,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,und]scores 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate italics 9 ! orig9al text4 ,equal signs 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate bold 9 ! orig9al text4 ,small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid capitals4 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ s !y d n break up p>agraphs4 ,antiquat$ spell+s h be5 pres]v$4 ,typographical & punctuation errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,int]national ,libr>y ( ,te*nology #ccc ,h>dw>e1 ,e/imat+1 & ,mill ,design #bbc ,,illu/rations ,prep>$ ,"u ,sup]vision ( ,w4 ,s4 ,,l[ndes1 ,ph4 ,b4 ,,director1 ,,s*ools ,,( ,,ar*itecture ,,& ,,build+ ,,con/ruction ,,int]national ,,correspond5ce ,,s*ools ,,build]s' ,,h>dw>e ,,e/imat+ ,,& ,,calculat+ ,,quantities ,,mill ,,design ,publi%$ by ,,int]national ,,textbook ,,company ,,scranton1 ,,pa4 #aibe ,build]s' ,h>dw>e3 ,copyright1 #aijh1 by ,,int]national ,,textbook ,,company4 ,ent]$ at ,/ation]s' ,hall1 ,london4 ,e/imat+ & ,calculat+ ,quantities1 ,"p #a3 ,copyright1 #ahii1 by ,,! ,,colli]y ,,eng9e] ,,company4 ,copyright1 #aijh1 by ,,int]national ,,textbook ,,company4 ,ent]$ at ,/ation]s' ,hall1 ,london4 ,e/imat+ & ,calculat+ ,quantities1 ,"p #b3 ,copyright1 #ahii1 by ,,! ,,colli]y ,,eng9e] ,,company4 ,copyright1 #aiji1 by ,,int]national ,,textbook ,,company4 ,ent]$ at ,/ation]s' ,hall1 ,london4 ,mill ,design3 ,copyright1 #aijg1 by ,,int]national ,,textbook ,,company4 ,ent]$ at ,/ation]s' ,hall1 ,london4 ,all rights res]v$ ,pr9t$ 9 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,press ,,( ,,int]national ,,textbook ,,company ,,scranton1 ,,pa4 ,,preface ,! volumes ( ! ,int]national ,libr>y ( ,te*nology are made up ( ,in/ruction ,pap]s1 or ,sections1 compris+ ! v>i\s c\rses ( in/ruction = /ud5ts ( ! ,int]national ,correspond5ce ,s*ools4 ,! orig9al manuscripts are prep>$ by p]sons ?or\ghly qualifi$ bo? te*nically & by exp]i5ce to write ) au?ority1 & 9 _m cases !y are regul>ly employ$ else:]e 9 practical "w z exp]ts4 ,! manuscripts are !n c>efully edit$ to make !m suitable = correspond5ce in/ruction4 ,! ,in/ruction ,pap]s are writt5 cle>ly & 9 ! simple/ language possible1 s z to make !m readily und]/ood by all /ud5ts4 ,necess>y te*nical expressions are cle>ly expla9$ :5 introduc$4 ,! great majority ( our /ud5ts wi% to prep>e !mselves = advancem5t 9 _! vocations or to qualify = m cong5ial occupations4 ,usually !y are employ$ & able to devote only a few h\rs a day to /udy4 ,!re=e e ef=t mu/ be made to give !m practical & accurate in=mation 9 cle> & concise =m & to make ?is in=mation include all ( ! ess5tials b none ( ! non-ess5tials4 ,to make ! text cle>1 illu/rations are us$ freely4 ,^! illu/rations are especially made by our own ,illu/rat+ ,dep>tm5t 9 ord] to adapt !m fully to ! requirem5ts ( ! text4 ,9 ! table ( cont5ts t imm$iately foll[s are giv5 ! titles ( ! ,sections includ$ 9 ?is volume1 & "u ea* title are li/$ ! ma9 topics discuss$4 ,at ! end ( ! volume w be f\nd a complete index1 s t any subject treat$ c be quickly f\nd4 ,,int]national ,,textbook ,,company ,,cont5ts ,,build]s' ,,h>dw>e ,section ,page ,/aple ,h>dw>e #ee #a ,cut & ,wire ,nails #ee #b ,wood ,screws1 ,expansion & ,special ,bolts #ee #aa ,sa% ,weights #ee #ah ,f9i%+ ,h>dw>e #ee #bj ,metals & ,_! ,manipulation #ee #bj ,h+es1 ,h+e ,butts1 & ,special ,h+es #ee #bd ,locks & ,_! ,appurt5ances #ee #ee ,w9d[ & ,sa% ,h>dw>e #ee #gg ,door ,h>dw>e & its ,application #ee #ajb ,%utt] ,h>dw>e #ee #abi ,cab9et ,trim #ee #acb ,design & ,specification ( ,h>dw>e = ,build+s #ee #ach ,h>dw>e ( ,special ,design #ee #ach ,selection1 ,e/imation1 & ,application ( ,h>dw>e #ee #adf ,s*$ules & ,draw+s = ! ,h>dw>e ,contractor #ee #aed ,glass & ,glaz+ #ee #aeg ,,e/imat+ ,,& ,,calculat+ ,,quantities ,scope ( ,subject #fj #a ,approximate ,e/imat+ #fj #c ,accurate ,e/imat+ ,s*$ule #fj #e ,excavation #fj #aa ,concrete ,"w #fj #ah ,masonry #fj #bd ,brickwork #fj #ca ,c>p5try #fj #ch ,ro(+ #fj #df ,pla/]+ #fj #eh ,jo9]y #fj #fa ,/ructural ,/eel #fj #fi ,heat+ & ,v5tilat+ ,sy/em #fj #fi ,plumb+ & ,gas-,fitt+ #fj #gj ,pa9t+ & ,pap]+ #fj #gb ,glaz+ #fj #gh ,example 9 ,e/imat+ #fa #a ,excavation #fa #b ,/onework #fa #d ,brickwork #fa #h ,c>p5try #fa #aj ,ro(+ #fa #ba ,la?+ & ,pla/]+ #fa #bb ,jo9]y #fa #bc ,h>dw>e #fa #cc ,heat+ & ,v5tilat+ ,sy/em #fa #ce ,plumb+ #fa #cg ,gas-,fitt+ #fa #dj ,wir+ #fa #da ,pa9t+ #fa #db ,summ>y ( ,co/ ( ,build+ #fa #dd ,,mill ,,design ,site & ,arrangem5t #fd #a ,prelim9>y ,consid]ations #fd #a ,types ( ,mill ,con/ruction #fd #ac ,gird] & ,plank-on-,edge ,con/ruction #fd #ac ,/&>d ,sl[-,burn+ ,con/ruction #fd #ah ,factory ,build+s ( ,re9=c$ ,concrete #fd #bc ,/eel-,frame ,mill ,build+s #fd #ca ,details ( ,mill ,con/ruction & ,design #fd #cd ,! ,p[] ,plant #fd #da ,*imneys #fd #de ,fire-,protection ( ,mill ,build+s #fd #ej ,,index i ,,build]s' ,,h>dw>e ,,/aple ,,h>dw>e ,,introduction #a4 ,! h>dw>e us$ 9 build+ con/ruction may be classifi$ z /aple & f9i%$4 ,/aple h>dw>e may be consid]$ z includ+ su* mat]ials z nails & spikes1 bolts & screws1 sa% weights1 & o!r mat]ials ( ?is "*1 :ile f9i%$ h>dw>e may include su* devices & appliances z locks & lat*es1 h+es1 door & w9d[ trimm+s1 & ! v>i\s metallic fixtures us$ 9 equipp+ ! diff]5t classes ( build+s4 ,to ?is la/ classification ! t]m build]s' h>dw>e is frequ5tly appli$4 ,/rictly speak+1 glass _c be consid]$ z h>dw>e2 nev]!less1 x is frequ5tly suppli$ to ! build] ?r\gh h>dw>e supply h\ses1 & x is s closely alli$ to ! h>dw>e ( build+ con/ruction t ! subject ( glass1 its trade t]ms1 & o!r in=mation relat+ to its *>act]i/ics1 w n be out ( ord] 9 ?is ,section4 ,:ile little consid]ation is giv5 to ! h>dw>e on ! av]age build+1 !re is no m important "p ( ! con/ruction1 nor "o to :i* great] att5tion %\ld be giv54 ,on ! quality & ! selection ( prop] h>dw>e dep5ds ! avoidance ( ! petty annoyances (t5 f\nd 9 build+s :]e ?is subject has n receiv$ prop] consid]ation4 ,! ar*itect %\ld be well in=m$ reg>d+ ?is subject1 & %\ld be 9 a position to "k ! k9d & quality ( h>dw>e t1 :5 specifi$1 w give ! be/ results4 ,he w f9d t a ?or\gh k ( build]s' h>dw>e w assi/ him mat]ially 9 writ+ compreh5sive specifications = ?is portion ( ! "w4 ,consequ5tly1 ! writ+ ( ! h>dw>e specifications w receive att5tion 9 ?is ,section1 & ! prop] mann] ( e/imat+1 or 8tak+ (f10 h>dw>e w also be consid]$4 ,,cut ,,& ,,wire ,,nails #b4 ,cut ,nails4--,! primitive nail 0 made or =g$ by h&1 & ?is mode ( manufacture /ill exi/s 9 c]ta9 sections ( ,europe4 ,^! h&-made nails sold at exorbitant prices comp>$ ) ! ma*9e-made nails ( today4 ,! manufacture ( cut nails is less automatic & requires m manual labor ?an is necess>y 9 ! mak+ ( wire nails4 ,! iron or /eel is fir/ roll$ into %eets1 ! ?ickness ( :i* is equal to ! ?ickness ( ! nail2 x is !n cut into /rips z wide z ! nail is long4 ,?is /rip ( metal is f$ into ! nail ma*9e & %e>$ (f 9 tap]+ /rips hav+ ! =m ( ! nail1 :5 x is seiz$ by clamps t hold x j long en\gh = ! head+ hamm] to /rike ! bl[ t =ms ! head4 ,! nail manufactur$ 9 ?is mann] is kn[n z ! cut nail1 & is mu* sup]ior to ! wire nail1 :i* is ( m rec5t production4 ,n only has ! cut nail great] hold+ p[]1 b x is m durable1 especially :5 us$ 9 damp places4 #c4 ,ne>ly all cut nails us$ at ! pres5t "t are made f %eet /eel1 a small p]c5tage only be+ manufactur$ ( iron1 = :i* ! mak]s *>ge a slightly high] price4 ,! /eel nail is und\bt$ly ! be/ = use 9 h>dwoods1 b ! iron nail w outla/ x :]e dampness exi/s1 z1 = in/ance1 9 %+l+1 etc4 ,z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 cut nails are made 9 _m /yles & sizes1 & = v>i\s purposes4 ,!y are also kn[n by ! same trade t]m = ! v>i\s /yles4 ,cut nails are heavi] ?an wire nails1 & z !y c\nt few] to ! p\nd1 are m exp5sive at equival5t prices4 ,all nails are sold at base prices p] keg ( #ajj p\nds1 ! 8extras0 = small] & special nails be+ add$ to ! base price4 ,= special "w1 c]ta9 types ( nails c be obta9$ 9 copp] & brass4 #d4 ,size & ,gauge ( ,nails4--,bo? cut & wire nails are designat$ by ! trade t]m p5ny4 ,! t]m p5ny z appli$ to nails is a relic ( m$ieval ,engl&4 ,?is designation 0 due1 x is said1 to ! fact t x def9$ ! co/ p] hundr$ nails1 s t t5p5ny nails w\ld mean t #ajj ( su* nails co/ t5 p5ce4 ,a m likely int]pretation ( ! t]m is t x impli$ ! weight & n ! co/1 & t ! t]m p5ny is a corruption ( ! ,old ,engli% ^w pun' 7= p\nd71 s t t5punny or t5p5ny impli$ t #a1jjj ( su* nails weigh$ #aj p\nds4 ,! smalle/ /&>d size ( nail is kn[n z twop5ny or ?reep5ny1 :ile ! l>ge/ is designat$ z sixtyp5ny4 ,^! sizes range 9 l5g? f #a to #f in*es4 ,9 designat+ ! size ( ! nail 9 li/ prices1 ! symbol 8d0 7= p5ny7 is us$1 s t a nail ab\t #b in*es long is designat$ z #f;d4 ,! ?ickness1 or diamet]1 is indicat$ by ! gauge numb]1 ! gauge ( cut nails be+ an indication ( ! ?ickness ( plate f :i* !y are cut1 :ile ! gauge ( wire nails is ! size ( ! wire f :i* ! nails are =m$4 ,! diff]5t wire gauges & _! decimal equival5ts ( an in* are giv5 9 ,table ,i4 ,! special wire gauge commonly us$ to indicate ! size ( ! nail is ! ,birm+ham4 ,9 ,table ,,ii is giv5 a li/ ( ! /ock sizes ( /&>d1 common1 cut nails4 ,?is table1 besides giv+ ! ?ickness ( ! nail & its l5g?1 gives ! numb] ( nails to ! p\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,,table ,i ,,/&>d ,,wire ,,gauges ,,& ,,_! ,,decimal ,,equival5ts ,,( ,,an ,,in* ,numb] ,am]ican1 ,wa%burn,tr5ton,unit$ ,old ,engli% ( ,wire or1 ,br[n ,birm- ,mo5 ,iron ,/ates ,f ,brass ,gauge ,%>pe +ham,manufac-,company,/&>d ,manufac- tur+ tur]s' ,company ,li/s ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #jjjjjj 4#dfjj 4#dfheg #jjjjj 4#dcjj 4#dejj 4#dcgej #jjjj 4#dfjjjj 4#ded 4#cicj 4#djjj 4#djfbe #jjj 4#djifdj 4#dbe 4#cfbj 4#cfjj 4#cgejj #jj 4#cfdhjj 4#chj 4#ccaj 4#ccjj 4#cdcge #j 4#cbdiej 4#cdj 4#cjgj 4#cjej 4#cabej #a 4#bhicjj 4#cjj 4#bhcj 4#bhej 4#bhabe #b 4#begfcj 4#bhd 4#bfcj 4#bfej 4#bfefc #c 4#bbidbj 4#bei 4#bddj 4#bdej 4#bejjj #d 4#bjdcaj 4#bch 4#bbej 4#bbej 4#bcdch #e 4#ahaidj 4#bbj 4#bjgj 4#bjej 4#bahge #f 4#afbjbj 4#bjc 4#aibj 4#aijj 4#bjcac #g 4#addbhj 4#ahj 4#aggj 4#agej 4#ahgej #h 4#abhdij 4#afe 4#afbj 4#afjj 4#agahh #i 4#aaddcj 4#adh 4#adhj 4#adej 4#aefbe #aj 4#ajahij 4#acd 4#acej 4#acjj 4#adjfc #aa 4#jijgdb 4#abj 4#abjj 4#aage 4#abejj #ab 4#jhjhjh 4#aji 4#ajej 4#ajej 4#ajich #ac 4#jgaifa 4#jie 4#jibj 4#jibe 4#jicge #ad 4#jfdjhd 4#jhc 4#jhjj 4#jhjj 4#jghac 4#jhcjj #ae 4#jegjfh 4#jgb 4#jgbj 4#jgjj 4#jgjca 4#jgbjj #af 4#jejhbj 4#jfe 4#jfcj 4#jfaj 4#jfbej 4#jfejj #ag 4#jdebeg 4#jeh 4#jedj 4#jebe 4#jefbe 4#jehjj #ah 4#jdjcjc 4#jdi 4#jdgj 4#jdej 4#jejjj 4#jdijj #ai 4#jcecij 4#jdb 4#jdaj 4#jcij 4#jdcge 4#jdjjj #bj 4#jcaifa 4#jce 4#jcej 4#jcdj 4#jcgej 4#jcejj #ba 4#jbhdfb 4#jcb 4#jcbj 4#jcjj 4#jcdch 4#jcaej #bb 4#jbecdg 4#jbh 4#jbhj 4#jbgj 4#jcabe 4#jbiej #bc 4#jbbega 4#jbe 4#jbej 4#jbdj 4#jbhac 4#jbgjj #bd 4#jbjajj 4#jbb 4#jbcj 4#jbae 4#jbejj 4#jbejj #be 4#jagijj 4#jbj 4#jbjj 4#jaij 4#jbahh 4#jbcjj #bf 4#jaeidj 4#jah 4#jahj 4#jahj 4#jahge 4#jbaej #bg 4#jadaie 4#jaf 4#jagj 4#jagj 4#jagai 4#jahge #bh 4#jabfda 4#jad 4#jafj 4#jafj 4#jaefc 4#jafej #bi 4#jaabeg 4#jac 4#jaej 4#jaej 4#jadjf 4#jaeej #cj 4#jajjbe 4#jab 4#jadj 4#jadj 4#jabej 4#jacge #ca 4#jjhibh 4#jaj 4#jace 4#jacj 4#jajid 4#jabbe #cb 4#jjgiej 4#jji 4#jacj 4#jabj 4#jajaf 4#jaabe #cc 4#jjgjhj 4#jjh 4#jaaj 4#jaaj 4#jjich 4#jajbe #cd 4#jjfcjd 4#jjg 4#jajj 4#jajj 4#jjhec 4#jjiej #ce 4#jjefad 4#jje 4#jjie 4#jjij 4#jjgha 4#jjijj ,,table ,,ii ,,size ,,& ,,numb] ,,to ,,! ,,p\nd ,,( ,,common ,,cut ,,nails ,trade ,t]m ,l5g? ,gauge ,numb] to ,in*es ,p\nd ---------------------------------------- - #c;d f9e #a #af #gbj #c;d flat #a #ae full #dcj #d;d flat #a #ad full #bge #e;d flat #a #ac regul> #bae #f;d common #b #ab regul> #aej #g;d common #b #aa light #abj #h;d common #b #aa regul> #if #i;d common #b #aj light #gb #aj;d common #c #aj regul> #fd #ab;d common #c #i regul> #dd #af;d common #c #h regul> #cb #bj;d common #d #g regul> #bh #cj;d common #d #f regul> #ah #dj;d common #e #e regul> #ad #ej;d common #e #d regul> #ab #fj;d common #f #c regul> #aj #e4 ,wire ,nails4--,! t]m wire nail is appli$ to nails made f drawn wire1 or wire rods4 ,s9ce _! introduction "s ye>s ago1 wire nails h become decid$ly popul>1 & 9 "s localities are us$ 9 pref]5ce to ! old-/yle cut nails1 ow+ to ! fact t !re are a great] numb] to ! p\nd1 :i* makes !m *eap] ?an cut nails at ! same price p] keg4 ,! size & numb] ( common wire nails to ! p\nd are giv5 9 ,table ,,iii4 ,by comp>+ ! columns 9 ,tables ,,ii & ,,iii giv+ ! numb] ( nails to ! p\nd = bo? cut & wire nails1 x c be readily se5 t ! wire nails are great] 9 numb] = a giv5 weight ?an cut nails ( ! same size4 ,= ?is reason1 ! wire nails are us$ by contractors on *eap "w4 ,wire nails are m liable to ru/ ?an cut or wr\ght nails1 & are consequ5tly n s durable 9 damp situations2 !y also h less hold+ p[] & m mu/ be us$ to obta9 ! same /r5g?4 ,,table ,,iii ,,size ,,& ,,numb] ,,to ,,! ,,p\nd ,,( ,,common ,,wire ,,nails ,size ,l5g? ,gauge ,approximate ,advance ,ov] ,in*es ,numb] ,numb] to ,base ,price ! ,p\nd p] #ajj ,p\nds ---------------------------------------- ------- #b;d #a #ae #hgf #j4gj #c;d #a #ad #efh 4#de #d;d #a #ab #caf 4#cj #e;d #a #ab #bga 4#cj #f;d #b #aa #aha 4#bj #g;d #b #aa #afa 4#bj #h;d #b #aj #ajf 4#aj #i;d #b #aj #if 4#aj #aj;d #c #i #fi 4#je #ab;d #c #i #fc 4#je #af;d #c #h #di 4#je #bj;d #d #f #ca ,base #cj;d #d #e #bd ,base #dj;d #e #d #ah ,base #ej;d #e #c #ad ,base #fj;d #f #b #aa ,base ,common wire nails 9 sizes f tw5typ5ny to sixtyp5ny are sold at base price1 say #b p] keg1 ! small] sizes co/+ an advance ov] ! base price4 ,?us1 an eightp5ny common nail w\ld co/ #aj c5ts additional1 or #b4aj p] hundr$ p\nds1 :ile a twop5ny nail w\ld co/ #b4gj p] hundr$ p\nds1 etc4 ,! pres5t advance above ! base price on #ajj-p\nd kegs = ! sev]al sizes is also giv5 9 ?is table4 ,all wire nails c be procur$ 8b>b$0 at an additional advance ( #ae c5ts above base & extra prices4 ,! relative sizes ( ! common wire nail are be/ le>n$ f samples ( ! same1 b ,fig4 #b1 :i* %[s ^! nails full size1 f sixtyp5ny to twop5ny1 cle>ly indicates _! proportions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c #f4 ,wire ,nails = ,special ,purposes4--,wire nails z well z wr\ght or cut nails are made 9 a v>iety ( =ms especially suitable = ! specific purpose = :i* !y are int5d$4 ,! sev]al k9ds ( wire nails 9 common use are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,a nail us$ ab\t build+s = putt+ ! trim1 or f9i%+ "w1 toge!r is illu/rat$ at 7a71 & f its use is kn[n z a f9i%+ nail4 ,^! nails are us$ almo/ exclusively = ?is purpose & are v light4 ,!y h a small head1 s t :5 !y are set into ! wood ) a nail set1 a v small op5+ is left = putty+4 ,ano!r nail hav+ practically ! same use z ! "o j describ$ is designat$ z a cas+ nail1 & is %[n at 7b74 ,?is nail is a trifle light] 9 gauge ?an ! f9i%+ nail1 & f ! fact t x is c\nt]sunk "u ! head1 x draws bett] ?an ! f9i%+ nail4 ,! fivep5ny & sixp5ny sizes are us$ = putt+ on sid+4 ,! common wire brad1 %[n at 7c71 is us$ = practically ! same purposes z ! regul> f9i%+ nail1 b x is f two to f\r gauges heavi]4 ,?is wire brad is useful :5 a heavy nail ) a small head is requir$1 p>ticul>ly 9 h>dwood1 :]e a light f9i%+ nail w n p5etrate )\t b5d+4 ,! floor+ brad1 %[n at 7d71 is a nail us$ almo/ exclusively = floor+4 ,?is nail is made ( heavi] gauge wire ?an o!r nails ( ?is type1 & drives easily1 ev5 9 h>d1 maple floor4 ,! con/ruction ( ! head ( ?is type ( nail all[s = sev]e 8draw+0 )\t splitt+ ! tongue ( ! floor+ bo>ds4 ,! f9e-wire nail1 %[n at 7e71 commonly call$ a la? nail1 is made 9 f\r sizes & is us$ = nail+ la? to /udd+4 ,ow+ to its smoo?ness1 cleanl9ess1 & easy-driv+ qualities1 ?is type ( nail is ext5sively us$4 ,a %ort1 heavy nail1 ! :ole l5g? ( :i* is b>b$ to increase its hold+ qualities1 is %[n at 7f74 ,?is nail is kn[n z a b>b$ ro(+ nail1 & is g5]ally us$ = nail+ t9 ro(s & ready1 or prep>$1 ro(+ ( e description4 ,x is also us$ ) t9 ro(+ caps4 ,at 7g7 is %[n a slat+ nail4 ,?is type ( nail is =m$ f heavy gauge wire1 & has a flat head t is l>ge 9 proportion to its l5g?4 ,?is nail is us$ only = slat+1 b is n s durable z ! cut nail made = ?is purpose4 ,nails ( ?is k9d are made 9 only five sizes4 ,a type ( nail us$ = atta*+ wood5 %+les1 & kn[n z ! %+le nail1 is %[n at 7h74 ,?is nail is seldom c>ri$ 9 /ock1 h[ev]1 z ?reep5ny & f\rp5ny common nails answ] ! purpose4 ,^! %+le nails are clean & easily driv51 b are n s durable z cut nails4 ,a v heavy nail ( ! same "* z ! common wire nail1 b made mu* heavi]1 9 ord] to increase ! hold+ qualities & to provide great] durability1 is kn[n z ! f5ce nail4 ,?is nail is made z %[n at 7i74 ,at 7j7 is %[n a cl9* nail t is manufactur$ f s(t wire or anneal$ h>d wire4 ,?is nail answ]s ! same purpose z ! old-/yle wr\ght1 or cl9*-cut1 nail commonly us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( batt5 doors1 etc4 ,! metal be+ v s(t at ! end ( ! nail1 all[s ! po9t to be b5t & driv5 back into ! wood to =m ! cl9*4 ,^! nails d n diff] f ! common wire nail1 except 9 ! =m ( ! head & ! mat]ial f :i* !y are made1 z w be se5 f ,fig4 #c 7j7 & ,fig4 #b4 ,!re is a =m ( headless wire nail1 kn[n z a b>b$ d[el-p91 :i* is made z %[n 9 ,fig4 #c 7k74 ,?is type ( nail1 or d[el1 is us$ = d[el+ ?r\gh ! mortises & t5ons ( sa%1 bl9ds1 & frames ( e description4 ,9 ! mill1 x has displac$ ! wood5 d[el us$ 9 =m] times4 ,! l5g? ( p9 to be employ$ is regulat$ by ! ?ickness ( ! wood to be secur$1 z ! p9s are us$ in* %ort] ?an ! ?ickness ( ! woodwork4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d ,an exceptionally heavy nail1 or spike1 is made f heavy wire or r\nd b>4 ,^! spikes are us$ = heavy con/ruction "w1 su* z spl9$ floor+1 = sl[-burn+ mill con/ruction1 & = bridge floor+4 ,!y are made ) bo? *isel po9ts1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #d1 & diamond po9ts1 & 9 ord]+ !m1 ! k9d ( po9t1 z well z ! /yle ( head want$ %\ld be specifi$4 ,spikes ( ?is k9d are made 9 all sizes f t5p5ny1 :i* is ( ,no4 #f gauge & #c in*es long1 to spikes in* 9 diamet] & #ab in*es long4 #g4 ,galvaniz$ ,nails & ,spikes4--,nails & spikes1 ei!r cut or wire1 t h be5 dipp$ into molt5 z9c & become coat$ ) ?is metal are t]m$ galvaniz$4 ,by ?is process !y are r5d]$ practically ru/-pro(4 ,cut or wire galvaniz$ nails c be obta9$ 9 ! same sizes & types z ord9>y nails1 & if deal]s d n regul>ly c>ry !m 9 /ock1 !y w z a rule h !m galvaniz$ to ord]4 ,9 ord] to secure durability1 x is advisable to use galvaniz$ nails 9 places t are expos$ to dampness1 z 9 %+l+1 9 slat+1 9 f5ce build+1 or 9 /ructures erect$ ne> ! sea%ore1 z x has be5 prov$ by num]\s te/s t ord9>y nails ru/ ?r\gh 9 su* places 9 a few ye>s4 ,! galvaniz$ nails co/ f #a4ej to #c m p] keg ?an ! pla9 cut or wire nails4 ,! *eap] grades ( galvaniz$ nails are frequ5tly coat$ only ) lead1 & w n )/& ! gov]nm5t te/2 t is1 dipp+ !m into vitriol4 ,a simple way to te/ ! coat+ ( a galvaniz$ nail is to rub ! nail on a piece ( :ite pap]4 ,a lead-coat$ nail w m>k ! pap] ! same z a lead p5cil & %\ld be reject$1 z x is only a %am & has no r$eem+ qualities4 ,,wood ,,screws1 ,,expansion ,,& ,,special ,,bolts #h4 ,wood ,screws4--,! ord9>y wood screw1 :i* is "o ( ! /aple articles ( h>dw>e1 is v necess>y 9 ! application ( all build]s' h>dw>e ab\t ! build+4 ,except 9 "s l9es ( *eap or r\gh1 unf9i%$ goods1 h>dw>e manufactur]s n[ pack ) all h>dw>e1 screws t mat* ! f9i% ( ! goods4 ,! v>i\s types ( screws n[ on ! m>ket are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #e1 & ! common types1 su* z flat-1 r\nd-1 oval-1 & filli/]-head$ screws are easily procur$4 ,iron screws are made ) ei!r flat1 r\nd1 or oval heads & ! foll[+ f9i%es3 ,bright1 blu$1 japann$1 t9n$1 galvaniz$1 bronze-plat$1 brass-plat$1 copp]$1 silv]$1 & nickel-plat$4 ,brass & bronze metal screws c also be procur$ ) flat1 r\nd1 or oval heads1 9 ei!r natural color or1 on special ord]1 f9i%$ to mat* ! h>dw>e4 ,special screws are also manufactur$ = v>i\s purposes1 :i* are suffici5tly expla9$ by ! illu/ration1 ,fig4 #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e ,screws are always measur$ = l5g? f ! po9t to ! top ( ! head4 ,! sizes 9 :i* screws c be obta9$ are giv5 9 ,table ,,iv4 ,! diamet] ( screws is always measur$ directly "u ! head1 & is always giv5 9 numb]s ( ! screw mak]s' gauge4 ,! numb]s v>y f #j to #cj1 go+ consecutively )\t skip f #j to #ah & f !n on us+ only ! ev5 numb]s4 ,9 ,table ,,iv are also giv5 ! numb]s ( ! screw mak]s' gauge & _! equival5ts 9 decimals ( an in*4 ,,table ,,iv ,,size ,,( ,,wood ,,screws ,l5g? ,diamet] 9 ,in*es ,screw ,mak]s' ,gauge -------------------------------- ,f #j to #d inclusive ,f #j to #i inclusive ,f #a to #ab inclusive ,f #a to #ad inclusive ,f #b to #af inclusive ,f #b to #af inclusive #a ,f #c to #bj inclusive #a ,f #c to #bd inclusive #a ,f #c to #bd inclusive #a ,f #e to #bd inclusive #b ,f #e to #bd inclusive #b ,f #e to #bd inclusive #b ,f #e to #bd inclusive #b ,f #f to #bd inclusive #c ,f #f to #bf inclusive #c ,f #h to #bf inclusive #d ,f #h to #cj inclusive #d ,f #ab to #cj inclusive #e ,f #ab to #cj inclusive #f ,f #ab to #cj inclusive ------------------------------- ,,screw ,,mak]s' ,,gauge ----------------------- ,numb] ,equival5t ( ,screw 9 ,decimals ,gauge ( an ,in* ----------------------- #j 4#jeghd #a 4#jgajj #b 4#jhdaf #c 4#jigcb #d 4#aajdh #e 4#abcfd #f 4#acfhj #g 4#adiif #h 4#afcab #i 4#agfbh #aj 4#ahidd #aa 4#bjbfj #ab 4#baegf #ac 4#bbhib #ad 4#bdbjh #ae 4#beebd #af 4#bfhdj #ag 4#bhaef #ah 4#bidgb #bj 4#cbajd #bb 4#cdgcf #bd 4#cgcfh #bf 4#djjjj #bh 4#dbfcb #cj 4#debfd #i4 ,drive ,screws4--,a screw kn[n z ! drive screw is us$ mo/ly 9 ! manufacture ( v>i\s articles :]e co/ is ! controll+ factor4 ,^! screws1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #f1 are made some:at on ! ord] ( ! wood screw1 b )\t ! deep-cut ?read & gimlet po9t4 ,screws ( ?is type are driv5 into ! wood ) a hamm] & h slott$ heads s t !y may be )drawn by means ( a screwdriv]4 ,! ?read is s con/ruct$ t ! wood may be p5etrat$ )\t break+ d[n its fib] :5 ! screws are driv51 & is %ap$ s z to engage ) ! wood :ile resi/+ a pull+ /ress4 ,^! screws are made ) flat1 r\nd1 or oval heads1 z illu/rat$ respectively at 7a71 7b71 & 7c71 & may be _h 9 sizes f in* to #d in*es 9 l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f #aj4 ,expansion ,bolts4--,! expansion bolt is a device t has prov$ extremely valuable 9 ! build+ trades1 z x provides a means ( bolt+ to /one1 brick1 concrete1 slate1 or o!r mat]ials ( ?is nature4 ,expansion bolts are us$ pr9cipally 9 places :]e x is n desirable or practicable to drill ?r\gh ! mat]ial to :i* ! fa/5+s are to be made4 ,?is type ( bolt has also a great advantage ov] o!r fa/5+s 9 t x c be remov$ ) z mu* ease & facility z x is appli$1 & also )\t injury ei!r to ! article fa/5$ or ! mat]ial to :i* x is fix$1 ! bolt likewise su/a9+ no injury4 ,_m /yles ( expansion bolts are n[ manufactur$ "u v>i\s pat5ts1 & ^! may be procur$ 9 all sizes & made ( iron1 /eel1 or brass4 ,9 ,fig4 #g are %[n sev]al makes ( expansion bolts4 ,! ,mc,cabe expansion bolt1 %[n at 7a71 is con/ruct$ ( a malleable1 cyl9drical-%ap$1 slott$ case1 or %ell1 a1 ! ap]ture ( :i* r$uces 9 size & engages ) a bevel-%ap$ hexagon nut b4 ,by turn+ ! bolt1 ! nut is drawn t[>d ! head & ?us exp&s ! out] case 9 its passage2 ?is 9 turn b9ds aga9/ ! sides ( ! hole 9 ! masonry into :i* ! bolt is ins]t$4 ,! %ell1 z ! outside case a is call$1 c be procur$ 9 any l5g? or diamet]1 & c be us$ ) any ma*9e bolt hav+ a /&>d ?read4 ,! ,mc,cabe bolt is suitable = bolt+ any ?ickness ( mat]ial1 provid$ ! prop] l5g? ( bolt is employ$4 ,! ,broh>d expansion bolt %[n at 7b71 p]=ms ! same functions z ! bolt illu/rat$ at 7a74 ,! case1 or %ell1 a1 is compos$ ( two or m p>ts rivet$ to a wr\ght circul> plate1 ne> ! head1 z at b4 ,^! sev]al p>ts are exp&$ by means ( ! bevel$ nut1 :i* approa*es ! head z ! bolt is turn$4 ,! pr9cipal feature ( ! ,broh>d expansion bolt is t ! bevel$ nut c _c be =c$ f ! case on acc\nt ( ! lug d1 :i* is atta*$ to ! nut & travels 9 ! slot e :5 ! bolt is turn$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g ,! ,/ew>d & ,roma9e d\ble-expansion bolt is %[n at 7c74 ,! %ell ( ?is bolt is compos$ ( two semicyl9drical p>ts1 z at a1 a1 t are some:at long] 9 diamet] ?an ! w$ge-%ap$ nut & ! sleeve at b & c1 respectively4 ,ea* half ( ! %ell is held 9 place by light rubb] b&s4 ,! w$ge-%ap$ p>ts are caus$ to approa* ea* o!r by ! turn+ ( ! bolt1 & !reby exp& ! split case at bo? ends simultane\sly4 ,f ! fact t ?is bolt is exp&$ at bo? ends1 x is call$ a d\ble-expansion bolt1 al?\gh x may be made s+le-expansion by omitt+ ! w$ge-%ap$ sleeve at ! head4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h ,! ,/> expansion bolt1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #h 7a71 p]=ms exactly ! same duty z o!r expansion bolts1 b its con/ruction is radically diff]5t4 ,?is bolt consi/s ( only two p>ts1 call$ %ields4 ,ea* %ield is semicircul> 9 =m & int]locks at ! jo9ts4 ,! ext]ior ( ^! %ields has f\r r[s ( corrugat$ ridges1 or />-%ap$ projections1 t prev5t ! %ields f turn+ 9 ! hole4 ,! int]ior ( ! %ell is ?read$ & decreases 9 size t[>d ! f>!r end4 ,?us1 by ins]t+ a lag1 or coa*1 screw ( any l5g?1 s z to engage ) ! ?read1 ! %ields are spread ap>t at ! f>!r end :ile ! screw is ent]+ ! ap]ture4 ,! ,diamond expansion bolt %[n at 7b7 is practically ! same z ! "o j describ$1 z w be obs]v$ f ! figure4 ,expansion bolts are also made ) all ! p>ts entirely ( brass or bronze1 ) ei!r pla91 capp$1 or fancy heads1 or nuts1 & 9 any f9i% desir$4 #aa4 ,screw ,an*ors4--,! device kn[n z a screw an*or c be us$ 9 place ( an expansion bolt = secur+ light mat]ials4 ,sev]al k9ds ( screw an*ors are 9 ! m>ket at pres5t4 ,! /> an*or1 :i* is made 9 "o piece ( composition metal t is slott$ ab\t sev5-eigh?s ( its l5g?1 may be obta9$ 9 v>i\s diamet]s & l5g?s4 ,! ext]ior has two />-l projections1 to prev5t ! an*or f turn+1 :ile ! int]ior is con/ruct$ ( ridges project+ f ! tube1 ) ! hole r$uc$ t[>d ! slott$ end4 ,?is int]nal con/ruction p]mits ! /> an*or to be us$ 9 comb9ation ) trade wood or ma*9e screws ( any l5g?4 ,! screw us$ engages ) ! ridges 9 ! int]ior1 cutt+ its own ?read & exp&+ ! an*or 9 its passage4 ,^! composition an*ors are v *eap1 ! price rang+ f #a to #c c5ts1 accord+ to ! size4 ,!y are made 9 diff]5t l5g?s1 f in* to #a in*es1 & = ,nos4 #f1 #aj1 #ad1 & #ah wood screws4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i #ab4 ,special ,bolts4--,9 ,fig4 #i is %[n a toggle bolt4 ,?is device is a rec5t production = fa/5+ mat]ials to surfaces hav+ a holl[ int]ior t w n admit ! use ( expansion or tap bolts because ( its frail "*1 z1 = in/ance1 %eet metal1 holl[ firepro(+1 etc4 ,! toggle bolt %[n 9 ! figure is con/ruct$ ) long1 f9e-pit* ?reads cut ne>ly to ! head1 s z to all[ = secur+ ?9 mat]ials4 ,! ,t-%ap$ head a is con/ruct$ ei!r holl[1 z %[n 9 ! figure1 or ( flat /rip metal1 & is rivet$ loosely to ! end ( ! bolt1 all[+ ! head to pivot & fold ov] ! bolt1 & ?us p]mitt+ ! head to pass ?r\gh a small op5+4 ,! head is !n tipp$ into its prop] position1 :5 ! bolt is ready = secur+ 9 place ! "w to be fa/5$4 ,! con/ruction ( ! bolt is %[n 9 ,fig4 #i 7a71 :ile ! process ( affix+ x is illu/rat$ at 7b7 & 7c74 ,^! toggle bolts are g5]ally made ) _/-1 -1 & _/-in* bolts1 f #b to #f in*es long1 & ( ei!r iron1 /eel1 or brass4 ,,sa% ,,weights #ac4 ,ca/-,iron ,weights4--,! t]m sa% weight is appli$ to a c\nt]weight us$ = balanc+ d\ble-hung1 or slid+1 sa%4 ,^! weights are g5]ally v r\gh1 be+ made f ei!r ! poore/ iron or wa/e iron4 ,! /ock sizes are usually long & cyl9drical 9 =m--f #a to #b in*es 9 diamet]--h an eye ca/ 9 ! upp] end1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj1 & weigh f #b to #cj p\nds1 ! weight det]m9+ ! l5g? ( ! sa% weight4 ,9 ,table ,v are giv5 ! weight1 diamet]1 & l5g? ( sa% weights z !y are g5]ally furni%$ to ! trade1 al?\gh x is almo/ impossible to give ?is data ) any degree ( accuracy1 z ! diff]5t manufactur]s v>y ! diamet]s ( ! weights slightly1 & ?is *anges ! l5g? measurem5t4 ,squ>e weights or special weights c be easily procur$ at small additional co/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa #ad4 ,lead ,weights4--,! weight ( lead is ab\t #hj p] c5t4 great] ?an t ( ca/-iron2 h5ce1 lead sa% weights mu/ be resort$ to :]e ! con/ruction ( ! pockets is too n>r[ to p]mit ! use ( iron weights1 or :]e heavy plate glass is us$4 ,!y are also us$ 9 cases :]e ! sa% are v wide & l[1 z "h a %ort weight mu/ be us$ 9 ord] to obta9 ! necess>y travel = ! sa%4 ,lead weights c be procur$ 9 ei!r r\nd or squ>e %apes1 & ( any diamet] or measurem5t to suit exi/+ conditions1 b !y are g5]ally made to special ord]4 ,a wr\ght- or malleable-iron eye1 or fa/5+1 = apply+ ! cord or *a9 is usually ins]t$ at ! top4 ,! co/ ( lead weights1 h[ev]1 is g5]ally five times z great z t ( iron weights4 #ae4 ,sectional ,sa% ,weights4--,!re is a =m ( sa% weight 9 ! m>ket kn[n z ! ,walda sectional weight1 :i* is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #aa4 ,?is weight1 z w be obs]v$1 is s arrang$ t units or sections may be deta*$ or add$1 z desir$1 to dim9i% or to increase ! weight4 ,su* a weight c be nicely adju/$ to c\nt]balance any sa%1 & has ! advantage ov] ! ca/-iron weight 9 t ea* "p is int]*angeable & no mi/ake c be made 9 ord]+1 z ! necess>y weight = any sa% c be made up on ! site4 ,,table ,v ,,weight1 ,,diamet]1 ,,& ,,l5g? ,,( ,,sa% ,,weights ,weight ,diamet] ,l5g? ,p\nds ,in*es ,in*es -------------------------- #c #a #h #c #a #i #d #a #aa #d #a #ab #e #a #ab #e #a #ab #f #a #ad #f #a #ae #g #a #af #g #a #ag #h #a #ah #h #a #af #i #a #ag #i #a #ah #aj #a #ai #aj #a #bj #aa #a #ba #aa #a #ai #ab #a #bj #ac #a #ba #ad #b #ah #ae #b #ai #af #b #bj #ag #b #ba #ah #b #bb #ai #b #bc #bj #b #bd #ba #b #be #bb #b #bc #bc #b #bd #bd #b #be #be #b #be #bf #b #bf #bg #b #bg #bh #b #bh #bi #b #bh ,,f9i%+ ,,h>dw>e ,,metals ,,& ,,_! ,,manipulation #af4 ,hi/orical4--,f ! days ( ,tubal-,ca91 8an in/ructor ( e artific] 9 brass & iron10 to ! pres5t "t1 no elem5t 9 ! _w's composition has r5d]$ great] s]vice 9 advanc+ man's developm5t ?an has ! un9vit+ metal kn[n z iron4 ,rec5t discov]ies %[ ! v anci5t exi/5ce ( iron 9 ,assyria1 & also 9 ,egypt "u ! ,ph>aohs4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 consid]able quantities 9 ,syria1 9 ,canaanite times1 & _m tools & implem5ts ( w>f>e 7 made f x4 ,! ,*alybes1 locat$ ne> ! ,black ,sea1 7 9 ,biblical times consid]$ fam\s work]s 9 8nor!rn iron10 :ile ,damascus /eel1 = ages1 has be5 ju/ly celebrat$4 ,copp] 0 well kn[n to ! ,israelites & ,egyptians be=e ! ,exodus1 & = _m ye>s previ\s to t ev5t ! ,egyptians obta9$ x f ,arabia4 ,x 0 also a native product ( ,pale/9e1 & 0 v l>gely export$ f ,cyprus1 :5ce its "n4 ,t9 0 e>ly kn[n 9 ! ,ori5t1 be+ "o ( ! imports ( ,egypt f ,spa91 ?r\gh ! ,pho5ician m]*ants1 :o also obta9$ x f ,brita94 ,x 0 "o ( ! pr9cipal commodities 9 ! m>ts ( ,tyre1 & 0 us$ z an alloy ) o!r metals4 ,gold & silv]1 ! preci\s metals1 are m5tion$ 9 ! e>lie/ times & 7 highly e/eem$2 !y 7 utiliz$ 9 ! manufacture ( articles = dome/ic use1 = p]sonal adornm5t1 & = c]emonial accessories4 ,^! metals 7 obta9$ by ! ,hebrews f ,arabia1 ,e?iopia1 ,egypt1 & ,spa94 ,gold 0 us$ z a m$ium ( ex*ange1 l money1 z e>ly z ! "t ( ,abraham1 b 0 !n weigh$1 n c\nt$4 ,silv] 0 pr(usely us$ at t "t 9 ! ,ea/1 & seems to h be5 v abundant 9 ! "t ( ,solomon4 ,an alloy ( gold & silv]1 call$ electrum1 0 also us$4 ,z9c 0 discov]$ 9 #aebj by ,p>acelsus1 an al*emi/ & a/rolog] ( ,europe1 & 0 imm$iately adopt$ z a valuable alloy4 ,bronze1 a composition ( copp] & t91 seems to h be5 mu* us$ 9 ,europe be=e ! adoption ( iron = ! same purposes1 z ,roman rema9s te/ify2 ?is 0 probably due to its great] ease 9 work+4 ,brass1 a composition ( copp] & z9c1 soon became popul>1 ow+ to its be+ m easily work$ ?an bronze4 ,burni%$ brass is m5tion$ 9 ,ezekiel1 b is consid]$ to h be5 an alloy ( copp]1 !re be+ a :ite metal1 greatly us$ = ornam5ts 9 ! ,ea/1 call$ :ite copp]4 ,locks & contrivances to secure protection & privacy 7 orig9ally made ( wood1 & a wood5 lock 7! olde/ yet discov]$7 0 actually f\nd 9 ! ru9s ( ,n9eveh4 ,?is lock appe>s to h be5 us$ on a gate ( an ap>tm5t 9 "o ( ! palaces ( ,khorsabad4 ,! anci5t ,egyptians con/ruct$ locks & keys f brass & iron1 ?us %[+ _! creative me*anical skill1 :ile ! ornam5ts discov]$ 9 ! royal tombs display ! high ord] ( _! art4 ,! ,greeks & ,romans 7 skill$ work]s 9 ! metals1 & _m beautiful examples rema9 to atte/ _! ability & +5uity4 ,dur+ ! d>k ages1 foll[+ ! conflict wag$ betwe5 ! b>b>ians ( ,nor!rn ,europe & ! ,romans1 & result+ 9 ! fall ( ! ,roman ,empire 9 ! #e? c5tury1 ! art ( work+ ! metals ne>ly disappe>$4 ,n until ! ,revival ( ,le>n+ 9 ! #ac? c5tury did ! art aga9 receive ! att5tion to :i* x 0 entitl$4 ,z late z ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iii1 ( ,engl&1 9 ! #ad? c5tury1 ! iron pots & pans ( ! royal kit*5 7 li/$ among ! 8jewels ( ,8 ,maje/y40 ,dur+ ! #ae? & #af? c5turies1 great progress 0 made among all civiliz$ nations by skill$ artific]s4 ,mu* ( _! "w is /ill extant1 & _! 8cunn+ ( h&0 & 8ke5ness ( intellect10 z display$ 9 _! products1 s]ve1 l tor*es1 to light ! way to high] endeavor4 ,f t "t to ! pres5t1 great progress has be5 made4 ,dur+ ! latt] half ( ! #ag?1 ! #ah?1 & ! beg9n+ ( ! #ai? c5turies1 especially1 art "w receiv$ a great impetus1 & mu* ( ! pres5t-day adaptations are model$ f ! s*ools ( ornam5t !n produc$4 #ag4 ,metals ,us$ 9 ,h>dw>e ,manufacture4--,! metals *iefly us$ 9 manufactur+ ! products ( ! smi?s' art are iron & /eel & ! copp] alloys kn[n z brass & bronze4 ,iron rema9s z ! *ief mat]ial ( con/ruction = all ! *eap] grades ( h>dw>e1 :ile brass & bronze are m g5]ally us$ = 8de/ructible10 or we>+1 p>ts & ! f9] & m elaborate decorative "w4 ,^! alloys also adapt !mselves admirably to ! great v>iety ( f9i%es t are n[ 9 vogue4 ,iron is also us$ consid]ably = elaborate decorations 9 wr\ght & ca/ designs1 & is v desirable 9 ! 8ru/less-iron0 f9i%1 te*nically kn[n z 8,b[]-,b>ff10 :i* d]ives its "n f its two inv5tors4 ,:ite metal has be5 rec5tly introduc$1 b w probably n be s univ]sally adopt$ z brass or bronze1 ow+ to ! great numb] & v>iety ( items us$ 9 h>dw>e fitt+s1 :i* w\ld necessitate /ores c>ry+ a full l9e ( :ite-metal goods4 ,at pres5t1 :ite metal is us$ pr9cipally = hospital build+s & ba?rooms4 #ah4 ,comm]cial & ,/ock ,designs4--,9 rec5t ye>s1 manufactur]s h made rapid /rides 9 produc+ beautiful & elaborate trim 9 ! sev]al s*ools ( ornam5t1 & ! mo/ exact+ critic c n[ procure arti/ic designs4 ,! f9i%es are made to h>monize or contra/ ) any color treatm5t4 ,! pr9cipal h>dw>e manufactur]s c provide f /ock1 locks1 h+es1 & escut*eons f9i%$ 9 any mann] & design$ 9 any ( ! foll[+ s*ools ( ar*itectural ornam5t4 ,!y w also provide h>dw>e 9 special designs f sket*es furni%$ by ! ar*itect1 includ+ armorial or emblematic designs1 if requir$4 ,^! sev]al s*ools ( ornam5t are "h arrang$ 9 alphabetical ord]4 ,byzant9e ,go?ic1 ,fr5* ,colonial ,go?ic1 ,g]man ,elizabe?an ,go?ic1 ,italian ,empire ,greek ,engli% ,r5aissance ,h5ry ,,ii ,flemi% ,indian ,francis ,i ,italian ,r5aissance ,fr5* ,r5aissance ,japanese ,g]man ,r5aissance ,l',art ,n\veau ,go?ic1 ,engli% #ai4 ,f9i%es4--,! basic metals ^u :i* are appli$ ! v>iety ( f9i%es n[ obta9able1 are iron1 /eel1 brass1 bronze1 & :ite metal1 ( :i* ! ?ree latt]1 ev5 9 _! highly poli%$ natural /ate1 are ! mo/ durable4 ,^! metals w n ru/ or corrode :5 expos$ z w iron or /eel1 & :5 t>ni%$ c be readily clean$ & poli%$4 ,ne>ly all ! fancy f9i%es are obta9$ by electroplat+ & acid treatm5t on ! natural metals1 ! f9i% be+ !n lacqu]$ to pres]ve x4 ,"s ( ^! f9i%es are v attractive & desirable1 b :]e expos$ to con/ant usage1 h n ! durability ( ! natural metals1 z !y _c be poli%$ or clean$ )\t ! f9i% be+ injur$ or de/roy$4 ,_m ar*itects or own]s purposely select appli$ f9i%es ) ! object 9 view t !y w ne$ little att5tion4 ,:5 selections are be+ made = ext]ior purposes or :]e !re is likely to be excessive h&l+1 x is be/ to select ! d>k] %ades ) s&$ surfaces4 ,= int]ior purposes1 ! m delicate f9i%es are desirable = ! decorative effect2 !y also we> reasonably well4 ,! v>iety ( colors & %ades ( f9i%es is exce$+ly l>ge1 & ! *oice ( color1 l t ( texture1 dep5ds on ! "* ( ! design & on ! p]sonal ta/e ( ! "o mak+ ! selection4 ,! /&>d f9i%es t c be _h are num]\s4 ,_m ( !m may be obta9$ 9 v>i\s %ades ( oxidation & 9 f "o to f\r diff]5t textures ( surface4 ,! mo/ popul> f9i%es are z foll[s3 ,pompeian bronze ,copp] ,sage-gre5 bronze ,nickel ,royal copp] bronze ,silv] ,ormolu metal ,gold ,bo/on f9i% ,b[]-,b>ff ,enamel$ ,:ite enamel ,japann$ ,gun-metal br[n ,:ite metal ,v]de antique ,brass ,/atu>y bronze ,bronze ,olive bronze ,,h+es1 ,,h+e ,,butts1 ,,& ,,special ,,h+es #bj4 ,/rap ,h+es4--,! common wr\ght h+es us$ to apply on ! surface1 = hang+ doors1 etc41 & g5]ally us$ 9 connection ) r\gh "w1 su* z b9s1 %$s1 b>ns1 etc41 :]e a /rong1 s]viceable h+e t may be easily appli$ is requir$1 are kn[n z /rap h+es4 ,!y are con/ruct$ ( wr\ght metal ( v>i\s weights1 accord+ to ! size ( ! h+e1 & are /amp$ or cut f %eet metal1 ) knuckles1 or sockets = ! p9s1 =m$ on ! /rap2 ! p9s pass+ ?r\gh ! knuckles are well rivet$4 ,!re are two k9ds ( /rap h+es2 namely1 light-/rap & heavy-/rap h+es4 ,! light-/rap h+e1 :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab 7a71 is s t]m$ because ( its light con/ruction & n>r[ jo9t4 ,?is h+e is made 9 in* sizes1 v>y+ f #c to #af in*es 9 l5g?4 ,by in* size is meant ! longe/ dim5sion :5 ! h+e is clos$2 ?us1 a #f-;in* /rap h+e is #ab in*es long f end to end :5 op5$4 ,!y are li/$ & sold by ! pair4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab ,! heavy-/rap h+e1 :i* is %[n at 7b71 is simil> to ! light h+e1 b is made f heavi] metal & has l>ge dim5sions at ! jo9ts1 or knuckles4 ,?is type ( h+e is us$ :]e a /rong1 sub/antial h+e is requir$4 ,! heavy-/rap h+e is made 9 in* sizes1 f #d to #af in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! #d- & #e-;in* sizes are li/$ & sold by ! pair1 ! #f-;in* & l>g] sizes be+ li/$ & sold by ! p\nd2 ! l>g] ! h+e ! l[] ! price p] p\nd4 ,z %[n at 7c71 ! heavy-/rap h+es are also made ) corrugat$ knuckles1 :i* give additional /r5g? :]e ! con/ruction is weake/4 ,^! are t]m$ corrugat$-/rap h+es4 ,all ( ! h+es describ$ are also made 9 pla9 /eel1 japann$ or galvaniz$1 & may h brass p9s or rivets4 #ba4 ,t ,h+es4--,z w be se5 f ,fig4 #ac1 ,t h+es are s call$ to di/+ui% !m f ! /rap h+e1 z well z because ( _! con/ruction1 :i* is 9 ! =m ( ! lett] ,t4 ,! ,t h+e is us$ = practically ! same purpose z ! /rap h+e1 b is sup]ior to x 9 /r5g?1 f ! fact t its knuckle is wid] ?an t ( ! /rap h+e4 ,t h+es are made 9 light1 heavy1 & extra-heavy grades1 ! =m] & latt] types be+ %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac 7a7 & 7b74 ,9 arrang+ ! sizes ( ,t h+es1 ! measurem5ts are giv5 = ! l5g? ( ! /rap only2 ! leaf ( ! h+e =m+ ! ,t ) ! /rap is n consid]$4 ,?us1 a #f-;in* ,t h+e measures #f in*es f ! p9 to ! end ( ! /rap leaf4 ,t h+es may also be obta9$ 9 /amp$ metal1 ) corrugations1 z %[n at 7c74 ,^! h+es c be _h 9 all f9i%es4 ,! light & heavy grades1 z well z ! #d- & #e-;in* extra-heavy grades1 are sold by ! pair1 :ile ! l>g] sizes ( extra heavy are sold by weight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac #bb4 ,h+e ,butts4--,9 ! selection ( h>dw>e = build+ purposes1 no o!r article des]ves m consid]ation1 & probably receives less1 ?an ! h+e butt4 ,?is type ( h+e is us$ = ! purpose ( hang+ all ( ! ext]ior & int]ior doors ( build+s1 & is usually secur$ to ! edge ( ! door & to ! hang+ /ile ( ! frame ) screws1 ! great] "p ( ! appliance be+ ?us unobtrusive & p>tly hidd5 f view4 ,! h+e butt supports ! entire weight ( ! door1 &1 ord9>ily1 is con/antly 9 use1 s t x is subject$ to excessive /ra9 & consid]able we>4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t great c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 select+ h+e butts1 s t prop] sizes & qualities suitable = ! purpose int5d$ may be obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad #bc4 ,ca/-,iron ,h+e ,butts4--,h+e butts made ( ca/-iron are us$ ext5sively 9 ! *eap] class ( build+s built = speculative purposes1 9 :i* co/ is usually ! controll+ factor4 ,an ornam5tal type ( ! ca/-iron h+e butt is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad4 ,butts ( ?is type are n ext5sively us$ at pres5t1 b may be obta9$ 9 v>i\s f9i%es to imitate bronze or brass1 & may likewise be obta9$ )\t ornam5tation4 ,z ! g5u9e ,b[]-,b>ff f9i%es are produc$ ) equal facility on iron or /eel1 a l>ge numb] ( ! bett] grade ( ca/ butts are f9i%$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,:ile ! ca/-iron h+e butt is n s durable z ! /eel butt1 be+ m easily brok5 :5 subject$ to excessive /resses1 x we>s some:at bett] at ! jo9ts1 or knuckles1 ?an ! ord9>y /eel butt4 ,!re=e1 ! extra-heavy types ( ca/-iron are becom+ m popul> = entrance doors1 etc41 :]e a good we>+ butt is requir$1 & :]e economy is ! ess5tial feature4 ,! heavi] grades ( ca/-iron butts c be procur$ ) /eel bu%+s ins]t$ into ! jo9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag #bd4 ,/eel ,h+e ,butts4--,9 rec5t ye>s1 ! /eel h+e butt1 :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae1 has be5 sub/itut$ = ! *eap] ca/-iron butts4 ,! bett] grades are made ) ball tips1 z indicat$ 9 ! figure1 & ^! are n[ almo/ univ]sally us$ = m$ium-class "w & = ! bett] class ( int]ior "w4 ,ow+ to ! fact t !y are made up ) smoo? surfaces1 ! /eel h+e butts are adapt$ to ! v>i\s build+s & f9i%+s )\t gr9d+ or buff+4 ,^! butts are /amp$ & =m$ by ma*9]y1 s t _! co/ is r$uc$ to a m9imum2 !y c be sold = less ?an ca/-iron butts1 & also possess ! advantage ov] ! latt] 9 t !y are practically unbreakable4 ,! ord9>y grades are n suitable = l>ge & heavy entrance doors t are con/antly 9 use1 = !y are made ( s(t /eel & we> readily at ! jo9ts4 ,?us1 9 "t1 !y w all[ ! door to sag & !reby necessitate readju/m5t1 or ! plan+ ( ! door at ! sill4 ,= su* class ( "w1 /eel h+e butts %\ld be us$ t are provid$ ) ball be>+s1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #af1 or ) h>d5$-/eel wa%]s ins]t$ at ! jo9ts1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag4 ,^! /eel butts are also made 9 small] sizes1 & = bookcases1 cupbo>d doors1 & light "w ( ?is k9d 9 ord9>y build+ op]ations1 !y are us$ almo/ exclusively1 hav+ practically =c$ ! small ca/ butts = ?is class ( "w out ( ! m>ket4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah #be4 ,ca/-,bronze & ,brass ,butts4--,all types ( brass & bronze butts are made 9 sev]al grades & qualities1 & x is difficult to det]m9e ! grade aft] !y h be5 plac$ 9 position4 ,x is !re=e advisable = ! ar*itect or build+ sup]9t5d5t to make a c>eful inspection ( ?is h>dw>e1 to det]m9e :e!r x is furni%$ accord+ to specification4 ,brass & bronze butts are made 9 light1 or comm]cial1 heavy1 & extra-heavy grades1 & 9 all cases %\ld be /eel-bu%$1 self-lubricat+1 & provid$ ) five knuckles4 ,! high-grade butts are n[ manufactur$ ) ball be>+s at ! we>+ jo9ts4 ,! con/ruction ( a solid bronze1 ball-be>+ h+e butt is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah4 ,9 ?is figure1 ! h>d5$-/eel balls are %[n at a1 & ! cones1 :i* are also ( h>d5$ /eel1 at b4 ,bronze h+es con/ruct$ 9 ?is mann] c be obta9$ at a slight additional co/ above ! ord9>y /eel-bu%$ h+e4 ,:]e h+e butts are expos$ to ! wea!r1 z :5 us$ = ext]ior doors1 bronze or brass butts %\ld always be employ$2 & = extra-heavy doors t are 9 con/ant use1 only ! extra-heavy types %\ld be us$ if p]man5cy & durability are desir$4 ,!re are a numb] ( *eap grades ( bronze1 /eel-bu%$ h+es on ! m>ket t are made ( wr\ght or %eet metal4 ,?is k9d ( h+e has no m]it1 & %\ld n be us$ on "w ( any quality4 #bf4 ,sizes ( ,h+e ,butts4--,! /&>d h+e butts are always squ>e1 b !y may be procur$ 9 irregul> sizes1 at additional co/4 ,9 indicat+ ! size ( irregul> h+e butts--t is1 ! butts t are n squ>e1 & t are consequ5tly n /&>d--two dim5sions mu/ always be giv54 ,! fir/ dim5sion /at$ %\ld indicate ! height ( ! butt1 & ! second ! wid? ( ! butt :5 x is op54 ,?us1 a #f #e butt is #f in*es high & #e in*es wide :5 op5$4 ,?is rule = indicat+ ! size ( h+e butts is easy to rememb]1 f ! fact t x is ! rev]se ( t ord9>ily employ$ by build]s :5 indicat+ ! sizes ( doors & w9d[s1 = "h x is cu/om>y to give ! horizontal dim5sion fir/ & ! height ( ! op5+ la/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai #bg4 ,s+le-,act+ ,h+es1 or ,butts4--,!re is a l>ge butt1 or h+e1 9 ! m>ket t has a coil spr+ ei!r betwe5 ! knuckles1 or enclos$ betwe5 ! leaves4 ,?is device is kn[n z ! s+le-act+ h+e1 & is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ai4 ,at 7a7 is %[n ! ,bomm] s+le-act+ h+e1 :i* has a spiral spr+ enclos$ )9 ! cas+ =m$ by "o ( ! knuckles4 ,! t5sion on ?is spr+ c be increas$ by op]at+ ! coll> at a ) a p91 or b>4 ,at 7b7 is %[n a s+le-act+ spr+ h+e kn[n z ! ,*icago s+le-act+ spr+ butt4 ,?is h+e butt has a spiral spr+ t is encas$ betwe5 two leaves4 ,9 op]at+1 ?is spr+ always t5ds to ?r[ ! door back to its clos$ position4 ,^! two k9ds ( s+le-act+ h+es are us$ m ?an any o!r h+e ( ! same nature n[ 9 ! m>ket1 b = doors ( l>ge size ! liquid door *eck is pref]r$1 al?\gh x is m co/ly4 ,s+le-act+ h+e butts are us$ pr9cipally = hang+ wat]-closet slat doors2 & !y are also us$ = light doors t d n rea* ! full height ( ! op5+1 & :i* h no jambs4 ,! ,bomm] h+e1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ai 7a71 has an advantage on acc\nt ( ! simple means provid$ = adju/+ ! t5sion ( ! coil1 or spr+1 by :i* ! mom5tum ( ! door 9 sw++ to & fro c be r$uc$ to a m9imum1 ?us %utt+ ! door ) little noise z x /rikes ! /op4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj ,two o!r types ( ! ,bomm] s+le-act+ spr+ h+e are %[n 9 ,fig4 #bj4 ,at 7a7 are %[n two types ( s+le-act+1 surface1 spr+ h+es t are us$ = lavatory doors1 :ile at 7b7 is %[n a simil> s+le-act+ spr+ h+e arrang$ = secur+ to a m>ble or slate /ile or p>tition4 ,^! h+es are commonly suppli$ 9 highly poli%$ nickel plate1 brass1 or bronze4 ,! clamp h+e illu/rat$ at 7b7 is made to secure to slabs ( m>ble or slate f #a to #b in*es 9 ?ickness1 advanc+ by qu>t] in*es4 ,?is type ( h+e is also adju/able in* ov] & "u ! /at$ sizes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba ,! ,bomm] yoke-spr+ h+e is also made z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ba4 ,?is yoke h+e consi/s ( two s+le-act+ h+es hung "r & left ( ! same p>tition on "o box flange1 ! yoke or box flange be+ con/ruct$ z %[n at a4 ,z ! box flange ( ?is spr+ is n adju/able1 ! exact ?ickness ( ! m>ble1 or p>tition1 & ! door mu/ always be /at$ 9 ord]+ ^! h+es4 ,! s+le-act+ spr+ h+es ) clamps1 z j describ$1 are fa/5$ to ! m>ble p>titions sep>at+ wat]-closet comp>tm5ts by means ( bolts hav+ capnuts1 z %[n at b1 ,fig4 #ba1 & are ?us secur$ firmly 9 position4 ,special s+le-act+ h+es may be obta9$ ) a rev]se spr+ t c be regulat$ to hold ! door p>tly op51 in/ead ( 9 a clos$ position4 #bh4 ,d\ble-,act+ ,h+es4--,! d\ble-act+ h+e is simil> 9 con/ruction to a s+le-act+ h+e1 except t x is arrang$ s t ! door c sw+ bo? ways4 ,^! h+es are comb9$ 9 "o piece ( h>dw>e1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bb4 ,su* h+es are mu* heavi] & m co/ly ?an ! s+le-act+ h+e1 & !y are g5]ally us$ = entrance doors ( hotels & public build+s1 & = doors betwe5 kit*5 & pantry or d9+ room 9 private resid5ces1 :]e a door t w sw+ bo? ways & return to a clos$ position is desirable4 ,! d\ble-act+ h+e is usually subject$ to excessive we> & /ra94 ,c>e %\ld !re=e be ex]cis$ 9 select+ ?is type ( h+e2 also1 9 det]m9+ ! size1 x is bett] to h a h+e slightly l>g] ?an requir$ r ?an "o t is too small4 ,:ile d\ble-act+ spr+ h+es made ( ca/-iron may be obta9$1 ^? ( ! late/ manufacture are ( /eel4 ,!y may also be procur$ 9 brass or bronze1 & ( any desir$ f9i% to mat* ! fixtures & o!r h>dw>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc ,9 ,fig4 #bc is %[n ano!r type ( d\ble-act+ spr+ h+e t is n s compact z ^? illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bb4 ,?is h+e1 z %[n1 is op]at$ by a coil spr+ t fits into a rabbet =m$ 9 ! two leaves ( ! spr+2 ?us1 ! coil is invisible :5 ! door is clos$1 or 9 its normal position4 ,?is h+e obta9s a good pur*ase on ! door & jamb4 #bi4 ,floor ,h+es4--,a device is made = hang+ s+le- & d\ble-act+ doors by means ( pivots1 or trunnions1 plac$ at ! top or ! bottom4 ,! top pivot is usually inactive2 t is1 x has no spr+ or o!r device1 & is simply a trunnion1 or pivot1 ) ! necess>y plate to engage x fa/5$ to ! edge ( ! door trim4 ,! bottom piece ( h>dw>e1 on ! o!r h&1 is arrang$ ) a pivot & a coil spr+1 & has v>i\s me*anisms = op]at+ ! door positively & sil5tly4 ,9 ,fig4 #bd is illu/rat$ a s+le-act+1 *eck+-spr+ h+e4 ,?is spr+ h+e is kn[n z ! ,b>dsley1 & its me*anism1 :i* is enclos$ 9 a ca/-iron box1 is %[n at 7a74 ,?is box1 or case1 is set into ! floor1 ! top plate be+ made flu% ) ! top ( ! floor1 z %[n at 7b74 ,! op]at+ b>1 or pivot1 ( ! h+e has a squ>e end1 z %[n at a1 t engages ) ! plate secur$ to ! bottom edge ( ! door1 & is connect$ to ! me*anism by means ( a crank & connect+ l9k1 z at b4 ,aft] be+ set into ! floor1 ! ca/-iron box1 or case1 conta9+ ! spr+1 pi/on cyl9d]1 etc4 is fill$ ) oil or o!r non-freez+ liquid1 & seal$ by means ( ! top plate c4 ,! action ( ! door 9 op5+ compresses ! spr+ & op]ates ! pi/on 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,! spr+ op]at+ to close ! door also moves ! pi/on & =ces ! oil 9 ! cyl9d] out ?r\gh a by-pass1 ! fl[ be+ regulat$ by ! adju/+ screws d1 :i* are on a level ) ! top plate4 ,9 ?is mann]1 ! door is clos$ surely b g5tly1 f :i* ! h+e d]ives its "n ( *eck+-spr+ h+e4 ,h+es ( ?is type c be us$ )\t any modification ( ! door or frame1 b are n ext5sively us$ on acc\nt ( _! high price & ! co/ ( application4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd ,= pivot+ ! door at ! top1 !re is provid$ a top pivot & plate1 z illu/rat$ at 7c74 ,?is pivot is appli$ to ! edge ( ! door /ile4 ,bo? ! top pivot & bottom h+e plates on ! door are (fset4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be ,d\ble-act+ floor h+es are rapidly displac+ d\ble-act+ spr+ h+es4 ,?is is due to ! fact t :5 ! =m] h+es are employ$ ! door is pivot$ at ! top & bottom & ! weight ( ! door is n c>ri$ by ! coils ( ! spr+1 z 9 ! d\ble-act+ spr+ h+e4 ,! floor type ( d\ble-act+ h+e c>ries ! weight ( ! door on a ball be>+ 9 ! box1 or case1 let into ! floor1 z %[n at a1 ,fig4 #be1 ! coil p]=m+ only ! function ( clos+ ! door4 ,! h+e illu/rat$ is n only a d\ble-act+ h+e1 b is also a *eck+ h+e1 & = ?is reason is kn[n z a d\ble-act+1 *eck+-spr+ h+e4 ,9 op]at+1 ?is spr+ h+e n only closes ! door1 b prev5ts x1 :5 clos+1 f oscillat+ aft] ! door has rea*$ its neutral1 or clos$1 position4 ,!re are num]\s d\ble-act+ floor h+es 9 ! m>ket t are n ( ! *eck+ type4 ,"s ( ^! are ! ,atlas & ,simplex1 made by ,b>dsley1 ! ,bomm]1 made by ,bomm] ,bro!rs1 toge!r ) ! ,*icago1 ,new ,idea1 ,mat*less1 ,*ief1 & ,columbia1 made by v>i\s manufactur]s4 ,all ( ^! h+es embody practically ! same pr9ciple1 b diff] some:at 9 me*anism4 #cj4 ,outside ,bl9d & ,%utt] ,h+es4--,! outside %utt]1 or bl9d1 is /ill mu* us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( dwell+ h\ses1 & a great v>iety ( h>dw>e is made to use 9 conjunction ) hang+ ^! devices4 ,only ! mo/ common ( ! _m available types ( ?is k9d ( h>dw>e1 h[ev]1 w be treat$ "h4 ,! h+e illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bf may be class$ among ! olde/ types ( %utt] h+e4 ,?is h+e is made ( ca/-iron & is =m$ ) a gravity-lock+ device int5d$ to hold ! %utt] 9 position :5 op5$ aga9/ ! build+4 ,x is kn[n z ! ,lull & ,port] h+e1 & is made 9 v>i\s sizes t are design$ to ?r[ ! %utt] f #a to #f in*es away f ! cas+1 s z to cle> all ob/ructions consequ5t to ! v>i\s con/ructions4 ,a sill cat* mu/ be us$ 9 conjunction ) ?is h+e1 9 ord] to hold ! %utt] 9 place :5 clos$ & to prev5t x f bl[+ op54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg ,a simil> type ( h+e1 kn[n z ! ,cl>k h+e1 is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bg4 ,?is h+e is made ( ca/-iron1 & 9 ?ree sizes1 :i* are arrang$ to ?r[ ! bl9d #a1 #c1 or #d in*es f ! cas+4 ,! h+e ) ! l>ge/ ?r[ is us$ on brick build+s4 ,) ?is h+e1 z ) ! "o j describ$1 a sill cat* mu/ be us$ to keep ! %utt] clos$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh ,9 specify+ ca/-iron h+es ( ! types j consid]$1 x is well to m5tion t !y %all be extra heavy1 f ! fact t !re are s _m 9 ! m>ket ( su* light con/ruction z to be practically wor?less4 ,a type ( ! gravity-lock+ h+e1 :i* is bett] ?an ! ca/-iron h+e1 is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bh4 ,?is h+e is made entirely ( /eel1 & is kn[n z ! ,/anley gravity bl9d h+e4 ,!re is only "o size ( ?is h+e manufactur$1 & x is us$ = frame build+s4 ,all ( ! p>ts ( ?is h+e are int]*angeable & rev]sible1 s t x may be us$ = ei!r "r- or left-h& bl9ds4 ,!re is a wr\ght-/eel h+e1 kn[n z ! ,/anley bl9d h+e1 :i* has n ! gravity-lock+ device1 b :i* obta9s a great] pur*ase on ! %utt]4 ,?is h+e is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bi2 ! h+e %[n at 7a7 is = frame build+s1 :ile t %[n at 7b7 is arrang$ = brick walls4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi ,ano!r type ( h+e made entirely ( wr\ght /eel1 & kn[n z ! ,new ,york bl9d h+e1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cj4 ,?is type ( h+e has a long /rap t ext5ds on ! top & ! bottom rail ( ! %utt] & ?us t5ds to prev5t ! bl9d f droop+4 ,?is /rap also /r5g!ns ! %utt] by reliev+ ! mortise & t5on ( ! rail & /ile f ! /ra94 ,! ,new ,york bl9d h+es are made 9 two /yles4 ,! h+e %[n at 7a7 is int5d$ = frame build+s1 :ile t at 7b7 is made ) an (fset to ?r[ ! %utt] cle> ( a brick jamb4 ,^! h+es are ord9>ily us$ ) bl9d adju/]s1 or fa/5]s1 & = v high bl9ds1 a c5t]1 or auxili>y1 h+e is us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca ,!re is ano!r type ( /rap h+e simil> to ^? j describ$1 ! butt ( :i* consi/s ( a p9 & /aple1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ca4 ,?is /aple is secur$ by driv+ x into wood5 block+ 9 ! brick jo9ts4 ,h+es ( ?is type are us$ ext5sively 9 localities :]e brick build+s are num]\s4 #ca4 ,inside ,bl9d1 or ,%utt]1 ,h+es4--,! use ( inside bl9ds1 or %utt]s1 is g5]al ) ! bett] class ( dome/ic build+s1 & = hang+ ^! %utt]s1 ?ree k9ds ( h+es are us$1 dep5d+ on ! numb] ( folds 9 ! %utt] & ! mann] 9 :i* !y fold back on ea* o!r4 ,usually1 ! butt & ! back flap1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cb 7a7 & 7b71 are us$4 ,:]e ! %utt] has ?ree folds1 h[ev]1 a knuckle butt1 z %[n at 7c71 is employ$4 ,! purpose ( ! knuckle butt is to cause ! folds to take su* relative positions z w enable !m1 :5 op51 to close prop]ly into a pocket1 or recess1 =m$ 9 ! w9d[ frame4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce #cb4 ,invisible ,butts1 or ,h+es4--,a secret1 or invisible1 h+e1 kn[n z ! ,soss h+e1 has rec5tly be5 plac$ on ! m>ket4 ,?is h+e1 :i* is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #cc 7a71 consi/s ( a semicircul> plate1 :i* is atta*$ rigidly to ! door section1 & a movable semicircul> plate on ! jamb leaf1 :i* telescopes ! section on ! door 9 clos+4 ,^! h+es are invisible :5 ! door is clos$4 ,! disadvantage 9 ! use ( ^! h+es is due to ! fact t !y h only "o we>+ jo9t2 !y are also some:at complicat$ & exp5sive4 ,z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cc 7b71 !y h no ?r[1 or (fset1 & consequ5tly ! door does n cle> ! basebo>d1 or trim1 9 op5+4 ,! l>g] size ( h+e has a ?r[ ( #a in*1 :i* is n ord9>ily suffici5t = doors4 ,^! h+es1 h[ev]1 h _! use = su* mill "w z seats1 secret jambs1 drop1 or fold+1 leaves1 etc41 & = ?is class ( "w are ! be/ 9 ! m>ket4 #cc4 ,/rap & ,corn] ,h+e ,plates4--,m$ieval h>dw>e 0 ! product ( ! blacksmi? & ! :itesmi?1 ! =m] work+ ) =ge & hamm]1 & ! latt] ) *isel & file1 ! mat]ial be+ wr\ght iron4 ,! butt h+e 0 unkn[n1 :ile ! /rap1 or surface1 h+e 0 9 univ]sal use2 &1 z ?is 0 :olly 9 sight1 x naturally became ! subject ( decoration1 *iefly 9 outl9e1 b occasionally 9 surface ornam5t also4 ,) ! adoption ( ! butt h+e = g5]al use1 ! opportunity ( utiliz+ ! h+e to decorate ! surface ( ! door disappe>$1 b ) ! mod]n revival ( decorative art ! use ( con/ructive metal "w z a feature ( surface decoration = important doors 0 re/or$4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ by comb9+ ) ! mod]n butt a surface plate t repres5ts ! /rap h+e4 ,obvi\sly1 ! wid? ( ! butt ( a h+e plate %\ld correspond ) ! height ( ! butt h+e ) :i* x is to be us$1 & bo? %\ld be ( ! same metal & f9i%4 ,! o!r dim5sions are gov]n$ by ! size ( ! door & by ta/e1 z is true also 9 ! case ( corn] plates4 ,a v>i$ & arti/ic selection ( typical /rap h+es & corn] plates is giv5 9 ! gr\ps ( designs %[n 9 ,figs4 #cd & #ce4 ,,locks ,,& ,,_! ,,appurt5ances #cd4 ,locks 9 ,g5]al4--,9 no o!r l9e ( h>dw>e is !re su* a v>iety ( grades & types z !re is 9 door locks4 ,9 g5]al1 locks may be designat$ z surface & mortise locks1 ! =m] be+ secur$ to ! surface ( ! door & entirely expos$ to view1 :ile ! latt] are let into a mortise cut 9 ! edge ( ! /ile4 ,besides ^! two g5]al