z cov]+ ! dome t ov]look$ ! campus ) reflect+ foil4 ,b z ! ,,tmrc p us$ ! ^w1 !re 0 s]i\s respect impli$4 ,:ile someone might call a clev] connection betwe5 relays a m]e hack1 x w\ld be und]/ood t1 to qualify z a hack1 ! feat mu/ be imbu$ ) innovation1 /yle1 & te*nical virtuosity4 ,ev5 ?\gh "o might self-deprecat+ly say he 0 hack+ away at ,! ,sy/em 7mu* z an axe-wield] hacks at logs71 ! arti/ry ) :i* "o hack$ 0 recogniz$ to be consid]able4 ,! mo/ productive p work+ on ,signals & ,p[] call$ !mselves hack]s ) great pride4 ,)9 ! conf9es ( ! clubroom 9 ,build+ #bj1 & ( ! ,tool ,room 7:]e "s /udy & _m te*no bull sessions took place71 !y _h unilat]ally end[$ !mselves ) ! h]oic attributes ( ,icel&ic leg5d4 ,?is is h[ ,pet] ,samson saw himself & 8 fri5ds 9 a ,s&burg-esque poem 9 ! club newslett]3 ,swit* ,?r[] = ! ,_w1 ,fuze ,te/]1 ,mak] ( ,r\tes1 ,play] ) ! ,railroads & ! ,sy/em's ,advance ,*opp]2 ,grungy1 hairy1 sprawl+1 ,ma*9e ( ! ,po9t-,function ,l9e-o-lite3 ,!y tell me y are wick$ & ,i believe !m2 = ,i h se5 y\r pa9t$ light bulbs "u ! lucite lur+ ! sy/em coolies 4 4 4 ,"u ! t[]1 du/ all ov] ! place1 hack+ ) bifur- cat$ spr+s 4 4 4 ,hack+ ev5 z an ignorant fre%man acts :o has nev] lo/ occupancy & has dropp$ out ,hack+ ! ,m-,bo>ds1 = "u its locks are ! swit*es1 & "u its control ! advance ar\nd ! lay\t1 ,hack+6 ,hack+ ! grungy1 hairy1 sprawl+ hacks ( y\?2 uncabl$1 fry+ diodes1 pr\d to be ,swit*-?r[]1 ,fuze- te/]1 ,mak] ( ,r\tes1 ,play] ) ,railroads1 & ,advance ,*opp] to ! ,sy/em4 ,:5ev] !y c\ld1 ,samson & ! o!rs w\ld slip (f to ! ,,eam room ) _! plug bo>ds1 try+ to use ! ma*9e to keep track ( ! swit*es und]nea? ! lay\t4 ,j z important1 !y 7 see+ :at ! electrome*anical c\nt] c\ld d1 tak+ x to its limit4 ,t spr+ ( #aiei1 a new c\rse 0 (f]$ at ,,mit4 ,x 0 ! fir/ c\rse 9 programm+ a comput] t fre%m5 c\ld take4 ,! tea*] 0 a di/ant man ) a wild %ock ( hair & an equally unruly be>d--,john ,mc,carthy4 ,a ma/] ma!matician1 ,mc,carthy 0 a classically abs5t-m9d$ pr(essor2 /ories ab\nd$ ab\t 8 habit ( sudd5ly answ]+ a "q h\rs1 sometimes ev5 days aft] x 0 fir/ pos$ to him4 ,he w\ld approa* y 9 ! hallway1 & ) no salutation w\ld beg9 speak+ 9 8 robotically precise diction1 z if ! pause 9 conv]sation _h be5 only a fraction ( a second1 & n a week4 ,mo/ likely1 8 belat$ response w\ld be brilliant4 ,mc,carthy 0 "o ( a v few p work+ 9 an entirely new =m ( sci5tific inquiry ) comput]s4 ,! volatile & controv]sial nature ( 8 field ( /udy 0 obvi\s f ! v arrogance ( ! "n t ,mc,carthy _h be/[$ ^u x3 ,artificial ,intellig5ce4 ,?is man actually ?\ght t comput]s c\ld be ,,sm>t4 ,ev5 at su* a sci5ce-int5sive place z ,,mit1 mo/ p consid]$ ! ?\ght ridicul\s3 !y consid]$ comput]s to be useful1 if some:at absurdly exp5sive1 tools = numb]-crun*+ huge calculations & = devis+ missile def5se sy/ems 7z ,,mit's l>ge/ comput]1 ! ,:irlw9d1 _h done = ! e>ly-w>n+ ,,sage sy/em71 b sc(f$ at ! ?\ght t comput]s !mselves c\ld actually be a sci5tific field ( /udy1 ,comput] ,sci5ce did n (ficially exi/ at ,,mit 9 ! late fifties1 & ,mc,carthy & 8 fell[ comput] speciali/s work$ 9 ! ,electrical ,eng9e]+ ,dep>tm5t1 :i* (f]$ ! c\rse1 ,no4 #fda1 t ,kotok1 ,samson1 & a few o!r ,,trmc memb]s took t spr+4 ,mc,carthy _h />t$ a mammo? program on ! ,,ibm #gjd--! ,hulk+ ,giant--t w\ld give x ! extraord9>y ability to play *ess4 ,to critics ( ! budd+ field ( ,artificial ,intellig5ce1 ?is 0 j "o example ( ! bonehead$ optimism ( p l ,john ,mc,carthy4 ,b ,mc,carthy _h a c]ta9 vision ( :at comput]s c\ld d1 & play+ *ess 0 only ! beg9n+4 ,all fasc9at+ /uff1 b n ! vision t 0 driv+ ,kotok & ,samson & ! o!rs4 ,!y want$ to le>n h[ to ,,"w ! damn ma*9es1 & :ile ?is new programm+ language call$ ,,lisp t ,mc,carthy 0 talk+ ab\t 9 #fda 0 int]e/+1 x 0 n ne>ly z int]e/+ z ! act ( programm+1 or t fanta/ic mom5t :5 y got y\r pr9t\t back f ! ,prie/hood--^w f ! s\rce itself6--& c\ld !n sp5d h\rs por+ ov] ! results ( ! program1 :at _h gone wrong ) x1 h[ x c\ld be improv$4 ,! ,,tmrc hack]s 7 devis+ ways to get into clos] contact ) ! ,,ibm #gjd1 :i* soon 0 upgrad$ to a new] model call$ ! #gji4 ,by hang+ out at ! computation c5t] 9 ! wee h\rs ( ! morn+1 & by gett+ to "k ! ,prie/hood1 & by b[+ & scrap+ ! requisite numb] ( times1 p l ,kotok 7 ev5tually all[$ to pu% a few buttons on ! ma*9e1 & wat* ! lights z x work$4 ,!re 7 secrets to ^? ,,ibm ma*9es t _h be5 pa9/ak+ly le>n$ by "s ( ! old] p at ,,mit ) access to ! #gjd & fri5ds among ! ,prie/hood4 ,amaz+ly1 a few ( ^! programm]s1 grad /ud5ts work+ ) ,mc,carthy1 _h ev5 writt5 a program t utiliz$ "o ( ! r[s ( t9y lights3 ! lights w\ld be lit 9 su* an ord] t x look$ l a little ball 0 be+ pass$ f "r to left3 if an op]ator hit a swit* at j ! "r "t1 ! motion ( ! lights c\ld be rev]s$--,comput] ,p+-,pong6 ,?is obvi\sly 0 ! k9d ( ?+ t y'd %[ (f to impress y\r pe]s1 :o w\ld !n take a look at ! actual program y _h writt5 & see h[ x 0 done4 ,to top ! program1 someone else might try to d ! same ?+ ) few] in/ructions--a wor?y endeavor1 s9ce !re 0 s little room 9 ! small memory ( ! comput]s ( ^? days t n _m in/ructions c\ld fit into !m1 ,john ,mc,carthy _h once notic$ h[ 8 graduate /ud5ts :o loit]$ ar\nd ! #gjd w\ld "w ov] _! comput] programs to get ! mo/ out ( ! fewe/ in/ructions1 & get ! program compress$ s t few] c>ds w\ld ne$ to be f$ to ! ma*9e4 ,%av+ (f an in/ruction or two 0 almo/ an obsession ) !m4 ,mc,carthy comp>$ ^! /ud5ts to ski bums4 ,!y got ! same k9d ( primal ?rill f maximiz+ code z fanatic ski]s got f swoo%+ frantically d[n a hill4 ,s ! practice ( tak+ a comput] program & try+ to cut (f in/ructions )\t affect+ ! outcome came to be call$ program bumm+1 & y w\ld (t5 he> p mumbl+ ?+s l ,maybe ,i c bum a few in/ructions out & get ! octal correction c>d load] d[n to ?ree c>ds in/ead ( f\r4 ,mc,carthy 9 #aiei 0 turn+ 8 int]e/ f *ess to a new way ( talk+ to ! comput]1 ! :ole new language call$ ,,lisp4 ,alan ,kotok & 8 fri5ds 7 m ?an eag] to take ov] ! *ess project4 ,work+ on ! bat*-process$ ,,ibm1 !y emb>k$ on ! g>gantuan project ( tea*+ ! #gjd1 & lat] ! #gji1 & ev5 aft] t its replacem5t ! #gjij1 h[ to play ! game ( k+s4 ,ev5tually ,kotok's gr\p became ! l>ge/ us]s ( comput] "t 9 ! entire ,,mit computation c5t]4 ,/ill1 work+ ) ! ,,ibm ma*9e 0 fru/rat+4 ,!re 0 no?