,transcriber's ,notes3 ,underscores 80 before and after a word or phrase indicate italics in the original text4 ,equal signs 80 before and after a word or phrase indicate bold in the original text4 ,small capitals have been converted to ,,solid capitals4 ,illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs4 ,antiquated spellings have been preserved4 ,typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected4 ,international ,library of ,technology #ccc ,hardware1 ,estimating1 and ,mill ,design #bbc ,,illustrations ,prepared ,under ,supervision of ,w4 ,s4 ,,lowndes1 ,ph4 ,b4 ,,director1 ,,schools ,,of ,,architecture ,,and ,,building ,,construction ,,international ,,correspondence ,,schools ,,builders' ,,hardware ,,estimating ,,and ,,calculating ,,quantities ,,mill ,,design ,published by ,,international ,,textbook ,,company ,,scranton1 ,,pa4 #aibe ,builders' ,hardware3 ,copyright1 #aijh1 by ,,international ,,textbook ,,company4 ,entered at ,stationers' ,hall1 ,london4 ,estimating and ,calculating ,quantities1 ,part #a3 ,copyright1 #ahii1 by ,,the ,,colliery ,,engineer ,,company4 ,copyright1 #aijh1 by ,,international ,,textbook ,,company4 ,entered at ,stationers' ,hall1 ,london4 ,estimating and ,calculating ,quantities1 ,part #b3 ,copyright1 #ahii1 by ,,the ,,colliery ,,engineer ,,company4 ,copyright1 #aiji1 by ,,international ,,textbook ,,company4 ,entered at ,stationers' ,hall1 ,london4 ,mill ,design3 ,copyright1 #aijg1 by ,,international ,,textbook ,,company4 ,entered at ,stationers' ,hall1 ,london4 ,all rights reserved ,printed in ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,press ,,of ,,international ,,textbook ,,company ,,scranton1 ,,pa4 ,,preface ,the volumes of the ,international ,library of ,technology are made up of ,instruction ,papers1 or ,sections1 comprising the various courses of instruction for students of the ,international ,correspondence ,schools4 ,the original manuscripts are prepared by persons thoroughly qualified both technically and by experience to write with authority1 and in many cases they are regularly employed elsewhere in practical work as experts4 ,the manuscripts are then carefully edited to make them suitable for correspondence instruction4 ,the ,instruction ,papers are written clearly and in the simplest language possible1 so as to make them readily understood by all students4 ,necessary technical expressions are clearly explained when introduced4 ,the great majority of our students wish to prepare themselves for advancement in their vocations or to qualify for more congenial occupations4 ,usually they are employed and able to devote only a few hours a day to study4 ,therefore every effort must be made to give them practical and accurate information in clear and concise form and to make this information include all of the essentials but none of the non-essentials4 ,to make the text clear1 illustrations are used freely4 ,these illustrations are especially made by our own ,illustrating ,department in order to adapt them fully to the requirements of the text4 ,in the table of contents that immediately follows are given the titles of the ,sections included in this volume1 and under each title are listed the main topics discussed4 ,at the end of the volume will be found a complete index1 so that any subject treated can be quickly found4 ,,international ,,textbook ,,company ,,contents ,,builders' ,,hardware ,section ,page ,staple ,hardware #ee #a ,cut and ,wire ,nails #ee #b ,wood ,screws1 ,expansion and ,special ,bolts #ee #aa ,sash ,weights #ee #ah ,finishing ,hardware #ee #bj ,metals and ,their ,manipulation #ee #bj ,hinges1 ,hinge ,butts1 and ,special ,hinges #ee #bd ,locks and ,their ,appurtenances #ee #ee ,window and ,sash ,hardware #ee #gg ,door ,hardware and its ,application #ee #ajb ,shutter ,hardware #ee #abi ,cabinet ,trim #ee #acb ,design and ,specification of ,hardware for ,buildings #ee #ach ,hardware of ,special ,design #ee #ach ,selection1 ,estimation1 and ,application of ,hardware #ee #adf ,schedules and ,drawings for the ,hardware ,contractor #ee #aed ,glass and ,glazing #ee #aeg ,,estimating ,,and ,,calculating ,,quantities ,scope of ,subject #fj #a ,approximate ,estimating #fj #c ,accurate ,estimating ,schedule #fj #e ,excavation #fj #aa ,concrete ,work #fj #ah ,masonry #fj #bd ,brickwork #fj #ca ,carpentry #fj #ch ,roofing #fj #df ,plastering #fj #eh ,joinery #fj #fa ,structural ,steel #fj #fi ,heating and ,ventilating ,system #fj #fi ,plumbing and ,gas-,fitting #fj #gj ,painting and ,papering #fj #gb ,glazing #fj #gh ,example in ,estimating #fa #a ,excavation #fa #b ,stonework #fa #d ,brickwork #fa #h ,carpentry #fa #aj ,roofing #fa #ba ,lathing and ,plastering #fa #bb ,joinery #fa #bc ,hardware #fa #cc ,heating and ,ventilating ,system #fa #ce ,plumbing #fa #cg ,gas-,fitting #fa #dj ,wiring #fa #da ,painting #fa #db ,summary of ,cost of ,building #fa #dd ,,mill ,,design ,site and ,arrangement #fd #a ,preliminary ,considerations #fd #a ,types of ,mill ,construction #fd #ac ,girder and ,plank-on-,edge ,construction #fd #ac ,standard ,slow-,burning ,construction #fd #ah ,factory ,buildings of ,reinforced ,concrete #fd #bc ,steel-,frame ,mill ,buildings #fd #ca ,details of ,mill ,construction and ,design #fd #cd ,the ,power ,plant #fd #da ,chimneys #fd #de ,fire-,protection of ,mill ,buildings #fd #ej ,,index i ,,builders' ,,hardware ,,staple ,,hardware ,,introduction #a4 ,the hardware used in building construction may be classified as staple and finished4 ,staple hardware may be considered as including such materials as nails and spikes1 bolts and screws1 sash weights1 and other materials of this character1 while finished hardware may include such devices and appliances as locks and latches1 hinges1 door and window trimmings1 and the various metallic fixtures used in equipping the different classes of buildings4 ,to this last classification the term builders' hardware is frequently applied4 ,strictly speaking1 glass cannot be considered as hardware2 nevertheless1 it is frequently supplied to the builder through hardware supply houses1 and it is so closely allied to the hardware of building construction that the subject of glass1 its trade terms1 and other information relating to its characteristics1 will not be out of order in this ,section4 ,while little consideration is given to the hardware on the average building1 there is no more important part of the construction1 nor one to which greater attention should be given4 ,on the quality and the selection of proper hardware depends the avoidance of the petty annoyances often found in buildings where this subject has not received proper consideration4 ,the architect should be well informed regarding this subject1 and should be in a position to know the kind and quality of hardware that1 when specified1 will give the best results4 ,he will find that a thorough knowledge of builders' hardware will assist him materially in writing comprehensive specifications for this portion of the work4 ,consequently1 the writing of the hardware specifications will receive attention in this ,section1 and the proper manner of estimating1 or 8taking off10 hardware will also be considered4 ,,cut ,,and ,,wire ,,nails #b4 ,cut ,nails4--,the primitive nail was made or forged by hand1 and this mode of manufacture still exists in certain sections of ,europe4 ,these hand-made nails sold at exorbitant prices compared with the machine-made nails of today4 ,the manufacture of cut nails is less automatic and requires more manual labor than is necessary in the making of wire nails4 ,the iron or steel is first rolled into sheets1 the thickness of which is equal to the thickness of the nail2 it is then cut into strips as wide as the nail is long4 ,this strip of metal is fed into the nail machine and sheared off in tapering strips having the form of the nail1 when it is seized by clamps that hold it just long enough for the heading hammer to strike the blow that forms the head4 ,the nail manufactured in this manner is known as the cut nail1 and is much superior to the wire nail1 which is of more recent production4 ,not only has the cut nail greater holding power1 but it is more durable1 especially when used in damp places4 #c4 ,nearly all cut nails used at the present time are made from sheet steel1 a small percentage only being manufactured of iron1 for which the makers charge a slightly higher price4 ,the steel nail is undoubtedly the best for use in hardwoods1 but the iron nail will outlast it where dampness exists1 as1 for instance1 in shingling1 etc4 ,as shown in ,fig4 #a1 cut nails are made in many styles and sizes1 and for various purposes4 ,they are also known by the same trade term for the various styles4 ,cut nails are heavier than wire nails1 and as they count fewer to the pound1 are more expensive at equivalent prices4 ,all nails are sold at base prices per keg of #ajj pounds1 the 8extras0 for smaller and special nails being added to the base price4 ,for special work1 certain types of nails can be obtained in copper and brass4 #d4 ,size and ,gauge of ,nails4--,both cut and wire nails are designated by the trade term penny4 ,the term penny as applied to nails is a relic of medieval ,england4 ,this designation was due1 it is said1 to the fact that it defined the cost per hundred nails1 so that tenpenny nails would mean that #ajj of such nails cost ten pence4 ,a more likely interpretation of the term is that it implied the weight and not the cost1 and that the term penny is a corruption of the ,old ,english word pun' 7for pound71 so that tenpunny or tenpenny implied that #a1jjj of such nails weighed #aj pounds4 ,the smallest standard size of nail is known as twopenny or threepenny1 while the largest is designated as sixtypenny4 ,these sizes range in length from #a to #f inches4 ,in designating the size of the nail in list prices1 the symbol 8d0 7for penny7 is used1 so that a nail about #b inches long is designated as #f;d4 ,the thickness1 or diameter1 is indicated by the gauge number1 the gauge of cut nails being an indication of the thickness of plate from which they are cut1 while the gauge of wire nails is the size of the wire from which the nails are formed4 ,the different wire gauges and their decimal equivalents of an inch are given in ,table ,i4 ,the special wire gauge commonly used to indicate the size of the nail is the ,birmingham4 ,in ,table ,,ii is given a list of the stock sizes of standard1 common1 cut nails4 ,this table1 besides giving the thickness of the nail and its length1 gives the number of nails to the pound4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,,table ,i ,,standard ,,wire ,,gauges ,,and ,,their ,,decimal ,,equivalents ,,of ,,an ,,inch ,number ,american1 ,washburn,trenton,united ,old ,english of ,wire or1 ,brown ,birm- ,moen ,iron ,states ,from ,brass ,gauge ,sharpe ingham,manufac-,company,standard ,manufac- turing turers' ,company ,lists ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #jjjjjj 4#dfjj 4#dfheg #jjjjj 4#dcjj 4#dejj 4#dcgej #jjjj 4#dfjjjj 4#ded 4#cicj 4#djjj 4#djfbe #jjj 4#djifdj 4#dbe 4#cfbj 4#cfjj 4#cgejj #jj 4#cfdhjj 4#chj 4#ccaj 4#ccjj 4#cdcge #j 4#cbdiej 4#cdj 4#cjgj 4#cjej 4#cabej #a 4#bhicjj 4#cjj 4#bhcj 4#bhej 4#bhabe #b 4#begfcj 4#bhd 4#bfcj 4#bfej 4#bfefc #c 4#bbidbj 4#bei 4#bddj 4#bdej 4#bejjj #d 4#bjdcaj 4#bch 4#bbej 4#bbej 4#bcdch #e 4#ahaidj 4#bbj 4#bjgj 4#bjej 4#bahge #f 4#afbjbj 4#bjc 4#aibj 4#aijj 4#bjcac #g 4#addbhj 4#ahj 4#aggj 4#agej 4#ahgej #h 4#abhdij 4#afe 4#afbj 4#afjj 4#agahh #i 4#aaddcj 4#adh 4#adhj 4#adej 4#aefbe #aj 4#ajahij 4#acd 4#acej 4#acjj 4#adjfc #aa 4#jijgdb 4#abj 4#abjj 4#aage 4#abejj #ab 4#jhjhjh 4#aji 4#ajej 4#ajej 4#ajich #ac 4#jgaifa 4#jie 4#jibj 4#jibe 4#jicge #ad 4#jfdjhd 4#jhc 4#jhjj 4#jhjj 4#jghac 4#jhcjj #ae 4#jegjfh 4#jgb 4#jgbj 4#jgjj 4#jgjca 4#jgbjj #af 4#jejhbj 4#jfe 4#jfcj 4#jfaj 4#jfbej 4#jfejj #ag 4#jdebeg 4#jeh 4#jedj 4#jebe 4#jefbe 4#jehjj #ah 4#jdjcjc 4#jdi 4#jdgj 4#jdej 4#jejjj 4#jdijj #ai 4#jcecij 4#jdb 4#jdaj 4#jcij 4#jdcge 4#jdjjj #bj 4#jcaifa 4#jce 4#jcej 4#jcdj 4#jcgej 4#jcejj #ba 4#jbhdfb 4#jcb 4#jcbj 4#jcjj 4#jcdch 4#jcaej #bb 4#jbecdg 4#jbh 4#jbhj 4#jbgj 4#jcabe 4#jbiej #bc 4#jbbega 4#jbe 4#jbej 4#jbdj 4#jbhac 4#jbgjj #bd 4#jbjajj 4#jbb 4#jbcj 4#jbae 4#jbejj 4#jbejj #be 4#jagijj 4#jbj 4#jbjj 4#jaij 4#jbahh 4#jbcjj #bf 4#jaeidj 4#jah 4#jahj 4#jahj 4#jahge 4#jbaej #bg 4#jadaie 4#jaf 4#jagj 4#jagj 4#jagai 4#jahge #bh 4#jabfda 4#jad 4#jafj 4#jafj 4#jaefc 4#jafej #bi 4#jaabeg 4#jac 4#jaej 4#jaej 4#jadjf 4#jaeej #cj 4#jajjbe 4#jab 4#jadj 4#jadj 4#jabej 4#jacge #ca 4#jjhibh 4#jaj 4#jace 4#jacj 4#jajid 4#jabbe #cb 4#jjgiej 4#jji 4#jacj 4#jabj 4#jajaf 4#jaabe #cc 4#jjgjhj 4#jjh 4#jaaj 4#jaaj 4#jjich 4#jajbe #cd 4#jjfcjd 4#jjg 4#jajj 4#jajj 4#jjhec 4#jjiej #ce 4#jjefad 4#jje 4#jjie 4#jjij 4#jjgha 4#jjijj ,,table ,,ii ,,size ,,and ,,number ,,to ,,the ,,pound ,,of ,,common ,,cut ,,nails ,trade ,term ,length ,gauge ,number to ,inches ,pound ---------------------------------------- - #c;d fine #a #af #gbj #c;d flat #a #ae full #dcj #d;d flat #a #ad full #bge #e;d flat #a #ac regular #bae #f;d common #b #ab regular #aej #g;d common #b #aa light #abj #h;d common #b #aa regular #if #i;d common #b #aj light #gb #aj;d common #c #aj regular #fd #ab;d common #c #i regular #dd #af;d common #c #h regular #cb #bj;d common #d #g regular #bh #cj;d common #d #f regular #ah #dj;d common #e #e regular #ad #ej;d common #e #d regular #ab #fj;d common #f #c regular #aj #e4 ,wire ,nails4--,the term wire nail is applied to nails made from drawn wire1 or wire rods4 ,since their introduction some years ago1 wire nails have become decidedly popular1 and in some localities are used in preference to the old-style cut nails1 owing to the fact that there are a greater number to the pound1 which makes them cheaper than cut nails at the same price per keg4 ,the size and number of common wire nails to the pound are given in ,table ,,iii4 ,by comparing the columns in ,tables ,,ii and ,,iii giving the number of nails to the pound for both cut and wire nails1 it can be readily seen that the wire nails are greater in number for a given weight than cut nails of the same size4 ,for this reason1 the wire nails are used by contractors on cheap work4 ,wire nails are more liable to rust than cut or wrought nails1 and are consequently not so durable in damp situations2 they also have less holding power and more must be used to obtain the same strength4 ,,table ,,iii ,,size ,,and ,,number ,,to ,,the ,,pound ,,of ,,common ,,wire ,,nails ,size ,length ,gauge ,approximate ,advance ,over ,inches ,number ,number to ,base ,price the ,pound per #ajj ,pounds ---------------------------------------- ------- #b;d #a #ae #hgf #j4gj #c;d #a #ad #efh 4#de #d;d #a #ab #caf 4#cj #e;d #a #ab #bga 4#cj #f;d #b #aa #aha 4#bj #g;d #b #aa #afa 4#bj #h;d #b #aj #ajf 4#aj #i;d #b #aj #if 4#aj #aj;d #c #i #fi 4#je #ab;d #c #i #fc 4#je #af;d #c #h #di 4#je #bj;d #d #f #ca ,base #cj;d #d #e #bd ,base #dj;d #e #d #ah ,base #ej;d #e #c #ad ,base #fj;d #f #b #aa ,base ,common wire nails in sizes from twentypenny to sixtypenny are sold at base price1 say #b per keg1 the smaller sizes costing an advance over the base price4 ,thus1 an eightpenny common nail would cost #aj cents additional1 or #b4aj per hundred pounds1 while a twopenny nail would cost #b4gj per hundred pounds1 etc4 ,the present advance above the base price on #ajj-pound kegs for the several sizes is also given in this table4 ,all wire nails can be procured 8barbed0 at an additional advance of #ae cents above base and extra prices4 ,the relative sizes of the common wire nail are best learned from samples of the same1 but ,fig4 #b1 which shows these nails full size1 from sixtypenny to twopenny1 clearly indicates their proportions4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c #f4 ,wire ,nails for ,special ,purposes4--,wire nails as well as wrought or cut nails are made in a variety of forms especially suitable for the specific purpose for which they are intended4 ,the several kinds of wire nails in common use are illustrated in ,fig4 #c4 ,a nail used about buildings for putting the trim1 or finishing work1 together is illustrated at 7a71 and from its use is known as a finishing nail4 ,these nails are used almost exclusively for this purpose and are very light4 ,they have a small head1 so that when they are set into the wood with a nail set1 a very small opening is left for puttying4 ,another nail having practically the same use as the one just described is designated as a casing nail1 and is shown at 7b74 ,this nail is a trifle lighter in gauge than the finishing nail1 and from the fact that it is countersunk under the head1 it draws better than the finishing nail4 ,the fivepenny and sixpenny sizes are used for putting on siding4 ,the common wire brad1 shown at 7c71 is used for practically the same purposes as the regular finishing nail1 but it is from two to four gauges heavier4 ,this wire brad is useful when a heavy nail with a small head is required1 particularly in hardwood1 where a light finishing nail will not penetrate without bending4 ,the flooring brad1 shown at 7d71 is a nail used almost exclusively for flooring4 ,this nail is made of heavier gauge wire than other nails of this type1 and drives easily1 even in hard1 maple floor4 ,the construction of the head of this type of nail allows for severe 8drawing0 without splitting the tongue of the flooring boards4 ,the fine-wire nail1 shown at 7e71 commonly called a lath nail1 is made in four sizes and is used for nailing lath to studding4 ,owing to its smoothness1 cleanliness1 and easy-driving qualities1 this type of nail is extensively used4 ,a short1 heavy nail1 the whole length of which is barbed to increase its holding qualities1 is shown at 7f74 ,this nail is known as a barbed roofing nail1 and is generally used for nailing tin roofs and ready1 or prepared1 roofing of every description4 ,it is also used with tin roofing caps4 ,at 7g7 is shown a slating nail4 ,this type of nail is formed from heavy gauge wire1 and has a flat head that is large in proportion to its length4 ,this nail is used only for slating1 but is not so durable as the cut nail made for this purpose4 ,nails of this kind are made in only five sizes4 ,a type of nail used for attaching wooden shingles1 and known as the shingle nail1 is shown at 7h74 ,this nail is seldom carried in stock1 however1 as threepenny and fourpenny common nails answer the purpose4 ,these shingle nails are clean and easily driven1 but are not so durable as cut nails4 ,a very heavy nail of the same character as the common wire nail1 but made much heavier1 in order to increase the holding qualities and to provide greater durability1 is known as the fence nail4 ,this nail is made as shown at 7i74 ,at 7j7 is shown a clinch nail that is manufactured from soft wire or annealed hard wire4 ,this nail answers the same purpose as the old-style wrought1 or clinch-cut1 nail commonly used in the construction of batten doors1 etc4 ,the metal being very soft at the end of the nail1 allows the point to be bent and driven back into the wood to form the clinch4 ,these nails do not differ from the common wire nail1 except in the form of the head and the material from which they are made1 as will be seen from ,fig4 #c 7j7 and ,fig4 #b4 ,there is a form of headless wire nail1 known as a barbed dowel-pin1 which is made as shown in ,fig4 #c 7k74 ,this type of nail1 or dowel1 is used for doweling through the mortises and tenons of sash1 blinds1 and frames of every description4 ,in the mill1 it has displaced the wooden dowel used in former times4 ,the length of pin to be employed is regulated by the thickness of the wood to be secured1 as the pins are used inch shorter than the thickness of the woodwork4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d ,an exceptionally heavy nail1 or spike1 is made from heavy wire or round bar4 ,these spikes are used for heavy construction work1 such as splined flooring1 for slow-burning mill construction1 and for bridge flooring4 ,they are made with both chisel points1 as shown in ,fig4 #d1 and diamond points1 and in ordering them1 the kind of point1 as well as the style of head wanted should be specified4 ,spikes of this kind are made in all sizes from tenpenny1 which is of ,no4 #f gauge and #c inches long1 to spikes inch in diameter and #ab inches long4 #g4 ,galvanized ,nails and ,spikes4--,nails and spikes1 either cut or wire1 that have been dipped into molten zinc and become coated with this metal are termed galvanized4 ,by this process they are rendered practically rust-proof4 ,cut or wire galvanized nails can be obtained in the same sizes and types as ordinary nails1 and if dealers do not regularly carry them in stock1 they will as a rule have them galvanized to order4 ,in order to secure durability1 it is advisable to use galvanized nails in places that are exposed to dampness1 as in shingling1 in slating1 in fence building1 or in structures erected near the seashore1 as it has been proved by numerous tests that ordinary nails rust through in such places in a few years4 ,the galvanized nails cost from #a4ej to #c more per keg than the plain cut or wire nails4 ,the cheaper grades of galvanized nails are frequently coated only with lead1 and will not withstand the government test2 that is1 dipping them into vitriol4 ,a simple way to test the coating of a galvanized nail is to rub the nail on a piece of white paper4 ,a lead-coated nail will mark the paper the same as a lead pencil and should be rejected1 as it is only a sham and has no redeeming qualities4 ,,wood ,,screws1 ,,expansion ,,and ,,special ,,bolts #h4 ,wood ,screws4--,the ordinary wood screw1 which is one of the staple articles of hardware1 is very necessary in the application of all builders' hardware about the building4 ,except in some lines of cheap or rough1 unfinished goods1 hardware manufacturers now pack with all hardware1 screws that match the finish of the goods4 ,the various types of screws now on the market are illustrated in ,fig4 #e1 and the common types1 such as flat-1 round-1 oval-1 and fillister-headed screws are easily procured4 ,iron screws are made with either flat1 round1 or oval heads and the following finishes3 ,bright1 blued1 japanned1 tinned1 galvanized1 bronze-plated1 brass-plated1 coppered1 silvered1 and nickel-plated4 ,brass and bronze metal screws can also be procured with flat1 round1 or oval heads1 in either natural color or1 on special order1 finished to match the hardware4 ,special screws are also manufactured for various purposes1 which are sufficiently explained by the illustration1 ,fig4 #e4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e ,screws are always measured for length from the point to the top of the head4 ,the sizes in which screws can be obtained are given in ,table ,,iv4 ,the diameter of screws is always measured directly under the head1 and is always given in numbers of the screw makers' gauge4 ,the numbers vary from #j to #cj1 going consecutively without skip from #j to #ah and from then on using only the even numbers4 ,in ,table ,,iv are also given the numbers of the screw makers' gauge and their equivalents in decimals of an inch4 ,,table ,,iv ,,size ,,of ,,wood ,,screws ,length ,diameter in ,inches ,screw ,makers' ,gauge -------------------------------- ,from #j to #d inclusive ,from #j to #i inclusive ,from #a to #ab inclusive ,from #a to #ad inclusive ,from #b to #af inclusive ,from #b to #af inclusive #a ,from #c to #bj inclusive #a ,from #c to #bd inclusive #a ,from #c to #bd inclusive #a ,from #e to #bd inclusive #b ,from #e to #bd inclusive #b ,from #e to #bd inclusive #b ,from #e to #bd inclusive #b ,from #f to #bd inclusive #c ,from #f to #bf inclusive #c ,from #h to #bf inclusive #d ,from #h to #cj inclusive #d ,from #ab to #cj inclusive #e ,from #ab to #cj inclusive #f ,from #ab to #cj inclusive ------------------------------- ,,screw ,,makers' ,,gauge ----------------------- ,number ,equivalent of ,screw in ,decimals ,gauge of an ,inch ----------------------- #j 4#jeghd #a 4#jgajj #b 4#jhdaf #c 4#jigcb #d 4#aajdh #e 4#abcfd #f 4#acfhj #g 4#adiif #h 4#afcab #i 4#agfbh #aj 4#ahidd #aa 4#bjbfj #ab 4#baegf #ac 4#bbhib #ad 4#bdbjh #ae 4#beebd #af 4#bfhdj #ag 4#bhaef #ah 4#bidgb #bj 4#cbajd #bb 4#cdgcf #bd 4#cgcfh #bf 4#djjjj #bh 4#dbfcb #cj 4#debfd #i4 ,drive ,screws4--,a screw known as the drive screw is used mostly in the manufacture of various articles where cost is the controlling factor4 ,these screws1 shown in ,fig4 #f1 are made somewhat on the order of the wood screw1 but without the deep-cut thread and gimlet point4 ,screws of this type are driven into the wood with a hammer and have slotted heads so that they may be withdrawn by means of a screwdriver4 ,the thread is so constructed that the wood may be penetrated without breaking down its fiber when the screws are driven1 and is shaped so as to engage with the wood while resisting a pulling stress4 ,these screws are made with flat1 round1 or oval heads1 as illustrated respectively at 7a71 7b71 and 7c71 and may be had in sizes from inch to #d inches in length4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f #aj4 ,expansion ,bolts4--,the expansion bolt is a device that has proved extremely valuable in the building trades1 as it provides a means of bolting to stone1 brick1 concrete1 slate1 or other materials of this nature4 ,expansion bolts are used principally in places where it is not desirable or practicable to drill through the material to which the fastenings are to be made4 ,this type of bolt has also a great advantage over other fastenings in that it can be removed with as much ease and facility as it is applied1 and also without injury either to the article fastened or the material to which it is fixed1 the bolt likewise sustaining no injury4 ,many styles of expansion bolts are now manufactured under various patents1 and these may be procured in all sizes and made of iron1 steel1 or brass4 ,in ,fig4 #g are shown several makes of expansion bolts4 ,the ,mc,cabe expansion bolt1 shown at 7a71 is constructed of a malleable1 cylindrical-shaped1 slotted case1 or shell1 a1 the aperture of which reduces in size and engages with a bevel-shaped hexagon nut b4 ,by turning the bolt1 the nut is drawn toward the head and thus expands the outer case in its passage2 this in turn binds against the sides of the hole in the masonry into which the bolt is inserted4 ,the shell1 as the outside case a is called1 can be procured in any length or diameter1 and can be used with any machine bolt having a standard thread4 ,the ,mc,cabe bolt is suitable for bolting any thickness of material1 provided the proper length of bolt is employed4 ,the ,brohard expansion bolt shown at 7b71 performs the same functions as the bolt illustrated at 7a74 ,the case1 or shell1 a1 is composed of two or more parts riveted to a wrought circular plate1 near the head1 as at b4 ,these several parts are expanded by means of the beveled nut1 which approaches the head as the bolt is turned4 ,the principal feature of the ,brohard expansion bolt is that the beveled nut c cannot be forced from the case on account of the lug d1 which is attached to the nut and travels in the slot e when the bolt is turned4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #g ,the ,steward and ,romaine double-expansion bolt is shown at 7c74 ,the shell of this bolt is composed of two semicylindrical parts1 as at a1 a1 that are somewhat longer in diameter than the wedge-shaped nut and the sleeve at b and c1 respectively4 ,each half of the shell is held in place by light rubber bands4 ,the wedge-shaped parts are caused to approach each other by the turning of the bolt1 and thereby expand the split case at both ends simultaneously4 ,from the fact that this bolt is expanded at both ends1 it is called a double-expansion bolt1 although it may be made single-expansion by omitting the wedge-shaped sleeve at the head4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #h ,the ,star expansion bolt1 shown in ,fig4 #h 7a71 performs exactly the same duty as other expansion bolts1 but its construction is radically different4 ,this bolt consists of only two parts1 called shields4 ,each shield is semicircular in form and interlocks at the joints4 ,the exterior of these shields has four rows of corrugated ridges1 or star-shaped projections1 that prevent the shields from turning in the hole4 ,the interior of the shell is threaded and decreases in size toward the farther end4 ,thus1 by inserting a lag1 or coach1 screw of any length1 so as to engage with the thread1 the shields are spread apart at the farther end while the screw is entering the aperture4 ,the ,diamond expansion bolt shown at 7b7 is practically the same as the one just described1 as will be observed from the figure4 ,expansion bolts are also made with all the parts entirely of brass or bronze1 with either plain1 capped1 or fancy heads1 or nuts1 and in any finish desired4 #aa4 ,screw ,anchors4--,the device known as a screw anchor can be used in place of an expansion bolt for securing light materials4 ,several kinds of screw anchors are in the market at present4 ,the star anchor1 which is made in one piece of composition metal that is slotted about seven-eighths of its length1 may be obtained in various diameters and lengths4 ,the exterior has two star-like projections1 to prevent the anchor from turning1 while the interior is constructed of ridges projecting from the tube1 with the hole reduced toward the slotted end4 ,this internal construction permits the star anchor to be used in combination with trade wood or machine screws of any length4 ,the screw used engages with the ridges in the interior1 cutting its own thread and expanding the anchor in its passage4 ,these composition anchors are very cheap1 the price ranging from #a to #c cents1 according to the size4 ,they are made in different lengths1 from inch to #a inches1 and for ,nos4 #f1 #aj1 #ad1 and #ah wood screws4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #i #ab4 ,special ,bolts4--,in ,fig4 #i is shown a toggle bolt4 ,this device is a recent production for fastening materials to surfaces having a hollow interior that will not admit the use of expansion or tap bolts because of its frail character1 as1 for instance1 sheet metal1 hollow fireproofing1 etc4 ,the toggle bolt shown in the figure is constructed with long1 fine-pitch threads cut nearly to the head1 so as to allow for securing thin materials4 ,the ,t-shaped head a is constructed either hollow1 as shown in the figure1 or of flat strip metal1 and is riveted loosely to the end of the bolt1 allowing the head to pivot and fold over the bolt1 and thus permitting the head to pass through a small opening4 ,the head is then tipped into its proper position1 when the bolt is ready for securing in place the work to be fastened4 ,the construction of the bolt is shown in ,fig4 #i 7a71 while the process of affixing it is illustrated at 7b7 and 7c74 ,these toggle bolts are generally made with _/-1 -1 and _/-inch bolts1 from #b to #f inches long1 and of either iron1 steel1 or brass4 ,,sash ,,weights #ac4 ,cast-,iron ,weights4--,the term sash weight is applied to a counterweight used for balancing double-hung1 or sliding1 sash4 ,these weights are generally very rough1 being made from either the poorest iron or waste iron4 ,the stock sizes are usually long and cylindrical in form--from #a to #b inches in diameter--have an eye cast in the upper end1 as shown in ,fig4 #aj1 and weigh from #b to #cj pounds1 the weight determining the length of the sash weight4 ,in ,table ,v are given the weight1 diameter1 and length of sash weights as they are generally furnished to the trade1 although it is almost impossible to give this data with any degree of accuracy1 as the different manufacturers vary the diameters of the weights slightly1 and this changes the length measurement4 ,square weights or special weights can be easily procured at small additional cost4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aj ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aa #ad4 ,lead ,weights4--,the weight of lead is about #hj per cent4 greater than that of cast-iron2 hence1 lead sash weights must be resorted to where the construction of the pockets is too narrow to permit the use of iron weights1 or where heavy plate glass is used4 ,they are also used in cases where the sash are very wide and low1 as here a short weight must be used in order to obtain the necessary travel for the sash4 ,lead weights can be procured in either round or square shapes1 and of any diameter or measurement to suit existing conditions1 but they are generally made to special order4 ,a wrought- or malleable-iron eye1 or fastening1 for applying the cord or chain is usually inserted at the top4 ,the cost of lead weights1 however1 is generally five times as great as that of iron weights4 #ae4 ,sectional ,sash ,weights4--,there is a form of sash weight in the market known as the ,walda sectional weight1 which is illustrated in ,fig4 #aa4 ,this weight1 as will be observed1 is so arranged that units or sections may be detached or added1 as desired1 to diminish or to increase the weight4 ,such a weight can be nicely adjusted to counterbalance any sash1 and has the advantage over the cast-iron weight in that each part is interchangeable and no mistake can be made in ordering1 as the necessary weight for any sash can be made up on the site4 ,,table ,v ,,weight1 ,,diameter1 ,,and ,,length ,,of ,,sash ,,weights ,weight ,diameter ,length ,pounds ,inches ,inches -------------------------- #c #a #h #c #a #i #d #a #aa #d #a #ab #e #a #ab #e #a #ab #f #a #ad #f #a #ae #g #a #af #g #a #ag #h #a #ah #h #a #af #i #a #ag #i #a #ah #aj #a #ai #aj #a #bj #aa #a #ba #aa #a #ai #ab #a #bj #ac #a #ba #ad #b #ah #ae #b #ai #af #b #bj #ag #b #ba #ah #b #bb #ai #b #bc #bj #b #bd #ba #b #be #bb #b #bc #bc #b #bd #bd #b #be #be #b #be #bf #b #bf #bg #b #bg #bh #b #bh #bi #b #bh ,,finishing ,,hardware ,,metals ,,and ,,their ,,manipulation #af4 ,historical4--,from the days of ,tubal-,cain1 8an instructor of every artificer in brass and iron10 to the present time1 no element in the world's composition has rendered greater service in advancing man's development than has the uninviting metal known as iron4 ,recent discoveries show the very ancient existence of iron in ,assyria1 and also in ,egypt under the ,pharaohs4 ,it was found in considerable quantities in ,syria1 in ,canaanite times1 and many tools and implements of warfare were made from it4 ,the ,chalybes1 located near the ,black ,sea1 were in ,biblical times considered famous workers in 8northern iron10 while ,damascus steel1 for ages1 has been justly celebrated4 ,copper was well known to the ,israelites and ,egyptians before the ,exodus1 and for many years previous to that event the ,egyptians obtained it from ,arabia4 ,it was also a native product of ,palestine1 and was very largely exported from ,cyprus1 whence its name4 ,tin was early known in the ,orient1 being one of the imports of ,egypt from ,spain1 through the ,phoenician merchants1 who also obtained it from ,britain4 ,it was one of the principal commodities in the marts of ,tyre1 and was used as an alloy with other metals4 ,gold and silver1 the precious metals1 are mentioned in the earliest times and were highly esteemed2 they were utilized in the manufacture of articles for domestic use1 for personal adornment1 and for ceremonial accessories4 ,these metals were obtained by the ,hebrews from ,arabia1 ,ethiopia1 ,egypt1 and ,spain4 ,gold was used as a medium of exchange1 like money1 as early as the time of ,abraham1 but was then weighed1 not counted4 ,silver was profusely used at that time in the ,east1 and seems to have been very abundant in the time of ,solomon4 ,an alloy of gold and silver1 called electrum1 was also used4 ,zinc was discovered in #aebj by ,paracelsus1 an alchemist and astrologer of ,europe1 and was immediately adopted as a valuable alloy4 ,bronze1 a composition of copper and tin1 seems to have been much used in ,europe before the adoption of iron for the same purposes1 as ,roman remains testify2 this was probably due to its greater ease in working4 ,brass1 a composition of copper and zinc1 soon became popular1 owing to its being more easily worked than bronze4 ,burnished brass is mentioned in ,ezekiel1 but is considered to have been an alloy of copper1 there being a white metal1 greatly used for ornaments in the ,east1 called white copper4 ,locks and contrivances to secure protection and privacy were originally made of wood1 and a wooden lock 7the oldest yet discovered7 was actually found in the ruins of ,nineveh4 ,this lock appears to have been used on a gate of an apartment in one of the palaces of ,khorsabad4 ,the ancient ,egyptians constructed locks and keys from brass and iron1 thus showing their creative mechanical skill1 while the ornaments discovered in the royal tombs display the high order of their art4 ,the ,greeks and ,romans were skilled workers in the metals1 and many beautiful examples remain to attest their ability and ingenuity4 ,during the dark ages1 following the conflict waged between the barbarians of ,northern ,europe and the ,romans1 and resulting in the fall of the ,roman ,empire in the #eth century1 the art of working the metals nearly disappeared4 ,not until the ,revival of ,learning in the #acth century did the art again receive the attention to which it was entitled4 ,as late as the reign of ,edward ,,iii1 of ,england1 in the #adth century1 the iron pots and pans of the royal kitchen were listed among the 8jewels of ,his ,majesty40 ,during the #aeth and #afth centuries1 great progress was made among all civilized nations by skilled artificers4 ,much of their work is still extant1 and their 8cunning of hand0 and 8keenness of intellect10 as displayed in their products1 serve1 like torches1 to light the way to higher endeavor4 ,from that time to the present1 great progress has been made4 ,during the latter half of the #agth1 the #ahth1 and the beginning of the #aith centuries1 especially1 art work received a great impetus1 and much of the present-day adaptations are modeled from the schools of ornament then produced4 #ag4 ,metals ,used in ,hardware ,manufacture4--,the metals chiefly used in manufacturing the products of the smiths' art are iron and steel and the copper alloys known as brass and bronze4 ,iron remains as the chief material of construction for all the cheaper grades of hardware1 while brass and bronze are more generally used for 8destructible10 or wearing1 parts and the finer and more elaborate decorative work4 ,these alloys also adapt themselves admirably to the great variety of finishes that are now in vogue4 ,iron is also used considerably for elaborate decorations in wrought and cast designs1 and is very desirable in the 8rustless-iron0 finish1 technically known as 8,bower-,barff10 which derives its name from its two inventors4 ,white metal has been recently introduced1 but will probably not be so universally adopted as brass or bronze1 owing to the great number and variety of items used in hardware fittings1 which would necessitate stores carrying a full line of white-metal goods4 ,at present1 white metal is used principally for hospital buildings and bathrooms4 #ah4 ,commercial and ,stock ,designs4--,in recent years1 manufacturers have made rapid strides in producing beautiful and elaborate trim in the several schools of ornament1 and the most exacting critic can now procure artistic designs4 ,the finishes are made to harmonize or contrast with any color treatment4 ,the principal hardware manufacturers can provide from stock1 locks1 hinges1 and escutcheons finished in any manner and designed in any of the following schools of architectural ornament4 ,they will also provide hardware in special designs from sketches furnished by the architect1 including armorial or emblematic designs1 if required4 ,these several schools of ornament are here arranged in alphabetical order4 ,byzantine ,gothic1 ,french ,colonial ,gothic1 ,german ,elizabethan ,gothic1 ,italian ,empire ,greek ,english ,renaissance ,henry ,,ii ,flemish ,indian ,francis ,i ,italian ,renaissance ,french ,renaissance ,japanese ,german ,renaissance ,l',art ,nouveau ,gothic1 ,english #ai4 ,finishes4--,the basic metals upon which are applied the variety of finishes now obtainable1 are iron1 steel1 brass1 bronze1 and white metal1 of which the three latter1 even in their highly polished natural state1 are the most durable4 ,these metals will not rust or corrode when exposed as will iron or steel1 and when tarnished can be readily cleaned and polished4 ,nearly all the fancy finishes are obtained by electroplating and acid treatment on the natural metals1 the finish being then lacquered to preserve it4 ,some of these finishes are very attractive and desirable1 but where exposed to constant usage1 have not the durability of the natural metals1 as they cannot be polished or cleaned without the finish being injured or destroyed4 ,many architects or owners purposely select applied finishes with the object in view that they will need little attention4 ,when selections are being made for exterior purposes or where there is likely to be excessive handling1 it is best to select the darker shades with sanded surfaces4 ,for interior purposes1 the more delicate finishes are desirable for the decorative effect2 they also wear reasonably well4 ,the variety of colors and shades of finishes is exceedingly large1 and the choice of color1 like that of texture1 depends on the character of the design and on the personal taste of the one making the selection4 ,the standard finishes that can be had are numerous4 ,many of them may be obtained in various shades of oxidation and in from one to four different textures of surface4 ,the most popular finishes are as follows3 ,pompeian bronze ,copper ,sage-green bronze ,nickel ,royal copper bronze ,silver ,ormolu metal ,gold ,boston finish ,bower-,barff ,enameled ,white enamel ,japanned ,gun-metal brown ,white metal ,verde antique ,brass ,statuary bronze ,bronze ,olive bronze ,,hinges1 ,,hinge ,,butts1 ,,and ,,special ,,hinges #bj4 ,strap ,hinges4--,the common wrought hinges used to apply on the surface1 for hanging doors1 etc41 and generally used in connection with rough work1 such as bins1 sheds1 barns1 etc41 where a strong1 serviceable hinge that may be easily applied is required1 are known as strap hinges4 ,they are constructed of wrought metal of various weights1 according to the size of the hinge1 and are stamped or cut from sheet metal1 with knuckles1 or sockets for the pins1 formed on the strap2 the pins passing through the knuckles are well riveted4 ,there are two kinds of strap hinges2 namely1 light-strap and heavy-strap hinges4 ,the light-strap hinge1 which is shown in ,fig4 #ab 7a71 is so termed because of its light construction and narrow joint4 ,this hinge is made in inch sizes1 varying from #c to #af inches in length4 ,by inch size is meant the longest dimension when the hinge is closed2 thus1 a #f-;inch strap hinge is #ab inches long from end to end when opened4 ,they are listed and sold by the pair4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ab ,the heavy-strap hinge1 which is shown at 7b71 is similar to the light hinge1 but is made from heavier metal and has large dimensions at the joints1 or knuckles4 ,this type of hinge is used where a strong1 substantial hinge is required4 ,the heavy-strap hinge is made in inch sizes1 from #d to #af inches in length4 ,the #d- and #e-;inch sizes are listed and sold by the pair1 the #f-;inch and larger sizes being listed and sold by the pound2 the larger the hinge the lower the price per pound4 ,as shown at 7c71 the heavy-strap hinges are also made with corrugated knuckles1 which give additional strength where the construction is weakest4 ,these are termed corrugated-strap hinges4 ,all of the hinges described are also made in plain steel1 japanned or galvanized1 and may have brass pins or rivets4 #ba4 ,t ,hinges4--,as will be seen from ,fig4 #ac1 ,t hinges are so called to distinguish them from the strap hinge1 as well as because of their construction1 which is in the form of the letter ,t4 ,the ,t hinge is used for practically the same purpose as the strap hinge1 but is superior to it in strength1 from the fact that its knuckle is wider than that of the strap hinge4 ,t hinges are made in light1 heavy1 and extra-heavy grades1 the former and latter types being shown in ,fig4 #ac 7a7 and 7b74 ,in arranging the sizes of ,t hinges1 the measurements are given for the length of the strap only2 the leaf of the hinge forming the ,t with the strap is not considered4 ,thus1 a #f-;inch ,t hinge measures #f inches from the pin to the end of the strap leaf4 ,t hinges may also be obtained in stamped metal1 with corrugations1 as shown at 7c74 ,these hinges can be had in all finishes4 ,the light and heavy grades1 as well as the #d- and #e-;inch extra-heavy grades1 are sold by the pair1 while the larger sizes of extra heavy are sold by weight4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ac #bb4 ,hinge ,butts4--,in the selection of hardware for building purposes1 no other article deserves more consideration1 and probably receives less1 than the hinge butt4 ,this type of hinge is used for the purpose of hanging all of the exterior and interior doors of buildings1 and is usually secured to the edge of the door and to the hanging stile of the frame with screws1 the greater part of the appliance being thus unobtrusive and partly hidden from view4 ,the hinge butt supports the entire weight of the door1 and1 ordinarily1 is constantly in use1 so that it is subjected to excessive strain and considerable wear4 ,it is evident1 therefore1 that great care should be exercised in selecting hinge butts1 so that proper sizes and qualities suitable for the purpose intended may be obtained4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ad #bc4 ,cast-,iron ,hinge ,butts4--,hinge butts made of cast-iron are used extensively in the cheaper class of buildings built for speculative purposes1 in which cost is usually the controlling factor4 ,an ornamental type of the cast-iron hinge butt is shown in ,fig4 #ad4 ,butts of this type are not extensively used at present1 but may be obtained in various finishes to imitate bronze or brass1 and may likewise be obtained without ornamentation4 ,as the genuine ,bower-,barff finishes are produced with equal facility on iron or steel1 a large number of the better grade of cast butts are finished in this manner4 ,while the cast-iron hinge butt is not so durable as the steel butt1 being more easily broken when subjected to excessive stresses1 it wears somewhat better at the joints1 or knuckles1 than the ordinary steel butt4 ,therefore1 the extra-heavy types of cast-iron are becoming more popular for entrance doors1 etc41 where a good wearing butt is required1 and where economy is the essential feature4 ,the heavier grades of cast-iron butts can be procured with steel bushings inserted into the joints4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ae ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #af ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ag #bd4 ,steel ,hinge ,butts4--,in recent years1 the steel hinge butt1 which is shown in ,fig4 #ae1 has been substituted for the cheaper cast-iron butts4 ,the better grades are made with ball tips1 as indicated in the figure1 and these are now almost universally used for medium-class work and for the better class of interior work4 ,owing to the fact that they are made up with smooth surfaces1 the steel hinge butts are adapted to the various buildings and finishings without grinding or buffing4 ,these butts are stamped and formed by machinery1 so that their cost is reduced to a minimum2 they can be sold for less than cast-iron butts1 and also possess the advantage over the latter in that they are practically unbreakable4 ,the ordinary grades are not suitable for large and heavy entrance doors that are constantly in use1 for they are made of soft steel and wear readily at the joints4 ,thus1 in time1 they will allow the door to sag and thereby necessitate readjustment1 or the planing of the door at the sill4 ,for such class of work1 steel hinge butts should be used that are provided with ball bearings1 as shown in ,fig4 #af1 or with hardened-steel washers inserted at the joints1 as shown in ,fig4 #ag4 ,these steel butts are also made in smaller sizes1 and for bookcases1 cupboard doors1 and light work of this kind in ordinary building operations1 they are used almost exclusively1 having practically forced the small cast butts for this class of work out of the market4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ah #be4 ,cast-,bronze and ,brass ,butts4--,all types of brass and bronze butts are made in several grades and qualities1 and it is difficult to determine the grade after they have been placed in position4 ,it is therefore advisable for the architect or building superintendent to make a careful inspection of this hardware1 to determine whether it is furnished according to specification4 ,brass and bronze butts are made in light1 or commercial1 heavy1 and extra-heavy grades1 and in all cases should be steel-bushed1 self-lubricating1 and provided with five knuckles4 ,the high-grade butts are now manufactured with ball bearings at the wearing joints4 ,the construction of a solid bronze1 ball-bearing hinge butt is shown in ,fig4 #ah4 ,in this figure1 the hardened-steel balls are shown at a1 and the cones1 which are also of hardened steel1 at b4 ,bronze hinges constructed in this manner can be obtained at a slight additional cost above the ordinary steel-bushed hinge4 ,where hinge butts are exposed to the weather1 as when used for exterior doors1 bronze or brass butts should always be employed2 and for extra-heavy doors that are in constant use1 only the extra-heavy types should be used if permanency and durability are desired4 ,there are a number of cheap grades of bronze1 steel-bushed hinges on the market that are made of wrought or sheet metal4 ,this kind of hinge has no merit1 and should not be used on work of any quality4 #bf4 ,sizes of ,hinge ,butts4--,the standard hinge butts are always square1 but they may be procured in irregular sizes1 at additional cost4 ,in indicating the size of irregular hinge butts--that is1 the butts that are not square1 and that are consequently not standard--two dimensions must always be given4 ,the first dimension stated should indicate the height of the butt1 and the second the width of the butt when it is open4 ,thus1 a #f #e butt is #f inches high and #e inches wide when opened4 ,this rule for indicating the size of hinge butts is easy to remember1 from the fact that it is the reverse of that ordinarily employed by builders when indicating the sizes of doors and windows1 for here it is customary to give the horizontal dimension first and the height of the opening last4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ai #bg4 ,single-,acting ,hinges1 or ,butts4--,there is a large butt1 or hinge1 in the market that has a coil spring either between the knuckles1 or enclosed between the leaves4 ,this device is known as the single-acting hinge1 and is illustrated in ,fig4 #ai4 ,at 7a7 is shown the ,bommer single-acting hinge1 which has a spiral spring enclosed within the casing formed by one of the knuckles4 ,the tension on this spring can be increased by operating the collar at a with a pin1 or bar4 ,at 7b7 is shown a single-acting spring hinge known as the ,chicago single-acting spring butt4 ,this hinge butt has a spiral spring that is encased between two leaves4 ,in operating1 this spring always tends to throw the door back to its closed position4 ,these two kinds of single-acting hinges are used more than any other hinge of the same nature now in the market1 but for doors of large size the liquid door check is preferred1 although it is more costly4 ,single-acting hinge butts are used principally for hanging water-closet slat doors2 and they are also used for light doors that do not reach the full height of the opening1 and which have no jambs4 ,the ,bommer hinge1 as shown in ,fig4 #ai 7a71 has an advantage on account of the simple means provided for adjusting the tension of the coil1 or spring1 by which the momentum of the door in swinging to and fro can be reduced to a minimum1 thus shutting the door with little noise as it strikes the stop4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bj ,two other types of the ,bommer single-acting spring hinge are shown in ,fig4 #bj4 ,at 7a7 are shown two types of single-acting1 surface1 spring hinges that are used for lavatory doors1 while at 7b7 is shown a similar single-acting spring hinge arranged for securing to a marble or slate stile or partition4 ,these hinges are commonly supplied in highly polished nickel plate1 brass1 or bronze4 ,the clamp hinge illustrated at 7b7 is made to secure to slabs of marble or slate from #a to #b inches in thickness1 advancing by quarter inches4 ,this type of hinge is also adjustable inch over and under the stated sizes4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ba ,the ,bommer yoke-spring hinge is also made as illustrated in ,fig4 #ba4 ,this yoke hinge consists of two single-acting hinges hung right and left of the same partition on one box flange1 the yoke or box flange being constructed as shown at a4 ,as the box flange of this spring is not adjustable1 the exact thickness of the marble1 or partition1 and the door must always be stated in ordering these hinges4 ,the single-acting spring hinges with clamps1 as just described1 are fastened to the marble partitions separating water-closet compartments by means of bolts having capnuts1 as shown at b1 ,fig4 #ba1 and are thus secured firmly in position4 ,special single-acting hinges may be obtained with a reverse spring that can be regulated to hold the door partly open1 instead of in a closed position4 #bh4 ,double-,acting ,hinges4--,the double-acting hinge is similar in construction to a single-acting hinge1 except that it is arranged so that the door can swing both ways4 ,these hinges are combined in one piece of hardware1 as illustrated in ,fig4 #bb4 ,such hinges are much heavier and more costly than the single-acting hinge1 and they are generally used for entrance doors of hotels and public buildings1 and for doors between kitchen and pantry or dining room in private residences1 where a door that will swing both ways and return to a closed position is desirable4 ,the double-acting hinge is usually subjected to excessive wear and strain4 ,care should therefore be exercised in selecting this type of hinge2 also1 in determining the size1 it is better to have a hinge slightly larger than required rather than one that is too small4 ,while double-acting spring hinges made of cast-iron may be obtained1 those of the latest manufacture are of steel4 ,they may also be procured in brass or bronze1 and of any desired finish to match the fixtures and other hardware4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bb ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bc ,in ,fig4 #bc is shown another type of double-acting spring hinge that is not so compact as those illustrated in ,fig4 #bb4 ,this hinge1 as shown1 is operated by a coil spring that fits into a rabbet formed in the two leaves of the spring2 thus1 the coil is invisible when the door is closed1 or in its normal position4 ,this hinge obtains a good purchase on the door and jamb4 #bi4 ,floor ,hinges4--,a device is made for hanging single- and double-acting doors by means of pivots1 or trunnions1 placed at the top or the bottom4 ,the top pivot is usually inactive2 that is1 it has no spring or other device1 and is simply a trunnion1 or pivot1 with the necessary plate to engage it fastened to the edge of the door trim4 ,the bottom piece of hardware1 on the other hand1 is arranged with a pivot and a coil spring1 and has various mechanisms for operating the door positively and silently4 ,in ,fig4 #bd is illustrated a single-acting1 checking-spring hinge4 ,this spring hinge is known as the ,bardsley1 and its mechanism1 which is enclosed in a cast-iron box1 is shown at 7a74 ,this box1 or case1 is set into the floor1 the top plate being made flush with the top of the floor1 as shown at 7b74 ,the operating bar1 or pivot1 of the hinge has a square end1 as shown at a1 that engages with the plate secured to the bottom edge of the door1 and is connected to the mechanism by means of a crank and connecting link1 as at b4 ,after being set into the floor1 the cast-iron box1 or case1 containing the spring1 piston cylinder1 etc4 is filled with oil or other non-freezing liquid1 and sealed by means of the top plate c4 ,the action of the door in opening compresses the spring and operates the piston in the cylinder4 ,the spring operating to close the door also moves the piston and forces the oil in the cylinder out through a by-pass1 the flow being regulated by the adjusting screws d1 which are on a level with the top plate4 ,in this manner1 the door is closed surely but gently1 from which the hinge derives its name of checking-spring hinge4 ,hinges of this type can be used without any modification of the door or frame1 but are not extensively used on account of their high price and the cost of application4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bd ,for pivoting the door at the top1 there is provided a top pivot and plate1 as illustrated at 7c74 ,this pivot is applied to the edge of the door stile4 ,both the top pivot and bottom hinge plates on the door are offset4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #be ,double-acting floor hinges are rapidly displacing double-acting spring hinges4 ,this is due to the fact that when the former hinges are employed the door is pivoted at the top and bottom and the weight of the door is not carried by the coils of the spring1 as in the double-acting spring hinge4 ,the floor type of double-acting hinge carries the weight of the door on a ball bearing in the box1 or case1 let into the floor1 as shown at a1 ,fig4 #be1 the coil performing only the function of closing the door4 ,the hinge illustrated is not only a double-acting hinge1 but is also a checking hinge1 and for this reason is known as a double-acting1 checking-spring hinge4 ,in operating1 this spring hinge not only closes the door1 but prevents it1 when closing1 from oscillating after the door has reached its neutral1 or closed1 position4 ,there are numerous double-acting floor hinges in the market that are not of the checking type4 ,some of these are the ,atlas and ,simplex1 made by ,bardsley1 the ,bommer1 made by ,bommer ,brothers1 together with the ,chicago1 ,new ,idea1 ,matchless1 ,chief1 and ,columbia1 made by various manufacturers4 ,all of these hinges embody practically the same principle1 but differ somewhat in mechanism4 #cj4 ,outside ,blind and ,shutter ,hinges4--,the outside shutter1 or blind1 is still much used in the construction of dwelling houses1 and a great variety of hardware is made to use in conjunction with hanging these devices4 ,only the most common of the many available types of this kind of hardware1 however1 will be treated here4 ,the hinge illustrated in ,fig4 #bf may be classed among the oldest types of shutter hinge4 ,this hinge is made of cast-iron and is formed with a gravity-locking device intended to hold the shutter in position when opened against the building4 ,it is known as the ,lull and ,porter hinge1 and is made in various sizes that are designed to throw the shutter from #a to #f inches away from the casing1 so as to clear all obstructions consequent to the various constructions4 ,a sill catch must be used in conjunction with this hinge1 in order to hold the shutter in place when closed and to prevent it from blowing open4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bf ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bg ,a similar type of hinge1 known as the ,clark hinge1 is illustrated in ,fig4 #bg4 ,this hinge is made of cast-iron1 and in three sizes1 which are arranged to throw the blind #a1 #c1 or #d inches from the casing4 ,the hinge with the largest throw is used on brick buildings4 ,with this hinge1 as with the one just described1 a sill catch must be used to keep the shutter closed4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bh ,in specifying cast-iron hinges of the types just considered1 it is well to mention that they shall be extra heavy1 from the fact that there are so many in the market of such light construction as to be practically worthless4 ,a type of the gravity-locking hinge1 which is better than the cast-iron hinge1 is illustrated in ,fig4 #bh4 ,this hinge is made entirely of steel1 and is known as the ,stanley gravity blind hinge4 ,there is only one size of this hinge manufactured1 and it is used for frame buildings4 ,all of the parts of this hinge are interchangeable and reversible1 so that it may be used for either right- or left-hand blinds4 ,there is a wrought-steel hinge1 known as the ,stanley blind hinge1 which has not the gravity-locking device1 but which obtains a greater purchase on the shutter4 ,this hinge is illustrated in ,fig4 #bi2 the hinge shown at 7a7 is for frame buildings1 while that shown at 7b7 is arranged for brick walls4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bi ,another type of hinge made entirely of wrought steel1 and known as the ,new ,york blind hinge1 is shown in ,fig4 #cj4 ,this type of hinge has a long strap that extends on the top and the bottom rail of the shutter and thus tends to prevent the blind from drooping4 ,this strap also strengthens the shutter by relieving the mortise and tenon of the rail and stile from the strain4 ,the ,new ,york blind hinges are made in two styles4 ,the hinge shown at 7a7 is intended for frame buildings1 while that at 7b7 is made with an offset to throw the shutter clear of a brick jamb4 ,these hinges are ordinarily used with blind adjusters1 or fasteners1 and for very high blinds1 a center1 or auxiliary1 hinge is used4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cj ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ca ,there is another type of strap hinge similar to those just described1 the butt of which consists of a pin and staple1 as shown in ,fig4 #ca4 ,this staple is secured by driving it into wooden blocking in the brick joints4 ,hinges of this type are used extensively in localities where brick buildings are numerous4 #ca4 ,inside ,blind1 or ,shutter1 ,hinges4--,the use of inside blinds1 or shutters1 is general with the better class of domestic buildings1 and for hanging these shutters1 three kinds of hinges are used1 depending on the number of folds in the shutter and the manner in which they fold back on each other4 ,usually1 the butt and the back flap1 as shown in ,fig4 #cb 7a7 and 7b71 are used4 ,where the shutter has three folds1 however1 a knuckle butt1 as shown at 7c71 is employed4 ,the purpose of the knuckle butt is to cause the folds to take such relative positions as will enable them1 when open1 to close properly into a pocket1 or recess1 formed in the window frame4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cb ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cc ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cd ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ce #cb4 ,invisible ,butts1 or ,hinges4--,a secret1 or invisible1 hinge1 known as the ,soss hinge1 has recently been placed on the market4 ,this hinge1 which is illustrated in ,fig4 #cc 7a71 consists of a semicircular plate1 which is attached rigidly to the door section1 and a movable semicircular plate on the jamb leaf1 which telescopes the section on the door in closing4 ,these hinges are invisible when the door is closed4 ,the disadvantage in the use of these hinges is due to the fact that they have only one wearing joint2 they are also somewhat complicated and expensive4 ,as shown in ,fig4 #cc 7b71 they have no throw1 or offset1 and consequently the door does not clear the baseboard1 or trim1 in opening4 ,the larger size of hinge has a throw of #a inch1 which is not ordinarily sufficient for doors4 ,these hinges1 however1 have their use for such mill work as seats1 secret jambs1 drop1 or folding1 leaves1 etc41 and for this class of work are the best in the market4 #cc4 ,strap and ,corner ,hinge ,plates4--,medieval hardware was the product of the blacksmith and the whitesmith1 the former working with forge and hammer1 and the latter with chisel and file1 the material being wrought iron4 ,the butt hinge was unknown1 while the strap1 or surface1 hinge was in universal use2 and1 as this was wholly in sight1 it naturally became the subject of decoration1 chiefly in outline1 but occasionally in surface ornament also4 ,with the adoption of the butt hinge for general use1 the opportunity of utilizing the hinge to decorate the surface of the door disappeared1 but with the modern revival of decorative art the use of constructive metal work as a feature of surface decoration for important doors was restored4 ,this was accomplished by combining with the modern butt a surface plate that represents the strap hinge4 ,obviously1 the width of the butt of a hinge plate should correspond with the height of the butt hinge with which it is to be used1 and both should be of the same metal and finish4 ,the other dimensions are governed by the size of the door and by taste1 as is true also in the case of corner plates4 ,a varied and artistic selection of typical strap hinges and corner plates is given in the groups of designs shown in ,figs4 #cd and #ce4 ,,locks ,,and ,,their ,,appurtenances #cd4 ,locks in ,general4--,in no other line of hardware is there such a variety of grades and types as there is in door locks4 ,in general1 locks may be designated as surface and mortise locks1 the former being secured to the surface of the door and entirely exposed to view1 while the latter are let into a mortise cut in the edge of the stile4 ,besides these two general kinds of locks1 there are several special locks1 which will be fully explained4 ,as to quality1 locks may be classified in three grades2 namely1 common1 medium1 and high grade4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cf ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cg #ce4 ,common-,grade ,rim and ,mortise ,locks4 ,the rim lock1 as illustrated in ,fig4 #cf1 is generally used for buildings of the cheapest class1 such as tenements and small houses4 ,as cheapness is the controlling factor in such goods1 especially the goods made for speculative building purposes1 the quality diminishes with the price4 ,for cheap work1 rim locks are used on account of their low cost and because they are easily applied4 ,they also require no trim1 such as escutcheon plates1 etc41 and are complete when the spindle and the knob are furnished with them4 ,rim locks are made in various sizes and either square or rectangular in shape1 the long dimension being placed either horizontal or upright4 ,they may also be obtained with either iron or brass bolts1 and are furnished with iron1 tinned1 or nickel-plated keys4 ,the cheapest grades of rim locks are made with two bolts and one tumbler1 while the better grades have an additional stop and a slide bolt with three tumblers4 ,rim locks are generally constructed of cast-iron1 and in selecting them1 a careful inspection should be made of the internal mechanism1 choosing only those rim locks in which the bolts and the tumblers are constructed of steel or brass4 ,rim locks1 however1 are also made of all steel1 and these are coming into general use4 ,they present a somewhat better appearance than cast-iron locks1 as may be seen from ,fig4 #cg4 ,the cast-iron rim lock may also be obtained with an ornamental case4 ,these cast-iron cases1 as a rule1 are finished in imitation of bronze4 ,such rim locks1 however1 are not in general use on account of their somewhat higher cost1 and from the fact that their appearance is not greatly improved by the ornamentation4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ch ,cheap mortise locks1 or sets1 are also largely used for the more common grades of work4 ,they are sold in sets1 that is1 with escutcheon plates1 etc4 of steel or cast-iron1 both in plain and ornamental designs1 as illustrated in ,fig4 #ch4 ,the cheapest lock sets are fitted with pottery knobs1 and the better grade1 with metal knobs4 ,all of these locks described are of poor construction1 as quality is a secondary consideration4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ci #cf4 ,medium-,grade ,mortise ,locks4--,the locks grouped under the term 8medium-grade0 hardware have been greatly improved in recent years and are adapted to a large range of uses1 but they are especially made for residence work4 ,in dwellings of the better class1 the best types of rim locks are used for doors in attics and basements1 and for closet doors1 but for all other doors1 the medium-grade mortise locks are used4 ,these locks are provided with cast- or wrought-bronze lock fronts1 are made with from one to three lever tumblers1 and have drop-forge steel cases4 ,the locks are constructed with easy springs1 which allow the latch bolt to retreat within the case on one light spring when the door is closed1 and when the knob is turned1 to operate the latch1 both springs act jointly in order to overcome the friction of the knob and to throw the bolt back to central position4 ,the mechanism of an easy-spring1 mortise knob lock is illustrated in ,fig4 #ci4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dj ,in the group of locks embodying those of medium quality are included the three-bolt locks used for chamber and exterior doors1 locks for communicating doors between chambers1 and twin1 or two-bolt1 locks for twin bathroom or toilet-room doors1 these being respectively illustrated in ,fig4 #dj 7a71 7b71 and 7c74 ,all of these locks should be used with wrought- or cast-bronze trim1 either plain or in design1 and in finishes to suit4 ,locks for exterior doors1 where security is important1 should be selected with this object in view1 and three-tumbler1 or three-bolt1 locks should be used4 #cg4 ,high-,grade ,locks4--,there are a number of high-grade door locks and latches in the market for the equipment of first-class buildings1 and frequently these locks are especially constructed to meet particular requirements4 ,among such locks are included1 besides high-grade1 three-tumbler locks1 those that embody the cylinder principle and those that are equipped as master-key locks4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #da ,the unit-cylinder lock1 illustrated in ,fig4 #da1 is made by ,p4 ,f4 ,corbin4 ,this hardware specialty is a new departure in lock making4 ,the mechanism of the lock is contracted into the smallest possible space1 occupying only about #a in4 #c in4 ,instead of being mortised into the stile of the door1 as is usual with the mortise lock1 a piece is cut entirely from the stile1 as illustrated in ,fig4 #db4 ,in order to prevent this operation from weakening the stile of the door1 the unit-cylinder lock is provided with heavy escutcheon plates that are strongly ribbed on the back1 so that when these plates are secured to the stile at the top and bottom1 they supply the rigidity necessary to make up for the notching4 ,as the name implies1 these locks are made in a unit1 and the keyhole to the cylinder lock is located in the knob4 ,the unit-cylinder lock is made in two styles--with dead-locking latch bolt and with additional dead bolt4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #db #ch4 ,high-,grade ,interior ,door ,locks4--,in ,fig4 #dc is shown a type of high-grade1 mortise-locking latch for interior doors4 ,these locks are of the heaviest construction1 and are fitted with either brass or bronze fronts4 ,the bolts are operated with two or more tumblers constructed on an improved pattern1 and are of fine workmanship4 ,the trim for a lock of this character should be of the very best grade1 with knobs of the screwless-spindle type1 which will be explained later4 ,the escutcheons should be of the high-collar or the bracket-bearing type1 and should conform to the character of the locks in quality and finish4 ,on the most important work1 it is always expedient and usually feasible to obtain expert advice from manufacturers or from dealers representing the manufacturer1 whose intimate knowledge of the product will be of great assistance to the architect or owner in making suitable selections4 ,the use of high-grade hardware requires a considerable expenditure1 and the necessity for expert advice consequently becomes more imperative if the best results are to be obtained4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dc #ci4 ,master-,key ,locks4--,the type of lock known as the master-key lock is generally used for public or office buildings1 hotels1 and occasionally in the better class of residence work4 ,these locks can be grouped into two classes2 namely1 the ,yale1 or cylinder1 and the lever-tumbler types1 the class first mentioned being the most desirable4 ,in the lever-tumbler type1 illustrated in ,fig4 #ci1 the tumblers1 or wards1 are so arranged that each lock can be operated only by its particular key1 the keys for all rooms being different and non-changeable2 all of the locks1 however1 can be operated by a key made for the purpose1 termed a master key4 ,each lock of this type has two sets of tumblers2 one set is operated by its individual key1 and the other1 being uniform in all locks of the series1 is acted on by the master key4 ,such locks may be obtained either in the cheaper kind1 with one tumbler and twelve changes1 or in the most intricate styles of hotel locks1 with five tumblers and #dh1jjj changes in one set1 and all operated by one master key4 ,the cylinder lock of this type is illustrated in ,fig4 #dd1 which shows a ,yale ,towne1 mortise1 front-door lock4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dd #dj4 ,details of the ,yale ,type of ,master-,key ,locks4 ,the ,yale type of cylinder lock1 which is illustrated in ,fig4 #de 7a7 and 7b71 is much preferred1 on account of the great security it gives and the small key required by it4 ,this lock is made in three systems2 namely1 the regular1 the concentric1 and the paracentric1 or duplex4 ,in the regular system1 one regular cylinder is controlled by the change and master keys1 the pin tumblers being cut in two places1 so that the change key brings one set of the abutting planes of the tumbler in alinement with the surface of the cylindrical plug4 ,this plug is arranged so that a separate key is required to operate each lock1 the other line of cleavage through the blocks being the same with all locks throughout the series1 so that they may be opened with the same key4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #de ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #df ,the concentric cylindrical arrangement of this type of lock is shown in ,fig4 #df 7a7 and 7b74 ,here1 there is a larger cylinder encircling the key plug4 ,this is known as the master-ring1 or larger1 plug1 and is indicated at a4 ,when the change key is inserted in the key plug b1 the lower series of breaks in the pins comes into alinement with the outer edge of the plug1 as shown at 7a71 and allows it to revolve in the master ring1 the cam on the inner side at c actuating the lock4 ,when the master key is inserted1 the upper series of breaks comes into alinement with the outer edge of the master ring1 as shown at 7b71 allowing the plug and the ring to rotate together with the turning of the key1 and thus to produce the same result as that caused by the operation of the change key4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dg ,the paracentric system1 sometimes called the duplex system1 consists in having two separate cylinders to each lock1 as illustrated in ,fig4 #dg4 ,one of these cylinders1 generally the upper one1 is operated by the change key1 and the lower one1 by the master key4 ,the interior construction of the lock is so devised that each key performs the necessary function of operating the same bolt1 so that the individual lock may always be opened by the change key1 and all locks of the series by the master key4 ,this latter system of lock construction is more expensive than the one-cylinder type1 but it possesses an advantage in that it provides greater security when a limited number of locks are grouped in one series4 #da4 ,owners or officials of large office buildings and industrial works now avail themselves of the master-key system just explained4 ,they are able to obtain mortise locks1 rim locks1 and padlocks1 all arranged to operate with a master key1 in one series4 ,in fine residence work1 this system is also adopted4 ,such a system of locking is easily recognized as convenient1 especially where subordinates are held responsible for certain rooms or departments to which they1 individually1 have access1 as all of the rooms or departments may be entered by the manager or superintendent by the aid of the master key4 ,a series of master-key locks may also be 8submaster-keyed0 by dividing it into subordinate groups4 ,in such a case1 each group is operated by a master key of its own1 and all the subordinate groups are controlled by a grand master key4 ,for example1 a six-story office building could be furnished throughout with locks having non-changeable keys2 the doors of each floor could be operated separately by a master key2 and the doors of the entire building could be operated by a grand master key4 ,the convenience of such a system is readily apparent in large buildings where each janitor is responsible for a certain floor1 and where the head janitor1 manager1 or owner1 has control of all the locks through the grand master key4 ,in some instances1 for additional security and for special work1 the corrugations in the keyway are changed in shape so that the manufacturers' regular type of key will not enter the keyway1 or plug1 thus allowing no chance for the regular type of key to operate the lock4 #db4 ,locks for ,residence ,use4--,the front-door lock is distinctly a lock having two bolts2 namely1 a dead bolt and a latch bolt4 ,the latter is operated by the knob1 and is so arranged that1 by means of stop-work in the lock front1 the outer knob may1 at will1 be set so as not to operate the latch1 the latch bolt being operated only from the outside by a key4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dh ,the cylinder type of front-door lock illustrated in ,fig4 #dd is the best lock for this purpose1 as it provides the greatest security4 ,this lock is operated by a convenient key of the ,yale type1 which throws both latch and dead bolt with one insertion into the cylinder4 ,three-tumbler1 front-door locks and latches are to be had at a low cost1 and are used in the cheaper class of dwellings4 ,when the residence has an inner1 or vestibule1 door1 a similar lock is used without the dead bolt2 this lock is termed a vestibule latch4 ,in all cases the vestibule lock should 8key-lock0 with the front-door lock1 so that one key will operate both4 ,the other exterior doors of a residence should have either ,yale locks master-keyed to the front door1 for the better class of work1 or locks of the #e-;inch1 three-bolt variety1 that are furnished with an extra bolt in addition to the dead bolt1 the third bolt being operated by a thumb knob on the inside4 ,when a cheaper trim is wanted1 a #d-;inch1 two-bolt lock1 supplemented by a separate mortise or rim bolt1 may be used4 ,for the first- or parlor-floor folding doors1 #d- or #d-;inch1 two-bolt1 mortise locks are ordinarily employed4 ,where the doors are sliding1 a #e-;inch1 sliding-door lock with dead bolt and pull1 or handle1 is provided4 ,the pull1 or handle1 is operated1 or thrown out1 when needed by pushing a button1 or stop1 in the lock4 ,this special type of sliding-door lock is illustrated in ,fig4 #dh4 ,for bedroom doors1 a lock similar to that used on the minor exterior doors is usually employed4 ,the lock for these doors may be either a #e-;inch1 three-bolt lock1 or a #d-;inch1 two-bolt lock supplemented with a mortise bolt4 ,for communicating doors1 it is best to use a three-bolt1 knob lock1 the latch bolt of which is operated by the knob from either side4 ,arranged above or below this latch bolt are two dead bolts1 each being operated by its respective thumb piece on opposite sides of the door4 ,locks of this character are made for both swinging and sliding-doors4 #dc4 ,locks for ,twin-,closet and ,other ,interior ,doors4--,twin1 or double1 doors are sometimes used between rooms in residences to deaden sound or to increase privacy4 ,such doors should be fitted with the same type of lock as other communicating doors1 except that the lock should be provided with two bolts1 the same as the lock used for bathroom doors4 ,these locks are arranged with special trim on the abutting face of each door1 this trim having only a slight projection1 and knobs or lever handles projecting as little as possible1 in order to avoid interference on account of the limited space between the doors4 ,bathroom doors are best fitted with a thumb bolt1 either combined with a lock or separate4 ,in fitting closet doors1 it is best to use a two-bolt lock about #d inches in size1 with trim on both sides1 so that the door may be operated from inside in case it is accidentally closed on a person in the closet4 ,the possibility of this happening is slight1 and usually a saving is effected by using a knob latch without a dead bolt and a pair of knobs with roses4 ,for basement or attic doors1 a cheap type of mortise lock is appropriate1 or a rim lock may be used1 if cost is a consideration4 ,where care is exercised in the selection of locks in any one building1 great convenience will result from having all the different class of locks about the building of the same grade1 so that they may be master-keyed in one set and thus give the owner control1 with one key1 of all the locks4 ,each lock1 however1 will have its own individual1 or change1 key1 and should be selected and ordered with this object in view4 ,another convenience may be had by ordering each room and closet door keyed alike throughout the house1 or alike throughout each floor1 so that the loss of a key will cause little or no inconvenience4 #dd4 ,hotel and ,office ,locks4--,the purpose and use of master-keyed locks has already been explained1 but the employment of such locks in large groups1 as in the equipment of hotels and office buildings1 requires further discussion4 ,the term corridor door designates the entrance from a corridor or a hallway to a bedroom or an office1 while communicating doors are those between adjoining rooms4 ,frequently1 these doors are double1 and are then known as twin doors1 while the term closet doors is self-explanatory4 ,each of these doors requires a knob lock2 that is1 a lock having the latch bolt operated by the knob and the dead bolt operated by a key4 ,sometimes1 in the case of locks on closet doors1 the dead bolt on communicating-door locks is omitted1 and a thumb bolt substituted4 ,while all of the locks thus far enumerated are used in hotels1 and most of them in office buildings1 technically speaking1 a hotel lock is a master-keyed knob lock for doors from the corridor to bedrooms1 while an office lock is an inverted lock2 that is1 a lock with the keyhole above the knob4 ,these latter locks are usually master-keyed1 especially for the doors from the corridor to the office4 ,such locks as these may be master-keyed on any of the systems1 as previously explained4 ,for office work1 a small key is desirable1 so that cylinder locks are ordinarily employed1 as the key for the operation of such locks may be conveniently carried4 ,for hotels1 however1 a high-grade lever-tumbler lock with round1 substantial keys is desirable1 because the keys are liable to hard usage1 and should not be convenient to carry in the pocket4 ,hotel keys vary widely in arrangement1 as well as in size1 quality1 and price4 ,the kind of action1 or mechanism1 to be adopted in a hotel lock is frequently determined by the preference and experience of the hotel manager1 and it is desirable that he should be consulted in advance2 but the location and use of each door should be considered in the selection of the locks for this character of building4 ,it will thus be seen that the subject of hardware for a hotel is one that requires the most careful consideration of the architect4 ,the grouping of locks in a hotel should be studied1 and1 usually1 the best plan in large hotels is to group all of the locks on each floor under one master key and to provide a different master key for each floor1 care being taken to limit the issue of master keys to the smallest possible number of responsible persons4 ,in some cases1 a grand master key is also provided that will open all the locks on every floor4 ,this arrangement of the locks entails an additional expense1 and also has the disadvantage that1 in case the grand master key is lost1 all of the locks controlled by it should at once be set to a new combination1 in order to prevent access by the person into whose hands the key has fallen4 ,this procedure is both troublesome and expensive4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #di ,the foregoing remarks relating to hotel locks apply equally to office locks1 especially as to the arrangement for the operation with the master key4 ,in other respects1 however1 the locks for an office building differ considerably from those used in hotels1 for a hotel lock must secure the door both when the room is occupied and when it is not1 whereas an office lock is used chiefly to secure it when not occupied4 ,in consequence of this1 certain differences in action are employed4 ,all office locks have a latch bolt that is operated by the knob from both sides and yet permits free ingress and egress4 ,various methods1 however1 are employed to lock the door against ingress except by means of a key4 ,sometimes this is accomplished by means of a separate dead bolt operated by a master key from either side2 in other cases it is accomplished by a latch bolt only1 by providing the latter with a stop-work like a front-door lock4 ,by this arrangement1 the outer knob may be stopped so that the latch bolt cannot be operated from the exterior except by the key2 and1 again1 the latch bolt may be dead-locked from the outside by the key4 ,the choice of these arrangements is a matter of personal preference4 #de4 ,store-,door ,trim4--,the technical term store-door lock originally designated a heavy rim or mortise dead lock1 but is now applied to a combined lock and latch1 the former being operated by a key from either side1 and the latter by a thumb piece located above the pull handle4 ,such locks are made in a large variety of sizes and styles1 the best being of the cylinder type1 as shown in ,fig4 #di4 ,in this lock1 the latch is operated by the thumb piece during the day1 while the dead latch secures the door at night4 ,plates and handles for the combined store-door lock and latch are also made in many sizes and styles1 from the plain rectangular type to the most ornamental forms4 ,such trim offers good opportunity for effective decoration1 and no embellishment is so effective for a store's entrance door as a pair of handsome plates and handles of appropriate design4 ,for such trim1 it is not uncommon to provide an outlay of from #be to #cj per door4 ,some of the more elaborate store-door handles are illustrated in ,figs4 #ej and #ea4 ,the trim illustrated in these plates is very carefully selected by the architect to match the style of architecture in which the building is designed1 and the finish is selected with as much care4 #df4 ,padlocks4--,while padlocks are not ordinarily included in builders' hardware1 they are extensively used for factories1 stables1 and other buildings of this character2 thus some care should be taken in their selection4 ,padlocks are made in a great variety of sizes1 styles1 and qualities1 and retail at prices ranging from #aj cents1 or less1 to #e4 ,where these locks are exposed to moisture or to the weather1 they should be of bronze or of brass1 with all of the interior construction of the same material4 ,if required for great security1 that is1 for places where they are likely to be subjected to violence1 they should be very heavy1 and preferably provided with steel shackles4 ,padlocks constructed on the cylinder-lock principle may be obtained1 and should always be used where a series of locks that are operated by separate keys and controlled by a master key is employed4 ,ordinarily1 a selection of padlocks should be made only after an inspection of the actual samples1 and not according to catalog representations4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ej ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ea #dg4 ,cabinet ,locks4--,the locks used in cabinetwork are distinct from builders' locks1 though they are occasionally used in the construction of the finer classes of interior finish1 and1 consequently1 are of interest to the architect4 ,cabinet locks are made chiefly of wrought metal1 and in a vast variety of kinds1 sizes1 and grades1 so that care should be exercised in their selection4 ,the leading kind of cabinet locks are drawer1 or till1 locks2 wardrobe1 or cupboard1 locks2 and chest1 box1 and desk locks4 ,special locks are also manufactured for many other purposes4 ,for the best work1 the ,yale1 or pin-tumbler1 type is desirable where great security is required1 but for ordinary uses1 other types1 with either flat or round keys are available4 ,many of the cabinet locks admit of being master-keyed1 and such locks are employed on lockers in club rooms1 armories1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eb #dh4 ,asylum and ,prison ,locks4--,for the doors of cells in insane asylums1 hospitals1 and prisons1 locks of special construction are required4 ,for this reason1 a distinct class of hardware is manufactured to meet the peculiar conditions that prevail4 ,these locks1 which are designed primarily to prevent escape from the rooms1 or cells1 are exceptionally exposed to attempts at tampering1 and are especially constructed to meet these conditions4 ,there is an extensive line of locks for these uses on the market4 ,this line includes both the ,yale type and the lever-tumbler type of lock1 and these locks are constructed with both solid and barrel keys1 thus affording a wide range of selection4 ,all such locks must be made so as to be controlled by master keys4 ,in ,fig4 #eb are illustrated types of prison or asylum locks4 ,the lock shown at 7a7 is embedded1 or built1 in the jamb1 while that at 7b7 is secured to the door and the keeper is fastened in the jamb4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ec ,there are numerous other patterns of asylum and prison locks1 such as those illustrated in ,fig4 #ec4 ,the lock shown at 7a7 is arranged to operate with a double-bitted key1 while the one at 7b7 is operated by means of a ,yale key4 ,nearly all modern locks for this purpose are operated with either double-bitted or ,yale keys1 and those in common use are cylinder locks4 ,information regarding these types of locks should be obtained in advance1 so that in preparing the plans and specifications1 the type selected may be clearly indicated and the arrangements made for any special construction necessary to receive them4 ,as the approved forms of asylum or prison locks are built in the masonry during construction1 they must be delivered during the early stages of the erection of the building4 #di4 ,bank and ,safe ,locks4--,locks for the doors of burglar-proof and fireproof safes and vaults constitute a group distinct from all others4 ,these locks embody the most complicated mechanism1 and represent the highest art of modern lock making4 ,the architect in preparing plans of buildings for banks and trust companies is frequently called on to approve or to specify the fastenings for vault and safe doors4 ,while the owners of such buildings will probably predetermine the kind of lock to be employed1 nevertheless they will be guided by the advice of the architect in the selection of some particular make4 ,the locks used on such vaults and safes comprise time1 or chronometer1 locks2 dial1 or combination1 locks2 and safe-deposit and subtreasury locks4 ,there is also a device known as a bolt-motor1 or automatic lock1 which is an allied product4 ,in the manufacture of these special locks1 the skill of numerous experts and specialists is required1 and as their knowledge is at the disposal of the architect or the engineer1 they should be consulted in the selection of such important pieces of mechanism4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ed ,the time lock is illustrated in ,fig4 #ed1 and is a locking device actuated by clockwork4 ,this type of lock is used in connection with the heavy boltwork of a safe door1 to prevent it from unlocking except during certain hours determined beforehand4 ,this lock is now recognized as an essential part of the equipment of all first-class1 burglar-proof vaults and safes4 ,in its standard form1 the time lock has three chronometer movements of the finest construction1 each of which is competent to actuate the lock1 so that1 in this way1 almost absolute reliability is insured4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ee ,a dial1 or combination1 lock is shown in ,fig4 #ee4 ,the combination commonly called the dial lock has completely superseded the key lock for use on safe and vault doors4 ,essentially1 the dial lock consists of a bolting mechanism guarded by a set of changeable tumblers1 or wheels4 ,these tumblers are actuated by a spindle passing through the door1 this spindle being provided on the outer end with a graduated dial4 ,by rotating the dial in a certain manner1 the dial can be set and the lock operated4 ,dial1 or combination1 locks are made in two grades1 or varieties1 designed respectively for burglar-proof and for fireproof safes4 ,the lock intended for burglar-proof purposes is heavy and made to resist violence1 while the other locks are smaller1 simpler1 and cheaper1 intended only to secure the door against ordinary intrusion4 ,both of these locks should be absolutely 8non-pickable40 ,in connection with the time lock1 an automatic bolt-operating device is now used on burglar-proof safes4 ,the bolt-motor is a mechanism containing heavy springs and is attached to the inside of a safe door4 ,these springs are set1 or braced1 while the door is closed1 and when released by the action of the time lock are capable of automatically retracting the heavy boltwork of the door4 ,this construction obviates the necessity of any spindle through the door1 and leaves the surface absolutely unbroken1 without any communication between the interior and exterior4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ef ,a form of safe-deposit lock is illustrated in ,fig4 #ef4 ,this lock is of a new type1 and is intended expressly for individual safes1 or boxes1 rented by the safe-deposit companies4 ,such locks are nearly always provided with a guard key1 which is in charge of a custodian and common to all the locks in the series4 ,each lock has its own individual1 or change1 key1 however1 which differs from every other key in the series4 ,before a change key can be inserted into its lock1 the guard mechanism must be unlocked by the guard key in charge of the custodian4 ,this makes the presence of the latter a necessary preliminary to the unlocking of the box by the renter or his authorized agent4 ,many styles and sizes of safe-deposit locks are made to meet varying conditions1 the lock probably most used being the ,yale1 or pin-tumbler1 variety1 in which additional security is obtained by using keys of special proprietary forms4 ,for safe-deposit boxes of large size1 the dial lock is often used4 ,subtreasury locks are intended for use on the small safety chests1 or 8subtreasuries10 often placed within a fireproof safe4 ,these locks1 which are illustrated in ,fig4 #eg1 are of various types and sizes1 and are suitable for use on metal doors of all kinds4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eg #ej4 ,care and ,maintenance of ,locks4--,locks1 like other pieces of mechanism1 need reasonable care and attention to keep them in the best condition4 ,as they contain moving parts1 they are subjected to frictional wear and need occasional lubrication4 ,most of the friction1 and consequently the wear1 occurs in the beveled latch bolt1 which may be readily lubricated4 ,if the latch bolt is troublesome1 its face and back should be cleaned with a cloth moistened with naphtha or kerosene1 to remove any dirt4 ,these surfaces should then be wiped with another cloth saturated with machine oil or1 better1 with vaseline4 ,any person can perform this simple work1 and if it is done once or twice a year1 it will keep the bolts in such condition that each door will close easily and quietly at all times4 ,another cause of trouble is the tendency of the old-fashioned knob screw to become loose1 thus allowing the knob to pull from the spindle4 ,where such spindles are used1 it is a good plan to inspect them occasionally and to tighten any loose screws4 ,the best results from lock hardware1 however1 can be obtained by having all locks and hardware inspected by a lock expert about once a year4 #ea4 ,pottery ,knobs4--,door knobs1 which are important appurtenances to locks and latches1 are made of many kinds of materials1 and are fastened to the spindle in several ways4 ,it is necessary1 in order to make the proper selection of knobs for doors1 to be thoroughly conversant with the various types on the market4 ,the cheapest type of door knob is molded from several kinds of clay4 ,these pottery knobs are secured to iron or bronze shanks by leading2 that is1 by setting them in molten lead1 which1 in hardening1 secures the knob to the shank4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eh ,pottery knobs are made in three styles1 namely1 mineral1 jet1 and porcelain4 ,mineral knobs are dark brown in color1 while jet and porcelain knobs are1 respectively1 jet black and pure white4 ,all of these knobs are highly glazed1 and are used only with the cheapest grades of locks4 ,ordinarily1 they are furnished with japanned mountings1 or shank and rose2 occasionally1 however1 they may be had with bronze-plated1 real bronze1 or brass mountings4 ,the several styles of porcelain knobs are illustrated in ,fig4 #eh4 ,at 7a7 is shown the mineral knob1 while at 7b7 and 7c7 are shown the porcelain and jet kinds4 #eb4 ,wooden ,knobs4--,knobs made of wood are quite generally used4 ,they are always turned from some hardwood1 and are either stained or finished naturally4 ,the wooden knob is usually forced on the shank by hydraulic pressure1 and when securely fastened in this way makes a desirable and cheap knob4 ,many of the cheaper wooden knobs on the market are only glued or cemented to the shank1 and1 consequently1 are not durable1 as they pull off2 they are therefore entirely undesirable4 ,the mountings for the better knobs are made of iron1 brass1 or bronze1 though they may be had with wooden roses4 ,mountings of wood1 however1 should not be used1 as any severe side strain on the knob will split the rose with the grain of the wood4 ,in ,fig4 #ei are shown two wooden knobs1 the one at 7a7 having a metal rose1 and the one at 7b7 a wooden rose4 #ec4 ,cast-,iron ,knobs4 ,cheap locks are usually provided with knobs made of cast-iron1 and1 although they are strong and serviceable1 they are seldom attractive4 ,for finishing knobs of this kind1 a bronze metal plating is usually employed4 ,cast-iron knobs are frequently made ornamental instead of plain4 ,a typical cast-iron knob and rose are shown in ,fig4 #fj4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ei ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fj #ed4 ,stamped and ,spun-,metal ,knobs4--,knobs made of sheet metal have lately come into extensive use1 and they may be obtained in a large variety of designs and forms4 ,plain and ornamental steel knobs are illustrated in ,fig4 #fa4 ,knobs ornamented in any style of design are in the market1 and are artistic and usually well modeled4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fa #ee4 ,bronze or ,brass ,knobs4--,knobs of bronze or brass are always used in buildings of the better class1 and all ornamental knobs of the higher grade are made of these materials4 ,the best knobs are usually solid2 that is1 cast in one piece1 with the exception that the shank is inserted4 ,others are made in composite form1 consisting of a steel interior shell1 or frame1 over which is tightly drawn an external section1 or covering1 of wrought-bronze or brass of substantial thickness4 ,the completed knob1 if properly made in this manner1 is practically as strong as the hollow-cast knob and resists bruising or other injury4 #ef4 ,glass ,knobs4--,the most expensive knobs made are those of cut glass with metal mountings4 ,several knobs of this kind are illustrated in ,fig4 #fb4 ,cut-glass or crystal-glass knobs are very costly1 the price depending on the style and the amount of cutting required and on the grade of glass used4 ,the new method of mounting glass knobs allows for adjusting the knobs to doors of varying thicknesses1 and also gives the knobs a handsome appearance1 making them both durable and reliable4 #eg4 ,styles and ,sizes of ,knobs4--,the pottery knobs1 such as the mineral1 jet1 and porcelain knobs1 are made only in spheroidal and oval shapes4 ,the spheroidal knobs are #b inches in diameter1 and the oval knobs #b in4 #a in4 ,cast-iron and stamped-steel knobs are made spheroidal and of the box pattern1 with plain and molded edges1 both styles of knobs being about #b inches in diameter4 ,bronze and brass knobs are usually spheroidal or ball-shaped1 and are #b and #b inches in diameter4 ,they are also made oval and egg-shaped1 these latter styles being provided in two sizes1 namely1 #c in4 #b in4 and #b in4 #a in4 ,the same general dimensions obtain for wooden and glass knobs4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fb #eh4 ,lock ,spindles4--,in supplying a pair of knobs1 there is always included with them the spindle1 which connects them and passes through the hub of the lock4 ,the type of spindle generally used is the common1 or side-screw1 spindle1 which is shown in ,fig4 #fc4 ,in this spindle1 the knobs are secured by means of a knob screw passing through a hole in the knob and engaging with one of the threaded holes in the spindle4 ,there are several holes in the spindle1 so that the distance the knobs are apart may be adjusted properly4 ,should further adjustment be required1 it is accomplished by placing thin washers at the end of the knob shank4 ,this type of spindle is generally used with the cheap grades of trim1 and should not be used in high-grade work4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fc ,there is a modern type of lock spindle1 known as the 8screwless0 spindle1 that permits the proper adjustment of the knobs without the use of washers and with less screws4 ,these spindles overcome the general looseness and rattle found in the common type4 ,a 8screwless0 spindle1 known as the ,triplex1 is illustrated in ,fig4 #fd4 ,this spindle is a first-class device1 and is constructed1 as shown1 of three parallel parts1 triangular in section1 which1 together1 form a square bar4 ,to fasten the knob on this spindle1 a setscrew in the knob bears on the center bar1 and owing to their wedge form1 the two side bars are forced apart and into frictional engagement with the spindle of the knob4 ,the spindle itself is screwless1 and there is nothing tending to loosen the setscrew1 so that when once properly tightened1 the knob will remain firm and in position on the spindle under all conditions of use4 ,in some instances1 this style of spindle has been condemned by owners and architects4 ,this has been due largely to the fact that the mechanic did not set the screw tight against the spindle1 thus allowing the knob to be easily pulled off4 ,this is often caused by not using a screwdriver that exactly fits the head of the screw4 ,when the knobs are put in place as they should be1 this device always gives entire satisfaction4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fd ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fe ,there is another1 though somewhat costly1 type in the market1 known as the wrench spindle4 ,this spindle is illustrated in ,fig4 #fe4 ,as shown1 the mechanism consists of a chuck1 or vise-like arrangement1 formed on the knob shank4 ,when the nut a is screwed on the jaws b1 the tendency is to grip the spindle securely1 the latter being solid and without screw holes4 ,this type of spindle allows perfect adjustment4 ,another type of knob spindle is the swivel spindle4 ,this is used with front1 vestibule1 and other door locks that have stop-work1 whereby the outside knob may be made operative or not1 as desired4 ,in order to accomplish this1 the spindle is divided longitudinally1 so that one end may rotate independently of the other4 ,the standard sizes of spindles for door locks1 etc4 are _/ and inch square4 ,occasionally1 spindles as large as inch square are used for large knobs or handles1 such as would be used with massive lock trim4 ,for thumb knobs and locks and latches of this character1 spindles inch square are employed4 #ei4 ,key ,tags for ,hotel ,use4--,considerable confusion is frequently created by hotel guests taking with them on departure the key to their rooms4 ,formerly1 hotel managers sought to prevent this practice by attaching to each key a large tag of iron or brass1 generally serrated on the edges and made so cumbersome as to practically preclude its being carried in the pocket4 ,subsequently1 tags made of red fiber of large size became popular4 ,the usual forms of these large tags1 whether of brass or fiber1 are illustrated in ,fig4 #ff4 ,the use of key tags1 however1 is gradually being superseded by having the name of the hotel and number of the room stamped plainly on the key bow1 the stamped name of the house serving for its quick identification and return by mail4 ,the latest and best development in this detail consists in attaching to the key bow1 by means of a short chain1 either an ornamental disk bearing the name of the hotel and the number of the room1 or a small ball1 the name and key number still being retained on the key bow4 ,in either case1 the short pendant serves for convenience in the use of the key1 diminishes the danger of misplacing it1 and1 if well designed1 contributes to its appearance4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ff ,,window ,,sash ,,hardware ,,sash ,,trim ,,for ,,double-,,hung ,,windows #fj4 ,sash ,pulleys4--,the pulleys for the counterbalancing of double-hung1 or sliding1 windows1 while apparently unimportant pieces of hardware1 are worthy of much consideration in their selection1 and in the preparation of the specifications care should be exercised to provide the best pulley consistent with the character of the work4 ,it is good practice to furnish the millmen with a sample of the pulleys that are to be used1 so that the frame will be properly mortised to receive them when the sash are hung4 ,by this method1 the necessity of exposing the case to the weather during the erection of the structure is obviated4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fg ,the common grades of sash pulleys are rough and cheap1 and may be used for unimportant work and light sashes4 ,for heavier sashes and important work1 however1 a better grade of larger and heavier construction should be used4 ,it is important in specifying sash pulleys to stipulate the size of the pulley and to specify the diameter of the axle2 also to state whether brass or bronze wheels and bronze faces are desired4 ,pulleys are supplied in #a-1 #b-1 #b-1 #b-1 and #c-;inch diameters4 ,the required diameter of the pulley is determined by the thickness of the pulley stile and the diameter of the sash weight required to balance the sash4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fh ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fi ,the cases in which the pulleys are mounted in the cheaper grades are made of cast-iron1 while in the better grades they are made of stamped metal4 ,high-grade pulleys constructed of stamped metal are also provided2 these are put together either by riveting the two faces of the pulley or by electrically welding them4 ,the construction of a built-up steel pulley is illustrated in ,fig4 #fg4 ,the cases enclosing the pulleys are made of cast-iron1 as illustrated in ,fig4 #fh 7a71 or they are constructed of stamped metal1 as shown at 7b74 ,the ends of the facing of the case are made square1 rounded1 or auger-shaped1 and are finished either rough1 polished1 or lacquered1 or are faced with brass or bronze of any finish desired4 ,the pulleys illustrated in ,fig4 #fi 7a7 are so constructed that the mortise in the frame may be readily formed by a special boring machine carrying three or four bits4 ,this machine bores holes of a size to fit the several cylindrical portions of the stamped-metal case1 as at a1 a1 a diagram of the mortising in the frame being illustrated at 7b74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gj ,the better grades of pulleys may be procured with semi-steel1 brass1 or bronze wheels1 and with plain axles or with ball or roller bearings4 ,in the cheaper grades of sash pulleys1 the axles are formed of common wire1 while in the better grades they are made of either steel or gun metal inch in diameter4 ,in the best pulleys1 the wheels are turned1 to insure smoothness of motion1 and are made with grooves for cord1 ribbon1 or chain4 ,all steel pulleys built up as illustrated in ,fig4 #fg are of recent invention2 they run smoothly1 and are very easily applied4 ,these pulleys are also made with ball or roller bearings1 and may be obtained at a reasonable price4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ga ,there is a special type of sash pulleys that may be used for twin and triple windows1 where it is necessary to form a narrow mullion between the windows4 ,this pulley is known as the ,grant overhead sash pulley1 and is used as illustrated in ,fig4 #gj4 ,at 7a7 is a twin-window arrangement1 showing the sash on the two sides double-hung1 each sash being counterbalanced by means of one counterweight4 ,by this means1 the frame mullion between the two sashes can be made as narrow as #b inches1 which is an advantage where the maximum amount of daylight opening is desired4 ,frequently1 in triple windows1 the center sash1 as well as the two side sashes1 is made double-hung4 ,in such a case1 the arrangement of the overhead pulleys would be as shown in ,fig4 #gj 7b74 ,these pulleys provide a convenient means for arranging double-hung windows of this type1 but sufficient room must be left in the head of the window to allow for the insertion of this pulley and the travel of the sash counterweights4 ,the construction of this type of overhead pulley with roller bearings is shown in ,fig4 #ga4 #fa4 ,determination of ,size of ,sash or ,frame ,pulleys4--,the architect's specifications should stipulate the diameter of the sash pulleys to be used in the work1 and this item requires careful consideration4 ,where care is not exercised in this regard1 either the pulleys will be so small that the weight will rub against the pulley stile1 or they will be so large that the weight will rub the jamb casing on the opposite side of the pocket4 ,standard sash pulleys are made in sizes from #a to #c inches in diameter1 varying by quarter inches4 ,in determining the diameter of the pulley required for a particular window frame1 a good rule is to multiply the thickness of the pulley stile by #b4be2 thus1 a -inch stile would require a #b-;inch pulley2 a #a-;inch stile1 a #b-;inch pulley2 and a #a-;inch stile1 a #c-;inch pulley4 ,it is best to specify that pulleys for metallic frames shall be of the larger size1 namely1 #c inches in diameter2 and also that these pulleys shall have -inch axles4 #fb4 ,sash ,cords and ,chains4--,the sash cords by which the sashes are attached to the counterweights in double-hung windows are usually furnished by the carpenter1 and are so specified4 ,however1 they may be specified under hardware4 ,the specification for the sash cord should state both the size and the maker's name1 and for good standard work ,sansom ,spot or ,silver ,lake sash cords are the best that can be procured4 ,table ,,vi will be found convenient in determining the diameter of the cord and the consequent size by number1 as well as the size of the sash pulley4 ,,table ,,vi ,,standard ,,size ,,of ,,sash ,,cord ,,for ,,pulleys ---------------------------------------- -------- ,average ,size,diameter ,weight ,average ,heaviest ,smallest ,no4 of ,cordper ,dozen,number of,weight to,pulley to ,inch ,hanks ,feet per ,be ,used ,be ,used ,pounds ,pound ,pounds ,inches ---------------------------------------- -------- #f _/ #ah #ff #e #a #g _/ #bb #ee #ae #a #h #bg #dd #be #b #i _/ #cc #cf #ce #b #aj _/ #dd #bg #de #b #ab #fj #bj #ee #c ,sash chains are made in the form illustrated in ,fig4 #gb1 and may be had either in steel1 red metal1 or bronze4 ,the sash chains in the market are usually made in four sizes1 being numbered from #j to #c4 ,the makers1 however1 have no agreement regarding these standards1 so that the numbering is not uniform2 one manufacturer's ,no4 #j chain may be his heaviest make1 while a chain of the same number furnished by another maker may be the lightest chain that he manufactures4 ,in order to provide against this discrepancy when specifying1 it is well to name the maker of the chain4 ,the lightest sash chain will support sashes weighing from #dj to #ge pounds1 while the heaviest will carry sashes that weigh from #aej to #bej pounds4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gb ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gc #fc4 ,sash ,balances4--,by the use of sash balances1 one of which is shown in ,fig4 #gc1 there is no necessity for weight boxes1 counterweights1 etc4 ,the contrivance illustrated has been manufactured for many years1 and the original intention was to have it displace the sash pulley1 cord1 and weight for double-hung windows4 ,installing spring sash pulleys costs more than the older method of hanging by means of counterweights4 ,they are constructed with a long1 spiral spring enclosed by a drum1 on which the tape a1 ,fig4 #gc1 winds and thus raises the sash4 ,the coil spring in this balance is made of either light or heavy material1 according to the weight of the sash it is intended to counterbalance4 ,they are seldom used1 however1 except where there is insufficient room for sash weights4 ,the steel tape is liable to be twisted and broken by jarring in operating the sash1 and for general use it has been found that the most positive action is secured by pulleys and weights4 #fd4 ,weight of ,sash and ,glass4--,in estimating the weight of window sash1 in order that the size of the counterweights or of the spring counterbalance may be determined1 the weight of the glass per square foot may be taken as follows3 ,plate glass1 #c pounds2 double-thick glass1 #a pounds2 and single-thick glass1 #a pound4 ,to find the weight of the wooden sash1 add together the height and the width of the sash1 in feet1 and multiply by #b4a for #b-;inch sash1 by #a4fg for #a-;inch sash1 and by #a4cc for #a-;inch sash4 ,the several sizes of sash given indicate the thickness of the sash frame4 ,while these data for determining the weight of sash are not exact1 they are sufficiently accurate to fix the size of the sash cords and pulleys and to estimate the weight required to counterbalance them4 ,the best practice in counterbalance sashes1 however1 is to weigh the sash after it has been glazed2 in this manner the exact weight and size of the counterweights required can be determined4 ,the approximate weights of ordinary glazed sash are usually given in the catalogs of manufacturers of sash weights1 pulleys1 etc41 and will be found convenient in determining the approximate weight of sash weights without making the calculations just described when estimating4 #fe4 ,sash ,locks1 or ,fasts4--,there are many different makes of sash locks for double-hung sash in the market4 ,in ,fig4 #gd are shown several of the older type of sash locks that have been used extensively4 ,the lock shown at 7a7 is known as the ,champion2 that at 7b71 as the ,ives1 and that at 7c71 as the ,boston4 ,this type of sash lock1 the construction of which is apparent from the illustration1 has given satisfaction for a number of years4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gd ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ge ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gf ,a newer type of sash lock is that illustrated in ,figs4 #ge and #gf4 ,in ,fig4 #ge is shown a sash lock known as the ,fitch4 ,this lock is made by several manufacturers1 and can be procured in all finishes of iron for the cheaper class of buildings1 and also in bronze metal for high-class work4 ,it is composed of a helical cam1 which is fastened to the top of the meeting rail of the lower sash and engages with a hook1 or lug1 that is secured to the bottom of the upper sash4 ,the operation of this fastener is rapid1 and the rotary movement draws the two sashes together horizontally and forces them in opposite directions vertically4 ,in this way1 it holds the sash fast and prevents rattling and air leaks4 ,it also has an advantage in that it cannot be moved by inserting a knife blade between the sashes from the outside4 ,the ,yale screw sash fast illustrated in ,fig4 #gf is an excellent piece of hardware4 ,it accomplishes the same results as the ,fitch lock2 namely1 drawing the sash together by the tightening of a thumb nut on a fine-pitched screw4 ,this nut operates against a semicircular-shaped upright hook1 or lug1 on the lower sash1 thus developing great pressure in the desired direction4 ,while this sash fastener takes somewhat longer to operate than the ,fitch1 it repays by providing greater security4 #ff4 ,sash ,lifts4--,while sash lifts are not required for the cheapest work1 as the window can be raised by pushing against the parting rail or against the mullions1 nevertheless they are made to sell at such reasonable prices that it would seem advisable to place them on the lower sash of all buildings1 no matter how unimportant4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gg ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gh ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gi ,the common type of sash lift illustrated in ,fig4 #gg is known as the hook sash lift4 ,this lift is extensively used1 and can be procured in any grade or weight1 in either cast-iron1 steel1 or bronze metal1 and in any finish desired4 ,the flush sash lift1 the general type of which is shown in ,fig4 #gh1 makes a better appearance than the hook lift1 and is considerably stronger1 from the fact that the casing forming the grip is let into the lower rail of the sash1 and the strain is taken by this1 rather than by the screws4 ,these lifts are made in either steel or bronze1 and in all finishes2 they can also be had ornamented to correspond with the lock trim4 ,for heavy sashes1 such as those in public and commercial buildings1 the bar sash lift illustrated in ,fig4 #gi is the best4 ,this type of lift should always be used for heavy sash4 ,a sash lift similar to the type shown at 7a7 is sometimes fastened to the under side of the meeting rail of the upper sash for the purpose of lowering the sash4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hj ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ha #fg4 ,sash ,sockets and ,pole ,hooks4--,in buildings having high ceilings1 where the top sash is some distance from the floor1 as is likely to occur in institutions1 schools1 and factories1 it is necessary to provide 8pull-down0 poles for the purpose of raising and lowering the upper sash4 ,the hooks used on the ends of such poles1 which are made of some tough wood1 are as illustrated in ,fig4 #hj4 ,unless the upper sash is furnished with metal plates that have a hole1 or aperture1 the pole will be used against the mullion or upper rail of the window sash and thus mar the woodwork4 ,the plates1 or metal sockets1 to engage the sash and pull-down poles1 are illustrated in ,fig4 #ha4 ,they may be had in all metals and finishes and in several sizes4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hb #fh4 ,stop-,screws4--,the stop-bead screws1 or washers1 or1 as they are more commonly known1 the window-stop1 or bead1 adjusters1 types of which are illustrated in ,figs4 #hb and #hc1 are necessary hardware adjuncts to the window trim for buildings of the better class4 ,in ordinary work1 these stops are secured to the frame by nailing1 but when they are fastened in this manner1 the stop-beads are disfigured if it is necessary to remove them4 ,a cheap and good way of fastening these stop-beads is to use ordinary round-headed screws4 ,while these adjusters answer the purpose very well1 they do not allow for the adjustment of the stop-bead sidewise1 so as to take up any shrinkage that might occur in the sash and prevent it from rattling1 as well as making it air-tight4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hc ,to overcome this deficiency1 a surface washer1 as illustrated in ,fig4 #hb1 was originated4 ,the surface washer was ordinarily made about inch in diameter1 and was provided with one large hole about inch in diameter or with two smaller holes placed side by side horizontally across the stop4 ,by this means1 the proper adjusting of the stop-bead was provided for1 the washer covering the opening1 or hole1 through the stop4 ,however1 the defect in this method consisted in the marring of the finished stop when adjustment was required1 for the washer left its imprint on the woodwork1 and1 when shifted1 this would show4 ,the best form of stop-bead washer is illustrated in ,fig4 #hc1 and is known as the ,taplin adjusting screw and countersunk cup washer4 ,this device is composed of a sunken1 or cup1 washer with a slotted or horizontal hole in its base frame1 so as to allow about a _/-inch adjustment4 ,this adjustment1 as can be clearly seen from the figure1 is made without marring1 or disfiguring1 the stop-bead in any way4 ,these countersunk washers may be had in bronze or steel1 those made of steel being finished to match the hardware1 as desired4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hd ,,trimmings ,,for ,,pivoted ,,and ,,casement ,,sash #fi4 ,sash ,centers4--,when a transom sash is hung at the top or the bottom1 regular hinge butts may be used2 but where a sash is pivoted at the center1 either on the sides or at the top and bottom1 a pivoted arrangement1 termed a sash center1 is needed4 ,for large sash or heavy transoms1 and especially for those that are exterior sash1 the rabbeted center should be used4 ,this type of center is illustrated in ,fig4 #hd2 its construction gives great strength and completely closes the joint against light and water4 ,an excellent type of center1 known as the ,howarth sash center1 is illustrated in ,fig4 #he1 the method by which it is attached to the frame and sash being clearly indicated4 ,by this arrangement1 the two parts of the center fold1 or butt1 against each other and form a tight joint1 the stop-bead for the sash at the top and bottom being arranged as indicated at a a4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #he ,there is a sash center1 known as the ,tabor1 that is constructed as shown in ,fig4 #hf4 ,this center is used for very large sash that are vertically pivoted2 that is1 arranged with a center at the top and bottom4 ,such sash as these are used extensively in office buildings1 because1 by their use1 the entire window may be thrown open at one time4 ,the ,tabor device consists of a special sub-sill1 which engages with a ribbed joint strip placed on the bottom of the sash4 ,by this means1 a weather-tight joint is secured1 and the sash is firmly locked in a closed position4 ,by throwing a lever1 the sash is raised above the astragal1 or sub-sill1 and can then be operated4 ,the top rail is supplied with a filling strip having an irregular joint at the intersection with the sash1 and is held firmly by a coil spring encircling the top pivot4 ,in ,fig4 #hg are shown several sash centers of the common type4 ,these possess no particular merit1 but are much used for common work4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hf ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hg #gj4 ,transom ,lifts4--,the transom lift illustrated in ,fig4 #hh is distinctly an ,american device for operating and fastening the transom lights over doors4 ,this device is used extensively in hotel and office buildings4 ,it is made in various styles and sizes necessary to meet the several requirements4 ,the transom lift consists of a vertical sliding rod that is placed on the door jambs1 as at a1 with an arm at the top connecting it with the sash1 as at b4 ,near the bottom is a clamp1 or grip1 that holds the bar a in any desired position4 ,by a vertical movement of the rod1 the sash is caused to swing4 ,transom lifts may be had for transom sashes that are pivoted at the center or for those which are hinged at the top or the bottom4 ,at 7a7 and 7b7 in ,fig4 #hh are shown the types of transom lifts for center-pivoted sash2 the former arranged so that the sash pitches outwards1 while in the latter the sash pitches inwards4 ,at 7c71 the device is shown where the sash is hinged at the top1 while at 7d7 the sash is hinged at the bottom4 ,the several kinds of transom lifts made by the various manufacturers are practically alike1 except for variations in the form of the grip1 or clamp4 ,the range of sizes and quality of transom lifts is large4 ,the commercial article may be obtained in steel1 copper or bronze plated1 or in bronze or brass4 ,they are made in -1 _/-1 -1 and -inch sizes1 the size being determined by the weight of the sash and the degree of rigidity and solidity desired to be obtained and expressed4 ,for good work1 the and diameters are used4 ,the rods may be obtained in lengths of from #c to #ab feet4 ,in specifying or ordering transom lifts1 the rod should always be sufficiently long to reach within #e feet of the floor4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hh ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hi #ga4 ,transom ,catches4--,in ,fig4 #hi are illustrated types of transom spring catches1 or bolts4 ,these devices are provided in the several forms shown to meet various conditions4 ,those shown at 7a71 7b71 and 7c7 have a ring1 or eye1 in the handle1 to which an operating cord may be suspended1 or into which a pull-down hook may be inserted1 to operate the sash4 ,the transom catch at 7d7 is made expressly for operation by means of a pull-down hook4 ,in very wide windows1 for the purpose of limiting the opening of the sash1 these catches should be used in conjunction with chains instead of with transom lifts4 #gb4 ,transom ,chains4--,in ,fig4 #ij are illustrated several types of transom chains4 ,the chains shown at 7a7 and 7b7 are suitable for sashes weighing not more than #be pounds1 while that at 7c7 is sufficiently strong for sashes weighing over #be pounds4 ,these chains are fastened to cleats furnished with countersunk screw holes for securing readily to the frame and sash4 ,when the sash is hinged at the bottom1 these chains are used to limit the opening of the sash4 ,they are sometimes employed as an additional guard1 to prevent the sash from falling in case the sash lifter becomes broken4 ,the ordinary lengths of sash chains range from #h to #bd inches1 the latter length being sufficient for the opening of the largest sash4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ij #gc4 ,casement ,trim4--,the term casement applies properly to any hinged sash4 ,it is1 however1 usually limited to windows that have a sill set some distance above the floor4 ,where the casement sash extends to the floor1 the term ,french window is generally applied1 although frequently the terms are confused4 ,in designing casement windows1 the details of the hardware should be such that the casements can be made weather-tight2 and in laying out the full-sized details for the mill work for a casement sash and frame1 the available hardware should be studied1 so that the woodwork may be arranged to conform to it4 #gd4 ,casement ,bolts and ,fasts4--,casement sash may be provided with any good form of top and bottom bolts or hinged sash fasteners1 but these should be supplemented by a good latch or cupboard catch at the center4 ,special turnbuckles1 or casement fasts1 constructed as shown in ,fig4 #ia1 are on the market4 ,all of the catches shown will securely fasten the sash1 but the types shown at 7a7 and 7d71 ,fig4 #ia1 will draw the sash tightly against the frame when the buckle1 or fast1 is drawn in place4 ,in countries where casement sash are in general use1 the necessary fastenings1 including the top and bottom bolts1 are embodied in one structure1 as described in the following article4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ia #ge4 ,cremorne ,bolts4--,in the best work1 the ,cremorne bolt is used for casement windows4 ,this device consists of a vertical rod divided at or about the middle of its length1 thus making two pieces1 and is operated by a knob1 or handle1 at that point4 ,types of ornamental ,cremorne bolts are illustrated in ,fig4 #ib4 ,as shown1 the upper and lower ends of the rods1 or bolts1 slide vertically and in opposite directions1 being operated by the turning of the knob1 or handle4 ,these bolts are furnished with suitable strikes1 either of the plate or the box form1 which are attached to the window at the top or the bottom4 ,since the ends of the bolts are beveled1 they press the two sashes tightly together and against the sash frame when they are thrown in4 ,a single movement of the knob1 or lever handle1 is sufficient to release both bolts4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ib #gf4 ,espagnolette ,bolts4--,in ,fig4 #ic is shown the ,espagnolette bolt1 which is similar in construction to the ,cremorne bolt4 ,this bolt consists of a vertical rod1 but instead of being in two pieces1 as in the ,cremorne bolt1 it is in one piece4 ,this rod has hooks at each end1 and1 by a rotary motion1 engages pins1 or plates1 in the window frame and thus draws the sashes together and against the frame4 ,these bolts are usually operated by a pendant handle1 which1 when lifted to a horizontal position1 will release the rod so that it may be rotated to fasten or to release the sash4 ,for very high sash1 a supplemental design may be used by providing a tapered hook on the opposite sash for the pendant4 ,the ,espagnolette bolt is usually heavier than the ,cremorne and exerts more power in forcing the sashes against the frame2 it is also more expensive4 ,both bolts1 however1 are available for use on