k9ds ( locks1 !re are sev]al special locks1 :i* w be fully expla9$4 ,z to quality1 locks may be classifi$ 9 ?ree grades2 namely1 common1 m$ium1 & high grade4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg #ce4 ,common-,grade ,rim & ,mortise ,locks4 ,! rim lock1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #cf1 is g5]ally us$ = build+s ( ! *eape/ class1 su* z t5em5ts & small h\ses4 ,z *eapness is ! controll+ factor 9 su* goods1 especially ! goods made = speculative build+ purposes1 ! quality dim9i%es ) ! price4 ,= *eap "w1 rim locks are us$ on acc\nt ( _! l[ co/ & because !y are easily appli$4 ,!y also require no trim1 su* z escut*eon plates1 etc41 & are complete :5 ! sp9dle & ! knob are furni%$ ) !m4 ,rim locks are made 9 v>i\s sizes & ei!r squ>e or rectangul> 9 %ape1 ! long dim5sion be+ plac$ ei!r horizontal or upright4 ,!y may also be obta9$ ) ei!r iron or brass bolts1 & are furni%$ ) iron1 t9n$1 or nickel-plat$ keys4 ,! *eape/ grades ( rim locks are made ) two bolts & "o tumbl]1 :ile ! bett] grades h an additional /op & a slide bolt ) ?ree tumbl]s4 ,rim locks are g5]ally con/ruct$ ( ca/-iron1 & 9 select+ !m1 a c>eful inspection %\ld be made ( ! int]nal me*anism1 *oos+ only ^? rim locks 9 :i* ! bolts & ! tumbl]s are con/ruct$ ( /eel or brass4 ,rim locks1 h[ev]1 are also made ( all /eel1 & ^! are com+ into g5]al use4 ,!y pres5t a some:at bett] appe>ance ?an ca/-iron locks1 z may be se5 f ,fig4 #cg4 ,! ca/-iron rim lock may also be obta9$ ) an ornam5tal case4 ,^! ca/-iron cases1 z a rule1 are f9i%$ 9 imitation ( bronze4 ,su* rim locks1 h[ev]1 are n 9 g5]al use on acc\nt ( _! some:at high] co/1 & f ! fact t _! appe>ance is n greatly improv$ by ! ornam5tation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch ,*eap mortise locks1 or sets1 are also l>gely us$ = ! m common grades ( "w4 ,!y are sold 9 sets1 t is1 ) escut*eon plates1 etc4 ( /eel or ca/-iron1 bo? 9 pla9 & ornam5tal designs1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ch4 ,! *eape/ lock sets are fitt$ ) pott]y knobs1 & ! bett] grade1 ) metal knobs4 ,all ( ^! locks describ$ are ( poor con/ruction1 z quality is a second>y consid]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci #cf4 ,m$ium-,grade ,mortise ,locks4--,! locks gr\p$ "u ! t]m 8m$ium-grade0 h>dw>e h be5 greatly improv$ 9 rec5t ye>s & are adapt$ to a l>ge range ( uses1 b !y are especially made = resid5ce "w4 ,9 dwell+s ( ! bett] class1 ! be/ types ( rim locks are us$ = doors 9 attics & basem5ts1 & = closet doors1 b = all o!r doors1 ! m$ium-grade mortise locks are us$4 ,^! locks are provid$ ) ca/- or wr\ght-bronze lock fronts1 are made ) f "o to ?ree lev] tumbl]s1 & h drop-=ge /eel cases4 ,! locks are con/ruct$ ) easy spr+s1 :i* all[ ! lat* bolt to retreat )9 ! case on "o light spr+ :5 ! door is clos$1 & :5 ! knob is turn$1 to op]ate ! lat*1 bo? spr+s act jo9tly 9 ord] to ov]come ! friction ( ! knob & to ?r[ ! bolt back to c5tral position4 ,! me*anism ( an easy-spr+1 mortise knob lock is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ci4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj ,9 ! gr\p ( locks embody+ ^? ( m$ium quality are includ$ ! ?ree-bolt locks us$ = *amb] & ext]ior doors1 locks = communicat+ doors betwe5 *amb]s1 & tw91 or two-bolt1 locks = tw9 ba?room or toilet-room doors1 ^! be+ respectively illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #dj 7a71 7b71 & 7c74 ,all ( ^! locks %\ld be us$ ) wr\ght- or ca/-bronze trim1 ei!r pla9 or 9 design1 & 9 f9i%es to suit4 ,locks = ext]ior doors1 :]e security is important1 %\ld be select$ ) ?is object 9 view1 & ?ree-tumbl]1 or ?ree-bolt1 locks %\ld be us$4 #cg4 ,high-,grade ,locks4--,!re are a numb] ( high-grade door locks & lat*es 9 ! m>ket = ! equipm5t ( fir/-class build+s1 & frequ5tly ^! locks are especially con/ruct$ to meet p>ticul> requirem5ts4 ,among su* locks are includ$1 besides high-grade1 ?ree-tumbl] locks1 ^? t embody ! cyl9d] pr9ciple & ^? t are equipp$ z ma/]-key locks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da ,! unit-cyl9d] lock1 illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #da1 is made by ,p4 ,f4 ,corb94 ,?is h>dw>e specialty is a new dep>ture 9 lock mak+4 ,! me*anism ( ! lock is contract$ into ! smalle/ possible space1 occupy+ only ab\t #a 94 #c 94 ,in/ead ( be+ mortis$ into ! /ile ( ! door1 z is usual ) ! mortise lock1 a piece is cut entirely f ! /ile1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #db4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ?is op]ation f weak5+ ! /ile ( ! door1 ! unit-cyl9d] lock is provid$ ) heavy escut*eon plates t are /rongly ribb$ on ! back1 s t :5 ^! plates are secur$ to ! /ile at ! top & bottom1 !y supply ! rigidity necess>y to make up = ! not*+4 ,z ! "n implies1 ^! locks are made 9 a unit1 & ! keyhole to ! cyl9d] lock is locat$ 9 ! knob4 ,! unit-cyl9d] lock is made 9 two /yles--) dead-lock+ lat* bolt & ) additional dead bolt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db #ch4 ,high-,grade ,int]ior ,door ,locks4--,9 ,fig4 #dc is %[n a type ( high-grade1 mortise-lock+ lat* = int]ior doors4 ,^! locks are ( ! heavie/ con/ruction1 & are fitt$ ) ei!r brass or bronze fronts4 ,! bolts are op]at$ ) two or m tumbl]s con/ruct$ on an improv$ patt]n1 & are ( f9e workman%ip4 ,! trim = a lock ( ?is "* %\ld be ( ! v be/ grade1 ) knobs ( ! screwless-sp9dle type1 :i* w be expla9$ lat]4 ,! escut*eons %\ld be ( ! high-coll> or ! bracket-be>+ type1 & %\ld con=m to ! "* ( ! locks 9 quality & f9i%4 ,on ! mo/ important "w1 x is always exp$i5t & usually feasible to obta9 exp]t advice f manufactur]s or f deal]s repres5t+ ! manufactur]1 ^: intimate k ( ! product w be ( great assi/ance to ! ar*itect or own] 9 mak+ suitable selections4 ,! use ( high-grade h>dw>e requires a consid]able exp5diture1 & ! necessity = exp]t advice consequ5tly becomes m imp]ative if ! be/ results are to be obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc #ci4 ,ma/]-,key ,locks4--,! type ( lock kn[n z ! ma/]-key lock is g5]ally us$ = public or (fice build+s1 hotels1 & occasionally 9 ! bett] class ( resid5ce "w4 ,^! locks c be gr\p$ into two classes2 namely1 ! ,yale1 or cyl9d]1 & ! lev]-tumbl] types1 ! class fir/ m5tion$ be+ ! mo/ desirable4 ,9 ! lev]-tumbl] type1 illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ci1 ! tumbl]s1 or w>ds1 are s arrang$ t ea* lock c be op]at$ only by its p>ticul> key1 ! keys = all rooms be+ diff]5t & non-*angeable2 all ( ! locks1 h[ev]1 c be op]at$ by a key made = ! purpose1 t]m$ a ma/] key4 ,ea* lock ( ?is type has two sets ( tumbl]s2 "o set is op]at$ by its individual key1 & ! o!r1 be+ uni=m 9 all locks ( ! s]ies1 is act$ on by ! ma/] key4 ,su* locks may be obta9$ ei!r 9 ! *eap] k9d1 ) "o tumbl] & twelve *anges1 or 9 ! mo/ intricate /yles ( hotel locks1 ) five tumbl]s & #dh1jjj *anges 9 "o set1 & all op]at$ by "o ma/] key4 ,! cyl9d] lock ( ?is type is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #dd1 :i* %[s a ,yale ,t[ne1 mortise1 front-door lock4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd #dj4 ,details ( ! ,yale ,type ( ,ma/]-,key ,locks4 ,! ,yale type ( cyl9d] lock1 :i* is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #de 7a7 & 7b71 is mu* pref]r$1 on acc\nt ( ! great security x gives & ! small key requir$ by x4 ,?is lock is made 9 ?ree sy/ems2 namely1 ! regul>1 ! conc5tric1 & ! p>ac5tric1 or duplex4 ,9 ! regul> sy/em1 "o regul> cyl9d] is controll$ by ! *ange & ma/] keys1 ! p9 tumbl]s be+ cut 9 two places1 s t ! *ange key br+s "o set ( ! abutt+ planes ( ! tumbl] 9 al9em5t ) ! surface ( ! cyl9drical plug4 ,?is plug is arrang$ s t a sep>ate key is requir$ to op]ate ea* lock1 ! o!r l9e ( cleavage ?r\gh ! blocks be+ ! same ) all locks ?r\gh\t ! s]ies1 s t !y may be op5$ ) ! same key4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df ,! conc5tric cyl9drical arrangem5t ( ?is type ( lock is %[n 9 ,fig4 #df 7a7 & 7b74 ,"h1 !re is a l>g] cyl9d] encircl+ ! key plug4 ,?is is kn[n z ! ma/]-r+1 or l>g]1 plug1 & is indicat$ at a4 ,:5 ! *ange key is ins]t$ 9 ! key plug b1 ! l[] s]ies ( breaks 9 ! p9s comes into al9em5t ) ! out] edge ( ! plug1 z %[n at 7a71 & all[s x to revolve 9 ! ma/] r+1 ! cam on ! inn] side at c actuat+ ! lock4 ,:5 ! ma/] key is ins]t$1 ! upp] s]ies ( breaks comes into al9em5t ) ! out] edge ( ! ma/] r+1 z %[n at 7b71 all[+ ! plug & ! r+ to rotate toge!r ) ! turn+ ( ! key1 & ?us to produce ! same result z t caus$ by ! op]ation ( ! *ange key4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg ,! p>ac5tric sy/em1 sometimes call$ ! duplex sy/em1 consi/s 9 hav+ two sep>ate cyl9d]s to ea* lock1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #dg4 ,"o ( ^! cyl9d]s1 g5]ally ! upp] "o1 is op]at$ by ! *ange key1 & ! l[] "o1 by ! ma/] key4 ,! int]ior con/ruction ( ! lock is s devis$ t ea* key p]=ms ! necess>y function ( op]at+ ! same bolt1 s t ! individual lock may always be op5$ by ! *ange key1 & all locks ( ! s]ies by ! ma/] key4 ,?is latt] sy/em ( lock con/ruction is m exp5sive ?an ! "o-cyl9d] type1 b x possesses an advantage 9 t x provides great] security :5 a limit$ numb] ( locks are gr\p$ 9 "o s]ies4 #da4 ,own]s or (ficials ( l>ge (fice build+s & indu/rial works n[ avail !mselves ( ! ma/]-key sy/em j expla9$4 ,!y are able to obta9 mortise locks1 rim locks1 & padlocks1 all arrang$ to op]ate ) a ma/] key1 9 "o s]ies4 ,9 f9e resid5ce "w1 ?is sy/em is also adopt$4 ,su* a sy/em ( lock+ is easily recogniz$ z conv5i5t1 especially :]e subord9ates are held responsible = c]ta9 rooms or dep>tm5ts to :i* !y1 individually1 h access1 z all ( ! rooms or dep>tm5ts may be ent]$ by ! manag] or sup]9t5d5t by ! aid ( ! ma/] key4 ,a s]ies ( ma/]-key locks may also be 8subma/]-key$0 by divid+ x into subord9ate gr\ps4 ,9 su* a case1 ea* gr\p is op]at$ by a ma/] key ( its own1 & all ! subord9ate gr\ps are controll$ by a gr& ma/] key4 ,= example1 a six-/ory (fice build+ c\ld be furni%$ ?r\gh\t ) locks hav+ non-*angeable keys2 ! doors ( ea* floor c\ld be op]at$ sep>ately by a ma/] key2 & ! doors ( ! entire build+ c\ld be op]at$ by a gr& ma/] key4 ,! conv5i5ce ( su* a sy/em is readily app>5t 9 l>ge build+s :]e ea* janitor is responsible = a c]ta9 floor1 & :]e ! head janitor1 manag]1 or own]1 has control ( all ! locks ?r\gh ! gr& ma/] key4 ,9 "s in/ances1 = additional security & = special "w1 ! corrugations 9 ! keyway are *ang$ 9 %ape s t ! manufactur]s' regul> type ( key w n ent] ! keyway1 or plug1 ?us all[+ no *ance = ! regul> type ( key to op]ate ! lock4 #db4 ,locks = ,resid5ce ,use4--,! front-door lock is di/9ctly a lock hav+ two bolts2 namely1 a dead bolt & a lat* bolt4 ,! latt] is op]at$ by ! knob1 & is s arrang$ t1 by means ( /op-"w 9 ! lock front1 ! out] knob may1 at w1 be set s z n to op]ate ! lat*1 ! lat* bolt be+ op]at$ only f ! outside by a key4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh ,! cyl9d] type ( front-door lock illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #dd is ! be/ lock = ?is purpose1 z x provides ! greate/ security4 ,?is lock is op]at$ by a conv5i5t key ( ! ,yale type1 :i* ?r[s bo? lat* & dead bolt ) "o ins]tion into ! cyl9d]4 ,?ree-tumbl]1 front-door locks & lat*es are to be _h at a l[ co/1 & are us$ 9 ! *eap] class ( dwell+s4 ,:5 ! resid5ce has an inn]1 or ve/ibule1 door1 a simil> lock is us$ )\t ! dead bolt2 ?is lock is t]m$ a ve/ibule lat*4 ,9 all cases ! ve/ibule lock %\ld 8key-lock0 ) ! front-door lock1 s t "o key w op]ate bo?4 ,! o!r ext]ior doors ( a resid5ce %\ld h ei!r ,yale locks ma/]-key$ to ! front door1 = ! bett] class ( "w1 or locks ( ! #e-;in*1 ?ree-bolt v>iety1 t are furni%$ ) an extra bolt 9 addition to ! dead bolt1 ! ?ird bolt be+ op]at$ by a ?umb knob on ! inside4 ,:5 a *eap] trim is want$1 a #d-;in*1 two-bolt lock1 supplem5t$ by a sep>ate mortise or rim bolt1 may be us$4 ,= ! fir/- or p>lor-floor fold+ doors1 #d- or #d-;in*1 two-bolt1 mortise locks are ord9>ily employ$4 ,:]e ! doors are slid+1 a #e-;in*1 slid+-door lock ) dead bolt & pull1 or h&le1 is provid$4 ,! pull1 or h&le1 is op]at$1 or ?r[n out1 :5 ne$$ by pu%+ a button1 or /op1 9 ! lock4 ,?is special type ( slid+-door lock is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #dh4 ,= b$room doors1 a lock simil> to t us$ on ! m9or ext]ior doors is usually employ$4 ,! lock = ^! doors may be ei!r a #e-;in*1 ?ree-bolt lock1 or a #d-;in*1 two-bolt lock supplem5t$ ) a mortise bolt4 ,= communicat+ doors1 x is be/ to use a ?ree-bolt1 knob lock1 ! lat* bolt ( :i* is op]at$ by ! knob f ei!r side4 ,arrang$ above or bel[ ?is lat* bolt are two dead bolts1 ea* be+ op]at$ by its respective ?umb piece on opposite sides ( ! door4 ,locks ( ?is "* are made = bo? sw++ & slid+-doors4 #dc4 ,locks = ,tw9-,closet & ,o!r ,int]ior ,doors4--,tw91 or d\ble1 doors are sometimes us$ betwe5 rooms 9 resid5ces to dead5 s\nd or to increase privacy4 ,su* doors %\ld be fitt$ ) ! same type ( lock z o!r communicat+ doors1 except t ! lock %\ld be provid$ ) two bolts1 ! same z ! lock us$ = ba?room doors4 ,^! locks are arrang$ ) special trim on ! abutt+ face ( ea* door1 ?is trim hav+ only a slight projection1 & knobs or lev] h&les project+ z little z possible1 9 ord] to avoid int]f]5ce on acc\nt ( ! limit$ space betwe5 ! doors4 ,ba?room doors are be/ fitt$ ) a ?umb bolt1 ei!r comb9$ ) a lock or sep>ate4 ,9 fitt+ closet doors1 x is be/ to use a two-bolt lock ab\t #d in*es 9 size1 ) trim on bo? sides1 s t ! door may be op]at$ f inside 9 case x is accid5tally clos$ on a p]son 9 ! closet4 ,! possibility ( ?is happ5+ is slight1 & usually a sav+ is effect$ by us+ a knob lat* )\t a dead bolt & a pair ( knobs ) roses4 ,= basem5t or attic doors1 a *eap type ( mortise lock is appropriate1 or a rim lock may be us$1 if co/ is a consid]ation4 ,:]e c>e is ex]cis$ 9 ! selection ( locks 9 any "o build+1 great conv5i5ce w result f hav+ all ! diff]5t class ( locks ab\t ! build+ ( ! same grade1 s t !y may be ma/]-key$ 9 "o set & ?us give ! own] control1 ) "o key1 ( all ! locks4 ,ea* lock1 h[ev]1 w h its own individual1 or *ange1 key1 & %\ld be select$ & ord]$ ) ?is object 9 view4 ,ano!r conv5i5ce may be _h by ord]+ ea* room & closet door key$ alike ?r\gh\t ! h\se1 or alike ?r\gh\t ea* floor1 s t ! loss ( a key w cause little or no inconv5i5ce4 #dd4 ,hotel & ,(fice ,locks4--,! purpose & use ( ma/]-key$ locks has already be5 expla9$1 b ! employm5t ( su* locks 9 l>ge gr\ps1 z 9 ! equipm5t ( hotels & (fice build+s1 requires fur!r discussion4 ,! t]m corridor door designates ! entrance f a corridor or a hallway to a b$room or an (fice1 :ile communicat+ doors are ^? betwe5 adjo9+ rooms4 ,frequ5tly1 ^! doors are d\ble1 & are !n kn[n z tw9 doors1 :ile ! t]m closet doors is self-explanatory4 ,ea* ( ^! doors requires a knob lock2 t is1 a lock hav+ ! lat* bolt op]at$ by ! knob & ! dead bolt op]at$ by a key4 ,sometimes1 9 ! case ( locks on closet doors1 ! dead bolt on communicat+-door locks is omitt$1 & a ?umb bolt sub/itut$4 ,:ile all ( ! locks ?us f> enum]at$ are us$ 9 hotels1 & mo/ ( !m 9 (fice build+s1 te*nically speak+1 a hotel lock is a ma/]-key$ knob lock = doors f ! corridor to b$rooms1 :ile an (fice lock is an inv]t$ lock2 t is1 a lock ) ! keyhole above ! knob4 ,^! latt] locks are usually ma/]-key$1 especially = ! doors f ! corridor to ! (fice4 ,su* locks z ^! may be ma/]-key$ on any ( ! sy/ems1 z previ\sly expla9$4 ,= (fice "w1 a small key is desirable1 s t cyl9d] locks are ord9>ily employ$1 z ! key = ! op]ation ( su* locks may be conv5i5tly c>ri$4 ,= hotels1 h[ev]1 a high-grade lev]-tumbl] lock ) r\nd1 sub/antial keys is desirable1 because ! keys are liable to h>d usage1 & %\ld n be conv5i5t to c>ry 9 ! pocket4 ,hotel keys v>y widely 9 arrangem5t1 z well z 9 size1 quality1 & price4 ,! k9d ( action1 or me*anism1 to be adopt$ 9 a hotel lock is frequ5tly det]m9$ by ! pref]5ce & exp]i5ce ( ! hotel manag]1 & x is desirable t he %\ld be consult$ 9 advance2 b ! location & use ( ea* door %\ld be consid]$ 9 ! selection ( ! locks = ?is "* ( build+4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! subject ( h>dw>e = a hotel is "o t requires ! mo/ c>eful consid]ation ( ! ar*itect4 ,! gr\p+ ( locks 9 a hotel %\ld be /udi$1 &1 usually1 ! be/ plan 9 l>ge hotels is to gr\p all ( ! locks on ea* floor "u "o ma/] key & to provide a diff]5t ma/] key = ea* floor1 c>e be+ tak5 to limit ! issue ( ma/] keys to ! smalle/ possible numb] ( responsible p]sons4 ,9 "s cases1 a gr& ma/] key is also provid$ t w op5 all ! locks on e floor4 ,?is arrangem5t ( ! locks entails an additional exp5se1 & also has ! disadvantage t1 9 case ! gr& ma/] key is lo/1 all ( ! locks controll$ by x %\ld at once be set to a new comb9ation1 9 ord] to prev5t access by ! p]son into ^: h&s ! key has fall54 ,?is proc$ure is bo? tr\blesome & exp5sive4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di ,! =ego+ rem>ks relat+ to hotel locks apply equally to (fice locks1 especially z to ! arrangem5t = ! op]ation ) ! ma/] key4 ,9 o!r respects1 h[ev]1 ! locks = an (fice build+ diff] consid]ably f ^? us$ 9 hotels1 = a hotel lock mu/ secure ! door bo? :5 ! room is occupi$ & :5 x is n1 :]eas an (fice lock is us$ *iefly to secure x :5 n occupi$4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 c]ta9 diff]5ces 9 action are employ$4 ,all (fice locks h a lat* bolt t is op]at$ by ! knob f bo? sides & yet p]mits free +ress & egress4 ,v>i\s me?ods1 h[ev]1 are employ$ to lock ! door aga9/ +ress except by means ( a key4 ,sometimes ?is is accompli%$ by means ( a sep>ate dead bolt op]at$ by a ma/] key f ei!r side2 9 o!r cases x is accompli%$ by a lat* bolt only1 by provid+ ! latt] ) a /op-"w l a front-door lock4 ,by ?is arrangem5t1 ! out] knob may be /opp$ s t ! lat* bolt _c be op]at$ f ! ext]ior except by ! key2 &1 aga91 ! lat* bolt may be dead-lock$ f ! outside by ! key4 ,! *oice ( ^! arrangem5ts is a matt] ( p]sonal pref]5ce4 #de4 ,/ore-,door ,trim4--,! te*nical t]m /ore-door lock orig9ally designat$ a heavy rim or mortise dead lock1 b is n[ appli$ to a comb9$ lock & lat*1 ! =m] be+ op]at$ by a key f ei!r side1 & ! latt] by a ?umb piece locat$ above ! pull h&le4 ,su* locks are made 9 a l>ge v>iety ( sizes & /yles1 ! be/ be+ ( ! cyl9d] type1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #di4 ,9 ?is lock1 ! lat* is op]at$ by ! ?umb piece dur+ ! day1 :ile ! dead lat* secures ! door at night4 ,plates & h&les = ! comb9$ /ore-door lock & lat* are also made 9 _m sizes & /yles1 f ! pla9 rectangul> type to ! mo/ ornam5tal =ms4 ,su* trim (f]s good opportunity = effective decoration1 & no embelli%m5t is s effective = a /ore's entrance door z a pair ( h&some plates & h&les ( appropriate design4 ,= su* trim1 x is n uncommon to provide an outlay ( f #be to #cj p] door4 ,"s ( ! m elaborate /ore-door h&les are illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #ej & #ea4 ,! trim illu/rat$ 9 ^! plates is v c>efully select$ by ! ar*itect to mat* ! /yle ( ar*itecture 9 :i* ! build+ is design$1 & ! f9i% is select$ ) z mu* c>e4 #df4 ,padlocks4--,:ile padlocks are n ord9>ily includ$ 9 build]s' h>dw>e1 !y are ext5sively us$ = factories1 /ables1 & o!r build+s ( ?is "*2 ?us "s c>e %\ld be tak5 9 _! selection4 ,padlocks are made 9 a great v>iety ( sizes1 /yles1 & qualities1 & retail at prices rang+ f #aj c5ts1 or less1 to #e4 ,:]e ^! locks are expos$ to moi/ure or to ! wea!r1 !y %\ld be ( bronze or ( brass1 ) all ( ! int]ior con/ruction ( ! same mat]ial4 ,if requir$ = great security1 t is1 = places :]e !y are likely to be subject$ to viol5ce1 !y %\ld be v heavy1 & pref]ably provid$ ) /eel %ackles4 ,padlocks con/ruct$ on ! cyl9d]-lock pr9ciple may be obta9$1 & %\ld always be us$ :]e a s]ies ( locks t are op]at$ by sep>ate keys & controll$ by a ma/] key is employ$4 ,ord9>ily1 a selection ( padlocks %\ld be made only aft] an inspection ( ! actual samples1 & n accord+ to catalog repres5tations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea #dg4 ,cab9et ,locks4--,! locks us$ 9 cab9etwork are di/9ct f build]s' locks1 ?\gh !y are occasionally us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! f9] classes ( int]ior f9i%1 &1 consequ5tly1 are ( int]e/ to ! ar*itect4 ,cab9et locks are made *iefly ( wr\ght metal1 & 9 a va/ v>iety ( k9ds1 sizes1 & grades1 s t c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 _! selection4 ,! lead+ k9d ( cab9et locks are draw]1 or till1 locks2 w>drobe1 or cupbo>d1 locks2 & *e/1 box1 & desk locks4 ,special locks are also manufactur$ = _m o!r purposes4 ,= ! be/ "w1 ! ,yale1 or p9-tumbl]1 type is desirable :]e great security is requir$1 b = ord9>y uses1 o!r types1 ) ei!r flat or r\nd keys are available4 ,_m ( ! cab9et locks admit ( be+ ma/]-key$1 & su* locks are employ$ on lock]s 9 club rooms1 armories1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb #dh4 ,asylum & ,prison ,locks4--,= ! doors ( cells 9 insane asylums1 hospitals1 & prisons1 locks ( special con/ruction are requir$4 ,= ?is reason1 a di/9ct class ( h>dw>e is manufactur$ to meet ! peculi> conditions t prevail4 ,^! locks1 :i* are design$ prim>ily to prev5t escape f ! rooms1 or cells1 are exceptionally expos$ to attempts at tamp]+1 & are especially con/ruct$ to meet ^! conditions4 ,!re is an ext5sive l9e ( locks = ^! uses on ! m>ket4 ,?is l9e includes bo? ! ,yale type & ! lev]-tumbl] type ( lock1 & ^! locks are con/ruct$ ) bo? solid & b>rel keys1 ?us af=d+ a wide range ( selection4 ,all su* locks mu/ be made s z to be controll$ by ma/] keys4 ,9 ,fig4 #eb are illu/rat$ types ( prison or asylum locks4 ,! lock %[n at 7a7 is emb$d$1 or built1 9 ! jamb1 :ile t at 7b7 is secur$ to ! door & ! keep] is fa/5$ 9 ! jamb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec ,!re are num]\s o!r patt]ns ( asylum & prison locks1 su* z ^? illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ec4 ,! lock %[n at 7a7 is arrang$ to op]ate ) a d\ble-bitt$ key1 :ile ! "o at 7b7 is op]at$ by means ( a ,yale key4 ,ne>ly all mod]n locks = ?is purpose are op]at$ ) ei!r d\ble-bitt$ or ,yale keys1 & ^? 9 common use are cyl9d] locks4 ,in=mation reg>d+ ^! types ( locks %\ld be obta9$ 9 advance1 s t 9 prep>+ ! plans & specifications1 ! type select$ may be cle>ly indicat$ & ! arrangem5ts made = any special con/ruction necess>y to receive !m4 ,z ! approv$ =ms ( asylum or prison locks are built 9 ! masonry dur+ con/ruction1 !y mu/ be deliv]$ dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( ! erection ( ! build+4 #di4 ,bank & ,safe ,locks4--,locks = ! doors ( burgl>-pro( & firepro( safes & vaults con/itute a gr\p di/9ct f all o!rs4 ,^! locks embody ! mo/ complicat$ me*anism1 & repres5t ! highe/ art ( mod]n lock mak+4 ,! ar*itect 9 prep>+ plans ( build+s = banks & tru/ companies is frequ5tly call$ on to approve or to specify ! fa/5+s = vault & safe doors4 ,:ile ! own]s ( su* build+s w probably pr$et]m9e ! k9d ( lock to be employ$1 nev]!less !y w be guid$ by ! advice ( ! ar*itect 9 ! selection ( "s p>ticul> make4 ,! locks us$ on su* vaults & safes comprise "t1 or *ronomet]1 locks2 dial1 or comb9ation1 locks2 & safe-deposit & subtreasury locks4 ,!re is also a device kn[n z a bolt-motor1 or automatic lock1 :i* is an alli$ product4 ,9 ! manufacture ( ^! special locks1 ! skill ( num]\s exp]ts & speciali/s is requir$1 & z _! k is at ! disposal ( ! ar*itect or ! eng9e]1 !y %\ld be consult$ 9 ! selection ( su* important pieces ( me*anism4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed ,! "t lock is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ed1 & is a lock+ device actuat$ by clockwork4 ,?is type ( lock is us$ 9 connection ) ! heavy boltwork ( a safe door1 to prev5t x f unlock+ except dur+ c]ta9 h\rs det]m9$ be=eh&4 ,?is lock is n[ recogniz$ z an ess5tial "p ( ! equipm5t ( all fir/-class1 burgl>-pro( vaults & safes4 ,9 its /&>d =m1 ! "t lock has ?ree *ronomet] movem5ts ( ! f9e/ con/ruction1 ea* ( :i* is compet5t to actuate ! lock1 s t1 9 ?is way1 almo/ absolute reliability is insur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee ,a dial1 or comb9ation1 lock is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ee4 ,! comb9ation commonly call$ ! dial lock has completely sup]s$$ ! key lock = use on safe & vault doors4 ,ess5tially1 ! dial lock consi/s ( a bolt+ me*anism gu>d$ by a set ( *angeable tumbl]s1 or :eels4 ,^! tumbl]s are actuat$ by a sp9dle pass+ ?r\gh ! door1 ?is sp9dle be+ provid$ on ! out] end ) a graduat$ dial4 ,by rotat+ ! dial 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 ! dial c be set & ! lock op]at$4 ,dial1 or comb9ation1 locks are made 9 two grades1 or v>ieties1 design$ respectively = burgl>-pro( & = firepro( safes4 ,! lock int5d$ = burgl>-pro( purposes is heavy & made to resi/ viol5ce1 :ile ! o!r locks are small]1 simpl]1 & *eap]1 int5d$ only to secure ! door aga9/ ord9>y intrusion4 ,bo? ( ^! locks %\ld be absolutely 8non-pickable40 ,9 connection ) ! "t lock1 an automatic bolt-op]at+ device is n[ us$ on burgl>-pro( safes4 ,! bolt-motor is a me*anism conta9+ heavy spr+s & is atta*$ to ! inside ( a safe door4 ,^! spr+s are set1 or brac$1 :ile ! door is clos$1 & :5 releas$ by ! action ( ! "t lock are capable ( automatically retract+ ! heavy boltwork ( ! door4 ,?is con/ruction obviates ! necessity ( any sp9dle ?r\gh ! door1 & leaves ! surface absolutely unbrok51 )\t any communication betwe5 ! int]ior & ext]ior4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef ,a =m ( safe-deposit lock is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ef4 ,?is lock is ( a new type1 & is int5d$ expressly = individual safes1 or boxes1 r5t$ by ! safe-deposit companies4 ,su* locks are ne>ly always provid$ ) a gu>d key1 :i* is 9 *>ge ( a cu/odian & common to all ! locks 9 ! s]ies4 ,ea* lock has its own individual1 or *ange1 key1 h[ev]1 :i* diff]s f e o!r key 9 ! s]ies4 ,be=e a *ange key c be ins]t$ into its lock1 ! gu>d me*anism mu/ be unlock$ by ! gu>d key 9 *>ge ( ! cu/odian4 ,?is makes ! pres5ce ( ! latt] a necess>y prelim9>y to ! unlock+ ( ! box by ! r5t] or 8 au?oriz$ ag5t4 ,_m /yles & sizes ( safe-deposit locks are made to meet v>y+ conditions1 ! lock probably mo/ us$ be+ ! ,yale1 or p9-tumbl]1 v>iety1 9 :i* additional security is obta9$ by us+ keys ( special propriet>y =ms4 ,= safe-deposit boxes ( l>ge size1 ! dial lock is (t5 us$4 ,subtreasury locks are int5d$ = use on ! small safety *e/s1 or 8subtreasuries10 (t5 plac$ )9 a firepro( safe4 ,^! locks1 :i* are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #eg1 are ( v>i\s types & sizes1 & are suitable = use on metal doors ( all k9ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg #ej4 ,c>e & ,ma9t5ance ( ,locks4--,locks1 l o!r pieces ( me*anism1 ne$ reasonable c>e & att5tion to keep !m 9 ! be/ condition4 ,z !y conta9 mov+ p>ts1 !y are subject$ to frictional we> & ne$ occasional lubrication4 ,mo/ ( ! friction1 & consequ5tly ! we>1 occurs 9 ! bevel$ lat* bolt1 :i* may be readily lubricat$4 ,if ! lat* bolt is tr\blesome1 its face & back %\ld be clean$ ) a clo? moi/5$ ) naph?a or k]os5e1 to remove any dirt4 ,^! surfaces %\ld !n be wip$ ) ano!r clo? saturat$ ) ma*9e oil or1 bett]1 ) vasel9e4 ,any p]son c p]=m ?is simple "w1 & if x is done once or twice a ye>1 x w keep ! bolts 9 su* condition t ea* door w close easily & quietly at all times4 ,ano!r cause ( tr\ble is ! t5d5cy ( ! old-fa%ion$ knob screw to become loose1 ?us all[+ ! knob to pull f ! sp9dle4 ,:]e su* sp9dles are us$1 x is a good plan to inspect !m occasionally & to tight5 any loose screws4 ,! be/ results f lock h>dw>e1 h[ev]1 c be obta9$ by hav+ all locks & h>dw>e inspect$ by a lock exp]t ab\t once a ye>4 #ea4 ,pott]y ,knobs4--,door knobs1 :i* are important appurt5ances to locks & lat*es1 are made ( _m k9ds ( mat]ials1 & are fa/5$ to ! sp9dle 9 sev]al ways4 ,x is necess>y1 9 ord] to make ! prop] selection ( knobs = doors1 to be ?or\ghly conv]sant ) ! v>i\s types on ! m>ket4 ,! *eape/ type ( door knob is mold$ f sev]al k9ds ( clay4 ,^! pott]y knobs are secur$ to iron or bronze %anks by lead+2 t is1 by sett+ !m 9 molt5 lead1 :i*1 9 h>d5+1 secures ! knob to ! %ank4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh ,pott]y knobs are made 9 ?ree /yles1 namely1 m9]al1 jet1 & porcela94 ,m9]al knobs are d>k br[n 9 color1 :ile jet & porcela9 knobs are1 respectively1 jet black & pure :ite4 ,all ( ^! knobs are highly glaz$1 & are us$ only ) ! *eape/ grades ( locks4 ,ord9>ily1 !y are furni%$ ) japann$ m\nt+s1 or %ank & rose2 occasionally1 h[ev]1 !y may be _h ) bronze-plat$1 real bronze1 or brass m\nt+s4 ,! sev]al /yles ( porcela9 knobs are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #eh4 ,at 7a7 is %[n ! m9]al knob1 :ile at 7b7 & 7c7 are %[n ! porcela9 & jet k9ds4 #eb4 ,wood5 ,knobs4--,knobs made ( wood are q g5]ally us$4 ,!y are always turn$ f "s h>dwood1 & are ei!r /a9$ or f9i%$ naturally4 ,! wood5 knob is usually =c$ on ! %ank by hydraulic pressure1 & :5 securely fa/5$ 9 ?is way makes a desirable & *eap knob4 ,_m ( ! *eap] wood5 knobs on ! m>ket are only glu$ or cem5t$ to ! %ank1 &1 consequ5tly1 are n durable1 z !y pull (f2 !y are !re=e entirely undesirable4 ,! m\nt+s = ! bett] knobs are made ( iron1 brass1 or bronze1 ?\gh !y may be _h ) wood5 roses4 ,m\nt+s ( wood1 h[ev]1 %\ld n be us$1 z any sev]e side /ra9 on ! knob w split ! rose ) ! gra9 ( ! wood4 ,9 ,fig4 #ei are %[n two wood5 knobs1 ! "o at 7a7 hav+ a metal rose1 & ! "o at 7b7 a wood5 rose4 #ec4 ,ca/-,iron ,knobs4 ,*eap locks are usually provid$ ) knobs made ( ca/-iron1 &1 al?\gh !y are /rong & s]viceable1 !y are seldom attractive4 ,= f9i%+ knobs ( ?is k9d1 a bronze metal plat+ is usually employ$4 ,ca/-iron knobs are frequ5tly made ornam5tal in/ead ( pla94 ,a typical ca/-iron knob & rose are %[n 9 ,fig4 #fj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj #ed4 ,/amp$ & ,spun-,metal ,knobs4--,knobs made ( %eet metal h lately come into ext5sive use1 & !y may be obta9$ 9 a l>ge v>iety ( designs & =ms4 ,pla9 & ornam5tal /eel knobs are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #fa4 ,knobs ornam5t$ 9 any /yle ( design are 9 ! m>ket1 & are arti/ic & usually well model$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa #ee4 ,bronze or ,brass ,knobs4--,knobs ( bronze or brass are always us$ 9 build+s ( ! bett] class1 & all ornam5tal knobs ( ! high] grade are made ( ^! mat]ials4 ,! be/ knobs are usually solid2 t is1 ca/ 9 "o piece1 ) ! exception t ! %ank is ins]t$4 ,o!rs are made 9 composite =m1 consi/+ ( a /eel int]ior %ell1 or frame1 ov] :i* is tightly drawn an ext]nal section1 or cov]+1 ( wr\ght-bronze or brass ( sub/antial ?ickness4 ,! complet$ knob1 if prop]ly made 9 ?is mann]1 is practically z /rong z ! holl[-ca/ knob & resi/s bruis+ or o!r injury4 #ef4 ,glass ,knobs4--,! mo/ exp5sive knobs made are ^? ( cut glass ) metal m\nt+s4 ,sev]al knobs ( ?is k9d are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #fb4 ,cut-glass or cry/al-glass knobs are v co/ly1 ! price dep5d+ on ! /yle & ! am\nt ( cutt+ requir$ & on ! grade ( glass us$4 ,! new me?od ( m\nt+ glass knobs all[s = adju/+ ! knobs to doors ( v>y+ ?icknesses1 & also gives ! knobs a h&some appe>ance1 mak+ !m bo? durable & reliable4 #eg4 ,/yles & ,sizes ( ,knobs4--,! pott]y knobs1 su* z ! m9]al1 jet1 & porcela9 knobs1 are made only 9 sph]oidal & oval %apes4 ,! sph]oidal knobs are #b in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! oval knobs #b 94 #a 94 ,ca/-iron & /amp$-/eel knobs are made sph]oidal & ( ! box patt]n1 ) pla9 & mold$ edges1 bo? /yles ( knobs be+ ab\t #b in*es 9 diamet]4 ,bronze & brass knobs are usually sph]oidal or ball-%ap$1 & are #b & #b in*es 9 diamet]4 ,!y are also made oval & egg-%ap$1 ^! latt] /yles be+ provid$ 9 two sizes1 namely1 #c 94 #b 94 & #b 94 #a 94 ,! same g5]al dim5sions obta9 = wood5 & glass knobs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb #eh4 ,lock ,sp9dles4--,9 supply+ a pair ( knobs1 !re is always includ$ ) !m ! sp9dle1 :i* connects !m & passes ?r\gh ! hub ( ! lock4 ,! type ( sp9dle g5]ally us$ is ! common1 or side-screw1 sp9dle1 :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fc4 ,9 ?is sp9dle1 ! knobs are secur$ by means ( a knob screw pass+ ?r\gh a hole 9 ! knob & engag+ ) "o ( ! ?read$ holes 9 ! sp9dle4 ,!re are sev]al holes 9 ! sp9dle1 s t ! di/ance ! knobs are ap>t may be adju/$ prop]ly4 ,%\ld fur!r adju/m5t be requir$1 x is accompli%$ by plac+ ?9 wa%]s at ! end ( ! knob %ank4 ,?is type ( sp9dle is g5]ally us$ ) ! *eap grades ( trim1 & %\ld n be us$ 9 high-grade "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc ,!re is a mod]n type ( lock sp9dle1 kn[n z ! 8screwless0 sp9dle1 t p]mits ! prop] adju/m5t ( ! knobs )\t ! use ( wa%]s & ) less screws4 ,^! sp9dles ov]come ! g5]al loos5ess & rattle f\nd 9 ! common type4 ,a 8screwless0 sp9dle1 kn[n z ! ,triplex1 is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #fd4 ,?is sp9dle is a fir/-class device1 & is con/ruct$1 z %[n1 ( ?ree p>allel p>ts1 triangul> 9 section1 :i*1 toge!r1 =m a squ>e b>4 ,to fa/5 ! knob on ?is sp9dle1 a setscrew 9 ! knob be>s on ! c5t] b>1 & ow+ to _! w$ge =m1 ! two side b>s are =c$ ap>t & into frictional engagem5t ) ! sp9dle ( ! knob4 ,! sp9dle itself is screwless1 & !re is no?+ t5d+ to loos5 ! setscrew1 s t :5 once prop]ly tight5$1 ! knob w rema9 firm & 9 position on ! sp9dle "u all conditions ( use4 ,9 "s in/ances1 ?is /yle ( sp9dle has be5 condemn$ by own]s & ar*itects4 ,?is has be5 due l>gely to ! fact t ! me*anic did n set ! screw tight aga9/ ! sp9dle1 ?us all[+ ! knob to be easily pull$ (f4 ,?is is (t5 caus$ by n us+ a screwdriv] t exactly fits ! head ( ! screw4 ,:5 ! knobs are put 9 place z !y %\ld be1 ?is device always gives entire satisfaction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe ,!re is ano!r1 ?\gh some:at co/ly1 type 9 ! m>ket1 kn[n z ! wr5* sp9dle4 ,?is sp9dle is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #fe4 ,z %[n1 ! me*anism consi/s ( a *uck1 or vise-l arrangem5t1 =m$ on ! knob %ank4 ,:5 ! nut a is screw$ on ! jaws b1 ! t5d5cy is to grip ! sp9dle securely1 ! latt] be+ solid & )\t screw holes4 ,?is type ( sp9dle all[s p]fect adju/m5t4 ,ano!r type ( knob sp9dle is ! swivel sp9dle4 ,?is is us$ ) front1 ve/ibule1 & o!r door locks t h /op-"w1 :]eby ! outside knob may be made op]ative or n1 z desir$4 ,9 ord] to accompli% ?is1 ! sp9dle is divid$ longitud9ally1 s t "o end may rotate indep5d5tly ( ! o!r4 ,! /&>d sizes ( sp9dles = door locks1 etc4 are _/ & in* squ>e4 ,occasionally1 sp9dles z l>ge z in* squ>e are us$ = l>ge knobs or h&les1 su* z w\ld be us$ ) massive lock trim4 ,= ?umb knobs & locks & lat*es ( ?is "*1 sp9dles in* squ>e are employ$4 #ei4 ,key ,tags = ,hotel ,use4--,consid]able confusion is frequ5tly creat$ by hotel gue/s tak+ ) !m on dep>ture ! key to _! rooms4 ,=m]ly1 hotel manag]s s\ght to prev5t ?is practice by atta*+ to ea* key a l>ge tag ( iron or brass1 g5]ally s]rat$ on ! edges & made s cumb]some z to practically preclude its be+ c>ri$ 9 ! pocket4 ,subsequ5tly1 tags made ( r$ fib] ( l>ge size became popul>4 ,! usual =ms ( ^! l>ge tags1 :e!r ( brass or fib]1 are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ff4 ,! use ( key tags1 h[ev]1 is gradually be+ sup]s$$ by hav+ ! "n ( ! hotel & numb] ( ! room /amp$ pla9ly on ! key b[1 ! /amp$ "n ( ! h\se s]v+ = its quick id5tification & return by mail4 ,! late/ & be/ developm5t 9 ?is detail consi/s 9 atta*+ to ! key b[1 by means ( a %ort *a91 ei!r an ornam5tal disk be>+ ! "n ( ! hotel & ! numb] ( ! room1 or a small ball1 ! "n & key numb] /ill be+ reta9$ on ! key b[4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! %ort p5dant s]ves = conv5i5ce 9 ! use ( ! key1 dim9i%es ! dang] ( misplac+ x1 &1 if well design$1 contributes to its appe>ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff ,,w9d[ ,,sa% ,,h>dw>e ,,sa% ,,trim ,,= ,,d\ble-,,hung ,,w9d[s #fj4 ,sa% ,pulleys4--,! pulleys = ! c\nt]balanc+ ( d\ble-hung1 or slid+1 w9d[s1 :ile app>5tly unimportant pieces ( h>dw>e1 are wor?y ( mu* consid]ation 9 _! selection1 & 9 ! prep>ation ( ! specifications c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ to provide ! be/ pulley consi/5t ) ! "* ( ! "w4 ,x is good practice to furni% ! millm5 ) a sample ( ! pulleys t are to be us$1 s t ! frame w be prop]ly mortis$ to receive !m :5 ! sa% are hung4 ,by ?is me?od1 ! necessity ( expos+ ! case to ! wea!r dur+ ! erection ( ! /ructure is obviat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg ,! common grades ( sa% pulleys are r\gh & *eap1 & may be us$ = unimportant "w & light sa%es4 ,= heavi] sa%es & important "w1 h[ev]1 a bett] grade ( l>g] & heavi] con/ruction %\ld be us$4 ,x is important 9 specify+ sa% pulleys to /ipulate ! size ( ! pulley & to specify ! diamet] ( ! axle2 also to /ate :e!r brass or bronze :eels & bronze faces are desir$4 ,pulleys are suppli$ 9 #a-1 #b-1 #b-1 #b-1 & #c-;in* diamet]s4 ,! requir$ diamet] ( ! pulley is det]m9$ by ! ?ickness ( ! pulley /ile & ! diamet] ( ! sa% weight requir$ to balance ! sa%4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi ,! cases 9 :i* ! pulleys are m\nt$ 9 ! *eap] grades are made ( ca/-iron1 :ile 9 ! bett] grades !y are made ( /amp$ metal4 ,high-grade pulleys con/ruct$ ( /amp$ metal are also provid$2 ^! are put toge!r ei!r by rivet+ ! two faces ( ! pulley or by electrically weld+ !m4 ,! con/ruction ( a built-up /eel pulley is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #fg4 ,! cases enclos+ ! pulleys are made ( ca/-iron1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #fh 7a71 or !y are con/ruct$ ( /amp$ metal1 z %[n at 7b74 ,! ends ( ! fac+ ( ! case are made squ>e1 r\nd$1 or aug]-%ap$1 & are f9i%$ ei!r r\gh1 poli%$1 or lacqu]$1 or are fac$ ) brass or bronze ( any f9i% desir$4 ,! pulleys illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #fi 7a7 are s con/ruct$ t ! mortise 9 ! frame may be readily =m$ by a special bor+ ma*9e c>ry+ ?ree or f\r bits4 ,?is ma*9e bores holes ( a size to fit ! sev]al cyl9drical portions ( ! /amp$-metal case1 z at a1 a1 a diagram ( ! mortis+ 9 ! frame be+ illu/rat$ at 7b74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj ,! bett] grades ( pulleys may be procur$ ) semi-/eel1 brass1 or bronze :eels1 & ) pla9 axles or ) ball or roll] be>+s4 ,9 ! *eap] grades ( sa% pulleys1 ! axles are =m$ ( common wire1 :ile 9 ! bett] grades !y are made ( ei!r /eel or gun metal in* 9 diamet]4 ,9 ! be/ pulleys1 ! :eels are turn$1 to insure smoo?ness ( motion1 & are made ) grooves = cord1 ribbon1 or *a94 ,all /eel pulleys built up z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #fg are ( rec5t inv5tion2 !y run smoo?ly1 & are v easily appli$4 ,^! pulleys are also made ) ball or roll] be>+s1 & may be obta9$ at a reasonable price4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga ,!re is a special type ( sa% pulleys t may be us$ = tw9 & triple w9d[s1 :]e x is necess>y to =m a n>r[ mullion betwe5 ! w9d[s4 ,?is pulley is kn[n z ! ,grant ov]head sa% pulley1 & is us$ z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #gj4 ,at 7a7 is a tw9-w9d[ arrangem5t1 %[+ ! sa% on ! two sides d\ble-hung1 ea* sa% be+ c\nt]balanc$ by means ( "o c\nt]weight4 ,by ?is means1 ! frame mullion betwe5 ! two sa%es c be made z n>r[ z #b in*es1 :i* is an advantage :]e ! maximum am\nt ( daylight op5+ is desir$4 ,frequ5tly1 9 triple w9d[s1 ! c5t] sa%1 z well z ! two side sa%es1 is made d\ble-hung4 ,9 su* a case1 ! arrangem5t ( ! ov]head pulleys w\ld be z %[n 9 ,fig4 #gj 7b74 ,^! pulleys provide a conv5i5t means = arrang+ d\ble-hung w9d[s ( ?is type1 b suffici5t room mu/ be left 9 ! head ( ! w9d[ to all[ = ! ins]tion ( ?is pulley & ! travel ( ! sa% c\nt]weights4 ,! con/ruction ( ?is type ( ov]head pulley ) roll] be>+s is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ga4 #fa4 ,det]m9ation ( ,size ( ,sa% or ,frame ,pulleys4--,! ar*itect's specifications %\ld /ipulate ! diamet] ( ! sa% pulleys to be us$ 9 ! "w1 & ?is item requires c>eful consid]ation4 ,:]e c>e is n ex]cis$ 9 ?is reg>d1 ei!r ! pulleys w be s small t ! weight w rub aga9/ ! pulley /ile1 or !y w be s l>ge t ! weight w rub ! jamb cas+ on ! opposite side ( ! pocket4 ,/&>d sa% pulleys are made 9 sizes f #a to #c in*es 9 diamet]1 v>y+ by qu>t] in*es4 ,9 det]m9+ ! diamet] ( ! pulley requir$ = a p>ticul> w9d[ frame1 a good rule is to multiply ! ?ickness ( ! pulley /ile by #b4be2 ?us1 a -in* /ile w\ld require a #b-;in* pulley2 a #a-;in* /ile1 a #b-;in* pulley2 & a #a-;in* /ile1 a #c-;in* pulley4 ,x is be/ to specify t pulleys = metallic frames %all be ( ! l>g] size1 namely1 #c in*es 9 diamet]2 & also t ^! pulleys %all h -in* axles4 #fb4 ,sa% ,cords & ,*a9s4--,! sa% cords by :i* ! sa%es are atta*$ to ! c\nt]weights 9 d\ble-hung w9d[s are usually furni%$ by ! c>p5t]1 & are s specifi$4 ,h[ev]1 !y may be specifi$ "u h>dw>e4 ,! specification = ! sa% cord %\ld /ate bo? ! size & ! mak]'s "n1 & = good /&>d "w ,sansom ,spot or ,silv] ,lake sa% cords are ! be/ t c be procur$4 ,table ,,vi w be f\nd conv5i5t 9 det]m9+ ! diamet] ( ! cord & ! consequ5t size by numb]1 z well z ! size ( ! sa% pulley4 ,,table ,,vi ,,/&>d ,,size ,,( ,,sa% ,,cord ,,= ,,pulleys ---------------------------------------- -------- ,av]age ,size,diamet] ,weight ,av]age ,heavie/ ,smalle/ ,no4 ( ,cordp] ,doz5,numb] (,weight to,pulley to ,in* ,hanks ,feet p] ,be ,us$ ,be ,us$ ,p\nds ,p\nd ,p\nds ,in*es ---------------------------------------- -------- #f _/ #ah #ff #e #a #g _/ #bb #ee #ae #a #h #bg #dd #be #b #i _/ #cc #cf #ce #b #aj _/ #dd #bg #de #b #ab #fj #bj #ee #c ,sa% *a9s are made 9 ! =m illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #gb1 & may be _h ei!r 9 /eel1 r$ metal1 or bronze4 ,! sa% *a9s 9 ! m>ket are usually made 9 f\r sizes1 be+ numb]$ f #j to #c4 ,! mak]s1 h[ev]1 h no agreem5t reg>d+ ^! /&>ds1 s t ! numb]+ is n uni=m2 "o manufactur]'s ,no4 #j *a9 may be 8 heavie/ make1 :ile a *a9 ( ! same numb] furni%$ by ano!r mak] may be ! lighte/ *a9 t he manufactures4 ,9 ord] to provide aga9/ ?is discrepancy :5 specify+1 x is well to "n ! mak] ( ! *a94 ,! lighte/ sa% *a9 w support sa%es weigh+ f #dj to #ge p\nds1 :ile ! heavie/ w c>ry sa%es t weigh f #aej to #bej p\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc #fc4 ,sa% ,balances4--,by ! use ( sa% balances1 "o ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #gc1 !re is no necessity = weight boxes1 c\nt]weights1 etc4 ,! contrivance illu/rat$ has be5 manufactur$ = _m ye>s1 & ! orig9al int5tion 0 to h x displace ! sa% pulley1 cord1 & weight = d\ble-hung w9d[s4 ,in/all+ spr+ sa% pulleys co/s m ?an ! old] me?od ( hang+ by means ( c\nt]weights4 ,!y are con/ruct$ ) a long1 spiral spr+ enclos$ by a drum1 on :i* ! tape a1 ,fig4 #gc1 w9ds & ?us raises ! sa%4 ,! coil spr+ 9 ?is balance is made ( ei!r light or heavy mat]ial1 accord+ to ! weight ( ! sa% x is int5d$ to c\nt]balance4 ,!y are seldom us$1 h[ev]1 except :]e !re is insuffici5t room = sa% weights4 ,! /eel tape is liable to be twi/$ & brok5 by j>r+ 9 op]at+ ! sa%1 & = g5]al use x has be5 f\nd t ! mo/ positive action is secur$ by pulleys & weights4 #fd4 ,weight ( ,sa% & ,glass4--,9 e/imat+ ! weight ( w9d[ sa%1 9 ord] t ! size ( ! c\nt]weights or ( ! spr+ c\nt]balance may be det]m9$1 ! weight ( ! glass p] squ>e foot may be tak5 z foll[s3 ,plate glass1 #c p\nds2 d\ble-?ick glass1 #a p\nds2 & s+le-?ick glass1 #a p\nd4 ,to f9d ! weight ( ! wood5 sa%1 add toge!r ! height & ! wid? ( ! sa%1 9 feet1 & multiply by #b4a = #b-;in* sa%1 by #a4fg = #a-;in* sa%1 & by #a4cc = #a-;in* sa%4 ,! sev]al sizes ( sa% giv5 indicate ! ?ickness ( ! sa% frame4 ,:ile ^! data = det]m9+ ! weight ( sa% are n exact1 !y are suffici5tly accurate to fix ! size ( ! sa% cords & pulleys & to e/imate ! weight requir$ to c\nt]balance !m4 ,! be/ practice 9 c\nt]balance sa%es1 h[ev]1 is to weigh ! sa% aft] x has be5 glaz$2 9 ?is mann] ! exact weight & size ( ! c\nt]weights requir$ c be det]m9$4 ,! approximate weights ( ord9>y glaz$ sa% are usually giv5 9 ! catalogs ( manufactur]s ( sa% weights1 pulleys1 etc41 & w be f\nd conv5i5t 9 det]m9+ ! approximate weight ( sa% weights )\t mak+ ! calculations j describ$ :5 e/imat+4 #fe4 ,sa% ,locks1 or ,fa/s4--,!re are _m diff]5t makes ( sa% locks = d\ble-hung sa% 9 ! m>ket4 ,9 ,fig4 #gd are %[n sev]al ( ! old] type ( sa% locks t h be5 us$ ext5sively4 ,! lock %[n at 7a7 is kn[n z ! ,*ampion2 t at 7b71 z ! ,ives1 & t at 7c71 z ! ,bo/on4 ,?is type ( sa% lock1 ! con/ruction ( :i* is app>5t f ! illu/ration1 has giv5 satisfaction = a numb] ( ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf ,a new] type ( sa% lock is t illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #ge & #gf4 ,9 ,fig4 #ge is %[n a sa% lock kn[n z ! ,fit*4 ,?is lock is made by sev]al manufactur]s1 & c be procur$ 9 all f9i%es ( iron = ! *eap] class ( build+s1 & also 9 bronze metal = high-class "w4 ,x is compos$ ( a helical cam1 :i* is fa/5$ to ! top ( ! meet+ rail ( ! l[] sa% & engages ) a hook1 or lug1 t is secur$ to ! bottom ( ! upp] sa%4 ,! op]ation ( ?is fa/5] is rapid1 & ! rot>y movem5t draws ! two sa%es toge!r horizontally & =ces !m 9 opposite directions v]tically4 ,9 ?is way1 x holds ! sa% fa/ & prev5ts rattl+ & air leaks4 ,x also has an advantage 9 t x _c be mov$ by ins]t+ a knife blade betwe5 ! sa%es f ! outside4 ,! ,yale screw sa% fa/ illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #gf is an excell5t piece ( h>dw>e4 ,x accompli%es ! same results z ! ,fit* lock2 namely1 draw+ ! sa% toge!r by ! tight5+ ( a ?umb nut on a f9e-pit*$ screw4 ,?is nut op]ates aga9/ a semicircul>-%ap$ upright hook1 or lug1 on ! l[] sa%1 ?us develop+ great pressure 9 ! desir$ direction4 ,:ile ?is sa% fa/5] takes some:at long] to op]ate ?an ! ,fit*1 x repays by provid+ great] security4 #ff4 ,sa% ,lifts4--,:ile sa% lifts are n requir$ = ! *eape/ "w1 z ! w9d[ c be rais$ by pu%+ aga9/ ! p>t+ rail or aga9/ ! mullions1 nev]!less !y are made to sell at su* reasonable prices t x w\ld seem advisable to place !m on ! l[] sa% ( all build+s1 no matt] h[ unimportant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi ,! common type ( sa% lift illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #gg is kn[n z ! hook sa% lift4 ,?is lift is ext5sively us$1 & c be procur$ 9 any grade or weight1 9 ei!r ca/-iron1 /eel1 or bronze metal1 & 9 any f9i% desir$4 ,! flu% sa% lift1 ! g5]al type ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #gh1 makes a bett] appe>ance ?an ! hook lift1 & is consid]ably /rong]1 f ! fact t ! cas+ =m+ ! grip is let into ! l[] rail ( ! sa%1 & ! /ra9 is tak5 by ?is1 r ?an by ! screws4 ,^! lifts are made 9 ei!r /eel or bronze1 & 9 all f9i%es2 !y c also be _h ornam5t$ to correspond ) ! lock trim4 ,= heavy sa%es1 su* z ^? 9 public & comm]cial build+s1 ! b> sa% lift illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #gi is ! be/4 ,?is type ( lift %\ld always be us$ = heavy sa%4 ,a sa% lift simil> to ! type %[n at 7a7 is sometimes fa/5$ to ! "u side ( ! meet+ rail ( ! upp] sa% = ! purpose ( l[]+ ! sa%4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha #fg4 ,sa% ,sockets & ,pole ,hooks4--,9 build+s hav+ high ceil+s1 :]e ! top sa% is "s di/ance f ! floor1 z is likely to occur 9 in/itutions1 s*ools1 & factories1 x is necess>y to provide 8pull-d[n0 poles = ! purpose ( rais+ & l[]+ ! upp] sa%4 ,! hooks us$ on ! ends ( su* poles1 :i* are made ( "s t\gh wood1 are z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #hj4 ,unless ! upp] sa% is furni%$ ) metal plates t h a hole1 or ap]ture1 ! pole w be us$ aga9/ ! mullion or upp] rail ( ! w9d[ sa% & ?us m> ! woodwork4 ,! plates1 or metal sockets1 to engage ! sa% & pull-d[n poles1 are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ha4 ,!y may be _h 9 all metals & f9i%es & 9 sev]al sizes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb #fh4 ,/op-,screws4--,! /op-bead screws1 or wa%]s1 or1 z !y are m commonly kn[n1 ! w9d[-/op1 or bead1 adju/]s1 types ( :i* are illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #hb & #hc1 are necess>y h>dw>e adjuncts to ! w9d[ trim = build+s ( ! bett] class4 ,9 ord9>y "w1 ^! /ops are secur$ to ! frame by nail+1 b :5 !y are fa/5$ 9 ?is mann]1 ! /op-beads are disfigur$ if x is necess>y to remove !m4 ,a *eap & good way ( fa/5+ ^! /op-beads is to use ord9>y r\nd-head$ screws4 ,:ile ^! adju/]s answ] ! purpose v well1 !y d n all[ = ! adju/m5t ( ! /op-bead sidewise1 s z to take up any %r9kage t might occur 9 ! sa% & prev5t x f rattl+1 z well z mak+ x air-tight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc ,to ov]come ?is defici5cy1 a surface wa%]1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #hb1 0 orig9at$4 ,! surface wa%] 0 ord9>ily made ab\t in* 9 diamet]1 & 0 provid$ ) "o l>ge hole ab\t in* 9 diamet] or ) two small] holes plac$ side by side horizontally across ! /op4 ,by ?is means1 ! prop] adju/+ ( ! /op-bead 0 provid$ =1 ! wa%] cov]+ ! op5+1 or hole1 ?r\gh ! /op4 ,h[ev]1 ! defect 9 ?is me?od consi/$ 9 ! m>r+ ( ! f9i%$ /op :5 adju/m5t 0 requir$1 = ! wa%] left its impr9t on ! woodwork1 &1 :5 %ift$1 ?is w\ld %[4 ,! be/ =m ( /op-bead wa%] is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #hc1 & is kn[n z ! ,tapl9 adju/+ screw & c\nt]sunk cup wa%]4 ,?is device is compos$ ( a sunk51 or cup1 wa%] ) a slott$ or horizontal hole 9 its base frame1 s z to all[ ab\t a _/-in* adju/m5t4 ,?is adju/m5t1 z c be cle>ly se5 f ! figure1 is made )\t m>r+1 or disfigur+1 ! /op-bead 9 any way4 ,^! c\nt]sunk wa%]s may be _h 9 bronze or /eel1 ^? made ( /eel be+ f9i%$ to mat* ! h>dw>e1 z desir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd ,,trimm+s ,,= ,,pivot$ ,,& ,,casem5t ,,sa% #fi4 ,sa% ,c5t]s4--,:5 a transom sa% is hung at ! top or ! bottom1 regul> h+e butts may be us$2 b :]e a sa% is pivot$ at ! c5t]1 ei!r on ! sides or at ! top & bottom1 a pivot$ arrangem5t1 t]m$ a sa% c5t]1 is ne$$4 ,= l>ge sa% or heavy transoms1 & especially = ^? t are ext]ior sa%1 ! rabbet$ c5t] %\ld be us$4 ,?is type ( c5t] is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #hd2 its con/ruction gives great /r5g? & completely closes ! jo9t aga9/ light & wat]4 ,an excell5t type ( c5t]1 kn[n z ! ,h[>? sa% c5t]1 is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #he1 ! me?od by :i* x is atta*$ to ! frame & sa% be+ cle>ly indicat$4 ,by ?is arrangem5t1 ! two p>ts ( ! c5t] fold1 or butt1 aga9/ ea* o!r & =m a tight jo9t1 ! /op-bead = ! sa% at ! top & bottom be+ arrang$ z indicat$ at a a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he ,!re is a sa% c5t]1 kn[n z ! ,tabor1 t is con/ruct$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #hf4 ,?is c5t] is us$ = v l>ge sa% t are v]tically pivot$2 t is1 arrang$ ) a c5t] at ! top & bottom4 ,su* sa% z ^! are us$ ext5sively 9 (fice build+s1 because1 by _! use1 ! entire w9d[ may be ?r[n op5 at "o "t4 ,! ,tabor device consi/s ( a special sub-sill1 :i* engages ) a ribb$ jo9t /rip plac$ on ! bottom ( ! sa%4 ,by ?is means1 a wea!r-tight jo9t is secur$1 & ! sa% is firmly lock$ 9 a clos$ position4 ,by ?r[+ a lev]1 ! sa% is rais$ above ! a/ragal1 or sub-sill1 & c !n be op]at$4 ,! top rail is suppli$ ) a fill+ /rip hav+ an irregul> jo9t at ! int]section ) ! sa%1 & is held firmly by a coil spr+ encircl+ ! top pivot4 ,9 ,fig4 #hg are %[n sev]al sa% c5t]s ( ! common type4 ,^! possess no p>ticul> m]it1 b are mu* us$ = common "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hf ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg #gj4 ,transom ,lifts4--,! transom lift illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #hh is di/9ctly an ,am]ican device = op]at+ & fa/5+ ! transom lights ov] doors4 ,?is device is us$ ext5sively 9 hotel & (fice build+s4 ,x is made 9 v>i\s /yles & sizes necess>y to meet ! sev]al requirem5ts4 ,! transom lift consi/s ( a v]tical slid+ rod t is plac$ on ! door jambs1 z at a1 ) an arm at ! top connect+ x ) ! sa%1 z at b4 ,ne> ! bottom is a clamp1 or grip1 t holds ! b> a 9 any desir$ position4 ,by a v]tical movem5t ( ! rod1 ! sa% is caus$ to sw+4 ,transom lifts may be _h = transom sa%es t are pivot$ at ! c5t] or = ^? :i* are h+$ at ! top or ! bottom4 ,at 7a7 & 7b7 9 ,fig4 #hh are %[n ! types ( transom lifts = c5t]-pivot$ sa%2 ! =m] arrang$ s t ! sa% pit*es outw>ds1 :ile 9 ! latt] ! sa% pit*es inw>ds4 ,at 7c71 ! device is %[n :]e ! sa% is h+$ at ! top1 :ile at 7d7 ! sa% is h+$ at ! bottom4 ,! sev]al k9ds ( transom lifts made by ! v>i\s manufactur]s are practically alike1 except = v>iations 9 ! =m ( ! grip1 or clamp4 ,! range ( sizes & quality ( transom lifts is l>ge4 ,! comm]cial article may be obta9$ 9 /eel1 copp] or bronze plat$1 or 9 bronze or brass4 ,!y are made 9 -1 _/-1 -1 & -in* sizes1 ! size be+ det]m9$ by ! weight ( ! sa% & ! degree ( rigidity & solidity desir$ to be obta9$ & express$4 ,= good "w1 ! & diamet]s are us$4 ,! rods may be obta9$ 9 l5g?s ( f #c to #ab feet4 ,9 specify+ or ord]+ transom lifts1 ! rod %\ld always be suffici5tly long to rea* )9 #e feet ( ! floor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hi #ga4 ,transom ,cat*es4--,9 ,fig4 #hi are illu/rat$ types ( transom spr+ cat*es1 or bolts4 ,^! devices are provid$ 9 ! sev]al =ms %[n to meet v>i\s conditions4 ,^? %[n at 7a71 7b71 & 7c7 h a r+1 or eye1 9 ! h&le1 to :i* an op]at+ cord may be susp5d$1 or into :i* a pull-d[n hook may be ins]t$1 to op]ate ! sa%4 ,! transom cat* at 7d7 is made expressly = op]ation by means ( a pull-d[n hook4 ,9 v wide w9d[s1 = ! purpose ( limit+ ! op5+ ( ! sa%1 ^! cat*es %\ld be us$ 9 conjunction ) *a9s in/ead ( ) transom lifts4 #gb4 ,transom ,*a9s4--,9 ,fig4 #ij are illu/rat$ sev]al types ( transom *a9s4 ,! *a9s %[n at 7a7 & 7b7 are suitable = sa%es weigh+ n m ?an #be p\nds1 :ile t at 7c7 is suffici5tly /rong = sa%es weigh+ ov] #be p\nds4 ,^! *a9s are fa/5$ to cleats furni%$ ) c\nt]sunk screw holes = secur+ readily to ! frame & sa%4 ,:5 ! sa% is h+$ at ! bottom1 ^! *a9s are us$ to limit ! op5+ ( ! sa%4 ,!y are sometimes employ$ z an additional gu>d1 to prev5t ! sa% f fall+ 9 case ! sa% lift] becomes brok54 ,! ord9>y l5g?s ( sa% *a9s range f #h to #bd in*es1 ! latt] l5g? be+ suffici5t = ! op5+ ( ! l>ge/ sa%4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ij #gc4 ,casem5t ,trim4--,! t]m casem5t applies prop]ly to any h+$ sa%4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 usually limit$ to w9d[s t h a sill set "s di/ance above ! floor4 ,:]e ! casem5t sa% ext5ds to ! floor1 ! t]m ,fr5* w9d[ is g5]ally appli$1 al?