+ worse ?an ! long wait betwe5 ! "t y h&$ 9 y\r c>ds & ! "t y\r results 7 h&$ back to y4 ,if y _h misplac$ z mu* z "o lett] 9 "o in/ruction1 ! program w\ld cra%1 & y w\ld h to />t ! :ole process ov] aga94 ,x w5t h& 9 h& ) ! /ifl+ prolif]ation ( goddamn ,,rules t p]meat$ ! atmosph]e ( ! computation c5t]4 ,mo/ ( ! rules 7 design$ to keep crazy "y comput] fans l ,samson & ,kotok & ,saund]s physically di/ant f ! ma*9e itself4 ,! mo/ rigid rule ( all 0 t no "o %\ld be able to actually t\* or tamp] ) ! ma*9e itself4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 0 :at ^? ,signals & ,p[] p 7 dy+ to d m ?an any?+ else 9 ! _w1 & ! re/rictions drove !m mad4 ,"o prie/--a l[-level sub-prie/1 really--on ! late-night %ift 0 p>ticul>ly na/y 9 en=c+ ?is rule1 s ,samson devis$ a suitable rev5ge4 ,:ile pok+ ar\nd at ,eli's electronic junk %op "o day1 he *anc$ ^u an electrical bo>d precisely l ! k9d ( bo>d hold+ ! clunky vacuum tubes :i* resid$ inside ! ,,ibm4 ,"o night1 sometime be=e #d ,a4,m41 ?is p>ticul> sub-prie/ /epp$ out = a m9ute2 :5 he return$1 ,samson told him t ! ma*9e wasn't work+1 b !y'd f\nd ! tr\ble--& held up ! totally sma%$ module f ! old #gjd he'd gott5 at ,eli's4 ,! sub-prie/ c\ld h>dly get ! words out4 ,w-:]e did y get t8 ,samson1 :o _h wide gre5 eyes t c\ld easily look maniacal1 sl[ly po9t$ to an op5 place on ! ma*9e rack :]e1 ( c\rse1 no bo>d _h ev] be51 b ! space /ill look$ sadly b>e4 ,! sub-prie/ gasp$4 ,he made faces t indicat$ 8 b[els 7 ab\t to give out4 ,he :imp]$ exhortations to ! deity4 ,visions1 no d\bt1 ( a million-doll> d$uction f 8 pay*eck began fla%+ be=e him4 ,only aft] 8 sup]visor1 a high prie/ ) "s und]/&+ ( ! m5tality ( ^! "y wiseguys f ! ,model ,railroad ,club1 came & expla9$ ! situation did he calm d[n4 ,he 0 n ! la/ adm9i/rator to feel ! wra? ( a hack] ?w>t$ 9 ! que/ = access4 99 99 99 ,"o day a =m] ,,tmrc memb] :o 0 n[ on ! ,,mit faculty paid a visit to ! clubroom4 ,8 "n 0 ,jack ,d5nis4 ,:5 he _h be5 an und]graduate 9 ! e>ly #aiejs1 he _h work$ furi\sly und]nea? ! lay\t4 ,d5nis lately _h be5 work+ a comput] :i* ,,mit _h j receiv$ f ,l9coln ,lab1 a milit>y developm5t laboratory affiliat$ ) ! ,in/itute4 ,! comput] 0 call$ ! ,,tx-#j1 & x 0 "o ( ! fir/ transi/or-run comput]s 9 ! _w4 ,l9coln ,lab _h us$ x specifically to te/ a giant comput] call$ ! ,,tx-#b1 :i* _h a memory s complex t only ) ?is specially built little bro!r c\ld its ills be capably diagnos$4 ,n[ t its orig9al job 0 ov]1 ! ?ree-million-doll> ,,tx-#j _h be5 %ipp$ ov] to ! ,in/itute on long-t]m loan1 & app>5tly no "o at ,l9coln ,lab _h m>k$ a cal5d> ) a return date4 ,d5nis ask$ ! ,s,p p at ,,tmrc :e!r !y w\ld l to see x4 ,hey y nuns6 ,w\ld y l to meet ! ,pope8 ,! ,,tx-#j 0 9 ,build+ #bf1 9 ! second-floor ,radio ,laboratory ( ,electronics 7,,rle71 directly above ! fir/-floor ,computation ,c5t] :i* h\s$ ! hulk+ ,,ibm #gjd4 ,! ,,rle lab resembl$ ! control room ( an antique space%ip4 ,! ,,tx-#j1 or ,tixo1 z x 0 sometimes call$1 0 = its "t a midget ma*9e1 s9ce x 0 "o ( ! fir/ comput]s to use f+]-size transi/ors in/ead ( h&-size vacuum tubes4 ,/ill1 x took up mu* ( ! room1 along ) its fifte5 tons ( support+ air-condition+ equipm5t4 ,! ,,tx-,o's work+s 7 m\nt$ on sev]al tall1 ?9 *assis1 l rugg$ metal book%elves1 ) tangl$ wires & neat little r[s ( t9y1 bottle-l conta9]s 9 :i* ! transi/ors 7 ins]t$4 ,ano!r rack _h a solid metal front speckl$ ) grim-look+ gauges4 ,fac+ ! racks 0 an ,l-%ap$ console1 ! control panel ( ?is ,h4 ,g4 ,wells space%ip1 ) a blue c\nt]top = y\r elb[s & pap]s4 ,on ! %ort arm ( ! ,l /ood a ,flex[rit]1 :i* resembl$ a typewrit] conv]t$ = tank w>f>e1 its bottom an*or$ 9 a milit>y gray h\s+4 ,above ! top 7 ! control panels1 boxlike protrusions pa9t$ an in/itutional yell[4 ,on ! sides ( ! boxes :i* fac$ ! us] 7 a few gauges1 sev]al l9es ( qu>t]-in* bl9k+ lights1 a matrix ( /eel toggle swit*es ! size ( l>ge gra9s ( rice1 &1 be/ ( all1 an actual ca?ode ray tube display1 r\nd & smoke-gray4 ,! ,,tmrc p 7 aw$4 ,,?is ,,ma*9e ,,did ,,n ,,use ,,c>ds4 ,! us] w\ld fir/ pun* 9 a program onto a long1 ?9 pap] tape ) a ,flex[rit] 7!re 7 a few extra ,flex[rit]s 9 an adjo9+ room71 !n sit at ! console1 fe$ 9 ! program by runn+ ! tape ?r\gh a read]1 & be able to sit !re :ile ! program ran4 ,if some?+ w5t wrong ) ! program1 y knew imm$iately1 & y c\ld diagnose ! problem by us+ "s ( ! swit*es1 or *eck+ out :i* ( ! lights 7 bl9k+ or lit4 ,! comput] ev5 _h an audio output3 :ile ! program ran1 a speak] und]nea? ! console w\ld make a sort ( music1 l a poorly tun$ electric organ ^: notes w\ld vibrate ) a fuzzy1 e!real d94 ,! *ords on ?is organ w\ld *ange1 dep5d+ on :at data ! ma*9e 0 read+ at any giv5 microsecond2 aft] y 7 famili> ) ! tones1 y c\ld actually ,,he> :at "p ( y\r program ! comput] 0 work+ on4 ,y w\ld h to disc]n ?is1 ?\gh1 ov] ! clack+ ( ! ,flex[rit]1 :i* c\ld make y ?9k y 7 9 ! middle ( a ma*9e-gun battle4 ,ev5 m amaz+ 0 t1 because ( ^! int]active capabilities1 & also because us]s seem$ to be all[$ blocks ( "t to use ! ,,tx-#j all by !mselves1 y c\ld ev5 modify a program ,,:ile ,,sitt+ ,,at ,,! ,,comput]4 ,a miracle6 ,!re 0 no way 9 hell t ,kotok1 ,saund]s1 ,samson1 & ! o!rs 7 go+ to be kept away f t ma*9e4 ,=tunately1 !re didn't seem to be ! k9d ( bureaucracy surr\nd+ ! ,,tx-#j t !re 0 ar\nd ! ,,ibm #gjd4 ,no cadre ( (fici\s prie/s4 ,! te*nician 9 *>ge 0 a canny :ite-hair$ ,scotsman nam$ ,john ,mc,kenzie4 ,:ile he made sure t graduate /ud5ts & ^? work+ on fund$ projects-- ,(ficially ,sanction$ ,us]s--ma9ta9$ access to ! ma*9e1 ,mc,kenzie tol]at$ ! crew ( ,,tmrc madm5 :o began to hang out 9 ! ,,rle lab1 :]e ! ,,tx-#j /ood4 ,samson1 ,kotok1 ,saund]s1 & a fre%man nam$ ,bob ,wagn] soon figur$ out t ! be/ "t ( all to hang out 9 ,build+ #bf 0 at night1 :5 no p]son 9 8 "r m9d w\ld h sign$ up = an h\r-long session on ! piece ( pap] po/$ e ,friday beside ! air condition] 9 ! ,,rle lab4 ,! ,,tx-#j z a rule 0 kept runn+ tw5ty-f\r h\rs a day--comput]s back !n 7 too exp5sive = _! "t to be wa/$ by leav+ !m idle ?r\gh ! night1 & besides1 x 0 a hairy proc$ure to get ! ?+ up & runn+ once x 0 turn$ (f4 ,s ! ,,tmrc hack]s1 :o soon 7 ref]r+ to !mselves z ,,tx-#j hack]s1 *ang$ _! life-/yle to accommodate ! comput]4 ,!y laid claim to :at blocks ( "t !y c\ld1 & w\ld vulture "t ) nocturnal visits to ! lab on ! (f *ance t someone :o 0 s*$ul$ = a #c ,a4,m4 session might n %[ up4 ,oh6 ,samson w\ld say delight$ly1 a m9ute or s aft] someone fail$ to %[ up at ! "t designat$ 9 ! logbook4 ,make sure x doesn't g to wa/e6 ,x nev] seem$ to1 because ! hack]s 7 !re almo/ all ! "t4 ,if !y w]5't 9 ! ,,rle lab wait+ = an op5+ to occur1 !y 7 9 ! classroom next to ! ,,tmrc clubroom1 ! ,tool ,room1 play+ a hangman-/yle ^w game t ,samson _h devis$ call$ ,come ,next ,door1 wait+ = a call f someone :o 0 ne> ! ,,tx-#j1 monitor+ x to see if someone _h n %[n up = a session4 ,! hack]s recruit$ a network ( in=m]s to give advance notice ( pot5tial op5+s at ! comput]--if a rese>* project 0 n ready ) its program 9 "t1 or a pr(essor 0 sick1 ! ^w w\ld be pass$ to ,,tmrc & ! hack]s w\ld appe> at ! ,,tx-#j1 brea?less & ready to jam into ! space beh9d ! console4 ,?