doors as well as on windows1 and lend themselves admirably to decorative treatment1 as shown in the illustrations4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ic ,the same care should be exercised in the selection of these bolts as for other hardware1 and when ordering them1 full-sized details should accompany the order1 showing sections through the top rail and head-jamb1 the bottom rail1 the sill1 and the lock stile4 ,the exact measurement of the height and the width of the openings should also be given1 and the information should state whether the sash swings inwards or outwards4 ,the hand of the active leaf1 as well as the height of the handle from the floor1 should also be given4 ,in ,fig4 #id are shown sections through a casement sash1 illustrating the conditions requiring the use of ,espagnolette bolts1 and1 as just stated1 sections similar to these should be furnished the dealer1 or manufacturer1 so that these bolts will fit the construction when they are delivered4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #id ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ie ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #if #gg4 ,casement ,adjusters4--,in order to hold pivoted or hinged sash in a partly open position1 it is necessary to use casement-sash adjusters4 ,these adjusters1 and the method of applying them1 are illustrated in ,fig4 #ie4 ,in this figure is shown the adjuster applied to a sash pivoted at the top and the bottom1 but the device can as well be applied to a casement sash hinged at the sides4 ,there are many forms of casement-sash adjusters1 the common types being illustrated in ,fig4 #if4 ,they are arranged for sash that open either inwards or outwards1 and may be applied to either pivoted or hinged sash4 ,most casement-sash adjusters usually consist of a rod or a bar attached to the sash by a hinged or pivoted joint4 ,the rod passes through a clamp on the frame1 or sill1 and this rod1 when the clamp is tightened1 holds the sash firmly in any desired position4 #gh4 ,window and ,shutter ,operating ,devices4--,the sash-operating device is provided for the purpose of controlling a number of sash in a line by one piece of mechanism4 ,frequently1 divided sashes are arranged side by side in skylights1 clearstories1 and monitors4 ,these windows are usually some distance from the floor1 and the operating device must be so arranged that it can be worked conveniently4 ,the device illustrated in ,fig4 #ig is known as the ,lovell window and shutter operating device1 and consists of two longitudinal sections of pipe shafting a connected to cog racks b at the end4 ,these cog racks in turn engage with a cog1 or wheel1 shaft c1 as indicated in the figure4 ,connecting arms d1 with swivel joints at each end1 are arranged between the pipe shafts and the sash4 ,the ends connected to the sash are secured to the same by means of plates and wood screws1 and the swivel joint at the other end is provided with a sleeve1 or socket1 that is secured to the pipe shafts with a setscrew4 ,the commendable feature of this device is that it is operated by a straight push or pull of the arm1 instead of a twist1 as in some other devices on the market4 ,when the chain1 or rope1 around the large chain wheel is pulled1 the cog is turned1 and as it engages the racks1 it thrusts one pipe horizontally in one direction and the other in an opposite direction4 ,by this means1 the connecting arms to the sash approach one another and lengthen the distance between the shafting and the sash1 which movement tends to push the sash open1 the sash being closed by the opposite operation4 ,by this device as much as #ejj feet of sash may be operated by one wheel1 or 8power10 as it is called4 ,this chain wheel1 or power1 may be located either in the center or at the terminals1 and by careful adjustment will simultaneously close all the sashes tight against the frame4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ig ,,door ,,hardware ,,and ,,its ,,application #gi4 ,door ,pulls4--,in ,fig4 #ih are illustrated two well-known types of door pulls4 ,the pull shown at 7a7 consists of a handle that is usually mounted on a plate and attached to either storm or single-acting doors1 although1 occasionally1 this type is used on double-acting doors with the word 8push0 or 8pull0 inscribed on the plate4 ,when used on double-acting doors1 the door pull has a tendency to obviate the habit of persons placing their hands on the moldings near the glass when operating the door1 but is subject to the objection of inviting a pull to open the door even with the word 8push0 inscribed on the plate4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ih ,door pulls are made in various metals1 both in plain and ornamental design1 some of the latter being very elaborate1 as will be observed from ,fig4 #ii4 #hj4 ,kick ,plates4--,a kick plate is a modern device that may be applied to the bottom of doors to protect the woodwork from injury and wear1 being used chiefly for double-acting doors and doors of public buildings4 ,these plates are frequently made of sheet metal1 but are much handsomer when made of cast metal and ornamented to harmonize with other metal work of the door4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ii ,kick plates should completely cover the bottom rail of the door1 but if cost is the controlling factor1 they may be cut down in height so that a margin of wood the same width as the side1 or lock1 stile shows above the plate4 ,for instance1 if the bottom rail is #ab inches in height and the stile is #e inches wide1 the kick plate should be #g inches high4 ,in all cases1 kick plates should extend the full width of the door1 allowing enough margin1 when used on double-acting-doors1 for the rounding of the edges4 ,when used on single-acting doors having rabbeted jambs1 the rabbet of both jambs should be deducted from the length of the kick plate4 ,a typical kick plate of plain pattern is shown in ,fig4 #ajj4 ,such plates are generally sold at a square-inch price4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajj ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aja #ha4 ,push ,plates4--,on double-acting or single-acting doors1 such as storm and duplex doors1 push plates are used to protect the woodwork against soiling and wear from handling4 ,these plates are made in various sizes1 and are either plain or ornamented to harmonize with the other hardware4 ,to obtain good results1 push plates should be as wide as the lock stile1 where possible1 and from #ab to #cj inches long1 according to conditions and use4 ,plates #bj inches or less in length should be placed on the door so that the distance from the floor to the center of the plate is about #d feet #f inches2 for larger plates the distance from the floor to the top of the plate should be #e feet4 ,if used in connection with a cylinder dead lock1 the plate should be cut or drilled1 preferably near the bottom1 to allow the cylinder of the lock to pass through the plate4 ,the plain type of push plate is illustrated in ,fig4 #aja 7a71 while one of more ornamental design is shown at 7b74 #hb4 ,sign ,plates4--,although metallic plates with lettering are not usually included in the hardware specifications1 they find extensive use in hotels1 banks1 and other public buildings4 ,the inscriptions available cover every possible demand1 including titles of officers1 names of rooms1 etc4 ,sign plates of various sizes can be procured in the following finishes3 ,bronze1 brass1 or nickel with either sunken or raised black letters2 bronze or brass with black background or matte2 white porcelain plate with blue1 red1 or gilt letters2 and blue porcelain with white letters4 ,two typical sign plates are shown in ,fig4 #ajb4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajb #hc4 ,door ,stops and ,holders4--,since door checks and double-acting doors have come into more extensive use1 the necessity of holding doors open has created a demand for door stops and holders4 ,the door stop is a device for limiting the backward swing of a door4 ,this device may also be constructed so as to perform the additional function of holding the door in an open position2 it is then known as a door holder4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajc ,the ordinary door stop is simply a wooden knob with rubber tip1 or ring1 that may be fastened to the floor or a baseboard1 and is usually made up in the forms shown in ,fig4 #ajc4 ,better grades made of iron or bronze are also available4 ,these come in various shapes1 as shown in ,fig4 #ajd4 ,frequently1 as shown at a1 a hook for fastening the door in an open position is combined with the door stop4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajd ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aje ,the door stop with the hook holdback is not always convenient to use1 so that the automatic holdback1 or door holder shown in ,fig4 #aje is sometimes employed4 ,this holder can be disengaged by a pull on the handle of the door and automatically catches the door in an entire open position4 ,where it is desired to hold a door in any position or to release it quickly1 the rubber-tipped holder shown in ,fig4 #ajf should be used2 this device is easily operated and controlled by the foot4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajf ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajg #hd4 ,chain ,door ,fastener4--,the type of chain fastener illustrated in ,fig4 #ajg is generally used on exterior residence doors4 ,this device allows the occupants to open the door partly without permitting entrance4 ,it consists of a heavy chain1 one end of which is attached to a plate1 which in turn is fastened to the jamb with screws4 ,the other end of the chain carries a ball or a hook that may be inserted in the slot of the long plate1 which is attached to the door4 ,by this means1 the door may be opened only slightly1 until the ball of the chain is released from the slot4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajh ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aji #he4 ,door ,bolts4--,a large variety of door bolts is now on the market4 ,these bolts are made in all sizes1 in wrought steel1 cast iron1 brass1 and bronze1 and may be procured in any finish desired4 ,the several types of bolts used in common practice are illustrated in ,figs4 #ajh and #aji4 ,in ,fig4 #ajh 7a7 is shown a type of barrel bolt2 at 7b7 is shown what is known as a cased bolt2 and at 7c7 is shown a necked bolt4 ,fig4 #aji 7a7 shows a spring bolt1 7b7 a spring-necked bolt1 and 7c7 a type of shutter bolt4 ,various types of mortise bolts are illustrated in ,fig4 #aaj4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aaj ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aaa ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aab ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aac ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aad #hf4 ,chain ,bolts and ,foot-,bolts4--,a type of rim bolt used chiefly to secure the standing leaf of double doors is shown in ,fig4 #aaa4 ,these bolts are made in various sizes1 finishes1 and grades1 and in both plain and ornamental design4 ,in the figure1 the chain bolt is shown at 7a71 while the foot-bolt is illustrated at 7b74 #hg4 ,flush ,bolts4--,bolts that are intended to perform the same function as chain bolts and foot-bolts1 but are sunk into the stile of the door flush with its surface or edge1 are known as flush bolts4 ,these bolts1 which are illustrated in ,figs4 #aab and #aac1 are made in various styles1 grades1 and finishes1 from the smaller kinds for cabinet purposes to the large1 double-mortise extension bolt4 ,a flush bolt with a knob is shown in ,fig4 #aad1 while a heavy1 ,t-handle extension bolt is shown in ,fig4 #aae4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aae #hh4 ,door ,springs and ,checks4--,during recent years considerable improvement has been noticeable in the construction of the devices known as door springs and checks4 ,formerly1 the common torsion rod and coil springs1 which are illustrated in ,fig4 #aaf1 at 7a7 and 7b71 respectively1 were the only articles of this kind available4 ,these devices have been in extensive use for many years1 and have performed the work of closing the door1 but not without the unnecessary bang and slam made by the door when striking the jambs4 ,this was overcome to some extent1 however1 by the introduction of the air-check1 which depends on the use of an air cushion to resist the force of the spring4 ,in effect1 each check is a small air pump4 ,prominent among the older type of air-checks is the ,eclipse made by ,sargent ,co4 ,this check is clearly illustrated in ,fig4 #aag4 ,at 7a7 and 7b7 are shown two methods of applying the ,eclipse air-checks4 ,in 7a71 the spring-check that closes the door is shown at a attached to the door1 while its lever-arm is fastened to the door casing4 ,the cylinder b is also secured to the door1 and the piston c1 operating in the cylinder1 is applied to the door casing4 ,at 7b71 the parts are differently arranged4 ,the spring-check occupies the same relative position as shown in 7a71 its lever-arm being shown at a1 while the piston c is fastened to the door and the cylinder b affixed to the head-jamb of the door frame4 ,either method is adapted for inside doors1 but that shown at 7b7 is preferable for doors opening outwards1 on account of fewer parts being exposed2 the spring-check and its lever-arms1 in this case1 being the only parts exposed to the weather4 ,in construction these checks consist of a cylinder b with a polished interior1 in which works the piston c4 ,on the end of the piston there is provided a cup made of leather that has previously been soaked in oil4 ,by the insertion of the piston into the cylinder as the door closes1 there is a tendency to compress the air in the cylinder1 thus forming an air cushion with air outlet at the caps4 ,these outlets can be regulated by turning1 or screwing1 the cap to the right or the left1 as the case may require4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aaf ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aag ,devices of this kind1 however1 did not prove satisfactory until the introduction of the ,yale-,blount1 or hydraulic1 combined spring and check1 which is shown in ,fig4 #aah4 ,in this device1 the coil spring a1 shown in 7b71 is enclosed in the vertical portion of the check1 the regulating of the tension being accomplished by turning the ratchet sleeve b with a wrench made for that purpose4 ,the check enclosed in the horizontal part consists of a metallic piston c1 without packing1 that moves in a tightly sealed metallic cylinder containing a lubricating and non-freezing liquid4 ,the movement of the door in closing depends on the escape of the liquid through a by-pass from one end of the cylinder to the center1 this by-pass being controlled by a small valve that may be readily adjusted to produce any desired action of the door and thus permit the door to be closed silently1 with a smooth1 steady motion1 and without rebound4 ,since the introduction of the ,yale-,blount type of check and spring combined1 other manufacturers are making similar styles1 the most prominent being the ,bardsley1 the ,corbin1 the ,sargent1 and the ,ogden4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aah #hi4 ,sliding-,door ,hangers and ,track4--,the first sliding-doors were usually carried on sheaves1 or rollers1 located at the bottom of a door1 these rollers traveling on a metal track1 which was either inserted in the floor or placed on its surface4 ,this system1 however1 has been displaced by the more modern sliding-door hanger1 which suspends the door from the top4 ,the carriers containing the rollers1 or wheels1 run on an overhead track placed in a recess formed for that purpose above the soffit of the doorway4 ,the use of the overhead hanger requires a special construction of the head-jamb1 not only to provide space for the overhead track1 but also to furnish proper support for the brackets securing the same4 ,it is therefore a good plan to determine in advance the type of hanger to be used1 in order that the framing and other details of the doorway may be made to conform to it4 ,the most important features to be considered in the selection of sliding-door hangers are the strength and stiffness of track1 the provision for adjusting and reducing friction and noise1 the strength and quality of the several parts1 and the facility with which these parts can be fitted in place and adjusted when in use4 ,in order to overcome noise1 the original overhead hanger was made with wooden track1 which was placed on each side of the recess4 ,on this track rolled the wheels in pairs1 being generally riveted to an axle and having a space between them4 ,the frame of the hanger traveled on the axle from end to end1 to overcome friction1 the adjustment being only in the hanger frame4 ,of this type of door hanger1 the ,prindle1 the ,stearns1 the ,warner1 the ,ives1 and the ,richards were the most widely used4 ,the ,ives improved wooden-track1 house-door hanger is illustrated in ,fig4 #aai4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aai ,another form of sliding-door hanger1 which is considered an improvement over the type just described1 consists of the single or side steel-track hanger of the ,lane or the ,richards make4 ,these sliding-door hangers are constructed entirely of steel1 and the hanger proper has frictionless bearings1 on the principle of the wooden-track hangers1 but with one wheel to each hanger1 running on a steel track fastened to one side of the recess4 ,this combination is quite an improvement over the old-style hanger1 and can be placed in position more readily4 ,the wheels of these hangers1 as shown in ,fig4 #abj1 are constructed of two plates of steel1 between which is placed a fiber wheel that is held in position by through rivets4 ,the fiber portion of the wheel comes in contact with the track1 while the plates act only as flanges1 thus tending to reduce the noise caused by the operation of the door4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #abj ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aba ,the hangers most extensively used at present are the trolley type1 of which the ,coburn is the original and the best of the various kinds4 ,the track1 a typical section of which is shown in ,fig4 #aba1 is made of sheet steel1 which is bent or folded into various forms1 depending on the particular make4 ,the carrier is contained in the interior of the track4 ,the several features of this type of track and hanger are illustrated in ,figs4 #abb1 #abc1 and #abd1 which likewise show the method of attachment and the detail construction of the door head1 or soffit1 necessary to receive these tracks and hangers4 ,this type of sliding-door trolley track is also sometimes lined with wood placed in the steel trough1 or track1 as shown in ,fig4 #abe4 ,this makes the device absolutely noiseless1 although the regular types operate with very little noise4 ,besides the ,coburn trolley and track1 there are the ,richard and the ,mc,cabe4 ,both of these makes possess merit4 ,the trolleys1 or carriers1 are constructed with both fiber and iron wheels1 with ball bearings1 running on a wooden or metal track1 according to the type4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #abb ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #abc ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #abd ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #abe ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #abf ,this type of hanger and track is made in all sizes1 from the smallest1 for hanging small bookcase doors1 up to the very largest1 for warehouse doors4 ,as shown in ,fig4 #abf1 trolley hangers are made for doors of special design1 such as accordion and parallel doors used to close up large openings4 ,they are also made for elevator doors1 freight-car doors1 barn doors1 and automatic fire-doors1 with special construction to suit the various purposes4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #abg ,in factory and similar buildings1 it frequently happens that one portion must be separated from another by brick fire-walls and that the openings in these walls have to be closed with tin-covered doors as required by the ,national ,board of ,fire ,underwriters1 the object being to reduce the fire hazard4 ,wherever possible1 these doors are made sliding and arranged so as to close automatically1 being hung on a slanting track with an incline of inch to the foot1 and also counterbalanced with weights so that the door will stand at any point1 as shown in ,fig4 #abg4 ,the cord or rope attached to the weights passes over a pulley and is attached to the door with a fusible link1 as at a1 which1 in case of fire gives way and allows the door to close automatically4 ,the doors are usually constructed of seasoned white pine or similar non-resinous wood1 using three thicknesses of -inch matched boards1 the outside layers to be vertical and inner layers horizontal and thoroughly fastened together with wrought-iron clinch nails1 driven in flush and well clinched4 ,the doors are then covered with #ad #bj ,,ic bright charcoal tin plates of not less than #ajg pounds to a box of #aab sheets4 ,all joints are locked inch1 without soldering1 and nailed under the seams4 ,the track for these doors is best made of round-edge bar iron or tire steel1 in4 #c in41 being bolted to the wall with through bolts having nut and flanged washer on the opposite side1 and held from the wall by cast-iron track brackets4 ,the hangers are of wrought iron1 in4 #c in41 provided with roller-bearing wheels and are attached to the door with at least two bolts4 ,the binders are of wrought metal1 in4 #c in41 with angle flange at back end to notch in the wall and so arranged as to grip and force the door against the wall when closed4 ,in connection with this1 a wedge is placed at the end of the lower chafing strip1 and1 when the door is closed1 engages with the stay roll so that the door will be held close to the wall on the opposite side4 ,two chafing strips of -inch1 half-oval metal are placed on back of door with #a flat strips of same length in front and bolted through the door4 ,bumper shoes are also used to prevent the binders from mutilating or damaging the tin covering at the points that strike the binders4 #ij4 ,door ,knockers4--,although the medieval door knockers have been replaced by the modern door and electric bell1 they are still used occasionally for decorative purposes1 and1 when required1 they should be selected and specified with the finishing hardware4 ,door knockers are made in various styles1 sizes1 and finishes--in iron1 brass1 or bronze--to match the several designs expressed in hardware4 ,the elaborateness of the designs of this somewhat ornamental piece of hardware is shown in ,fig4 #abh4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #abh ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #abi #ia4 ,water-,closet ,door ,trim4--,the construction of water closets in public buildings has brought forth special hardware to meet the various conditions of convenience1 simplicity1 and hard usage4 ,in ordinary work1 the doors of water-closet compartments are secured with a hook or a barrel bolt1 while in the better class of work1 as in hotels and public places of this character1 mortised thumb or knob bolts or1 better1 indicator bolts are used4 ,indicator bolts1 as shown in ,fig4 #abi1 made both mortise and rim1 are available for water-closet doors4 ,in either case1 the bolts are mortised into or placed on the inside of the door with the indicator case on the outside4 ,the indicator dial has a spindle on the back1 and this engages with the knob that operates the bolt4 ,when the bolt is thrown1 the indicator shows the word 8,engaged10 and when turned back1 the word 8,open0 appears4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #acj ,a simple form of fastening for water-closet doors is shown in ,fig4 #acj1 which illustrates the flush1 or half-mortise1 knob bolt at 7a71 and the water-closet rim latch at 7b74 ,the rim slide bolt is also used for securing water-closet doors4 ,all of these bolts are available for wooden partitions1 and may be had for marble or slate work1 when special strikes and bolts for fastening will be required4 ,jamb door stops are seldom required for water-closet doors hung to wooden partitions1 but when needed there is to be had a simple stop with a rubber tip that will answer all purposes4 ,where stops are required for doors hung to marble partitions the type shown in ,fig4 #aca may be used4 ,this stop has a clamp device that is attached to the marble slab by bolts and it will be observed forms a combination stop and strike for the latch or bolt4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aca ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #acb ,other water-closet specialties1 which are not illustrated here but which are sometimes specified under hardware1 are3 ,coat-and-hat hooks1 cigar holders1 cigar and paper holders combined1 and toilet-paper holders4 ,each can be procured to secure to either wood or marble1 as required4 #ib4 ,screen-,door ,latches4--,there is a light latch manufactured1 either rim or mortise1 for use on screen doors4 ,it consists of a knob latch similar to a mortise latch or cupboard turn1 but in addition to a hub1 as in the former1 it is furnished with a spindle and a pair of knobs1 or lever handles4 ,latches for screen doors are also constructed with 8stop-work10 so that they cannot be operated from the outside except by the means of a key4 ,this latter latch is generally of the mortise type1 having escutcheons on both sides4 #ic4 ,elevator ,latches4--,locks or latches for use on doors of elevator shafts are usually operated by a key from the outside and by a flush lever handle from the inside4 ,the latch illustrated in ,fig4 #acb consists of a pivoted arm with a hook at its end to engage with a strike on the jamb4 ,this type of latch is the one generally employed4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #acc #id4 ,secret ,gate ,latch4--,in ,fig4 #acc is shown a secret gate latch1 which is used for office gates4 ,latches of this kind may be had in either the rim or the mortise type4 ,they usually consist of a spring bolt that cannot be operated except by a concealed button or similar device4 ,in the type of latch shown in the figure1 the concealed button that controls the latch is located on the lower edge4 ,the knob shown is fixed and does not operate the latch4 #ie4 ,ornamental ,nails and ,studs4--,although the constructive necessity for ornamental studs and nail heads has disappeared under modern methods of wooden construction1 they are still used for purposes of decoration1 and a great variety may be had4 ,several stock designs are illustrated in ,fig4 #acd4 ,these nails and studs are made of various metals and in many finishes1 having a projecting spur on the back that1 when driven into the wood1 firmly attaches the ornamental head in place4 ,they contribute effectively to the decoration of important doors1 especially extension doors of churches and public buildings4 #if4 ,hand and ,bevel of ,doors4--,many locks and butts used at the present time are made reversible2 that is1 they can be used for either right- or left-hand doors4 ,others are not1 and must therefore be specified as right-hand or left-hand4 ,in this latter class are included loose-joint butts and most locks1 the operation of which is different on one side than on the other4 ,all locks with beveled fronts are not reversible1 and their use should be avoided where no real need of them exists4 ,a reversible lock is one having a beveled latch bolt that can be turned over1 or reversed1 at will1 to make its bevel face the opposite direction4 ,this is usually accomplished by removing the cap of the lock and turning over the latch bolt4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #acd ,in order that hardware may be ordered intelligently1 the hand and bevel of the door should be given where the hardware is not interchangeable1 or reversible4 ,rules to determine the hand of doors have1 therefore1 been established by the manufacturers of hardware1 so that the information may be founded on a uniform basis4 ,reference to ,fig4 #ace will materially assist in the interpretation of these rules4 ,illustration3 ,,cupboard ,,and ,,cell ,,locks ,,fig4 #ace #a4 ,the hand of a door is always determined from the outside4 #b4 ,the outside is the street side of an entrance door1 the corridor side of a room door1 and the room side of a closet door4 ,the outside of a communicating door1 from room to room1 is the side from which1 when the door is closed1 the butts are not visible4 ,the outside of a pair of twin doors is the space between them4 ,this rule applies to sliding-doors as well as hinged doors4 #c4 ,if1 on standing outside of a door1 the butts are on the right1 it is a right-hand door2 if on the left1 it is a left-hand door4 #d4 ,if1 on standing outside1 the door opens from you1 or inwards1 it takes a lock with regular bevel bolt2 if it opens outwards1 it takes a lock with reverse bevel bolt4 #e4 ,a door is beveled when its edge is not at a right angle with its surface1 and in this case the front of a mortise lock must be beveled to correspond4 ,this bevel is expressed by stating the thickness of door and the distance that one edge drops back of the other4 ,the standard bevel is inch in #b inches1 as shown in ,fig4 #acf4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #acf #f4 ,the bevel of a lock is a term used both with mortise and rim locks to indicate the direction in which the bevel of the latch bolt is inclined4 ,if inclined outwards1 as for doors opening inwards1 it is a regular bevel bolt2 if inclined inwards1 as for doors opening outwards1 it is a reverse bevel bolt 7except as to cabinet locks1 which1 being commonly used on doors opening outwards1 are regularly made with reverse bevel bolts1 unless otherwise specified74 ,mortise locks used with double doors having either rabbeted or astragal joints1 must have fronts of corresponding sectional form4 ,to avoid the extra cost of special patterns1 the edges1 or joints1 of such doors should conform to established lock standards4 ,the standard rabbet1 or step1 in the edge of doors is inch1 and the standard astragal joint has a -inch bead4 ,the proper bevel of a door1 if any is needed1 is determined by the size of butt and the width of the door1 as shown in ,fig4 #acg4 ,the inner corner of the door travels on a radius with the center at the center of the pin of the butt1 and must have a clearance to swing free of the jamb casing4 ,this may be obtained by beveling the edge of the door1 or1 if its edge is left square1 by leaving sufficient clearance between the door and its jamb4 ,if the door is of fair width and the butt does not need to be very wide to clear the trim1 it will be found that a square edge may be used without resorting to an unduly open joint1 thus permitting the use of locks with regular front2 that is1 not beveled4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #acg ,,shutter ,,hardware #ig4 ,shutter ,fasteners1 or ,adjusters4--,the most convenient fastener for shutters1 or blinds1 is the ,zimmerman1 or ,walling1 type1 as shown in ,fig4 #ach4 ,these fasteners or adjusters secure the shutter in the closed1 the open1 and several intermediate positions1 and are made both japanned and galvanized4 ,they can be used with all styles of hinges1 although they are generally combined with regular butts or with the ,new ,york blind hinge4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ach ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aci #ih4 ,shutter ,rings4--,in ,fig4 #aci is shown a shutter ring4 ,rings should always be used on solid shutters to close them2 the shutter being solid1 furnishes in itself no edge which can be clasped in closing1 which is not the case with slatted blinds4 ,these shutter rings are tinned or galvanized to prevent rusting1 although they may also be obtained japanned4 ,a better type of shutter ring is that having an eye riveted to a plate1 which in turn is attached to the shutter with several screws4 #ii4 ,shutter ,bolts4--,bolts are used for securing both slatted and solid shutters1 but are chiefly intended for the solid shutter1 which is used for protection4 ,shutter bolts are made of wrought steel in various sizes1 from #f to #af inches long1 and are to be had either japanned or galvanized4 ,while the same shutter bolts are used on slatted blinds for keeping the blinds in a closed position1 they afford little protection1 as they can usually be operated through the slats4 ,common types of shutter bolts are illustrated in ,fig4 #adj4 ,at 7a7 is shown the ordinary wrought-steel shutter bolt1 while the one shown at 7b7 is practically the same bolt with a lock attachment at a4 #ajj4 ,shutter ,workers4--,the shutter worker known as the ,mallory is an exceptionally good article for hanging shutters4 ,the lower hinge is made in box form1 enclosing the gear necessary to operate the blind2 a square shaft connects this with a lever handle1 or crank1 fastened to the casing inside the building1 thus allowing the user to operate the shutter from the inside without opening the sash or screen4 ,the cog gearing in the lower hinge will hold the shutter in the closed1 the open1 or any desired intermediate position without the use of any other device4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #adj #aja4 ,turnbuckles4--,the device shown in ,fig4 #ada is known as a turnbuckle2 it is employed for fastening shutters in an open position against a building4 ,turnbuckles are made of cast-iron or of wrought steel1 and for use on either frame or brick buildings4 ,they may be used in connection with all styles of hinges1 and are generally employed on buildings that are exposed to exceedingly strong winds4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ada ,,cabinet ,,trim #ajb4 ,hinge ,butts and ,hinges4--,for cabinetwork1 small1 light hinge butts are used4 ,these may be obtained in either bronze or steel1 with or without ball tips1 and in various sizes4 ,the steel butts of this type are more commonly used1 as they can be procured in all finishes1 but for high-grade work1 bronze metal is always employed4 ,the usual type of cabinet hinge butt is illustrated in ,fig4 #adb4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #adb ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #adc ,a surface hinge is sometimes used in place of a butt1 in order to eliminate the fitting to the woodwork that is necessary where butts are used4 #ajc4 ,cupboard ,latches4--,a convenient fastening for cupboard doors1 consisting of a pivoted latch actuated by a projecting knob1 is shown in ,fig4 #adc4 ,this type of latch is furnished with two forms of strikes1 one for application on the edge and the other for application on the surface of the jamb or door4 ,this figure shows a stock sample of this type of latch1 but the student should carefully note that whenever possible such garish or gaudy ornament should always be avoided in all classes of hardware4 ,good taste is always better satisfied with simple and direct treatment as shown in ,fig4 #add2 but where ornate styles are adopted1 the character of the ornament should be artistically expressed as exemplified in ,figs4 #abh1 #acd1 #aec1 #aee1 #aeg1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #add #ajd4 ,cupboard ,catches4--,the cupboard catch differs from the cupboard latch just described1 although it is intended for the same purpose4 ,the usual cupboard catch consists of a spring bolt that is operated by a slide knob4 ,it is made in various designs1 sizes1 and shapes1 in both the rim and flush varieties4 ,figs4 #add and #ade show several types of cupboard catches4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ade #aje4 ,cupboard ,turn4--,there is a piece of hardware intended for the same purpose as the cupboard catch1 known as the cupboard turn4 ,it is operated by a rotating knob instead of the slide1 and is considered the best rim article used for this purpose4 #ajf4 ,cupboard ,buttons4--,the cupboard button is an old device1 but is little used at the present time1 except for the cheapest work4 ,various types of these buttons are illustrated in ,fig4 #adf4 ,they are made with or without plates1 as shown1 and may be had in either iron or brass4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #adf #ajg4 ,elbow ,catches4--,a convenient fastening that is in quite general use for the standing leaf of double doors is illustrated in ,fig4 #adg1 from which the operation may readily be understood4 ,this device1 which is commonly known as an elbow catch1 fastens the doors automatically2 it is easily operated in opening the doors1 and thus does away with the old-style hook and eye4 ,the strike of the catch should be placed beneath the shelf where possible1 using the catch inverted4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #adg ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #adh #ajh4 ,bookcase ,bolt4--,the bookcase bolt1 shown in ,fig4 #adh1 is an automatic fastening device that is mortised into the soffit of cabinets or bookcases having double doors4 ,it is arranged in such a position as to engage with the top of one door1 and is operated by the act of closing the other door1 which carries the lock1 so that both doors are fastened or released by a single action4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #adi #aji4 ,lever ,cupboard ,catches4--,another piece of hardware used for securing light doors1 or leaves1 such as are used in cupboards1 bookcases1 and wardrobes1 is illustrated in ,fig4 #adi4 ,this fastening is very simple and convenient4 ,it consists of a bar that is pivoted to a plate and extends through the door1 its inner end being hooked to engage with a strike4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aej ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aea #aaj4 ,drawer ,pulls4--,the drawer pull is a familiar article of cupboard hardware1 the usual type being illustrated in ,fig4 #aej4 ,this article can be obtained in iron1 steel1 brass1 or bronze1 in various styles and shapes1 and in all finishes4 ,drawer pulls with label plates are extensively used4 ,a type of this drawer pull is shown in ,fig4 #aea4 #aaa4 ,drop ,drawer ,pulls4--,for cabinetwork1 the drop drawer pull1 as illustrated in ,fig4 #aeb 7a71 is used almost entirely4 ,the drop pull is made both plain and ornamented1 examples of each style being shown in ,figs4 #aeb 7a7 and 7b7 and #aec4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aeb ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aec ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aed #aab4 ,cabinet ,locks4--,the type of lock illustrated in ,fig4 #aed is used on cabinetwork of every description1 and can be procured for all classes of construction4 ,these locks are made in rim1 flush1 and mortise styles1 with keys having either plain or ornamental bows4 #aac4 ,cabinet ,escutcheons4--,in order to form a finish and protect the woodwork near the keyhole1 the cabinet escutcheon plate is used4 ,these plates are made in various sizes and styles of ornamentation1 some designs of which are illustrated in ,fig4 #aee4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aee #aad4 ,card ,frames1 or ,label ,plates4--,an article known as the card frame1 or label plate1 is used extensively to placard drawers or cupboards to designate their contents4 ,these plates are made in various sizes1 and may be procured in bronze and iron and in the usual patterns shown in ,fig4 #aef4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aef #aae4 ,hinge and ,corner ,plates4--,the hinge and corner plate is an article used solely for decorative purposes on cabinetwork4 ,the variety of designs and sizes now available is such that special patterns are rarely necessary4 ,these plates may be obtained from the hardware dealer in all of the usual metals and in all finishes4 ,,design ,,and ,,specification ,,of ,,hardware ,,for ,,buildings ,,hardware ,,of ,,special ,,design #aaf4 ,proprietary ,hardware4--,the manufacturers of hardware have assembled an extensive collection of standard designs in the various styles of ornament1 from which fitting selections can be made for almost every use without danger of repetition and without fear that the design selected may become hackneyed by too general use4 ,therefore1 before incurring the great expense entailed by the adoption of special designs1 it is advisable that a careful examination of catalog designs be made4 ,where1 however1 it is decided to adopt some special design1 the facilities of the manufacturer can be effectively utilized to secure the best results at the least cost and with the minimum amount of trouble to the architect or the owner4 ,of all of the subordinate elements of interior decoration1 there is none that offers a larger opportunity for effective results and for the exercise of personal taste than the metal work of the hardware for doors and windows1 whether elaborate and costly1 or simple and inexpensive4 ,the knobs1 plates1 and hinges of a door compel attention by the prominence of their position4 ,if they are inappropriate and unpleasing1 they obtrude1 while if artistic and in harmony with their surroundings1 they attract and provide a finish unobtainable in other ways4 ,the impress of individuality marks all of the important work of the successful architect1 and may be extended properly to the subordinate details of decoration1 especially where it is essential that these harmonize with the general scheme4 ,hence1 in some cases1 the architect furnishes the designs for the hardware to correspond with the architectural treatment of the building4 ,as1 in the case of emblematic hardware1 these individual designs involve the additional expense of special drawings1 models1 and patterns1 the plan is seldom resorted to1 except where the question of cost is subordinate to that of perfection of result4 #aag4 ,for many years hardware has been generally regarded as an indifferent detail that could be safely left to the carpenter contractor to select and supply4 ,even when specified1 it has been usually described in a very loose and vague manner1 doubtless owing to the technical character of the information required and the difficulty entailed on a busy architect in obtaining and formulating it for use4 ,where1 therefore1 the conditions are such that an exact and carefully detailed hardware specification cannot be prepared1 the only satisfactory plan is to exclude the finishing hardware from the specifications prepared for the building and reserve it for selection by the architect and the owner4 #aah4 ,emblematic ,hardware4--,occasionally1 it is found desirable to indicate the character or use of a building by introducing one or more appropriate emblems in the design or ornament of the hardware4 ,this is especially true of structures for lodges1 clubs1 societies1 and other organizations1 in which case the emblems of regalia1 badges1 etc4 are available for the motif of the design4 ,in municipal1 state1 or government buildings1 the coat of arms or public seal may be introduced in decorating the hardware1 and in buildings for railroad companies1 banks1 etc41 the monogram1 seal1 or name of the corporation is frequently reproduced4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aeg ,in all instances1 the device selected is usually introduced as the central ornament of the door knob4 ,this ornament is also repeated on escutcheon and push plates1 and generally on the larger pieces of metal work2 and while it may constitute the sole feature of decoration1 it usually has associated with it a border or other ornament4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aeh ,the use of emblematic hardware involves the use of special designs and patterns1 and thus entails a considerably greater cost than the use of standard patterns4 ,in ,fig4 #aeg are shown several standard ornamental designs1 while in ,fig4 #aeh are shown pieces of lock trim ornamented with heraldic1 or emblematic1 designs4 ,,hardware ,,specifications #aai4 ,the methods of specifying builders' hardware differ considerably4 ,some architects generalize and use the same form of specification for buildings of all classes1 while others are more specific1 and itemize all the hardware for the entire operation1 giving1 besides the description1 the catalog number and finish4 ,the first method is not considered good practice1 and1 though it involves little work on the part of the architect1 it rarely produces the best results4 ,thus1 wherever possible1 the specification should be complete and comprehensive1 giving a full description of all the hardware in the building4 #abj4 ,formerly1 builders' hardware could only be obtained in a few styles1 and there was not much choice regarding its physical construction and mechanical operation1 so that its selection could be left to the contractor or builder4 ,specification1 therefore1 usually included little more than a mere statement that the necessary hardware should be furnished and that it should be of good quality4 ,in recent years1 however1 the revolution accomplished in the designing and making of builders' hardware has elevated it to an important place in decorative art1 and1 simultaneously1 the creating of new and higher mechanical grades has radically changed the requirements in specifications relating to this subject4 #aba4 ,a few standard forms of hardware specifications that should secure good results will now be considered4 ,for convenience of reference1 these several forms are marked ,i1 ,,ii1 and ,,iii4 ,the first two forms are probably as good general forms of hardware specifications as can be written1 but1 while they answer the purpose in some instances1 they should not be used where it is intended to have the general contract include all the hardware1 or where it is possible to prepare an itemized specification such as that given in ,form ,,iii4 ,the numbering of the paragraphs in these forms is continuous with this ,section1 but in practice they generally start with #a4 ,,form ,i 7,,see ,,general ,,conditions7 ,,note4--,under the head of ,general ,conditions preceding all specifications furnished to contractors by the architect1 a series of binding requirements1 reservations1 and stipulations are specifically stated1 and it is most essential that the contractor carefully peruse them1 as he is bound by them as well as by the clauses under the heading of ,hardware ,specifications4 #abb4 ,rough ,hardware4--,provide all the rough hardware1 such as nails1 screws1 sash weights1 pulleys1 chain or cord1 anchors1 screw bolts1 and all other material in this line necessary for the completion of the operation4 #abc4 ,finishing1 or ,builders'1 ,hardware4--,all fastenings and metal trimmings used on doors1 windows1 transoms1 closets1 cabinets1 pantries1 etc4 will be furnished by the owner and delivered at the building in the quantities and at the times reasonably needed by the contractor1 he to apply the same under the direction and to the satisfaction of the architect4 ,the contractor is to be responsible for all hardware after delivery and until the completion of the building4 ,he shall hang all doors1 properly fit all locks1 etc41 and return them to their original packages until after completion of the painting or finishing1 when he shall place them permanently4 ,all knobs shall be covered with ,canton flannel1 to protect them from injury1 and all keys are to be cared for until the building is delivered to the owner4 ,the contractor shall place all keys in their locks or deliver them to the architect with tags attached1 indicating where they belong4 ,the contractor shall furnish the manufacturer or dealer furnishing the hardware with details of woodwork or information that may be necessary in order to understand the requirements and to harmonize the hardware with the cabinetwork1 and1 where interferences are discovered1 to have them adjusted before the hardware is delivered4 ,,form ,,ii 7,,see ,,general ,,conditions7 #abd4 ,rough ,hardware4--,same as in ,form ,i4 #abe4 ,finishing1 or ,builders'1 ,hardware4--,the contractor shall include in his estimate the sum of dollars 77 for the purchase of the finishing hardware1 which is to be selected by the architect or owner and charged to the contractor4 ,if the hardware costs less than the stipulated amount1 the difference shall be deducted from his contract price2 if it costs more than herein contemplated1 the owner will pay to the contractor the additional amount4 ,the above hardware is to include all fastenings and metal trimmings used on doors1 windows1 transoms1 closets1 cabinets1 pantries1 etc41 and will be delivered at the building in the quantities and at the times reasonably required by the contractor1 he to apply the same under the direction and to the satisfaction of the architect4 ,,form ,,iii 7,,see ,,general ,,conditions7 #abf4 ,front-,entrance ,doors4--,provide for the front-entrance doors1 cylinder1 mortise1 front-door lock and three #e #e loose-pin1 ball-tip butts for each door2 also flush extension bolts #ab inches and #bd inches long4 #abg4 ,vestibule ,doors4--,provide for the vestibule doors1 cylinder1 vestibule latch1 keyed similar to the front door1 and three #e #e loose-pin1 ball-tip butts2 also flush bolts1 the same as specified for entrance doors4 #abh4 ,,side-,,entrance ,,and ,,rear ,,doors4--,provide for the side-entrance and rear doors1 locks and butts the same as specified for the front-entrance doors4 ,exterior basement and kitchen doors to have #e-;inch1 three-bolt or #d-;inch1 three-tumbler lock and mortise bolt2 also three #d #d butts for each door4 #abi4 ,sliding ,doors4--,provide for all sliding-doors1 ,coburn trolley hangers2 double doors to have locks with astragal fronts1 and single doors to have flat-front locks4 #acj4 ,double-,acting ,doors4--,provide for the doors where indicated double-acting in the plans1 ,bommer spring hinges or floor pivots of suitable size2 also push plates1 door holders1 dead lock1 and kick plates4 #aca4 ,miscellaneous ,doors4--,provide for all other doors on first floor1 #d-;inch mortise lock with metal knobs and combined escutcheons2 also three #d #d loose-pin1 ball-tipped butts for each door4 #acb4 ,doors on ,second ,floor4--,provide for all the doors on the second floor1 #d-;inch mortise locks with metal knobs and combined escutcheons2 chamber-entrance and bathroom doors to have in addition a mortise bolt4 ,also provide for these doors1 three #d #d loose-pin1 ball-tipped butts for each door4 #acc4 ,doors in ,attic and ,basement4--,provide for the doors in attic and basement1 #c-;inch mortise locks1 pottery knobs1 and escutcheons2 also two #c #c butts for each door4 #acd4 ,transoms4--,all transoms throughout are to be hinged at the top or the bottom or pivoted 7as indicated in the plans71 and are to have _/-inch transom lifts to extend to within #e feet of the floor4 #ace4 ,double-,hung ,windows4--,the double-hung windows on the first floor are to have approved sash locks and two flush lifts2 those on the second floor1 in the attic1 and in the basement are to have approved sash locks and two flush or hook lifts to each sash4 ,all window stops are to be secured with flush adjusting stop-screws placed not more than #ad inches apart4 #acf4 ,casement ,windows and ,hinged ,sash4--,provide for the casement in the lavatory and on the second floor1 #c #c tight-joint butts and suitable casement fasteners and adjusters4 ,the basement sash are to be hinged at the top with wrought butts and are to have bolts and hooks and eyes to hold them open4 #acg4 ,french ,windows4--,provide for the ,french windows in the dining room1 #d #d butts1 three to each window sash4 ,also provide for these windows1 flush bolts1 #ab inches and #bd inches on standing leaf1 and mortise turnbuckles4#a #a ,in place of the mortise turnbuckle any of the following hardware can be used3 ,casement fasts or locks2 ,cremorne bolts1 locking top1 bottom1 and center2 or1 ,espagnolette bars1 either rim or mortise4 #ach4 ,bookcases and ,china ,closets4--,provide for the doors of the bookcases and china closets1 #c #c ball-tip butts1 two to each door2 also locks and keyplates or mortise latches and knobs1 and bolts for double doors4 ,all drawers to have drop drawer pulls1 two to each drawer over #bj inches wide4 #aci4 ,pantries1 ,dressers1 and ,linen ,closets4--,the doors of the pantries1 dressers1 and linen closets are to be provided with #c #c butts1 together with elbow catches or surface bolts for double doors4 ,also provide rim cupboard catches or mortise latches with knobs4 ,all drawers over #bj inches wide are to have two drawer pulls4 ,flour bins are to be hinged at the side or at the bottom1 so as to tilt1 and are to be supplied with #c #c wrought butts and bar pull or with large ,t-handled cupboard turn4 ,place in each closet one 7or two7 rows of brass-plated wire coat-and-hat hooks 7or1 bronze-plated cast coat-and-hat hooks7 to extend around all sides2 these hooks are to be placed not over #ab inches nor closer than #h inches apart4 ,furnish rubber-tipped1 wooden-base knobs for all doors4 #adj4 ,quality and ,finish4--,all of the above hardware is to be of ,blank ,co4's manufacture1 except butts for interior doors1 which are to be the ,stanley ,work product4 ,all the hardware on the first floor1 except kitchen and service portion1 is to be plain1 cast-bronze metal of the design known as 1 and finish4 ,the hardware of the second floor is to be of steel1 in plain design and finish4 ,the hardware of the bathroom is to be of plain bronze metal1 nickel-plated1 while the basement1 kitchen1 and attic hardware is to be plain steel in finish4 #ada4 ,miscellaneous ,hardware4--,the contractor shall furnish and apply all hardware necessary to complete the building1 under the direction and subject to the approval of the architect4 #adb4 ,the preceding specification is intended to meet the requirements of a residence1 but may be changed so as to apply to other buildings by adding to the several items or by omitting some of them4 ,in following the specifications just given1 the specification writer should exercise great care in selecting the hardware required1 using the best that can be obtained with the money to be expended4 ,in all instances1 the name1 design1 quality1 and finish desired should be stipulated4 ,,selection1 ,,estimation1 ,,and ,,application ,,of ,,hardware #adc4 ,no other material entering into the construction of a building will pay a larger return in satisfaction1 comfort1 and permanent economy for the time and care devoted to its selection than the finishing hardware4 ,the range of choice and quality has become too great for the selection to be left to the general contractor under an omnibus specification1 and the practice of according to it the benefit of careful and discriminating selection by the architect or client1 or both in consultation1 is rapidly becoming general4 ,hardware has become a factor of utmost importance in the interior decorative scheme of the modern building1 and its selection demands at least the care accorded to other elements of interior decoration4 ,the method that should be employed in the selection and purchase of hardware depends primarily on the existing conditions4 ,if the building is intended for the purpose of sale or renting1 or if cheapness is the dominating factor1 then a competitive method may be expedient2 but if the client intends it for personal occupancy or for permanent ownership1 then competitive bidding is sometimes not productive of the best results4 ,in all cases1 a preliminary examination should be made of the makes and grades of the commercial hardware available1 and the amount that it is desired to expend on this item should be decided on4 ,the process of selection is greatly facilitated by the elimination of articles outside of the grades selected4 ,when the maker's grade of goods has been decided on1 the next step is to select in detail the articles1 designs1 and finishes to be used in each room1 floor1 or division of the building1 making such notes of the decisions so reached as will be convenient in framing the hardware specification1 or schedule4 #add4 ,allowance for ,finishing ,hardware4--,architects are constantly called on to prepare preliminary estimates on proposed buildings1 to assist clients to determine whether they can afford to build4 ,for this purpose1 the architect possesses an approximate knowledge of the cost of excavation1 masonry1 woodwork1 etc41 so that the necessary expenditure may be computed with a fair degree of accuracy4 ,builders' hardware1 however1 does not readily admit of accurate preliminary estimating1 and in many cases the architect merely specifies the sum to be expended for finishing hardware1 stating that selections are to be made by himself or his client later1 as the work progresses4 ,this system is found in many instances to be satisfactory to all--architect1 client1 and builder4 ,the cost of the hardware usually bears a fairly constant ratio to the total cost of various types of buildings4 ,the following figures1 which are based on experience1 indicate the range in this ratio under ordinary conditions4 ,this schedule gives the ratio of cost of finishing hardware to the total cost of the building1 land excluded4 ,,type ,,of ,,building ,,per ,,cent4 ,hotels1 large #a4jj to #a4e ,hotels1 small #a4ej to #b4j ,apartment houses #a4ej to #b4j ,office buildings #a4jj to #b4j ,office buildings1 fireproof 4#ej to #a4e ,public buildings #a4ej to #b4j ,libraries 4#ge to #a4e ,hospitals 4#ej to #a4j ,residences1 city #a4ej to #c4j ,residences1 country #b4jj to #d4j #ade4 ,taking ,off ,hardware4--,the compilation of the estimate schedule of finishing hardware for a building must be made from the architect's plans and specifications4 ,therefore1 where possible1 this work should be done by a hardware expert or salesman1 or by some person who has the ability to read drawings easily and accurately and who is capable of exercising thoroughness in every detail of the work4 ,the first step should be to study the specifications relating to the general work1 and especially that portion relating to hardware and carpenter work1 to see whether the latter embodies facts that affect the hardware4 ,if such is the case1 notes should be made of the fact1 and in many cases1 by following this rule1 miscellaneous information can be gathered that will be invaluable to the contractor and will prevent much doubt as to requirements4 ,the drawings should then be examined1 to gain familiarity with the building1 the arrangement of the interior1 and other details4 ,having thus acquired a general understanding of the whole subject1 the compilation of the quantities may begin4 #adf4 ,the list of hardware should be compiled in a systematic manner1 beginning at a definite point in the building and progressing through the several rooms and floors in a definite order4 ,this will insure the inclusion of every part of the building and the careful consideration of every opening or other place where hardware is required4 ,for example1 in the case of a residence1 it is customary to commence at the front entrance1 including the front and vestibule doors1 passing thence to the hall1 taking each room on the first floor in due order1 passing to the second floor and taking each room on it in like order1 and so on until each floor is covered4 ,the attic and basement are usually left until last1 because they require a simpler class of goods4 ,the same general system can be followed in the case of hotels1 office buildings1 apartment houses1 etc41 the essential point being that an orderly method be followed4 ,the rooms should always be taken in natural sequence1 and all openings of similar character totaled and again counted on the drawing1 so that the chances of omission are minimized4 #adg4 ,in the case of doors1 it is necessary to make note of the size and thickness1 the hand1 and the bevel1 or rabbet1 as required1 using in all cases three butts on all exterior doors1 and also three butts on all interior doors #g feet or more high4 ,the size of the butts should in all instances be sufficient to cause the door to clear the trim4 ,the width of stiles and the general construction of the doors should be noted1 paying particular attention to the front-entrance doors1 as architects sometimes design these regardless of the hardware that is to be used on them4 ,frequently1 a careful scaling and scrutinizing of elaborately designed doors will show a shelf effect returning back to the lock stile1 covering nearly half its width1 just about where the lock should be placed4 ,such defects can be remedied easily1 if observed in time1 by directing the architect's attention to them4 ,in the case of sliding-doors1 it should be noted whether they are single or double1 what is to be the character of the hanger1 or rail1 and the length of the run1 and whether the door has a flat or a half-round astragal4 ,the width of the stile and the size of the friction strip should also be noted1 so that the hardware will not conflict with the woodwork1 molding1 etc41 as1 where necessary1 special backsets can be procured on sliding-door locks to overcome this trouble4 ,where double-acting doors are shown1 always take note of the thickness1 width1 and height1 also of the width of the lock stile and the height of the bottom rail1 so that1 if push plates or kick plates are required1 the suitable dimensions for them can readily be estimated4 ,the dead locks for these doors should be ordered with oval fronts for single doors and oval fronts and strikes for double doors1 to allow for neat fitting to the rounded edge of the doors4 ,where kick plates are required for double doors of this character1 flush bolts should be mortised into the edge of the door1 so that the lower bolt will not interfere with the kick plates4 #adh4 ,in stating the information for windows1 full details are needed as to whether they are single- or double-hung1 ,french casement1 stationary1 or ordinary casement4 ,double-hung windows #bj inches or less in width require only one sash lift4 ,extra-wide windows1 such as those over #cf inches1 should have either bar lifts or two extra-heavy hook sash lifts4 ,the window stops should be studied in detail1 so as to estimate the number of screws that will be required for each window4 ,in the case of ,french windows1 it is well to determine the height1 the width of the stile1 whether the joints are rabbeted1 beveled1 or flat1 the hand1 and whether the windows swing in or out2 detail cross-sections through head-jambs1 casing1 and lock stiles should also be procured if possible4 ,in casement sash1 the pivoting should be noted1 so as to determine whether it is vertical or horizontal2 the swing should also be observed1 and if the sash are to be hinged1 determine whether the hinges should be placed at the top1 the bottom1 or the sides4 ,as in the consideration of doors1 the thicknesses and sizes of all casements should always be noted4 ,sections through the jambs1 trim1 and stiles should be taken at the points where the hardware is to be applied4 #adi4 ,in order to determine the kind and length of the lifters to be used on the transoms1 it is necessary to note the distance from the floor to the center of each transom1 also whether they are to be pivoted or hinged from the bottom or the top1 and how they are to swing4 ,the cross-section through side jambs and casings should always be ascertained1 in order to see that the hardware will be suitable to meet the conditions of the trim4 #aej4 ,it is necessary to learn all details of the pantry1 including the thickness and height of doors1 whether they are double or single1 and the number of each kind4 ,note all drawers2 those under #bj inches in width require only one pull4 ,the details of the flour bins should be examined to determine whether they are to be hinged at the bottom and are to tilt1 or whether they are to be curved on plan and are to be hinged at the side1 as each condition requires different hardware4 #aea4 ,where unavoidable interferences are discovered1 or where the plans and specifications are obscure or defective1 a note of the facts should be made1 and when all such matters have been collected1 they should be submitted to the architect for his decision as a basis for final determination4 #aeb4 ,application of ,hardware4--,owing to the fact that hardware has become more intricate in its manufacture and therefore more complicated in its construction1 it is found that the proper amount of intelligence is not always exercised in its application4 ,frequently it is applied so carelessly that the hardware practically loses its most essential features4 ,in the case of mortise-lock sets1 all of the better grades are made with easy springs1 so that the door will close gently and surely4 ,however1 this one feature alone is sometimes obliterated by careless application4 ,the trouble in this direction is principally caused by the carpenter fitting the lock into the door untrue1 and then screwing the escutcheons to the doors out of plumb and alinement4 ,this causes the knob shanks1 when rotated1 to bind1 or stick1 in the sleeve1 or collar1 of the escutcheon1 thereby holding back the latch bolt after the latch is withdrawn into the lock case4 ,it is also found that proper adjustment is seldom given to the knobs and spindles passing through the escutcheons4 ,in many cases when the hardware is