\gh frequ5tly ! t]ms are confus$4 ,9 design+ casem5t w9d[s1 ! details ( ! h>dw>e %\ld be su* t ! casem5ts c be made wea!r-tight2 & 9 lay+ out ! full-siz$ details = ! mill "w = a casem5t sa% & frame1 ! available h>dw>e %\ld be /udi$1 s t ! woodwork may be arrang$ to con=m to x4 #gd4 ,casem5t ,bolts & ,fa/s4--,casem5t sa% may be provid$ ) any good =m ( top & bottom bolts or h+$ sa% fa/5]s1 b ^! %\ld be supplem5t$ by a good lat* or cupbo>d cat* at ! c5t]4 ,special turnbuckles1 or casem5t fa/s1 con/ruct$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ia1 are on ! m>ket4 ,all ( ! cat*es %[n w securely fa/5 ! sa%1 b ! types %[n at 7a7 & 7d71 ,fig4 #ia1 w draw ! sa% tightly aga9/ ! frame :5 ! buckle1 or fa/1 is drawn 9 place4 ,9 c\ntries :]e casem5t sa% are 9 g5]al use1 ! necess>y fa/5+s1 includ+ ! top & bottom bolts1 are embodi$ 9 "o /ructure1 z describ$ 9 ! foll[+ article4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia #ge4 ,cremorne ,bolts4--,9 ! be/ "w1 ! ,cremorne bolt is us$ = casem5t w9d[s4 ,?is device consi/s ( a v]tical rod divid$ at or ab\t ! middle ( its l5g?1 ?us mak+ two pieces1 & is op]at$ by a knob1 or h&le1 at t po9t4 ,types ( ornam5tal ,cremorne bolts are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ib4 ,z %[n1 ! upp] & l[] ends ( ! rods1 or bolts1 slide v]tically & 9 opposite directions1 be+ op]at$ by ! turn+ ( ! knob1 or h&le4 ,^! bolts are furni%$ ) suitable /rikes1 ei!r ( ! plate or ! box =m1 :i* are atta*$ to ! w9d[ at ! top or ! bottom4 ,s9ce ! ends ( ! bolts are bevel$1 !y press ! two sa%es tightly toge!r & aga9/ ! sa% frame :5 !y are ?r[n 94 ,a s+le movem5t ( ! knob1 or lev] h&le1 is suffici5t to release bo? bolts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ib #gf4 ,espagnolette ,bolts4--,9 ,fig4 #ic is %[n ! ,espagnolette bolt1 :i* is simil> 9 con/ruction to ! ,cremorne bolt4 ,?is bolt consi/s ( a v]tical rod1 b in/ead ( be+ 9 two pieces1 z 9 ! ,cremorne bolt1 x is 9 "o piece4 ,?is rod has hooks at ea* end1 &1 by a rot>y motion1 engages p9s1 or plates1 9 ! w9d[ frame & ?us draws ! sa%es toge!r & aga9/ ! frame4 ,^! bolts are usually op]at$ by a p5dant h&le1 :i*1 :5 lift$ to a horizontal position1 w release ! rod s t x may be rotat$ to fa/5 or to release ! sa%4 ,= v high sa%1 a supplem5tal design may be us$ by provid+ a tap]$ hook on ! opposite sa% = ! p5dant4 ,! ,espagnolette bolt is usually heavi] ?an ! ,cremorne & ex]ts m p[] 9 =c+ ! sa%es aga9/ ! frame2 x is also m exp5sive4 ,bo? bolts1 h[ev]1 are available = use on doors z well z on w9d[s1 & l5d !mselves admirably to decorative treatm5t1 z %[n 9 ! illu/rations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ic ,! same c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 ! selection ( ^! bolts z = o!r h>dw>e1 & :5 ord]+ !m1 full-siz$ details %\ld accompany ! ord]1 %[+ sections ?r\gh ! top rail & head-jamb1 ! bottom rail1 ! sill1 & ! lock /ile4 ,! exact measurem5t ( ! height & ! wid? ( ! op5+s %\ld also be giv51 & ! in=mation %\ld /ate :e!r ! sa% sw+s inw>ds or outw>ds4 ,! h& ( ! active leaf1 z well z ! height ( ! h&le f ! floor1 %\ld also be giv54 ,9 ,fig4 #id are %[n sections ?r\gh a casem5t sa%1 illu/rat+ ! conditions requir+ ! use ( ,espagnolette bolts1 &1 z j /at$1 sections simil> to ^! %\ld be furni%$ ! deal]1 or manufactur]1 s t ^! bolts w fit ! con/ruction :5 !y are deliv]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #id ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ie ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #if #gg4 ,casem5t ,adju/]s4--,9 ord] to hold pivot$ or h+$ sa% 9 a p>tly op5 position1 x is necess>y to use casem5t-sa% adju/]s4 ,^! adju/]s1 & ! me?od ( apply+ !m1 are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ie4 ,9 ?is figure is %[n ! adju/] appli$ to a sa% pivot$ at ! top & ! bottom1 b ! device c z well be appli$ to a casem5t sa% h+$ at ! sides4 ,!re are _m =ms ( casem5t-sa% adju/]s1 ! common types be+ illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #if4 ,!y are arrang$ = sa% t op5 ei!r inw>ds or outw>ds1 & may be appli$ to ei!r pivot$ or h+$ sa%4 ,mo/ casem5t-sa% adju/]s usually consi/ ( a rod or a b> atta*$ to ! sa% by a h+$ or pivot$ jo9t4 ,! rod passes ?r\gh a clamp on ! frame1 or sill1 & ?is rod1 :5 ! clamp is tight5$1 holds ! sa% firmly 9 any desir$ position4 #gh4 ,w9d[ & ,%utt] ,op]at+ ,devices4--,! sa%-op]at+ device is provid$ = ! purpose ( controll+ a numb] ( sa% 9 a l9e by "o piece ( me*anism4 ,frequ5tly1 divid$ sa%es are arrang$ side by side 9 skylights1 cle>/ories1 & monitors4 ,^! w9d[s are usually "s di/ance f ! floor1 & ! op]at+ device mu/ be s arrang$ t x c be work$ conv5i5tly4 ,! device illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ig is kn[n z ! ,lovell w9d[ & %utt] op]at+ device1 & consi/s ( two longitud9al sections ( pipe %aft+ a connect$ to cog racks b at ! end4 ,^! cog racks 9 turn engage ) a cog1 or :eel1 %aft c1 z indicat$ 9 ! figure4 ,connect+ arms d1 ) swivel jo9ts at ea* end1 are arrang$ betwe5 ! pipe %afts & ! sa%4 ,! ends connect$ to ! sa% are secur$ to ! same by means ( plates & wood screws1 & ! swivel jo9t at ! o!r end is provid$ ) a sleeve1 or socket1 t is secur$ to ! pipe %afts ) a setscrew4 ,! comm5dable feature ( ?is device is t x is op]at$ by a /raight pu% or pull ( ! arm1 in/ead ( a twi/1 z 9 "s o!r devices on ! m>ket4 ,:5 ! *a91 or rope1 ar\nd ! l>ge *a9 :eel is pull$1 ! cog is turn$1 & z x engages ! racks1 x ?ru/s "o pipe horizontally 9 "o direction & ! o!r 9 an opposite direction4 ,by ?is means1 ! connect+ arms to ! sa% approa* "o ano!r & l5g!n ! di/ance betwe5 ! %aft+ & ! sa%1 :i* movem5t t5ds to pu% ! sa% op51 ! sa% be+ clos$ by ! opposite op]ation4 ,by ?is device z mu* z #ejj feet ( sa% may be op]at$ by "o :eel1 or 8p[]10 z x is call$4 ,?is *a9 :eel1 or p[]1 may be locat$ ei!r 9 ! c5t] or at ! t]m9als1 & by c>eful adju/m5t w simultane\sly close all ! sa%es tight aga9/ ! frame4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ig ,,door ,,h>dw>e ,,& ,,its ,,application #gi4 ,door ,pulls4--,9 ,fig4 #ih are illu/rat$ two well-kn[n types ( door pulls4 ,! pull %[n at 7a7 consi/s ( a h&le t is usually m\nt$ on a plate & atta*$ to ei!r /orm or s+le-act+ doors1 al?\gh1 occasionally1 ?is type is us$ on d\ble-act+ doors ) ! ^w 8pu%0 or 8pull0 inscrib$ on ! plate4 ,:5 us$ on d\ble-act+ doors1 ! door pull has a t5d5cy to obviate ! habit ( p]sons plac+ _! h&s on ! mold+s ne> ! glass :5 op]at+ ! door1 b is subject to ! objection ( invit+ a pull to op5 ! door ev5 ) ! ^w 8pu%0 inscrib$ on ! plate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ih ,door pulls are made 9 v>i\s metals1 bo? 9 pla9 & ornam5tal design1 "s ( ! latt] be+ v elaborate1 z w be obs]v$ f ,fig4 #ii4 #hj4 ,kick ,plates4--,a kick plate is a mod]n device t may be appli$ to ! bottom ( doors to protect ! woodwork f injury & we>1 be+ us$ *iefly = d\ble-act+ doors & doors ( public build+s4 ,^! plates are frequ5tly made ( %eet metal1 b are mu* h&som] :5 made ( ca/ metal & ornam5t$ to h>monize ) o!r metal "w ( ! door4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ii ,kick plates %\ld completely cov] ! bottom rail ( ! door1 b if co/ is ! controll+ factor1 !y may be cut d[n 9 height s t a m>g9 ( wood ! same wid? z ! side1 or lock1 /ile %[s above ! plate4 ,= in/ance1 if ! bottom rail is #ab in*es 9 height & ! /ile is #e in*es wide1 ! kick plate %\ld be #g in*es high4 ,9 all cases1 kick plates %\ld ext5d ! full wid? ( ! door1 all[+ en\gh m>g91 :5 us$ on d\ble-act+-doors1 = ! r\nd+ ( ! edges4 ,:5 us$ on s+le-act+ doors hav+ rabbet$ jambs1 ! rabbet ( bo? jambs %\ld be d$uct$ f ! l5g? ( ! kick plate4 ,a typical kick plate ( pla9 patt]n is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajj4 ,su* plates are g5]ally sold at a squ>e-in* price4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aja #ha4 ,pu% ,plates4--,on d\ble-act+ or s+le-act+ doors1 su* z /orm & duplex doors1 pu% plates are us$ to protect ! woodwork aga9/ soil+ & we> f h&l+4 ,^! plates are made 9 v>i\s sizes1 & are ei!r pla9 or ornam5t$ to h>monize ) ! o!r h>dw>e4 ,to obta9 good results1 pu% plates %\ld be z wide z ! lock /ile1 :]e possible1 & f #ab to #cj in*es long1 accord+ to conditions & use4 ,plates #bj in*es or less 9 l5g? %\ld be plac$ on ! door s t ! di/ance f ! floor to ! c5t] ( ! plate is ab\t #d feet #f in*es2 = l>g] plates ! di/ance f ! floor to ! top ( ! plate %\ld be #e feet4 ,if us$ 9 connection ) a cyl9d] dead lock1 ! plate %\ld be cut or drill$1 pref]ably ne> ! bottom1 to all[ ! cyl9d] ( ! lock to pass ?r\gh ! plate4 ,! pla9 type ( pu% plate is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #aja 7a71 :ile "o ( m ornam5tal design is %[n at 7b74 #hb4 ,sign ,plates4--,al?\gh metallic plates ) lett]+ are n usually includ$ 9 ! h>dw>e specifications1 !y f9d ext5sive use 9 hotels1 banks1 & o!r public build+s4 ,! inscriptions available cov] e possible dem&1 includ+ titles ( (fic]s1 names ( rooms1 etc4 ,sign plates ( v>i\s sizes c be procur$ 9 ! foll[+ f9i%es3 ,bronze1 brass1 or nickel ) ei!r sunk5 or rais$ black lett]s2 bronze or brass ) black backgr\nd or matte2 :ite porcela9 plate ) blue1 r$1 or gilt lett]s2 & blue porcela9 ) :ite lett]s4 ,two typical sign plates are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajb #hc4 ,door ,/ops & ,hold]s4--,s9ce door *ecks & d\ble-act+ doors h come into m ext5sive use1 ! necessity ( hold+ doors op5 has creat$ a dem& = door /ops & hold]s4 ,! door /op is a device = limit+ ! backw>d sw+ ( a door4 ,?is device may also be con/ruct$ s z to p]=m ! additional function ( hold+ ! door 9 an op5 position2 x is !n kn[n z a door hold]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajc ,! ord9>y door /op is simply a wood5 knob ) rubb] tip1 or r+1 t may be fa/5$ to ! floor or a basebo>d1 & is usually made up 9 ! =ms %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,bett] grades made ( iron or bronze are also available4 ,^! come 9 v>i\s %apes1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,frequ5tly1 z %[n at a1 a hook = fa/5+ ! door 9 an op5 position is comb9$ ) ! door /op4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajd ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aje ,! door /op ) ! hook holdback is n always conv5i5t to use1 s t ! automatic holdback1 or door hold] %[n 9 ,fig4 #aje is sometimes employ$4 ,?is hold] c be dis5gag$ by a pull on ! h&le ( ! door & automatically cat*es ! door 9 an entire op5 position4 ,:]e x is desir$ to hold a door 9 any position or to release x quickly1 ! rubb]-tipp$ hold] %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajf %\ld be us$2 ?is device is easily op]at$ & controll$ by ! foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajf ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajg #hd4 ,*a9 ,door ,fa/5]4--,! type ( *a9 fa/5] illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ajg is g5]ally us$ on ext]ior resid5ce doors4 ,?is device all[s ! occupants to op5 ! door p>tly )\t p]mitt+ entrance4 ,x consi/s ( a heavy *a91 "o end ( :i* is atta*$ to a plate1 :i* 9 turn is fa/5$ to ! jamb ) screws4 ,! o!r end ( ! *a9 c>ries a ball or a hook t may be ins]t$ 9 ! slot ( ! long plate1 :i* is atta*$ to ! door4 ,by ?is means1 ! door may be op5$ only slightly1 until ! ball ( ! *a9 is releas$ f ! slot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajh ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aji #he4 ,door ,bolts4--,a l>ge v>iety ( door bolts is n[ on ! m>ket4 ,^! bolts are made 9 all sizes1 9 wr\ght /eel1 ca/ iron1 brass1 & bronze1 & may be procur$ 9 any f9i% desir$4 ,! sev]al types ( bolts us$ 9 common practice are illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #ajh & #aji4 ,9 ,fig4 #ajh 7a7 is %[n a type ( b>rel bolt2 at 7b7 is %[n :at is kn[n z a cas$ bolt2 & at 7c7 is %[n a neck$ bolt4 ,fig4 #aji 7a7 %[s a spr+ bolt1 7b7 a spr+-neck$ bolt1 & 7c7 a type ( %utt] bolt4 ,v>i\s types ( mortise bolts are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #aaj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaa ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aab ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aac ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aad #hf4 ,*a9 ,bolts & ,foot-,bolts4--,a type ( rim bolt us$ *iefly to secure ! /&+ leaf ( d\ble doors is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aaa4 ,^! bolts are made 9 v>i\s sizes1 f9i%es1 & grades1 & 9 bo? pla9 & ornam5tal design4 ,9 ! figure1 ! *a9 bolt is %[n at 7a71 :ile ! foot-bolt is illu/rat$ at 7b74 #hg4 ,flu% ,bolts4--,bolts t are int5d$ to p]=m ! same function z *a9 bolts & foot-bolts1 b are sunk into ! /ile ( ! door flu% ) its surface or edge1 are kn[n z flu% bolts4 ,^! bolts1 :i* are illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #aab & #aac1 are made 9 v>i\s /yles1 grades1 & f9i%es1 f ! small] k9ds = cab9et purposes to ! l>ge1 d\ble-mortise ext5sion bolt4 ,a flu% bolt ) a knob is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aad1 :ile a heavy1 ,t-h&le ext5sion bolt is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aae4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aae #hh4 ,door ,spr+s & ,*ecks4--,dur+ rec5t ye>s consid]able improvem5t has be5 noticeable 9 ! con/ruction ( ! devices kn[n z door spr+s & *ecks4 ,=m]ly1 ! common torsion rod & coil spr+s1 :i* are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #aaf1 at 7a7 & 7b71 respectively1 7 ! only articles ( ?is k9d available4 ,^! devices h be5 9 ext5sive use = _m ye>s1 & h p]=m$ ! "w ( clos+ ! door1 b n )\t ! unnecess>y bang & slam made by ! door :5 /rik+ ! jambs4 ,?is 0 ov]come to "s ext5t1 h[ev]1 by ! introduction ( ! air-*eck1 :i* dep5ds on ! use ( an air cu%ion to resi/ ! =ce ( ! spr+4 ,9 effect1 ea* *eck is a small air pump4 ,prom95t among ! old] type ( air-*ecks is ! ,eclipse made by ,s>g5t ,co4 ,?is *eck is cle>ly illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #aag4 ,at 7a7 & 7b7 are %[n two me?ods ( apply+ ! ,eclipse air-*ecks4 ,9 7a71 ! spr+-*eck t closes ! door is %[n at a atta*$ to ! door1 :ile its lev]-arm is fa/5$ to ! door cas+4 ,! cyl9d] b is also secur$ to ! door1 & ! pi/on c1 op]at+ 9 ! cyl9d]1 is appli$ to ! door cas+4 ,at 7b71 ! p>ts are diff]5tly arrang$4 ,! spr+-*eck occupies ! same relative position z %[n 9 7a71 its lev]-arm be+ %[n at a1 :ile ! pi/on c is fa/5$ to ! door & ! cyl9d] b affix$ to ! head-jamb ( ! door frame4 ,ei!r me?od is adapt$ = inside doors1 b t %[n at 7b7 is pref]able = doors op5+ outw>ds1 on acc\nt ( few] p>ts be+ expos$2 ! spr+-*eck & its lev]-arms1 9 ?is case1 be+ ! only p>ts expos$ to ! wea!r4 ,9 con/ruction ^! *ecks consi/ ( a cyl9d] b ) a poli%$ int]ior1 9 :i* works ! pi/on c4 ,on ! end ( ! pi/on !re is provid$ a cup made ( lea!r t has previ\sly be5 soak$ 9 oil4 ,by ! ins]tion ( ! pi/on into ! cyl9d] z ! door closes1 !re is a t5d5cy to compress ! air 9 ! cyl9d]1 ?us =m+ an air cu%ion ) air outlet at ! caps4 ,^! outlets c be regulat$ by turn+1 or screw+1 ! cap to ! "r or ! left1 z ! case may require4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaf ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aag ,devices ( ?is k9d1 h[ev]1 did n prove satisfactory until ! introduction ( ! ,yale-,bl\nt1 or hydraulic1 comb9$ spr+ & *eck1 :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aah4 ,9 ?is device1 ! coil spr+ a1 %[n 9 7b71 is enclos$ 9 ! v]tical portion ( ! *eck1 ! regulat+ ( ! t5sion be+ accompli%$ by turn+ ! rat*et sleeve b ) a wr5* made = t purpose4 ,! *eck enclos$ 9 ! horizontal "p consi/s ( a metallic pi/on c1 )\t pack+1 t moves 9 a tightly seal$ metallic cyl9d] conta9+ a lubricat+ & non-freez+ liquid4 ,! movem5t ( ! door 9 clos+ dep5ds on ! escape ( ! liquid ?r\gh a by-pass f "o end ( ! cyl9d] to ! c5t]1 ?is by-pass be+ controll$ by a small valve t may be readily adju/$ to produce any desir$ action ( ! door & ?us p]mit ! door to be clos$ sil5tly1 ) a smoo?1 /eady motion1 & )\t reb\nd4 ,s9ce ! introduction ( ! ,yale-,bl\nt type ( *eck & spr+ comb9$1 o!r manufactur]s are mak+ simil> /yles1 ! mo/ prom95t be+ ! ,b>dsley1 ! ,corb91 ! ,s>g5t1 & ! ,ogd54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aah #hi4 ,slid+-,door ,hang]s & ,track4--,! fir/ slid+-doors 7 usually c>ri$ on %eaves1 or roll]s1 locat$ at ! bottom ( a door1 ^! roll]s travel+ on a metal track1 :i* 0 ei!r ins]t$ 9 ! floor or plac$ on its surface4 ,?is sy/em1 h[ev]1 has be5 displac$ by ! m mod]n slid+-door hang]1 :i* susp5ds ! door f ! top4 ,! c>ri]s conta9+ ! roll]s1 or :eels1 run on an ov]head track plac$ 9 a recess =m$ = t purpose above ! s(fit ( ! doorway4 ,! use ( ! ov]head hang] requires a special con/ruction ( ! head-jamb1 n only to provide space = ! ov]head track1 b also to furni% prop] support = ! brackets secur+ ! same4 ,x is !re=e a good plan to det]m9e 9 advance ! type ( hang] to be us$1 9 ord] t ! fram+ & o!r details ( ! doorway may be made to con=m to x4 ,! mo/ important features to be consid]$ 9 ! selection ( slid+-door hang]s are ! /r5g? & /iffness ( track1 ! provision = adju/+ & r$uc+ friction & noise1 ! /r5g? & quality ( ! sev]al p>ts1 & ! facility ) :i* ^! p>ts c be fitt$ 9 place & adju/$ :5 9 use4 ,9 ord] to ov]come noise1 ! orig9al ov]head hang] 0 made ) wood5 track1 :i* 0 plac$ on ea* side ( ! recess4 ,on ?is track roll$ ! :eels 9 pairs1 be+ g5]ally rivet$ to an axle & hav+ a space betwe5 !m4 ,! frame ( ! hang] travel$ on ! axle f end to end1 to ov]come friction1 ! adju/m5t be+ only 9 ! hang] frame4 ,( ?is type ( door hang]1 ! ,pr9dle1 ! ,/e>ns1 ! ,w>n]1 ! ,ives1 & ! ,ri*>ds 7 ! mo/ widely us$4 ,! ,ives improv$ wood5-track1 h\se-door hang] is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #aai4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aai ,ano!r =m ( slid+-door hang]1 :i* is consid]$ an improvem5t ov] ! type j describ$1 consi/s ( ! s+le or side /eel-track hang] ( ! ,lane or ! ,ri*>ds make4 ,^! slid+-door hang]s are con/ruct$ entirely ( /eel1 & ! hang] prop] has frictionless be>+s1 on ! pr9ciple ( ! wood5-track hang]s1 b ) "o :eel to ea* hang]1 runn+ on a /eel track fa/5$ to "o side ( ! recess4 ,?is comb9ation is q an improvem5t ov] ! old-/yle hang]1 & c be plac$ 9 position m readily4 ,! :eels ( ^! hang]s1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #abj1 are con/ruct$ ( two plates ( /eel1 betwe5 :i* is plac$ a fib] :eel t is held 9 position by ?r\gh rivets4 ,! fib] portion ( ! :eel comes 9 contact ) ! track1 :ile ! plates act only z flanges1 ?us t5d+ to r$uce ! noise caus$ by ! op]ation ( ! door4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aba ,! hang]s mo/ ext5sively us$ at pres5t are ! trolley type1 ( :i* ! ,coburn is ! orig9al & ! be/ ( ! v>i\s k9ds4 ,! track1 a typical section ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aba1 is made ( %eet /eel1 :i* is b5t or fold$ into v>i\s =ms1 dep5d+ on ! p>ticul> make4 ,! c>ri] is conta9$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! track4 ,! sev]al features ( ?is type ( track & hang] are illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #abb1 #abc1 & #abd1 :i* likewise %[ ! me?od ( atta*m5t & ! detail con/ruction ( ! door head1 or s(fit1 necess>y to receive ^! tracks & hang]s4 ,?is type ( slid+-door trolley track is also sometimes l9$ ) wood plac$ 9 ! /eel tr\gh1 or track1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #abe4 ,?is makes ! device absolutely noiseless1 al?\gh ! regul> types op]ate ) v little noise4 ,besides ! ,coburn trolley & track1 !re are ! ,ri*>d & ! ,mc,cabe4 ,bo? ( ^! makes possess m]it4 ,! trolleys1 or c>ri]s1 are con/ruct$ ) bo? fib] & iron :eels1 ) ball be>+s1 runn+ on a wood5 or metal track1 accord+ to ! type4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abb ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abc ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abd ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abe ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abf ,?is type ( hang] & track is made 9 all sizes1 f ! smalle/1 = hang+ small bookcase doors1 up to ! v l>ge/1 = w>eh\se doors4 ,z %[n 9 ,fig4 #abf1 trolley hang]s are made = doors ( special design1 su* z accordion & p>allel doors us$ to close up l>ge op5+s4 ,!y are also made = elevator doors1 freight-c> doors1 b>n doors1 & automatic fire-doors1 ) special con/ruction to suit ! v>i\s purposes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abg ,9 factory & simil> build+s1 x frequ5tly happ5s t "o portion mu/ be sep>at$ f ano!r by brick fire-walls & t ! op5+s 9 ^! walls h to be clos$ ) t9-cov]$ doors z requir$ by ! ,national ,bo>d ( ,fire ,und]writ]s1 ! object be+ to r$uce ! fire haz>d4 ,:]ev] possible1 ^! doors are made slid+ & arrang$ s z to close automatically1 be+ hung on a slant+ track ) an incl9e ( in* to ! foot1 & also c\nt]balanc$ ) weights s t ! door w /& at any po9t1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #abg4 ,! cord or rope atta*$ to ! weights passes ov] a pulley & is atta*$ to ! door ) a fusible l9k1 z at a1 :i*1 9 case ( fire gives way & all[s ! door to close automatically4 ,! doors are usually con/ruct$ ( season$ :ite p9e or simil> non-res9\s wood1 us+ ?ree ?icknesses ( -in* mat*$ bo>ds1 ! outside lay]s to be v]tical & inn] lay]s horizontal & ?or\ghly fa/5$ toge!r ) wr\ght-iron cl9* nails1 driv5 9 flu% & well cl9*$4 ,! doors are !n cov]$ ) #ad #bj ,,ic bright *>coal t9 plates ( n less ?an #ajg p\nds to a box ( #aab %eets4 ,all jo9ts are lock$ in*1 )\t sold]+1 & nail$ "u ! seams4 ,! track = ^! doors is be/ made ( r\nd-edge b> iron or tire /eel1 94 #c 941 be+ bolt$ to ! wall ) ?r\gh bolts hav+ nut & flang$ wa%] on ! opposite side1 & held f ! wall by ca/-iron track brackets4 ,! hang]s are ( wr\ght iron1 94 #c 941 provid$ ) roll]-be>+ :eels & are atta*$ to ! door ) at lea/ two bolts4 ,! b9d]s are ( wr\ght metal1 94 #c 941 ) angle flange at back end to not* 9 ! wall & s arrang$ z to grip & =ce ! door aga9/ ! wall :5 clos$4 ,9 connection ) ?is1 a w$ge is plac$ at ! end ( ! l[] *af+ /rip1 &1 :5 ! door is clos$1 engages ) ! /ay roll s t ! door w be held close to ! wall on ! opposite side4 ,two *af+ /rips ( -in*1 half-oval metal are plac$ on back ( door ) #a flat /rips ( same l5g? 9 front & bolt$ ?r\gh ! door4 ,bump] %oes are also us$ to prev5t ! b9d]s f mutilat+ or damag+ ! t9 cov]+ at ! po9ts t /rike ! b9d]s4 #ij4 ,door ,knock]s4--,al?\gh ! m$ieval door knock]s h be5 replac$ by ! mod]n door & electric bell1 !y are /ill us$ occasionally = decorative purposes1 &1 :5 requir$1 !y %\ld be select$ & specifi$ ) ! f9i%+ h>dw>e4 ,door knock]s are made 9 v>i\s /yles1 sizes1 & f9i%es--9 iron1 brass1 or bronze--to mat* ! sev]al designs express$ 9 h>dw>e4 ,! elaborat5ess ( ! designs ( ?is some:at ornam5tal piece ( h>dw>e is %[n 9 ,fig4 #abh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abh ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abi #ia4 ,wat]-,closet ,door ,trim4--,! con/ruction ( wat] closets 9 public build+s has br\ght =? special h>dw>e to meet ! v>i\s conditions ( conv5i5ce1 simplicity1 & h>d usage4 ,9 ord9>y "w1 ! doors ( wat]-closet comp>tm5ts are secur$ ) a hook or a b>rel bolt1 :ile 9 ! bett] class ( "w1 z 9 hotels & public places ( ?is "*1 mortis$ ?umb or knob bolts or1 bett]1 indicator bolts are us$4 ,indicator bolts1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #abi1 made bo? mortise & rim1 are available = wat]-closet doors4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! bolts are mortis$ into or plac$ on ! inside ( ! door ) ! indicator case on ! outside4 ,! indicator dial has a sp9dle on ! back1 & ?is engages ) ! knob t op]ates ! bolt4 ,:5 ! bolt is ?r[n1 ! indicator %[s ! ^w 8,engag$10 & :5 turn$ back1 ! ^w 8,op50 appe>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acj ,a simple =m ( fa/5+ = wat]-closet doors is %[n 9 ,fig4 #acj1 :i* illu/rates ! flu%1 or half-mortise1 knob bolt at 7a71 & ! wat]-closet rim lat* at 7b74 ,! rim slide bolt is also us$ = secur+ wat]-closet doors4 ,all ( ^! bolts are available = wood5 p>titions1 & may be _h = m>ble or slate "w1 :5 special /rikes & bolts = fa/5+ w be requir$4 ,jamb door /ops are seldom requir$ = wat]-closet doors hung to wood5 p>titions1 b :5 ne$$ !re is to be _h a simple /op ) a rubb] tip t w answ] all purposes4 ,:]e /ops are requir$ = doors hung to m>ble p>titions ! type %[n 9 ,fig4 #aca may be us$4 ,?is /op has a clamp device t is atta*$ to ! m>ble slab by bolts & x w be obs]v$ =ms a comb9ation /op & /rike = ! lat* or bolt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aca ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acb ,o!r wat]-closet specialties1 :i* are n illu/rat$ "h b :i* are sometimes specifi$ "u h>dw>e1 are3 ,coat-&-hat hooks1 cig> hold]s1 cig> & pap] hold]s comb9$1 & toilet-pap] hold]s4 ,ea* c be procur$ to secure to ei!r wood or m>ble1 z requir$4 #ib4 ,scre5-,door ,lat*es4--,!re is a light lat* manufactur$1 ei!r rim or mortise1 = use on scre5 doors4 ,x consi/s ( a knob lat* simil> to a mortise lat* or cupbo>d turn1 b 9 addition to a hub1 z 9 ! =m]1 x is furni%$ ) a sp9dle & a pair ( knobs1 or lev] h&les4 ,lat*es = scre5 doors are also con/ruct$ ) 8/op-"w10 s t !y _c be op]at$ f ! outside except by ! means ( a key4 ,?is latt] lat* is g5]ally ( ! mortise type1 hav+ escut*eons on bo? sides4 #ic4 ,elevator ,lat*es4--,locks or lat*es = use on doors ( elevator %afts are usually op]at$ by a key f ! outside & by a flu% lev] h&le f ! inside4 ,! lat* illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #acb consi/s ( a pivot$ arm ) a hook at its end to engage ) a /rike on ! jamb4 ,?is type ( lat* is ! "o g5]ally employ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acc #id4 ,secret ,gate ,lat*4--,9 ,fig4 #acc is %[n a secret gate lat*1 :i* is us$ = (fice gates4 ,lat*es ( ?is k9d may be _h 9 ei!r ! rim or ! mortise type4 ,!y usually consi/ ( a spr+ bolt t _c be op]at$ except by a conceal$ button or simil> device4 ,9 ! type ( lat* %[n 9 ! figure1 ! conceal$ button t controls ! lat* is locat$ on ! l[] edge4 ,! knob %[n is fix$ & does n op]ate ! lat*4 #ie4 ,ornam5tal ,nails & ,/uds4--,al?\gh ! con/ructive necessity = ornam5tal /uds & nail heads has disappe>$ "u mod]n me?ods ( wood5 con/ruction1 !y are /ill us$ = purposes ( decoration1 & a great v>iety may be _h4 ,sev]al /ock designs are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #acd4 ,^! nails & /uds are made ( v>i\s metals & 9 _m f9i%es1 hav+ a project+ spur on ! back t1 :5 driv5 into ! wood1 firmly atta*es ! ornam5tal head 9 place4 ,!y contribute effectively to ! decoration ( important doors1 especially ext5sion doors ( *ur*es & public build+s4 #if4 ,h& & ,bevel ( ,doors4--,_m locks & butts us$ at ! pres5t "t are made rev]sible2 t is1 !y c be us$ = ei!r "r- or left-h& doors4 ,o!rs are n1 & mu/ !re=e be specifi$ z "r-h& or left-h&4 ,9 ?is latt] class are includ$ loose-jo9t butts & mo/ locks1 ! op]ation ( :i* is diff]5t on "o side ?an on ! o!r4 ,all locks ) bevel$ fronts are n rev]sible1 & _! use %\ld be avoid$ :]e no real ne$ ( !m exi/s4 ,a rev]sible lock is "o hav+ a bevel$ lat* bolt t c be turn$ ov]1 or rev]s$1 at w1 to make its bevel face ! opposite direction4 ,?is is usually accompli%$ by remov+ ! cap ( ! lock & turn+ ov] ! lat* bolt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acd ,9 ord] t h>dw>e may be ord]$ intellig5tly1 ! h& & bevel ( ! door %\ld be giv5 :]e ! h>dw>e is n int]*angeable1 or rev]sible4 ,rules to det]m9e ! h& ( doors h1 !re=e1 be5 e/abli%$ by ! manufactur]s ( h>dw>e1 s t ! in=mation may be f\nd$ on a uni=m basis4 ,ref]5ce to ,fig4 #ace w mat]ially assi/ 9 ! int]pretation ( ^! rules4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cupbo>d ,,& ,,cell ,,locks ,,fig4 #ace #a4 ,! h& ( a door is always det]m9$ f ! outside4 #b4 ,! outside is ! /reet side ( an entrance door1 ! corridor side ( a room door1 & ! room side ( a closet door4 ,! outside ( a communicat+ door1 f room to room1 is ! side f :i*1 :5 ! door is clos$1 ! butts are n visible4 ,! outside ( a pair ( tw9 doors is ! space betwe5 !m4 ,?is rule applies to slid+-doors z well z h+$ doors4 #c4 ,if1 on /&+ outside ( a door1 ! butts are on ! "r1 x is a "r-h& door2 if on ! left1 x is a left-h& door4 #d4 ,if1 on /&+ outside1 ! door op5s f y1 or inw>ds1 x takes a lock ) regul> bevel bolt2 if x op5s outw>ds1 x takes a lock ) rev]se bevel bolt4 #e4 ,a door is bevel$ :5 its edge is n at a "r angle ) its surface1 & 9 ?is case ! front ( a mortise lock mu/ be bevel$ to correspond4 ,?is bevel is express$ by /at+ ! ?ickness ( door & ! di/ance t "o edge drops back ( ! o!r4 ,! /&>d bevel is in* 9 #b in*es1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #acf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acf #f4 ,! bevel ( a lock is a t]m us$ bo? ) mortise & rim locks to indicate ! direction 9 :i* ! bevel ( ! lat* bolt is incl9$4 ,if incl9$ outw>ds1 z = doors op5+ inw>ds1 x is a regul> bevel bolt2 if incl9$ inw>ds1 z = doors op5+ outw>ds1 x is a rev]se bevel bolt 7except z to cab9et locks1 :i*1 be+ commonly us$ on doors op5+ outw>ds1 are regul>ly made ) rev]se bevel bolts1 unless o!rwise specifi$74 ,mortise locks us$ ) d\ble doors hav+ ei!r rabbet$ or a/ragal jo9ts1 mu/ h fronts ( correspond+ sectional =m4 ,to avoid ! extra co/ ( special patt]ns1 ! edges1 or jo9ts1 ( su* doors %\ld con=m to e/abli%$ lock /&>ds4 ,! /&>d rabbet1 or /ep1 9 ! edge ( doors is in*1 & ! /&>d a/ragal jo9t has a -in* bead4 ,! prop] bevel ( a door1 if any is ne$$1 is det]m9$ by ! size ( butt & ! wid? ( ! door1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #acg4 ,! inn] corn] ( ! door travels on a radius ) ! c5t] at ! c5t] ( ! p9 ( ! butt1 & mu/ h a cle>ance to sw+ free ( ! jamb cas+4 ,?is may be obta9$ by bevel+ ! edge ( ! door1 or1 if its edge is left squ>e1 by leav+ suffici5t cle>ance betwe5 ! door & its jamb4 ,if ! door is ( fair wid? & ! butt does n ne$ to be v wide to cle> ! trim1 x w be f\nd t a squ>e edge may be us$ )\t resort+ to an unduly op5 jo9t1 ?us p]mitt+ ! use ( locks ) regul> front2 t is1 n bevel$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acg ,,%utt] ,,h>dw>e #ig4 ,%utt] ,fa/5]s1 or ,adju/]s4--,! mo/ conv5i5t fa/5] = %utt]s1 or bl9ds1 is ! ,zimm]man1 or ,wall+1 type1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ach4 ,^! fa/5]s or adju/]s secure ! %utt] 9 ! clos$1 ! op51 & sev]al int]m$iate positions1 & are made bo? japann$ & galvaniz$4 ,!y c be us$ ) all /yles ( h+es1 al?\gh !y are g5]ally comb9$ ) regul> butts or ) ! ,new ,york bl9d h+e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ach ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aci #ih4 ,%utt] ,r+s4--,9 ,fig4 #aci is %[n a %utt] r+4 ,r+s %\ld always be us$ on solid %utt]s to close !m2 ! %utt] be+ solid1 furni%es 9 itself no edge :i* c be clasp$ 9 clos+1 :i* is n ! case ) slatt$ bl9ds4 ,^! %utt] r+s are t9n$ or galvaniz$ to prev5t ru/+1 al?\gh !y may also be obta9$ japann$4 ,a bett] type ( %utt] r+ is t hav+ an eye rivet$ to a plate1 :i* 9 turn is atta*$ to ! %utt] ) sev]al screws4 #ii4 ,%utt] ,bolts4--,bolts are us$ = secur+ bo? slatt$ & solid %utt]s1 b are *iefly int5d$ = ! solid %utt]1 :i* is us$ = protection4 ,%utt] bolts are made ( wr\ght /eel 9 v>i\s sizes1 f #f to #af in*es long1 & are to be _h ei!r japann$ or galvaniz$4 ,:ile ! same %utt] bolts are us$ on slatt$ bl9ds = keep+ ! bl9ds 9 a clos$ position1 !y af=d little protection1 z !y c usually be op]at$ ?r\gh ! slats4 ,common types ( %utt] bolts are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #adj4 ,at 7a7 is %[n ! ord9>y wr\ght-/eel %utt] bolt1 :ile ! "o %[n at 7b7 is practically ! same bolt ) a lock atta*m5t at a4 #ajj4 ,%utt] ,work]s4--,! %utt] work] kn[n z ! ,mallory is an exceptionally good article = hang+ %utt]s4 ,! l[] h+e is made 9 box =m1 enclos+ ! ge> necess>y to op]ate ! bl9d2 a squ>e %aft connects ?is ) a lev] h&le1 or crank1 fa/5$ to ! cas+ inside ! build+1 ?us all[+ ! us] to op]ate ! %utt] f ! inside )\t op5+ ! sa% or scre54 ,! cog ge>+ 9 ! l[] h+e w hold ! %utt] 9 ! clos$1 ! op51 or any desir$ int]m$iate position )\t ! use ( any o!r device4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adj #aja4 ,turnbuckles4--,! device %[n 9 ,fig4 #ada is kn[n z a turnbuckle2 x is employ$ = fa/5+ %utt]s 9 an op5 position aga9/ a build+4 ,turnbuckles are made ( ca/-iron or ( wr\ght /eel1 & = use on ei!r frame or brick build+s4 ,!y may be us$ 9 connection ) all /yles ( h+es1 & are g5]ally employ$ on build+s t are expos$ to exce$+ly /rong w9ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ada ,,cab9et ,,trim #ajb4 ,h+e ,butts & ,h+es4--,= cab9etwork1 small1 light h+e butts are us$4 ,^! may be obta9$ 9 ei!r bronze or /eel1 ) or )\t ball tips1 & 9 v>i\s sizes4 ,! /eel butts ( ?is type are m commonly us$1 z !y c be procur$ 9 all f9i%es1 b = high-grade "w1 bronze metal is always employ$4 ,! usual type ( cab9et h+e butt is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #adb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adb ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adc ,a surface h+e is sometimes us$ 9 place ( a butt1 9 ord] to elim9ate ! fitt+ to ! woodwork t is necess>y :]e butts are us$4 #ajc4 ,cupbo>d ,lat*es4--,a conv5i5t fa/5+ = cupbo>d doors1 consi/+ ( a pivot$ lat* actuat$ by a project+ knob1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #adc4 ,?is type ( lat* is furni%$ ) two =ms ( /rikes1 "o = application on ! edge & ! o!r = application on ! surface ( ! jamb or door4 ,?is figure %[s a /ock sample ( ?is type ( lat*1 b ! /ud5t %\ld c>efully note t :5ev] possible su* g>i% or gaudy ornam5t %\ld always be avoid$ 9 all classes ( h>dw>e4 ,good ta/e is always bett] satisfi$ ) simple & direct treatm5t z %[n 9 ,fig4 #add2 b :]e ornate /yles are adopt$1 ! "* ( ! ornam5t %\ld be arti/ically express$ z exemplifi$ 9 ,figs4 #abh1 #acd1 #aec1 #aee1 #aeg1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #add #ajd4 ,cupbo>d ,cat*es4--,! cupbo>d cat* diff]s f ! cupbo>d lat* j describ$1 al?\gh x is int5d$ = ! same purpose4 ,! usual cupbo>d cat* consi/s ( a spr+ bolt t is op]at$ by a slide knob4 ,x is made 9 v>i\s designs1 sizes1 & %apes1 9 bo? ! rim & flu% v>ieties4 ,figs4 #add & #ade %[ sev]al types ( cupbo>d cat*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ade #aje4 ,cupbo>d ,turn4--,!re is a piece ( h>dw>e int5d$ = ! same purpose z ! cupbo>d cat*1 kn[n z ! cupbo>d turn4 ,x is op]at$ by a rotat+ knob in/ead ( ! slide1 & is consid]$ ! be/ rim article us$ = ?is purpose4 #ajf4 ,cupbo>d ,buttons4--,! cupbo>d button is an old device1 b is little us$ at ! pres5t "t1 except = ! *eape/ "w4 ,v>i\s types ( ^! buttons are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #adf4 ,!y are made ) or )\t plates1 z %[n1 & may be _h 9 ei!r iron or brass4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adf #ajg4 ,elb[ ,cat*es4--,a conv5i5t fa/5+ t is 9 q g5]al use = ! /&+ leaf ( d\ble doors is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #adg1 f :i* ! op]ation may readily be und]/ood4 ,?is device1 :i* is commonly kn[n z an elb[ cat*1 fa/5s ! doors automatically2 x is easily op]at$ 9 op5+ ! doors1 & ?us does away ) ! old-/yle hook & eye4 ,! /rike ( ! cat* %\ld be plac$ b5ea? ! %elf :]e possible1 us+ ! cat* inv]t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adg ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adh #ajh4 ,bookcase ,bolt4--,! bookcase bolt1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #adh1 is an automatic fa/5+ device t is mortis$ into ! s(fit ( cab9ets or bookcases hav+ d\ble doors4 ,x is arrang$ 9 su* a position z to engage ) ! top ( "o door1 & is op]at$ by ! act ( clos+ ! o!r door1 :i* c>ries ! lock1 s t bo? doors are fa/5$ or releas$ by a s+le action4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adi #aji4 ,lev] ,cupbo>d ,cat*es4--,ano!r piece ( h>dw>e us$ = secur+ light doors1 or leaves1 su* z are us$ 9 cupbo>ds1 bookcases1 & w>drobes1 is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #adi4 ,?is fa/5+ is v simple & conv5i5t4 ,x consi/s ( a b> t is pivot$ to a plate & ext5ds ?r\gh ! door1 its inn] end be+ hook$ to engage ) a /rike4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aej ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aea #aaj4 ,draw] ,pulls4--,! draw] pull is a famili> article ( cupbo>d h>dw>e1 ! usual type be+ illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #aej4 ,?is article c be obta9$ 9 iron1 /eel1 brass1 or bronze1 9 v>i\s /yles & %apes1 & 9 all f9i%es4 ,draw] pulls ) label plates are ext5sively us$4 ,a type ( ?is draw] pull is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aea4 #aaa4 ,drop ,draw] ,pulls4--,= cab9etwork1 ! drop draw] pull1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #aeb 7a71 is us$ almo/ entirely4 ,! drop pull is made bo? pla9 & ornam5t$1 examples ( ea* /yle be+ %[n 9 ,figs4 #aeb 7a7 & 7b7 & #aec4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeb ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aec ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aed #aab4 ,cab9et ,locks4--,! type ( lock illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #aed is us$ on cab9etwork ( e description1 & c be procur$ = all classes ( con/ruction4 ,^! locks are made 9 rim1 flu%1 & mortise /yles1 ) keys hav+ ei!r pla9 or ornam5tal b[s4 #aac4 ,cab9et ,escut*eons4--,9 ord] to =m a f9i% & protect ! woodwork ne> ! keyhole1 ! cab9et escut*eon plate is us$4 ,^! plates are made 9 v>i\s sizes & /yles ( ornam5tation1 "s designs ( :i* are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #aee4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aee #aad4 ,c>d ,frames1 or ,label ,plates4--,an article kn[n z ! c>d frame1 or label plate1 is us$ ext5sively to plac>d draw]s or cupbo>ds to designate _! cont5ts4 ,^! plates are made 9 v>i\s sizes1 & may be procur$ 9 bronze & iron & 9 ! usual patt]ns %[n 9 ,fig4 #aef4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aef #aae4 ,h+e & ,corn] ,plates4--,! h+e & corn] plate is an article us$ solely = decorative purposes on cab9etwork4 ,! v>iety ( designs & sizes n[ available is su* t special patt]ns are r>ely necess>y4 ,^! plates may be obta9$ f ! h>dw>e deal] 9 all ( ! usual metals & 9 all f9i%es4 ,,design ,,& ,,specification ,,( ,,h>dw>e ,,= ,,build+s ,,h>dw>e ,,( ,,special ,,design #aaf4 ,propriet>y ,h>dw>e4--,! manufactur]s ( h>dw>e h assembl$ an ext5sive collection ( /&>d designs 9 ! v>i\s /yles ( ornam5t1 f :i* fitt+ selections c be made = almo/ e use )\t dang] ( repetition & )\t fe> t ! design select$ may become hackney$ by too g5]al use4 ,!re=e1 be=e incurr+ ! great exp5se entail$ by ! adoption ( special designs1 x is advisable t a c>eful exam9ation ( catalog designs be made4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 x is decid$ to adopt "s special design1 ! facilities ( ! manufactur] c be effectively utiliz$ to secure ! be/ results at ! lea/ co/ & ) ! m9imum am\nt ( tr\ble to ! ar*itect or ! own]4 ,( all ( ! subord9ate elem5ts ( int]ior decoration1 !re is none t (f]s a l>g] opportunity = effective results & = ! ex]cise ( p]sonal ta/e ?an ! metal "w ( ! h>dw>e = doors & w9d[s1 :e!r elaborate & co/ly1 or simple & inexp5sive4 ,! knobs1 plates1 & h+es ( a door compel att5tion by ! prom95ce ( _! position4 ,if !y are inappropriate & unpleas+1 !y obtrude1 :ile if arti/ic & 9 h>mony ) _! surr\nd+s1 !y attract & provide a f9i% unobta9able 9 o!r ways4 ,! impress ( individuality m>ks all ( ! important "w ( ! successful ar*itect1 & may be ext5d$ prop]ly to ! subord9ate details ( decoration1 especially :]e x is ess5tial t ^! h>monize ) ! g5]al s*eme4 ,h5ce1 9 "s cases1 ! ar*itect furni%es ! designs = ! h>dw>e to correspond ) ! ar*itectural treatm5t ( ! build+4 ,z1 9 ! case ( emblematic h>dw>e1 ^! individual designs involve ! additional exp5se ( special draw+s1 models1 & patt]ns1 ! plan is seldom resort$ to1 except :]e ! "q ( co/ is subord9ate to t ( p]fection ( result4 #aag4 ,= _m ye>s h>dw>e has be5 g5]ally reg>d$ z an indiff]5t detail t c\ld be safely left to ! c>p5t] contractor to select & supply4 ,ev5 :5 specifi$1 x has be5 usually describ$ 9 a v loose & vague mann]1 d\btless ow+ to ! te*nical "* ( ! in=mation requir$ & ! difficulty entail$ on a busy ar*itect 9 obta9+ & =mulat+ x = use4 ,:]e1 !re=e1 ! conditions are su* t an exact & c>efully detail$ h>dw>e specification _c be prep>$1 ! only satisfactory plan is to exclude ! f9i%+ h>dw>e f ! specifications prep>$ = ! build+ & res]ve x = selection by ! ar*itect & ! own]4 #aah4 ,emblematic ,h>dw>e4--,occasionally1 x is f\nd desirable to indicate ! "* or use ( a build+ by introduc+ "o or m appropriate emblems 9 ! design or ornam5t ( ! h>dw>e4 ,?is is especially true ( /ructures = lodges1 clubs1 societies1 & o!r organizations1 9 :i* case ! emblems ( regalia1 badges1 etc4 are available = ! motif ( ! design4 ,9 municipal1 /ate1 or gov]nm5t build+s1 ! coat ( arms or public seal may be introduc$ 9 decorat+ ! h>dw>e1 & 9 build+s = railroad companies1 banks1 etc41 ! monogram1 seal1 or "n ( ! corporation is frequ5tly reproduc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeg ,9 all in/ances1 ! device select$ is usually introduc$ z ! c5tral ornam5t ( ! door knob4 ,?is ornam5t is also repeat$ on escut*eon & pu% plates1 & g5]ally on ! l>g] pieces ( metal "w2 & :ile x may con/itute ! sole feature ( decoration1 x usually has associat$ ) x a bord] or o!r ornam5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeh ,! use ( emblematic h>dw>e involves ! use ( special designs & patt]ns1 & ?us entails a consid]ably great] co/ ?an ! use ( /&>d patt]ns4 ,9 ,fig4 #aeg are %[n sev]al /&>d ornam5tal designs1 :ile 9 ,fig4 #aeh are %[n pieces ( lock trim ornam5t$ ) h]aldic1 or emblematic1 designs4 ,,h>dw>e ,,specifications #aai4 ,! me?ods ( specify+ build]s' h>dw>e diff] consid]ably4 ,"s ar*itects g5]alize & use ! same =m ( specification = build+s ( all classes1 :ile o!rs are m specific1 & itemize all ! h>dw>e = ! entire op]ation1 giv+1 besides ! description1 ! catalog numb] & f9i%4 ,! fir/ me?od is n consid]$ good practice1 &1 ?\gh x involves little "w on ! "p ( ! ar*itect1 x r>ely produces ! be/ results4 ,?us1 :]ev] possible1 ! specification %\ld be complete & compreh5sive1 giv+ a full description ( all ! h>dw>e 9 ! build+4 #abj4 ,=m]ly1 build]s' h>dw>e c\ld only be obta9$ 9 a few /yles1 & !re 0 n mu* *oice reg>d+ its physical con/ruction & me*anical op]ation1 s t its selection c\ld be left to ! contractor or build]4 ,specification1 !re=e1 usually includ$ little m ?an a m]e /atem5t t ! necess>y h>dw>e %\ld be furni%$ & t x %\ld be ( good quality4 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 h[ev]1 ! revolution accompli%$ 9 ! design+ & mak+ ( build]s' h>dw>e has elevat$ x to an important place 9 decorative art1 &1 simultane\sly1 ! creat+ ( new & high] me*anical grades has radically *ang$ ! requirem5ts 9 specifications relat+ to ?is subject4 #aba4 ,a few /&>d =ms ( h>dw>e specifications t %\ld secure good results w n[ be consid]$4 ,= conv5i5ce ( ref]5ce1 ^! sev]al =ms are m>k$ ,i1 ,,ii1 & ,,iii4 ,! fir/ two =ms are probably z good g5]al =ms ( h>dw>e specifications z c be writt51 b1 :ile !y answ] ! purpose 9 "s in/ances1 !y %\ld n be us$ :]e x is int5d$ to h ! g5]al contract include all ! h>dw>e1 or :]e x is possible to prep>e an itemiz$ specification su* z t giv5 9 ,=m ,,iii4 ,! numb]+ ( ! p>agraphs 9 ^! =ms is cont9u\s ) ?is ,section1 b 9 practice !y g5]ally />t ) #a4 ,,=m ,i 7,,see ,,g5]al ,,conditions7 ,,note4--,"u ! head ( ,g5]al ,conditions prec$+ all specifications furni%$ to contractors by ! ar*itect1 a s]ies ( b9d+ requirem5ts1 res]vations1 & /ipulations are specifically /at$1 & x is mo/ ess5tial t ! contractor c>efully p]use !m1 z he is b\nd by !m z well z by ! clauses "u ! head+ ( ,h>dw>e ,specifications4 #abb4 ,r\gh ,h>dw>e4--,provide all ! r\gh h>dw>e1 su* z nails1 screws1 sa% weights1 pulleys1 *a9 or cord1 an*ors1 screw bolts1 & all o!r mat]ial 9 ?is l9e necess>y = ! completion ( ! op]ation4 #abc4 ,f9i%+1 or ,build]s'1 ,h>dw>e4--,all fa/5+s & metal trimm+s us$ on doors1 w9d[s1 transoms1 closets1 cab9ets1 pantries1 etc4 w be furni%$ by ! own] & deliv]$ at ! build+ 9 ! quantities & at ! times reasonably ne$$ by ! contractor1 he to apply ! same "u ! direction & to ! satisfaction ( ! ar*itect4 ,! contractor is to be responsible = all h>dw>e aft] deliv]y & until ! completion ( ! build+4 ,he %all hang all doors1 prop]ly fit all locks1 etc41 & return !m to _! orig9al packages until aft] completion ( ! pa9t+ or f9i%+1 :5 he %all place !m p]man5tly4 ,all knobs %all be cov]$ ) ,canton flannel1 to protect !m f injury1 & all keys are to be c>$ = until ! build+ is deliv]$ to ! own]4 ,! contractor %all place all keys 9 _! locks or deliv] !m to ! ar*itect ) tags atta*$1 indicat+ :]e !y belong4 ,! contractor %all furni% ! manufactur] or deal] furni%+ ! h>dw>e ) details ( woodwork or in=mation t may be necess>y 9 ord] to und]/& ! requirem5ts & to h>monize ! h>dw>e ) ! cab9etwork1 &1 :]e int]f]5ces are discov]$1 to h !m adju/$ be=e ! h>dw>e is deliv]$4 ,,=m ,,ii 7,,see ,,g5]al ,,conditions7 #abd4 ,r\gh ,h>dw>e4--,same z 9 ,=m ,i4 #abe4 ,f9i%+1 or ,build]s'1 ,h>dw>e4--,! contractor %all include 9 8 e/imate ! sum ( doll>s 77 = ! pur*ase ( ! f9i%+ h>dw>e1 :i* is to be select$ by ! ar*itect or own] & *>g$ to ! contractor4 ,if ! h>dw>e co/s less ?an ! /ipulat$ am\nt1 ! diff]5ce %all be d$uct$ f 8 contract price2 if x co/s m ?an h]e9 contemplat$1 ! own] w pay to ! contractor ! additional am\nt4 ,! above h>dw>e is to include all fa/5+s & metal trimm+s us$ on doors1 w9d[s1 transoms1 closets1 cab9ets1 pantries1 etc41 & w be deliv]$ at ! build+ 9 ! quantities & at ! times reasonably requir$ by ! contractor1 he to apply ! same "u ! direction & to ! satisfaction ( ! ar*itect4 ,,=m ,,iii 7,,see ,,g5]al ,,conditions7 #abf4 ,front-,entrance ,doors4--,provide = ! front-entrance doors1 cyl9d]1 mortise1 front-door lock & ?ree #e #e loose-p91 ball-tip butts = ea* door2 also flu% ext5sion bolts #ab in*es & #bd in*es long4 #abg4 ,ve/ibule ,doors4--,provide = ! ve/ibule doors1 cyl9d]1 ve/ibule lat*1 key$ simil> to ! front door1 & ?ree #e #e loose-p91 ball-tip butts2 also flu% bolts1 ! same z specifi$ = entrance doors4 #abh4 ,,side-,,entrance ,,& ,,re> ,,doors4--,provide = ! side-entrance & re> doors1 locks & butts ! same z specifi$ = ! front-entrance doors4 ,ext]ior basem5t & kit*5 doors to h #e-;in*1 ?ree-bolt or #d-;in*1 ?ree-tumbl] lock & mortise bolt2 also ?ree #d #d butts = ea* door4 #abi4 ,slid+ ,doors4--,provide = all slid+-doors1 ,coburn trolley hang]s2 d\ble doors to h locks ) a/ragal fronts1 & s+le doors to h flat-front locks4 #acj4 ,d\ble-,act+ ,doors4--,provide = ! doors :]e indicat$ d\ble-act+ 9 ! plans1 ,bomm] spr+ h+es or floor pivots ( suitable size2 also pu% plates1 door hold]s1 dead lock1 & kick plates4 #aca4 ,miscellane\s ,doors4--,provide = all o!r doors on fir/ floor1 #d-;in* mortise lock ) metal knobs & comb9$ escut*eons2 also ?ree #d #d loose-p91 ball-tipp$ butts = ea* door4 #acb4 ,doors on ,second ,floor4--,provide = all ! doors on ! second floor1 #d-;in* mortise locks ) metal knobs & comb9$ escut*eons2 *amb]-entrance & ba?room doors to h 9 addition a mortise bolt4 ,also provide = ^! doors1 ?ree #d #d loose-p91 ball-tipp$ butts = ea* door4 #acc4 ,doors 9 ,attic & ,basem5t4--,provide = ! doors 9 attic & basem5t1 #c-;in* mortise locks1 pott]y knobs1 & escut*eons2 also two #c #c butts = ea* door4 #acd4 ,transoms4--,all transoms ?r\gh\t are to be h+$ at ! top or ! bottom or pivot$ 7z indicat$ 9 ! plans71 & are to h _/-in* transom lifts to ext5d to )9 #e feet ( ! floor4 #ace4 ,d\ble-,hung ,w9d[s4--,! d\ble-hung w9d[s on ! fir/ floor are to h approv$ sa% locks & two flu% lifts2 ^? on ! second floor1 9 ! attic1 & 9 ! basem5t are to h approv$ sa% locks & two flu% or hook lifts to ea* sa%4 ,all w9d[ /ops are to be secur$ ) flu% adju/+ /op-screws plac$ n m ?an #ad in*es ap>t4 #acf4 ,casem5t ,w9d[s & ,h+$ ,sa%4--,provide = ! casem5t 9 ! lavatory & on ! second floor1 #c #c tight-jo9t butts & suitable casem5t fa/5]s & adju/]s4 ,! basem5t sa% are to be h+$ at ! top ) wr\ght butts & are to h bolts & hooks & eyes to hold !m op54 #acg4 ,fr5* ,w9d[s4--,provide = ! ,fr5* w9d[s 9 ! d9+ room1 #d #d butts1 ?ree to ea* w9d[ sa%4 ,also provide = ^! w9d[s1 flu% bolts1 #ab in*es & #bd in*es on /&+ leaf1 & mortise turnbuckles4#a #a ,9 place ( ! mortise turnbuckle any ( ! foll[+ h>dw>e c be us$3 ,casem5t fa/s or locks2 ,cremorne bolts1 lock+ top1 bottom1 & c5t]2 or1 ,espagnolette b>s1 ei!r rim or mortise4 #ach4 ,bookcases & ,*9a ,closets4--,provide = ! doors ( ! bookcases & *9a closets1 #c #c ball-tip butts1 two to ea* door2 also locks & keyplates or mortise lat*es & knobs1 & bolts = d\ble doors4 ,all draw]s to h drop draw] pulls1 two to ea* draw] ov] #bj in*es wide4 #aci4 ,pantries1 ,dress]s1 & ,l95 ,closets4--,! doors ( ! pantries1 dress]s1 & l95 closets are to be provid$ ) #c #c butts1 toge!r ) elb[ cat*es or surface bolts = d\ble doors4 ,also provide rim cupbo>d cat*es or mortise lat*es ) knobs4 ,all draw]s ov] #bj in*es wide are to h two draw] pulls4 ,fl\r b9s are to be h+$ at ! side or at ! bottom1 s z to tilt1 & are to be suppli$ ) #c #c wr\ght butts & b> pull or ) l>ge ,t-h&l$ cupbo>d turn4 ,place 9 ea* closet "o 7or two7 r[s ( brass-plat$ wire coat-&-hat hooks 7or1 bronze-plat$ ca/ coat-&-hat hooks7 to ext5d ar\nd all sides2 ^! hooks are to be plac$ n ov] #ab in*es nor clos] ?an #h in*es ap>t4 ,furni% rubb]-tipp$1 wood5-base knobs = all doors4 #adj4 ,quality & ,f9i%4--,all ( ! above h>dw>e is to be ( ,blank ,co4's manufacture1 except butts = int]ior doors1 :i* are to be ! ,/anley ,"w product4 ,all ! h>dw>e on ! fir/ floor1 except kit*5 & s]vice portion1 is to be pla91 ca/-bronze metal ( ! design kn[n z 1 & f9i%4 ,! h>dw>e ( ! second floor is to be ( /eel1 9 pla9 design & f9i%4 ,! h>dw>e ( ! ba?room is to be ( pla9 bronze metal1 nickel-plat$1 :ile ! basem5t1 kit*51 & attic h>dw>e is to be pla9 /eel 9 f9i%4 #ada4 ,miscellane\s ,h>dw>e4--,! contractor %all furni% & apply all h>dw>e necess>y to complete ! build+1 "u ! direction & subject to ! approval ( ! ar*itect4 #adb4 ,! prec$+ specification is int5d$ to meet ! requirem5ts ( a resid5ce1 b may be *ang$ s z to apply to o!r build+s by add+ to ! sev]al items or by omitt+ "s ( !m4 ,9 foll[+ ! specifications j giv51 ! specification writ] %\ld ex]cise great c>e 9 select+ ! h>dw>e requir$1 us+ ! be/ t c be obta9$ ) ! money to be exp5d$4 ,9 all in/ances1 ! "n1 design1 quality1 & f9i% desir$ %\ld be /ipulat$4 ,,selection1 ,,e/imation1 ,,& ,,application ,,( ,,h>dw>e #adc4 ,no o!r mat]ial ent]+ into ! con/ruction ( a build+ w pay a l>g] return 9 satisfaction1 com=t1 & p]man5t economy = ! "t & c>e devot$ to its selection ?an ! f9i%+ h>dw>e4 ,! range ( *oice & quality has become too great = ! selection to be left to ! g5]al contractor "u an omnibus specification1 & ! practice ( accord+ to x ! b5efit ( c>eful & discrim9at+ selection by ! ar*itect or cli5t1 or bo? 9 consultation1 is rapidly becom+ g5]al4 ,h>dw>e has become a factor ( utmo/ importance 9 ! int]ior decorative s*eme ( ! mod]n build+1 & its selection dem&s at lea/ ! c>e accord$ to o!r elem5ts ( int]ior decoration4 ,! me?od t %\ld be employ$ 9 ! selection & pur*ase ( h>dw>e dep5ds prim>ily on ! exi/+ conditions4 ,if ! build+ is int5d$ = ! purpose ( sale or r5t+1 or if *eapness is ! dom9at+ factor1 !n a competitive me?od may be exp$i5t2 b if ! cli5t int5ds x = p]sonal occupancy or = p]man5t own]%ip1 !n competitive bidd+ is sometimes n productive ( ! be/ results4 ,9 all cases1 a prelim9>y exam9ation %\ld be made ( ! makes & grades ( ! comm]cial h>dw>e available1 & ! am\nt t x is desir$ to exp5d on ?is item %\ld be decid$ on4 ,! process ( selection is greatly facilitat$ by ! elim9ation ( articles outside ( ! grades select$4 ,:5 ! mak]'s grade ( goods has be5 decid$ on1 ! next /ep is to select 9 detail ! articles1 designs1 & f9i%es to be us$ 9 ea* room1 floor1 or division ( ! build+1 mak+ su* notes ( ! decisions s rea*$ z w be conv5i5t 9 fram+ ! h>dw>e specification1 or s*$ule4 #add4 ,all[ance = ,f9i%+ ,h>dw>e4--,ar*itects are con/antly call$ on to prep>e prelim9>y e/imates on propos$ build+s1 to assi/ cli5ts to det]m9e :e!r !y c af=d to build4 ,= ?is purpose1 ! ar*itect possesses an approximate k ( ! co/ ( excavation1 masonry1 woodwork1 etc41 s t ! necess>y exp5diture may be comput$ ) a fair degree ( accuracy4 ,build]s' h>dw>e1 h[ev]1 does n readily admit ( accurate prelim9>y e/imat+1 & 9 _m cases ! ar*itect m]ely specifies ! sum to be exp5d$ = f9i%+ h>dw>e1 /at+ t selections are to be made by himself or 8 cli5t lat]1 z ! "w progresses4 ,?is sy/em is f\nd 9 _m in/ances to be satisfactory to all--ar*itect1 cli5t1 & build]4 ,! co/ ( ! h>dw>e usually be>s a fairly con/ant ratio to ! total co/ ( v>i\s types ( build+s4 ,! foll[+ figures1 :i* are bas$ on exp]i5ce1 indicate ! range 9 ?is ratio "u ord9>y conditions4 ,?is s*$ule gives ! ratio ( co/ ( f9i%+ h>dw>e to ! total co/ ( ! build+1 l& exclud$4 ,,type ,,( ,,build+ ,,p] ,,c5t4 ,hotels1 l>ge #a4jj to #a4e ,hotels1 small #a4ej to #b4j ,ap>tm5t h\ses #a4ej to #b4j ,(fice build+s #a4jj to #b4j ,(fice build+s1 firepro( 4#ej to #a4e ,public build+s #a4ej to #b4j ,libr>ies 4#ge to #a4e ,hospitals 4#ej to #a4j ,resid5ces1 city #a4ej to #c4j ,resid5ces1 c\ntry #b4jj to #d4j #ade4 ,tak+ ,(f ,h>dw>e4--,! compilation ( ! e/imate s*$ule ( f9i%+ h>dw>e = a build+ mu/ be made f ! ar*itect's plans & specifications4 ,!re=e1 :]e possible1 ?is "w %\ld be done by a h>dw>e exp]t or salesman1 or by "s p]son :o has ! ability to read draw+s easily & accurately & :o is capable ( ex]cis+ ?or\ghness 9 e detail ( ! "w4 ,! fir/ /ep %\ld be to /udy ! specifications relat+ to ! g5]al "w1 & especially t portion relat+ to h>dw>e & c>p5t] "w1 to see :e!r ! latt] embodies facts t affect ! h>dw>e4 ,if su* is ! case1 notes %\ld be made ( ! fact1 & 9 _m cases1 by foll[+ ?is rule1 miscellane\s in=mation c be ga!r$ t w be invaluable to ! contractor & w prev5t mu* d\bt z to requirem5ts4 ,! draw+s %\ld !n be exam9$1 to ga9 famili>ity ) ! build+1 ! arrangem5t ( ! int]ior1 & o!r details4 ,hav+ ?us acquir$ a g5]al und]/&+ ( ! :ole subject1 ! compilation ( ! quantities may beg94 #adf4 ,! li/ ( h>dw>e %\ld be compil$ 9 a sy/ematic mann]1 beg9n+ at a def9ite po9t 9 ! build+ & progress+ ?r\gh ! sev]al rooms & floors 9 a def9ite ord]4 ,?is w insure ! inclusion ( e "p ( ! build+ & ! c>eful consid]ation ( e op5+ or o!r place :]e h>dw>e is requir$4 ,= example1 9 ! case ( a resid5ce1 x is cu/om>y to comm5ce at ! front entrance1 includ+ ! front & ve/ibule doors1 pass+ !nce to ! hall1 tak+ ea* room on ! fir/ floor 9 due ord]1 pass+ to ! second floor & tak+ ea* room on x 9 l ord]1 & s on until ea* floor is cov]$4 ,! attic & basem5t are usually left until la/1 because !y require a simpl] class ( goods4 ,! same g5]al sy/em c be foll[$ 9 ! case ( hotels1 (fice build+s1 ap>tm5t h\ses1 etc41 ! ess5tial po9t be+ t an ord]ly me?od be foll[$4 ,! rooms %\ld always be tak5 9 natural sequ5ce1 & all op5+s ( simil> "* total$ & aga9 c\nt$ on ! draw+1 s t ! *ances ( omission are m9imiz$4 #adg4 ,9 ! case ( doors1 x is necess>y to make note ( ! size & ?ickness1 ! h&1 & ! bevel1 or rabbet1 z requir$1 us+ 9 all cases ?ree butts on all ext]ior doors1 & also ?ree butts on all int]ior doors #g feet or m high4 ,! size ( ! butts %\ld 9 all in/ances be suffici5t to cause ! door to cle> ! trim4 ,! wid? ( /iles & ! g5]al con/ruction ( ! doors %\ld be not$1 pay+ p>ticul> att5tion to ! front-entrance doors1 z ar*itects sometimes design ^! reg>dless ( ! h>dw>e t is to be us$ on !m4 ,frequ5tly1 a c>eful scal+ & scrut9iz+ ( elaborately design$ doors w %[ a %elf effect return+ back to ! lock /ile1 cov]+ ne>ly half its wid?1 j ab\t :]e ! lock %\ld be plac$4 ,su* defects c be rem$i$ easily1 if obs]v$ 9 "t1 by direct+ ! ar*itect's att5tion to !m4 ,9 ! case ( slid+-doors1 x %\ld be not$ :e!r !y are s+le or d\ble1 :at is to be ! "* ( ! hang]1 or rail1 & ! l5g? ( ! run1 & :e!r ! door has a flat or a half-r\nd a/ragal4 ,! wid? ( ! /ile & ! size ( ! friction /rip %\ld also be not$1 s t ! h>dw>e w n conflict ) ! woodwork1 mold+1 etc41 z1 :]e necess>y1 special backsets c be procur$ on slid+-door locks to ov]come ?is tr\ble4 ,:]e d\ble-act+ doors are %[n1 always take note ( ! ?ickness1 wid?1 & height1 also ( ! wid? ( ! lock /ile & ! height ( ! bottom rail1 s t1 if pu% plates or kick plates are requir$1 ! suitable dim5sions = !m c readily be e/imat$4 ,! dead locks = ^! doors %\ld be ord]$ ) oval fronts = s+le doors & oval fronts & /rikes = d\ble doors1 to all[ = neat fitt+ to ! r\nd$ edge ( ! doors4 ,:]e kick plates are requir$ = d\ble doors ( ?is "*1 flu% bolts %\ld be mortis$ into ! edge ( ! door1 s t ! l[] bolt w n int]f]e ) ! kick plates4 #adh4 ,9 /at+ ! in=mation = w9d[s1 full details are ne$$ z to :e!r !y are s+le- or d\ble-hung1 ,fr5* casem5t1 /ation>y1 or ord9>y casem5t4 ,d\ble-hung w9d[s #bj in*es or less 9 wid? require only "o sa% lift4 ,extra-wide w9d[s1 su* z ^? ov] #cf in*es1 %\ld h ei!r b> lifts or two extra-heavy hook sa% lifts4 ,! w9d[ /ops %\ld be /udi$ 9 detail1 s z to e/imate ! numb] ( screws t w be requir$ = ea* w9d[4 ,9 ! case ( ,fr5* w9d[s1 x is well to det]m9e ! height1 ! wid? ( ! /ile1 :e!r ! jo9ts are rabbet$1 bevel$1 or flat1 ! h&1 & :e!r ! w9d[s sw+ 9 or out2 detail cross-sections ?r\gh head-jambs1 cas+1 & lock /iles %\ld also be procur$ if possible4 ,9 casem5t sa%1 ! pivot+ %\ld be not$1 s z to det]m9e :e!r x is v]tical or horizontal2 ! sw+ %\ld also be obs]v$1 & if ! sa% are to be h+$1 det]m9e :e!r ! h+es %\ld be plac$ at ! top1 ! bottom1 or ! sides4 ,z 9 ! consid]ation ( doors1 ! ?icknesses & sizes ( all casem5ts %\ld always be not$4 ,sections ?r\gh ! jambs1 trim1 & /iles %\ld be tak5 at ! po9ts :]e ! h>dw>e is to be appli$4 #adi4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e ! k9d & l5g? ( ! lift]s to be us$ on ! transoms1 x is necess>y to note ! di/ance f ! floor to ! c5t] ( ea* transom1 also :e!r !y are to be pivot$ or h+$ f ! bottom or ! top1 & h[ !y are to sw+4 ,! cross-section ?r\gh side jambs & cas+s %\ld always be asc]ta9$1 9 ord] to see t ! h>dw>e w be suitable to meet ! conditions ( ! trim4 #aej4 ,x is necess>y to le>n all details ( ! pantry1 includ+ ! ?ickness & height ( doors1 :e!r !y are d\ble or s+le1 & ! numb] ( ea* k9d4 ,note all draw]s2 ^? "u #bj in*es 9 wid? require only "o pull4 ,! details ( ! fl\r b9s %\ld be exam9$ to det]m9e :e!r !y are to be h+$ at ! bottom & are to tilt1 or :e!r !y are to be curv$ on plan & are to be h+$ at ! side1 z ea* condition requires diff]5t h>dw>e4 #aea4 ,:]e unavoidable int]f]5ces are discov]$1 or :]e ! plans & specifications are obscure or defective1 a note ( ! facts %\ld be made1 & :5 all su* matt]s h be5 collect$1 !y %\ld be submitt$ to ! ar*itect = 8 decision z a basis = f9al det]m9ation4 #aeb4 ,application ( ,h>dw>e4--,ow+ to ! fact t h>dw>e has become m intricate 9 its manufacture & !re=e m complicat$ 9 its con/ruction1 x is f\nd t ! prop] am\nt ( intellig5ce is n always ex]cis$ 9 its application4 ,frequ5tly x is appli$ s c>elessly t ! h>dw>e practically loses its mo/ ess5tial features4 ,9 ! case ( mortise-lock sets1 all ( ! bett] grades are made ) easy spr+s1 s t ! door w close g5tly & surely4 ,h[ev]1 ?is "o feature alone is sometimes oblit]at$ by c>eless application4 ,! tr\ble 9 ?is direction is pr9cipally caus$ by ! c>p5t] fitt+ ! lock into ! door untrue1 & !n screw+ ! escut*eons to ! doors out ( plumb & al9em5t4 ,?is causes ! knob %anks1 :5 rotat$1 to b9d1 or /ick1 9 ! sleeve1 or coll>1 ( ! escut*eon1 !reby hold+ back ! lat* bolt aft] ! lat* is )drawn into ! lock case4 ,x is also f\nd t prop] adju/m5t is seldom giv5 to ! knobs & sp9dles pass+ ?r\gh ! escut*eons4 ,9 _m cases :5 ! h>dw>e is appli$ c>elessly1 ! own]1 n kn[+ ! real cause ( ! tr\ble1 condemns ! be/ h>dw>e z be+ *eap & unsatisfactory4 ,9 ! application ( cyl9d] locks = ei!r front doors or (fice doors1 x is f\nd t a great am\nt ( inexp]i5ce is %[n by ! av]age me*anic4 ,9 "s cases1 ! locks are inv]t$1 ) ! cyl9d] bel[ ! knobs1 :5 x is design$ to be above2 also1 sometimes1 9 rev]s+ a front-door lock ) night "w1 good judgm5t is n always us$4 #aec4 ,su* tr\bles z ^? j describ$ c be easily ov]come1 & if ! me?ods ( apply+ h>dw>e t foll[ are /rictly adh]$ to1 satisfactory op]ation w be assur$4 ,rev]s+ ! ord9>y mortise1 or rim1 lock requires no special ability on ! "p ( ! workman1 z ! op]ation consi/s ( m]ely tak+ (f ! cap & turn+ ov] ! lat* bolt4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 a mortise lock is to be appli$1 c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ s t x w "w prop]ly4 ,fir/ fit ! lock into ! door at ! prop] height f ! floor1 mak+ ! mortise l>ge en\gh = ! lock to ent] easily4 ,bore ! holes = ! knob & ! key1 & ins]t ! screws 9 ! lock face & drive !m home4 ,n[ take ! escut*eons1 or roses1 & knobs & apply !m to ! door1 c>efully adju/+ ! knobs & sp9dles s t !re is only slight play 9 ! l5g?4 ,!n true up bo? escut*eons1 by hold+ "o ) ! ?umb & ! o!r ) ! f+]s4 ,:5 ?is mu* is accompli%$1 turn ! knobs "r & left to see :e!r !y "w prop]ly2 if !y b9d 9 ! coll>1 adju/ ! escut*eons a trifle1 v]tically or horizontally1 until ! knobs rotate back to ! orig9al position 9 bo? directions )\t b9d+4 ,by us+ a scrat* awl & pun* c>efully1 ! exact c5t] ( ea* screw hole may be locat$1 & by hold+ ! awl p]fectly true ! screws w be />t$ true4 ,! escut*eons may n[ be releas$ & ! screws driv5 home4 ,if ?is me?od is c>efully foll[$1 workm5 w f9d t ! lat* bolt w "w prop]ly 9 almo/ e case4 ,always try ! knob1 :5 ! application is complet$1 by rotat+ bo? to ! "r & to ! left1 & if f\nd to b9d1 always make ! prop] adju/m5t be=e leav+ ! "w4 #aed4 ,9 fitt+ /rikes to ! jambs1 x is sugge/$ t ! workman locate !m z l[ z possible1 to con=m to ! locks1 leav+ ! m>g9 9 ! /rike bel[ ! lock bolts4 ,doors 9 new build+s are liable to sag slightly1 & if prop] all[ance is n made1 ! /rikes may h to be readju/$1 sometimes ev5 be=e ! contract is complet$4 ,x is also necess>y = ! c>p5t] or sup]9t5d5t to caution ! pa9t]s n to pa9t or v>ni% any h>dw>e1 especially ! lock faces1 z ?is w also ret>d ! op]ation ( ! lat* bolt4 ,z previ\sly /at$1 ! h>dw>e %\ld be fitt$ to ! "w & !n replac$ 9 ! orig9al packages1 s z to protect x f abuse & damage1 apply+ x p]man5tly only aft] ! pa9t+ is complet$4 #aee4 ,9 apply+ cyl9d]1 or front-door1 locks1 ! conditions are /ill m difficult to ov]come4 ,:5 rev]s+ cyl9d] locks t h swivel sp9dles1 unscrew ! cap & rev]se ! lat* bolt2 also1 rev]se ! hubs1 t is1 ! p>ts ( ! lock ?r\gh :i* ! sp9dles pass4 ,cyl9d] locks %\ld always be mortis$ into ! door at ! prop] height f ! floor1 & ! holes = ! cyl9d]s & knob sp9dles !n made4 ,ins]t ! lock into ! mortise1 b d n put screws into ! face2 !n apply ! escut*eons & adju/ ! knob1 tak+ c>e t ! swivel ( ! sp9dle c5t]s at ! jo9t 9 ! split hub4 ,n[ proce$ to screw 9 ! cyl9d] to its full ext5t1 s t ! cyl9d] coll> is held rigidly betwe5 ! cyl9d] & ! escut*eon1 & ! cyl9d] is p]fectly v]tical4 ,!n set ! cyl9d] adju/+ screw1 & ins]t ! wood5 screws 9 lock face & drive !m home ) ! screwdriv]4 ,hold & adju/ ! escut*eon s t ! knob w rotate back & =? automatically )\t friction1 />t+ ! screw holes ) an awl4 ,if ! doors are made ( h>dwood1 an automatic drill w h to be us$ to bore ! screw holes4 ,9 su* a case1 foll[ ! directions j giv5 reg>d+ escut*eons2 !n />t ! holes ) a scrat* awl :ile /ill hold+ ! escut*eons1 & enl>ge ! holes ) ! drill4 ,screws t are (f c5t]1 :5 driv5 home into ! c\nt]s9k+1 w surely draw ! escut*eon s t ! knobs w b9d & ?us de/roy ! mo/ desirable feature ( ! lock4 #aef4 ,me*anics w f9d t ! bett] ! grade ( ! h>dw>e1 ! m c>e mu/ be tak5 9 its application4 ,h>dw>e = f9e build+s is g5]ally furni%$ ) high1 or bracket-be>+1 coll>s on escut*eons & screwless knobs = adju/m5t )\t wa%]s4 ,^! are fitt$ & turn$ c>efully1 s t !re is v little play betwe5 knob %anks & coll>s1 & = ?is reason !y b9d m readily :5 improp]ly appli$4 ,! me*anic %\ld try ! lock 9 e possible way be=e leav+ ! "w4 ,he %\ld set ! /op 9 ! lock face1 to be sure t swivel sp9dles are adju/$ prop]ly1 & also ins]t ! key 9 ! cyl9d]1 to see :e!r x op]ates smoo?ly :ile op]at+ bo? bolts4 ,,s*$ules ,,& ,,draw+s ,,= ,,! ,,h>dw>e ,,contractor #aeg4 ,h>dw>e ,s*$ules4--,! contractor = ! h>dw>e usually takes (f 8 own bill ( mat]ial f ! g5]al draw+s & ! specifications furni%$ by ! ar*itect4 ,h[ev]1 ! ar*itect w sometimes supply ! h>dw>e s*$ule & obta9 prices = ! same direct f ! deal]1 ?us sav+ ! own] ! g5]al contractor's pr(it & insur+ bids bas$ on mat]ial ( uni=m "* & quality4 ,x is well1 !re=e1 to give "s ?