\gh ,jack ,d5nis 0 !oretically 9 *>ge ( ! op]ation1 ,d5nis 0 tea*+ c\rses at ! "t1 & pref]r$ to sp5d ! re/ ( 8 "t actually writ+ code = ! ma*9e4 ,d5nis play$ ! role ( b5evol5t godfa!r to ! hack]s3 he w\ld give !m a brief h&s-on introduction to ! ma*9e1 po9t !m 9 c]ta9 directions1 be amus$ at _! wild programm+ v5tures4 ,he _h little ta/e = adm9i/ration1 ?\gh1 & 0 j z happy to let ,john ,mc,kenzie run ?+s4 ,mc,kenzie e>ly on recogniz$ t ! int]active nature ( ! ,,tx-#j 0 inspir+ a new =m ( comput] programm+1 & ! hack]s 7 its pione]s4 ,s he did n lay d[n too _m edicts4 ,! atmosph]e 0 loose en\gh 9 #aiei to accommodate ! /rays--sci5ce-mad p ^: curiosity burn$ l a hung]1 :o l ,pet] ,samson w\ld be explor+ ! un*>t$ maze ( laboratories at ,,mit4 ,! noise ( ! air-condition+1 ! audio output1 & ! drill-hamm] ,flex[rit] w\ld lure ^! w&]]s1 :o'd poke _! heads into ! lab l kitt5s pe]+ into baskets ( y>n4 ,"o ( ^? w&]]s 0 an outsid] nam$ ,pet] ,deuts*4 ,ev5 be=e discov]+ ! ,,tx-#j1 ,deuts* _h develop$ a fasc9ation = comput]s4 ,x began "o day :5 he pick$ up a manual t someone _h disc>d$1 a manual = an obscure =m ( comput] language = do+ calculations4 ,some?+ ab\t ! ord]l9ess ( ! comput] in/ructions appeal$ to him3 he w\ld lat] describe ! feel+ z ! same k9d ( e]ily transc5d5t recognition t an arti/ exp]i5ces :5 he discov]s ! m$ium t is absolutely "r = him4 ,,?is ,,is ,,:]e ,i ,,belong4 ,deuts* tri$ writ+ a small program1 &1 sign+ up = "t "u ! "n ( "o ( ! prie/s1 ran x on a comput]4 ,)9 weeks1 he _h atta9$ a /rik+ pr(ici5cy 9 programm+4 ,he 0 only twelve ye>s old4 ,he 0 a %y kid1 /rong 9 ma? & unsure ( mo/ ev]y?+ else4 ,he 0 uncom=tably ov]weight1 defici5t 9 sports1 b an intellectual /> p]=m]4 ,8 fa!r 0 a pr(essor at ,,mit1 & ,pet] us$ t z 8 entree to explore ! labs4 ,x 0 inevitable t he w\ld be drawn to ! ,,tx-#j4 ,he fir/ w&]$ into ! small ,kluge ,room 7a kluge is a piece ( inelegantly con/ruct$ equipm5t t seems to defy logic by work+ prop]ly71 :]e ?ree (f-l9e ,flex[rit]s 7 available = pun*+ programs onto pap] tape :i* w\ld lat] be f$ into ! ,,tx-#j4 ,someone 0 busy pun*+ 9 a tape4 ,pet] wat*$ = a :ile1 !n began bomb>d+ ! poor s\l ) que/ions ab\t t weird-look+ little comput] 9 ! next room4 ,!n ,pet] w5t up to ! ,,tx-#j itself1 exam9$ x closely1 not+ h[ x diff]$ f o!r comput]s3 x 0 small]1 _h a ,,crt display1 & o!r neat toys4 ,he decid$ "r !n to act z if he _h a p]fect "r to be !re4 ,he got hold ( a manual & soon 0 />tl+ p by sp\t+ actual make-s5se comput] talk1 & ev5tually 0 all[$ to sign up = night & week5d sessions1 & to write 8 own programs4 ,mc,kenzie worri$ t someone might accuse him ( runn+ "s sort ( summ] camp1 ) ?is %ort-pants little kid1 b>ely tall en\gh to /ick 8 head ov] ! ,,tx-,o's console1 />+ at ! code t an ,(ficially ,sanction$ ,us]1 p]haps "s self-important graduate /ud5t1 w\ld be hamm]+ into ! ,flex[rit]1 & say+ 9 8 squeaky1 preadolesc5t voice some?+ l ,y\r problem is t ?is cr$it is wrong ov] "h 4 4 4 y ne$ ?is o!r in/ruction ov] !re1 & ! self-important grad /ud5t w\ld g crazy--,,:o ,,is ,,?is ,,little ,,worm8--& />t scream+ at him to g out & play some:]e4 ,inv>iably1 ?\gh1 ,pet] ,deuts*'s comm5ts w\ld turn out to be correct4 ,deuts* w\ld also braz5ly ann\nce t he 0 go+ to write bett] programs ?an ! ones curr5tly available1 & he w\ld g & d x4 ,samson1 ,kotok1 & ! o!r hack]s accept$ ,pet] ,deuts*3 by virtue ( 8 comput] k he 0 wor?y ( equal treatm5t4 ,deuts* 0 n su* a favorite ) ! ,(ficially ,sanction$ ,us]s1 especially :5 he sat beh9d !m ready to spr+ into action :5 !y made a mi/ake on ! ,flex[rit]4 ,^! ,(ficially ,sanction$ ,us]s appe>$ at ! ,,tx-#j ) ! regul>ity ( commut]s4 ,! programs !y ran 7 /ati/ical analyses1 cross correlations1 simulations ( an int]ior ( ! nucleus ( a cell4 ,applications4 ,t 0 f9e = ,us]s1 b x 0 sort ( a wa/e 9 ! m9ds ( ! hack]s4 ,:at hack]s _h 9 m9d 0 gett+ beh9d ! console ( ! ,,tx-#j mu* 9 ! same way z gett+ 9 beh9d ! ?rottle ( a plane1 ,or1 z ,pet] ,samson1 a classical music fan1 put x1 comput+ ) ! ,,tx-#j 0 l play+ a musical in/rum5t3 an absurdly exp5sive musical in/rum5t ^u :i* y c\ld improvise1 compose1 &1 l ! beatniks 9 ,h>v>d ,squ>e a mile away1 wail l a ban%ee ) total creative ab&on4 ,"o ?+ t enabl$ !m to d ?is 0 ! programm+ sy/em devis$ by ,jack ,d5nis & ano!r pr(essor1 ,tom ,/ockman4 ,:5 ! ,,tx-#j arriv$ at ,,mit1 x _h be5 /ripp$ d[n s9ce its days at ,l9coln ,lab3 ! memory _h be5 r$uc$ consid]ably1 to #d1jif words ( eighte5 bits ea*4 7,a bit is a ,b,inary digi,t1 ei!r a "o or z]o4 ,^! b9>y numb]s are ! only ?+ comput]s und]/&4 ,a s]ies ( b9>y numb]s is call$ a ^w47 ,& ! ,,tx-#j _h almo/ no s(tw>e4 ,s ,jack ,d5nis1 ev5 be=e he introduc$ ! ,,tmrc p to ! ,,tx-#j1 _h be5 writ+ sy/ems programs--! s(tw>e to help us]s utilize ! ma*9e4 ,! fir/ ?+ ,d5nis work$ on 0 an assembl]4 ,?is 0 some?+ t translat$ assembly language--:i* us$ ?ree- lett] symbolic abbreviations t repres5t$ in/ructions to ! ma*9e--into ma*9e language1 :i* consi/$ ( ! b9>y numb]s #j & #a4 ,! ,,tx-#j _h a r limit$ assembly language3 s9ce its design all[$ only two bits ( ea* eighte5-bit ^w to be us$ = in/ructions to ! comput]1 only f\r in/ructions c\ld be us$ 7ea* possible two-bit v>iation--#jj1 #j #a1 #aj1 & #aa--repres5t$ an in/ruction74 ,ev]y?+ ! comput] did c\ld be brok5 d[n to ! execution ( "o ( ^? f\r in/ructions3 x took "o in/ruction to add two numb]s1 b a s]ies ( p]haps tw5ty in/ructions to multiply two numb]s4 ,/>+ at a long li/ ( comput] comm&s writt5 z b9>y numb]s--= example1 #ajjaajjaajjjja-- c\ld make y into a babbl+ m5tal case 9 a matt] ( m9utes4 ,b ! same comm& 9 assembly language might look l ?is3 ,,add ,y4 ,aft] load+ ! comput] ) ! assembl] t ,d5nis wrote1 y c\ld write programs 9 ?is simpl] symbolic =m1 & wait smugly :ile ! comput] did ! translation into b9>y = y1 ,!n y'd fe$ t b9>y object code back into ! comput]4 ,! value ( ?is 0 incalculable3 x enabl$ programm]s to write 9 some?+ t ,,look$ l code1 r ?an an endless1 dizzy+ s]ies ( ones & z]os4 ,! o!r program t ,d5nis work$ on ) ,/ockman 0 some?