applied carelessly1 the owner1 not knowing the real cause of the trouble1 condemns the best hardware as being cheap and unsatisfactory4 ,in the application of cylinder locks for either front doors or office doors1 it is found that a great amount of inexperience is shown by the average mechanic4 ,in some cases1 the locks are inverted1 with the cylinder below the knobs1 when it is designed to be above2 also1 sometimes1 in reversing a front-door lock with night work1 good judgment is not always used4 #aec4 ,such troubles as those just described can be easily overcome1 and if the methods of applying hardware that follow are strictly adhered to1 satisfactory operation will be assured4 ,reversing the ordinary mortise1 or rim1 lock requires no special ability on the part of the workman1 as the operation consists of merely taking off the cap and turning over the latch bolt4 ,where1 however1 a mortise lock is to be applied1 care must be exercised so that it will work properly4 ,first fit the lock into the door at the proper height from the floor1 making the mortise large enough for the lock to enter easily4 ,bore the holes for the knob and the key1 and insert the screws in the lock face and drive them home4 ,now take the escutcheons1 or roses1 and knobs and apply them to the door1 carefully adjusting the knobs and spindles so that there is only slight play in the length4 ,then true up both escutcheons1 by holding one with the thumb and the other with the fingers4 ,when this much is accomplished1 turn the knobs right and left to see whether they work properly2 if they bind in the collar1 adjust the escutcheons a trifle1 vertically or horizontally1 until the knobs rotate back to the original position in both directions without binding4 ,by using a scratch awl and punch carefully1 the exact center of each screw hole may be located1 and by holding the awl perfectly true the screws will be started true4 ,the escutcheons may now be released and the screws driven home4 ,if this method is carefully followed1 workmen will find that the latch bolt will work properly in almost every case4 ,always try the knob1 when the application is completed1 by rotating both to the right and to the left1 and if found to bind1 always make the proper adjustment before leaving the work4 #aed4 ,in fitting strikes to the jambs1 it is suggested that the workman locate them as low as possible1 to conform to the locks1 leaving the margin in the strike below the lock bolts4 ,doors in new buildings are liable to sag slightly1 and if proper allowance is not made1 the strikes may have to be readjusted1 sometimes even before the contract is completed4 ,it is also necessary for the carpenter or superintendent to caution the painters not to paint or varnish any hardware1 especially the lock faces1 as this will also retard the operation of the latch bolt4 ,as previously stated1 the hardware should be fitted to the work and then replaced in the original packages1 so as to protect it from abuse and damage1 applying it permanently only after the painting is completed4 #aee4 ,in applying cylinder1 or front-door1 locks1 the conditions are still more difficult to overcome4 ,when reversing cylinder locks that have swivel spindles1 unscrew the cap and reverse the latch bolt2 also1 reverse the hubs1 that is1 the parts of the lock through which the spindles pass4 ,cylinder locks should always be mortised into the door at the proper height from the floor1 and the holes for the cylinders and knob spindles then made4 ,insert the lock into the mortise1 but do not put screws into the face2 then apply the escutcheons and adjust the knob1 taking care that the swivel of the spindle centers at the joint in the split hub4 ,now proceed to screw in the cylinder to its full extent1 so that the cylinder collar is held rigidly between the cylinder and the escutcheon1 and the cylinder is perfectly vertical4 ,then set the cylinder adjusting screw1 and insert the wooden screws in lock face and drive them home with the screwdriver4 ,hold and adjust the escutcheon so that the knob will rotate back and forth automatically without friction1 starting the screw holes with an awl4 ,if the doors are made of hardwood1 an automatic drill will have to be used to bore the screw holes4 ,in such a case1 follow the directions just given regarding escutcheons2 then start the holes with a scratch awl while still holding the escutcheons1 and enlarge the holes with the drill4 ,screws that are off center1 when driven home into the countersinking1 will surely draw the escutcheon so that the knobs will bind and thus destroy the most desirable feature of the lock4 #aef4 ,mechanics will find that the better the grade of the hardware1 the more care must be taken in its application4 ,hardware for fine buildings is generally furnished with high1 or bracket-bearing1 collars on escutcheons and screwless knobs for adjustment without washers4 ,these are fitted and turned carefully1 so that there is very little play between knob shanks and collars1 and for this reason they bind more readily when improperly applied4 ,the mechanic should try the lock in every possible way before leaving the work4 ,he should set the stop in the lock face1 to be sure that swivel spindles are adjusted properly1 and also insert the key in the cylinder1 to see whether it operates smoothly while operating both bolts4 ,,schedules ,,and ,,drawings ,,for ,,the ,,hardware ,,contractor #aeg4 ,hardware ,schedules4--,the contractor for the hardware usually takes off his own bill of material from the general drawings and the specifications furnished by the architect4 ,however1 the architect will sometimes supply the hardware schedule and obtain prices for the same direct from the dealer1 thus saving the owner the general contractor's profit and insuring bids based on material of uniform character and quality4 ,it is well1 therefore1 to give some thought to the preparation of the schedule1 so as to insure a good classification and to avoid omissions4 ,in drafting a schedule of hardware required for a building1 it must be compiled from a copy of the hardware specifications and a list of all openings1 cabinets1 etc4 that has been taken from the drawings4 ,the schedule should be subdivided primarily into building sections1 such as first floor1 second floor1 etc4 as headings4 ,under these headings1 each opening or group of openings in each room or division should be listed4 ,under the name of each opening or series of openings should be grouped all the hardware required1 itemizing each and every article necessary and stating the quantity1 numbers1 sizes1 or dimensions1 design1 and finish4 ,schedules thus prepared are readily priced for estimating1 and such classification eliminates the possibilities of omissions4 ,besides1 the order can be executed by the manufacturer in exact conformity with the instructions1 the hardware for each opening can be combined in a separate package1 and each package clearly labeled to indicate its contents and the room or opening to which it belongs4 ,the following shows a typical form of schedule3 ,,first ,,floor ,one ,pair of ,entrance ,doors1 #b' #h #g' #f #b ,rt4-,hd4 rabbeted4 #a cylinder1 front door1 ,set ,no4 4 ,plain bronze metal4 #a push button1 ,no4 4 ,plain bronze metal4 #b extension flush bolts1 ,plain bronze metal4 ,no4 1 _/1 _/4 #c pair of butts1 ,no4 1 #e #e4 ,plain bronze metal4 ,one ,pair of ,sliding ,doors1 ,hall to ,parlor1 #b astragal face1 #a friction strip4 #a set of locks1 ,no4 1 #c backset4 ,plain bronze metal4 #c dozen countersunk screws and washers4 ,plain bronze metal4 #b sets of anti-friction1 noiseless1 parlor-door hangers and track1 complete1 ,no4 4 ,pantry ,cupboard4 #b pair of doors1 #a2 #b single doors1 #a4 #a tilt flour bin2 #d drawers 7#b narrow74 #f pair of butts1 ,no4 1 #b #b4 ,plain bronze plated4 #a pair of butts1 ,no4 1 #c #b4 ,plain bronze plated4 #b elbow catches1 ,no4 4 ,japanned4 #d cupboard turns1 ,no44 ,plain bronze plated4 #g draw pulls1 ,no44 ,plain bronze plated4 ,,second ,,floor ,ten ,doors1 #b' #h #g #a1 #f ,r4 ,h41 #d ,l4 ,h4 transom1 top-hung4 #aj inside lock sets1 ,no44 ,plain bronze metal4 #ae pair of butts1 ,no4 1 #d #d4 ,plain bronze plated4 #aj pair of butts1 ,no41 #c #b4 ,plain bronze plated4 #aj transom lifts1 ,no41 _/ #d4 ,plain bronze plated4 #aj wooden-base knobs1 #b diameter4 ,,double-,,hung ,,windows #aj sash fasts1 ,no4 4 ,plain bronze metal4 #bj sash lifts1 ,no4 4 ,plain bronze metal4 #aj sash sockets1 ,no4 4 ,plain bronze metal4 #d sash hooks1 ,no4 4 ,plain bronze metal4 #aj dozen adjusting screws and washers4 ,plain bronze metal4 ,the foregoing schedule is merely intended as an example of a classified1 brief1 and at the same time comprehensive hardware schedule4 ,a schedule of this kind shows1 almost at a glance1 the nature of the hardware to be supplied1 and if prepared by the architect1 should tend to procure bids based on uniform requirements4 #aeh4 ,detail ,drawings for the ,hardware ,contractor4--,in some architects' offices1 it is the practice to provide1 on a single detail sheet1 cross-sections of every type of door stile in the building4 ,the time required to make such a drawing is slight1 while the results accomplished are most useful4 ,copies of this drawing are furnished to the contractors for the cabinet trim and to the hardware contractor1 so that each of them will have identical information and that the work will assemble properly when the hardware is put in place4 ,such drawings should show the dimensions of the transverse sections of the vertical stile1 or lock stile for each door1 also the overlapping1 if any1 of panel moldings1 together with the shape of bevels1 rabbets1 astragals1 and any other details affecting the size and location of locks1 hinges1 butts1 etc4 ,the hand of the doors is usually1 and better1 indicated on the floor plans4 ,a further argument is that the character and dimensions are liable to be overlooked when arranging the paneling of doors2 whereas1 both should be considered4 ,the use of narrow stiles1 special rabbets1 and astragals1 shelf effects1 friction strips1 etc4 is resorted to without sufficiently considering the disadvantages that result from the contracted space in which the lock and its trim must be placed4 ,where the items just mentioned are proposed1 the architect should ascertain what locks are available and should provide space for those selected4 ,special locks are always expensive1 while a cramped space precludes the best construction4 ,,glass ,,and ,,glazing #aei4 ,single- and ,double-,thick ,common ,glass4--,in the manufacture of the ordinary window glass used in building construction1 the glass is first blown in cylindrical form and then cut and flattened1 after which it is reduced to salable sizes for shipment4 ,owing to this method of manufacture1 the percentage of first-quality glass is small1 the larger proportion of the product being second or third quality4 ,all glass of this kind is wavy or uneven and also has a slight bow1 or curve1 to its length that is impossible to overcome when making4 ,the only difference in the qualities of common glass is in the amount of the imperfections that it contains4 ,these imperfections consist of bull's-eyes1 blisters1 scratches1 and streaks that distort objects seen through the glass4 ,the better grade of common glass is manufactured in what are called continuous tanks1 which are heated by natural gas4 ,this glass is put up in boxes containing #ej square feet4 ,single-thick glass runs from thirteen to fifteen lights to #a inch of thickness1 and double thick from eight to ten lights to the inch4 ,single-thick glass above #bj in4 #bd in4 in size should not be used except for work of a speculative nature4 ,the ability to distinguish single and double thick and the various qualities of glass can only be acquired by observation4 ,in judging glass1 it is well to remember that small lights free from defects or uneven surfaces may be obtained much more easily than large ones4 #afj4 ,ground1 or ,sand-,blast ,glass4--,common or plate glass1 the surface of which is made obscure by the process of grinding1 is called ground glass4 ,this treatment1 however1 does not injure the diffusing qualities of the glass4 ,the sand-blast process of treating glass produces results similar to grinding4 ,as the name implies1 sand is blown against the glass under high pressure and thus makes numerous small cuttings on its surface1 producing the appearance of ground glass4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aei #afa4 ,chipped ,glass4--,the glass illustrated in ,fig4 #aei is called chipped glass1 and is manufactured in the following manner3 ,the glass is first given a coat of glue and is then placed in a heated receptacle2 this process tends to contract and curl the glue1 so that when it dislodges itself from the glass1 the cohesion will draw or chip off particles of glass1 leaving the surface uneven and showing a design similar to that on a frosted window light4 ,chipped glass can be procured in either the single or the double process 7i4 e41 with a single or a double chipping72 and these processes are adaptable to either sheet or plate glass1 white or colored4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #afj #afb4 ,figured ,rolled ,glass4--,glass known generally as figured rolled glass is manufactured for use in offices1 public buildings1 and private residences where a glass is required to intercept the vision and still diffuse the light4 ,this glass has practically supplanted the varicolored cathedral glass previously used1 because of its obscurity without reducing the quantity of light4 ,figured rolled glass is made in various artistic designs1 several of which are illustrated in ,fig4 #afj1 and is and _/ inch in thickness4 ,this glass is inexpensive2 the prices range from #ae to #be cents per square foot4 #afc4 ,plate ,glass4--,the process of manufacturing plate glass is radically different from that of common sheet glass4 ,the latter is blown1 while the former is cast in large sheets and placed in annealing ovens to cool4 ,when taken from the ovens the glass is rough and opaque1 but it is afterwards ground and polished to make it transparent1 the polishing being the most delicate process in its manufacture4 ,plate glass glistens like a mirror and reflects like one2 objects seen through it are sharp and clean-cut2 it has no imperfections or wavy effects1 and does not distort and deform objects as does sheet glass4 #afd4 ,beveled ,plate ,glass4--,the term beveled plate is applied to plate glass the edges of which are ground and polished to form a bevel1 or border1 around the glass4 ,plate glass finished in this manner is much used for glazing entrance doors and for ornamental work4 ,the additional cost for beveling is slight compared with the effect resulting therefrom4 #afe4 ,floor and ,skylight ,glass4--,floor glass is made only from rough rolled or hammered glass in -1 -1 and #a-;inch thicknesses4 ,the prices range from #cj cents to #a per foot1 according to the thickness4 ,skylight glass is similar to floor glass1 but can be procured in -1 _/-1 -1 and -inch thicknesses1 and in either ribbed or roughened surfaces4 ,this glass is inexpensive1 the prices ranging from #h to #ae cents per square foot4 ,large quantities of skylight glass are used for mills1 skylights1 and various other purposes1 but it is not used as a fire-retardant1 as wire glass has entirely superseded it for this purpose4 #aff4 ,wire ,glass4--,glass with wire embedded therein1 as illustrated in ,fig4 #afa1 is made either ribbed1 rough-rolled1 8maze0 design1 or clear1 polished plate4 ,the wire netting is embedded in its center during the process of manufacture1 thus producing a very strong glass that is a good fire-retardant4 ,the temperature at which the wire is embedded in the molten glass insures cohesion between the metallic netting and the glass1 and the two materials become as one2 thus1 if the glass is broken by shock1 by intense heat1 or from some other cause1 it remains practically intact4 ,wire glass combines the strength of the wire netting and the glass plate1 and the wire is so thoroughly covered as to obviate the possibility of rust or corrosion4 ,this glass possesses extraordinary strength2 a piece inch thick is as strong as ordinary glass of twice that thickness4 ,when wire glass is broken1 it will not scatter like plate or skylight glass2 consequently1 it finds extensive use for overhead work1 where falling glass due to accidental breakage would be a source of danger4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #afa ,wire glass is made 1 1 and inch thick1 and up to #dj inches wide and #ajj inches long4 ,this glass is sold at from #cj to #dj cents per square foot for rough1 ribbed1 or maze pattern1 according to the thickness1 while polished wire glass costs either #fj cents1 #ie cents1 or #a4be per square foot1 according to the dimension of the light4 ,wire glass is practically burglar-proof and missile-proof1 and when set in approved metallic frames forms a most efficient fire-retardant window4 ,in its use as a fire-stop1 it possesses advantage in that it does not hide the incipient blaze like steel-plate or tin-lined shutters4 ,windows glazed with wire glass require no shutters for protection1 but an opening may be made in it by a blow from a fire-ax4 ,wire glass as a fire-retardant is approved by the various boards of fire underwriters1 and it may be used for windows1 skylights1 and other exterior openings exposed to fire hazard4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #afb #afg4 ,prisms1 or ,prismatic ,glass4--,when a ray of light passes from air to glass1 it undergoes the change in direction called refraction4 ,the knowledge of this property of light is utilized in the design of prismatic glass1 an example of which is illustrated in ,fig4 #afb4 ,prisms are made of clear crystal glass1 with the outer side usually plain4 ,the inner side1 however1 is formed into prisms of a great variety of angles made to suit the several conditions under which the lights may be used4 ,prism plates are made in two styles3 ,pressed prism plates1 which are composed of #d- or #e-;inch pressed lenses that are glazed together with a drawn zinc or copper bar1 the several bars forming a frame being brazed together electrically1 and rolled1 or sheet1 prisms1 which are first rolled in large sheets and then cut to size4 ,under average conditions1 the direct light from the sky entering a room through sheet or plate glass strikes the floor within a few feet of the window and is mostly absorbed4 ,for this reason1 the rear part of the room is dark4 ,by the installation of prisms at the window openings1 however1 the direction of the entering light is changed and projected horizontally into the room4 ,prisms do not create light2 they simply distribute and diffuse the excess light at the window4 ,under certain conditions the effective light in a room may be increased fifty times by the installation of prisms4 ,in ,fig4 #afc1 the arrows a show the direction of the lowest rays from the sky over the cornice of the opposite building1 striking the prism plate at the floors4 ,these arrows also indicate vertical rays1 striking canopies and skylights1 while the arrows b show the directions of the rays just mentioned after passing through the prism plate2 also1 the manner in which the light rays are projected into the building4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #afc #afh4 ,vault ,lights for ,basement1 or ,cellar1 ,lighting4--,where the sidewalk and the basement ceiling are nearly on a level1 basement rooms can be successfully lighted by the installation of vault lights1 or glass pavement tile4 ,the ordinary method is to use plain1 round1 or square lenses1 which are set in iron or concrete in iron frames1 as illustrated in ,figs4 #afd and #afe1 though vault lights are now made with the supporting material of reinforced concrete4 ,where the ceiling is low or the room at all deep1 the system in which plain lenses are used is unsatisfactory1 as the direct light from the sky in passing through the lens strikes the floor immediately underneath4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #afd ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #afe ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aff ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #afg ,the more modern method is to use prism tile set in the necessary frames4 ,the prism receives the direct light from the sky on the upper face and turns1 or refracts1 it back into the basement1 as illustrated in ,fig4 #aff4 ,where the head-beam or other obstructions interfere with the deflection of light direct from the prism1 it becomes necessary to use in connection with the skylight or canopy just described an independent vertical frame of window prisms of varying angles4 ,these prisms intercept the light from the pavement tiles and project it into the basement1 thus utilizing the light to the maximum advantage4 #afi4 ,glazier's ,points4--,a necessary adjunct in glazing with putty is the sheet-zinc1 triangular glazier's points1 as illustrated in ,fig4 #afg4 ,these points are made in six sizes1 which range from ,no4 #jjj1 the largest1 to ,no4 #c1 the smallest4 ,they are also made in somewhat similar shape1 called sharps1 but this type is not so popular as the triangle point4 #agj4 ,grades of ,putty4--,putty is usually graded as follows3 ,commercial1 a very cheap grade2 pure1 a medium grade2 and strictly pure1 the best grade1 which is made of pure whiting ground in linseed oil4 ,the cheaper grades are made in the same manner1 but with an amount of adulteration1 either in oils or whiting1 commensurate with the cost4 ,therefore1 the cheaper the putty1 the more it is adulterated1 and none but strictly pure should be used when good results are desired4 ,white-lead putty is in a class by itself1 and costs about twice as much as strictly pure whiting putty2 but where permanent glazing is required1 its use will show handsome returns on the investment4 ,,estimating ,,and ,,calculating ,,quantities 7,,part #a7 ,,introduction #a4 ,scope of ,subject4--,the art of estimating is very important both to the architect and to the builder2 to the latter1 in that he must employ some systematic method of estimating in order to carry on his business successfully1 and to the former for the reason that he should at all times be able to estimate the cost of the buildings that he designs4 ,the science--for such it is--of fixing prices on a piece of work in any branch of the building trades must be based on an extended experience4 ,with a little practice1 any one can learn to take off the quantities of materials1 but when it comes to determining the rates1 only persons having extensive and varied knowledge of building and costs of various details can accurately estimate the time and labor required to complete the work4 ,in order1 then1 that the duties and requirements of a practical estimator may be thoroughly understood1 a number of detailed estimates will be given in this ,section as guides4 ,it should be remembered1 however1 that as the prices of materials and labor vary from those assumed1 so will the estimates vary4 ,the information given in detail should be considered only as a general guide in analyzing the elements that enter into the constructive problems in each department of the building trades4 ,in this way it will be possible to determine intelligently the various unit costs4 ,the estimates given are1 in general1 net figures1 and do not include any contractor's profit4 #b4 ,qualifications of the ,estimator4--,in the ,united ,states1 there are no standard or definite rules on estimating that hold good in every section4 ,the builders of each locality have their own ideas and customs regarding the subject4 ,this fact1 together with the difference in the cost of labor in various parts of the country and the fluctuations in the market price of materials1 requires1 as before remarked1 that a competent estimator be a man of long and varied experience in the business4 ,there are1 however1 certain practical rules and suggestions that will materially assist in taking off the quantities and in valuing the labor required for any building operation4 ,these points will therefore be taken up and considered in detail in this ,section4 #c4 ,important ,factors4--,the prime considerations in making an estimate are accuracy and time4 ,to these ends the estimator must systematize his efforts1 and endeavor to do a maximum amount of work in a minimum amount of time4 ,this1 however1 should not be done at the expense of accuracy1 for accuracy is the most important factor and is only insured when the figures are carefully checked4 ,the estimator1 therefore1 while avoiding too great refinements in calculation1 should aim at correctness rather than at speed in doing the work4 ,very frequently do the effects of haste and inaccuracy in estimating the cost of a structure become evident when it is too late to remedy the errors1 resulting sometimes in the financial ruin of the builder that trusts too implicitly in the estimator's figures4 ,a record should be kept of all estimates made1 as this kind of information is most valuable and establishes a precedent on which to base subsequent estimates1 as well as a check on the work at hand4 ,,principles ,,of ,,estimating ,,approximate ,,estimating #d4 ,in order to make a preliminary estimate1 before the plans of a structure are drawn1 but after the general dimensions of the proposed building have been determined1 architects and builders sometimes employ a method of approximate estimating1 by which the cost is figured at so much per cubic foot of the building1 the rate varying according to its character and the finish required4 ,the method is also considerably used by insurance companies in fixing the amount to be placed on a building4 ,it should be borne in mind that this method gives the approximate cost only1 and should never be used in figuring the contract price of a building4 ,this estimate1 however1 may be used to advantage in checking the accurate estimate1 with which it will frequently be found to agree remarkably well4 ,,table ,i ,,cost ,,of ,,buildings ,,per ,,cubic ,,foot ,cost ,class of ,building ,cents per ,cubic ,foot ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,small frame buildings1 costing from #hjj to #a1ejj #aj to #ab ,frame houses1 #h to #ab rooms1 costing from #a1ejj to #aj1jjj #ab to #ae ,reinforced-concrete mill buildings #aj to #ad ,brick houses1 #h to #aj rooms #ae to #ah ,highly finished city dwellings1 brick or stone #bj to #be ,schoolhouses1 brick #ab to #bj ,churches1 stone #bj to #dj ,office buildings1 well finished #ce to #ej ,hospitals1 libraries1 and hotels #ce to #ej ,table ,i shows the approximate cost per cubic foot of various kinds of structures4 ,in computing the contents of a building1 there is no uniformity in practice1 but no great error will be made in figuring the solid contents from floor of cellar to ridge of roof4 ,,outline ,,of ,,the ,,work #e4 ,the drawings and specifications of a structure are the guides that the estimator must follow in making his computations4 ,all measurements necessary for calculating the quantity of the materials required are obtained from the drawings2 and all information in regard to the character of the workmanship and the quality of the materials to be used is furnished by the specifications4 ,in compiling a schedule1 there are three stages to the operation3 7#a7 ,taking the dimensions for each of the various classes of work2 7#b7 computing and collecting the quantities2 and 7#c7 estimating the cost4 ,in carrying out the first of these steps1 each of its subdivisions should be considered in the order in which the work will be executed in the building4 ,this order is about as follows3 #a4 ,excavation #h4 ,joinery #b4 ,concrete work #i4 ,hardware and ironwork #c4 ,stonework #aj4 ,heating and ventilation #d4 ,brickwork #aa4 ,plumbing and gas-fitting #e4 ,carpentry #ab4 ,painting and papering #f4 ,roofing #ac4 ,glazing #g4 ,plastering ,the third step1 estimating the cost1 may be subdivided into cost of labor and cost of material4 ,the latter can be definitely fixed by an examination of lists giving current prices of materials2 while the former must be based on a fixed rate of wages per day for the various classes of workmen4 ,the second and third branches of the work1 being closely connected with the first1 will be partly considered in connection with it1 and1 later1 in detail in the complete example on estimating4 ,,accurate ,,estimating ,,schedule #f4 ,there are so many items to be considered in a careful estimate1 that the estimator should have a list of those coming under each of the main headings already given1 and in compiling a schedule he should follow this order4 ,the following list1 which is arranged to assist in making an estimate on a dwelling house1 will serve as an example of the general method that should be adopted3 ,,excavation ,cellar ,wells ,areas ,pipe trenches ,piers ,fence trenches ,privy vaults ,grading ,footings ,filling ,cesspool ,labor ,catch basins ,,concrete ,,work ,cement ,wells ,sand ,area walls ,broken stone ,chimneys ,form lumber ,footings ,foundation walls ,floors ,partition walls ,columns ,piers ,pavements ,exterior walls ,fences ,concrete blocks ,hearths ,concrete cornices ,steel reinforcement ,core walls ,anchor bolts ,backing ,nails and spikes ,cesspools ,labor ,tanks ,,stonework ,lime ,wells ,cement ,chimneys ,sand ,footings ,mortar ,cut or dressed stonework ,foundation walls ,carved stonework ,exterior walls ,pavements ,partition walls ,stone fences ,piers ,stone hearths ,area walls ,anchors and bolts ,cesspools ,labor ,,brickwork ,lime ,cesspools ,cement ,wells ,sand ,range setting ,mortar ,furnace setting ,foundation walls ,footings ,exterior walls ,chimneys ,partition walls ,trimmer arches ,piers ,brick hearths ,area walls ,pavements ,terra-cotta work ,fences ,tiling ,labor ,,carpentry ,,framing ,girders in cellar ,joists1 first story ,sills ,joists1 second story ,cross-sills ,joists1 third story ,posts ,joists1 attic story ,beams ,ceiling beams ,girts ,headers ,studs ,trimmers ,plates ,common rafters ,deck plates ,hip rafters ,tower plates ,valley rafters ,braces ,purlins ,joists1 basement ,furring ,ridge pole ,carrying beams ,collar beams ,ironwork ,lintels ,rods and bolts ,framing piers ,nails and spikes ,outlookers ,labor ,,covering ,sheathing lumber ,flooring ,sheathing paper ,corner boards ,base ,casings ,siding ,cornice ,shingles ,labor ,,roofing ,tin ,gutter linings ,shingle ,solder ,slate ,cresting ,tile ,finials ,paper or felt ,conductor hooks and fastenings1 ,hanging gutters nails and hooks ,conductor pipes ,cast shoes or boots ,conductor heads ,labor ,flashings ,,plastering ,lath ,three-coat work ,lime ,plaster board ,sand ,patent plaster ,hair ,tiling1 marble1 etc4 ,plaster of ,paris ,stucco cornices ,plastering mortar ,stucco arches ,deafening ,stucco centers ,back plastering ,nails ,one-coat work ,labor ,two-coat work ,,joinery ,,inside ,,and ,,outside ,,finish ,window frames ,doors ,door frames ,base ,sashes ,architraves ,corner and plinth blocks ,posts ,outside and inside blinds ,columns ,brackets ,balusters ,wainscoting ,hand railing ,moldings ,nails and screws ,planed lumber ,labor ,,stairs ,rough lumber ,hand railing ,treads and risers ,balusters ,strings ,brackets ,spandrels ,bolts ,moldings ,nails and screws ,newels ,labor ,,hardware ,mortise locks ,sash lifts ,rim locks ,sash cord ,padlocks ,transom lifters ,butts 7various sizes7 ,cupboard catches ,wrought butts ,hooks and eyes ,strap hinges ,drawer pulls ,blind hinges ,mortise bolts ,sash fasteners ,door stops ,sash weights ,door hangers ,shutter bars ,axle pulleys ,,heating ,,and ,,ventilating ,,system ,,hot-,,air ,,heating ,furnace ,registers ,cold-air ducts and slide ,sheet-tin and asbestos dampers fire protection ,hot-air pipes1 elbows1 and dampers ,smoke pipe ,register boxes ,labor ,,steam ,,heating ,boiler ,smoke pipe ,regulating and safety ,steam pipes appliances ,return pipes ,fittings ,galvanized sheet-iron casings ,hangers for indirect stacks ,indirect1 direct-indirect1 ,sheet-iron indirect flues1 screens1 and direct radiators and dampers ,valves ,indirect registers and boxes ,air vents ,japanning and bronzing ,floor and ceiling plates ,pipe coverings ,labor ,,hot-,,water ,,heating ,heater ,automatic damper regulator ,smoke pipe ,expansion tanks ,radiators1 pipes1 fittings1 etc41 same as for steam heating ,labor ,,plumbing ,,and ,,gas-,,fitting ,,plumbing ,,fixtures ,kitchen range with water-back ,kitchen sinks ,plunge baths ,pantry sinks ,shower baths ,slop sinks ,foot baths ,laundry tubs ,sitz baths ,safes ,wash basins ,hot- and cold-water faucets ,water closets for fixtures ,urinals ,labor ,,water ,,supply ,city ,supply ,pumps ,permits ,supply tanks ,corporation connections ,outside piping ,excavation ,lawn and garden hydrants ,extra-heavy lead1 iron or ,fittings1 etc4 brass service pipe ,wrought-iron pipe fittings ,curb cock and box ,brass pipe fittings ,stop and waste ,lead pipe fittings ,well ,supply ,solder nipples ,storage cisterns ,stop-cocks ,cistern filters ,pipe straps ,metal tacks ,wiping solder ,kitchen boiler and stand ,labor ,,house ,,drainage ,permits ,lead soil1 waste1 ,sewer connections and vent pipes ,excavations ,lead traps ,vitrified sewer pipe ,brass traps and fittings ,fixture connections 7brass7 ,earthenware traps ,wrought-iron1 galvanized1 or ,portland cement asphalt-coated drain1 soil1 ,unglazed drain pipe and vent pipes and fittings ,cast-iron soil pipe and ,fresh-air inlets1 vent caps fittings ,vent-pipe flashings ,lead and oakum ,wall hooks1 straps1 bands1 ,cast-iron traps and hangers ,handholes and cleanouts ,wiping solder ,lead bends1 brass ferrules ,labor ,,gas-,,fitting ,permit ,chandeliers ,tapping main ,pendants ,excavation ,wall brackets ,meters ,pillar lights ,stop-cocks ,globes1 shades1 and fireguards ,drip cups ,gas stoves and ranges ,piping ,gas-heater connections ,straps and hangers ,labor ,fittings ,pressure regulators ,,painting ,,and ,,papering ,,painting ,body of house ,floors ,trimmings ,ceilings ,blinds ,walls ,roof ,sash ,porches ,shelving ,inside work ,mantels ,oiling ,fences ,polishing ,outbuildings ,varnishing ,labor ,,papering ,paper ,lining paper ,borders ,labor ,,glazing ,sheet glass ,ribbed glass 7single or double thick7 ,frosted glass ,plate glass ,glaziers' points ,leaded glass ,putty 7stained or clear7 ,labor ,,excavation #g4 ,excavation is generally measured by the cubic yard1 although1 in a few localities1 measurement by the perch is still in use4 ,if the latter method is adopted1 it should be stated just what is meant by a perch1 as this varies considerably in different parts of the country4 ,before fixing the price for excavation1 it is advisable to investigate the character of the soil by making boring tests4 ,where there is rock to be blasted in making the excavation1 a special price should be given in the estimate4 ,if the ground is wet1 rendering pumping necessary1 provision should be made for the cost of the extra labor needed4 ,the disposition to be made of the excavated material should also be considered2 if it must be hauled a long distance1 the cost will be much greater than if the soil can be wasted near by4 ,to aid in estimating the actual cost1 it is convenient and approximately correct to consider #a cubic yard of ordinary earth as a load for an ordinary two-horse wagon4 ,in making calculations of the amount of material to be removed1 care should be taken to note the existing levels of the ground and those required by the drawings4 ,the excavation should be figured 7and made7 at least #a foot greater than the size of the foundation1 so as to provide room for setting the masonry1 pointing1 etc4 ,excavation for pipes1 drains1 etc4 should be at least #i inches wider than the diameter of the pipe to be laid therein4 ,if the soil in which the excavation is to be made is of a loose and sandy nature that is liable to crumble and slide1 a slope1 say of #c inches horizontal to #a foot vertical1 should be allowed on both sides of the trenches4 ,if the latter are of considerable depth1 it is sometimes necessary to curb or shore up the sides1 in which case an allowance should be made in the estimate for the lumber required4 ,if piles are required1 they should be figured at so much per linear foot1 driven4 ,,actual ,,cost ,,of ,,excavation #h4 ,in order that an idea may be formed of the actual cost of excavating various kinds of soils1 figures based on work actually performed are here given4 ,on this work1 for a day of #h hours1 a laborer was paid #b1 and a driver with a two-horse team1 #d4 ,as a rule1 one laborer can excavate about #g cubic yards of sandy soil in #h hours4 ,thus1 at the rate of #be cents per hour1 the cost of excavating this kind of soil is about #bh cents per cubic yard1 provided the material is wasted around the building4 ,to this figure1 however1 must be added #d or #e cents to cover the foreman's wages1 the exact amount depending on the number of men under the foreman4 ,this brings the total cost per cubic yard to about #cc cents4 ,when the material has to be carted away1 the cost is further increased4 ,a team with a driver can haul away about #bj cubic yards of soil in a day if the haul is only about mile4 ,in order to do this1 however1 an extra wagon must be at hand so that the laborers can be loading one wagon while the team is hauling away the other4 ,thus1 the cost of hauling #a cubic yard of excavated material mile is #bj cents4 ,the total cost1 therefore1 of excavating #a cubic yard of sandy soil and hauling it mile is #cc #bj #ec cents4 #i4 ,if the soil is compact gravel1 the cost of excavating1 including the foreman's time1 will be from #cd to #fe cents per cubic yard1 depending on its hardness4 ,it costs about the same to haul compact gravel as it does to haul sandy soil4 ,the exact cost of excavating wet soil cannot be given1 as the conditions encountered may vary in each case4 ,in a stated time1 a laborer will excavate nearly as much wet material as dry material1 but the conditions of sheet piling and pumping out water makes the price uncertain4 ,such excavation is usually carried on at a cost of from #ge cents to #a4be per cubic yard4 ,in excavating rock1 three men--one rockman and two laborers--usually work together4 ,for a day of #h hours1 the rockman receives #c and each laborer gets #b4 ,together1 therefore1 the wages of the three amounts to #g a day4 ,these men will excavate about #f cubic yards of rock in #a day1 making the rock excavation cost #a4ag per cubic yard4 ,to this must be added the cost of explosives1 which is about #aj cents per cubic yard1 and the wear on tools4 ,this latter expense can hardly be estimated1 but may also be considered as #aj cents per cubic yard1 thus bringing the total cost of rock excavation up to #a4cg per cubic yard for rock wasted at the building4 #aj4 ,to sum up1 excavation in sandy soil wasted around the building costs #cc cents per cubic yard2 if hauled mile1 it costs #ec cents per cubic yard4 ,if the soil is compact gravel and is wasted around the building1 excavation costs from #cd to #fe cents per cubic yard2 if hauled mile1 from #ed to #he cents per cubic yard4 ,wet excavation with no piling or pumping costs about the same as dry2 with piling and pumping1 it costs from #ge cents to #a4be per cubic yard4 ,rock work costs #a4cg per cubic yard if wasted around the building4 ,these figures do not include the contractor's profit4 ,,contractor',s ,,method ,,of ,,figuring ,,excavation #aa4 ,besides the actual cost of excavation1 the contractor1 in estimating1 must include such items as office expenses1 builder's profits1 etc4 ,the following method of figuring1 which is employed by the estimator of a large contracting firm in the eastern part of the ,united ,states1 will therefore be found useful4 ,as in the preceding case1 the prices will be found to vary in different localities2 therefore1 the figures given should only be used as a guide in estimating4 ,the prices are based on labor at #b per day of #h hours and a two-horse team and driver at #e per day of #h hours4 ,the excavation is assumed to be made in ground varying from made ground to a moderately stiff clay4 ,the prices do not include the cost of shoring or pumping1 and are based on the assumption that there is no frost of any account while operations are being carried out4 ,four classes of excavation are recognized3 #a4 ,excavation in trenches up to #e feet deep1 excavated material spread on site about trenches1 including back filling around walls1 costs from #dj to #ej cents per cubic yard4 #b4 ,trenches from #e to #aj feet deep1 excavated material spread on site adjacent to trenches1 including back filling around walls1 costs from #fe to #ge cents per cubic yard4 #c4 ,for cellars1 or similar digging1 up to #f feet deep and having an area large enough to use a plow for loosening the earth 7say areas #ej ft4 #bj ft4 and over71 excavated material being spread on site adjacent to work1 costs from #cc to #ch cents per cubic yard if a scoop can be used1 and from #dj to #de cents per cubic yard if the material must be loaded on a wagon to haul it out of the excavation4 #d4 ,when the conditions are the same as those just given1 except that the excavation is from #f to #aj feet deep1 the price is about #de cents per cubic yard4 ,the prices just given do not include hauling1 except short hauls immediately in the vicinity of the operations4 ,the cost of hauling will depend on the distance to the place where the material is to be dumped4 #ab4 ,to obtain the cost of any of the classes of excavation just given1 including hauling1 divide the hire of the team per day by the number of cubic yards that can be removed to the dumping place per day1 and increase the preceding prices by that amount4 ,to figure the cost of sheet piling1 measure the area to be sheet-piled and allow for such stringers and braces as judgment may suggest4 ,since the lumber may be used for other purposes after serving as piling1 its value should be estimated at #ge per cent4 of the market price4 ,it usually costs about #g per thousand feet to put the piling in place4 ,as a rule1 #c #aj planks are used for this purpose4 ,the foregoing prices cover the general run of building work4 ,for large office buildings and other structures of a similar nature1 where it is necessary to excavate to a depth of about #be feet and where several varieties of ground are likely to be encountered1 an average price for digging 7exclusive of pumping or shoring1 but including a haul not exceeding #a mile7 is #a4be per cubic yard4 ,if large boulders are likely to be encountered in excavating1 the price should be at least #a4ej per cubic yard4 ,,ditch ,,work #ac4 ,in estimating the cost of ditch work1 there are several factors that influence the price4 ,a narrow ditch costs more to dig per cubic yard than a wide one2 likewise1 a deep ditch costs more than a shallow one4 ,following are given prices for laying agricultural drain tiling4 ,while these figures do not include builder's profit1 they are based on the actual cost of work1 the wages for a day of #h hours being #b for laborers1 #b4ej for the foreman1 and #d for a horse and driver4 ,in sections of the country where higher wages are paid1 it will be necessary to increase the figures at a proportional rate when making estimates4 ,for trenches #c feet deep and #ah inches wide1 in very hard1 clay soil with about #aj inches of loam on top1 the cost of excavating is about #ab cents per linear foot1 or #gb cents per cubic yard4 ,for filling in the trench with the aid of a team and a scraper1 it costs cent per linear foot4 ,for laying a #d-;inch tile1 including distributing along the trench1 the cost is cent per linear foot4 ,for picking stones off of the ground and placing them over the pipe to a depth of about #h inches1 it costs #b cents per linear foot4 ,each outlet built of field stones laid in cement costs from #e to #h4 ,,calculating ,,the ,,volume ,,of ,,an ,,excavation ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a #ad4 ,the ordinary rules of mensuration are all that are needed to compute the volume of any excavation4 ,the work is very simple when the area to be removed is regular2 but when the outlines are very irregular and broken1 the easiest method to employ in calculating the excavation is to divide the plan into geometrical figures that are easy to compute1 and then calculate the area of each one separately4 ,adding these areas and multiplying their sum by the depth of the cellar will give the volume of the excavation4 ,this method will be made clear by referring to ,fig4 #a1 which represents the plan of an irregular foundation4 ,to compute the area of the excavation1 the plan is divided into the rectangles a d c b1 l k b m1 j i h g1 g f e c1 and the polygons n q p o1 t u r s1 and a x w v4 ,by scaling on the drawing the dimensions of these figures1 the area of each may then be readily determined by calculation4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b #ae4 ,it is sometimes necessary to find the volume of an excavation1 the surface of which is very irregular1 as in ,fig4 #b4 ,in such a case1 the following method may be used3 ,divide the surface of the excavation into a number of squares1 or rectangles1 as at d e f c2 these represent the ends of prisms1 the other ends of which are the bottom of the excavation1 as at a h g b4 ,then calculate the volume of each prism by ascertaining the height of the four corners above the bottom2 add these measurements together1 divide the sum by #d 7the number of corners71 and multiply the result by the end area1 as a h g b2 the product will be the volume of the prism4 ,the sum of these partial volumes will be an accurate estimate of the contents of the excavation4 ,,concrete ,,work #af4 ,plain concrete work is usually paid for by the cubic yard4 ,the contractor furnishes all material1 including the lumber1 to make the forms2 he also erects the forms and removes them after the concrete has been placed4 ,there is no fixed practice regarding openings in walls4 ,usually1 small openings under1 say1 #ajj square feet in superficial area are considered as solid4 ,all larger openings are deducted from the work when measuring for payment4 ,in some localities1 the actual volume of the concrete work is taken by the contractor as a basis of the cost4 ,in either case1 it is of prime importance that the architect and the contractor make some distinct agreement beforehand as to exactly how the concrete work is to be measured and paid for4 ,reinforced-concrete work is also often measured by the cubic yard1 although sometimes it is contracted for as a finished building4 ,the steel reinforcement is sometimes included in the price4 ,often1 patented steel reinforcement is bought separately and delivered to the contractor2 at other times1 the contractor buys the patented steel or else makes it and pays a royalty to the holder of the patent4 ,reinforced-concrete floors are sometimes measured by the cubic yard and sometimes by the square yard1 according to agreement4 ,pavements are usually measured by the square foot or by the square yard4 ,in ,table ,,ii are given the costs of stone concrete and gravel concrete4 ,these figures do not include builder's profit1 cost of superintendence1 or cost of forms4 ,they are based on the following costs3 ,labor1 #be cents per hour2 cement1 #b per barrel2 sand1 #a4ej per cubic yard2 crushed stone1 #a4fe per cubic yard2 gravel1 #a per cubic yard4 ,to the values given in the table1 the price of the wooden forms1 both for material and erection1 must be added4 ,this of course varies considerably1 according to whether the work is straight or has a number of corners and openings in it4 ,,table ,,ii ,,cost ,,of ,,plain ,,stone ,,concrete ,mixture ,quantity ,cost ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,cement,sand ,broken,cement,sand ,broken,cement,sand ,broken,labor,total ,parts,parts ,stone ,bar- ,cubic ,stone ,stone ,parts rels ,yards ,cubic ,yards ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #a #b #d #a4e 4#de 4#ij #c4jj 4#fh #a4di 4#ge #e4ib #a #c #e #a4a 4#ej 4#he #b4bj 4#ge #a4dj 4#ge #e4aj #a #c #f #a4j 4#de 4#ij #b4jj 4#fh #a4di 4#ge #d4ib ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,cost ,,of ,,plain ,,gravel ,,concrete ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,mixture ,quantity ,cost ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,cement,sand ,gravel,cement,sand ,gravel,cement,sand,gravel,labor,total ,parts,parts,parts ,bar- ,cubic,cubic rels ,yards,yards ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #a #b #d #a4c 4#d 4#hj #b4fj 4#fj 4#hj 4#ge #d4ge #a #c #e #a4j 4#e 4#hj #b4jj 4#ge 4#hj 4#ge #d4cj #a #c #f 4#i 4#d 4#he #a4hj 4#fj 4#he 4#ge #d4jj ,the price of forms1 including both material and erection1 may be said to vary from #ej cents for ordinary cellar work to #b for heavy retaining walls per cubic yard of concrete placed4 ,,data ,,on ,,reinforced-,,concrete ,,building #ag4 ,the cost of reinforced-concrete buildings varies with the market price of cement and the steel bars or metal used for reinforcing4 ,at present1 reinforced-concrete buildings of the factory type constructed of common1 hard1 stretcher-brick walls and reinforced-concrete floors1 roof1 and columns with foundations may be built for from #a4ce to #a4fe per square foot of floor area4 ,usually1 the height of ceilings in factory buildings is about #ad feet from floor to floor1 thus making the cost of this type of building approximately from #aj to #ab cents per cubic foot4 ,for buildings of a better commercial type1 with face-brick walls and terra-cotta trimmings1 the cost per square foot of floor area will range from #a4fe to #a4ij1 making the cost per cubic foot from #ab to #ad cents4 ,reinforced-concrete buildings1 as a rule1 exceed the cost of buildings of slow-burning construction of the same size by an amount about equal to the cost of the metallic reinforcement4 ,in other words1 a building of reinforced concrete costs from #aj to #be per cent4 more than the same building of slow-burning construction4 ,the price of reinforced concrete per cubic yard varies within wide limits1 depending on the mass of concrete employed and the intricacies of the forms4 ,in building construction1 reinforced concrete1 including the price of the forms1 can usually be placed for from #ab to #ah per cubic yard1 the cost of the steel reinforcement being added4 ,where the building is of considerable height1 the same forms used in the three lower stories may be used in constructing the balance of the building4 ,in such a case1 the cost of the forms will probably not exceed #f for each cubic yard of concrete placed4 ,if the building is only two or three stories in height1 and the work is rushed by using new centering in each floor1 the cost of the forms will range from #g to #i per cubic yard of concrete4 ,the cost of form work for floor construction will range from #aj to #ab cents per square foot4 ,column forms will cost in the neighborhood of #bj or #be cents per running foot4 ,the forms used for fine concrete-wall construction require considerable time and bracing1 and generally must be executed with great care where finished work is required4 ,such forms will cost from #h to #aj cents per square foot of form on both sides of the wall1 but will greatly exceed this price if molded courses or paneled spandrels are to be formed and lettering is to be cut in the work4 #ah4 ,in estimating the cost of reinforced-concrete slabs1 the cost of the centering1 the concrete1 and the steel reinforcements must be considered4 ,the cost of centering for slab work varies from #e to #g cents per square foot1 the latter figure probably being more nearly correct for usual conditions4 ,the concrete for plain reinforced-concrete slab construction on steel beams can be placed for about #e4fj per cubic yard1 or #a cents for a square foot #a inch in thickness4 ,at present market values1 the steel for reinforcing slabs can usually be considered as costing about #c cents a pound1 the pound price increasing as the rods decrease in size4 ,table ,,iii gives the approximate cost1 in cents per square foot1 of constructing different thicknesses of reinforced-concrete slabs on steel-beam construction with the different sizes of reinforcing bars usually employed4 ,the prices include cost of centering1 concrete1 and steel reinforcement4 #ai4 ,table ,,iii cannot be used for estimating the cost of a reinforced-concrete floor with reinforced-concrete beams and girders4 ,in the construction of such a floor1 the centering is much more costly than where steel beams are used for the support of the floor slab4 ,on an average1 the centering for the reinforced-concrete floor systems1 including the studding and shoring1 will cost from #bj to #bb cents per square foot1 the sides of the beam and girder forms being included in the square-foot estimate4 ,this cost is materially reduced where the centering is used over and over again for the construction of upper floors1 so that where the building is six or eight stories in height1 the average cost of the centering will not exceed #aj or #ab cents per square foot1 including shoring1 as just mentioned4 ,owing to the difficulty encountered in placing the concrete in the beams1 the tamping required with slice bars1 etc41 and the expense of placing the reinforcement1 the concrete for such construction will cost about #g4ej or #h per cubic yard4 ,the steel for the entire construction will usually average from #c to #d cents a pound1 depending on whether plain rods or deformed bars are used1 or whether the system is made up of loose rods or fabricated frames4 ,in estimating the cost of such a floor system1 the centering should be figured by a carefully itemized estimate1 or roughly from the preceding figures4 ,the amount of concrete in both the slab beams and columns should be estimated1 and the total number of cubic yards required for the entire work should be determined2 then the unit price for providing and placing the concrete should be carefully considered with reference to local conditions of labor and cost of material4 ,,table ,,iii ,,cost ,,in ,,cents ,,per ,,square ,,foot ,,of ,,reinforced- ,,concrete ,,floor ,,slabs ,,supported ,,on ,,steel ,,beams ,thickness_/-,inch -,inch _/-,inch -,inch -,inch of ,slab ,diameter ,diameter,diameter ,diameter,diameter ,inches ,rods at ,rods at ,rods at ,rods at ,rods at #f-;,inch #f-;,inch #f-;,inch #f-;,inch #f-;,inch ,centers ,centers ,centers ,centers ,centers ---------------------------------------- ----------- #c #ad4hg #ae4eh #d #ae4ge #af4df #ag4bd #d #af4fb #ag4cc #ah4aa #ah4hg #e #ag4ej #ah4ba #ai4jj #ai4ge #bj4hg #e #ah4cg #ai4jh #ai4hg #bj4fb #bb4fb #f #ai4be #ai4if #bj4ge #ba4ej #bc4ej ,,cement ,,cellar ,,floors #bj4 ,in determining the cost of cement cellar floors1 the concrete proper and the top coat should be considered separately4 ,the concrete proper is usually reckoned by the cubic yard4 ,about #a hour more is required to lay a cubic yard of floor than is necessary for plain concrete work4 ,therefore1 in estimating1 #be cents per cubic yard1 or the wages of a laborer for #a hour1 must be added to the figures given in ,table ,,ii4 ,a #a-c-f mixture is generally used4 ,for stone concrete1 then1 the cost of the concrete proper for a cement cellar floor would be #e4ag per cubic yard1 exclusive of the cost of supervision and the builder's profit4 ,an analysis of the cost per square yard of top coat #a inch thick for a cement cellar floor is as follows3 ,cost ,cents hour1 plasterer's time1 at #de cents per hour #aa hour1 laborer's time1 at #be cents per hour #f _/ barrel of cement1 at #b per barrel #ac barrel of white sand1 at #ge cents per barrel #i ------ ,approximate cost per square yard #dj ,to the foregoing should be added the cost of supervision and builder's profit4 ,,concrete ,,building ,,blocks #ba4 ,concrete building blocks usually present about #b square feet of surface in the wall and are generally #h inches thick1 thus making a volume of #a cubic feet4 ,since one-third of this volume as a rule is air space1 the actual volume of concrete is a little less than #a cubic foot4 ,the materials in a block of this kind1 if used in a #a-d mixture1 will cost about #ah cents4 ,if the block is #ab inches thick instead of #h inches1 the materials will cost about half again as much1 or #bg cents4 ,the cost of labor to manufacture these blocks depends on whether they are made in great quantities1 and the wages paid the workmen1 etc41 and varies from #f to #aj cents for each block4 ,to lay a block in the wall costs from #e to #aj cents1 #g cents being about the average price4 ,this price includes the mortar used in laying4 ,for teaming and haulage1 an allowance of #e cents per block is usually sufficient4 ,the cost per block1 #h inches thick1 set in the wall is then as follows3 ,,maximum ,,cost ,,minimum ,,cost ,,cents ,,cents ,materials #ah #ah ,labor #aj #f ,placing #aj #e ,haulage #e none ------ ---- ,total #dc #bi ,these results divided by #b will give the cost of the wall per square foot1 since each block is supposed to have a surface of #b square feet4 ,if the wall is #ab inches thick instead of #h inches1 one-half as much again should be added to the price4 ,,masonry #bb4 ,stone masonry is generally measured by the perch2 in some sections of the ,united ,states1 however1 measurement by the cord is preferred1 but the best method 7as being invariable7 is by the cubic yard4 ,in estimating by the perch1 it is necessary to state how much the perch is taken at1 whether #bd or #be cubic feet4 ,note should also be made in regard to corners and deduction for openings4 ,in most localities it is not customary to deduct openings under a certain size1 and corners are usually measured twice4 #bc4 ,rough stone from the quarry is generally sold under two classifications2 namely1 rubble and dimension stone4 ,rubble consists of pieces of irregular size1 such as are most easily obtained from the quarry1 up to #ab inches in thickness by #bd inches in length4 ,stone ordered of a certain size1 or to square over #bd inches each way and to be of a particular thickness1 is called dimension stone4 ,rubble masonry and stone backing are generally figured by the perch or cubic yard4 ,dimension-stone footings are measured by the square foot unless they are built of large1 irregular stone1 in which case they are measured the same as rubble4 ,ashlar work is always figured by the superficial foot2 openings are usually deducted1 and the jambs are measured in with the face work4 ,flagging and slabs of all kinds1 such as hearths1 treads for steps1 etc41 are measured by the square foot2 sills1 lintels1 molding1 belt courses1 and cornices1 by the linear foot2 and irregular pieces1 by the cubic foot4 ,all carved work is done at an agreed price by the piece4 ,,data ,,on ,,rubble ,,masonry #bd4 ,the following proportions and cost of materials and amount of labor required to lay #a perch of rubble masonry are reasonably accurate1 and will serve to give an idea of how to estimate such work4 ,a perch of rubble masonry requires1 approximately1 #b1ejj pounds of stone4 ,,cost ,,of ,,rubble ,,masonry ,using #a-to-#c ,lime ,mortar #a perch of stone 7#be cubic ft47 delivered at work #a4be #a bushel of lime 4#be cubic yard of sand1 at #a4ej per cubic yard 4#be day1 mason's labor1 at #c4bj per day #a4fj day1 helper's labor1 at #b per day 4#ej ----- ,total #c4he ,using #a-to-#c ,portland-,cement ,mortar #a perch of stone #a4be barrel of ,portland cement1 at #b per barrel #a4ej cubic yard of sand1 at #a4ej per cubic yard 4#ch day1 mason's labor1 at #c4bj per day #a4fj day1 helper's labor1 at #b per day 4#ej ----- ,total #e4bc ,to the preceding amounts should be added the cost of scaffolding and the builder's profit4 ,if the walls are over two stories in height1 #fj cents per perch extra for hoisting should be added4 ,,data ,,on ,,flagstones ,,and ,,curbing #be4 ,flagstones for sidewalks1 ordinary stock1 natural surface1 #c inches thick1 with joints pitched to line1 in lengths 7along walk7 from #c to #e feet1 will cost1 for a #c-;foot walk1 about #aa cents per square foot 7if #b inches thick1 #aj cents72 for a #d-;foot walk1 #ab cents2 and for a #e-;foot walk1 #af cents4 ,the cost of laying all sizes will average about #c cents per square foot4 ,these figures do not include cost of hauling4 ,curbing1 #d in4 #bd in41 granite1 will cost from #dj to #ej cents per linear foot at the quarry2 digging and setting will cost from #aj to #ab cents additional2 and the cost of freight and hauling must also be added4 ,,data ,,on ,,ashlar ,,and ,,cut ,,stone #bf4 ,the following figures are average prices for ashlar facing when the transportation charges are not excessive1 and are not given as fixed values1 but more to show the relative costs4 ,they include nothing but plain ashlar1 and in estimating1 the extra cost of sills1 lintels1 water-tables1 belt courses1 coping1 etc4 must be added4 ,these prices are based on quarrymen's wages of #b4ej per day1 and stone-cutters' wages of #d per day4 ,good rock-face bluestone ashlar1 with from #f- to #aj-;inch beds1 dressed about #c inches from face1 will cost1 ready for laying1 from #cj to #dj cents per square foot1 face measure2 while a higher grade of work will cost from #dj to #ee cents per square foot4 ,regular course bluestone ashlar1 from #ab to #ah inches high and with from #h- to #ab-;inch beds1 will cost about #ej cents per square foot4 ,to this 7and the previous figures7 must be added the cost of hauling1 which1 on an average1 will be about #c cents per square foot4 ,to the preceding figures must also be added the cost of setting the ashlar4 ,in estimating the cost of ashlar walls backed with brick1 the wall is considered as solid brick1 the cost of setting the ashlar being offset by the saving in cost of the brick and mortar and the labor resulting from making part of the thickness of the wall of stone4 ,the cost of raking out the joints and pointing1 which amounts to about #aj cents per square foot1 must also be added4 #bg4 ,the following figures show the approximate cost of cut bluestone for various uses3 ,flagstone1 #e-;inch1 size #h' #aj'1 edges and top bush-hammered1 per sq4 ft41 face measure 4#ge ,flagstone1 #d-;inch1 size #e' #e'1 select stock1 edges clean cut1 natural top1 per sq4 ft4 4#de ,door sills1 #h #ab1 clean cut1 per lin4 ft4 #a4ce ,window sills1 #e #ab1 clean cut1 per lin4 ft4 4#hj ,window sills1 #d #h1 clean cut1 per lin4 ft4 4#de ,window sills1 #e #h1 clean cut1 per lin4 ft4 4#fj ,lintels1 #d #aj1 clean cut1 per lin4 ft4 4#fe ,lintels1 #h #ab1 clean cut1 per lin4 ft4 #a4be ,steps1 sawed stock1 #g #ad1 per lin4 ft4 #a4aj ,water-table1 #h #ab1 clean cut1 per lin4 ft4 #a4be ,coping1 #d #ba1 clean cut1 per lin4 ft4 #a4bj ,coping1 #d #ba1 rock-face edges and top1 per lin4 ft4 4#ej ,coping1 #c #ae1 rock-face edges and top1 per lin4 ft4 4#ce ,coping1 #c #ah1 rock-face edges and top1 per lin4 ft4 4#dj ,platform1 #f inches thick1 per sq4 ft4 4#ej ,to the preceding prices of cut stone must be added the cost of setting1 which for water-tables1 steps1 etc4 will be about #aj cents per linear foot2 and for window sills1 etc41 about #e cents per linear foot4 ,in addition1 about #aj cents per cubic foot for fitting1 and about #e cents per cubic foot for trimming the joints after the pieces are set in place1 should be allowed4 #bh4 ,in a day of #h hours1 a stone cutter can cut about #d square feet of granite1 about #f square feet of bluestone1 or about #h square feet of ,ohio sandstone or limestone4 ,these figures are for #f-;cut1 patent-hammered work4 ,for rock-face ashlar 7beds worked about #c inches from face1 the rest pitched71 a workman can dress from #ae to #be square feet of random ashlar per day2 and from #ah to #bj square feet of coursed ashlar4 ,in dressing laminated stone1 from two to three times more work can be done in a day on the natural surface than on the edge of layers4 ,in figuring cut stone1 ample allowance should be made for waste1 which1 on an average1 will be #ae per cent4 ,,additional ,,method ,,of ,,estimating ,,ashlar #bi4 ,the following method of estimating the cost of cut stone is employed by many practical stone men4 ,it is based on the fact that most ashlar walls have about the same number of sills1 belt courses1 lintels1 water-tables1 etc4 in proportion to their volume1 and therefore all the stonework1 both the ashlar proper and the other cut stone1 may be lumped together at one price per cubic foot4 ,for estimating purposes1 stone may be divided into two classes3 soft stone1 such as the sandstones1 and hard stone1 such as the granites4 #cj4 ,soft ,stone4--,indiana limestone may be taken as an example of soft stone4 ,in the ,eastern ,pennsylvania district1 where the stone cutters' wage rate is #ej cents per hour1 the cost of this kind of stone is about as follows3 ,rough blocks1 per cubic foot 4#ge ,sawing1 jointing1 cutting1 rubbing1 waste in stock #a4ej ----- ,total #b4be ,if the work is tooled1 which is preferable for this material1 #bj cents per cubic foot should be added4 ,thus the value in the yard1 but ready to set1 for an ashlar front1 including water-table1 sills1 lintels1 belt courses1 all ordinary moldings1 and plain cornices1 is #b4de per cubic foot4 ,consoles1 dentils1 panelings1 and similar ornamental work1 mantels1 and interior work have no fixed prices1 but must be governed by the estimator's knowledge of time required to cut any particular kind1 sometimes reaching #e per cubic