\ght to ! prep>ation ( ! s*$ule1 s z to insure a good classification & to avoid omissions4 ,9 draft+ a s*$ule ( h>dw>e requir$ = a build+1 x mu/ be compil$ f a copy ( ! h>dw>e specifications & a li/ ( all op5+s1 cab9ets1 etc4 t has be5 tak5 f ! draw+s4 ,! s*$ule %\ld be subdivid$ prim>ily into build+ sections1 su* z fir/ floor1 second floor1 etc4 z head+s4 ,"u ^! head+s1 ea* op5+ or gr\p ( op5+s 9 ea* room or division %\ld be li/$4 ,"u ! "n ( ea* op5+ or s]ies ( op5+s %\ld be gr\p$ all ! h>dw>e requir$1 itemiz+ ea* & e article necess>y & /at+ ! quantity1 numb]s1 sizes1 or dim5sions1 design1 & f9i%4 ,s*$ules ?us prep>$ are readily pric$ = e/imat+1 & su* classification elim9ates ! possibilities ( omissions4 ,besides1 ! ord] c be execut$ by ! manufactur] 9 exact con=mity ) ! in/ructions1 ! h>dw>e = ea* op5+ c be comb9$ 9 a sep>ate package1 & ea* package cle>ly label$ to indicate its cont5ts & ! room or op5+ to :i* x belongs4 ,! foll[+ %[s a typical =m ( s*$ule3 ,,fir/ ,,floor ,"o ,pair ( ,entrance ,doors1 #b' #h #g' #f #b ,rt4-,hd4 rabbet$4 #a cyl9d]1 front door1 ,set ,no4 4 ,pla9 bronze metal4 #a pu% button1 ,no4 4 ,pla9 bronze metal4 #b ext5sion flu% bolts1 ,pla9 bronze metal4 ,no4 1 _/1 _/4 #c pair ( butts1 ,no4 1 #e #e4 ,pla9 bronze metal4 ,"o ,pair ( ,slid+ ,doors1 ,hall to ,p>lor1 #b a/ragal face1 #a friction /rip4 #a set ( locks1 ,no4 1 #c backset4 ,pla9 bronze metal4 #c doz5 c\nt]sunk screws & wa%]s4 ,pla9 bronze metal4 #b sets ( anti-friction1 noiseless1 p>lor-door hang]s & track1 complete1 ,no4 4 ,pantry ,cupbo>d4 #b pair ( doors1 #a2 #b s+le doors1 #a4 #a tilt fl\r b92 #d draw]s 7#b n>r[74 #f pair ( butts1 ,no4 1 #b #b4 ,pla9 bronze plat$4 #a pair ( butts1 ,no4 1 #c #b4 ,pla9 bronze plat$4 #b elb[ cat*es1 ,no4 4 ,japann$4 #d cupbo>d turns1 ,no44 ,pla9 bronze plat$4 #g draw pulls1 ,no44 ,pla9 bronze plat$4 ,,second ,,floor ,t5 ,doors1 #b' #h #g #a1 #f ,r4 ,h41 #d ,l4 ,h4 transom1 top-hung4 #aj inside lock sets1 ,no44 ,pla9 bronze metal4 #ae pair ( butts1 ,no4 1 #d #d4 ,pla9 bronze plat$4 #aj pair ( butts1 ,no41 #c #b4 ,pla9 bronze plat$4 #aj transom lifts1 ,no41 _/ #d4 ,pla9 bronze plat$4 #aj wood5-base knobs1 #b diamet]4 ,,d\ble-,,hung ,,w9d[s #aj sa% fa/s1 ,no4 4 ,pla9 bronze metal4 #bj sa% lifts1 ,no4 4 ,pla9 bronze metal4 #aj sa% sockets1 ,no4 4 ,pla9 bronze metal4 #d sa% hooks1 ,no4 4 ,pla9 bronze metal4 #aj doz5 adju/+ screws & wa%]s4 ,pla9 bronze metal4 ,! =ego+ s*$ule is m]ely int5d$ z an example ( a classifi$1 brief1 & at ! same "t compreh5sive h>dw>e s*$ule4 ,a s*$ule ( ?is k9d %[s1 almo/ at a glance1 ! nature ( ! h>dw>e to be suppli$1 & if prep>$ by ! ar*itect1 %\ld t5d to procure bids bas$ on uni=m requirem5ts4 #aeh4 ,detail ,draw+s = ! ,h>dw>e ,contractor4--,9 "s ar*itects' (fices1 x is ! practice to provide1 on a s+le detail %eet1 cross-sections ( e type ( door /ile 9 ! build+4 ,! "t requir$ to make su* a draw+ is slight1 :ile ! results accompli%$ are mo/ useful4 ,copies ( ?is draw+ are furni%$ to ! contractors = ! cab9et trim & to ! h>dw>e contractor1 s t ea* ( !m w h id5tical in=mation & t ! "w w assemble prop]ly :5 ! h>dw>e is put 9 place4 ,su* draw+s %\ld %[ ! dim5sions ( ! transv]se sections ( ! v]tical /ile1 or lock /ile = ea* door1 also ! ov]lapp+1 if any1 ( panel mold+s1 toge!r ) ! %ape ( bevels1 rabbets1 a/ragals1 & any o!r details affect+ ! size & location ( locks1 h+es1 butts1 etc4 ,! h& ( ! doors is usually1 & bett]1 indicat$ on ! floor plans4 ,a fur!r argum5t is t ! "* & dim5sions are liable to be ov]look$ :5 arrang+ ! panel+ ( doors2 :]eas1 bo? %\ld be consid]$4 ,! use ( n>r[ /iles1 special rabbets1 & a/ragals1 %elf effects1 friction /rips1 etc4 is resort$ to )\t suffici5tly consid]+ ! disadvantages t result f ! contract$ space 9 :i* ! lock & its trim mu/ be plac$4 ,:]e ! items j m5tion$ are propos$1 ! ar*itect %\ld asc]ta9 :at locks are available & %\ld provide space = ^? select$4 ,special locks are always exp5sive1 :ile a cramp$ space precludes ! be/ con/ruction4 ,,glass ,,& ,,glaz+ #aei4 ,s+le- & ,d\ble-,?ick ,common ,glass4--,9 ! manufacture ( ! ord9>y w9d[ glass us$ 9 build+ con/ruction1 ! glass is fir/ bl[n 9 cyl9drical =m & !n cut & flatt5$1 aft] :i* x is r$uc$ to salable sizes = %ipm5t4 ,ow+ to ?is me?od ( manufacture1 ! p]c5tage ( fir/-quality glass is small1 ! l>g] proportion ( ! product be+ second or ?ird quality4 ,all glass ( ?is k9d is wavy or unev5 & also has a slight b[1 or curve1 to its l5g? t is impossible to ov]come :5 mak+4 ,! only diff]5ce 9 ! qualities ( common glass is 9 ! am\nt ( ! imp]fections t x conta9s4 ,^! imp]fections consi/ ( bull's-eyes1 bli/]s1 scrat*es1 & /reaks t di/ort objects se5 ?r\gh ! glass4 ,! bett] grade ( common glass is manufactur$ 9 :at are call$ cont9u\s tanks1 :i* are heat$ by natural gas4 ,?is glass is put up 9 boxes conta9+ #ej squ>e feet4 ,s+le-?ick glass runs f ?irte5 to fifte5 lights to #a in* ( ?ickness1 & d\ble ?ick f eight to t5 lights to ! in*4 ,s+le-?ick glass above #bj 94 #bd 94 9 size %\ld n be us$ except = "w ( a speculative nature4 ,! ability to di/+ui% s+le & d\ble ?ick & ! v>i\s qualities ( glass c only be acquir$ by obs]vation4 ,9 judg+ glass1 x is well to rememb] t small lights free f defects or unev5 surfaces may be obta9$ mu* m easily ?an l>ge ones4 #afj4 ,gr\nd1 or ,s&-,bla/ ,glass4--,common or plate glass1 ! surface ( :i* is made obscure by ! process ( gr9d+1 is call$ gr\nd glass4 ,?is treatm5t1 h[ev]1 does n injure ! diffus+ qualities ( ! glass4 ,! s&-bla/ process ( treat+ glass produces results simil> to gr9d+4 ,z ! "n implies1 s& is bl[n aga9/ ! glass "u high pressure & ?us makes num]\s small cutt+s on its surface1 produc+ ! appe>ance ( gr\nd glass4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aei #afa4 ,*ipp$ ,glass4--,! glass illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #aei is call$ *ipp$ glass1 & is manufactur$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! glass is fir/ giv5 a coat ( glue & is !n plac$ 9 a heat$ receptacle2 ?is process t5ds to contract & curl ! glue1 s t :5 x dislodges itself f ! glass1 ! cohesion w draw or *ip (f p>ticles ( glass1 leav+ ! surface unev5 & %[+ a design simil> to t on a fro/$ w9d[ light4 ,*ipp$ glass c be procur$ 9 ei!r ! s+le or ! d\ble process 7i4 e41 ) a s+le or a d\ble *ipp+72 & ^! processes are adaptable to ei!r %eet or plate glass1 :ite or color$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afj #afb4 ,figur$ ,roll$ ,glass4--,glass kn[n g5]ally z figur$ roll$ glass is manufactur$ = use 9 (fices1 public build+s1 & private resid5ces :]e a glass is requir$ to int]cept ! vision & /ill diffuse ! light4 ,?is glass has practically supplant$ ! v>icolor$ ca!dral glass previ\sly us$1 because ( its obscurity )\t r$uc+ ! quantity ( light4 ,figur$ roll$ glass is made 9 v>i\s arti/ic designs1 sev]al ( :i* are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #afj1 & is & _/ in* 9 ?ickness4 ,?is glass is inexp5sive2 ! prices range f #ae to #be c5ts p] squ>e foot4 #afc4 ,plate ,glass4--,! process ( manufactur+ plate glass is radically diff]5t f t ( common %eet glass4 ,! latt] is bl[n1 :ile ! =m] is ca/ 9 l>ge %eets & plac$ 9 anneal+ ov5s to cool4 ,:5 tak5 f ! ov5s ! glass is r\gh & opaque1 b x is aft]w>ds gr\nd & poli%$ to make x transp>5t1 ! poli%+ be+ ! mo/ delicate process 9 its manufacture4 ,plate glass gli/5s l a mirror & reflects l "o2 objects se5 ?r\gh x are %>p & clean-cut2 x has no imp]fections or wavy effects1 & does n di/ort & de=m objects z does %eet glass4 #afd4 ,bevel$ ,plate ,glass4--,! t]m bevel$ plate is appli$ to plate glass ! edges ( :i* are gr\nd & poli%$ to =m a bevel1 or bord]1 ar\nd ! glass4 ,plate glass f9i%$ 9 ?is mann] is mu* us$ = glaz+ entrance doors & = ornam5tal "w4 ,! additional co/ = bevel+ is slight comp>$ ) ! effect result+ !refrom4 #afe4 ,floor & ,skylight ,glass4--,floor glass is made only f r\gh roll$ or hamm]$ glass 9 -1 -1 & #a-;in* ?icknesses4 ,! prices range f #cj c5ts to #a p] foot1 accord+ to ! ?ickness4 ,skylight glass is simil> to floor glass1 b c be procur$ 9 -1 _/-1 -1 & -in* ?icknesses1 & 9 ei!r ribb$ or r\gh5$ surfaces4 ,?is glass is inexp5sive1 ! prices rang+ f #h to #ae c5ts p] squ>e foot4 ,l>ge quantities ( skylight glass are us$ = mills1 skylights1 & v>i\s o!r purposes1 b x is n us$ z a fire-ret>dant1 z wire glass has entirely sup]s$$ x = ?is purpose4 #aff4 ,wire ,glass4--,glass ) wire emb$d$ !re91 z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #afa1 is made ei!r ribb$1 r\gh-roll$1 8maze0 design1 or cle>1 poli%$ plate4 ,! wire nett+ is emb$d$ 9 its c5t] dur+ ! process ( manufacture1 ?us produc+ a v /rong glass t is a good fire-ret>dant4 ,! temp]ature at :i* ! wire is emb$d$ 9 ! molt5 glass insures cohesion betwe5 ! metallic nett+ & ! glass1 & ! two mat]ials become z "o2 ?us1 if ! glass is brok5 by %ock1 by int5se heat1 or f "s o!r cause1 x rema9s practically intact4 ,wire glass comb9es ! /r5g? ( ! wire nett+ & ! glass plate1 & ! wire is s ?or\ghly cov]$ z to obviate ! possibility ( ru/ or corrosion4 ,?is glass possesses extraord9>y /r5g?2 a piece in* ?ick is z /rong z ord9>y glass ( twice t ?ickness4 ,:5 wire glass is brok51 x w n scatt] l plate or skylight glass2 consequ5tly1 x f9ds ext5sive use = ov]head "w1 :]e fall+ glass due to accid5tal breakage w\ld be a s\rce ( dang]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afa ,wire glass is made 1 1 & in* ?ick1 & up to #dj in*es wide & #ajj in*es long4 ,?is glass is sold at f #cj to #dj c5ts p] squ>e foot = r\gh1 ribb$1 or maze patt]n1 accord+ to ! ?ickness1 :ile poli%$ wire glass co/s ei!r #fj c5ts1 #ie c5ts1 or #a4be p] squ>e foot1 accord+ to ! dim5sion ( ! light4 ,wire glass is practically burgl>-pro( & missile-pro(1 & :5 set 9 approv$ metallic frames =ms a mo/ effici5t fire-ret>dant w9d[4 ,9 its use z a fire-/op1 x possesses advantage 9 t x does n hide ! incipi5t blaze l /eel-plate or t9-l9$ %utt]s4 ,w9d[s glaz$ ) wire glass require no %utt]s = protection1 b an op5+ may be made 9 x by a bl[ f a fire-ax4 ,wire glass z a fire-ret>dant is approv$ by ! v>i\s bo>ds ( fire und]writ]s1 & x may be us$ = w9d[s1 skylights1 & o!r ext]ior op5+s expos$ to fire haz>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afb #afg4 ,prisms1 or ,prismatic ,glass4--,:5 a ray ( light passes f air to glass1 x und]goes ! *ange 9 direction call$ refraction4 ,! k ( ?is prop]ty ( light is utiliz$ 9 ! design ( prismatic glass1 an example ( :i* is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #afb4 ,prisms are made ( cle> cry/al glass1 ) ! out] side usually pla94 ,! inn] side1 h[ev]1 is =m$ into prisms ( a great v>iety ( angles made to suit ! sev]al conditions "u :i* ! lights may be us$4 ,prism plates are made 9 two /yles3 ,press$ prism plates1 :i* are compos$ ( #d- or #e-;in* press$ l5ses t are glaz$ toge!r ) a drawn z9c or copp] b>1 ! sev]al b>s =m+ a frame be+ braz$ toge!r electrically1 & roll$1 or %eet1 prisms1 :i* are fir/ roll$ 9 l>ge %eets & !n cut to size4 ,"u av]age conditions1 ! direct light f ! sky ent]+ a room ?r\gh %eet or plate glass /rikes ! floor )9 a few feet ( ! w9d[ & is mo/ly absorb$4 ,= ?is reason1 ! re> "p ( ! room is d>k4 ,by ! in/allation ( prisms at ! w9d[ op5+s1 h[ev]1 ! direction ( ! ent]+ light is *ang$ & project$ horizontally into ! room4 ,prisms d n create light2 !y simply di/ribute & diffuse ! excess light at ! w9d[4 ,"u c]ta9 conditions ! effective light 9 a room may be increas$ fifty times by ! in/allation ( prisms4 ,9 ,fig4 #afc1 ! arr[s a %[ ! direction ( ! l[e/ rays f ! sky ov] ! cornice ( ! opposite build+1 /rik+ ! prism plate at ! floors4 ,^! arr[s also indicate v]tical rays1 /rik+ canopies & skylights1 :ile ! arr[s b %[ ! directions ( ! rays j m5tion$ aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! prism plate2 also1 ! mann] 9 :i* ! light rays are project$ into ! build+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afc #afh4 ,vault ,lights = ,basem5t1 or ,cell>1 ,light+4--,:]e ! sidewalk & ! basem5t ceil+ are ne>ly on a level1 basem5t rooms c be successfully light$ by ! in/allation ( vault lights1 or glass pavem5t tile4 ,! ord9>y me?od is to use pla91 r\nd1 or squ>e l5ses1 :i* are set 9 iron or concrete 9 iron frames1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #afd & #afe1 ?\gh vault lights are n[ made ) ! support+ mat]ial ( re9=c$ concrete4 ,:]e ! ceil+ is l[ or ! room at all deep1 ! sy/em 9 :i* pla9 l5ses are us$ is unsatisfactory1 z ! direct light f ! sky 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! l5s /rikes ! floor imm$iately und]nea?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afd ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afe ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aff ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afg ,! m mod]n me?od is to use prism tile set 9 ! necess>y frames4 ,! prism receives ! direct light f ! sky on ! upp] face & turns1 or refracts1 x back into ! basem5t1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #aff4 ,:]e ! head-beam or o!r ob/ructions int]f]e ) ! deflection ( light direct f ! prism1 x becomes necess>y to use 9 connection ) ! skylight or canopy j describ$ an indep5d5t v]tical frame ( w9d[ prisms ( v>y+ angles4 ,^! prisms int]cept ! light f ! pavem5t tiles & project x into ! basem5t1 ?us utiliz+ ! light to ! maximum advantage4 #afi4 ,glazi]'s ,po9ts4--,a necess>y adjunct 9 glaz+ ) putty is ! %eet-z9c1 triangul> glazi]'s po9ts1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #afg4 ,^! po9ts are made 9 six sizes1 :i* range f ,no4 #jjj1 ! l>ge/1 to ,no4 #c1 ! smalle/4 ,!y are also made 9 some:at simil> %ape1 call$ %>ps1 b ?is type is n s popul> z ! triangle po9t4 #agj4 ,grades ( ,putty4--,putty is usually grad$ z foll[s3 ,comm]cial1 a v *eap grade2 pure1 a m$ium grade2 & /rictly pure1 ! be/ grade1 :i* is made ( pure :it+ gr\nd 9 l9se$ oil4 ,! *eap] grades are made 9 ! same mann]1 b ) an am\nt ( adult]ation1 ei!r 9 oils or :it+1 comm5surate ) ! co/4 ,!re=e1 ! *eap] ! putty1 ! m x is adult]at$1 & none b /rictly pure %\ld be us$ :5 good results are desir$4 ,:ite-lead putty is 9 a class by itself1 & co/s ab\t twice z mu* z /rictly pure :it+ putty2 b :]e p]man5t glaz+ is requir$1 its use w %[ h&some returns on ! inve/m5t4 ,,e/imat+ ,,& ,,calculat+ ,,quantities 7,,"p #a7 ,,introduction #a4 ,scope ( ,subject4--,! art ( e/imat+ is v important bo? to ! ar*itect & to ! build]2 to ! latt]1 9 t he mu/ employ "s sy/ematic me?od ( e/imat+ 9 ord] to c>ry on 8 bus9ess successfully1 & to ! =m] = ! reason t he %\ld at all times be able to e/imate ! co/ ( ! build+s t he designs4 ,! sci5ce--= su* x is--( fix+ prices on a piece ( "w 9 any bran* ( ! build+ trades mu/ be bas$ on an ext5d$ exp]i5ce4 ,) a little practice1 any "o c le>n to take (f ! quantities ( mat]ials1 b :5 x comes to det]m9+ ! rates1 only p]sons hav+ ext5sive & v>i$ k ( build+ & co/s ( v>i\s details c accurately e/imate ! "t & labor requir$ to complete ! "w4 ,9 ord]1 !n1 t ! duties & requirem5ts ( a practical e/imator may be ?or\ghly und]/ood1 a numb] ( detail$ e/imates w be giv5 9 ?is ,section z guides4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t z ! prices ( mat]ials & labor v>y f ^? assum$1 s w ! e/imates v>y4 ,! in=mation giv5 9 detail %\ld be consid]$ only z a g5]al guide 9 analyz+ ! elem5ts t ent] into ! con/ructive problems 9 ea* dep>tm5t ( ! build+ trades4 ,9 ?is way x w be possible to det]m9e intellig5tly ! v>i\s unit co/s4 ,! e/imates giv5 are1 9 g5]al1 net figures1 & d n include any contractor's pr(it4 #b4 ,qualifications ( ! ,e/imator4--,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !re are no /&>d or def9ite rules on e/imat+ t hold good 9 e section4 ,! build]s ( ea* locality h _! own ideas & cu/oms reg>d+ ! subject4 ,?is fact1 toge!r ) ! diff]5ce 9 ! co/ ( labor 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry & ! fluctuations 9 ! m>ket price ( mat]ials1 requires1 z be=e rem>k$1 t a compet5t e/imator be a man ( long & v>i$ exp]i5ce 9 ! bus9ess4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 practical rules & sugge/ions t w mat]ially assi/ 9 tak+ (f ! quantities & 9 valu+ ! labor requir$ = any build+ op]ation4 ,^! po9ts w !re=e be tak5 up & consid]$ 9 detail 9 ?is ,section4 #c4 ,important ,factors4--,! prime consid]ations 9 mak+ an e/imate are accuracy & "t4 ,to ^! ends ! e/imator mu/ sy/ematize 8 ef=ts1 & endeavor to d a maximum am\nt ( "w 9 a m9imum am\nt ( "t4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 %\ld n be done at ! exp5se ( accuracy1 = accuracy is ! mo/ important factor & is only insur$ :5 ! figures are c>efully *eck$4 ,! e/imator1 !re=e1 :ile avoid+ too great ref9em5ts 9 calculation1 %\ld aim at correctness r ?an at spe$ 9 do+ ! "w4 ,v frequ5tly d ! effects ( ha/e & inaccuracy 9 e/imat+ ! co/ ( a /ructure become evid5t :5 x is too late to rem$y ! errors1 result+ sometimes 9 ! f9ancial ru9 ( ! build] t tru/s too implicitly 9 ! e/imator's figures4 ,a record %\ld be kept ( all e/imates made1 z ?is k9d ( in=mation is mo/ valuable & e/abli%es a prec$5t on :i* to base subsequ5t e/imates1 z well z a *eck on ! "w at h&4 ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,e/imat+ ,,approximate ,,e/imat+ #d4 ,9 ord] to make a prelim9>y e/imate1 be=e ! plans ( a /ructure are drawn1 b aft] ! g5]al dim5sions ( ! propos$ build+ h be5 det]m9$1 ar*itects & build]s sometimes employ a me?od ( approximate e/imat+1 by :i* ! co/ is figur$ at s mu* p] cubic foot ( ! build+1 ! rate v>y+ accord+ to its "* & ! f9i% requir$4 ,! me?od is also consid]ably us$ by insurance companies 9 fix+ ! am\nt to be plac$ on a build+4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ?is me?od gives ! approximate co/ only1 & %\ld nev] be us$ 9 figur+ ! contract price ( a build+4 ,?is e/imate1 h[ev]1 may be us$ to advantage 9 *eck+ ! accurate e/imate1 ) :i* x w frequ5tly be f\nd to agree rem>kably well4 ,,table ,i ,,co/ ,,( ,,build+s ,,p] ,,cubic ,,foot ,co/ ,class ( ,build+ ,c5ts p] ,cubic ,foot ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,small frame build+s1 co/+ f #hjj to #a1ejj #aj to #ab ,frame h\ses1 #h to #ab rooms1 co/+ f #a1ejj to #aj1jjj #ab to #ae ,re9=c$-concrete mill build+s #aj to #ad ,brick h\ses1 #h to #aj rooms #ae to #ah ,highly f9i%$ city dwell+s1 brick or /one #bj to #be ,s*oolh\ses1 brick #ab to #bj ,*ur*es1 /one #bj to #dj ,(fice build+s1 well f9i%$ #ce to #ej ,hospitals1 libr>ies1 & hotels #ce to #ej ,table ,i %[s ! approximate co/ p] cubic foot ( v>i\s k9ds ( /ructures4 ,9 comput+ ! cont5ts ( a build+1 !re is no uni=mity 9 practice1 b no great error w be made 9 figur+ ! solid cont5ts f floor ( cell> to ridge ( ro(4 ,,outl9e ,,( ,,! ,,"w #e4 ,! draw+s & specifications ( a /ructure are ! guides t ! e/imator mu/ foll[ 9 mak+ 8 computations4 ,all measurem5ts necess>y = calculat+ ! quantity ( ! mat]ials requir$ are obta9$ f ! draw+s2 & all in=mation 9 reg>d to ! "* ( ! workman%ip & ! quality ( ! mat]ials to be us$ is furni%$ by ! specifications4 ,9 compil+ a s*$ule1 !re are ?ree /ages to ! op]ation3 7#a7 ,tak+ ! dim5sions = ea* ( ! v>i\s classes ( "w2 7#b7 comput+ & collect+ ! quantities2 & 7#c7 e/imat+ ! co/4 ,9 c>ry+ out ! fir/ ( ^! /eps1 ea* ( its subdivisions %\ld be consid]$ 9 ! ord] 9 :i* ! "w w be execut$ 9 ! build+4 ,?is ord] is ab\t z foll[s3 #a4 ,excavation #h4 ,jo9]y #b4 ,concrete "w #i4 ,h>dw>e & ironwork #c4 ,/onework #aj4 ,heat+ & v5tilation #d4 ,brickwork #aa4 ,plumb+ & gas-fitt+ #e4 ,c>p5try #ab4 ,pa9t+ & pap]+ #f4 ,ro(+ #ac4 ,glaz+ #g4 ,pla/]+ ,! ?ird /ep1 e/imat+ ! co/1 may be subdivid$ into co/ ( labor & co/ ( mat]ial4 ,! latt] c be def9itely fix$ by an exam9ation ( li/s giv+ curr5t prices ( mat]ials2 :ile ! =m] mu/ be bas$ on a fix$ rate ( wages p] day = ! v>i\s classes ( workm54 ,! second & ?ird bran*es ( ! "w1 be+ closely connect$ ) ! fir/1 w be p>tly consid]$ 9 connection ) x1 &1 lat]1 9 detail 9 ! complete example on e/imat+4 ,,accurate ,,e/imat+ ,,s*$ule #f4 ,!re are s _m items to be consid]$ 9 a c>eful e/imate1 t ! e/imator %\ld h a li/ ( ^? com+ "u ea* ( ! ma9 head+s already giv51 & 9 compil+ a s*$ule he %\ld foll[ ?is ord]4 ,! foll[+ li/1 :i* is arrang$ to assi/ 9 mak+ an e/imate on a dwell+ h\se1 w s]ve z an example ( ! g5]al me?od t %\ld be adopt$3 ,,excavation ,cell> ,wells ,areas ,pipe tr5*es ,pi]s ,f5ce tr5*es ,privy vaults ,grad+ ,foot+s ,fill+ ,cesspool ,labor ,cat* bas9s ,,concrete ,,"w ,cem5t ,wells ,s& ,area walls ,brok5 /one ,*imneys ,=m lumb] ,foot+s ,f\ndation walls ,floors ,p>tition walls ,columns ,pi]s ,pavem5ts ,ext]ior walls ,f5ces ,concrete blocks ,he>?s ,concrete cornices ,/eel re9=cem5t ,core walls ,an*or bolts ,back+ ,nails & spikes ,cesspools ,labor ,tanks ,,/onework ,lime ,wells ,cem5t ,*imneys ,s& ,foot+s ,mort> ,cut or dress$ /onework ,f\ndation walls ,c>v$ /onework ,ext]ior walls ,pavem5ts ,p>tition walls ,/one f5ces ,pi]s ,/one he>?s ,area walls ,an*ors & bolts ,cesspools ,labor ,,brickwork ,lime ,cesspools ,cem5t ,wells ,s& ,range sett+ ,mort> ,furnace sett+ ,f\ndation walls ,foot+s ,ext]ior walls ,*imneys ,p>tition walls ,trimm] ar*es ,pi]s ,brick he>?s ,area walls ,pavem5ts ,t]ra-cotta "w ,f5ces ,til+ ,labor ,,c>p5try ,,fram+ ,gird]s 9 cell> ,joi/s1 fir/ /ory ,sills ,joi/s1 second /ory ,cross-sills ,joi/s1 ?ird /ory ,po/s ,joi/s1 attic /ory ,beams ,ceil+ beams ,girts ,head]s ,/uds ,trimm]s ,plates ,common raft]s ,deck plates ,hip raft]s ,t[] plates ,valley raft]s ,braces ,purl9s ,joi/s1 basem5t ,furr+ ,ridge pole ,c>ry+ beams ,coll> beams ,ironwork ,l9tels ,rods & bolts ,fram+ pi]s ,nails & spikes ,outlook]s ,labor ,,cov]+ ,%ea?+ lumb] ,floor+ ,%ea?+ pap] ,corn] bo>ds ,base ,cas+s ,sid+ ,cornice ,%+les ,labor ,,ro(+ ,t9 ,gutt] l9+s ,%+le ,sold] ,slate ,cre/+ ,tile ,f9ials ,pap] or felt ,conductor hooks & fa/5+s1 ,hang+ gutt]s nails & hooks ,conductor pipes ,ca/ %oes or boots ,conductor heads ,labor ,fla%+s ,,pla/]+ ,la? ,?ree-coat "w ,lime ,pla/] bo>d ,s& ,pat5t pla/] ,hair ,til+1 m>ble1 etc4 ,pla/] ( ,p>is ,/ucco cornices ,pla/]+ mort> ,/ucco ar*es ,deaf5+ ,/ucco c5t]s ,back pla/]+ ,nails ,"o-coat "w ,labor ,two-coat "w ,,jo9]y ,,inside ,,& ,,outside ,,f9i% ,w9d[ frames ,doors ,door frames ,base ,sa%es ,ar*itraves ,corn] & pl9? blocks ,po/s ,outside & inside bl9ds ,columns ,brackets ,balu/]s ,wa9scot+ ,h& rail+ ,mold+s ,nails & screws ,plan$ lumb] ,labor ,,/airs ,r\gh lumb] ,h& rail+ ,treads & ris]s ,balu/]s ,/r+s ,brackets ,sp&rels ,bolts ,mold+s ,nails & screws ,newels ,labor ,,h>dw>e ,mortise locks ,sa% lifts ,rim locks ,sa% cord ,padlocks ,transom lift]s ,butts 7v>i\s sizes7 ,cupbo>d cat*es ,wr\ght butts ,hooks & eyes ,/rap h+es ,draw] pulls ,bl9d h+es ,mortise bolts ,sa% fa/5]s ,door /ops ,sa% weights ,door hang]s ,%utt] b>s ,axle pulleys ,,heat+ ,,& ,,v5tilat+ ,,sy/em ,,hot-,,air ,,heat+ ,furnace ,regi/]s ,cold-air ducts & slide ,%eet-t9 & asbe/os damp]s fire protection ,hot-air pipes1 elb[s1 & damp]s ,smoke pipe ,regi/] boxes ,labor ,,/eam ,,heat+ ,boil] ,smoke pipe ,regulat+ & safety ,/eam pipes appliances ,return pipes ,fitt+s ,galvaniz$ %eet-iron cas+s ,hang]s = indirect /acks ,indirect1 direct-indirect1 ,%eet-iron indirect flues1 scre5s1 & direct radiators & damp]s ,valves ,indirect regi/]s & boxes ,air v5ts ,japann+ & bronz+ ,floor & ceil+ plates ,pipe cov]+s ,labor ,,hot-,,wat] ,,heat+ ,heat] ,automatic damp] regulator ,smoke pipe ,expansion tanks ,radiators1 pipes1 fitt+s1 etc41 same z = /eam heat+ ,labor ,,plumb+ ,,& ,,gas-,,fitt+ ,,plumb+ ,,fixtures ,kit*5 range ) wat]-back ,kit*5 s9ks ,plunge ba?s ,pantry s9ks ,%[] ba?s ,slop s9ks ,foot ba?s ,laundry tubs ,sitz ba?s ,safes ,wa% bas9s ,hot- & cold-wat] faucets ,wat] closets = fixtures ,ur9als ,labor ,,wat] ,,supply ,city ,supply ,pumps ,p]mits ,supply tanks ,corporation connections ,outside pip+ ,excavation ,lawn & g>d5 hydrants ,extra-heavy lead1 iron or ,fitt+s1 etc4 brass s]vice pipe ,wr\ght-iron pipe fitt+s ,curb cock & box ,brass pipe fitt+s ,/op & wa/e ,lead pipe fitt+s ,well ,supply ,sold] nipples ,/orage ci/]ns ,/op-cocks ,ci/]n filt]s ,pipe /raps ,metal tacks ,wip+ sold] ,kit*5 boil] & /& ,labor ,,h\se ,,dra9age ,p]mits ,lead soil1 wa/e1 ,sew] connections & v5t pipes ,excavations ,lead traps ,vitrifi$ sew] pipe ,brass traps & fitt+s ,fixture connections 7brass7 ,e>!nw>e traps ,wr\ght-iron1 galvaniz$1 or ,portl& cem5t asphalt-coat$ dra91 soil1 ,unglaz$ dra9 pipe & v5t pipes & fitt+s ,ca/-iron soil pipe & ,fre%-air inlets1 v5t caps fitt+s ,v5t-pipe fla%+s ,lead & oakum ,wall hooks1 /raps1 b&s1 ,ca/-iron traps & hang]s ,h&holes & clean\ts ,wip+ sold] ,lead b5ds1 brass f]rules ,labor ,,gas-,,fitt+ ,p]mit ,*&eli]s ,tapp+ ma9 ,p5dants ,excavation ,wall brackets ,met]s ,pill> lights ,/op-cocks ,globes1 %ades1 & firegu>ds ,drip cups ,gas /oves & ranges ,pip+ ,gas-heat] connections ,/raps & hang]s ,labor ,fitt+s ,pressure regulators ,,pa9t+ ,,& ,,pap]+ ,,pa9t+ ,body ( h\se ,floors ,trimm+s ,ceil+s ,bl9ds ,walls ,ro( ,sa% ,por*es ,%elv+ ,inside "w ,mantels ,oil+ ,f5ces ,poli%+ ,outbuild+s ,v>ni%+ ,labor ,,pap]+ ,pap] ,l9+ pap] ,bord]s ,labor ,,glaz+ ,%eet glass ,ribb$ glass 7s+le or d\ble ?ick7 ,fro/$ glass ,plate glass ,glazi]s' po9ts ,lead$ glass ,putty 7/a9$ or cle>7 ,labor ,,excavation #g4 ,excavation is g5]ally measur$ by ! cubic y>d1 al?\gh1 9 a few localities1 measurem5t by ! p]* is /ill 9 use4 ,if ! latt] me?od is adopt$1 x %\ld be /at$ j :at is meant by a p]*1 z ?is v>ies consid]ably 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,be=e fix+ ! price = excavation1 x is advisable to inve/igate ! "* ( ! soil by mak+ bor+ te/s4 ,:]e !re is rock to be bla/$ 9 mak+ ! excavation1 a special price %\ld be giv5 9 ! e/imate4 ,if ! gr\nd is wet1 r5d]+ pump+ necess>y1 provision %\ld be made = ! co/ ( ! extra labor ne$$4 ,! disposition to be made ( ! excavat$ mat]ial %\ld also be consid]$2 if x mu/ be haul$ a long di/ance1 ! co/ w be mu* great] ?an if ! soil c be wa/$ ne> by4 ,to aid 9 e/imat+ ! actual co/1 x is conv5i5t & approximately correct to consid] #a cubic y>d ( ord9>y e>? z a load = an ord9>y two-horse wagon4 ,9 mak+ calculations ( ! am\nt ( mat]ial to be remov$1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to note ! exi/+ levels ( ! gr\nd & ^? requir$ by ! draw+s4 ,! excavation %\ld be figur$ 7& made7 at lea/ #a foot great] ?an ! size ( ! f\ndation1 s z to provide room = sett+ ! masonry1 po9t+1 etc4 ,excavation = pipes1 dra9s1 etc4 %\ld be at lea/ #i in*es wid] ?an ! diamet] ( ! pipe to be laid !re94 ,if ! soil 9 :i* ! excavation is to be made is ( a loose & s&y nature t is liable to crumble & slide1 a slope1 say ( #c in*es horizontal to #a foot v]tical1 %\ld be all[$ on bo? sides ( ! tr5*es4 ,if ! latt] are ( consid]able dep?1 x is sometimes necess>y to curb or %ore up ! sides1 9 :i* case an all[ance %\ld be made 9 ! e/imate = ! lumb] requir$4 ,if piles are requir$1 !y %\ld be figur$ at s mu* p] l9e> foot1 driv54 ,,actual ,,co/ ,,( ,,excavation #h4 ,9 ord] t an idea may be =m$ ( ! actual co/ ( excavat+ v>i\s k9ds ( soils1 figures bas$ on "w actually p]=m$ are "h giv54 ,on ?is "w1 = a day ( #h h\rs1 a labor] 0 paid #b1 & a driv] ) a two-horse team1 #d4 ,z a rule1 "o labor] c excavate ab\t #g cubic y>ds ( s&y soil 9 #h h\rs4 ,?us1 at ! rate ( #be c5ts p] h\r1 ! co/ ( excavat+ ?is k9d ( soil is ab\t #bh c5ts p] cubic y>d1 provid$ ! mat]ial is wa/$ ar\nd ! build+4 ,to ?is figure1 h[ev]1 mu/ be add$ #d or #e c5ts to cov] ! =eman's wages1 ! exact am\nt dep5d+ on ! numb] ( m5 "u ! =eman4 ,?is br+s ! total co/ p] cubic y>d to ab\t #cc c5ts4 ,:5 ! mat]ial has to be c>t$ away1 ! co/ is fur!r increas$4 ,a team ) a driv] c haul away ab\t #bj cubic y>ds ( soil 9 a day if ! haul is only ab\t mile4 ,9 ord] to d ?is1 h[ev]1 an extra wagon mu/ be at h& s t ! labor]s c be load+ "o wagon :ile ! team is haul+ away ! o!r4 ,?us1 ! co/ ( haul+ #a cubic y>d ( excavat$ mat]ial mile is #bj c5ts4 ,! total co/1 !re=e1 ( excavat+ #a cubic y>d ( s&y soil & haul+ x mile is #cc #bj #ec c5ts4 #i4 ,if ! soil is compact gravel1 ! co/ ( excavat+1 includ+ ! =eman's "t1 w be f #cd to #fe c5ts p] cubic y>d1 dep5d+ on its h>dness4 ,x co/s ab\t ! same to haul compact gravel z x does to haul s&y soil4 ,! exact co/ ( excavat+ wet soil _c be giv51 z ! conditions enc\nt]$ may v>y 9 ea* case4 ,9 a /at$ "t1 a labor] w excavate ne>ly z mu* wet mat]ial z dry mat]ial1 b ! conditions ( %eet pil+ & pump+ out wat] makes ! price unc]ta94 ,su* excavation is usually c>ri$ on at a co/ ( f #ge c5ts to #a4be p] cubic y>d4 ,9 excavat+ rock1 ?ree m5--"o rockman & two labor]s--usually "w toge!r4 ,= a day ( #h h\rs1 ! rockman receives #c & ea* labor] gets #b4 ,toge!r1 !re=e1 ! wages ( ! ?ree am\nts to #g a day4 ,^! m5 w excavate ab\t #f cubic y>ds ( rock 9 #a day1 mak+ ! rock excavation co/ #a4ag p] cubic y>d4 ,to ?is mu/ be add$ ! co/ ( explosives1 :i* is ab\t #aj c5ts p] cubic y>d1 & ! we> on tools4 ,?is latt] exp5se c h>dly be e/imat$1 b may also be consid]$ z #aj c5ts p] cubic y>d1 ?us br++ ! total co/ ( rock excavation up to #a4cg p] cubic y>d = rock wa/$ at ! build+4 #aj4 ,to sum up1 excavation 9 s&y soil wa/$ ar\nd ! build+ co/s #cc c5ts p] cubic y>d2 if haul$ mile1 x co/s #ec c5ts p] cubic y>d4 ,if ! soil is compact gravel & is wa/$ ar\nd ! build+1 excavation co/s f #cd to #fe c5ts p] cubic y>d2 if haul$ mile1 f #ed to #he c5ts p] cubic y>d4 ,wet excavation ) no pil+ or pump+ co/s ab\t ! same z dry2 ) pil+ & pump+1 x co/s f #ge c5ts to #a4be p] cubic y>d4 ,rock "w co/s #a4cg p] cubic y>d if wa/$ ar\nd ! build+4 ,^! figures d n include ! contractor's pr(it4 ,,contractor',s ,,me?od ,,( ,,figur+ ,,excavation #aa4 ,besides ! actual co/ ( excavation1 ! contractor1 9 e/imat+1 mu/ include su* items z (fice exp5ses1 build]'s pr(its1 etc4 ,! foll[+ me?od ( figur+1 :i* is employ$ by ! e/imator ( a l>ge contract+ firm 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 w !re=e be f\nd useful4 ,z 9 ! prec$+ case1 ! prices w be f\nd to v>y 9 diff]5t localities2 !re=e1 ! figures giv5 %\ld only be us$ z a guide 9 e/imat+4 ,! prices are bas$ on labor at #b p] day ( #h h\rs & a two-horse team & driv] at #e p] day ( #h h\rs4 ,! excavation is assum$ to be made 9 gr\nd v>y+ f made gr\nd to a mod]ately /iff clay4 ,! prices d n include ! co/ ( %or+ or pump+1 & are bas$ on ! assumption t !re is no fro/ ( any acc\nt :ile op]ations are be+ c>ri$ out4 ,f\r classes ( excavation are recogniz$3 #a4 ,excavation 9 tr5*es up to #e feet deep1 excavat$ mat]ial spread on site ab\t tr5*es1 includ+ back fill+ ar\nd walls1 co/s f #dj to #ej c5ts p] cubic y>d4 #b4 ,tr5*es f #e to #aj feet deep1 excavat$ mat]ial spread on site adjac5t to tr5*es1 includ+ back fill+ ar\nd walls1 co/s f #fe to #ge c5ts p] cubic y>d4 #c4 ,= cell>s1 or simil> digg+1 up to #f feet deep & hav+ an area l>ge en\gh to use a pl[ = loos5+ ! e>? 7say areas #ej ft4 #bj ft4 & ov]71 excavat$ mat]ial be+ spread on site adjac5t to "w1 co/s f #cc to #ch c5ts p] cubic y>d if a scoop c be us$1 & f #dj to #de c5ts p] cubic y>d if ! mat]ial mu/ be load$ on a wagon to haul x out ( ! excavation4 #d4 ,:5 ! conditions are ! same z ^? j giv51 except t ! excavation is f #f to #aj feet deep1 ! price is ab\t #de c5ts p] cubic y>d4 ,! prices j giv5 d n include haul+1 except %ort hauls imm$iately 9 ! vic9ity ( ! op]ations4 ,! co/ ( haul+ w dep5d on ! di/ance to ! place :]e ! mat]ial is to be dump$4 #ab4 ,to obta9 ! co/ ( any ( ! classes ( excavation j giv51 includ+ haul+1 divide ! hire ( ! team p] day by ! numb] ( cubic y>ds t c be remov$ to ! dump+ place p] day1 & increase ! prec$+ prices by t am\nt4 ,to figure ! co/ ( %eet pil+1 measure ! area to be %eet-pil$ & all[ = su* /r+]s & braces z judgm5t may sugge/4 ,s9ce ! lumb] may be us$ = o!r purposes aft] s]v+ z pil+1 its value %\ld be e/imat$ at #ge p] c5t4 ( ! m>ket price4 ,x usually co/s ab\t #g p] ?\s& feet to put ! pil+ 9 place4 ,z a rule1 #c #aj planks are us$ = ?is purpose4 ,! =ego+ prices cov] ! g5]al run ( build+ "w4 ,= l>ge (fice build+s & o!r /ructures ( a simil> nature1 :]e x is necess>y to excavate to a dep? ( ab\t #be feet & :]e sev]al v>ieties ( gr\nd are likely to be enc\nt]$1 an av]age price = digg+ 7exclusive ( pump+ or %or+1 b includ+ a haul n exce$+ #a mile7 is #a4be p] cubic y>d4 ,if l>ge b\ld]s are likely to be enc\nt]$ 9 excavat+1 ! price %\ld be at lea/ #a4ej p] cubic y>d4 ,,dit* ,,"w #ac4 ,9 e/imat+ ! co/ ( dit* "w1 !re are sev]al factors t influ5ce ! price4 ,a n>r[ dit* co/s m to dig p] cubic y>d ?an a wide "o2 likewise1 a deep dit* co/s m ?an a %all[ "o4 ,foll[+ are giv5 prices = lay+ agricultural dra9 til+4 ,:ile ^! figures d n include build]'s pr(it1 !y are bas$ on ! actual co/ ( "w1 ! wages = a day ( #h h\rs be+ #b = labor]s1 #b4ej = ! =eman1 & #d = a horse & driv]4 ,9 sections ( ! c\ntry :]e high] wages are paid1 x w be necess>y to increase ! figures at a proportional rate :5 mak+ e/imates4 ,= tr5*es #c feet deep & #ah in*es wide1 9 v h>d1 clay soil ) ab\t #aj in*es ( loam on top1 ! co/ ( excavat+ is ab\t #ab c5ts p] l9e> foot1 or #gb c5ts p] cubic y>d4 ,= fill+ 9 ! tr5* ) ! aid ( a team & a scrap]1 x co/s c5t p] l9e> foot4 ,= lay+ a #d-;in* tile1 includ+ di/ribut+ along ! tr5*1 ! co/ is c5t p] l9e> foot4 ,= pick+ /ones (f ( ! gr\nd & plac+ !m ov] ! pipe to a dep? ( ab\t #h in*es1 x co/s #b c5ts p] l9e> foot4 ,ea* outlet built ( field /ones laid 9 cem5t co/s f #e to #h4 ,,calculat+ ,,! ,,volume ,,( ,,an ,,excavation ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a #ad4 ,! ord9>y rules ( m5suration are all t are ne$$ to compute ! volume ( any excavation4 ,! "w is v simple :5 ! area to be remov$ is regul>2 b :5 ! outl9es are v irregul> & brok51 ! easie/ me?od to employ 9 calculat+ ! excavation is to divide ! plan into geometrical figures t are easy to compute1 & !n calculate ! area ( ea* "o sep>ately4 ,add+ ^! areas & multiply+ _! sum by ! dep? ( ! cell> w give ! volume ( ! excavation4 ,?is me?od w be made cle> by ref]r+ to ,fig4 #a1 :i* repres5ts ! plan ( an irregul> f\ndation4 ,to compute ! area ( ! excavation1 ! plan is divid$ into ! rectangles a d c b1 l k b m1 j i h g1 g f e c1 & ! polygons n q p o1 t u r s1 & a x w v4 ,by scal+ on ! draw+ ! dim5sions ( ^! figures1 ! area ( ea* may !n be readily det]m9$ by calculation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b #ae4 ,x is sometimes necess>y to f9d ! volume ( an excavation1 ! surface ( :i* is v irregul>1 z 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,9 su* a case1 ! foll[+ me?od may be us$3 ,divide ! surface ( ! excavation into a numb] ( squ>es1 or rectangles1 z at d e f c2 ^! repres5t ! ends ( prisms1 ! o!r ends ( :i* are ! bottom ( ! excavation1 z at a h g b4 ,!n calculate ! volume ( ea* prism by asc]ta9+ ! height ( ! f\r corn]s above ! bottom2 add ^! measurem5ts toge!r1 divide ! sum by #d 7! numb] ( corn]s71 & multiply ! result by ! end area1 z a h g b2 ! product w be ! volume ( ! prism4 ,! sum ( ^! p>tial volumes w be an accurate e/imate ( ! cont5ts ( ! excavation4 ,,concrete ,,"w #af4 ,pla9 concrete "w is usually paid = by ! cubic y>d4 ,! contractor furni%es all mat]ial1 includ+ ! lumb]1 to make ! =ms2 he also erects ! =ms & removes !m aft] ! concrete has be5 plac$4 ,!re is no fix$ practice reg>d+ op5+s 9 walls4 ,usually1 small op5+s "u1 say1 #ajj squ>e feet 9 sup]ficial area are consid]$ z solid4 ,all l>g] op5+s are d$uct$ f ! "w :5 measur+ = paym5t4 ,9 "s localities1 ! actual volume ( ! concrete "w is tak5 by ! contractor z a basis ( ! co/4 ,9 ei!r case1 x is ( prime importance t ! ar*itect & ! contractor make "s di/9ct agreem5t be=eh& z to exactly h[ ! concrete "w is to be measur$ & paid =4 ,re9=c$-concrete "w is also (t5 measur$ by ! cubic y>d1 al?\gh sometimes x is contract$ = z a f9i%$ build+4 ,! /eel re9=cem5t is sometimes includ$ 9 ! price4 ,(t51 pat5t$ /eel re9=cem5t is b\ght sep>ately & deliv]$ to ! contractor2 at o!r times1 ! contractor buys ! pat5t$ /eel or else makes x & pays a royalty to ! hold] ( ! pat5t4 ,re9=c$-concrete floors are sometimes measur$ by ! cubic y>d & sometimes by ! squ>e y>d1 accord+ to agreem5t4 ,pavem5ts are usually measur$ by ! squ>e foot or by ! squ>e y>d4 ,9 ,table ,,ii are giv5 ! co/s ( /one concrete & gravel concrete4 ,^! figures d n include build]'s pr(it1 co/ ( sup]9t5d5ce1 or co/ ( =ms4 ,!y are bas$ on ! foll[+ co/s3 ,labor1 #be c5ts p] h\r2 cem5t1 #b p] b>rel2 s&1 #a4ej p] cubic y>d2 cru%$ /one1 #a4fe p] cubic y>d2 gravel1 #a p] cubic y>d4 ,to ! values giv5 9 ! table1 ! price ( ! wood5 =ms1 bo? = mat]ial & erection1 mu/ be add$4 ,?is ( c\rse v>ies consid]ably1 accord+ to :e!r ! "w is /raight or has a numb] ( corn]s & op5+s 9 x4 ,,table ,,ii ,,co/ ,,( ,,pla9 ,,/one ,,concrete ,mixture ,quantity ,co/ ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,cem5t,s& ,brok5,cem5t,s& ,brok5,cem5t,s& ,brok5,labor,total ,p>ts,p>ts ,/one ,b>- ,cubic ,/one ,/one ,p>ts rels ,y>ds ,cubic ,y>ds ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #a #b #d #a4e 4#de 4#ij #c4jj 4#fh #a4di 4#ge #e4ib #a #c #e #a4a 4#ej 4#he #b4bj 4#ge #a4dj 4#ge #e4aj #a #c #f #a4j 4#de 4#ij #b4jj 4#fh #a4di 4#ge #d4ib ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,co/ ,,( ,,pla9 ,,gravel ,,concrete ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,mixture ,quantity ,co/ ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,cem5t,s& ,gravel,cem5t,s& ,gravel,cem5t,s&,gravel,labor,total ,p>ts,p>ts,p>ts ,b>- ,cubic,cubic rels ,y>ds,y>ds ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #a #b #d #a4c 4#d 4#hj #b4fj 4#fj 4#hj 4#ge #d4ge #a #c #e #a4j 4#e 4#hj #b4jj 4#ge 4#hj 4#ge #d4cj #a #c #f 4#i 4#d 4#he #a4hj 4#fj 4#he 4#ge #d4jj ,! price ( =ms1 includ+ bo? mat]ial & erection1 may be said to v>y f #ej c5ts = ord9>y cell> "w to #b = heavy reta9+ walls p] cubic y>d ( concrete plac$4 ,,data ,,on ,,re9=c$-,,concrete ,,build+ #ag4 ,! co/ ( re9=c$-concrete build+s v>ies ) ! m>ket price ( cem5t & ! /eel b>s or metal us$ = re9=c+4 ,at pres5t1 re9=c$-concrete build+s ( ! factory type con/ruct$ ( common1 h>d1 /ret*]-brick walls & re9=c$-concrete floors1 ro(1 & columns ) f\ndations may be built = f #a4ce to #a4fe p] squ>e foot ( floor area4 ,usually1 ! height ( ceil+s 9 factory build+s is ab\t #ad feet f floor to floor1 ?us mak+ ! co/ ( ?is type ( build+ approximately f #aj to #ab c5ts p] cubic foot4 ,= build+s ( a bett] comm]cial type1 ) face-brick walls & t]ra-cotta trimm+s1 ! co/ p] squ>e foot ( floor area w range f #a4fe to #a4ij1 mak+ ! co/ p] cubic foot f #ab to #ad c5ts4 ,re9=c$-concrete build+s1 z a rule1 exce$ ! co/ ( build+s ( sl[-burn+ con/ruction ( ! same size by an am\nt ab\t equal to ! co/ ( ! metallic re9=cem5t4 ,9 o!r words1 a build+ ( re9=c$ concrete co/s f #aj to #be p] c5t4 m ?an ! same build+ ( sl[-burn+ con/ruction4 ,! price ( re9=c$ concrete p] cubic y>d v>ies )9 wide limits1 dep5d+ on ! mass ( concrete employ$ & ! intricacies ( ! =ms4 ,9 build+ con/ruction1 re9=c$ concrete1 includ+ ! price ( ! =ms1 c usually be plac$ = f #ab to #ah p] cubic y>d1 ! co/ ( ! /eel re9=cem5t be+ add$4 ,:]e ! build+ is ( consid]able height1 ! same =ms us$ 9 ! ?ree l[] /ories may be us$ 9 con/ruct+ ! balance ( ! build+4 ,9 su* a case1 ! co/ ( ! =ms w probably n exce$ #f = ea* cubic y>d ( concrete plac$4 ,if ! build+ is only two or ?ree /ories 9 height1 & ! "w is ru%$ by us+ new c5t]+ 9 ea* floor1 ! co/ ( ! =ms w range f #g to #i p] cubic y>d ( concrete4 ,! co/ ( =m "w = floor con/ruction w range f #aj to #ab c5ts p] squ>e foot4 ,column =ms w co/ 9 ! neighborhood ( #bj or #be c5ts p] runn+ foot4 ,! =ms us$ = f9e concrete-wall con/ruction require consid]able "t & brac+1 & g5]ally mu/ be execut$ ) great c>e :]e f9i%$ "w is requir$4 ,su* =ms w co/ f #h to #aj c5ts p] squ>e foot ( =m on bo? sides ( ! wall1 b w greatly exce$ ?is price if mold$ c\rses or panel$ sp&rels are to be =m$ & lett]+ is to be cut 9 ! "w4 #ah4 ,9 e/imat+ ! co/ ( re9=c$-concrete slabs1 ! co/ ( ! c5t]+1 ! concrete1 & ! /eel re9=cem5ts mu/ be consid]$4 ,! co/ ( c5t]+ = slab "w v>ies f #e to #g c5ts p] squ>e foot1 ! latt] figure probably be+ m ne>ly correct = usual conditions4 ,! concrete = pla9 re9=c$-concrete slab con/ruction on /eel beams c be plac$ = ab\t #e4fj p] cubic y>d1 or #a c5ts = a squ>e foot #a in* 9 ?ickness4 ,at pres5t m>ket values1 ! /eel = re9=c+ slabs c usually be consid]$ z co/+ ab\t #c c5ts a p\nd1 ! p\nd price increas+ z ! rods decrease 9 size4 ,table ,,iii gives ! approximate co/1 9 c5ts p] squ>e foot1 ( con/ruct+ diff]5t ?icknesses ( re9=c$-concrete slabs on /eel-beam con/ruction ) ! diff]5t sizes ( re9=c+ b>s usually employ$4 ,! prices include co/ ( c5t]+1 concrete1 & /eel re9=cem5t4 #ai4 ,table ,,iii _c be us$ = e/imat+ ! co/ ( a re9=c$-concrete floor ) re9=c$-concrete beams & gird]s4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( su* a floor1 ! c5t]+ is mu* m co/ly ?an :]e /eel beams are us$ = ! support ( ! floor slab4 ,on an av]age1 ! c5t]+ = ! re9=c$-concrete floor sy/ems1 includ+ ! /udd+ & %or+1 w co/ f #bj to #bb c5ts p] squ>e foot1 ! sides ( ! beam & gird] =ms be+ includ$ 9 ! squ>e-foot e/imate4 ,?is co/ is mat]ially r$uc$ :]e ! c5t]+ is us$ ov] & ov] aga9 = ! con/ruction ( upp] floors1 s t :]e ! build+ is six or eight /ories 9 height1 ! av]age co/ ( ! c5t]+ w n exce$ #aj or #ab c5ts p] squ>e foot1 includ+ %or+1 z j m5tion$4 ,ow+ to ! difficulty enc\nt]$ 9 plac+ ! concrete 9 ! beams1 ! tamp+ requir$ ) slice b>s1 etc41 & ! exp5se ( plac+ ! re9=cem5t1 ! concrete = su* con/ruction w co/ ab\t #g4ej or #h p] cubic y>d4 ,! /eel = ! entire con/ruction w usually av]age f #c to #d c5ts a p\nd1 dep5d+ on :e!r pla9 rods or de=m$ b>s are us$1 or :e!r ! sy/em is made up ( loose rods or fabricat$ frames4 ,9 e/imat+ ! co/ ( su* a floor sy/em1 ! c5t]+ %\ld be figur$ by a c>efully itemiz$ e/imate1 or r\ghly f ! prec$+ figures4 ,! am\nt ( concrete 9 bo? ! slab beams & columns %\ld be e/imat$1 & ! total numb] ( cubic y>ds requir$ = ! entire "w %\ld be det]m9$2 !n ! unit price = provid+ & plac+ ! concrete %\ld be c>efully consid]$ ) ref]5ce to local conditions ( labor & co/ ( mat]ial4 ,,table ,,iii ,,co/ ,,9 ,,c5ts ,,p] ,,squ>e ,,foot ,,( ,,re9=c$- ,,concrete ,,floor ,,slabs ,,support$ ,,on ,,/eel ,,beams ,?ickness_/-,in* -,in* _/-,in* -,in* -,in* ( ,slab ,diamet] ,diamet],diamet] ,diamet],diamet] ,in*es ,rods at ,rods at ,rods at ,rods at ,rods at #f-;,in* #f-;,in* #f-;,in* #f-;,in* #f-;,in* ,c5t]s ,c5t]s ,c5t]s ,c5t]s ,c5t]s ---------------------------------------- ----------- #c #ad4hg #ae4eh #d #ae4ge #af4df #ag4bd #d #af4fb #ag4cc #ah4aa #ah4hg #e #ag4ej #ah4ba #ai4jj #ai4ge #bj4hg #e #ah4cg #ai4jh #ai4hg #bj4fb #bb4fb #f #ai4be #ai4if #bj4ge #ba4ej #bc4ej ,,cem5t ,,cell> ,,floors #bj4 ,9 det]m9+ ! co/ ( cem5t cell> floors1 ! concrete prop] & ! top coat %\ld be consid]$ sep>ately4 ,! concrete prop] is usually reckon$ by ! cubic y>d4 ,ab\t #a h\r m is requir$ to lay a cubic y>d ( floor ?an is necess>y = pla9 concrete "w4 ,!re=e1 9 e/imat+1 #be c5ts p] cubic y>d1 or ! wages ( a labor] = #a h\r1 mu/ be add$ to ! figures giv5 9 ,table ,,ii4 ,a #a-c-f mixture is g5]ally us$4 ,= /one concrete1 !n1 ! co/ ( ! concrete prop] = a cem5t cell> floor w\ld be #e4ag p] cubic y>d1 exclusive ( ! co/ ( sup]vision & ! build]'s pr(it4 ,an analysis ( ! co/ p] squ>e y>d ( top coat #a in* ?ick = a cem5t cell> floor is z foll[s3 ,co/ ,c5ts h\r1 pla/]]'s "t1 at #de c5ts p] h\r #aa h\r1 labor]'s "t1 at #be c5ts p] h\r #f _/ b>rel ( cem5t1 at #b p] b>rel #ac b>rel ( :ite s&1 at #ge c5ts p] b>rel #i ------ ,approximate co/ p] squ>e y>d #dj ,to ! =ego+ %\ld be add$ ! co/ ( sup]vision & build]'s pr(it4 ,,concrete ,,build+ ,,blocks #ba4 ,concrete build+ blocks usually pres5t ab\t #b squ>e feet ( surface 9 ! wall & are g5]ally #h in*es ?ick1 ?us mak+ a volume ( #a cubic feet4 ,s9ce "o-?ird ( ?is volume z a rule is air space1 ! actual volume ( concrete is a little less ?an #a cubic foot4 ,! mat]ials 9 a block ( ?is k9d1 if us$ 9 a #a-d mixture1 w co/ ab\t #ah c5ts4 ,if ! block is #ab in*es ?ick in/ead ( #h in*es1 ! mat]ials w co/ ab\t half aga9 z mu*1 or #bg c5ts4 ,! co/ ( labor to manufacture ^! blocks dep5ds on :e!r !y are made 9 great quantities1 & ! wages paid ! workm51 etc41 & v>ies f #f to #aj c5ts = ea* block4 ,to lay a block 9 ! wall co/s f #e to #aj c5ts1 #g c5ts be+ ab\t ! av]age price4 ,?is price includes ! mort> us$ 9 lay+4 ,= team+ & haulage1 an all[ance ( #e c5ts p] block is usually suffici5t4 ,! co/ p] block1 #h in*es ?ick1 set 9 ! wall is !n z foll[s3 ,,maximum ,,co/ ,,m9imum ,,co/ ,,c5ts ,,c5ts ,mat]ials #ah #ah ,labor #aj #f ,plac+ #aj #e ,haulage #e none ------ ---- ,total #dc #bi ,^! results divid$ by #b w give ! co/ ( ! wall p] squ>e foot1 s9ce ea* block is suppos$ to h a surface ( #b squ>e feet4 ,if ! wall is #ab in*es ?ick in/ead ( #h in*es1 "o-half z mu* aga9 %\ld be add$ to ! price4 ,,masonry #bb4 ,/one masonry is g5]ally measur$ by ! p]*2 9 "s sections ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 h[ev]1 measurem5t by ! cord is pref]r$1 b ! be/ me?od 7z be+ inv>iable7 is by ! cubic y>d4 ,9 e/imat+ by ! p]*1 x is necess>y to /ate h[ mu* ! p]* is tak5 at1 :e!r #bd or #be cubic feet4 ,note %\ld also be made 9 reg>d to corn]s & d$uction = op5+s4 ,9 mo/ localities x is n cu/om>y to d$uct op5+s "u a c]ta9 size1 & corn]s are usually measur$ twice4 #bc4 ,r\gh /one f ! qu>ry is g5]ally sold "u two classifications2 namely1 rubble & dim5sion /one4 ,rubble consi/s ( pieces ( irregul> size1 su* z are mo/ easily obta9$ f ! qu>ry1 up to #ab in*es 9 ?ickness by #bd in*es 9 l5g?4 ,/one ord]$ ( a c]ta9 size1 or to squ>e ov] #bd in*es ea* way & to be ( a p>ticul> ?ickness1 is call$ dim5sion /one4 ,rubble masonry & /one back+ are g5]ally figur$ by ! p]* or cubic y>d4 ,dim5sion-/one foot+s are measur$ by ! squ>e foot unless !y are built ( l>ge1 irregul> /one1 9 :i* case !y are measur$ ! same z rubble4 ,a%l> "w is always figur$ by ! sup]ficial foot2 op5+s are usually d$uct$1 & ! jambs are measur$ 9 ) ! face "w4 ,flagg+ & slabs ( all k9ds1 su* z he>?s1 treads = /eps1 etc41 are measur$ by ! squ>e foot2 sills1 l9tels1 mold+1 belt c\rses1 & cornices1 by ! l9e> foot2 & irregul> pieces1 by ! cubic foot4 ,all c>v$ "w is done at an agre$ price by ! piece4 ,,data ,,on ,,rubble ,,masonry #bd4 ,! foll[+ proportions & co/ ( mat]ials & am\nt ( labor requir$ to lay #a p]* ( rubble masonry are reasonably accurate1 & w s]ve to give an idea ( h[ to e/imate su* "w4 ,a p]* ( rubble masonry requires1 approximately1 #b1ejj p\nds ( /one4 ,,co/ ,,( ,,rubble ,,masonry ,us+ #a-to-#c ,lime ,mort> #a p]* ( /one 7#be cubic ft47 deliv]$ at "w #a4be #a bu%el ( lime 4#be cubic y>d ( s&1 at #a4ej p] cubic y>d 4#be day1 mason's labor1 at #c4bj p] day #a4fj day1 help]'s labor1 at #b p] day 4#ej ----- ,total #c4he ,us+ #a-to-#c ,portl&-,cem5t ,mort> #a p]* ( /one #a4be b>rel ( ,portl& cem5t1 at #b p] b>rel #a4ej cubic y>d ( s&1 at #a4ej p] cubic y>d 4#ch day1 mason's labor1 at #c4bj p] day #a4fj day1 help]'s labor1 at #b p] day 4#ej ----- ,total #e4bc ,to ! prec$+ am\nts %\ld be add$ ! co/ ( scaffold+ & ! build]'s pr(it4 ,if ! walls are ov] two /ories 9 height1 #fj c5ts p] p]* extra = hoi/+ %\ld be add$4 ,,data ,,on ,,flag/ones ,,& ,,curb+ #be4 ,flag/ones = sidewalks1 ord9>y /ock1 natural surface1 #c in*es ?ick1 ) jo9ts pit*$ to l9e1 9 l5g?s 7along walk7 f #c to #e feet1 w co/1 = a #c-;foot walk1 ab\t #aa c5ts p] squ>e foot 7if #b in*es ?ick1 #aj c5ts72 = a #d-;foot walk1 #ab c5ts2 & = a #e-;foot walk1 #af c5ts4 ,! co/ ( lay+ all sizes w av]age ab\t #c c5ts p] squ>e foot4 ,^! figures d n include co/ ( haul+4 ,curb+1 #d 94 #bd 941 granite1 w co/ f #dj to #ej c5ts p] l9e> foot at ! qu>ry2 digg+ & sett+ w co/ f #aj to #ab c5ts additional2 & ! co/ ( freight & haul+ mu/ also be add$4 ,,data ,,on ,,a%l> ,,& ,,cut ,,/one #bf4 ,! foll[+ figures are av]age prices = a%l> fac+ :5 ! transportation *>ges are n excessive1 & are n giv5 z fix$ values1 b m to %[ ! relative co/s4 ,!y include no?+ b pla9 a%l>1 & 9 e/imat+1 ! extra co/ ( sills1 l9tels1 wat]-tables1 belt c\rses1 cop+1 etc4 mu/ be add$4 ,^! prices are bas$ on qu>rym5's wages ( #b4ej p] day1 & /one-cutt]s' wages ( #d p] day4 ,good rock-face blue/one a%l>1 ) f #f- to #aj-;in* b$s1 dress$ ab\t #c in*es f face1 w co/1 ready = lay+1 f #cj to #dj c5ts p] squ>e foot1 face measure2 :ile a high] grade ( "w w co/ f #dj to #ee c5ts p] squ>e foot4 ,regul> c\rse blue/one a%l>1 f #ab to #ah in*es high & ) f #h- to #ab-;in* b$s1 w co/ ab\t #ej c5ts p] squ>e foot4 ,to ?is 7& ! previ\s figures7 mu/ be add$ ! co/ ( haul+1 :i*1 on an av]age1 w be ab\t #c c5ts p] squ>e foot4 ,to ! prec$+ figures mu/ also be add$ ! co/ ( sett+ ! a%l>4 ,9 e/imat+ ! co/ ( a%l> walls back$ ) brick1 ! wall is consid]$ z solid brick1 ! co/ ( sett+ ! a%l> be+ (fset by ! sav+ 9 co/ ( ! brick & mort> & ! labor result+ f mak+ "p ( ! ?ickness ( ! wall ( /one4 ,! co/ ( rak+ out ! jo9ts & po9t+1 :i* am\nts to ab\t #aj c5ts p] squ>e foot1 mu/ also be add$4 #bg4 ,! foll[+ figures %[ ! approximate co/ ( cut blue/one = v>i\s uses3 ,flag/one1 #e-;in*1 size #h' #aj'1 edges & top bu%-hamm]$1 p] sq4 ft41 face measure 4#ge ,flag/one1 #d-;in*1 size #e' #e'1 select /ock1 edges clean cut1 natural top1 p] sq4 ft4 4#de ,door sills1 #h #ab1 clean cut1 p] l94 ft4 #a4ce ,w9d[ sills1 #e #ab1 clean cut1 p] l94 ft4 4#hj ,w9d[ sills1 #d #h1 clean cut1 p] l94 ft4 4#de ,w9d[ sills1 #e #h1 clean cut1 p] l94 ft4 4#fj ,l9tels1 #d #aj1 clean cut1 p] l94 ft4 4#fe ,l9tels1 #h #ab1 clean cut1 p] l94 ft4 #a4be ,/eps1 saw$ /ock1 #g #ad1 p] l94 ft4 #a4aj ,wat]-table1 #h #ab1 clean cut1 p] l94 ft4 #a4be ,cop+1 #d #ba1 clean cut1 p] l94 ft4 #a4bj ,cop+1 #d #ba1 rock-face edges & top1 p] l94 ft4 4#ej ,cop+1 #c #ae1 rock-face edges & top1 p] l94 ft4 4#ce ,cop+1 #c #ah1 rock-face edges & top1 p] l94 ft4 4#dj ,plat=m1 #f in*es ?ick1 p] sq4 ft4 4#ej ,to ! prec$+ prices ( cut /one mu/ be add$ ! co/ ( sett+1 :i* = wat]-tables1 /eps1 etc4 w be ab\t #aj c5ts p] l9e> foot2 & = w9d[ sills1 etc41 ab\t #e c5ts p] l9e> foot4 ,9 addition1 ab\t #aj c5ts p] cubic foot = fitt+1 & ab\t #e c5ts p] cubic foot = trimm+ ! jo9ts aft] ! pieces are set 9 place1 %\ld be all[$4 #bh4 ,9 a day ( #h h\rs1 a /one cutt] c cut ab\t #d squ>e feet ( granite1 ab\t #f squ>e feet ( blue/one1 or ab\t #h squ>e feet ( ,ohio s&/one or lime/one4 ,^! figures are = #f-;cut1 pat5t-hamm]$ "w4 ,= rock-face a%l> 7b$s work$ ab\t #c in*es f face1 ! re/ pit*$71 a workman c dress f #ae to #be squ>e feet ( r&om a%l> p] day2 & f #ah to #bj squ>e feet ( c\rs$ a%l>4 ,9 dress+ lam9at$ /one1 f two to ?ree times m "w c be done 9 a day on ! natural surface ?an on ! edge ( lay]s4 ,9 figur+ cut /one1 ample all[ance %\ld be made = wa/e1 :i*1 on an av]age1 w be #ae p] c5t4 ,,additional ,,me?od ,,( ,,e/imat+ ,,a%l> #bi4 ,! foll[+ me?od ( e/imat+ ! co/ ( cut /one is employ$ by _m practical /one m54 ,x is bas$ on ! fact t mo/ a%l> walls h ab\t ! same numb] ( sills1 belt c\rses1 l9tels1 wat]-tables1 etc4 9 proportion to _! volume1 & !re=e all ! /onework1 bo? ! a%l> prop] & ! o!r cut /one1 may be lump$ toge!r at "o price p] cubic foot4 ,= e/imat+ purposes1 /one may be divid$ into two classes3 s(t /one1 su* z ! s&/ones1 & h>d /one1 su* z ! granites4 #cj4 ,s(t ,/one4--,indiana lime/one may be tak5 z an example ( s(t /one4 ,9 ! ,ea/]n ,p5nsylvania di/rict1 :]e ! /one cutt]s' wage rate is #ej c5ts p] h\r1 ! co/ ( ?is k9d ( /one is ab\t z foll[s3 ,r\gh blocks1 p] cubic foot 4#ge ,saw+1 jo9t+1 cutt+1 rubb+1 wa/e 9 /ock #a4ej ----- ,total #b4be ,if ! "w is tool$1 :i* is pref]able = ?is mat]ial1 #bj c5ts p] cubic foot %\ld be add$4 ,?us ! value 9 ! y>d1 b ready to set1 = an a%l> front1 includ+ wat]-table1 sills1 l9tels1 belt c\rses1 all ord9>y mold+s1 & pla9 cornices1 is #b4de p] cubic foot4 ,consoles1 d5tils1 panel+s1 & simil> ornam5tal "w1 mantels1 & int]ior "w h no fix$ prices1 b mu/ be gov]n$ by ! e/imator's k ( "t requir$ to cut any p>ticul> k9d1 sometimes rea*+ #e p] cubic foot4 ,if mold+s are deeply und]cut1 an extra price w h to be *>g$4 ,9 heavy "w1 :]e ! am\nt ( /ock is l>ge comp>$ ) ! am\nt ( dress+1 d$uctions may be made t sometimes am\nt to z mu* z #bj p] c5t4 ,rock-face "w is some:at m exp5sive ?an pla91 dress$ "w because ! project+ rock surface requires m /ock2 !re=e1 ab\t #aj p] c5t4 %\ld be add$4 ,x is cu/om>y to leave /one r\ghly cut to %ape = c>v+ 9 ! wall1 & !re=e ! sculptor det]m9es ! value f ! draw+s & includes ! co/ ( models1 :i* mu/ be approv$ by ! ar*itect be=e ! "w is cut4 ,circul> "w1 if pla91 co/s ab\t ! same z squ>e "w1 b if flut$ or re$$1 z 9 ! case ( columns1 x may co/ z mu* z #ej p] c5t4 additional4 #ca4 ,comp>$ ) lime/one1 ! prices ( o!r s(t /ones are z foll[s3 ,,co/ ,,( ,,= ,,cutt+ ,,/ock ,,p] ,,c5t4 ,connecticut br[n/one #a4be #bj ,long ,mead[ br[n/one #a4be #cj ,portage r$ /one #a4je #cj ,v]mont or ,georgia :ite m>ble #b4ae #ej ,p5nsylvania blue m>ble #b4jj #ej ,blue/one 4#hj #cj ,no def9ite price c be giv5 = m>ble1 z x comes 9 diff]5t grades & v>ieties4 ,! prices ( /ock j giv5 are = /ones ( common size4 ,if extra-l>ge or extra-long /ones are requir$1 _! price p] cubic foot w be great]4 ,! co/ ( transportation f ! qu>ries also influ5ces ! price ( /one4 ,?is co/ w v>y accord+ to ! di/ance ( ! qu>ry f ! location :]e ! /one is to be us$4 ,! co/ ( haul+ /one f ! y>d & sett+ x 9 ! wall runs f #dj to #ej c5ts p] cubic foot4 #cb4 ,granite4--,f9al e/imates ( cut granite by ! cubic foot are seldom made1 al?