,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics71 & text enclos$ by equal signs is 9 bold 7bold74 ,! :ole numb] "p ( a mix$ fraction is sep>at$ f ! fractional "p ) -1 = example1 #b-a_/b4 ,additional ,transcrib]'s ,notes are at ! end4 ,h[ to ,become an ,inv5tor4 ,,conta9+ ,exp]im5ts 9 ,photography1 ,hydraulics1 ,galvanism & ,electricity1 ,,magnetism1 ,,heat1 ,,& ,,! ,wond]s ( ! ,microscope4 ,,also ,,giv+ ,in/ruction 9 ! ,use ( ,tools ,,& ,,optical ,,in/rum5ts4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,frank ,,t\sey1 ,publi%]1 #bi ,,we/ #bf,,? ,,/reet4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ent]$ accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahih1 by ,,frank ,,t\sey1 9 ! ,(fice ( ! ,libr>ian ( ,congress at ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 ,h[ to ,become an ,inv5tor4 ,no?+ is m useful to a y\? ?an to be able to d a little c>p5t]+4 ,to be h&y ) a *isel & saw1 a nail & a hamm]1 saves _m a doll> 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye>4 ,if y call 9 a c>p5t] = a little "w he is sure to sp9 out a 8regul> job40 ,i rememb] once buy+ "s oak sapl+s1 :i* co/ me fifte5 c5ts a /ick2 & want+ to build a summ]-h\se1 ,i requir$ eight ( !m to be sawn ?r\gh1 s ,i appli$ to a c>p5t]1 & ! /icks 7 cut1 b1 to my a/oni%m5t1 f\r doll>s 0 *>g$ = ?is little 8job10 al?\gh ! wood co/ me only "o doll> & ?irty c5ts4 ,i f\nd out aft]w>ds t ! prop] price = saw+ w\ld h am\nt$ to ab\t "o doll>1 s t ?ree doll>s pr(it 0 clapp$ on = ! b5efit ( my exp]i5ce4 ,i j m5tion ?is to %[ my "y fri5ds t if !y wi% to make summ]-h\ses = _! g>d5s1 cages = _! birds1 f[l-h\ses1 rabbit-hut*es1 or boxes = _! books1 !y mu/ le>n to make !m = !mselves4 ,i %all !re=e (f] !m a little advice ^u 8c>p5t]+40 ,,! ,,%op ,,& ,,b5*4 ,endeavor to procure "s small ou?\se1 9 :i* y may erect :at is call$ a c>p5t]'s or jo9]'s b5*4 ,^! may v (t5 be b\ght second-h&1 or if n1 c easily be procur$ at a reasonable rate4 ,i am v p>ticul> 9 recomm5d+ a b5*1 z )\t x y w f9d _m ob/acles to y\r "w4 ,y mu/ also provide y\rself ) a set ( tools1--gimlets1 hamm]s1 planes1 saws1 g\ges1 files1 nails1 screws1 & su* articles ( use4 ,! b5* is compos$ ( a plat=m or top1 support$ by f\r /\t legs2 suppli$ ) a b5* hook2 ?is ought to be fitt$ 9 tight1 s z to move up & d[n ) a hamm] only4 ,! use ( x is to keep any wood /eady y may h to plane2 ! b5* screw is us$ = keep+ any wood firm & /eady y may h to saw1 :i* is to be put 9 ! grip & screw$ tight4 ,sometimes ! edges ( wood require to be plan$1 & !n ! wood is put 9 ! grip or *eeks ( ! b5* & held tight :ile y plane x4 ,make holes 9 ! side ( ! b5*1 = ! ins]tion ( a movable p9 to support ! end ( ! bo>d y h to plane or saw1 :i* is n 9 ! screw4 ,! height ( y\r b5* %\ld be ab\t #b feet #h in*es4 ,! common l5g? is f #aj to #ab feet1 & ! bread? ab\t #c feet #f in*es4 ,! jack plane is ! fir/ to be us$4 ,x is ab\t #ag in*es 9 l5g?1 & is us$ to take ! r\gh p>ts f a piece ( wood4 ,x %\ld be held /eadily by fix+ ! "r h& at ! h&le1 & ! left ov] ! top & side1 & pu%$ =w>d on ! wood1 :5 ! knife w take (f a %av+ :i* runs ?r\gh ! hole1 & falls on ! side4 ,9 us+ ! plane ! endeavor %\ld be to take (f a clean %av+1 :i* is done by us+ ! in/rum5t uni=mly & /eadily ov] e surface to be plan$4 ,!re is ano!r k9d ( plane1 call$ ! try+ plane1 hav+ a d\ble top or h&le4 ,x is us$ to regulate & smoo? to a high] degree1 ! surface ( ! wood t _h previ\sly be5 smoo!d f ! r\gh by ! jack plane4 ,its l5g? is ab\t #bb in*es1 & x is broad] ?an ! jack plane4 ,!re is ano!r plane call$ ! long plane1 :i* is us$ = fac+ a piece ( /uff1 :i* x does ) ! greate/ exactness2 its l5g? is ab\t #b feet #d in*es4 ,!re is also ! jo9]'s plane1 :i* is ! longe/ ( all ! planes1 be+ #cj in*es long4 ,b ! mo/ h&y ( ! planes to ! boy c>p5t] is ! smoo?+ plane4 ,x is ! la/ plane us$ 9 jo9+1 & gives ! utmo/ degree ( smoo?ness to ! surface ( a piece ( f9i%$ "w2 x is ab\t #g in*es 9 l5g?1 ! sides ( ! /ock are curv$1 & resemble 9 figure a c(f92 x is us$ 9 a simil> way to ! o!r4 ,,saws4 ,!re are _m k9ds ( saws1 b ! mo/ useful "o is :at is call$ ! 8h& saw40 ,x has a blade or plate ab\t #bh in*es long2 ! tee? ( :i* are s =m$ z to all[ y to cut ! wood crossways z well z l5g?ways4 ,! h&le ( ! saw is made s z to all[ a full yet free grasp ( ! h&1 ei!r = a pull or a ?ru/4 ,! panel saw4 ,?is saw has a plate ne>ly ( ! same size z a h& saw1 & is us$ = cutt+ v ?9 bo>ds1 :i* ! r\gh tee? ( ! h& saw w\ld n cut ?r\gh )\t break+ !m4 ,! t5on saw is ( a diff]5t %ape to ! o!rs1 & is made to cut across ! gra9 ( ! wood s z to leave ! ends nicely ev51 t x may fit to ! piece x is jo9$ to1 :i* is call$ a %\ld]1 be+ t "p :i* comes 9 contact ) ! fib] ( ! wood4 ,to d ?is x requires t ! tee? %\ld be mu* small]1 & !y are !re=e plac$ s close z eight or t5 to ! in*1 accord+ to ! l5g? ( ! blade4 ,! dovetail saw4 ,!re is ano!r mo/ useful saw x w\ld be ( advantage = ! "y c>p5t] to h1 namely1 ! dovetail saw4 ,x is ab\t #i in*es long1 & conta9s at lea/ fifte5 tee? 9 ! in*4 ,x is us$ = cutt+ ! dovetails ( boxes4 ,its plate is v ?91 & x requires "s c>e 9 us+4 ,x has a back = ! purpose ( /r5g?1 =m$ ( a ?9 piece ( brass or iron1 let 9 s z to give ! blade ! requisite firmness necess>y 9 us+ x4 ,! compass saw4 ,! plate ( ?is k9d ( saw is v n>r[1 & n m ?an "o in* wide at ! broade/ "p1 gradually dim9i%+ to ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* at ! l[] end4 ,x is ab\t #ae in*es 9 l5g?1 & us$ = cutt+ a piece ( wood into a circul> =m1 & ! plate be+ n>r[ all[s x to foll[ ! foot ( ! compass to a v small diamet]4 ,! keyhole saw4 ,! keyhole saw is mu* small] ?an ! above4 ,x is us$ = cutt+ %ort curves1 small holes1 c41 su* z a keyhole4 ,! h&le is ! same =m z t ( ! *isel1 a small slit be+ cut ?r\gh f end to end4 ,x has a screw on "o side1 9 ord] t ! blade may be set to any l5g?1 accord+ to ! circumf]5ce ( ! hole to be cut4 ,,! ,,spoke ,,%ave4 ,?is is a v useful tool4 ,x is employ$ = smoo?+ ! edges ( r\nd pieces1 or o!r ends requir+ to be %av$ d[n4 ,x is a n>r[ plane made ( boxwood1 & has g5]ally a /eel blade let into x to cut2 x is us$ by tak+ hold ( ea* end ) a h&1 & mov+ x to & fro ov] ! wood to be %av$ d[n4 ,,/ock ,,& ,,bits4 ,!re are ab\t ?irty-six bits to a set1 all ( diff]5t %apes & sizes2 b our "y fri5ds ne$ n get q s _m2 if !y provide !mselves ) a c\ple ( a m$ium size1 ?is w be suffici5t1 su* z ! c5t] bit & ! aug] bit4 ,! c5t] bit w cut holes v>y+ f a qu>t] ( an in* to ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & is us$ by press+ ! knob end aga9/ ! *e/1 & twirl+ ! c5t] "p r\nd ) ! h&4 ,x cuts a hole v clean1 leav+ x q smoo? inside4 ,! aug] bit is = ! same purpose1 & is us$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,ano!r bit1 call$ ! tap] %ell bit1 is us$ = mak+ holes wid]1 & is a v useful implem5t4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,a ,,:eelb>r[4 ,"o ( ! h&ie/ ?+s 9 a g>d5 is a :eelb>r[1 & "o ( ! prettie/ = ! "y c>p5t] to ex]cise 8 +5uity ^u4 ,to make "o1 take a wide plank or bo>d ab\t an in* & a qu>t] ?ick4 ,proce$ to y\r b5*1 & hav+ fitt$ x to its prop] position1 take y\r jack plane & plane (f ! r\gh1 next use y\r smoo?+ plane to make x smoo?4 ,!n take y\r p5cil & draw ^u its side ! figure ( a :eelb>r[4 ,!n take y\r compass saw & cut r\nd ! m>ks y h made3 to d ?is y w h to fix y\r bo>d 9 ! screw ( y\r b5*4 ,:5 ?is is done take y\r spoke %ave1 & %ave ! edges all r\nd till !y are v smoo? & ev51 & y h "o side ( y\r b>r[4 ,lay ?is on ano!r piece ( bo>d1 & m>k ! %ape ( x ) y\r p5cil2 cut & %ave x exactly z y did ! fir/ side1 s t :5 f9i%$ ! two w exactly correspond2 !n cut a piece (f ano!r bo>d = ! back & front ( ! b>r[1 by ! same me?od y cut ! sides1 & plane & f9i% !m up 9 a simil> way4 ,cut "s t5ons at ! end ( ea* exactly to correspond ) ! mortices on ! sides1 let !m be a trifle l>g] ?an ! mortices1 s t !y w drive 9 tight4 ,!n cut ! bottom out neatly1 & nail x to ! sides4 ,hav+ proce$$ ?us f>1 cut out ! legs ( y\r b>r[1 & nail "o on ea* side4 ,give ea* leg a %\ld] = ! sides to re/ ^u4 ,to make ! :eel4 ,take a piece ( bo>d1 & /rike a circle ^u x ! size y wi% y\r :eel to be (1 & ) ! compass saw cut close r\nd to ! /roke2 cut out a squ>e hole 9 ! c5t] = ! nave to jo94 ,!n get ! blacksmi? to put an iron rim r\nd ! :eel to keep x f splitt+1 & a r\nd p9 9 ea* side ( ! nave1 & put a /aple 9 ea* side ( ! b>r[ to keep ! :eel 9 its place4 ,pa9t ! :ole ( any color y *oose1 & y w h a :eelb>r[4 ,,! ,,way ,,to ,,make ,a ,,box4 ,fir/ asc]ta9 ! size y wi% y\r box to be (4 ,!n cut (f y\r /uff1 b take c>e to cut x a qu>t] ( an in* long] ?an ! size ( y\r box f outside to outside4 ,%\ld y want x deep] or broad] ?an ! l5g? ( a deal1 ! wide/ ( :i* is g5]ally only elev5 in*es2 suppose1 = in/ance1 y wi% y\r box to be #ah in*es deep1 & y h only #i-;in* deal to make x )1 y w ( c\rse h to jo9 two toge!r1 or make :at is call$ 9 c>p5t]+ a gluejo9t4 ,fir/1 !n1 aft] y h cut (f y\r /uff1 take y\r jack plane & 8scuffle ! r\gh (f10 !n put y\r bo>d edgeways into ! b5*-screw1 & take y\r try+ plane or long plane to get ! edge ( ! deals t are to be glu$ toge!r p]fectly /raight & ev52 & la/ly use ! jo9] plane1 :i* w take (f a nice uni=m %av+ ( ! :ole l5g? ( ! bo>d4 ,proce$ exactly 9 ! same mann] ) ! o!r bo>d to be jo9$ to ! fir/4 ,!n1 aft] hav+ made ea* ?or\ghly smoo?1 clap ! two toge!r & see if !y w lie close 9 e "p2 if n y mu/ plane !m till !y d1 tak+ c>e to plane ! edges p]fectly squ>e1 or at "r angles to ! surface ( ! bo>d1 = if y are n c>eful 9 ?is p>ticul>1 :5 y\r bo>ds are glu$ toge!r !y w be ( ?is =m4 ,:5 y h jo9$ !m prop]ly = glue+1 let y\r glue be nicely hot & n too ?ick1 & hold bo? edges ( ! bo>ds toge!r s t y c ) a bru% put ! glue on bo? at "o "t1 put ! two toge!r v quickly1 let "o ( !m be 9 ! b5*-screw1 & :ile !re rub ! o!r backw>ds & =w>ds until ! glue sets1 :i* x w soon d if well jo9$4 ,let ! :ole dry1 & !n ! glu$ "p w be z /rong z any o!r "p ( ! bo>d4 ,aft] y\r sides1 ends1 bottom1 & top are ?us prep>$1 y mu/ !n plane !m up nicely1 s t !y are p]fectly smoo? & /raight4 ,use fir/ ! jack plane1 !n ! try+ plane4 ,:5 ?is is done y h to proce$ to a nice little job1 namely1 to dovetail ! corn]s toge!r s z to =m y\r box4 ,9 ?is process mu* dep5ds ^u ! plan+ & squ>+ ( ! /uff1 = if y h n done ?is nicely ! dovetail+ w be v imp]fectly p]=m$4 ,assum+ t ev]y?+ has be5 well done1 !n take ! two ends ( ! box1 & see t ea* is p]fectly squ>e & true to ! o!r4 ,!n all[ "o-eigh? ( an in* m ?an ! ?ickness ( y\r sides1 & set out ! ends1 squ>+ x ov] on bo? sides1 :i* :5 ! dovetails are cut out w =m ! inside ( ! box4 ,,to ,,cut ,,! ,,dovetails4 ,take "o 8end-piece0 ( ! box1 & place x endways into ! b5*-screw1 & m>k out ! dovetails on ! edge ( ! bo>d inside1 !n ) y\r dovetail saw cut 9 into ! m>ks d[n to ! l9es squ>$ ov] on ! flat side4 ,!n ) a *isel cut out t "p ( ! wood t is cross$1 & leave ! o!r "p1 ?is be+ ! "p :i* w =m ! p9s or tails4 ,!n take "o side ( y\r box & lay x flat on ! b5*1 ! inside upp]mo/2 !n place ! end y h cut on x1 keep+ ! edges flu%1 & m>k r\nd ! %ape ( ! p9s1 :i* w leave _! =m on ! side piece1 ! black places be+ ! mortices :i* are to be cut out4 ,9 cutt+ out ^! y mu/ be c>eful to cut )9 side ( ! /roke1 s t ! mortices w be a little small] ?an ! p9s1 :i* w admit ( _! be+ driv5 9 q tight1 & w all[ ! glue to adh]e to !m 7= y h to glue ^! :5 y fix !m74 ,:5 y h ?us put ! ends & sides toge!r let !m /& till ! glue gets dry1 !n take y\r planes & plane ! qu>t] ( an in* (f ! p9s :i* y all[$ to be a little long] ?an ! l5g? ( ! box1 & y h !n made ! body ( y\r box4 ,,! ,,bottom ,,( ,,! ,,box4 ,cut y\r bottom ! exact size ( ! box1 nail ! bottom on1 & 8get out0 a piece ( wood 7by cutt+ & plan+ 9 ! usual mann]7 to nail r\nd s z to =m a skirt+ to x1 & at ! same "t hide ! jo9ts ( ! bottom2 8get out0 a simil> piece ( wood to nail r\nd ! top :i* w =m ! lid4 ,!n get a pair ( box jo9ts & a lock1 & hav+ put !m on by a /roke ( y\r own +5uity1 y w h a 8box40 ,,galvanism1 ,,or ,,voltaic ,,electricity4 8,to play ) fire ,!y say is dang]\s2 :at is x !n ,to %ake h&s ) ! lightn+1 & to sport ,) ?und]80--,,tyl]4 ,galvanism1 or electricity ( quantity1 9 contradi/9ction to frictional electricity1 call$ electricity ( int5sity1 owes its "n to ! exp]im5ts on animal irritability made 9 #agij by ,m4 ,galvani1 a pr(essor ( anatomy at ,bologna4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 sugge/$ by ! foll[+ circum/ances4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,galvanism4 ,x happ5$ t ! wife ( ,galvani1 :o 0 consumptive1 0 advis$ to take z an article ( food "s s\p made ( ! fle% ( frogs4 ,sev]al ( ^! creatures 7 kill$ & sk9n$1 & 7 ly+ on ! table 9 ! laboratory close to an electrical ma*9e1 ) :i* a pupil ( ! pr(essor 0 mak+ exp]im5ts4 ,:ile ! ma*9e 0 9 action1 he *anc$ to t\* ! b>e n]ve ( ! leg ( "o ( ! frogs ) ! blade ( ! knife t he _h 9 8 h&1 :5 sudd5ly ! :ole limb 0 ?r[n into viol5t convulsions4 ,galvani 0 n pres5t :5 ?is occurr$2 b be+ in=m$ ( x1 he imm$iately set himself to inve/igate ! cause4 ,he f\nd t x 0 only :5 a sp>k 0 drawn f ! prime conductor1 & :5 ! knife or any o!r good conductor 0 9 contact ) ! n]ve1 t ! contract+ took place2 & aft] a "t he discov]$ t ! effect 0 indep5d5t ( ! electrical ma*9e1 & might be equally well produc$ by mak+ a metallic communication betwe5 ! outside muscle & ! crural n]ve4 ,,simple ,,exp]im5t ,,to ,,excite ,,galvanic ,,action4 ,if ! "y exp]im5t] w obta9 a piece ( z9c ( ! size ( half a doll> & place x on ! top ( 8 tongue1 & place a half-doll> b5ea? x1 & br+ ! edges ( ! half-doll> & z9c 9 contact 9 front ( 8 tongue1 he w notice a peculi> s5sation 9 ! n]ves ( ?is organ1 & "s ta/e w be imp>t$ to 8 m\? at ! mom5t ( contact4 ,,) ,,metal ,,plates ,,9 ,,wat]4 ,if we take two plates ( diff]5t k9ds ( metal1 plat9um 7or copp]7 & z9c = example1 & imm]se !m 9 pure wat]1 hav+ wires atta*$ to !m above1 !n if ! wire ( ea* is br\ght into contact 9 ano!r vessel ( wat]1 a galvanic circle w be =m$1 ! wat] w be sl[ly decompos$1 its oxyg5 w be fix$ on ! z9c wire1 & at ! same "t a curr5t ( electricity w be transmitt$ ?r\gh ! liquid to ! plat9a or copp] wire1 on ! end ( :i* ! o!r elem5t ( wat]1 namely1 ! hydrog51 w make its appe>ance 9 ! =m ( m9ute gas bubbles4 ,! electrical curr5t passes back aga9 into ! z9c at ! po9ts ( its contact ) ! plat9a1 & ?us a cont9u$ curr5t is kept up1 & h5ce x is call$ a galvanic circle4 ,! mom5t ! circuit is brok5 by sep>at+ ! wires ! curr5t ceases1 b is aga9 r5ew$ by mak+ !m t\* ei!r 9 or out ( ! wat]4 ,if a small quantity ( sulphuric acid be add$ to ! wat]1 ! ph5om5on w be m app>5t4 ,! end ( ! wire atta*$ to ! piece ( plat9um or copp] is call$ ! positive pole ( ! batt]y1 & t ( ! wire atta*$ to ! z9c ! negative pole4 ,! curr5t ( electricity "h g5]at$ w be extremely feeble2 b ?is c be easily increas$ by multiply+ ! glasses & ! numb] ( ! pieces ( metal4 ,if we take six su* glasses in/ead ( "o1 p>tially fill !m ) dilute sulphuric acid1 & put a piece ( z9c & copp] into ea*1 connect+ !m by means ( copp] wire f glass to glass ?r\gh ! :ole s]ies1 a /rong] curr5t ( electricity w be ! result4 ,! exp]im5t] mu/ be c>eful n to let ! wire & z9c t\* ea* o!r at ! bottom ( ! tumbl]s1 & mu/ also rememb] t ! copp] ( glass #a is connect$ ) ! z9c ( glass #b1 & s on4 ,,to ,,make ,a ,,magnet ,,by ,,! ,,voltaic ,,curr5t4 ,to effect ?is1 make a connection betwe5 ! poles ( ! above or any excit$ batt]y ) ! two ends ( a wire =m$ into a spiral coil1 by b5d+ common bonnet-wire closely r\nd a cyl9d]1 or tube1 ( ab\t an in* 9 diamet]2 into ?is coil introduce a ne$le or piece ( /eel wire1 lay+ x l5g?ways d[n ! circles ( ! coil4 ,9 a few m9utes aft] ! electric fluid has pass$ ?r\gh ! spiral wire1 & consequ5tly r\nd ! ne$le or wire1 ! latt] w be f\nd to be /rongly magnetiz$1 & to possess all ! prop]ties ( a magnet4 ,,effects ,,( ,,galvanism ,,on ,a ,,magnet4 ,if a galvanic curr5t1 or any electric curr5t1 be made to pass along a wire "u :i*1 & 9 a l9e ) x1 a compass is plac$1 x w be f\nd t ! ne$le w no long] po9t nor? & s\?1 b w take a direction ne>ly across ! curr5t1 & po9t almo/ ea/ & we/4 ,,*ange ,,( ,,color ,,by ,,galvanism4 ,put a teaspoonful ( sulphate ( soda into a cup1 & dissolve x 9 hot wat]2 p\r a little cabbage blue into ! solution1 & put a portion into two glasses1 connect+ !m by a piece ( l95 or cotton clo? previ\sly moi/5$ 9 ! same solution4 ,on putt+ "o ( ! wires ( ! galvanic pole into ea* glass1 ! acid accumulates 9 ! "o1 turn+ ! blue to a r$1 & ! alkali 9 ! o!r1 r5d]+ x gre54 ,if ! wires be n[ rev]s$1 ! acid accumulates ev5tually 9 ! glass :]e ! alkali appe>$1 :ile ! alkali passes to ! glass :]e ! acid 04 ,,! ,,galvanic ,,%ock4 ,if ! ends ( ! wires ( a small galvanic batt]y are connect$ ) a prop] electro-magnetic coil1 :i* may n[ be pur*as$ at a v *eap rate1 & ! wires f ! coil be plac$ 9 sep>ate bas9s ( wat]1 !n1 on dipp+ ! f+]s ( ea* h& 9 ! bas91 a sm>t %ock w be felt1 ) a p>ticul> a*+ accompani$ ) trembl+4 ,) a /rong batt]y & l>g] coil ?is effect is felt z high z ! %\ld]s4 ,! %ock w also be felt by simply hold+ ! wires ( a p[]ful galvanic batt]y1 "o 9 ea* h&1 provid$ ! h&s be moi/5$ ) salt & wat]4 ,sev]al p]sons may receive ! %ock f ! batt]y & coil toge!r by jo9+ h&s4 ,,! ,,electrotype4 ,! electro-galvanic curr5t has 9 no case be5 m int]e/+ly employ$ ?an 9 ! process ( electrotyp+4 ,x consi/s ( a mode ( obta9+ ! copy ( co9s1 m$als1 engrav$ plates1 & o!r objects1 :i* may be easily illu/rat$4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,an ,,electrotype ,,app>atus4 ,take an e>!n j> & a por\s tube2 fill ! tube ) t5 p>ts ( wat] & "o ( sulphuric acid2 put x into ! j>1 into :i* p\r z mu* ( a solution ( sulphate ( copp] 7blue vitriol7 z w fill ?ree p>ts ( x2 place 9 ! tube a piece ( z9c1 to :i* a copp] wire is sold]$ & b5t r\nd1 s t "o end be imm]s$ 9 ! sulphate ( copp]2 & a deposit ( ! copp] w be imm$iately =m$ ^u ! wire4 ,if !re be pl5ty ( acid & wat]1 s z to all[ ( ! action endur+ = a long "t1 ?is process w g on till x has deposit$ all ! copp]4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple ^u :i* electrotyp+ proce$s--a pr9ciple ref]able to electro-*emical decomposition4 ,,to ,,obta9 ,,! ,,copy ,,( ,a ,,co9 ,,or ,,m$al4 ,nev] place ! orig9al m$al 9 ! app>atus1 or ! deposit$ copp] may adh]e s tightly to x t ! removal de/roys ! beauty ( ! m$al4 ,hav+ tak5 an impression 9 seal+-wax1 cov] ! latt] ) black-lead1 & atta* a wire s t x is 9 contact ) ! black-lead4 ,to ! wire & ca/ ?us arrang$ a piece ( %eet or ca/ z9c1 amalgamat$ ) m]cury1 mu/ be atta*$1 & we are at once furni%$ ) ! mat]ials = ! batt]y1 z ! object to be copi$ supplies ! place ( ! copp]4 ,! m$al mu/ always be plac$ horizontally4 ,n[ let ! app>atus be *>g$ ) ! solution1 by p\r+ into ! out] vessel a portion ( ! copp]y solution1 s t x w /& ab\t an in* above ! m$al2 !n p\r 9 ! glass ! dilute acid to ! same height z ! =m]2 n[ introduce ! z9c into ! acid1 & ! object to be copi$ into ! solution ( copp]1 :i* w imm$iately be deposit$ on ! m$al1 & :5 ( a suffici5t ?ickness may be tak5 (f4 ,,heat4 ,,heat1 ,,or ,,caloric4 ,! *ief ag5t 9 caus+ ! repulsion or sep>ation ( ! p>ticles ( bodies f ea* o!r is heat1 or m correctly caloric1 by :i* is und]/ood ! unkn[n cause ( ! effect call$ heat4 ,philosoph]s are n agre$ ^u ! nature ( ?is wond]ful ag5t4 ,x p]vades all nature1 is ! cause ( ne>ly all ! *anges t take place bo? 9 organic & inorganic matt]1 & has great influ5ce 9 ! meteorological ph5om5a :i* we obs]ve 9 ! atmosph]e t surr\nds our planet4 ,x appe>s to be intimately connect$ ) light1 electricity1 & magnetism--subjects :i* ! g5ius ( ,f>aday & o!rs h inve/igat$1 & by _! discov]ies br\ght u ne>] to ! k ( ! real nature ( ^! mo/ wond]ful =ces4 ,caloric1 !n1 exi/s 9 all bodies1 & has a con/ant t5d5cy to equalize itself1 z f> at lea/ z its outw>d manife/ation1 call$ temp]ature1 is conc]n$2 = if a hot body be br\ght ne> cold] ones1 x w give up heat to !m1 until by its loss & _! ga9 !y all become ( ! same temp]ature2 & ?is proce$s m or less rapidly1 accord+ z ! orig9al diff]5ce ( temp]ature 0 great] or less4 ,"s o!r circum/ances also influ5ce ?is equalization4 ,! conv]se w take place on introduc+ a cold body among w>m] ones1 :5 heat w be ab/ract$ f all ! bodies )9 rea* ( its influ5ce1 until x has absorb$ suffici5t caloric to br+ its own temp]ature to an equality ) !irs4 ,?is is ! true explanation ( ! app>5t production ( cold4 ,:51 = in/ance1 an iceb]g comes across a %ip's c\rse1 x appe>s to give out cold1 :]eas x has ab/ract$ ! heat f ! air & sea 9 its neighborhood1 & !y 9 turn act ^u ! %ip & ev]y?+ 9 x1 until "o common temp]ature is produc$ 9 all ! neighbor+ bodies4 ,x does n foll[ t ! bodies ?us equaliz$ 9 temp]ature conta9 equal quantities ( caloric2 f> f x4 ,ea* body requires a p>ticul> quantity ( caloric to raise its temp]ature ?r\gh a c]ta9 numb] ( degrees2 & su* quantity is call$ its specific caloric4 ,a p\nd ( wat]1 = in/ance1 w take j twice z mu* caloric z a p\nd ( olive oil1 to raise its temp]ature ?r\gh ! same numb] ( degrees2 ! specific caloric ( wat] is !re=e d\ble t ( oil4 ,mix any quantity ( oil at #fj deg4 ( temp]ature ) an equal weight ( wat] at #ij deg41 & y w f9d ! temp]ature ( ! mixture to be ne>ly #hj deg41 in/ead ( only #gd deg4 or #ge deg41 %[+ t :ile ! wat] has lo/ only #aj deg4 ( caloric1 ! mixture has ris5 #bj deg4 ,if ! oil be at #ij deg41 & ! wat] at #fj deg41 ! result+ temp]ature w be only #gj deg41 or !reab\ts1 in/ead ( #ge deg41 ! mean2 ?us1 "h ! hot oil has lo/ #bj deg41 :ile ! mixture has ris5 only #aj deg42 ! wat]1 !n1 conta9s at ! same temp]ature twice z mu* caloric z ! oil2 its specific caloric is d\ble t ( ! oil4 ,?is mean temp]ature does result :5 equal weights ( ! same body at diff]5t temp]atures are mix$ toge!r4 ,! s5sations call$ heat & cold are by no means accurate measures ( ! real temp]ature ( any sub/ances1 = _m causes influ5ce ^! s5sations1 "s belong+ to ! sub/ances !mselves1 o!rs to ! /ate ( our organs at ! "t4 ,e "o has rem>k$ t metals 9 a w>m room feel w>m]1 & 9 a cold room cold] ?an wood5 articles1 & ^! aga9 ?an wool5 or cotton articles ( dress or furniture2 ?is arises f metals be+ :at is t]m$ bett] conductors ( heat ?an wood1 & ?is bett] ?an wool1 c41 t is1 !y give out or absorb caloric m rapidly ?an ^! la/4 ,"s philosoph]s1 wi%+ to asc]ta9 h[ mu* heat ! human body c\ld endure1 _h a room heat$ ) /oves1 e crevice be+ c>efully /opp$1 until ! temp]ature rose s high t a beef/eak plac$ on ! table 0 suffici5tly cook$ to be eat54 ,!y 7 dress$ 9 flannel1 & c\ld ) impunity t\* ! c>pets1 curta9s1 c41 9 ! room2 b ! iron h&les1 fire-irons1 & all metallic sub/ances1 burnt _! f+]s2 & "o :o wore silv] spectacles 0 oblig$ to remove !m to save 8 nose4 ,! fallacy ( our s5sations may be easily %[n by tak+ two bas9s1 plac+ 9 "o "s wat] at #ajj deg41 9 ano!r "s wat] at z l[ a temp]ature z c easily be procur$--hold ! "r h& 9 "o1 ! left 9 ! o!r1 = a few m9utes1 & !n mix !m1 & place bo? h&s 9 ! mixture2 x w feel q cold to ! h& t _h be5 9 ! hott] wat]1 & hot to ! o!r4 ,9 ord] to arrive at a correct e/imate ( ! temp]ature ( bodies1 in/rum5ts are made use ( call$ !rmomet]s1 or measur]s ( heat1 :i* %[ increase or dim9ution ( temp]ature by ! ris+ or fall+ ( a column ( "s fluid 9 a tube ( glass1 "o end ( :i* is exp&$ into a bulb1 & ! o!r h]metically seal$4 ,?is effect is produc$ by ! expansion or swell+ ( ! fluid z caloric is add$ to1 & its contraction :5 caloric is ab/ract$ f x4 ,color$ spirits ( w9e1 or quicksilv]1 are ! mo/ usual !rmometric fluids1 & ! tube conta9+ !m is fix$ to a wood5 or metallic frame1 on :i* c]ta9 divisions are m>k$1 call$ degrees4 ,t 9 g5]al use 9 ,am]ica is call$ ,fahr5heit's f ! "n ( ! p]son :o fir/ introduc$ t p>ticul> scale4 ,9 ?is !rmomet]1 ! po9t at :i* ! m]cury 9 ! tube /&s :5 plung$ into melt+ ice1 is m>k$ #cb degrees1 & ! di/ance betwe5 t po9t & ! po9t to :i* ! m]cury rises 9 boil+ wat] is divid$ into #ahj equal p>ts1 call$ degrees2 s t wat] is said to boil at #bab degrees #ahj degrees #cb degrees4 ,!re are two o!r scales ( temp]ature us$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 b x is n wor? :ile to notice !m "h4 ,n only d diff]5t bodies at ! same degree ( temp]ature conta9 v diff]5t quantities ( caloric1 b ?is also is ! case ) ! same body 9 diff]5t =ms4 ,ice1 wat]1 & /eam are ?ree =ms ( ! same body1 b ice at #cb degrees conta9s mu* less caloric ?an wat] at ! same temp]ature1 & wat] at #bab degrees conta9s mu* less caloric ?an /eam 7or wat] 9 a /ate ( vapor7 at t temp]ature4 ,place 9 a j> any giv5 quantity ( sn[1 or small pieces ( ice1 at #cb degrees1 & 9 ano!r ! same weight ( wat] at #cb degrees1 p\r on ea* an equal weight ( wat] at #agb degrees1 & y w f9d t 9 ! fir/ case ! ice w be melt$1 b ! temp]ature w rema9 at #cb degrees1 or !reab\ts1 :ile ! temp]ature ( ! wat] 9 ! o!r vessel w h ris5 to #ajj degrees or !reab\ts1 be+ z ne> z possible ! half ( ! excess ( ! temp]ature ( ! hot wat]1 #adj degrees ov] t ( ! cold1 namely #gj degrees add$ to #cb degrees1 ! orig9al temp]ature4 ,n[1 :at has become ( ! heat :i* 0 add$ to ! ice1 & is app>5tly lo/8--x is absorb$ by ! ice 9 its passage to ! fluid /ate2 s t wat] may be said to be a comp\nd ( ice & caloric4 ,aga91 take #aj ounces ( wat] at ab\t #ej degrees1 & add #a oz4 ( wat] at #bab degrees1 & ! temp]ature ( ! mixture w be ab\t #ff degrees2 !n cond5se "s /eam at #bab degrees into ano!r #aj oz4 ( wat] until x has become #aa oz41 & y w f9d ! temp]ature w be ne>ly #bab degrees4 ,:y does ! ounce ( /eam at #bab degrees raise ! temp]ature ( ! wat] s mu* high] ?an ! ounce ( wat] at ! same temp]ature8 ,obvi\sly because x conta9s hidd5 9 its sub/ance a va/ quantity ( caloric1 n to be detect$ by ! !rmomet]2 9 fact1 t /eam is a comp\nd ( wat] & caloric1 z wat] is a comp\nd ( ice & caloric2 & ?is caloric :i* exi/s1 m or less1 9 all bodies )\t produc+ any obvi\s effect1 is call$ lat5t caloric1 f ! ,lat9 v]b lateo1 to lie hid4 ,! quantity ( caloric ?us absorb$1 z x 71 by v>i\s bodies1 diff]s = ea* body1 & = ! same body 9 diff]5t =ms1 z m5tion$ above4 ,,expansion4 ,z a g5]al rule1 all bodies1 :e!r solid1 liquid1 or gase\s1 are exp&$ by caloric4 ,?is may be %[n by exp]im5ts 9 ea* =m ( matt]4 ,h a small iron rod made1 :i* :5 cold j passes ?r\gh a hole 9 a plate ( metal2 heat x1 & x w no long] pass2 aft] a "t ! rod w return to its =m] temp]ature1 & !n w g ?r\gh ! hole z be=e4 ,! rod increases 9 l5g? z well z wid?2 if y h a gauge divid$ into #a_/ajj ( an in*1 & place ! rod 9 x :5 cold1 not+ its position1 on heat+ x w ext5d to a great] l5g? 9 ! gauge1 return+ to its =m] place :5 cool4 ,! effect ( caloric 9 caus+ fluids to exp& is actually employ$ z a measure ( quantity 9 ! !rmomet]1 ! rise ( ! fluid 9 ! tube :5 heat$ dep5d+ on ! increas$ bulk ( ! fluid occasion$ by ! addition ( caloric4 ,! same fact is to be notic$ e day :5 ! cook fills ! kettle1 & places x on ! fire4 ,z ! wat] becomes w>m] x exp&s1 t is1 takes up m room ?an x did be=e1 & ! wat] escapes by sl[ degrees1 increas+ z ! heat increases1 up to ! po9t ( boil+1 :5 a sudd5 commotion takes place f ! cond5sation ( a portion ( ! wat] into /eam4 ,b x is 9 ! =m ( vapor or gas 7:i*1 by ! bye1 is n ! same ?+71 t ! expansive =ce ( caloric is mo/ obvi\s4 ,! gigantic p[]s ( ! /eam-eng9e dep5d entirely on ! t5d5cy ( vapor to exp& on ! addition ( caloric2 & ?is =ce ( expansion appe>s to h no limit2 boil]s made ( iron plates an in* or ev5 m 9 ?ickness1 & ! build+s or %ips conta9+ !m1 hav+ be5 torn to pieces & scatt]$ 9 all directions by ! expansive p[] ( /eam4 ,take a bladd] & fill x ab\t half-full ( air1 & tie ! neck securely2 ^u hold+ x to ! fire x w swell out & become q t5se f ! expansion ( ! conta9$ air4 ,! pr9cipal s\rce ( caloric is ! sun1 ^: beams1 diffus$ ?r\gh all nature by ! refractive prop]ty ( ! atmosph]e1 are ! s\rce ( vitality bo? to vegetables & animals1 & :5 conc5trat$ by a l>ge convex l5s1 produce ! mo/ int5se heat1 suffici5t to light a piece ( diamond1 & melt plat9um4 ,caloric is also produc$ or evolv$ by combu/ion1 by friction1 p]cussion1 *emical comb9ation1 electricity1 & galvanism4 ,! evolution ( heat by friction may be witness$ daily 9 a ?\s& in/ances4 ,lucif] mat*es are light$ by rubb+ ! highly inflammable sub/ances ) :i* !y are tipp$ aga9/ a piece ( s&-pap]4 ,ne>ly all savage p procure fire by rubb+ a piece ( h>d wood viol5tly aga9/ a s(t] piece4 ,! axle-trees ( /eam-eng9es1 & ev5 ( c>riages1 h be5 kn[n to be s heat$ by friction z to endang] burn+ ! c>riage2 & x is v usual to be oblig$ to p\r a quantity ( cold wat] on ! iron axle ( ! c>riages ( an express tra9 aft] an h\r ( con/ant & rapid "w4 ,if y m]ely rub ! blade ( a knife rapidly on a piece ( wood x w become hot en\gh to burn y\r h&4 ,p]cussion is m]ely a m en]getic k9d ( friction1 & is (t5 resort$ to by ! blacksmi? to light 8 furnace4 ,he places a nail or o!r piece ( s(t iron on 8 anvil1 & beats x rapidly ) ! hamm]1 :5 x becomes actually r$ hot4 ,! production ( sp>ks by /rik+ fl9t aga9/ /eel1 or two pieces ( fl9t "o aga9/ ! o!r1 are famili> in/ances ( heat produc$ by p]cussion4 ,"o ( ! mo/ p[]ful means ( produc+ heat is ! process ( combu/ion4 ,combu/ion1 z ! ^w imports1 is ! burn+ toge!r ( two or m sub/ances1 a *emical union ( oxyg5 g5]ally ) c>bon & hydrog5 9 "s %ape or o!r4 ,9 our ord9>y fires we burn coal1 a hydro-c>bon z x is call$2 & ! gas :i* is n[ s univ]sally us$ = ! purpose ( illum9ation1 is a comp\nd ( ! same bodies--s wax1 tall[1 oil ( v>i\s k9ds1 bo? ( animal & vegetable orig91 are all hydro-c>bons4 ,on ! application ( a suffici5t heat1 & a free access ( atmosph]ic air1 or ( "s o!r gas conta9+ oxyg5 9 a c]ta9 /ate ( comb9ation1 ^! bodies take fire1 & cont9ue to burn ei!r ) flame1 or a r$ or ev5 :ite heat )\t flame1 until !y are consum$2 t is1 until !y h ent]$ into new comb9ations ) ! oxyg51 & are conv]t$ into c>bonic acid & wat]1 ! c>bon =m+ ! fir/ product1 ! hydrog5 ! o!r4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5t %[s ! productions ( heat by *emical action alone4 ,bruise "s fre% prep>$ cry/als ( nitrate ( copp]1 spread !m ov] a piece ( t9 foil1 spr9kle !m ) a little wat]2 !n fold up ! foil tightly z rapidly z possible1 & 9 a m9ute or two x w become r$-hot1 ! t9 app>5tly burn+ away4 ,! heat is produc$ by ! en]getic action ( ! t9 on ! nitrate ( copp]1 tak+ away its oxyg5 9 ord] to unite ) ! nitrate acid1 = :i*1 z well z = ! oxyg51 ! t9 has a mu* great] aff9ity ?an ! copp] has4 ,combu/ion )\t flame may be %[n 9 a v elegant & agreeable mann]1 by mak+ a coil ( plat9um wire by twi/+ x r\nd ! /em ( a tobacco-pipe1 or any cyl9drical body1 = a doz5 times or s1 leav+ ab\t an in* /raight1 :i* %\ld be ins]t$ into ! wick ( a _s-lamp2 light ! lamp1 & aft] x has burnt = a m9ute or two ext+ui% ! flame quickly2 ! wire w soon become r$-hot1 &1 if kept f draughts ( air1 w cont9ue to burn until all ! _s is consum$4 ,spongy plat9um1 z x is call$1 answ]s r bett] ?an wire1 & has be5 employ$ 9 ! =mation ( fumigators = ! draw+-room1 9 :i*1 in/ead ( pure spirits1 "s p]fume1 su* z lav5d] wat]1 is us$2 by its combu/ion an agreeable odor is diffus$ ?r\gh ! ap>tm5t4 ,^! little lamps 7 mu* 9 vogue a few ye>s ago1 b are n[ ne>ly out ( fa%ion4 ,exp]im5ts on combu/ion might be multipli$ almo/ to any am\nt1 b ! above w be suffici5t = ! pres5t4 ,:5 we come to treat ( ! prop]ties ( ! gases & "s o!r sub/ances1 we %all h occasion to recur to ?is subject4 ,! production ( caloric by *emical comb9ation may be exhibit$ by mix+ c>efully "o "p ( oil ( vitriol ) two ( wat]1 :5 suffici5t heat w be produc$ to boil "s wat] 9 a ?9 & n>r[ tube1 :i* may be us$ z a rod to /ir ! mixture4 ,! production ( heat by electric & galvanic ag5cy belongs to ano!r subject4 ,,hydraulics4 ,! sci5ce ( ,hydraulics compreh5ds ! laws :i* regulate non-ela/ic fluids 9 motion1 & especially wat]1 etc4 ,wat] c only be set 9 motion by two causes--! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 or its own gravity4 ,! pr9cipal law conc]n+ fluids is1 t !y always pres]ve _! own level4 ,h5ce wat] c be di/ribut$ ov] a t[n f any res]voir t is high] ?an ! h\ses to be suppli$2 & ! same pr9ciple w enable u to =m f\nta9s 9 a g>d51 or o!r place4 ,%\ld any ( our "y read]s wi% to =m a f\nta91 !y may1 by br++ a pipe f a wat]-tank1 :i* %\ld be at ! upp] "p ( ! h\se1 convey ! wat] d[n to ! g>d54 ,!n1 by lead+ x ?r\gh ! e>?1 und]nea? ! pa? or grass-plot1 & turn+ x to a p]p5dicul> position1 ! wat] w spr+ out1 & rise ne>ly z high z ! level ( t 9 ! tank4 ,! pipe %\ld h a faucet1 s t ! wat] may be let on or %ut (f at pleasure4 ,,! ,,syphon4 ,! syphon is a b5t tube1 hav+ "o leg %ort] ?an ! o!r4 ,x acts by ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,9 ord] to make a syphon act1 x is necess>y fir/ to fill bo? legs q full ( ! fluid1 & !n ! %ort] leg mu/ be plac$ 9 ! vessel to be empti$4 ,imm$iately ^u )draw+ ! f+] f ! long] leg1 ! liquor w fl[4 ,,! ,,pump4 ,! action ( ! common pump is z foll[s3 ,:5 ! h&le is rais$1 ! pi/on-rod desc5ds1 & br+s ! pi/on-valve--call$ ! suck]1 or bucket--to ano!r valve1 :i* is fix$1 & op5s inw>d t[>ds ! pi/on4 ,:5 ! h&le is drawn d[n1 ! pi/on is rais$1 &1 z x is air-tight1 a vacuum is produc$ betwe5 ! two valves2 ! air 9 ! b>rel ( ! pump1 betwixt ! l[] valve & ! wat]1 !n =ces op5 ! l[] valve1 & ru%es ?r\gh to fill up ?is vacuum2 & ! air 9 ! pump be+ less d5se ?an ! ext]nal atmosph]e1 ! wat] is =c$ a %ort way up ! b>rel4 ,:5 ! pi/on aga9 desc5ds to ! l[] valve1 ! air betwe5 !m is aga9 =c$ out by =c+ op5 ! upp] valve2 & :5 ! pi/on is rais$1 a vacuum is aga9 produc$1 & ! air bel[ ! l[] valve ru%es up1 & ! wat] 9 consequ5ce is aga9 rais$ a little fur!r4 ,?is op]ation cont9ues until ! wat] rises above ! l[] valve2 at e /roke aft]w>ds1 ! wat] passes ?r\gh ! valve ( ! desc5d+ pi/on1 & is rais$ by x1 on its asc5t1 until x issues out ( ! sp\t4 ,,! ,,hydraulic ,,danc]4 ,make a little figure ( cork1 9 ! %ape ( a danc+ m\ntebank1 sailor1 etc4 ,9 ?is figure place a small holl[ cone1 made ( ?9 leaf brass4 ,:5 ?is figure is plac$ ^u any jet1 su* z t ( ! f\nta9 recomm5d$ to be con/ruct$1 x w be susp5d$ on ! top ( ! wat]1 & p]=m a great v>iety ( amus+ motions4 ,if a holl[ ball ( v ?9 copp]1 ( an in* 9 diamet]1 be plac$ on a simil> jet1 x w rema9 susp5d$1 turn+ r\nd & spread+ ! wat] all ab\t x4 ,,magnetism4 ,! attractive p[] ( ! load/one has be5 kn[n f a v remote p]iod4 ,! natural magnet appe>s native 9 a gray iron ore 9 octah$ral cry/als1 compos$ ( #afh p>ts ( iron1 & #fd p>ts ( oxyg54 ,its prop]ties seem to h be5 /udi$ 9 ,europe dur+ ! d>k ages & a directive p[] is allud$ to by ,c>d9al ,james de ,vitri1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t ! ye> #abjj1 :o obs]v$ t x 0 indisp5sable to ^? :o travel mu* by sea4 ,9 mod]n times1 ! hi/ory z well z ! nature ( ! magnet has engag$ rem>kable att5tion2 & x has be5 det]m9$ beyond all dispute t ! magnet 0 us$ by ! ,*9ese "u ! "n ( ! t*e-*y 7direct+ /one7 ab\t #bfjd ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,x pass$ f !m to ! ,arabs1 & 0 fir/ us$ 9 ,europe aft] ! crusades2 & ,ludi ,ve/omanus ass]ts t ab\t ! ye> #aejj he saw a pilot 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies direct 8 c\rse by a magnetic ne$le l ^? n[ 9 use4 ,,to ,,make ,,artificial ,,magnets4 ,?is may be done by /rok+ a piece ( h>d /eel ) a natural or artificial magnet4 ,take a common sew+ ne$le & pass ! nor? pole ( a magnet f ! eye to ! po9t1 press+ x g5tly 9 s do+4 ,aft] rea*+ ! end ( ! ne$le ! magnet mu/ n be pass$ back aga9 t[>ds ! eye1 b mu/ be lift$ up & appli$ aga9 to t end1 ! friction be+ always 9 ! same direction4 ,aft] repeat+ ?is = a few times ! ne$le w become magnetiz$1 & attract iron fil+s1 etc4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,magnetize ,a ,,pok]4 ,hold x 9 ! left h& 9 a position slightly incl9$ f ! p]p5dicul>1 ! l[] end po9t+ to ! nor?1 & !n /rike x sm>tly sev]al times ) a l>ge iron hamm]1 & x w be f\nd to possess ! p[]s ( a magnet1 al?\gh b slightly4 ,,to ,,%[ ,,magnetic ,,repulsion ,,& ,,attraction4 ,susp5d two %ort pieces ( iron wire1 s t !y w hang 9 contact 9 a v]tical position4 ,if ! nor? pole ( a magnet be n[ br\ght to a mod]ate di/ance betwe5 ! wires1 !y w rec$e f ea* o!r4 ,! ends be+ made s\? poles by induction f ! nor? pole1 w repel ea* o!r1 & s w ! nor? poles4 ,?is sep>ation ( ! wires w increase z ! magnet approa*es !m1 b !re w be a p>ticul> di/ance at :i* ! attractive =ce ov]comes ! repulsive =ce ( ! poles1 & causes ! wires to conv]ge4 ,,nor? ,,& ,,s\? ,,poles ,,( ,,! ,,magnet4 ,ea* magnet has its poles1 nor? & s\?--! nor? or s\? poles ( "o magnet repel ! nor? & s\? pole ( ano!r4 ,if a magnet be dipp$ 9 "s iron fil+s1 !y w be imm$iately attract$ to "o end4 ,suppos+ ?is to be ! nor? pole1 ea* ( ! ends ( ! fil+s1 n 9 contact ) ! magnet1 w become nor? poles1 :ile ! ends 9 contact w by induction become s\? poles4 ,bo? w h a t5d5cy to repel ea* o!r1 & ! fil+s w /& on ! magnet4 ,,pol>ity ,,( ,,! ,,magnet4 ,! be/ me?od ( prov+ ?is is to take a magnet or a piece ( /eel r5d]$ magnetic1 & to place x on a piece ( cork by lay+ x 9 a groove cut to receive x4 ,if ! cork be plac$ 9 ! c5t] ( a bas9 ( wat]1 & all[$ to swim freely on its surface1 s t x is n attract$ by ! sides ( ! bas91 x w be f\nd to turn its nor? pole to ! nor?1 & its s\? pole to ! s\?1 ! same z ! m>9]'s compass4 ,if y fix two magnets 9 two pieces ( cork1 & place !m also 9 a bas9 ( wat]1 & !y are 9 a p>allel position ) ! same poles toge!r1 t is1 nor? to nor?1 & s\? to s\?1 !y w mutually repel ea* o!r2 b if ! contr>y poles po9t to "o ano!r1 z nor? to s\?1 !y w be attract$4 ,,! ,,magnetic ,,fi%4 ,fi% are to be pur*as$ at ! toy-/ores1 by :i* ! "y 8magntique0 may p]=m ?is exp]im5t2 !y are made holl[1 & w float on ! wat]4 ,9 ! m\? ( ea* %\ld be ins]t$ a piece ( magnetic wire4 ,! angl+ rod is l any o!r rod1 & has a silk5 ?read = a l9e1 & an iron hook also /rongly magnetiz$4 ,to cat* ! fi% x is only necess>y to put ! hook 9 contact ) ! noses ( ! fi%1 & !y w be tak5 )\t any bait4 ,,! ,,magnetic ,,swan4 ,! figure ( a swan %\ld be cut 9 cork1 & )9 its beak a small /rongly magnetiz$ piece ( /eel %\ld be plac$4 ,! swan %\ld !n be cov]$ ) a coat+ ( :ite wax1 & fa%ion$ fur!r into ! %ape ( a swan1 & glass beads may be plac$ 9 its head = eyes4 ,?is %\ld be plac$ 9 a small tub or l>ge bas9 ( wat]1 & to make x swim ab\t1 y %\ld place 9 a :ite /ick ab\t n9e in*es long a magnetic b>1 on :i* ! nor? & s\? poles are m>k$4 ,if y wi% to br+ ! swan t[>ds y1 pres5t to him ! nor? pole ( ! w&1 if y wi% x to retire1 pres5t ! s\? pole1 & ?us y may direct ! swan to any "p y desire4 ,,to ,,susp5d ,a ,,ne$le ,,9 ,,! ,,air ,,by ,,magnetism4 ,place a magnet on a /& to raise x a little above ! table2 !n br+ a small sew+ ne$le conta9+ a ?read1 )9 a little ( ! magnet1 keep+ hold ( ! ?read to prev5t ! ne$le f atta*+ itself to ! magnet4 ,! ne$le 9 endeavor+ to fly to ! magnet1 & be+ prev5t$ by ! ?read1 w rema9 curi\sly susp5d$ 9 ! air1 rem9d+ u ( ! fable ( ,mahom$'s c(f94 ,,to ,,make ,,artificial ,,magnets ,,)\t ,,! ,,aid ,,ei!r ,,( ,,natural ,,load/ones ,,or ,,artificial ,,magnets4 ,take an iron pok] & tongs1 or two b>s ( iron1 ! l>g] & ! old] ! bett]1 & fix+ ! pok] upright1 hold to x ) ! left h& ne> ! top by a silk ?read1 a b> ( s(t /eel ab\t ?ree in*es long1 "o-f\r? ( an in* broad & "o-tw5tie? ?ick2 m>k "o end1 & let ?is end be d[nw>ds4 ,!n grasp+ ! tongs ) ! "r h& a little bel[ ! middle1 & keep+ !m ne>ly 9 a v]tical l9e1 let ! b> be rubb$ ) ! l[] end ( ! tongs1 f ! m>k$ end ( ! b> to its upp] end ab\t t5 times ( ea* side ( x4 ,by ?is means ! b> w receive z mu* magnetism z w enable x to lift a small key at ! m>k$ end2 & ?is end ( ! b> be+ susp5d$ by its middle1 or made to re/ on a jo9t1 w turn to ! nor?1 & is call$ its nor? pole1 ! unm>k$ end be+ ! s\? pole4 ,?is is ! me?od recomm5d$ by ,mr4 ,caxton1 9 8 process1 :i* he reg>d$ sup]ior to ^? 9 =m] use1 & ( :i* a m detail$ acc\nt w be f\nd 9 8 int]e/+ volume4 ,,horse-,,%oe ,,magnets4 ,! =m ( a horse-%oe is g5]ally giv5 to magnetiz$ b>s1 :5 bo? poles are want$ to act toge!r1 :i* frequ5tly happ5s 9 v>i\s exp]im5ts1 su* z = lift+ weights by ! =ce ( magnetic attraction1 & = magnetiz+ /eel b>s by ! process ( d\ble t\*1 = :i* !y are exce$+ly conv5i5t4 ,! foll[+ is ! me?od ( mak+ a p[]ful magnetic batt]y ( ! horse-%oe =m4 ,twelve b>s or plates ( /eel are to be tak51 & hav+ be5 previ\sly b5t to ! requir$ =m1 t is1 ! horse-%oe %ape1 !y are !n b\nd toge!r by means ( rivets at _! ends2 be=e be+ f9ally fa/5$ !y are ea* sep>ately magnetiz$ & aft]w>ds f9ally unit$4 ,horse-%oe magnets %\ld h a %ort b> ( s(t iron adapt$ to connect ! two poles1 & %\ld nev] be laid by )\t su* a piece ( iron adh]+ to !m4 ,b> magnets %\ld be kept 9 pairs ) _! poles turn$ 9 contr>y directions1 & !y %\ld be kept f ru/4 ,bo? k9ds ( magnets h _! p[] n only pres]v$ b increas$1 by keep+ !m surr\nd$ ) a mass ( dry fil+s ( s(t iron1 ea* p>ticle ( :i* w re-act by its induc$ magnetism ^u ! po9t ( ! magnet to :i* x adh]es1 & ma9ta9 9 t po9t its primitive magnetic /ate4 ,,exp]im5t ,,to ,,%[ ,,t ,,s(t ,,iron ,,possesses ,,magnetic ,,prop]ties ,,:ile ,,x ,,rema9s ,,9 ,,! ,,vic9ity ,,( ,a ,,magnet4 ,let a magnet & a key be held horizontally ne> "o ( its poles1 or ne> its l[] edge4 ,!n if ano!r piece ( iron1 su* z a small nail1 be appli$ to ! o!r end ( ! key1 ! nail w hang f ! key1 & w cont9ue to d s :ile ! magnet is sl[ly )drawn2 b :5 x has be5 remov$ beyond a c]ta9 di/ance1 ! nail w drop f ! key1 because ! magnetism induc$ 9 ! key becomes at t di/ance too weak to support ! weight ( ! nail4 ,t ?is is ! real cause ( its fall+ (f may be prov$ by tak+ a /ill light] fragm5t ( iron1 su* z a piece ( v sl5d] wire1 & apply+ x to ! key4 ,! magnetism ( ! key w /ill be suffici5tly /rong to support ! wire1 ?\gh x _c ! nail1 & x w cont9ue to support x ev5 :5 ! magnet is yet fur!r remov$2 at l5g?1 h[ev]1 x drops (f4 ,,electro-,,magnetism4 ,! id5tity ( magnetism ) electricity allud$ to 9 a =m] p>agraph1 has l$ to ! =mation ( a new sci5ce "u ! above "n1 & to "s ( ! int]e/+ exp]im5ts connect$ ) x1 we %all briefly allude = ! amusem5t ( ! "y read]4 ,,p[] ,,( ,,! ,,electro-,,magnet4 ,! same influ5ce :i* affects ! magnetic ne$le already describ$1 w also communicate magnetism to s(t iron4 ,if a b> ( t metal b5t1 be surr\nd$ ) a common bonnet wire1 or a copp] wire prev5t$ f t\*+ ! iron by a w9d+ ( cotton or ?read1 & !n if a curr5t ( voltaic electricity be s5t ?r\gh ! wire1 ! b> becomes a p[]ful magnet1 & w cont9ue s z long z ! connection ) ! batt]y is pres]v$4 ,on break+ ! contact1 ! magnetism disappe>s4 ,?is exp]im5t may be easily made by ! "y read] ) a horse-%oe magnet1 surr\nd$ by sev]al coils ( wire4 ,,! ,,m>9]',s ,,compass ,,& ,,exp]im5ts ,,) ,a ,,pocket ,,compass4 ,! m>9]'s compass is an artificial magnet fitt$ 9 a prop] box1 & consi/s ( ?ree p>ts--! box1 ! c>d or fly1 & ! ne$le4 ,! box is susp5d$ 9 a squ>e wood5 case1 by means ( two conc5tric brass circles call$ gimbals1 s fix$ by braz5 axes to ! two boxes1 t ! inn] "o1 or compass-box1 reta9s a horizontal position 9 all motions ( ! %ip4 ,! c>d is a circul> piece ( pap] :i* is fa/5$ ^u ! ne$le1 & moves ) x4 ,! out] edge ( ! c>d is divid$ into ?irty-two po9ts1 call$ po9ts ( ! compass4 ,! ne$le is a sl5d] b> ( h>d5$ /eel1 hav+ a holl[ agate cup 9 ! c5t]1 :i* moves ^u ! po9t ( a pivot made ( brass4 ,,v>iation ,,( ,,! ,,ne$le4 ,! magnetic ne$le does n po9t exactly nor? & s\?1 b ! nor? pole ( ! ne$le takes a direction to ! we/ ( ! true nor?4 ,x is con/antly *ang+1 & v>ies at diff]5t p>ts ( ! e>?1 & at diff]5t times ( ! day4 ,,dip ,,( ,,! ,,ne$le4 ,ano!r rem>kable & evid5t manife/ation ( ! influ5ce ( ! magnetism ( ! e>? ^u ! ne$le is ! incl9ation or dip ( ! latt] :i* is a deviation f its horizontal place 9 a d[nw>d direction 9 nor!rn regions ( its nor?1 & 9 s\!rn regions ( its s\? pole4 ,9 balanc+ ! ne$le on ! c>d1 on acc\nt ( ?is dipp+1 a small weight or movable piece ( brass is plac$ on "o end ( ! ne$le1 by ! %ift+ ( :i* ei!r ne>] to or fur!r f ! c5t]1 ! ne$le w always be balanc$4 ,,useful ,,amusem5t ,,) ,,! ,,pocket ,,compass4 ,pocket compasses are to be b\ght = f #ej c5ts to #a1 & may be us$ 9 _m ways4 ,9 travel+ ov] m\nta9s or a wide ext5d$ pla91 !y are indisp5sably necess>y1 & no "o %\ld g on a t\r )\t su* a companion2 x w be a v useful & amus+ ex]cise = any "y p]son to take ! be>+s ( 8 own or "s p>ticul> locality1 & make out :at may be call$ a be>+ c>d4 ,?is he may easily d 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,suppos+ he wi%es1 = in/ance1 to take ! be>+s ( 8 own h\se1 he has no?+ to d b set 8 pocket compass ^u a map ( ! di/rict1--a c\nty map w d v well1 unless 8 h\se /&s on ! v]ge ( a c\nty1 !n two c\nty maps w be necess>y4 ,he mu/ make ! nor? ( ! map exactly co9cide ) ! nor?1 z indicat$ by 8 compass1 & hav+ fix$ 8 map 9 ?is situation1 he %\ld take a rul] & piece ( pap]1 & dot d[n ! exact be>+s ( ea* important t[n1 or place1 or village1 ar\nd him4 ,let him suppose himself1 = in/ance1 9 ! t[n ( ,albany1 ,n4 ,y41 & lay+ d[n 8 map z indicat$ by ! compass1 nor? to nor? & s\? to s\?1 he w f9d ! foll[+ places due nor?1 ,bal/on ,spa2 ,hudson1 s\?2 ,s*oh>ie1 we/4 ,! o!r po9ts ( ! compass may be fill$ up 9 ! same mann]4 ,%\ld1 !re=e1 our "y fri5d be ^u any o!r elevat$ situation ne> 8 own dwell+1 or ^u any o!r elevat$ spot f :i* ! be>+s h be5 tak51 he w be able to in=m 8 "y fri5ds t su* & su* a place lies 9 su* a direction1 t ?is place lies due nor?1 ! o!r nor?-we/1 a ?ird s\?-ea/1 ! f\r? s\?-we/1 etc41 etc4 ,,int]e/+ ,,p>ticul>s ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,magnet4 ,fire-irons :i* h re/$ 9 an upright position 9 a room dur+ ! summ] mon?s are (t5 highly magnetic4 ,iron b>s /&+ erect1 su* z ! grat+s ( a prison cell1 or ! iron rail+s be=e h\ses1 are (t5 magnetic4 ,great iron-clad %ips are p[]fully magnetic1 & !re=e affect ! compass by :i* ! vessel is /e]$2 +5i\s arrangem5ts are !re=e made to correct ! effect ( ! local attraction1 s t ! man-(-w> may be /e]$ correctly4 ,magnetism may be made to pass ?r\gh a deal bo>d2 to exhibit :i*1 lay a ne$le on ! smoo? "p above1 & run a magnet along ! "u side1 & ! ne$le w be f\nd to foll[ ! c\rse ( ! magnet4 ,a magnet dipp$ into boil+ wat] loses "p ( its magnetism1 :i*1 h[ev]1 returns ^u its cool+4 ,a sudd5 bl[ giv5 to a magnet (t5 de/roys its magnetic p[]4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,become ,a ,,photograph]4 ,associat$ ) ! use ( iod9e & brom9e is an art :i* e intellig5t boy may practice1 if he w att5d to ! foll[+ precise details k9dly furni%$ by an exp]i5c$ photograph]4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,! ,,negative ,,on ,,glass1 ,,us+ ,,collodion ,,bromoiodiz$ ,,= ,,iron ,,developm5t4 #a4 ,! edges ( ! glass %\ld be gr\nd all r\nd1 also slightly on ! surface ( ! edges4 ,?is prev5ts contraction ( ! film1 enabl+ x to resi/ ! action ( a heavy /ream ( wat]4 ,m>k "o side 9 ! corn] ) a diamond1 & ^u ?is side be/[ ! greate/ c>e4 #b4 ,to clean ! glass1 if new4--,make a mixture ( spirits ( w9e & solution ( ammonia1 equal p>ts2 r5d] x z ?ick z cream ) tripoli2 ) a piece ( cotton-wool kept = ?is purpose rub a small quantity ov] t side m>k$ z describ$1 wa% well "u a tap ( wat]1 & wipe dry ) a piece ( old l951 wa%$ )\t soap1 & kept scrupul\sly clean = ?is purpose4 ,plates %\ld n1 h[ev]1 be clean$ 9 ! op]at+ room ) ! above mixture2 ! vapor ( ammonia might prove injuri\s to ! *emicals4 #c4 ,n[ poli% ) an old :ite silk h&k]*ief4 ,if ?is latt] precaution be n tak51 small p>ticles ( l95 w be left ^u ! plate3 ^! are p]haps only se5 :5 dra9+ (f ! collodion2 !y =m nuclei & eddies1 *eck+ ! collodion 9 its c\rse4 ,"s ( ^! m9ute fib]s are wa%$ (f1 & contam9ate ! next picture4 ,to all lov]s ( clean pictures our advice !re=e is1 hav+ well dri$ ! plate ) old l951 lay x1 clean side upw>ds1 ^u a few %eets ( common glaz$ demy pap] 7n blott+71 & rub x h>d ) ! silk until s5sibly w>m2 ?is has ! d\ble advantage ( disp]s+ fib]s & moi/ure1 = all glass plates are slightly 9 a hygrometric condition4 ,d\ble ! silk rubb] up to =m a pad1 & ) ?is ! glass mu/ be firmly du/$ d[n j be=e p\r+ on ! collodion1 :i* w !n run mo/ ev5ly2 if ! coat$ plate is n[ view$ by transmitt$ light1 n a speck or blemi% w be se5 ^u x4 ,:5 a plate clean$ z above describ$ is brea!d ^u1 ! moi/ure does n evaporate sl[ly1 b flies (f4 ,d n be afraid ( putt+ ! glass into an electrical condition ) ! silk rubb]2 on ?is acc\nt objections h be5 rais$ to ! use ( silk2 practically1 h[ev]1 ,i f9d x a mo/ valuable auxili>y 9 ?is />t+-po9t ( ! process1 ! p]fect manipulation ( :i* makes an important diff]5ce 9 ! value ( ! f9i%$ picture4 ,:at c be m in>ti/ic & annoy+ to an educat$ eye ?an spots1 pat*es1 />s1 & sky-rockets1 ! =ms & %apes ( :i* rival1 9 numb]less v>iety1 a display ( fireworks8 ,let u n1 !re=e1 be cont5t$ ) pictures1 h[ev] good 9 o!r respects1 pres5t+ ^! de=mities--s _m blots on ! photographic escut*eon4 ,to clean a glass aft] hav+ us$ x1 :5 n v>ni%$4--,wa% (f ! collodion film ) wat]1 !n clean ! m>k$ side ) pla9 tripoli & wat]1 & dry z above4 ,to coat ! plate4--,fir/ remove all ! p>ticles ( dri$ collodion f ! m\? ( ! bottle4 ,n[ p\r ^u ! c5t] ( ! clean$ glass z mu* collodion z x w hold4 ,d n p]=m ?is op]ation hurri$ly1 take "t1 & sy/ematically incl9e ! plate 9 su* a mann] t ! collodion may run into ea* corn] 9 succession2 :5 p]fectly cov]$1 p\r (f g5tly ! excess into ! bottle at "o ( ! corn]s ne>e/ to y2 ) obs]vation & practice dext]ity is easily acquir$4 ,!re are _m ways ( coat+ ! plate2 ea* p]son w adopt t :i* practice tea*es him is be/4 ,! pneumatic plate-hold] is a conv5i5t little in/rum5t to use = hold+ ! plate :il/ p\r+ on ! collodion2 x may be us$ = bo? small & l>ge plates4 ,keep ! corn] ( ! glass plate 9 contact ) ! neck ( ! bottle :il/ p\r+ (f ! collodion2 o!rwise ! film w be wavy 9 places4 #d4 ,z soon z ! collodion ceases to run1 plunge ! prep>$ glass g5tly1 )\t /opp+1 into ! nitrate ( silv] ba?1 :i* is prep>$ z foll[s3 ,into a #bj-oz4 /opp]$ bottle put nitrate ( silv]1 #a-a_/d ozs42 di/ill$ wat]1 #d ozs42 dissolve4 ,to ?is solution add iodide ( potassium1 #d grs41 dissolv$ 9 "o dra*m ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,mix ^! two solutions2 ! precipitate 7iodide ( silv]7 ?us =m$ is by %ak+ entirely dissolv$4 ,add #af ozs4 ( di/ill$ wat]1 :5 ! excess ( iodide ( silv] is aga9 ?r[n d[n1 b 9 su* a f9ely divid$ /ate z to r5d] ! saturation ( ! ba? ) iodide ( silv] p]fect4 ,n[ drop 9 suffici5t ( ! oxide ( silv] to turn ! turbid yell[ solution a dirty br[n color2 s long z ?is effect is produc$ ! quantity ( oxide ( silv]1 h[ev] mu* 9 excess1 is ( no consequ5ce2 %ake ! bottle well = t5 m9utes or s at int]vals2 !n add alcohol1 #cj m9ims1 & filt]2 to ! filt]$ solution add dilute nitric acid ( ! /r5g? /at$1 #e m9ims4 ,! ba? is n[ ready = use1 & %\ld be q neutral4 #e4 ,all[ ! prep>$ glass to rema9 9 ?is ba? f five to t5 m9utes1 accord+ to ! temp]ature4 ,move x up & d[n ?ree or f\r times :il/ 9 ! ba?1 9 ord] to get rid ( ! greasy appe>ance on ! surface2 dra9 x1 b n too closely4 ,:5 9 ! frame1 place ^u ! back a piece ( common blott+-pap]1 to absorb moi/ure1 & ! two l[] silv] wires %\ld also be cov]$ ) slips ( blott+-pap]2 aft] :i* ! soon] x is plac$ 9 ! cam]a ! bett]4 #f4 ,! "t ( exposure c only be asc]ta9$ by practice--no rules c be laid d[n2 & ,i am unacqua9t$ ) any royal road1 b t ( exp]i5ce1 lead+ to con/ant success 9 ?is mo/ important po9t4 #g4 ,! plate hav+ be5 tak5 f ! cam]a & plac$ ^u a level$ /&1 or held 9 ! h&1 develop imm$iately ! lat5t image ) ! foll[+ solution3 ,iron develop+ solution4--,protosulphate ( iron1 #a_/d oz42 glacial acetic acid1 #a_/d oz42 spirits ( w9e1 #a_/b oz42 di/ill$ wat]1 #h ozs42 mix4 ,p\r on ( ?is solution only en\gh to cov] ! plate easily1 comm5c+ at t edge ( ! negative :i* /ood upp]mo/ 9 ! cam]a2 move ! solution to & fro until x has become intimately mix$ ) ! silv] on ! plate2 !n p\r (f into ! develop+ glass1 & at once return x on to ! plate4 ,:5 z mu* int5sity has be5 obta9$ z possible ) ! iron develop]1 x %\ld be ?or\ghly remov$ by wa%+ ) wat]4 ,any int5sity may be obta9$ aft]w>ds by us+ ei!r ( ! foll[+ solutions3 #h4 ,int5sify+ solution4--,pyrogallic acid1 #f grs42 glacial acetic acid1 #a_/d oz42 di/ill$ wat]1 #f ozs42 mix4 ,a few drops ( a #cj-;gr4 solution ( nitrate ( silv]1 ! quantity to be regulat$ accord+ to ! int5sity requir$1 to be add$1 at ! mom5t ( us+1 to z mu* ( ! pyrogallic solution z may be necess>y4 ,int5sify+ solution 7ano!r =m74--#a4 ,pyrogallic acid1 #h grs42 citric acid1 #bj grs42 di/ill$ wat]1 #b ozs4 #b4 ,nitrate ( silv]1 #h grs42 di/ill$ wat]1 #b ozs4 ,mix small quantities ( ! solutions #a & #b1 9 equal portions1 ! mom5t be=e us+4 ,! pyrogallic solution1 made ) good acetic acid1 may be kept = a mon? or m 9 a cool place4 ,nev]!less1 if ! conditions ( light & situation are unfavorable1 ,i %\ld pref] ?is solution j made4 ,! iron solutions act be/ :5 fre%ly prep>$4 ,x is suppos$ by "s t a prolong$ action ( ! iron develop] produces fogg9ess4 ,?is may be ! case :5 impure or improp]ly prep>$ collodion is us$1 b c]ta9ly n :5 ! prep>ation is pure & ( ! prop] quality4 ,:5 ! image is suffici5tly int5se1 wa% freely ) common filt]$ wat]2 !n p\r on a saturat$ solution ( hyposulphate ( soda1 :i* %\ld imm$iately remove ! iodide ( silv]3 wa% aga9 well ) wat]2 all[ z mu* z ! plate w hold to soak 9 = at lea/ a qu>t] ( an h\r1 *ang+ ! wat] occasionally1 to remove all traces ( hyposulphate2 la/ly1 wa% ! plate ) a little di/ill$ wat]1 /& up to dry1 &1 if requir$1 v>ni% ei!r ) _s or amb] v>ni%4 ,! foll[+ solution is also v commonly us$ = fix+ ! negative3--,cyanide ( potassium1 #a_/d oz42 wat]1 #ab ozs4 ,att5tion to ! foll[+ rules & cautions w assi/ ! op]ator 9 ! production ( p]fect pictures3-- #a4 ,d n di/urb ! deposit :i* w occasionally be f\nd at ! bottom ( ! bottle conta9+ ! collodion4 #b4 ,remove all p>ticles ( dri$ film f ! neck ( ! bottle be=e p\r+ ! collodion on ! plate4 #c4 ,nev] use damp clo?s1 lea!rs1 or buffs1 = giv+ ! f9al poli% to ! plate4 ,negatives ) an indi/9ct & muddy surface are frequ5tly produc$ f ?is cause4 #d4 ,let ! film set prop]ly be=e imm]sion 9 ! nitrate ( silv] ba?3 its condition c be asc]ta9$ by g5tly t\*+ ! l[] "p ( ! coat$ plate ) ! end ( ! f+]4 #e4 ,nev] omit to pass a broad camel-hair bru% ov] ! plate j be=e p\r+ on ! collodion4 #f4 ,be> 9 m9d t1 z light is ! produc+ ag5t1 s w x prove a de/ructive "o3 n less ?an f\r folds ( yell[ calico %\ld be us$ to ob/ruct :ite light2 & 9 t case ! ap]ture cov]$ %\ld be no l>g] ?an is necess>y to admit suffici5t light = work+ by4 ,exam9e occasionally ! yell[ calico3 :5 ?is mat]ial is us$ to exclude :ite light1 x becomes blea*$ by con/ant exposure4 ,d n tru/ alone to any color$ glass2 no glass yet made is anti-act9ic "u all aspects ( light & conditions ( exposure4 #g4 ,:5 ! negative requires int5sify+1 c>efully wa% (f all traces ( ! fir/ develop+ solution be=e proce$+ to int5sify4 ,?is op]ation may be p]=m$ ei!r be=e or aft] ! iodide is remov$ by fix+4 #h4 ,glass ba?s are pref]able to porcela91 ebonite1 or gutta-p]*a ba?s = solution ( nitrate ( silv]4 #i4 ,9 us+ ei!r _s or amb] v>ni%1 be=e p\r+ x (f1 keep ! plate horizontal a few seconds4 ,?is gives "t = soak+ 91 & prev5ts ! =mation ( a dull surface aris+ f too ?9 a coat+4 #aj4 ,rub ! l5ses occasionally ) a s(t & clean wa%-lea!r1 ! rapidity ( action is mu* influ5c$ by ! brightness ( ! l5ses3 _! surfaces are con/antly affect$ by moi/ure 9 ! atmosph]e1 :i* cond5s+1 de/roys ! brilliancy ( ! image4 #aa4 ,! :ite blott+-pap] us$ = "s photographic purposes is n suitable = filt]+ solutions2 t only %\ld be employ$ :i* is made = ?is purpose1 & is sold "u ! "n ( filt]+-pap]4 #ab4 ,hyposulphate ( soda4--,a great deal ( rubbi% is sold "u ! "n ( ?is salt4 ,z a te/ ( its quality1 #a-a_/b dra*ms %\ld entirely dissolve 9 #a dra*m ( wat]1 & ?is solution %\ld dissolve r m ?an #d-a_/b gra9s ( iodide ( silv]4 #ac4 ,*emicals4--,! purity ( photographic *emicals _c be too /rongly urg$2 ! *eape/ are n always ! mo/ economical4 ,! comm]cial prep>ations are g5]ally n to be dep5d$ ^u1 z ^!1 ?\gh p]haps unadult]at$1 are1 /rictly speak+1 n *emically pure4 ,x is be/ to procure !m f well-kn[n *emi/s1 :o und]/& ! purpose = :i* !y are int5d$1 & make ! prep>ation ( ^! sub/ances peculi>ly a bran* ( _! bus9ess4 #ad4 ,nev] leave *emical solutions expos$ 9 di%es3 :5 done )1 p\r !m back into glass-/opp]$ bottles1 & decant = use f any deposit1 or filt] if necess>y4 #ae4 ,9 all photographic processes x is absolutely necess>y to be *emically clean2 & ?is sometimes is n easy4 ,z a rule1 nev] be satisfi$ ) cleanly appe>ances only1 b take su* measures z %all insure ! abs5ce ( all extrane\s matt] 9 prep>+ ! solutions1 clean+ ! glasses1 di%es1 etc4 #af4 ,all /a9s on ! h&s1 l951 etc41 may be remov$ by means ( cyanog5 soap or cyanide ( potassium1 :i* %\ld be appli$ )\t wat] at fir/1 !n ?or\ghly wa%$ (f4 ,to assi/ ! op]ation1 ! h&s may be n[ g5tly rubb$ ) a f9e piece ( pumice-/one1 :5 ! /a9s quickly disappe>4 ,= m p]fect & complete directions1 ! read] is ref]r$ to any complete "w on photography4 ,,me*anics4 ,!re is no subject ( su* importance z ,me*anics1 z its pr9ciples are f\nd$ ^u ! prop]ties ( matt] & ! laws ( motion2 & 9 kn[+ some?+ ( ^!1 ! tyro w lay ! f\ndation ( all sub/antial k4 ,! prop]ties ( matt] are ! foll[+3 ,solidity 7or ,imp5etrability71 ,divisibility1 ,mobility1 ,ela/icity1 ,brittl5ess1 ,malleability1 ,ductility1 & ,t5acity4 ,! laws ( motion are z foll[s3-- #a4 ,e body cont9ues 9 a /ate ( re/ or ( uni=m rectil9eal motion1 unless affect$ by "s extrane\s =ce4 #b4 ,! *ange ( motion is always proportionate to ! impell+ =ce4 #c4 ,action & reaction are always equal & contr>y4 ,,exp]im5t ,,( ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,motion4 ,9 %oot+ at 8taw10 if ! m>ble be /ruck 8plump10 z x is call$1 x moves =w>d exactly 9 ! same l9e ( direction2 b if /ruck sideways1 x w move 9 an oblique direction1 & its c\rse w be 9 a l9e situat$ betwe5 ! direction ( its =m] motion & t ( ! =ce impress$4 ,?is is call$ ! resolution ( =ces4 ,,balanc+4 ,! c5t] ( gravity 9 a body is t "p ab\t :i* all ! o!r p>ts equally balance ea* o!r4 ,9 balanc+ a /ick ^u ! f+]1 or ^u ! *91 x is necess>y only to keep ! *9 or f+] exactly "u ! po9t :i* is call$ ! c5t] ( gravity4 ,,! ,,pranc+ ,,horse4 ,cut out ! figure ( a horse1 & hav+ fix$ a curv$ iron wire to ! "u "p ( its body1 place a small ball ( lead ^u x4 ,place ! h9d legs ( ! horse on ! table1 & x w rock to & fro4 ,if ! ball be remov$1 ! horse w\ld imm$iately tumble1 because unsupport$1 ! c5t] ( gravity be+ 9 ! front ( ! prop2 b ^u ! ball be+ replac$1 ! c5t] ( gravity imm$iately *anges z position1 & is br\ght "u ! prop1 & ! horse is aga9 9 equilibrio4 ,,to ,,con/ruct ,a ,,figure1 ,,:i* ,,be+ ,,plac$ ,,^u ,a ,,curv$ ,,surface1 ,,& ,,incl9$ ,,9 ,,any ,,position1 ,,%all1 ,,:5 ,,left ,,to ,,itself1 ,,return ,,to ,,its ,,=m] ,,position4 ,! feet ( ! figure re/ on a curv$ pivot1 :i* is su/a9$ by two load$ balls bel[2 = ! weight ( ^! balls be+ mu* great] ?an t ( ! figure1 _! effect is to br+ ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! :ole b5ea? ! po9t on :i* x re/s2 consequ5tly ! equilibrium w resi/ any slight =ce to di/urb x4 ,,to ,,make ,a ,,c>riage ,,run ,,9 ,,an ,,inv]t$ ,,position ,,)\t ,,fall+4 ,x is pretty well kn[n to mo/ boys1 t if a tumbl] ( wat] be plac$ )9 a broad wood5 hoop1 ! :ole may be :irl$ r\nd )\t fall+1 ow+ to ! c5trifugal =ce4 ,on ! same pr9ciple1 if a small c>riage be plac$ on an iron b& or rail1 x w asc5d ! curve1 become inv]t$1 & desc5d aga91 )\t fall+4 ,,to ,,cause ,a ,,cyl9d] ,,to ,,roll ,,by ,,its ,,own ,,weight ,,up-,,hill4 ,procure a c(fee-cani/]1 & load+ x ) a piece ( lead1 :i* may be fix$ 9 ) sold]1 ! position ( ! c5t] ( gravity is ?us alt]$4 ,if a cyl9d] s con/ruct$ be plac$ on an incl9$ plane1 & ! load$ "p above1 x w roll up-hill )\t assi/ance4 ,,! ,,balanc$ ,,/ick4 ,procure a piece ( wood1 ab\t n9e in*es 9 l5g?1 & ab\t half an in* 9 ?ickness1 & ?ru/ into its upp] end ! blades ( two p5-knives1 on ei!r side "o4 ,place ! o!r end ^u ! tip ( ! =e-f+]1 & x w keep its place )\t fall+4 ,,! ,,*9ese ,,m&>94 ,con/ruct out ( ! pi? ( ! eld] a little m&>92 !n provide a base = x to sit 91 l a kettle drum4 ,into ?is put "s heavy sub/ance1 su* z half a lead5 bullet2 fa/5 ! figure to ?is1 & 9 :atev] position x may be plac$1 x w1 :5 left to itself1 imm$iately return to its upright position4 ,,to ,,make ,a ,,%ill+ ,,turn ,,on ,,its ,,edge ,,on ,,! ,,po9t ,,( ,a ,,ne$le4 ,take a bottle1 ) a cork 9 its neck1 & place 9 x1 9 a p]p5dicul> position1 a middle-siz$ ne$le4 ,fix a %ill+ into ano!r cork1 by cutt+ a nick 9 x2 & /ick into ! same cork two small table-=ks1 opposite ea* o!r1 ) ! h&les incl9+ outw>ds & d[nw>ds4 ,if ! rim ( ! %ill+ be n[ pois$ on ! po9t ( ! ne$le1 x may easily be made to sp9 r\nd )\t fall+1 z ! c5t] ( gravity is bel[ ! c5t] ( susp5sion4 ,,! ,,danc+ ,,pea4 ,if y /ick ?r\gh a pea1 or small ball ( pi?1 two p9s at "r angles & def5d ! po9ts ) pieces ( seal+-wax1 x may be kept 9 equilibrio at a %ort di/ance f ! end ( a /raight tube1 by means ( a curr5t ( brea? f ! m\?1 :i* imp>ts a rot>y motion to ! pea4 ,,obliquity ,,( ,,motion4 ,cut a piece ( pa/ebo>d into a circul> %ape1 & describe on x a spiral l9e2 cut ?is out ) a p5-knife1 & !n susp5d x on a l>ge skew] or p94 ,if ! :ole be n[ plac$ on a w>m /ove1 or ov] ! flame ( a c&le or lamp1 x w revolve ) consid]able velocity4 ,! c>d1 aft] be+ cut into ! spiral1 may be made to repres5t a snake or dragon1 & :5 9 motion w produce a v pleas+ effect4 ,,pneumatics4 ,! bran* ( ! physical sci5ces :i* relates to ! air & its v>i\s ph5om5a is call$ ,pneumatics4 ,by x we le>n _m curi\s p>ticul>s4 ,by x we f9d t ! air has weight & pressure1 color1 d5sity1 ela/icity1 compressibility1 & "s o!r prop]ties ) :i* we %all endeavor to make ! "y read] acqua9t$ by _m pleas+ exp]im5ts1 e>ne/ly impress+ ^u him to lose no opportunity ( mak+ physical sci5ce 8 /udy4 ,! common lea!r suck] by :i* boys raise /ones w %[ ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,x consi/s ( a piece ( s(t b firm lea!r hav+ a piece ( /r+ drawn ?r\gh its c5t]4 ,! lea!r is made q wet & pliable1 & !n its "u "p is plac$ on ! /one & /amp$ d[n by ! foot4 ,?is press+ excludes ! air f betwe5 ! lea!r & ! /one1 & by pull+ ! /r+ a vacuum is left und]nea? its c5t]2 consequ5tly ! lea!r is firmly atta*$ to ! /one1 :i* enables y to lift x4 ,,weight ,,( ,,! ,,air ,,prov$ ,,by ,a ,,pair ,,( ,,bell[s4 ,%ut ! nozzle & valve-hole ( a pair ( bell[s1 & aft] hav+ squeez$ ! air out ( !m1 if !y are p]fectly air-tight1 we %all f9d t a v great =ce1 ev5 "s hundr$s ( p\nds1 is necess>y = sep>at+ ! bo>ds4 ,!y are kept toge!r by ! weight ( ! air :i* surr\nds !m 9 ! same mann] z if !y 7 surr\nd$ by wat]4 ,,! ,,pressure ,,( ,,! ,,air ,,%[n ,,by ,a ,,w9e-,,glass4 ,place a c>d on a w9e-glass fill$ ) wat]1 !n inv]t ! glass2 ! wat] w n escape1 ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e on ! outside ( ! c>d be+ suffici5t to support ! wat]4 ,,ano!r4 ,inv]t a tall glass j> 9 a di% ( wat]1 & place a light$ tap] "u x2 z ! tap] consumes ! air 9 ! j>1 ! wat]1 f ! pressure )\t1 rises up to supply ! place ( ! oxyg5 remov$ by ! combu/ion4 ,9 ! op]ation ( cupp+ ! op]ator holds ! flame ( a lamp "u a bell-%ap$ glass4 ,! air )9 ?is be+ r>efi$ & exp&$1 a consid]able portion is giv5 (f4 ,9 ?is /ate ! glass is plac$ ^u ! fle%1 & z ! air )9 x cools x contracts1 & ! glass adh]es to ! fle% by ! diff]5ce ( ! pressure ( ! int]nal & ext]nal air4 ,,ela/icity ,,( ,,! ,,air4 ,?is c be %[n by a beautiful philosophical toy1 :i* may easily be con/ruct$4 ,procure a glass j> & put wat] into x4 ,!n mold ?ree or f\r little figures 9 wax1 & make !m holl[ )91 & hav+ ea* a m9ute op5+ at ! heel1 by :i* wat] may pass 9 & out4 ,place !m 9 ! j>1 & adju/ !m by ! quantity ( wat] admitt$ to !m1 s t 9 specific gravity !y diff] a little f ea* o!r4 ,! m\? ( ! j> %\ld n[ be cov]$ ) a piece ( sk9 or india-rubb]1 & !n1 if ! h& be press$ ^u ! top or m\? ( ! j>1 ! figures w be se5 to rise or desc5d z ! pressure is g5tle or heavy2 ris+ & fall+ or /&+ /ill1 accord+ to ! pressure made4 ,,reason ,,= ,,?is4 ,! reason ( ?is is1 t ! pressure on ! top ( ! j> cond5ses ! air betwe5 ! cov] & ! wat] surface2 ?is cond5sation !n presses on ! wat] bel[1 & influ5ces x ?r\gh its :ole ext5t1 compress+ also ! air 9 ! figures1 =c+ z mu* m wat] into !m z to r5d] !m heavi] ?an wat]1 & !re=e heavy en\gh to s9k4 ,,! ,,air-,,pump4 ,! "t 01 & t n v long ago1 :5 ! air-pump 0 only obta9able by ! philosophical pr(essor or by p]sons ( enl>g$ means4 ,b n[1 ow+ to our 8*eap way ( do+ ?+s10 a small air-pump may be obta9$ = ab\t #e1 & we w\ld /rongly advise our "y fri5ds to procure "o1 z x w be a s\rce ( endless amusem5t to !m2 &1 suppos+ t !y take our advice1 we sugge/ ! foll[+ exp]im5ts4 ,! air-pump consi/s ( a bell glass1 call$ ! receiv]1 & a /& ^u :i* is a p]=at$ plate4 ,! hole 9 ?is plate is connect$ ) two pi/ons1 ! rods ( :i* are mov$ by a :eel h&le backw>ds & =w>ds1 & ?us pumps ! air out ( ! receiv]4 ,:5 ! air is ?us tak5 out1 a /op-cock is turn$1 & !n ! exp]im5ts may be p]=m$4 ,"u ! receiv] ( an air-pump1 :5 ! air has be5 ?or\ghly exhau/$1 light & heavy bodies fall ) ! same swiftness4 ,animals quickly die = want ( air1 combu/ion ceases1 a bell s\nds fa9t1 & wat] & o!r fluids *ange to vapor4 ,,to ,,prove ,,t ,,air ,,has ,,weight4 ,take a flor5ce flask1 fitt$ up ) a screw & f9e oil$ silk valve4 ,screw ! flask on ! plate ( ! air-pump1 exhau/ ! air1 take x (f ! plate1 & weigh x4 ,!n let 9 ! air1 & aga9 weigh ! :ole1 & x w be f\nd to h increas$ by sev]al gra9s4 ,,to ,,prove ,,air ,,ela/ic4 ,place a bladd] out ( :i* all ! air has app>5tly be5 squeez$ "u ! receiv]1 ^u x lay a weight1 exhau/ ! air1 & x w be se5 t ! small quantity ( air left )9 ! bladd] w s exp& itself z to lift ! weight4 ,put a cork$ bottle into ! receiv]1 exhau/ ! air1 & ! cork w fly out4 ,,sov]eign ,,& ,,fea!r4 ,place a nicely-adju/$ pair ( =ceps at ! top ( ! receiv]1 communicat+ ) ! top ( ! outside ?r\gh a hole1 s t !y may be op5$ by ! f+]s4 ,!n place on ea* ( ! little plates a sov]eign & a fea!r4 ,exhau/ ! air f ! receiv]3 & hav+ done s1 deta* ! objects1 s t !y may fall4 ,9 ! op5 air ! sov]eign w fall long be=e ! fea!r1 b 9 vacuo1 z 9 ! receiv] n[ exhau/$ ( its air1 !y w fall bo? toge!r1 & rea* ! bottom ( ! glass at ! same in/ant4 ,,air ,,9 ,,! ,,egg4 ,take a fre% egg1 & cut (f a little ( ! %ell & film f its small] end2 !n put ! egg "u a receiv]1 & pump out ! air2 ^u :i* all ! cont5ts ( ! egg w be =c$ out by ! expansion ( ! small bubble ( air conta9$ 9 ! great end betwe5 ! %ell & ! film4 ,,! ,,desc5d+ ,,smoke4 ,set a light$ c&le on ! plate1 & cov] x ) a tall receiv]4 ,! c&le w cont9ue to burn :ile ! air rema9s1 b :5 exhau/$1 w g out1 & ! smoke f ! wick1 in/ead ( ris+1 w desc5d 9 d5se cl\ds t[>ds ! bottom ( ! glass1 because ! air :i* w\ld h support$ x has be5 )drawn4 ,,! ,,s\ndless ,,bell4 ,set a bell on ! pump-plate1 hav+ a contrivance s z to r+ x at pleasure1 & cov] x ) a receiv]2 !n make ! clapp] s\nd aga9/ ! bell1 & x w be he>d to s\nd v well2 n[ exhau/ ! receiv] ( air1 & !n :5 ! clapp] /rikes aga9/ ! sides ( ! bell ! s\nd c be sc>cely he>d4 ,,! ,,float+ ,,fi%4 ,if a glass vessel conta9+ wat]1 9 :i* a c\ple ( fi% are put1 be plac$ "u ! receiv]1 ^u exhau/+ ! air ! fi% w be unable to keep at ! bottom ( ! glass ow+ to ! expansion ( ! air )9 _! bodies1 conta9$ 9 ! air bladd]4 ,!y w consequ5tly rise & float1 belly upw>ds1 ^u ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,,! ,,div+ ,,bell4 ,! div+ bell is a pneumatic eng9e1 by means ( :i* p]sons c desc5d to great dep?s 9 ! sea1 & recov] f x valuable portions ( wrecks & o!r ?