+ ev5 new]--a debugg]4 ,! ,,tx-#j came ) a debugg+ program call$ ,,ut-#c1 :i* enabl$ y to talk to ! comput] :ile x 0 runn+ by typ+ comm&s directly into ! ,flex[rit]1 ,b x _h t]rible problems-= "o ?+1 x only accept$ typ$-9 code t us$ ! octal num]ic sy/em4 ,octal is a base-eight numb] sy/em 7z oppos$ to b9>y1 :i* is base two1 & ,arabic--ours-:i* is base t571 & x is a difficult sy/em to use4 ,s ,d5nis & ,/ockman decid$ to write some?+ bett] ?an ,,ut-#c :i* w\ld enable us]s to use ! symbolic1 easi]-to-"w-) assembly language4 ,?is came to be call$ ,,flit1 & x all[$ us]s to actually f9d program bugs dur+ a session1 fix !m1 & keep ! program runn+4 7,d5nis w\ld expla9 t ,,flit /ood = ,f,lexowriter ,int]rogation ,tape1 b cle>ly ! "n's real orig9 0 ! insect spray ) t br& "n47 ,,flit 0 a quantum leap =w>d1 s9ce x lib]at$ programm]s to actually d orig9al compos+ on ! ma*9e--j l musicians compos+ on _! musical in/rum5ts4 ,) ! use ( ! debugg]1 :i* took up "o ?ird ( ! #d1jif words ( ! ,,tx-,o's memory1 hack]s 7 free to create a new1 m d>+ /yle ( programm+4 ,& :at did ^! hack] programs ,,d8 ,well1 sometimes1 x didn't matt] mu* at all :at !y did4 ,pet] ,samson hack$ ! night away on a program t w\ld in/antly conv]t ,arabic numb]s to ,roman num]als1 & ,jack ,d5nis1 aft] admir+ ! skill ) :i* ,samson _h accompli%$ ?is feat1 said1 ,my ,god1 :y w\ld anyone want to d su* a ?+8 ,b ,d5nis knew :y4 ,!re 0 ample ju/ification 9 ! feel+ ( p[] & accompli%m5t ,samson got :5 he f$ 9 ! pap] tape1 monitor$ ! lights & swit*es1 & saw :at 7 once pla9 old blackbo>d ,arabic numb]s com+ back z ! num]als ! ,romans _h hack$ )4 ,9 fact x 0 ,jack ,d5nis :o sugge/$ to ,samson t !re 7 consid]able uses = ! ,,tx-,o's ability to s5d noise to ! audio speak]4 ,:ile !re 7 no built-9 controls = pit*1 amplitude1 or tone "*1 !re 0 a way to control ! speak]--s\nds w\ld be emitt$ dep5d+ on ! /ate ( ! f\rte5? bit 9 ! eighte5-bit words ! ,,tx-#j _h 9 its accumulator 9 a giv5 microsecond4 ,! s\nd 0 on or (f dep5d+ on :e!r bit f\rte5 0 a "o or z]o4 ,s ,samson set ab\t writ+ programs t v>i$ ! b9>y numb]s 9 t slot 9 diff]5t ways to produce diff]5t pit*es4 ,at t "t1 only a few p 9 ! c\ntry _h be5 exp]im5t+ ) us+ a comput] to output any k9d ( music1 & ! me?ods !y _h be5 us+ requir$ massive computations be=e ! ma*9e w\ld s mu* z utt] a note1 ,samson1 :o react$ ) impati5ce to ^? :o w>n$ he 0 attempt+ ! impossible1 want$ a comput] play+ music "r away4 ,s he le>n$ to control t "o bit 9 ! accumulator s adeptly t he c\ld comm& x ) ! au?ority ( ,*>lie ,p>k] on ! saxophone4 ,9 a lat] v]sion ( ?is music compil]1 ,samson rigg$ x s t if y made an error 9 y\r programm+ syntax1 ! ,flex[rit] w\ld swit* to a r$ ribbon & pr9t ,to err is human to =give div9e4 ,:5 outsid]s he>d ! melodies ( ,johann ,seba/ian ,ba* 9 a s+le-voice1 monophonic squ>e wave1 no h>mony1 !y 7 univ]sally unfaz$4 ,big deal6 ,?ree million doll>s = ?is giant hunk ( ma*9]y1 & :y %\ldn't x d at lea/ z mu* z a five-doll> toy piano8 ,x 0 no use to expla9 to ^! outsid]s t ,pet] ,samson _h virtually bypass$ ! process by :i* music _h be5 made = eons4 ,music _h always be5 made by directly creat+ vibrations t 7 s\nd4 ,:at happ5$ 9 ,samson's program 0 t a load ( numb]s1 bits ( in=mation f$ into a comput]1 compris$ a code 9 :i* ! music resid$4 ,y c\ld sp5d h\rs />+ at ! code1 & n be able to div9e :]e ! music 04 ,x only became music :ile millions ( bl9d+ly brief ex*anges ( data 7 tak+ place 9 ! accumulator sitt+ 9 "o ( ! metal1 wire1 & silicon racks t compris$ ! ,,tx-#j4 ,samson _h ask$ ! comput]1 :i* _h no app>5t k ( h[ to use a voice1 to lift itself 9 song--& ! ,,tx-#j _h compli$4 ,s x 0 t a comput] program 0 n only metaphorically a musical composition--x 0 ,,lit]ally a musical composition6 ,x look$ l--& 0--! same k9d ( program :i* yield$ complex ari?metical computations & /ati/ical analyses4 ,^! digits t ,samson _h jamm$ into ! comput] 7 a univ]sal language :i* c\ld produce ,,any?+--a ,ba* fugue or an anti-aircraft sy/em4 ,samson did n say any ( ?is to ! outsid]s :o 7 unimpress$ by 8 feat4 ,nor did ! hack]s !mselves discuss ?is--x is n ev5 cle> t !y analyz$ ! ph5om5on 9 su* cosmic t]ms4 ,pet] ,samson did x1 & 8 colleagues appreciat$ x1 because x 0 obvi\sly a neat hack4 ,t 0 ju/ification en\gh4 99 99 99 ,to hack]s l ,bob ,saund]s--bald+1 plump1 & m]ry disciple ( ! ,,tx-#j1 presid5t ( ,,tmrc's ,s,p gr\p1 /ud5t ( sy/ems-- x 0 a p]fect exi/5ce4 ,saund]s _h gr[n up 9 ! suburbs ( ,*icago1 & = z long z he c\ld rememb] ! work+s ( electricity & telephone circuitry _h fasc9at$ him4 ,be=e beg9n+ ,,mit1 ,saund]s _h l&$ a dream summ] job1 work+ = ! phone company in/all+ c5tral (fice equipm5t1 ,he w\ld sp5d eight blissful h\rs ) sold]+ iron & pli]s 9 h&1 work+ 9 ! b[els ( v>i\s sy/ems1 an idyll brok5 by lun* h\rs sp5t 9 deep /udy ( phone company manuals4 ,x 0 ! phone company equipm5t und]nea? ! ,,tmrc lay\t t _h conv9c$ ,saund]s to become active 9 ! ,model ,railroad ,club4 ,saund]s1 be+ an upp]classman1 _h come to ! ,,tx-#j lat] 9 8 college c>e] ?an ,kotok & ,samson3 he _h us$ ! brea?+ space to actually lay ! f\ndation = a social life1 :i* includ$ c\rt%ip ( & ev5tual m>riage to ,m>ge ,fr5*1 :o _h done "s non-hack+ comput] "w = a rese>* project4 ,/ill1 ! ,,tx-#j 0 ! c5t] ( 8 college c>e]1 & he %>$ ! common hack] exp]i5ce ( see+ 8 grades suff] f miss$ classes4 ,x didn't bo!r him mu*1 because he knew t 8 real education 0 occurr+ 9 ,room #bdj ( ,build+ #bf1 beh9d ! ,tixo console4 ,ye>s lat] he w\ld describe himself & ! o!rs z an elite gr\p4 ,o!r p 7 (f /udy+1 sp5d+ _! days up on f\r-floor build+s mak+ obnoxi\s vapors or (f 9 ! physics lab ?r[+ p>ticles at ?+s or :atev] x is !y d4 ,& we 7 simply n pay+ att5tion to :at o!r folks 7 do+ because we _h no int]e/ 9 x4 ,!y 7 /udy+ :at !y 7 /udy+ & we 7 /udy+ :at we 7 /udy+4 ,& ! fact t mu* ( x 0 n on ! (ficially approv$ curriculum 0 by & l>ge immat]ial4 ,! hack]s came out at night4 ,x 0 ! only way to take full advantage ( ! crucial (f-h\rs ( ! ,,tx-#j4 ,dur+ ! day1 ,saund]s w\ld usually manage to make an appe>ance 9 a class or two4 ,!n "s "t sp5t p]=m+ basic ma9t5ance--?+s l eat+ & go+ to ! ba?room4 ,he might see ,m>ge = a :ile4 ,b ev5tually he w\ld filt] ov] to ,build+ #bf4 ,he w\ld g ov] "s ( ! programs ( ! night be=e1 pr9t$ on ! n9e-&-a-half-in*-wide pap] t ! ,flex[rit] us$4 ,he w\ld annotate & modify ! li/+ to update ! code to :atev] he consid]$ ! next /age ( op]ation4 ,maybe !n he w\ld move ov] to ! ,model ,railroad ,club1 & he'd swap 8 program ) someone1 *eck+ simultane\sly = good ideas & pot5tial bugs4 ,!n back to ,build+ #bf1 to ! ,kluge ,room next to ! ,,tx-#j1 to f9d an (f-l9e ,flex[rit] on :i* to update 8 code4 ,all ! :ile he'd be *eck+ to see if someone _h cancel$ a "o-h\r session on ! ma*9e2 8 own session 0 s*$ul$ at some?