\gh approximate e/imates are (t5 made 9 t way by comp>+ a propos$ piece ( "w ) a simil> "o already complet$4 ,! reason = n mak+ f9al e/imates is t e additional mold+ or break 9 granite "w affects ! co/ consid]ably1 diff]+ greatly 9 ?is respect f s(t /one4 ,! fir/ note to be made by ! e/imator is 9 reg>d to ! co/ ( mat]ial4 ,good granite1 9 dim5sion sizes1 c be obta9$ f s\!rn qu>ries by rail = #fe c5ts p] cubic foot1 deliv]$4 ,! same exp5diture w buy v good ea/]n granite :]e ?r\gh wat] transportation is available4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! granite specifi$ is su* t x mu/ be obta9$ f ea/]n qu>ries hav+ only rail facilities = %ipm5t1 an addition ( #dj or #ej c5ts p] cubic foot w be requir$4 ,!re are also "s special grades ( granite t co/ #a4ej or m p] foot4 ,9 %ipp+ granite1 ! railroads usually all[ #h cubic y>ds to ! c>4 ,granite = monum5tal purposes co/s f #a4be to #e p] foot1 accord+ to ! size & quality4 ,at :olesale1 ! price fir/ m5tion$1 namely1 #fe c5ts p] cubic foot1 w buy z good1 sub/antial1 & h&some mat]ial z w g5]ally be requir$4 #cc4 ,ma*9]y is us$ ext5sively = cutt+ pla9 faces 9 granite1 & also to "s ext5t = mold+s & c>v$ "w4 ,e l9e 9 granite is co/ly to cut & mu/ be comput$ sep>ately4 ,= in/ance1 a pla9 face #ab in*es wide1 if cut by ma*9]y1 w co/ #de c5ts p] squ>e foot1 :ile if cut by h&1 :]e ! ma*9e _c be appli$1 x w co/ #fj c5ts4 ,a #b-;in* bevel1 z %[n at a1 ,fig4 #c1 w co/ #ej c5ts p] l9e> foot additional4 ,a scotia1 z %[n at b1 or o!r mold+1 z at c1 w co/ #fj c5ts p] l9e> foot additional = ea* memb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c ,all returns1 no matt] h[ small1 mu/ be c\nt$ z n less ?an #a foot4 ,circul> "w co/s f #ej to #ajj p] c5t4 m ?an /raight "w4 ,flutes or re$s 9 columns are v exp5sive1 & mu/ be calculat$ 9 ea* case accord+ to ! wid? & dep?4 ,all beads & jo9ts %\ld be c\nt$ at say #cj c5ts p] squ>e foot4 ,all not*es or rabbets are c\nt$ sep>ately1 accord+ to %ape & size4 ,! prec$+ prices are bas$ on :at is call$ pat5t-hamm]$1 six-cut "w4 ,eight-cut "w w co/ #ae p] c5t4 m1 & t5-cut "w1 :i* is seldom us$ 9 ord9>y build+ "w1 br+s #a p] squ>e foot4 ,rock-face "w 9 granite is *eap] ?an hamm]$ "w4 ,a good1 clean rock face %\ld be c\nt$ at #bj c5ts p] squ>e foot4 ,ax$1 or pe5-hamm]$1 "w is betwe5 rock face & six cut4 ,poli%+ pla9 surfaces co/s #a p] squ>e foot 9 addition to ! co/ ( cutt+1 surfaces hav+ wid?s ( #d in*es & "u c\nt+ z #f in*es1 & ^? ov] #f in*es up to #ab in*es c\nt+ z #a foot4 ,,brickwork #cd4 ,brickwork is g5]ally e/imat$ by ! ?\s& bricks laid 9 ! wall1 b measurem5ts by ! cubic y>d & ! p]* are also us$4 ,! foll[+ data w be useful 9 calculat+ ! numb] ( bricks 9 a wall4 ,= ea* sup]ficial1 or squ>e1 foot ( wall #d in*es 7! wid? ( "o brick7 9 ?ickness1 all[ #g bricks2 = a #i-;in* 7! wid? ( two bricks7 wall1 c\nt #ae bricks2 = a #ac-;in* 7! wid? ( ?ree bricks7 wall1 all[ #bb bricks2 & s on1 e/imat+ #g bricks = ea* additional #d in*es 9 ?ickness ( ! wall4 ,! prec$+ figures are = bricks ab\t #h 94 #d 94 #b 94 9 size4 ,if small] bricks are us$1 ! ?ickness ( ! walls w be decreas$ proportionately4 ,if brickwork is e/imat$ by ! cubic y>d1 all[ #ejj bricks to a y>d4 ,?is figure is bas$ on ! use ( bricks ( ! size j giv5 & mort> jo9ts n ov] in* ?ick4 ,if ! jo9ts are in* ?ick1 z 9 face brickwork1 #a cubic y>d w require ab\t #ege bricks4 ,9 mak+ calculations ( ! numb] ( bricks requir$1 an all[ance (1 say1 #e p] c5t4 %\ld be made = wa/e 9 breakage1 etc4 ,! practice 9 reg>d to d$uctions = op5+s is n uni=m ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b1 usually1 small op5+s are c\nt$ solid1 z ! co/ ( ! extra labor & ! wa/e 9 work+ ar\nd ^! places balances t ( ! brickwork sav$4 ,all l>ge op5+s1 #ajj squ>e feet or ov] 9 area1 %\ld be d$uct$4 ,:5 op5+s are measur$ solid1 x is n cu/om>y to all[ extra comp5sation = ar*es1 pila/]s1 corbels1 etc4 ,rubb$ & ornam5tal brickwork %\ld be measur$ sep>ately1 & *>g$ = at a special rate4 ,,data ,,on ,,brickwork #ce4 ,! foll[+ e/imates on ! co/ ( brickwork are v c>efully compil$1 & w be f\nd tru/wor?y4 ,x %\ld be und]/ood t ! prices w v>y ) ! co/ ( mat]ials & labor2 ! proportions1 h[ev]1 w be con/ant4 ,! figures are bas$ on kiln1 or actual1 c\nt2 t is1 ) d$uctions = op5+s4 ,:5 ! "w is measur$ ) no d$uctions = op5+s1 ! co/ p] ?\s& may be assum$ z ab\t #ae p] c5t4 less ?an ! prices giv51 :i* are exclusive ( scaffold+1 hoi/+1 & build]'s pr(it4 ,! scaffold+ w co/1 accord+ to conditions ( ! /ructure & site1 f #e to #g p] c5t4 ( ! prices giv54 ,,co/ ,,( ,,common ,,brickwork ,,p] ,,?\s& ,,bricks ,us+ #a-to-#c ,lime ,mort> #a1jjj bricks #h4jj #b bu%els ( lime1 at #be c5ts p] bu%el 4#ej cubic y>d ( s&1 at #a4ej p] cubic y>d 4#ge ,bricklay]1 #h h\rs1 at #ee c5ts p] h\r #d4dj ,labor]1 #h h\rs1 at #be c5ts p] h\r #b4jj ------ ,total #ae4fe ,us+ #a-to-#c ,portl&-,cem5t ,mort> #a1jjj bricks #h4jj #a b>rel ( ,portl& cem5t #b4jj cubic y>d ( s& 4#ge ,bricklay]1 #h h\rs1 at #ee c5ts p] h\r #d4dj ,labor]1 #h h\rs1 at #be c5ts p] h\r #b4jj ------ ,total #ag4ae ,us+ #a-to-#d ,lime-&-,cem5t ,mort> #a1jjj bricks #h4jj bu%el ( lime1 at #be c5ts p] bu%el 4#ai cubic y>d ( s& 4#ge b>rel ( cem5t1 at #b p] b>rel #a4cd ,bricklay]1 #h h\rs1 at #ee c5ts p] h\r #d4dj ,labor]1 #h h\rs1 at #be c5ts p] h\r #b4jj ------ ,total #af4fh ,,co/ ,,( ,,/raight1 ,,press$ ,,brickwork1 ,,p] ,,?\s& ,,bricks ,us+ ,lime-,putty ,mort> #a1jjj press$ bricks1 co/ f #bj to #dj 7av]age7 #cj4jj #a bu%els ( lime 4#ch cubic y>d ( f9e s& 4#ch ,bricklay]1 #bg h\rs1 at #fj c5ts p] h\r #af4bj ,labor]1 #bg h\rs1 at #be c5ts p] h\r #f4ge ------ ,total #ec4ga ,,e/imat+ ,,brickwork #cf4 ,! foll[+ figures & me?od ( e/imat+ brickwork 7 suppli$ by an e/imator ( a l>ge ea/]n contractor4 ,! prices giv5 include (fice exp5se & build]'s pr(it4 ,! wages p] h\r on :i* ^! figures are bas$ are3 ,bricklay]s1 #fe c5ts2 hod c>ri]s1 #be c5ts2 & common labor]s1 #ah c5ts4 ,foll[+ are m5tion$ f\r di/9ct classes ( brick build+s1 & 9 ,table ,,iv are giv5 ! labor prices p] ?\s& brick = ! v>i\s /ories ( build+s ( ^! classes4 #a4 ,absolutely pla9 factory build+s4 #b4 ,factory or (fice build+s brok5 up ) a few pila/]s & o!r projections2 /ret*]-brick fac+1 neatly clean$ d[n & po9t$4 #c4 ,(fice build+s ( fairly ornam5tal type1 well brok5 up ) pila/]s1 project+ c\rses1 etc41 ) press$-brick fac+4 #d4 ,highly ornam5tal brick build+s1 mold$ cornices1 pila/]s1 rais$ quo9s1 sunk mold$ panels1 & num]\s flat & segm5tal ar*es4 ,,table ,,iv ,,labor ,,prices ,,p] ,,?\s& ,,brick ,,= ,,f\r ,,classes ,,( ,,brick ,,build+s ,"p ( ,build+ ,class #a ,class #b ,class #c ,class #d ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,basem5t #g4ej #g4ej #h4ej #i4ej ,fir/ floor #h4jj #i4jj #aj4ej #ac4ej ,second floor #h4ej #aj4jj #aa4jj #ad4jj ,?ird floor #i4jj #aj4ej #aa4ej #ad4ej ,f\r? floor #i4ej #aa4jj #ab4jj #ae4jj ,fif? floor #aj4jj #aa4ej #ab4ej #ae4ej ,six? floor #aa4jj #ab4jj #ac4jj #af4jj ,! prices 9 ! table include ! co/ ( mort>4 ,if ! co/ ( brick at build+ is add$1 ! result w be ! total co/ ( brickwork exclusive ( scaffold+4 ,! av]age price ( total brick labor 9 build+s ( class #a is #h4ej2 ( class #b1 #i4ej2 ( class #c1 #aa4ej2 & ( class #d1 #ad4 #cg4 ,! foll[+ miscellane\s brick prices1 includ+ labor & mort>1 b n brick1 are f ! same s\rce z ! prices giv5 9 ! prec$+ article1 & are bas$ on ! same condition1 ! prices be+ 9 bricks p] ?\s&3 ,= heavy basem5t walls & simil> masses ( brickwork #g4jj ,= #ah-;in* brick walls n ov] two or ?ree /ories high1 9 h>d brick ) /ruck jo9ts #h4jj ,same z above1 b = #ac-;in* walls #i4jj ,= #ah-;in* brick walls1 z above1 b fac$ on "o side ) press$ brick #ab4jj ,= #ah-;in* brick walls1 z above1 b fac$ on bo? sides ) press$ brick #af4ej ,= #ac-;in* brick walls1 z above1 b fac$ "o side ) press$ brick #ad4jj ,= #ac-;in* brick walls1 z above1 b fac$ bo? sides ) press$ brick #ad4jj ,add to above1 if ( ,engli% or ,flemi% bond1 on entire co/ ( wall 4#ej ,if "w is brok5 up into light pi]s1 requir+ a lot ( plumb+1 add to co/ ( wall z above #a4ej ,if a l>ge numb] ( segm5tal ar*es mu/ be turn$1 add to total co/ ( wall #a4jj ,9 addition to ! prec$+ s*$ule two useful rules to rememb] are3 ,= press$-brick segm5tal ar*es1 add = labor #a times ! co/ ( bricks2 = press$-brick ar*es requir+ radial brick1 add = labor twice ! co/ ( /raight1 press$ brick4 ,z radial brick are %ipp$ to ! build+ 9 b>rels & h to be unpack$ & laid out on ! full-siz$ diagram on ! floor1 x w be f\nd t ! rate giv5 is n excessive4 ,= brick vault ar*es1 ! co/ ( labor1 exclusive ( mort>1 w be ab\t #e p] ?\s& brick4 ,if po9t$ und]nea?1 #g c5ts p] squ>e foot w h to be add$4 ,if ! c5t]s are left 9 place until ! mort> has set1 x w be necess>y to rake out ! jo9ts & wet !m be=e po9t+4 ,?is w co/ ab\t #aj c5ts p] squ>e foot4 ,,t]ra-,,cotta ,,"w #ch4 ,t]ra-,cotta ,floor ,ar*es4--,! co/ ( t]ra-cotta floor ar*es v>ies some:at ) ! span & ) ! difficulties enc\nt]$ 9 putt+ up & remov+ ! c5t]+4 ,if ! build+ consi/s ( a numb] ( /ories1 ! c5t]+ t is us$ on "o floor may be reus$ on a floor sev]al /ories high] up1 9 ?is way decreas+ ! outlay = c5t]+s4 ,= ord9>y spans1 ! foll[+ analysis ( ! co/ ( a #ab-;in* ar*1 exclusive ( ! co/ ( ! t]ra cotta itself1 w be f\nd q accurate1 provid$ ! c5t]+ is put up by exp]i5c$ labor]s4 ,! price giv5 is p] squ>e foot ( ar*4 ,,c5ts ,c5t]+ #c ,hoi/+ & lay+ #c ,mort> ----- ,total #g ,?is price is = "w %[+ a flat ceil+4 ,if ! ceil+ is mu* brok5 up by gird]s1 ! price1 exclusive ( ! t]ra cotta itself1 w be ab\t #h c5ts p] squ>e foot4 ,z a price p] squ>e foot1 includ+ ! co/ ( t]ra cotta1 sett+1 & mort>1 ! foll[+ figures may be tak54 ,^!1 h[ev]1 d n include ! co/ ( pla/]+1 or ( any concrete fill above ! t]ra cotta4 ,,c5ts #aj-;in* ar*es #bc #ab-;in* ar*es #be #ae-;in* ar*es #bi #ci4 ,t]ra-,cotta ,p>titions4--,9 (fice build+s1 t]ra-cotta p>titions are usually erect$ on top ( a floor 9 ord] to divide ! space into su* rooms z w suit ! t5ants4 ,?is "w is g5]ally done aft] ! build+ is o!rwise complet$4 ,an analysis ( ! co/ ( su* p>titions is giv5 9 ,table ,v4 ,,table ,v ,,co/ ,,( ,,t]ra-,,cotta ,,p>titions ,?ickness,co/ ( ,sett+,co/ ( ,t]ra,total ,co/ p] ,in*es p] ,squ>e ,cotta p] ,squ>e ,foot ,foot1 ,includ+ ,squ>e ,foot ,c5ts ,mort> ,c5ts ,c5ts ---------------------------------------- ----------- #c #e #i #ad #d #e #aj #ae #f #f #ab #ah #aj #h #af #bd ,! co/ ( plac+ #h-;in*1 t]ra-cotta back+ to brickwork is #f c5ts p] squ>e foot4 ,,til+ #dj4 ,al?\gh n always ( a brick or t]ra-cotta nature1 x w be f\nd m conv5i5t to consid] all til+ toge!r & at ! same "t t ! co/ ( brickwork is tak5 up4 ,only v g5]al figures c be giv5 on ! co/ ( til+1 z ?is co/ dep5ds consid]ably on ! design to be c>ri$ out4 ,! co/ p] squ>e foot ( v>i\s /yles ( tile laid 9 place is z foll[s3 ,moravian tile floors #a4ej ,int]lock+1 rubb] tile floors #a4ej ,columbia m>ble tile1 #ab #ab1 ) color$ bord]1 tile laid /raight on floor 4#ej ,columbia m>ble tile1 #ab #ab1 ) color$ bord]1 tile laid diagonally on floor 4#fj ,italian m>ble tile1 #ab #ab1 ) color$ bord]1 tile laid /raight on floor 4#gj ,italian m>ble tile1 #ab #ab1 ) color$ bord]1 tile laid diagonally on floor 4#hj ,t]razzo & m>ble mosaic bord] 4#ch to 4#dj ,common1 :ite tile 9 v]tical locations1 z l9+ = elevator %afts1 etc4 4#dj ,m>ble mosaic ceil+ "w #c4jj ,m>ble & glass mosaic ceil+ "w #h4jj #b-;in* book tile 7lay+ only7 4#jd #c-;in* book tile 7lay+ only7 4#jd ,%oe tile 7lay+ only7 4#jf ,,mackite #da4 ,mackite is a firepro(+ mat]ial us$ = p>titions 9 v mu* ! same way z t]ra cotta4 ,z ?is mat]ial is put 9 place by bricklay]s1 its co/ w be tak5 up "h4 ,:]e !re are _m op5+s1 two bricklay]s & "o labor] c set #bdj squ>e feet ( mackite 9 #h h\rs2 9 a /raight wall1 )\t op5+s1 ^! same m5 c set ab\t #djj squ>e feet4 ,! m>ket price = #b #ab #cj blocks is #f c5ts p] squ>e foot2 = blocks #c in*es ?ick1 x is #h c5ts p] squ>e foot4 ,! av]age price = bo? mat]ial & labor = #b-;in* mackite is #aj c5ts p] squ>e foot2 = #c-;in* mat]ial x is ab\t #ab c5ts p] squ>e foot4 ,,c>p5try #db4 ,c>p5try %\ld include g5]al fram+1 ro(s1 floor joi/s1 p>titions1 %ea?+1 floor+1 furr+1 & pla/]+ gr\nds4 #dc4 ,bo>d ,measure4--,! r\gh lumb] us$ 9 fram+ is measur$ by ! bo>d foot1 :i* means a piece #ab in*es squ>e & #a in* ?ick4 ,lumb] is always sold on a basis ( a ?\s& feet bo>d measure4 ,! cu/om>y abbreviation = ! latt] t]m is ,b4 ,m42 t = ?\s& is ,m4 ,?us1 #ejj feet bo>d measure1 co/+ #bg p] ?\s&1 w\ld be writt53 #ejj ft4 ,b4 ,m41 at #bg p] ,m4 ,to obta9 ! numb] ( bo>d feet 9 any piece ( timb]1 ! l5g?1 9 in*es1 %\ld be multipli$ by ! end area1 9 squ>e in*es1 & ! result divid$ by #add4 ,= example1 ! numb] ( feet ,b4 ,m4 9 a floor joi/ #bj feet long1 #c in*es ?ick1 & #aj in*es deep is #bdj in*es 7#bj feet #ab7 multipli$ by #cj squ>e in*es 7! end area7 divid$ by #add1 or #ej4 ,! foll[+ rule is us$ by mo/ contractors & lumb] deal]s3 ,multiply ! l5g? 9 feet by ! ?ickness & wid? 9 in*es1 & divide ! product by #ab4 ,?us1 a scantl+ #bf feet long1 #b in*es ?ick1 & #f in*es wide conta9s #bf #b #f ---------- #bf feet ,b4 ,m4 #ab ,?is rule1 express$ 9 a slightly diff]5t mann]1 is m conv5i5t = m5tal computation3 ,divide ! product ( ! wid? & ?ickness 9 in*es by #ab1 & multiply ! quoti5t by ! l5g? 9 feet4 ,?us1 a #b #aj plank1 #ah feet long1 conta9s #b #aj ------- #cj feet ,b4 ,m4 #ab #ah #dd4 ,prices ( ,lumb]4--,ow+ to ! cont9ual v>iation 9 ! prices & grades ( lumb]1 x is impossible to give prices "h t w n v>y f day to day4 ,! ar*itect be=e />t+ to e/imate %\ld fir/ be sure t he has ! late/ lumb] prices obta9able4 ,^! prices c always be secur$ f ! local lumb] deal]4 #de4 ,/uds4--,to calculate ! numb] ( /uds--set on #af-;in* c5t]s--! foll[+ rule may be us$3 ,f ! l5g? ( ! p>tition1 9 feet1 d$uct "o-f\r?1 & to ?is result add #a4 ,c\nt ! numb] ( returns1 or corn]s1 on ! plan1 :]e d\ble /udd+ is requir$1 & add #b /uds = ea* su* return4 7,! reason = add+ #a is to include ! /ud at ! end1 :i* w\ld o!rwise be omitt$47 ,! sills1 plates1 & d\ble /uds mu/ be measur$ sep>ately4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d ,= example1 ! numb] ( /uds requir$ = p>titions only1 %[n on ! plan1 ,fig4 #d1 is comput$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 #cj ft4 #f 94 #aj ft4 #f 94 #i ft4 #f 94 #e ft4 #j 94 #d ft4 #f 94 ------------ #fj ft4 #j 94 ,d$uct+ "o-qu>t] f #fj feet1 ! rema9d] is #de feet2 add+ #a /ud1 ! result is #df feet4 ,z !re are #d returns1 ) #b /uds = ea*1 z %[n at a a1 ! total numb] is #df 7#d #b7 #ed /uds4 ,z a g5]al rule1 :5 7z is cu/om>y7 ! /uds are set at #af-;in* c5t]s1 #a /ud = ea* foot 9 l5g? ( p>tition w be a suffici5t all[ance to include sills1 plates1 & d\ble /uds4 ,?us1 if ! total l5g? ( p>titions is #ge feet1 #ge /uds w be suffici5t = sills1 d\ble /uds1 etc4 ,if ! /uds are set at #ab-;in* c5t]s1 ! numb] requir$ w be equal to ! numb] ( feet 9 l5g? ( p>tition plus "o-f\r?4 ,?us1 if ! l5g? ( p>titions is #gb feet1 #gb #ah1 or #ij1 /uds w include ^? requir$ = sills1 plates1 etc4 ,! same rules may be us$ = calculat+ ! numb] ( joi/s1 raft]s1 tie-beams1 etc4 ,a good way to e/imate bridg+ is to all[ #c c5ts apiece1 or #f c5ts p] pair2 ?is w be suffici5t to furni% & set a pair made ( #b #c spruce or hemlock /uff4 #df4 ,%ea?+4--,to calculate %ea?+ or r\gh floor+ 7n mat*$71 f9d ! numb] ( feet ,b4 ,m4 requir$ to cov] ! surface1 mak+ no d$uctions = door or w9d[ op5+s1 because :at is ga9$ 9 op5+s is lo/ 9 wa/e4 ,if ! %ea?+ is laid horizontally1 only ! actual measurem5t is necess>y2 b if x is laid diagonally1 add #h or #aj p] c5t4 to ! actual area4 #dg4 ,floor+4--,9 e/imat+ mat*$ floor+1 a squ>e foot ( -in* /uff is consid]$ to be #a foot ,b4 ,m4 ,if ! floor+ is #c in*es or m 9 wid?1 add "o-qu>t] to ! actual numb] ( bo>d feet1 to all[ = wa/e ( mat]ial 9 =m+ ! tongue & groove2 if less ?an #c in*es wide1 add "o-?ird4 ,floor+ ( #a-;in* f9i%$ ?ickness is consid]$ to be #a in*es ?ick1 & = calculat+ x ! foll[+ rule may be us$3 ,increase ! surface measure #ej p] c5t4 7,?is consi/s ( #be p] c5t4 = extra ?ickness ov] ,i in*1 & #be p] c5t4 = wa/e 9 tongu+ & groov+47 ,to ?is am\nt add #e p] c5t4 = wa/e 9 h&l+ & fitt+4 ,9 figur+ ! area ( floors1 op5+s = /airs1 fireplaces1 etc4 %\ld be d$uct$4 #dh4 ,wea!r ,bo>d+1 or ,sid+4--,9 measur+ wea!r bo>d+1 or sid+1 ! sup]ficial1 or squ>e1 foot is usually employ$4 ,no d$uction %\ld be made = ord9>y w9d[ or door op5+s1 z ^! usually balance ! wa/e 9 cutt+ & fitt+4 ,c>eful att5tion mu/ be giv5 to ! all[ance = lap4 ,if #f-;in*1 nom9al wid? 7actual wid?1 #e in*es71 sid+1 laid ) #a-;in* lap1 is us$1 add "o-qu>t] to ! actual area ( ! space to be cov]$1 9 ord] to obta9 ! numb] ( squ>e feet ( sid+ requir$4 ,if #d-;in* /uff is us$1 add "o-?ird to ! actual area4 ,:51 z previ\sly not$1 no all[ance is made = op5+s1 ! corn] & basebo>ds ne$ n be figur$ sep>ately4 #di4 ,cornices4--,z a g5]al rule1 cornices are measur$ by ! runn+ foot1 ! mold$ & pla9 memb]s be+ tak5 sep>ately4 ,a good me?od ( figur+ cornices is z foll[s3 ,measure ! gir?1 or outl9e1 & all[ #a c5ts = ea* in* ( gir?1 p] l9e> foot4 ,?is price w pay = mat]ial & = sett+1 ! co/ ( ! mill "w be+ e/imat$ at #ej p] c5t4 #ej4 ,co/ p] ,squ>e ,foot4--,= all classes ( mat]ials t ent] into ! g5]al fram+ & cov]+ ( a build+1 a close e/imate may be made by analyz+ ! co/ p] squ>e foot ( surface2 t is1 ! co/ ( labor & mat]ials--/uds & %ea?+ 9 walls1 joi/s & floor+ 9 floors1 etc4--requir$ = a def9ite area %\ld be closely det]m9$1 & ?is co/ divid$ by ! area consid]$1 w give ! price p] squ>e foot4 ,if ! correspond+ :ole area is multipli$ by ! figure ?us obta9$1 ! result w1 ( c\rse1 be ! co/ ( t portion ( ! "w4 ,:ile ! usual cu/om is to adopt a uni=m rate = ! v>i\s grades ( "w1 a c>eful analysis w %[ t ro( %ea?+1 :]e ! ro( is mu* cut up1 co/s m 9 place ?an wall %ea?+1 ow+ to its position2 also t ! /uds 9 walls & p>titions co/ m ?an floor joi/s1 z !y are light] & require m h&l+4 ,! foll[+ example %[s h[ to det]m9e ! co/ p] squ>e foot ( floor+ & indicates ! g5]al me?od to be pursu$ 9 simil> cases4 ,! area us$ 9 ! calculation is a squ>e1 or #ajj squ>e feet4 ,! co/ ( labor is e/imat$ at #dj p] c5t4 ( t ( ! mat]ials1 z x has be5 %[n by exp]i5ce t ?is all[ance is a v close approximation to ! actual co/ ( g5]al c>p5t] "w4 ,,co/ ,,( ,,f9i%$ ,,floor ,,p] ,,squ>e ,joi/s1 hemlock1 #h pieces1 #c #aj #aj'1 #bjj feet ,b4 ,m41 at #bg p] ,m4 #e4dj ,bridg+1 hemlock1 #g sets1 #b #c #a' #d1 #i feet ,b4 ,m41 at #bg p] ,m4 4#bd ,r\gh floor+1 hemlock1 in* ?ick1 laid diagonally1 #ajj ft4 #be ft4 #aj ft41 #ace feet ,b4 ,m41 at #be p] ,m4 #c4ch ,f9i%$ floor+1 ,no4 #b1 :ite p9e1 in* ?ick1 #abe feet ,b4 ,m41 at #de p] ,m4 #e4fc ,nails1 eightp5ny 7ab\t7 #c p\nds1 at #b4ej p] #ajj p\nds 4#jh ,labor1 #dj p] c5t4 ( co/ ( mat]ials #e4hi ------ ,total co/ = #ajj squ>e feet #bj4fb ,co/ p] squ>e foot1 #bj4fb #ajj #ba c5ts4 ,a simil> me?od may be foll[$ 9 e/imat+ ! co/ ( int]ior f9i%1 panel+1 doors1 etc4 #ea4 ,"w ( a ,c>p5t] p] ,day4--,! quantity ( mat]ial t a workman c put 9 place 9 a day is v unc]ta91 z x dep5ds on ! skill ( ! man & ! ease or difficulty ( ! "w1 bo? be+ some:at modifi$ by circum/ances4 ,! figures giv5 9 ,table ,,vi1 :ile f\nd$ on in=mation ga9$ by _m ye>s ( exp]i5ce1 are only int5d$ to give an idea ( ! relative quantities & are n a /&>d to be adh]$ to 9 all cases4 ,! e/imates are bas$ on an #h-;h\r day & wages at #c4bj p] day4 ,if ! h\rs or pay are less or great] 9 v>i\s localities ?an ! prices giv51 ! results w be correspond+ly dim9i%$ or increas$4 ,,table ,,vi ,,quantities ,,( ,,mat]ial ,,put ,,9 ,,place ,,p] ,,day ,,by ,,"o ,,man ,numb] ( ,class ( ,mat]ial ,feet ,b4 ,m41 ,rem>ks or ,numb] ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,/udd+ #b #d1 or #b #f #djj ,wall or p>tition4 ,raft]s #djj ,raft] ridge & brac+ #bej ,plate1 #f #h1 halv$ at corn]s #cej ,floor joi/s1 #b #aj1 or #c #ab #ejj ,ceil+ joi/s1 #b #f #dej ,%ea?+1 unmat*$ #ejj ,laid horizontally4 ,%ea?+1 unmat*$ #djj ,laid diagonally4 ,%ea?+1 mat*$ #djj ,laid horizontally4 ,%ea?+1 mat*$ #cjj ,laid diagonally4 ,%ea?+1 ro( #gej ,pla9 gable ro(4 ,mu* cut up by hips1 ,%ea?+1 ro( #cjj valleys1 dorm]s1 etc4 ,ceil+ l9$ ) pap] #bjj ,includes fitt+ ,sid+1 #d in*es wide #bjj & sett+ ,sid+1 #f in*es wide #cjj corn] bo>ds1 base1 trim1 & scaffold+4 ,includes sc>f+ ,po/s & beams ov] cell>s #bjj-bej & d[el+4 ,= base & wa9scot1 ,pla/] gr\nds1 l9e> feet #bej /raight5$ 9 good %ape4 ,bridg+1 numb] ( pairs p] h\r #aj ,includes cutt+ & sett+4 ,false jambs ar\nd op5+s1 #a p] h\r #eb4 ,co/ ( ,lay+ ,floor+4--,! figures on floor+ giv5 9 ,table ,,vii w be f\nd useful 9 calculat+ z !y are bas$ on a squ>e1 :i*1 z previ\sly /at$1 is equal to #ajj squ>e feet4 ,! same c>p5t]s' wages & numb] ( work+ h\rs z 9 ! prec$+ article are us$ "h4 ,,table ,,vii ,,labor ,,co/ ,,( ,,lay+ ,,wood5 ,,floors1 ,,etc4 ,numb] ( ,co/ p] ,classes ( ,mat]ials1 ,etc4 ,squ>es p],squ>e at ,man p] ,day#dj ,c5ts ( #h ,h\rs p] ,h\r ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,r\gh mat*$ hemlock floor1 #c #f in*es wide #a4jg #c-;in* spruce floors laid at #c 4#ia "r angles to ! beams ,yell[ p9e floor1 ) /ruck jo9ts #a #b4ac ,cypress por* floor1 f9i%$ ) #a #c4bj :ite-lead jo9ts -in* maple floor laid on a plank floor1 #b #a4fj ) pap] betwe52 also1 /ruck jo9ts ,lay+ /raight-oak floor #a #c4bj ,scrap+ oak floors #i4fj ,f9i%+ & wax+ oak floors #d4hj ,p>quet floor 9 #b-;in* /rips ( blocks1 #ab4hj #ab #f or #af #h ,scrap+ p>quet floor #ab4hj ,f9i%+ & wax+ p>quet floor to good f9i% #d4hj ,sleep]s1 lay+ & sett+1 4#jb p] l9e> foot #ec4 ,miscellane\s ,c>p5try ,items4--,9 ,table ,,viii is giv5 ! co/ ( sev]al items ( c>p5try1 su* z sett+ w9d[ & door frames1 furr+ brick walls1 etc4 ,! prices are bas$ on ! same wages & h\rs z 9 ! two prec$+ articles4 ,,table ,,viii ,,co/ ,,( ,,miscellane\s ,,items ,,( ,,c>p5try ,class ( ,"w ,co/ ,rem>ks ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,sett+ w9d[ frames 9 4#de ,ea*4 wood5 build+s ,p] squ>e foot2 ,furr+ brick walls1 #a #b 4#jb includes labor1 /rips1 #ab-;in* c5t]s mat]ial1 & nails4 ,furr+ brick walls1 #a #b 4#ja ,p] squ>e foot4 /rips1 #af-;in* c5t]s ,cutt+ holes & fitt+ 4#je ,ea*4 plugs 9 brick walls ,sett+ w9d[ frames 9 brickwork 4#fj ,ea*2 includes nails & brac+4 ,sett+ door frames 9 brickwork 4#fj ,ea*4 ,sett+ w9d[ frames 9 /onework #a4be ,ea*1 = ord9>y "w4 ,sett+ w9d[ frames 9 /onework #b4jj ,ea*1 = v c>eful "w4 ,sett+ door frames 9 /onework #b4jj ,ea*1 = v c>eful "w4 ,furni%+ & sett+ trimm]-ar* #b4jj ,ea* c5t]s ,ar* c5t]s1 #d-;foot span1 #a4ej ,ea*2 includes supports #h-;in* reveal & w$ges4 #ed4 ,nails4--,to calculate ! quantity ( nails requir$ 9 execut+ any portion ( ! "w1 ,table ,,ix1 :i* is bas$ on ! use ( cut nails1 w be f\nd useful4 ,,table ,,ix ,,quantity ,,( ,,nails ,,requir$ ,,= ,,v>i\s ,,purposes ,mat]ial ,p\nds ,k9d ( ,nails & ,requir$ ,size 9 ,p5nies ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a1jjj %+les #e #d #a1jjj la?s1 #d nails to a la? #g #c1 f9e #a1jjj la?s1 #f nails to a la? #i #c1 f9e #a1jjj sq4 ft4 bevel$ sid+ #ah #f #a1jjj sq4 ft4 %ea?+ #bj #h #a1jjj sq4 ft4 %ea?+ #be #aj #a1jjj sq4 ft4 floor+1 r\gh #cj #h #a1jjj sq4 ft4 floor+1 r\gh #dj #aj #a1jjj sq4 ft4 /udd+ #ae #aj #e #bj #a1jjj sq4 ft4 furr+1 #a #b #aj #aj #a1jjj sq4 ft4 f9i%$ floor+ #bj #h to #aj1 f9i% #a1jjj sq4 ft4 #a f9i%$ floor+ #cj #aj1 f9i% ,,ro(+ #ee4 ,k9ds ( ,ro( ,cov]+4--,! ro( cov]+s mo/ g5]ally us$ are %+les1 slate1 t91 tile1 & t>r$ pap] & gravel 7kn[n z gravel ro(+74 ,:ile !re are slight v>iations 9 ! me?ods ( measur+ ! diff]5t k9ds1 !y are all bas$ on ! squ>e ( #ajj squ>e feet4 #ef4 ,%+les4--,9 measur+ %+le ro(+1 x is necess>y to "k ! expos$ l5g? ( a %+le4 ,?is is f\nd by d$uct+ #c in*es 7! usual cov] ov] ! head ( ! l[e/ %+le 9 ! f\r ov]lapp+ c\rses7 f ! l5g? & divid+ ! rema9d] by #c4 ,?us1 9 ,fig4 #e1 ! di/ance b t "o %+le is ov]lapp$ by ! ?ird above x is usually made equal to #c in*es1 & ! rema9+ l5g? ( ! l[e/ %+le may be divid$ into ?ree equal portions1 ea* equal to a4 ,! l[e/ ( ^! ?ree portions is ! "p expos$ to ! wea!r4 ,multiply+ ! l5g? expos$ to ! wea!r by ! av]age wid? ( a %+le w give ! expos$ area4 ,divid+ #ad1djj1 ! numb] ( squ>e in*es 9 a squ>e1 by ! expos$ area ( #a %+le1 9 squ>e in*es1 w give ! numb] ( %+les requir$ to cov] #ajj squ>e feet ( ro(4 ,= example1 x is requir$ to compute ! numb] ( %+les #ah 94 #d 94 ne$$ to cov] #ajj squ>e feet ( ro(4 ,) a %+le ( ?is l5g?1 ! exposure w be #ah - #c ------ #e in*es2 #c !n1 ! expos$ area ( #a %+le is #d 94 #e 941 or #bj squ>e in*es1 & #a squ>e requires #ad1djj #bj #gbj %+les4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e ,an all[ance %\ld always be made = wa/e 9 e/imat+ ! numb] ( %+les requir$4 ,table ,x is arrang$ = %+les f #ae to #bg in*es 9 l5g?1 #d & #f in*es 9 wid?1 & = v>i\s l5g?s ( exposure4 #eg4 ,%+les are class$ z %av$1 or brea/$1 & saw$ %+les4 ,%av$ %+les h fall5 almo/ into disuse1 ow+ to ! difficulty ( manufactur+ !m4 ,^! %+les v>y f #ah to #cj in*es 9 l5g?1 & are ab\t in* ?ick at ! butt & _/ in* at ! top4 ,saw$ %+les are usually f #ad to #ah in*es long & ( v>i\s ?icknesses4 ,9 ! case ( #ah-;in* %+les1 five %+les1 at _! butts1 w make #b in*es2 t is1 ! ?ickness ( "o %+le at ! butt is #b #e 4#de1 or ab\t _/ in*4 ,at ! top1 ea* %+le is _/ in* ?ick4 ,) #af-;in* %+les1 h[ev]1 five ( !m make only #b in*es4 ,!re=e1 ! ?ickness ( a #af-;in* %+le at ! butt is #b #e 4#d1 or ab\t 1 in*4 ,,table ,x ,,data ,,= ,,e/imat+ ,,%+les ,numb] ( ,squ>e ,feet ( ,numb] ( ,%+les ,requir$ ,exposure to ,ro( ,cov]$ by #a1jjj = #ajj ,squ>e ,feet ,wea!r ,%+les ( ,ro( ,in*es ---------------------------------------- ------------ #d ,in*es ,wide#f ,in*es ,wide#d ,in*es ,wide#f ,in*es ,wide ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #d #aaa #afg #ijj #fjj #e #aci #bjh #gbj #dhj #f #afg #bej #fjj #djj #g #aid #bia #ead #cdc #h #bbb #ccc #dej #cjj ,:ite-p9e & :ite-c$> %+les are grad$ alike4 ,! %+les made ( ,no4 #a1 or cle>1 /ock are designat$ ,,xxxx4 ,^? made ( ,no4 #b /ock1 ) #f-;in* cle> butt1 are giv5 ! br& ,,xx1 :ile ^? made ( mill cull1 ) s\nd butt1 are call$ ,x4 ,r$-c$> %+les are grad$ diff]5tly4 ,_! grade dep5ds on _! l5g?4 ,?us1 #ah-;in*1 ,no4 #a %+les are t]m$ 8,p]fection10 :ile #ah-;in*1 ?9 butt are t]m$ 8,eureka40 ,r$-c$> %+les #af in*es long1 if made ( ,no4 #a1 or cle>1 /ock1 are designat$ 8,extra 99 ,a 9940 ,if !y are #af-;in*1 ?9 butt1 !y are t]m$ simply 899 ,a 9940 ,saw$ %+les are made up into bundles ( #bej1 & are sold on a basis ( #d in*es wid? = ea* %+le4 ,%+les co/ f #d to #f4ge p] ?\s&1 accord+ to mat]ial & grade4 ,dim5sion %+les--^? cut to a uni=m wid?--if ( prime c$>1 %av$1 in* ?ick at ! butt & _/ in* at ! top1 w co/ ab\t #g4ge p] ?\s&1 b s9ce su* %+les are usually #f in*es wide1 less w be requir$ p] squ>e4 ,a fairly good workman w lay ab\t #a1jjj %+les p] day ( #h h\rs1 on /raight1 pla9 "w2 :ile 9 work+ ar\nd hips & valleys1 ! av]age w be ab\t #gjj p] day4 #eh4 ,slat+4--,9 measur+ slat+1 ! me?od ( det]m9+ ! numb] ( slates requir$ p] squ>e is simil> to t giv5 = %+l+2 b 9 slat+1 ea* c\rse ov]laps only two ( ! c\rses bel[1 in/ead ( ?ree1 z 9 %+l+4 ,! usual lap1 or cov]1 ( ! l[e/ c\rse ( slate by ! upp]mo/ ( ! two ov]lapp+ c\rses1 is #c in*es2 h5ce1 to f9d ! expos$ l5g?1 d$uct ! lap f ! l5g? ( ! slate1 & divide ! rema9d] by #b4 ,! expos$ area is ! wid? ( ! slate multipli$ by ?is expos$ l5g?1 & ! numb] ( slates requir$ p] squ>e is f\nd by divid+ #ad1djj by ! expos$ area ( #a slate 9 squ>e in*es4 ,?us1 if #ad #bj slates are to be us$1 ! expos$ l5g? w be #bj - #c ------ #h in*es2 #b ! expos$ area w be #ad #h #aai squ>e in*es2 & ! numb] p] squ>e w be #ad1djj #aai #aba slates4 ,! foll[+ po9ts %\ld be obs]v$ 9 measur+ slat+3 ,eaves1 hips1 valleys1 & cutt+s aga9/ walls are measur$ extra1 #a foot wide by _! :ole l5g?1 ! extra *>ge be+ made = wa/e ( mat]ial & ! increas$ labor requir$ 9 cutt+ & fitt+4 ,op5+s less ?an #c squ>e feet are n d$uct$1 & all cutt+s ar\nd !m are measur$ extra4 ,extra *>ges are also made = bord]s1 figures1 & any *ange 9 color ( ! "w2 & = /eeples1 t[]s1 & p]p5dicul> surfaces4 ,table ,,xi1 :i* is bas$ on a lap ( #c in*es1 gives ! sizes ( ! ,am]ican slates & ! numb] ( pieces requir$ p] squ>e4 ,! co/ ( slat+ v>ies f #i to #ae c5ts p] squ>e foot1 dep5d+ on ! class ( "w4 ,! ?ickness ( /ock slate v>ies f five to #a in* to in* & special ?icknesses up to #a in* are made to ord]4 ,= ord9>y dwell+s1 ! usual ?ickness us$ is five to #a in*1 :i* gives a ?ickness ( a little m ?an _/ in*1 & ! size us$ = ?is class ( "w is g5]ally #h 94 #ab 94 or #i 94 #ah 941 ! price be+ ! same4 ,,table ,,xi ,,numb] ,,( ,,slates ,,p] ,,squ>e ,size ,numb] ( ,size ,numb] ( ,size ,numb] ( ,in*es ,pieces ,in*es ,pieces ,in*es ,pieces ---------------------------------------- ------------- #f #ab #ecc #i #af #bdf #ad #bj #aba #g #ab #deg #aj #af #bba #aa #bb #ach #h #ab #djj #i #ah #bac #ab #bb #abf #i #ab #cee #aj #ah #aib #ac #bb #aaf #g #ad #cgd #aa #ah #agd #ad #bb #ajh #h #ad #cbg #ab #ah #afj #ab #bd #aad #i #ad #bia #aj #bj #afi #ac #bd #aje #aj #ad #bfa #aa #bj #aed #ad #bd #ih #h #af #bgg #ab #bj #ada #af #bd #hf ,9 ,table ,,xii is giv5 a li/ ( ! diff]5t colors ( slate us$ 9 ! ,ea/]n & ,middle ,/ates1 ! qu>ries f :i* !y are obta9$1 & ! co/ ( slate1 labor1 etc4 p] squ>e1 p]ta9+ to ea* v>iety4 ,! prices 9 ! table are bas$ on ! #h 94 #ab 94 or #i 94 #ah 94 sizes1 ?ickness five to #a in*1 & = quantities ( n less ?an #ej squ>es4 ,! co/ ( labor1 etc4 be+ bas$ on curr5t prices 9 ! a=em5tion$ t]ritory4 ,slate in* ?ick co/ ab\t #bj p] c5t4 m ?an ! five to #a in* = ! mat]ial1 & ab\t #e p] c5t4 m = lay+ & freight4 ,slate in* ?ick co/ ab\t #de p] c5t4 m ?an ! five to #a in* = ! mat]ial1 & ab\t #ae p] c5t4 m = lay+ & freight4 ,:5 copp] nails are specifi$ obta9 curr5t prices4 ,,table ,,xii ,,approximate ,,co/ ,,( ,,slat+1 ,,p] ,,squ>e ,co/ ( ,co/ ( ,lay+1 ,total ,co/1 ,classification ,slate ,includ+ ,exclusive ,f4 ,o4 ,b4 ,ro(+ ( ,build]'s ,qu>ries,felt1 & ,pr(it ,freight ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,black ,slate ,br[nville1 ,ma9e #h4jj #e4jj #ac4jj ,monson1 ,ma9e #g4jj #e4jj #ab4jj ,pea* ,bottom1 ,p5nsylvania #e4ej #d4jj #i4ej ,*apman 7,h>d ,ve971 ,p5nsylvania #d4ej #c4ej #h4jj ,bangor1 ,p5nsylvania #d4ej #c4ej #h4jj ,lehigh1 ,p5nsylvania #d4jj #c4ej #g4ej ,buck+ham1 ,virg9ia #c4ge #d4jj #g4ge ,r$ ,slate ,v]mont #ab4jj #d4be #af4be ,gre5 ,slate ,v]mont #e4ej #d4be #i4ge ,purple ,slate ,v]mont #e4jj #d4be #i4be ,mottl$ ,slate ,v]mont 7,purple & ,gre57 #d4jj #d4be #h4be #ei4 ,%eet-,metal ,ro(s4--,9 e/imat+ %eet-metal ro(s1 ! hips & valleys are measur$ extra _! entire l5g? by #a foot 9 wid?1 to comp5sate = increas$ labor & wa/e ( mat]ial 9 cutt+ & lay+4 ,gutt]s & conductor pipes1 or lead]s1 are measur$ by ! l9e> foot1 #a foot extra be+ add$ = ea* angle4 ,all fla%+s & cre/+s are measur$ by ! l9e> foot4 ,no d$uctions are made = op5+s 7*imneys1 skylights1 v5tilators1 or dorm]-w9d[s7 if !y are less ?an #ej squ>e feet 9 area2 if betwe5 #ej & #ajj squ>e feet1 "o-half ! area is d$uct$2 if ov] #ajj squ>e feet1 ! :ole op5+ is d$uct$4 ,an extra *>ge is made = labor & wa/e ( mat]ial to fla% ar\nd op5+s4 #fj4 ,!re are two regul> sizes ( ro(+ plates1 namely1 #bj 94 #bh 94 & #ad 94 #bj 94 ,! l>g] size is g5]ally us$ on common "w1 ow+ to ! fact t x requires few] seams on ! ro( & consequ5tly *eap5s ! co/ ( lay+4 ,a ?ird size1 namely1 #aj 94 #bj 941 is also suppli$1 & is us$ g5]ally = gutt]s & lead] pipes4 ,%eets #aj 94 ,x #ad 94 are sometimes us$ = lay+ ro(s1 z !y c be cleat$ bett] ?an ! l>g] sizes4 ,su* small %eets1 h[ev]1 co/ m to lay4 ,two ?icknesses ( ro(+ plates are commonly recogniz$4 ,"o is ! ,,ic1 or ,no4 #bi gauge1 & weighs #h ounces to ! squ>e foot2 ! o!r is ! ,,ix1 or ,no4 #bg gauge1 & weighs #aj ounces to ! squ>e foot4 ,sometimes1 a /ill heavi] plate is call$ =1 & x is !re=e kept 9 /ock by ! be/ manufactur]s4 ,?is plate is kn[n z ,,ixx1 or ,no4 #bf gauge1 & is us$ = especially heavy "w4 ,=m]ly1 ! /&>d net weight p] box ( ,,ic1 #ad #bj ro(+ t9 0 #aab p\nds1 or #a p\nd p] %eet1 mak+ #aab %eets to ! box2 b n[ ?is weight is r$uc$ to #ajh p\nds4 ,! old /&>d = ,,ix plates 0 #adj p\nds1 b v few br&s n[ weigh m ?an #ace p\nds p] box4 ,! mo/ reliable manufactur]s gu>antee ! weights = ! diff]5t boxes ( t91 & if ! mat]ial does n come up to ! gu>ante$ weight1 x c be return$4 ,! be/ %eets 9 ! m>ket today are /amp$ ) ! m>k ( ! br& & ! designation ,,ic or ,,ix ( ! ?ickness4 #fa4 ,us+ /&+ jo9ts1 a #ad #bj %eet ( ro(+ t9 w cov] ab\t #bce squ>e in*es ( surface1 or "o box ( su* t9 w cov] ab\t #ahb squ>e feet4 ,) a flat1 lock seam1 a %eet w cov] #bee squ>e in*es1 all[+ in* all ar\nd = jo9ts2 or a box w lay #aih squ>e feet4 ,^! figures make no all[ance = wa/e4 ,two good workm5 c put on f #bej to #cjj squ>e feet ( t9 ro(+ p] day ( #h h\rs2 ?is also includes pa9t+ ! outside ( ! t94 ,t9 ro(+ w co/ f #h to #aj c5ts p] squ>e foot1 dep5d+ on ! quality ( mat]ial & workman%ip4 #fb4 ,tile ,ro(s4--,s9ce tile ro(s are con/ruct$ ( s _m /yles ( tile1 no g5]al rules ( measurem5t c be giv54 ,e piece ( "w mu/ be e/imat$ accord+ to ! p>ticul> k9d ( tile us$ & ! numb] ( sizes & patt]ns4 ,in=mation on all ^! po9ts is to be f\nd 9 ! catalogs ( tile manufactur]s4 ,,table ,,xiii ,,approximate ,,co/ ,,( ,,ro( ,,til+1 ,,p] ,,squ>e ,co/ ( ,total ,co/ ,classification ,lay+ ,exclusive ,co/ ,includ+ ( ( ,tile ,a%phalt,build]'s ,deliv]$ ,felt ,pr(it ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,%+le tile 7rectangul>71 #f #ab #ac4jj #g4ej #bj4ej ,%+le tile 7rectangul>71 #h #ab #ad4jj #f4ej #bj4ej ,%+le tile 7geometric %apes7 #ab4jj #g4jj #ai4jj ,conos]a 7int]lock+71 #h #ab #ad4jj #e4ej #ai4ej ,conos]a 7int]lock+71 #aj #ae #ab4jj #e4jj #ag4jj ,conos]a1 comb9ation #h #ab & #b #ab #af4ej #h4jj #bd4ej ,fr5* ,a 7int]lock+71 size #aj #ae #ab4jj #e4jj #ag4jj ,spani%1 #h #ab #ac4jj #f4ej #ai4ej ,old ,spani%1 semicircul>1 *annels laid alt]nately1 concave & convex #bb4ej #aj4jj #cb4ej ,roman1 pan & semicircul> roll1 laid #g 94 c5t] to c5t] ( rolls #ag4jj #h4jj #be4jj ,greek1 pan & semihexagonal cap1 laid #g 94 c5t] to c5t] ( caps #ag4jj #h4jj #be4jj ,prom5ade = flat ro(s1 laid on #e lay]s ( asphalt felt 9 asphalt pit* #g4jj #ac4jj #bj4jj ,9 ,table ,,xiii is giv5 a li/ ( ! prevail+ /yles ( ro( til+1 ! co/ ( til+1 labor1 etc4 p] squ>e1 p]ta9+ to ea* v>iety4 ,! prices 9 ! table are bas$ on ! natural r$ color ( ! clay :5 burnt2 extra prices are ask$ = glaz$-surface f9i% :i* c be obta9$ 9 diff]5t colors4 ,! prices 9 ! table are bas$ on quantities ( n less ?an #cj squ>es1 z less ?an a m9imum c>load means increas$ freight rates4 ,! prices giv5 cov] railroad deliv]y to po9ts 9 ! ,ea/]n & ,middle ,/ates4 ,labor1 etc4 be+ bas$ on curr5t prices4 ,! above prices are figur$ on ! tile be+ laid on wood5 %ea?+2 if laid on book tile or cem5t add #bj p] c5t4 ,if copp] nails are us$1 c>e mu/ be tak5 9 figur+ ! numb] ( nails1 z well z _! l5g? & gauge1 = ! special =ms ( tile specifi$4 ,fluctuat+ values ( copp] make ?is an item ( mu* importance4 ,ridges1 hip rolls1 b>ge tile1 & f9ials are *>g$ z extras & due all[ance mu/ be made = cutt+ at valleys & hips4 #fc4 ,gravel ,ro(s4--,9 gravel ro(+1 ! co/ p] squ>e dep5ds on ! numb] ( ?icknesses ( t>r$ felt & ! quantity ( pit* us$ p] squ>e4 ,a value ( #d c5ts p] squ>e foot = f\r ?icknesses may be consid]$ an av]age4 ,,ro( ,,m5suration #fd4 ,:ile a k ( h[ to apply ! ord9>y pr9ciples ( m5suration is all t is necess>y to calculate any ro( area1 yet ! mod]n h\se1 ) its num]\s gables & irregul> surfaces1 introduces complications t r5d] "s fur!r explanation ( ro( measurem5t desirable4 ,! mo/ common error made 9 figur+ ro(s--& "o t %\ld be c>efully gu>d$ aga9/--is t ( us+ ! app>5t l5g? ( slopes1 z %[n by ! plan or side elevations1 in/ead ( ! true l5g?1 z obta9$ f ! end elevations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f #fe4 ,! area ( a pla9 gable ro(1 z %[n 9 end & side elevations 9 ,fig4 #f1 is f\nd by multiply+ ! l5g? g j by ! slope l5g? b d1 & fur!r multiply+ by #b1 = bo? sides4 ,! area ( ea* gable is f\nd by multiply+ ! wid? ( ! gable a d by ! altitude c b1 & divid+ by #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i #ff4 ,9 ,fig4 #g is %[n ! plan & elevation ( a hip ro(1 hav+ a deck z4 ,! pit* ( ! ro( be+ ! same on ea* side1 ! l9e c d %[s ! true l5g? ( ! common raft] l m4 ,9 ,fig4 #h is %[n ! me?od ( develop+ ! true l5g?s ( ! hips & ! true size ( "o side ( ! ro(4 ,let a b c d repres5t ! same l9es z ! correspond+ ones 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,f ! l9e a d1 ,fig4 #h1 ?r\gh b & c1 draw p]p5dicul>s1 z g h & e f2 lay (f f g & e on ^! l9es1 ! l5g? ( ! common raft] c d1 ,fig4 #g1 & draw ! l9es a h & d f1 ,fig4 #h2 !n ! figure a h f d w repres5t ! true %ape & size ( ! side ( ! ro( %[n 9 ! elevation 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,! area ( ! triangle d e f is equal to ! area ( ! triangle a g h or a simil> triangle a i h4 ,h5ce1 ! portion ( ! ro( a h f d is equal 9 area to ! rectangle a i f e1 ! l5g? ( :i* is half ! sum ( ! eave & deck l5g?s1 :ile its bread? is ! l5g? ( a common raft]4 #fg4 ,a me?od ( obta9+ ! l5g?s ( valley raft]s1 applicable also to hip raft]s1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #i1 :i* is ! plan ( a hip-&-gable ro(4 ,to asc]ta9 ! l5g? ( ! valley raft] a b1 draw ! l9e a c p]p5dicul> to a b & equal 9 l5g? to ! altitude ( ! gable2 !n draw ! l9e c b1 :i* w repres5t ! true l5g? ( ! valley raft] a b4 #fh4 ,z an example ( ro( m5suration1 ! numb] ( squ>e feet ( surface on ! ro( %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj w be calculat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj ,! area ( ! triangul> portion a c b is equal to ! slope l5g? ( d c 7f\nd by lay+ (f c c equal to ! height ( ! ridge above ! eaves & draw+ c d7 multipli$ by ! l5g? ( ! eaves l9e a b & divid$ by #b4 ,multiply+ ! dim5sions #ac4e feet & #bc feet1 respectively1 & divid+ by #b1 ! area is f\nd to be #aee4c squ>e feet4 ,! area ( ! trapezoid g f i h is half ! sum ( f i & g h 7%[n 9 _! true l5g? on ! plan7 multipli$ by ! true l5g? ( h i4 ,! latt] is f\nd by m>k+ ! height ( ! gable i i on ! ridge l9e1 & draw+ ! l9e i h1 :i* measures #aj4f feet4 ,p]=m+ ^! op]ations1 !re results #e #ad ------ #aj4f #ajj4g squ>e feet #b = ea* side1 or #bja4d squ>e feet = bo?4 ,z ea* ( ! side gables is ! same size1 ! area ( ! two ro(s is #bja4d #b #djb4h squ>e feet4 ,! area ( ! polygon q p n k is equal to ! triangle q p w m9us ! triangle k n w1 ! area cov]$ by ! int]sect+ gable ro(4 ,! =m] is equal to ! triangle a c b1 ! area ( :i* is #aee4c squ>e feet4 ,! area ( k n w is equal to half ( n w1 or #f4e feet1 multipli$ by ! true l5g? ( k s or ! altitude ( ! triangle2 ! latt] is obta9$ by lay+ (f k k equal to ! height ( ! gable1 #e4e feet1 at "r angles to k s1 & draw+ s k1 :i* is ! requir$ altitude & :i* measures almo/ #g4d feet4 ,!n k n w #f4e #g4d #dh4a squ>e feet2 :5ce q p n k equals #aee4c - #dh4a #ajg4b squ>e feet4 ,! area ( a p q c is a p q c ------------- #b multipli$ by ! true slope l5g? ( t v1 or t v1 :i* measures #ae4b feet4 ,sub/itut+ dim5sions1 ! area is f\nd to be #f #bd ------ #ae4b #bbh squ>e feet4 #b ,f ?is d$uct ! area ( y z u1 :i* is ! portion cov]$ by ! int]sect+ gable ro(4 ,! true l5g? ( t u along ! slope is t u1 measur+ #ab feet2 h5ce1 ! area ( y z u is #ad #ab ------- #hd squ>e feet4 #b ,! net area ( a p q c is !re=e #bbh - #hd #add squ>e feet2 b c q w be+ equal to a p q c1 its area is ! same1 mak+ ! area ( bo? sides #bhh squ>e feet4 ,! area ( k n m l is m n l k -------------- m l1 #b ! slope l5g? ( m l4 ,sub/itut+ dim5sions1 ! area is #aa #af ------- #h4e #aad4h squ>e feet4 #b ,z k l x w is equal to k n m l1 ! area ( bo? is #bbi4f squ>e feet4 ,add+ ! p>tial areas ?us obta9$1 ! sum is #aee4c #djb4h #ajg4b #bhh #bbi4f #a1ahb4i squ>e feet1 or approximately #aa4i squ>es4 ,,pla/]+ #fi4 ,pla/]+ on pla9 surfaces1 su* z walls & ceil+s1 is always measur$ by ! squ>e y>d4 ,9 det]m9+ ! co/ ( pla/]+ walls & ceil+s1 measure ! surface actually pla/]$1 mak+ no d$uction = gr\nds or = op5+s less ?an #g sup]ficial y>ds4 ,= surfaces ( domes or gro9$ ceil+s1 beams1 coves1 panel+1 etc41 a unit price is fix$ by ! l9e> or ! sup]ficial foot1 accord+ to ! "* & disposition ( ! "w4 ,r\nd corn]s & arrises %\ld be measur$ by ! l9e> foot4 ,on int]ior "w1 increase ! price #e p] c5t4 = ea* #ab feet above ! floor aft] ! fir/4 ,= outside "w1 add #a p] c5t4 = ea* foot above ! l[] #bj feet4 ,all repair+ & pat*+ %\ld be done at agre$ prices4 #gj4 ,/ucco ,"w4--,9 e/imat+ /ucco "w1 cornices compos$ ( pla9 memb]s & panel "w are measur$ by ! squ>e foot4 ,enri*$ cornices ) c>v$ mold+s are measur$ by ! l9e> foot4 ,:5 mold+s are less ?an #ab in*es 9 circumf]5ce1 measurem5t is tak5 by ! l9e> foot2 :5 ov] #ab in*es1 sup]ficial measurem5t is us$4 ,= int]nal angles or mit]s1 add #a foot to ! l5g? ( cornice1 & = ext]ior angles add #b feet to ! l5g?4 ,sections ( cornice less ?an #ab in*es measure z #ab in*es4 ,add "o-half = rak+ cornices4 ,= cornices or mold+s abutt$ aga9/ a wall or pla9 surface1 add #a foot to ! l5g? ( cornice2 if aga9/ ! s(fit ( /airs or o!r incl9$ or cov]$ surface1 add #b feet to ! l5g? ( cornice4 ,octagonal1 hexagonal1 & simil> cornices1 less ?an #aj feet 9 s+le /ret*es1 take "o & "o-half times ! l5g?4 ,= circul> or elliptical "w1 *>ge d\ble price2 = domes & gro9s1 ?ree prices4 ,enri*m5ts ( all k9ds %\ld be e/imat$ at an agre$ price4 #ga4 ,co/ ( ,pla/]+4--,! foll[+ analysis ( ! co/ ( pla/]+ = #ajj squ>e y>ds1 = bo? ?ree-coat & two-coat "w1 w be ( assi/ance 9 mak+ e/imates4 ,^! co/s are exclusive ( ! la?+1 :i* w be tak5 up lat]4 ,,co/ ,,( #ajj ,,squ>e ,,y>ds ,,( ,,?ree-,,coat ,,pla/]+ ,scrat* ,coat #f bu%els ( lime1 at #be c5ts p] bu%el #a4ej #i p\nds ( hair1 at #d c5ts p] p\nd 4#cf cubic y>d ( s&1 at #a4ej p] cubic y>d #a4ac #e h\rs1 pla/]]'s "t1 at #ej c5ts p] h\r #b4ej #e h\rs1 labor]'s "t1 at #be c5ts p] h\r #a4be ------- ,total #f4gd ,br[n ,coat #f bu%els ( lime1 at #be c5ts p] bu%el #a4ej #c p\nds ( hair1 at #d c5ts p] p\nd 4#ab #a cubic y>d ( s&1 at #a4ej p] cubic y>d #a4ej #ac h\rs1 pla/]]'s "t1 at #ej c5ts p] h\r #f4ej #f h\rs1 labor]'s "t1 at #be c5ts p] h\r #a4fc ------ ,total #aa4be ,f9i%+ ,coat #c bu%els ( f9i%+ lime1 at #ce c5ts p] bu%el #a4bc b>rel ( pla/] ( ,p>is1 at #a4ge p] b>rel 4#hh bu%el ( :ite s&1 at #bg c5ts p] bu%el 4#aj #ah h\rs1 pla/]]'s "t1 at #ej c5ts p] h\r #i4jj #d h\rs1 labor]'s "t1 at #be c5ts p] h\r #a4ac ------ ,total #ab4cd ,! total co/ ( #ajj squ>e y>ds ( ?ree-coat pla/]1 !n1 is #cj4cc1 or ab\t #ca c5ts p] y>d4 ,,co/ ,,( #ajj ,,squ>e ,,y>ds ,,( ,,two-,,coat ,,pla/]+ ,br[n ,coat #h bu%els ( lime1 at #be c5ts p] bu%el #b4jj #af p\nds ( hair1 at #d c5ts p] p\nd 4#fd #a cubic y>ds ( s&1 at #a4ej p] cubic y>d #a4hh #h h\rs1 pla/]]'s "t1 at #ej c5ts p] h\r #d4jj #h h\rs1 labor]'s "t1 at #be c5ts p] h\r #b4jj ------ ,total #aj4eb ,f9i%+ ,coat ,same z giv5 = ?ree-coat "w #ab4cd ,! total co/ ( #ajj squ>e y>ds ( two-coat pla/] is !re=e #bb4hf1 or ab\t #bc c5ts p] squ>e y>d4 ,,la?+ #gb4 ,la?+ is measur$ by ! sup]ficial1 or squ>e1 y>d1 no op5+s "u #g sup]ficial y>ds be+ d$uct$4 ,pla/]+ la?s are ab\t #a in*es wide1 in* ?ick1 & usually #d feet long1 ! /udd+ be+ g5]ally plac$ #ab or #af in*es on c5t]s1 s t ! ends ( ! la?s may be nail$ to !m4 ,! la?s are usually set f to in* ap>t1 requir+ ab\t #a1 #a_/1 or #a f\r-foot la?s1 respectively1 to cov] #a squ>e foot4 ,= a fair grade ( "w1 a man w lay on an av]age ab\t #ae bundles1 or #a1ejj la?s1 p] day4 ,! price usually paid = lay+ la?s is #be c5ts a bundle4 ,9 ! foll[+ analysis is giv5 ! co/ ( la?+ #ajj squ>e y>ds ( surface3 ,,co/ ,,( ,,la?+ #ajj ,,squ>e ,,y>ds #ad_/ bundles ( la?s1 at #ee c5ts p] bundle #g4ib #i p\nds ( ?reep5ny nails1 at #c4fe p] hundr$ p\nds 4#cc ,putt+ on #ad_/ bundles1 at #be c5ts p] bundle #c4fj ------ ,total #aa4he ,! total co/ ( la?+ #ajj squ>e y>ds is !re=e #aa4he1 or ab\t #ab c5ts p] squ>e y>d4 ,,jo9]y #gc4 ,jo9]y includes all ! int]ior & ext]ior f9i% put 9 place aft] ! fram+ & cov]+ are complet$2 z1 = example1 door & w9d[ frames1 doors1 basebo>ds1 panel+1 wa9scot+1 /airs1 etc4 ,mo/ ( ^! mat]ials are work$ at ! mill & are br\ght to ! build+ ready to set 9 place4 #gd4 ,frames4--,9 tak+ (f door & w9d[ frames1 describe & /ate sizes4 ,measure ar*itraves by ! runn+ foot1 giv+ wid? & ?ickness1 :e!r mold$ or pla91 & /ate ! numb] ( pl9? & corn] blocks4 #ge4 ,sa%4--,= sa%1 /ate dim5sions 7giv+ ! wid? fir/72 ?ickness ( ! mat]ial1 mold$ or pla92 /yle ( *eck-rail & sill f9i%2 ?ickness ( sa% b>2 :e!r pla91 s+le or d\ble-hung2 & sizes 7giv+ dim5sions 9 in*es7 & numb] ( lights4 ,use /&>d sizes z mu* z possible4 #gf4 ,doors4--,9 tak+ (f doors1 describe & /ate ! sizes & ?icknesses1 :e!r ! fram+ is /uck-mold$1 rais$-mold$1 or pla92 & numb] ( panels1 :e!r pla9 or rais$4 ,use /ock sizes :]ev] possible & suitable4 ,= special "w1 :]e doors are to be v5e]$1 /ate ?ickness ( v5e]1 h[ cores are to be built1 & ! k9d ( wood to be us$4 #gg4 ,bl9ds4--,describe size & ?ickness ( bl9ds2 :e!r panel$ or slatt$ 7fix$ or movable71 & :e!r mold$ or pla94 #gh4 ,basebo>d & ,beam ,cas+s4--,measure ! basebo>d & beam cas+s by ! runn+ foot1 /at+ wid? & ?ickness ( /uff1 & :e!r mold$ or pla94 ,:5 a %oe is us$ = ! base1 s /ate2 also1 if a surbase is requir$1 give p>ticul>s4 #gi4 ,wa9scot+4--,measure wa9scot+ by ! sup]ficial foot4 ,/ate k9d ( f9i%1 :e!r panel$ or pla91 & /yle ( mold+ & panels4 ,wa9scot+ cap & base1 measure by ! runn+ foot4 #hj4 ,/airways4--,(t5 /airways are tak5 by ! contractor at s mu* p] /ep1 complete accord+ to specifications4 ,9 measur+ /airways1 take (f ! am\nt ( r\gh mat]ial 9 c>riage timb]s1 & ! plan$ lumb] 9 treads1 etc4 ,measure balu/rades by ! l9e> foot4 ,give description ( newels4 ,measure sp&rel & /airway panel+ ! same z wa9scot+4 #ha4 ,inside ,fixtures4--,kit*5 dress]s may be tak5 at a fix$ price complete2 or at a fix$ rate p] squ>e foot2 or z dress$ lumb]1 draw]s & doors be+ tak5 sep>ately4 ,w>drobes1 bookcases1 mantels1 & *9a closets %\ld be treat$ sep>ately1 & a fix$ price /at$4 #hb4 ,por*es1 ,etc4--,por*es1 ext]ior balu/rades1 balconies1 porte co*rs1 etc4 may be tak5 at a price p] l9e> foot1 or ! actual quantity ( mat]ial may be measur$4 ,,jo9]y ,,data ,,& ,,examples ,,( ,,e/imat+ ,,co/s #hc4 ,mold+4--,mold$ "w t goes ?r\gh ! mill is usually *>g$ = by ! squ>e in* ( section p] foot 9 l5g?4 ,?us1 if ! price is #a c5t p] squ>e in* ( section p] foot 9 l5g?1 a mold+ 94 #d 94 & #ab feet long w co/ #fj c5ts1 because ! section 9 ! r\gh is #a 94 #e 941 or #e squ>e in*es4 ,!re=e1 #a foot ( ?is mold+ w co/ #e c5ts1 & #ab feet w co/ #fj c5ts4 ,?is me?od ( *>g+ = mold+1 h[ev]1 is n altoge!r satisfactory1 because x requires z mu* "t to put a n>r[ piece ( mold+ ?r\gh ! mold+ ma*9e z x does a wide piece1 & a wide piece1 s9ce x w h a l>g] sectional area1 w br+ a high] price4 ,a mold+ ma*9e op]ates at diff]5t spe$s1 be+ run at a sl[ spe$ :5 cutt+ h>d woods & at a high spe$ :5 cutt+ s(t woods4 ,a ma*9e w turn out f #ijj to #d1hjj l9e> feet ( mold+ ( any wid? p] h\r1 ! #ijj feet repres5t+ ! am\nt ( v h>d wood run ?r\gh ! ma*9e1 & ! #d1hjj feet ! am\nt ( s(t wood run ?r\gh :5 ! ma*9e is spe$$ up to its full capacity4 ,! av]age output ( a ma*9e1 h[ev]1 is ab\t #c1jjj feet p] h\r4 ,! co/ ( ! ma*9e ) a man to op]ate x may be consid]$ z #gj c5ts an h\r on an av]age1 ! man gett+ #cj c5ts p] h\r & ! ma*9e be+ *>g$ = at ! rate ( #dj c5ts p] h\r4 ,!re=e1 accord+ to ^! figures1 ! co/ ( ma*9+ p] l9e> foot is only #c1 or 4#jbc ( #a c5t4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! actual co/ ( putt+ mold+ ?r\gh ! ma*9e1 especially 9 l>ge quantities1 does n am\nt to mu*4 ,= ?is reason1 especially 9 ! ea/]n cities1 x is *eap] to buy mold+ direct f ! lumb] mill ?an to buy ! r\gh mat]ial & !n run x ?r\gh ! mill at its de/9ation4 ,9 ne>ly e in/ance ! sav+ effect$ 9 putt+ ! r\gh mat]ial ?r\gh ! ma*9e at its de/9ation is m ?an c\nt]balanc$ by ! extra co/ ( freight rates due to ! extra weight4 ,= ! same reason1 9 ! ea/]n m>ket today plan$ bo>ds are really z *eap z r\gh ones1 because ! plan$ bo>ds are light] & ?us co/ less freight4 ,! co/ ( mold+ is gov]n$ almo/ entirely by ! co/ ( ! raw mat]ial1 & is always reckon$ f a base price ( #a c5t p] squ>e in* ( section #a foot long4 ,on ?is price a disc\nt is giv51 dep5d+ on ! k9d ( wood & ! f9i% desir$4 ,at pres5t an av]age disc\nt = s(t woods1 su* z :ite p9e1 spruce1 cypress1 etc41 is ab\t #ce p] c5t4 ,?us1 ! actual co/ ( p9e mold+ #a foot long & #a squ>e in* 9 cross-section is #ce #fe #a - ---- ---- ( #a c5t4 #ajj #ajj ,no disc\nt is giv5 on h>d woods 9 _m ( ! l>ge ea/]n cities at pres5t--oak1 bir*1 & ! l be+ figur$ net4 ,= walnut1 mahogany1 & o!r high-pric$ woods1 a special price is set1 dep5d+ on ! m>ket & ! local prices4 #hd4 ,co/ ( ,w9d[ ,frames & ,w9d[s4--,! foll[+ is approximately ! co/ ( a w9d[ frame ) two #bh #bh lights1 :]e all mill "w is pric$ at _/ c5t p] squ>e in* p] foot3 ,,co/ ,,( ,,w9d[ ,,frame ,jambs at head1 _/ #e #af' 4#fe ,sill1 #b #e #d' #j 4#bf ,sub-sill1 _/ #f #b' #i 4#ad ,bl9d /op1 #a #b #af' #j 4#ba ,p>t+ /op1 #a #af' #j 4#aa ,outside cas+1 _/ #e #ab' #j 4#di ,head cas+1 _/ #g #d' #j 4#bc ,rabbet$ cap1 _/ #d #d' #j 4#ac ,mold+ "u cap1 #a #c #d' #f 4#aa ,sill nos+1 _/ #d #d' #j 4#ac ,inside cas+1 includ+ apron1 #a #e #bj' #j 4#fe ,back b&1 _/ _/ #af' #j 4#ag ,inside /ops1 #b #ad' #j 4#aj ,f\r sa% pulleys1 at #c c5ts p] pulley 4#ab ,mak+ frame1 #a h\r1 at #dj c5ts p] h\r 4#dj ----- ,total #c4ij ,! co/ ( sett+ & cas+ su* a w9d[ frame is ab\t #gj c5ts4 ,! total co/ ( ! frame set 9 place is !re=e #c4ij 4#gj #d4fj4 ,! co/ ( ! frame p] squ>e foot ( light is !re=e #d4fj #add ----------- #dc c5ts #b #bh #bh #he4 ,! co/ ( an ord9>y w9d[ ) two #bh #bh lights may be e/imat$ z foll[s3 ,,co/ ,,( ,,sa% ,,9 ,,place ,co/ ( two sa%1 _/1 d\ble-hung1 glaz$ ) s+le-?ick ,am]ican glass #b4aj ,sa% weights1 #cj p\nds1 at #b c5ts p] p\nd 4#fj ,cord1 #bb feet1 at #a c5t p] foot 4#bc ,two sa% lifts1 at #e c5ts ea* 4#aj ,sa% lock 4#ae ,sett+ & hang+ sa% 4#ce ----- ,total #c4ec ,if d\ble ,am]ican in/ead ( s+le ,am]ican glass is us$1 ! co/ j giv5 %\ld be increas$ by #a4 ,if ! sa% is glaz$ ) s+le ,am]ican glass1 ! co/ p] squ>e foot ( light w be #c4ec #add ----------- #cc c5ts4 #b #bh #bh ,!re=e1 ! total co/ ( w9d[ & frame 9 place is #dc #cc #gf c5ts p] squ>e foot4 ,if ! sa% is glaz$ ) d\ble ,am]ican glass1 ! co/ p] squ>e foot ( light w be #d4ec #add ----------- #db c5ts4 #b #bh #bh ,!re=e1 9 ?is case ! total co/ ( w9d[ & frame w be #dc #db #he c5ts p] squ>e foot4 ,= curv$ sa% 9 curv$ walls1 ! co/ is ab\t twice z mu* z t ( /raight "w4 #hf4 ,co/ ( ,door ,frames & ,doors4--,! foll[+ e/imate repres5ts ! co/ ( an ord9>y door frame4 ,all mold$ "w is put 9 ! e/imate at #a c5t p] squ>e in* ( section p] foot ( l5g? less #ce-p]-c5t4 disc\nt1 :i* is ! same ?+ z _/ c5t p] squ>e in* ( section p] foot4 ,,co/ ,,( ,a #b' #h #f' #h ,,door ,,frame ,,9 ,,place #ag l9e> feet ( _/ #f rabbet$ jambs 4#hc #cf l9e> feet ( #a #e cas+ #a4ag #cf l9e> feet ( #a #b back b& 4#dg ,dado+ & smoo?+ jambs & cas+1 #a h\r1 at #dj c5ts p] h\r 4#dj ,nails 4#je ,sett+ up jambs & cas+11 #c h\rs at #dj c5ts p] h\r #a4bj ----- ,total #d4ab ,! area ( ! door is #b ft4 #h 94 #f ft4 #h 94 #ag4gh squ>e feet4 ,!re=e1 ! co/ ( ! prec$+ door frame p] squ>e foot ( door is #d4ab #ag4gh #bc c5ts4 #hg4 ,! foll[+ e/imate gives ! co/ ( a door ( mod]ate price4 ,! size ( ?is door is #b ft4 #h 94 #f ft4 #h 94 _/ 94 ,x has f\r panels1 is made ( ,no4 #a p9e1 & is f9i%$ ) solid ogee mold+4 ,,co/ ,,( ,,door ,,9 ,,place ,price ( door #b4ge ,sett+ door1 putt+ on h+es & lock1 #b h\rs1 at #dj c5ts p] h\r 4#hj #a pair ( #d #d japann$-/eel butts 4#af #a mortise lock1 brass-face knobs & escut*eons 4#gj ----- ,total #d4da ,if ! door is provid$ ) /uck mold+ in/ead ( solid mold+1 x w co/ ab\t #ej c5ts m4 ,! area ( ! door is #b ft4 #h 94 #f ft4 #h 94 #ag4gh squ>e feet4 ,! co/ p] squ>e foot is !re=e #d4da #ag4gh #be c5ts4 ,! total co/ ( door & frame p] squ>e foot ( door is !re=e #be #bc #dh c5ts4 #hh4 ,! door j describ$ has no transom4 ,a transom #b ft4 #h 94 #af 941 complete1 w co/ ab\t #a4 ,! area ( su* a transom is #b ft4 #h 94 #af 94 #c_/ squ>e feet4 ,! co/ p] squ>e foot is !re=e #a #c_/ #bh c5ts4 ,! prices j giv5 are = solid p9e doors4 ,v5e]$ h>dwood doors are usually made to ord]4 ,:5 ! contractor bids on a h\se1 ! ar*itect z a rule has n yet detail$ ! v5e]$ doors2 !re=e1 ! contractor is m or less unc]ta9 z to :at w be requir$ & usually puts 9 a price t he ?9ks w cov] ! co/4 ,9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = a v5e]$ door1 ) -in* v5e]s built ( /av$-up cores1 a price ( f #ce to #ej c5ts p] squ>e foot w be f\nd adequate4 ,?is price does n ( c\rse include ! frame4 #hi4 ,!re is n[ on ! m>ket a ready-made1 v5e]$ bir* door kn[n z ! ,korelock door4 ,9 us+ ^! doors1 x is always *eap] to make ! door frame ( ! correct size to take /ock-size doors4 ,! price ( ^! doors is q reasonable4 ,= a #b' #h #f' #h _/ door1 ) six cross-panels1 ! price is #b4hj = -in* v5e]2 if ! door is _/ in/ead ( _/ in*1 ! price is #c4be4 ,?is price ( c\rse includes no h>dw>e or frame4 ,a #b' #h #f' #h _/ two-panel door co/s #c4cj1 & if _/ in*1 x co/s #c4ge4 ,a #b' #h #f' #h #a1 half-glass door1 ) pla9 glass1 co/s #e4ee2 ) art or lace glass1 ! price is #f4bj4 ,?is price includes ! glass4 ,if ! door is #a in*es ?ick in/ead ( #a in*es1 #fe c5ts %\ld be add$ to ! two prices j /at$4 ,a fair workman c hang1 trim1 & put h>dw>e1 includ+ mortise lock1 on ab\t f\r ord9>y doors p] day4 ,= v5e]$ doors1 or ^? requir+ extra c>e1 n m ?an two c be put 9 place 9 a day by "o man4 #ij4 ,co/ ( ,basebo>ds1 ,rails1 & ,mold+s4--,! co/ ( mat]ial & fitt+ 9 place ( basebo>ds may be e/imat$ at #a_/ c5ts p] squ>e in* ( section p] l9e> foot4 ,?is price is = p9e2 if h>dwood is us$1 ! price w be #b c5ts4 ,! same rule also applies to *air rails1 cap rails1 & natural-f9i% picture mold+s4 #ia4 ,co/ ( ,panel+ & ,wa9scot+4--,panel+ may be e/imat$ at #bj c5ts p] squ>e foot = -in* p9e2 if ov] in*1 add simply = extra mat]ial4 ,if ! panel+ is ( h>dwood & v5e]$1 add #ej p] c5t4 to ! price ( p9e4 ,pla9 wa9scot+ may be e/imat$ at #i c5ts p] squ>e foot1 ! cap be+ figur$ sep>ately by ! l9e> foot4 #ib4 ,co/ ( ,/airs4--,! co/ p] /ep = an ord9>y /airway1 con/ruct$ accord+ to ! foll[+ specifications1 is ab\t #c4ee4 ,= a bett] class ( "w1 ab\t "o-qu>t] %\ld be add$ to ?is price4 ,l5g? ( /eps1 #c feet2 tread1 ,georgia p9e2 ris]1 :ite p9e2 op5 /r+1 :ite p9e2 nos+ & cove2 dovetail balu/]s1 squ>e or turn$2 rail #b 94 #c 942 #f-;in* />t newel1 *]ry2 two #d-;in* squ>e angle newels1 ) trimm$ caps & p5dants2 simple easem5ts1 furr$ und]nea? = pla/]+2 treads & ris]s tongu$ toge!r1 h\s$ into wall /r+s1 w$g$1 glu$1 & block$4 ,! mat]ial ( su* a /airway w co/ ab\t #a4hd p] /ep4 ,?is rate includes l&+ fascia & balu/rade to f9i% on upp] floor4 ,! labor on ! same1 mill "w & sett+ 9 place1 is ab\t #a4ga p] /ep4 ,= example1 = a /airs hav+ #ag /eps & l&+ balu/rade 7includ+ return1 ab\t #ad feet71 ! entire co/ w be #ag #c4ee #fj4ce1 ( :i* #ca4bh w repres5t ! co/ ( dress$ lumb]1 includ+ turn$ balu/]s & newels & work$ rail1 & #bi4jg w repres5t ! co/ ( labor 9 h\s+ /r+s1 cutt+1 mit]+1 & dovetail+ /eps1 work+ easem5ts1 fitt+ & bolt+ rail1 & erect+ /airway 9 build+4 #ic4 ,co/ ( ,v]&as4--,= small dwell+s1 x has be5 f\nd by exp]i5ce t a v]&a built accord+ to ! foll[+ specifications w co/ ab\t #c4ge p] l9e> foot3 ,wid?1 #e feet2 po/s1 turn$1 set #f or #h feet on c5t]s2 floor timb]s1 #b 94 #f 942 floor+1 -in* :ite p9e1 s\nd grade2 raft]s1 #b 94 #d 941 dress$2 purl9s1 #b 94 #d 941 set #b feet on c5t]s2 ro( %ea?