foot4 ,if moldings are deeply undercut1 an extra price will have to be charged4 ,in heavy work1 where the amount of stock is large compared with the amount of dressing1 deductions may be made that sometimes amount to as much as #bj per cent4 ,rock-face work is somewhat more expensive than plain1 dressed work because the projecting rock surface requires more stock2 therefore1 about #aj per cent4 should be added4 ,it is customary to leave stone roughly cut to shape for carving in the wall1 and therefore the sculptor determines the value from the drawings and includes the cost of models1 which must be approved by the architect before the work is cut4 ,circular work1 if plain1 costs about the same as square work1 but if fluted or reeded1 as in the case of columns1 it may cost as much as #ej per cent4 additional4 #ca4 ,compared with limestone1 the prices of other soft stones are as follows3 ,,cost ,,of ,,for ,,cutting ,,stock ,,per ,,cent4 ,connecticut brownstone #a4be #bj ,long ,meadow brownstone #a4be #cj ,portage red stone #a4je #cj ,vermont or ,georgia white marble #b4ae #ej ,pennsylvania blue marble #b4jj #ej ,bluestone 4#hj #cj ,no definite price can be given for marble1 as it comes in different grades and varieties4 ,the prices of stock just given are for stones of common size4 ,if extra-large or extra-long stones are required1 their price per cubic foot will be greater4 ,the cost of transportation from the quarries also influences the price of stone4 ,this cost will vary according to the distance of the quarry from the location where the stone is to be used4 ,the cost of hauling stone from the yard and setting it in the wall runs from #dj to #ej cents per cubic foot4 #cb4 ,granite4--,final estimates of cut granite by the cubic foot are seldom made1 although approximate estimates are often made in that way by comparing a proposed piece of work with a similar one already completed4 ,the reason for not making final estimates is that every additional molding or break in granite work affects the cost considerably1 differing greatly in this respect from soft stone4 ,the first note to be made by the estimator is in regard to the cost of material4 ,good granite1 in dimension sizes1 can be obtained from southern quarries by rail for #fe cents per cubic foot1 delivered4 ,the same expenditure will buy very good eastern granite where through water transportation is available4 ,if1 however1 the granite specified is such that it must be obtained from eastern quarries having only rail facilities for shipment1 an addition of #dj or #ej cents per cubic foot will be required4 ,there are also some special grades of granite that cost #a4ej or more per foot4 ,in shipping granite1 the railroads usually allow #h cubic yards to the car4 ,granite for monumental purposes costs from #a4be to #e per foot1 according to the size and quality4 ,at wholesale1 the price first mentioned1 namely1 #fe cents per cubic foot1 will buy as good1 substantial1 and handsome material as will generally be required4 #cc4 ,machinery is used extensively for cutting plain faces in granite1 and also to some extent for moldings and carved work4 ,every line in granite is costly to cut and must be computed separately4 ,for instance1 a plain face #ab inches wide1 if cut by machinery1 will cost #de cents per square foot1 while if cut by hand1 where the machine cannot be applied1 it will cost #fj cents4 ,a #b-;inch bevel1 as shown at a1 ,fig4 #c1 will cost #ej cents per linear foot additional4 ,a scotia1 as shown at b1 or other molding1 as at c1 will cost #fj cents per linear foot additional for each member4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c ,all returns1 no matter how small1 must be counted as not less than #a foot4 ,circular work costs from #ej to #ajj per cent4 more than straight work4 ,flutes or reeds in columns are very expensive1 and must be calculated in each case according to the width and depth4 ,all beads and joints should be counted at say #cj cents per square foot4 ,all notches or rabbets are counted separately1 according to shape and size4 ,the preceding prices are based on what is called patent-hammered1 six-cut work4 ,eight-cut work will cost #ae per cent4 more1 and ten-cut work1 which is seldom used in ordinary building work1 brings #a per square foot4 ,rock-face work in granite is cheaper than hammered work4 ,a good1 clean rock face should be counted at #bj cents per square foot4 ,axed1 or peen-hammered1 work is between rock face and six cut4 ,polishing plain surfaces costs #a per square foot in addition to the cost of cutting1 surfaces having widths of #d inches and under counting as #f inches1 and those over #f inches up to #ab inches counting as #a foot4 ,,brickwork #cd4 ,brickwork is generally estimated by the thousand bricks laid in the wall1 but measurements by the cubic yard and the perch are also used4 ,the following data will be useful in calculating the number of bricks in a wall4 ,for each superficial1 or square1 foot of wall #d inches 7the width of one brick7 in thickness1 allow #g bricks2 for a #i-;inch 7the width of two bricks7 wall1 count #ae bricks2 for a #ac-;inch 7the width of three bricks7 wall1 allow #bb bricks2 and so on1 estimating #g bricks for each additional #d inches in thickness of the wall4 ,the preceding figures are for bricks about #h in4 #d in4 #b in4 in size4 ,if smaller bricks are used1 the thickness of the walls will be decreased proportionately4 ,if brickwork is estimated by the cubic yard1 allow #ejj bricks to a yard4 ,this figure is based on the use of bricks of the size just given and mortar joints not over inch thick4 ,if the joints are inch thick1 as in face brickwork1 #a cubic yard will require about #ege bricks4 ,in making calculations of the number of bricks required1 an allowance of1 say1 #e per cent4 should be made for waste in breakage1 etc4 ,the practice in regard to deductions for openings is not uniform throughout the ,united ,states1 but1 usually1 small openings are counted solid1 as the cost of the extra labor and the waste in working around these places balances that of the brickwork saved4 ,all large openings1 #ajj square feet or over in area1 should be deducted4 ,when openings are measured solid1 it is not customary to allow extra compensation for arches1 pilasters1 corbels1 etc4 ,rubbed and ornamental brickwork should be measured separately1 and charged for at a special rate4 ,,data ,,on ,,brickwork #ce4 ,the following estimates on the cost of brickwork are very carefully compiled1 and will be found trustworthy4 ,it should be understood that the prices will vary with the cost of materials and labor2 the proportions1 however1 will be constant4 ,the figures are based on kiln1 or actual1 count2 that is1 with deductions for openings4 ,when the work is measured with no deductions for openings1 the cost per thousand may be assumed as about #ae per cent4 less than the prices given1 which are exclusive of scaffolding1 hoisting1 and builder's profit4 ,the scaffolding will cost1 according to conditions of the structure and site1 from #e to #g per cent4 of the prices given4 ,,cost ,,of ,,common ,,brickwork ,,per ,,thousand ,,bricks ,using #a-to-#c ,lime ,mortar #a1jjj bricks #h4jj #b bushels of lime1 at #be cents per bushel 4#ej cubic yard of sand1 at #a4ej per cubic yard 4#ge ,bricklayer1 #h hours1 at #ee cents per hour #d4dj ,laborer1 #h hours1 at #be cents per hour #b4jj ------ ,total #ae4fe ,using #a-to-#c ,portland-,cement ,mortar #a1jjj bricks #h4jj #a barrel of ,portland cement #b4jj cubic yard of sand 4#ge ,bricklayer1 #h hours1 at #ee cents per hour #d4dj ,laborer1 #h hours1 at #be cents per hour #b4jj ------ ,total #ag4ae ,using #a-to-#d ,lime-and-,cement ,mortar #a1jjj bricks #h4jj bushel of lime1 at #be cents per bushel 4#ai cubic yard of sand 4#ge barrel of cement1 at #b per barrel #a4cd ,bricklayer1 #h hours1 at #ee cents per hour #d4dj ,laborer1 #h hours1 at #be cents per hour #b4jj ------ ,total #af4fh ,,cost ,,of ,,straight1 ,,pressed ,,brickwork1 ,,per ,,thousand ,,bricks ,using ,lime-,putty ,mortar #a1jjj pressed bricks1 cost from #bj to #dj 7average7 #cj4jj #a bushels of lime 4#ch cubic yard of fine sand 4#ch ,bricklayer1 #bg hours1 at #fj cents per hour #af4bj ,laborer1 #bg hours1 at #be cents per hour #f4ge ------ ,total #ec4ga ,,estimating ,,brickwork #cf4 ,the following figures and method of estimating brickwork were supplied by an estimator of a large eastern contractor4 ,the prices given include office expense and builder's profit4 ,the wages per hour on which these figures are based are3 ,bricklayers1 #fe cents2 hod carriers1 #be cents2 and common laborers1 #ah cents4 ,following are mentioned four distinct classes of brick buildings1 and in ,table ,,iv are given the labor prices per thousand brick for the various stories of buildings of these classes4 #a4 ,absolutely plain factory buildings4 #b4 ,factory or office buildings broken up with a few pilasters and other projections2 stretcher-brick facing1 neatly cleaned down and pointed4 #c4 ,office buildings of fairly ornamental type1 well broken up with pilasters1 projecting courses1 etc41 with pressed-brick facing4 #d4 ,highly ornamental brick buildings1 molded cornices1 pilasters1 raised quoins1 sunk molded panels1 and numerous flat and segmental arches4 ,,table ,,iv ,,labor ,,prices ,,per ,,thousand ,,brick ,,for ,,four ,,classes ,,of ,,brick ,,buildings ,part of ,building ,class #a ,class #b ,class #c ,class #d ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,basement #g4ej #g4ej #h4ej #i4ej ,first floor #h4jj #i4jj #aj4ej #ac4ej ,second floor #h4ej #aj4jj #aa4jj #ad4jj ,third floor #i4jj #aj4ej #aa4ej #ad4ej ,fourth floor #i4ej #aa4jj #ab4jj #ae4jj ,fifth floor #aj4jj #aa4ej #ab4ej #ae4ej ,sixth floor #aa4jj #ab4jj #ac4jj #af4jj ,the prices in the table include the cost of mortar4 ,if the cost of brick at building is added1 the result will be the total cost of brickwork exclusive of scaffolding4 ,the average price of total brick labor in buildings of class #a is #h4ej2 of class #b1 #i4ej2 of class #c1 #aa4ej2 and of class #d1 #ad4 #cg4 ,the following miscellaneous brick prices1 including labor and mortar1 but not brick1 are from the same source as the prices given in the preceding article1 and are based on the same condition1 the prices being in bricks per thousand3 ,for heavy basement walls and similar masses of brickwork #g4jj ,for #ah-;inch brick walls not over two or three stories high1 in hard brick with struck joints #h4jj ,same as above1 but for #ac-;inch walls #i4jj ,for #ah-;inch brick walls1 as above1 but faced on one side with pressed brick #ab4jj ,for #ah-;inch brick walls1 as above1 but faced on both sides with pressed brick #af4ej ,for #ac-;inch brick walls1 as above1 but faced one side with pressed brick #ad4jj ,for #ac-;inch brick walls1 as above1 but faced both sides with pressed brick #ad4jj ,add to above1 if of ,english or ,flemish bond1 on entire cost of wall 4#ej ,if work is broken up into light piers1 requiring a lot of plumbing1 add to cost of wall as above #a4ej ,if a large number of segmental arches must be turned1 add to total cost of wall #a4jj ,in addition to the preceding schedule two useful rules to remember are3 ,for pressed-brick segmental arches1 add for labor #a times the cost of bricks2 for pressed-brick arches requiring radial brick1 add for labor twice the cost of straight1 pressed brick4 ,as radial brick are shipped to the building in barrels and have to be unpacked and laid out on the full-sized diagram on the floor1 it will be found that the rate given is not excessive4 ,for brick vault arches1 the cost of labor1 exclusive of mortar1 will be about #e per thousand brick4 ,if pointed underneath1 #g cents per square foot will have to be added4 ,if the centers are left in place until the mortar has set1 it will be necessary to rake out the joints and wet them before pointing4 ,this will cost about #aj cents per square foot4 ,,terra-,,cotta ,,work #ch4 ,terra-,cotta ,floor ,arches4--,the cost of terra-cotta floor arches varies somewhat with the span and with the difficulties encountered in putting up and removing the centering4 ,if the building consists of a number of stories1 the centering that is used on one floor may be reused on a floor several stories higher up1 in this way decreasing the outlay for centerings4 ,for ordinary spans1 the following analysis of the cost of a #ab-;inch arch1 exclusive of the cost of the terra cotta itself1 will be found quite accurate1 provided the centering is put up by experienced laborers4 ,the price given is per square foot of arch4 ,,cents ,centering #c ,hoisting and laying #c ,mortar ----- ,total #g ,this price is for work showing a flat ceiling4 ,if the ceiling is much broken up by girders1 the price1 exclusive of the terra cotta itself1 will be about #h cents per square foot4 ,as a price per square foot1 including the cost of terra cotta1 setting1 and mortar1 the following figures may be taken4 ,these1 however1 do not include the cost of plastering1 or of any concrete fill above the terra cotta4 ,,cents #aj-;inch arches #bc #ab-;inch arches #be #ae-;inch arches #bi #ci4 ,terra-,cotta ,partitions4--,in office buildings1 terra-cotta partitions are usually erected on top of a floor in order to divide the space into such rooms as will suit the tenants4 ,this work is generally done after the building is otherwise completed4 ,an analysis of the cost of such partitions is given in ,table ,v4 ,,table ,v ,,cost ,,of ,,terra-,,cotta ,,partitions ,thickness,cost of ,setting,cost of ,terra,total ,cost per ,inches per ,square ,cotta per ,square ,foot ,foot1 ,including ,square ,foot ,cents ,mortar ,cents ,cents ---------------------------------------- ----------- #c #e #i #ad #d #e #aj #ae #f #f #ab #ah #aj #h #af #bd ,the cost of placing #h-;inch1 terra-cotta backing to brickwork is #f cents per square foot4 ,,tiling #dj4 ,although not always of a brick or terra-cotta nature1 it will be found more convenient to consider all tiling together and at the same time that the cost of brickwork is taken up4 ,only very general figures can be given on the cost of tiling1 as this cost depends considerably on the design to be carried out4 ,the cost per square foot of various styles of tile laid in place is as follows3 ,moravian tile floors #a4ej ,interlocking1 rubber tile floors #a4ej ,columbia marble tile1 #ab #ab1 with colored border1 tile laid straight on floor 4#ej ,columbia marble tile1 #ab #ab1 with colored border1 tile laid diagonally on floor 4#fj ,italian marble tile1 #ab #ab1 with colored border1 tile laid straight on floor 4#gj ,italian marble tile1 #ab #ab1 with colored border1 tile laid diagonally on floor 4#hj ,terrazzo and marble mosaic border 4#ch to 4#dj ,common1 white tile in vertical locations1 as lining for elevator shafts1 etc4 4#dj ,marble mosaic ceiling work #c4jj ,marble and glass mosaic ceiling work #h4jj #b-;inch book tile 7laying only7 4#jd #c-;inch book tile 7laying only7 4#jd ,shoe tile 7laying only7 4#jf ,,mackite #da4 ,mackite is a fireproofing material used for partitions in very much the same way as terra cotta4 ,as this material is put in place by bricklayers1 its cost will be taken up here4 ,where there are many openings1 two bricklayers and one laborer can set #bdj square feet of mackite in #h hours2 in a straight wall1 without openings1 these same men can set about #djj square feet4 ,the market price for #b #ab #cj blocks is #f cents per square foot2 for blocks #c inches thick1 it is #h cents per square foot4 ,the average price for both material and labor for #b-;inch mackite is #aj cents per square foot2 for #c-;inch material it is about #ab cents per square foot4 ,,carpentry #db4 ,carpentry should include general framing1 roofs1 floor joists1 partitions1 sheathing1 flooring1 furring1 and plastering grounds4 #dc4 ,board ,measure4--,the rough lumber used in framing is measured by the board foot1 which means a piece #ab inches square and #a inch thick4 ,lumber is always sold on a basis of a thousand feet board measure4 ,the customary abbreviation for the latter term is ,b4 ,m42 that for thousand is ,m4 ,thus1 #ejj feet board measure1 costing #bg per thousand1 would be written3 #ejj ft4 ,b4 ,m41 at #bg per ,m4 ,to obtain the number of board feet in any piece of timber1 the length1 in inches1 should be multiplied by the end area1 in square inches1 and the result divided by #add4 ,for example1 the number of feet ,b4 ,m4 in a floor joist #bj feet long1 #c inches thick1 and #aj inches deep is #bdj inches 7#bj feet #ab7 multiplied by #cj square inches 7the end area7 divided by #add1 or #ej4 ,the following rule is used by most contractors and lumber dealers3 ,multiply the length in feet by the thickness and width in inches1 and divide the product by #ab4 ,thus1 a scantling #bf feet long1 #b inches thick1 and #f inches wide contains #bf #b #f ---------- #bf feet ,b4 ,m4 #ab ,this rule1 expressed in a slightly different manner1 is more convenient for mental computation3 ,divide the product of the width and thickness in inches by #ab1 and multiply the quotient by the length in feet4 ,thus1 a #b #aj plank1 #ah feet long1 contains #b #aj ------- #cj feet ,b4 ,m4 #ab #ah #dd4 ,prices of ,lumber4--,owing to the continual variation in the prices and grades of lumber1 it is impossible to give prices here that will not vary from day to day4 ,the architect before starting to estimate should first be sure that he has the latest lumber prices obtainable4 ,these prices can always be secured from the local lumber dealer4 #de4 ,studs4--,to calculate the number of studs--set on #af-;inch centers--the following rule may be used3 ,from the length of the partition1 in feet1 deduct one-fourth1 and to this result add #a4 ,count the number of returns1 or corners1 on the plan1 where double studding is required1 and add #b studs for each such return4 7,the reason for adding #a is to include the stud at the end1 which would otherwise be omitted47 ,the sills1 plates1 and double studs must be measured separately4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d ,for example1 the number of studs required for partitions only1 shown on the plan1 ,fig4 #d1 is computed in the following manner4 #cj ft4 #f in4 #aj ft4 #f in4 #i ft4 #f in4 #e ft4 #j in4 #d ft4 #f in4 ------------ #fj ft4 #j in4 ,deducting one-quarter from #fj feet1 the remainder is #de feet2 adding #a stud1 the result is #df feet4 ,as there are #d returns1 with #b studs for each1 as shown at a a1 the total number is #df 7#d #b7 #ed studs4 ,as a general rule1 when 7as is customary7 the studs are set at #af-;inch centers1 #a stud for each foot in length of partition will be a sufficient allowance to include sills1 plates1 and double studs4 ,thus1 if the total length of partitions is #ge feet1 #ge studs will be sufficient for sills1 double studs1 etc4 ,if the studs are set at #ab-;inch centers1 the number required will be equal to the number of feet in length of partition plus one-fourth4 ,thus1 if the length of partitions is #gb feet1 #gb #ah1 or #ij1 studs will include those required for sills1 plates1 etc4 ,the same rules may be used for calculating the number of joists1 rafters1 tie-beams1 etc4 ,a good way to estimate bridging is to allow #c cents apiece1 or #f cents per pair2 this will be sufficient to furnish and set a pair made of #b #c spruce or hemlock stuff4 #df4 ,sheathing4--,to calculate sheathing or rough flooring 7not matched71 find the number of feet ,b4 ,m4 required to cover the surface1 making no deductions for door or window openings1 because what is gained in openings is lost in waste4 ,if the sheathing is laid horizontally1 only the actual measurement is necessary2 but if it is laid diagonally1 add #h or #aj per cent4 to the actual area4 #dg4 ,flooring4--,in estimating matched flooring1 a square foot of -inch stuff is considered to be #a foot ,b4 ,m4 ,if the flooring is #c inches or more in width1 add one-quarter to the actual number of board feet1 to allow for waste of material in forming the tongue and groove2 if less than #c inches wide1 add one-third4 ,flooring of #a-;inch finished thickness is considered to be #a inches thick1 and for calculating it the following rule may be used3 ,increase the surface measure #ej per cent4 7,this consists of #be per cent4 for extra thickness over ,i inch1 and #be per cent4 for waste in tonguing and grooving47 ,to this amount add #e per cent4 for waste in handling and fitting4 ,in figuring the area of floors1 openings for stairs1 fireplaces1 etc4 should be deducted4 #dh4 ,weather ,boarding1 or ,siding4--,in measuring weather boarding1 or siding1 the superficial1 or square1 foot is usually employed4 ,no deduction should be made for ordinary window or door openings1 as these usually balance the waste in cutting and fitting4 ,careful attention must be given to the allowance for lap4 ,if #f-;inch1 nominal width 7actual width1 #e inches71 siding1 laid with #a-;inch lap1 is used1 add one-quarter to the actual area of the space to be covered1 in order to obtain the number of square feet of siding required4 ,if #d-;inch stuff is used1 add one-third to the actual area4 ,when1 as previously noted1 no allowance is made for openings1 the corner and baseboards need not be figured separately4 #di4 ,cornices4--,as a general rule1 cornices are measured by the running foot1 the molded and plain members being taken separately4 ,a good method of figuring cornices is as follows3 ,measure the girth1 or outline1 and allow #a cents for each inch of girth1 per linear foot4 ,this price will pay for material and for setting1 the cost of the mill work being estimated at #ej per cent4 #ej4 ,cost per ,square ,foot4--,for all classes of materials that enter into the general framing and covering of a building1 a close estimate may be made by analyzing the cost per square foot of surface2 that is1 the cost of labor and materials--studs and sheathing in walls1 joists and flooring in floors1 etc4--required for a definite area should be closely determined1 and this cost divided by the area considered1 will give the price per square foot4 ,if the corresponding whole area is multiplied by the figure thus obtained1 the result will1 of course1 be the cost of that portion of the work4 ,while the usual custom is to adopt a uniform rate for the various grades of work1 a careful analysis will show that roof sheathing1 where the roof is much cut up1 costs more in place than wall sheathing1 owing to its position2 also that the studs in walls and partitions cost more than floor joists1 as they are lighter and require more handling4 ,the following example shows how to determine the cost per square foot of flooring and indicates the general method to be pursued in similar cases4 ,the area used in the calculation is a square1 or #ajj square feet4 ,the cost of labor is estimated at #dj per cent4 of that of the materials1 as it has been shown by experience that this allowance is a very close approximation to the actual cost of general carpenter work4 ,,cost ,,of ,,finished ,,floor ,,per ,,square ,joists1 hemlock1 #h pieces1 #c #aj #aj'1 #bjj feet ,b4 ,m41 at #bg per ,m4 #e4dj ,bridging1 hemlock1 #g sets1 #b #c #a' #d1 #i feet ,b4 ,m41 at #bg per ,m4 4#bd ,rough flooring1 hemlock1 inch thick1 laid diagonally1 #ajj ft4 #be ft4 #aj ft41 #ace feet ,b4 ,m41 at #be per ,m4 #c4ch ,finished flooring1 ,no4 #b1 white pine1 inch thick1 #abe feet ,b4 ,m41 at #de per ,m4 #e4fc ,nails1 eightpenny 7about7 #c pounds1 at #b4ej per #ajj pounds 4#jh ,labor1 #dj per cent4 of cost of materials #e4hi ------ ,total cost for #ajj square feet #bj4fb ,cost per square foot1 #bj4fb #ajj #ba cents4 ,a similar method may be followed in estimating the cost of interior finish1 paneling1 doors1 etc4 #ea4 ,work of a ,carpenter per ,day4--,the quantity of material that a workman can put in place in a day is very uncertain1 as it depends on the skill of the man and the ease or difficulty of the work1 both being somewhat modified by circumstances4 ,the figures given in ,table ,,vi1 while founded on information gained by many years of experience1 are only intended to give an idea of the relative quantities and are not a standard to be adhered to in all cases4 ,the estimates are based on an #h-;hour day and wages at #c4bj per day4 ,if the hours or pay are less or greater in various localities than the prices given1 the results will be correspondingly diminished or increased4 ,,table ,,vi ,,quantities ,,of ,,material ,,put ,,in ,,place ,,per ,,day ,,by ,,one ,,man ,number of ,class of ,material ,feet ,b4 ,m41 ,remarks or ,number ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,studding #b #d1 or #b #f #djj ,wall or partition4 ,rafters #djj ,rafter ridge and bracing #bej ,plate1 #f #h1 halved at corners #cej ,floor joists1 #b #aj1 or #c #ab #ejj ,ceiling joists1 #b #f #dej ,sheathing1 unmatched #ejj ,laid horizontally4 ,sheathing1 unmatched #djj ,laid diagonally4 ,sheathing1 matched #djj ,laid horizontally4 ,sheathing1 matched #cjj ,laid diagonally4 ,sheathing1 roof #gej ,plain gable roof4 ,much cut up by hips1 ,sheathing1 roof #cjj valleys1 dormers1 etc4 ,ceiling lined with paper #bjj ,includes fitting ,siding1 #d inches wide #bjj and setting ,siding1 #f inches wide #cjj corner boards1 base1 trim1 and scaffolding4 ,includes scarfing ,posts and beams over cellars #bjj-bej and doweling4 ,for base and wainscot1 ,plaster grounds1 linear feet #bej straightened in good shape4 ,bridging1 number of pairs per hour #aj ,includes cutting and setting4 ,false jambs around openings1 #a per hour #eb4 ,cost of ,laying ,flooring4--,the figures on flooring given in ,table ,,vii will be found useful in calculating as they are based on a square1 which1 as previously stated1 is equal to #ajj square feet4 ,the same carpenters' wages and number of working hours as in the preceding article are used here4 ,,table ,,vii ,,labor ,,cost ,,of ,,laying ,,wooden ,,floors1 ,,etc4 ,number of ,cost per ,classes of ,materials1 ,etc4 ,squares per,square at ,man per ,day#dj ,cents of #h ,hours per ,hour ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,rough matched hemlock floor1 #c #f inches wide #a4jg #c-;inch spruce floors laid at #c 4#ia right angles to the beams ,yellow pine floor1 with struck joints #a #b4ac ,cypress porch floor1 finished with #a #c4bj white-lead joints -inch maple floor laid on a plank floor1 #b #a4fj with paper between2 also1 struck joints ,laying straight-oak floor #a #c4bj ,scraping oak floors #i4fj ,finishing and waxing oak floors #d4hj ,parquet floor in #b-;inch strips of blocks1 #ab4hj #ab #f or #af #h ,scraping parquet floor #ab4hj ,finishing and waxing parquet floor to good finish #d4hj ,sleepers1 laying and setting1 4#jb per linear foot #ec4 ,miscellaneous ,carpentry ,items4--,in ,table ,,viii is given the cost of several items of carpentry1 such as setting window and door frames1 furring brick walls1 etc4 ,the prices are based on the same wages and hours as in the two preceding articles4 ,,table ,,viii ,,cost ,,of ,,miscellaneous ,,items ,,of ,,carpentry ,class of ,work ,cost ,remarks ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,setting window frames in 4#de ,each4 wooden buildings ,per square foot2 ,furring brick walls1 #a #b 4#jb includes labor1 strips1 #ab-;inch centers material1 and nails4 ,furring brick walls1 #a #b 4#ja ,per square foot4 strips1 #af-;inch centers ,cutting holes and fitting 4#je ,each4 plugs in brick walls ,setting window frames in brickwork 4#fj ,each2 includes nails and bracing4 ,setting door frames in brickwork 4#fj ,each4 ,setting window frames in stonework #a4be ,each1 for ordinary work4 ,setting window frames in stonework #b4jj ,each1 for very careful work4 ,setting door frames in stonework #b4jj ,each1 for very careful work4 ,furnishing and setting trimmer-arch #b4jj ,each centers ,arch centers1 #d-;foot span1 #a4ej ,each2 includes supports #h-;inch reveal and wedges4 #ed4 ,nails4--,to calculate the quantity of nails required in executing any portion of the work1 ,table ,,ix1 which is based on the use of cut nails1 will be found useful4 ,,table ,,ix ,,quantity ,,of ,,nails ,,required ,,for ,,various ,,purposes ,material ,pounds ,kind of ,nails and ,required ,size in ,pennies ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a1jjj shingles #e #d #a1jjj laths1 #d nails to a lath #g #c1 fine #a1jjj laths1 #f nails to a lath #i #c1 fine #a1jjj sq4 ft4 beveled siding #ah #f #a1jjj sq4 ft4 sheathing #bj #h #a1jjj sq4 ft4 sheathing #be #aj #a1jjj sq4 ft4 flooring1 rough #cj #h #a1jjj sq4 ft4 flooring1 rough #dj #aj #a1jjj sq4 ft4 studding #ae #aj #e #bj #a1jjj sq4 ft4 furring1 #a #b #aj #aj #a1jjj sq4 ft4 finished flooring #bj #h to #aj1 finish #a1jjj sq4 ft4 #a finished flooring #cj #aj1 finish ,,roofing #ee4 ,kinds of ,roof ,covering4--,the roof coverings most generally used are shingles1 slate1 tin1 tile1 and tarred paper and gravel 7known as gravel roofing74 ,while there are slight variations in the methods of measuring the different kinds1 they are all based on the square of #ajj square feet4 #ef4 ,shingles4--,in measuring shingle roofing1 it is necessary to know the exposed length of a shingle4 ,this is found by deducting #c inches 7the usual cover over the head of the lowest shingle in the four overlapping courses7 from the length and dividing the remainder by #c4 ,thus1 in ,fig4 #e1 the distance b that one shingle is overlapped by the third above it is usually made equal to #c inches1 and the remaining length of the lowest shingle may be divided into three equal portions1 each equal to a4 ,the lowest of these three portions is the part exposed to the weather4 ,multiplying the length exposed to the weather by the average width of a shingle will give the exposed area4 ,dividing #ad1djj1 the number of square inches in a square1 by the exposed area of #a shingle1 in square inches1 will give the number of shingles required to cover #ajj square feet of roof4 ,for example1 it is required to compute the number of shingles #ah in4 #d in4 needed to cover #ajj square feet of roof4 ,with a shingle of this length1 the exposure will be #ah - #c ------ #e inches2 #c then1 the exposed area of #a shingle is #d in4 #e in41 or #bj square inches1 and #a square requires #ad1djj #bj #gbj shingles4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e ,an allowance should always be made for waste in estimating the number of shingles required4 ,table ,x is arranged for shingles from #ae to #bg inches in length1 #d and #f inches in width1 and for various lengths of exposure4 #eg4 ,shingles are classed as shaved1 or breasted1 and sawed shingles4 ,shaved shingles have fallen almost into disuse1 owing to the difficulty of manufacturing them4 ,these shingles vary from #ah to #cj inches in length1 and are about inch thick at the butt and _/ inch at the top4 ,sawed shingles are usually from #ad to #ah inches long and of various thicknesses4 ,in the case of #ah-;inch shingles1 five shingles1 at their butts1 will make #b inches2 that is1 the thickness of one shingle at the butt is #b #e 4#de1 or about _/ inch4 ,at the top1 each shingle is _/ inch thick4 ,with #af-;inch shingles1 however1 five of them make only #b inches4 ,therefore1 the thickness of a #af-;inch shingle at the butt is #b #e 4#d1 or about 1 inch4 ,,table ,x ,,data ,,for ,,estimating ,,shingles ,number of ,square ,feet of ,number of ,shingles ,required ,exposure to ,roof ,covered by #a1jjj for #ajj ,square ,feet ,weather ,shingles of ,roof ,inches ---------------------------------------- ------------ #d ,inches ,wide#f ,inches ,wide#d ,inches ,wide#f ,inches ,wide ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #d #aaa #afg #ijj #fjj #e #aci #bjh #gbj #dhj #f #afg #bej #fjj #djj #g #aid #bia #ead #cdc #h #bbb #ccc #dej #cjj ,white-pine and white-cedar shingles are graded alike4 ,the shingles made of ,no4 #a1 or clear1 stock are designated ,,xxxx4 ,those made of ,no4 #b stock1 with #f-;inch clear butt1 are given the brand ,,xx1 while those made of mill cull1 with sound butt1 are called ,x4 ,red-cedar shingles are graded differently4 ,their grade depends on their length4 ,thus1 #ah-;inch1 ,no4 #a shingles are termed 8,perfection10 while #ah-;inch1 thin butt are termed 8,eureka40 ,red-cedar shingles #af inches long1 if made of ,no4 #a1 or clear1 stock1 are designated 8,extra 99 ,a 9940 ,if they are #af-;inch1 thin butt1 they are termed simply 899 ,a 9940 ,sawed shingles are made up into bundles of #bej1 and are sold on a basis of #d inches width for each shingle4 ,shingles cost from #d to #f4ge per thousand1 according to material and grade4 ,dimension shingles--those cut to a uniform width--if of prime cedar1 shaved1 inch thick at the butt and _/ inch at the top1 will cost about #g4ge per thousand1 but since such shingles are usually #f inches wide1 less will be required per square4 ,a fairly good workman will lay about #a1jjj shingles per day of #h hours1 on straight1 plain work2 while in working around hips and valleys1 the average will be about #gjj per day4 #eh4 ,slating4--,in measuring slating1 the method of determining the number of slates required per square is similar to that given for shingling2 but in slating1 each course overlaps only two of the courses below1 instead of three1 as in shingling4 ,the usual lap1 or cover1 of the lowest course of slate by the uppermost of the two overlapping courses1 is #c inches2 hence1 to find the exposed length1 deduct the lap from the length of the slate1 and divide the remainder by #b4 ,the exposed area is the width of the slate multiplied by this exposed length1 and the number of slates required per square is found by dividing #ad1djj by the exposed area of #a slate in square inches4 ,thus1 if #ad #bj slates are to be used1 the exposed length will be #bj - #c ------ #h inches2 #b the exposed area will be #ad #h #aai square inches2 and the number per square will be #ad1djj #aai #aba slates4 ,the following points should be observed in measuring slating3 ,eaves1 hips1 valleys1 and cuttings against walls are measured extra1 #a foot wide by their whole length1 the extra charge being made for waste of material and the increased labor required in cutting and fitting4 ,openings less than #c square feet are not deducted1 and all cuttings around them are measured extra4 ,extra charges are also made for borders1 figures1 and any change in color of the work2 and for steeples1 towers1 and perpendicular surfaces4 ,table ,,xi1 which is based on a lap of #c inches1 gives the sizes of the ,american slates and the number of pieces required per square4 ,the cost of slating varies from #i to #ae cents per square foot1 depending on the class of work4 ,the thickness of stock slate varies from five to #a inch to inch and special thicknesses up to #a inch are made to order4 ,for ordinary dwellings1 the usual thickness used is five to #a inch1 which gives a thickness of a little more than _/ inch1 and the size used for this class of work is generally #h in4 #ab in4 or #i in4 #ah in41 the price being the same4 ,,table ,,xi ,,number ,,of ,,slates ,,per ,,square ,size ,number of ,size ,number of ,size ,number of ,inches ,pieces ,inches ,pieces ,inches ,pieces ---------------------------------------- ------------- #f #ab #ecc #i #af #bdf #ad #bj #aba #g #ab #deg #aj #af #bba #aa #bb #ach #h #ab #djj #i #ah #bac #ab #bb #abf #i #ab #cee #aj #ah #aib #ac #bb #aaf #g #ad #cgd #aa #ah #agd #ad #bb #ajh #h #ad #cbg #ab #ah #afj #ab #bd #aad #i #ad #bia #aj #bj #afi #ac #bd #aje #aj #ad #bfa #aa #bj #aed #ad #bd #ih #h #af #bgg #ab #bj #ada #af #bd #hf ,in ,table ,,xii is given a list of the different colors of slate used in the ,eastern and ,middle ,states1 the quarries from which they are obtained1 and the cost of slate1 labor1 etc4 per square1 pertaining to each variety4 ,the prices in the table are based on the #h in4 #ab in4 or #i in4 #ah in4 sizes1 thickness five to #a inch1 and for quantities of not less than #ej squares4 ,the cost of labor1 etc4 being based on current prices in the aforementioned territory4 ,slate inch thick cost about #bj per cent4 more than the five to #a inch for the material1 and about #e per cent4 more for laying and freight4 ,slate inch thick cost about #de per cent4 more than the five to #a inch for the material1 and about #ae per cent4 more for laying and freight4 ,when copper nails are specified obtain current prices4 ,,table ,,xii ,,approximate ,,cost ,,of ,,slating1 ,,per ,,square ,cost of ,cost of ,laying1 ,total ,cost1 ,classification ,slate ,including ,exclusive ,f4 ,o4 ,b4 ,roofing of ,builder's ,quarries,felt1 and ,profit ,freight ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,black ,slate ,brownville1 ,maine #h4jj #e4jj #ac4jj ,monson1 ,maine #g4jj #e4jj #ab4jj ,peach ,bottom1 ,pennsylvania #e4ej #d4jj #i4ej ,chapman 7,hard ,vein71 ,pennsylvania #d4ej #c4ej #h4jj ,bangor1 ,pennsylvania #d4ej #c4ej #h4jj ,lehigh1 ,pennsylvania #d4jj #c4ej #g4ej ,buckingham1 ,virginia #c4ge #d4jj #g4ge ,red ,slate ,vermont #ab4jj #d4be #af4be ,green ,slate ,vermont #e4ej #d4be #i4ge ,purple ,slate ,vermont #e4jj #d4be #i4be ,mottled ,slate ,vermont 7,purple and ,green7 #d4jj #d4be #h4be #ei4 ,sheet-,metal ,roofs4--,in estimating sheet-metal roofs1 the hips and valleys are measured extra their entire length by #a foot in width1 to compensate for increased labor and waste of material in cutting and laying4 ,gutters and conductor pipes1 or leaders1 are measured by the linear foot1 #a foot extra being added for each angle4 ,all flashings and crestings are measured by the linear foot4 ,no deductions are made for openings 7chimneys1 skylights1 ventilators1 or dormer-windows7 if they are less than #ej square feet in area2 if between #ej and #ajj square feet1 one-half the area is deducted2 if over #ajj square feet1 the whole opening is deducted4 ,an extra charge is made for labor and waste of material to flash around openings4 #fj4 ,there are two regular sizes of roofing plates1 namely1 #bj in4 #bh in4 and #ad in4 #bj in4 ,the larger size is generally used on common work1 owing to the fact that it requires fewer seams on the roof and consequently cheapens the cost of laying4 ,a third size1 namely1 #aj in4 #bj in41 is also supplied1 and is used generally for gutters and leader pipes4 ,sheets #aj in4 ,x #ad in4 are sometimes used for laying roofs1 as they can be cleated better than the larger sizes4 ,such small sheets1 however1 cost more to lay4 ,two thicknesses of roofing plates are commonly recognized4 ,one is the ,,ic1 or ,no4 #bi gauge1 and weighs #h ounces to the square foot2 the other is the ,,ix1 or ,no4 #bg gauge1 and weighs #aj ounces to the square foot4 ,sometimes1 a still heavier plate is called for1 and it is therefore kept in stock by the best manufacturers4 ,this plate is known as ,,ixx1 or ,no4 #bf gauge1 and is used for especially heavy work4 ,formerly1 the standard net weight per box of ,,ic1 #ad #bj roofing tin was #aab pounds1 or #a pound per sheet1 making #aab sheets to the box2 but now this weight is reduced to #ajh pounds4 ,the old standard for ,,ix plates was #adj pounds1 but very few brands now weigh more than #ace pounds per box4 ,the most reliable manufacturers guarantee the weights for the different boxes of tin1 and if the material does not come up to the guaranteed weight1 it can be returned4 ,the best sheets in the market today are stamped with the mark of the brand and the designation ,,ic or ,,ix of the thickness4 #fa4 ,using standing joints1 a #ad #bj sheet of roofing tin will cover about #bce square inches of surface1 or one box of such tin will cover about #ahb square feet4 ,with a flat1 lock seam1 a sheet will cover #bee square inches1 allowing inch all around for joints2 or a box will lay #aih square feet4 ,these figures make no allowance for waste4 ,two good workmen can put on from #bej to #cjj square feet of tin roofing per day of #h hours2 this also includes painting the outside of the tin4 ,tin roofing will cost from #h to #aj cents per square foot1 depending on the quality of material and workmanship4 #fb4 ,tile ,roofs4--,since tile roofs are constructed of so many styles of tile1 no general rules of measurement can be given4 ,every piece of work must be estimated according to the particular kind of tile used and the number of sizes and patterns4 ,information on all these points is to be found in the catalogs of tile manufacturers4 ,,table ,,xiii ,,approximate ,,cost ,,of ,,roof ,,tiling1 ,,per ,,square ,cost of ,total ,cost ,classification ,laying ,exclusive ,cost ,including of of ,tile ,ashphalt,builder's ,delivered ,felt ,profit ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,shingle tile 7rectangular71 #f #ab #ac4jj #g4ej #bj4ej ,shingle tile 7rectangular71 #h #ab #ad4jj #f4ej #bj4ej ,shingle tile 7geometric shapes7 #ab4jj #g4jj #ai4jj ,conosera 7interlocking71 #h #ab #ad4jj #e4ej #ai4ej ,conosera 7interlocking71 #aj #ae #ab4jj #e4jj #ag4jj ,conosera1 combination #h #ab and #b #ab #af4ej #h4jj #bd4ej ,french ,a 7interlocking71 size #aj #ae #ab4jj #e4jj #ag4jj ,spanish1 #h #ab #ac4jj #f4ej #ai4ej ,old ,spanish1 semicircular1 channels laid alternately1 concave and convex #bb4ej #aj4jj #cb4ej ,roman1 pan and semicircular roll1 laid #g in4 center to center of rolls #ag4jj #h4jj #be4jj ,greek1 pan and semihexagonal cap1 laid #g in4 center to center of caps #ag4jj #h4jj #be4jj ,promenade for flat roofs1 laid on #e layers of asphalt felt in asphalt pitch #g4jj #ac4jj #bj4jj ,in ,table ,,xiii is given a list of the prevailing styles of roof tiling1 the cost of tiling1 labor1 etc4 per square1 pertaining to each variety4 ,the prices in the table are based on the natural red color of the clay when burnt2 extra prices are asked for glazed-surface finish which can be obtained in different colors4 ,the prices in the table are based on quantities of not less than #cj squares1 as less than a minimum carload means increased freight rates4 ,the prices given cover railroad delivery to points in the ,eastern and ,middle ,states4 ,labor1 etc4 being based on current prices4 ,the above prices are figured on the tile being laid on wooden sheathing2 if laid on book tile or cement add #bj per cent4 ,if copper nails are used1 care must be taken in figuring the number of nails1 as well as their length and gauge1 for the special forms of tile specified4 ,fluctuating values of copper make this an item of much importance4 ,ridges1 hip rolls1 barge tile1 and finials are charged as extras and due allowance must be made for cutting at valleys and hips4 #fc4 ,gravel ,roofs4--,in gravel roofing1 the cost per square depends on the number of thicknesses of tarred felt and the quantity of pitch used per square4 ,a value of #d cents per square foot for four thicknesses may be considered an average4 ,,roof ,,mensuration #fd4 ,while a knowledge of how to apply the ordinary principles of mensuration is all that is necessary to calculate any roof area1 yet the modern house1 with its numerous gables and irregular surfaces1 introduces complications that render some further explanation of roof measurement desirable4 ,the most common error made in figuring roofs--and one that should be carefully guarded against--is that of using the apparent length of slopes1 as shown by the plan or side elevations1 instead of the true length1 as obtained from the end elevations4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f #fe4 ,the area of a plain gable roof1 as shown in end and side elevations in ,fig4 #f1 is found by multiplying the length g j by the slope length b d1 and further multiplying by #b1 for both sides4 ,the area of each gable is found by multiplying the width of the gable a d by the altitude c b1 and dividing by #b4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #g ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #h ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #i #ff4 ,in ,fig4 #g is shown the plan and elevation of a hip roof1 having a deck z4 ,the pitch of the roof being the same on each side1 the line c d shows the true length of the common rafter l m4 ,in ,fig4 #h is shown the method of developing the true lengths of the hips and the true size of one side of the roof4 ,let a b c d represent the same lines as the corresponding ones in ,fig4 #g4 ,from the line a d1 ,fig4 #h1 through b and c1 draw perpendiculars1 as g h and e f2 lay off from g and e on these lines1 the length of the common rafter c d1 ,fig4 #g1 and draw the lines a h and d f1 ,fig4 #h2 then the figure a h f d will represent the true shape and size of the side of the roof shown in the elevation in ,fig4 #g4 ,the area of the triangle d e f is equal to the area of the triangle a g h or a similar triangle a i h4 ,hence1 the portion of the roof a h f d is equal in area to the rectangle a i f e1 the length of which is half the sum of the eave and deck lengths1 while its breadth is the length of a common rafter4 #fg4 ,a method of obtaining the lengths of valley rafters1 applicable also to hip rafters1 is shown in ,fig4 #i1 which is the plan of a hip-and-gable roof4 ,to ascertain the length of the valley rafter a b1 draw the line a c perpendicular to a b and equal in length to the altitude of the gable2 then draw the line c b1 which will represent the true length of the valley rafter a b4 #fh4 ,as an example of roof mensuration1 the number of square feet of surface on the roof shown in ,fig4 #aj will be calculated4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aj ,the area of the triangular portion a c b is equal to the slope length of d c 7found by laying off c c equal to the height of the ridge above the eaves and drawing c d7 multiplied by the length of the eaves line a b and divided by #b4 ,multiplying the dimensions #ac4e feet and #bc feet1 respectively1 and dividing by #b1 the area is found to be #aee4c square feet4 ,the area of the trapezoid g f i h is half the sum of f i and g h 7shown in their true length on the plan7 multiplied by the true length of h i4 ,the latter is found by marking the height of the gable i i on the ridge line1 and drawing the line i h1 which measures #aj4f feet4 ,performing these operations1 there results #e #ad ------ #aj4f #ajj4g square feet #b for each side1 or #bja4d square feet for both4 ,as each of the side gables is the same size1 the area of the two roofs is #bja4d #b #djb4h square feet4 ,the area of the polygon q p n k is equal to the triangle q p w minus the triangle k n w1 the area covered by the intersecting gable roof4 ,the former is equal to the triangle a c b1 the area of which is #aee4c square feet4 ,the area of k n w is equal to half of n w1 or #f4e feet1 multiplied by the true length of k s or the altitude of the triangle2 the latter is obtained by laying off k k equal to the height of the gable1 #e4e feet1 at right angles to k s1 and drawing s k1 which is the required altitude and which measures almost #g4d feet4 ,then k n w #f4e #g4d #dh4a square feet2 whence q p n k equals #aee4c - #dh4a #ajg4b square feet4 ,the area of a p q c is a p q c ------------- #b multiplied by the true slope length of t v1 or t v1 which measures #ae4b feet4 ,substituting dimensions1 the area is found to be #f #bd ------ #ae4b #bbh square feet4 #b ,from this deduct the area of y z u1 which is the portion covered by the intersecting gable roof4 ,the true length of t u along the slope is t u1 measuring #ab feet2 hence1 the area of y z u is #ad #ab ------- #hd square feet4 #b ,the net area of a p q c is therefore #bbh - #hd #add square feet2 b c q w being equal to a p q c1 its area is the same1 making the area of both sides #bhh square feet4 ,the area of k n m l is m n l k -------------- m l1 #b the slope length of m l4 ,substituting dimensions1 the area is #aa #af ------- #h4e #aad4h square feet4 #b ,as k l x w is equal to k n m l1 the area of both is #bbi4f square feet4 ,adding the partial areas thus obtained1 the sum is #aee4c #djb4h #ajg4b #bhh #bbi4f #a1ahb4i square feet1 or approximately #aa4i squares4 ,,plastering #fi4 ,plastering on plain surfaces1 such as walls and ceilings1 is always measured by the square yard4 ,in determining the cost of plastering walls and ceilings1 measure the surface actually plastered1 making no deduction for grounds or for openings less than #g superficial yards4 ,for surfaces of domes or groined ceilings1 beams1 coves1 paneling1 etc41 a unit price is fixed by the linear or the superficial foot1 according to the character and disposition of the work4 ,round corners and arrises should be measured by the linear foot4 ,on interior work1 increase the price #e per cent4 for each #ab feet above the floor after the first4 ,for outside work1 add #a per cent4 for each foot above the lower #bj feet4 ,all repairing and patching should be done at agreed prices4 #gj4 ,stucco ,work4--,in estimating stucco work1 cornices composed of plain members and panel work are measured by the square foot4 ,enriched cornices with carved moldings are measured by the linear foot4 ,when moldings are less than #ab inches in circumference1 measurement is taken by the linear foot2 when over #ab inches1 superficial measurement is used4 ,for internal angles or miters1 add #a foot to the length of cornice1 and for exterior angles add #b feet to the length4 ,sections of cornice less than #ab inches measure as #ab inches4 ,add one-half for raking cornices4 ,for cornices or moldings abutted against a wall or plain surface1 add #a foot to the length of cornice2 if against the soffit of stairs or other inclined or covered surface1 add #b feet to the length of cornice4 ,octagonal1 hexagonal1 and similar cornices1 less than #aj feet in single stretches1 take one and one-half times the length4 ,for circular or elliptical work1 charge double price2 for domes and groins1 three prices4 ,enrichments of all kinds should be estimated at an agreed price4 #ga4 ,cost of ,plastering4--,the following analysis of the cost of plastering for #ajj square yards1 for both three-coat and two-coat work1 will be of assistance in making estimates4 ,these costs are exclusive of the lathing1 which will be taken up later4 ,,cost ,,of #ajj ,,square ,,yards ,,of ,,three-,,coat ,,plastering ,scratch ,coat #f bushels of lime1 at #be cents per bushel #a4ej #i pounds of hair1 at #d cents per pound 4#cf cubic yard of sand1 at #a4ej per cubic yard #a4ac #e hours1 plasterer's time1 at #ej cents per hour #b4ej #e hours1 laborer's time1 at #be cents per hour #a4be ------- ,total #f4gd ,brown ,coat #f bushels of lime1 at #be cents per bushel #a4ej #c pounds of hair1 at #d cents per pound 4#ab #a cubic yard of sand1 at #a4ej per cubic yard #a4ej #ac hours1 plasterer's time1 at #ej cents per hour #f4ej #f hours1 laborer's time1 at #be cents per hour #a4fc ------ ,total #aa4be ,finishing ,coat #c bushels of finishing lime1 at #ce cents per bushel #a4bc barrel of plaster of ,paris1 at #a4ge per barrel 4#hh bushel of white sand1 at #bg cents per bushel 4#aj #ah hours1 plasterer's time1 at #ej cents per hour #i4jj #d hours1 laborer's time1 at #be cents per hour #a4ac ------ ,total #ab4cd ,the total cost of #ajj square yards of three-coat plaster1 then1 is #cj4cc1 or about #ca cents per yard4 ,,cost ,,of #ajj ,,square ,,yards ,,of ,,two-,,coat ,,plastering ,brown ,coat #h bushels of lime1 at #be cents per bushel #b4jj #af pounds of hair1 at #d cents per pound 4#fd #a cubic yards of sand1 at #a4ej per cubic yard #a4hh #h hours1 plasterer's time1 at #ej cents per hour #d4jj #h hours1 laborer's time1 at #be cents per hour #b4jj ------ ,total #aj4eb ,finishing ,coat ,same as given for three-coat work #ab4cd ,the total cost of #ajj square yards of two-coat plaster is therefore #bb4hf1 or about #bc cents per square yard4 ,,lathing #gb4 ,lathing is measured by the superficial1 or square1 yard1 no openings under #g superficial yards being deducted4 ,plastering laths are about #a inches wide1 inch thick1 and usually #d feet long1 the studding being generally placed #ab or #af inches on centers1 so that the ends of the laths may be nailed to them4 ,the laths are usually set from to inch apart1 requiring about #a1 #a_/1 or #a four-foot laths1 respectively1 to cover #a square foot4 ,for a fair grade of work1 a man will lay on an average about #ae bundles1 or #a1ejj laths1 per day4 ,the price usually paid for laying laths is #be cents a bundle4 ,in the following analysis is given the cost of lathing #ajj square yards of surface3 ,,cost ,,of ,,lathing #ajj ,,square ,,yards #ad_/ bundles of laths1 at #ee cents per bundle #g4ib #i pounds of threepenny nails1 at #c4fe per hundred pounds 4#cc ,putting on #ad_/ bundles1 at #be cents per bundle #c4fj ------ ,total #aa4he ,the total cost of lathing #ajj square yards is therefore #aa4he1 or about #ab cents per square yard4 ,,joinery #gc4 ,joinery includes all the interior and exterior finish put in place after the framing and covering are completed2 as1 for example1 door and window frames1 doors1 baseboards1 paneling1 wainscoting1 stairs1 etc4 ,most of these materials are worked at the mill and are brought to the building ready to set in place4 #gd4 ,frames4--,in taking off door and window frames1 describe and state sizes4 ,measure architraves by the running foot1 giving width and thickness1 whether molded or plain1 and state the number of plinth and corner blocks4 #ge4 ,sash4--,for sash1 state dimensions 7giving the width first72 thickness of the material1 molded or plain2 style of check-rail and sill finish2 thickness of sash bar2 whether plain1 single or double-hung2 and sizes 7giving dimensions in inches7 and number of lights4 ,use standard sizes as much as possible4 #gf4 ,doors4--,in taking off doors1 describe and state the sizes and thicknesses1 whether the framing is stuck-molded1 raised-molded1 or plain2 and number of panels1 whether plain or raised4 ,use stock sizes wherever possible and suitable4 ,for special work1 where doors are to be veneered1 state thickness of veneer1 how cores are to be built1 and the kind of wood to be used4 #gg4 ,blinds4--,describe size and thickness of blinds2 whether paneled or slatted 7fixed or movable71 and whether molded or plain4 #gh4 ,baseboard and ,beam ,casings4--,measure the baseboard and beam casings by the running foot1 stating width and thickness of stuff1 and whether molded or plain4 ,when a shoe is used for the base1 so state2 also1 if a surbase is required1 give particulars4 #gi4 ,wainscoting4--,measure wainscoting by the superficial foot4 ,state kind of finish1 whether paneled or plain1 and style of molding and panels4 ,wainscoting cap and base1 measure by the running foot4 #hj4 ,stairways4--,often stairways are taken by the contractor at so much per step1 complete according to specifications4 ,in measuring stairways1 take off the amount of rough material in carriage timbers1 and the planed lumber in treads1 etc4 ,measure balustrades by the linear foot4 ,give description of newels4 ,measure spandrel and stairway paneling the same as wainscoting4 #ha4 ,inside ,fixtures4--,kitchen dressers may be taken at a fixed price complete2 or at a fixed rate per square foot2 or as dressed lumber1 drawers and doors being taken separately4 ,wardrobes1 bookcases1 mantels1 and china closets should be treated separately1 and a fixed price stated4 #hb4 ,porches1 ,etc4--,porches1 exterior balustrades1 balconies1 porte cochrs1 etc4 may be taken at a price per linear foot1 or the actual quantity of material may be measured4 ,,joinery ,,data ,,and ,,examples ,,of ,,estimating ,,costs #hc4 ,molding4--,molded work that goes through the mill is usually charged for by the square inch of section per foot in length4 ,thus1 if the price is #a cent per square inch of section per foot in length1 a molding in4 #d in4 and #ab feet long will cost #fj cents1 because the section in the rough is #a in4 #e in41 or #e square inches4 ,therefore1 #a foot of this molding will cost #e cents1 and #ab feet will cost #fj cents4 ,this method of charging for molding1 however1 is not altogether satisfactory1 because it requires as much time to put a narrow piece of molding through the molding machine as it does a wide piece1 and a wide piece1 since it will have a larger sectional area1 will bring a higher price4 ,a molding machine operates at different speeds1 being run at a slow speed when cutting hard woods and at a high speed when cutting soft woods4 ,a machine will turn out from #ijj to #d1hjj linear feet of molding of any width per hour1 the #ijj feet representing the amount of very hard wood run through the machine1 and the #d1hjj feet the amount of soft wood run through when the machine is speeded up to its full capacity4 ,the average output of a machine1 however1 is about #c1jjj feet per hour4 ,the cost of the machine with a man to operate it may be considered as #gj cents an hour on an average1 the man getting #cj cents per hour and the machine being charged for at the rate of #dj cents per hour4 ,therefore1 according to these figures1 the cost of machining per linear foot is only #c1 or 4#jbc of #a cent4 ,it will thus be seen that the actual cost of putting molding through the machine1 especially in large quantities1 does not amount to much4 ,for this reason1 especially in the eastern cities1 it is cheaper to buy molding direct from the lumber mill than to buy the rough material and then run it through the mill at its destination4 ,in nearly every instance the saving effected in putting the rough material through the machine at its destination is more than counterbalanced by the extra cost of freight rates due to the extra weight4 ,for the same reason1 in the eastern market today planed boards are really as cheap as rough ones1 because the planed boards are lighter and thus cost less freight4 ,the cost of molding is governed almost entirely by the cost of the raw material1 and is always reckoned from a base price of #a cent per square inch of section #a foot long4 ,on this price a discount is given1 depending on the kind of wood and the finish desired4 ,at present an average discount for soft woods1 such as white pine1 spruce1 cypress1 etc41 is about #ce per cent4 ,thus1 the actual cost of pine molding #a foot long and #a square inch in cross-section is #ce #fe #a - ---- ---- of #a cent4 #ajj #ajj ,no discount is given on hard woods in many of the large eastern cities at present--oak1 birch1 and the like being figured net4 ,for walnut1 mahogany1 and other high-priced woods1 a special price is set1 depending on the market and the local prices4 #hd4 ,cost of ,window ,frames and ,windows4--,the following is approximately the cost of a window frame with two #bh #bh lights1 where all mill work is priced at _/ cent per square inch per foot3 ,,cost ,,of ,,window ,,frame ,jambs at head1 _/ #e #af' 4#fe ,sill1 #b #e #d' #j 4#bf ,sub-sill1 _/ #f #b' #i 4#ad ,blind stop1 #a #b #af' #j 4#ba ,parting stop1 #a #af' #j 4#aa ,outside casing1 _/ #e #ab' #j 4#di ,head casing1 _/ #g #d' #j 4#bc ,rabbeted cap1 _/ #d #d' #j 4#ac ,molding under cap1 #a #c #d' #f 4#aa ,sill nosing1 _/ #d #d' #j 4#ac ,inside casing1 including apron1 #a #e #bj' #j 4#fe ,back band1 _/ _/ #af' #j 4#ag ,inside stops1 #b #ad' #j 4#aj ,four sash pulleys1 at #c cents per pulley 4#ab ,making frame1 #a hour1 at #dj cents per hour 4#dj ----- ,total #c4ij ,the cost of setting and casing such a window frame is about #gj cents4 ,the total cost of the frame set in place is therefore #c4ij 4#gj #d4fj4 ,the cost of the frame per square foot of light is therefore #d4fj #add ----------- #dc cents #b #bh #bh #he4 ,the cost of an ordinary window with two #bh #bh lights may be estimated as follows3 ,,cost ,,of ,,sash ,,in ,,place ,cost of two sash1 _/1 double-hung1 glazed with single-thick ,american glass #b4aj ,sash weights1 #cj pounds1 at #b cents per pound 4#fj ,cord1 #bb feet1 at #a cent per foot 4#bc ,two sash lifts1 at #e cents each 4#aj ,sash lock 4#ae ,setting and hanging sash 4#ce ----- ,total #c4ec ,if double ,american instead of single ,american glass is used1 the cost just given should be increased by #a4 ,if the sash is glazed with single ,american glass1 the cost per square foot of light will be #c4ec #add ----------- #cc cents4 #b #bh #bh ,therefore1 the total cost of window and frame in place is #dc #cc #gf cents per square foot4 ,if the sash is glazed with double ,american glass1 the cost per square foot of light will be #d4ec #add ----------- #db cents4 #b #bh #bh ,therefore1 in this case the total cost of window and frame will be #dc #db #he cents per square foot4 ,for curved sash in curved walls1 the cost is about twice as much as that of straight work4 #hf4 ,cost of ,door ,frames and ,doors4--,the following estimate represents the cost of an ordinary door frame4 ,all molded work is put in the estimate at #a cent per square inch of section per foot of length less #ce-per-cent4 discount1 which is the same thing as _/ cent per square inch of section per foot4 ,,cost ,,of ,a #b' #h #f' #h ,,door ,,frame ,,in ,,place #ag linear feet of _/ #f rabbeted jambs 4#hc #cf linear feet of #a #e casing #a4ag #cf linear feet of #a #b back band 4#dg ,dadoing and smoothing jambs and casing1 #a hour1 at #dj cents per hour 4#dj ,nails 4#je ,setting up jambs and casing11 #c hours at #dj cents per hour #a4bj ----- ,total #d4ab ,the area of the door is #b ft4 #h in4 #f ft4 #h in4 #ag4gh square feet4 ,therefore1 the cost of the preceding door frame per square foot of door is #d4ab #ag4gh #bc cents4 #hg4 ,the following estimate gives the cost of a door of moderate price4 ,the size of this door is #b ft4 #h in4 #f ft4 #h in4 _/ in4 ,it has four panels1 is made of ,no4 #a pine1 and is finished with solid ogee molding4 ,,cost ,,of ,,door ,,in ,,place ,price of door #b4ge ,setting door1 putting on hinges and lock1 #b hours1 at #dj cents per hour 4#hj #a pair of #d #d japanned-steel butts 4#af #a mortise lock1 brass-face knobs and escutcheons 4#gj ----- ,total #d4da ,if the door is provided with stuck molding instead of solid molding1 it will cost about #ej cents more4 ,the area of the door is #b ft4 #h in4 #f ft4 #h in4 #ag4gh square feet4 ,the cost per square foot is therefore #d4da #ag4gh #be cents4 ,the total cost of door and frame per square foot of door is therefore #be #bc #dh cents4 #hh4 ,the door just described has no transom4 ,a transom #b ft4 #h in4 #af in41 complete1 will cost about #a4 ,the area of such a transom is #b ft4 #h in4 #af in4 #c_/ square feet4 ,the cost per square foot is therefore #a #c_/ #bh cents4 ,the prices just given are for solid pine doors4 ,veneered hardwood doors are usually made to order4 ,when the contractor bids on a house1 the architect as a rule has not yet detailed the veneered doors2 therefore1 the contractor is more or less uncertain as to what will be required and usually puts in a price that he thinks will cover the cost4 ,in the eastern part of the ,united ,states1 for a veneered door1 with -inch veneers built of staved-up cores1 a price of from #ce to #ej cents per square foot will be found adequate4 ,this price does not of course include the frame4 #hi4 ,there is now on the market a ready-made1 veneered birch door known as the ,korelock door4 ,in using these doors1 it is always cheaper to make the door frame of the correct size to take stock-size doors4 ,the price of these doors is quite reasonable4 ,for a #b' #h #f' #h _/ door1 with six cross-panels1 the price is #b4hj for -inch veneer2 if the door is _/ instead of _/ inch1 the price is #c4be4 ,this price of course includes no hardware or frame4 ,a #b' #h #f' #h _/ two-panel door costs #c4cj1 and if _/ inch1 it costs #c4ge4 ,a #b' #h #f' #h #a1 half-glass door1 with plain glass1 costs #e4ee2 with art or lace glass1 the price is #f4bj4 ,this price includes the glass4 ,if the door is #a inches thick instead of #a inches1 #fe cents should be added to the two prices just stated4 ,a fair workman can hang1 trim1 and put hardware1 including mortise lock1 on about four ordinary doors per day4 ,for veneered doors1 or those requiring extra care1 not more than two can be put in place in a day by one man4 #ij4 ,cost of ,baseboards1 ,rails1 and ,moldings4--,the cost of material and fitting in place of baseboards may be estimated at #a_/ cents per square inch of section per linear foot4 ,this price is for pine2 if hardwood is used1 the price will be #b cents4 ,the same rule also applies to chair rails1 cap rails1 and natural-finish picture moldings4 #ia4 ,cost of ,paneling and ,wainscoting4--,paneling may be estimated at #bj cents per square foot for -inch pine2 if over inch1 add simply for extra material4 ,if the paneling is of hardwood and veneered1 add #ej per cent4 to the price of pine4 ,plain wainscoting may be estimated at #i cents per square foot1 the cap being figured separately by the linear foot4 #ib4 ,cost of ,stairs4--,the cost per step for an ordinary stairway1 constructed according to the following specifications1 is about #c4ee4 ,for a better class of work1 about one-quarter should be added to this price4 ,length of steps1 #c feet2 tread1 ,georgia pine2 riser1 white pine2 open string1 white pine2 nosing and cove2 dovetail balusters1 square or turned2 rail #b in4 #c in42 #f-;inch start newel1 cherry2 two #d-;inch square angle newels1 with trimmed caps and pendants2 simple easements1 furred underneath for plastering2 treads and risers tongued together1 housed into wall strings1 wedged1 glued1 and blocked4 ,the material of such a stairway will cost about #a4hd per step4 ,this rate includes landing fascia and balustrade to finish on upper floor4 ,the labor on the same1 mill work and setting in place1 is about #a4ga per step4 ,for example1 for a stairs having #ag steps and landing balustrade 7including return1 about #ad feet71 the entire cost will be #ag #c4ee #fj4ce1 of which #ca4bh will represent the cost of dressed lumber1 including turned balusters and newels and worked