+ l two or ?ree 9 ! morn+4 ,he'd wait 9 ! ,kluge ,room1 or play "s bridge back at ! ,railroad ,club1 until ! "t came4 ,sitt+ at ! console1 fac+ ! metal racks t held ! comput]'s transi/ors1 ea* transi/or repres5t+ a location t ei!r held or did n hold a bit ( memory1 ,saund]s w\ld set up ! ,flex[rit]1 :i* w\ld greet him ) ! ^w ,,walrus4 ,?is 0 some?+ ,samson _h hack$1 9 honor ( ,lewis ,c>roll's poem ) ! l9e ,! "t has come1 ! ,walrus said 4 4 4 ,saund]s might *uckle at t z he w5t into ! draw] = ! pap] tape :i* held ! assembl] program & f$ t into ! tape read]4 ,n[ ! comput] w\ld be ready to assemble 8 program1 s he'd take ! ,flex[rit] tape he'd be5 work+ on & s5d t into ! comput]4 ,he'd wat* ! lights g on z ! comput] swit*$ 8 code f s\rce 7! symbolic assembly language7 to object code 7b9>y71 :i* ! comput] w\ld pun* out into ano!r pap] tape4 ,s9ce t tape 0 9 ! object code t ! ,,tx-#j und]/ood1 he'd fe$ x 91 hop+ t ! program w\ld run magnific5tly4 ,!re w\ld mo/ probably be a few fell[ hack]s kibitz+ beh9d him1 laugh+ & jok+ & dr9k+ ,cokes & eat+ "s junk food !y'd extract$ f ! ma*9e d[n/airs4 ,saund]s pref]r$ ! lemon jelly w$ges t ! o!rs call$ lemon gunkies4 ,b at f\r 9 ! morn+1 any?+ ta/$ good4 ,!y w\ld all wat* z ! program began to run1 ! lights go+ on1 ! :9e f ! speak] humm+ 9 high or l[ regi/] dep5d+ on :at 0 9 ,bit #ad 9 ! accumulator1 & ! fir/ ?+ he'd see on ! ,,crt display aft] ! program _h be5 assembl$ & run 0 t ! program _h cra%$4 ,s he'd rea* into ! draw] = ! tape ) ! ,,flit debugg] & fe$ ,,t into ! comput]4 ,! comput] w\ld !n be a debugg+ ma*9e1 & he'd s5d ! program back 94 ,n[ he c\ld />t try+ to f9d out :]e ?+s _h gone wrong1 & maybe if he 0 lucky he'd f9d out1 & *ange ?+s by putt+ 9 "s comm&s by flick+ "s ( ! swit*es on ! console 9 precise ord]1 or hamm]+ 9 "s code on ! ,flex[rit]4 ,once ?+s got runn+--& x 0 always incr$ibly satisfy+ :5 some?+ work$1 :5 he'd made t roomful ( transi/ors & wires & metal & electricity all meld toge!r to create a precise output t he'd devis$--he'd try to add ! next advance to x4 ,:5 ! h\r 0 ov]--someone already it*+ to get on ! ma*9e aft] him--,saund]s w\ld be ready to sp5d ! next few h\rs figur+ out :at ! heck _h made ! program g belly-up4 ,! peak h\r itself 0 trem5d\sly int5se1 b dur+ ! h\rs be=e1 & ev5 dur+ ! h\rs aft]w>d1 a hack] atta9$ a /ate ( pure conc5tration4 ,:5 y programm$ a comput]1 y _h to be aw>e ( :]e all ! ?\s&s ( bits ( in=mation 7 go+ f "o in/ruction to ! next1 & be able to pr$ict--& exploit--! effect ( all t movem5t4 ,:5 y _h all t in=mation glu$ to y\r c]ebral be+1 x 0 almo/ z if y\r own m9d _h m]g$ into ! environm5t ( ! comput]4 ,sometimes x took h\rs to build up to ! po9t :]e y\r ?\ghts c\ld conta9 t total picture1 & :5 y did get to t po9t1 x 0 su* a %ame to wa/e x t y tri$ to su/a9 x by m>a?on bur/s1 alt]natively work+ on ! comput] or por+ ov] ! code t y wrote on "o ( ! (f-l9e ,flex[rit]s 9 ! ,kluge ,room4 ,y w\ld su/a9 t conc5tration by wrapp+ ar\nd to ! next day4 ,inevitably1 t frame ( m9d spill$ ov] to :at r&om %>ds ( exi/5ce ! hack]s _h outside ( comput+4 ,! knife-&-pa9tbru% cont+5t at ,,tmrc 7 n pleas$ at all by ! infiltration ( ,tixo-mania into ! club3 !y saw x z a sort ( ,trojan horse = a swit* 9 ! club focus1 f railroad+ to comput+4 ,& if y att5d$ "o ( ! club meet+s held e ,tuesday at five-fifte51 y c\ld see ! conc]n3 ! hack]s w\ld exploit e possible ?read ( p>liam5t>y proc$ure to create a meet+ z convolut$ z ! programs !y 7 hack+ on ! ,,tx-#j4 ,motions 7 made to make motions to make motions1 & objections rul$ out ( ord] z if !y 7 s _m comput] errors4 ,a note 9 ! m9utes ( ! meet+ on ,novemb] #bd1 #aiei1 sugge/s t we fr[n on c]ta9 memb]s :o w\ld d ! club a lot m good by do+ m ,s,p-+ & less read+ ,rob]t's ,rules ( ,ord]4 ,samson 0 "o ( ! wor/ (f5d]s1 & at "o po9t1 an exasp]at$ ,,tmrc memb] made a motion to pur*ase a cork = ,samson's oral di>rhea4 ,hack+ p>liam5t>y proc$ure 0 "o ?+1 b ! logical m9d-frame requir$ = programm+ spill$ ov] into m commonplace activities4 ,y c\ld ask a hack] a "q & s5se 8 m5tal accumulator process+ bits until he came up ) a precise answ] to ! "q y ask$4 ,m>ge ,saund]s w\ld drive to ! ,safeway e ,saturday morn+ 9 ! ,volkswag5 & ^u h] return ask h] husb&1 ,w\ld y l to help me br+ 9 ! groc]ies8 ,bob ,saund]s w\ld reply1 ,no4 ,/unn$1 ,m>ge w\ld drag 9 ! groc]ies h]self4 ,aft] ! same ?+ occurr$ a few times1 %e explod$1 hurl+ curses at him & dem&+ to "k :y he said no to h] "q4 ,t's a /upid "q to ask1 he said4 ,( c\rse ,i won't ,,l to help y br+ 9 ! groc]ies4 ,if y ask me if ,i'll help y br+ !m 91 t's ano!r matt]4 ,x 0 z if ,m>ge _h submitt$ a program into ! ,,tx-#j1 & ! program1 z programs d :5 ! syntax is improp]1 _h cra%$4 ,x 0 n until %e debugg$ h] "q t ,bob ,saund]s w\ld all[ x to run successfully on 8 own m5tal comput]4 ,,*apt] #b ,,! ,,hack] ,,e?ic ,some?+ new 0 coalesc+ ar\nd ! ,,tx-#j3 a new way ( life1 ) a philosophy1 an e?ic1 & a dream4 ,!re 0 no "o mom5t :5 x />t$ to dawn on ! ,,tx-#j hack]s t by devot+ _! te*nical abilities to comput+ ) a devotion r>ely se5 outside ( mona/]ies !y 7 ! vangu>d ( a d>+ symbiosis betwe5 man & ma*9e4 ,) a f]vor l t ( "y hot-rodd]s fixat$ on s\p+ up eng9es1 !y came to take _! almo/ unique surr\nd+s = grant$1 ,ev5 z ! elem5ts ( a culture 7 =m+1 z leg5ds began to accrue1 z _! ma/]y ( programm+ />t$ to surpass any previ\s record$ levels ( skill1 ! doz5 or s hack]s 7 reluctant to ackn[l$ge t _! t9y society1 on intimate t]ms ) ! ,,tx-#j1 _h be5 sl[ly & implicitly piec+ toge!r a body ( concepts1 beliefs1 & mores4 ,! precepts ( ?is revolution>y ,hack] ,e?ic 7 n s mu* debat$ & discuss$ z sil5tly agre$ ^u4 ,no manife/os 7 issu$4 ,no mission>ies tri$ to ga!r conv]ts4 ,! comput] did ! conv]t+1 & ^? :o seem$ to foll[ ! ,hack] ,e?ic mo/ fai?fully 7 p l ,samson1 ,saund]s1 & ,kotok1 ^: lives be=e ,,mit seem$ to be m]e preludes to t mom5t :5 !y fulfill$ !mselves beh9d ! console ( ! ,,tx-#j4 ,lat] !re w\ld come hack]s :o took ! implicit ,e?ic ev5 m s]i\sly ?an ! ,,tx-#j hack]s did1 hack]s l ! leg5d>y ,gre5blatt or ,gosp]1 ?\gh x w\ld be "s ye>s yet be=e ! t5ets ( hack]ism w\ld be explicitly del9eat$4 ,/ill1 ev5 9 ! days ( ! ,,tx-#j1 ! planks ( ! plat=m 7 9 place4 ,! ,hack] ,e?ic3 ,,access ,,to ,,comput]s--,,& ,,any?