+1 -in* :ite p9e2 box frieze & angle mold2 angle & face brackets2 /eps2 no balu/rade4 ,to include balu/rade ) #b-;in* turn$ balu/]s1 add ab\t #fj c5ts p] l9e> foot4 ,= a v]&a built accord+ to ! foll[+ specifications1 ! co/ w be ab\t #f4ge p] l9e> foot3 ,wid?1 #h feet2 columns1 #i-;in*1 turn$2 box p$e/als2 box cornice & gutt]2 level ceil+2 ro( timb]s1 #b 94 #f 942 ro( cov]$ ) mat*$ bo>ds2 t91 a good grade2 floor timb]s1 #b 94 #h 942 floor1 #a-;in* :ite p9e1 second grade1 ) :ite-lead jo9ts2 no balu/rade4 ,includ+ balu/rade1 ) #b-;in* turn$ balu/]s1 rail1 & base to suit1 add #hj c5ts p] l9e> foot4 ,:]e a portion ( ! v]&a is segm5tal or semicircul>1 a close approximation to ! co/ w be _h if ! circumf]5ce ( ! circul> "p is measur$1 & a rate fix$ at twice t = /raight "w ( ! same l5g?4 ,?is applies to v]&a fram+1 ro(+1 cas+1 & balu/rades4 ,,/ructural ,,/eel #id4 ,! price ( /ructural /eel v>ies cont9ually z ! /eel m>ket fluctuates4 ,! co/ ( erect+ /eel also v>ies cont9ually & dep5ds on ! difficulties to be ov]come4 ,heavy /eel "w co/s less p] p\nd ?an light ro( trusses & domes1 because less %op "w is requir$ 9 proportion to ! weight4 ,= av]age prices 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 heavy /eel may be tak5 at #c_/ c5ts p] p\nd4 ,ro( trusses1 due to extra fram+1 w co/ ab\t #c_/ c5ts p] p\nd1 & light1 complicat$ dome "w w co/ #f c5ts p] p\nd4 ,^! prices are = /eel deliv]$ & pa9t$4 ,to erect /eel co/s any:]e f to #b c5ts p] p\nd1 dep5d+ on local conditions4 ,,heat+ ,,& ,,v5tilat+ ,,sy/em #ie4 ,heat+ & v5tilat+ "w %\ld be e/imat$ z indicat$ 9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs3 ,e/imate all pipes & fitt+s ! same z = plumb+4 ,sum up all /&>d radiators1 & ! price p] squ>e foot ( radiation4 ,figure special radiators sep>ately4 ,itemize all valves1 air v5ts1 hang]s1 etc4 ,e/imate on pipe cov]+s by l9e> foot4 ,e/imate %eet-metal1 indirect-radiator cas+s 9 p\nds4 ,e/imate %eet-metal flues & smoke pipes by ! l9e> foot2 b e/imate elb[s & damp]s sep>ately4 ,e/imate regi/] boxes1 regi/]s1 & bord]s sep>ately4 ,make sep>ate items ( expansion tanks1 hot-wat] damp] regulators1 & furnace regulators4 ,figure heat]s1 /eam boil]s1 & furnaces f manufactur]s' catalogs4 ,9 e/imat+ on heat+ by furnace1 ! av]age co/ ( labor is ab\t "o-?ird t ( mat]ials4 ,= /eam & hot-wat] heat+1 ! ratio is ab\t "o-fif?4 ,! co/ ( a hot-air in/allation is approximately #f p] c5t4 ( ! co/ ( ! build+2 = /eam heat+1 #h p] c5t42 & = hot-wat] heat+1 #aj p] c5t4 ,,plumb+ ,,& ,,gas-,,fitt+ ,,plumb+ #if4 ,an approximate figure = ! co/ ( plumb+ is #aj p] c5t4 ( ! co/ ( ! build+4 ,?is figure is = good mat]ials & labor1 & ( c\rse is subject to consid]able v>iation4 ,! co/ ( labor alone w av]age ab\t "o-f\r? ! co/ ( ! mat]ials4 #ig4 ,dra9age ,sy/em4--,9 mak+ e/imates = ! dra9age sy/em1 measure all horizontal pipes f ! plans & all v]tical pipes f ! sectional draw+s4 ,comm5ce at ! sew] outlet & measure ! ma9-sew] l9e =w>ds into ! build+2 !n measure ! horizontal bran*es4 ,measure ! v]tical1 soil1 wa/e1 & v5t /acks to _! t]m9ations above ! ro(1 & wa/e-pipe bran*es to ! fixtures on ! sev]al floors4 ,itemize ! sev]al pipes 9 ! diff]5t k9ds & classes4 ,e/imate all e>!n pipe by ! l9e> foot1 all[+ = ,portl& cem5t 9 ! jo9ts4 ,e/imate all ca/-iron pipe by ! l9e> foot1 all[+ = ea* jo9t p\nd ( lead = e in* 9 diamet] ( ! pipe4 ,e/imate wr\ght pipe by ! l9e> foot1 inclusive ( c\pl+s4 ,e/imate brass1 copp]1 & lead pipe by ! p\nd4 ,e/imate all traps1 b5ds1 bran*es1 increas]s1 r$uc]s1 & o!r fitt+s sep>ately1 except su* special brass fixtures1 traps1 & connections z are includ$ 9 ! co/ ( ! fixtures4 ,d n figure lead b5ds t are small] ?an #b in*es4 ,e/imate on brass f]rule connections at all po9ts :]e lead pipe jo9s iron pipe4 ,e/imate on all sold] jo9ts 7wip$71 all[+ #a p\nd ( sold] = e in* inside diamet] ( ! pipe4 #ih4 ,wat]-,supply ,sy/em4--,= wat] suppli$ f /reet ma9s1 all[ = p]mits1 corporation tapp+1 & curb box4 ,measure ! s]vice pipe f /reet ma9 to cell>1 & all[ = a /op & wa/e cock inside ! cell> wall4 ,measure all horizontal di/ribut+ pipes f ! plan views ( ! build+ & all v]tical di/ribut+ pipes f ! sectional draw+s4 ,measure all bran*es = ! sev]al fixtures on ! diff]5t floors1 to ! lawn hydrants1 etc4 ,itemize ! diff]5t k9ds & classes ( pipes4 ,e/imate lead1 brass1 & copp] wat] pipes by ! p\nd1 & wr\ght wat] pipe by ! l9e> foot4 ,itemize all /op-cocks1 pipe supports1 /raps1 hang]s1 etc4 sep>ately4 ,e/imate all wat]-pipe fitt+s less ?an #a in*es by ! p\nd4 ,figure on brass sold]-nipple connections 9 all places :]e lead pipes jo9 iron pipes4 ,e/imate on kit*5 boil]1 s$im5t cock1 & range connections2 also on faucets = all fixtures o!r ?an ^? :i* are includ$ 9 ! co/s ( ! fixtures4 ,e/imate on g>d5 hydrants & lawn spr9kl]s1 & all[ a /op & wa/e cock 9 cell> = ea*4 #ii4 ,well ,supply4--,= wat] suppli$ f a well1 figure on d\ble-action =ce pump 9 kit*5 or laundry if ! well is n deep] ?an #bf feet bel[ ! pump2 = a deep well1 e/imate on a pump+ eng9e or a w9dmill4 ,measure lead tank l9+s 9 squ>e feet1 & e/imate by ! p\nd1 all[+ #a p\nd ( sold] = e #b feet ( seams4 ,all[ #b feet ( lead pipe to connect iron pipes to h\se tank1 & = /op-cocks close to tank4 ,provide = telltale & ov]fl[ pipes = tank4 ,e/imate copp] tanks 9 squ>e feet & by ! p\nd4 ,if !re are iron1 slate1 glass1 or c$> tanks1 figure !m sep>ately4 #ajj4 ,fixtures4--,e/imate ea* fixture sep>ately1 & include traps1 faucets1 wa/e1 v5t1 & wat] connections to walls or floors4 ,:5 ! sew] is long & has b little fall1 figure on us+ a grease trap = ! kit*5 s9k4 ,,gas-,,fitt+ #aja4 ,co/4--,! co/ ( ! gas-fitt+ may be approximately figur$ z ab\t #c p] c5t4 ( ! co/ ( ! build+4 ,! co/ ( labor alone v>ies f ab\t "o-f\r? to "o-sev5? ( ! co/ ( mat]ials4 ,! bett] ! grade ( fixtures1 ! l[] w be ! ratio1 provid$ !re is no excessive ornam5tation requir+ mu* "t to put 9 place1 z ! co/ ( ! labor is ab\t ! same = *eap fixtures z = m co/ly ones4 #ajb4 ,e/imate pip+ ! same z = plumb+4 ,all[ = met]1 p]mits1 tapp+ gas ma91 etc4 ,figure ea* gas fixture sep>ately set up 9 place4 ,! own] usually makes a selection ( fixtures f ! manufactur]'s catalog4 ,all[ = %ields1 firegu>ds1 etc4 9 places :]e !re is dang] ( fire4 ,figure gas grates1 gas /oves1 gas heat]s1 etc4 sep>ately4 ,:]e ! gas pressure is v high or un/eady1 all[ = a pressure regulator4 ,,pa9t+ ,,& ,,pap]+ ,,pa9t+ #ajc4 ,pa9t+ is measur$ by ! sup]ficial y>d1 girt+ e "p ( ! "w t is cov]$ by pa9t1 & all[+ additions to ! actual surface to comp5sate = ! difficulty ( cov]+ deep quirks ( mold+s1 = c>v$ & enri*$ surfaces1 etc4 ,ord9>y door & w9d[ op5+s are usually measur$ solid1 to comp5sate = ! extra "t tak5 9 work+ ar\nd !m1 8cutt+ 90 ! w9d[ sa%1 etc4 ,por* & /air balu/rades1 iron rail+s1 & "w hav+ num]\s ?9 /rips1 are also c\nt$ solid1 = a simil> reason4 ,all[ance is frequ5tly made = ! di/ance f ! gr\nd t ! "w is to be done1 z 9 cornices1 balconies1 dorm]s1 etc41 & also = ! difficulty ( access4 ,*>ges are usually made = ea* coat ( pa9t put on1 at a c]ta9 price p] sup]ficial y>d & p] coat4 ,gra9+ & m>bl+ 7imitations ( wood & /one7 & v>ni%+ are rat$ at diff]5t prices f pla9 "w4 ,capitals & columns & o!r ornam5tal "w t is difficult to measure %\ld be enum]at$1 & a cle> description ( ! am\nt ( "w on !m %\ld be giv54 ,,data ,,on ,,pa9t+ #ajd4 ,quantities4--,"o p\nd ( pure lead-&-oil pa9t w cov] f #b to #c squ>e y>ds ( wood = ! fir/ coat1 & f #d to #f squ>e y>ds = ea* additional coat2 on brickwork1 x w cov] ab\t #a & #b squ>e y>ds1 respectively4 ,color$ pa9t w cov] ab\t "o-?ird m surface ?an :ite pa9t4 ,us+ prep>$ or ready-mix$ pa9t1 #a gallon w cov] f #bej to #cjj squ>e feet ( wood5 surface1 two coats2 = cov]+ metallic surfaces1 #a gallon w be suffici5t = f #cjj to #djj squ>e feet1 "o coat4 ,! weight p] gallon ( pure mix$ pa9ts v>ies consid]ably1 b1 on an av]age1 may be tak5 at ab\t #af p\nds4 ,prep>$ %+le /a9s w cov] ab\t #bjj squ>e feet ( surface p] gallon if appli$ ) a bru%2 or1 ?is quantity w be suffici5t = dipp+ ab\t #ejj %+les4 ,r\gh-saw$ %+les w require ab\t #ej p] c5t4 m /a9 ?an smoo? ones4 ,"o p\nd ( cold-wat] pa9t1 = ! fir/ coat1 w cov] f #ej to #ge squ>e feet ( wood1 accord+ to ! surface condition1 & ab\t #dj squ>e feet ( brick & /one4 ,"o gallon ( liquid pigm5t fill]1 h>d-oil f9i%1 or v>ni% w g5]ally cov] f #cej to #dej squ>e feet ( surface = ! fir/ coat1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! wood & ! f9i%1 & f #dej to #eej squ>e feet = ! second & subsequ5t coats4 ,"o p\nd ( pa/e wood5 fill] w cov] ab\t #dj squ>e feet4 ,"o gallon ( v>ni% weighs f #h to #i p\nds2 turp5t9e1 ab\t #g p\nds2 & boil$ or raw l9se$ oil1 ab\t #g p\nds4 ,= putty+1 ab\t #e p\nds ( putty w be suffici5t = #ajj squ>e y>ds ( int]ior & ext]ior "w4 ,= siz+1 ab\t p\nd ( glue is us$ to #a gallon ( wat]4 ,= mix+ pa9ts1 ! figures giv5 9 ,table ,,xiv repres5t ! av]age proportions ( mat]ials requir$ = ea* #ajj p\nds ( lead4 ,,table ,,xiv ,,quantities ,,( ,,mat]ials ,coat ,lead ,raw ,oil ,japan ,dri],turp5t9e ,p\nds ,gallons ,gallon ,gallons ---------------------------------------- ---- ,prim+ #ajj #g -- ,second #ajj #d -- #b ,?ird #ajj #f-g -- ,! dri] is omitt$ 9 ! second & succe$+ coats1 unless ! "w is to be dri$ v rapidly1 z x is consid]$ to be injuri\s to ! durability ( ! pa9t4 ,on outside "w1 boil$ oil is g5]ally us$ 9 ab\t ! proportion ( #a gallon to #b gallons ( raw oil4 #aje4 ,c>e 9 ,pa9t+4--,9 pa9t+ woodwork1 putty %\ld n be us$ until aft] ! fir/ coat ( pa9t or v>ni% has be5 appli$4 ,!re are two reasons = ?is4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 if putty is us$ on dry wood1 ! wood is liable to absorb ! oil f ! putty & leave x 9 a dry & crumbly condition4 ,!n1 also1 ! oil f ! putty soak+ into ! wood w /a9 ! wood d>k1 & ?is /a9 may be se5 ?r\gh v>ni%4 ,= ?is latt] reason1 putty %\ld be put 9 cracks & holes ) a putty knife & n ) ! f+]s1 z o!rwise ! oil f ! putty w get ov] ! f+]s & ?us be transf]r$ to ! woodwork1 :]e x w %[ z a d>k /a9 if ! wood is v>ni%$4 ,due c>e %\ld also be tak5 9 pa9t+ woodwork t has knots 9 x1 z o!rwise ! turp5t9e 9 ! knot w be sure to discolor ! pa9t 9 c\rse ( "t4 ,to avoid ?is1 ! knots %\ld be coat$1 or kill$1 ) a coat ( %ellac be=e ! fir/ coat ( pa9t is appli$4 ,! %ellac prev5ts ! turp5t9e 9 ! knot f soak+ ?r\gh & discolor+ ! pa9t4 #ajf4 ,co/ ( ,pa9t+4--,! co/ ( apply+ pa9t on g5]al int]ior & ext]ior "w w av]age ab\t twice ! co/ ( ! mat]ials1 :ile = v pla9 "w1 done 9 "o color1 ! co/ may be tak5 at ab\t #a times t ( ! mat]ials4 ,= /ippl+1 ! co/ w be ab\t ! same z = two coats ( pa9t4 ,= v>ni%+1 ! co/ ( labor w be ab\t #a times ! price ( ! v>ni%4 ,! foll[+ figures repres5t fair av]age prices1 = v>i\s classes ( "w1 & h be5 adopt$ by ! ,build]s' ,ex*ange ( a l>ge ea/]n city3 ,,co/ ,,p] ,,squ>e ,,y>d ,,int]ior ,,"w ,,c5ts #a coat ( pa9t1 includ+ %ellack+ knots #aj #b coats ( pa9t1 includ+ putty+ #bj #c coats ( pa9t1 includ+ putty+ #be to #cj #a coat ( %ellac #ae ,walls1 #a coat ( size1 #b coats ( pa9t #bj ,walls1 #a coat ( size1 #c coats ( pa9t1 /ippl$ #cj ,h>dwood ,f9i% #a coat ( pa/e fill]1 #a coat ( v>ni% #be #a coat ( pa/e fill]1 #b coats ( v>ni% #dj #a coat ( pa/e fill]1 #c coats ( v>ni% #ej #a coat ( pa/e fill]1 #c coats ( v>ni%1 rubb$ d[n to dull f9i% #fj to #ge ,f9i% on ,s(t ,woods #a coat ( liquid fill]1 #a coat ( v>ni% #bj #a coat ( liquid fill]1 #b coats ( v>ni% #cj #a coat ( liquid fill]1 #c coats ( v>ni%1 rubb$ #ej ,floors3 fill+1 %ellack+1 v>ni%+1 or wax+1 #b coats 7or #d coats 9 all7 #dj ,t9t+ ,walls 7,cold-,wat] ,pa9t7 ,t9t+1 #ej y>ds or less1 includ+ siz+ #ab ,t9t+1 #ej y>ds or m1 includ+ siz+ #aj #ajg4 ,9 /a9+ h>dwoods ) op5 gra91 su* z oak1 *e/nut1 a%1 etc41 x is cu/om>y1 :5 a v>ni%$ surface is requir$1 to /a9 ! pa/e fill] ) oil colors s z to secure ! desir$ t9t & !n f9i% ) ?ree or f\r coats ( v>ni%4 ,! /a9+ adds ab\t #e c5ts p] squ>e y>d to ! co/ ( v>ni%+4 ,:5 x is desir$ to color ! silv] gra91 or m$ull>y rays1 reveal$ 9 qu>t]-saw$ mat]ial1 ! usual plan is fir/ to /a9 ! mat]ial ) an oil or an anil9e /a9 t p]man5tly affects only ! silv] gra94 ,aft]w>ds1 ! pa/e fill] color$ to ! desir$ t9t is appli$1 & ?is1 on ent]+ & clos+ ! op5 gra91 buries ! fir/ /a91 b does n cov] t ov] ! m$ull>y rays4 ,?is1 z 9 ! previ\s me?od ( /a9+1 adds ab\t #e c5ts a squ>e y>d to ! co/ ( v>ni%+4 ,ano!r me?od ( treat+ oak1 *e/nut1 & a% is to /a9 ! wood to ! desir$ %ade ) an oil /a9 ( ! prop] t9t4 ,?is /a9 is appli$ ) *eeseclo? to an ev5 surface1 &1 aft] putty+1 "o coat ( flat v>ni% is appli$4 ,?is process co/s ab\t #be c5ts p] squ>e y>d4 ,= silv]-gray effects1 ! addition ( alum9um bronze to ! oil /a9 w give a pleas+ effect4 ,?is co/s ab\t #bh c5ts p] squ>e y>d4 ,:5 x is desir$ to h ! op5 gra9 %[ a :ite effect1 ! usual me?od is to use a pa/e fill] ) z9c :ite add$ & !n a coat ( flat v>ni%4 ,?is co/s ab\t #cj c5ts p] squ>e y>d4 ,oak1 *e/nut1 & a% maybe color$ by fum+ 7to give ! effect ( age7 ) ! vapors ( ammonia releas$ 9 a clos$ box4 ,?is effect is also produc$ by sev]al pat5t$ processes4 ,x co/s ab\t #cj c5ts p] squ>e y>d4 ,,ext]ior ,,pa9t+ ,,co/ ,,p] ,,squ>e ,,y>d ,woodwork ,,c5ts #a coat ( pa9t #aj #b coats ( pa9t1 includ+ putty+ #ah #c coats ( pa9t1 includ+ putty+ #be to #cj ,common & ,press$ ,brickwork #a coat ( pa9t #ae #b coats ( pa9t #be #c coats ( pa9t #ce ,p5cil+ & l9+ jo9ts on pa9t$ brickwork #je ,p5cil+ jo9ts on press$1 unpa9t$ brickwork #aj ,s&+ #b coats ( pa9t1 #a coat ( s& #bh #c coats ( pa9t1 #a coat ( s& #ce ,miscellane\s ,,co/ ,dipp+ %+les1 p] #a1jjj #c4jj ,additional coat1 p] #a1jjj %+les 4#ej ,bru%-coat+ %+les1 p] squ>e y>d 4#ae ,bl9ds1 p] squ>e foot1 #a coat1 pa9t$ on bo? sides 4#jd ,additional coat = bl9ds1 p] squ>e foot 4#jd ,iron f5ce1 p] squ>e foot1 #a coat1 pa9t$ on bo? sides 4#jd ,t9 ro(1 p] squ>e y>d1 #a coat 4#je ,additional coat = t9 ro(1 p] squ>e y>d 4#jd ,,note4--,= pa9t+ s&-lime bricks1 d\ble ! prices giv5 = common & press$ brickwork4 ,,pap]+ #ajh4 ,pap]+ is usually figur$ p] roll1 put on ! wall4 ,! pap] is g5]ally #ah in*es wide1 & is 9 #h-y>d rolls2 d\ble rolls are #af y>ds4 ,on acc\nt ( wa/e 9 mat*+1 etc41 x is difficult to e/imate v closely ! numb] ( rolls requir$1 b an approximate result may be obta9$ z foll[s3 ,divide ! p]imet] ( ! room by #a 7! wid? ( pap] 9 feet72 ! result w be ! numb] ( /rips4 ,f9d ! numb] ( /rips t c be cut f a roll1 & divide ! fir/ result by ! second2 ! quoti5t w be ! numb] ( rolls requir$4 ,no op5+s less ?an #bj squ>e feet 9 area %\ld be d$uct$1 9 ord] to comp5sate = cutt+ & fitt+ at su* places4 ,ab\t #ae p] c5t4 %\ld be add$ to ! area to all[ = wa/e4 ,! bord]1 :e!r wide or n>r[1 is g5]ally figur$ z "o roll ( pap]4 ,! co/ ( pap] is extremely v>iable1 rang+ f #ae c5ts to #f p] roll2 ! av]age co/ is probably #be to #ej c5ts p] roll1 = ord9>y h\ses4 ,pap] hang+ co/s f #aj c5ts to #a p] roll1 accord+ to quality1 ) /rips butt$4 ,,glaz+ #aji4 ,glaz+ 0 =m]ly includ$ 9 ! pa9t]'s contract1 b z x is n[ cu/om>y & m conv5i5t to oil or pa9t & glaze ! sa% at ! mill :5 !y are made1 ! glaz+ is includ$ 9 ! jo9]y specifications1 & is n consid]$ z a sep>ate subdivision ( e/imat+ "w4 ,9 measur+ glass1 take ! dim5sions betwe5 rabbets ea* way :5 ! panes are rectangul>2 if irregul> or circul> 9 =m1 take ! extreme dim5sions1 & consid] ! panes rectangul>4 ,x co/s ab\t #a c5ts p] squ>e foot ( light to glaze a w9d[4 ,?is price includes ! co/ ( putty4 ,poli%$ plate glass is us$ ext5sively = /ore-front w9d[s & also = glaz+ w9d[ sa% 9 f9e "w4 ,!re are ?ree qualities3 ,fr5* plate1 & two grades ( ,am]ican plate1 :i* may be obta9$ 9 v>i\s sizes up to #h feet wide & #ad feet long4 ,! co/ ( plate glass is e/imat$ by ! aid ( a price li/ t gives ! co/ ( ! v>i\s sizes4 ,?is li/ is furni%$ by deal]s & rema9s ! same f ye> to ye>2 x is kn[n z ! /&>d li/4 ,! fluctuations are provid$ = by means ( a disc\nt1 :i* is ! same = all sizes ( glass4 ,,table ,,xv ,,panes ,,( ,,w9d[ ,,glass ,,p] ,,box ,panes ,panes ,panes ,panes ,size 9 ,size 9 ,size 9 ,size 9 ,in*es ,box ,in*es ,box ,in*es ,box ,in*es ,box ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #f #h #aej #af #bb #ba #bb #bh #ab #bf #eh #e #g #i #aae #af #bd #ae #bb #cj #aa #bh #bh #i #h #aj #ij #af #cd #ac #bb #cb #aj #bh #cj #i #h #ab #ge #af #ch #ab #bb #cd #aj #bh #db #f #i #aa #gc #af #dd #aj #bb #cf #i #bh #eb #e #i #ab #fg #ah #bj #bj #bb #ch #i #cj #cj #h #i #ac #fb #ah #bb #ah #bb #dh #g #cj #dj #f #aj #ab #fj #ah #bd #ag #bb #eb #f #cj #ej #e #aj #ad #eb #ah #bf #af #bd #bd #ab #cj #ed #d #aj #af #de #ah #cb #ac #bd #bf #ab #cb #cb #g #aj #ah #dj #ah #cf #aa #bd #bh #aa #cb #cf #f #ab #ad #dc #ah #db #aj #bd #cj #aj #cb #dh #e #ab #af #ch #ah #eb #h #bd #cb #aj #cb #eb #d #ab #ah #cd #bj #bj #ah #bd #cd #i #cb #eh #d #ab #bj #cj #bj #bb #af #bd #cf #i #cb #fb #d #ab #bb #bg #bj #bd #ae #bd #ch #h #cd #cd #f #ab #bd #be #bj #bf #ad #bd #dj #h #cd #cf #f #ad #af #cb #bj #bh #ac #bd #db #g #cd #df #e #ad #ah #bi #bj #cj #ab #bd #dd #g #cd #ej #d #ad #bj #bf #bj #cd #aa #bd #df #g #cd #ef #d #ad #bb #bd #bj #cf #aj #bd #eb #f #cf #cf #f #ad #bd #bb #bj #ch #aj #bd #fj #e #cf #dd #e #ad #bf #bj #bj #dj #i #bf #bf #aa #cf #dh #d #ad #cf #ad #bj #eb #g #bf #bh #aj #cf #ed #d #ad #dj #ac #bb #bb #ae #bf #cb #i #cf #eh #c #af #ah #be #bb #bd #ad #bf #dd #f #cf #fd #c #af #bj #bc #bb #bf #ac #bf #eb #e #dj #fj #c ,:5 /a9$ or art glass is us$1 ! specifications g5]ally limit ! co/1 z ! glass is made accord+ to ! ar*itect's designs or to approv$ designs submitt$ by manufactur]s4 ,! price dep5ds m on ! am\nt ( lead or copp] us$ ?an on ! co/ ( ! glass itself1 & !re=e no v close e/imate c be made4 ,! foll[+ figures are only approximate3 ,,co/ ,,p] ,,squ>e ,,foot ,cle> glass #a to #c ,opalesc5t glass #a to #c ,plate glass #b to #d ,ca!dral glass #c to #e ,favrille glass ,ab\t #h ,ord9>y w9d[1 or %eet1 glass is sold by ! box1 :i* conta9s1 z ne>ly z possible1 #ej squ>e feet1 :atev] ! size ( ! glass may be4 ,!re are two qualities ( ord9>y glass1 kn[n z s+le & d\ble ?ick1 ! =m] be+ ab\t _/ in* ?ick1 & ! latt] ne>ly in*4 ,s+le-?ick glass %\ld nev] be us$ 9 panes ov] #bd 94 #bd 94 9 size4 ,table ,,xv gives ! numb] ( panes ( w9d[ glass 9 "o box ( #ej squ>e feet4 ,,e/imat+ ,,& ,,calculat+ ,,quantities 7,,"p #b7 ,,example ,,9 ,,e/imat+ #a4 ,foll[+ ! rules & sugge/ions already giv5 9 ,e/imat+ & ,calculat+ ,quantities1 ,"p #a1 ! e/imate = a h\se w be made z a practical example1 ! draw+s on :i* x is bas$ be+ %[n 9 ! accompany+ plates4 ,9 mak+ ! e/imate1 ! v>i\s portions ( ! "w are tak5 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y naturally occur 9 ! erection ( ! build+1 foll[+1 z closely z possible1 ! e/imat+ s*$ule h]et(ore giv54 ,z f> z possible1 ! figures giv5 9 ! example %\ld be *eck$ up by tak+ (f quantities & p]=m+ all ! indicat$ "w4 ,x is only by actually mak+ ! calculations t any practical b5efit f ! "w w be d]iv$4 ,no two e/imators1 work+ sep>ately1 w arrive at exactly ! same results2 !re=e1 9 foll[+ ! calculations 9 ?is example1 "s discrepancies betwe5 ! figures ( ! p]son p]=m+ ! e/imat+ & ! ones giv5 w no d\bt be f\nd4 ,^! discrepancies %\ld n be important ones1 h[ev]1 & by c>efully /udy+ ! me?ods foll[$1 results sub/antially ! same z ^? comput$ "h %\ld be obta9$4 ,,excavation #b4 ,9 calculat+ ! cubic y>ds ( e>? excavat$ = ! cell>1 all measurem5ts are tak5 f ! f\ndation plan & ! sections4 ,! plan is block$ out z %[n 9 ! accompany+ ,cell> ,plan1 & ! area ( ea* block f\nd2 !n1 by multiply+ ! sum ( ^! p>tial areas by ! dep? ( ! cell>1 ! cubic cont5ts is det]m9$4 ,! tr5*es = ! f\ndation walls ( por*es & = ! foot+s ( cell> walls are calculat$ sep>ately1 z also are ! excavations = pi]s1 dra9s1 cesspools1 area1 etc4 ,,cell> ,,excavation ,,squ>e ,,cubic ,quantities ,,feet ,,feet ,block ,a1 #bc' #d #af' #d #cha4j ,block ,b1 #ad' #f #bj' #aj #cjb4j ,d$uct #d #c' #j #a4j ,add = projection ( wall1 7#ac' #f #g'7 #b #c' #cj4h ---- #cca4h ,block ,c1 #bg' #f #ag' #e #dgi4j ,d$uct = breaks 9 wall1 #a' #g #f' #h & #b' #f #c' #ah4j ---- #dfa4j ,block ,d1 #bf' #f #aj' #e #bgg4b ,block ,e1 #af' #h #aa' #f #aib4d ,d$uct = breaks 9 wall1 #f' #f #a' #aa & #c' #e #ac4g ----- #agh4g #b;,block ,f1 #i' #aj #i' #g #b #dg4c #c;,block ,g1 #ad' #ad' 4#ghed #b #gg4j ,d$uct = portion ( semicircul> "p1 includ$ 9 ,f1 #ab #ad' approximately #ad4j ---- #fc4j ------- ,total area ( excavation #a1gdj4j ,cont5ts1 #a1gdj sq4 ft4 #f4e ft4 7dep?7 #aa1caa4j #b ,! block ,f is tak5 z a triangle4 ,! block ,g is a semicircle1 & its area is f\nd1 z w be notic$1 by f9d+ ! area ( a circle & divid+ x by #b4 #c ,! block ,f is tak5 z a triangle4 ,! block ,g is a semicircle1 & its area is f\nd1 z w be notic$1 by f9d+ ! area ( a circle & divid+ x by #b4 ,,excavation ,,= ,,wall ,,foot+s#d ,,squ>e ,,cubic ,quantities ,,feet ,,feet a b1 #bf' #b' #f #fe4j b c1 #e' #f #c' #af4e c d1 #i' #i #b' #f #bd4d d e1 #ag' #f #b' #f #dc4g e f1 #bg' #d #b' #f #fh4c f g1 #i' #b #c' #h #cc4f g h1 #ba' #b' #f #eb4e i j1 #bg' #g #b' #f #fi4j j a1 #ca' #b' #f #gg4e k l1 #bj' #b #b' #f #ej4d ,*imney1 #ab' #f #d' 7approximately7 #ej ,d$uctions #aj4d #ci4f q r1 #af' #d #a' #aj #bi4i r s1 #i' #b #a' #aj #af4h m n 7less op5+s71 #g' #i #b' #f #ai4d o p1 #bj' #a' #aj #cf4g ------ ,total area ( excavation = foot+s #fdc4c ,cont5ts1 #fdc4c sq4 ft4 #aj 94 74#hcc ft47 dep? #ece4i ,,miscellane\s ,,excavations#e ,,cubic ,quantities ,,feet ,front por*1 #fi' #i #b' #c #c' #dgj4h ,back por*1 #bd' #b' #d #c' #afh4j ,pi]s = /eps1 #a' #h #b' #c' #b #bj4j ,pi]s = side /eps & back por*1 #b' #b' #c' #d #dh4j ,cell> area1 #e' #i #f' #d #f' #f #bcf4g ,d$uct #b' #c' #f' #f #ci4j ----- #aig4g ,dry cesspool1 #f ft4 diamet] #f ft4 dep? #afi4f ,cesspool1 #f ft4 diamet] #h ft4 dep? #bbf4b ,tr5* = pipe to cesspool1 #be' #g' #f #b' #cge4j ,tr5* = dra9 pipes 7ro( dra9age71 #bbh' #c' #a' #fhd4j ,tr5* = dra9 pipes f junction to dry cesspool1 #bj' #c' #ah #ij4j -------- ,total #b1ddi4c -------- ,gr& total ( excavation #ad1bif4b #d ,l5g?s scal$ along c5t] l9e ( walls4 #e ,l5g?s scal$ along c5t] l9e ( walls4 ,,fill+ ,,cubic ,quantities ,,feet ,ar\nd f\ndation walls1 #aha' #b #f #f' #f #ehh4h ,ar\nd f\ndation ( por*es1 etc41 #adb' #c #f #c' #bac4d ----- ,total fill+ #hjb4b ,co/ ,! co/ ( excavation 9 s&y soil1 tak5 f ,e/imat+ & ,calculat+ ,quantities1 ,"p #a1 is #ec c5ts p] cubic y>d4 ,! co/ ( fill+1 includ+ tamp+1 may be tak5 z ab\t "o-?ird t ( excavation1 or1 say1 #ah c5ts p] cubic y>d4 ,summ>y ,excavation1 #ad1bif4b cu4 ft4 #ebi4e cu4 yd41 at #ec c5ts p] cubic y>d #bhj4fd ,fill+1 #hjb4b cu4 ft4 #bi4g cu4 yd41 at #ah c5ts p] cubic y>d #e4ce ------- ,total co/ ( excavation & fill+ #bhe4ii ,,/onework #c4 ,! f\ndation walls are built ( rubble masonry to ! sill at ! grade l9e1 & f ?is sill to ! wat]-table !y are built ( a%l> ) rubble back+1 except ^? portions beh9d por*es & /eps1 :i* are :olly rubble4 ,! e/imate = /onework also includes ! concrete = foot+s & cell> floor2 ! numb] ( cubic feet ( concrete requir$ = ! foot+s w be f\nd by ref]r+ to ! item ,excavation = ,wall ,foot+s4 ,,rubble ,,masonry ,,cubic ,quantities#f ,,feet ,cell> walls1 #aha' #b #a' #f #f' #f #a1gff4d ,add = extra ?ickness ov] #a' #f3 #e #f' #c #f' #f #af4i #a' #b #aj' #h #f' #f #hj4i ----- #ig4h #g;,f\ndation walls = front por*3 #gd' #f #a' #h #a' #i #bag4c #gd' #f #a' #b #i #fe4b ------ #bhb4e ,f\ndation = /eps3 #b pi]s1 #a' #f #a' #h #b' #f #ab4e #b pi]s1 #b' x #a' #f #b' #f #ae4j ----- #bg4e ,/one foot+s "u por* f\ndations1 #gd' #f #b' #c #f #hc4h ,back+ = a%l> & wat]-table1 #gi' #aj #a' 7av]age7 #c' #bci4e ,rubble wall beh9d por*es1 #aja' #d #a' #f #c' 7approximately7 #def4j #h;,f\ndation walls1 re> por*1 #bf' #aj #a' #f #b' #f #ajj4f ,foot+s1 walls re> por*1 #bf' #aj #b' #d #f #ca4c ,area walls1 #ac' #i #a' #f' #f #hi4d ,/one foot+ = area walls1 #ac' #i #a' #i #f #ab4j ,pi]s1 #a' #f #a' #f #b' #f #b #aa4c ,pi] foot+s1 #b' #b' #f #d #h4j ,pi] foot+s1 #b' #a' #i #f #b #c4e --------- ,total rubble masonry #c1bji4b #f ,ext]nal measurem5ts ) no d$uction = op5+s4 #g ,al?\gh ^! are made cont9u\s1 to c>ry ! base1 or gr\nd sill1 indep5d5t pi]s1 "u ! por* columns might be sub/itut$1 at a some:at less co/4 #h ,al?\gh ^! are made cont9u\s1 to c>ry ! base1 or gr\nd sill1 indep5d5t pi]s1 "u ! por* columns might be sub/itut$1 at a some:at less co/4 ,co/ ,! co/ ( ! rubble masonry bas$ on ! analysis giv5 9 ,e/imat+ & ,calculat+ ,quantities1 ,"p #a1 us+ #a-c ,portl& cem5t mort>1 is #e4bc p] p]*4 ,summ>y ,f ! =ego+ calculation1 ! quantity ( rubble masonry is #c1bji4b cu4 ft4 ,tak+ #be cu4 ft4 to #a p]*1 #c1bji4b #be #abh4d p]*es1 :i* at #e4bc p] p]* makes ! total co/ ( rubble masonry #fga4ec4 ,,a%l>#i ,quantities ,,squ>e ,,feet ,fac+ = cell> walls1 #gi' #aj #b' #b #agc4j ,por* pi]s1 #bi' #f #a' #f #dc4i ------- ,total a%l> #baf4i #i ,! walls betwe5 ! base sill & ! wat]-table are fac$ ) a%l>1 :i* ext5ds ar\nd ! ma9 walls to ! por*es1 & all por* pi]s are built ( a%l>4 ,co/ ,! e/imat$ co/ ( a%l> is bas$ on ! foll[+ analysis ( ! co/ ( #a squ>e foot ( a%l>3 ,co/ ( /one1 blue/one fac+ 4#dj ,haul+ /one 4#jc ,mort> 4#ja ,labor1 e/imat+ #fd squ>e feet p] day ( #h h\rs1 = two masons & "o labor]3 ,two masons1 at #c4bj p] day 4#aj ,"o labor] at #b p] day 4#jc ----- ,co/ p] squ>e foot 4#eg ,summ>y ,f ! =ego+ quantities1 ! a%l> am\nts to #baf4i squ>e feet1 :i*1 at #eg c5ts p] squ>e foot1 w make ! total co/ ( a%l> #abc4fc4 ,,cut ,,/one ,quantities & ,co/ ,,co/ ,,total ,,p] ,,foot ,,co/ ,base1 or gr\nd sill1 ext5d+ ar\nd por*es 7except "u /one /eps7 & along expos$ ma9 walls1 #agb ft41 #e #aa & #e #ac dress$ & *amf]$ s&/one #a4jj #agb4jj ,wat]-table1 ext5d+ ar\nd ma9 walls1 #aha ft4 #b 941 #f #aj dress$ & *amf]$ s&/one 4#he #aec4ii ,l9tel c\rse1 ext5d+ ov] brick walls1 #abe ft41 #f #aj dress$ s&/one 4#he #ajf4be ,twelve dress$ s&/one w9d[ sills1 cut ) lug & drip1 #ee ft41 #e #h 4#fe #cf4bd ,cut-/one jambs & l9tel = ma9 door1 #ba ft41 #aj #ab1 s&/one #a4ge #cg4fc ,"o front door sill1 #e ft41 #f #aj1 s&/one #a4aj #f4cc ,cop+ on area walls1 #i ft41 #c #af1 s&/one 4#fj #e4dj ,front & side por* /eps1 #ei ft41 #h #ab1 dress$ s&/one #a4be #gc4ge ,eight blue/one /eps = cell>1 outside entrance1 #d' #ab #b 4#ce #aa4bj ,blue/one l9tel = kit*5 fireplace1 #f' #ab #f #a4bj #g4bj ,cut /one = ma9 *imney #be4jj ,co/ to set cut /one1 #bj p] c5t4 #abg4jj ------- ,total co/ ( cut /one #gfa4ii ,,concrete ,,foot+s ,,& ,,floor ,,cubic ,quantities ,,y>d ,foot+s1 z p] ,excavation = ,wall ,foot+s1 #ece4i cu4 ft4 #bg #ai4h ,,squ>e ,,squ>e ,,feet ,,y>d ,concrete floor3 ,area ( cell> excavation #a1gdj4j ,d$uct area ( foot+s #fdc4c ------- #a1jif4g ,add = #f-;in* /rip ov] inn] projection ( wall foot+s1 #afe' #f #hb4e ,add = projection on bo? sides ( int]ior walls1 #abf' #f #fc4j ,add = projection ov] *imney foot+1 #cc' #f #af4e ------- ,total area ( concrete floor #a1beh4g #aci4i ,co/ ,! e/imate = concrete foot+s is bas$ on ! analyses ( co/s giv5 9 ,e/imat+ & ,calculat+ ,quantities1 ,"p #a1 & is #e4aj p] cubic y>d = a #a-c-e mixture4 ,! e/imate = ! concrete floor is arriv$ at z foll[s3 ,! concrete w be a #a-c-f mixture4 ,accord+ to ,e/imat+ & ,calculat+ ,quantities1 ,"p #a1 ?is mixture co/s #d4ib p] cubic y>d4 ,accord+ to ! same section1 #be c5ts mu/ be add$ to ?is co/ = extra labor1 br++ ! total up to #e4ag p] cubic y>d4 ,if ! concrete floor is #d in*es ?ick1 ! co/ p] squ>e y>d w be _/ #e4ag #eg c5ts1 approximately4 ,! top coat1 accord+ to ,e/imat+ & ,calculat+ ,quantities1 ,"p #a1 is #dj c5ts4 ,!re=e1 ! total co/ ( ! concrete floor p] squ>e y>d is #eg #dj #ig c5ts4 ,summ>y ,foot+ concrete1 z p] =ego+ figures1 #ai4h cu4 yd4 at #e4aj p] cubic y>d #ajj4ih ,concrete floor1 #aci4i sq4 yd4 at #ig c5ts p] squ>e y>d #ace4gj ------- ,total co/ ( concrete #bcf4fh ,recapitulation ( ,co/ ( ,/onework ,rubble masonry #fga4ec ,a%l> masonry #abc4fc ,cut /one #gfa4ii ,concrete foot+s & floor #bcf4fh --------- ,total co/ ( /onework #a1gic4hc ,,brickwork #d4 ,9 e/imat+ ! brickwork1 op5+s h be5 d$uct$1 ?us practically giv+ 8kiln c\nt10 s t ! analyses ( prices giv5 h]et(ore w apply4 ,if op5+s _h n be5 d$uct$1 ! prices w\ld be #ae p] c5t4 l[]4 ,,press$ ,,brick ,quantities ,,no4 ,,brick ,fac+ ext]ior walls1 same l5g? z /one l9tel c\rse1 #abe' #h' #a1jjj sq4 ft4 at #g bricks p] squ>e foot #g1ejj ,,squ>e ,d$uct = ,op5+s3 ,,feet ,n9e w9d[s1 total wid? #cb' ,x #f' #f high #bjh4j ,two casem5t w9d[s1 total wid? #g' #d #h' high #eh4g ,"o lavatory w9d[1 total wid? #b' ,x #f #e' #f #ac4h ,ma9 door1 #e' #e #h' #i #dg4d ----- ,total d$uctions #cbg4i #cbg4i #g #b1dei ----- ,numb] ( brick #e1jda ,add #e p] c5t4 = wa/e #beb ----- ,total press$ brick #e1bic ,co/ ,! co/ ( press$ brickwork is bas$ on ! analysis giv5 9 ,e/imat+ & ,calculat+ ,quantities1 ,"p #a1 & is #ec4ga p] ?\s&4 ,summ>y ,f ! prec$+ e/imate ( quantities1 ! numb] ( press$ brick laid is #e1jda1 :i*1 at #ec4ga p] ,m1 w co/ #bgj4ge ,press$ brick1 n laid1 #beb1 at #cj p] ,m #g4ef ------- ,total co/ ( press$ brickwork #bgh4ca ,,common ,,brick ,quantities ,,no4 ,,brick ,back+ ext]ior press$-brick walls1 #h 94 ?ick1 #e1jda #b #aj1jhb ,back+ beh9d l9tel c\rse1 #i ,x #abe' #h at #ae brick p] sq4 ft4 #a1djf ,int]ior cell> walls1 #bh' #d #h' #bbf4g sq4 ft4 7#ag-;in* wall7 at #cj brick p] squ>e foot #f1hja ,d$uct = ?ree op5+s1 #ab' #c total wid? #f' #f height #gi4f sq4 ft4 at #cj brick p] squ>e foot #b1chh ----- #d1dac ,int]ior wall1 #h ?ick1 #dc' #i #h'1 #cej sq4 ft4 at #ae brick p] squ>e foot #e1bej ,*imney1 pr9cipal 7flues figur$ solid71 approximately #ibj cu4 ft41 at #bb brick p] cubic foot #bj1gjj ,*imney1 re>1 approximately #bde cu4 ft41 at #bb brick p] cubic foot #e1eac ,trap pits1 #df sq4 ft41 at #g brick p] squ>e foot #cde ------ #df1cjc ,add #e p] c5t4 = wa/e #b1cae ------ ,total common brick #dh1fah ,co/ ,! co/ ( ! common brickwork is bas$ on ! analysis giv5 9 ,e/imat+ & ,calculat+ ,quantities1 ,"p #a1 & is #af4fh p] ?\s& = lime-cem5t mort>4 ,summ>y ,accord+ to ! e/imate ( quantities1 ! numb] ( common brick laid is #df1cjc1 :i*1 at #af4fh1 w co/ #ggb4cc ,common bricks1 n laid1 #b1cae1 at #h #ah4eb ,mold$ brick & t]ra-cotta cap = re> *imney #aj4jj -------- ,total co/ ( common brickwork #hjj4he ,recapitulation ( ,co/ ( ,brickwork ,press$ brickwork #bgh4ca ,common brickwork #hjj4he --------- ,total co/ ( brickwork #a1jgi4af ,,c>p5try #e4 ,9 e/imat+ c>p5try "w1 x is advisable to make a tabulat$ li/ ( ! v>i\s sizes ( joi/s1 raft]s1 etc41 giv+ ! numb] & dim5sions ( ea* size4 ,9 ?is way1 any error 9 calculation or *ange 9 price c be correct$ ) little difficulty4 ,z h\se-fram+ timb]s & bo>ds are sold at ! y>ds 9 ev5 l5g?s1 z #aj feet1 #ab feet1 #ad feet1 etc41 unev51 or odd1 measurem5ts mu/ be figur$ 9 ev5 l5g?s f :i* !y c be cut4 ,?us1 if a /ick #ad feet #g in*es 9 l5g? is requir$1 a #af-;foot /ick mu/ be ord]$4 ,usually1 ! price p] ?\s& feet1 bo>d measure1 increases z long] /icks are us$1 al?\gh ! practice v>ies 9 diff]5t localities4 ,= example1 9 mo/ localities hemlock timb] 9 #aj-1 #ab-1 or #ad-;foot l5g?s is all "o price p] ?\s&1 b a ?\s& feet1 bo>d measure1 ( #af-;foot l5g?s co/s m1 & #ah-;foot l5g?s is /ill m exp5sive4 ,! price ( yell[ p9e1 spruce1 fir1 etc4 is usually con/ant up to #bj-;foot l5g?s1 b f t l5g? on ! prices increase4 ,! price ( :ite-p9e bo>ds 9 mo/ localities increases ) _! wid?4 ,! h>dwoods c be usually obta9$ 9 any reasonable l5g?1 ! price increas+ ) ! quality ( ! lumb] m ?an ) ! l5g? ( ! /ick4 ,x c ?us be se5 t 9 h\se fram+ x is usually *eap] to use %ort /icks ?an long ones4 ,h[ev]1 = long memb]s1 a long /ick is *eap]1 because ! extra co/ t w\ld be incurr$ 9 splic+ two %ort /icks w\ld m ?an (fset ! *eapness ( ! mat]ial4 ,( c\rse1 :5 v long /icks are requir$1 say /icks #cj feet or m 9 l5g?1 a splice is *eap]1 ow+ to ! difficulty ( obta9+ !m & _! v excessive price4 ,no set rules c be laid d[n z to :at size timb] %\ld be ord]$1 & e ar*itect & build] %\ld be gov]n$ by ! prices 9 ! locality :]e ! h\se is to be put up4 ,,floor ,,fram+1 ,,fir/ ,,/ory ,quantities ,,l9e> ,,feet ,,feet ,b4 ,m4 ,joi/s1 #c #aj2 #b ft4 ,b4 ,m41 p] l94 ft43 #f pieces1 ea* #ad' #f1 ord] #af' #if #b pieces1 ea* #ae' #c1 ord] #af' #cb #a piece1 #af' #c1 ord] #ah' #ah #e pieces1 ea* #ag' #f1 ord] #ah' #ij #a piece1 #ab' #f1 ord] #ad' #ad #f pieces1 ea* #aa' #j1 ord] #ab' #gb #a piece1 #i' #f1 ord] #aj' #aj #ah pieces1 ea* #ad'1 ord] #ad' #beb #a piece1 #aa' #f1 ord] #ab' #ab #c pieces1 ea* #aj' #f1 ord] #ab' #cf #a piece1 #i' #d1 ord] #aj' #aj #f pieces1 ea* #bd'1 ord] #bd' #add #a piece1 #aa' #d1 ord] #ab' #ab #b pieces1 ea* #bj' #f1 ord] #bb' #dd #f pieces1 ea* #bj'1 ord] #bj' #abj #d pieces1 ea* #ba'1 ord] #bb' #hh #b pieces1 ea* #g'1 cut out ( #ad' #ad #b pieces1 ea* #ac'1 ord] #ad' #bh #a piece1 #aj'1 ord] #aj' #aj ------ ,total #a1ajb #b1gee ,,floor ,,fram+1 ,,second ,,/ory ,quantities ,,l9e> ,,feet ,,feet ,b4 ,m4 ,gird]1 #f #ab2 #f ft4 ,b4 ,m41 p] l94 ft43 #a piece1 #h' #i1 ord] #aj' #aj #fj ,joi/s1 #b #aj2 #a;ft4 ,b4 ,m41 p] l94 ft43 #ae pieces1 ea* #ad'1 ord] #ad' #baj #b pieces1 ea* #ae' #f1 ord] #af' #cb #e pieces1 ea* #ag'1 ord] #ah' #ij #c pieces1 ea* #ae'1 ord] #af' #dh #ad pieces1 ea* #af'1 ord] #af' #bbd #b pieces1 ea* #g'1 cut out ( #ad' #ad #b pieces1 ea* #aj'1 ord] #aj' #bj #d pieces1 ea* #aa'1 ord] #ab' #dh #g pieces1 ea* #bd'1 ord] #bd' #afh #c pieces1 ea* #bj' #f1 ord] #bb' #ff #d pieces1 ea* #ab' #f1 ord] #ad' #ef #b pieces1 ea* #ac' #f1 ord] #ad' #bh ------ ,total #a1jjd #a1fgc ,joi/s1 #c #aj2 #b ft4 ,b4 ,m41 p] l94 ft43 7,head]s7 #b pieces1 ea* #h' #i1 ord] #aj' #bj #b pieces1 ea* #f'1 cut out ( #ab' #ab #e pieces1 ea* #i' #i1 ord] #aj' #ej #aa pieces1 ea* #ai' #f1 ord] #bj' #bbj ---- #cjb #gee ,,floor ,,fram+1 ,,attic ,quantities ,,l9e> ,,feet ,,feet ,b4 ,m4 ,joi/s1 #b #aj2 #a ft4 ,b4 ,m41 p] l94 ft43 #ae pieces1 ea* #ad'1 ord] #ad' #baj #b pieces1 ea* #ae' #f1 ord] #af' #cb #e pieces1 ea* #ag'1 ord] #ah' #ij #c pieces1 ea* #ae'1 ord] #af' #dh #ad pieces1 ea* #af'1 ord] #af' #bbd #b pieces1 ea* #g'1 cut out ( #ad' #ad #b pieces1 ea* #aj'1 ord] #aj' #bj #d pieces1 ea* #aa'1 ord] #ab' #dh #g pieces1 ea* #bd'1 ord] #bd' #afh #c pieces1 ea* #bj' #f1 ord] #bb' #ff #d pieces1 ea* #ab' #f1 ord] #ad' #ef #b pieces1 ea* #ac' #f1 ord] #ad' #bh ----- ,total #a1jjd #a1fgc ,joi/s1 #c #aj2 #b ft4 ,b4 ,m41 p] l94 ft43 #b pieces1 ea* #h' #i1 ord] #aj' #bj #b pieces1 ea* #f'1 cut out ( #ab' #ab #e pieces1 ea* #i' #i1 ord] #aj' #ej #aa pieces1 ea* #ai' #f1 ord] #bj' #bbj --- ,total #cjb #gee ,,floor ,,fram+1 ,,front ,,por* ,quantities ,,l9e> ,,feet ,,feet ,b4 ,m4 ,joi/s1 #c #i2 #b ft4 ,b4 ,m41 p] l94 ft43 #c pieces1 ea* #g'1 cut out ( #ad' #ba #a piece1 #f' #i1 cut out ( #ad' #g #b pieces1 ea* #aj'1 ord] #aj' #bj #a piece1 #h' #f1 ord] #aj' #aj -- ,total #eh #aca ,joi/s1 #b #f2 #a ft4 ,b4 ,m41 p] l94 ft43 #b pieces1 ea* #ba' #f1 ord] #bb' #dd #b pieces1 ea* #ai' #c1 ord] #bj' #dj #d pieces1 ea* #h'1 cut out ( #af' #cb #a piece1 #aj' #c1 ord] #ab' #ab #f pieces1 ea* #i'1 ord] #aj' #fj #b pieces1 ea* #d' #f1 cut out ( #aj' #aj #e pieces1 ea* #f'1 cut out ( #ab' #cj #c pieces1 ea* #b'1 cut out ( #ab' #f #d pieces1 ea* #e'1 cut out ( #aj' #bj #c pieces1 ea* #i'1 ord] #aj' #cj --- ,total #bhd #bhd ,,floor ,,fram+1 ,,back ,,por*es ,quantities ,,l9e> ,,feet ,,feet ,b4 ,m4 ,joi/s1 #b #f2 #a ft4 ,b4 ,m41 p] l94 ft43 #b pieces1 ea* #ba'1 ord] #bb' #dd #c pieces1 ea* #h'1 ord] #h' #bd -- ,total #fh #fh ,joi/s1 #c ,x #f2 #a ft4 ,b4 ,m41 p] l94 ft43 #aj #e pieces1 ea* #e' #i1 cut out ( #ab' #cf #ab pieces1 ea* #f' #i1 cut out ( #ad' #hd #a piece1 #h' #f1 ord] #aj' #aj #b pieces1 ea* #c' #f1 cut out ( #h' #h --- --- ,total #ach #bjg ,,bridg+ ,quantities ,,l9e> ,,feet ,,feet ,b4 ,m4 #b #d2 ft4 ,b4 ,m41 p] l94 ft43 ,fir/ floor1 #agj pieces1 ea* #a' #f #bee ,second floor1 #ach pieces1 ea* #a' #f #bjg ,?ird floor1 #ach pieces1 ea* #a' #f #bjg --- ,total #ffi #ddf #aj ,"o joi/ w be left ov] "h1 b ?is _c easily be help$4 ,,ma9-,,ro( ,,fram+#aa ,quantities ,,l9e> ,,feet ,,feet ,b4 ,m4 ,raft]s1 #b #f2 #a ft4 ,b4 ,m41 p] l94 ft43 #ae pieces1 ea* #bj'1 ord] #bj' #cjj #ad pieces1 ea* #ai' #c1 ord] #bj' #bhj #a piece1 #ah'1 ord] #ah' #ah #b pieces1 ea* #af'1 ord] #af' #cb #b pieces1 ea* #ad'1 ord] #ad' #bh #a piece1 #ac' #d1 ord] #ad' #ad #c pieces1 ea* #aj' #f1 ord] #ab' #cf #c pieces1 ea* #h' #f1 ord] #aj' #cj #a piece1 #f' #i1 ord] #h' #h #c pieces1 ea* #e'1 cut out ( #af' #af #c pieces1 ea* #c'1 cut out ( #aj' #aj #d pieces1 ea* #ag'1 ord] #ah' #gb #a piece1 #ab' #f1 ord] #ad' #ad #a piece1 #aj' #i1 ord] #ab' #ab #b pieces1 ea* #i'1 ord] #aj' #bj #a piece1 #g'1 ord] #h' #h #ah pieces1 ea* #i' #f1 ord] #aj' #ahj #b pieces1 ea* #ac'1 ord] #ad' #bh #b pieces1 ea* #g' #i1 cut out ( #af' #af #b pieces1 ea* #f' #f1 cut out ( #ad' #ad #d pieces1 ea* #c' #f1 cut out ( #ad' #ad #d pieces1 ea* #h'1 cut out ( #af' #cb #b pieces1 ea* #aa'1 ord] #ab' #bd #h pieces1 ea* #e' #c1 cut out ( #ab' #dh #a piece1 #f'1 cut out ( #aj' #f #b pieces1 ea* #b'1 cut out ( #aj' #d #h pieces1 ea* #aa'1 ord] #ab' #if ----- ,total #a1cfj #a1cfj ,valley raft]1 #c #aj2 #b ft4 ,b4 ,m41 p] l94 ft43 #a piece1 #bd' #f1 ord] #bf' #fe ,ridge plates1 #b #aj2 #a ft4 ,b4 ,m41 p] l94 ft43 #a piece1 #bc' #f1 ord] #bd' #bd #a piece1 #bi' #c1 #af' & #ad'1 butt$ & cleat$ #cj #a piece1 #i'1 ord] #aj' #aj -- ,total #fd #ajg ,plates1 #c #f2 #a ft4 ,b4 ,m41 p] l94 ft43 #d pieces1 ea* #aj' #f1 ord] #ab' #gb ,octagonal po/1 #f #f #c' #i ,,por*-,,ro( ,,fram+ ,quantities ,,l9e> ,,feet ,,feet ,b4 ,m4 ,raft]s1 #b #f2 #a ft4 ,b4 ,m41 p] l94 ft43 #b pieces1 ea* #i' #f1 ord] #aj' #bj #bb pieces1 ea* #h' #f1 ord] #aj' #bbj #d pieces1 ea* #f' #f1 cut out ( #ad' #bh #h pieces1 ea* #g'1 cut out ( #ad' #ef #b pieces1 ea* #aa'1 ord] #ab' #bd --- ,total #cdh #cdh ,raft]s1 #b #e2 ft4 ,b4 ,m41 p] l94 ft43 #bg pieces1 ea* #h'1 cut out ( #af' #baf #b pieces1 ea* #c' #f1 cut out ( #af' #h #h pieces1 ea* #f' #f1 cut out ( #ad' #ef #b pieces1 ea* #aj' #f1 cut out ( #ad' #ba #b pieces ea*1 #c'1 cut out ( #ad' #f --- ,total #cjg #bef ,plate1 #e #aj2 #d ft4 ,b4 ,m41 p] l94 ft43 #e pieces1 ea* #ae'1 ord] #af' #hj #ccc ,sills1 #c #e2 #a ft4 ,b4 ,m41 p] l94 ft43 #b pieces1 ea* #aj'1 ord] #aj' #bj #e pieces1 ea* #i'1 ord] #aj' #ej -- ,total #gj #hh #aa ,9 ! attic plan1 :i* %[s ! l9es ( ! ro(1 ! l9es ( ! dorm]s are omitt$ s z to make ! important hips & valleys m prom95t4 ,,wall ,,/udd+ ,quantities ,,l9e> ,,feet ,,feet ,b4 ,m4 ,wall plates1 #d #aa2 #c ft4 ,b4 ,m41 p] l94 ft43 #aj pieces1 ea* #ah'1 ord] #ah' #ahj #ffj ,/uds1 #b #e2 _/ ft4 ,b4 ,m41 p] l94 ft43 #abfc pieces1 ea* #ba'1 ord] #bb' #a1chf #ajf pieces1 ea* #ab'1 ord] #ab' #a1bgb #bj pieces1 ea* #bj'1 ord] #bj' #djj #aj pieces1 ea* #h' #f1 ord] #aj' #ajj ----- ,total #c1aeh #b1fcb ,,p>tition ,,/udd+ ,quantities ,,l9e> ,,feet ,,feet ,b4 ,m4 ,fir/ floor1 #b #d2 ft4 ,b4 ,m41 p] l94 ft43 ,/uds1 #afj pieces1 ea* #i' #i1 ord] #aj' #a1fjj ,sills1 #af pieces1 ea* #ae'1 ord] #af' #bef ----- ,total #a1hef #a1bcg ,second floor1 #b #d2 ft4 ,b4 ,m41 p] l94 ft43 ,/uds1 #ahj pieces1 ea* #i' #i1 ord] #aj' #a1hjj ,sills1 #aj pieces1 ea* #ae'1 ord] #af' #afj ----- ,total #a1ifj #a1cjg ,attic1 #b #d2 ft4 ,b4 ,m41 p] l94 ft43 ,/uds1 #ed pieces1 ea* #h' #i1 ord] #aj' #edj ,/uds1 #acc pieces1 ea* #f' #f1 cut f #ad' #ich ----- ,total #a1dgh #ihe ,,miscellane\s ,quantities ,,l9e> ,,feet ,,feet ,b4 ,m4 ,look\ts3 #ej pieces1 ea* #c #a #b'1 cut f #h' #be #cg pieces1 ea* #f #a #b'1 cut f #h' #cg ,furr+1 = brick walls1 #a #b2 ft4 ,b4 ,m41 p] l94 ft43 #abe pieces1 ea* #aa'1 ord] #ab' #a1ejj #bej ----- ------ ,gr& total ( fram+ #ah1egh #ab ,:]e /uds ov] #bj feet are requir$1 x is sometimes m economical to use two %ort /uds1 ins]t+ a plate ov] ! fir/-/ory /uds & re/+ ! feet ( ! second-/ory /uds !reon4 ,co/ ,! price ( ! fram+ is bas$ on ! foll[+ co/ ( #a1jjj feet bo>d measure ( hemlock1 :i* includes fram+4 #a1jjj ft4 ( hemlock #bh4jj ,nails & spikes1 all[+ #ajj lb4 to #c1jjj ft4 ( lumb]1 at #b p] #ajj p\nds 4#fg #ac ,co/ ( fram+1 p] #a1jjj feet ( lumb] #ab4jj ------ ,co/ p] ?\s& feet ,b4 ,m4 #dj4fg #ac ,?is value w\ld appe> high if comp>$ ) ,table ,,vi1 ,e/imat+ & ,calculat+ ,quantities1 ,"p #a1 b ?is table repres5ts ideal conditions1 :]e !re are no delays1 mi/akes1 legitimate (fice exp5ses1 nor =eman's "t includ$4 ,summ>y ,! am\nt ( mat]ial1 z previ\sly e/imat$1 is #ah1egh ft4 ,b4 ,m41 :i*1 at #dj4fg p] ,m1 w make ! total co/ ( fram+ #gee4eg4 ,,%ea?+ ,quantities ,,feet ,b4 ,m4 ,ma9 ro(1 #b1bjj sq4 ft4 #a 9 #b1bjj ,t[] ro(1 #cgj sq4 ft4 #a 9 #cgj ,por* ro(1 #fcg sq4 ft4 #a 9 #fcg ,outside walls1 laid diagonally1 #b1dag sq4 ft4 #aj p] c5t4 #b1fei ----- ,total %ea?+ #e1hff ,,%+les ,quantities ,area to be cov]$ 7see wall %ea?+71 #b1dag sq4 ft4 #bd4b squ>es ,%+les1 #d 94 wide1 & #e 94 exposure1 numb] p] squ>e #gbj ,numb] ( %+les requir$1 #bd4b #gbj #ag1dbd ,add #e p] c5t4 = wa/e #hga ------ ,total %+les #ah1bie ,co/ ,! co/ ( %ea?+ 9 place is assum$ to be ! same z t = hemlock lumb]1 #dj4fg p] ,m4 ,! total %ea?+ is #e1hff squ>e feet1 :i*1 at #dj4fg p] ,m1 w make ! co/ ( %ea?+ #bch4eg4 ,! co/ ( %+les is bas$ on ! foll[+ analysis ( ! co/ ( #a1jjj %+les 9 place3 #a1jjj %+les ,,xxxx #e4ej #ad ,labor3 "o man c lay ab\t #gjj %+les p] day2 wages be+ #c4bj1 #a1jjj w co/ #d4eg ,nails 7ab\t7 4#be ----- ,co/ p] ?\s& #aj4cb #ad ,usually a man c lay m ?an #gjj %+les p] day1 b ! ro( "u consid]ation is v mu* cut up4 ,f ! prec$+ e/imate1 ! numb] ( %+les requir$ is #ah1bie1 :i*1 at #aj4cb p] #a1jjj1 w make ! co/ ( %+les 9 place #ahh4hj4 ,summ>y ,%ea?+ #bch4eg ,%+les #ahh4hj ------- ,total co/ ( %ea?+ & %+les #dbg4cg ,,floor+ ,quantities ,,squ>e ,,feet ,fir/ floor1 area 7net7 #a1cab ,second floor1 area 7net7 #a1cab ,attic floor1 area 7net7 #a1jga ,por* floors1 area 7net7 #ebc ,,hemlock ,,und]floor+ ,unmat*$ und]floor+ is us$ "u ! fir/ & second floor4 ,its quantity is #a1cab #b #b1fbd feet ,b4 ,m4 ,,rift-,,saw$ ,,yell[-,,p9e ,,f9i% ,,floor+ ,! total area ( ! fir/1 second1 & ?ird floors is #c1fie squ>e feet4 ,add+ #be p] c5t4 = wa/e1 ! quantity ( -in* floor+ is #c1fie squ>e feet 7#c1fie 4#be7 #d1fai feet ,b4 ,m4 ,,yell[-,,p9e ,,por* ,,floor+ ,increas+ ! net area ( ! por* floor by #be p] c5t41 ! floor+ requir$ is #ebc squ>e feet 7#ebc 4#be7 #fed feet ,b4 ,m4 ,co/ ,! e/imat$ co/ ( floor+ may be analyz$ z foll[s3 ,co/ ( #a1jjj ,feet ,b4 ,m41 ,r\gh ,floor+ #ae #a1jjj ft4 ,b4 ,m41 hemlock #bg4jj ,labor #aj4jj ,nails1 #cc lb41 at #b p] #ajj p\nds 4#fg ----- ,co/ p] ?\s& feet ,b4 ,m4 #cg4fg ,co/ ( #a1jjj ,feet ,b4 ,m41 ,f9i% ,floor+ #a1jjj ft4 ,b4 ,m41 rift-saw$ yell[ p9e #ee4jj ,labor1 includ+ /rik+ jo9ts #af4jj ,nails 4#fg ----- ,co/ p] ?\s& feet ,b4 ,m4 #ga4fg ,co/ ( #a1jjj ,feet ,b4 ,m41 ,por* ,floor+ #a1jjj ft4 ,b4 ,m41 ,no4 #a yell[ p9e #de4jj ,labor #af4jj ,:ite lead = jo9ts 7ab\t7 4#ej ,nails 4#fg ------ ,co/ p] ?\s& feet ,b4 ,m4 #fb4ag #ae ,! co/ ( ?is hemlock is #a *eap] p] ?\s& ?an t us$ 9 ! fram+1 s9ce %ort] l5g?s may be employ$4 ,summ>y ,hemlock1 #b1fbd ft4 ,b4 ,m41 at #cg4fg p] ,m #ih4he ,rift-saw$ yell[ p9e1 #d1fai ft4 ,b4 ,m41 at #ga4fg p] ,m #cca4jd ,yell[ p9e1 #fed ft4 ,b4 ,m41 at #fb4ag p] ,m #dj4ff ------ ,total co/ ( floor+ #dgj4ee ,,por* ,,ceil+1 ,,yell[ ,,p9e ,quantities ,,feet ,b4 ,m4 ,por* ceil+1 same z por* floor+ #fed ,co/ ,! co/ ( yell[-p9e ceil+ is #de p] ?\s& feet ,b4 ,m4 ,s9ce !re is no :ite lead to be us$ & ! jo9ts are n /ruck1 #aa w pay = lay+ x4 ,! nails w co/ #fg c5ts1 :i* w br+ ! co/ p] ?\s& feet ,b4 ,m41 up to #ef4fg4 ,!re=e1 #fed feet ,b4 ,m41 yell[-p9e ceil+1 at #ef4fg p] ?\s&1 w co/ #cg4jf4 ,,cornice1 ,,sp&rels1 ,,etc41 ,,:ite-,,p9e ,,dress$ ,,lumb] ,co/ ,cornice1 #cic l94 ft41 at #ej c5ts p] foot #aif4ej ,sp&rels1 #ceg l94 ft41 at #ab c5ts p] foot #db4hd ,base1 #abh l94 ft41 at #f c5ts p] foot #g4fh #af por* po/s1 #h #h #i' at #d ea* #fd4jj ------- ,total #caa4jb ,summ>y ,yell[-p9e ceil+ #cg4jf ,:ite-p9e dress$ lumb] #caa4jb ------- ,total #cdh4jh ,recapitulation ( ,co/ ( ,c>p5try ,fram+ #gee4eg ,%ea?+ & %+les #dbg4cg ,floor+ #dgj4ee ,por* ceil+1 cornice1 etc4 #cdh4jh --------- ,total co/ ( c>p5try #b1jja4eg ,,ro(+ #f4 ,ro( fram+ & %ea?+ are includ$ 9 ! e/imate = c>p5try4 ,foll[+ are giv5 ! e/imates = slat+ & miscellane\s ro( items3 ,,slat+ ,quantities ,,squ>es ,ma9 & dorm] ro(s #bb4j ,por* ro( #f4d ,t[] ro( #c4g ---- #cb4a ,co/ ,! price ( slat+ p] squ>e is giv5 9 ,table ,,xii1 ,e/imat+ & ,calculat+ ,quantities1 ,"p #a4 ,bangor slat+ co/s #h p] squ>e4 ,on acc\nt ( ! curv$ t[] & ! numb] ( hips & valleys1 & because ! measurem5t j giv5 is actual measurem5t1 ! price w be put at #aj p] squ>e4 ,?us1 ! co/ ( #cb4a squ>es at #aj w be #cba4 ,,miscellane\s ,,items#af ,quantities & ,co/ ,t9 ro( on bay w9d[1 #ch sq4 ft4 at #bj c5ts p] squ>e foot #g4fj ,t9 = valleys1 #aia sq4 ft41 at #ah c5ts p] squ>e foot #cd4ch ,fla%+ ar\nd *imneys & dorm]s1 #ij sq4 ft41 at #aj c5ts p] squ>e foot #i4jj ,gutt]s1 #ajj l94 ft41 #bf 94 wide1 at #bh c5ts p] foot #bh4jj ,conductor pipe1 #d-;in* galvaniz$ iron1 #adf l94 ft41 at #bj c5ts p] l9e> foot #bi4bj ,t]ra-cotta ridge tiles1 #gj l94 ft41 at #a p] l9e> foot #gj4jj #c t]ra-cotta f9ials1 #b ft4 high1 at #h ea* #bd4jj ,t[] f9ial1 copp] #cj4jj ------- ,total #bcb4ah ,recapitulation ( ,co/ ( ,ro(+ ,slat+ #cba4jj ,miscellane\s #bcb4ah ------- ,total co/ ( ro(+ #eec4ah #af ,! prices giv5 include ! co/ ( labor4 ,,la?+ ,,& ,,pla/]+ #g4 ,pla/]+ v>ies 9 price accord+ to its position & quality4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to make a sep>ate s*$ule ( ea* class ( "w1 s t any increase or decrease 9 quantity may be easily add$ to or d$uct$ f ! e/imate4 ,,?ree-,,coat ,,"w ,quantities ,,squ>e ,,squ>e ,,feet ,,y>ds ,fir/-/ory walls1 #edb' #i' #i #e1bhd4e ,fir/-/ory ceil+ 7take measurem5t ( floor+7 #a1cab4j ,second-/ory walls1 #fji' #i' #e1dha4j ,second-/ory ceil+ #a1cab4j ,attic walls1 #aij' #h' #aef' #f' #b1def4j ,attic ceil+ #hca4j -------- ,total ( ?ree-coat pla/]+ #af1fgf4e #a1hec ,,two-,,coat ,,"w ,,squ>e ,,squ>e ,quantities ,,feet ,,y>ds ,cell> ceil+1 use same measurem5ts z = concrete cell> floor #aci4i ,,cornices ,quantities ,,l9e> ,,feet ,cornice1 #adg' ( #b' gir? #adg ,cornice1 #dic' ( #a' gir? #dic ,co/ ,! co/ ( ?ree-coat pla/]+ is giv5 9 ,e/imat+ & ,calculat+ ,quantities1 ,"p #a1 z #ca c5ts p] squ>e y>d1 & two-coat "w1 z #bc c5ts p] squ>e y>d4 ,accord+ to ! same section1 la?+ co/s #ab c5ts p] squ>e y>d4 ,!re=e1 la?+ & pla/]+ = ?ree-coat "w co/ #dc c5ts p] squ>e y>d1 & = two-coat "w1 #ce c5ts p] squ>e y>d4 ,! assum$ co/ ( pla91 run /ucco cornice p] l9e> foot ( #b-;foot gir? is #ca c5ts1 & ! co/ p] l9e> foot ( t hav+ a #a-;foot gir? is #bg c5ts4 ,summ>y ,f ! prec$+ e/imates ( quantities & co/s1 ! foll[+ figures are obta9$3 #a1hec sq4 yd4 ( ?ree-coat "w1 at #dc c5ts p] squ>e y>d #gif4gi #aci4i sq4 yd4 ( two-coat "w1 at #ce c5ts p] squ>e y>d #dh4ig #adg ft4 ( cornice at #ca c5ts #df4ca #dic ft4 ( cornice at #bg c5ts #acc4aa --------- ,total co/ ( pla/]+ #a1jbe4ah ,,jo9]y #h4 ,z !re are s _m diff]5t sizes 9 ! jo9]y "w1 no attempt has be5 made to make detail$ e/imates ( ! co/ ( ea*2 b ! g5]al me?od ( obta9+ ! co/s is t giv5 9 ! articles on ,jo9]y1 9 ,e/imat+ & ,calculat+ ,quantities1 ,"p #a4 ,s9ce ! quality ( ! "w v>ies 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! build+ x w be f\nd t "o unit price w n be suffici5t1 b exp]i5ce is ne$$ to fix ! unit price = diff]5t classes ( "w4 ,,door ,,frames1 ,,fir/ ,,floor ,quantities & ,co/ ,*e/nut frames--jambs #a rabbet$2 cas+ #e1 ) -in* edge mold2 back-b& mold+ #b2 pl9? & corn] blocks3 #a frame1 #c' #b #g' #i #f 7ve/ibule7 #d4af #a frame1 #c' #b #g' #i #i 7#c-;in* jamb71 front door #d4fh #a frame1 #e' #f #g' #i #ad 7slid+-door7 #ac4fj #a frame1 #d' #g' #i #ad 7slid+-door7 #i4ce #a frame1 #c' #g' #i #ad 7slid+-door7 #f4hj #b frames1 #b' #h #g' #i #f1 #d4af ea* #h4cb #b frames1 #bb #g' #i #d1 #b4ba ea* #d4db ,:ite p9e--jambs #f #a rabbet$2 cas+s #e2 back-b& mold+ #b 2 pl9? & corn] blocks3 #d frames1 #b' #h #g' #i1 #c4gj ea* #ad4hj #b frames1 #b' #f #g' #i1 #c4fa ea* #g4bb #a frame1 #b' #aj #g' #i #c4gh ------ ,total #gg4ac ,,door ,,frames1 ,,second ,,floor ,quantities & ,co/ ,:ite p9e1 simil> to fir/ floor3 #h frames1 #b' #h #g' #f1 #c4eg ea* #bh4ef #f frames1 #b' #f #g' #f1 #c4ej ea* #ba4jj #a frame1 #b' #b #g' #f #c4ai #a frame1 #b' #d #g' #f #c4dj #a frame1 #b' #f #g' #c4ai ------ ,total #ei4cd ,,door ,,frames1 ,,attic ,quantities & ,co/ ,:ite p9e1 simil> to second-floor doors3 #f frames1 #b' #h #f' #h at #c4ai #ai4ad #a frame1 #b' #f #f' #f #c4jf ------ ,total #bb4bj ,summ>y ,fir/ floor #gg4ac ,second floor #ei4cd ,attic #bb4bj ------- ,total co/ ( door frames #aeh4fg ,,doors1 ,,fir/ ,,/ory#ag ,quantities & ,co/ ,v5e]$ *e/nut1 six & sev5 rais$ panels1 plant$ mold+s3 #a pair slid+1 #b' #i #g' #i #b #ae4ij #a s+le slid+1 #d' #g' #i #b #aa4cd #a s+le slid+1 #c' #g' #i #b #h4ig #a lavatory1 #b' #d #f' #a 7frame includ$ 9 panel+7 #d4ic #b closet doors1 #bb #g' #i #a1 solid mold$1 includ+ glass 9 upp] panel1 at #e ea* #aj4jj #a front door1 #c' #b #g' #i #b1 ?ree-panel1 glass 9 top panel1 price1 includ+ glass #ab4ge #a ve/ibule door1 #c' #b #g' #i #b1 ?ree-panel1 glass 9 top panel1 price1 includ+ glass #ab4ge ,v5e]$ *e/nut & p9e doors3 #a 9 butl]'s pantry1 #b' #h #g' #i #b #g4ej #a 9 butl]'s pantry1 #b' #h #g' #i #a #f4ga ,:ite-p9e doors1 rais$ panels3 #b glass doors1 #b' #d #e' #a1 "o-panel1 at #c 7*9a closet1 no frames7 #f4jj #d doors1 #b' #h #g' #i #a1 five-panel1 solid mold+s1 at #d4ac ea* #af4eb #b doors1 #b' #f #g' #i #a1 five-panel1 solid mold+s1 at #c4ia ea* #g4hb #a door1 #b' #aj #g' #i #b1 five-panel1 solid mold$ #f4ei #b outside cell> doors1 at #b ea* #d4jj ------- ,total #aca4gh ,,doors1 ,,second ,,floor ,quantities & ,co/ #a-;in* :ite p9e1 five-panel1 solid mold$1 rais$ panels3 #h doors1 #b' #h #g' #f1 at #d #cb4jj #f doors1 #b' #f #g' #f1 at #c4ge #bb4ej #a door1 #b' #f #c' #f #a4ge #a door1 #b' #b #g' #f #c4bj #a door1 #b' #d #g' #f #c4dj #b w>drobe doors1 #b' #b #f' #a1 includ+ glass panels1 at #b ea* #d4jj ------ ,total #ff4he ,,doors1 ,,attic ,quantities & ,co/ ,:ite p9e1 simil> to second floor3 #aha /uck-mold$ door1 #b' #f #f' #f1 glass panel #d4gj #f doors1 #b' #h #f' #h1 at #c4fj #ba4fj ------- ,total #bf4cj ,summ>y ,fir/ /ory #aca4gh ,second /ory #ff4he ,attic #bf4cj ------- ,total co/ ( doors #bbd4ic #ag ,! prices ( doors d n include h>dw>e1 :i* item w be f\nd 9 ! h>dw>e bill1 b !y include putt+ on ! h>dw>e4 #ah ,?is door op5s to ! balcony4 ,,w9d[ ,,frames1 ,,cell> ,quantities & ,co/ ,no4 #b :ite p9e1 #a #g rabbet$ jambs & head1 & #b #g sill4 ,complete1 set 9 place3 #a w9d[1 #c lights1 #ac #aj #a4af #b w9d[s1 #a light1 #af #aj1 at #dh c5ts ea* 4#if #d w9d[s1 #b lights1 #ad #aj1 at #hc c5ts ea* #c4cb #c w9d[s1 #b lights1 #aa #aj1 at #ff c5ts ea* #a4ih #b w9d[s1 #b lights1 #ac #aj1 at #gh c5ts ea* #a4ef #a w9d[1 #c lights1 #aa #aj 4#ii ------ ,total #i4ig ,,w9d[ ,,frames1 ,,fir/ ,,/ory ,quantities & ,co/ ,box frames1 pulley /iles & hang+ /iles #a1 sills #b1 & out] cas+ 1 all ( ,no4 #b :ite p9e4 ,inside cas+ *e/nut1 ) mold$ back b& #e 1 /ool #d #a1 apron #e 1 sa% /op #a4 ,frames 9 brickwork4 ,complete1 set 9 place3 #a w9d[1 #b lights1 #dj #cb #g4hj #b w9d[s1 #b lights1 #ah #cb1 at #c4af ea* #f4cb #a w9d[1 #b lights1 #bd #cb #d4ah #a w9d[1 #b lights1 #cd #cb #e4hh #b w9d[s1 #b lights1 #cf #cb1 curv$1 at #ab4bd #bd4dh #a w9d[1 #b lights1 #cj #cb #e4aj #a w9d[1 #b lights1 #bb #bd #b4hj #a w9d[1 #d lights1 #ca #cb 7d\ble7 #aj4ee #b w9d[s1 #f lights1 #ae #bh 7casem5t71 at #f4gj #ac4dj ------ ,total #hj4ea ,pulley /iles #a1 sill #b1 sub-sills #a1 outside cas+s 1 inside cas+ ) mold$ back b& #e 1 /ool #d #a1 apron #e 1 sa% /op #a1 all ( :ite p9e4 ,frames 9 wood5 walls4 ,complete1 set 9 place3 #a w9d[1 s+le light1 #ad #bh #a4jd #c w9d[s1 #b lights1 #bf #cb1 at #d4db ea* #ac4bf #a w9d[1 #b lights1 #bb #cb #c4gd ------ ,total #ah4jd ,,w9d[ ,,frames1 ,,second ,,/ory ,quantities & ,co/ #a w9d[1 s+le light1 #ad #bh #a4jd #b w9d[s1 #b lights1 #dd #bh1 at #f4ed ea* #ac4jh #b w9d[s1 #b lights1 #bc #bh1 at #c4dj ea* #f4hj #c w9d[s1 #b lights1 #bh #bh1 at #d4ah ea* #ab4ed #b w9d[s1 #b lights1 #cf #bh 7curv$71 at #aj4gb ea* #ba4dd #c w9d[s1 #b lights1 #bf #bh1 at #c4ij ea* #aa4gj #a w9d[1 #b lights1 #bj #bh #b4ih #d w9d[s1 #b lights1 #cj #ch1 at #f4jg ea* #bd4bh ------ ,total #ic4hf ,,w9d[ ,,frames1 ,,attic ,quantities & ,co/ #b w9d[s1 #b lights1 #ah #ah1 at #a4fi ea* #c4ch #a w9d[ 7circul>71 #bd diamet] #b4bg #b d\ble w9d[s1 #d lights1 #bb #bd 7curv$71 at #aa4bb ea* #bb4dd #a d\ble w9d[1 #d lights1 #ba #bd #e4ce #a d\ble w9d[1 #d lights1 #bh #bj #e4if #a d\ble w9d[1 #d lights1 #bd #bj #e4aj #a w9d[1 #b lights1 #bh #bj #b4ih #a w9d[1 #b lights1 #cj #bh #d4df ------ ,total #ea4id ,summ>y ,cell> #i4ig ,fir/ /ory 9 brick walls #hj4ea ,fir/ /ory 9 frame #ah4jd ,second /ory #ic4hf ,attic #ea4id ------- ,total co/ ( w9d[ frames #bed4cb ,,w9d[ ,,sa%1 ,,cell> ,quantities & ,co/ #a-;in* :ite p9e1 glaz$ 7d\ble ,am]ican71 price n includ+ h>dw>e3 #a sa%1 #c lights1 #ac #aj #a4ad #b sa%es1 s+le light1 #af #aj1 at #dg c5ts ea* 4#id #d sa%es1 #b lights1 #ad #aj1 at #hb c5ts ea* #c4bh #c sa%es1 #b lights1 #aa #aj1 at #fd c5ts ea* #a4ib #b sa%es1 #b lights1 #ac #aj1 at #gf c5ts ea* #a4eb #a sa%1 #c lights1 #aa #aj 4#if ------ ,total #i4gf ,,w9d[ ,,sa%1 ,,fir/ ,,/ory ,quantities & ,co/ ,*e/nut1 #a in*1 prices includ+ glaz+ 7d\ble ,am]ican71 hang+ sa%1 & putt+ on /ops3 #a pair1 s+le light1 #dj #cb #g4dg #b pair1 s+le light1 #ah #cb1 at #c4cf p] pair #f4gb #a pair1 s+le light1 #bd #cb #d4dh #a pair1 s+le light1 #cd #cb #f4ce #b pair1 s+le light1 #cf #cb 7curv$71 at #bj4af p] pair #dj4cb #b pair1 s+le light1 #ca #cb1 at #e4gi p] pair #aa4eh #a pair1 s+le light1 #cj #cb #e4fj #a pair1 s+le light1 #bb #bd #c4jh #b pair1 #c lights1 #ae #bh 7casem5t71 at #g4ce p] pair #d4gj ,p9e3 #a sa%1 s+le light1 #ad #bh #a4ad #c pair1 s+le light1 #bf #cb1 at #d4he p] pair #ad4ee #a pair1 s+le light1 #bb #cb #d4aa ------- ,total #abj4aj ,,w9d[ ,,sa%1 ,,second ,,/ory ,quantities & ,co/ ,p9e3 #a sa%1 s+le light1 #ad #bh #a4ad #b pair1 s+le light1 #dd #bh1 at #g4ai p] pair #ad4ch #b pair1 s+le light1 #bc #bh1 at #c4gf p] pair #g4eb #c pair1 s+le light1 #bh #bh1 at #d4eg p] pair #ac4ga #b pair1 s+le light1 #cf #bh 7curv$71 at #ag4fd p] pair #ce4bh #c pair1 s+le light1 #bf #bh1 at #d4be p] pair #ab4ge #a pair1 s+le light1 #bj #bh #c4bg #d pair1 s+le light1 #cj #bh1 at #d4ij p] pair #ai4fj ------- ,total #ajg4gj ,,w9d[ ,,sa%1 ,,attic ,quantities & ,co/ #b pair1 s+le light1 #ah #ah1 at #a4hi p] pair #c4gh #a sa%1 circul>1 #bd-;in* diamet] #b4eb #d pair1 s+le light1 #bb #bd 7curv$71 at #i4bd p] pair #cf4if #b pair1 s+le light1 #ba #bd1 at #b4id p] pair #e4hh #c pair1 s+le light1 #bh #bj1 at #c4bg p] pair #i4ha #b pair1 s+le light1 #bd #bj1 at #b4hj p] pair #e4fj #a pair1 s+le light1 #cj #bh #d4ij ------- ,total #fi4de ,,scre5 ,,frames ,,= ,,por* ,quantities & ,co/ ,rails & /iles1 :ite p9e1 #d #a1 two munt9s ea*3 #a frame1 #cf #af 4#ea #a frame1 #ij #af #a4bg #a frame1 #hh #af #a4be #a frame1 #fj #af 4#he #b frames1 #id #af1 at #a4cc ea* #b4ff #b frames1 #ff #af1 at #ic c5ts ea* #a4hf #a frame1 #bd #af 4#cd #a frame1 #hd #af #a4ai #a frame1 #bj #af 4#cc ------- ,total #aj4bf ,summ>y ,cell> #i4gf ,fir/ /ory #abj4aj ,second /ory #ajg4gj ,attic #fi4de ,scre5s #aj4bf ------- ,total co/ ( w9d[ sa% #cag4bg ,,cell> ,,/airs ,quantities & ,co/ #eb ft4 ( hemlock1 at #c c5ts p] foot #a4ef #df ft4 ( plan$ :ite p9e1 at #d c5ts p] foot #b4jg ,labor3 #ab ris]s1 at #bj c5ts ea* #b4dj ------ ,total #f4jc ,,back ,,/airs ,quantities & ,co/ #gb ft4 _/ plan$ :ite p9e1 at #f c5ts p] foot #d4cb ,:ite-p9e h& rails1 #ah ft41 at #f c5ts p] foot #a4jh ,labor3 #ac ris]s1 at #dj c5ts ea* #e4bj ------- ,total #aj4fj ,,ma9 ,,/airs ,quantities & ,co/ #cce ft4 ( hemlock1 at #c c5ts p] foot #aj4je #ahe ft4 ( *e/nut1 at #aj c5ts p] foot #ah4ej #di ft4 ( *e/nut h& rail1 at #fj c5ts p] foot #bi4dj #hf turn$ *e/nut balu/]s1 #b #b #aj1 at #ab c5ts ea* #aj4cb #a box newel1 #h #h #d' #f1 *e/nut1 panel$1 ) mold$ cap #f4jj #g newels1 #e #e #d' #f1 *e/nut1 ) turn$ p5dants1 at #d #bh4jj #b newels1 #e #e #ab'1 *e/nut1 ) turn$ caps1 at #f #ab4jj ,sp&rel1 #cj sq4 ft41 #aj rais$ panels1 -in* ?ick /iles & rails1 #a-;in* ?ick plant$ mold+1 at #ce c5ts p] squ>e foot #aj4ej ,panel$ p>tition "u /airs1 *e/nut1 #ag sq4 ft41 at #ce c5ts p] squ>e foot #e4ie ,/r+ mold+1 #df' ( #a #c1 *e/nut1 at #c c5ts #a4fa ,skirt mold+1 #df' ( #a 1 *e/nut1 #a c5ts 4#eh ,s(fit mold+1 #ch' ( #b1 *e/nut1 #a c5ts 4#eg ,labor3 #ce ris]s1 at #b ea* #gj4jj ------- ,total #bjc4dh ,summ>y ,cell> /airs #f4jc ,back /airs #aj4fj ,ma9 /airs #bjc4dh ------- ,total co/ ( /airs #bbj4aa ,,miscellane\s ,,int]ior ,,jo9]y ,basebo>d ,fir/ /ory3 ,*e/nut1 #f1 ) mold+ work$ on face1 tongu$ into surbase1 #a #f1 #aci ft41 at #cj c5ts p] l9e> foot #da4gj ,:ite p9e1 #i1 pla91 #ij ft41 at #cc c5ts p] l9e> foot #bi4gj ,second /ory3 ,:ite p9e1 #i1 mold$1 #cjj ft41 at #cc c5ts p] l9e> foot #ii4jj ,attic3 ,:ite p9e1 #f1 mold$1 #bij ft41 at #bd c5ts #fi4fj ------- ,total #bdj4jj ,wa9scot+ ,fir/ /ory3 ,*e/nut1 #b1 bead$ & mat*$ bo>ds1 #d ft4 high1 #cc ft4 long1 #acb sq4 ft41 at #h c5ts p] squ>e foot1 d9+ room #aj4ef ,mold$ cap1 #a #a1 #cc ft41 at #c c5ts p] foot 4#ii ,*e/nut1 panel$1 #fg' #d' high #bfh sq4 ft41 at #ce c5ts p] squ>e foot #ic4hj ,mold$ cap1 #a #d1 #fg ft41 at #aj c5ts p] foot #f4gj ,second /ory 7ba?room73 ,:ite p9e1 #b1 mat*$ bo>ds1 #d ft4 high1 #abh sq4 ft41 at #h c5ts p] squ>e foot #aj4bd ,mold$ cap1 #a #a1 #cb ft41 at #c c5ts p] foot 4#if ------- ,total #abc4be ,picture ,mold+ ,*e/nut1 #c #a1 #bca ft41 at #i c5ts #bj4gi ,*9a ,closet ,*e/nut1 dress$1 #ig ft4 ,b4 ,m41 at #aj c5ts p] foot #i4gj ,cr[n mold+1 #a #c1 #h ft41 at #h c5ts p] foot 4#fd ,labor3 #a man1 #b days1 at #c4bj #f4dj ------- ,total #af4gd ,%elv+ ,no4 #b :ite p9e1 #ej ft4 ,b4 ,m41 at #d c5ts p] foot #b4be ,labor3 #a man1 #a day1 at #c4bj #c4bj ------ ,total #e4de ,summ>y ,basebo>d #bdj4jj ,wa9scot+ #abc4be ,picture mold+ #bj4gi ,*9a closet #af4gd ,%elv+ #e4de ------- ,total co/ ( miscellane\s int]ior jo9]y #djf4bc ,,miscellane\s ,,ext]ior ,,"w ,mold+s #cef ft4 cr[n mold+1 #a #d1 at #e c5ts #ai4eh #cef ft4 b$ mold+1 #a #c1 at #d c5ts #ad4bd #cef ft4 b$ mold+1 #a #a1 at #c c5ts #aj4fh #gd ft4 b$ mold+1 #a #b1 at #c c5ts #b4bb #cef ft4 b$ mold+1 1 at #a c5ts #e4cd #fd ft4 neck mold+1 at #a c5t 4#fd #cf ft4 cove mold+1 #a1 at #c c5ts #a4jh ,:ite p9e3 #ce ft4 triglyphs1 at #aj c5ts #c4ej #bjg turn$ balu/]s1 #b #a' #f1 = por*es1 at #aj c5ts #bj4gj #ib ft4 mold$ h& rail1 #e #c1 at #aa c5ts #aj4ab #ib ft4 bottom rail1 #e #c1 at #aa c5ts #aj4ab #bjj d5tils1 #b #b #c1 at #a c5ts #c4jj #acg ft4 w9d[ cap1 #c #a1 at #c c5ts #d4aa #bc ft4 ,b4 ,m41 = balu/rade po/s1 at #d c5ts #a4jd ,cas+ = circul> w9d[ #a4jj ,semicircul> head cas+ ov] outside door 9 dorm] #b4jj ------- ,total co/ ( ext]ior "w #aji4cg ,recapitulation ( ,co/ ( ,jo9]y ,door frames #aeh4fg ,doors #bbd4ic ,w9d[ frames #bed4cb ,w9d[ sa% #cag4bg ,/airs #bbj4aa ,miscellane\s int]ior