+s4 ,its pr9ciple may be well illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ exp]im5t4 ,take a glass tumbl]1 & plunge x into ! wat] ) ! m\? d[nw>ds1 & x w be f\nd t ! wat] w n rise mu* m ?an half way 9 ! tumbl]4 ,?is may be made v evid5t if a piece ( cork be suff]$ to float inside ! glass on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,! air )9 ! tumbl] does n entirely exclude ! wat]1 because air is ela/ic1 & consequ5tly compressible1 & h5ce ! air 9 ! tumbl] is :at is call$ cond5s$4 ,! div+ bell is =m$ ^u ! above pr9ciple2 b in/ead ( be+ glass x is a wood5 or metal vessel1 ( v l>ge dim5sions1 s z to hold ?ree or f\r p]sons1 :o are suppli$ ) air f above by means ( p[]ful pumps1 :il/ ! excess ( air escapes at ! bottom ( ! bell4 ,,exp]im5ts4 #a4 ,place a cyl9d] ( /rong glass1 op5 at bo? ends1 on ! plate ( ! air-pump1 & put y\r h& on ! o!r end1 & y w ( c\rse be able to remove x at pleasure4 ,n[ exhau/ ! air f ! int]ior ( ! cyl9d]1 & at ea* /roke ( ! pump y w feel y\r h& press$ tight] & tight] on ! cyl9d]1 until y w n be able to remove x3 z soon z ! air is aga9 admitt$ to ! int]ior ( ! cyl9d]1 ! pressure )9 w be re/or$1 & ! h& aga9 be at lib]ty4 #b4 ,tie a piece ( moi/5$ bladd] v firmly ov] "o end ( a simil> glass cyl9d]1 & place ! op5 end on ! plate ( ! pump4 ,z soon z y beg9 to exhau/ ! air f ! int]ior1 ! bladd]1 :i* 0 previ\sly q horizontal1 w beg9 to bulge inw>ds1 ! concavity increas+ z ! exhau/ion proce$s1 until ! bladd]1 no long] able to be> ! weight ( ! sup]9cumb5t air1 breaks ) a l\d report4 #c4 ,! ela/icity ( air1 or inde$ ( any gase\s body1 may be %[n by introduc+ "u ! air-pump receiv] a bladd] conta9+ a v small quantity ( air1 its m\? be+ closely ti$4 ,z y exhau/ ! air f ! receiv]1 t portion conta9$ 9 ! bladd] be+ no long] press$ ^u by ! atmosph]e1 w gradually exp&1 di/5d+ ! bladd] until x appe>s ne>ly full3 on readmitt+ ! air into ! receiv]1 ! bladd] w at once %r9k to its =m] dim5sions4 ,a %rivel$ apple plac$ "u ! same conditions w appe> plump :5 ! air is remov$ f ! receiv]1 & resume its =m] appe>ance on ! readmission ( ! air4 #d4 ,!re is a v pretty app>atus made = ! purpose ( %[+ ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 consi/+ ( a holl[ globe ( brass1 ab\t ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 divid$ into two equal p>ts1 :i* fit v accurately toge!r4 ,x is furni%$ ) two h&les2 "o ( !m screw$ into a holl[ /em1 communicat+ ) ! int]ior ( ! globe1 & fitt+ on to ! air-pump2 ! o!r is atta*$ to a %ort /em on ! opposite side ( ! globe4 ,9 ! natural /ate ! globe may easily be sep>at$ into its two hemisph]es by "o p]son pull+ ! h&les1 b aft] ! air has be5 exhau/$ f ! int]ior x requires two v /rong m5 to sep>ate ! p>ts1 & !y w (t5 fail to d s4 ,by turn+ ! /op-cock1 & readmitt+ ! air into ! int]ior ( ! globe1 x w come asund] z easily z at fir/4 ,we are indebt$ to ! weight ( ! atmosph]e = ! p[] we possess ( rais+ wat] by ! common pump2 = ! pi/on ( ! pump )draw+ ! air f ! int]ior ( ! pipe1 :i* t]m9ates 9 wat]1 ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e =ces ! wat] up ! pipe to supply ! place ( ! air )drawn4 ,x 0 soon f\nd1 h[ev]1 t :5 ! column ( wat] 9 ! pipe 0 m ?an ?irty feet high1 ! pump became useless1 = ! wat] refus$ to rise high]4 ,:y8 ,x 0 f\nd t a column ( wat] ab\t ?irty feet high ex]t$ a pressure equal to ! weight ( ! atmosph]e1 ?us e/abli%+ an equilibrium betwe5 ! wat] 9 ! pipe & ! atmosph]ic pressure4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple on :i* ! b>omet]1 or measur] ( weight1 z its "n imports1 is con/ruct$4 ,! metal ,m]cury is ab\t ?irte5 & a half times heavi] ?an wat]2 consequ5tly1 if a column ( wat] ?irty feet high balances ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 a column ( m]cury ?irty in*es high ought to d also--& ?is is 9 fact ! case4 ,if y take a glass tube ne>ly ?ree feet long1 & clos$ at "o end1 & fill x ) m]cury2 !n1 plac+ y\r f+] on ! op5 end1 inv]t ! tube into a bas9 or sauc] conta9+ "s ( ! same metal2 ^u remov+ y\r f+] 7:i* mu/ be done c>efully1 :ile ! m\? ( ! tube is completely cov]$ by ! m]cury71 x w be se5 t ! fluid w fall a few in*es1 leav+ ! upp] "p ( ! tube empty4 ,su* a tube ) a graduat$ scale atta*$ is 9 tru? a b>omet]1 & z ! weight ( ! atmosph]e increases or decreases1 s ! m]cury rises or falls 9 ! tube4 ,?is in/rum5t is ( ! greate/ value to ! seaman1 = a sudd5 fall ( ! b>omet] w (t5 give notice ( an imp5d+ /orm :5 all is f9e & calm1 & ?us enable ! m>9] to make ! prep>ations necess>y to meet ! dang]4 ,x 0 discov]$ by an ,italian philosoph] nam$ ,torricelli1 & f him ! vacuum =m$ 9 ! upp] end ( ! tube above ! surface ( ! m]cury has be5 call$ ! ,torricellian vacuum4 ,x is by f> ! mo/ p]fect vacuum t c be obta9$1 conta9+ necess>ily no?+ b a m9ute quantity ( ! vapor ( m]cury4 ,,exp]im5t4 ,pass a little e!r ?r\gh ! m]cury 9 ! tube1 & z soon z x rea*es ! empty space x w boil viol5tly1 depress+ ! m]cury1 until ! pressure ( its own vapor is suffici5t to prev5t its ebullition4 ,if y n[ cool ! upp] "p ( ! tube1 s z to cond5se ! vapor1 ! pressure be+ ?us remov$1 ! e!r w aga9 beg9 to boil1 & s alt]nately1 z (t5 z y please4 ,9 ord] to %[ ?is fact ) effect1 ! bore ( ! tube %\ld n be less ?an half an in* 9 diamet]4 ,,exp]im5t4 ,to %[ t ! heat ab/ract$ by ! boil+ ( "o liquid w freeze ano!r1 fill a tall n>r[ glass ab\t half full ( cold wat] 7! cold] ! bett]71 & place 9 x a ?9 glass tube conta9+ "s e!r4 ,put !m "u ! receiv] ( an air-pump4 ,z y exhau/ ! air1 ! e!r w beg9 to boil1 until at l5g?1 by cont9u+ ! exhau/ion1 ! wat] imm$iately surr\nd+ ! tube ( e!r w freeze1 & a tol]ably l>ge piece ( ice may ?us be obta9$4 ,e!r evaporates s rapidly ev5 "u ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 t a small animal1 su* z a m\se1 may be actually froz5 to dea? by con/antly dropp+ e!r ^u x4 ,if p\r$ on ! h&1 x produces a degree ( cold t soon becomes1 to say ! lea/1 unpleasant4 ,,exp]im5t4 ,place a flat sauc] conta9+ ab\t a p\nd ( oil ( vitriol "u ! receiv] ( ! air-pump1 & set 9 x a wat* glass conta9+ a little wat]1 support$ on a /& ) glass legs4 ,exhau/ ! receiv]1 :5 ! wat] w evaporate1 b )\t boil+2 & ! vapor be+ absorb$ z x =ms by ! oil ( vitriol1 ! vacuum is pres]v$1 & ! evaporation cont9ues1 until ! vapor has ab/ract$ s mu* caloric f ! rema9d] ( ! wat] t x is all at once conv]t$ into ice4 ,9 mo/ elem5t>y works on *emi/ry may be f\nd a long table ( freez+ mixtures1 z !y are call$1 "s ) & o!rs )\t ice or sn[4 ,we h select$ a few f ea* division4 ,,) ,,ice ,,or ,,sn[4 ,sn[ or p[d]$ ice #b p>ts4 ,p[d]$ common salt #a 8 ,sn[ #e 8 ,p[d]$ common salt #b 8 ,p[d]$ sal ammoniac #a 8 ,sn[ #c 8 ,dilute sulphuric acid #b 8 ,sn[ #b 8 ,cry/alliz$ muriate ( lime #c 8 ,,)\t ,,sn[ ,,or ,,ice4 ,sulphate ( soda #c p>ts4 ,dilute nitric acid #b 8 ,nitrate ( ammonia #a 8 ,wat] #a 8 ,phosphate ( soda #b 8 ,dilute nitric acid #a 8 ,sulphate ( soda #b 8 ,muriatic acid #a 8 ,! effects ( mo/ ( ^! mixtures may be consid]ably increas$ by previ\sly cool+ ! +r$i5ts sep>ately 9 o!r freez+ mixtures4 ,9 connection ) ?is bran* ( sci5ce1 & especially ) *emi/ry1 ! y\?ful philosoph] %\ld practice ! art ( decant+ air f "o j> to ano!r /&+ ov] wat]1 beg9n+ by pass+ x f a small to a l>g] j>1 !n ) two ( equal size2 & :5 he c accompli% ! transf] )\t p]mitt+ ev5 "o bubble to escape1 he may essay ! mu* m difficult task ( transf]r+ ! air f a l>ge to a small] j>4 ,he %\ld also practice us+ ! bl[pipe until he c keep up a /eady & un9t]rupt$ flame = t5 m9utes or a qu>t] ( an h\r1 )\t /opp+ = brea?4 ,x is q possible to repl5i% w9d 9 ! m\?1 :i* alone ought to be us$1 )\t int]rupt+ ! brea?+ = an in/ant1 b x requires "s practice4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,become ,,an ,,optician4 ,optics is ! sci5ce ( light & vision4 ,conc]n+ ! nature ( light1 two !ories are at pres5t v ably ma9ta9$ by _! respective advocates4 ,"o is t]m$ ! ,newtonian !ory1 & ! o!r ! ,huyg5ean4 ,! ,newtonian !ory consid]s light to consi/ ( inconceivably small bodies emanat+ f ! sun1 or any o!r lum9\s body4 ,! ,huyg5ean conceives x to consi/ 9 ! undulations ( a highly ela/ic & subtle fluid1 propagat$ r\nd lum9\s c5t]s 9 sph]ical waves1 l ^? aris+ 9 a placid lake :5 a /one is dropp$ into ! wat]4 ,,light ,,z ,,an ,,effect4 ,light foll[s ! same laws z gravity1 & its int5sity or degree decreases z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance f ! lum9\s body increases4 ,?us1 at ! di/ance ( two y>ds f a c&le we %all h f\r times less light ?an we %\ld h 7 we only "o y>d f x1 & s on 9 ! same proportion4 ,,refraction4 ,bodies :i* suff] ! rays ( light to pass ?r\gh !m1 su* z air1 wat]1 or glass1 are call$ refract+ m$ia4 ,:5 rays ( light ent] ^!1 !y d n proce$ 9 /raight l9es1 b are said to be refract$1 or b5t out ( _! c\rse4 ,b if ! ray falls p]p5dicul>ly on ! glass1 !re is no refraction1 & x proce$s 9 a direct l9e2 h5ce1 refraction only takes place :5 rays fall obliquely or aslant on ! m$ia4 ,,! ,,invisible ,,co9 ,,made ,,visible4 ,if a co9 be plac$ 9 a bas91 s t on /&+ at a c]ta9 di/ance x be j hid f ! eye ( an obs]v] by ! rim or edge ( ! bas91 & !n wat] be p\r$ 9 by a second p]son1 ! fir/ keep+ 8 position2 z ! wat] rises ! co9 w become visible1 & w appe> to h mov$ f ! side to ! middle ( ! bas94 ,,! ,,multiply+ ,,glass4 ,! multiply+ glass is a semicircul> piece ( glass cut into facets or di/9ct surfaces2 & 9 look+ ?r\gh x we h an illu/ration ( ! laws ( refraction1 = if a small object1 su* z a fly1 be plac$ at ! fur!r end1 a p]son w see z _m flies z !re are surfaces or facets on ! glass4 ,,transp>5t ,,bodies4 ,transp>5t bodies1 su* z glass1 may be made ( su* =m z to cause all ! rays :i* pass ?r\gh !m f any giv5 po9t to meet 9 any o!r giv5 po9t beyond !m1 or :i* w disp]se !m f ! giv5 po9t4 ,^! are call$ l5ses1 & h diff]5t names accord+ to _! =m4 #a4 ,is call$ ! plano-convex l5s4 #b4 ,plano-concave4 #c4 ,d\ble convex4 #d4 ,d\ble concave4 #e4 ,a m5iscus1 s call$ f its resembl+ ! cresc5t moon4 ,,! ,,prism4 ,! prism is a triangul> solid ( glass1 & by x ! "y optician may decompose a ray ( light into its primitive & supplem5t>y colors1 = a ray ( light is ( a comp\nd nature4 ,by ! prism ! ray is divid$ into its ?ree primitive colors1 blue1 r$1 & yell[2 & _! f\r supplem5t>y ones1 violet1 indigo1 gre51 & orange4 ,! be/ way to p]=m ?is exp]im5t is to cut a small slit 9 a w9d[-%utt]1 on :i* ! sun %9es at "s p]iod ( ! day1 & directly opposite ! hole place a prism2 a beam ( light 9 pass+ ?r\gh x w !n be decompos$1 & if let fall ^u a %eet ( :ite pap]1 or aga9/ a :ite wall1 ! sev5 colors ( ! ra9b[ w be obs]v$4 ,,composition ,,( ,,light4 ,! beam ( light pass+ ?r\gh ! prism is decompos$1 & ! spaces occupi$ by ! colors are 9 ! foll[+ proportions3 ,r$1 #f2 orange1 #d2 yell[1 #g2 gre51 #h2 blue1 #h2 indigo1 #f2 violet1 #aa4 ,n[1 if y pa/e a %eet ( :ite pap] on a circul> piece ( bo>d ab\t six in*es 9 diamet]1 & divide x ) a p5cil into fifty p>ts1 & pa9t colors 9 !m 9 ! proportions giv5 above1 pa9t+ !m d>k 9 ! c5t] p>ts1 & gradually fa9t] at ! edges1 till !y bl5d ) ! "o adjo9+4 ,if ! bo>d be !n fix$ to an axle1 & made to revolve quickly1 ! colors w no long] appe> sep>ate & di/9ct1 b becom+ gradually less visible !y w ultimately appe> :ite1 giv+ ?is appe>ance to ! :ole surface ( ! pap]4 ,a ,,natural ,,cam]a ,,obscura4 ,! human eye is a cam]a obscura1 = on ! back ( x on ! ret9a e object 9 a l&scape is beautifully depict$ 9 m9iature4 ,?is may be prov$ by ! ,,bullock',s ,,eye ,,exp]im5t4 ,procure a fre% bullock's eye f ! but*]1 & c>efully ?9 ! out] coat ( x beh9d3 take c>e n to cut x1 = if ?is %\ld be done ! vitre\s humor w escape1 & ! exp]im5t _c be p]=m$4 ,hav+ s prep>$ ! eye1 if ! pupil ( x be direct$ to any bright objects1 !y w appe> di/9ctly del9eat$ on ! back "p precisely z objects appe> 9 ! in/rum5t we are ab\t to describe4 ,! effect w be height5$ if ! eye is view$ 9 a d>k room ) a small hole 9 ! %utt]1 b 9 e case ! appe>ance w be v /rik+4 ,,! ,,cam]a ,,obscura4 ,?is is a v pleas+ & in/ructive optical app>atus1 & x may be easily made by ! "y optician4 ,procure an oblong box1 ab\t two feet long1 twelve in*es wide1 & eight high4 ,9 "o end ( ?is a tube mu/ be fitt$ conta9+ a l5s1 & be made to slide backw>ds & =w>ds s z to suit ! focus4 ,)9 ! box %\ld be a pla9 mirror recl9+ backw>ds f ! tube at an angle ( =ty-five degrees4 ,at ! top ( ! box is a squ>e ( unpoli%$ glass1 ^u :i* f b5ea? ! picture w be ?r[n1 & may be se5 by rais+ ! lid4 ,to use ! cam]a place ! tube ) ! l5s on x opposite to ! object1 & hav+ adju/$ ! focus1 ! image w be ?r[n ^u ! gr\nd-glass z above /at$1 :]e x may be easily copi$ by a p5cil or 9 colors4 ,! cam]a obscura us$ 9 a public exhibition is a l>ge wood5 box /a9$ black 9 ! inside1 & capable ( conta9+ f "o to eight p]sons4 ,x conta9s a slid+ piece1 hav+ a slop+ mirror & a d\ble convex l5s :i* may ) ! mirror be slid up or d[n s z to accommodate ! l5s to ne> & di/ant objects4 ,:5 ! rays proce$+ f an object )\t fall ^u ! mirror !y are reflect$ ^u ! l5s1 & br\ght to fall on ! bottom ( ! box1 or ^u a table plac$ horizontally to receive !m1 :i* may be se5 by ! spectator4 ,,! ,,magic ,,lant]n4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ pleas+ ( all optical in/rum5ts1 & x is us$ to produce enl>g$ pictures ( objects1 :i* be+ pa9t$ on a glass 9 v>i\s colors are ?r[n ^u a scre5 or :ite %eet plac$ aga9/ ! wall ( a l>ge room4 ,x consi/s ( a sort ( t9 box1 )9 :i* is a lamp1 ! light ( :i* passes ?r\gh a great plano-convex l5s fix$ 9 ! front4 ,?is /rongly illum9ates ! objects :i* are pa9t$ on ! slides or slips ( glass1 & plac$ be=e ! l5s 9 an inv]t$ position1 & ! rays pass+ ?r\gh !m & ! l5s fall on a %eet or o!r :ite surface1 plac$ to receive ! image4 ,! glasses on :i* ! figures are drawn are inv]t$1 9 ord] t ! images ( !m may be erect4 ,,pa9t+ ,,! ,,slides4 ,! slides conta9+ ! objects usually %[n 9 a magic lant]n1 are to be b\ght at opticians ) ! lant]n1 & c be procur$ *eap] & bett] 9 ?is way ?an by any attempt at manufactur+ !m4 ,%\ld1 h[ev]1 ! "y optician wi% to make a few slides ( objects ( p>ticul> int]e/ to himself1 he may proce$ z foll[s3 ,draw fir/ on pap] ! figures y wi% to pa9t1 lay x on ! table1 & cov] x ov] ) a piece ( glass ( ! above %ape2 n[ draw ! outl9es ) a f9e camel's hair p5cil 9 black pa9t mix$ ) v>ni%1 & :5 ?is is dry fill up ! o!r p>ts ) ! prop] colors1 %ad+ ) bi/] also mix$ ) v>ni%4 ,! transp>5t colors are alone to be us$ 9 ?is k9d ( pa9t+4 ,,to ,,exhibit ,,! ,,magic ,,lant]n4 ,! room = ! exhibition ought to be l>ge1 & ( an oblong %ape4 ,at "o end ( x susp5d a l>ge %eet s z to cov] ! :ole ( ! wall4 ,! company be+ all seat$1 d>k5 ! room1 & plac+ ! lant]n ) its tube 9 ! direction ( ! %eet1 introduce "o ( ! slides into ! slit1 tak+ c>e to inv]t ! figures2 !n adju/ ! focus ( ! glasses 9 ! tube by draw+ x 9 or out z requir$1 & a p]fect repres5tation ( ! object w appe>4 ,,effects ,,( ,,! ,,magic ,,lant]n4 ,mo/ extraord9>y effects may be produc$ by means ( ! magic lant]n2 "o ( ! mo/ effective ( :i* is a ,,tempe/ ,,at ,,sea4 ,?is is effect$ by hav+ two slides pa9t$1 "o ) ! tempe/ z approa*+ on "o side1 & cont9u+ 9 int5sity till x rea*es ! o!r4 ,ano!r slide has %ips pa9t$ on x1 & :ile ! lant]n is 9 use1 t conta9+ ! %ips is dext]\sly drawn be=e ! o!r1 & repres5ts %ips 9 ! /orm4 ,! effects ( sunrise1 moonlight1 />light1 etc41 may be imitat$ also1 by means ( d\ble slides1 & figures may be introduc$ sometimes ( fe>ful proportions4 ,heads may be made to nod1 faces to laugh2 eyes