+ ,,:i* ,,might ,,tea* ,,y ,,some?+ ,,ab\t ,,! ,,way ,,! ,,_w ,,works--,,%\ld ,,be ,,unlimit$ ,,& ,,total4 ,,always ,,yield ,,to ,,! ,,h&s-,,on ,,imp]ative6 ,hack]s believe t ess5tial lessons c be le>n$ ab\t ! sy/ems--ab\t ! _w--f tak+ ?+s ap>t1 see+ h[ !y "w1 & us+ ?is k to create new & ev5 m int]e/+ ?+s4 ,!y res5t any p]son1 physical b>ri]1 or law t tries to keep !m f do+ ?is4 ,?is is especially true :5 a hack] wants to fix some?+ t 7f 8 po9t ( view7 is brok5 or ne$s improvem5t4 ,imp]fect sy/ems infuriate hack]s1 ^: primal in/9ct is to debug !m4 ,?is is "o reason :y hack]s g5]ally hate driv+ c>s--! sy/em ( r&omly programm$ r$ lights & oddly laid out "o-way /reets causes delays :i* are s goddamn$ ,,unnecess>y t ! impulse is to re>range signs1 op5 up traffic-light control boxes 4 4 4r$esign ! entire sy/em4 ,9 a p]fect hack] _w1 anyone piss$ (f en\gh to op5 up a control box ne> a traffic light & take x ap>t to make x "w bett] %\ld be p]fectly welcome to make ! attempt4 ,rules :i* prev5t y f tak+ matt]s l t into y\r own h&s are too ridicul\s to ev5 consid] abid+ by4 ,?is attitude help$ ! ,model ,railroad ,club />t1 on an extremely in=mal basis1 some?+ call$ ! ,midnight ,requisition+ ,committee4 ,:5 ,,tmrc ne$$ a set ( diodes1 or "s extra relays1 to build "s new feature into ,! ,sy/em1 a few ,s,p p w\ld wait until d>k & f9d _! way into ! places :]e ^? ?+s 7 kept4 ,none ( ! hack]s1 :o 7 z a rule scrupul\sly hone/ 9 o!r matt]s1 seem$ to equate ?is ) /eal+4 ,a willful bl9dness4 ,,all ,,in=mation ,,%\ld ,,be ,,free4 ,if y don't h access to ! in=mation y ne$ to improve ?+s1 h[ c y fix !m8 ,a free ex*ange ( in=mation p>ticul>ly :5 ! in=mation 0 9 ! =m ( a comput] program1 all[$ = great] ov]all creativity4 ,:5 y 7 work+ on a ma*9e l ! ,,tx-#j1 :i* came ) almo/ no s(tw>e1 ev]yone w\ld furi\sly write sy/ems programs to make programm+ easi]--,tools to ,make ,tools1 kept 9 ! draw] by ! console = easy access by anyone us+ ! ma*9e4 ,?is prev5t$ ! dread1 "t-wa/+ ritual ( re9v5t+ ! :eel3 in/ead ( ev]ybody writ+ 8 own v]sion ( ! same program1 ! be/ v]sion w\ld be available to ev]yone1 & ev]yone w\ld be free to delve into ! code & improve on ,,t4 ,a _w /udd$ ) feature-full programs1 bumm$ to ! m9imum1 debugg$ to p]fection4 ,! belief1 sometimes tak5 unconditionally1 t in=mation %\ld be free 0 a direct tribute to ! way a spl5did comput]1 or comput] program1 works--! b9>y bits mov+ 9 ! mo/ /raight=w>d1 logical pa? necess>y to d _! complex job1 ,:at 0 a comput] b some?+ :i* b5efit$ f a free fl[ ( in=mation8 ,if1 say1 ! accumulator f\nd itself unable to get in=mation f ! input_/output 7i_/o7 devices l ! tape read] or ! swit*es1 ! :ole sy/em w\ld collapse4 ,9 ! hack] viewpo9t1 any sy/em c\ld b5efit f t easy fl[ ( in=mation4 ,,mi/ru/ ,,au?ority--,,promote ,,dec5tralization4 ,! be/ way to promote ?is free ex*ange ( in=mation is to h an op5 sy/em1 some?+ :i* pres5ts no b\nd>ies betwe5 a hack] & a piece ( in=mation or an item ( equipm5t t he ne$s 9 8 que/ = k1 improvem5t1 & "t on-l9e4 ,! la/ ?+ y ne$ is a bureaucracy4 ,bureaucracies1 :e!r corporate1 gov]nm5t1 or univ]sity1 are flaw$ sy/ems1 dang]\s 9 t !y _c accommodate ! exploratory impulse ( true hack]s4 ,bureaucrats hide beh9d arbitr>y rules 7z oppos$ to ! logical algori?ms by :i* ma*9es & comput] programs op]ate73 !y invoke ^? rules to consolidate p[]1 & p]ceive ! con/ructive impulse ( hack]s z a ?reat4 ,! epitome ( ! bureaucratic _w 0 to be f\nd at a v l>ge company call$ ,int]national ,bus9ess ,ma*9es--,,ibm4 ,! reason its comput]s 7 bat*-process$ ,hulk+ ,giants 0 only p>tially because ( vacuum tube te*nology1 ,! real reason 0 t ,,ibm 0 a clumsy1 hulk+ company :i* did n und]/& ! hack+ impulse4 ,if ,,ibm _h its way 7s ! ,,tmrc hack]s ?\ght71 ! _w w\ld be bat*-process$1 laid out on ^? annoy+ little pun* c>ds1 & only ! mo/ privileg$ ( prie/s w\ld be p]mitt$ to actually int]act ) ! comput]4 ,all y _h to d 0 look at someone 9 ! ,,ibm _w1 & note ! button-d[n :ite %irt1 ! neatly p9n$ black tie1 ! hair c>efully held 9 place1 & ! tray ( pun* c>ds 9 h&4 ,y c\ld w&] into ! ,computation ,c5t]1 :]e ! #gjd1 ! #gji1 & lat] ! #gjij 7 /or$--! be/ ,,ibm _h to (f]--& see ! /ifl+ ord]l9ess1 d[n to ! rop$-(f areas beyond :i* non-au?oriz$ p c\ld n v5ture4 ,& y c\ld comp>e t to ! extremely in=mal atmosph]e ar\nd ! ,,tx-#j1 :]e grungy clo!s 7 ! norm & almo/ anyone c\ld w&] 94 ,n[1 ,,ibm _h done & w\ld cont9ue to d _m ?+s to advance comput+4 ,by its %e] size & mighty influ5ce1 x _h made comput]s a p]man5t "p ( life 9 ,am]ica4 ,to _m p1 ! words ,,ibm & comput] 7 virtually synonym\s4 ,,ibm's ma*9es 7 reliable workhorses1 wor?y ( ! tru/ t bus9essm5 & sci5ti/s inve/$ 9 !m4 ,?is 0 due 9 "p to ,,ibm's cons]vative approa*3 x w\ld n make ! mo/ te*nologically advanc$ ma*9es1 b w\ld rely on prov5 concepts & c>eful1 aggressive m>ket+4 ,z ,,ibm's dom9ance ( ! comput] field 0 e/abli%$1 ! company became an empire unto itself1 secretive & smug4 ,:at really drove ! hack]s crazy 0 ! attitude ( ! ,,ibm prie/s & sub-prie/s1 :o seem$ to ?9k t ,,ibm _h ! only real comput]s1 & ! re/ 7 all tra%4 ,y c\ldn't talk to ^? p--!y 7 beyond conv9c+4 ,!y 7 bat*-process$ p1 & x %[$ n only 9 _! pref]5ce ( ma*9es1 b 9 _! idea ab\t ! way a computation c5t]1 & a _w1 %\ld be run4 ,^? p c\ld nev] und]/& ! obvi\s sup]iority ( a dec5traliz$ sy/em1 ) no "o giv+ ord]s3 a sy/em :]e p c\ld foll[ _! int]e/s1 & if along ! way !y discov]$ a flaw 9 ! sy/em1 !y c\ld emb>k on ambiti\s surg]y4 ,no ne$ to get a requisition =m4 j a ne$ to get some?+ done4 ,?is antibureaucratic b5t co9cid$ neatly ) ! p]sonalities ( _m ( ! hack]s1 :o s9ce *ildhood _h gr[n accu/om$ to build+ sci5ce projects :ile ! re/ ( _! classmates 7 bang+ _! heads toge!r & le>n+ social skills on ! field ( sport4 ,^! "y adults :o 7 once outca/s f\nd ! comput] a fanta/ic equaliz]1 exp]i5c+ a feel+1 accord+ to ,pet] ,samson1 l y op5$ ! door & walk$ ?r\gh ?is gr& new univ]se 4 4 4 ,once !y pass$ ?r\gh t door & sat beh9d ! console ( a million-doll> comput]1 hack]s _h p[]4 ,s x 0 natural to di/ru/ any =ce :i* might try to limit ! ext5t ( t p[]4 ,,hack]s ,,%\ld ,,be ,,judg$ ,,by ,,_! ,,hack+1 ,,n ,,bogus ,,crit]ia ,,su* ,,z ,,degrees1 ,,age1 ,,race1 ,,or ,,position4 ,! ready acceptance ( twelve-ye>-old ,pet] ,deuts* 9 ! ,,tx-#j community 7?