jo9]y #djf4bc ,miscellane\s ext]ior "w #aji4cg --------- ,total co/ ( jo9]y #a1fij4ij ,,h>dw>e #i4 ,! prices giv5 9 ! foll[+ li/ are bas$ on ! use ( ! be/ quality ( h>dw>e 9 ! m>ket4 ,%\ld inf]ior quality be us$1 ^! prices w\ld probably be #ej p] c5t4 less4 ,! co/ ( labor is assum$ to be "o-fif? ! co/ ( ! h>dw>e4 ,,locks ,quantities & ,co/ ,"o #e-;in* mortise front-door lock1 ) bronze furniture complete #f4jj ,"o #d-;in* mortise ve/ibule-door lock1 ) bronze furniture complete #e4ej ,"o #e-;in* flu% pull mortise lock = d\ble slid+-door #c4jj ,two #e-;in* flu% pull mortise locks = s+le slid+-door1 at #b4be #d4ej ,eighte5 #d-;in* mortise knob locks1 at #b4bj #ci4fj ,t5 #d-;in* cupbo>d lock sets1 at #a4he #ah4ej ,six #b-;in* mortise knob locks1 at #a4ej #i4jj ,"o #b-;in* /eel spr+ padlock 4#ej ------ ,total #hf4fj ,,h+es ,quantities & ,co/ #a pair d\ble-act+ *eck+ spr+ h+es ) bronze pu% plates1 = d\ble-act+ door #aj4ej #b pair #e #e bronze loose p9 butts1 at #b4ej #e4jj #cc pair #d #d bronze loose p9 butts1 at #a4ij #fb4gj #b pair #c #c bronze loose p9 butts1 at #a4ce #b4gj ------ ,total #hj4ij ,,miscellane\s ,,h>dw>e ,quantities & ,co/ ,?irty-two #a #b bronze sa% fa/s1 at #dj c5ts #ab4hj ,five #b #b bronze cupbo>d turns1 at #dj c5ts #b4jj ,f\r #f #a bronze flu% bolts1 at #a4be #e4jj #c doz4 #c-;in* japann$-iron coat hooks1 at #be c5ts 4#ge ,"o galvaniz$-iron hasp & /aple 4#bj ,"o ,mc,cabe pat5t door hang]1 d\ble #c4ej ,two ,mc,cabe pat5t door hang]s1 s+le1 at #b #d4jj ,f\r #b-;in* bronze draw pulls1 at #aj c5ts 4#dj ------ ,total #bh4fe ,summ>y ,locks #hf4fj ,butts #hj4ij ,miscellane\s #bh4fe ------- ,total co/ ( h>dw>e #aif4ae ,,heat+ ,,& ,,v5tilat+ ,,sy/em #aj4 ,a h\se z l>ge z ! "o "u consid]ation %\ld be heat$ ei!r by /eam or by hot wat]4 ,h[ev]1 a furnace is us$ 9 ?is case1 n because x is ! be/ practice1 b because x gives practice 9 e/imat+ on a furnace1 :i* is m important ?an e/imat+ on ei!r /eam or hot wat]4 ,9 tak+ (f quantities = ! heat+ & v5tilat+ contract1 att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! fact t ! furnace & pipes1 regi/]s & bord]s1 & ! fireplace furniture are usually suppli$ by diff]5t manufactur]s4 ,,furnace ,quantities & ,co/ ,"o #ec-;in* ca/-iron portable furnace set up 9 place #abe4jj ,,w>m-,,air ,,& ,,smoke ,,pipes ,quantities & ,co/ #ab ft4 ( #d #h t9 ,w4 ,a4 pipe1 at #ab c5ts #a4ej #ab ft4 ( #c #ab t9 ,w4 ,a4 pipe1 at #ae c5ts #a4hj #ac ft4 ( #d #aj t9 ,w4 ,a4 pipe1 at #ae c5ts #a4ie #fa ft4 ( #aj-;in* r\nd t9 ,w4 ,a4 pipe1 at #af c5ts #i4gf #ab ft4 ( #h-;in* r\nd t9 ,w4 ,a4 pipe1 at #ab c5ts #a4ef #d ft4 ( #h-;in* galvaniz$-iron smoke pipe1 at #ae c5ts 4#fj #ag ft4 ( #aj-;in* r\nd1 fireclay flue l9+1 at #be c5ts #d4be #b ft4 ( #h-;in* r\nd1 fireclay flue l9+1 at #bj c5ts 4#ej ,labor1 "o-half ( co/ ( mat]ials #aj4if ------- ,total #cb4hh ,,regi/]s ,quantities & ,co/ ,?ree #ad #af japann$ floor regi/]s & bord]s1 at #c4he #aa4ee ,"o #g #aj japann$ floor regi/] & bord] 4#he ,"o #ab #ae japann$ floor regi/] & bord] #b4be ,two #g #i japann$ floor regi/]s & bord]s1 at #he c5ts #a4gj ,"o #aj #ab japann$ floor regi/] & bord] #a4bf ,two #ab #ae japann$ wall regi/]s & bord]s1 at #b4be #d4ej ,"o #aj #ab japann$ wall regi/] & bord] #a4bf ,labor1 "o-?ird ( co/ ( mat]ials #g4gi ------- ,total #ca4af ,,t9 ,,regi/] ,,boxes ,quantities & ,co/ ,?ree #ad #af #d1 at #hj c5ts #b4dj ,"o #g #aj #d 4#eg ,two #aj #ab #d1 at #ge c5ts #a4ej ,two #ae #ab #d1 at #ge c5ts #a4ej ,two #g #i #d1 at #eg c5ts #a4ad ,labor1 "o-?ird ( co/ ( mat]ials #b4cg ------ ,total #i4dh ,,miscellane\s ,quantities & ,co/ ,fifte5 elb[s1 #aj 94 9 diamet]1 at #ce c5ts #e4be ,two elb[s1 #h 94 9 diamet]1 at #be c5ts 4#ej ,t5 %eets ( ,,ic t91 #bj #bh1 at #bj c5ts #b4jj ,two cold-air boxes1 ea* #bd ft4 long1 ( #bj-;in* e>!n pipe1 ) two slide damp]s & scre5s #ch4dj ,labor3 "o-?ird ( co/ ( mat]ials #ae4ch ------ ,total #fa4ec ,summ>y ,furnace #abe4jj ,w>m-air & smoke pipes #cb4hh ,regi/]s & bord]s #ca4af ,regi/] boxes #i4dh ,miscellane\s #fa4ec ------- ,total co/ ( heat+ & v5tilat+ sy/em #bfj4je ,,plumb+ #aa4 ,a complete li/ ( ! plumb+ fixtures1 toge!r ) ! sizes1 l5g?s1 & mat]ials ( all pipes1 %\ld be tabulat$ s t any item c be easily ref]r$ to 9 case ( alt]ation 9 ! s*$ule4 ,,fixtures ,quantities & ,co/ ,"o d\ble-ov5 brick-set kit*5 range ) wat]-back2 to be select$ by ! own]2 complete #ej4jj ,"o ,class ,a1 :ite-glaz$ e>!nw>e s9k1 #cj #bj #g2 ) porcela9 back #ae 94 high1 & ) porcela9 legs2 #b-;in* ca/ brass1 nickel-plat$2 ,s-trap ) wa/e pipe to floor2 & improv$ ,full] faucets2 telescopic a% dra9 bo>d2 complete #de4jj ,"o ,class ,a1 #bj #cj porcela9 recess pantry s9k1 :ite enamel$ inside1 ) nickel-plat$ /&+ wa/e ov]fl[2 ) nickel-plat$ #a-;in* brass trap & pipe to floor2 nickel-plat$ supply pipes to floor2 nickel-plat$ #b-;in* support+ /&1 & heavy nickel-plat$ ,full] faucets1 m>k$ hot & cold2 complete #dj4jj ,"o #e' #f porcela9-l9$1 roll rim1 ,roman patt]n1 ca/-iron ba?1 ) ca/-iron feet1 pa9t$ "o coat outside1 ) nickel-plat$ comb9ation /&+ wa/e1 compression /> h&le supply valves at foot1 ) hot & cold "n plates2 complete #dj4jj ,"o improv$ porcela9 siphon-jet wat] closet1 ) qu>t]$-oak seat & cov]1 qu>t]$-oak siphon ci/]n1 ) nickel-plat$ brass brackets1 nickel-plat$ brass flu% pipe2 nickel-plat$ *a9 & *9a pull1 & brass floor flange2 complete #cj4jj ,"o enamel$-iron corn]1 lavatory1 #ag #ag #ab1 ) #ab #ae ,d-%ap$ bas9 ) nickel-plate cocks & pipes2 all complete #cj4jj ,"o enamel$-iron corn] lavatory slab #af #af #f1 ) enamel$ back & aprons1 soap cup1 #aa #ad b[l1 ,no4 #j ,full] faucets1 & 8,p5n0 wa/e2 complete #bj4jj ,"o set ( #c ,class ,b1 :ite porcela9 wa% tubs1 #bf in*es long1 ) ,n4 ,p4 brass wa/e & /> h&le cocks1 & wr+] base2 all complete #fj4jj ------- ,co/ ( fixtures #cae4jj ,,wat] ,,supply ,quantities & ,co/ ,"o #dj-;gallon1 extra-heavy1 galvaniz$-iron boil]1 /& & c\pl+s2 complete #ae4jj ,tapp+ & corporation-cock p]mits #e4jj ,"o curb box #b4jj #aj ft4 #a-;in* brass pipe & fitt+s #e4jj #dj ft4 #a-;in* ,,aaa lead pipe #ai4jj #dd ft4 #a-;in* galvaniz$-iron pipe #d4jj #abj ft4 -in* galvaniz$-iron pipe #i4jj #hj ft4 -in* galvaniz$-iron pipe #e4jj #cj p\nds ( fitt+s #f4jj ,"o #a-;in* /op & wa/e cock #a4ej ,eight -in* /op & wa/e cocks #g4jj ,?ree -in* /op & wa/e cocks #b4ej ,/raps & hang]s #a4jj ,two g>d5 hose bibbs #b4jj ------ ,co/ ( wat]-supply sy/em #hd4jj ,,dra9age ,quantities & ,co/ #bac ft4 #d-;in*1 extra-heavy1 ca/-iron1 asphalt-coat$ soil pipe #fj4jj #bj ft4 #c-;in*1 extra-heavy1 ca/-iron1 asphalt-coat$ soil pipe #d4ej #aaj ft4 #b-;in*1 extra-heavy1 ca/-iron1 asphalt-coat$ soil pipe #af4ej #cj ft4 #d-;in*1 extra-heavy1 ca/-iron1 asphalt-coat$1 soil-pipe fitt+s #bd4jj #d ft4 #c-;in*1 extra-heavy1 ca/-iron1 asphalt-coat$1 soil-pipe fitt+s #b4ej #bd ft4 #b-;in*1 extra-heavy1 ca/-iron1 asphalt-coat$1 soil-pipe fitt+s #g4ej #ij ft4 #f-;in*1 salt-glaz$1 e>!nw>e sew] pipe #aj4jj #fb ft4 #e-;in*1 salt-glaz$1 e>!nw>e sew] pipe #f4jj #adj ft4 #d-;in*1 salt-glaz$1 e>!nw>e sew] pipe #h4jj ,"o #f-;in* fitt+ #a4jj ,sev5 #e-;in* fitt+s #d4jj ,eighte5 #d-;in* fitt+s #g4jj ,portl& cem5t #b4jj #ajj lb4 ( lead #e4jj ,oakum #a4jj ,wall hooks #a4jj ,"o #d-;in* runn+ trap #b4jj ,f\r #d-;in* gr\nd brass f]rule clean\ts #b4jj ,?ree ca/-iron manhole cov]s #c4jj ,"o fre%-air inlet box #a4jj ,"o #d-;in* lead b5d #a4ej ,"o #d-;in* brass f]rule 4#ce #aj ft4 #b-;in* lead wa/e pipe #b4ej #ad ft4 #a-;in* lead pipe #b4ej ,twelve #b-;in* brass f]rules #a4ej ,two #b-;in* lead traps #b4ej #b sq4 ft4 #f-p\nd %eet lead 4#ij ,?ree #d-;in* wire-basket /ra9]s 4#dj #bj lb4 ( wip+ sold] #e4jj ------- ,total #ahe4ae ,,labor ,labor1 assum$ to be "o-f\r? co/ ( all mat]ials #ehd4ae 4#be #adf4jd ,summ>y ,fixtures #cae4jj ,wat]-supply sy/em #hd4jj ,dra9age #ahe4ae ,labor #adf4jd ------- ,total co/ ( plumb+ #gcj4ai ,,gas-,,fitt+ #ab4 ,foll[+ is giv5 ! co/ ( buy+ & in/all+ ! v>i\s gas fixtures & pipes t are us$ 9 ! build+ "u consid]ation3 ,,fixtures ,quantities & ,co/ ,cell>3 #b brackets1 #a burn]1 ea* at #ej c5ts #a4jj ,fir/ floor3 ,p>lor1 #a *&eli]1 #d burn]s #ej4jj #b brackets1 /iff1 #b burn]s1 ea* at #aj #bj4jj ,d9+ room1 #a *&eli]1 #e burn]s #de4jj #b brackets1 /iff1 #a burn]1 ea* at #e #aj4jj ,hall1 #a *&eli]1 #d burn]s #cj4jj ,libr>y1 #a *&eli]1 #f burn]s #ej4jj #b brackets1 /iff1 #b burn]s1 ea* at #aj #bj4jj ,lavatory1 #a bracket1 #a burn]1 /iff #b4ej ,kit*51 #a c5t] fixture1 #b burn]s #d4jj #a side light1 /iff1 #a burn] #a4jj ,butl]'s pantry1 #a drop light1 #b burn]s #d4jj ,pantry1 #a side light1 /iff1 #a burn] #a4jj ,cell> /airs1 #a-;bracket light1 #a burn] 4#ej ,second floor3 ,b$rooms1 #aa d\ble-sw+ brackets1 #a burn]1 at #e #ee4jj ,dress+ room1 #a d\ble-sw+1 pla91 #a burn] #b4jj ,hall1 #a /iff bracket1 #b burn]s #f4jj ,/air l&+1 #b /iff brackets1 #a burn]1 ea* at #d #h4jj ,ba?room1 #a bracket1 d\ble sw+1 pla91 #a burn] #c4jj ,attic rooms1 #e /iff brackets1 #a burn]1 ea* at 4#ge #c4ge ------- ,total #caf4ge ,,pipe ,,& ,,fitt+s ,quantities & ,co/ #ed ft4 #a-;in* pipe1 at #aj c5ts #e4dj #cj ft4 -in* pipe1 at #f c5ts #a4hj #cj ft4 -in* pipe1 at #d c5ts #a4bj #bje ft4 -in* pipe1 at #c c5ts #f4ae ,fitt+s #d4jj ------- ,total #ah4ee ,,labor ,labor1 assum$ to be "o-sev5? ! co/ ( mat]ials 7fixtures1 pipes1 etc47 #cce4cj #g #dg4ij ,summ>y ,fixtures #caf4ge ,pipe & fitt+s #ah4ee ,labor #dg4ij ------- ,total co/ ( gas-fitt+ #chc4bj ,,wir+ #ac4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 mo/ h\ses t are z l>ge z ! "o "u consid]ation are equipp$ ) electric door bells1 & probably ) electric bells f "s ( ! liv+ rooms to ! kit*54 ,su* an equipm5t w\ld co/1 say1 #be4 ,9 mo/ h\ses ( ?is size1 :]e available1 bo? electricity & gas are us$ = light+ purposes4 ,! co/ ( wir+ ?is h\se complete = electric lights1 includ+ six wall swit*es1 besides two ?ree-way swit*es = ! hall light1 s t x c be op]at$ ei!r f ! upp] or l[] floor1 is ab\t #cbe if iron-armor$ conduit is us$4 ,if electric lights are us$1 ! light+ fixtures mu/ be comb9ation fixtures1 t is1 fixtures t c be us$ = bo? gas & electricity4 ,?is w add ab\t #dj p] c5t4 to ! co/ ( ! gas fixtures1 or #dj p] c5t4 ( #caf4ge1 :i* am\nts to #abf4gj4 ,! total co/ ( wir+ is !re=e z foll[s3 ,electric bells #be4jj ,light wir+ #cbe4jj ,extra co/ ( fixtures #abf4gj ------- ,total #dgf4gj ,,pa9t+ #ad4 ,9 tak+ (f quantities = pa9t+1 x is cu/om>y to e/imate ! co/ by assum+ a price p] squ>e y>d = ea* class ( "w1 in/ead ( e/imat+ ! mat]ial & labor sep>ately4 ,,ext]ior ,,"w ,quantities ,?ree coats ( pure l9se$ oil & :ite lead 9 f\r colors3 ,,squ>e ,,y>ds ,%+les 7see item 9 ,c>p5try e/imate7 #bfi ,ma9 cornice #acj ,por* cornice #bb ,por* po/s #cb ,sp&rels #dj ,por* skirt+ #ad ,balu/rade #eb ,sa% #fd ,w9d[ sills #af ,por* floors & /eps #gb --- ,total #gaa ,,squ>e ,,y>ds ,"o coat orange %ellac & "o ( v>ni%3 ,por* ceil+ 7see item 9 ,c>p5try e/imate7 #eh ,,int]ior ,,"w ,quantities ,*e/nut f9i%1 p>lor1 libr>y1 d9+ room1 hall1 /air hall1 lavatory1 & /airway4 ,"o coat ( wood pa/e fill]1 "o coat ( :ite %ellac1 & ?ree coats ( v>ni%1 rubb$ d[n ) pumice /one & wat]3 ,,squ>e ,,y>ds ,ar*itrave #cb ,base #af ,wa9scot+ #cj ,sa% #ag ,doors #ed ,jamb cas+s #g ,/airway #ej ,balu/rade ( /airway #bj --- ,total #bbf ,:ite p9e1 natural f9i%1 all ( h\se n f9i%$ 9 *e/nut4 ,"o coat ( _s %ellac & two coats ( v>ni%3 ,,squ>e ,,y>ds ,ar*itrave #gc ,base #fj ,wa9scot+ #bi ,sa% #dj ,dress] #i ,doors #aca ,jamb cas+s #ca ,back /airs #cd --- ,total #djg ,co/ ,ext]ior "w1 #gaa sq4 yd41 at #cj c5ts p] squ>e y>d #bac4cj ,por* ceil+1 #eh sq4 yd41 at #bj c5ts p] squ>e y>d #aa4fj ,*e/nut f9i%1 #bbf sq4 yd41 at #ge c5ts p] squ>e y>d #afi4ej ,:ite p9e1 natural f9i%1 #djg sq4 yd41 at #be c5ts p] squ>e y>d #aja4ge ------- ,total co/ ( pa9t+ #dif4ae ,summ>y ( ,co/ ( ,build+ #ae4 ,hav+ e/imat$ ! co/ ( "w requir$ ( ea* trade1 a summ>y ( ! :ole w express ! total e/imat$ co/ ( ! build+4 ,excavation & fill+ #bhe4ii ,/onework #a1gic4hc ,brickwork #a1jgi4af ,c>p5try #b1jja4eg ,ro(+ #eec4ah ,pla/]+ #a1jbe4ah ,jo9]y #a1fij4ij ,h>dw>e #aif4ae ,heat+ & v5tilation #bfj4je ,plumb+ #gcj4ai ,gas-fitt+ #chc4bj ,electric wir+ #dgf4gj ,pa9t+ #dif4ae ---------- ,total co/ #aj1igb4be ,?is total co/ does n include any extras or build]'s pr(its4 ,,mill ,,design ,,site ,,& ,,arrangem5t ,,prelim9>y ,,consid]ations ,,introduction #a4 ,! requirem5ts ( ! mod]n factory build+ are _m1 & dem& ! c>eful att5tion ( ! ar*itect 9 _! plann+ & con/ruction4 ,!re are probably m rules & regulations impos$ by ! /ate & local gov]nm5ts & by ! ,insurance ,und]writ]s1 regulat+ ! con/ruction ( ?is class ( build+s1 ?an = build+s ( any o!r "*4 ,! laws impos$ by ! gov]nm5ts "u ^: jurisdiction ! build+ is to be erect$1 are fram$ manife/ly = ! protection ( ! heal? & safety ( ! occupants ( ! build+1 & s z n to jeop>dize _! lives 9 case ( fire or panic1 or ! lives ( ^? engag$ 9 ! attempt to save ! /ructure & prev5t damage to ! adjo9+ prop]ty4 ,! ,und]writ]s1 or ! ,association ( ,insurance ,companies1 h compil$ num]\s rules & regulations ( :i* ! ar*itect plann+ ! build+ mu/ take cognizance if he desires to secure a reasonable rate ( insurance on ! build+ & its cont5ts = ! own]4 ,n only d ^! rules & regulations deal ) ! /ructural design ( ! build+1 b !y consid] ! app>atus = protection 9 case ( fire1 & su* in/allations z ! electric wir+4 ,! ar*itect mu/ be famili> ) all ^! requirem5ts 9 ord] to intellig5tly & practically design indu/rial plants4 ,!re are1 also1 _m factors ess5tial to ! utilit>ian & economic op]ation ( ! build+ ent]+ into ! design ( ! mod]n factory1 to :i* ! ar*itect mu/ devote c>eful /udy4 ,among ! mo/ important ( ^! are ! economic receiv+1 %ipp+1 elevation1 & transportation ( m]*&ise2 ! prop] & adequate light+ ( ! build+2 ! location & plann+ ( ! p[] plant = ! build+1 toge!r ) ! eng9e]+ problems ( con/ruction1 :i* include ! design ( ! floor1 columns1 & walls = ! loads to :i* !y are subject$4 ,,classification ,,( ,,factory ,,build+s #b4 ,classifi$ accord+ to _! con/ruction1 factory build+s may be divid$ into ?ree types1 :i*1 = conv5i5ce1 may be designat$ z fir/-1 second-1 & ?ird-class build+s4 ,a simil> division to ?is is also frequ5tly made by ! /ate or municipal laws = ! regulation ( ! con/ruction ( factory build+s4 #c4 ,fir/-,class ,build+s4--,build+s ( ! fir/ class are ^? 9 :i* ! walls1 floors1 columns1 gird]s1 beams1 p>titions1 & ro(s are ( /one1 brick1 t]ra cotta1 concrete1 /eel1 iron1 & su* o!r firepro( mat]ials z h be5 prov5 to be effici5t4 ,build+s ( ?is class may be consid]$ z con/itut+ an entirely firepro( build+1 :i* means t :ile ! cont5ts ( ! build+ may burn1 ! build+ itself w rema9 intact1 unless subject$ to ! sev]e action ( a prolong$ conflagration4 #d4 ,second-,class ,build+s4--,build+s ( ! second class are consid]$ to include :at is kn[n z sl[-burn+1 or ! typical factory-con/ruction1 type1 9 :i* all po/s or gird]s mu/ be ( heavy & massive timb]1 & ! floor con/ruction at lea/ #c in*es 9 ?ickness1 & ( solid plank+4 ,9 build+s ( ! second class1 :ile x is p]missible to use combu/ible mat]ials1 !y mu/ be ( su* sizes & ( su* sl[ combu/ion t ! security ( ! build+ w be insur$ = a reasonable "t aft] ! conflagration has comm5c$4 ,x is usual1 !re=e1 9 ?is class ( build+1 to limit ! size ( ! wood5 po/s to n less ?an #h in*es squ>e1 ?\gh _! /r5g? may be greatly 9 excess ( ! load !y are requir$ to support1 & gird]s & beams are us$ ^: lea/ dim5sion is #f in*es or m4 ,9 build+s ( ?is "*1 x is frequ5tly necess>y to use /eel beams & columns 9 ord] to obta9 ! /r5g? = ! great floor loads to :i* ^! memb]s are liable to be subject$4 ,:5 su* /eel or iron columns are us$1 h[ev]1 !y mu/ be firepro($1 because ev5 ?\gh made ( incombu/ible mat]ial1 !y w\ld n h ! same endurance 9 a fire z h heavy wood5 gird]s or po/s1 & _! failure w\ld precipitate ! fall ( ! floor4 ,wood5 gird]s & po/s1 ev5 :5 *>r$ "p way ?r\gh1 h /ill suffici5t /r5g? = ! support ( ! load = :i* !y 7 design$4 #e4 ,?ird-,class ,build+s4--,build+s ( ! ?ird class are n p>ticul>ly recomm5d$ = ! con/ruction ( factory build+s1 = ! floors ( ^! may be ( ! ord9>y joi/ & f9i%$ floor con/ruction4 ,su* build+s are readily ignitible & burn rapidly1 n only because ! timb] "w 9 !m is light1 b because ( ! num]\s air spaces t exi/ betwe5 joi/s & 9 ! furr+ ( ! walls4 ,no build+ ) air space surr\nd$ by combu/ible mat]ials c be consid]$ z sl[ burn+4 ,,factory ,,plann+ #f4 ,consid]ations 9 ,plann+4--,! outl9e ( ! build+ is det]m9$ by ! site1 & ow+ to irregul>ities 9 ! site g5]ally pur*as$ = manufactory purposes1 x is frequ5tly difficult to prop]ly design build+s ( ?is "*4 ,! factors t probably influ5ce ! design mo/ly1 aft] ! location ( ! column supports1 & consequ5tly ! spac+ ( ! w9d[s has be5 det]m9$ ^u1 are ! /airways & elevators4 ,9 _m cases1 ^! are ! only subdivisions ( ! ma9-floor plans1 & 9 ord] to comply ) ! rules & regulations ( ! local or /ate gov]nm5ts1 & ( ! ,und]writ]s' ,association1 !y dem& prim>y consid]ation4 ,! /airways mu/ z well be easy ( access1 :ile ! elevators mu/ be conv5i5tly locat$ = ! deliv]y & receipt ( goods f ! fir/ floor ( ! build+4 ,ano!r factor t is likely to ent] into consid]ation ( ! design is ! toilet rooms1 :i* mu/ be plac$ aga9/ an outside wall1 & conv5i5t to any "p ( ! floor4 ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,/air ,,t[]s ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a #g4 ,! ,enclos$ ,/airway4--,! important consid]ation 9 ! plann+ ( factory /airways is to provide a quick1 easy1 & safe egress = ! occupants 9 case ( fire4 ,:ile x is necess>y to h good lib]al /airways = communication betwe5 ! floors1 ?is is n su* an important feature 9 factory design1 f ! fact t !re is little travel ( employes betwe5 ! floors1 9 a mod]n factory1 z ea* individual's "w is usually apportion$ to him & conf9$ to a p>ticul> location1 & !re=e does n require him to be on diff]5t floors dur+ ! day4 ,! common type ( factory /airway is t designat$ 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,?is %[s a brick-enclos$ /airway ) ! doors ent]+ x direct f ! factory4 ,su* a /airway enclosure z ?is %\ld h t9-l9$ doors z at a1 :i* firepro( ! op5+4 ,ev5 !n ! security ( a /airway ( ?is "* is n c]ta91 f ! fact t ^! doors may be left op51 & are op5 to ! /airway dur+ ! egress ( ! occupants4 ,) a sev]e fire1 !re=e1 on any floor1 su* a /airway is likely to be fill$ ) smoke to suffocation1 & liable to ignition f ! door op5+s4 ,x c !re=e only be reg>d$ z a make%ift = a fire-escape1 or fire-t[]4 ,x is also well1 9 ! design ( su* a /airway1 to obs]ve t ! doors always op5 outw>ds1 & n only ?is1 b t !y op5 ) ! tide ( p com+ d[n ! /airs4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! figure ! door a is op5$ correctly1 b if ! flights ( /eps m>k$ d[n & up 7 transpos$1 !n p com+ d[n ! flight c w\ld press aga9/ ! door at a & prev5t ! p 9 ! room d f gett+ out to ! /airs & h5ce to safety4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b #h4 ,enclos$ ,fire-,escape1 or ,/air ,t[]s4--,v>i\s designs = brick-enclos$ /airways ( factory build+s h be5 recomm5d$ at diff]5t times by ! insurance companies4 ,two ( ^! designs are designat$ 9 ,fig4 #b & %[ ! elevator includ$1 z well z ! /airway1 9 ! t[]4 ,a /udy ( ^! plans w %[ t !re is no direct communication f ! build+ to ! /air t[]1 & t ! only way by :i* ! /air t[] may be ent]$ is ?r\gh an op5 balcony1 :i* communicates ) a door 9 ! side walls ( ! build+1 at ea* floor4 ,! brick-enclos$ /air t[] is %[n 9 ! figure at a1 ! op5 gall]ies at b1 & ! door ( egress f ! factory at c4 ,by means ( ?is arrangem5t1 ! occupants ( ea* floor c1 9 case ( fire1 g ?r\gh ! door 9 ! side wall1 on to ! op5 balcony1 & into ! fire-t[]1 !nce d[n /airs or elevator to ! gr\nd floor & safety4 ,because ( ! op5ness ( ! balcony1 :i* is surr\nd$ ) a /rong rail1 & p>tially cov]$ by ! gall]y above1 ! fire c\ld h>dly be suffici5tly great on any floor to make x unt5antable1 & no smoke or flames c\ld communicate ) ! fire-t[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c #i4 ,ve/ibule ,fire-,t[] ,/airway4--,:ile ! arrangem5t j describ$ is rational1 ! fire-t[] is ( su* dim5sions z w\ld ord9>ily preclude its use 9 ! mod]n build+ :]e gr\nd space is valuable & e in* ( surface mu/ be economiz$4 ,! be/ possible design1 !re=e1 = a fire-t[] is t indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,?is con/ruction is kn[n z ! ve/ibule fire-t[]1 & f ! plan x is se5 t ?is comb9es safety & utility 9 a small am\nt ( space4 ,! op5+ m>k$ a 9 ! plan is always op5 to ! wea!r1 & ! floor ( ! ve/ibule is usually concret$ & grad$ to a dra9 t connects ) ! ra9 conductor ( ! ro( at b4 ,by ?is arrangem5t1 a well-protect$ l9e ( travel is obta9$ betwe5 ! /airway & ! build+s on ea* floor1 ! occupants ( ! build+ be+ protect$ by ! p>apet wall & iron rail+1 z indicat$ at c c4 ,to ?is ve/ibule f ! factory a t9-l9$1 or firepro(1 door mu/ be provid$1 s t aft] ! p h left "o floor x c be cut (f f ! ve/ibule4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( all fire-t[]s1 _! walls mu/ be c>ri$ by means ( p>apet walls at lea/ #c feet above ! ro( ( ! build+1 & ! ro( ov] !m mu/ be con/ruct$ ( firepro( mat]ial4 ,:5 x is requir$1 firepro( w9d[s may be us$ 9 ! walls ( brick-enclos$ fire-t[]s4 ,^! w9d[s may be con/ruct$ ( %eet metal & glaz$ ) wire glass4 ,if x is n possible to use su* w9d[s1 a skylight may be built ov] ! top ( ! t[]1 b ?is skylight mu/ be con/ruct$ ( %eet metal1 or o!r non-combu/ible mat]ial1 & glaz$ ) wire glass4 #aj4 ,numb] ( ,fire-,t[]s4--,! numb] ( t[] fire-escapes requir$ = factory build+s ( ei!r ! fir/1 second1 or ?ird class1 may be e/abli%$ accord+ to ! numb] ( /ories 9 height ( ! build+1 & ! floor area1 9 squ>e feet1 = ea* floor2 t is1 = build+s ( ! fir/ class1 ?ree or f\r /ories 9 height1 hav+ "o t[]1 ! floor area ( any floor may be z mu* z #bj1jjj squ>e feet1 :ile if ! height ( ! build+ ( ! same con/ruction is made twelve /ories1 ! floor area %\ld only be #f1ejj squ>e feet4 ,:]e two t[] fire-escapes are incorporat$ 9 ! plan1 a build+ ?ree or f\r /ories 9 height may conta9 z _m z #be1jjj squ>e feet 9 ! area ( "o floor1 b if ! build+ 7 increas$ to twelve /ories1 ! floor area ( ea* floor %\ld n exce$ #ae1jjj squ>e feet4 ,9 build+s ( ! second & ?ird classes1 a great] numb] ( t[] fire-escapes %\ld be provid$1 & x is good practice to supply "o t[] fire-escape 9 a ?ree-/ory build+ ( ^! classes = a floor area n exce$+ #aj1jjj squ>e feet1 or two t[] fire-escapes %\ld ! floor area n exce$ #ae1jjj squ>e feet4 ,9 build+s ( ?is con/ruction1 ( f f\r to six /ories 9 height1 ! floor area %\ld n exce$1 = "o t[] fire-escape1 f #f1jjj to #c1ejj squ>e feet ( floor area 9 ea* floor1 :ile ) two t[] fire-escapes ! maximum floor area is f #ab1jjj to #h1jjj squ>e feet4 #aa4 ,location ( ! ,fire-,t[]4--,:]e two t[] fire-escapes are us$ 9 a build+1 !y mu/ n be locat$ ne> to ea* o!r1 ! purpose always be+ to provide a second egress 9 case ( "o be+ cut (f by smoke or flame4 ,9 small build+s ( consid]able height1 x is sometimes difficult to s arrange ! plan z to provide two /airways at extreme ends or corn]s ( ! build+4 ,9 a case l ?is1 x is frequ5tly necess>y to ext5d balconies along ! side ( ! build+1 ent]+ ! fire-t[] at "s m di/ant po9t4 ,,elevator ,,%afts #ab4 ,location ( ,%aft4--,9 all factories ( two or m /ories1 an elevator is a necessity = ! economic transmission ( goods f "o floor to ano!r4 ,:ile 9 "s in/ances ! elevator is run ?r\gh hat* op5+s 9 ! floor1 )\t be+ enclos$ 9 brick walls1 x is n good practice1 = ! op5+s ?r\gh ! floors make possible ! rapid communication ( flames & smoke 9 case ( fire1 ev5 :5 provid$ ) an automatic clos+ hat*4 ,elevators are !re=e g5]ally built 9 an elevator %aft1 ! walls ( :i* are con/ruct$ ( good h>d brick & made f #ab in*es to #ah in*es 9 ?ickness4 #ac4 ,elevator ,doors & ,op5+s4--,9 build+ elevator %afts1 x is necess>y to provide door op5+s at ea* floor1 ! op5+s be+ protect$ ) t9-l9$ firepro( doors4 ,^! doors may be ei!r fold+ or slid+-doors1 x usually be+ consid]$ be/ to provide a slid+-door t w automatically close :5 a c]ta9 temp]ature has be5 rea*$ 9 ! build+4 ,x is n always possible1 h[ev]1 to provide slid+-doors1 f ! fact t :]e ! elevator %aft projects out into ! room & ! door op5+ is wide1 !re is no wall space on :i* to fa/5 ! track4 ,cu/om>ily1 9 ea* door op5+1 !re is also provid$ a heavy /one or ca/-iron sill4 ,z 9 _m /ates ! law requires "s automatic1 or fold+1 lift gates = elevator op5+s1 x is ! practice to project ?is sill inside ( ! %aft at lea/ #d in*es1 9 ord] to provide a be>+ & protection = su* gates4 #ad4 ,con/ruction ( ,op5+s4--,! op5+s 9 ! brick walls ( an elevator %aft are con/ruct$ ord9>ily ) r[lock brick ar*es1 & f ! fact t ! op5+s are usually wide1 & little jamb is left on ea* side ( ! op5+1 x is necess>y to build #a-;in* r\nd iron rods 9 ! ar* above ! op5+1 ^! tie-rods be+ furni%$ ) wa%] plates at ea* end4 ,! jambs ( all op5+s 9 ! elevator %afts %\ld be protect$ ) ca/-iron f5d]s made ( ab\t -in* metal1 & s con/ruct$ z to return ab\t #d in*es on ea* face4 ,^! jambs are provid$ ) heavy wr\ght-iron an*ors1 :i* are built into ! brickwork 9 ! process ( con/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 7a7 ,illu/ration3 7b7 ,,fig4 #d #ae4 ,freight ,elevators4--,freight elevators are ei!r corn]-guid$ or side-guid$1 ! pref]5ce be+ = ! latt]1 z !y are m easily con/ruct$ & adju/$1 & dur+ ! con/ruction ( ! elevator %aft x is usual to build into ! brickwork blocks ( wood ab\t ! ?ickness ( a brick & ( suffici5t l5g? = ! atta*m5t ( ! guides4 ,^! are cut w$ge-%ap$ on ! ends1 s z to hold m firmly 9 ! brickwork4 ,a diagrammatic plan ( a side-guid$ & corn]-guid$ elevator is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #d 7a7 & 7b71 respectively4 ,ow+ to ! fact t x is necess>y to h consid]able hoi/+ me*anism1 at ! head ( ! elevator %aft1 ! %aft is ext5d$ above ! ro(1 sometimes z mu* z #e or #f feet1 = ! m9imum height f ! elevator plat=m at ! top floor level to ! "u side ( ! beams c>ry+ ! me*anism is ab\t #af feet1 & ! %eaves c>ry+ ! rope & o!r me*anism at ! top ( ! %aft require sev]al m feet4 #af4 ,elevator-,%aft ,w9d[s4--,frequ5tly1 elevator %afts are light$ ) w9d[s4 ,:]e su* w9d[s op5 into ! build+1 !y mu/ be con/ruct$ ) metallic frame & wire glass2 b :]e !y op5 outside ( ! build+ x is n necess>y to d ?is4 ,:]e elevator %afts are light$ f ! top1 metallic skylights glaz$ ) heavy glass %\ld be provid$4 ,x is n consid]$ su* good practice to use wir$ glass = ?is glaz+1 ! idea be+ t 9 case ( fire1 z ea* floor is cut (f f ! elevator %aft ) firepro( doors1 v5t may be _h f ! skylight at ! top ( ! %aft :5 ! glass is brok51 & "s ( ! municipal & /ate laws /ipulate t ! skylight at ! top ( an elevator %aft %all n be less ?an two-?irds ! area ( ! %aft4 ,z !re is "s me*anism on ! bottom ( ! elevator plat=m & at ! foot ( ! %aft1 x is necess>y to s9k ! %aft at lea/ #c feet bel[ ! basem5t floor level1 provid$ t ! elevator runs to ! basem5t floor4 ,,toilet ,,rooms #ag4 ,location ( ,toilet ,rooms4--,9 design+ factory build+s :]e a great _m p are employ$1 ! "q ( toilet accommodations is a v necess>y consid]ation4 ,aft] ! location ( ! toilet room has be5 decid$ on1 & x %\ld be plac$ z c5trally z possible to ! floor area1 ! numb] ( closets %\ld be det]m9$4 ,x is usually f\nd suffici5t accommodation if "o closet is all[$ = tw5ty p4 ,9 plann+ ! toilet room1 x is ess5tial1 & g5]ally requir$ by law1 t ! room %all be locat$ on ! outside wall1 s t w9d[s w op5 directly into x4 ,if ! p>titions betwe5 ! comp>tm5ts only ext5d "p way t[>d ! ceil+1 x is n necess>y t ea* comp>tm5t ( ! toilet room conta9+ a closet %\ld h a w9d[4 ,= in/ance1 ref]r+ to ,fig4 #e1 :i* is a typical arrangem5t ( factory toilets1 x is necess>y only to provide ! w9d[ op5+ into ! outside space surr\nd+ ! enclosures ar\nd ! closets4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e #ah4 ,mat]ial ,us$ = ,p>titions4--,! p>titions ( bo? ! comp>tm5ts & ! toilet room are1 9 factory con/ruction1 usually built ( #a-;in*1 yell[-p9e1 tongu$-&-groov$1 bead$ ceil+1 ! corn]s ( ! p>tition be+ brac$ ) #d #d /op-*amf]$ yell[-p9e po/s rabbet$ to receive ! ceil+4 ,9 no in/ance %\ld ! p>titions be con/ruct$ ) an enclos$ space or conceal$ "w4 ,= hygi5ic reasons1 x is always advisable to provide toilet rooms ) wat]pro( floors1 & ! brick walls t may p>tially surr\nd ! enclosure %\ld be wat]pro($ = a di/ance ( at lea/ #a foot f ! floor4 ,! wat]pro(+ commonly employ$ = ! floors is asphalt or asbe/ol91 ! latt] be+ a composition t is plac$ directly on ! f9i%$ floor & =ms a p]man5t cov]+ ab\t in* 9 ?ickness1 & ( ! nature ( ! be/ cork l9oleum4 ,9 wat]pro(+ ! walls1 ab\t ! only practical me?od to employ is to give !m sev]al coats ( an approv$ wat]pro( pa9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f ,fig4 #f illu/rates a reasonably *eap & /ill excell5t con/ruction = toilet-room enclosures1 ! sev]al details ( ! con/ruction be+ suffici5tly cle> )\t fur!r explanation4 #ai4 ,toilet-,room ,fixtures4--,9 select+ fixtures = ! toilet rooms ( a factory build+1 only ! mo/ s]viceable k9ds %\ld be us$4 ,9 /&>d "w1 iron-porcela9 siphon-jet closets ) ov]head copp]-l9$ flu%+ tanks are employ$4 ,! flu%+ is controll$ automatically by ! action ( ! seat1 :i* is always rais$ by be+ provid$ ) c\nt]weights4 ,lids to ! closets are nev] us$ 9 factory in/allation1 f ! fact t !y are readily brok5 & g5]ally out ( ord]4 ,,types ,,( ,,mill ,,con/ruction ,,gird] ,,& ,,plank-,,on-,,edge ,,con/ruction #bj4 ,9 ,fig4 #g is designat$ an economical type ( mill con/ruction1 :i* is mu* 9 use4 ,?is con/ruction is sl[ burn+ 9 e respect1 & is exce$+ly simple1 )al be+ sub/antial & pres5t+ a good appe>ance on ! int]ior ( ! build+4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! column supports ( ! floor consi/ ( yell[-p9e po/s1 v>y+ f #bj in*es squ>e to #h or #aj in*es squ>e1 ! latt] be+ us$ = ! support ( ! ro(4 ,! draw+ %[s columns & wall con/ruction suitable = a six- or sev5-/ory factory build+1 & ! size ( po/ indicat$ 9 ! basem5t is ab\t ! maximum4 ,! gird]s consi/ ( #f #bj yell[-p9e pieces bolt$ toge!r ) -in* bolts1 ?\gh x is sugge/$ t -in* bolts w\ld be pref]able4 ,! purpose 9 bolt+ up a gird] 9 ?is way is t ! ?9n] planks are mu* m readily obta9able1 !y are m likely to be ?or\ghly season$1 & a gird] built up 9 ?is mann] is usually /rong] ?an a solid beam1 f ! fact t !re is less likelihood ( hidd5 defects exi/+ 9 ! timb] & mu* bett] /ock c g5]ally be obta9$4 #ba4 ,po/ ,caps & ,base ,plates4--,^! gird]s j describ$ are support$ on ca/-iron po/ caps1 simil> to ! ,goetz-,mit*ell con/ruction4 ,^! po/ caps1 :]e !y support gird]s 9 "o direction only1 are usually kn[n z two-way caps4 ,if !y support gird]s 9 two directions--t is1 transv]se & longitud9al--!y are kn[n z f\r-way caps4 ,^! caps are g5]ally ca/ ( -in* metal1 & ! gird]s be> on !m at lea/ #d in*es4 ,= ! basem5t columns1 x is usual to provide a ca/-iron base plate1 z indicat$ at a4 ,! timb] column is siz$ into ! socket ( ! base plate1 & x is be/ to c>ry ! top edge ( ! cap well above ! floor1 s t any moi/ure f leakage or 9 wa%+ ! floor w n be all[$ to p5etrate to ! wood4 ,ow+ to ! fact t ?is base plate mu/ transmit ! entire load on ! column to ! brick1 x mu/ be heavily webb$ on ! sides & corn]s1 z indicat$ 9 ! plan at b4 #bb4 ,concrete ,foot+s4--,x is usual 9 design+ ! f\ndations = mill build+s to use concrete foot+s1 z indicat$ 9 ! plan4 ,x w be notic$ 9 ?is p>ticul> in/ance1 & x is ! usual practice1 t ! concrete foot+s are #ab in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,:5 ! foot+s are /epp$1 z indicat$1 "u ! wall ( ! build+1 ea* foot+ is made ab\t #ab in*es 9 ?ickness1 ) a projection ( n m ?an #f or #g in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,section ( f9i% floor+ ,,fig4 #h #bc4 ,floor ,con/ruction4--,! floor con/ruction ( ! build+ consi/s ( #c #f yell[-p9e pieces1 set on edge & spik$ toge!r4 ,su* a con/ruction z ?is is available = spans betwe5 gird]s ( f #aj to #ae feet1 & does away ) all second>y gird]s1 or beams4 ,x also has an advantage 9 t x pres5ts a neat ceil+ b5ea? :5 ! edges ( ! planks =m+ ! r\gh floor+ are bevel$4 ,on ! top ( ?is r\gh floor+1 :i* is design$ = c>ry+ ! floor load1 & :i* is s con/ruct$ t ! jo9ts 9 ! diff]5t pieces are brok51 a #a-;in* or #a-;in* maple floor+ is laid4 ,maple is us$ = f9i%$ floors 9 factories pr9cipally on acc\nt ( its h>dness & ! excell5t we>+ surface t x af=ds4 ,! maple floor+ available 9 ! m>ket runs 9 l5g?s ( f #c to #af feet1 b ! co/ ( ! floor is greatly increas$ if a m9imum l5g? ( #f or #h feet is specifi$4 ,usually ! floor+ is tongu$ & groov$ & holl[$ on ! back1 z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,! holl[ back prev5ts ! floor+ f curl+4 ,9 a bett] class ( f9i%$ floor+1 ! pieces are end-jo9$1 or provid$ ) a tongue & groove on ! end4 ,?is prev5ts ! end ( ! floor+ f turn+ up & int]f]+ ) ! smoo?ness ( ! floor & ! op]ation ( trucks ov] x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i #bd4 ,wat]pro(+ & ,du/ ,pro(+4--,= ! purpose ( dead5+ s\nd1 & sometimes = ! sake ( wat]pro(+1 %ea?+ pap] or felt is ins]t$ betwe5 ! f9i%$ floor+ & ! r\gh plank4 ,by ! introduction ( pap] betwe5 ! maple & ! r\gh floor+1 du/ & dirt are prev5t$ f fall+ ?r\gh ! crevices due to ! %r9kage ( ! floor+ bo>ds above4 ,x is usual 9 f9i%+ a floor ar\nd ! edge to use ab\t #b-;in* qu>t]-r\nd mold+1 z indicat$ at c1 ,fig4 #g4 ,?is mold+ is also us$ ar\nd ! wood5 columns1 or po/s4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! po/s f spl9t]+ at ! corn]1 & s t !re is less likelihood ( ! occupants be+ hurt1 a /op-*amf]1 or arris1 is =m$ on ! corn]4 #be4 ,splice ,pieces4--,!re is "o feature :i* mu/ n be ov]look$ 9 mill con/ruction1 su* z occurs 9 ?is figure1 & t is t s9ce ! gird]s butt aga9/ ! columns on top ( ! po/ caps1 usually flu%1 !re is no?+ to c>ry ! bo>ds at d1 !re=e yell[-p9e pieces or /eel angles mu/ be provid$1 z indicat$ at e4 ,^! splice pieces answ] two purposes1 namely1 to =m a be>+ = ! ends ( ! planks f1 f1 f1 & also to tie ! gird]s rigidly toge!r longitud9ally1 & ?us increase ! rigidity ( ! floor con/ruction4 ,= a simil> reason1 x is necess>y to =m a l$ge1 ei!r by r$uc+ ! size ( ! pi] above1 or by corbel+ out1 at ! w9d[ op5+s1 z %[n at g1 = ! support ( ! floor planks at h h4 ,on ! top ( ! corbel s =m$1 usually a #c #h yell[-p9e piece is securely an*or$ to ! wall1 to provide a be>+ = ! ends ( ! r\gh floor plank+4 #bf4 ,ref]5ce to i & j1 ,fig4 #g1 %[s t !re is v little room betwe5 ! head ( ! w9d[ & ! bottom ( ! floor con/ruction4 ,by ?is means1 ! maximum am\nt ( light ne> ! ceil+ is obta9$1 &1 besides1 ! v5tilation is greatly facilitat$4 ,?is is "o ( ! important features 9 factory design+1 z well z 9 s*ool-h\se ar*itecture4 #bg4 ,f\ndation ,walls & ,pi]s4--,f ! section ( ! wall %[n at k k1 ,fig4 #g1 x w be obs]v$ t ! entire build+ is practically support$ on heavy pi]s1 & t ! #ac-;in* walls bel[ ! w9d[ sills are only sp&rel fill+s4 ,9 "s in/ances1 #i-;in* walls c be us$ 9 ^! places1 b x is n consid]$ advisable f ! fact t beat+ ra9 w readily drive ?r\gh a #i-;in* wall1 &1 besides1 !re is h>dly suffici5t sill = a heavy w9d[ frame4 ,att5tion is p>ticul>ly call$ to ! con/ruction ( ! w9d[ sill at l4 ,9 ! bett] class ( con/ruction1 heavy blue/one sills #e 94 #g 94 w\ld be us$2 b = *eap "w1 x is cu/om>y to use a light #c #e blue/one sill4 ,:]e sp&rel fill+s m ?an #ac in*es 9 ?ickness are us$1 or :]e ! ?ickness ( ! wall is mu* great] ?an ! frame1 z indicat$ at m 9 ! basem5t1 bevel$ bricks on edge are us$ = =m+ ! slop+ wall inside4 ,! purpose ( ! slop+ sill is to prev5t ! corn]s f be+ brok5 & damag$1 & employes f occupy+ !m4 #bh4 ,t]ra-,cotta ,w9d[ ,heads4--,9 factory con/ruction1 ! use ( t]ra-cotta w9d[ heads is n unusual1 & ! con/ruction ( su* a w9d[ head is indicat$ at n1 ,fig4 #g4 ,:]e t]ra-cotta w9d[ heads are us$ 9 ?is mann]1 "s means ( support mu/ be _h = ! brickwork above ! w9d[ head1 z t]ra cotta 9 itself is ( little use z an ar*1 or l9tel4 ,x is n uncommon to use angle irons back to back1 z indicat$ on ! section ( w9d[ head n4 ,?is con/ruction1 ( c\rse1 c only be us$ :]e ! wall runs p>allel ) ! support+ floor1 = if ! head ( ! w9d[ receives beams or gird]s x mu/ necess>ily be m /rongly & rigidly con/ruct$ ) heavy *annel irons1 or ,i beams4 ,:]e ! w9d[s ( ! basem5t1 z %[n at m1 are br\ght d[n close to ! pavem5t1 x is absolutely necess>y t ! pavem5t be slop$ away f ^! w9d[s ) consid]able pit*1 n less-?an #a in* 9 #a foot1 z o!rwise ! wat] is likely to lay aga9/ ! w9d[ sill or run "u x1 caus+ x to rapidly decay1 ! capill>y attraction ( ! w9d[ frame draw+ up ! wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj #bi4 ,w9d[ ,op5+s4--,ref]r+ to ,fig4 #i1 :i* %[s ! face view ( a bay ( ! wall illu/rat$ 9 section 9 ,fig4 #g1 ! details ( ! sev]al w9d[ op5+s 9 ! walls may be /udi$4 ,! basem5t w9d[s are indep5d5t frames ) d\ble-hung sa%1 a r[lock brick ar* support+ ! brickwork ov] ! w9d[ head4 ,9 ! practice & design ( w9d[ heads = mill build+s1 x is usual to make ! radius ( ! w9d[ head equal to ! wid? ( ! reveal4 ,9 ?is in/ance1 ! di/ance across ! op5+ is #d feet #c in*es1 & ! radius ( ! ar*$ head is ! same dim5sion4 ,! w9d[s ?r\gh\t ! balance ( ! build+ are tw9 w9d[s1 d\ble hung1 & ! con/ruction ( ! w9d[ frame & sa% is %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,?is frame is :at is kn[n z a reveal frame1 & is built 9 z ! brickwork progresses4 ,sometimes ! frame is slipp$ 9 f ! back1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj1 & :5 ?is is ! case ! "w c be c>ri$ along )\t wait+ = ! w9d[ frames4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa ,z di/+ui%able f ! reveal frame1 !re is ! plank-frame con/ruction1 :i* is n built into ! brickwork1 b is built up z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa4 ,:5 x is desirable to h ! c5tral mullion a1 ,fig4 #i1 z n>r[ z possible1 ! box con/ruction indicat$ on ! draw+ is done away ) & ! w9d[ is hung by means ( ov]head pulleys1 ! weights op]at+ 9 ! boxes at ! sides4 ,,/&>d ,,sl[-,,burn+ ,,con/ruction #cj4 ,a type ( factory con/ruction m usual ?an t previ\sly describ$ is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,9 ?is illu/ration1 x w be notic$ t ! ma9 gird]s be> on wall pila/]s1 & ! sp&rel fill+ betwe5 ! pila/]s is kept z ?9 z possible4 ,! usual reveal w9d[ frame is us$1 z %[n at a1 & ! s(fit ( ! ar* ov] ! w9d[ op5+s is *eck$ at ! head ( ! op5+ to provide a w9d & wat] /op z at b4 ,9 ?is con/ruction1 :i* is probably ! be/1 ?\gh x does n possess ! advantage ( giv+ ! maximum am\nt ( w9d[ space1 &1 consequ5tly1 light 9 ! build+1 a r[lock or bond$ brick ar* is us$ ov] ! w9d[ frames4 ,by means ( ?is con/ruction1 ei!r ! w9d[ frame may be built 9 place1 or ! w9d[s may be slipp$ 9 f ! back aga9/ a rabbet =m$ 9 ! brickwork4 ,! ar* ov] ! w9d[ head is indicat$ at c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac #ca4 ,floor ,con/ruction4--,! floor con/ruction consi/s ( heavy timb] gird]s1 no dim5sion ( :i* may be less ?an #f in*es1 z o!rwise x w\ld n comply ) ! requirem5ts ( sl[-burn+ con/ruction4 ,! floor plank+ consi/s ( #c- or #d-;in* tongu$-&-groov$ spruce1 or yell[-p9e plank+1 plan$ on ! "u side1 & ?or\ghly spik$ to ! gird]4 ,plank+ ( ! =m] ?ickness may be us$ = cle> spans z great z #h feet1 :ile ! latt] ?ickness may be us$ = up to #aj-;foot or ev5 #ab-;foot spans1 if ! loads are light4 ,! gird]s are indicat$ at d1 & ! floor plank+ at e4 ,usually ! gird]s1 9 ord] to obta9 ! requisite /r5g?1 are made ( long-leaf yell[ p9e4 ,on ! top ( ! spruce plank+ is plac$ a f9i%$ maple floor4 ,?is floor is made f ei!r #a-;in* maple1 :i* f9i%es z in*1 or #a-;in* maple1 :i* f9i%es z #a in*es1 9 ?ickness4 ,neponsett %ea?+ pap]1 or dead5+ felt1 is plac$ betwe5 ! spruce plank+ & ! f9i%$ maple floor+ = ! purpose ( prev5t+ du/ f p]colat+ ?r\gh4 ,?is %ea?+ pap] or felt is sometimes made wat]pro( to prev5t leakage due to wat] us$ = fire-ext+ui%+ purposes4 ,frequ5tly1 ! brickwork is corbel$ out1 z indicat$ at f1 9 ord] to =m a fire-/op betwe5 floors1 or at lea/ to prev5t an op5 jo9t at ?is place4 ,:]e ! walls are (fsett$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac1 !re is no ne$ ( corbel+ out1 = ! (fset 9 ! brickwork c be made to =m ! fire or du/ /op4 #cb4 ,:]e heavy yell[-p9e gird]s be> on brick walls1 x is usual to obta9 ! requisite be>+ area by ! use ( ca/-iron be>+ plates1 z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #ad 7a71 7b71 & 7c74 ,9 7a7 is %[n an ord9>y flat plate t has an area figur$ s t ! load on ! brickwork w n exce$ its ultimate /ress1 :i* = brickwork laid 9 lime-&-cem5t mort> is ab\t #aej p\nds p] squ>e in*1 :ile = brickwork laid 9 cem5t mort>1 x is 9 ! neighborhood ( #bjj p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,?is plate is usually ca/ ) a lug on ! back1 z at a1 to be built 9 ! brickwork1 & d[el-p9s1 or a lip1 z at b1 ov] :i* ! gird] is fitt$1 or not*$4 ,by ?is means1 a tie to ! wall is obta9$4 ,!re is difficulty1 h[ev]1 9 us+ su* a connection1 = ! c>p5t]s on ! job frequ5tly miscut _! beams1 s t ! not*+s or bor+s at b d n come :]e !y %\ld1 & to rem$y ! defect1 ! not*+s1 or bor+s1 are cut or g\g$ out1 s t frequ5tly ! p9 or lip at b is n br\ght to be> aga9/ ! timb]4 ,illu/ration3 7a7 ,illu/ration3 7b7 ,illu/ration3 7c7 ,,fig4 #ad ,a m practicable be>+ plate is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ad 7b74 ,"h1 in/ead ( provid+ d[els1 or a lip1 to set into ! gird]1 ! top ( ! plate is ca/ ) tee?1 z indicat$ at c4 ,:ile ^! tee? t5d to de/roy fib]s at ! bottom ( ! beam1 !y nev]!less s9k into ! timb]1 creat+ great friction1 & ?us accompli% a tie to ! wall fully z effici5t z a d[el-p91 or lip1 let into ! timb] w\ld be4 ,probably ! mo/ common =m ( be>+ plate is t illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ad 7c71 :i* is kn[n z ! ,goetz-,mit*ell be>+ box4 ,?is is usually built fl>$1 z indicat$ 9 ! illu/ration1 s t :5 built into ! brickwork x w h a hold 9 x1 & ! timb] acts z a tie by be+ not*$ ov] ! lip1 z at d 9 ?is figure4 ,^! ,goetz-,mit*ell boxes are g5]ally provid$ ) a plate t sets on top ( !m1 on :i* ! brickwork may be built1 & n infrequ5tly ! sides ( ! boxes are groov$ s t ! ends ( ! gird]s are v5tilat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae #cc4 ,w9d[ ,heads4--,9 ,fig4 #ab 0 %[n a =m ( w9d[ head t is ! be/ = /r5g?1 b possesses ! disadvantage ( l[]+ ! top ( ! w9d[1 ?us cutt+ (f light to ! room1 :i* is a s]i\s objection :]e ! room is wide1 or :]e x dep5ds on ! w9d[s 9 "o side = light+ ! entire floor area4 ,9 ord] to keep ! w9d[ head up ne> ! "u side ( ! floor con/ruction1 an ,i beam1 l9tel1 or "s simil> =m ( support = ! brickwork ov] ! head t takes up little room1 mu/ be employ$4 ,a con/ruction us+ %all[ ,i beams is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,"h ! w9d[ head is directly b5ea? ! r\gh floor+2 & :ile ! outside face ( ! w9d[ is =m$ ) an ar*1 ! brickwork above ! w9d[ head is support$ on %all[ ,i beams4 ,?is figure illu/rates a section ?r\gh ! wall ext5d+ p>allel ) ! ma9 gird]s1 a be>+ be+ obta9$ = ! floor plank+ by bolt+ to ! ,i beams a be>+ /rap a4 ,?is con/ruction w\ld n be p]mitt$ 9 "s ( ! l>g] cities1 z ! build+ laws require t all /eel beams support+ brickwork mu/ be firepro($4 ,consequ5tly1 a /eel l9tel ( ?is con/ruction w\ld h to be surr\nd$ ) concrete1 & ! w9d[ head dropp$ some:at to all[ a be>+ = ! floor plank+1 or "s o!r =m ( con/ruction adopt$4 ,,factory ,,build+s ,,( ,,re9=c$ ,,concrete ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af #cd4 ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s1 ! co/ ( ! be/ ,portl& cem5t has be5 s mat]ially r$uc$ t concrete has become an available mat]ial = ! con/ruction ( factories4 ,unless us$ 9 great masses1 h[ev]1 x has n ! /r5g? to support ! necess>y floor loads )\t ! use ( /eel re9=cem5t4 ,z expla9$ 9 ,design ( ,beams1 ! fib]s on ! bottom ( all beams subject$ to transv]se /ress are 9 t5sion1 & :ile concrete has consid]able resi/ance to compression1 x (f]s comp>atively little to t5sile /ress4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to re9=ce ! l[] portion ( all beams & floor slabs z indicat$ at a1 ,fig4 #af4 #ce4 ,advantages ( ,re9=c$ ,concrete4--,9 ,fig4 #af1 ! details ( a typical re9=c$-concrete factory build+ are illu/rat$1 & a build+ ( ?is "* may be con/ruct$ = a co/ ( f #aj to #ae p] c5t4 great] ?an ! ord9>y sl[-burn+ type ( build+4 ,besides1 ?is con/ruction possesses ! advantage ( be+ practicable = long spans & heavy loads1 :]eas 9 build+s ( ! sl[-burn+ type1 ow+ to ! fact t ! size ( ! wood5 beams is limit$ to ! available comm]cial timb]1 x is frequ5tly impossible to design floors ) gird]s ( l>ge spans = floor loads ( ov] #bej p\nds p] squ>e foot4 ,:ile ?is is a heavy load1 x is too light = "s classes ( "w1 su* z occur 9 pr9t+ h\ses & li?ograph+ e/abli%m5ts :]e heavy /ones are us$ & /or$4 ,! floor loads 9 su* build+s sometimes am\nt to z mu* z #cjj or #djj p\nds p] squ>e foot1 :ile x is n unusual to f9d ! load on floors 9 w>eh\ses am\nt+ to z mu* z #ejj p\nds p] squ>e foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag #cf4 ,/r5g? ( ,concrete ,columns ,) ,/eel ,cores4--,9 ! build+ %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag1 x w be notic$ t ! columns are r$uc$ 9 size 9 ! l[] floors1 increas$ 9 ! middle portion ( ! build+1 & r$uc$ t[>d ! ro(4 ,! r$uction 9 ! columns a & b is due to ! fact t ^! columns are re9=c$ ) a /eel core compos$ ( /ructural %apes rivet$ toge!r1 angles usually be+ employ$ = ?is purpose4 ,9 proportion+ su* columns1 x is good practice to figure on ! ultimate safe unit compressive /ress ( ! /eel )\t consid]+ ! r$uction made by ! usual column =mula1 b to neglect1 9 ! consid]ation ( ! /r5g? ( ! column1 ! resi/ance ( ! concrete surr\nd+ ! /eel core4 ,to illu/rate1 if ! sectional area ( ! /eel re9=cem5ts 9 ^! columns equals #bj squ>e in*es1 & a safe unit fib] /ress ( #af1jjj p\nds is assum$1 ! safe /r5g? ( ! column w be #cbj1jjj p\nds4 ,above ! second floor1 ! columns are made mu* l>g]1 = "h !re is less /eel re9=cem5t1 & x is necess>y to figure on ! safe be>+ /r5g? ( ! concrete4 #cg4 ,/r5g? ( ,re9=c$-,concrete ,columns4--,9 proportion+ re9=c$-concrete columns1 x is cu/om>y among cons]vative eng9e]s to figure ! safe /r5g? ( ! concrete-column section at #ejj p\nds p] squ>e in* ( section2 t is1 if ! column is #bj in*es squ>e1 its area is #djj squ>e in*es1 & its safe /r5g? at #ejj p\nds p] squ>e in* w be #bjj1jjj p\nds4 ,9 ! top floor1 x is seldom advisable to use concrete columns less ?an #aj in*es squ>e1 ?\gh at ?is dim5sion !y g5]ally possess sev]al times ! requisite am\nt ( resi/ance4 ,all columns 9 re9=c$ con/ruction g5]ally h emb$d$ 9 !m #c-;in* to #a-;in* r\nd /eel rods1 ti$ toge!r ) r\nd iron b9d]s1 or b> iron /raps z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #af 7b74 #ch4 ,floor & ,ro( ,con/ruction4--,9 consid]+ ! floor & ro( con/ruction ( build+s built ( re9=c$ concrete1 x w be not$ f ,fig4 #af t ! ro( slab is made #c in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,su* a slab made ( good concrete1 re9=c$ ) -in* /eel rods1 spac$ #f in*es f c5t] to c5t]1 w c>ry ! usual ro( loads = spans up to #g feet 9 ! cle>4 ,9 =m+ ! gutt] = su* ro(s1 z indicat$ at b1 ! gusset is made by fill+ 9 ) c9d] concrete4 ,usually ca/-iron eave boxes are emb$d$ 9 ! concrete1 & ^! 9 turn connect$ ) inside ra9 conductors4 ,! beams support+ ! ro(1 :5 ! span is f #ab to #ad feet1 are made ab\t #ab in*es deep & #h in*es wide1 :ile ! gird]s1 also con/ruct$ ( re9=c$ concrete1 are usually made ab\t #c in*es deep] & #aa in*es 9 wid?4 ,9 ord] to make ! ro( imp]vi\s to moi/ure1 a cov]+ ( felt & slag is commonly employ$4 ,?is slag jo9s ! p>apet wall ) ! usual t9 fla%+ & c\nt] fla%+1 z at c1 ?\gh copp] is recomm5d$ = be/ "w4 ,9 ! floor con/ruction ( re9=c$-concrete factory build+s1 ! slabs =m+ ! floor panels are made n less ?an #d in*es 9 ?ickness1 & seldom ov] #e in*es1 ) a #a-;in* f9i% coat ( cem5t besides1 if ?is "* ( f9i% is desir$4 ,su* a floor slab is %[n 9 ! con/ruction at d1 ,fig4 #af1 :ile ! wood5 floor con/ruction is %[n 9 ,fig4 #af 7c74 ,"h ! /ructural feature ( ! floor is a #d-;in* concrete slab ^u ! top ( :i* is plac$ #b #c bevel$ hemlock sleep]s1 ! space betwe5 ^! sleep]s be+ fill$ ) c9d] concrete1 & ! floor f9i% obta9$ by lay+ #a-;in* tongu$-&-groov$ maple floor+s4 #ci4 ,re9=c$-,concrete ,beams & ,gird]s4--,! dep? ( ! beams & gird]s 9 re9=c$-concrete con/ruction v>ies1 ( c\rse1 ) ! span & loads to be support$4 ,_! wid? ent]s little into ! /r5g?1 & !y may be made z n>r[ z possible 9 ord] to cov] ! re9=c+ /eel4 ,x is ! be/ practice to make beams & gird]s ( ! same wid?1 = !n ! process ( =m+ ! molds is greatly simplifi$ & ! co/ r$uc$4 ,9 plac+ ! re9=cem5t 9 ! concrete1 x %\ld always be at lea/ #b in*es f ! outside surface1 = a di/ance less ?an ?is is consid]$ inadequate firepro(+4 ,9 ord] t ! re9=c+ metal e1 ,fig4 #af1 may ent] ov] ! top ( ! re9=c+ metal at f1 x is usual to make ! second>y gird]s1 or beams1 #c in*es less 9 dep? ?an ! ma9 gird]s4 ,to /iff5 ! build+1 brackets are cu/om>ily introduc$ betwe5 ! column & gird]s1 z illu/rat$ at g4 ,^! brackets t5d to greatly increase ! rigidity ( ! connection & %ort5 ! span ( ! gird] some:at4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah #dj4 ,con/ruction at ,w9d[ ,heads4--,:]e x is necess>y to h ! w9d[ head ne> ! top ( ! ceil+1 re9=c$-concrete con/ruction l5ds itself readily to ! requirem5ts ( ?is condition1 = ev5 :]e gird]s are support$ ov] ! w9d[ head1 ! con/ruction may be foll[$ out1 z indicat$ at h1 ,fig4 #af4 ,:]e x is desir$ to h ! w9d[ head rais$ /ill high]1 a con/ruction simil> to t %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah may be us$4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to h ! gird]s be> on ! pi]s betwe5 ! w9d[s1 & to h no int]m$iate beams4 ,illu/ration3 7a7 ,illu/ration3 7b7 ,,fig4 #ai #da4 ,column ,foot+s4--,) factory build+s ( m ?an five or six /ories 9 height1 great pressure is transmitt$ to ! soil f ! base ( ! bottom column1 & z x is necess>y ) soils ( ev5 fairly good be>+ capacity to h foot+s b5ea? ! pi]s support+ columns ( f #f to #aj feet squ>e1 adequate means ( provid+ ^! foot+s mu/ be obta9$4 ,9 ,fig4 #ai 7a7 & 7b7 are %[n two types ( foot+s = concrete columns4 ,9 7a7 is indicat$ a re9=c$-concrete column ) a /eel core4 ,9 su* an in/ance1 all ! load is transmitt$ by ! /eel core ?r\gh its angle plates & webb+ at ! foot to grillage beams4 ,^! grillage beams are1 h[ev]1 n made suffici5tly l>ge to transmit ! load to ! soil1 b m]ely to di/ribute ! load on ! b$ ( concrete4 ,! spread portion ( ! foot+ is re9=c$ ) /eel rods a1 a cross$ ea* way1 & longitud9al %e> is tak5 up 9 ! foot+ by means ( /irrups b b4 ,?is is ! usual type ( foot+ con/ruction "u re9=c$-concrete factory columns4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 ! column is n re9=c$ ) a /eel core1 b is m]ely a pi]1 foot+s may be design$ z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ai 7b74 ,"h ! base ( ! column is enl>g$ 9 ord] to bett] di/ribute ! load on ! sev]al /eps ( ! foot+1 & :]e ! bottom /ep has a consid]able ov]hang1 x is re9=c$ ) /eel rods & /irrups1 z indicat$4 #db4 ,detail ( ,slab & ,gird] ,re9=cem5t4--,9 ! previ\s article1 ! g5]al con/ruction ( ! floors & column supports ( a factory build+ 0 expla9$4 ,by ref]r+ to ,fig4 #bj1 x w be %[n h[ ! gird]s & beams are re9=c$ ) ! /eel b>s4 ,9 ?is figure1 a plan is indicat$ at 7a7 & an elevation at 7b74 ,! rod re9=cem5t ( ! slab is %[n 9 ! plan at a1 a4 ,x w be notic$ t ov] e o!r beam ^! rod re9=cem5ts lap1 or break jo9ts1 & t "s additional tie or re9=cem5t is plac$ ov] ! gird]s1 z indicat$ by b1 b4 ,^! latt] rods t5d to tie 9 ! floor slabs /ill m rigidly ?an c be accompli%$ ) _! individual re9=cem5t4 ,ref]r+ to ! elevation 7b71 x w be notic$ t all ! re9=cem5t ( ! beams is n usually c>ri$ along ! l[] portion ( ! gird] = its entire di/ance1 b t "s ( ! re9=cem5t is b5t up at a po9t ab\t "o-qu>t] ( ! span f ! abutm5t1 9 ! =m ( a camb] rod4 ,by arrang+ ! re9=c+ rods 9 ?is mann]1 an additional /irrup action1 or tie1 to ! gird] supports is provid$1 & ! oblique section made by a horizontal l9e pass+ ?r\gh ^! rods t5ds to provide additional resi/ance to ! horizontal %e> 9 ! beams & also provide = negative b5d+ mom5t produc$ 9 ! beams ne> ! support4 ,to fur!r provide = ?is1 %e> /irrups are plac$ clos] toge!r1 t[>d ! abutm5ts1 z indicat$ at c1 c4 ,^! /irrups are ord9>ily light pieces ( b> iron b5t 9 a ,u-%ape1 & sometimes b5t ar\nd ! rod re9=cem5t1 a detail ( ?is /irrup be+ %[n 9 ,fig4 #bj 7c74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj ,,/eel-,,frame ,,mill ,,build+s #dc4 ,!re is a type ( build+ :i*1 :ile n di/9ctly mill con/ruction z usually und]/ood1 is frequ5tly us$ = "o-/ory build+s1 su* z roll+ mills1 cem5t works1 ma*9e %ops1 f\ndries1 rail y>ds1 & build+s ( ?is class4 ,! ess5tial feature ( ^! build+s is a /eel-ro( truss support$ on /eel columns1 ! columns be+ brac$ bo? to ! truss & longitud9ally ( ! build+4 ,x is usually ! purpose 9 ! design ( su* build+s to neglect ev]y?+ b ! necess>y /ability & ! fir/ co/4 ,! /eelwork1 consequ5tly1 is ( ! lighte/ possible con/ruction1 usually design$ = a unit fib] /ress ( f #ah1jjj to #bj1jjj p\nds1 & ! cov]+ ( ! sides ( ! build+1 toge!r ) w9d[ details1 etc41 is made only suffici5tly good to keep out ! wea!r4 #dd4 ,mat]ial = ,ro( ,cov]+4--,! ro( cov]+ ( ?is class ( build+ is ei!r ( slag on #b-;in* spruce plank1 spik$ to nail+ /rips bolt$ on to /eel purl9s f b5ea?1 ) lagscrews1 or ( slate laid on #a-;in* or #b-;in* %ea?