may be made to roll1 tee? to gna%2 crocodiles may be made to swall[ tig]s2 combats may be repres5t$2 b "o ( ! mo/ in/ructive uses ( ! slides is to make !m illu/rative ( a/ronomy1 & to %[ ! rotation ( ! seasons1 ! cause ( eclipses1 ! m\nta9s 9 ! moon1 spots on ! sun1 & ! v>i\s motions ( ! planet>y bodies1 & _! satellites4 ,,! ,,phantasmagoria4 ,betwe5 ! phantasmagoria & ! magic lant]n !re is ?is diff]5ce3 9 common magic lant]ns ! figures are pa9t$ on transp>5t glass1 consequ5tly ! image on ! scre5 is a circle ( light hav+ figures ^u x2 b 9 ! phantasmagoria all ! glass is made opaque1 except ! figures1 :i*1 be+ pa9t$ 9 transp>5t colors1 ! light %9es ?r\gh !m1 & no light c come ^u ! scre5 except t :i* passes ?r\gh ! figure4 ,!re is no %eet to receive ! picture1 b ! repres5tation is ?r[n on a ?9 scre5 ( silk or musl9 plac$ betwe5 ! spectators & ! lant]n4 ,! images are made to appe> approa*+ & rec$+ by remov+ x fur!r f ! scre51 or br++ x ne>] to x4 ,?is is a great advantage ov] ! ord9>y arrangem5ts ( ! magic lant]n1 & by x ! mo/ a/oni%+ effects are (t5 produc$4 ,,dissolv+ ,,views4 ,! dissolv+ views1 by :i* "o l&scape or sc5e appe>s to pass into ! o!r :ile ! sc5e is *ang+1 are produc$ by us+ two magic lant]ns plac$ side by side1 & t c be a little incl9$ t[>ds ea* o!r :5 necess>y1 s z to mix toge!r ! rays ( light proce$+ f ! l5ses ( ea*1 :i* produces t confusion ( images1 9 :i* "o view melts z x 7 into ! o!r1 :i* gradually becomes cle> & di/9ct2 ! pr9ciple be+ ! gradual ext9ction ( "o picture1 & ! production ( ano!r4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,raise ,a ,,gho/4 ,! magic lant]n1 or phantasmagoria1 may be us$ 9 a numb] ( m>vel\s ways1 b 9 none m /rik+ ?an 9 rais+ an app>5t spect]4 ,let an op5 box1 ab\t ?ree feet long1 a foot & a half broad1 & two feet high1 be prep>$4 ,at "o end ( ?is place a small sw+ dress+-glass1 & at ! o!r let a magic lant]n be fix$ ) its l5ses 9 a direction t[>ds ! glass4 ,a glass %\ld n[ be made to slide up & d[n 9 ! groove1 to :i* a cord & pulley %\ld be atta*$1 ! end ( ! cord com+ to ! back "p ( ! box4 ,on ?is glass ! mo/ hide\s spect] t c be imag9$ may be pa9t$1 b 9 a squat or contract$ position1 & :5 all is done1 ! lid ( ! box mu/ be prep>$ by rais+ a k9d ( gable at ! end ( ! box1 & 9 its l[] "p an oval hole %\ld be cut suffici5tly l>ge to suff] ! rays ( light reflect$ f ! glass to pass ?r\gh !m4 ,on ! top ( ! box place a *af+-di%1 ^u :i* put "s burn+ *>coal4 ,n[ light ! lamp 9 ! lant]n1 spr9kle "s p[d]$ camphor or :ite inc5se on ! *>coal1 adju/ ! slide on :i* ! spect] is pa9t$1 & ! image w be ?r[n ^u ! smoke4 ,9 p]=m+ ?is feat ! room mu/ be d>k5$1 & ! box %\ld be plac$ on a high table1 t ! hole ?r\gh :i* ! light comes may n be notic$4 ,,! ,,?aumatrope4 ,?is ^w is d]iv$ f two ,greek words1 "o ( :i* signifies wond]1 & ! o!r to turn4 ,x is a v pretty philosophical toy1 & is f\nd$ ^u ! pr9ciple 9 optics t an impression made ^u ! ret9a ( ! eye la/s = a %ort int]val aft] ! object :i* produc$ x has be5 )drawn4 ,! impression :i* ! m9d receives la/s = ab\t ! eigh? "p ( a second1 z may be easily %[n by :irl+ r\nd a light$ /ick1 :i* if made to complete ! circle )9 t p]iod1 w exhibit n a fi]y po9t1 b a fi]y circle 9 ! air4 ,,! ,,bird ,,9 ,,! ,,cage4 ,cut a piece ( c>dbo>d ( ! size ( a p5ny piece1 & pa9t on "o side a bird1 & on ! o!r a cage2 fa/5 two pieces ( ?read1 "o on ea* side at opposite po9ts ( ! c>d1 s t ! c>d c be made to revolve by twirl+ ! ?reads ) ! f+] & ?umb3 :ile ! toy is 9 its revolution1 ! bird w be se5 )9 ! cage4 ,a bat may 9 ! same mann] be pa9t$ on "o side ( ! c>d1 & a cricket] ^u ! o!r1 :i* w exhibit ! same ph5om5on1 aris+ f ! same pr9ciple4 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,phantasmascope4 ,! above nam$ figure is a ,?aumatrope1 z mu* z ! "o we are ab\t to describe1 al?\gh ! t]m ,phantasmascope is g5]ally appli$ to ! latt] in/rum5t2 :i* consi/s ( a disc ( d>k5$ t9-plate1 ) a slit or n>r[ op5+ 9 x1 ab\t two in*es 9 l5g?4 ,x is fix$ ^u a /&1 & ! slit plac$ upw>ds1 s t x may easily be look$ ?r\gh4 ,ano!r disc ( pa/ebo>d1 ab\t a foot 9 diamet]1 is n[ prep>$ & fix$ on a simil> /&1 b ) ?is diff]5ce1 t x is made to revolve r\nd an axis 9 ! c5t]4 ,on ?is pa/ebo>d disc1 pa9t 9 colors a numb] ( frogs 9 relative & progressive positions ( leap+2 make betwe5 ea* figure a slit ( ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* deep3 & :5 ?is second disc is made to revolve at a foot di/ance beh9d ! fir/1 & ! eye is plac$ ne> ! slit1 ! :ole ( ! figures1 in/ead ( appe>+ to revolve ) ! disc1 w all appe> 9 ! attitudes ( leap+ up & d[n1 increas+ 9 agility z ! velocity ( ! motion is increas$4 ,x is necess>y1 :5 try+ ! effect ( ?is in/rum5t1 to /& be=e a look+-glass1 & to pres5t ! pa9t$ face ( ! ma*9e t[>d ! glass4 ,a v great numb] ( figures may be prep>$ to produce simil> effects--horses ) rid]s 9 v>i\s attitudes ( leap+1 toads crawl+1 snakes twi/+ & wri?+1 faces laugh+ & cry+1 m5 danc+1 juggl]s ?r[+ up balls1 etc42 all ( :i*1 by ! peculi> arrangem5t above detail$1 w seem to be 9 motion4 ,a little +5uity display$ 9 ! con/ruction & pa9t+ ( ! figures ^u ! pa/ebo>d disc w af=d a great fund ( amusem5t4 ,,curi\s ,,optical ,,illusions4 ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s facts relat+ to ! sci5ce ( vision is ! absolute ins5sibility ( a c]ta9 portion ( ! ret9a to ! impression ( light1 s t ! image ( any object fall+ on t po9t w\ld be invisible4 ,:5 we look ) ! "r eye1 ?is po9t w be ab\t fifte5 degrees to ! "r ( ! object obs]v$1 or to ! "r ( ! axis ( ! eye1 or ! po9t ( mo/ di/9ct vision4 ,:5 look+ ) ! left eye1 ! po9t w be z f> to ! left4 ,! po9t 9 "q is ! basis ( ! optic n]ve1 & its ins5sibility to light 0 fir/ obs]v$ by ! ,fr5* philosoph]1 ,m>iotte4 ,?is rem>kable ph5om5on may be exp]im5tally prov$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3-- ,place on a %eet ( writ+-pap]1 at ! di/ance ( ab\t ?ree in*es ap>t1 two color$ waf]s2 !n1 on look+ at ! left-h& waf] ) ! "r eye1 at ! di/ance ( ab\t a foot1 keep+ ! eye /raight above ! waf]1 & bo? eyes p>allel ) ! l9e :i* =ms ! waf]s1 ! left eye be+ clos$1 ! "r-h& waf] w become invisible2 & a simil> effect w take place if we close ! "r eye1 & look ) ! left4 ,,ano!r4 ,cut a circul> piece ( :ite pap]1 ab\t two in*es 9 diamet]1 & affix x to a d>k wall4 ,at ! di/ance ( two feet on ea* side1 b a little l[]1 make two m>ks2 !n place y\rself directly opposite ! pap]1 & hold ! end ( y\r f+] be=e y\r face1 s t :5 ! "r eye is op5 x %all conceal ! m>k on y\r left1 & :5 ! left eye is op5 ! m>k on y\r "r4 ,if y !n look ) bo? eyes at ! end ( y\r f+] ! pap] disc w be invisible4 ,,ano!r4 ,fix a simil> disc ( pap]1 two in*es 9 diamet]1 at ! height ( y\r eye on a d>k wall2 a little l[] ?an ?is1 at ! di/ance ( two feet on ! "r h&1 fix ano!r ( ab\t ?ree in*es 9 diamet]2 n[ place y\rself opposite ! fir/ %eet ( pap]1 &1 %utt+ ! left eye1 keep ! "r eye /ill fix$ on ! fir/ object1 & :5 at ! di/ance ( ab\t t5 feet1 ! second piece ( pap] w be invisible4 ,,! ,,picture ,,9 ,,! ,,air4 ,"o ( ! num]\s optical illusions :i* h f "t to "t be5 evolv$ by sci5tific m9ds1 is t ( mak+ an image or picture appe> 9 ! air4 ,?is is produc$ by means ( a mirror1 & an object 9 relief1 ^u :i* a /rong light is ?r[n--! mirror be+ set at su* an angle z to ?r[ up ! reflection ( ! image to a c]ta9 po9t 9 ! view ( ! spectator4 ,?is illusion is produc$ z foll[s3 ,let a scre5 be con/ruct$ 9 :i* is an ar*$ ap]ture1 ! c5t] ( :i* may be five feet f ! floor2 beh9d ! scre5 is plac$ a l>ge mirror ( an elliptical =m4 ,an object is n[ plac$ beh9d ! scre51 ^u :i* ! light ( a /rong lamp is ?r[n f a po9t above ! mirror1 & is receiv$ by ! mirror & reflect$ to ! c5t] ( ! ar*$ cavity 9 ! scre51 :]e x w appe> to ! spectator4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to place ! image 9 an inv]t$ position1 & ! light1 :i* mu/ be v p[]ful1 %\ld be s plac$ t none ( x may rea* ! op5+4 ,,to ,,%[ ,,t ,,rays ,,( ,,light ,,d ,,n ,,ob/ruct ,,ea* ,,o!r4 ,make a small hole 9 a %eet ( pa/ebo>d1 & plac+ x upright be=e ?ree c&les1 plac$ closely toge!r1 x w be f\nd t ! images ( all ! c&le flames w be =m$ sep>ately on a piece ( pap]1 laid on ! table to receive !m4 ,?is proves t ! rays ( light d n ob/ruct ea* o!r 9 _! progress1 al?\gh all cross 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! hole4 ,,optics ,,( ,a ,,soap-,,bubble4 ,if a soap-bubble be bl[n up1 & set "u a glass1 s t ! motion ( air may n affect x1 z ! wat] glides d[n ! sides & ! top gr[s ?9n]1 sev]al colors w successively appe> at ! top1 & spread !mselves f !nce d[n ! sides ( ! bubble1 till !y vani% 9 ! same ord] 9 :i* !y appe>$4 ,at l5g? a black spot appe>s at ! top1 & spreads till ! bubble bur/s4 ,,! ,,kaleidoscope4 ,if any object be plac$ betwe5 two plane mirrors1 incl9$ t[>ds ea* o!r at an angle ( ?irty degrees1 ?ree sev]al images w be p]ceiv$ 9 ! circumf]5ce ( a circle4 ,on ?is pr9ciple is =m$ ! kaleidoscope1 inv5t$ by ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 & by means ( :i* ! reflect$ images view$ f a p>ticul> po9t exhibit symmetrical figures1 "u an inf9ite arrangem5t ( beautiful =ms & colors4 ,! kaleidoscope may be b\ght at any novelty /ore1 b x is requisite t e "y p]son %\ld be able to con/ruct "o = himself4 ,he mu/1 !re=e1 procure a tube ( t9 or pap]1 ( ab\t t5 in*es 9 l5g?1 & two & a half or ?ree in*es 9 diamet]4 ,"o end ( ?is %\ld be /opp$ up ) t9 or pap]1 securely fa/5$1 9 :i* is to be made a hole1 ab\t ! size ( a small pea1 = ! eye to look ?r\gh4 ,two pieces ( well-silv]$ look+-glass are n[ to be procur$2 !y mu/ be n q s long z ! tube1 & !y %\ld be plac$ 9 x l5g?ways1 at an angle ( #fj degrees1 meet+ toge!r 9 a po9t1 & sep>at+ to an angle wide en\gh to ins]t ! ?ird piece2 ! poli%$ surfaces look+ inw>ds4 ,a circul> piece ( ! glass is n[ to be laid on ! top ( ! edges ( ! reflectors2 :i*1 by _! n be+ q s long z ! tube1 w all[ room = its fall+ 91 & x w be support$ by ! edges ( ! tube1 :i* may be slightly b5t ov]1 to prev5t ! glass f fall+ out4 ,?is hav+ be5 done1 n[ proce$ to make ! 8cap0 ( ! in/rum5t4 ,a rim ( t9 or pa/ebo>d mu/ be cut1 s z to fit ov] ! glass end ( ! tube2 & 9 ?is1 on ! out] side1 a piece ( gr\nd glass mu/ be fa/5$1 s t ! :ole may fit on ! tube l ! lid ( a pill-box4 ,!n1 be=e putt+ x on1 obta9 "s small pieces ( brok5 glass ( v>i\s colors1 beads1 little /rips ( wire1 or any o!r object1 & place !m 9 ! cap2 & by pass+ x ov] ! end1 s t ! brok5 glass1 etc41 has free motion1 ! in/rum5t is complete4 ,to use x1 apply ! eye to ! small hole1 &1 on turn+ x1 ! mo/ beautiful =ms w appe>1 9 ! mo/ wond]ful comb9ations4 ,! foll[+ curi\s calculation has be5 made ( ! numb] ( *anges ?is in/rum5t w admit (4 ,suppos+ x to conta9 #bj small pieces ( glass1 & t y make #aj *anges 9 a m9ute1 x w take an inconceivable space ( "t1 i4e4 #dfb1hhj1hii1egf ye>s1 & #cfj days1 to g ?r\gh ! imm5se numb] ( *anges ( :i* x is capable4 ,,simple ,,sol> ,,microscope4 ,hav+ made a circul> hole 9 a w9d[-%utt]1 ab\t ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 place 9 x a glass l5s ( ab\t twelve in*es focal di/ance4 ,to ! inside ( ! hole adapt a tube1 hav+ at a small di/ance f ! l5s a slit1 capable ( receiv+ "o or two v ?9 plates ( glass1 to :]e ! object to be view$ mu/ be affix$ by means ( a little gum-wat] exce$+ly transp>5t4 ,into ?is tube fit ano!r1 furni%$ at its extremity ) a l5s half-an-in* focal di/ance4 ,place a mirror be=e ! hole ( ! w9d[-%utt] on ! outside1 9 su* a mann] z to ?r[ ! light ( ! sun into ! tube1 & y w h a sol> magic lant]n4 ,! me?od ( employ+ ?is arrangem5t ( l5ses = microscopic purposes is z foll[s3--,hav+ d>k5$ ! room1 & by means ( ! mirror reflect$ ! sun's rays on ! glasses 9 a direction p>allel to ! axis1 place "s small object betwe5 ! two movable plates ( glass1 or affix x to "o ( !m ) v transp>5t gum-wat]1 & br+ x exactly into ! axis ( ! tube2 if ! movable tube be !n pu%$ out or drawn 91 till ! object be a little beyond ! focus1 x w be se5 pa9t$ v di/9ctly on a c>d1 or piece ( :ite pap]1 held at a prop] di/ance1 & w appe> to be greatly magnifi$4 ,a small insect w appe> z a l>ge animal1 a hair z big z a walk+-/ick1 & ! almo/ invisible eels 9 pa/e or v9eg> z l>ge z common eels4 ,,! ,,microscope4 ,at any "t ( ! ye> or h\r ( ! day !re are few pursuits m int]e/+1 & at ! same "t in/ructive1 ?an ! /udy ( ,nature by means ( ! microscope4 ,all ( u mu/ admire ! m ?an awful gr&eur ( t univ]se :]e( we =m s inf9itesimal a "p1 :]e9 ! />s are scatt]$ z ! s& on ! sea-%ore1 & e /> a sun1 ! c5t] ( a sy/em ( orbs too di/ant = ! eye ( man to p]ceive4 ,look+ at our ne>e/ planet1 & obs]v+ on h] face va/ m\nta9-*a9s1 rav9es into :i* ! light ( ! sun c nev] p5etrate1 & volcanoes ^: crat]s are s wide t !y w\ld take 9 ! :ole ( ,new ,york1 ! :ole ( ,philadelphia1 & all ! c\ntry betwe5 !m1 we c judge by analogy ( ! unse5 wond]s :i* mu/ exi/ 9 ! _w beyond our k54 ,b to him :o c read ,nature rightly1 ! microscope is a tea*] z gr& z its si/] in/rum5t1 & ! awful magnific5ce ( ,nature is z evid5t 9 a midge's w+ z 9 ! m pat5t glories ( ! sun1 moon1 & />s4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages we hope to put ! read]s ( ?is book 9 ! way to read _! microscope rightly--possibly to make x--& to %[ t mu* c be done ) small means :5 8!re's a w10 & to indicate to !m t objects ( no small int]e/ c be f\nd )\t /irr+ f ! room 9 :i* we sit1 or ev5 f ! table on :i* our microscope is plac$4 ,"s ( our read]s may say1 :5 !y read ! head+ ( ?is pap]1 t !y %\ld l a microscope v mu*1 b t !y h no money to buy x1 & t _! p>5ts _c af=d "o4 ,?is is j ! feel+ :i* we us$ to h :5 a boy1 = 9 ^? day microscopes 7 microscopes inde$1 & y _h y\r *oice betwe5 a little in/rum5t1 ) a s]ies ( brass cups1 hav+ glasses 9 !m1 :i* magnifi$ slightly b def9$ cle>ly1 or a great composition ( brass & iron1 look+ l a rocket-tube1 ) an eye-piece at "o end & a glass %ot at ! o!r4 ,x 0 v co/ly1 v impos+1 & magnifi$ v highly2 b x /ra9$ ! eyes pa9fully1 _h no def9+ capacities1 & made all ! objects look z if !y 7 se5 ?r\gh a ?ick fog4 ,practically1 !re=e1 ! =m] 0 ! only in/rum5t t 0 available4 ,a /ill m useful in/rum5t1 h[ev]1 0 t :i* c always be obta9$ = a doll> or s1 & :i* is n[ made wond]fully *eap & wond]fully good2 we mean ! d\ble or treble pocket-l5s4 ,s we say1 if y _c af=d a really good microscope1 d n wa/e y\r money ^u inf]ior & pret5ti\s in/rum5ts1 b get a s\nd pocket-l5s4 ,x has a ?\s& advantages4 ,x is portable1 & is ev5 m useful 9 ! fields ?an 9 ! h\se4 ,x def9es v cle>ly1 & ne$s little tr\ble 9 manipulation4 ,we ne$ n say h[ difficult is ! task ( gett+ a complicat$ in/rum5t to def9e prop]ly1 h[ impossible ) a bad "o4 ,! object & ! glass c be held 9 any light1--a matt] ( no small consid]ation :5 exam9+ any?+ new1 & try+ to make out its /ructure4 ,x is n easily put out ( ord]1 & if treat$ ) ! mo/ ord9>y c>e1 w la/ = a lifetime4 ,y c pu% x "u wat]1 & x w magnify z well z 9 ! air2 & if y are w&]+ on ! riv]-side1 y c lie d[n on ! bank1 dip ! upp] "p ( y\r head 9 wat]1 toge!r ) ! glass1 & wat* c>efully ! sub-aquatic objects )\t remov+ !m4 ,! wat] w n hurt ! eye 9 ! lea/1 ?\gh a non-swimm] may p]haps f9d a little difficulty 9 8 fir/ attempt4 ,x makes a good burn+-glass1 %\ld fire be ne$$1 & no o!r means ( procur+ a sp>k be at h&4 ,x c be us$ s z to %[ ! pr9ciple ( a cam]a obscura1 & to illu/rate ! mann] 9 :i* photographic portraits are tak54 ,x c be made into an admirable dissect+ microscope1 & ne$s sc>cely any practice 9 ! manipulation4 ,^! are "s ( its advantages1 & !re are _m o!rs :i* ne$ n be m5tion$4 ,ev5 if y %\ld be able to procure a good microscope1 get a pocket-l5s z well1 = y w want !m bo?1 & we may say t ! mo/ practic$ microscopi/s1 & ^? :o are possessors ( ! mo/ elaborate in/rum5ts1 are ! v m5 :o are ! mo/ c]ta9 to h a pocket-l5s ab\t !m1 & to use x mo/ frequ5tly4 ,practice well ) ! pocket-l5s be=e y m$dle ) ! comp\nd microscope4 ,y w wa/e no "t1 b w rapidly ga9 by x2 = y w be le>n+ ! rudim5ts ( a new sci5ce1 & lay+ a solid f\ndation on :i* to build4 ,"o or two practical rem>ks on ! prop] h&l+ ( ! pocket-l5s may be ( use4 ,d n always employ ! same eye 9 look+ ?r\gh ! l5s1 b use ! eyes alt]nately4 ,!re is always a temptation to employ ! same eye1 :i* receives a k9d ( tra9+ 9 vision2 b x is a temptation always to be resi/$4 ,) "s p]sons ! "r eye is mo/ 9 favor1 & ) o!rs ! left2 & :5 ! favorite eye gets all ! "w1 x too frequ5tly suff]s4 ,:e!r y look ) ! "r or ! left eye1 keep bo? eyes op54 ,at fir/ ! beg9n] w f9d a little difficulty 9 re/rict+ 8 vision to "o eye :ile ! o!r rema9s op51 j z a beg9n] on ! piano-=te feels himself puzzl$ :5 he tries to make 8 "r h& g "o way & 8 left h& ano!r2 b 9 ei!r case a little practice & pl5ty ( p]sev]ance are sure to ov]come all ob/acles1 & 9 a wond]fully %ort "t ! difficulty w n only be ov]come1 b =gott54 ,we speak "h ) "s feel+1 because1 :ile engag$ on a "w on ! microscope1 we 7 necess>ily oblig$ to "w mu* at night1 & inadv]t5tly employ$ ! left eye m ?an ! "r2 ! consequ5ce ( :i* imprud5ce 0 t we h be5 oblig$ ev] s9ce t "t to give ! left eye p]fect re/1 z f> z artificial vision goes1 &1 except :5 look+ ?r\gh a b9ocul> in/rum5t1 we h n v5tur$ to use x ei!r to a microscope or a telescope4 ,! vision accommodates itself to circum/ances ) wond]ful ease1 & ! obs]v] le>ns ! curi\s art ( cutt+ (f all communication betwe5 ! unus$ eye & ! bra92 s t1 al?