\gh n by non-hack] graduate /ud5ts7 0 a good example4 ,likewise1 p :o trott$ 9 ) seem+ly impressive cr$5tials 7 n tak5 s]i\sly until !y prov$ !mselves at ! console ( a comput]4 ,?is m]itocratic trait 0 n necess>ily root$ 9 ! inh]5t goodness ( hack] he>ts--x 0 ma9ly t hack]s c>$ less ab\t someone's sup]ficial *>act]i/ics ?an !y did ab\t 8 pot5tial to advance ! g5]al /ate ( hack+1 to create new programs to admire1 to talk ab\t t new feature 9 ! sy/em4 ,,y ,,c ,,create ,,art ,,& ,,beauty ,,on ,a ,,comput]4 ,samson's music program 0 an example4 ,b to hack]s1 ! art ( ! program did n reside 9 ! pleas+ s\nds emanat+ f ! on-l9e speak]4 ,! code ( ! program held a beauty ( its own4 7,samson1 ?\gh1 0 p>ticul>ly obscure 9 refus+ to add comm5ts to 8 s\rce code expla9+ :at he 0 do+ at a giv5 "t4 ,"o well-di/ribut$ program ,samson wrote w5t on = hundr$s ( assembly language in/ructions1 ) only "o comm5t beside an in/ruction :i* conta9$ ! numb] #agej4 ,! comm5t 0 ,,ripjsb1 & p rack$ _! bra9s ab\t its mean+ until someone figur$ out t #agej 0 ! ye> ,ba* di$1 & t ,samson _h writt5 an abbreviation = ,re/ ,9 ,peace ,johann ,seba/ian ,ba*47 ,a c]ta9 e/hetic ( programm+ /yle _h em]g$4 ,because ( ! limit$ memory space ( ! ,,tx-#j 7a h&icap t ext5d$ to all comput]s ( t era71 hack]s came to deeply appreciate innovative te*niques :i* all[$ programs to d complicat$ tasks ) v few in/ructions4 ,! %ort] a program 01 ! m space y _h left = o!r programs1 & ! fa/] a program ran4 ,sometimes :5 y didn't ne$ spe$ or space mu*1 & y w]5't ?9k+ ab\t art & beauty1 y'd hack toge!r an ugly program1 attack+ ! problem ) brute =ce me?ods4 ,well1 we c d ?is by add+ tw5ty numb]s1 ,samson might say to himself1 & x's quick] to write in/ructions to d t ?an to ?9k out a loop 9 ! beg9n+ & ! end to d ! same job 9 sev5 or eight in/ructions4 ,b ! latt] program might be admir$ by fell[ hack]s1 & "s programs 7 bumm$ to ! fewe/ l9es s artfully t ! au?or's pe]s w\ld look at x & almo/ melt ) awe4 ,sometimes program bumm+ became competitive1 a ma*o conte/ to prove oneself s mu* 9 comm& ( ! sy/em t "o c\ld recognize elegant %ortcuts to %ave (f an in/ruction or two1 or1 bett] yet1 re?9k ! :ole problem & devise a new algori?m :i* w\ld save a :ole block ( in/ructions4 7,an algori?m is a specific proc$ure :i* "o c apply to solve a complex comput] problem2 x is sort ( a ma!matical skeleton key47 ,?is c\ld mo/ emphatically be done by approa*+ ! problem f an (fbeat angle t no "o _h ev] ?\ght ( be=e b t 9 retrospect made total s5se4 ,!re 0 def9itely an arti/ic impulse resid+ 9 ^? :o c\ld utilize ?is g5ius-f-,m>s te*niques black-magic1 vision>y quality :i* enabl$ !m to disc>d ! /ale outlook ( ! be/ m9ds on e>? & come up ) a totally unexpect$ new algori?m4 ,?is happ5$ ) ! decimal pr9t r\t9e program4 ,?is 0 a subr\t9es program )9 a program t y c\ld sometimes integrate into _m diff]5t programs--to translate b9>y numb]s t ! comput] gave y into regul> decimal numb]s4 ,9 ,saund]s' words1 ?is problem became ! pawn's ass ( programm+--if y c\ld write a decimal pr9t r\t9e :i* work$ y knew en\gh ab\t ! comput] to call y\rself a programm] ( sorts4 ,& if y wrote a ,,great decimal pr9t r\t9e1 y might be able to call y\rself a hack]4 ,m ?an a competition1 ! ultimate bumm+ ( ! decimal pr9t r\t9e became a sort ( hack] ,holy ,grail4 ,v>i\s v]sions ( decimal pr9t r\t9es _h be5 ar\nd = "s mon?s4 ,if y 7 be+ delib]ately /upid ab\t x1 or if y 7 a g5u9e moron--an out-&-out los]--x might take y a hundr$ in/ructions to get ! comput] to conv]t ma*9e language to decimal4 ,b any hack] wor? 8 salt c\ld d x 9 less1 & f9ally1 by tak+ ! be/ ( ! programs1 bumm+ an in/ruction "h & !re1 ! r\t9e 0 dim9i%$ to ab\t fifty in/ructions4 ,aft] t1 ?+s got s]i\s4 ,p w\ld "w = h\rs1 seek+ a way to d ! same ?+ 9 few] l9es ( code4 ,x became m ?an a competition2 x 0 a que/4 ,= all ! ef=t exp5d$1 no "o seem$ to be able to crack ! fifty-l9e b>ri]4 ,! "q arose :e!r x 0 ev5 possible to d x 9 less4 ,0 !re a po9t beyond :i* a program c\ld n be bumm$8 ,among ! p puzzl+ ) ?is dilemma 0 a fell[ nam$ ,j5son1 a tall1 sil5t hack] f ,ma9e :o w\ld sit quietly 9 ! ,kluge ,room & scribble on pr9t\ts ) ! calm demeanor ( a backwoodsman :ittl+4 ,j5son 0 always look+ = ways to compress 8 programs 9 "t & space--8 code 0 a completely biz>re sequ5ce ( int]m+l$ ,boolean & ari?metic functions1 (t5 caus+ sev]al diff]5t computations to occur 9 diff]5t sections ( ! same eighte5-bit ^w4 ,amaz+ ?+s1 magical /unts4 ,be=e ,j5son1 !re _h be5 g5]al agreem5t t ! only logical algori?m = a decimal pr9t r\t9e w\ld h ! ma*9e repeat$ly subtract+1 us+ a table ( ! p[]s ( t5 to keep ! numb]s 9 prop] digital columns4 ,j5son someh[ figur$ t a p[]s-(-t5 table wasn't necess>y2 he came up ) an algori?m t 0 able to conv]t ! digits 9 a rev]se ord] b1 by "s digital sleight ( h&1 pr9t !m out 9 ! prop] ord]4 ,!re 0 a complex ma!matical ju/ification to x t 0 cle> to ! o!r hack]s only :5 !y saw ,j5son's program po/$ on a bullet9 bo>d1 8 way ( tell+ !m t he _h tak5 ! decimal pr9t r\t9e to its limit4 ,,=ty-,,six ,,in/ructions4 ,p w\ld />e at ! code & _! jaws w\ld drop4 ,m>ge ,saund]s rememb]s ! hack]s be+ unusually quiet = days aft]w>d4 ,we knew t 0 ! end ( x1 ,bob ,saund]s lat] said4 ,t 0 ,nirvana4 ,,comput]s ,,c ,,*ange ,,y\r ,,life ,,= ,,! ,,bett]4 ,?is belief 0 subtly manife/4 ,r>ely w\ld a hack] try to impose a view ( ! myriad advantages ( ! comput] way ( k to an outsid]4 ,yet ?is premise dom9at$ ! ev]yday behavior ( ! ,,tx-#j hack]s1 z well z ! g5]ations ( hack]s t came aft] !m4 ,surely ! comput] _h *ang$ ,,_! lives1 enri*$ _! lives1 giv5 _! lives focus1 made _! lives adv5tur\s4 ,x _h made !m ma/]s ( a c]ta9 slice ( fate4 ,pet] ,samson lat] said1 ,we did x tw5ty-five to ?irty p]c5t = ! sake ( do+ x because x 0 some?+ we c\ld d & d well1 & sixty p]c5t = ! sake ( hav+ some?+ :i* 0 9 its metaphorical way alive1 our (fspr+1 :i* w\ld d ?+s on its own :5 we 7 f9i%$4 ,t's ! great ?+ ab\t programm+1 ! magical appeal x has 4 4 4 ,once y fix a behavioral problem a comput] or program has1 x's fix$ =ev]1 & x is exactly an image ( :at y meant4 ,,l ,,aladd9',s ,,lamp1 ,,y ,,c\ld ,,get ,,x ,,to ,,d ,,y\r ,,bidd+4 ,surely ev]yone c\ld b5efit f exp]i5c+ ?is p[]4 ,surely ev]yone c\ld b5efit f a _w bas$ on ! ,hack] ,e?ic4 ,?is 0 ! implicit belief ( ! hack]s1 & ! hack]s irrev]5tly ext5d$ ! conv5tional po9t ( view ( :at comput]s c\ld & %\ld d--lead+ ! _w to a new way ( look+ & int]act+ ) comput]s4 ,?is 0 n easily done4 ,ev5 at su* an advanc$ in/itution z ,,mit1 "s pr(essors consid]$ a manic aff9ity = comput]s z frivol\s1 ev5 dem5t$4 ,,tmrc hack] ,bob ,wagn] once _h to expla9 to an eng9e]+ pr(essor :at a comput] 04 ,wagn] exp]i5c$ ?is cla% ( comput] v]sus anti-comput] ev5 m vividly :5 he took a ,num]ical ,analysis class 9 :i* ! pr(essor requir$ ea* /ud5t to d homework us+ rattl+1 clunky electrome*anical calculators4 ,kotok 0 9 ! same class1 & bo? ( !m 7 appall$ at ! prospect ( work+ ) ^? lo-te* ma*9es4 ,:y %\ld we1 !y ask$1 :5 we've got ?is comput]8 ,s ,wagn] began work+ on a comput] program t w\ld emulate ! behavior ( a calculator4 ,! idea 0 outrage\s4 ,to "s1 x 0 a misappropriation ( valuable ma*9e "t4 ,accord+ to ! /&>d ?9k+ on comput]s1 _! "t 0 too preci\s t "o %\ld only attempt ?