rail1 and #bi4jg will represent the cost of labor in housing strings1 cutting1 mitering1 and dovetailing steps1 working easements1 fitting and bolting rail1 and erecting stairway in building4 #ic4 ,cost of ,verandas4--,for small dwellings1 it has been found by experience that a veranda built according to the following specifications will cost about #c4ge per linear foot3 ,width1 #e feet2 posts1 turned1 set #f or #h feet on centers2 floor timbers1 #b in4 #f in42 flooring1 -inch white pine1 sound grade2 rafters1 #b in4 #d in41 dressed2 purlins1 #b in4 #d in41 set #b feet on centers2 roof sheathing1 -inch white pine2 box frieze and angle mold2 angle and face brackets2 steps2 no balustrade4 ,to include balustrade with #b-;inch turned balusters1 add about #fj cents per linear foot4 ,for a veranda built according to the following specifications1 the cost will be about #f4ge per linear foot3 ,width1 #h feet2 columns1 #i-;inch1 turned2 box pedestals2 box cornice and gutter2 level ceiling2 roof timbers1 #b in4 #f in42 roof covered with matched boards2 tin1 a good grade2 floor timbers1 #b in4 #h in42 floor1 #a-;inch white pine1 second grade1 with white-lead joints2 no balustrade4 ,including balustrade1 with #b-;inch turned balusters1 rail1 and base to suit1 add #hj cents per linear foot4 ,where a portion of the veranda is segmental or semicircular1 a close approximation to the cost will be had if the circumference of the circular part is measured1 and a rate fixed at twice that for straight work of the same length4 ,this applies to veranda framing1 roofing1 casing1 and balustrades4 ,,structural ,,steel #id4 ,the price of structural steel varies continually as the steel market fluctuates4 ,the cost of erecting steel also varies continually and depends on the difficulties to be overcome4 ,heavy steel work costs less per pound than light roof trusses and domes1 because less shop work is required in proportion to the weight4 ,for average prices in the eastern part of the ,united ,states1 heavy steel may be taken at #c_/ cents per pound4 ,roof trusses1 due to extra framing1 will cost about #c_/ cents per pound1 and light1 complicated dome work will cost #f cents per pound4 ,these prices are for steel delivered and painted4 ,to erect steel costs anywhere from to #b cents per pound1 depending on local conditions4 ,,heating ,,and ,,ventilating ,,system #ie4 ,heating and ventilating work should be estimated as indicated in the following paragraphs3 ,estimate all pipes and fittings the same as for plumbing4 ,sum up all standard radiators1 and the price per square foot of radiation4 ,figure special radiators separately4 ,itemize all valves1 air vents1 hangers1 etc4 ,estimate on pipe coverings by linear foot4 ,estimate sheet-metal1 indirect-radiator casings in pounds4 ,estimate sheet-metal flues and smoke pipes by the linear foot2 but estimate elbows and dampers separately4 ,estimate register boxes1 registers1 and borders separately4 ,make separate items of expansion tanks1 hot-water damper regulators1 and furnace regulators4 ,figure heaters1 steam boilers1 and furnaces from manufacturers' catalogs4 ,in estimating on heating by furnace1 the average cost of labor is about one-third that of materials4 ,for steam and hot-water heating1 the ratio is about one-fifth4 ,the cost of a hot-air installation is approximately #f per cent4 of the cost of the building2 for steam heating1 #h per cent42 and for hot-water heating1 #aj per cent4 ,,plumbing ,,and ,,gas-,,fitting ,,plumbing #if4 ,an approximate figure for the cost of plumbing is #aj per cent4 of the cost of the building4 ,this figure is for good materials and labor1 and of course is subject to considerable variation4 ,the cost of labor alone will average about one-fourth the cost of the materials4 #ig4 ,drainage ,system4--,in making estimates for the drainage system1 measure all horizontal pipes from the plans and all vertical pipes from the sectional drawings4 ,commence at the sewer outlet and measure the main-sewer line forwards into the building2 then measure the horizontal branches4 ,measure the vertical1 soil1 waste1 and vent stacks to their terminations above the roof1 and waste-pipe branches to the fixtures on the several floors4 ,itemize the several pipes in the different kinds and classes4 ,estimate all earthen pipe by the linear foot1 allowing for ,portland cement in the joints4 ,estimate all cast-iron pipe by the linear foot1 allowing for each joint pound of lead for every inch in diameter of the pipe4 ,estimate wrought pipe by the linear foot1 inclusive of couplings4 ,estimate brass1 copper1 and lead pipe by the pound4 ,estimate all traps1 bends1 branches1 increasers1 reducers1 and other fittings separately1 except such special brass fixtures1 traps1 and connections as are included in the cost of the fixtures4 ,do not figure lead bends that are smaller than #b inches4 ,estimate on brass ferrule connections at all points where lead pipe joins iron pipe4 ,estimate on all solder joints 7wiped71 allowing #a pound of solder for every inch inside diameter of the pipe4 #ih4 ,water-,supply ,system4--,for water supplied from street mains1 allow for permits1 corporation tapping1 and curb box4 ,measure the service pipe from street main to cellar1 and allow for a stop and waste cock inside the cellar wall4 ,measure all horizontal distributing pipes from the plan views of the building and all vertical distributing pipes from the sectional drawings4 ,measure all branches for the several fixtures on the different floors1 to the lawn hydrants1 etc4 ,itemize the different kinds and classes of pipes4 ,estimate lead1 brass1 and copper water pipes by the pound1 and wrought water pipe by the linear foot4 ,itemize all stop-cocks1 pipe supports1 straps1 hangers1 etc4 separately4 ,estimate all water-pipe fittings less than #a inches by the pound4 ,figure on brass solder-nipple connections in all places where lead pipes join iron pipes4 ,estimate on kitchen boiler1 sediment cock1 and range connections2 also on faucets for all fixtures other than those which are included in the costs of the fixtures4 ,estimate on garden hydrants and lawn sprinklers1 and allow a stop and waste cock in cellar for each4 #ii4 ,well ,supply4--,for water supplied from a well1 figure on double-action force pump in kitchen or laundry if the well is not deeper than #bf feet below the pump2 for a deep well1 estimate on a pumping engine or a windmill4 ,measure lead tank linings in square feet1 and estimate by the pound1 allowing #a pound of solder for every #b feet of seams4 ,allow #b feet of lead pipe to connect iron pipes to house tank1 and for stop-cocks close to tank4 ,provide for telltale and overflow pipes for tank4 ,estimate copper tanks in square feet and by the pound4 ,if there are iron1 slate1 glass1 or cedar tanks1 figure them separately4 #ajj4 ,fixtures4--,estimate each fixture separately1 and include traps1 faucets1 waste1 vent1 and water connections to walls or floors4 ,when the sewer is long and has but little fall1 figure on using a grease trap for the kitchen sink4 ,,gas-,,fitting #aja4 ,cost4--,the cost of the gas-fitting may be approximately figured as about #c per cent4 of the cost of the building4 ,the cost of labor alone varies from about one-fourth to one-seventh of the cost of materials4 ,the better the grade of fixtures1 the lower will be the ratio1 provided there is no excessive ornamentation requiring much time to put in place1 as the cost of the labor is about the same for cheap fixtures as for more costly ones4 #ajb4 ,estimate piping the same as for plumbing4 ,allow for meter1 permits1 tapping gas main1 etc4 ,figure each gas fixture separately set up in place4 ,the owner usually makes a selection of fixtures from the manufacturer's catalog4 ,allow for shields1 fireguards1 etc4 in places where there is danger of fire4 ,figure gas grates1 gas stoves1 gas heaters1 etc4 separately4 ,where the gas pressure is very high or unsteady1 allow for a pressure regulator4 ,,painting ,,and ,,papering ,,painting #ajc4 ,painting is measured by the superficial yard1 girting every part of the work that is covered by paint1 and allowing additions to the actual surface to compensate for the difficulty of covering deep quirks of moldings1 for carved and enriched surfaces1 etc4 ,ordinary door and window openings are usually measured solid1 to compensate for the extra time taken in working around them1 8cutting in0 the window sash1 etc4 ,porch and stair balustrades1 iron railings1 and work having numerous thin strips1 are also counted solid1 for a similar reason4 ,allowance is frequently made for the distance from the ground that the work is to be done1 as in cornices1 balconies1 dormers1 etc41 and also for the difficulty of access4 ,charges are usually made for each coat of paint put on1 at a certain price per superficial yard and per coat4 ,graining and marbling 7imitations of wood and stone7 and varnishing are rated at different prices from plain work4 ,capitals and columns and other ornamental work that is difficult to measure should be enumerated1 and a clear description of the amount of work on them should be given4 ,,data ,,on ,,painting #ajd4 ,quantities4--,one pound of pure lead-and-oil paint will cover from #b to #c square yards of wood for the first coat1 and from #d to #f square yards for each additional coat2 on brickwork1 it will cover about #a and #b square yards1 respectively4 ,colored paint will cover about one-third more surface than white paint4 ,using prepared or ready-mixed paint1 #a gallon will cover from #bej to #cjj square feet of wooden surface1 two coats2 for covering metallic surfaces1 #a gallon will be sufficient for from #cjj to #djj square feet1 one coat4 ,the weight per gallon of pure mixed paints varies considerably1 but1 on an average1 may be taken at about #af pounds4 ,prepared shingle stains will cover about #bjj square feet of surface per gallon if applied with a brush2 or1 this quantity will be sufficient for dipping about #ejj shingles4 ,rough-sawed shingles will require about #ej per cent4 more stain than smooth ones4 ,one pound of cold-water paint1 for the first coat1 will cover from #ej to #ge square feet of wood1 according to the surface condition1 and about #dj square feet of brick and stone4 ,one gallon of liquid pigment filler1 hard-oil finish1 or varnish will generally cover from #cej to #dej square feet of surface for the first coat1 according to the nature of the wood and the finish1 and from #dej to #eej square feet for the second and subsequent coats4 ,one pound of paste wooden filler will cover about #dj square feet4 ,one gallon of varnish weighs from #h to #i pounds2 turpentine1 about #g pounds2 and boiled or raw linseed oil1 about #g pounds4 ,for puttying1 about #e pounds of putty will be sufficient for #ajj square yards of interior and exterior work4 ,for sizing1 about pound of glue is used to #a gallon of water4 ,for mixing paints1 the figures given in ,table ,,xiv represent the average proportions of materials required for each #ajj pounds of lead4 ,,table ,,xiv ,,quantities ,,of ,,materials ,coat ,lead ,raw ,oil ,japan ,drier,turpentine ,pounds ,gallons ,gallon ,gallons ---------------------------------------- ---- ,priming #ajj #g -- ,second #ajj #d -- #b ,third #ajj #f-g -- ,the drier is omitted in the second and succeeding coats1 unless the work is to be dried very rapidly1 as it is considered to be injurious to the durability of the paint4 ,on outside work1 boiled oil is generally used in about the proportion of #a gallon to #b gallons of raw oil4 #aje4 ,care in ,painting4--,in painting woodwork1 putty should not be used until after the first coat of paint or varnish has been applied4 ,there are two reasons for this4 ,in the first place1 if putty is used on dry wood1 the wood is liable to absorb the oil from the putty and leave it in a dry and crumbly condition4 ,then1 also1 the oil from the putty soaking into the wood will stain the wood dark1 and this stain may be seen through varnish4 ,for this latter reason1 putty should be put in cracks and holes with a putty knife and not with the fingers1 as otherwise the oil from the putty will get over the fingers and thus be transferred to the woodwork1 where it will show as a dark stain if the wood is varnished4 ,due care should also be taken in painting woodwork that has knots in it1 as otherwise the turpentine in the knot will be sure to discolor the paint in course of time4 ,to avoid this1 the knots should be coated1 or killed1 with a coat of shellac before the first coat of paint is applied4 ,the shellac prevents the turpentine in the knot from soaking through and discoloring the paint4 #ajf4 ,cost of ,painting4--,the cost of applying paint on general interior and exterior work will average about twice the cost of the materials1 while for very plain work1 done in one color1 the cost may be taken at about #a times that of the materials4 ,for stippling1 the cost will be about the same as for two coats of paint4 ,for varnishing1 the cost of labor will be about #a times the price of the varnish4 ,the following figures represent fair average prices1 for various classes of work1 and have been adopted by the ,builders' ,exchange of a large eastern city3 ,,cost ,,per ,,square ,,yard ,,interior ,,work ,,cents #a coat of paint1 including shellacking knots #aj #b coats of paint1 including puttying #bj #c coats of paint1 including puttying #be to #cj #a coat of shellac #ae ,walls1 #a coat of size1 #b coats of paint #bj ,walls1 #a coat of size1 #c coats of paint1 stippled #cj ,hardwood ,finish #a coat of paste filler1 #a coat of varnish #be #a coat of paste filler1 #b coats of varnish #dj #a coat of paste filler1 #c coats of varnish #ej #a coat of paste filler1 #c coats of varnish1 rubbed down to dull finish #fj to #ge ,finish on ,soft ,woods #a coat of liquid filler1 #a coat of varnish #bj #a coat of liquid filler1 #b coats of varnish #cj #a coat of liquid filler1 #c coats of varnish1 rubbed #ej ,floors3 filling1 shellacking1 varnishing1 or waxing1 #b coats 7or #d coats in all7 #dj ,tinting ,walls 7,cold-,water ,paint7 ,tinting1 #ej yards or less1 including sizing #ab ,tinting1 #ej yards or more1 including sizing #aj #ajg4 ,in staining hardwoods with open grain1 such as oak1 chestnut1 ash1 etc41 it is customary1 when a varnished surface is required1 to stain the paste filler with oil colors so as to secure the desired tint and then finish with three or four coats of varnish4 ,the staining adds about #e cents per square yard to the cost of varnishing4 ,when it is desired to color the silver grain1 or medullary rays1 revealed in quarter-sawed material1 the usual plan is first to stain the material with an oil or an aniline stain that permanently affects only the silver grain4 ,afterwards1 the paste filler colored to the desired tint is applied1 and this1 on entering and closing the open grain1 buries the first stain1 but does not cover that over the medullary rays4 ,this1 as in the previous method of staining1 adds about #e cents a square yard to the cost of varnishing4 ,another method of treating oak1 chestnut1 and ash is to stain the wood to the desired shade with an oil stain of the proper tint4 ,this stain is applied with cheesecloth to an even surface1 and1 after puttying1 one coat of flat varnish is applied4 ,this process costs about #be cents per square yard4 ,for silver-gray effects1 the addition of aluminum bronze to the oil stain will give a pleasing effect4 ,this costs about #bh cents per square yard4 ,when it is desired to have the open grain show a white effect1 the usual method is to use a paste filler with zinc white added and then a coat of flat varnish4 ,this costs about #cj cents per square yard4 ,oak1 chestnut1 and ash maybe colored by fuming 7to give the effect of age7 with the vapors of ammonia released in a closed box4 ,this effect is also produced by several patented processes4 ,it costs about #cj cents per square yard4 ,,exterior ,,painting ,,cost ,,per ,,square ,,yard ,woodwork ,,cents #a coat of paint #aj #b coats of paint1 including puttying #ah #c coats of paint1 including puttying #be to #cj ,common and ,pressed ,brickwork #a coat of paint #ae #b coats of paint #be #c coats of paint #ce ,penciling and lining joints on painted brickwork #je ,penciling joints on pressed1 unpainted brickwork #aj ,sanding #b coats of paint1 #a coat of sand #bh #c coats of paint1 #a coat of sand #ce ,miscellaneous ,,cost ,dipping shingles1 per #a1jjj #c4jj ,additional coat1 per #a1jjj shingles 4#ej ,brush-coating shingles1 per square yard 4#ae ,blinds1 per square foot1 #a coat1 painted on both sides 4#jd ,additional coat for blinds1 per square foot 4#jd ,iron fence1 per square foot1 #a coat1 painted on both sides 4#jd ,tin roof1 per square yard1 #a coat 4#je ,additional coat for tin roof1 per square yard 4#jd ,,note4--,for painting sand-lime bricks1 double the prices given for common and pressed brickwork4 ,,papering #ajh4 ,papering is usually figured per roll1 put on the wall4 ,the paper is generally #ah inches wide1 and is in #h-yard rolls2 double rolls are #af yards4 ,on account of waste in matching1 etc41 it is difficult to estimate very closely the number of rolls required1 but an approximate result may be obtained as follows3 ,divide the perimeter of the room by #a 7the width of paper in feet72 the result will be the number of strips4 ,find the number of strips that can be cut from a roll1 and divide the first result by the second2 the quotient will be the number of rolls required4 ,no openings less than #bj square feet in area should be deducted1 in order to compensate for cutting and fitting at such places4 ,about #ae per cent4 should be added to the area to allow for waste4 ,the border1 whether wide or narrow1 is generally figured as one roll of paper4 ,the cost of paper is extremely variable1 ranging from #ae cents to #f per roll2 the average cost is probably #be to #ej cents per roll1 for ordinary houses4 ,paper hanging costs from #aj cents to #a per roll1 according to quality1 with strips butted4 ,,glazing #aji4 ,glazing was formerly included in the painter's contract1 but as it is now customary and more convenient to oil or paint and glaze the sash at the mill when they are made1 the glazing is included in the joinery specifications1 and is not considered as a separate subdivision of estimating work4 ,in measuring glass1 take the dimensions between rabbets each way when the panes are rectangular2 if irregular or circular in form1 take the extreme dimensions1 and consider the panes rectangular4 ,it costs about #a cents per square foot of light to glaze a window4 ,this price includes the cost of putty4 ,polished plate glass is used extensively for store-front windows and also for glazing window sash in fine work4 ,there are three qualities3 ,french plate1 and two grades of ,american plate1 which may be obtained in various sizes up to #h feet wide and #ad feet long4 ,the cost of plate glass is estimated by the aid of a price list that gives the cost of the various sizes4 ,this list is furnished by dealers and remains the same from year to year2 it is known as the standard list4 ,the fluctuations are provided for by means of a discount1 which is the same for all sizes of glass4 ,,table ,,xv ,,panes ,,of ,,window ,,glass ,,per ,,box ,panes ,panes ,panes ,panes ,size in ,size in ,size in ,size in ,inches ,box ,inches ,box ,inches ,box ,inches ,box ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #f #h #aej #af #bb #ba #bb #bh #ab #bf #eh #e #g #i #aae #af #bd #ae #bb #cj #aa #bh #bh #i #h #aj #ij #af #cd #ac #bb #cb #aj #bh #cj #i #h #ab #ge #af #ch #ab #bb #cd #aj #bh #db #f #i #aa #gc #af #dd #aj #bb #cf #i #bh #eb #e #i #ab #fg #ah #bj #bj #bb #ch #i #cj #cj #h #i #ac #fb #ah #bb #ah #bb #dh #g #cj #dj #f #aj #ab #fj #ah #bd #ag #bb #eb #f #cj #ej #e #aj #ad #eb #ah #bf #af #bd #bd #ab #cj #ed #d #aj #af #de #ah #cb #ac #bd #bf #ab #cb #cb #g #aj #ah #dj #ah #cf #aa #bd #bh #aa #cb #cf #f #ab #ad #dc #ah #db #aj #bd #cj #aj #cb #dh #e #ab #af #ch #ah #eb #h #bd #cb #aj #cb #eb #d #ab #ah #cd #bj #bj #ah #bd #cd #i #cb #eh #d #ab #bj #cj #bj #bb #af #bd #cf #i #cb #fb #d #ab #bb #bg #bj #bd #ae #bd #ch #h #cd #cd #f #ab #bd #be #bj #bf #ad #bd #dj #h #cd #cf #f #ad #af #cb #bj #bh #ac #bd #db #g #cd #df #e #ad #ah #bi #bj #cj #ab #bd #dd #g #cd #ej #d #ad #bj #bf #bj #cd #aa #bd #df #g #cd #ef #d #ad #bb #bd #bj #cf #aj #bd #eb #f #cf #cf #f #ad #bd #bb #bj #ch #aj #bd #fj #e #cf #dd #e #ad #bf #bj #bj #dj #i #bf #bf #aa #cf #dh #d #ad #cf #ad #bj #eb #g #bf #bh #aj #cf #ed #d #ad #dj #ac #bb #bb #ae #bf #cb #i #cf #eh #c #af #ah #be #bb #bd #ad #bf #dd #f #cf #fd #c #af #bj #bc #bb #bf #ac #bf #eb #e #dj #fj #c ,when stained or art glass is used1 the specifications generally limit the cost1 as the glass is made according to the architect's designs or to approved designs submitted by manufacturers4 ,the price depends more on the amount of lead or copper used than on the cost of the glass itself1 and therefore no very close estimate can be made4 ,the following figures are only approximate3 ,,cost ,,per ,,square ,,foot ,clear glass #a to #c ,opalescent glass #a to #c ,plate glass #b to #d ,cathedral glass #c to #e ,favrille glass ,about #h ,ordinary window1 or sheet1 glass is sold by the box1 which contains1 as nearly as possible1 #ej square feet1 whatever the size of the glass may be4 ,there are two qualities of ordinary glass1 known as single and double thick1 the former being about _/ inch thick1 and the latter nearly inch4 ,single-thick glass should never be used in panes over #bd in4 #bd in4 in size4 ,table ,,xv gives the number of panes of window glass in one box of #ej square feet4 ,,estimating ,,and ,,calculating ,,quantities 7,,part #b7 ,,example ,,in ,,estimating #a4 ,following the rules and suggestions already given in ,estimating and ,calculating ,quantities1 ,part #a1 the estimate for a house will be made as a practical example1 the drawings on which it is based being shown in the accompanying plates4 ,in making the estimate1 the various portions of the work are taken in the order in which they naturally occur in the erection of the building1 following1 as closely as possible1 the estimating schedule heretofore given4 ,as far as possible1 the figures given in the example should be checked up by taking off quantities and performing all the indicated work4 ,it is only by actually making the calculations that any practical benefit from the work will be derived4 ,no two estimators1 working separately1 will arrive at exactly the same results2 therefore1 in following the calculations in this example1 some discrepancies between the figures of the person performing the estimating and the ones given will no doubt be found4 ,these discrepancies should not be important ones1 however1 and by carefully studying the methods followed1 results substantially the same as those computed here should be obtained4 ,,excavation #b4 ,in calculating the cubic yards of earth excavated for the cellar1 all measurements are taken from the foundation plan and the sections4 ,the plan is blocked out as shown in the accompanying ,cellar ,plan1 and the area of each block found2 then1 by multiplying the sum of these partial areas by the depth of the cellar1 the cubic contents is determined4 ,the trenches for the foundation walls of porches and for the footings of cellar walls are calculated separately1 as also are the excavations for piers1 drains1 cesspools1 area1 etc4 ,,cellar ,,excavation ,,square ,,cubic ,quantities ,,feet ,,feet ,block ,a1 #bc' #d #af' #d #cha4j ,block ,b1 #ad' #f #bj' #aj #cjb4j ,deduct #d #c' #j #a4j ,add for projection of wall1 7#ac' #f #g'7 #b #c' #cj4h ---- #cca4h ,block ,c1 #bg' #f #ag' #e #dgi4j ,deduct for breaks in wall1 #a' #g #f' #h and #b' #f #c' #ah4j ---- #dfa4j ,block ,d1 #bf' #f #aj' #e #bgg4b ,block ,e1 #af' #h #aa' #f #aib4d ,deduct for breaks in wall1 #f' #f #a' #aa and #c' #e #ac4g ----- #agh4g #b;,block ,f1 #i' #aj #i' #g #b #dg4c #c;,block ,g1 #ad' #ad' 4#ghed #b #gg4j ,deduct for portion of semicircular part1 included in ,f1 #ab #ad' approximately #ad4j ---- #fc4j ------- ,total area of excavation #a1gdj4j ,contents1 #a1gdj sq4 ft4 #f4e ft4 7depth7 #aa1caa4j #b ,the block ,f is taken as a triangle4 ,the block ,g is a semicircle1 and its area is found1 as will be noticed1 by finding the area of a circle and dividing it by #b4 #c ,the block ,f is taken as a triangle4 ,the block ,g is a semicircle1 and its area is found1 as will be noticed1 by finding the area of a circle and dividing it by #b4 ,,excavation ,,for ,,wall ,,footings#d ,,square ,,cubic ,quantities ,,feet ,,feet a b1 #bf' #b' #f #fe4j b c1 #e' #f #c' #af4e c d1 #i' #i #b' #f #bd4d d e1 #ag' #f #b' #f #dc4g e f1 #bg' #d #b' #f #fh4c f g1 #i' #b #c' #h #cc4f g h1 #ba' #b' #f #eb4e i j1 #bg' #g #b' #f #fi4j j a1 #ca' #b' #f #gg4e k l1 #bj' #b #b' #f #ej4d ,chimney1 #ab' #f #d' 7approximately7 #ej ,deductions #aj4d #ci4f q r1 #af' #d #a' #aj #bi4i r s1 #i' #b #a' #aj #af4h m n 7less openings71 #g' #i #b' #f #ai4d o p1 #bj' #a' #aj #cf4g ------ ,total area of excavation for footings #fdc4c ,contents1 #fdc4c sq4 ft4 #aj in4 74#hcc ft47 depth #ece4i ,,miscellaneous ,,excavations#e ,,cubic ,quantities ,,feet ,front porch1 #fi' #i #b' #c #c' #dgj4h ,back porch1 #bd' #b' #d #c' #afh4j ,piers for steps1 #a' #h #b' #c' #b #bj4j ,piers for side steps and back porch1 #b' #b' #c' #d #dh4j ,cellar area1 #e' #i #f' #d #f' #f #bcf4g ,deduct #b' #c' #f' #f #ci4j ----- #aig4g ,dry cesspool1 #f ft4 diameter #f ft4 depth #afi4f ,cesspool1 #f ft4 diameter #h ft4 depth #bbf4b ,trench for pipe to cesspool1 #be' #g' #f #b' #cge4j ,trench for drain pipes 7roof drainage71 #bbh' #c' #a' #fhd4j ,trench for drain pipes from junction to dry cesspool1 #bj' #c' #ah #ij4j -------- ,total #b1ddi4c -------- ,grand total of excavation #ad1bif4b #d ,lengths scaled along center line of walls4 #e ,lengths scaled along center line of walls4 ,,filling ,,cubic ,quantities ,,feet ,around foundation walls1 #aha' #b #f #f' #f #ehh4h ,around foundation of porches1 etc41 #adb' #c #f #c' #bac4d ----- ,total filling #hjb4b ,cost ,the cost of excavation in sandy soil1 taken from ,estimating and ,calculating ,quantities1 ,part #a1 is #ec cents per cubic yard4 ,the cost of filling1 including tamping1 may be taken as about one-third that of excavation1 or1 say1 #ah cents per cubic yard4 ,summary ,excavation1 #ad1bif4b cu4 ft4 #ebi4e cu4 yd41 at #ec cents per cubic yard #bhj4fd ,filling1 #hjb4b cu4 ft4 #bi4g cu4 yd41 at #ah cents per cubic yard #e4ce ------- ,total cost of excavation and filling #bhe4ii ,,stonework #c4 ,the foundation walls are built of rubble masonry to the sill at the grade line1 and from this sill to the water-table they are built of ashlar with rubble backing1 except those portions behind porches and steps1 which are wholly rubble4 ,the estimate for stonework also includes the concrete for footings and cellar floor2 the number of cubic feet of concrete required for the footings will be found by referring to the item ,excavation for ,wall ,footings4 ,,rubble ,,masonry ,,cubic ,quantities#f ,,feet ,cellar walls1 #aha' #b #a' #f #f' #f #a1gff4d ,add for extra thickness over #a' #f3 #e #f' #c #f' #f #af4i #a' #b #aj' #h #f' #f #hj4i ----- #ig4h #g;,foundation walls for front porch3 #gd' #f #a' #h #a' #i #bag4c #gd' #f #a' #b #i #fe4b ------ #bhb4e ,foundation for steps3 #b piers1 #a' #f #a' #h #b' #f #ab4e #b piers1 #b' x #a' #f #b' #f #ae4j ----- #bg4e ,stone footings under porch foundations1 #gd' #f #b' #c #f #hc4h ,backing for ashlar and water-table1 #gi' #aj #a' 7average7 #c' #bci4e ,rubble wall behind porches1 #aja' #d #a' #f #c' 7approximately7 #def4j #h;,foundation walls1 rear porch1 #bf' #aj #a' #f #b' #f #ajj4f ,footings1 walls rear porch1 #bf' #aj #b' #d #f #ca4c ,area walls1 #ac' #i #a' #f' #f #hi4d ,stone footing for area walls1 #ac' #i #a' #i #f #ab4j ,piers1 #a' #f #a' #f #b' #f #b #aa4c ,pier footings1 #b' #b' #f #d #h4j ,pier footings1 #b' #a' #i #f #b #c4e --------- ,total rubble masonry #c1bji4b #f ,external measurements with no deduction for openings4 #g ,although these are made continuous1 to carry the base1 or ground sill1 independent piers1 under the porch columns might be substituted1 at a somewhat less cost4 #h ,although these are made continuous1 to carry the base1 or ground sill1 independent piers1 under the porch columns might be substituted1 at a somewhat less cost4 ,cost ,the cost of the rubble masonry based on the analysis given in ,estimating and ,calculating ,quantities1 ,part #a1 using #a-c ,portland cement mortar1 is #e4bc per perch4 ,summary ,from the foregoing calculation1 the quantity of rubble masonry is #c1bji4b cu4 ft4 ,taking #be cu4 ft4 to #a perch1 #c1bji4b #be #abh4d perches1 which at #e4bc per perch makes the total cost of rubble masonry #fga4ec4 ,,ashlar#i ,quantities ,,square ,,feet ,facing for cellar walls1 #gi' #aj #b' #b #agc4j ,porch piers1 #bi' #f #a' #f #dc4i ------- ,total ashlar #baf4i #i ,the walls between the base sill and the water-table are faced with ashlar1 which extends around the main walls to the porches1 and all porch piers are built of ashlar4 ,cost ,the estimated cost of ashlar is based on the following analysis of the cost of #a square foot of ashlar3 ,cost of stone1 bluestone facing 4#dj ,hauling stone 4#jc ,mortar 4#ja ,labor1 estimating #fd square feet per day of #h hours1 for two masons and one laborer3 ,two masons1 at #c4bj per day 4#aj ,one laborer at #b per day 4#jc ----- ,cost per square foot 4#eg ,summary ,from the foregoing quantities1 the ashlar amounts to #baf4i square feet1 which1 at #eg cents per square foot1 will make the total cost of ashlar #abc4fc4 ,,cut ,,stone ,quantities and ,cost ,,cost ,,total ,,per ,,foot ,,cost ,base1 or ground sill1 extending around porches 7except under stone steps7 and along exposed main walls1 #agb ft41 #e #aa and #e #ac dressed and chamfered sandstone #a4jj #agb4jj ,water-table1 extending around main walls1 #aha ft4 #b in41 #f #aj dressed and chamfered sandstone 4#he #aec4ii ,lintel course1 extending over brick walls1 #abe ft41 #f #aj dressed sandstone 4#he #ajf4be ,twelve dressed sandstone window sills1 cut with lug and drip1 #ee ft41 #e #h 4#fe #cf4bd ,cut-stone jambs and lintel for main door1 #ba ft41 #aj #ab1 sandstone #a4ge #cg4fc ,one front door sill1 #e ft41 #f #aj1 sandstone #a4aj #f4cc ,coping on area walls1 #i ft41 #c #af1 sandstone 4#fj #e4dj ,front and side porch steps1 #ei ft41 #h #ab1 dressed sandstone #a4be #gc4ge ,eight bluestone steps for cellar1 outside entrance1 #d' #ab #b 4#ce #aa4bj ,bluestone lintel for kitchen fireplace1 #f' #ab #f #a4bj #g4bj ,cut stone for main chimney #be4jj ,cost to set cut stone1 #bj per cent4 #abg4jj ------- ,total cost of cut stone #gfa4ii ,,concrete ,,footings ,,and ,,floor ,,cubic ,quantities ,,yard ,footings1 as per ,excavation for ,wall ,footings1 #ece4i cu4 ft4 #bg #ai4h ,,square ,,square ,,feet ,,yard ,concrete floor3 ,area of cellar excavation #a1gdj4j ,deduct area of footings #fdc4c ------- #a1jif4g ,add for #f-;inch strip over inner projection of wall footings1 #afe' #f #hb4e ,add for projection on both sides of interior walls1 #abf' #f #fc4j ,add for projection over chimney footing1 #cc' #f #af4e ------- ,total area of concrete floor #a1beh4g #aci4i ,cost ,the estimate for concrete footings is based on the analyses of costs given in ,estimating and ,calculating ,quantities1 ,part #a1 and is #e4aj per cubic yard for a #a-c-e mixture4 ,the estimate for the concrete floor is arrived at as follows3 ,the concrete will be a #a-c-f mixture4 ,according to ,estimating and ,calculating ,quantities1 ,part #a1 this mixture costs #d4ib per cubic yard4 ,according to the same section1 #be cents must be added to this cost for extra labor1 bringing the total up to #e4ag per cubic yard4 ,if the concrete floor is #d inches thick1 the cost per square yard will be _/ #e4ag #eg cents1 approximately4 ,the top coat1 according to ,estimating and ,calculating ,quantities1 ,part #a1 is #dj cents4 ,therefore1 the total cost of the concrete floor per square yard is #eg #dj #ig cents4 ,summary ,footing concrete1 as per foregoing figures1 #ai4h cu4 yd4 at #e4aj per cubic yard #ajj4ih ,concrete floor1 #aci4i sq4 yd4 at #ig cents per square yard #ace4gj ------- ,total cost of concrete #bcf4fh ,recapitulation of ,cost of ,stonework ,rubble masonry #fga4ec ,ashlar masonry #abc4fc ,cut stone #gfa4ii ,concrete footings and floor #bcf4fh --------- ,total cost of stonework #a1gic4hc ,,brickwork #d4 ,in estimating the brickwork1 openings have been deducted1 thus practically giving 8kiln count10 so that the analyses of prices given heretofore will apply4 ,if openings had not been deducted1 the prices would be #ae per cent4 lower4 ,,pressed ,,brick ,quantities ,,no4 ,,brick ,facing exterior walls1 same length as stone lintel course1 #abe' #h' #a1jjj sq4 ft4 at #g bricks per square foot #g1ejj ,,square ,deduct for ,openings3 ,,feet ,nine windows1 total width #cb' ,x #f' #f high #bjh4j ,two casement windows1 total width #g' #d #h' high #eh4g ,one lavatory window1 total width #b' ,x #f #e' #f #ac4h ,main door1 #e' #e #h' #i #dg4d ----- ,total deductions #cbg4i #cbg4i #g #b1dei ----- ,number of brick #e1jda ,add #e per cent4 for waste #beb ----- ,total pressed brick #e1bic ,cost ,the cost of pressed brickwork is based on the analysis given in ,estimating and ,calculating ,quantities1 ,part #a1 and is #ec4ga per thousand4 ,summary ,from the preceding estimate of quantities1 the number of pressed brick laid is #e1jda1 which1 at #ec4ga per ,m1 will cost #bgj4ge ,pressed brick1 not laid1 #beb1 at #cj per ,m #g4ef ------- ,total cost of pressed brickwork #bgh4ca ,,common ,,brick ,quantities ,,no4 ,,brick ,backing exterior pressed-brick walls1 #h in4 thick1 #e1jda #b #aj1jhb ,backing behind lintel course1 #i ,x #abe' #h at #ae brick per sq4 ft4 #a1djf ,interior cellar walls1 #bh' #d #h' #bbf4g sq4 ft4 7#ag-;inch wall7 at #cj brick per square foot #f1hja ,deduct for three openings1 #ab' #c total width #f' #f height #gi4f sq4 ft4 at #cj brick per square foot #b1chh ----- #d1dac ,interior wall1 #h thick1 #dc' #i #h'1 #cej sq4 ft4 at #ae brick per square foot #e1bej ,chimney1 principal 7flues figured solid71 approximately #ibj cu4 ft41 at #bb brick per cubic foot #bj1gjj ,chimney1 rear1 approximately #bde cu4 ft41 at #bb brick per cubic foot #e1eac ,trap pits1 #df sq4 ft41 at #g brick per square foot #cde ------ #df1cjc ,add #e per cent4 for waste #b1cae ------ ,total common brick #dh1fah ,cost ,the cost of the common brickwork is based on the analysis given in ,estimating and ,calculating ,quantities1 ,part #a1 and is #af4fh per thousand for lime-cement mortar4 ,summary ,according to the estimate of quantities1 the number of common brick laid is #df1cjc1 which1 at #af4fh1 will cost #ggb4cc ,common bricks1 not laid1 #b1cae1 at #h #ah4eb ,molded brick and terra-cotta cap for rear chimney #aj4jj -------- ,total cost of common brickwork #hjj4he ,recapitulation of ,cost of ,brickwork ,pressed brickwork #bgh4ca ,common brickwork #hjj4he --------- ,total cost of brickwork #a1jgi4af ,,carpentry #e4 ,in estimating carpentry work1 it is advisable to make a tabulated list of the various sizes of joists1 rafters1 etc41 giving the number and dimensions of each size4 ,in this way1 any error in calculation or change in price can be corrected with little difficulty4 ,as house-framing timbers and boards are sold at the yards in even lengths1 as #aj feet1 #ab feet1 #ad feet1 etc41 uneven1 or odd1 measurements must be figured in even lengths from which they can be cut4 ,thus1 if a stick #ad feet #g inches in length is required1 a #af-;foot stick must be ordered4 ,usually1 the price per thousand feet1 board measure1 increases as longer sticks are used1 although the practice varies in different localities4 ,for example1 in most localities hemlock timber in #aj-1 #ab-1 or #ad-;foot lengths is all one price per thousand1 but a thousand feet1 board measure1 of #af-;foot lengths costs more1 and #ah-;foot lengths is still more expensive4 ,the price of yellow pine1 spruce1 fir1 etc4 is usually constant up to #bj-;foot lengths1 but from that length on the prices increase4 ,the price of white-pine boards in most localities increases with their width4 ,the hardwoods can be usually obtained in any reasonable length1 the price increasing with the quality of the lumber more than with the length of the stick4 ,it can thus be seen that in house framing it is usually cheaper to use short sticks than long ones4 ,however1 for long members1 a long stick is cheaper1 because the extra cost that would be incurred in splicing two short sticks would more than offset the cheapness of the material4 ,of course1 when very long sticks are required1 say sticks #cj feet or more in length1 a splice is cheaper1 owing to the difficulty of obtaining them and their very excessive price4 ,no set rules can be laid down as to what size timber should be ordered1 and every architect and builder should be governed by the prices in the locality where the house is to be put up4 ,,floor ,,framing1 ,,first ,,story ,quantities ,,linear ,,feet ,,feet ,b4 ,m4 ,joists1 #c #aj2 #b ft4 ,b4 ,m41 per lin4 ft43 #f pieces1 each #ad' #f1 order #af' #if #b pieces1 each #ae' #c1 order #af' #cb #a piece1 #af' #c1 order #ah' #ah #e pieces1 each #ag' #f1 order #ah' #ij #a piece1 #ab' #f1 order #ad' #ad #f pieces1 each #aa' #j1 order #ab' #gb #a piece1 #i' #f1 order #aj' #aj #ah pieces1 each #ad'1 order #ad' #beb #a piece1 #aa' #f1 order #ab' #ab #c pieces1 each #aj' #f1 order #ab' #cf #a piece1 #i' #d1 order #aj' #aj #f pieces1 each #bd'1 order #bd' #add #a piece1 #aa' #d1 order #ab' #ab #b pieces1 each #bj' #f1 order #bb' #dd #f pieces1 each #bj'1 order #bj' #abj #d pieces1 each #ba'1 order #bb' #hh #b pieces1 each #g'1 cut out of #ad' #ad #b pieces1 each #ac'1 order #ad' #bh #a piece1 #aj'1 order #aj' #aj ------ ,total #a1ajb #b1gee ,,floor ,,framing1 ,,second ,,story ,quantities ,,linear ,,feet ,,feet ,b4 ,m4 ,girder1 #f #ab2 #f ft4 ,b4 ,m41 per lin4 ft43 #a piece1 #h' #i1 order #aj' #aj #fj ,joists1 #b #aj2 #a;ft4 ,b4 ,m41 per lin4 ft43 #ae pieces1 each #ad'1 order #ad' #baj #b pieces1 each #ae' #f1 order #af' #cb #e pieces1 each #ag'1 order #ah' #ij #c pieces1 each #ae'1 order #af' #dh #ad pieces1 each #af'1 order #af' #bbd #b pieces1 each #g'1 cut out of #ad' #ad #b pieces1 each #aj'1 order #aj' #bj #d pieces1 each #aa'1 order #ab' #dh #g pieces1 each #bd'1 order #bd' #afh #c pieces1 each #bj' #f1 order #bb' #ff #d pieces1 each #ab' #f1 order #ad' #ef #b pieces1 each #ac' #f1 order #ad' #bh ------ ,total #a1jjd #a1fgc ,joists1 #c #aj2 #b ft4 ,b4 ,m41 per lin4 ft43 7,headers7 #b pieces1 each #h' #i1 order #aj' #bj #b pieces1 each #f'1 cut out of #ab' #ab #e pieces1 each #i' #i1 order #aj' #ej #aa pieces1 each #ai' #f1 order #bj' #bbj ---- #cjb #gee ,,floor ,,framing1 ,,attic ,quantities ,,linear ,,feet ,,feet ,b4 ,m4 ,joists1 #b #aj2 #a ft4 ,b4 ,m41 per lin4 ft43 #ae pieces1 each #ad'1 order #ad' #baj #b pieces1 each #ae' #f1 order #af' #cb #e pieces1 each #ag'1 order #ah' #ij #c pieces1 each #ae'1 order #af' #dh #ad pieces1 each #af'1 order #af' #bbd #b pieces1 each #g'1 cut out of #ad' #ad #b pieces1 each #aj'1 order #aj' #bj #d pieces1 each #aa'1 order #ab' #dh #g pieces1 each #bd'1 order #bd' #afh #c pieces1 each #bj' #f1 order #bb' #ff #d pieces1 each #ab' #f1 order #ad' #ef #b pieces1 each #ac' #f1 order #ad' #bh ----- ,total #a1jjd #a1fgc ,joists1 #c #aj2 #b ft4 ,b4 ,m41 per lin4 ft43 #b pieces1 each #h' #i1 order #aj' #bj #b pieces1 each #f'1 cut out of #ab' #ab #e pieces1 each #i' #i1 order #aj' #ej #aa pieces1 each #ai' #f1 order #bj' #bbj --- ,total #cjb #gee ,,floor ,,framing1 ,,front ,,porch ,quantities ,,linear ,,feet ,,feet ,b4 ,m4 ,joists1 #c #i2 #b ft4 ,b4 ,m41 per lin4 ft43 #c pieces1 each #g'1 cut out of #ad' #ba #a piece1 #f' #i1 cut out of #ad' #g #b pieces1 each #aj'1 order #aj' #bj #a piece1 #h' #f1 order #aj' #aj -- ,total #eh #aca ,joists1 #b #f2 #a ft4 ,b4 ,m41 per lin4 ft43 #b pieces1 each #ba' #f1 order #bb' #dd #b pieces1 each #ai' #c1 order #bj' #dj #d pieces1 each #h'1 cut out of #af' #cb #a piece1 #aj' #c1 order #ab' #ab #f pieces1 each #i'1 order #aj' #fj #b pieces1 each #d' #f1 cut out of #aj' #aj #e pieces1 each #f'1 cut out of #ab' #cj #c pieces1 each #b'1 cut out of #ab' #f #d pieces1 each #e'1 cut out of #aj' #bj #c pieces1 each #i'1 order #aj' #cj --- ,total #bhd #bhd ,,floor ,,framing1 ,,back ,,porches ,quantities ,,linear ,,feet ,,feet ,b4 ,m4 ,joists1 #b #f2 #a ft4 ,b4 ,m41 per lin4 ft43 #b pieces1 each #ba'1 order #bb' #dd #c pieces1 each #h'1 order #h' #bd -- ,total #fh #fh ,joists1 #c ,x #f2 #a ft4 ,b4 ,m41 per lin4 ft43 #aj #e pieces1 each #e' #i1 cut out of #ab' #cf #ab pieces1 each #f' #i1 cut out of #ad' #hd #a piece1 #h' #f1 order #aj' #aj #b pieces1 each #c' #f1 cut out of #h' #h --- --- ,total #ach #bjg ,,bridging ,quantities ,,linear ,,feet ,,feet ,b4 ,m4 #b #d2 ft4 ,b4 ,m41 per lin4 ft43 ,first floor1 #agj pieces1 each #a' #f #bee ,second floor1 #ach pieces1 each #a' #f #bjg ,third floor1 #ach pieces1 each #a' #f #bjg --- ,total #ffi #ddf #aj ,one joist will be left over here1 but this cannot easily be helped4 ,,main-,,roof ,,framing#aa ,quantities ,,linear ,,feet ,,feet ,b4 ,m4 ,rafters1 #b #f2 #a ft4 ,b4 ,m41 per lin4 ft43 #ae pieces1 each #bj'1 order #bj' #cjj #ad pieces1 each #ai' #c1 order #bj' #bhj #a piece1 #ah'1 order #ah' #ah #b pieces1 each #af'1 order #af' #cb #b pieces1 each #ad'1 order #ad' #bh #a piece1 #ac' #d1 order #ad' #ad #c pieces1 each #aj' #f1 order #ab' #cf #c pieces1 each #h' #f1 order #aj' #cj #a piece1 #f' #i1 order #h' #h #c pieces1 each #e'1 cut out of #af' #af #c pieces1 each #c'1 cut out of #aj' #aj #d pieces1 each #ag'1 order #ah' #gb #a piece1 #ab' #f1 order #ad' #ad #a piece1 #aj' #i1 order #ab' #ab #b pieces1 each #i'1 order #aj' #bj #a piece1 #g'1 order #h' #h #ah pieces1 each #i' #f1 order #aj' #ahj #b pieces1 each #ac'1 order #ad' #bh #b pieces1 each #g' #i1 cut out of #af' #af #b pieces1 each #f' #f1 cut out of #ad' #ad #d pieces1 each #c' #f1 cut out of #ad' #ad #d pieces1 each #h'1 cut out of #af' #cb #b pieces1 each #aa'1 order #ab' #bd #h pieces1 each #e' #c1 cut out of #ab' #dh #a piece1 #f'1 cut out of #aj' #f #b pieces1 each #b'1 cut out of #aj' #d #h pieces1 each #aa'1 order #ab' #if ----- ,total #a1cfj #a1cfj ,valley rafter1 #c #aj2 #b ft4 ,b4 ,m41 per lin4 ft43 #a piece1 #bd' #f1 order #bf' #fe ,ridge plates1 #b #aj2 #a ft4 ,b4 ,m41 per lin4 ft43 #a piece1 #bc' #f1 order #bd' #bd #a piece1 #bi' #c1 #af' and #ad'1 butted and cleated #cj #a piece1 #i'1 order #aj' #aj -- ,total #fd #ajg ,plates1 #c #f2 #a ft4 ,b4 ,m41 per lin4 ft43 #d pieces1 each #aj' #f1 order #ab' #gb ,octagonal post1 #f #f #c' #i ,,porch-,,roof ,,framing ,quantities ,,linear ,,feet ,,feet ,b4 ,m4 ,rafters1 #b #f2 #a ft4 ,b4 ,m41 per lin4 ft43 #b pieces1 each #i' #f1 order #aj' #bj #bb pieces1 each #h' #f1 order #aj' #bbj #d pieces1 each #f' #f1 cut out of #ad' #bh #h pieces1 each #g'1 cut out of #ad' #ef #b pieces1 each #aa'1 order #ab' #bd --- ,total #cdh #cdh ,rafters1 #b #e2 ft4 ,b4 ,m41 per lin4 ft43 #bg pieces1 each #h'1 cut out of #af' #baf #b pieces1 each #c' #f1 cut out of #af' #h #h pieces1 each #f' #f1 cut out of #ad' #ef #b pieces1 each #aj' #f1 cut out of #ad' #ba #b pieces each1 #c'1 cut out of #ad' #f --- ,total #cjg #bef ,plate1 #e #aj2 #d ft4 ,b4 ,m41 per lin4 ft43 #e pieces1 each #ae'1 order #af' #hj #ccc ,sills1 #c #e2 #a ft4 ,b4 ,m41 per lin4 ft43 #b pieces1 each #aj'1 order #aj' #bj #e pieces1 each #i'1 order #aj' #ej -- ,total #gj #hh #aa ,in the attic plan1 which shows the lines of the roof1 the lines of the dormers are omitted so as to make the important hips and valleys more prominent4 ,,wall ,,studding ,quantities ,,linear ,,feet ,,feet ,b4 ,m4 ,wall plates1 #d #aa2 #c ft4 ,b4 ,m41 per lin4 ft43 #aj pieces1 each #ah'1 order #ah' #ahj #ffj ,studs1 #b #e2 _/ ft4 ,b4 ,m41 per lin4 ft43 #abfc pieces1 each #ba'1 order #bb' #a1chf #ajf pieces1 each #ab'1 order #ab' #a1bgb #bj pieces1 each #bj'1 order #bj' #djj #aj pieces1 each #h' #f1 order #aj' #ajj ----- ,total #c1aeh #b1fcb ,,partition ,,studding ,quantities ,,linear ,,feet ,,feet ,b4 ,m4 ,first floor1 #b #d2 ft4 ,b4 ,m41 per lin4 ft43 ,studs1 #afj pieces1 each #i' #i1 order #aj' #a1fjj ,sills1 #af pieces1 each #ae'1 order #af' #bef ----- ,total #a1hef #a1bcg ,second floor1 #b #d2 ft4 ,b4 ,m41 per lin4 ft43 ,studs1 #ahj pieces1 each #i' #i1 order #aj' #a1hjj ,sills1 #aj pieces1 each #ae'1 order #af' #afj ----- ,total #a1ifj #a1cjg ,attic1 #b #d2 ft4 ,b4 ,m41 per lin4 ft43 ,studs1 #ed pieces1 each #h' #i1 order #aj' #edj ,studs1 #acc pieces1 each #f' #f1 cut from #ad' #ich ----- ,total #a1dgh #ihe ,,miscellaneous ,quantities ,,linear ,,feet ,,feet ,b4 ,m4 ,lookouts3 #ej pieces1 each #c #a #b'1 cut from #h' #be #cg pieces1 each #f #a #b'1 cut from #h' #cg ,furring1 for brick walls1 #a #b2 ft4 ,b4 ,m41 per lin4 ft43 #abe pieces1 each #aa'1 order #ab' #a1ejj #bej ----- ------ ,grand total of framing #ah1egh #ab ,where studs over #bj feet are required1 it is sometimes more economical to use two short studs1 inserting a plate over the first-story studs and resting the feet of the second-story studs thereon4 ,cost ,the price of the framing is based on the following cost of #a1jjj feet board measure of hemlock1 which includes framing4 #a1jjj ft4 of hemlock #bh4jj ,nails and spikes1 allowing #ajj lb4 to #c1jjj ft4 of lumber1 at #b per #ajj pounds 4#fg #ac ,cost of framing1 per #a1jjj feet of lumber #ab4jj ------ ,cost per thousand feet ,b4 ,m4 #dj4fg #ac ,this value would appear high if compared with ,table ,,vi1 ,estimating and ,calculating ,quantities1 ,part #a1 but this table represents ideal conditions1 where there are no delays1 mistakes1 legitimate office expenses1 nor foreman's time included4 ,summary ,the amount of material1 as previously estimated1 is #ah1egh ft4 ,b4 ,m41 which1 at #dj4fg per ,m1 will make the total cost of framing #gee4eg4 ,,sheathing ,quantities ,,feet ,b4 ,m4 ,main roof1 #b1bjj sq4 ft4 #a in #b1bjj ,tower roof1 #cgj sq4 ft4 #a in #cgj ,porch roof1 #fcg sq4 ft4 #a in #fcg ,outside walls1 laid diagonally1 #b1dag sq4 ft4 #aj per cent4 #b1fei ----- ,total sheathing #e1hff ,,shingles ,quantities ,area to be covered 7see wall sheathing71 #b1dag sq4 ft4 #bd4b squares ,shingles1 #d in4 wide1 and #e in4 exposure1 number per square #gbj ,number of shingles required1 #bd4b #gbj #ag1dbd ,add #e per cent4 for waste #hga ------ ,total shingles #ah1bie ,cost ,the cost of sheathing in place is assumed to be the same as that for hemlock lumber1 #dj4fg per ,m4 ,the total sheathing is #e1hff square feet1 which1 at #dj4fg per ,m1 will make the cost of sheathing #bch4eg4 ,the cost of shingles is based on the following analysis of the cost of #a1jjj shingles in place3 #a1jjj shingles ,,xxxx #e4ej #ad ,labor3 one man can lay about #gjj shingles per day2 wages being #c4bj1 #a1jjj will cost #d4eg ,nails 7about7 4#be ----- ,cost per thousand #aj4cb #ad ,usually a man can lay more than #gjj shingles per day1 but the roof under consideration is very much cut up4 ,from the preceding estimate1 the number of shingles required is #ah1bie1 which1 at #aj4cb per #a1jjj1 will make the cost of shingles in place #ahh4hj4 ,summary ,sheathing #bch4eg ,shingles #ahh4hj ------- ,total cost of sheathing and shingles #dbg4cg ,,flooring ,quantities ,,square ,,feet ,first floor1 area 7net7 #a1cab ,second floor1 area 7net7 #a1cab ,attic floor1 area 7net7 #a1jga ,porch floors1 area 7net7 #ebc ,,hemlock ,,underflooring ,unmatched underflooring is used under the first and second floor4 ,its quantity is #a1cab #b #b1fbd feet ,b4 ,m4 ,,rift-,,sawed ,,yellow-,,pine ,,finish ,,flooring ,the total area of the first1 second1 and third floors is #c1fie square feet4 ,adding #be per cent4 for waste1 the quantity of -inch flooring is #c1fie square feet 7#c1fie 4#be7 #d1fai feet ,b4 ,m4 ,,yellow-,,pine ,,porch ,,flooring ,increasing the net area of the porch floor by #be per cent41 the flooring required is #ebc square feet 7#ebc 4#be7 #fed feet ,b4 ,m4 ,cost ,the estimated cost of flooring may be analyzed as follows3 ,cost of #a1jjj ,feet ,b4 ,m41 ,rough ,flooring #ae #a1jjj ft4 ,b4 ,m41 hemlock #bg4jj ,labor #aj4jj ,nails1 #cc lb41 at #b per #ajj pounds 4#fg ----- ,cost per thousand feet ,b4 ,m4 #cg4fg ,cost of #a1jjj ,feet ,b4 ,m41 ,finish ,flooring #a1jjj ft4 ,b4 ,m41 rift-sawed yellow pine #ee4jj ,labor1 including striking joints #af4jj ,nails 4#fg ----- ,cost per thousand feet ,b4 ,m4 #ga4fg ,cost of #a1jjj ,feet ,b4 ,m41 ,porch ,flooring #a1jjj ft4 ,b4 ,m41 ,no4 #a yellow pine #de4jj ,labor #af4jj ,white lead for joints 7about7 4#ej ,nails 4#fg ------ ,cost per thousand feet ,b4 ,m4 #fb4ag #ae ,the cost of this hemlock is #a cheaper per thousand than that used in the framing1 since shorter lengths may be employed4 ,summary ,hemlock1 #b1fbd ft4 ,b4 ,m41 at #cg4fg per ,m #ih4he ,rift-sawed yellow pine1 #d1fai ft4 ,b4 ,m41 at #ga4fg per ,m #cca4jd ,yellow pine1 #fed ft4 ,b4 ,m41 at #fb4ag per ,m #dj4ff ------ ,total cost of flooring #dgj4ee ,,porch ,,ceiling1 ,,yellow ,,pine ,quantities ,,feet ,b4 ,m4 ,porch ceiling1 same as porch flooring #fed ,cost ,the cost of yellow-pine ceiling is #de per thousand feet ,b4 ,m4 ,since there is no white lead to be used and the joints are not struck1 #aa will pay for laying it4 ,the nails will cost #fg cents1 which will bring the cost per thousand feet ,b4 ,m41 up to #ef4fg4 ,therefore1 #fed feet ,b4 ,m41 yellow-pine ceiling1 at #ef4fg per thousand1 will cost #cg4jf4 ,,cornice1 ,,spandrels1 ,,etc41 ,,white-,,pine ,,dressed ,,lumber ,cost ,cornice1 #cic lin4 ft41 at #ej cents per foot #aif4ej ,spandrels1 #ceg lin4 ft41 at #ab cents per foot #db4hd ,base1 #abh lin4 ft41 at #f cents per foot #g4fh #af porch posts1 #h #h #i' at #d each #fd4jj ------- ,total #caa4jb ,summary ,yellow-pine ceiling #cg4jf ,white-pine dressed lumber #caa4jb ------- ,total #cdh4jh ,recapitulation of ,cost of ,carpentry ,framing #gee4eg ,sheathing and shingles #dbg4cg ,flooring #dgj4ee ,porch ceiling1 cornice1 etc4 #cdh4jh --------- ,total cost of carpentry #b1jja4eg ,,roofing #f4 ,roof framing and sheathing are included in the estimate for carpentry4 ,following are given the estimates for slating and miscellaneous roof items3 ,,slating ,quantities ,,squares ,main and dormer roofs #bb4j ,porch roof #f4d ,tower roof #c4g ---- #cb4a ,cost ,the price of slating per square is given in ,table ,,xii1 ,estimating and ,calculating ,quantities1 ,part #a4 ,bangor slating costs #h per square4 ,on account of the curved tower and the number of hips and valleys1 and because the measurement just given is actual measurement1 the price will be put at #aj per square4 ,thus1 the cost of #cb4a squares at #aj will be #cba4 ,,miscellaneous ,,items#af ,quantities and ,cost ,tin roof on bay window1 #ch sq4 ft4 at #bj cents per square foot #g4fj ,tin for valleys1 #aia sq4 ft41 at #ah cents per square foot #cd4ch ,flashing around chimneys and dormers1 #ij sq4 ft41 at #aj cents per square foot #i4jj ,gutters1 #ajj lin4 ft41 #bf in4 wide1 at #bh cents per foot #bh4jj ,conductor pipe1 #d-;inch galvanized iron1 #adf lin4 ft41 at #bj cents per linear foot #bi4bj ,terra-cotta ridge tiles1 #gj lin4 ft41 at #a per linear foot #gj4jj #c terra-cotta finials1 #b ft4 high1 at #h each #bd4jj ,tower finial1 copper #cj4jj ------- ,total #bcb4ah ,recapitulation of ,cost of ,roofing ,slating #cba4jj ,miscellaneous #bcb4ah ------- ,total cost of roofing #eec4ah #af ,the prices given include the cost of labor4 ,,lathing ,,and ,,plastering #g4 ,plastering varies in price according to its position and quality4 ,it is therefore necessary to make a separate schedule of each class of work1 so that any increase or decrease in quantity may be easily added to or deducted from the estimate4 ,,three-,,coat ,,work ,quantities ,,square ,,square ,,feet ,,yards ,first-story walls1 #edb' #i' #i #e1bhd4e ,first-story ceiling 7take measurement of flooring7 #a1cab4j ,second-story walls1 #fji' #i' #e1dha4j ,second-story ceiling #a1cab4j ,attic walls1 #aij' #h' #aef' #f' #b1def4j ,attic ceiling #hca4j -------- ,total of three-coat plastering #af1fgf4e #a1hec ,,two-,,coat ,,work ,,square ,,square ,quantities ,,feet ,,yards ,cellar ceiling1 use same measurements as for concrete cellar floor #aci4i ,,cornices ,quantities ,,linear ,,feet ,cornice1 #adg' of #b' girth #adg ,cornice1 #dic' of #a' girth #dic ,cost ,the cost of three-coat plastering is given in ,estimating and ,calculating ,quantities1 ,part #a1 as #ca cents per square yard1 and two-coat work1 as #bc cents per square yard4 ,according to the same section1 lathing costs #ab cents per square yard4 ,therefore1 lathing and plastering for three-coat work cost #dc cents per square yard1 and for two-coat work1 #ce cents per square yard4 ,the assumed cost of plain1 run stucco cornice per linear foot of #b-;foot girth is #ca cents1 and the cost per linear foot of that having a #a-;foot girth is #bg cents4 ,summary ,from the preceding estimates of quantities and costs1 the following figures are obtained3 #a1hec sq4 yd4 of three-coat work1 at #dc cents per square yard #gif4gi #aci4i sq4 yd4 of two-coat work1 at #ce cents per square yard #dh4ig #adg ft4 of cornice at #ca cents #df4ca #dic ft4 of cornice at #bg cents #acc4aa --------- ,total cost of plastering #a1jbe4ah ,,joinery #h4 ,as there are so many different sizes in the joinery work1 no attempt has been made to make detailed estimates of the cost of each2 but the general method of obtaining the costs is that given in the articles on ,joinery1 in ,estimating and ,calculating ,quantities1 ,part #a4 ,since the quality of the work varies in different parts of the building it will be found that one unit price will not be sufficient1 but experience is needed to fix the unit price for different classes of work4 ,,door ,,frames1 ,,first ,,floor ,quantities and ,cost ,chestnut frames--jambs #a rabbeted2 casing #e1 with -inch edge mold2 back-band molding #b2 plinth and corner blocks3 #a frame1 #c' #b #g' #i #f 7vestibule7 #d4af #a frame1 #c' #b #g' #i #i 7#c-;inch jamb71 front door #d4fh #a frame1 #e' #f #g' #i #ad 7sliding-door7 #ac4fj #a frame1 #d' #g' #i #ad 7sliding-door7 #i4ce #a frame1 #c' #g' #i #ad 7sliding-door7 #f4hj #b frames1 #b' #h #g' #i #f1 #d4af each #h4cb #b frames1 #bb #g' #i #d1 #b4ba each #d4db ,white pine--jambs #f #a rabbeted2 casings #e2 back-band molding #b 2 plinth and corner blocks3 #d frames1 #b' #h #g' #i1 #c4gj each #ad4hj #b frames1 #b' #f #g' #i1 #c4fa each #g4bb #a frame1 #b' #aj #g' #i #c4gh ------ ,total #gg4ac ,,door ,,frames1 ,,second ,,floor ,quantities and ,cost ,white pine1 similar to first floor3 #h frames1 #b' #h #g' #f1 #c4eg each #bh4ef #f frames1 #b' #f #g' #f1 #c4ej each #ba4jj #a frame1 #b' #b #g' #f #c4ai #a frame1 #b' #d #g' #f #c4dj #a frame1 #b' #f #g' #c4ai ------ ,total #ei4cd ,,door ,,frames1 ,,attic ,quantities and ,cost ,white pine1 similar to second-floor doors3 #f frames1 #b' #h #f' #h at #c4ai #ai4ad #a frame1 #b' #f #f' #f #c4jf ------ ,total #bb4bj ,summary ,first floor #gg4ac ,second floor #ei4cd ,attic #bb4bj ------- ,total cost of door frames #aeh4fg ,,doors1 ,,first ,,story#ag ,quantities and ,cost ,veneered chestnut1 six and seven raised panels1 planted moldings3 #a pair sliding1 #b' #i #g' #i #b #ae4ij #a single sliding1 #d' #g' #i #b #aa4cd #a single sliding1 #c' #g' #i #b #h4ig #a lavatory1 #b' #d #f' #a 7frame included in paneling7 #d4ic #b closet doors1 #bb #g' #i #a1 solid molded1 including glass in upper panel1 at #e each #aj4jj #a front door1 #c' #b #g' #i #b1 three-panel1 glass in top panel1 price1 including glass #ab4ge #a vestibule door1 #c' #b #g' #i #b1 three-panel1 glass in top panel1 price1 including glass #ab4ge ,veneered chestnut and pine doors3 #a in butler's pantry1 #b' #h #g' #i #b #g4ej #a in butler's pantry1 #b' #h #g' #i #a #f4ga ,white-pine doors1 raised panels3 #b glass doors1 #b' #d #e' #a1 one-panel1 at #c 7china closet1 no frames7 #f4jj #d doors1 #b' #h #g' #i #a1 five-panel1 solid moldings1 at #d4ac each #af4eb #b doors1 #b' #f #g' #i #a1 five-panel1 solid moldings1 at #c4ia each #g4hb #a door1 #b' #aj #g' #i #b1 five-panel1 solid molded #f4ei #b outside cellar doors1 at #b each #d4jj ------- ,total #aca4gh ,,doors1 ,,second ,,floor ,quantities and ,cost #a-;inch white pine1 five-panel1 solid molded1 raised panels3 #h doors1 #b' #h #g' #f1 at #d #cb4jj #f doors1 #b' #f #g' #f1 at #c4ge #bb4ej #a door1 #b' #f #c' #f #a4ge #a door1 #b' #b #g' #f #c4bj #a door1 #b' #d #g' #f #c4dj #b wardrobe doors1 #b' #b #f' #a1 including glass panels1 at #b each #d4jj ------ ,total #ff4he ,,doors1 ,,attic ,quantities and ,cost ,white pine1 similar to second floor3 #aha stuck-molded door1 #b' #f #f' #f1 glass panel #d4gj #f doors1 #b' #h #f' #h1 at #c4fj #ba4fj ------- ,total #bf4cj ,summary ,first story #aca4gh ,second story #ff4he ,attic #bf4cj ------- ,total cost of doors #bbd4ic #ag ,the prices of doors do not include hardware1 which item will be found in the hardware bill1 but they include putting on the hardware4 #ah ,this door opens to the balcony4 ,,window ,,frames1 ,,cellar ,quantities and ,cost ,no4 #b white pine1 #a #g rabbeted jambs and head1 and #b #g sill4 ,complete1 set in place3 #a window1 #c lights1 #ac #aj #a4af #b windows1 #a light1 #af #aj1 at #dh cents each 4#if #d windows1 #b lights1 #ad #aj1 at #hc cents each #c4cb #c windows1 #b lights1 #aa #aj1 at #ff cents each #a4ih #b windows1 #b lights1 #ac #aj1 at #gh cents each #a4ef #a window1 #c lights1 #aa #aj 4#ii ------ ,total #i4ig ,,window ,,frames1 ,,first ,,story ,quantities and ,cost ,box frames1 pulley stiles and hanging stiles #a1 sills #b1 and outer casing 1 all of ,no4 #b white pine4 ,inside casing chestnut1 with molded back band #e 1 stool #d #a1 apron #e 1 sash stop #a4 ,frames in brickwork4 ,complete1 set in place3 #a window1 #b lights1 #dj #cb #g4hj #b windows1 #b lights1 #ah #cb1 at #c4af each #f4cb #a window1 #b lights1 #bd #cb #d4ah #a window1 #b lights1 #cd #cb #e4hh #b windows1 #b lights1 #cf #cb1 curved1 at #ab4bd #bd4dh #a window1 #b lights1 #cj #cb #e4aj #a window1 #b lights1 #bb #bd #b4hj #a window1 #d lights1 #ca #cb 7double7 #aj4ee #b windows1 #f lights1 #ae #bh 7casement71 at #f4gj #ac4dj ------ ,total #hj4ea ,pulley stiles #a1 sill #b1 sub-sills #a1 outside casings 1 inside casing with molded back band #e 1 stool #d #a1 apron #e 1 sash stop #a1 all of white pine4 ,frames in wooden walls4 ,complete1 set in place3 #a window1 single light1 #ad #bh #a4jd #c windows1 #b lights1 #bf #cb1 at #d4db each #ac4bf #a window1 #b lights1 #bb #cb #c4gd ------ ,total #ah4jd ,,window ,,frames1 ,,second ,,story ,quantities and ,cost #a window1 single light1 #ad #bh #a4jd #b windows1 #b lights1 #dd #bh1 at #f4ed each #ac4jh #b windows1 #b lights1 #bc #bh1 at #c4dj each #f4hj #c windows1 #b lights1 #bh #bh1 at #d4ah each #ab4ed #b windows1 #b lights1 #cf #bh 7curved71 at #aj4gb each #ba4dd #c windows1 #b lights1 #bf #bh1 at #c4ij each #aa4gj #a window1 #b lights1 #bj #bh #b4ih #d windows1 #b lights1 #cj #ch1 at #f4jg each #bd4bh ------ ,total #ic4hf ,,window ,,frames1 ,,attic ,quantities and ,cost #b windows1 #b lights1 #ah #ah1 at #a4fi each #c4ch #a window 7circular71 #bd diameter #b4bg #b double windows1 #d lights1 #bb #bd 7curved71 at #aa4bb each #bb4dd #a double window1 #d lights1 #ba #bd #e4ce #a double window1 #d lights1 #bh #bj #e4if #a double window1 #d lights1 #bd #bj #e4aj #a window1 #b lights1 #bh #bj #b4ih #a window1 #b lights1 #cj #bh #d4df ------ ,total #ea4id ,summary ,cellar #i4ig ,first story in brick walls #hj4ea ,first story in frame #ah4jd ,second story #ic4hf ,attic #ea4id ------- ,total cost of window frames #bed4cb ,,window ,,sash1 ,,cellar ,quantities and ,cost #a-;inch white pine1 glazed 7double ,american71 price not including hardware3 #a sash1 #c lights1 #ac #aj #a4ad #b sashes1 single light1 #af #aj1 at #dg cents each 4#id #d sashes1 #b lights1 #ad #aj1 at #hb cents each #c4bh #c sashes1 #b lights1 #aa #aj1 at #fd cents each #a4ib #b sashes1 #b lights1 #ac #aj1 at #gf cents each #a4eb #a sash1 #c lights1 #aa #aj 4#if ------ ,total #i4gf ,,window ,,sash1 ,,first ,,story ,quantities and ,cost ,chestnut1 #a inch1 prices including glazing 7double ,american71 hanging sash1 and putting on stops3 #a pair1 single light1 #dj #cb #g4dg #b pair1 single light1 #ah #cb1 at #c4cf per pair #f4gb #a pair1 single light1 #bd #cb #d4dh #a pair1 single light1 #cd #cb #f4ce #b pair1 single light1 #cf #cb 7curved71 at #bj4af per pair #dj4cb #b pair1 single light1 #ca #cb1 at #e4gi per pair #aa4eh #a pair1 single light1 #cj #cb #e4fj #a pair1 single light1 #bb #bd #c4jh #b pair1 #c lights1 #ae #bh 7casement71 at #g4ce per pair #d4gj ,pine3 #a sash1 single light1 #ad #bh #a4ad #c pair1 single light1 #bf #cb1 at #d4he per pair #ad4ee #a pair1 single light1 #bb #cb #d4aa ------- ,total #abj4aj ,,window ,,sash1 ,,second ,,story ,quantities and ,cost ,pine3 #a sash1 single light1 #ad #bh #a4ad #b pair1 single light1 #dd #bh1 at #g4ai per pair #ad4ch #b pair1 single light1 #bc #bh1 at #c4gf per pair #g4eb #c pair1 single light1 #bh #bh1 at #d4eg per pair #ac4ga #b pair1 single light1 #cf #bh 7curved71 at #ag4fd per pair #ce4bh #c pair1 single light1 #bf #bh1 at #d4be per pair #ab4ge #a pair1 single light1 #bj #bh #c4bg #d pair1 single light1 #cj #bh1 at #d4ij per pair #ai4fj ------- ,total #ajg4gj ,,window ,,sash1 ,,attic ,quantities and ,cost #b pair1 single light1 #ah #ah1 at #a4hi per pair #c4gh #a sash1 circular1 #bd-;inch diameter #b4eb #d pair1 single light1 #bb #bd 7curved71 at #i4bd per pair #cf4if #b pair1 single light1 #ba #bd1 at #b4id per pair #e4hh #c pair1 single light1 #bh #bj1 at #c4bg per pair #i4ha #b pair1 single light1 #bd #bj1 at #b4hj per pair #e4fj #a pair1 single light1 #cj #bh #d4ij ------- ,total #fi4de ,,screen ,,frames ,,for ,,porch ,quantities and ,cost ,rails and stiles1 white pine1 #d #a1 two muntins each3 #a frame1 #cf #af 4#ea #a frame1 #ij #af #a4bg #a frame1 #hh #af #a4be #a frame1 #fj #af 4#he #b frames1 #id #af1 at #a4cc each #b4ff #b frames1 #ff #af1 at #ic cents each #a4hf #a frame1 #bd #af 4#cd #a frame1 #hd #af #a4ai #a frame1 #bj #af 4#cc ------- ,total #aj4bf ,summary ,cellar #i4gf ,first story #abj4aj ,second story #ajg4gj ,attic #fi4de ,screens #aj4bf ------- ,total cost of window sash #cag4bg ,,cellar ,,stairs ,quantities and ,cost #eb ft4 of hemlock1 at #c cents per foot #a4ef #df ft4 of planed white pine1 at #d cents per foot #b4jg ,labor3 #ab risers1 at #bj cents each #b4dj ------ ,total #f4jc ,,back ,,stairs ,quantities and ,cost #gb ft4 _/ planed white pine1 at #f cents per foot #d4cb ,white-pine hand rails1 #ah ft41 at #f cents per foot #a4jh ,labor3 #ac risers1 at #dj cents each #e4bj ------- ,total #aj4fj ,,main ,,stairs ,quantities and ,cost #cce ft4 of hemlock1 at #c cents per foot #aj4je #ahe ft4 of chestnut1 at #aj cents per foot #ah4ej #di ft4 of chestnut hand rail1 at #fj cents per foot #bi4dj #hf turned chestnut balusters1 #b #b #aj1 at #ab cents each #aj4cb #a box newel1 #h #h #d' #f1 chestnut1 paneled1 with molded cap #f4jj #g newels1 #e #e #d' #f1 chestnut1 with turned pendants1 at #d #bh4jj #b newels1 #e #e #ab'1 chestnut1 with turned caps1 at #f #ab4jj ,spandrel1 #cj sq4 ft41 #aj raised panels1 -inch thick stiles and rails1 #a-;inch thick planted molding1 at #ce cents per square foot #aj4ej ,paneled partition under stairs1 chestnut1 #ag sq4 ft41 at #ce cents per square foot #e4ie ,string molding1 #df' of #a #c1 chestnut1 at #c cents #a4fa ,skirt molding1 #df' of #a 1 chestnut1 #a cents 4#eh ,soffit molding1 #ch' of #b1 chestnut1 #a cents 4#eg ,labor3 #ce risers1 at #b each #gj4jj ------- ,total #bjc4dh ,summary ,cellar stairs #f4jc ,back stairs #aj4fj ,main stairs #bjc4dh ------- ,total cost of stairs #bbj4aa ,,miscellaneous ,,interior ,,joinery ,baseboard ,first story3 ,chestnut1 #f1 with molding worked on face1 tongued into surbase1 #a #f1 #aci ft41 at #cj cents per linear foot #da4gj ,white pine1 #i1 plain1 #ij ft41 at #cc cents per linear foot #bi4gj ,second story3 ,white pine1 #i1 molded1 #cjj ft41 at #cc cents per linear foot #ii4jj ,attic3 ,white pine1 #f1 molded1 #bij ft41 at #bd cents #fi4fj ------- ,total #bdj4jj ,wainscoting ,first story3 ,chestnut1 #b1 beaded and matched boards1 #d ft4 high1 #cc ft4 long1 #acb sq4 ft41 at #h cents per square foot1 dining room #aj4ef ,molded cap1 #a #a1 #cc ft41 at #c cents per foot 4#ii ,chestnut1 paneled1 #fg' #d' high #bfh sq4 ft41 at #ce cents per square foot #ic4hj ,molded cap1 #a #d1 #fg ft41 at #aj cents per foot #f4gj ,second story 7bathroom73 ,white pine1 #b1 matched boards1 #d ft4 high1 #abh sq4 ft41 at #h cents per square foot #aj4bd ,molded cap1 #a #a1 #cb ft41 at #c cents per foot 4#if ------- ,total #abc4be ,picture ,molding ,chestnut1 #c #a1 #bca ft41 at #i cents #bj4gi ,china ,closet ,chestnut1 dressed1 #ig ft4 ,b4 ,m41 at #aj cents per foot #i4gj ,crown molding1 #a #c1 #h ft41 at #h cents per foot 4#fd ,labor3 #a man1 #b days1 at #c4bj #f4dj ------- ,total #af4gd ,shelving ,no4 #b white pine1 #ej ft4 ,b4 ,m41 at #d cents per foot #b4be ,labor3 #a man1 #a day1 at #c4bj #c4bj ------ ,total #e4de ,summary ,baseboard #bdj4jj ,wainscoting #abc4be ,picture molding #bj4gi ,china closet #af4gd ,shelving #e4de ------- ,total cost of miscellaneous interior joinery #djf4bc ,,miscellaneous ,,exterior ,,work ,moldings #cef ft4 crown molding1 #a #d1 at #e cents #ai4eh #cef ft4 bed molding1 #a #c1 at #d cents #ad4bd #cef ft4 bed molding1 #a #a1 at #c cents #aj4fh #gd ft4 bed molding1 #a #b1 at #c cents #b4bb #cef ft4 bed molding1 1 at #a cents #e4cd #fd ft4 neck molding1 at #a cent 4#fd #cf ft4 cove molding1 #a1 at #c cents #a4jh ,white pine3 #ce ft4 triglyphs1 at #aj cents #c4ej #bjg turned balusters1 #b #a' #f1 for porches1 at #aj cents #bj4gj #ib ft4 molded hand rail1 #e #c1 at #aa cents #aj4ab #ib ft4 bottom rail1 #e #c1 at #aa cents #aj4ab #bjj dentils1 #b #b #c1 at #a cents #c4jj #acg ft4 window cap1 #c #a1 at #c cents #d4aa #bc ft4 ,b4 ,m41 for balustrade posts1 at #d cents #a4jd ,casing for circular window #a4jj ,semicircular head casing over outside door in dormer #b4jj ------- ,total cost of exterior work #aji4cg ,recapitulation of ,cost of ,joinery ,door frames #aeh4fg ,doors #bbd4ic ,window frames #bed4cb ,window sash #cag4bg ,stairs #bbj4aa ,miscellaneous interior joinery #djf4bc ,miscellaneous exterior work #aji4cg --------- ,total cost of joinery #a1fij4ij ,,hardware #i4 ,the prices given in the following list are based on the use of the best quality of hardware in the market4 ,should inferior quality be used1 these prices would probably be #ej per cent4 less4 ,the cost of labor is assumed to be one-fifth the cost of the hardware4 ,,locks ,quantities and ,cost ,one #e-;inch mortise front-door lock1 with bronze furniture complete #f4jj ,one #d-;inch mortise vestibule-door lock1 with bronze furniture complete #e4ej ,one #e-;inch flush pull mortise lock for double sliding-door #c4jj ,two #e-;inch flush pull mortise locks for single sliding-door1 at #b4be #d4ej ,eighteen #d-;inch mortise knob locks1 at #b4bj #ci4fj ,ten #d-;inch cupboard lock sets1 at #a4he #ah4ej ,six #b-;inch mortise knob locks1 at #a4ej #i4jj ,one #b-;inch steel spring padlock 4#ej ------ ,total #hf4fj ,,hinges ,quantities and ,cost #a pair double-acting checking spring hinges with bronze push plates1 for double-acting door #aj4ej #b pair #e #e bronze loose pin butts1 at #b4ej #e4jj #cc pair #d #d bronze loose pin butts1 at #a4ij #fb4gj #b pair #c #c bronze loose pin butts1 at #a4ce #b4gj ------ ,total #hj4ij ,,miscellaneous ,,hardware ,quantities and ,cost ,thirty-two #a #b bronze sash fasts1 at #dj cents #ab4hj ,five #b #b bronze cupboard turns1 at #dj cents #b4jj ,four #f #a bronze flush bolts1 at #a4be #e4jj #c doz4 #c-;inch japanned-iron coat hooks1 at #be cents 4#ge ,one galvanized-iron hasp and staple 4#bj ,one ,mc,cabe patent door hanger1 double #c4ej ,two ,mc,cabe patent door hangers1 single1 at #b #d4jj ,four #b-;inch bronze draw pulls1 at #aj cents 4#dj ------ ,total #bh4fe ,summary ,locks #hf4fj ,butts #hj4ij ,miscellaneous #bh4fe ------- ,total cost of hardware #aif4ae ,,heating ,,and ,,ventilating ,,system #aj4 ,a house as large as the one under consideration should be heated either by steam or by hot water4 ,however1 a furnace is used in this case1 not because it is the best practice1 but because it gives practice in estimating on a furnace1 which is more important than estimating on either steam or hot water4 ,in taking off quantities for the heating and ventilating contract1 attention should be given to the fact that the furnace and pipes1 registers and borders1 and the fireplace furniture are usually supplied by different manufacturers4 ,,furnace ,quantities and ,cost ,one #ec-;inch cast-iron portable furnace set up in place #abe4jj ,,warm-,,air ,,and ,,smoke ,,pipes ,quantities and ,cost #ab ft4 of #d #h tin ,w4 ,a4 pipe1 at #ab cents #a4ej #ab ft4 of #c #ab tin ,w4 ,a4 pipe1 at #ae cents #a4hj #ac ft4 of #d #aj tin ,w4 ,a4 pipe1 at #ae cents #a4ie #fa ft4 of #aj-;inch round tin ,w4 ,a4 pipe1 at #af cents #i4gf #ab ft4 of #h-;inch round tin ,w4 ,a4 pipe1 at #ab cents #a4ef #d ft4 of #h-;inch galvanized-iron smoke pipe1 at #ae cents 4#fj #ag ft4 of #aj-;inch round1 fireclay flue lining1 at #be cents #d4be #b ft4 of #h-;inch round1 fireclay flue lining1 at #bj cents 4#ej ,labor1 one-half of cost of materials #aj4if ------- ,total #cb4hh ,,registers ,quantities and ,cost ,three #ad #af japanned floor registers and borders1 at #c4he #aa4ee ,one #g #aj japanned floor register and border 4#he ,one #ab #ae japanned floor register and border #b4be ,two #g #i japanned floor registers and borders1 at #he cents #a4gj ,one #aj #ab japanned floor register and border #a4bf ,two #ab #ae japanned wall registers and borders1 at #b4be #d4ej ,one #aj #ab japanned wall register and border #a4bf ,labor1 one-third of cost of materials #g4gi ------- ,total #ca4af ,,tin ,,register ,,boxes ,quantities and ,cost ,three #ad #af #d1 at #hj cents #b4dj ,one #g #aj #d 4#eg ,two #aj #ab #d1 at #ge cents #a4ej ,two #ae #ab #d1 at #ge cents #a4ej ,two #g #i #d1 at #eg cents #a4ad ,labor1 one-third of cost of materials #b4cg ------ ,total #i4dh ,,miscellaneous ,quantities and ,cost ,fifteen elbows1 #aj in4 in diameter1 at #ce cents #e4be ,two elbows1 #h in4 in diameter1 at #be cents 4#ej ,ten sheets of ,,ic tin1 #bj #bh1 at #bj cents #b4jj ,two cold-air boxes1 each #bd ft4 long1 of #bj-;inch earthen pipe1 with two slide dampers and screens #ch4dj ,labor3 one-third of cost of materials #ae4ch ------ ,total #fa4ec ,summary ,furnace #abe4jj ,warm-air and smoke pipes #cb4hh ,registers and borders #ca4af ,register boxes #i4dh ,miscellaneous #fa4ec ------- ,total cost of heating and ventilating system #bfj4je ,,plumbing #aa4 ,a complete list of the plumbing fixtures1 together with the sizes1 lengths1 and materials of all pipes1 should be tabulated so that any item can be easily referred to in case of alteration in the schedule4 ,,fixtures ,quantities and ,cost ,one double-oven brick-set kitchen range with water-back2 to be selected by the owner2 complete #ej4jj ,one ,class ,a1 white-glazed earthenware sink1 #cj #bj #g2 with porcelain back #ae in4 high1 and with porcelain legs2 #b-;inch cast brass1 nickel-plated2 ,s-trap with waste pipe to floor2 and improved ,fuller faucets2 telescopic ash drain board2 complete #de4jj ,one ,class ,a1 #bj #cj porcelain recess pantry sink1 white enameled inside1 with nickel-plated standing waste overflow2 with nickel-plated #a-;inch brass trap and pipe to floor2 nickel-plated supply pipes to floor2 nickel-plated #b-;inch supporting stand1 and heavy nickel-plated ,fuller faucets1 marked hot and cold2 complete #dj4jj ,one #e' #f porcelain-lined1 roll rim1 ,roman pattern1 cast-iron bath1 with cast-iron feet1 painted one coat outside1 with nickel-plated combination standing waste1 compression star handle supply valves at foot1 with hot and cold name plates2 complete #dj4jj ,one improved porcelain siphon-jet water closet1 with quartered-oak seat and cover1 quartered-oak siphon cistern1 with nickel-plated brass brackets1 nickel-plated brass flush pipe2 nickel-plated chain and china pull1 and brass floor flange2 complete #cj4jj ,one enameled-iron corner1 lavatory1 #ag #ag #ab1 with #ab #ae ,d-shaped basin with nickel-plate cocks and pipes2 all complete #cj4jj ,one enameled-iron corner lavatory slab #af #af #f1 with enameled back and aprons1 soap cup1 #aa #ad bowl1 ,no4 #j ,fuller faucets1 and 8,penn0 waste2 complete #bj4jj ,one set of #c ,class ,b1 white porcelain wash tubs1 #bf inches long1 with ,n4 ,p4 brass waste and star handle cocks1 and wringer base2 all complete #fj4jj ------- ,cost of fixtures #cae4jj ,,water ,,supply ,quantities and ,cost ,one #dj-;gallon1 extra-heavy1 galvanized-iron boiler1 stand and couplings2 complete #ae4jj ,tapping and corporation-cock permits #e4jj ,one curb box #b4jj #aj ft4 #a-;inch brass pipe and fittings #e4jj #dj ft4 #a-;inch ,,aaa lead pipe #ai4jj #dd ft4 #a-;inch galvanized-iron pipe #d4jj #abj ft4 -inch galvanized-iron pipe #i4jj #hj ft4 -inch galvanized-iron pipe #e4jj #cj pounds of fittings #f4jj ,one #a-;inch stop and waste cock #a4ej ,eight -inch stop and waste cocks #g4jj ,three -inch stop and waste cocks #b4ej ,straps and hangers #a4jj ,two garden hose bibbs #b4jj ------ ,cost of water-supply system #hd4jj ,,drainage ,quantities and ,cost #bac ft4 #d-;inch1 extra-heavy1 cast-iron1 asphalt-coated soil pipe #fj4jj #bj ft4 #c-;inch1 extra-heavy1 cast-iron1 asphalt-coated soil pipe #d4ej #aaj ft4 #b-;inch1 extra-heavy1 cast-iron1 asphalt-coated soil pipe #af4ej #cj ft4 #d-;inch1 extra-heavy1 cast-iron1 asphalt-coated1 soil-pipe fittings #bd4jj #d ft4 #c-;inch1 extra-heavy1 cast-iron1 asphalt-coated1 soil-pipe fittings #b4ej #bd ft4 #b-;inch1 extra-heavy1 cast-iron1 asphalt-coated1 soil-pipe fittings #g4ej #ij ft4 #f-;inch1 salt-glazed1 earthenware sewer pipe #aj4jj #fb ft4 #e-;inch1 salt-glazed1 earthenware sewer pipe #f4jj #adj ft4 #d-;inch1 salt-glazed1 earthenware sewer pipe #h4jj ,one #f-;inch fitting #a4jj ,seven #e-;inch fittings #d4jj ,eighteen #d-;inch fittings #g4jj ,portland cement #b4jj #ajj lb4 of lead #e4jj ,oakum #a4jj ,wall hooks #a4jj ,one #d-;inch running trap #b4jj ,four #d-;inch ground brass ferrule cleanouts #b4jj ,three cast-iron manhole covers #c4jj ,one fresh-air inlet box #a4jj ,one #d-;inch lead bend #a4ej ,one #d-;inch brass ferrule 4#ce #aj ft4 #b-;inch lead waste pipe #b4ej #ad ft4 #a-;inch lead pipe #b4ej ,twelve #b-;inch brass ferrules #a4ej ,two #b-;inch lead traps #b4ej #b sq4 ft4 #f-pound sheet lead 4#ij ,three #d-;inch wire-basket strainers 4#dj #bj lb4 of wiping solder #e4jj ------- ,total #ahe4ae ,,labor ,labor1 assumed to be one-fourth cost of all materials #ehd4ae 4#be #adf4jd ,summary ,fixtures #cae4jj ,water-supply system #hd4jj ,drainage #ahe4ae ,labor #adf4jd ------- ,total cost of plumbing #gcj4ai ,,gas-,,fitting #ab4 ,following is given the cost of buying and installing the various gas fixtures and pipes that are used in the building under consideration3 ,,fixtures ,quantities and ,cost ,cellar3 #b brackets1 #a burner1 each at #ej cents #a4jj ,first floor3 ,parlor1 #a chandelier1 #d burners #ej4jj #b brackets1 stiff1 #b burners1 each at #aj #bj4jj ,dining room1 #a chandelier1 #e burners #de4jj #b brackets1 stiff1 #a burner1 each at #e #aj4jj ,hall1 #a chandelier1 #d burners #cj4jj ,library1 #a chandelier1 #f burners #ej4jj #b brackets1 stiff1 #b burners1 each at #aj #bj4jj ,lavatory1 #a bracket1 #a burner1 stiff #b4ej ,kitchen1 #a center fixture1 #b burners #d4jj #a side light1 stiff1 #a burner #a4jj ,butler's pantry1 #a drop light1 #b burners #d4jj ,pantry1 #a side light1 stiff1 #a burner #a4jj ,cellar stairs1 #a-;bracket light1 #a burner 4#ej ,second floor3 ,bedrooms1 #aa double-swing brackets1 #a burner1 at #e #ee4jj ,dressing room1 #a double-swing1 plain1 #a burner #b4jj ,hall1 #a stiff bracket1 #b burners #f4jj ,stair landing1 #b stiff brackets1 #a burner1 each at #d #h4jj ,bathroom1 #a bracket1 double swing1 plain1 #a burner #c4jj ,attic rooms1 #e stiff brackets1 #a burner1 each at 4#ge #c4ge ------- ,total #caf4ge ,,pipe ,,and ,,fittings ,quantities and ,cost #ed ft4 #a-;inch pipe1 at #aj cents #e4dj #cj ft4 -inch pipe1 at #f cents #a4hj #cj ft4 -inch pipe1 at #d cents #a4bj #bje ft4 -inch pipe1 at #c cents #f4ae ,fittings #d4jj ------- ,total #ah4ee ,,labor ,labor1 assumed to be one-seventh the cost of materials 7fixtures1 pipes1 etc47 #cce4cj #g #dg4ij ,summary ,fixtures #caf4ge ,pipe and fittings #ah4ee ,labor #dg4ij ------- ,total cost of gas-fitting #chc4bj ,,wiring #ac4 ,at the present time1 most houses that are as large as the one under consideration are equipped with electric door bells1 and probably with electric bells from some of the living rooms to the kitchen4 ,such an equipment would cost1 say1 #be4 ,in most houses of this size1 where available1 both electricity and gas are used for lighting purposes4 ,the cost of wiring this house complete for electric lights1 including six wall switches1 besides two three-way switches for the hall light1 so that it can be operated either from the upper or lower floor1 is about #cbe if iron-armored conduit is used4 ,if electric lights are used1 the lighting fixtures must be combination fixtures1 that is1 fixtures that can be used for both gas and electricity4 ,this will add about #dj per cent4 to the cost of the gas fixtures1 or #dj per cent4 of #caf4ge1 which amounts to #abf4gj4 ,the total cost of wiring is therefore as follows3 ,electric bells #be4jj ,light wiring #cbe4jj ,extra cost of fixtures #abf4gj ------- ,total #dgf4gj ,,painting #ad4 ,in taking off quantities for painting1 it is customary to estimate the cost by assuming a price per square yard for each class of work1 instead of estimating the material and labor separately4 ,,exterior ,,work ,quantities ,three coats of pure linseed oil and white lead in four colors3 ,,square ,,yards ,shingles 7see item in ,carpentry estimate7 #bfi ,main cornice #acj ,porch cornice #bb ,porch posts #cb ,spandrels #dj ,porch skirting #ad ,balustrade #eb ,sash #fd ,window sills #af ,porch floors and steps #gb --- ,total #gaa ,,square ,,yards ,one coat orange shellac and one of varnish3 ,porch ceiling 7see item in ,carpentry estimate7 #eh ,,interior ,,work ,quantities ,chestnut finish1 parlor1 library1 dining room1 hall1 stair hall1 lavatory1 and stairway4 ,one coat of wood paste filler1 one coat of white shellac1 and three coats of varnish1 rubbed down with pumice stone and water3 ,,square ,,yards ,architrave #cb ,base #af ,wainscoting #cj ,sash #ag ,doors #ed ,jamb casings #g ,stairway #ej ,balustrade of stairway #bj --- ,total #bbf ,white pine1 natural finish1 all of house not finished in chestnut4 ,one coat of spirit shellac and two coats of varnish3 ,,square ,,yards ,architrave #gc ,base #fj ,wainscoting #bi ,sash #dj ,dresser #i ,doors #aca ,jamb casings #ca ,back stairs #cd --- ,total #djg ,cost ,exterior work1 #gaa sq4 yd41 at #cj cents per square yard #bac4cj ,porch ceiling1 #eh sq4 yd41 at #bj cents per square yard #aa4fj ,chestnut finish1 #bbf sq4 yd41 at #ge cents per square yard #afi4ej ,white pine1 natural finish1 #djg sq4 yd41 at #be cents per square yard #aja4ge ------- ,total cost of painting #dif4ae ,summary of ,cost of ,building #ae4 ,having estimated the cost of work required of each trade1 a summary of the whole will express the total estimated cost of the building4 ,excavation and filling #bhe4ii ,stonework #a1gic4hc ,brickwork #a1jgi4af ,carpentry #b1jja4eg ,roofing #eec4ah ,plastering #a1jbe4ah ,joinery #a1fij4ij ,hardware #aif4ae ,heating and ventilation #bfj4je ,plumbing #gcj4ai ,gas-fitting #chc4bj ,electric wiring #dgf4gj ,painting #dif4ae ---------- ,total cost #aj1igb4be ,this total cost does not include any extras or builder's profits4 ,,mill ,,design ,,site ,,and ,,arrangement ,,preliminary ,,considerations ,,introduction #a4 ,the requirements of the modern factory building are many1 and demand the careful attention of the architect in their planning and construction4 ,there are probably more rules and regulations imposed by the state and local governments and by the ,insurance ,underwriters1 regulating the construction of this class of buildings1 than for buildings of any other character4 ,the laws imposed by the governments under whose jurisdiction the building is to be erected1 are framed manifestly for the protection of the health and safety of the occupants of the building1 and so as not to jeopardize their lives in case of fire or panic1 or the lives of those engaged in the attempt to save the structure and prevent damage to the adjoining property4 ,the ,underwriters1 or the ,association of ,insurance ,companies1 have compiled numerous rules and regulations of which the architect planning the building must take cognizance if he desires to secure a reasonable rate of insurance on the building and its contents for the owner4 ,not only do these rules and regulations deal with the structural design of the building1 but they consider the apparatus for protection in case of fire1 and such installations as the electric wiring4 ,the architect must be familiar with all these requirements in order to intelligently and practically design industrial plants4 ,there are1 also1 many factors essential to the utilitarian and economic operation of the building entering into the design of the modern factory1 to which the architect must devote careful study4 ,among the most important of these are the economic receiving1 shipping1 elevation1 and transportation of merchandise2 the proper and adequate lighting of the building2 the location and planning of the power plant for the building1 together with the engineering problems of construction1 which include the design of the floor1 columns1 and walls for the loads to which they are subjected4 ,,classification ,,of ,,factory ,,buildings #b4 ,classified according to their construction1 factory buildings may be divided into three types1 which1 for convenience1 may be designated as first-1 second-1 and third-class buildings4 ,a similar division to this is also frequently made by the state or municipal laws for the regulation of the construction of factory buildings4 #c4 ,first-,class ,buildings4--,buildings of the first class are those in which the walls1 floors1 columns1 girders1 beams1 partitions1 and roofs are of stone1 brick1 terra cotta1 concrete1 steel1 iron1 and such other fireproof materials as have been proven to be efficient4 ,buildings of this class may be considered as constituting an entirely fireproof building1 which means that while the contents of the building may burn1 the building itself will remain intact1 unless subjected to the severe action of a prolonged conflagration4 #d4 ,second-,class ,buildings4--,buildings of the second class are considered to include what is known as slow-burning1 or the typical factory-construction1 type1 in which all posts or girders must be of heavy and massive timber1 and the floor construction at least #c inches in thickness1 and of solid planking4 ,in buildings of the second class1 while it is permissible to use combustible materials1 they must be of such sizes and of such slow combustion that the security of the building will be insured for a reasonable time after the conflagration has commenced4 ,it is usual1 therefore1 in this class of building1 to limit the size of the wooden posts to not less than #h inches square1 though their strength may be greatly in excess of the load they are required to support1 and girders and beams are used whose least dimension is #f inches or more4 ,in buildings of this character1 it is frequently necessary to use steel beams and columns in order to obtain the strength for the great floor loads to which these members are liable to be subjected4 ,when such steel or iron columns are used1 however1 they must be fireproofed1 because even though made of incombustible material1 they would not have the same endurance in a fire as have heavy wooden girders or posts1 and their failure would precipitate the fall of the floor4 ,wooden girders and posts1 even when charred part way through1 have still sufficient strength for the support of the load for which they were designed4 #e4 ,third-,class ,buildings4--,buildings of the third class are not particularly recommended for the construction of factory buildings1 for the floors of these may be of the ordinary joist and finished floor construction4 ,such buildings are readily ignitible and burn rapidly1 not only because the timber work in them is light1 but because of the numerous air spaces that exist between joists and in the furring of the walls4 ,no building with air space surrounded by combustible materials can be considered as slow burning4 ,,factory ,,planning #f4 ,considerations in ,planning4--,the outline of the building is determined by the site1 and owing to irregularities in the site generally purchased for manufactory purposes1 it is frequently difficult to properly design buildings of this character4 ,the factors that probably influence the design mostly1 after the location of the column supports1 and consequently the spacing of the windows has been determined upon1 are the stairways and elevators4 ,in many cases1 these are the only subdivisions of the main-floor plans1 and in order to comply with the rules and regulations of the local or state governments1 and of the ,underwriters' ,association1 they demand primary consideration4 ,the stairways must as well be easy of access1 while the elevators must be conveniently located for the delivery and receipt of goods from the first floor of the building4 ,another factor that is likely to enter into consideration of the design is the toilet rooms1 which must be placed against an outside wall1 and convenient to any part of the floor4 ,,arrangement ,,of ,,stair ,,towers ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a #g4 ,the ,enclosed ,stairway4--,the important consideration in the planning of factory stairways is to provide a quick1 easy1 and safe egress for the occupants in case of fire4 ,while it is necessary to have good liberal stairways for communication between the floors1 this is not such an important feature in factory design1 from the fact that there is little travel of employes between the floors1 in a modern factory1 as each individual's work is usually apportioned to him and confined to a particular location1 and therefore does not require him to be on different floors during the day4 ,the common type of factory stairway is that designated in ,fig4 #a4 ,this shows a brick-enclosed stairway with the doors entering it direct from the factory4 ,such a stairway enclosure as this should have tin-lined doors as at a1 which fireproof the opening4 ,even then the security of a stairway of this character is not certain1 from the fact that these doors may be left open1 and are open to the stairway during the egress of the occupants4 ,with a severe fire1 therefore1 on any floor1 such a stairway is likely to be filled with smoke to suffocation1 and liable to ignition from the door openings4 ,it can therefore only be regarded as a makeshift for a fire-escape1 or fire-tower4 ,it is also well1 in the design of such a stairway1 to observe that the doors always open outwards1 and not only this1 but that they open with the tide of people coming down the stairs4 ,for instance1 in the figure the door a is opened correctly1 but if the flights of steps marked down and up were transposed1 then people coming down the flight c would press against the door at a and prevent the people in the room d from getting out to the stairs and hence to safety4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b #h4 ,enclosed ,fire-,escape1 or ,stair ,towers4--,various designs for brick-enclosed stairways of factory buildings have been recommended at different times by the insurance companies4 ,two of these designs are designated in ,fig4 #b and show the elevator included1 as well as the stairway1 in the tower4 ,a study of these plans will show that there is no direct communication from the building to the stair tower1 and that the only way by which the stair tower may be entered is through an open balcony1 which communicates with a door in the side walls of the building1 at each floor4 ,the brick-enclosed stair tower is shown in the figure at a1 the open galleries at b1 and the door of egress from the factory at c4 ,by means of this arrangement1 the occupants of each floor can1 in case of fire1 go through the door in the side wall1 on to the open balcony1 and into the fire-tower1 thence down stairs or elevator to the ground floor and safety4 ,because of the openness of the balcony1 which is surrounded with a strong rail1 and partially covered by the gallery above1 the fire could hardly be sufficiently great on any floor to make it untenantable1 and no smoke or flames could communicate with the fire-tower4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c #i4 ,vestibule ,fire-,tower ,stairway4--,while the arrangement just described is rational1 the fire-tower is of such dimensions as would ordinarily preclude its use in the modern building where ground space is valuable and every inch of surface must be economized4 ,the best possible design1 therefore1 for a fire-tower is that indicated in ,fig4 #c4 ,this construction is known as the vestibule fire-tower1 and from the plan it is seen that this combines safety and utility in a small amount of space4 ,the opening marked a in the plan is always open to the weather1 and the floor of the vestibule is usually concreted and graded to a drain that connects with the rain conductor of the roof at b4 ,by this arrangement1 a well-protected line of travel is obtained between the stairway and the buildings on each floor1 the occupants of the building being protected by the parapet wall and iron railing1 as indicated at c c4 ,to this vestibule from the factory a tin-lined1 or fireproof1 door must be provided1 so that after the people have left one floor it can be cut off from the vestibule4 ,in the construction of all fire-towers1 their walls must be carried by means of parapet walls at least #c feet above the roof of the building1 and the roof over them must be constructed of fireproof material4 ,when it is required1 fireproof windows may be used in the walls of brick-enclosed fire-towers4 ,these windows may be constructed of sheet metal and glazed with wire glass4 ,if it is not possible to use such windows1 a skylight may be built over the top of the tower1 but this skylight must be constructed of sheet metal1 or other non-combustible material1 and glazed with wire glass4 #aj4 ,number of ,fire-,towers4--,the number of tower fire-escapes required for factory buildings of either the first1 second1 or third class1 may be established according to the number of stories in height of the building1 and the floor area1 in square feet1 for each floor2 that is1 for buildings of the first class1 three or four stories in height1 having one tower1 the floor area of any floor may be as much as #bj1jjj square feet1 while if the height of the building of the same construction is made twelve stories1 the floor area should only be #f1ejj square feet4 ,where two tower fire-escapes are incorporated in the plan1 a building three or four stories in height may contain as many as #be1jjj square feet in the area of one floor1 but if the building were increased to twelve stories1 the floor area of each floor should not exceed #ae1jjj square feet4 ,in buildings of the second and third classes1 a greater number of tower fire-escapes should be provided1 and it is good practice to supply one tower fire-escape in a three-story building of these classes for a floor area not exceeding #aj1jjj square feet1 or two tower fire-escapes should the floor area not exceed #ae1jjj square feet4 ,in buildings of this construction1 of from four to six stories in height1 the floor area should not exceed1 for one tower fire-escape1 from #f1jjj to #c1ejj square feet of floor area in each floor1 while with two tower fire-escapes the maximum floor area is from #ab1jjj to #h1jjj square feet4 #aa4 ,location of the ,fire-,tower4--,where two tower fire-escapes are used in a building1 they must not be located near to each other1 the purpose always being to provide a second egress in case of one being cut off by smoke or flame4 ,in small buildings of considerable height1 it is sometimes difficult to so arrange the plan as to provide two stairways at extreme ends or corners of the building4 ,in a case like this1 it is frequently necessary to extend balconies along the side of the building1 entering the fire-tower at some more distant point4 ,,elevator ,,shafts #ab4 ,location of ,shaft4--,in all factories of two or more stories1 an elevator is a necessity for the economic transmission of goods from one floor to another4 ,while in some instances the elevator is run through hatch openings in the floor1 without being enclosed in brick walls1 it is not good practice1 for the openings through the floors make possible the rapid communication of flames and smoke in case of fire1 even when provided with an automatic closing hatch4 ,elevators are therefore generally built in an elevator shaft1 the walls of which are constructed of good hard brick and made from #ab inches to #ah inches in thickness4 #ac4 ,elevator ,doors and ,openings4--,in building elevator shafts1 it is necessary to provide door openings at each floor1 the openings being protected with tin-lined fireproof doors4 ,these doors may be either folding or sliding-doors1 it usually being considered best to provide a sliding-door that will automatically close when a certain temperature has been reached in the building4 ,it is not always possible1 however1 to provide sliding-doors1 from the fact that where the elevator shaft projects out into the room and the door opening is wide1 there is no wall space on which to fasten the track4 ,customarily1 in each door opening1 there is also provided a heavy stone or cast-iron sill4 ,as in many states the law requires some automatic1 or folding1 lift gates for elevator openings1 it is the practice to project this sill inside of the shaft at least #d inches1 in order to provide a bearing and protection for such gates4 #ad4 ,construction of ,openings4--,the openings in the brick walls of an elevator shaft are constructed ordinarily with rowlock brick arches1 and from the fact that the openings are usually wide1 and little jamb is left on each side of the opening1 it is necessary to build #a-;inch round iron rods in the arch above the opening1 these tie-rods being furnished with washer plates at each end4 ,the jambs of all openings in the elevator shafts should be protected with cast-iron fenders made of about -inch metal1 and so constructed as to return about #d inches on each face4 ,these jambs are provided with heavy wrought-iron anchors1 which are built into the brickwork in the process of construction4 ,illustration3 7a7 ,illustration3 7b7 ,,fig4 #d #ae4 ,freight ,elevators4--,freight elevators are either corner-guided or side-guided1 the preference being for the latter1 as they are more easily constructed and adjusted1 and during the construction of the elevator shaft it is usual to build into the brickwork blocks of wood about the thickness of a brick and of sufficient length for the attachment of the guides4 ,these are cut wedge-shaped on the ends1 so as to hold more firmly in the brickwork4 ,a diagrammatic plan of a side-guided and corner-guided elevator is illustrated in ,fig4 #d 7a7 and 7b71 respectively4 ,owing to the fact that it is necessary to have considerable hoisting mechanism1 at the head of the elevator shaft1 the shaft is extended above the roof1 sometimes as much as #e or #f feet1 for the minimum height from the elevator platform at the top floor level to the under side of the beams carrying the mechanism is about #af feet1 and the sheaves carrying the rope and other mechanism at the top of the shaft require several more feet4 #af4 ,elevator-,shaft ,windows4--,frequently1 elevator shafts are lighted with windows4 ,where such windows open into the building1 they must be constructed with metallic frame and wire glass2 but where they open outside of the building it is not necessary to do this4 ,where elevator shafts are lighted from the top1 metallic skylights glazed with heavy glass should be provided4 ,it is not considered such good practice to use wired glass for this glazing1 the idea being that in case of fire1 as each floor is cut off from the elevator shaft with fireproof doors1 vent may be had from the skylight at the top of the shaft when the glass is broken1 and some of the municipal and state laws stipulate that the skylight at the top of an elevator shaft shall not be less than two-thirds the area of the shaft4 ,as there is some mechanism on the bottom of the elevator platform and at the foot of the shaft1 it is necessary to sink the shaft at least #c feet below the basement floor level1 provided that the elevator runs to the basement floor4 ,,toilet ,,rooms #ag4 ,location of ,toilet ,rooms4--,in designing factory buildings where a great many people are employed1 the question of toilet accommodations is a very necessary consideration4 ,after the location of the toilet room has been decided on1 and it should be placed as centrally as possible to the floor area1 the number of closets should be determined4 ,it is usually found sufficient accommodation if one closet is allowed for twenty people4 ,in planning the toilet room1 it is essential1 and generally required by law1 that the room shall be located on the outside wall1 so that windows will open directly into it4 ,if the partitions between the compartments only extend part way toward the ceiling1 it is not necessary that each compartment of the toilet room containing a closet should have a window4 ,for instance1 referring to ,fig4 #e1 which is a typical arrangement of factory toilets1 it is necessary only to provide the window opening into the outside space surrounding the enclosures around the closets4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e #ah4 ,material ,used for ,partitions4--,the partitions of both the compartments and the toilet room are1 in factory construction1 usually built of #a-;inch1 yellow-pine1 tongued-and-grooved1 beaded ceiling1 the corners of the partition being braced with #d #d stop-chamfered yellow-pine posts rabbeted to receive the ceiling4 ,in no instance should the partitions be constructed with an enclosed space or concealed work4 ,for hygienic reasons1 it is always advisable to provide toilet rooms with waterproof floors1 and the brick walls that may partially surround the enclosure should be waterproofed for a distance of at least #a foot from the floor4 ,the waterproofing commonly employed for the floors is asphalt or asbestolin1 the latter being a composition that is placed directly on the finished floor and forms a permanent covering about inch in thickness1 and of the nature of the best cork linoleum4 ,in waterproofing the walls1 about the only practical method to employ is to give them several coats of an approved waterproof paint4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f ,fig4 #f illustrates a reasonably cheap and still excellent construction for toilet-room enclosures1 the several details of the construction being sufficiently clear without further explanation4 #ai4 ,toilet-,room ,fixtures4--,in selecting fixtures for the toilet rooms of a factory building1 only the most serviceable kinds should be used4 ,in standard work1 iron-porcelain siphon-jet closets with overhead copper-lined flushing tanks are employed4 ,the flushing is controlled automatically by the action of the seat1 which is always raised by being provided with counterweights4 ,lids to the closets are never used in factory installation1 from the fact that they are readily broken and generally out of order4 ,,types ,,of ,,mill ,,construction ,,girder ,,and ,,plank-,,on-,,edge ,,construction #bj4 ,in ,fig4 #g is designated an economical type of mill construction1 which is much in use4 ,this construction is slow burning in every respect1 and is exceedingly simple1 withal being substantial and presenting a good appearance on the interior of the building4 ,it will be observed that the column supports of the floor consist of yellow-pine posts1 varying from #bj inches square to #h or #aj inches square1 the latter being used for the support of the roof4 ,the drawing shows columns and wall construction suitable for a six- or seven-story factory building1 and the size of post indicated in the basement is about the maximum4 ,the girders consist of #f #bj yellow-pine pieces bolted together with -inch bolts1 though it is suggested that -inch bolts would be preferable4 ,the purpose in bolting up a girder in this way is that the thinner planks are much more readily obtainable1 they are more likely to be thoroughly seasoned1 and a girder built up in this manner is usually stronger than a solid beam1 from the fact that there is less likelihood of hidden defects existing in the timber and much better stock can generally be obtained4 #ba4 ,post ,caps and ,base ,plates4--,these girders just described are supported on cast-iron post caps1 similar to the ,goetz-,mitchell construction4 ,these post caps1 where they support girders in one direction only1 are usually known as two-way caps4 ,if they support girders in two directions--that is1 transverse and longitudinal--they are known as four-way caps4 ,these caps are generally cast of -inch metal1 and the girders bear on them at least #d inches4 ,for the basement columns1 it is usual to provide a cast-iron base plate1 as indicated at a4 ,the timber column is sized into the socket of the base plate1 and it is best to carry the top edge of the cap well above the floor1 so that any moisture from leakage or in washing the floor will not be allowed to penetrate to the wood4 ,owing to the fact that this base plate must transmit the entire load on the column to the brick1 it must be heavily webbed on the sides and corners1 as indicated in the plan at b4 #bb4 ,concrete ,footings4--,it is usual in designing the foundations for mill buildings to use concrete footings1 as indicated in the plan4 ,it will be noticed in this particular instance1 and it is the usual practice1 that the concrete footings are #ab inches in thickness4 ,when the footings are stepped1 as indicated1 under the wall of the building1 each footing is made about #ab inches in thickness1 with a projection of not more than #f or #g inches4 ,illustration3 ,section of finish flooring ,,fig4 #h #bc4 ,floor ,construction4--,the floor construction of the building consists of #c #f yellow-pine pieces1 set on edge and spiked together4 ,such a construction as this is available for spans between girders of from #aj to #ae feet1 and does away with all secondary girders1 or beams4 ,it also has an advantage in that it presents a neat ceiling beneath when the edges of the planks forming the rough flooring are beveled4 ,on the top of this rough flooring1 which is designed for carrying the floor load1 and which is so constructed that the joints in the different pieces are broken1 a #a-;inch or #a-;inch maple flooring is laid4 ,maple is used for finished floors in factories principally on account of its hardness and the excellent wearing surface that it affords4 ,the maple flooring available in the market runs in lengths of from #c to #af feet1 but the cost of the floor is greatly increased if a minimum length of #f or #h feet is specified4 ,usually the flooring is tongued and grooved and hollowed on the back1 as indicated in ,fig4 #h4 ,the hollow back prevents the flooring from curling4 ,in a better class of finished flooring1 the pieces are end-joined1 or provided with a tongue and groove on the end4 ,this prevents the end of the flooring from turning up and interfering with the smoothness of the floor and the operation of trucks over it4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #i #bd4 ,waterproofing and ,dust ,proofing4--,for the purpose of deadening sound1 and sometimes for the sake of waterproofing1 sheathing paper or felt is inserted between the finished flooring and the rough plank4 ,by the introduction of paper between the maple and the rough flooring1 dust and dirt are prevented from falling through the crevices due to the shrinkage of the flooring boards above4 ,it is usual in finishing a floor around the edge to use about #b-;inch quarter-round molding1 as indicated at c1 ,fig4 #g4 ,this molding is also used around the wooden columns1 or posts4 ,in order to prevent the posts from splintering at the corner1 and so that there is less likelihood of the occupants being hurt1 a stop-chamfer1 or arris1 is formed on the corner4 #be4 ,splice ,pieces4--,there is one feature which must not be overlooked in mill construction1 such as occurs in this figure1 and that is that since the girders butt against the columns on top of the post caps1 usually flush1 there is nothing to carry the boards at d1 therefore yellow-pine pieces or steel angles must be provided1 as indicated at e4 ,these splice pieces answer two purposes1 namely1 to form a bearing for the ends of the planks f1 f1 f1 and also to tie the girders rigidly together longitudinally1 and thus increase the rigidity of the floor construction4 ,for a similar reason1 it is necessary to form a ledge1 either by reducing the size of the pier above1 or by corbeling out1 at the window openings1 as shown at g1 for the support of the floor planks at h h4 ,on the top of the corbel so formed1 usually a #c #h yellow-pine piece is securely anchored to the wall1 to provide a bearing for the ends of the rough floor planking4 #bf4 ,reference to i and j1 ,fig4 #g1 shows that there is very little room between the head of the window and the bottom of the floor construction4 ,by this means1 the maximum amount of light near the ceiling is obtained1 and1 besides1 the ventilation is greatly facilitated4 ,this is one of the important features in factory designing1 as well as in school-house architecture4 #bg4 ,foundation ,walls and ,piers4--,from the section of the wall shown at k k1 ,fig4 #g1 it will be observed that the entire building is practically supported on heavy piers1 and that the #ac-;inch walls below the window sills are only spandrel fillings4 ,in some instances1 #i-;inch walls can be used in these places1 but it is not considered advisable from the fact that beating rain will readily drive through a #i-;inch wall1 and1 besides1 there is hardly sufficient sill for a heavy window frame4 ,attention is particularly called to the construction of the window sill at l4 ,in the better class of construction1 heavy bluestone sills #e in4 #g in4 would be used2 but for cheap work1 it is customary to use a light #c #e bluestone sill4 ,where spandrel fillings more than #ac inches in thickness are used1 or where the thickness of the wall is much greater than the frame1 as indicated at m in the basement1 beveled bricks on edge are used for forming the sloping wall inside4 ,the purpose of the sloping sill is to prevent the corners from being broken and damaged1 and employes from occupying them4 #bh4 ,terra-,cotta ,window ,heads4--,in factory construction1 the use of terra-cotta window heads is not unusual1 and the construction of such a window head is indicated at n1 ,fig4 #g4 ,where terra-cotta window heads are used in this manner1 some means of support must be had for the brickwork above the window head1 as terra cotta in itself is of little use as an arch1 or lintel4 ,it is not uncommon to use angle irons back to back1 as indicated on the section of window head n4 ,this construction1 of course1 can only be used where the wall runs parallel with the supporting floor1 for if the head of the window receives beams or girders it must necessarily be more strongly and rigidly constructed with heavy channel irons1 or ,i beams4 ,where the windows of the basement1 as shown at m1 are brought down close to the pavement1 it is absolutely necessary that the pavement be sloped away from these windows with considerable pitch1 not less-than #a inch in #a foot1 as otherwise the water is likely to lay against the window sill or run under it1 causing it to rapidly decay1 the capillary attraction of the window frame drawing up the water4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aj #bi4 ,window ,openings4--,referring to ,fig4 #i1 which shows the face view of a bay of the wall illustrated in section in ,fig4 #g1 the details of the several window openings in the walls may be studied4 ,the basement windows are independent frames with double-hung sash1 a rowlock brick arch supporting the brickwork over the window head4 ,in the practice and design of window heads for mill buildings1 it is usual to make the radius of the window head equal to the width of the reveal4 ,in this instance1 the distance across the opening is #d feet #c inches1 and the radius of the arched head is the same dimension4 ,the windows throughout the balance of the building are twin windows1 double hung1 and the construction of the window frame and sash is shown in the drawing4 ,this frame is what is known as a reveal frame1 and is built in as the brickwork progresses4 ,sometimes the frame is slipped in from the back1 as shown in ,fig4 #aj1 and when this is the case the work can be carried along without waiting for the window frames4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aa ,as distinguishable from the reveal frame1 there is the plank-frame construction1 which is not built into the brickwork1 but is built up as shown in ,fig4 #aa4 ,when it is desirable to have the central mullion a1 ,fig4 #i1 as narrow as possible1 the box construction indicated on the drawing is done away with and the window is hung by means of overhead pulleys1 the weights operating in the boxes at the sides4 ,,standard ,,slow-,,burning ,,construction #cj4 ,a type of factory construction more usual than that previously described is illustrated in ,fig4 #ab4 ,in this illustration1 it will be noticed that the main girders bear on wall pilasters1 and the spandrel filling between the pilasters is kept as thin as possible4 ,the usual reveal window frame is used1 as shown at a1 and the soffit of the arch over the window openings is checked at the head of the opening to provide a wind and water stop as at b4 ,in this construction1 which is probably the best1 though it does not possess the advantage of giving the maximum amount of window space1 and1 consequently1 light in the building1 a rowlock or bonded brick arch is used over the window frames4 ,by means of this construction1 either the window frame may be built in place1 or the windows may be slipped in from the back against a rabbet formed in the brickwork4 ,the arch over the window head is indicated at c4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ab ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ac #ca4 ,floor ,construction4--,the floor construction consists of heavy timber girders1 no dimension of which may be less than #f inches1 as otherwise it would not comply with the requirements of slow-burning construction4 ,the floor planking consists of #c- or #d-;inch tongued-and-grooved spruce1 or yellow-pine planking1 planed on the under side1 and thoroughly spiked to the girder4 ,planking of the former thickness may be used for clear spans as great as #h feet1 while the latter thickness may be used for up to #aj-;foot or even #ab-;foot spans1 if the loads are light4 ,the girders are indicated at d1 and the floor planking at e4 ,usually the girders1 in order to obtain the requisite strength1 are made of long-leaf yellow pine4 ,on the top of the spruce planking is placed a finished maple floor4 ,this floor is made from either #a-;inch maple1 which finishes as inch1 or #a-;inch maple1 which finishes as #a inches1 in thickness4 ,neponsett sheathing paper1 or deadening felt1 is placed between the spruce planking and the finished maple flooring for the purpose of preventing dust from percolating through4 ,this sheathing paper or felt is sometimes made waterproof to prevent leakage due to water used for fire-extinguishing purposes4 ,frequently1 the brickwork is corbeled out1 as indicated at f1 in order to form a fire-stop between floors1 or at least to prevent an open joint at this place4 ,where the walls are offsetted1 as shown in ,fig4 #ac1 there is no need of corbeling out1 for the offset in the brickwork can be made to form the fire or dust stop4 #cb4 ,where heavy yellow-pine girders bear on brick walls1 it is usual to obtain the requisite bearing area by the use of cast-iron bearing plates1 as indicated in ,fig4 #ad 7a71 7b71 and 7c74 ,in 7a7 is shown an ordinary flat plate that has an area figured so that the load on the brickwork will not exceed its ultimate stress1 which for brickwork laid in lime-and-cement mortar is about #aej pounds per square inch1 while for brickwork laid in cement mortar1 it is in the neighborhood of #bjj pounds per square inch4 ,this plate is usually cast with a lug on the back1 as at a1 to be built in the brickwork1 and dowel-pins1 or a lip1 as at b1 over which the girder is fitted1 or notched4 ,by this means1 a tie to the wall is obtained4 ,there is difficulty1 however1 in using such a connection1 for the carpenters on the job frequently miscut their beams1 so that the notchings or borings at b do not come where they should1 and to remedy the defect1 the notchings1 or borings1 are cut or gouged out1 so that frequently the pin or lip at b is not brought to bear against the timber4 ,illustration3 7a7 ,illustration3 7b7 ,illustration3 7c7 ,,fig4 #ad ,a more practicable bearing plate is illustrated in ,fig4 #ad 7b74 ,here1 instead of providing dowels1 or a lip1 to set into the girder1 the top of the plate is cast with teeth1 as indicated at c4 ,while these teeth tend to destroy fibers at the bottom of the beam1 they nevertheless sink into the timber1 creating great friction1 and thus accomplish a tie to the wall fully as efficient as a dowel-pin1 or lip1 let into the timber would be4 ,probably the most common form of bearing plate is that illustrated in ,fig4 #ad 7c71 which is known as the ,goetz-,mitchell bearing box4 ,this is usually built flared1 as indicated in the illustration1 so that when built into the brickwork it will have a hold in it1 and the timber acts as a tie by being notched over the lip1 as at d in this figure4 ,these ,goetz-,mitchell boxes are generally provided with a plate that sets on top of them1 on which the brickwork may be built1 and not infrequently the sides of the boxes are grooved so that the ends of the girders are ventilated4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ae #cc4 ,window ,heads4--,in ,fig4 #ab was shown a form of window head that is the best for strength1 but possesses the disadvantage of lowering the top of the window1 thus cutting off light to the room1 which is a serious objection where the room is wide1 or where it depends on the windows in one side for lighting the entire floor area4 ,in order to keep the window head up near the under side of the floor construction1 an ,i beam1 lintel1 or some similar form of support for the brickwork over the head that takes up little room1 must be employed4 ,a construction using shallow ,i beams is illustrated in ,fig4 #ae4 ,here the window head is directly beneath the rough flooring2 and while the outside face of the window is formed with an arch1 the brickwork above the window head is supported on shallow ,i beams4 ,this figure illustrates a section through the wall extending parallel with the main girders1 a bearing being obtained for the floor planking by bolting to the ,i beams a bearing strap a4 ,this construction would not be permitted in some of the larger cities1 as the building laws require that all steel beams supporting brickwork must be fireproofed4 ,consequently1 a steel lintel of this construction would have to be surrounded with concrete1 and the window head dropped somewhat to allow a bearing for the floor planking1 or some other form of construction adopted4 ,,factory ,,buildings ,,of ,,reinforced ,,concrete ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #af #cd4 ,within the last few years1 the cost of the best ,portland cement has been so materially reduced that concrete has become an available material for the construction of factories4 ,unless used in great masses1 however1 it has not the strength to support the necessary floor loads without the use of steel reinforcement4 ,as explained in ,design of ,beams1 the fibers on the bottom of all beams subjected to transverse stress are in tension1 and while concrete has considerable resistance to compression1 it offers comparatively little to tensile stress4 ,it is therefore necessary to reinforce the lower portion of all beams and floor slabs as indicated at a1 ,fig4 #af4 #ce4 ,advantages of ,reinforced ,concrete4--,in ,fig4 #af1 the details of a typical reinforced-concrete factory building are illustrated1 and a building of this character may be constructed for a cost of from #aj to #ae per cent4 greater than the ordinary slow-burning type of building4 ,besides1 this construction possesses the advantage of being practicable for long spans and heavy loads1 whereas in buildings of the slow-burning type1 owing to the fact that the size of the wooden beams is limited to the available commercial timber1 it is frequently impossible to design floors with girders of large spans for floor loads of over #bej pounds per square foot4 ,while this is a heavy load1 it is too light for some classes of work1 such as occur in printing houses and lithographing establishments where heavy stones are used and stored4 ,the floor loads in such buildings sometimes amount to as much as #cjj or #djj pounds per square foot1 while it is not unusual to find the load on floors in warehouses amounting to as much as #ejj pounds per square foot4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ag #cf4 ,strength of ,concrete ,columns ,with ,steel ,cores4--,in the building shown in ,fig4 #ag1 it will be noticed that the columns are reduced in size in the lower floors1 increased in the middle portion of the building1 and reduced toward the roof4 ,the reduction in the columns a and b is due to the fact that these columns are reinforced with a steel core composed of structural shapes riveted together1 angles usually being employed for this purpose4 ,in proportioning such columns1 it is good practice to figure on the ultimate safe unit compressive stress of the steel without considering the reduction made by the usual column formula1 but to neglect1 in the consideration of the strength of the column1 the resistance of the concrete surrounding the steel core4 ,to illustrate1 if the sectional area of the steel reinforcements in these columns equals #bj square inches1 and a safe unit fiber stress of #af1jjj pounds is assumed1 the safe strength of the column will be #cbj1jjj pounds4 ,above the second floor1 the columns are made much larger1 for here there is less steel reinforcement1 and it is necessary to figure on the safe bearing strength of the concrete4 #cg4 ,strength of ,reinforced-,concrete ,columns4--,in proportioning reinforced-concrete columns1 it is customary among conservative engineers to figure the safe strength of the concrete-column section at #ejj pounds per square inch of section2 that is1 if the column is #bj inches square1 its area is #djj square inches1 and its safe strength at #ejj pounds per square inch will be #bjj1jjj pounds4 ,in the top floor1 it is seldom advisable to use concrete columns less than #aj inches square1 though at this dimension they generally possess several times the requisite amount of resistance4 ,all columns in reinforced construction generally have embedded in them #c-;inch to #a-;inch round steel rods1 tied together with round iron binders1 or bar iron straps as indicated in ,fig4 #af 7b74 #ch4 ,floor and ,roof ,construction4--,in considering the floor and roof construction of buildings built of reinforced concrete1 it will be noted from ,fig4 #af that the roof slab is made #c inches in thickness4 ,such a slab made of good concrete1 reinforced with -inch steel rods1 spaced #f inches from center to center1 will carry the usual roof loads for spans up to #g feet in the clear4 ,in forming the gutter for such roofs1 as indicated at b1 the gusset is made by filling in with cinder concrete4 ,usually cast-iron eave boxes are embedded in the concrete1 and these in turn connected with inside rain conductors4 ,the beams supporting the roof1 when the span is from #ab to #ad feet1 are made about #ab inches deep and #h inches wide1 while the girders1 also constructed of reinforced concrete1 are usually made about #c inches deeper and #aa inches in width4 ,in order to make the roof impervious to moisture1 a covering of felt and slag is commonly employed4 ,this slag joins the parapet wall with the usual tin flashing and counter flashing1 as at c1 though copper is recommended for best work4 ,in the floor construction of reinforced-concrete factory buildings1 the slabs forming the floor panels are made not less than #d inches in thickness1 and seldom over #e inches1 with a #a-;inch finish coat of cement besides1 if this character of finish is desired4 ,such a floor slab is shown in the construction at d1 ,fig4 #af1 while the wooden floor construction is shown in ,fig4 #af 7c74 ,here the structural feature of the floor is a #d-;inch concrete slab upon the top of which is placed #b #c beveled hemlock sleepers1 the space between these sleepers being filled with cinder concrete1 and the floor finish obtained by laying #a-;inch tongued-and-grooved maple floorings4 #ci4 ,reinforced-,concrete ,beams and ,girders4--,the depth of the beams and girders in reinforced-concrete construction varies1 of course1 with the span and loads to be supported4 ,their width enters little into the strength1 and they may be made as narrow as possible in order to cover the reinforcing steel4 ,it is the best practice to make beams and girders of the same width1 for then the process of forming the molds is greatly simplified and the cost reduced4 ,in placing the reinforcement in the concrete1 it should always be at least #b inches from the outside surface1 for a distance less than this is considered inadequate fireproofing4 ,in order that the reinforcing metal e1 ,fig4 #af1 may enter over the top of the reinforcing metal at f1 it is usual to make the secondary girders1 or beams1 #c inches less in depth than the main girders4 ,to stiffen the building1 brackets are customarily introduced between the column and girders1 as illustrated at g4 ,these brackets tend to greatly increase the rigidity of the connection and shorten the span of the girder somewhat4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ah #dj4 ,construction at ,window ,heads4--,where it is necessary to have the window head near the top of the ceiling1 reinforced-concrete construction lends itself readily to the requirements of this condition1 for even where girders are supported over the window head1 the construction may be followed out1 as indicated at h1 ,fig4 #af4 ,where it is desired to have the window head raised still higher1 a construction similar to that shown in ,fig4 #ah may be used4 ,in this case1 however1 care must be taken to have the girders bear on the piers between the windows1 and to have no intermediate beams4 ,illustration3 7a7 ,illustration3 7b7 ,,fig4 #ai #da4 ,column ,footings4--,with factory buildings of more than five or six stories in height1 great pressure is transmitted to the soil from the base of the bottom column1 and as it is necessary with soils of even fairly good bearing capacity to have footings beneath the piers supporting columns of from #f to #aj feet square1 adequate means of providing these footings must be obtained4 ,in ,fig4 #ai 7a7 and 7b7 are shown two types of footings for concrete columns4 ,in 7a7 is indicated a reinforced-concrete column with a steel core4 ,in such an instance1 all the load is transmitted by the steel core through its angle plates and webbing at the foot to grillage beams4 ,these grillage beams are1 however1 not made sufficiently large to transmit the load to the soil1 but merely to distribute the load on the bed of concrete4 ,the spread portion of the footing is reinforced with steel rods a1 a crossed each way1 and longitudinal shear is taken up in the footing by means of stirrups b b4 ,this is the usual type of footing construction under reinforced-concrete factory columns4 ,where1 however1 the column is not reinforced with a steel core1 but is merely a pier1 footings may be designed as illustrated in ,fig4 #ai 7b74 ,here the base of the column is enlarged in order to better distribute the load on the several steps of the footing1 and where the bottom step has a considerable overhang1 it is reinforced with steel rods and stirrups1 as indicated4 #db4 ,detail of ,slab and ,girder ,reinforcement4--,in the previous article1 the general construction of the floors and column supports of a factory building was explained4 ,by referring to ,fig4 #bj1 it will be shown how the girders and beams are reinforced with the steel bars4 ,in this figure1 a plan is indicated at 7a7 and an elevation at 7b74 ,the rod reinforcement of the slab is shown in the plan at a1 a4 ,it will be noticed that over every other beam these rod reinforcements lap1 or break joints1 and that some additional tie or reinforcement is placed over the girders1 as indicated by b1 b4 ,these latter rods tend to tie in the floor slabs still more rigidly than can be accomplished with their individual reinforcement4 ,referring to the elevation 7b71 it will be noticed that all the reinforcement of the beams is not usually carried along the lower portion of the girder for its entire distance1 but that some of the reinforcement is bent up at a point about one-quarter of the span from the abutment1 in the form of a camber rod4 ,by arranging the reinforcing rods in this manner1 an additional stirrup action1 or tie1 to the girder supports is provided1 and the oblique section made by a horizontal line passing through these rods tends to provide additional resistance to the horizontal shear in the beams and also provide for negative bending moment produced in the beams near the support4 ,to further provide for this1 shear stirrups are placed closer together1 toward the abutments1 as indicated at c1 c4 ,these stirrups are ordinarily light pieces of bar iron bent in a ,u-shape1 and sometimes bent around the rod reinforcement1 a detail of this stirrup being shown in ,fig4 #bj 7c74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bj ,,steel-,,frame ,,mill ,,buildings #dc4 ,there is a type of building which1 while not distinctly mill construction as usually understood1 is frequently used for one-story buildings1 such as rolling mills1 cement works1 machine shops1 foundries1 rail yards1 and buildings of this class4 ,the essential feature of these buildings is a steel-roof truss supported on steel columns1 the columns being braced both to the truss and longitudinally of the building4 ,it is usually the purpose in the design of such buildings to neglect everything but the necessary stability and the first cost4 ,the steelwork1 consequently1 is of the lightest possible construction1 usually designed for a unit fiber stress of from #ah1jjj to #bj1jjj pounds1 and the covering of the sides of the building1 together with window details1 etc41 is made only sufficiently good to keep out the weather4 #dd4 ,material for ,roof ,covering4--,the roof covering of this class of building is either of slag on #b-;inch spruce plank1 spiked to nailing strips bolted on to steel purlins from beneath1 with lagscrews1 or of slate laid on #a-;inch or #b-;inch sheathing boards4 ,even galvanized iron is used for the roofing of some of the cheapest class of buildings1 especially those which1 owing to the process of manufacture1 are subjected to a high temperature4 #de4 ,construction of ,sides of ,building4--,the sides of these buildings may be covered with either expanded-metal lath on metallic furring strips1 plastered inside and out with cement mortar so as to form a fireproof and rigid screen wall about #b inches in thickness2 or1 the walls may be #i-;inch or #ac-;inch brick walls built part way up the height of the columns and leaving the columns exposed on the face2 or1 corrugated galvanized iron lapped #f inches and secured either by riveting to metallic supports or nailed to wooden studding secured to the steel frames4 ,of these constructions1 probably the first is the most expensive and also the most satisfactory4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ba #df4 ,partially ,supported ,steel-,frame ,building4-- ,in ,fig4 #ba1 there is designated a type of construction that may be built for about #a per square foot of the area covered4 ,this consists of steel ,i beams1 or angle-and-plate columns1 used for column supports carrying the usual angle iron steel-roof truss4 ,the roof is sheathed with #b-;inch spruce tongued-and-grooved planking1 covered with a good quality of roofing felt and slag1 with a stop-gutter a at the edge4 ,owing to the fact that the steel columns are supported in a direction of their minimum radius of gyration by means of the brick walls1 they can be made very light4 ,the building illustrated has what is known as a saw-tooth roof4 ,by this means1 light is obtained on the side next to an adjacent and higher building by means of a sash b4 ,this sash is usually made hinged or pivoted1 to provide the necessary ventilation4 #dg4 ,in ,fig4 #bb1 there is illustrated1 diagrammatically1 the framework of a one-story skeleton-construction building4 ,in the design of all such buildings1 where there are no end gable walls1 the several columns and trusses must be braced diagonally1 as indicated at a1 a1 and frequently it is necessary to introduce a secondary system of horizontal bracing from one panel point on the lower chord to another1 as indicated at b1 b4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bb ,in placing galvanized ironwork on the sides of steel-mill buildings1 it is best to construct the necessary framework between the main supporting members of the building of light angles1 or tees4 ,these should be furnished punched with -inch or _/-inch holes1 to which the galvanized iron may be riveted1 it being best to mark the galvanized iron in the field and punch it there4 ,this may be done without much difficulty with the usual light gauge used for this purpose4 ,it is sometimes necessary with this construction to flash around the window and door heads with ,,ix tin4 ,,details ,,of ,,mill ,,construction ,,and ,,design ,,structural ,,features ,,beam ,,connection ,,to ,,girders #dh4 ,in factory construction1 the headroom is seldom available to support beams on the girders1 as indicated in ,fig4 #bc 7a74 ,it is usually necessary1 in order to cheapen the construction of mill buildings1 to keep the distance between the clear headroom and the finished floor level to the very minimum1 and consequently the tops of the beams are most always brought flush1 or nearly so1 with the top of the girder4 ,a common construction is to use some of the various forms