\gh ! objects ar\nd may impr9t !mselves ^u ! ret9a1 ! m9d is z totally unconsci\s ( !m z if !y _h no exi/5ce4 ,if possible1 always exam9e an object )\t remov+ x1 z !reby y see x z x is1 )\t alt]+ any ( ! conditions ) :i* x is surr\nd$4 ,%\ld ?is n be practicable1 take ! object to be view$ 9 ! left h& & ! l5s 9 ! "r4 ,place ! wri/s ( ! two h&s toge!r1 & !n y w f9d t "o supports ! o!r1 & t ! l5s c be held 9 ! prop] focus )\t ! lea/ difficulty4 ,aft] y h us$ ! l5s = "s little "t1 y w le>n to hit ^u ! "r focus almo/ to a hair's bread?1--s z to lose no "t1 a matt] ( "s importance :5 a liv+ creature is to be exam9$1 especially if x be 9 motion4 ,we are n[ ab\t to sugge/ a v simple piece ( me*anism1 by :i* ! pocket-l5s c be conv]t$ into a microscope t w s]ve = dissection & _m o!r purposes4 ,melt ?ree or f\r p\nds ( lead 9 an iron ladle1 & make a mold1 consi/+ ( a holl[ hemisph]e ( pap] or c>dbo>d1 ?r\gh ! c5t] ( :i* an iron rod has be5 pass$4 ,! holl[ ( ! pap] %\ld resemble an ord9>y sauc]4 ,p\r ! lead into ! sauc]1 & let x cool4 ,! pap] mold w be scor*$ by ! heat & r5d]$ useless1 b an out] coat+ ( lead w be cool & h>d be=e ! pap] is q de/roy$4 ,next take a piece ( /\t brass wire & a w9e-cork2 twi/ ! wire r\nd ! cork sev]al times2 cut (f "o end close to ! cork2 %>p5 ! o!r1 & turn x up4 ,bore a hole ?r\gh ! cork1 j l>ge en\gh to all[ ! upright rod to slip ?r\gh x1 & !re is ! 8/&0 ( y\r microscope4 ,n[ take y\r pocket-l5s1 & get an optician to bore a hole ?r\gh "o end ( x1 j l>ge en\gh to receive ! upturn$ end ( ! wire2 slip ! l5s on ! wire1 & ! microscope is complete4 ,! cork1 ?\gh grasp+ ! upright /em ) tol]able firmness1 c be slid up & d[n s z to insure ! correct focus1 & c be pu%$ aside :5ev] ! object has to be view$ ) ! nak$ eye1 & mu/ n be remov$ f its place4 ,?is in/rum5t is a capital "o = dissect+ purposes1 & w answ] q z well z ^? exp5sive affairs t are to be pur*as$ 9 ! %ops4 ,if ! object be transp>5t1 & requires to be se5 by transmitt$ light1 ! foll[+ plan w answ]3--,take a ?9 piece ( wood1 cut or pun* a r\nd hole out ( ! middle1 & support x on f\r legs4 ,wires or wood5 pegs fix$ 9 corks w answ] ! purpose well1 & if ! corks be glu$ to ! corn]s ( ! bo>d1 ! legs c be ins]t$ or remov$ at pleasure4 ,! wood ( :i* cig>-boxes are made w answ] ! purpose v well4 ,its dim5sions %\ld be ab\t ?ree in*es 9 l5g? by two 9 wid?4 ,n[ buy "o ( ! doll's look+-glasses t are sold = a p5ny1 & put x "u ! /&4 ,lay a flat piece ( glass ov] ! hole1 place ! object ^u x1 & direct ! light ?r\gh x by means ( ! mirror bel[4 ,if su* a mirror _c be obta9$1 x is easy en\gh to make "o1 by m\nt+ a piece ( look+-glass 9 a cork frame1 & mak+ x sw+ on pivots1 l ! glasses ( our dress+-rooms4 ,! "y microscopi/ mu/ rememb] t :5 he is exam9+ any object by transmitt$ light1 he mu/ arrange x z flatly z possible on ! glass4 ,9 _m cases1 a /ill neat] manipulation is requir$--z1 = example1 :5 ! petals ( fl[]s are "u exam9ation4 ,?9 glass is to be pur*as$ at any optician's1 & if cut 9 squ>es1 in/ead ( circles1 is v mu* *eap]1 & q z useful = all practical purposes4 ,lay ! petal on ! glass plate1 place a piece ( ! ?9 glass ^u x1 & press x g5tly :ile exam9+ x4 ,if x /ill rema9s ?ick & dull1 put a drop ( pure wat] on ! petal1 & replace ! ?9 glass1 :5 ! /ructure w almo/ inv>iably be detect$4 ,ev]y?+ dep5ds on ! prop] managem5t ( ! object & ! arrangem5t ( ! light4 ,"s opaque objects c be se5 be/ by direct light1 & o!rs by transmitt$ light4 ,if a leaf be exam9$1 p>ticul>ly if x be a ?ick & heavy "o1 l t ( ! ivy1 ! upp] & l[] membranes mu/ be /ripp$ ap>t--a task :i* is easily p]=m$ by te>+ a small slit1 & !n ripp+ x sm>tly across4 ,a pair ( =ceps w be requir$ = ?is & o!r delicate "w1 & may be obta9$ at a *eap rate4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to keep ! po9ts exactly ev51 & if at any "t "o ( !m appe>s to be %ort] ?an ! o!r1 !y %\ld be rubb$ on a hone until !y are br\ght p]fectly level4 ,^! %\ld be made ( /eel2 b ! "y microscopi/ w f9d t a second pair1 made ( brass1 & mu* r\gh] 9 f9i%1 are invaluable aids z he takes 8 walks into ! c\ntry4 ,by _! aid he c pick up m9ute objects1 draw insects out ( crevices )\t damag+ !m1 & pluck ! t9ie/ fl[]s )\t h>m+ _! petals4 ,!y c be c>ri$ 9 ! wai/coat pocket1 & ! co/ is sixp5ce4 ,any lad :o kn[s h[ to h&le sold] c make a pair = himself 9 a few m9utes4 ,a p5knife ) "o blade kept scrupul\sly %>p is ess5tial1 & we h f\nd an old lancet ( ! greate/ s]vice4 ,lancets h gone s mu* out ( fa%ion1 t ! second-h& in/rum5t %ops ab\nd ) !m4 ,we did n all[ our own lancet to be %ut up1 b remov$ ! blade f ! tortoise-%ell h&le1 & fix$ x ^u a wood5 h&le1 ab\t f\r in*es 9 l5g?1 s t x look$ v clumsy1 b 0 extremely useful4 ,two pairs ( scissors are ne$ful1--"o v f9e & ! o!r mod]ately /rong4 ,bo? pairs1 h[ev]1 mu/ h v %ort blades & v long h&les1 & ! scissors su* z ladies use are ( v little use1 ! %ort h&les caus+ ! f+]s ( ! "r h& to %ade ! object4 ,z to ! f9e pair1 x is h>dly possible to h ! h&les too long or ! blades too %ort2 = if ! po9ts c be sep>at$ a qu>t] ( an in*1 no?+ m is ne$$4 ,if a pair ( b5t scissors c also be obta9$1 !y are extremely pleasant to "w )1 & save mu* tr\ble4 ,pill-boxes ( v>i\s sizes are ( v great s]vice to ! microscopi/4 ,we always h !m arrang$ 9 8ne/s10 i4 e41 six or sev5 inside ea* o!r1 s t space is greatly economiz$1 z long z !y are n 9 absolute use4 ,all delicate objects %\ld be plac$ 9 sep>ate boxes1 & ! pr$ace\s insects mu/ be treat$ 9 ! same mann]1 or !y w c]ta9ly de/roy "o ano!r1 or1 at all ev5ts1 inflict su* injuries z w make !m useless = microscopic purposes4 ,:5 ! insects are to be kill$ on ! spot1 we employ ano!r & a v simple plan4 ,we take "o ( ! old-fa%ion$ wood5 lucif]-mat* boxes1 bore a hole 9 ! lid1 & pu% ?r\gh ! hole a swan-quill1 or ! b>rel ( "o ( ! swan-quill /eel p5s4 ,a glass tube is /ill bett]1 b is too fragile4 ,beeswax is tightly work$ into ! junction ( ! tube ) ! wood1 s z to make x z ne>ly air-tight z possible4 ,a cork /opp] is !n cut to fit ! tube4 ,:5 ?is is f9i%$1 we take ! smalle/-siz$ pill-box1 bore a numb] ( holes 9 x ) a r$-hot ne$le1 place a little piece ( solid ammonia )9 x1 & inclose x 9 ! lucif]-box4 ,its effects are almo/ in/antane\s2 = sc>cely has ! insect t\*$ ! bottom ( ! box be=e x is helpless1 & 9 a v few mom5ts x is q dead1 s p[]ful is ammonia t[>ds insects4 ,! read] w ( c\rse und]/& t ! pill-boxes mu/ nev] h be5 us$ = pills1 & t ! mat*-box mu/ be c>efully clean$ be=e employ+ x 9 ! microscopic s]vice4 ,moreov]1 any boxes t h be5 us$ = insects become useless1 inasmu* z ! scales always fall f ! w+s1 & cl+ to ! sides ( ! box1 s z to mix ) succe$+ objects1 & v mu* puzzle ! obs]v]4 ,aquatic & m>9e objects require bottles1 &1 z a g5]al rule1 ^! bottles ought always to h wide m\?s4 ,inde$1 if !re be no %\ld] at all1 _! purpose w be bett] s]v$1 z a small object is v apt to be caught "u ! %\ld]1 & to give mu* tr\ble be=e x c be remov$ )\t injury4 ,wide & %ort te/-tubes answ] admirably = collect+2 & x w always be advisable to h a few small te/-tubes ready fitt$ ) corks1 = ! purpose ( isolat+ ^? specim5s :i* might receive or cause injury by be+ mix$ ) o!rs4 ,to remove m9ute objects f "o vessel into ano!r is a v easy process4 ,take a glass tube1 m>k (f a portion ab\t eight in*es 9 l5g?1 cut a little not* ) a file1 & b5d x sm>tly1 :5 x w break neatly across1 )\t leav+ po9ts or hav+ ! regul>ity ( its ends injur$ by gaps4 ,turn ea* end r\nd & r\nd 9 ! flame ( ! _s-lamp1 & y h an ord9>y 8pipette40 ,! object ( plac+ ! ends ( ! tube 9 ! flame is to r5d] ! edges q smoo? & r\nd$4 ,n[ m>k (f ! same l5g? ( tube1 & place ! m>k$ portion 9 ! flame1 tak+ c>e to w>m x well fir/1 le/ ! sudd5 heat %\ld crack ! glass4 ,keep x cont9ually turn+ betwe5 ! f+]s1 & :5 x is q s(t1 & ( a f9e r$ heat1 draw ! h&s sm>tly ap>t1 & y w produce a c\ple ( tubes tap]+ to v f9e po9ts4 ,break (f ! tap]+ portions at any conv5i5t po9t1 r\nd ! edges z be=e1 & y w !n h pipettes suitable = small objects4 ,z !re are _m specim5s1 especially ! small] animalcul1 :i* h a habit ( retir+ into ! remote/ corn]1 x is necess>y to b5d ano!r pipette1 s z to foll[ !m4 ,= our own "p1 we pref] ! pipette to be b5t ne>ly to a "r angle4 ,! mode ( us+ ^! simple in/rum5ts is z foll[s3--,place ! =ef+] or ?umb firmly on ! l>ge end1 & pu% ! po9t "u wat]4 ,:5 ! op5+ is close to ! s\ght-= object1 lift ! f+] sudd5ly1 & admit ! air into ! tube4 ,! wat] w imm$iately ru% 9 at ! l[] end1 & if ! orifice has be5 prop]ly direct$1 w c>ry ! object into ! tube4 ,! f+] is aga9 appli$ to ! m\? ( ! tube1 & ! object c be !n c>ri$ (f4 ,z ) ! pocket-l5s almo/ e object is to be view$ by means ( direct light1 ! "y obs]v] w f9d himself mu* aid$ by a suitable backgr\nd4 ,any small object1 su* z a m9ute insect1 a se$1 or a hair1 becomes v indi/9ct if held up aga9/ ! light1 or ev5 :5 view$ aga9/ a brok5 backgr\nd ( trees1 h\ses1 or h]bage4 ,! simple/ plan ( secur+ a prop] backgr\nd is to take a disc ( ivory or ev5 ( :ite c>dbo>d1 & to black5 "o side ( x4 ,! black pa9t :i* is us$ = ?is purpose mu/ be )\t gloss1 & h :at is call$ a 8dead0 surface4 ,ink answ]s v well = ! purpose1 & s does ivory-black2 b ,indian ink is too glossy to be s]viceable4 ,to procure specim5s f ! wat] is a matt] ( "s difficulty if manag$ badly1 b easy en\gh :5 ! collector kn[s 8 bus9ess4 ,x is ( c\rse ne$ful to atta* ! collect+ vessel to ! end ( a rod1 & to plunge x into ! spots :i* look mo/ favorable4 ,n[ ev5 s simple a matt] z ?is requires "s little c>e1 if ! "y microscopi/ really wi%es to obta9 ! be/ specim5s4 ,a common walk+-/ick w answ] mo/ purposes2 b ! mo/ effici5t rod = ! purpose is "o ( ! common walk+-/ick fi%+-rods )\t ! top jo9t1 z x c be c>ri$ )\t attract+ att5tion1 & c be l5g!n$ at w by add+ ! diff]5t jo9ts4 ,_m me?ods h be5 propos$ by :i* ! vessel is to be atta*$ to ! rod2 b t :i* ,i am ab\t to describe is c]ta9ly ! simple/ & mo/ effective t ,i h tri$4 ,get a piece ( gutta-p]*a tub+1 j l>ge en\gh to be slipp$ on ! end ( ! rod or /ick2 m>k (f an in* or s1 & cut ! tube ne>ly ?r\gh1 !n cut x away longitud9ally1 s t a long tongue ( gutta-p]*a is left1 & ! in/rum5t is complet$4 ,its application is z simple z its /ructure4 ,b5d ! tongue ov]1 s z to =m a loop1 & pu% ! end ?r\gh ! %ort tube4 ,slip ! neck ( ! bottle into ! loop1 & draw ! tongue until x is tol]ably tight4 ,pu% ! end ( ! /ick into ! tube1 tak+ c>e to hold ! tongue firmly 9 its place1 & ! vessel w !n be fa/5$ at "r angles to ! /ick4 ,! me?od ( collect+ by means ( ?is in/rum5t is z foll[s3 ,imm]se ! vessel 9 ! wat]1 ) ! m\? d[nw>ds1 s t no wat] may ent]4 ,pu% x g5tly t[>ds ! spot :i* is to be inve/igat$1 move x ab\t a little1 s z to cause a di/urbance1 & !n turn ! vessel ) its m\? upw>ds4 ,wat] w in/antly ru% 91 c>ry+ ) x ! objects :i* are to be exam9$4 ,! cont5ts ( ! vessel may !n be transf]r$ to ! l>ge bottle1 & ano!r dip made4 ,conf]void gr[?s1 especially ^? :i* accumulate 9 a k9d ( scum on ! surface1 %\ld be obta9$ v quietly1 )\t previ\s di/urbance ( ! wat]4 ,aft] ! pond1 or /ream1 or dit* has be5 well se>*$1 ! bottle %\ld be r\ghly exam9$1 by means ( a pocket-l5s1 & ! cont5ts sort$ into ! small] tubes1 z has already be5 m5tion$4 ,?is precaution is especially ne$ful :5 any ( ! m9ute cru/acea call$ ,entomo/raca are captur$1 z !y are mo/ voraci\s be+s1 & w make sad havoc among o!r specim5s1 unless !y are plac$ 9 sep>ate bottles4 ,!y are mo/ly l>ge en\gh to be detect$ ) ! nak$ eye1 & look some?+ l little fleas z !y move along4 ,z ! ,entomo/raca ca/ _! %ells repeat$ly dur+ _! lives1 "s species p]=m+ ?is op]ation e two days1 a beautiful s]ies ( objects c be obta9$ by ga!r+ ! ca/ %ells & prep>+ !m = ! microscope1 accord+ to ! directions t w be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,^! %ells are peculi>ly valuable1 z !y reta9 ! *ief ext]nal *>act]i/ics ( ! creature to :i* !y belong$1 ! limbs1 plumes1 & ev5 ! delicate bri/les be+ pres]v$ entire4 ,x is 9 ! p[] ( ! microscopi/ to ret>d or ha/5 ! *ange ( %ell1 heat & light aid+ developm5t1 & cold & d>kness ret>d+ x4 ,! rem>kable 8ephippium10 or saddle1 :i* is f\nd on ! backs ( ! ,daphnia1 ! ,mo9a1 & o!r ,entomo/raca1 & :i* is us$ z a receptacle = eggs1 %\ld be se>*$ = & pres]v$4 ,a v ?9 & a v flat bottle is a mo/ useful assi/ance 9 detect+ ! "* ( any unkn[n object1 especially if x be liv+4 ,su* a bottle may easily be made by heat+ "o ( ! small te/ tubes 9 ! _s lamp until x is ( a gl[+ r$ heat1 & !n press+ ! sides toge!r4 ,"s little neatness is requir$ 9 ?is process1 z an unskillful op]ator is apt to press ! sides unequally1 & to leave a bulg+ projection at ! end4 ,,! ,,comp\nd ,,microscope4 ,we h already describ$ ! simpl] =ms ( magnify+ in/rum5ts1 toge!r ) ! be/ me?od ( us+ !m4 ,we n[ purpose to describe ! m complicat$ in/rum5t call$ ! comp\nd microscope1 & h9ts w be giv5 z to ! be/ me?od ( mak+ prep>ations = x4 ,! great di/9ction betwe5 ! simple & comp\nd microscope is1 t :]eas ! =m] in/rum5t magnifies ! object1 ! latt] magnifies ! magnifi$ image ( ! object4 ,9 ! lea/ elaborate =m ( ?is in/rum5t !re are two glasses1 "o at ea* end ( a tube1 ! small glass magnify+ ! object1 & be+ !re=e call$ ! 8object-glass10 :ile ! o!r1 :i* magnifies ! image ( ! object1 is plac$ next to ! eye1 & is !re=e t]m$ ! 8eye-glass40 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 ?is arrangem5t is f\nd to be s extremely defective1 t ! in/rum5t 0 q useless except z an exp]im5tal toy2 = ! two enemies ( ! optician1 *romatic & sph]ical ab]ration1 prevail$ s exce$+ly1 t e object appe>$ z if surr\nd$ ) prismatic colors1 & e l9e 0 blurr$ & indi/9ct4 ,9 ?is unc]ta9 /ate ! comp\nd microscope rema9$ = _m ye>s1 its sup]b capabilities be+ sc>cely recogniz$4 ,! *ief fault 0 ?\ght to be 9 ! mat]ial ( :i* ! object-glass 0 made1 & = a long s]ies ( ye>s all exp]im5ts 7 conduct$ ) a view to an improvem5t 9 ?is respect4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! diamond _h be5 employ$ z an object-glass1 & _h fail$ equally ) ^? ( less co/ly mat]ial1 att5tion 0 direct$ to ! "r po9t--namely1 ! arrangem5t ( ! diff]5t glasses1--& at l5g? opticians succe$$ 9 obta9+ a pit* ( excell5ce :i* c be almo/ t]m$ p]fection4 ,x w\ld be impossible to describe ! me?od :i* is employ$ = ?is purpose1 & x mu/ suffice to say t ! pr9ciple is t ( play+ (f "o defect aga9/ ano!r1 & s mak+ !m mutually correct _! errors4 ,! magnify+ p[]s ( ! comp\nd microscope c be v great1 & x is !re=e necess>y t extreme c>e %\ld be tak5 9 its manipulation4 ,x w be possible = a clumsy p]son to d m damage to a good in/rum5t 9 ?ree m9utes ?an c be repair$ 9 z _m weeks4 ,be=e proce$+ to ! managem5t ( ! microscope & ! con/ruction ( ! 8slides10 we w briefly describe "o or two *ief =ms ( ! comp\nd microscope4 ,! simple/ =m ( ! comp\nd microscope1 z at pres5t made1 consi/s ( a /& & a slid+ tube1 9 :i* are set ! glasses :i* magnify ! object & its image4 ,at ! top is ! tube1 :i* is capable ( be+ slid up & d[n 9 ! %\ld] ( ! /&1 s z to obta9 ! prop] focus4 ,above is se5 ! eye-glass2 & ! object-glass is %[n at ! bottom ( ! tube4 ,bel[ ! object-glass is ! 8/age0 on :i* ! object to be magnifi$ is laid2 & l[e/ ( all is a mirror1 :i* s]ves to reflect ! light upw>ds ?r\gh ! object1 & :i* c be turn$ by means ( ! knobs at ! sides4 ,! object-glass is compos$ ( two pieces1 :i* c readily be sep>at$4 ,if bo? are us$1 suffici5t magnify+ p[] is ga9$ to %[ ! scales on a butt]fly's w+ & simil> m9ute objects2 :ile1 if "o is remov$1 ! object is n magnifi$ to s great an ext5t1 b a l>g] portion c be se51 & ! def9ition is cle>]4 ,! co/ ( ?is in/rum5t1 toge!r ) a few accessories1 is ab\t #b4ej4 ,! prop] light is our next po9t1 & ^u x re/s ! *ief beauty ( ! effect4 ,! light :i* w suit "o object w n suit ano!r1 & ev5 ! same object %\ld be exam9$ "u e v>iety ( light4 ,"s objects are be/ %[n :5 ! light is ?r[n ^u !m f above1 & o!rs :5 x is ?r[n ?r\gh !m f bel[4 ,aga91 ! direction ( light is ( va/ importance2 = x w easily be se5 t an oblique light w exhibit m9ute projections by ?r[+ a %ad[ on "o side & brilliancy on ! o!r1 :ile a v]tical illum9ation w\ld fail to %[ !m4 ,on ! same pr9ciple1 "o object w be %[n bett] ) ! light 9 front1 & ano!r :5 x is on "o side4 ,"o ( ! mo/ effective means ( atta9+ ?is object is by us+ ! 