+s :i* took maximum advantage ( ! comput]1 ?+s t o!rwise w\ld take roomfuls ( ma!maticians days ( m9dless calculat+4 ,hack]s felt o!rwise3 any?+ t seem$ int]e/+ or fun 0 fodd] = comput+--& us+ int]active comput]s1 ) no "o look+ ov] y\r %\ld] & dem&+ cle>ance = y\r specific project1 y c\ld act on t belief4 ,aft] two or ?ree mon?s ( tangl+ ) intricacies ( float+-po9t ari?metic 7necess>y to all[ ! program to "k :]e to place ! decimal po9t7 on a ma*9e t _h no simple me?od to p]=m elem5t>y multiplication1 ,wagn] _h writt5 ?ree ?\s& l9es ( code t did ! job4 ,he _h made a ridicul\sly exp5sive comput] p]=m ! function ( a calculator t co/ a ?\s& times less4 ,to honor ?is irony1 he call$ ! program ,exp5sive ,desk ,calculator1 & pr\dly did ! homework = 8 class on x4 ,8 grade--z]o4 ,y us$ a comput]6 ! pr(essor told him4 ,?is ,,c',t be "r4 ,wagn] didn't ev5 bo!r to expla94 ,h[ c\ld he convey to 8 tea*] t ! comput] 0 mak+ realities out ( :at 7 once incr$ible possibilities8 ,or t ano!r hack] _h ev5 writt5 a program call$ ,exp5sive ,typewrit] t conv]t$ ! ,,tx-#j to some?+ y c\ld write text on1 c\ld process y\r writ+ 9 /r+s ( *>act]s & pr9t x out on ! ,flex[rit]--c\ld y imag9e a pr(essor accept+ a classwork report ,,writt5 ,,by ,,! ,,comput]8 ,h[ c\ld t pr(essor--h[ c\ld1 9 fact1 anyone :o hadn't be5 imm]s$ 9 ?is un*>t$ man-ma*9e univ]se--und]/& h[ ,wagn] & 8 fell[ hack]s 7 r\t9ely us+ ! comput] to simulate1 accord+ to ,wagn]1 /range situations :i* "o c\ld sc>cely envision o!rwise8 ,! pr(essor w\ld le>n 9 "t1 z w\ld ev]yone1 t ! _w op5$ up by ! comput] 0 a limitless "o4 ,if anyone ne$$ fur!r pro(1 y c\ld cite ! project t ,kotok 0 work+ on 9 ! ,computation ,c5t]1 ! *ess program t be>d$ ,al pr(essor ,uncle ,john ,mc,carthy1 z he 0 becom+ kn[n to 8 hack] /ud5ts1 _h begun on ! ,,ibm #gjd4 ,ev5 ?\gh ,kotok & ! sev]al o!r hack]s help+ him on ! program _h only contempt = ! ,,ibm bat*-process+ m5tality t p]vad$ ! ma*9e & ! p ar\nd x1 !y _h manag$ to scr\nge "s late-night "t to use x int]actively1 & _h be5 engag+ 9 an in=mal battle ) ! sy/ems programm]s on ! #gjd to see :i* gr\p w\ld be kn[n z ! bigge/ consum] ( comput] "t4 ,! lead w\ld b\nce back & =?1 & ! :ite-%irt-&-black-tie #gjd p 7 impress$ en\gh to actually let ,kotok & 8 gr\p t\* ! buttons & swit*es on ! #gjd3 r>e s5sual contact ) a vaunt$ ,,ibm bea/4 ,kotok's role 9 br++ ! *ess program to life 0 indicative ( :at 0 to become ! hack] role 9 ,artificial ,intellig5ce3 a ,heavy ,head l ,mc,carthy or l 8 colleague ,m>v9 ,m9sky w\ld beg9 a project or wond] al\d :e!r some?+ might be possible1 & ! hack]s1 if x int]e/$ !m1 w\ld set ab\t do+ x4 ,! *ess program _h be5 />t$ us+ ,,=tran1 "o ( ! e>ly comput] languages4 ,comput] languages look m l ,engli% ?an assembly language1 are easi] to write )1 & d m ?+s ) few] in/ructions2 h[ev]1 ea* "t an in/ruction is giv5 9 a comput] language l ,,=tran1 ! comput] mu/ fir/ translate t comm& into its own b9>y language4 ,a program call$ a compil] does ?is1 & ! compil] takes up "t to d its job1 z well z occupy+ valuable space )9 ! comput]4 ,9 effect1 us+ a comput] language puts y an extra /ep away f direct contact ) ! comput]1 & hack]s g5]ally pref]r$ assembly or1 z !y call$ x1 ma*9e language to less elegant1 high]-level languages l ,,=tran4 ,kotok1 ?\gh1 recogniz$ t because ( ! huge am\nts ( numb]s t w\ld h to be crun*$ 9 a *ess program1 "p ( ! program w\ld h to be done 9 ,,=tran1 & "p 9 assembly4 ,!y hack$ x "p by "p1 ) move g5]ators1 basic data /ructures1 & all k9ds ( innovative algori?ms = /rategy4 ,aft] fe$+ ! ma*9e ! rules = mov+ ea* piece1 !y gave x "s p>amet]s by :i* to evaluate its position1 consid] v>i\s moves1 & make ! move :i* w\ld advance x to ! mo/ advantage\s situation4 ,kotok kept at x = ye>s1 ! program gr[+ z ,,mit kept upgrad+ its ,,ibm comput]s1 & "o memorable night a few hack]s ga!r$ to see ! program make "s ( its fir/ moves 9 a real game4 ,its op5] 0 q respectable1 b aft] eight or s ex*anges !re 0 real tr\ble1 ) ! comput] ab\t to be *eckmat$4 ,ev]ybody wond]$ h[ ! comput] w\ld react4 ,x too a :ile 7ev]yone knew t dur+ ^? pauses ! comput] 0 actually ?9k+1 if y\r idea ( ?9k+ includ$ me*anically consid]+ v>i\s moves1 evaluat+ !m1 reject+ mo/1 & us+ a pr$ef9$ set ( p>amet]s to ultimately make a *oice74 ,f9ally1 ! comput] mov$ a pawn two squ>es =w>d--illegally jump+ ov] ano!r piece4 ,a bug6 ,b a clev] "o--x got ! comput] out ( *eck4 ,maybe ! program 0 figur+ out "s new algori?m ) :i* to conqu] *ess4 ,at o!r univ]sities1 pr(essors 7 mak+ public proclamations t comput]s w\ld nev] be able to beat a human be+ 9 *ess4 ,hack]s knew bett]4 ,!y w\ld be ! ones :o w\ld guide comput]s to great] heights ?an anyone expect$4 ,& ! hack]s1 by fruitful1 mean+ful association ) ! comput]1 w\ld be =emo/ among ! b5efici>ies4 ,b !y w\ld n be ! only b5efici>ies4 ,ev]yone c\ld ga9 some?+ by ! use ( ?9k+ comput]s 9 an intellectually automat$ _w4 ,& w\ldn't ev]yone b5efit ev5 m by approa*+ ! _w ) ! same inquisitive int5sity1 skepticism t[>d bureaucracy1 op5ness to creativity1 unselfi%ness 9 %>+ accompli%m5ts1 urge to make improvem5ts1 & desire to build z ^? :o foll[$ ! ,hack] ,e?ic8 ,by accept+ o!rs on ! same unprejudic$ basis by :i* comput]s accept$ anyone :o ent]$ code into a ,flex[rit]8 ,w\ldn't we b5efit if we le>n$ f comput]s ! means ( creat+ a p]fect sy/em8 ,if ,,ev]yone c\ld int]act ) comput]s ) ! same innoc5t1 productive1 creative impulse t hack]s did1 ! ,hack] ,e?ic might spread ?r\gh society l a b5evol5t ripple1 & comput]s w\ld inde$ *ange ! _w = ! bett]4 ,9 ! mona/ic conf9es ( ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 p _h ! fre$om to live out ?is dream--! hack] dream4 ,no "o d>$ sugge/ t ! dream might spread4 ,in/ead1 p set ab\t build+1 "r !re at ,,mit1 a hack] ,xanadu ! likes ( :i* might nev] be duplicat$4 ,hack]s1 ,h]oes ( ! ,comput] ,revolution1 by ,/ev5 ,levy 7,c7#aihd by ,/ev5 ,levy