of wrought-iron hangers1 as shown in ,fig4 #bc 7b74 ,the type of hanger shown is a single stirrup1 and is probably the best of any on the market2 where beams enter the girder on both sides1 the hanger is designed double4 ,while it is popularly supposed that this hanger would readily fail by the bending of the metal at a1 it is usually proportioned to safely carry any reaction imposed under ordinary floor loads4 ,this hanger is obtained stamped out of steel plate or formed from bar iron4 ,illustration3 7a7 ,illustration3 7b7 ,illustration3 7c7,,fig4 #bc #di4 ,where it is not desirable to use wrought-iron or steel hangers1 a simple and inexpensive form of construction may be adopted as that shown in ,fig4 #bc 7c74 ,here the beam a is supported on a wooden strip b1 which extends the full length of the girder1 and is bolted near the bottom with through bolts4 ,such a construction provides sufficient strength for the support of the average factory floor1 but its strength is difficult to figure with any degree of certainty1 and some surer form of connection is generally considered preferable4 ,in all instances1 it is good practice to tie together the opposite floor-beams butting on a girder by means of an iron dog1 or tie-plate1 c4 #ej4 ,in ,fig4 #bd 7a71 7b71 7c71 and 7d7 are indicated other methods of supporting the secondary floor-beams on main girders in the construction of factories4 ,in ,fig4 #bd 7a7 is shown an ,i-beam girder supporting heavy timbers of a floor of slow-burning construction4 ,it is always necessary in this construction to bring the top edge of the timbers above the upper flange of the ,i beam1 and to span the space a thus created with a piece of timber for a tie and for the support of the floor planking4 ,by providing this space between the ironwork and the wooden tie1 any shrinkage that may occur in the secondary timbers will not cause the floor to ride on the top of the steel beam and thus make a ridge evident in the finished floor at this place4 ,the timbers forming the secondary girders may either be supported on angle-iron brackets1 or on angle irons extending the entire length of the girder4 ,the latter method is only pursued when it is necessary to keep the end of the timber a few inches away from the steel beam1 and the angle1 consequently1 being subjected to a greater bending moment1 must have more resistance by increasing the width of the section of the bracket4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bd ,sometimes1 the secondary beams are supported on double stirrup hangers1 as shown in ,fig4 #bd 7b74 ,when it is not desired to use steel beams1 resort is frequently had to flitch-plate girders4 ,they are1 however1 held in some disfavor by the building departments of the several cities1 who do not consider that the combined strength of the timber and metal can be taken1 and will only permit the strength of either the timber or metal to be used4 #ea4 ,the building departments of several of the large cities stipulate that buildings of the second class1 which includes factory construction1 shall not have steel girders that are not fireproofed supporting brick walls or floors4 ,when this construction is required1 the secondaries must be supported as in ,fig4 #bd 7c74 ,in this view is two angle brackets riveted or bolted to the steel beam1 and extending through the concrete for the support of the wooden beams4 ,while there is some danger of heat being transmitted to the beams through the projecting ends of these brackets1 nevertheless it is considered better construction than that shown in ,fig4 #bd 7d71 where stirrups are used over the concrete fireproofing4 ,in this latter construction1 there is a liability of the stirrup bending at a1 a1 and crushing the concrete beneath4 ,where the reaction from the end of the girder is great1 this undoubtedly is likely to occur1 and such stirrups should be provided with a bearing plate on top of the concrete1 so that their bearing at the edge will be distributed over a considerable area4 ,,traveling-,,crane ,,loads ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #be #eb4 ,planning for ,traveling ,cranes4--,in designing factories or mill buildings in which traveling cranes are to be installed1 it is important to observe that the track of the crane can be properly supported1 and also that there is sufficient headroom under the floor or roof construction to permit the trolley of the crane and the traveling mechanism of the crane girder to move underneath4 ,in ,fig4 #be1 there is shown the upper portion of a steel-mill building4 ,the columns a support the girder carrying the runway of the crane4 ,a convenient means of supporting the roof is to splice to this column a similar column b1 which is incorporated in the design of the roof truss and rigidly braced with the truss by means of a knee brace at c4 ,in the design of such a building1 it is very important to determine the distances x and y required by the makers of the traveling crane4 ,these distances x1 y depend on the size of the crane1 that is1 whether it is designed to carry #e1 #aj1 #ae1 or more tons4 ,usually from #i to #ab inches is sufficient for the measurement x1 while the measurement y varies from #e to #h feet4 #ec4 ,cranes ,supported on ,reinforced-,concrete ,walls4--,frequently1 in the latest types of construction1 the runway for the crane is supported on reinforced-concrete walls1 which construction is shown in ,fig4 #bf 7a74 ,it will be observed that the pilasters supporting the crane are strongly reinforced in all directions from which stresses are likely to be created from the eccentric load imposed by the crane track4 ,where cranes are supported on reinforced-concrete columns1 as in ,fig4 #bf 7b71 it would be good practice to put additional rods in the far side of the column as at a1 in order to supply a greater resistance to bending1 and thus counteract the effect of the eccentric load produced by the reaction from the crane track4 ,where cranes handle heavy rails or cumbersome material that might1 by swinging1 impose a blow on the reinforced-concrete columns1 it is good construction to protect the edge of the columns with an angle iron as indicated at b4 ,this angle iron may be fastened in the forms and anchored by means of pronged anchors back into the concrete when it is tamped4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bf ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bg #ed4 ,detail of ,track ,construction4--,many crane failures have been due to the spreading of the track between supports4 ,it is better1 therefore1 to supply considerable lateral rigidity to the beam supporting the track or traveling crane4 ,where loads are heavy and plate girders are used for the runway tracks1 the flanges of the girder are sufficient for this purpose4 ,where ,i beams are used1 however1 for the support of the crane track1 it is good practice to place on the top of them and rivet with countersunk rivets1 spaced about #ah inches apart on each flange1 channel irons as indicated at a1 ,fig4 #bg4 ,by means of these channel irons1 which are drilled with open holes b b1 the rail c may be readily clamped in place by means of wrought-iron clips and bolts1 and the rails nicely aligned and adjusted by wedging between these clips and the track4 #ee4 ,maximum ,stress on ,track ,girders4--,the principal calculation for the construction of the runway of cranes exists in determining the maximum bending moment4 ,the maximum bending moment on a runway girder occurs when the wheels of the traveling crane are in the position indicated in ,fig4 #bh4 ,it will be noticed that the center of the girder is midway between the center of the near wheel and the center of the crane trolley1 that is1 the distance a is one-half the distance b4 ,the following formula will give the maximum bending moment on a crane girder when the load is in the position indicated in ,fig4 #bh3 w7l - a7 ,m --------------- #bl in which ,m bending moment1 in inch-pounds2 w load on one wheel of crane1 in pounds2 l span of girder from center to center of support1 in inches2 a distance1 in inches1 marked in ,fig4 #bh4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bh ,in order to illustrate the application of this formula1 assume that the wheel load w equals #aj1jjj pounds2 that the distance from center to center of supports of the runway girder is #ae feet1 or #ahj inches2 and that the distance a is #ab inches4 ,by substitution1 #aj1jjj 7#ahj-ab7 ,m ------------------ #ghd1jjj inch-pounds #b #ahj ,from this bending moment may be found1 by the methods given in ,design of ,beams1 the proper size girder to use4 ,,the ,,power ,,plant ,,boiler ,,room #ef4 ,locating the ,boiler ,room4--,the ideal location for the boilers of a factory or an industrial plant is in a separate building1 which may be denominated as the power house1 and which may include as well1 the installation of the engines1 dynamos1 and other machinery necessary for the generation of power and its transmission4 ,more frequently1 however1 the ground is not available for the erection of a separate building for the power plant1 and it becomes necessary to install the boilers and engines in the factory itself4 ,the location usually selected for these vital features of the mill is the basement1 and the arrangement of the boilers and engines must be carefully considered in the designing of this portion of the building4 #eg4 ,in laying off the space to be occupied by the boilers1 the probable growth of the manufactory must be provided for by arranging ample space for the installation of additional boilers4 ,it is best in arranging the boilers1 to face them toward the available coal supply1 which is usually a coal bunker1 vault1 or bin1 but in no instance must the front of the boiler be nearer to a wall than the length of the boiler tubes1 unless special arrangements are made1 for this distance must be allowed in order to draw any defective or damaged tubes and replace them with new ones4 ,also1 by arranging the boilers thus1 the fireman has a minimum amount of carriage for the coal4 #eh4 ,coal ,storage4--,in designing the coal vaults1 or coal storage1 their contents should be figured to allow for #a or #b weeks' coal supply1 and as much more as is possible1 to carry the plant over periods of existing coal shortage due to strikes or interrupted traffic from bad weather or other cause4 ,in calculating the amount of space required for coal storage1 it is sufficient to multiply the number of horsepower generated by the boilers by #d1 which is the approximate number of pounds of coal per hour for the generation of #a horsepower4 ,this result1 again multiplied by the number of hours for which the boilers are run at their capacity1 will give the quantity of coal needed per day1 in pounds4 ,the weight per cubic foot of coal varies from #hj pounds for soft coal to #ij pounds for hard coal1 so that by dividing the number of pounds by these quantities the cubic feet of coal required per day is obtained4 ,the bins may then be proportioned for the number of days' supply which the judgment of the designer may assume as being necessary4 #ei4 ,ash ,disposal4--,besides the consideration of the coal supply1 some disposition must be made of the ashes from the boilers4 ,frequently1 a bin is constructed of masonry1 alongside of the coal supply1 into which the ashes are dumped by means of barrows4 ,in large plants1 this bin can be emptied by means of an ash conveyor1 or elevator1 which will carry the ashes to the level of the street or railroad track and thence into a cart or car4 #fj4 ,planning the ,boiler ,room4--,in locating the boilers in the boiler room1 which should be done in the plans of the building1 for it is not customary to cement the floor space covered by the boilers1 and the cost of the building is thus reduced1 a passageway not under #c feet1 and better #d feet1 should be left back of the boilers4 ,this passageway is required in order to have access to the clean-out doors and the blow-off cocks4 ,the ordinary horizontal return-tubular boiler1 and some water-tube boilers1 can be constructed in a battery1 with as many boilers as may be desired in a row1 especially when the passageway is left back of the boilers4 ,when setting other types of water-tube boilers1 space should be left between each battery of two1 for in these boilers1 cast-iron doors are provided in the side walls for blowing the soot from the tubes1 and access must be had through the side walls of the boiler for this purpose4 ,it is therefore necessary in laying out the boiler space for boilers of this character to provide a passageway on one side of each boiler4 ,in ,fig4 #bi1 a battery of return-tubular boilers is indicated1 showing the clean-out doors for taking away the accumulation of soot and ashes that might be back of the bridge wall1 through a passageway at the rear of the boilers4 ,some water-tube boilers are set in batteries of two1 as the ,babcock ,wilcox water-tube1 land-type boiler1 which is provided with the necessary clean-out doors1 and doors for blowing the soot off the tubes in the side wall4 ,illustration3 ,front of ,boilers ,,fig4 #bi ,it is therefore necessary in laying out the boiler room of a manufacturing plant to consider carefully the character of the steam generator and study its requirements1 so that it may be successfully operated and the proper spaces allotted4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cj #fa4 ,doorway to ,engine and ,boiler ,room4--,in the hasty design of buildings1 it is frequently found that the size of the doorways is not sufficient to admit the boilers and machinery4 ,this is a serious defect in the planning of a manufacturing plant1 as it requires either the installation of the boilers and engines before the walls are entirely built1 or else the tearing out of brickwork and jambs in order to accommodate them afterwards4 ,an expedient for the enlargement of the headroom of doorways and openings into the boiler and engine rooms that are in the basement1 is shown in ,fig4 #cj4 ,here1 if the lintel of the doorway a is kept below the floor level1 where it would ordinarily exist1 the headroom of the doorway will be materially reduced1 and considerable difficulty will be encountered in taking any large piece of machinery1 or a boiler or steam drum1 down the steps b4 ,the doorway is consequently increased in height by the introduction of the bulkhead at c2 while by this means the floor space above is slightly reduced1 yet use can frequently be found for the ledge or platform frame at the top of the bulkhead1 as at d4 #fb4 ,floors ,above ,boilers4--,it is important in designing boiler rooms in factories to have the floor construction over the top of the boiler of incombustible material1 and it is customary in the better class of buildings to provide a section of fireproof floor over the top of the boiler room4 ,this floor construction may either be a brick arch supported on steel beams1 or hollow-tile construction1 though reinforced concrete is now finding favor in this purpose4 #fc4 ,it is not altogether necessary that the boilers in a building shall be placed in the basement1 though as this is usually the least valuable of the floor space it is the practice to so locate them4 ,in some electric-light stations1 and in large factories1 boilers have been located on the first floor1 and even in several instances on the fifth and sixth floors4 ,the exigencies that demand the latter installation1 however1 must be great1 for it can be readily seen that much power must be expended in lifting the coal1 etc4 to the boiler room4 ,,chimneys #fd4 ,dimensions and ,capacity of ,chimneys4 ,nearly all the factory buildings combine in their structure a power plant1 not the least important feature of which is the chimney4 ,there are two things to consider in the design of a power chimney--first1 its capacity for providing the necessary draft and the conduction of the requisite volume of gases from the furnace or boiler1 and second1 its stability4 ,the first requirement regulates its diameter and height1 and these dimensions1 together with its construction1 determine also its stability4 ,,table ,i ,effec- ,height of ,chimneys and ,commercial ,horsepower ,capacity ,side tive ,actual ,diam----------------------------------- --------------- of ,area ,area eter #ej #fj #gj #hj #ij #ajj #aaj #abe #aej #age #bjj ,sq4,square,square ,in4 ,ft4,ft4,ft4 ,ft4 ,ft4 ,ft4 ,ft4 ,ft4 ,ft4 ,ft4 ,ft4 ,in4 ,ft4 ,ft4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #ah #bc #be #bg #af 4#ig #a4gg #ba #ce #ch #da #ai #a4dg #b4da #bd #di #ed #eh #fb #bb #b4jh #c4ad #bg #fe #gb #gh #hc #hg #bd #b4gh #c4ih #cj #hd #ibajj #ajg #aac #aai #bg #c4eh #d4ia #cc #ajeaaeabe #acc #ada #adi #cj #d4dh #e4id #cf #abhadaaeb #afc #agc #ahb #aia #cb #e4dg #g4jg #ci #aedafhahc #aif #bjh #bai #bbi #ce #f4eg #h4cj #db #ahbbjjbaf #bca #bde #beh #bga #bhh #ch #g4gf #i4fb #dh #bfibij #caa #ccj #cdh #cfe #chi #dc #aj4dd #ab4eg #ed #cdhcgf #djb #dbg #ddi #dgb #ejc #eea #dh #ac4ea #ae4ij #fj #dcfdga #ejc #ecf #efe #eic #fcb #fib #gdh #ed #af4ih #ai4fd #ff #egi #fbj #feh #fid #gbh #ggf #hdi #iah #iha #ei #bj4hc #bc4gf #gb #fih #gdf #gib #hce #hgf #icda1jbca1ajea1aha #fd #be4jh #bh4bg #gh #hhe #idi #iija1jcha1ajga1baba1caja1djj #gj #bi4gc #cc4ah #hd #a1jcea1jiha1aega1bada1bida1daha1ecaa1fc g #ge #cd4gf #ch4dh #ij #a1bfia1ccha1djca1difa1fcia1ggja1hic #hj #dj4ai #dd4ah #if #a1ecba1fjfa1gaba1hgfb1jbgb1afg #hf #df4ja #ej4bg #ajj #a1gfja1hfeb1jdcb1aigb1cei #hi #ej4aa #ed4ed #ajd #a1hiib1jbdb1bahb1cieb1efj #ic #ed4ci #ei4jj #ajh #b1jeab1aijb1ciib1eiab1ggj #if #eh4hc #fc4fb #aab #b1cbcb1ehhb1gieb1ihc #ajj #fc4df #fh4db #aah #b1fcbb1hhcc1aadc1cci #aje #gj4ga #ge4id #abj #b1gbeb1ihfc1bbec1ddg #ajg #gc4bb #gh4ed #abd #b1iaec1aicc1ddic1fhg #aaj #gh4ca #hc4hf #acj #c1afec1dfgc1gded1jjd #aaf #he4jd #ij4gf #acf #c1hfhd1aghd1dff #aba #id4heajj4hh #adb #d1cjed1efgd1hhf #abfajc4fiaji4ih #aej #d1gaie1jige1ddh #accaae4gbabb4gb ,considering the first requirement1 a circular flue is considered more efficient than a square one1 because its inside surface offers less resistance to the passage of the gases1 and there is not the likelihood of eddies being formed4 ,there is much difference of opinion among engineers as to whether a stack should be narrower toward the top or increased in size4 ,the practice is to taper a stack toward the top1 this being done more on account of the necessity for increasing its stability than because of the draft4 ,some stacks have been built1 however1 with a larger inside diameter at the top than at the bottom1 with the idea of providing a greater sectional area for the passage of the gases as their velocity is decreased4 ,the capacity of the stack for carrying off the products of combustion depends on the temperature of the inside gases as compared with the temperature of the outside air4 ,the average temperature in stacks for power purposes ranges from #dej to #fjj ,f41 and1 therefore1 as there is little difference in the travel of gases in flues between these temperatures1 ,table ,i can safely be used in determining the diameter and height of stack for a given capacity of power plant4 ,in ,table ,i1 it will be observed that the capacity of the stack is given in horsepower1 and in calculating this table it was considered that #e pounds of coal were burned to develop #a horsepower1 this being a high figure with the present economical systems of power generation4 ,allowance has also been made1 in this table1 for the friction of the gases against the side walls of the stack1 it being considered that a #b-;inch layer of dead air exists between the stack lining and the gases4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ca #fe4 ,stability of ,brick ,chimneys4--,in considering the stability of brick stacks1 the overturning moment due to the wind must not exceed the resisting moment of the stack to overturning about the base4 ,for instance1 referring to ,fig4 #ca1 the pressure p due to the wind acts with the lever arm x about the base of the stack1 tending to overturn it4 ,the stack1 or chimney1 resists this overturning moment with its weight w1 acting through a lever arm y2 if these two moments are equal1 the stack can be considered safe under the conditions considered1 though it is better to have some factor of safety1 #b usually being sufficient4 ,an easy formula by which to determine whether a stack is stable or not1 is as follows3 h dc w ------------ b in which w weight of stack1 in pounds2 h height of stack1 in feet2 d mean diameter of stack1 in feet2 c constant2 b width of base4 ,the constant c varies with the shape of the stack4 ,for a square stack1 when the wind is blowing at hurricane violence1 #ef is used2 for an octagonal stack1 #ce2 and for a round stack1 #bh4 ,to demonstrate this formula1 consider a square chimney having an average breadth of #h feet and a width at base of #aj feet1 the stack being #ajj feet high4 ,the problem is1 therefore1 to find what the weight of the stack must be in order to resist the greatest wind pressure likely to occur4 ,by substitution1 in the formula1 #ajj #ajj #h #ef w ------------------ #ddh1jjj pounds #aj ,with brickwork weighing about #abj pounds per cubic foot1 the chimney in question must therefore have an average thickness of somewhat more than #ac inches4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cb #ff4 ,a good rule to follow in designing brick stacks is to make the base at least one-tenth of the height4 ,for stacks under #e feet in diameter1 the walls for the first #be feet from the top may be #h inches1 increased #d inches for each additional #be feet from the top4 ,if the stack is more than #e feet in diameter1 the thickness at the top should be #a bricks1 or #ab inches1 with a #d-;inch increase for each #be feet4 ,if the stack is less than #c feet in diameter1 the brickwork for the first #aj feet from the top may be as little as #d inches2 this thickness1 however1 is not recommended1 as the weather is likely to penetrate such a thin wall1 and sooner or later1 together with the exposure to the gases1 destroy the brickwork4 #fg4 ,construction of ,brick ,chimneys4--,all brick stacks must be provided with a cast-iron or stone coping at the top1 and it is usually well to tie them in toward the base with good heavy stone band courses4 ,in constructing brick stacks1 the brickwork should be laid up in lime-and-cement mortar1 and the bricks well covered and slid in place1 not just tapped or hit with the handle of a trowel4 ,all chimneys should also be provided1 for a distance of at least one-third of their height from the base1 with a fire-brick lining1 laid up in fireclay1 and at the bottom of this lining1 where the flues from the boiler enter the stack1 cast-iron cleaning doors and frame should be provided for removing soot that will accumulate and drop down4 ,a good example of a brick stack is given in ,fig4 #cb2 this stack has a capacity of #ejj horsepower1 and is sufficiently stable to resist any wind pressure4 ,,fire-,,protection ,,of ,,mill ,,buildings ,,sprinkler ,,system #fh4 ,sprinkler ,tanks4--,in the large cities1 where fire risks are great1 and where nearly all the buildings and their contents are protected by insurance1 the owners of the buildings are subjected to the rules and regulations of the ,underwriters1 or ,associations of ,insurance ,companies4 ,these ,underwriters from time to time pass regulations insisting on certain further precautions and protection against fire1 such as the installation of sprinkler systems1 stand pipes for hose attachment for each floor1 etc4 ,as the available city pressure or water supply of the municipality may be limited1 or uncertain1 or the pressure too low for a high building1 it is sometimes necessary to place water tanks of from #aj1jjj to #cj1jjj gallons capacity in towers on the roofs of factories1 and in the design of new factories provision is usually made for three tanks4 ,in designing a building1 these tanks are located at such a point that their support is insured by the walls beneath1 and the most convenient place is found to be over the stair tower or adjacent to it4 ,as #a gallon of water1 together with the tank containing it1 has a unit weight of #h pounds1 a #cj1jjj-;gallon tank complete will weigh in the neighborhood of #bdj1jjj pounds1 which must be supported on the walls and by means of iron beams4 ,the architect1 besides providing adequate support for these tanks1 must so design the tanks as to secure them against bursting1 which would lead to serious consequences4 ,for durability1 sprinkler or fire-protection tanks are made of either cypress or cedar from #b to #c inches in thickness4 ,they are usually in the shape of a truncated cone1 and the bottom of the tank is required to be at least #bj feet above the highest point of the top story4 ,the important feature in the design of such tanks is to see that they are properly braced with hoops1 and it is usual to specify that no hoop shall be subjected to a unit stress of more than #ab1jjj pounds for iron and #af1jjj pounds for steel4 ,these hoops are made from -inch to #a-;inch round iron1 not less than the former1 and the required strength is obtained by spacing them closer together at the bottom and farther apart toward the top4 ,they are held together with adjustable clamps1 as indicated in ,fig4 #cc1 and by the use of such clamps they may be readily tightened4 ,the bottom hoops of the tank are subjected to great stress1 and it is good practice for these hoops to bear against a flat iron hoop1 as indicated in ,fig4 #cd4 ,by this construction much greater bearing is provided on the wood1 and the round iron is prevented from cutting into the staves of the tank4 ,in some instances flat iron hoops are used altogether1 but it is considered better to use round iron hoops1 from the fact that they are not likely to corrode through as rapidly as the thin flat iron4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cc ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cd #fi4 ,proportioning the ,hoops4--,the principal element of engineering entering into the design of large wooden water tanks consists in the proportioning of the hoops1 and ,table ,,ii will be found convenient in determining the hoops required for any size of tank4 #gj4 ,in order to determine the number of hoops of a certain size required for any span of #ab inches at a point any distance from the water-line1 the following formula may be used3 #e4af d ,h ,n ----------1 ,s in which ,n number of hoops required in #a foot of height of tank2 d diameter of tank1 in inches2 ,h height of water-line from center of space under consideration1 in feet2 ,s actual safe strength1 in pounds1 of hoops assumed to be used4 ,this last value may be found from ,table ,,ii4 ,,table ,,ii ,,safe ,,strength ,,of ,,round ,,tank ,,hoops ,diameter ,steel ,wrought ,iron ,inch ,pounds ,pounds ------------------------------- #c1bcb #b1dbd #d1hcb #c1fbd #f1gbj #e1jdj #a #h1hjj #f1fjj #ga4 ,to illustrate the foregoing1 assume that it is desired to find what will be the spacing of -inch steel hoops at the bottom of a tank #ab feet in diameter1 in which the water-line is #af feet from the middle of the section under consideration4 ,applying the formula in ,art4 #gj1 using in conjunction therewith ,table ,,ii1 it is found that #e4af #add #af ,n --------------- #a4gg4 #f1gbj ,this result1 #a4gg1 is the number of hoops required in #ab inches of height from the bottom of the tank1 and would indicate that the hoops should be spaced about #g inches from center to center1 for #ab inches divided by #a4gg gives approximately #g inches1 the pitch of the hoops4 ,this process should be repeated for different points throughout the height of the tank1 and from the results the tank may be designed4 #gb4 ,in the installation of sprinkler tanks1 it must be observed that they are placed some distance above the highest point of the top floor1 the distance usually required by the ,underwriters being #bj feet1 if it is possible of attainment4 ,the tank should always be roofed1 have a ladder from the roof of the building to its top1 and a steam pipe inside to prevent the water from freezing in winter4 ,this pipe is furnished with a check-valve to prevent the water in the tank from siphoning4 ,,example ,,for ,,practice ,what should be the spacing of the -inch round wrought-iron hoops on a tank #aj feet in diameter and #ab feet high at a distance of #f feet from the water-line8 ,ans4 #ab in4 #gc4 ,automatic ,sprinkler ,system4--,the sprinkler system as now installed for protection against fire in the interior of a building consists essentially of piping connected to a gravity tank and extending over the entire ceiling by means of mains and branches4 ,there is located on the ends of the branches automatic valves or stops1 which are collapsed or opened by the melting of a fuse or solder at a temperature more than is likely to exist in the room at any time and still below that which would be created by an incipient fire4 #gd4 ,the underlying principles of automatic sprinkler systems as stated by the ,underwriters are as follows3 #a4 ,buildings must be open in construction1 free from concealed spaces1 or places where water thrown from sprinklers cannot penetrate4 #b4 ,sprinklers to be so located that their distribution will cover all parts of the premises4 #c4 ,sprinkler piping to be of sufficient capacity and to have water under pressure in same at all times1 except in case of a system where freezing is likely to occur1 where an air lock is used4 #d4 ,an automatic supply of water of sufficient quantity and pressure available at all times4 #e4 ,systematic1 thorough1 and intelligent care and inspection of the system4 #ge4 ,fireproof ,windows4--,it is frequently necessary1 and in many cases required by law1 and especially recommended by the ,underwriters1 to provide fireproof window frames and sash in walls exposed to great fire risk1 or where it is necessary to admit light into elevator shafts or fire-towers4 ,to meet this demand1 several forms of metallic window frames and sashes have been evolved1 and these sashes when intended as a fire-retarder are always glazed with wired glass4 #gf4 ,wired ,glass4--,the wire glass now in common use consists of heavy glass plate with wire mesh embedded in it4 ,this glass is obtainable in polished1 ribbed1 prism1 or mazed form1 as shown in ,fig4 #ce 7a71 7b71 7c71 and 7d71 respectively4 ,the plain glass1 ,fig4 #ce 7a71 is used where the light is ample1 and where it is desired for the occupants to see through the windows4 ,the ribbed is employed usually in factories1 and the ribs are generally run in a horizontal direction1 so as to throw the light toward the ceiling and floor1 thus diffusing it throughout the building4 ,the prism glass is also employed in order to secure a greater diffusion of the light than is possible with the plain or factory ribbed glass1 while the mazed glass finds favor where it is necessary to employ an obscured sash1 which will still admit plenty of light and present a good appearance but yet cannot be seen through4 ,the glass used in metallic frames should not be less than inch1 or1 if polished1 _/-inch1 and the embedded wire should not have a mesh larger than #a inch and should not be less in size than ,no4 #bb ,brown ,sharpe wire gauge1 which is the standard used in ,america4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ce ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cf #gg4 ,design of ,sash4--,in designing a sash for fire-retarder frames1 it is necessary1 in order to comply with the ,underwriters rules and regulations1 to observe that no single light exceeds #bd in4 #cj in4 ,the metallic frames are generally constructed of ,no4 #bb galvanized steel1 while the sash are made of a lighter weight1 generally ,no4 #bd4 ,in unusual localities1 where the frames are likely to be subjected to the influence of gases1 with known affinity for iron or galvanizing1 it is permissible to make the metallic frames of #ah-ounce copper1 though such frames are not considered the equivalent of an iron frame as a fire-retarder1 and such frames should never be used in elevator1 vent shafts1 or fire-retarder partitions that are liable to intense internal fires4 ,in order to better explain the construction of the commercial frames1 ,fig4 #cf is given1 which illustrates one of the best frames in the market4 ,in the figure1 a vertical cross-section through the window-head sill and parting rail is illustrated4 ,it will be observed that these frames can be neatly framed with architrave mold and stop1 as designated at a and b4 ,it will also be observed that the head for the top sash is beveled1 as indicated at c1 so that a tight joint is insured by the edge of the sash coming in contact with the bevel1 and thus compelling a close connection4 ,the parting rails are also constructed with a straight piece entering on a bevel d1 so that at this point a tight joint is also secured4 ,by the several offsets in the sill1 wind and rain stops are provided1 as indicated at e4 ,sashes constructed in this manner can be made to slide freely1 noiselessly1 and be made tight against weather and wind1 as well as being secured against annoying clattering1 or rattling4 ,the sills of metallic frames are generally filled with cement1 and sometimes the heads are similarly made solid4 ,any unusually large surfaces1 like that which would occur between twin or triple windows1 in the mullion1 are securely braced inside with galvanized sheet iron or bar iron4 #gh4 ,in the construction of metallic sash1 solder is never used for holding the parts together1 for all parts must be either lock-seamed or riveted1 the lock seams being illustrated at g1 ,fig4 #cf4 ,soldering may be used only to fill up the joints4 ,the objection to a joint that is only soldered and not lock-seamed is that in a severe fire when the window is subjected to an intense heat1 the joint is apt to open by the solder melting out4 ,when the joint opens1 flames may go through and the fire-stop will thus be soon destroyed4 ,in designing the frames1 they should have at least a #d-;inch lap on the brick reveal on the sides and head1 and it is not uncommon to wind-stop the sill by extending upwards a piece of galvanized sheet iron4 ,while such windows as those described will act as a fire-retarder and prevent flames from reaching apartments that they protect1 even in cases of severe conflagrations1 nevertheless the glass radiates considerable heat1 and inflammable goods should not be stored too close to such windows4 ,neither is it particularly desirable to have window shades secured to the frames of metallic windows4 ,where the goods in a building are particularly inflammable1 the liability to pile them too close to the sash should be entirely eliminated by using window guards1 which would maintain such merchandise at a distance of #c or #d feet from the window4 #gi4 ,fire-,doors and ,frames4--,there is no more important feature in the design of a mill building than the tin-lined fire-doors and their attachment to the jambs4 ,every fault in their construction1 as viewed by the ,underwriters1 is likely to cost the owner additional insurance4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cg ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ch ,all tin-lined doors1 when one door is used1 should be made of three thicknesses of tongued-and-grooved planking1 laid up and down and horizontally1 and clinched-nailed1 as illustrated in ,fig4 #cg4 ,the tin lining on these doors must be of ,,ic tin1 put together with locked seams1 secretly nailed1 and presenting the appearance designated in ,fig4 #ch4 #hj4 ,the sills of openings covered with tin-lined doors must always project under the door1 so that there is no danger of burning through the floor and thus communicating to the space protected by this entrance4 ,the several constructions of sills most commonly used are illustrated in ,fig4 #ci4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ci #ha4 ,sliding-doors should be hung with anti-friction adjustable hangers4 ,that is1 the wheel of the hanger should have roller bearings for the axle1 and there should be some means of adjusting the height of the door above the threshold by means of the hanger4 ,the track for sliding-doors should be placed on a slant toward the opening1 so that the door will automatically close4 ,where it is desired to have the door open1 it may be held back by means of a chord1 fusible link1 and counterweight4 #hb4 ,all folding doors should be heavily strap-hinged1 and secured to the jambs with iron-hanging stiles and hinge eyes with through bolts1 as shown at a1 ,fig4 #dj4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dj ,care must always be taken that any through bolts that go through brick walls near door openings1 as the bolts shown at a1 ,fig4 #dj1 be far enough away from the jambs so that there will be no danger of the bolts pulling through when put under strain4 ,it is always better to build these bolts in the wall as the work progresses than to drill holes and put them in afterwards4 ,,index ,,note4--,in this volume1 each ,section is complete in itself and has a number4 ,this number is printed at the top of every page of the ,section in the headline opposite the page number1 and to distinguish the ,section number from the page number1 the ,section number is preceded by a section mark 774 ,in order to find a reference1 glance along the inside edges of the headlines until the desired ,section number is found1 then along the page numbers of that ,section until the desired page is found4 ,thus1 to find the reference 8,anchors1 ,screw1 #ee1 p#af10 turn to the ,section marked #ee1 and then to page #af of that ,section4 ,a ,allowance for hardware1 #ee1 p#adg ,anchors1 ,screw1 #ee1 p#af ,application of hardware1 #ee1 p#aea ,arches1 ,cost of terra-cotta floor1 #fj1 p#ce ,ash disposal in factories1 #fd1 p#db ,ashlar1 #fa1 p#f and cut stone1 ,cost of1 #fj1 p#bf ,cost of1 #fa1 p#f or cut stone1 ,estimating cost of1 #fj1 p#bh ,asylum and prison locks1 #ee1 p#fd ,automatic sprinkler system in factories1 #fd1 p#ec ,b ,bank and safe locks1 #ee1 p#ff ,barb nails1 #ee1 p#i ,barbed dowel-pin1 #ee1 p#aj ,base plates1 #fd1 p#ac ,baseboards1 rails1 and moldings1 ,cost of1 #fj1 p#fg ,beams and girders1 ,concrete1 #fd1 p#bf and girders in mill construction1 #fd1 p#cd ,blind and shutter hinges1 #ee1 p#ch ,blocks1 ,cost of concrete building1 #fj1 p#bc ,board measure1 #fj1 p#ch ,boiler room in factories1 #fd1 p#da -room planning in factories1 #fd1 p#da ,bolts and screws1 #ee1 p#aa ,casement1 #ee1 p#ic ,chain1 #ee1 p#aaj ,cremorne1 #ee1 p#ie ,door1 #ee1 p#ajh ,espagnolette1 #ee1 p#if ,expansion1 #ee1 p#ad ,bolts1 ,flush1 #ee1 p#aa ,foot1 #ee1 p#aaj ,indicator1 #ee1 p#abc ,shutter1 #ee1 p#acj ,special1 #ee1 p#ag ,transom1 #ee1 p#ic ,brads1 #ee1 p#i ,flooring1 #ee1 p#i ,brass and bronze butts1 #ee1 p#i and bronze door knobs1 #ee1 p#gb ,brick1 ,common1 #fa1 p#i ,pressed1 #fa1 p#h ,table of labor prices per thousand1 #fj1 p#cd ,brickwork1 #fj1 p#ca ,calculating quantities for1 #fa1 p#h ,cost of1 #fj1 p#cb ,cost of common1 #fa1 p#aj ,cost of pressed1 #fa1 p#i ,estimating1 #fj1 p#cc ,bridging1 #fa1 p#ad ,bronze and brass door knobs1 #ee1 p#gb ,builders' hardware1 #ee1 p#a ,building blocks1 ,cost of concrete1 #fj1 p#bc ,data on cost of reinforced-concrete1 #fj1 p#bj per cubic foot1 ,table of cost of1 #fj1 p#c per square foot1 ,cost of framing and covering of1 #fj1 p#da ,summary of cost of1 #fa1 p#dd ,butts and hinges1 #ee1 p#bd ,c ,cabinet hinges1 #ee1 p#acb locks1 #ee1 p#fd1 p#acf ,calculating number of studs1 #fj1 p#ci quantities for brickwork1 #fa1 p#h quantities for carpentry work1 #fa1 p#aj quantities for excavations1 #fa1 p#b quantities for gas-fitting1 ,estimating and1 #fa1 p#dj quantities for heating and ventilating system1 ,estimating and1 #fa1 p#ce quantities for joinery1 #fa1 p#bc quantities for lathing and plastering1 #fa1 p#bb quantities for painting1 ,estimating and1 #fa1 p#db quantities for plumbing system1 ,estimating and1 #fa1 p#cg quantities for roofing1 #fa1 p#ba quantities for stonework1 #fa1 p#d quantities1 ,scope of subject of estimating and1 #fj1 p#a quantity of nails required1 #fj1 p#de sheathing or rough flooring1 #fj1 p#dj the volume of an excavation1 #fj1 p#af ,care and maintenance of locks1 #ee1 p#fi ,carpenter1 ,work per day of1 #fj1 p#db ,carpentry1 #fj1 p#ch ,cost of1 #fa1 p#ba ,table of cost of miscellaneous items of1 #fj1 p#de work1 ,calculating quantities for1 #fa1 p#aj ,casement adjusters1 #ee1 p#ii bolts1 #ee1 p#id ,casing nails1 #ee1 p#i ,cast-iron door knobs1 #ee1 p#ga -iron hinge butts1 #ee1 p#bg -iron sash weights1 #ee1 p#ah ,catches1 ,cupboard1 #ee1 p#acc ,elbow1 #ee1 p#acd ,ceiling1 ,cost of yellow-pine1 #fa1 p#bj ,yellow-pine porch1 #fa1 p#bj ,cellar excavations1 #fa1 p#b floors1 ,cost of cement1 #fj1 p#bc stairs1 #fa1 p#cj ,cement cellar floors1 ,cost of1 #fj1 p#bc ,centers1 ,sash1 #ee1 p#hh ,chain bolts1 #ee1 p#aaj ,door1 #ee1 p#ajg fastener1 #ee1 p#ajg ,chains1 ,sash1 #ee1 p#ha ,transom1 #ee1 p#ic ,chimneys1 ,construction of brick1 #fd1 p#di ,factory1 #fd1 p#de ,stability of brick1 #fd1 p#dg ,table of capacities of1 #fd1 p#df ,chipped glass1 #ee1 p#aeh ,classification of factory buildings1 #fd1 p#b ,clinch nails1 #ee1 p#aj ,coal storage in factories1 #fd1 p#db ,column footings1 #fd1 p#bh ,columns1 ,strength of concrete1 #fd1 p#bd ,strength of reinforced-concrete1 #fd1 p#be ,combination locks1 #ee1 p#fg ,concrete1 ,advantages of reinforced1 #fd1 p#bd beams and girders1 #fd1 p#bf building blocks1 ,cost of1 #fj1 p#bc buildings1 ,data of cost of reinforced-1 #fj1 p#bj columns1 ,strength of1 #fd1 p#bd factory buildings1 #fd1 p#bc footings1 #fd1 p#ad footings and floor1 #fa1 p#g footings1 ,cost of1 #fa1 p#g ,table of cost of plain gravel1 #fj1 p#ai ,table of cost of plain stone1 #fj1 p#ai walls supporting cranes1 #fd1 p#ci window heads1 #fd1 p#bg work1 ,plain1 #fj1 p#ah work1 ,reinforced-1 #fj1 p#ah ,construction of brick chimneys1 #fd1 p#di ,slow-burning1 #fd1 p#ah ,types of mill1 #fd1 p#ac ,contractor's method of figuring excavation1 #fj1 p#ad ,corner and strap hinge plates1 #ee1 p#dd ,cornice1 spandrels1 etc41 ,cost of1 #fa1 p#bj ,cornices1 ,measuring of1 #fj1 p#da ,cost of ashlar1 #fa1 p#f of ashlar or cut stone1 #fj1 p#bf of ashlar or cut stone1 ,estimating1 #fj1 p#bh of baseboards1 rails1 and moldings1 #fj1 p#fg of brickwork1 #fj1 p#cb of building1 ,summary of1 #fa1 p#dd of buildings per cubic foot1 ,table of1 #fj1 p#c of carpentry1 #fa1 p#ba of cement cellar floors1 #fj1 p#bc of common brickwork1 #fa1 p#aj of concrete building blocks1 #fj1 p#bc of concrete footings1 #fa1 p#g of cornice1 spandrels1 etc41 #fa1 p#bj of ditch work1 ,estimating the1 #fj1 p#ae of door frames and doors1 #fj1 p#fe of electric wiring1 #fa1 p#da of excavation1 #fa1 p#d of excavation1 ,actual1 #fj1 p#ab of flagstones and curbing1 #fj1 p#bf of flooring1 #fa1 p#ai of framing1 #fa1 p#ag of framing and covering of building per square foot1 #fj1 p#da ,cost of gas-fitting1 ,estimates and1 #fj1 p#gb of granite1 #fj1 p#bi of gravel roofs1 #fj1 p#ed of hardware1 #fa1 p#ce of heating and ventilating system1 #fa1 p#cg of joinery1 #fa1 p#cc of labor for gas-fitting1 #fa1 p#da of labor for installing plumbing system1 #fa1 p#dj of lathing1 ,measurement and1 #fj1 p#fj of laying wooden floors1 ,table of labor and1 #fj1 p#dd of mackite1 #fj1 p#ch of miscellaneous interior joinery1 #fa1 p#cb of miscellaneous items of carpentry1 ,table of1 #fj1 p#de of molding1 #fj1 p#fb of painting1 #fj1 p#ge2 #fa1 p#dc of paneling and wainscoting1 #fj1 p#fg of plain gravel concrete1 ,table of1 #fj1 p#ai of plain stone concrete1 ,table of1 #fj1 p#ai of plastering1 #fj1 p#ei2 #fa1 p#bc of plumbing1 ,approximate1 #fj1 p#gj of plumbing system1 #fa1 p#dj of pressed brickwork1 #fa1 p#i of reinforced-concrete floor slabs1 ,table of1 #fj1 p#bb of roof tiling per square1 ,table of approximate1 #fj1 p#ec of roofing1 #fa1 p#bb of rubble masonry1 #fj1 p#be2 #fa1 p#e of sheathing and shingles1 #fa1 p#ah of slating per square1 #fa1 p#ba of slating per square1 ,table of approximate1 #fj1 p#ea of soft stone1 #fj1 p#bh of stairs1 #fj1 p#fg2 #fa1 p#ca of structural steel1 #fj1 p#fi of terra-cotta floor arches1 #fj1 p#ce of terra-cotta partitions1 ,table of1 #fj1 p#cf of tiling1 #fj1 p#cg of verandas1 #fj1 p#fh of window frames and windows1 #fj1 p#fc of yellow-pine ceiling1 #fa1 p#bj ,covering1 ,kinds of roof1 #fj1 p#df of building per square foot1 ,cost of framing and1 #fj1 p#da ,cranes on concrete walls1 #fd1 p#ci ,planning for traveling1 #fd1 p#cg ,cranes1 ,track construction for traveling1 #fd1 p#ci ,cremorne bolts1 #ee1 p#ie ,cubic foot1 ,table of cost of buildings per1 #fj1 p#c ,cupboard buttons1 #ee1 p#acd catches1 #ee1 p#acc latches1 #ee1 p#acb ,curbing1 ,cost of flagstones and1 #fj1 p#bf ,cut nails1 #ee1 p#b nails1 ,table of sizes of1 #ee1 p#f stone1 #fa1 p#f stone1 ,cost of ashlar and1 #fj1 p#bf ,d ,designs of hardware1 ,stock and commercial1 #ee1 p#bb ,dimension stone1 #fj1 p#bd ,dimensions of factory chimneys1 #fd1 p#de ,ditch work1 ,estimating the cost of1 #fj1 p#ae ,door bolts1 #ee1 p#ajh chains1 #ee1 p#ajg checks1 #ee1 p#aaa frames and doors1 ,cost of1 #fj1 p#fe frames1 ,attic1 #fa1 p#bd frames1 ,first-floor1 #fa1 p#bd frames1 ,second-floor1 #fa1 p#bd hangers1 #ee1 p#aad holders1 #ee1 p#aje knobs1 #ee1 p#gj knobs1 ,brass and bronze1 #ee1 p#gb knobs1 ,cast-iron1 #ee1 p#ga knobs1 ,sizes and styles of1 #ee1 p#gc knobs1 ,spun-metal1 #ee1 p#gc knobs1 ,stamped1 #ee1 p#gb knobs1 ,wooden1 #ee1 p#ga knockers1 #ee1 p#aba ,korelock1 #fj1 p#ff locks1 ,interior1 #ee1 p#ej pulls1 #ee1 p#ajb -screen latches1 #ee1 p#abd springs1 #ee1 p#aaa stops1 #ee1 p#aje trims for water closets1 #ee1 p#abc ,doors1 ,attic1 #fa1 p#bf ,cost of door frames and1 #fj1 p#fe ,elevator1 in factories1 #fd1 p#h ,fireproof1 #fd1 p#eg ,first-floor1 #fa1 p#be ,second-floor1 #fa1 p#bf ,double-acting hinges1 #ee1 p#cc -door locks1 #ee1 p#eg ,dowel-pin1 ,barbed1 #ee1 p#aj ,drainage system1 #fa1 p#ci ,drainage system1 ,estimates for1 #fj1 p#gj ,drawer pulls1 #ee1 p#ace ,drive screws1 #ee1 p#ac ,e ,elbow catches1 #ee1 p#acd ,electric wiring1 ,cost of1 #fa1 p#da ,elevator doors in factories1 #fd1 p#h ,freight1 in factories1 #fd1 p#h latches1 #ee1 p#abd ,location of1 in factories1 #fd1 p#h -shaft windows1 #fd1 p#aj shafts in factories1 #fd1 p#h ,escutcheons1 #ee1 p#acf ,espagnolette bolts1 #ee1 p#if ,estimate1 ,important factors of1 #fj1 p#b ,estimates and cost of gas-fitting1 #fj1 p#gb for drainage system1 #fj1 p#gj for water-supply system1 #fj1 p#ga of well supply of water1 #fj1 p#ga on plumbing fixtures1 #fj1 p#gb ,estimating and calculating quantities for gas-fitting1 #fa1 p#dj and calculating quantities for heating and ventilating system1 #fa1 p#ce and calculating quantities for painting1 #fa1 p#db and calculating quantities for plumbing system1 #fa1 p#cg and calculating quantities1 ,scope of subject of1 #fa1 p#a ,approximate1 #fj1 p#c brickwork1 #fj1 p#f1 p#cc carpentry1 #fj1 p#f concrete work1 #fj1 p#e cost of ashlar or cut stone1 #fj1 p#bh cost of ditch work1 #fj1 p#ae ,example in1 #fa1 p#a ,glazing1 #fj1 p#aa ,heating and ventilating system1 #fj1 p#h ,joinery1 #fj1 p#g of hardware1 #ee1 pl#dh2 #fj1 p#h of matched flooring1 #fj1 p#dj on excavation1 #fj1 p#e1 p#aa on glazing1 #fj1 p#gh on papering1 #fj1 p#gg ,outline of the work of1 #fj1 p#d ,painting and papering1 #fj1 p#aj ,plastering1 #fj1 p#g ,plumbing and gas-fitting1 #fj1 p#i ,principles of1 #fj1 p#c roofing1 #fj1 p#g schedule1 ,accurate1 #fj1 p#e schedule1 ,items of1 #fj1 p#e sheet-metal roofs1 #fj1 p#ea ,estimating shingles1 ,table of data for1 #fj1 p#dh stone work1 #fj1 p#e stucco work1 #fj1 p#eh ,estimator1 ,qualifications of1 #fj1 p#b ,excavation1 ,actual cost of1 #fj1 p#ab ,calculating the volume of an1 #fj1 p#af ,cellar1 #fa1 p#b ,contractor's method of figuring1 #fj1 p#ad ,estimating on1 #fj1 p#aa for wall footings1 #fa1 p#c ,excavations1 ,calculating quantities for1 #fa1 p#b ,cost of1 #fa1 p#d ,miscellaneous1 #fa1 p#c ,expansion bolts1 #ee1 p#ad ,exterior joinery1 ,miscellaneous1 #fa1 p#cb painting work1 #fa1 p#db ,f ,factories1 ,ash disposal in1 #fd1 p#db ,automatic sprinklers in1 #fd1 p#ec ,boiler room in1 #fd1 p#da ,boiler-room planning in1 #fd1 p#db ,coal storage in1 #fd1 p#db ,fire-protection in1 #fd1 p#ej ,floors above boilers in1 #fd1 p#de ,power plant in1 #fd1 p#da ,sprinkler tanks in1 #fd1 p#ej ,sprinkling system in1 #fd1 p#ej ,factory buildings1 ,concrete1 #fd1 p#bc chimneys1 ,dimensions of1 #fd1 p#de elevators1 ,location of1 #fd1 p#h planning1 #fd1 p#c ,fence nails1 #ee1 p#aj ,figured rolled glass1 #ee1 p#aei ,filing1 #fa1 p#d ,finishes1 ,hardware1 #ee1 p#bc ,finishing hardware1 #ee1 p#bj nails1 #ee1 p#h ,fire-doors1 #fd1 p#eg -protection in factory and mill buildings1 #fd1 p#ej -tower1 ,location of1 #fd1 p#h -tower stairway1 #fd1 p#d -towers1 ,number of1 #fd1 p#g ,fittings1 ,pipe and1 #fa1 p#da ,fixtures1 ,estimates on plumbing1 #fj1 p#gb ,gas1 #fa1 p#dj ,plumbing1 #fa1 p#cg ,flagstones and curbing1 ,cost of1 #fj1 p#bf ,fireproof windows1 #fd1 p#ed ,floor arches1 ,cost of terra-cotta1 #fj1 p#ce ,concrete footings and1 #fa1 p#g construction1 #fd1 p#ad construction1 ,slow-burning1 #fd1 p#ah ,floor framing1 ,attic1 #fa1 p#ac framing1 ,back-porch1 #fa1 p#ad framing1 ,first-story1 #fa1 p#aa framing1 ,front-porch1 #fa1 p#ac framing1 ,second-story1 #fa1 p#ab glass1 #ee1 p#afj hinges1 #ee1 p#ce slabs1 ,table of cost of reinforced-concrete1 #fj1 p#bb ,flooring1 #fa1 p#ai ,calculating sheathing or rough1 #fj1 p#dj ,cost of1 #fa1 p#ai ,estimating matched1 #fj1 p#dj ,rift-sawed1 yellow-pine-finish1 #fa1 p#ai ,yellow-pine porch1 #fa1 p#ai ,floors1 ,cost of cement cellar1 #fj1 p#bc ,table of labor cost of laying wooden1 #fj1 p#dd ,flush bolts1 #ee1 p#aaa ,footings1 #fd1 p#ad and floor1 ,concrete1 #fa1 p#g ,cost of concrete1 #fa1 p#g ,excavation for wall1 #fa1 p#c for factory columns1 #fd1 p#bh ,foundation piers in factories1 #fd1 p#af walls in factories1 #fd1 p#af ,frames and doors1 ,cost of door1 #fj1 p#fe and windows1 ,cost of window1 #fj1 p#fc ,attic door1 #fa1 p#bd ,attic window1 #fa1 p#bh ,cellar window1 #fa1 p#bf ,first-floor door1 #fa1 p#bd ,first-floor window1 #fa1 p#bg for porch1 ,screen1 #fa1 p#cj ,second-floor door1 #fa1 p#bd ,second-floor window1 #fa1 p#bg ,framing and covering of building per square foot1 ,cost of1 #fj1 p#da ,attic floor1 #fa1 p#ac ,back-porch floor1 #fa1 p#ad ,cost of1 #fa1 p#ag ,first-story floor1 #fa1 p#aa ,front-porch floor1 #fa1 p#ac ,main-roof1 #fa1 p#ad ,porch-roof1 #fa1 p#af ,second-story floor1 #fa1 p#ab ,freight elevators1 #fd1 p#i ,front-door locks1 #ee1 p#ef ,furnace1 #fa1 p#ce ,g ,galvanized nails and spikes1 #ee1 p#aa ,gas-fitting1 ,cost of labor for1 #fa1 p#da -fitting1 ,estimates and cost of1 #fj1 p#gb -fitting1 ,estimating and calculating quantities for1 #fa1 p#dj ,gas fixtures1 #fa1 p#dj ,gate latches1 #ee1 p#abe ,gauge1 ,screw maker's1 #ee1 p#ac ,wire1 #ee1 p#d ,girders and beams1 ,concrete1 #fd1 p#bf and beams in mill construction1 #fd1 p#cd ,glass1 #ee1 p#aeg ,chipped1 #ee1 p#aeh ,figured1 #ee1 p#aei ,floor1 #ee1 p#afj ,ground1 #ee1 p#aeg knobs1 #ee1 p#gb per box1 ,table of panes of window1 #fj1 p#fi ,plate1 #ee1 p#afj ,prismatic1 #ee1 p#afb ,skylight1 #ee1 p#afj ,wire1 #ee1 p#afa ,glazier's point1 #ee1 p#afe ,glazing1 ,estimating on1 #fj1 p#gh ,granite1 ,cost of1 #fj1 p#bi ,gravel concrete1 ,table of cost of plain1 #fj1 p#ai roofs1 ,cost of1 #fj1 p#ed ,gravity-locking hinge1 #ee1 p#ci ,ground glass1 #ee1 p#aeg ,h ,hardware1 #fa1 p#cc ,allowance for1 #ee1 p#adg ,application of1 #ee1 p#aea ,builders'1 #ee1 p#a ,commercial and stock designs of1 #ee1 p#bb ,cost of1 #fa1 p#ce ,emblematic1 #ee1 p#aci ,estimating on1 #ee1 p#adh ,finished1 #ee1 p#bc ,finishing1 #ee1 p#bj ,historic styles of1 #ee1 p#bc ,metals used in1 #ee1 p#bb ,miscellaneous1 #fa1 p#cd ,proprietary1 #ee1 p#ach schedules1 #ee1 p#aed ,selection of1 #ee1 p#adf specifications1 #ee1 p#adb ,staple1 #ee1 p#a ,window-sash1 #ee1 p#gg ,hardwood1 ,staining1 #fj1 p#gf ,heating and ventilating system1 ,estimating of1 #fj1 p#fi and ventilating system1 ,estimating and calculating quantities for1 #fa1 p#ce ,high-grade locks1 #ee1 p#di ,hinge butts1 #ee1 p#bf butts1 ,cast-iron1 #ee1 p#bg ,hinge butts1 ,sizes of1 #ee1 p#cj butts1 ,steel1 #ee1 p#bh ,gravity-locking1 #ee1 p#ci plates1 ,strap and corner1 #ee1 p#dd ,hinges1 #fa1 p#cd and butts1 #ee1 p#bd ,brass and bronze1 #ee1 p#bi ,cabinet1 #ee1 p#acb ,double-acting1 #ee1 p#cc ,floor1 #ee1 p#ce ,invisible1 #ee1 p#da ,shutter and blind1 #ee1 p#ch ,single-acting1 #ee1 p#ca ,strap1 #ee1 p#bd ,history of metals1 #ee1 p#bj ,hotel and office locks1 #ee1 p#eh key tags1 #ee1 p#gf ,i ,implied contract1 #fa1 p#d ,indicator bolts1 #ee1 p#abc ,interior door locks1 #ee1 p#ej joinery1 ,cost of miscellaneous1 #fa1 p#cb joinery1 ,miscellaneous1 #fa1 p#ca painting work1 #fa1 p#db ,invisible hinges1 #ee1 p#da ,j ,joinery1 ,baseboard and beam casings1 #fj1 p#fa ,blinds1 #fj1 p#fa ,calculating quantities for1 #fa1 p#bc ,cost of1 #fa1 p#cc ,cost of miscellaneous interior1 #fa1 p#cb ,doors1 #fj1 p#fa ,frames1 #fj1 p#fa ,inside fixtures1 #fj1 p#fb ,miscellaneous interior1 #fa1 p#ca ,porches1 #fj1 p#fb ,sash1 #fj1 p#fa ,stairways1 #fj1 p#fb ,wainscoting1 #fj1 p#fa ,k ,key tags1 #ee1 p#gf ,kick plates1 #ee1 p#ajb ,knobs1 ,glass1 #ee1 p#gb ,knockers1 ,door1 #ee1 p#aba ,korelock door1 #fj1 p#ff ,l ,label plates1 #ee1 p#ach ,labor cost of laying wooden floors1 ,table of1 #fj1 p#dd for gas-fitting1 ,cost of1 #fa1 p#da for installing plumbing system1 ,cost of1 #fa1 p#dj ,labor prices per thousand brick1 ,table of1 #fj1 p#cd ,latches1 ,cupboard1 #ee1 p#acb ,elevator1 #ee1 p#abd ,gate1 #ee1 p#abe ,screen-door1 #ee1 p#abd ,lath nails1 #ee1 p#i ,lathing and plastering1 ,calculating quantities for1 #fa1 p#bb ,measurement and cost of1 #fj1 p#fj ,laying wooden floors1 ,table of labor cost of1 #fj1 p#dd ,lead sash weights1 #ee1 p#ah ,locks1 #ee1 p#dd2 #fa1 p#cd ,bank and safe1 #ee1 p#ff ,cabinet1 #ee1 p#fd1 p#acf ,care and maintenance of1 #ee1 p#fi ,combination1 #ee1 p#fg ,double-door1 #ee1 p#eg for residence1 #ee1 p#ef ,front-door1 #ee1 p#ef ,high-grade1 #ee1 p#di ,interior door1 #ee1 p#e,o ,master-key1 #ee1 p#ea ,mortise1 #ee1 p#de ,office and hotel1 #ee1 p#eh ,prison and asylum1 #ee1 p#fd ,lumber1 ,prices of1 #fj1 p#ci ,m ,mackite1 ,cost of1 #fj1 p#ch ,manipulation of metals1 #ee1 p#bj ,masonry1 ,cost of rubble1 #fj1 p#be2 #fa1 p#e ,rubble1 #fa1 p#d ,stone1 #fj1 p#bd ,master-key locks1 #ee1 p#ea -key lock1 ,yale1 #ee1 p#eb ,measure1 ,board1 #fj1 p#ch ,measurement and cost of lathing1 #fj1 p#fj of painting1 #fj1 p#gb of plastering1 #fj1 p#eh ,measuring cornices1 #fj1 p#da for slating1 #fj1 p#di shingle roofing1 #fj1 p#df weather boarding or siding1 #fj1 p#da ,mensuration1 ,roof1 #fj1 p#ed ,metals1 ,history of1 #ee1 p#bj ,manipulation of1 #ee1 p#bj used in hardware1 #ee1 p#bb ,mill buildings1 ,fire-protection in1 #fd1 p#ej buildings1 ,steel-frame1 #fd1 p#ca construction1 ,beams and girders in1 #fd1 p#cd construction1 ,types of1 #fd1 p#ac design1 #fd1 p#a ,molding1 ,cost of1 #fj1 p#fb ,moldings1 ,cost of baseboards1 rails1 and1 #fj1 p#fg ,mortise locks1 #ee1 p#de ,n ,nail sizes1 ,table of1 #ee1 p#f ,nails1 #ee1 p#b and spikes1 ,galvanized1 #ee1 p#aa and studs1 ,ornamental1 #ee1 p#abe ,barb1 #ee1 p#i ,casing1 #ee1 p#i ,clinch1 #ee1 p#aj ,fence1 #ee1 p#aj ,finishing1 #ee1 p#h ,lath1 #ee1 p#i required1 ,calculating the quantity of1 #fj1 p#de required for various purposes1 ,table of quantity of1 #fj1 p#df ,roofing1 #ee1 p#i ,shingle1 #ee1 p#i ,size of1 #ee1 p#c ,slating1 #ee1 p#i used in tin roofing1 #ee1 p#de ,o ,office and hotel locks1 #ee1 p#eh ,ornamental nails and studs1 #ee1 p#abe ,p ,padlocks1 #ee1 p#fa ,paint required1 ,quantities of1 #fj1 p#gc ,painting1 ,care in1 #fj1 p#gd ,cost of1 #fj1 p#ge2 #fa1 p#dc ,estimating and calculating quantities for1 #fa1 p#db materials1 ,table of quantities of1 #fj1 p#gd ,measurement of1 #fj1 p#gb work1 ,exterior1 #fa1 p#db work1 ,interior1 #fa1 p#db ,paneling and wainscoting1 ,cost of1 #fj1 p#fg ,paper1 ,estimating on1 #fj1 p#gg ,partition studding1 #fa1 p#ag ,pipe and fittings1 #fa1 p#da ,pipes1 ,warm-air and smoke1 #fa1 p#ce ,planning factories1 #fd1 p#c for traveling cranes1 #fd1 p#cg ,plastering1 ,calculating quantities for lathing and1 #fa1 p#bb ,cost of1 #fj1 p#ei2 #fa1 p#bc ,measurement of1 #fj1 p#eh ,three-coat1 #fa1 p#bb ,two-coat1 #fa1 p#bb ,plate glass1 #ee1 p#afj ,plates1 ,kick1 #ee1 p#ajb ,plates1 ,push1 #ee1 p#ajd ,sign1 #ee1 p#aje ,plumbing1 ,approximate cost of1 #fj1 p#gj fixtures1 #fa1 p#cg fixtures1 ,estimates on1 #fj1 p#gb system1 ,cost of1 #fa1 p#dj system1 ,cost of labor for installing1 #fa1 p#dj system1 ,estimating and calculating quantities for1 #fa1 p#cg ,porch ceiling1 ,yellow-pine1 #fa1 p#bj ,screen frames for1 #fa1 p#cj ,post caps1 #fd1 p#ac ,power plant in factories1 #fd1 p#da ,prices of lumber1 #fj1 p#ci per thousand brick1 ,table of1 #fj1 p#cd ,prismatic glass1 #ee1 p#afb ,prison and asylum locks1 #ee1 p#fd ,proprietary hardware1 #ee1 p#ach ,pulley1 ,sash1 #ee1 p#gg ,push plates1 #ee1 p#ajd ,putty1 #ee1 p#afe ,q ,quantities for brickwork1 ,calculating1 #fa1 p#h for carpentry work1 ,calculating1 #fa1 p#aj for excavations1 ,calculating1 #fa1 p#b for gas-fitting1 ,estimating and calculating1 #fa1 p#dj for heating and ventilating system1 ,estimating and calculating1 #fa1 p#ce for joinery1 ,calculating1 #fa1 p#bc for lathing and plastering1 ,calculating1 #fa1 p#bb for painting1 ,estimating and calculating1 #fa1 p#db for plumbing system1 ,estimating and calculating1 #fa1 p#cg for roofing1 ,calculating1 #fa1 p#ba for stonework1 ,calculating1 #fa1 p#d of building materials put in place per day by one man1 ,table of1 #fj1 p#dc of paint required1 #fj1 p#gc of painting material1 ,table of1 #fj1 p#gd ,scope of subject of estimating and calculating1 #fj1 p#a ,quantity of nails for various purposes1 ,table of1 #fj1 p#df of nails required1 ,calculating1 #fj1 p#de ,r ,rails1 and moldings1 ,cost of baseboards1 #fj1 p#fg ,register boxes1 ,tin1 #fa1 p#cf ,registers1 #fa1 p#cf ,reinforced concrete1 ,advantages of1 #fd1 p#bd -concrete buildings1 ,data on cost of1 #fj1 p#bj -concrete columns1 ,strength of1 #fd1 p#be -concrete floor slabs1 ,table of cost of1 #fj1 p#bb -concrete work1 #fj1 p#ah ,residences1 ,locks for1 #ee1 p#ef ,reversible locks1 #ee1 p#abe ,roof construction1 ,slow-burning1 #fd1 p#ah covering1 ,kinds of1 #fj1 p#df framing1 ,main1 #fa1 p#ad framing1 ,porch1 #fa1 p#af mensuration1 #fj1 p#ed tiling per square1 ,table of approximate cost of1 #fj1 p#ec ,roofing1 ,calculating quantities for1 #fa1 p#ba ,cost of1 #fa1 p#bb items1 ,miscellaneous1 #fa1 p#ba materials for steel-frame mills1 #fd1 p#ca ,measuring of shingle1 #fj1 p#df nails1 #ee1 p#i ,roofs1 ,cost of gravel1 #fj1 p#ed ,estimating sheet-metal1 #fj1 p#ea ,tile1 #fj1 p#ec ,rubble1 #fj1 p#bd masonry1 #fa1 p#d masonry1 ,cost of1 #fj1 p#be2 #fa1 p#e ,s ,safe and bank locks1 #ee1 p#ff -deposit locks1 #ee1 p#fc ,sash1 ,attic window1 #fa1 p#bi balances1 #ee1 p#hb ,cellar window1 #fa1 p#bh centers1 #ee1 p#hh chains1 #ee1 p#ha cord1 ,table of1 #ee1 p#ha cords1 #ee1 p#ha fasts1 #ee1 p#hc ,first-floor window1 #fa1 p#bh lifts1 #ee1 p#he locks1 #ee1 p#hc -operating devices1 #ee1 p#ajj pole hooks1 #ee1 p#hf pulley1 #ee1 p#gg ,second-floor window1 #fa1 p#bi sockets1 #ee1 p#hf stop-screws1 #ee1 p#hg weights1 #ee1 p#ah weights1 ,sectional1 #ee1 p#ai ,sawed shingles1 #fj1 p#dh ,schedule1 ,accurate estimating1 #fj1 p#e ,screen frames for porch1 #fa1 p#cj -door latches1 #ee1 p#abd ,screw anchors1 #ee1 p#af makers' gauge1 #ee1 p#ac sizes1 ,table of1 #ee1 p#ac ,screws and bolts1 #ee1 p#aa ,drive1 #ee1 p#ac ,sash stop-1 #ee1 p#hg ,wood1 #ee1 p#aa ,sectional sash weights1 #ee1 p#ai ,selection of hardware1 #ee1 p#adf ,shafts1 ,elevator1 in factories1 #fd1 p#h ,shaved shingles1 #fj1 p#dg ,sheathing1 #fa1 p#ah and shingles1 ,cost of1 #fa1 p#ah or rough flooring1 ,calculating of1 #fj1 p#dj ,sheet-metal roofs1 ,estimating of1 #fj1 p#ea ,shingle nails1 #ee1 p#i roofing1 ,measuring1 #fj1 p#df ,shingles1 #fa1 p#ah ,classification of1 #fj1 p#dg ,cost of sheathing and1 #fa1 p#ah ,sawed1 #fj1 p#dh ,shaved1 #fj1 p#dg ,table of data for estimating1 #fj1 p#dh ,shutter and blind hinges1 #ee1 p#ch bolts1 #ee1 p#acj fasteners1 #ee1 p#abi ,siding1 ,measuring weather boarding or1 #fj1 p#da ,sign plates1 #ee1 p#aje ,single-acting hinges1 #ee1 p#ca ,sizes of hinge butts1 #ee1 p#cj of wire nails1 #ee1 p#g ,skylight glass1 #ee1 p#afj ,slates per square1 ,table of number of1 #fj1 p#ej ,slating1 #fa1 p#ba ,measuring for1 #fj1 p#di nails1 #ee1 p#i per square1 ,table of approximate cost of1 #fj1 p#ea ,sliding-door hangers1 #ee1 p#aad ,slow-burning construction1 #fd1 p#ah -burning floor construction1 #fd1 p#ah -burning roof construction1 #fd1 p#be ,smoke pipes1 ,warm-air and1 #fa1 p#ce ,socket1 ,sash1 #ee1 p#hf ,soft stone1 ,cost of1 #fj1 p#bh ,spandrels1 etc41 ,cost of cornice1 #fa1 p#bj ,special bolts1 #ee1 p#ag wire nails1 #ee1 p#h ,spikes and nails1 ,galvanized1 #ee1 p#aa ,splice pieces in mill construction1 #fd1 p#ae ,sprinkler system in factories1 #fd1 p#ej tanks1 #fd1 p#ej ,spun-metal door knobs1 #ee1 p#gb ,stability of brick chimneys1 #fd1 p#dg ,stair towers in factories1 #fd1 p#d ,stairway in fire tower1 #fd1 p#f ,stairs1 ,back1 #fa1 p#cj ,cellar1 #fa1 p#cj ,cost of1 #fj1 p#fg ,main1 #fa1 p#cj ,stamped door knobs1 #ee1 p#gb ,standard wire gauge1 #ee1 p#d ,staple hardware1 #ee1 p#a ,steel-frame mill building1 #fd1 p#ca -frame mills1 ,roofing material for1 #fd1 p#ca hinge butts1 #ee1 p#bh ,stock and commercial designs of hardware1 #ee1 p#bb ,stone concrete1 ,table of cost of plain1 #fj1 p#ai ,cost of ashlar and cut1 #fj1 p#bf ,cost of soft1 #fj1 p#bh ,cut1 #fa1 p#f ,dimension1 #fj1 p#bd ,estimating the cost of ashlar or cut1 #fj1 p#bh masonry1 #fj1 p#bd ,stonework1 ,calculating quantities for1 #fa1 p#d ,store-door locks1 #ee1 p#fa ,strap and corner hinge plates1 #ee1 p#dd hinges1 #ee1 p#bd ,strength of concrete columns1 #fd1 p#bd of reinforced-concrete columns1 #fd1 p#be ,structural steel1 ,cost of1 #fj1 p#fi ,stucco work1 ,estimating1 #fj1 p#eh ,studding1 ,partition1 #fa1 p#ag ,wall1 #fa1 p#af ,studs and nails1 ,ornamental1 #ee1 p#abe ,calculating number of1 #fj1 p#ci ,styles and sizes of door knobs1 #ee1 p#gc ,subtreasury locks1 #ee1 p#fi ,t ,t hinges1 #ee1 p#be ,table of approximate cost of roof tiling per square1 #fj1 p#ec of approximate cost of slating per square1 #fj1 p#ea of cost of building per cubic foot1 #fj1 p#c of cost of miscellaneous items of carpentry1 #fj1 p#de ,table of cost of plain gravel concrete1 #fj1 p#ai of cost of plain stone concrete1 #fj1 p#ai of cost of reinforced-concrete floor slabs1 #fj1 p#bb of cost of terra-cotta partitions1 #fj1 p#cf of cut-nail sizes1 #ee1 p#f of data for estimating shingles1 #fj1 p#dh of height of chimneys1 #fd1 p#df of labor cost of laying wooden floors1 #fj1 p#dd of labor prices per thousand brick1 #fj1 p#cd of number of slates per square1 #fj1 p#ej of panes of window glass per box1 #fj1 p#fi of quantities of material put in place per day by one man1 #fj1 p#dc of quantities of painting materials1 #fj1 p#gd of quantity of nails required for various purposes1 #fj1 p#df of sash cord1 #ee1 p#ha of sash weights1 #ee1 p#ai of standard wire gauge1 #ee1 p#d of wood screw sizes1 #ee1 p#ac ,terra-cotta floor arches1 ,cost of1 #fj1 p#ce -cotta partitions1 ,table of cost of1 #fj1 p#cf -cotta window heads in factories1 #fd1 p#af ,tiling1 ,cost of1 #fj1 p#cg per square1 ,table of approximate cost of roof1 #fj1 p#ec ,time locks1 #ee1 p#fg ,toggle bolt1 #ee1 p#ag ,toilet-room fixtures1 #fd1 p#ab -room partitions1 #fd1 p#aa rooms1 ,location of1 #fd1 p#aj ,track construction for traveling cranes1 #fd1 p#ci ,transom bolts1 #ee1 p#ic catches1 #ee1 p#ic chains1 #ee1 p#ic lifts1 #ee1 p#ia ,traveling cranes1 ,planning for1 #fd1 p#cg cranes1 ,track construction for1 #fd1 p#ci ,turnbuckles1 #ee1 p#aca ,types of mill construction1 #fd1 p#ac ,u ,underflooring1 ,hemlock1 #fa1 p#ai ,unit-cylinder locks1 #ee1 p#di ,v ,vault lights1 #ee1 p#afc ,ventilating system1 ,estimating and calculating quantities for heating and1 #fa1 p#ce system1 ,estimating heating and1 #fj1 p#fi ,verandas1 ,cost of1 #fj1 p#fh ,volume of an excavation1 ,calculating the1 #fj1 p#af ,w ,wainscoting1 ,cost of paneling and1 #fj1 p#fg ,wall footings1 ,excavation for1 #fa1 p#c foundations for factories1 #fd1 p#af studding1 #fa1 p#af ,warm-air and smoke pipes1 #fa1 p#ce ,water-closet door trims1 #ee1 p#abc ,estimates for well supply of1 #fj1 p#ga supply1 #fa1 p#ch -supply system1 ,estimates for1 #fj1 p#ga ,waterproofing1 #fd1 p#ae ,weather boarding or siding1 ,measuring of1 #fj1 p#da ,well supply of water1 ,estimates for1 #fj1 p#ga ,window1 ,elevator shaft1 #fd1 p#aj ,fireproof1 #fd1 p#ed frames and windows1 ,cost of1 #fj1 p#fc frames1 ,attic1 #fa1 p#bh frames1 ,cellar1 #fa1 p#bf ,window frames1 ,first-floor1 #fa1 p#bg frames1 ,second-floor1 #fa1 p#bg glass per box1 ,table of number of panes of1 #fj1 p#fi heads1 ,concrete1 #fd1 p#bg heads in slow-burning construction1 #fd1 p#bb heads1 ,terra-cotta1 in factories1 #fd1 p#af openings in factories1 #fd1 p#ag sash1 ,attic1 #fa1 p#bi sash1 ,cellar1 #fa1 p#bh sash1 ,first-floor1 #fa1 p#bh -sash hardware1 #ee1 p#gg sash1 ,second-floor1 #fa1 p#bi ,windows1 ,cost of window frames and1 #fj1 p#fc ,wire brads1 #ee1 p#i gauge1 #ee1 p#d glass1 #ee1 p#afa2 #fd1 p#ed nails1 #ee1 p#b nails1 ,special1 #ee1 p#h nails1 ,table of sizes of1 #ee1 p#g ,wiring1 ,cost of electric1 #fa1 p#da ,wood screws1 #ee1 p#aa screws1 ,table of sizes of1 #ee1 p#ac ,wooden door knobs1 #ee1 p#ga floors1 ,table of labor cost of laying1 #fj1 p#dd ,y ,yale master-key lock1 #ee1 p#eb