8bull's-eye cond5s]10 :i* is sometimes fix$ to ! /age1 b is usually deta*$4 ,z ! upright /em is telescopic1 ! glass c be rais$ to a consid]able height1 :ile ! jo9t & slid+-rod p]mit ! l5s to be appli$ at any angle :i* promises ! mo/ brilliant light4 ,z = ! k9d ( light t is employ$1 !re is no?+ :i* equals t ( a :ite cl\d2 b su* cl\ds are r>e1 & are at ! be/ extremely transi5t1 & c only be se5 by day1 v>i\s artificial me?ods ( illum9ation h be5 inv5t$4 ,novices g5]ally ?9k t :5 ! sky is bright & blue !y w be v successful 9 _! illum9ation1 & feel griev\sly disappo9t$ at f9d+ t !y obta9$ mu* m light f ! cl\ds1 ^: disappe>ance !y _h anxi\sly be5 wat*+4 ,f9d+ t ! blue sky gives sc>cely any light at all1 !y ru% to ! o!r extreme1 turn ! mirror t[>ds ! sun1 & p\r su* a blaze ( light ^u ! object1 t ! eye is bl9d$ by ! sc9tillat+ refulg5ce1 & ! object is (t5 injur$ because ! mirror is capable ( reflect+ heat z well z light4 ,9 ! daytime !re is no?+ bett] ?an ! 8:ite-cl\d illum9ator10 :i* is made easily en\gh by means ( pla/] ( ,p>is4 ,a %eet ( ?9 :ite pap] fa/5$ aga9/ a w9d[-pane is also useful2 & ! simple plan ( dabb+ ! glass ) putty w h a b5eficial effect 9 s(t5+ ! light1 :5 ! w9d[ has a s\!rn aspect4 ,9 default ( ^! conv5i5ces1 x w be (t5 suffici5t to fix a piece ( :ite lett] pap] ov] ! mirror1 or ev5 to dull its surface ) wax4 ,at all ev5ts1 he :o aspires to be a true microscopi/ mu/ be ready ) exp$i5ts1 & if he f9ds himself 9 a difficulty1 he mu/ summ>ily inv5t a me?od ( obviat+ x4 ,at night a lamp is necess>y2 c&les are useless1 because !y h two faults--!y flick]1 & !y become l[] z !y burn4 ,! latt] defect c be cur$ by us+ a c&le-lamp1 b no arrangem5t w cure ! flame ( flick]+2 x is peculi>ly try+ to ! eyes1 & de/ructive ( accurate def9ition4 ,an ord9>y mod]ator lamp answ]s pretty well1 & a small "o is ev5 bett] = ! microscopi/ ?an "o ( l>ge dim5sions4 ,! *ief drawback to ! mod]ator lamp is t ! flame _c be elevat$ or l[]$1 s t ! only way to procure a light at a high] elevation is to /& ! lamp on a block ( wood or a book4 ,small lamps are1 h[ev]1 made expressly = ! microscope1 &1 if possible1 %\ld be procur$1 & us$ = no o!r purpose1 & intru/$ to no o!r h&s4 ,if y want a really brilliant1 cle>1 :ite light1 y mu/ trim ! lamp y\rself4 ,a small piece ( pale blue or neutral-t9t glass int]pos$ betwe5 ! lamp & ! microscope has a wond]ful effect 9 dim9i%+ ! yell[ hue :i* belongs m or less to all artificial lights :i* are produc$ by ! combu/ion ( oil or fat4 ,we h no d\bt b t 9 a few ye>s we %all be rid ( ! clumsy & dirty ma*9es t we call lamps1 & h sub/itut$ = !m ! pure brilliancy ( ! electric light4 ,:atev] lamp y use1 a %ade is absolutely necess>y1 9 ord] to def5d ! eyes4 ,let me "h w>n my "y read]s t !y _c be too c>eful ( _! eyes4 ,9 ! exub]ance ( y\?ful /r5g? & heal? we are too apt to treat our eyes z unc]emoni\sly z our dige/ion1 & 9 lat] ye>s we awake to unavail+ rep5tance4 ,ano!r po9t :i* calls = extreme att5tion is ! p]fect cleanl9ess ( ! glasses4 ,x is a/oni%+ h[ a t9y du/-mote1 or ! lea/ cond5sation ( damp1 w dim9i% ! p[]s ( ! microscope1 & h[ (t5 ! in/rum5t is blam$ = indi/9ctness :5 ! real fault lies 9 ! c>elessness ( ! op]ator4 ,ev5 :5 ! greate/ c>e is tak51 du/ is sure to settle on ! glasses1 especially on ! eye-piece1 & be=e us+ ! microscope ! glasses ought to be c>efully exam9$4 ,nev] wipe !m ) an ord9>y h&k]*ief1 b get a piece ( new wa%-lea!r2 beat x well until no du/ issues f x1 & !n put x into a box ) a tightly-fitt+ cov]4 ,use ?is1 & no?+ else1 = clean+ ! glasses1 & y w avoid ^? horrid scrat*es ) :i* ! eye-glass & object-glass ( c>eless op]ators are always disfigur$4 ,moi/ure is v apt to cond5se on ! glasses & to ru9 _! cle>ness4 ,if ! microscope be br\ght f a cold into a w>m room1 ! glasses w be in/antly cov]$ ) moi/ure1 j z ! outside ( a tumbl] ( cold wat] is always cov]$ ) f9e dew :5 br\ght into a w>m room4 ,! microscope %\ld !re=e be kept at lea/ an h\r 9 ! room :]e9 x is to be us$1 s t ! in/rum5t & ! atmosph]e may be ( ! same temp]ature4 ,y %\ld make ! microscope a trifle w>m] ?an ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e1 & s avoid all dang] ( cond5sation4 ,:5 *ang+ ! object glass or eye-piece1 always keep ! h& z f> away f ! glass z possible1 & manipulate ) ! tip ( ! =ef+] & ?umb4 ,! human sk9 always gives out s mu* exhalation1 t ev5 :5 ! h& is cold ! glasses w be dimm$2 & x is a peculi>ity ( su* moi/ure1 t x adh]es to ! glasses ) great p]t9acity1 & does n evaporate l ! dew :i* is cond5s$ f ! atmosph]e4 ,9 ord] to insure p]fect success 9 ?is important p>ticul>1 ! "y microscopi/ w d well to get ! optician f :om he pur*as$ 8 in/rum5t to expla9 its con/ruction1 & to give him a lesson or two 9 ! art ( tak+ x to pieces & putt+ x toge!r aga92 = unless ea* glass c be sep>ately clean$1 no "o c be q sure t ! in/rum5t w p]=m z x ought to d4 ,! be/ me?od ( asc]ta9+ :e!r x is q clean is to ?r[ ! light upw>ds by means ( ! mirror1 & !n to turn ! eye-piece sl[ly r\nd4 ,if any du/ or moi/ure has collect$ ei!r ^u ! eye-glass or ! 8field-glass10 :i* =ms ! second l5s ( ! eye-piece1 x w be imm$iately detect$4 ,turn+ ! object-glass w 9 a simil> mann] detect impurities ^u its surface4 ,,! ,,end4 99 99 99 99 99 ,useful & ,in/ructive ,books4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,become ,a ,,sci5ti/4--,a useful & in/ructive book1 giv+ a complete treatise on *emi/ry2 also1 exp]im5ts 9 ac\/ics1 me*anics1 ma!matics1 *emi/ry1 & directions = mak+ fireworks1 color$ fires1 & gas balloons4 ,?is book _c be equal$4 ,price #aj c5ts4 ,= sale by all newsdeal]s1 or x w be s5t to y\r address1 po/age free1 on receipt ( price4 ,address ,frank ,t\sey1 publi%]1 #cd & #cf ,nor? ,moore /reet1 ,new ,york4 ,box #bgcj4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,become ,,an ,,a?lete4--,giv+ full in/ruction = ! use ( dumb-bells1 ,indian clubs1 p>allel b>s1 horizontal b>s1 & v>i\s o!r me?ods ( develop+ a good1 heal?y muscle2 conta9+ ov] sixty illu/rations4 ,e boy c become /rong & heal?y by foll[+ ! in/ructions conta9$ 9 ?is little book4 ,= sale by all newsdeal]s1 or s5t to y\r address1 po/age free1 on receipt ( #aj c5ts4 ,frank ,t\sey1 publi%]1 #cd & #cf ,nor? ,moore /reet1 ,new ,york1 ,box #bgcj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,gold6 ,,gold6 ,,gold6 ,"y ,klondike4 ,conta9+ ,/ories ( a ,gold ,seek]4 ,,price #e ,,c5ts4 ,color$ ,cov]s4 ,no4 #a ,"y ,klondike2 or1 ,(f ,= ! ,l& ( ,gold4 #b ,"y ,klondike's ,claim2 or1 ,n9e ,gold5 ,nuggets4 #c ,"y ,klondike's ,fir/ ,million2 or1 ,8 ,great ,/rike on ,el ,dorado ,creek4 #d ,"y ,klondike & ! ,claim ,ag5ts2 or1 ,fight+ ! ,l& ,%>ks ( ,dawson ,city4 #e ,"y ,klondike's ,new ,digg+s2 or1 ,! ,great ,gold ,f9d on ,owl ,creek4 #f ,"y ,klondike's ,*ase2 or1 ,! ,gold ,pirates ( ! ,yukon4 #g ,"y ,klondike's ,gold5 ,isl&2 or1 ,half a ,million 9 ,du/4 #h ,"y ,klondike's ,sev5 ,/rikes2 or1 ,! ,gold ,hunt]s ( ,high ,rock4 #i ,"y ,klondike's ,j\rney to ,juneau2 or1 ,gu>d+ a ,million 9 ,gold4 #aj ,"y ,klondike's ,lucky ,camp2 or1 ,work+ ! ,unkn[n's ,claim4 #aa ,"y ,klondike's ,lo/ ,million2 or1 ,! ,m9e ,wreck]s ( ,gold ,creek4 #ab ,"y ,klondike's ,gold ,syndicate2 or1 ,break+ ! ,brok]s ( ,dawson ,city4 #ac ,"y ,klondike's ,gold5 ,eagle2 or1 ,work+ a ,hidd5 ,m9e4 #ad ,"y ,klondike's ,trump ,c>d2 or1 ,! ,ru% to ,rocky ,riv]4 #ae ,"y ,klondike's ,arctic ,trail2 or1 ,lo/ 9 a ,sea ( ,ice4 #af ,"y ,klondike's ,new ,bonanza2 or1 ,! ,gold ,digg]s ( ,fr5* ,gul*4 #ag ,"y ,klondike's ,dea? ,trap2 or1 ,lo/ ,und]gr\nd4 #ah ,"y ,klondike's ,fight = a ,claim2 or1 ,! ,boom]s ( ,raccoon ,creek4 #ai ,"y ,klondike's ,deep ,sea ,digg+s2 or1 ,work+ at ! ,m\? ( ! ,yukon4 #bj ,"y ,klondike's ,w9t] ,camp2 or1 ,m9+ ,"u ! ,sn[4 ,= sale by all newsdeal]s1 or s5t to any address on receipt ( price1 #e c5ts p] copy--#f copies = #be c5ts4 ,address ,,frank ,,t\sey1 ,publi%]1 #bi ,we/ #bf? ,/41 ,new ,york 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,l>ge/ ,,& ,,be/ ,,libr>y4 ,,pluck ,,& ,,luck4 ,color$ ,cov]s4 #cb ,pages4 ,all ,k9ds ( ,good ,/ories4 ,price #e ,c5ts4 ,issu$ ,weekly4 ,read ,li/ ,bel[4 ,no4 #a ,dick ,deck]1 ! ,brave ,"y ,fireman by ,ex ,fire ,*ief ,w>d5 #b ,! ,two ,boy ,brok]s2 or1 ,f ,mess5g] ,boys to ,millionaires by a ,retir$ ,bank] #c ,little ,l\1 ! ,pride ( ! ,cont95tal ,army4 ,a ,/ory ( ! ,am]ican ,revolution by ,g5]al ,jas4 ,a4 ,gordon #d ,railroad ,ralph1 ! ,boy ,eng9e] by ,jas4 ,c4 ,m]ritt #e ,! ,boy ,pilot ( ,lake ,mi*igan by ,capt4 ,?os4 ,h4 ,wilson #f ,joe ,wiley1 ! ,"y ,temp]ance ,lectur] by ,jno4 ,b4 ,d[d #g ,! ,little ,swamp ,fox4 ,a ,tale ( ,g5]al ,m>ion & ,8 ,m5 by ,g5]al ,jas4 ,a4 ,gordon #h ,"y ,grizzly ,adams1 ! ,wild ,bea/ ,tam]4 ,a ,true ,/ory ( ,circus ,life by ,hal ,/&i% #i ,nor? ,pole ,nat2 or1 ,! ,secret ( ! ,froz5 ,deep by ,capt4 ,?os4 ,h4 ,wilson #aj ,little ,dead%ot1 ! ,pride ( ! ,trapp]s by ,an ,old ,sc\t #aa ,lib]ty ,hose2 or1 ,! ,pride ( ,plattsville by ,ex ,fire ,*ief ,w>d5 #ab ,eng9e] ,/eve1 ! ,pr9ce ( ! ,rail by ,jas4 ,c4 ,m]ritt #ac ,:i/l+ ,walt1 ! ,*ampion ,spy4 ,a ,/ory ( ! ,am]ican ,revolution by ,g5]al ,jas4 ,a4 ,gordon #ad ,lo/ 9 ! ,air2 or1 ,ov] ,l& & ,sea by ,allyn ,drap] #ae ,! ,little ,demon2 or1 ,plott+ ,aga9/ ! ,cz> by ,h[>d ,au/9 #af ,fr$ ,f>rell1 ! ,b>keep]'s ,son by ,jno4 ,b4 ,d[d #ag ,slipp]y ,/eve1 ! ,cunn+ ,spy ( ! ,revolution by ,g5]al ,jas4 ,a4 ,gordon #ah ,fr$ ,flame1 ! ,h]o ( ,grey/one ,no4 #a by ,ex ,fire ,*ief ,w>d5 #ai ,h>ry ,d>e2 or1 ,a ,new ,york ,boy 9 ! ,navy by ,col4 ,ralph ,f5ton #bj ,jack ,quick1 ! ,boy ,eng9e] by ,jas4 ,c4 ,m]ritt #ba ,d\blequick1 ! ,k+ ,h>poon]2 or1 ,! ,wond] ( ! ,:al]s by ,capt4 ,?os4 ,h4 ,wilson #bb ,rattl+ ,rube1 ! ,jolly ,sc\t & ,spy4 ,a ,/ory ( ! ,revolution by ,g5]al ,jas4 ,a4 ,gordon #bc ,9 ! ,cz>'s ,s]vice2 or1 ,dick ,%]man 9 ,russia by ,h[>d ,au/9 #bd ,b5 o' ! ,b[l2 or1 ,! ,road to ,ru9 by ,jno4 ,b4 ,d[d #be ,kit ,c>son1 ! ,k+ ( ,sc\ts by an ,old ,sc\t #bf ,! ,s*ool ,boy ,explor]s1 or1 ,among ! ,ru9s ( ,yucatan by ,h[>d ,au/9 #bg ,! ,wide ,awakes2 or1 ,burke ,halliday1 ! ,pride ( ! ,volunte]s by ,ex ,fire ,*ief ,w>d5 #bh ,! ,froz5 ,deep2 or1 ,two ,ye>s 9 ! ,ice by ,capt4 ,?os4 ,h4 ,wilson #bi ,! ,swamp ,rats2 or1 ,! ,boys ,:o ,f\ght = ,wa%+ton by ,g54 ,jas4 ,a4 ,gordon #cj ,ar\nd ! ,_w on ,*eek by ,h[>d ,au/9 #ca ,bu%:ack] ,b52 or1 ,! ,union ,boys ( ,t5nessee by ,col4 ,ralph ,f5ton ,= sale by all newsdeal]s1 or s5t to any address on receipt ( price1 #e c5ts p] copy--#f copies = #be4 ,address ,,frank ,,t\sey1 ,publi%]1 #bi ,we/ #bf? ,/41 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"w & ,w94 ,an ,int]e/+ ,weekly = ,"y ,am]ica4 ,,bright1 ,,cat*y ,,/ories4 ,beautiful ,color$ ,cov]s4 #cb ,pages4 ,price #e ,c5ts4 ,don't fail to read ab\t ,,fr$ ,,fe>not',s ,wond]ful ,adv5tures 9 ,,s*ool1 at ,,college1 on ! ,,/age1 ,,out ,,we/ & z a ,,detective4 ,!y are ,,bright1 ,,int]e/+ & ,,fasc9at+4 ,,complete ,,li/4 #a ,fr$ ,fe>not2 or1 ,s*ool ,days at ,avon4 #b ,fr$ ,fe>not1 ,detective2 or1 ,balk+ a ,desp]ate ,game4 #c ,fr$ ,fe>not's ,d>+ ,rescue2 or1 ,a ,h]o 9 ,spite ( ,himself4 #d ,fr$ ,fe>not's ,n>r[ ,escape2 or1 ,! ,plot ,t ,fail$4 #e ,fr$ ,fe>not at ,avon ,aga92 or1 ,8 ,second ,t]m at ,s*ool4 #f ,fr$ ,fe>not's ,pluck2 or1 ,8 ,race to ,save a ,life4 #g ,fr$ ,fe>not z an ,actor2 or1 ,fame ,be=e ! ,footlights4 #h ,fr$ ,fe>not at ,sea2 or1 ,a ,*ase ,across ! ,ocean4 #i ,fr$ ,fe>not ,out ,we/2 or1 ,adv5tures ,) ! ,c[boys4 #aj ,fr$ ,fe>not's ,great ,p]il2 or1 ,runn+ ,d[n ! ,c\nt]feit]s4 #aa ,fr$ ,fe>not's ,d\ble ,victory2 or1 ,kill+ ,two ,birds ,) ,"o ,/one4 #ab ,fr$ ,fe>not's ,game ,f9i%2 or1 ,8 ,bicycle ,race to ,save a ,million4 #ac ,fr$ ,fe>not's ,great ,run2 or1 ,an ,eng9e] ,= a ,week4 #ad ,fr$ ,fe>not's ,tw5ty ,r\nds2 or1 ,8 ,fight to ,save ,8 ,honor4 #ae ,fr$ ,fe>not's ,eng9e ,company2 or1 ,brave ,"w z a ,fireman4 #af ,fr$ ,fe>not's ,good ,"w2 or1 ,help+ a ,fri5d 9 ,ne$4 ,= sale by all newsdeal]s or s5t to any address on receipt ( price1 #e c5ts p] copy1 or #f copies = #be c5ts4 ,,frank ,,t\sey1 ,publi%]1 #bi ,we/ #bf? ,/41 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,our #aj ,,c5t ,,h& ,,books4 ,,useful1 ,,in/ructive ,,& ,,amus+4 ,conta9+ valuable in=mation on almo/ e subject1 su* z ,writ+1 ,speak+1 ,danc+1 ,cook+2 also1 ,rules ( ,etiquette1 ,! ,art ( ,v5triloquism1 ,gymna/ic ,ex]cises1 & ,! ,sci5ce ( ,self-,def5se1 etc41 etc4 #a ,,napoleons ,,oraculum ,,& ,,dream ,,book4 #b ,,h[ ,,to ,,d ,,tricks4 #c ,,h[ ,,to ,,flirt4 #d ,,h[ ,,to ,,dance4 #e ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,love4 #f ,,h[ ,,to ,,become ,,an ,,a?lete4 #g ,,h[ ,,to ,,keep ,,birds4 #h ,,h[ ,,to ,,become ,a ,,sci5ti/4 #i ,,h[ ,,to ,,become ,a ,,v5triloqui/4 #aj ,,h[ ,,to ,,box4 #aa ,,h[ ,,to ,,write ,,love ,,lett]s4 #ab ,,h[ ,,to ,,write ,,lett]s ,,to ,,ladies4 #ac ,,h[ ,,to ,,d ,,x2 ,or1 ,,book ,,( ,,etiquette4 #ad ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,c&y4 #ae ,,h[ ,,to ,,become ,,ri*4 #af ,,h[ ,,to ,,keep ,a ,,w9d[ ,,g>d54 #ag ,,h[ ,,to ,,dress4 #ah ,,h[ ,,to ,,become ,,beautiful4 #ai ,,frank ,,t\sey',s ,u4 ,s ,,di/ance ,,tables1 ,,pocket ,,companion ,,& ,,guide4 #bj ,,h[ ,,to ,,ent]ta9 ,,an ,,ev5+ ,,p>ty4 #ba ,,h[ ,,to ,,hunt ,,& ,,fi%4 #bb ,,h[ ,,to ,,d ,,second ,,sight4 #bc ,,h[ ,,to ,,expla9 ,,dreams4 #bd ,,h[ ,,to ,,write ,,lett]s ,,to ,,g5tlem54 #be ,,h[ ,,to ,,become ,a ,,gymna/4 #bf ,,h[ ,,to ,,r[1 ,,sail ,,& ,,build ,a ,,boat4 #bg ,,h[ ,,to ,,recite ,,& ,,book ,,( ,,recitations4 #bh ,,h[ ,,to ,,tell ,,=tunes4 #bi ,,h[ ,,to ,,become ,,an ,,inv5tor4 #cj ,,h[ ,,to ,,cook4 #ca ,,h[ ,,to ,,become ,a ,,speak]4 #cb ,,h[ ,,to ,,ride ,a ,,bicycle4 #cc ,,h[ ,,to ,,behave4 #cd ,,h[ ,,to ,,f5ce4 #ce ,,h[ ,,to ,,play ,,games4 #cf ,,h[ ,,to ,,solve ,,conundrums4 #cg ,,h[ ,,to ,,keep ,,h\se4 #ch ,,h[ ,,to ,,become ,,y\r ,,own ,,doctor4 #ci ,,h[ ,,to ,,raise ,,dogs1 ,,p\ltry1 ,,pigeons ,,& ,,rabbits4 #dj ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,& ,,set ,,traps4 #da ,,! ,,boys ,,( ,,new ,,york ,,end ,,m5',s ,,joke ,,book4 #db ,,! ,,boys ,,( ,,new ,,york ,,/ump ,,speak]4 #dc ,,h[ ,,to ,,become ,a ,,magician4 #dd ,,h[ ,,to ,,write ,,9 ,,an ,,album4 #de ,,! ,,boys ,,( ,,new ,,york ,,m9/rel ,,guide ,,& ,,joke ,,book4 #df ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,& ,,use ,,electricity4 #dg ,,h[ ,,to ,,break1 ,,ride ,,& ,,drive ,a ,,horse4 #dh ,,h[ ,,to ,,build ,,& ,,sail ,,canoes4 #di ,,h[ ,,to ,,debate4 #ej ,,h[ ,,to ,,/uff ,,birds ,,& ,,animals4 #ea ,,h[ ,,to ,,d ,,tricks ,,) ,,c>ds4 #eb ,,h[ ,,to ,,play ,,c>ds4 #ec ,,h[ ,,to ,,write ,,lett]s4 #ed ,,h[ ,,to ,,keep ,,& ,,manage ,,pets4 #ee ,,h[ ,,to ,,collect ,,/amps ,,& ,,co9s4 #ef ,,h[ ,,to ,,become ,,an ,,eng9e]4 #eg ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,musical ,,in/rum5ts4 #eh ,,h[ ,,to ,,become ,a ,,detective4 #ei ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,a ,,magic ,,lant]n4 #fj ,,h[ ,,to ,,become ,a ,,photograph]4 #fa ,,h[ ,,to ,,become ,a ,,b[l]4 #fb ,,h[ ,,to ,,become ,a ,,we/ ,,po9t ,,milit>y ,,cadet4 #fc ,,h[ ,,to ,,become ,a ,,naval ,,cadet4 #fd ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,electrical ,,ma*9es4 #fe ,,muldoon',s ,,jokes4 #ff ,,h[ ,,to ,,d ,,puzzles4 #fg ,,h[ ,,to ,,d ,,electrical ,,tricks4 #fh ,,h[ ,,to ,,d ,,*emical ,,tricks4 #fi ,,h[ ,,to ,,d ,,sleight ,,( ,,h&4 #gj ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,magic ,,toys4 #ga ,,h[ ,,to ,,d ,,me*anical ,,tricks4 #gb ,,h[ ,,to ,,d ,,sixty ,,tricks ,,) ,,c>ds4 #gc ,,h[ ,,to ,,d ,,tricks ,,) ,,numb]s4 #gd ,,h[ ,,to ,,write ,,lett]s ,,correctly4 #ge ,,h[ ,,to ,,become ,a ,,conjur]4 #gf ,,h[ ,,to ,,tell ,,=tunes ,,by ,,! ,,h&4 #gg ,,h[ ,,to ,,d ,,=ty ,,tricks ,,) ,,c>ds4 #gh ,,h[ ,,to ,,d ,,! ,,black ,,art4 #gi ,,h[ ,,to ,,become ,,an ,,actor4 ,all ! above books are = sale by newsdeal]s ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada or !y w be s5t1 po/-paid1 to y\r address1 on receipt ( #aj;c4 ea*4 ,s5d ,y\r ,"n & ,address = ,our ,late/ ,illu/rat$ ,catalogue4 ,,frank ,,t\sey1 ,publi%]1 #bi ,,we/ #bf? ,,/reet1 ,,new ,,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,punctuation has be5 made consi/5t4 ,v>iations 9 spell+ & hyph5ation 7 reta9$ z !y appe> 9 ! orig9al publication1 except t obvi\s typographical errors h be5 correct$4 ,! notation #a-b = fractions has be5 /&>diz$ to ! curr5t conv5tion #a_/b4