+ bo>ds4 ,ev5 galvaniz$ iron is us$ = ! ro(+ ( "s ( ! *eape/ class ( build+s1 especially ^? :i*1 ow+ to ! process ( manufacture1 are subject$ to a high temp]ature4 #de4 ,con/ruction ( ,sides ( ,build+4--,! sides ( ^! build+s may be cov]$ ) ei!r exp&$-metal la? on metallic furr+ /rips1 pla/]$ inside & out ) cem5t mort> s z to =m a firepro( & rigid scre5 wall ab\t #b in*es 9 ?ickness2 or1 ! walls may be #i-;in* or #ac-;in* brick walls built "p way up ! height ( ! columns & leav+ ! columns expos$ on ! face2 or1 corrugat$ galvaniz$ iron lapp$ #f in*es & secur$ ei!r by rivet+ to metallic supports or nail$ to wood5 /udd+ secur$ to ! /eel frames4 ,( ^! con/ructions1 probably ! fir/ is ! mo/ exp5sive & also ! mo/ satisfactory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba #df4 ,p>tially ,support$ ,/eel-,frame ,build+4-- ,9 ,fig4 #ba1 !re is designat$ a type ( con/ruction t may be built = ab\t #a p] squ>e foot ( ! area cov]$4 ,?is consi/s ( /eel ,i beams1 or angle-&-plate columns1 us$ = column supports c>ry+ ! usual angle iron /eel-ro( truss4 ,! ro( is %ea!d ) #b-;in* spruce tongu$-&-groov$ plank+1 cov]$ ) a good quality ( ro(+ felt & slag1 ) a /op-gutt] a at ! edge4 ,ow+ to ! fact t ! /eel columns are support$ 9 a direction ( _! m9imum radius ( gyration by means ( ! brick walls1 !y c be made v light4 ,! build+ illu/rat$ has :at is kn[n z a saw-too? ro(4 ,by ?is means1 light is obta9$ on ! side next to an adjac5t & high] build+ by means ( a sa% b4 ,?is sa% is usually made h+$ or pivot$1 to provide ! necess>y v5tilation4 #dg4 ,9 ,fig4 #bb1 !re is illu/rat$1 diagrammatically1 ! framework ( a "o-/ory skeleton-con/ruction build+4 ,9 ! design ( all su* build+s1 :]e !re are no end gable walls1 ! sev]al columns & trusses mu/ be brac$ diagonally1 z indicat$ at a1 a1 & frequ5tly x is necess>y to introduce a second>y sy/em ( horizontal brac+ f "o panel po9t on ! l[] *ord to ano!r1 z indicat$ at b1 b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb ,9 plac+ galvaniz$ ironwork on ! sides ( /eel-mill build+s1 x is be/ to con/ruct ! necess>y framework betwe5 ! ma9 support+ memb]s ( ! build+ ( light angles1 or tees4 ,^! %\ld be furni%$ pun*$ ) -in* or _/-in* holes1 to :i* ! galvaniz$ iron may be rivet$1 x be+ be/ to m>k ! galvaniz$ iron 9 ! field & pun* x !re4 ,?is may be done )\t mu* difficulty ) ! usual light gauge us$ = ?is purpose4 ,x is sometimes necess>y ) ?is con/ruction to fla% ar\nd ! w9d[ & door heads ) ,,ix t94 ,,details ,,( ,,mill ,,con/ruction ,,& ,,design ,,/ructural ,,features ,,beam ,,connection ,,to ,,gird]s #dh4 ,9 factory con/ruction1 ! headroom is seldom available to support beams on ! gird]s1 z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #bc 7a74 ,x is usually necess>y1 9 ord] to *eap5 ! con/ruction ( mill build+s1 to keep ! di/ance betwe5 ! cle> headroom & ! f9i%$ floor level to ! v m9imum1 & consequ5tly ! tops ( ! beams are mo/ always br\ght flu%1 or ne>ly s1 ) ! top ( ! gird]4 ,a common con/ruction is to use "s ( ! v>i\s =ms ( wr\ght-iron hang]s1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bc 7b74 ,! type ( hang] %[n is a s+le /irrup1 & is probably ! be/ ( any on ! m>ket2 :]e beams ent] ! gird] on bo? sides1 ! hang] is design$ d\ble4 ,:ile x is popul>ly suppos$ t ?is hang] w\ld readily fail by ! b5d+ ( ! metal at a1 x is usually proportion$ to safely c>ry any reaction impos$ "u ord9>y floor loads4 ,?is hang] is obta9$ /amp$ out ( /eel plate or =m$ f b> iron4 ,illu/ration3 7a7 ,illu/ration3 7b7 ,illu/ration3 7c7,,fig4 #bc #di4 ,:]e x is n desirable to use wr\ght-iron or /eel hang]s1 a simple & inexp5sive =m ( con/ruction may be adopt$ z t %[n 9 ,fig4 #bc 7c74 ,"h ! beam a is support$ on a wood5 /rip b1 :i* ext5ds ! full l5g? ( ! gird]1 & is bolt$ ne> ! bottom ) ?r\gh bolts4 ,su* a con/ruction provides suffici5t /r5g? = ! support ( ! av]age factory floor1 b its /r5g? is difficult to figure ) any degree ( c]ta9ty1 & "s sur] =m ( connection is g5]ally consid]$ pref]able4 ,9 all in/ances1 x is good practice to tie toge!r ! opposite floor-beams butt+ on a gird] by means ( an iron dog1 or tie-plate1 c4 #ej4 ,9 ,fig4 #bd 7a71 7b71 7c71 & 7d7 are indicat$ o!r me?ods ( support+ ! second>y floor-beams on ma9 gird]s 9 ! con/ruction ( factories4 ,9 ,fig4 #bd 7a7 is %[n an ,i-beam gird] support+ heavy timb]s ( a floor ( sl[-burn+ con/ruction4 ,x is always necess>y 9 ?is con/ruction to br+ ! top edge ( ! timb]s above ! upp] flange ( ! ,i beam1 & to span ! space a ?us creat$ ) a piece ( timb] = a tie & = ! support ( ! floor plank+4 ,by provid+ ?is space betwe5 ! ironwork & ! wood5 tie1 any %r9kage t may occur 9 ! second>y timb]s w n cause ! floor to ride on ! top ( ! /eel beam & ?us make a ridge evid5t 9 ! f9i%$ floor at ?is place4 ,! timb]s =m+ ! second>y gird]s may ei!r be support$ on angle-iron brackets1 or on angle irons ext5d+ ! entire l5g? ( ! gird]4 ,! latt] me?od is only pursu$ :5 x is necess>y to keep ! end ( ! timb] a few in*es away f ! /eel beam1 & ! angle1 consequ5tly1 be+ subject$ to a great] b5d+ mom5t1 mu/ h m resi/ance by increas+ ! wid? ( ! section ( ! bracket4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd ,sometimes1 ! second>y beams are support$ on d\ble /irrup hang]s1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bd 7b74 ,:5 x is n desir$ to use /eel beams1 resort is frequ5tly _h to flit*-plate gird]s4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 held 9 "s disfavor by ! build+ dep>tm5ts ( ! sev]al cities1 :o d n consid] t ! comb9$ /r5g? ( ! timb] & metal c be tak51 & w only p]mit ! /r5g? ( ei!r ! timb] or metal to be us$4 #ea4 ,! build+ dep>tm5ts ( sev]al ( ! l>ge cities /ipulate t build+s ( ! second class1 :i* includes factory con/ruction1 %all n h /eel gird]s t are n firepro($ support+ brick walls or floors4 ,:5 ?is con/ruction is requir$1 ! second>ies mu/ be support$ z 9 ,fig4 #bd 7c74 ,9 ?is view is two angle brackets rivet$ or bolt$ to ! /eel beam1 & ext5d+ ?r\gh ! concrete = ! support ( ! wood5 beams4 ,:ile !re is "s dang] ( heat be+ transmitt$ to ! beams ?r\gh ! project+ ends ( ^! brackets1 nev]!less x is consid]$ bett] con/ruction ?an t %[n 9 ,fig4 #bd 7d71 :]e /irrups are us$ ov] ! concrete firepro(+4 ,9 ?is latt] con/ruction1 !re is a liability ( ! /irrup b5d+ at a1 a1 & cru%+ ! concrete b5ea?4 ,:]e ! reaction f ! end ( ! gird] is great1 ?is und\bt$ly is likely to occur1 & su* /irrups %\ld be provid$ ) a be>+ plate on top ( ! concrete1 s t _! be>+ at ! edge w be di/ribut$ ov] a consid]able area4 ,,travel+-,,crane ,,loads ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be #eb4 ,plann+ = ,travel+ ,cranes4--,9 design+ factories or mill build+s 9 :i* travel+ cranes are to be in/all$1 x is important to obs]ve t ! track ( ! crane c be prop]ly support$1 & also t !re is suffici5t headroom "u ! floor or ro( con/ruction to p]mit ! trolley ( ! crane & ! travel+ me*anism ( ! crane gird] to move und]nea?4 ,9 ,fig4 #be1 !re is %[n ! upp] portion ( a /eel-mill build+4 ,! columns a support ! gird] c>ry+ ! runway ( ! crane4 ,a conv5i5t means ( support+ ! ro( is to splice to ?is column a simil> column b1 :i* is incorporat$ 9 ! design ( ! ro( truss & rigidly brac$ ) ! truss by means ( a knee brace at c4 ,9 ! design ( su* a build+1 x is v important to det]m9e ! di/ances x & y requir$ by ! mak]s ( ! travel+ crane4 ,^! di/ances x1 y dep5d on ! size ( ! crane1 t is1 :e!r x is design$ to c>ry #e1 #aj1 #ae1 or m tons4 ,usually f #i to #ab in*es is suffici5t = ! measurem5t x1 :ile ! measurem5t y v>ies f #e to #h feet4 #ec4 ,cranes ,support$ on ,re9=c$-,concrete ,walls4--,frequ5tly1 9 ! late/ types ( con/ruction1 ! runway = ! crane is support$ on re9=c$-concrete walls1 :i* con/ruction is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bf 7a74 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! pila/]s support+ ! crane are /rongly re9=c$ 9 all directions f :i* /resses are likely to be creat$ f ! ecc5tric load impos$ by ! crane track4 ,:]e cranes are support$ on re9=c$-concrete columns1 z 9 ,fig4 #bf 7b71 x w\ld be good practice to put additional rods 9 ! f> side ( ! column z at a1 9 ord] to supply a great] resi/ance to b5d+1 & ?us c\nt]act ! effect ( ! ecc5tric load produc$ by ! reaction f ! crane track4 ,:]e cranes h&le heavy rails or cumb]some mat]ial t might1 by sw++1 impose a bl[ on ! re9=c$-concrete columns1 x is good con/ruction to protect ! edge ( ! columns ) an angle iron z indicat$ at b4 ,?is angle iron may be fa/5$ 9 ! =ms & an*or$ by means ( prong$ an*ors back into ! concrete :5 x is tamp$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg #ed4 ,detail ( ,track ,con/ruction4--,_m crane failures h be5 due to ! spread+ ( ! track betwe5 supports4 ,x is bett]1 !re=e1 to supply consid]able lat]al rigidity to ! beam support+ ! track or travel+ crane4 ,:]e loads are heavy & plate gird]s are us$ = ! runway tracks1 ! flanges ( ! gird] are suffici5t = ?is purpose4 ,:]e ,i beams are us$1 h[ev]1 = ! support ( ! crane track1 x is good practice to place on ! top ( !m & rivet ) c\nt]sunk rivets1 spac$ ab\t #ah in*es ap>t on ea* flange1 *annel irons z indicat$ at a1 ,fig4 #bg4 ,by means ( ^! *annel irons1 :i* are drill$ ) op5 holes b b1 ! rail c may be readily clamp$ 9 place by means ( wr\ght-iron clips & bolts1 & ! rails nicely align$ & adju/$ by w$g+ betwe5 ^! clips & ! track4 #ee4 ,maximum ,/ress on ,track ,gird]s4--,! pr9cipal calculation = ! con/ruction ( ! runway ( cranes exi/s 9 det]m9+ ! maximum b5d+ mom5t4 ,! maximum b5d+ mom5t on a runway gird] occurs :5 ! :eels ( ! travel+ crane are 9 ! position indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #bh4 ,x w be notic$ t ! c5t] ( ! gird] is midway betwe5 ! c5t] ( ! ne> :eel & ! c5t] ( ! crane trolley1 t is1 ! di/ance a is "o-half ! di/ance b4 ,! foll[+ =mula w give ! maximum b5d+ mom5t on a crane gird] :5 ! load is 9 ! position indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #bh3 w7l - a7 ,m --------------- #bl 9 :i* ,m b5d+ mom5t1 9 in*-p\nds2 w load on "o :eel ( crane1 9 p\nds2 l span ( gird] f c5t] to c5t] ( support1 9 in*es2 a di/ance1 9 in*es1 m>k$ 9 ,fig4 #bh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh ,9 ord] to illu/rate ! application ( ?is =mula1 assume t ! :eel load w equals #aj1jjj p\nds2 t ! di/ance f c5t] to c5t] ( supports ( ! runway gird] is #ae feet1 or #ahj in*es2 & t ! di/ance a is #ab in*es4 ,by sub/itution1 #aj1jjj 7#ahj-ab7 ,m ------------------ #ghd1jjj in*-p\nds #b #ahj ,f ?is b5d+ mom5t may be f\nd1 by ! me?ods giv5 9 ,design ( ,beams1 ! prop] size gird] to use4 ,,! ,,p[] ,,plant ,,boil] ,,room #ef4 ,locat+ ! ,boil] ,room4--,! ideal location = ! boil]s ( a factory or an indu/rial plant is 9 a sep>ate build+1 :i* may be d5om9at$ z ! p[] h\se1 & :i* may include z well1 ! in/allation ( ! eng9es1 dynamos1 & o!r ma*9]y necess>y = ! g5]ation ( p[] & its transmission4 ,m frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 ! gr\nd is n available = ! erection ( a sep>ate build+ = ! p[] plant1 & x becomes necess>y to in/all ! boil]s & eng9es 9 ! factory itself4 ,! location usually select$ = ^! vital features ( ! mill is ! basem5t1 & ! arrangem5t ( ! boil]s & eng9es mu/ be c>efully consid]$ 9 ! design+ ( ?is portion ( ! build+4 #eg4 ,9 lay+ (f ! space to be occupi$ by ! boil]s1 ! probable gr[? ( ! manufactory mu/ be provid$ = by arrang+ ample space = ! in/allation ( additional boil]s4 ,x is be/ 9 arrang+ ! boil]s1 to face !m t[>d ! available coal supply1 :i* is usually a coal bunk]1 vault1 or b91 b 9 no in/ance mu/ ! front ( ! boil] be ne>] to a wall ?an ! l5g? ( ! boil] tubes1 unless special arrangem5ts are made1 = ?is di/ance mu/ be all[$ 9 ord] to draw any defective or damag$ tubes & replace !m ) new ones4 ,also1 by arrang+ ! boil]s ?us1 ! fireman has a m9imum am\nt ( c>riage = ! coal4 #eh4 ,coal ,/orage4--,9 design+ ! coal vaults1 or coal /orage1 _! cont5ts %\ld be figur$ to all[ = #a or #b weeks' coal supply1 & z mu* m z is possible1 to c>ry ! plant ov] p]iods ( exi/+ coal %ortage due to /rikes or int]rupt$ traffic f bad wea!r or o!r cause4 ,9 calculat+ ! am\nt ( space requir$ = coal /orage1 x is suffici5t to multiply ! numb] ( horsep[] g5]at$ by ! boil]s by #d1 :i* is ! approximate numb] ( p\nds ( coal p] h\r = ! g5]ation ( #a horsep[]4 ,?is result1 aga9 multipli$ by ! numb] ( h\rs = :i* ! boil]s are run at _! capacity1 w give ! quantity ( coal ne$$ p] day1 9 p\nds4 ,! weight p] cubic foot ( coal v>ies f #hj p\nds = s(t coal to #ij p\nds = h>d coal1 s t by divid+ ! numb] ( p\nds by ^! quantities ! cubic feet ( coal requir$ p] day is obta9$4 ,! b9s may !n be proportion$ = ! numb] ( days' supply :i* ! judgm5t ( ! design] may assume z be+ necess>y4 #ei4 ,a% ,disposal4--,besides ! consid]ation ( ! coal supply1 "s disposition mu/ be made ( ! a%es f ! boil]s4 ,frequ5tly1 a b9 is con/ruct$ ( masonry1 alongside ( ! coal supply1 into :i* ! a%es are dump$ by means ( b>r[s4 ,9 l>ge plants1 ?is b9 c be empti$ by means ( an a% conveyor1 or elevator1 :i* w c>ry ! a%es to ! level ( ! /reet or railroad track & !nce into a c>t or c>4 #fj4 ,plann+ ! ,boil] ,room4--,9 locat+ ! boil]s 9 ! boil] room1 :i* %\ld be done 9 ! plans ( ! build+1 = x is n cu/om>y to cem5t ! floor space cov]$ by ! boil]s1 & ! co/ ( ! build+ is ?us r$uc$1 a passageway n "u #c feet1 & bett] #d feet1 %\ld be left back ( ! boil]s4 ,?is passageway is requir$ 9 ord] to h access to ! clean-out doors & ! bl[-(f cocks4 ,! ord9>y horizontal return-tubul> boil]1 & "s wat]-tube boil]s1 c be con/ruct$ 9 a batt]y1 ) z _m boil]s z may be desir$ 9 a r[1 especially :5 ! passageway is left back ( ! boil]s4 ,:5 sett+ o!r types ( wat]-tube boil]s1 space %\ld be left betwe5 ea* batt]y ( two1 = 9 ^! boil]s1 ca/-iron doors are provid$ 9 ! side walls = bl[+ ! soot f ! tubes1 & access mu/ be _h ?r\gh ! side walls ( ! boil] = ?is purpose4 ,x is !re=e necess>y 9 lay+ out ! boil] space = boil]s ( ?is "* to provide a passageway on "o side ( ea* boil]4 ,9 ,fig4 #bi1 a batt]y ( return-tubul> boil]s is indicat$1 %[+ ! clean-out doors = tak+ away ! accumulation ( soot & a%es t might be back ( ! bridge wall1 ?r\gh a passageway at ! re> ( ! boil]s4 ,"s wat]-tube boil]s are set 9 batt]ies ( two1 z ! ,babcock ,wilcox wat]-tube1 l&-type boil]1 :i* is provid$ ) ! necess>y clean-out doors1 & doors = bl[+ ! soot (f ! tubes 9 ! side wall4 ,illu/ration3 ,front ( ,boil]s ,,fig4 #bi ,x is !re=e necess>y 9 lay+ out ! boil] room ( a manufactur+ plant to consid] c>efully ! "* ( ! /eam g5]ator & /udy its requirem5ts1 s t x may be successfully op]at$ & ! prop] spaces allott$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj #fa4 ,doorway to ,eng9e & ,boil] ,room4--,9 ! ha/y design ( build+s1 x is frequ5tly f\nd t ! size ( ! doorways is n suffici5t to admit ! boil]s & ma*9]y4 ,?is is a s]i\s defect 9 ! plann+ ( a manufactur+ plant1 z x requires ei!r ! in/allation ( ! boil]s & eng9es be=e ! walls are entirely built1 or else ! te>+ out ( brickwork & jambs 9 ord] to accommodate !m aft]w>ds4 ,an exp$i5t = ! enl>gem5t ( ! headroom ( doorways & op5+s into ! boil] & eng9e rooms t are 9 ! basem5t1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cj4 ,"h1 if ! l9tel ( ! doorway a is kept bel[ ! floor level1 :]e x w\ld ord9>ily exi/1 ! headroom ( ! doorway w be mat]ially r$uc$1 & consid]able difficulty w be enc\nt]$ 9 tak+ any l>ge piece ( ma*9]y1 or a boil] or /eam drum1 d[n ! /eps b4 ,! doorway is consequ5tly increas$ 9 height by ! introduction ( ! bulkhead at c2 :ile by ?is means ! floor space above is slightly r$uc$1 yet use c frequ5tly be f\nd = ! l$ge or plat=m frame at ! top ( ! bulkhead1 z at d4 #fb4 ,floors ,above ,boil]s4--,x is important 9 design+ boil] rooms 9 factories to h ! floor con/ruction ov] ! top ( ! boil] ( incombu/ible mat]ial1 & x is cu/om>y 9 ! bett] class ( build+s to provide a section ( firepro( floor ov] ! top ( ! boil] room4 ,?is floor con/ruction may ei!r be a brick ar* support$ on /eel beams1 or holl[-tile con/ruction1 ?\gh re9=c$ concrete is n[ f9d+ favor 9 ?is purpose4 #fc4 ,x is n altoge!r necess>y t ! boil]s 9 a build+ %all be plac$ 9 ! basem5t1 ?\gh z ?is is usually ! lea/ valuable ( ! floor space x is ! practice to s locate !m4 ,9 "s electric-light /ations1 & 9 l>ge factories1 boil]s h be5 locat$ on ! fir/ floor1 & ev5 9 sev]al in/ances on ! fif? & six? floors4 ,! exig5cies t dem& ! latt] in/allation1 h[ev]1 mu/ be great1 = x c be readily se5 t mu* p[] mu/ be exp5d$ 9 lift+ ! coal1 etc4 to ! boil] room4 ,,*imneys #fd4 ,dim5sions & ,capacity ( ,*imneys4 ,ne>ly all ! factory build+s comb9e 9 _! /ructure a p[] plant1 n ! lea/ important feature ( :i* is ! *imney4 ,!re are two ?+s to consid] 9 ! design ( a p[] *imney--fir/1 its capacity = provid+ ! necess>y draft & ! conduction ( ! requisite volume ( gases f ! furnace or boil]1 & second1 its /ability4 ,! fir/ requirem5t regulates its diamet] & height1 & ^! dim5sions1 toge!r ) its con/ruction1 det]m9e also its /ability4 ,,table ,i ,effec- ,height ( ,*imneys & ,comm]cial ,horsep[] ,capacity ,side tive ,actual ,diam----------------------------------- --------------- ( ,area ,area et] #ej #fj #gj #hj #ij #ajj #aaj #abe #aej #age #bjj ,sq4,squ>e,squ>e ,94 ,ft4,ft4,ft4 ,ft4 ,ft4 ,ft4 ,ft4 ,ft4 ,ft4 ,ft4 ,ft4 ,94 ,ft4 ,ft4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #ah #bc #be #bg #af 4#ig #a4gg #ba #ce #ch #da #ai #a4dg #b4da #bd #di #ed #eh #fb #bb #b4jh #c4ad #bg #fe #gb #gh #hc #hg #bd #b4gh #c4ih #cj #hd #ibajj #ajg #aac #aai #bg #c4eh #d4ia #cc #ajeaaeabe #acc #ada #adi #cj #d4dh #e4id #cf #abhadaaeb #afc #agc #ahb #aia #cb #e4dg #g4jg #ci #aedafhahc #aif #bjh #bai #bbi #ce #f4eg #h4cj #db #ahbbjjbaf #bca #bde #beh #bga #bhh #ch #g4gf #i4fb #dh #bfibij #caa #ccj #cdh #cfe #chi #dc #aj4dd #ab4eg #ed #cdhcgf #djb #dbg #ddi #dgb #ejc #eea #dh #ac4ea #ae4ij #fj #dcfdga #ejc #ecf #efe #eic #fcb #fib #gdh #ed #af4ih #ai4fd #ff #egi #fbj #feh #fid #gbh #ggf #hdi #iah #iha #ei #bj4hc #bc4gf #gb #fih #gdf #gib #hce #hgf #icda1jbca1ajea1aha #fd #be4jh #bh4bg #gh #hhe #idi #iija1jcha1ajga1baba1caja1djj #gj #bi4gc #cc4ah #hd #a1jcea1jiha1aega1bada1bida1daha1ecaa1fc g #ge #cd4gf #ch4dh #ij #a1bfia1ccha1djca1difa1fcia1ggja1hic #hj #dj4ai #dd4ah #if #a1ecba1fjfa1gaba1hgfb1jbgb1afg #hf #df4ja #ej4bg #ajj #a1gfja1hfeb1jdcb1aigb1cei #hi #ej4aa #ed4ed #ajd #a1hiib1jbdb1bahb1cieb1efj #ic #ed4ci #ei4jj #ajh #b1jeab1aijb1ciib1eiab1ggj #if #eh4hc #fc4fb #aab #b1cbcb1ehhb1gieb1ihc #ajj #fc4df #fh4db #aah #b1fcbb1hhcc1aadc1cci #aje #gj4ga #ge4id #abj #b1gbeb1ihfc1bbec1ddg #ajg #gc4bb #gh4ed #abd #b1iaec1aicc1ddic1fhg #aaj #gh4ca #hc4hf #acj #c1afec1dfgc1gded1jjd #aaf #he4jd #ij4gf #acf #c1hfhd1aghd1dff #aba #id4heajj4hh #adb #d1cjed1efgd1hhf #abfajc4fiaji4ih #aej #d1gaie1jige1ddh #accaae4gbabb4gb ,consid]+ ! fir/ requirem5t1 a circul> flue is consid]$ m effici5t ?an a squ>e "o1 because its inside surface (f]s less resi/ance to ! passage ( ! gases1 & !re is n ! likelihood ( eddies be+ =m$4 ,!re is mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion among eng9e]s z to :e!r a /ack %\ld be n>r[] t[>d ! top or increas$ 9 size4 ,! practice is to tap] a /ack t[>d ! top1 ?is be+ done m on acc\nt ( ! necessity = increas+ its /ability ?an because ( ! draft4 ,"s /acks h be5 built1 h[ev]1 ) a l>g] inside diamet] at ! top ?an at ! bottom1 ) ! idea ( provid+ a great] sectional area = ! passage ( ! gases z _! velocity is decreas$4 ,! capacity ( ! /ack = c>ry+ (f ! products ( combu/ion dep5ds on ! temp]ature ( ! inside gases z comp>$ ) ! temp]ature ( ! outside air4 ,! av]age temp]ature 9 /acks = p[] purposes ranges f #dej to #fjj ,f41 &1 !re=e1 z !re is little diff]5ce 9 ! travel ( gases 9 flues betwe5 ^! temp]atures1 ,table ,i c safely be us$ 9 det]m9+ ! diamet] & height ( /ack = a giv5 capacity ( p[] plant4 ,9 ,table ,i1 x w be obs]v$ t ! capacity ( ! /ack is giv5 9 horsep[]1 & 9 calculat+ ?is table x 0 consid]$ t #e p\nds ( coal 7 burn$ to develop #a horsep[]1 ?is be+ a high figure ) ! pres5t economical sy/ems ( p[] g5]ation4 ,all[ance has also be5 made1 9 ?is table1 = ! friction ( ! gases aga9/ ! side walls ( ! /ack1 x be+ consid]$ t a #b-;in* lay] ( dead air exi/s betwe5 ! /ack l9+ & ! gases4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca #fe4 ,/ability ( ,brick ,*imneys4--,9 consid]+ ! /ability ( brick /acks1 ! ov]turn+ mom5t due to ! w9d mu/ n exce$ ! resi/+ mom5t ( ! /ack to ov]turn+ ab\t ! base4 ,= in/ance1 ref]r+ to ,fig4 #ca1 ! pressure p due to ! w9d acts ) ! lev] arm x ab\t ! base ( ! /ack1 t5d+ to ov]turn x4 ,! /ack1 or *imney1 resi/s ?is ov]turn+ mom5t ) its weight w1 act+ ?r\gh a lev] arm y2 if ^! two mom5ts are equal1 ! /ack c be consid]$ safe "u ! conditions consid]$1 ?\gh x is bett] to h "s factor ( safety1 #b usually be+ suffici5t4 ,an easy =mula by :i* to det]m9e :e!r a /ack is /able or n1 is z foll[s3 h dc w ------------ b 9 :i* w weight ( /ack1 9 p\nds2 h height ( /ack1 9 feet2 d mean diamet] ( /ack1 9 feet2 c con/ant2 b wid? ( base4 ,! con/ant c v>ies ) ! %ape ( ! /ack4 ,= a squ>e /ack1 :5 ! w9d is bl[+ at hurricane viol5ce1 #ef is us$2 = an octagonal /ack1 #ce2 & = a r\nd /ack1 #bh4 ,to demon/rate ?is =mula1 consid] a squ>e *imney hav+ an av]age bread? ( #h feet & a wid? at base ( #aj feet1 ! /ack be+ #ajj feet high4 ,! problem is1 !re=e1 to f9d :at ! weight ( ! /ack mu/ be 9 ord] to resi/ ! greate/ w9d pressure likely to occur4 ,by sub/itution1 9 ! =mula1 #ajj #ajj #h #ef w ------------------ #ddh1jjj p\nds #aj ,) brickwork weigh+ ab\t #abj p\nds p] cubic foot1 ! *imney 9 "q mu/ !re=e h an av]age ?ickness ( some:at m ?an #ac in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb #ff4 ,a good rule to foll[ 9 design+ brick /acks is to make ! base at lea/ "o-t5? ( ! height4 ,= /acks "u #e feet 9 diamet]1 ! walls = ! fir/ #be feet f ! top may be #h in*es1 increas$ #d in*es = ea* additional #be feet f ! top4 ,if ! /ack is m ?an #e feet 9 diamet]1 ! ?ickness at ! top %\ld be #a bricks1 or #ab in*es1 ) a #d-;in* increase = ea* #be feet4 ,if ! /ack is less ?an #c feet 9 diamet]1 ! brickwork = ! fir/ #aj feet f ! top may be z little z #d in*es2 ?is ?ickness1 h[ev]1 is n recomm5d$1 z ! wea!r is likely to p5etrate su* a ?9 wall1 & soon] or lat]1 toge!r ) ! exposure to ! gases1 de/roy ! brickwork4 #fg4 ,con/ruction ( ,brick ,*imneys4--,all brick /acks mu/ be provid$ ) a ca/-iron or /one cop+ at ! top1 & x is usually well to tie !m 9 t[>d ! base ) good heavy /one b& c\rses4 ,9 con/ruct+ brick /acks1 ! brickwork %\ld be laid up 9 lime-&-cem5t mort>1 & ! bricks well cov]$ & slid 9 place1 n j tapp$ or hit ) ! h&le ( a tr[el4 ,all *imneys %\ld also be provid$1 = a di/ance ( at lea/ "o-?ird ( _! height f ! base1 ) a fire-brick l9+1 laid up 9 fireclay1 & at ! bottom ( ?is l9+1 :]e ! flues f ! boil] ent] ! /ack1 ca/-iron clean+ doors & frame %\ld be provid$ = remov+ soot t w accumulate & drop d[n4 ,a good example ( a brick /ack is giv5 9 ,fig4 #cb2 ?is /ack has a capacity ( #ejj horsep[]1 & is suffici5tly /able to resi/ any w9d pressure4 ,,fire-,,protection ,,( ,,mill ,,build+s ,,spr9kl] ,,sy/em #fh4 ,spr9kl] ,tanks4--,9 ! l>ge cities1 :]e fire risks are great1 & :]e ne>ly all ! build+s & _! cont5ts are protect$ by insurance1 ! own]s ( ! build+s are subject$ to ! rules & regulations ( ! ,und]writ]s1 or ,associations ( ,insurance ,companies4 ,^! ,und]writ]s f "t to "t pass regulations insi/+ on c]ta9 fur!r precautions & protection aga9/ fire1 su* z ! in/allation ( spr9kl] sy/ems1 /& pipes = hose atta*m5t = ea* floor1 etc4 ,z ! available city pressure or wat] supply ( ! municipality may be limit$1 or unc]ta91 or ! pressure too l[ = a high build+1 x is sometimes necess>y to place wat] tanks ( f #aj1jjj to #cj1jjj gallons capacity 9 t[]s on ! ro(s ( factories1 & 9 ! design ( new factories provision is usually made = ?ree tanks4 ,9 design+ a build+1 ^! tanks are locat$ at su* a po9t t _! support is insur$ by ! walls b5ea?1 & ! mo/ conv5i5t place is f\nd to be ov] ! /air t[] or adjac5t to x4 ,z #a gallon ( wat]1 toge!r ) ! tank conta9+ x1 has a unit weight ( #h p\nds1 a #cj1jjj-;gallon tank complete w weigh 9 ! neighborhood ( #bdj1jjj p\nds1 :i* mu/ be support$ on ! walls & by means ( iron beams4 ,! ar*itect1 besides provid+ adequate support = ^! tanks1 mu/ s design ! tanks z to secure !m aga9/ bur/+1 :i* w\ld lead to s]i\s consequ5ces4 ,= durability1 spr9kl] or fire-protection tanks are made ( ei!r cypress or c$> f #b to #c in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,!y are usually 9 ! %ape ( a truncat$ cone1 & ! bottom ( ! tank is requir$ to be at lea/ #bj feet above ! highe/ po9t ( ! top /ory4 ,! important feature 9 ! design ( su* tanks is to see t !y are prop]ly brac$ ) hoops1 & x is usual to specify t no hoop %all be subject$ to a unit /ress ( m ?an #ab1jjj p\nds = iron & #af1jjj p\nds = /eel4 ,^! hoops are made f -in* to #a-;in* r\nd iron1 n less ?an ! =m]1 & ! requir$ /r5g? is obta9$ by spac+ !m clos] toge!r at ! bottom & f>!r ap>t t[>d ! top4 ,!y are held toge!r ) adju/able clamps1 z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #cc1 & by ! use ( su* clamps !y may be readily tight5$4 ,! bottom hoops ( ! tank are subject$ to great /ress1 & x is good practice = ^! hoops to be> aga9/ a flat iron hoop1 z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #cd4 ,by ?is con/ruction mu* great] be>+ is provid$ on ! wood1 & ! r\nd iron is prev5t$ f cutt+ into ! /aves ( ! tank4 ,9 "s in/ances flat iron hoops are us$ altoge!r1 b x is consid]$ bett] to use r\nd iron hoops1 f ! fact t !y are n likely to corrode ?r\gh z rapidly z ! ?9 flat iron4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd #fi4 ,proportion+ ! ,hoops4--,! pr9cipal elem5t ( eng9e]+ ent]+ into ! design ( l>ge wood5 wat] tanks consi/s 9 ! proportion+ ( ! hoops1 & ,table ,,ii w be f\nd conv5i5t 9 det]m9+ ! hoops requir$ = any size ( tank4 #gj4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e ! numb] ( hoops ( a c]ta9 size requir$ = any span ( #ab in*es at a po9t any di/ance f ! wat]-l9e1 ! foll[+ =mula may be us$3 #e4af d ,h ,n ----------1 ,s 9 :i* ,n numb] ( hoops requir$ 9 #a foot ( height ( tank2 d diamet] ( tank1 9 in*es2 ,h height ( wat]-l9e f c5t] ( space "u consid]ation1 9 feet2 ,s actual safe /r5g?1 9 p\nds1 ( hoops assum$ to be us$4 ,?is la/ value may be f\nd f ,table ,,ii4 ,,table ,,ii ,,safe ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,r\nd ,,tank ,,hoops ,diamet] ,/eel ,wr\ght ,iron ,in* ,p\nds ,p\nds ------------------------------- #c1bcb #b1dbd #d1hcb #c1fbd #f1gbj #e1jdj #a #h1hjj #f1fjj #ga4 ,to illu/rate ! =ego+1 assume t x is desir$ to f9d :at w be ! spac+ ( -in* /eel hoops at ! bottom ( a tank #ab feet 9 diamet]1 9 :i* ! wat]-l9e is #af feet f ! middle ( ! section "u consid]ation4 ,apply+ ! =mula 9 ,art4 #gj1 us+ 9 conjunction !re) ,table ,,ii1 x is f\nd t #e4af #add #af ,n --------------- #a4gg4 #f1gbj ,?is result1 #a4gg1 is ! numb] ( hoops requir$ 9 #ab in*es ( height f ! bottom ( ! tank1 & w\ld indicate t ! hoops %\ld be spac$ ab\t #g in*es f c5t] to c5t]1 = #ab in*es divid$ by #a4gg gives approximately #g in*es1 ! pit* ( ! hoops4 ,?is process %\ld be repeat$ = diff]5t po9ts ?r\gh\t ! height ( ! tank1 & f ! results ! tank may be design$4 #gb4 ,9 ! in/allation ( spr9kl] tanks1 x mu/ be obs]v$ t !y are plac$ "s di/ance above ! highe/ po9t ( ! top floor1 ! di/ance usually requir$ by ! ,und]writ]s be+ #bj feet1 if x is possible ( atta9m5t4 ,! tank %\ld always be ro($1 h a ladd] f ! ro( ( ! build+ to its top1 & a /eam pipe inside to prev5t ! wat] f freez+ 9 w9t]4 ,?is pipe is furni%$ ) a *eck-valve to prev5t ! wat] 9 ! tank f siphon+4 ,,example ,,= ,,practice ,:at %\ld be ! spac+ ( ! -in* r\nd wr\ght-iron hoops on a tank #aj feet 9 diamet] & #ab feet high at a di/ance ( #f feet f ! wat]-l9e8 ,ans4 #ab 94 #gc4 ,automatic ,spr9kl] ,sy/em4--,! spr9kl] sy/em z n[ in/all$ = protection aga9/ fire 9 ! int]ior ( a build+ consi/s ess5tially ( pip+ connect$ to a gravity tank & ext5d+ ov] ! entire ceil+ by means ( ma9s & bran*es4 ,!re is locat$ on ! ends ( ! bran*es automatic valves or /ops1 :i* are collaps$ or op5$ by ! melt+ ( a fuse or sold] at a temp]ature m ?an is likely to exi/ 9 ! room at any "t & /ill bel[ t :i* w\ld be creat$ by an incipi5t fire4 #gd4 ,! und]ly+ pr9ciples ( automatic spr9kl] sy/ems z /at$ by ! ,und]writ]s are z foll[s3 #a4 ,build+s mu/ be op5 9 con/ruction1 free f conceal$ spaces1 or places :]e wat] ?r[n f spr9kl]s _c p5etrate4 #b4 ,spr9kl]s to be s locat$ t _! di/ribution w cov] all p>ts ( ! premises4 #c4 ,spr9kl] pip+ to be ( suffici5t capacity & to h wat] "u pressure 9 same at all times1 except 9 case ( a sy/em :]e freez+ is likely to occur1 :]e an air lock is us$4 #d4 ,an automatic supply ( wat] ( suffici5t quantity & pressure available at all times4 #e4 ,sy/ematic1 ?or\gh1 & intellig5t c>e & inspection ( ! sy/em4 #ge4 ,firepro( ,w9d[s4--,x is frequ5tly necess>y1 & 9 _m cases requir$ by law1 & especially recomm5d$ by ! ,und]writ]s1 to provide firepro( w9d[ frames & sa% 9 walls expos$ to great fire risk1 or :]e x is necess>y to admit light into elevator %afts or fire-t[]s4 ,to meet ?is dem&1 sev]al =ms ( metallic w9d[ frames & sa%es h be5 evolv$1 & ^! sa%es :5 int5d$ z a fire-ret>d] are always glaz$ ) wir$ glass4 #gf4 ,wir$ ,glass4--,! wire glass n[ 9 common use consi/s ( heavy glass plate ) wire me% emb$d$ 9 x4 ,?is glass is obta9able 9 poli%$1 ribb$1 prism1 or maz$ =m1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ce 7a71 7b71 7c71 & 7d71 respectively4 ,! pla9 glass1 ,fig4 #ce 7a71 is us$ :]e ! light is ample1 & :]e x is desir$ = ! occupants to see ?r\gh ! w9d[s4 ,! ribb$ is employ$ usually 9 factories1 & ! ribs are g5]ally run 9 a horizontal direction1 s z to ?r[ ! light t[>d ! ceil+ & floor1 ?us diffus+ x ?r\gh\t ! build+4 ,! prism glass is also employ$ 9 ord] to secure a great] diffusion ( ! light ?an is possible ) ! pla9 or factory ribb$ glass1 :ile ! maz$ glass f9ds favor :]e x is necess>y to employ an obscur$ sa%1 :i* w /ill admit pl5ty ( light & pres5t a good appe>ance b yet _c be se5 ?r\gh4 ,! glass us$ 9 metallic frames %\ld n be less ?an in*1 or1 if poli%$1 _/-in*1 & ! emb$d$ wire %\ld n h a me% l>g] ?an #a in* & %\ld n be less 9 size ?an ,no4 #bb ,br[n ,%>pe wire gauge1 :i* is ! /&>d us$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf #gg4 ,design ( ,sa%4--,9 design+ a sa% = fire-ret>d] frames1 x is necess>y1 9 ord] to comply ) ! ,und]writ]s rules & regulations1 to obs]ve t no s+le light exce$s #bd 94 #cj 94 ,! metallic frames are g5]ally con/ruct$ ( ,no4 #bb galvaniz$ /eel1 :ile ! sa% are made ( a light] weight1 g5]ally ,no4 #bd4 ,9 unusual localities1 :]e ! frames are likely to be subject$ to ! influ5ce ( gases1 ) kn[n aff9ity = iron or galvaniz+1 x is p]missible to make ! metallic frames ( #ah-ounce copp]1 ?\gh su* frames are n consid]$ ! equival5t ( an iron frame z a fire-ret>d]1 & su* frames %\ld nev] be us$ 9 elevator1 v5t %afts1 or fire-ret>d] p>titions t are liable to int5se int]nal fires4 ,9 ord] to bett] expla9 ! con/ruction ( ! comm]cial frames1 ,fig4 #cf is giv51 :i* illu/rates "o ( ! be/ frames 9 ! m>ket4 ,9 ! figure1 a v]tical cross-section ?r\gh ! w9d[-head sill & p>t+ rail is illu/rat$4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ^! frames c be neatly fram$ ) ar*itrave mold & /op1 z designat$ at a & b4 ,x w also be obs]v$ t ! head = ! top sa% is bevel$1 z indicat$ at c1 s t a tight jo9t is insur$ by ! edge ( ! sa% com+ 9 contact ) ! bevel1 & ?us compell+ a close connection4 ,! p>t+ rails are also con/ruct$ ) a /raight piece ent]+ on a bevel d1 s t at ?is po9t a tight jo9t is also secur$4 ,by ! sev]al (fsets 9 ! sill1 w9d & ra9 /ops are provid$1 z indicat$ at e4 ,sa%es con/ruct$ 9 ?is mann] c be made to slide freely1 noiselessly1 & be made tight aga9/ wea!r & w9d1 z well z be+ secur$ aga9/ annoy+ clatt]+1 or rattl+4 ,! sills ( metallic frames are g5]ally fill$ ) cem5t1 & sometimes ! heads are simil>ly made solid4 ,any unusually l>ge surfaces1 l t :i* w\ld occur betwe5 tw9 or triple w9d[s1 9 ! mullion1 are securely brac$ inside ) galvaniz$ %eet iron or b> iron4 #gh4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( metallic sa%1 sold] is nev] us$ = hold+ ! p>ts toge!r1 = all p>ts mu/ be ei!r lock-seam$ or rivet$1 ! lock seams be+ illu/rat$ at g1 ,fig4 #cf4 ,sold]+ may be us$ only to fill up ! jo9ts4 ,! objection to a jo9t t is only sold]$ & n lock-seam$ is t 9 a sev]e fire :5 ! w9d[ is subject$ to an int5se heat1 ! jo9t is apt to op5 by ! sold] melt+ out4 ,:5 ! jo9t op5s1 flames may g ?r\gh & ! fire-/op w ?us be soon de/roy$4 ,9 design+ ! frames1 !y %\ld h at lea/ a #d-;in* lap on ! brick reveal on ! sides & head1 & x is n uncommon to w9d-/op ! sill by ext5d+ upw>ds a piece ( galvaniz$ %eet iron4 ,:ile su* w9d[s z ^? describ$ w act z a fire-ret>d] & prev5t flames f rea*+ ap>tm5ts t !y protect1 ev5 9 cases ( sev]e conflagrations1 nev]!less ! glass radiates consid]able heat1 & inflammable goods %\ld n be /or$ too close to su* w9d[s4 ,nei!r is x p>ticul>ly desirable to h w9d[ %ades secur$ to ! frames ( metallic w9d[s4 ,:]e ! goods 9 a build+ are p>ticul>ly inflammable1 ! liability to pile !m too close to ! sa% %\ld be entirely elim9at$ by us+ w9d[ gu>ds1 :i* w\ld ma9ta9 su* m]*&ise at a di/ance ( #c or #d feet f ! w9d[4 #gi4 ,fire-,doors & ,frames4--,!re is no m important feature 9 ! design ( a mill build+ ?an ! t9-l9$ fire-doors & _! atta*m5t to ! jambs4 ,e fault 9 _! con/ruction1 z view$ by ! ,und]writ]s1 is likely to co/ ! own] additional insurance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch ,all t9-l9$ doors1 :5 "o door is us$1 %\ld be made ( ?ree ?icknesses ( tongu$-&-groov$ plank+1 laid up & d[n & horizontally1 & cl9*$-nail$1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #cg4 ,! t9 l9+ on ^! doors mu/ be ( ,,ic t91 put toge!r ) lock$ seams1 secretly nail$1 & pres5t+ ! appe>ance designat$ 9 ,fig4 #ch4 #hj4 ,! sills ( op5+s cov]$ ) t9-l9$ doors mu/ always project "u ! door1 s t !re is no dang] ( burn+ ?r\gh ! floor & ?us communicat+ to ! space protect$ by ?is entrance4 ,! sev]al con/ructions ( sills mo/ commonly us$ are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ci4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci #ha4 ,slid+-doors %\ld be hung ) anti-friction adju/able hang]s4 ,t is1 ! :eel ( ! hang] %\ld h roll] be>+s = ! axle1 & !re %\ld be "s means ( adju/+ ! height ( ! door above ! ?re%old by means ( ! hang]4 ,! track = slid+-doors %\ld be plac$ on a slant t[>d ! op5+1 s t ! door w automatically close4 ,:]e x is desir$ to h ! door op51 x may be held back by means ( a *ord1 fusible l9k1 & c\nt]weight4 #hb4 ,all fold+ doors %\ld be heavily /rap-h+$1 & secur$ to ! jambs ) iron-hang+ /iles & h+e eyes ) ?r\gh bolts1 z %[n at a1 ,fig4 #dj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj ,c>e mu/ always be tak5 t any ?r\gh bolts t g ?r\gh brick walls ne> door op5+s1 z ! bolts %[n at a1 ,fig4 #dj1 be f> en\gh away f ! jambs s t !re w be no dang] ( ! bolts pull+ ?r\gh :5 put "u /ra94 ,x is always bett] to build ^! bolts 9 ! wall z ! "w progresses ?an to drill holes & put !m 9 aft]w>ds4 ,,index ,,note4--,9 ?is volume1 ea* ,section is complete 9 itself & has a numb]4 ,?is numb] is pr9t$ at ! top ( e page ( ! ,section 9 ! headl9e opposite ! page numb]1 & to di/+ui% ! ,section numb] f ! page numb]1 ! ,section numb] is prec$$ by a section m>k 774 ,9 ord] to f9d a ref]5ce1 glance along ! inside edges ( ! headl9es until ! desir$ ,section numb] is f\nd1 !n along ! page numb]s ( t ,section until ! desir$ page is f\nd4 ,?us1 to f9d ! ref]5ce 8,an*ors1 ,screw1 #ee1 p#af10 turn to ! ,section m>k$ #ee1 & !n to page #af ( t ,section4 ,a ,all[ance = h>dw>e1 #ee1 p#adg ,an*ors1 ,screw1 #ee1 p#af ,application ( h>dw>e1 #ee1 p#aea ,ar*es1 ,co/ ( t]ra-cotta floor1 #fj1 p#ce ,a% disposal 9 factories1 #fd1 p#db ,a%l>1 #fa1 p#f & cut /one1 ,co/ (1 #fj1 p#bf ,co/ (1 #fa1 p#f or cut /one1 ,e/imat+ co/ (1 #fj1 p#bh ,asylum & prison locks1 #ee1 p#fd ,automatic spr9kl] sy/em 9 factories1 #fd1 p#ec ,b ,bank & safe locks1 #ee1 p#ff ,b>b nails1 #ee1 p#i ,b>b$ d[el-p91 #ee1 p#aj ,base plates1 #fd1 p#ac ,basebo>ds1 rails1 & mold+s1 ,co/ (1 #fj1 p#fg ,beams & gird]s1 ,concrete1 #fd1 p#bf & gird]s 9 mill con/ruction1 #fd1 p#cd ,bl9d & %utt] h+es1 #ee1 p#ch ,blocks1 ,co/ ( concrete build+1 #fj1 p#bc ,bo>d measure1 #fj1 p#ch ,boil] room 9 factories1 #fd1 p#da -room plann+ 9 factories1 #fd1 p#da ,bolts & screws1 #ee1 p#aa ,casem5t1 #ee1 p#ic ,*a91 #ee1 p#aaj ,cremorne1 #ee1 p#ie ,door1 #ee1 p#ajh ,espagnolette1 #ee1 p#if ,expansion1 #ee1 p#ad ,bolts1 ,flu%1 #ee1 p#aa ,foot1 #ee1 p#aaj ,indicator1 #ee1 p#abc ,%utt]1 #ee1 p#acj ,special1 #ee1 p#ag ,transom1 #ee1 p#ic ,brads1 #ee1 p#i ,floor+1 #ee1 p#i ,brass & bronze butts1 #ee1 p#i & bronze door knobs1 #ee1 p#gb ,brick1 ,common1 #fa1 p#i ,press$1 #fa1 p#h ,table ( labor prices p] ?\s&1 #fj1 p#cd ,brickwork1 #fj1 p#ca ,calculat+ quantities =1 #fa1 p#h ,co/ (1 #fj1 p#cb ,co/ ( common1 #fa1 p#aj ,co/ ( press$1 #fa1 p#i ,e/imat+1 #fj1 p#cc ,bridg+1 #fa1 p#ad ,bronze & brass door knobs1 #ee1 p#gb ,build]s' h>dw>e1 #ee1 p#a ,build+ blocks1 ,co/ ( concrete1 #fj1 p#bc ,data on co/ ( re9=c$-concrete1 #fj1 p#bj p] cubic foot1 ,table ( co/ (1 #fj1 p#c p] squ>e foot1 ,co/ ( fram+ & cov]+ (1 #fj1 p#da ,summ>y ( co/ (1 #fa1 p#dd ,butts & h+es1 #ee1 p#bd ,c ,cab9et h+es1 #ee1 p#acb locks1 #ee1 p#fd1 p#acf ,calculat+ numb] ( /uds1 #fj1 p#ci quantities = brickwork1 #fa1 p#h quantities = c>p5try "w1 #fa1 p#aj quantities = excavations1 #fa1 p#b quantities = gas-fitt+1 ,e/imat+ &1 #fa1 p#dj quantities = heat+ & v5tilat+ sy/em1 ,e/imat+ &1 #fa1 p#ce quantities = jo9]y1 #fa1 p#bc quantities = la?+ & pla/]+1 #fa1 p#bb quantities = pa9t+1 ,e/imat+ &1 #fa1 p#db quantities = plumb+ sy/em1 ,e/imat+ &1 #fa1 p#cg quantities = ro(+1 #fa1 p#ba quantities = /onework1 #fa1 p#d quantities1 ,scope ( subject ( e/imat+ &1 #fj1 p#a quantity ( nails requir$1 #fj1 p#de %ea?+ or r\gh floor+1 #fj1 p#dj ! volume ( an excavation1 #fj1 p#af ,c>e & ma9t5ance ( locks1 #ee1 p#fi ,c>p5t]1 ,"w p] day (1 #fj1 p#db ,c>p5try1 #fj1 p#ch ,co/ (1 #fa1 p#ba ,table ( co/ ( miscellane\s items (1 #fj1 p#de "w1 ,calculat+ quantities =1 #fa1 p#aj ,casem5t adju/]s1 #ee1 p#ii bolts1 #ee1 p#id ,cas+ nails1 #ee1 p#i ,ca/-iron door knobs1 #ee1 p#ga -iron h+e butts1 #ee1 p#bg -iron sa% weights1 #ee1 p#ah ,cat*es1 ,cupbo>d1 #ee1 p#acc ,elb[1 #ee1 p#acd ,ceil+1 ,co/ ( yell[-p9e1 #fa1 p#bj ,yell[-p9e por*1 #fa1 p#bj ,cell> excavations1 #fa1 p#b floors1 ,co/ ( cem5t1 #fj1 p#bc /airs1 #fa1 p#cj ,cem5t cell> floors1 ,co/ (1 #fj1 p#bc ,c5t]s1 ,sa%1 #ee1 p#hh ,*a9 bolts1 #ee1 p#aaj ,door1 #ee1 p#ajg fa/5]1 #ee1 p#ajg ,*a9s1 ,sa%1 #ee1 p#ha ,transom1 #ee1 p#ic ,*imneys1 ,con/ruction ( brick1 #fd1 p#di ,factory1 #fd1 p#de ,/ability ( brick1 #fd1 p#dg ,table ( capacities (1 #fd1 p#df ,*ipp$ glass1 #ee1 p#aeh ,classification ( factory build+s1 #fd1 p#b ,cl9* nails1 #ee1 p#aj ,coal /orage 9 factories1 #fd1 p#db ,column foot+s1 #fd1 p#bh ,columns1 ,/r5g? ( concrete1 #fd1 p#bd ,/r5g? ( re9=c$-concrete1 #fd1 p#be ,comb9ation locks1 #ee1 p#fg ,concrete1 ,advantages ( re9=c$1 #fd1 p#bd beams & gird]s1 #fd1 p#bf build+ blocks1 ,co/ (1 #fj1 p#bc build+s1 ,data ( co/ ( re9=c$-1 #fj1 p#bj columns1 ,/r5g? (1 #fd1 p#bd factory build+s1 #fd1 p#bc foot+s1 #fd1 p#ad foot+s & floor1 #fa1 p#g foot+s1 ,co/ (1 #fa1 p#g ,table ( co/ ( pla9 gravel1 #fj1 p#ai ,table ( co/ ( pla9 /one1 #fj1 p#ai walls support+ cranes1 #fd1 p#ci w9d[ heads1 #fd1 p#bg "w1 ,pla91 #fj1 p#ah "w1 ,re9=c$-1 #fj1 p#ah ,con/ruction ( brick *imneys1 #fd1 p#di ,sl[-burn+1 #fd1 p#ah ,types ( mill1 #fd1 p#ac ,contractor's me?od ( figur+ excavation1 #fj1 p#ad ,corn] & /rap h+e plates1 #ee1 p#dd ,cornice1 sp&rels1 etc41 ,co/ (1 #fa1 p#bj ,cornices1 ,measur+ (1 #fj1 p#da ,co/ ( a%l>1 #fa1 p#f ( a%l> or cut /one1 #fj1 p#bf ( a%l> or cut /one1 ,e/imat+1 #fj1 p#bh ( basebo>ds1 rails1 & mold+s1 #fj1 p#fg ( brickwork1 #fj1 p#cb ( build+1 ,summ>y (1 #fa1 p#dd ( build+s p] cubic foot1 ,table (1 #fj1 p#c ( c>p5try1 #fa1 p#ba ( cem5t cell> floors1 #fj1 p#bc ( common brickwork1 #fa1 p#aj ( concrete build+ blocks1 #fj1 p#bc ( concrete foot+s1 #fa1 p#g ( cornice1 sp&rels1 etc41 #fa1 p#bj ( dit* "w1 ,e/imat+ !1 #fj1 p#ae ( door frames & doors1 #fj1 p#fe ( electric wir+1 #fa1 p#da ( excavation1 #fa1 p#d ( excavation1 ,actual1 #fj1 p#ab ( flag/ones & curb+1 #fj1 p#bf ( floor+1 #fa1 p#ai ( fram+1 #fa1 p#ag ( fram+ & cov]+ ( build+ p] squ>e foot1 #fj1 p#da ,co/ ( gas-fitt+1 ,e/imates &1 #fj1 p#gb ( granite1 #fj1 p#bi ( gravel ro(s1 #fj1 p#ed ( h>dw>e1 #fa1 p#ce ( heat+ & v5tilat+ sy/em1 #fa1 p#cg ( jo9]y1 #fa1 p#cc ( labor = gas-fitt+1 #fa1 p#da ( labor = in/all+ plumb+ sy/em1 #fa1 p#dj ( la?+1 ,measurem5t &1 #fj1 p#fj ( lay+ wood5 floors1 ,table ( labor &1 #fj1 p#dd ( mackite1 #fj1 p#ch ( miscellane\s int]ior jo9]y1 #fa1 p#cb ( miscellane\s items ( c>p5try1 ,table (1 #fj1 p#de ( mold+1 #fj1 p#fb ( pa9t+1 #fj1 p#ge2 #fa1 p#dc ( panel+ & wa9scot+1 #fj1 p#fg ( pla9 gravel concrete1 ,table (1 #fj1 p#ai ( pla9 /one concrete1 ,table (1 #fj1 p#ai ( pla/]+1 #fj1 p#ei2 #fa1 p#bc ( plumb+1 ,approximate1 #fj1 p#gj ( plumb+ sy/em1 #fa1 p#dj ( press$ brickwork1 #fa1 p#i ( re9=c$-concrete floor slabs1 ,table (1 #fj1 p#bb ( ro( til+ p] squ>e1 ,table ( approximate1 #fj1 p#ec ( ro(+1 #fa1 p#bb ( rubble masonry1 #fj1 p#be2 #fa1 p#e ( %ea?+ & %+les1 #fa1 p#ah ( slat+ p] squ>e1 #fa1 p#ba ( slat+ p] squ>e1 ,table ( approximate1 #fj1 p#ea ( s(t /one1 #fj1 p#bh ( /airs1 #fj1 p#fg2 #fa1 p#ca ( /ructural /eel1 #fj1 p#fi ( t]ra-cotta floor ar*es1 #fj1 p#ce ( t]ra-cotta p>titions1 ,table (1 #fj1 p#cf ( til+1 #fj1 p#cg ( v]&as1 #fj1 p#fh ( w9d[ frames & w9d[s1 #fj1 p#fc ( yell[-p9e ceil+1 #fa1 p#bj ,cov]+1 ,k9ds ( ro(1 #fj1 p#df ( build+ p] squ>e foot1 ,co/ ( fram+ &1 #fj1 p#da ,cranes on concrete walls1 #fd1 p#ci ,plann+ = travel+1 #fd1 p#cg ,cranes1 ,track con/ruction = travel+1 #fd1 p#ci ,cremorne bolts1 #ee1 p#ie ,cubic foot1 ,table ( co/ ( build+s p]1 #fj1 p#c ,cupbo>d buttons1 #ee1 p#acd cat*es1 #ee1 p#acc lat*es1 #ee1 p#acb ,curb+1 ,co/ ( flag/ones &1 #fj1 p#bf ,cut nails1 #ee1 p#b nails1 ,table ( sizes (1 #ee1 p#f /one1 #fa1 p#f /one1 ,co/ ( a%l> &1 #fj1 p#bf ,d ,designs ( h>dw>e1 ,/ock & comm]cial1 #ee1 p#bb ,dim5sion /one1 #fj1 p#bd ,dim5sions ( factory *imneys1 #fd1 p#de ,dit* "w1 ,e/imat+ ! co/ (1 #fj1 p#ae ,door bolts1 #ee1 p#ajh *a9s1 #ee1 p#ajg *ecks1 #ee1 p#aaa frames & doors1 ,co/ (1 #fj1 p#fe frames1 ,attic1 #fa1 p#bd frames1 ,fir/-floor1 #fa1 p#bd frames1 ,second-floor1 #fa1 p#bd hang]s1 #ee1 p#aad hold]s1 #ee1 p#aje knobs1 #ee1 p#gj knobs1 ,brass & bronze1 #ee1 p#gb knobs1 ,ca/-iron1 #ee1 p#ga knobs1 ,sizes & /yles (1 #ee1 p#gc knobs1 ,spun-metal1 #ee1 p#gc knobs1 ,/amp$1 #ee1 p#gb knobs1 ,wood51 #ee1 p#ga knock]s1 #ee1 p#aba ,korelock1 #fj1 p#ff locks1 ,int]ior1 #ee1 p#ej pulls1 #ee1 p#ajb -scre5 lat*es1 #ee1 p#abd spr+s1 #ee1 p#aaa /ops1 #ee1 p#aje trims = wat] closets1 #ee1 p#abc ,doors1 ,attic1 #fa1 p#bf ,co/ ( door frames &1 #fj1 p#fe ,elevator1 9 factories1 #fd1 p#h ,firepro(1 #fd1 p#eg ,fir/-floor1 #fa1 p#be ,second-floor1 #fa1 p#bf ,d\ble-act+ h+es1 #ee1 p#cc -door locks1 #ee1 p#eg ,d[el-p91 ,b>b$1 #ee1 p#aj ,dra9age sy/em1 #fa1 p#ci ,dra9age sy/em1 ,e/imates =1 #fj1 p#gj ,draw] pulls1 #ee1 p#ace ,drive screws1 #ee1 p#ac ,e ,elb[ cat*es1 #ee1 p#acd ,electric wir+1 ,co/ (1 #fa1 p#da ,elevator doors 9 factories1 #fd1 p#h ,freight1 9 factories1 #fd1 p#h lat*es1 #ee1 p#abd ,location (1 9 factories1 #fd1 p#h -%aft w9d[s1 #fd1 p#aj %afts 9 factories1 #fd1 p#h ,escut*eons1 #ee1 p#acf ,espagnolette bolts1 #ee1 p#if ,e/imate1 ,important factors (1 #fj1 p#b ,e/imates & co/ ( gas-fitt+1 #fj1 p#gb = dra9age sy/em1 #fj1 p#gj = wat]-supply sy/em1 #fj1 p#ga ( well supply ( wat]1 #fj1 p#ga on plumb+ fixtures1 #fj1 p#gb ,e/imat+ & calculat+ quantities = gas-fitt+1 #fa1 p#dj & calculat+ quantities = heat+ & v5tilat+ sy/em1 #fa1 p#ce & calculat+ quantities = pa9t+1 #fa1 p#db & calculat+ quantities = plumb+ sy/em1 #fa1 p#cg & calculat+ quantities1 ,scope ( subject (1 #fa1 p#a ,approximate1 #fj1 p#c brickwork1 #fj1 p#f1 p#cc c>p5try1 #fj1 p#f concrete "w1 #fj1 p#e co/ ( a%l> or cut /one1 #fj1 p#bh co/ ( dit* "w1 #fj1 p#ae ,example 91 #fa1 p#a ,glaz+1 #fj1 p#aa ,heat+ & v5tilat+ sy/em1 #fj1 p#h ,jo9]y1 #fj1 p#g ( h>dw>e1 #ee1 pl#dh2 #fj1 p#h ( mat*$ floor+1 #fj1 p#dj on excavation1 #fj1 p#e1 p#aa on glaz+1 #fj1 p#gh on pap]+1 #fj1 p#gg ,outl9e ( ! "w (1 #fj1 p#d ,pa9t+ & pap]+1 #fj1 p#aj ,pla/]+1 #fj1 p#g ,plumb+ & gas-fitt+1 #fj1 p#i ,pr9ciples (1 #fj1 p#c ro(+1 #fj1 p#g s*$ule1 ,accurate1 #fj1 p#e s*$ule1 ,items (1 #fj1 p#e %eet-metal ro(s1 #fj1 p#ea ,e/imat+ %+les1 ,table ( data =1 #fj1 p#dh /one "w1 #fj1 p#e /ucco "w1 #fj1 p#eh ,e/imator1 ,qualifications (1 #fj1 p#b ,excavation1 ,actual co/ (1 #fj1 p#ab ,calculat+ ! volume ( an1 #fj1 p#af ,cell>1 #fa1 p#b ,contractor's me?od ( figur+1 #fj1 p#ad ,e/imat+ on1 #fj1 p#aa = wall foot+s1 #fa1 p#c ,excavations1 ,calculat+ quantities =1 #fa1 p#b ,co/ (1 #fa1 p#d ,miscellane\s1 #fa1 p#c ,expansion bolts1 #ee1 p#ad ,ext]ior jo9]y1 ,miscellane\s1 #fa1 p#cb pa9t+ "w1 #fa1 p#db ,f ,factories1 ,a% disposal 91 #fd1 p#db ,automatic spr9kl]s 91 #fd1 p#ec ,boil] room 91 #fd1 p#da ,boil]-room plann+ 91 #fd1 p#db ,coal /orage 91 #fd1 p#db ,fire-protection 91 #fd1 p#ej ,floors above boil]s 91 #fd1 p#de ,p[] plant 91 #fd1 p#da ,spr9kl] tanks 91 #fd1 p#ej ,spr9kl+ sy/em 91 #fd1 p#ej ,factory build+s1 ,concrete1 #fd1 p#bc *imneys1 ,dim5sions (1 #fd1 p#de elevators1 ,location (1 #fd1 p#h plann+1 #fd1 p#c ,f5ce nails1 #ee1 p#aj ,figur$ roll$ glass1 #ee1 p#aei ,fil+1 #fa1 p#d ,f9i%es1 ,h>dw>e1 #ee1 p#bc ,f9i%+ h>dw>e1 #ee1 p#bj nails1 #ee1 p#h ,fire-doors1 #fd1 p#eg -protection 9 factory & mill build+s1 #fd1 p#ej -t[]1 ,location (1 #fd1 p#h -t[] /airway1 #fd1 p#d -t[]s1 ,numb] (1 #fd1 p#g ,fitt+s1 ,pipe &1 #fa1 p#da ,fixtures1 ,e/imates on plumb+1 #fj1 p#gb ,gas1 #fa1 p#dj ,plumb+1 #fa1 p#cg ,flag/ones & curb+1 ,co/ (1 #fj1 p#bf ,firepro( w9d[s1 #fd1 p#ed ,floor ar*es1 ,co/ ( t]ra-cotta1 #fj1 p#ce ,concrete foot+s &1 #fa1 p#g con/ruction1 #fd1 p#ad con/ruction1 ,sl[-burn+1 #fd1 p#ah ,floor fram+1 ,attic1 #fa1 p#ac fram+1 ,back-por*1 #fa1 p#ad fram+1 ,fir/-/ory1 #fa1 p#aa fram+1 ,front-por*1 #fa1 p#ac fram+1 ,second-/ory1 #fa1 p#ab glass1 #ee1 p#afj h+es1 #ee1 p#ce slabs1 ,table ( co/ ( re9=c$-concrete1 #fj1 p#bb ,floor+1 #fa1 p#ai ,calculat+ %ea?+ or r\gh1 #fj1 p#dj ,co/ (1 #fa1 p#ai ,e/imat+ mat*$1 #fj1 p#dj ,rift-saw$1 yell[-p9e-f9i%1 #fa1 p#ai ,yell[-p9e por*1 #fa1 p#ai ,floors1 ,co/ ( cem5t cell>1 #fj1 p#bc ,table ( labor co/ ( lay+ wood51 #fj1 p#dd ,flu% bolts1 #ee1 p#aaa ,foot+s1 #fd1 p#ad & floor1 ,concrete1 #fa1 p#g ,co/ ( concrete1 #fa1 p#g ,excavation = wall1 #fa1 p#c = factory columns1 #fd1 p#bh ,f\ndation pi]s 9 factories1 #fd1 p#af walls 9 factories1 #fd1 p#af ,frames & doors1 ,co/ ( door1 #fj1 p#fe & w9d[s1 ,co/ ( w9d[1 #fj1 p#fc ,attic door1 #fa1 p#bd ,attic w9d[1 #fa1 p#bh ,cell> w9d[1 #fa1 p#bf ,fir/-floor door1 #fa1 p#bd ,fir/-floor w9d[1 #fa1 p#bg = por*1 ,scre51 #fa1 p#cj ,second-floor door1 #fa1 p#bd ,second-floor w9d[1 #fa1 p#bg ,fram+ & cov]+ ( build+ p] squ>e foot1 ,co/ (1 #fj1 p#da ,attic floor1 #fa1 p#ac ,back-por* floor1 #fa1 p#ad ,co/ (1 #fa1 p#ag ,fir/-/ory floor1 #fa1 p#aa ,front-por* floor1 #fa1 p#ac ,ma9-ro(1 #fa1 p#ad ,por*-ro(1 #fa1 p#af ,second-/ory floor1 #fa1 p#ab ,freight elevators1 #fd1 p#i ,front-door locks1 #ee1 p#ef ,furnace1 #fa1 p#ce ,g ,galvaniz$ nails & spikes1 #ee1 p#aa ,gas-fitt+1 ,co/ ( labor =1 #fa1 p#da -fitt+1 ,e/imates & co/ (1 #fj1 p#gb -fitt+1 ,e/imat+ & calculat+ quantities =1 #fa1 p#dj ,gas fixtures1 #fa1 p#dj ,gate lat*es1 #ee1 p#abe ,gauge1 ,screw mak]'s1 #ee1 p#ac ,wire1 #ee1 p#d ,gird]s & beams1 ,concrete1 #fd1 p#bf & beams 9 mill con/ruction1 #fd1 p#cd ,glass1 #ee1 p#aeg ,*ipp$1 #ee1 p#aeh ,figur$1 #ee1 p#aei ,floor1 #ee1 p#afj ,gr\nd1 #ee1 p#aeg knobs1 #ee1 p#gb p] box1 ,table ( panes ( w9d[1 #fj1 p#fi ,plate1 #ee1 p#afj ,prismatic1 #ee1 p#afb ,skylight1 #ee1 p#afj ,wire1 #ee1 p#afa ,glazi]'s po9t1 #ee1 p#afe ,glaz+1 ,e/imat+ on1 #fj1 p#gh ,granite1 ,co/ (1 #fj1 p#bi ,gravel concrete1 ,table ( co/ ( pla91 #fj1 p#ai ro(s1 ,co/ (1 #fj1 p#ed ,gravity-lock+ h+e1 #ee1 p#ci ,gr\nd glass1 #ee1 p#aeg ,h ,h>dw>e1 #fa1 p#cc ,all[ance =1 #ee1 p#adg ,application (1 #ee1 p#aea ,build]s'1 #ee1 p#a ,comm]cial & /ock designs (1 #ee1 p#bb ,co/ (1 #fa1 p#ce ,emblematic1 #ee1 p#aci ,e/imat+ on1 #ee1 p#adh ,f9i%$1 #ee1 p#bc ,f9i%+1 #ee1 p#bj ,hi/oric /yles (1 #ee1 p#bc ,metals us$ 91 #ee1 p#bb ,miscellane\s1 #fa1 p#cd ,propriet>y1 #ee1 p#ach s*$ules1 #ee1 p#aed ,selection (1 #ee1 p#adf specifications1 #ee1 p#adb ,/aple1 #ee1 p#a ,w9d[-sa%1 #ee1 p#gg ,h>dwood1 ,/a9+1 #fj1 p#gf ,heat+ & v5tilat+ sy/em1 ,e/imat+ (1 #fj1 p#fi & v5tilat+ sy/em1 ,e/imat+ & calculat+ quantities =1 #fa1 p#ce ,high-grade locks1 #ee1 p#di ,h+e butts1 #ee1 p#bf butts1 ,ca/-iron1 #ee1 p#bg ,h+e butts1 ,sizes (1 #ee1 p#cj butts1 ,/eel1 #ee1 p#bh ,gravity-lock+1 #ee1 p#ci plates1 ,/rap & corn]1 #ee1 p#dd ,h+es1 #fa1 p#cd & butts1 #ee1 p#bd ,brass & bronze1 #ee1 p#bi ,cab9et1 #ee1 p#acb ,d\ble-act+1 #ee1 p#cc ,floor1 #ee1 p#ce ,invisible1 #ee1 p#da ,%utt] & bl9d1 #ee1 p#ch ,s+le-act+1 #ee1 p#ca ,/rap1 #ee1 p#bd ,hi/ory ( metals1 #ee1 p#bj ,hotel & (fice locks1 #ee1 p#eh key tags1 #ee1 p#gf ,i ,impli$ contract1 #fa1 p#d ,indicator bolts1 #ee1 p#abc ,int]ior door locks1 #ee1 p#ej jo9]y1 ,co/ ( miscellane\s1 #fa1 p#cb jo9]y1 ,miscellane\s1 #fa1 p#ca pa9t+ "w1 #fa1 p#db ,invisible h+es1 #ee1 p#da ,j ,jo9]y1 ,basebo>d & beam cas+s1 #fj1 p#fa ,bl9ds1 #fj1 p#fa ,calculat+ quantities =1 #fa1 p#bc ,co/ (1 #fa1 p#cc ,co/ ( miscellane\s int]ior1 #fa1 p#cb ,doors1 #fj1 p#fa ,frames1 #fj1 p#fa ,inside fixtures1 #fj1 p#fb ,miscellane\s int]ior1 #fa1 p#ca ,por*es1 #fj1 p#fb ,sa%1 #fj1 p#fa ,/airways1 #fj1 p#fb ,wa9scot+1 #fj1 p#fa ,k ,key tags1 #ee1 p#gf ,kick plates1 #ee1 p#ajb ,knobs1 ,glass1 #ee1 p#gb ,knock]s1 ,door1 #ee1 p#aba ,korelock door1 #fj1 p#ff ,l ,label plates1 #ee1 p#ach ,labor co/ ( lay+ wood5 floors1 ,table (1 #fj1 p#dd = gas-fitt+1 ,co/ (1 #fa1 p#da = in/all+ plumb+ sy/em1 ,co/ (1 #fa1 p#dj ,labor prices p] ?\s& brick1 ,table (1 #fj1 p#cd ,lat*es1 ,cupbo>d1 #ee1 p#acb ,elevator1 #ee1 p#abd ,gate1 #ee1 p#abe ,scre5-door1 #ee1 p#abd ,la? nails1 #ee1 p#i ,la?+ & pla/]+1 ,calculat+ quantities =1 #fa1 p#bb ,measurem5t & co/ (1 #fj1 p#fj ,lay+ wood5 floors1 ,table ( labor co/ (1 #fj1 p#dd ,lead sa% weights1 #ee1 p#ah ,locks1 #ee1 p#dd2 #fa1 p#cd ,bank & safe1 #ee1 p#ff ,cab9et1 #ee1 p#fd1 p#acf ,c>e & ma9t5ance (1 #ee1 p#fi ,comb9ation1 #ee1 p#fg ,d\ble-door1 #ee1 p#eg = resid5ce1 #ee1 p#ef ,front-door1 #ee1 p#ef ,high-grade1 #ee1 p#di ,int]ior door1 #ee1 p#e,o ,ma/]-key1 #ee1 p#ea ,mortise1 #ee1 p#de ,(fice & hotel1 #ee1 p#eh ,prison & asylum1 #ee1 p#fd ,lumb]1 ,prices (1 #fj1 p#ci ,m ,mackite1 ,co/ (1 #fj1 p#ch ,manipulation ( metals1 #ee1 p#bj ,masonry1 ,co/ ( rubble1 #fj1 p#be2 #fa1 p#e ,rubble1 #fa1 p#d ,/one1 #fj1 p#bd ,ma/]-key locks1 #ee1 p#ea -key lock1 ,yale1 #ee1 p#eb ,measure1 ,bo>d1 #fj1 p#ch ,measurem5t & co/ ( la?+1 #fj1 p#fj ( pa9t+1 #fj1 p#gb ( pla/]+1 #fj1 p#eh ,measur+ cornices1 #fj1 p#da = slat+1 #fj1 p#di %+le ro(+1 #fj1 p#df wea!r bo>d+ or sid+1 #fj1 p#da ,m5suration1 ,ro(1 #fj1 p#ed ,metals1 ,hi/ory (1 #ee1 p#bj ,manipulation (1 #ee1 p#bj us$ 9 h>dw>e1 #ee1 p#bb ,mill build+s1 ,fire-protection 91 #fd1 p#ej build+s1 ,/eel-frame1 #fd1 p#ca con/ruction1 ,beams & gird]s 91 #fd1 p#cd con/ruction1 ,types (1 #fd1 p#ac design1 #fd1 p#a ,mold+1 ,co/ (1 #fj1 p#fb ,mold+s1 ,co/ ( basebo>ds1 rails1 &1 #fj1 p#fg ,mortise locks1 #ee1 p#de ,n ,nail sizes1 ,table (1 #ee1 p#f ,nails1 #ee1 p#b & spikes1 ,galvaniz$1 #ee1 p#aa & /uds1 ,ornam5tal1 #ee1 p#abe ,b>b1 #ee1 p#i ,cas+1 #ee1 p#i ,cl9*1 #ee1 p#aj ,f5ce1 #ee1 p#aj ,f9i%+1 #ee1 p#h ,la?1 #ee1 p#i requir$1 ,calculat+ ! quantity (1 #fj1 p#de requir$ = v>i\s purposes1 ,table ( quantity (1 #fj1 p#df ,ro(+1 #ee1 p#i ,%+le1 #ee1 p#i ,size (1 #ee1 p#c ,slat+1 #ee1 p#i us$ 9 t9 ro(+1 #ee1 p#de ,o ,(fice & hotel locks1 #ee1 p#eh ,ornam5tal nails & /uds1 #ee1 p#abe ,p ,padlocks1 #ee1 p#fa ,pa9t requir$1 ,quantities (1 #fj1 p#gc ,pa9t+1 ,c>e 91 #fj1 p#gd ,co/ (1 #fj1 p#ge2 #fa1 p#dc ,e/imat+ & calculat+ quantities =1 #fa1 p#db mat]ials1 ,table ( quantities (1 #fj1 p#gd ,measurem5t (1 #fj1 p#gb "w1 ,ext]ior1 #fa1 p#db "w1 ,int]ior1 #fa1 p#db ,panel+ & wa9scot+1 ,co/ (1 #fj1 p#fg ,pap]1 ,e/imat+ on1 #fj1 p#gg ,p>tition /udd+1 #fa1 p#ag ,pipe & fitt+s1 #fa1 p#da ,pipes1 ,w>m-air & smoke1 #fa1 p#ce ,plann+ factories1 #fd1 p#c = travel+ cranes1 #fd1 p#cg ,pla/]+1 ,calculat+ quantities = la?+ &1 #fa1 p#bb ,co/ (1 #fj1 p#ei2 #fa1 p#bc ,measurem5t (1 #fj1 p#eh ,?ree-coat1 #fa1 p#bb ,two-coat1 #fa1 p#bb ,plate glass1 #ee1 p#afj ,plates1 ,kick1 #ee1 p#ajb ,plates1 ,pu%1 #ee1 p#ajd ,sign1 #ee1 p#aje ,plumb+1 ,approximate co/ (1 #fj1 p#gj fixtures1 #fa1 p#cg fixtures1 ,e/imates on1 #fj1 p#gb sy/em1 ,co/ (1 #fa1 p#dj sy/em1 ,co/ ( labor = in/all+1 #fa1 p#dj sy/em1 ,e/imat+ & calculat+ quantities =1 #fa1 p#cg ,por* ceil+1 ,yell[-p9e1 #fa1 p#bj ,scre5 frames =1 #fa1 p#cj ,po/ caps1 #fd1 p#ac ,p[] plant 9 factories1 #fd1 p#da ,prices ( lumb]1 #fj1 p#ci p] ?\s& brick1 ,table (1 #fj1 p#cd ,prismatic glass1 #ee1 p#afb ,prison & asylum locks1 #ee1 p#fd ,propriet>y h>dw>e1 #ee1 p#ach ,pulley1 ,sa%1 #ee1 p#gg ,pu% plates1 #ee1 p#ajd ,putty1 #ee1 p#afe ,q ,quantities = brickwork1 ,calculat+1 #fa1 p#h = c>p5try "w1 ,calculat+1 #fa1 p#aj = excavations1 ,calculat+1 #fa1 p#b = gas-fitt+1 ,e/imat+ & calculat+1 #fa1 p#dj = heat+ & v5tilat+ sy/em1 ,e/imat+ & calculat+1 #fa1 p#ce = jo9]y1 ,calculat+1 #fa1 p#bc = la?+ & pla/]+1 ,calculat+1 #fa1 p#bb = pa9t+1 ,e/imat+ & calculat+1 #fa1 p#db = plumb+ sy/em1 ,e/imat+ & calculat+1 #fa1 p#cg = ro(+1 ,calculat+1 #fa1 p#ba = /onework1 ,calculat+1 #fa1 p#d ( build+ mat]ials put 9 place p] day by "o man1 ,table (1 #fj1 p#dc ( pa9t requir$1 #fj1 p#gc ( pa9t+ mat]ial1 ,table (1 #fj1 p#gd ,scope ( subject ( e/imat+ & calculat+1 #fj1 p#a ,quantity ( nails = v>i\s purposes1 ,table (1 #fj1 p#df ( nails requir$1 ,calculat+1 #fj1 p#de ,r ,rails1 & mold+s1 ,co/ ( basebo>ds1 #fj1 p#fg ,regi/] boxes1 ,t91 #fa1 p#cf ,regi/]s1 #fa1 p#cf ,re9=c$ concrete1 ,advantages (1 #fd1 p#bd -concrete build+s1 ,data on co/ (1 #fj1 p#bj -concrete columns1 ,/r5g? (1 #fd1 p#be -concrete floor slabs1 ,table ( co/ (1 #fj1 p#bb -concrete "w1 #fj1 p#ah ,resid5ces1 ,locks =1 #ee1 p#ef ,rev]sible locks1 #ee1 p#abe ,ro( con/ruction1 ,sl[-burn+1 #fd1 p#ah cov]+1 ,k9ds (1 #fj1 p#df fram+1 ,ma91 #fa1 p#ad fram+1 ,por*1 #fa1 p#af m5suration1 #fj1 p#ed til+ p] squ>e1 ,table ( approximate co/ (1 #fj1 p#ec ,ro(+1 ,calculat+ quantities =1 #fa1 p#ba ,co/ (1 #fa1 p#bb items1 ,miscellane\s1 #fa1 p#ba mat]ials = /eel-frame mills1 #fd1 p#ca ,measur+ ( %+le1 #fj1 p#df nails1 #ee1 p#i ,ro(s1 ,co/ ( gravel1 #fj1 p#ed ,e/imat+ %eet-metal1 #fj1 p#ea ,tile1 #fj1 p#ec ,rubble1 #fj1 p#bd masonry1 #fa1 p#d masonry1 ,co/ (1 #fj1 p#be2 #fa1 p#e ,s ,safe & bank locks1 #ee1 p#ff -deposit locks1 #ee1 p#fc ,sa%1 ,attic w9d[1 #fa1 p#bi balances1 #ee1 p#hb ,cell> w9d[1 #fa1 p#bh c5t]s1 #ee1 p#hh *a9s1 #ee1 p#ha cord1 ,table (1 #ee1 p#ha cords1 #ee1 p#ha fa/s1 #ee1 p#hc ,fir/-floor w9d[1 #fa1 p#bh lifts1 #ee1 p#he locks1 #ee1 p#hc -op]at+ devices1 #ee1 p#ajj pole hooks1 #ee1 p#hf pulley1 #ee1 p#gg ,second-floor w9d[1 #fa1 p#bi sockets1 #ee1 p#hf /op-screws1 #ee1 p#hg weights1 #ee1 p#ah weights1 ,sectional1 #ee1 p#ai ,saw$ %+les1 #fj1 p#dh ,s*$ule1 ,accurate e/imat+1 #fj1 p#e ,scre5 frames = por*1 #fa1 p#cj -door lat*es1 #ee1 p#abd ,screw an*ors1 #ee1 p#af mak]s' gauge1 #ee1 p#ac sizes1 ,table (1 #ee1 p#ac ,screws & bolts1 #ee1 p#aa ,drive1 #ee1 p#ac ,sa% /op-1 #ee1 p#hg ,wood1 #ee1 p#aa ,sectional sa% weights1 #ee1 p#ai ,selection ( h>dw>e1 #ee1 p#adf ,%afts1 ,elevator1 9 factories1 #fd1 p#h ,%av$ %+les1 #fj1 p#dg ,%ea?+1 #fa1 p#ah & %+les1 ,co/ (1 #fa1 p#ah or r\gh floor+1 ,calculat+ (1 #fj1 p#dj ,%eet-metal ro(s1 ,e/imat+ (1 #fj1 p#ea ,%+le nails1 #ee1 p#i ro(+1 ,measur+1 #fj1 p#df ,%+les1 #fa1 p#ah ,classification (1 #fj1 p#dg ,co/ ( %ea?+ &1 #fa1 p#ah ,saw$1 #fj1 p#dh ,%av$1 #fj1 p#dg ,table ( data = e/imat+1 #fj1 p#dh ,%utt] & bl9d h+es1 #ee1 p#ch bolts1 #ee1 p#acj fa/5]s1 #ee1 p#abi ,sid+1 ,measur+ wea!r bo>d+ or1 #fj1 p#da ,sign plates1 #ee1 p#aje ,s+le-act+ h+es1 #ee1 p#ca ,sizes ( h+e butts1 #ee1 p#cj ( wire nails1 #ee1 p#g ,skylight glass1 #ee1 p#afj ,slates p] squ>e1 ,table ( numb] (1 #fj1 p#ej ,slat+1 #fa1 p#ba ,measur+ =1 #fj1 p#di nails1 #ee1 p#i p] squ>e1 ,table ( approximate co/ (1 #fj1 p#ea ,slid+-door hang]s1 #ee1 p#aad ,sl[-burn+ con/ruction1 #fd1 p#ah -burn+ floor con/ruction1 #fd1 p#ah -burn+ ro( con/ruction1 #fd1 p#be ,smoke pipes1 ,w>m-air &1 #fa1 p#ce ,socket1 ,sa%1 #ee1 p#hf ,s(t /one1 ,co/ (1 #fj1 p#bh ,sp&rels1 etc41 ,co/ ( cornice1 #fa1 p#bj ,special bolts1 #ee1 p#ag wire nails1 #ee1 p#h ,spikes & nails1 ,galvaniz$1 #ee1 p#aa ,splice pieces 9 mill con/ruction1 #fd1 p#ae ,spr9kl] sy/em 9 factories1 #fd1 p#ej tanks1 #fd1 p#ej ,spun-metal door knobs1 #ee1 p#gb ,/ability ( brick *imneys1 #fd1 p#dg ,/air t[]s 9 factories1 #fd1 p#d ,/airway 9 fire t[]1 #fd1 p#f ,/airs1 ,back1 #fa1 p#cj ,cell>1 #fa1 p#cj ,co/ (1 #fj1 p#fg ,ma91 #fa1 p#cj ,/amp$ door knobs1 #ee1 p#gb ,/&>d wire gauge1 #ee1 p#d ,/aple h>dw>e1 #ee1 p#a ,/eel-frame mill build+1 #fd1 p#ca -frame mills1 ,ro(+ mat]ial =1 #fd1 p#ca h+e butts1 #ee1 p#bh ,/ock & comm]cial designs ( h>dw>e1 #ee1 p#bb ,/one concrete1 ,table ( co/ ( pla91 #fj1 p#ai ,co/ ( a%l> & cut1 #fj1 p#bf ,co/ ( s(t1 #fj1 p#bh ,cut1 #fa1 p#f ,dim5sion1 #fj1 p#bd ,e/imat+ ! co/ ( a%l> or cut1 #fj1 p#bh masonry1 #fj1 p#bd ,/onework1 ,calculat+ quantities =1 #fa1 p#d ,/ore-door locks1 #ee1 p#fa ,/rap & corn] h+e plates1 #ee1 p#dd h+es1 #ee1 p#bd ,/r5g? ( concrete columns1 #fd1 p#bd ( re9=c$-concrete columns1 #fd1 p#be ,/ructural /eel1 ,co/ (1 #fj1 p#fi ,/ucco "w1 ,e/imat+1 #fj1 p#eh ,/udd+1 ,p>tition1 #fa1 p#ag ,wall1 #fa1 p#af ,/uds & nails1 ,ornam5tal1 #ee1 p#abe ,calculat+ numb] (1 #fj1 p#ci ,/yles & sizes ( door knobs1 #ee1 p#gc ,subtreasury locks1 #ee1 p#fi ,t ,t h+es1 #ee1 p#be ,table ( approximate co/ ( ro( til+ p] squ>e1 #fj1 p#ec ( approximate co/ ( slat+ p] squ>e1 #fj1 p#ea ( co/ ( build+ p] cubic foot1 #fj1 p#c ( co/ ( miscellane\s items ( c>p5try1 #fj1 p#de ,table ( co/ ( pla9 gravel concrete1 #fj1 p#ai ( co/ ( pla9 /one concrete1 #fj1 p#ai ( co/ ( re9=c$-concrete floor slabs1 #fj1 p#bb ( co/ ( t]ra-cotta p>titions1 #fj1 p#cf ( cut-nail sizes1 #ee1 p#f ( data = e/imat+ %+les1 #fj1 p#dh ( height ( *imneys1 #fd1 p#df ( labor co/ ( lay+ wood5 floors1 #fj1 p#dd ( labor prices p] ?\s& brick1 #fj1 p#cd ( numb] ( slates p] squ>e1 #fj1 p#ej ( panes ( w9d[ glass p] box1 #fj1 p#fi ( quantities ( mat]ial put 9 place p] day by "o man1 #fj1 p#dc ( quantities ( pa9t+ mat]ials1 #fj1 p#gd ( quantity ( nails requir$ = v>i\s purposes1 #fj1 p#df ( sa% cord1 #ee1 p#ha ( sa% weights1 #ee1 p#ai ( /&>d wire gauge1 #ee1 p#d ( wood screw sizes1 #ee1 p#ac ,t]ra-cotta floor ar*es1 ,co/ (1 #fj1 p#ce -cotta p>titions1 ,table ( co/ (1 #fj1 p#cf -cotta w9d[ heads 9 factories1 #fd1 p#af ,til+1 ,co/ (1 #fj1 p#cg p] squ>e1 ,table ( approximate co/ ( ro(1 #fj1 p#ec ,"t locks1 #ee1 p#fg ,toggle bolt1 #ee1 p#ag ,toilet-room fixtures1 #fd1 p#ab -room p>titions1 #fd1 p#aa rooms1 ,location (1 #fd1 p#aj ,track con/ruction = travel+ cranes1 #fd1 p#ci ,transom bolts1 #ee1 p#ic cat*es1 #ee1 p#ic *a9s1 #ee1 p#ic lifts1 #ee1 p#ia ,travel+ cranes1 ,plann+ =1 #fd1 p#cg cranes1 ,track con/ruction =1 #fd1 p#ci ,turnbuckles1 #ee1 p#aca ,types ( mill con/ruction1 #fd1 p#ac ,u ,und]floor+1 ,hemlock1 #fa1 p#ai ,unit-cyl9d] locks1 #ee1 p#di ,v ,vault lights1 #ee1 p#afc ,v5tilat+ sy/em1 ,e/imat+ & calculat+ quantities = heat+ &1 #fa1 p#ce sy/em1 ,e/imat+ heat+ &1 #fj1 p#fi ,v]&as1 ,co/ (1 #fj1 p#fh ,volume ( an excavation1 ,calculat+ !1 #fj1 p#af ,w ,wa9scot+1 ,co/ ( panel+ &1 #fj1 p#fg ,wall foot+s1 ,excavation =1 #fa1 p#c f\ndations = factories1 #fd1 p#af /udd+1 #fa1 p#af ,w>m-air & smoke pipes1 #fa1 p#ce ,wat]-closet door trims1 #ee1 p#abc ,e/imates = well supply (1 #fj1 p#ga supply1 #fa1 p#ch -supply sy/em1 ,e/imates =1 #fj1 p#ga ,wat]pro(+1 #fd1 p#ae ,wea!r bo>d+ or sid+1 ,measur+ (1 #fj1 p#da ,well supply ( wat]1 ,e/imates =1 #fj1 p#ga ,w9d[1 ,elevator %aft1 #fd1 p#aj ,firepro(1 #fd1 p#ed frames & w9d[s1 ,co/ (1 #fj1 p#fc frames1 ,attic1 #fa1 p#bh frames1 ,cell>1 #fa1 p#bf ,w9d[ frames1 ,fir/-floor1 #fa1 p#bg frames1 ,second-floor1 #fa1 p#bg glass p] box1 ,table ( numb] ( panes (1 #fj1 p#fi heads1 ,concrete1 #fd1 p#bg heads 9 sl[-burn+ con/ruction1 #fd1 p#bb heads1 ,t]ra-cotta1 9 factories1 #fd1 p#af op5+s 9 factories1 #fd1 p#ag sa%1 ,attic1 #fa1 p#bi sa%1 ,cell>1 #fa1 p#bh sa%1 ,fir/-floor1 #fa1 p#bh -sa% h>dw>e1 #ee1 p#gg sa%1 ,second-floor1 #fa1 p#bi ,w9d[s1 ,co/ ( w9d[ frames &1 #fj1 p#fc ,wire brads1 #ee1 p#i gauge1 #ee1 p#d glass1 #ee1 p#afa2 #fd1 p#ed nails1 #ee1 p#b nails1 ,special1 #ee1 p#h nails1 ,table ( sizes (1 #ee1 p#g ,wir+1 ,co/ ( electric1 #fa1 p#da ,wood screws1 #ee1 p#aa screws1 ,table ( sizes (1 #ee1 p#ac ,wood5 door knobs1 #ee1 p#ga floors1 ,table ( labor co/ ( lay+1 #fj1 p#dd ,y ,yale ma/]-key lock1 #ee1 p#eb