,all ,rights ,reserved4 ,,infantry ,,training4 #aije4 ,illustration ,,london3 ,,printed ,,for ,,his ,,majesty',s ,,stationery ,,office1 ,,by ,,harrison ,,and ,,sons1 ,,st ,,martin',s ,,lane1 ,,printers ,,in ,,ordinary ,,to ,,his ,,majesty4 ,and to be purchased1 either directly or through any ,bookseller1 from ,,wyman ,,and ,,sons1 ,,ltd41 ,,fetter ,,lane1 ,e4,c41 or ,,oliver ,,and ,,boyd1 ,,edinburgh2 or ,e4 ,,ponsonby1 #aaf1 ,,grafton ,,street1 ,,dublin4 ,price ,one ,shilling 7,wt4 w #bgfia #aej1jjj #b #je--;,h ,s #egdi7 ,this ,manual is issued by order of the ,army ,council1 for the guidance of all concerned4 ,illustration3 ,,ewd ,ward ,secretary1 ,army ,council4 ,,war ,,office1 #ast ,february1 #aije4 ,,corrigenda4 ,part ,,iv41 ,s4 #afc 7#a71 line #b1 for 8defence0 read 8attack40 ,as ,a4,f4,b #bad need not in future be kept up1 ,part ,v41 ,s4 #aha 7#f71 ,returns is cancelled4 ,,contents4 ,,page4 ,,key ,,to ,,plates #ae ,,definitions #af ,,part ,i4 ,,training ,,of ,,the ,,recruit4 ,,sect4 #a4 ,preliminary remarks #ba #b4 ,syllabus of training #ba ,,squad ,,drill4 #c4 ,method of instruction of the recruit #bi #d4 ,words of command #cj ,,squad ,,drill1 ,,with ,,intervals4 #e4 ,formation of squads #ca #f4 ,position of attention #ca #g4 ,standing at ease #cb #h4 ,dressing a squad with intervals #cb #i4 ,turnings #cc #aj4 ,saluting #cd ,,marching4 #aa4 ,length of pace and time #ce #ab4 ,the drum and pace stick #cf #ac4 ,position in marching #cf #ad4 ,the quick march #cg #ae4 ,the halt #cg #af4 ,stepping out #cg #ag4 ,stepping short #ch #ah4 ,marking time #ch #ai4 ,stepping back #ch #bj4 ,changing step #ci #ba4 ,the double march #ci #bb4 ,the side step #dj #bc4 ,turning when on the march #dj ,,squad ,,drill1 ,,in ,,single ,,rank4 #bd4 ,formation of the squad in single rank #da #be4 ,dressing when halted #db #bf4 ,turnings #db #bg4 ,marching in squad #db #bh4 ,the diagonal march #dc #bi4 ,changing direction #de #cj4 ,marching as in file #df #ca4 ,changing direction as in file #df #cb4 ,men marching as in file1 forming up into squad #dg #cc4 ,marching with arms #dg ,,squad ,,drill1 ,,in ,,two ,,ranks4 #cd4 ,formation of a squad in two ranks #dh #ce4 ,dressing #dh #cf4 ,marching in squad and in file #di #cg4 ,changing ranks #di #ch4 ,the diagonal march #di #ci4 ,changing direction and forming up #ej #dj4 ,the formation of fours #ej #da4 ,fours changing direction1 and forming squad #ec #db4 ,passage of a defile #ec #dc4 ,obstacles #ec #dd4 ,dismissing1 with or without arms #ec ,,skirmishing4 #de4 ,general rules #ed #df4 ,course of training #ed #dg4 ,preliminary training #ee #dh4 ,method of extending and closing1 c4 #ef #di4 ,signals and whistle blasts and war calls #eg #ej4 ,practical skirmishing #ei #ea4 ,cover #fj #eb4 ,blank ammunition #fb #ec4 ,fire effect #fc #ed4 ,reporting and passing orders #fd #ee4 ,intervals #fd #ef4 ,reinforcing #fd #eg4 ,assembly after dispersal #fe #eh4 ,inspection of skirmishers #fe ,,part ,,ii4 ,,the ,,training ,,of ,,the ,,company4 #ei4 ,preliminary remarks #fg ,,drill4 #fj4 ,general rules #gb #fa4 ,inspection and telling off #ge #fb4 ,the formation of fours #gf #fc4 ,changing ranks #gf #fd4 ,a company column forming company #gf #fe4 ,marching in line #gg #ff4 ,a company in line forming to the right or left #gh #fg4 ,a company in line1 or moving to a flank in fours1 forming company column #gh #fh4 ,when marching1 fours or file1 forming up into line #hj #fi4 ,a column changing direction #hj #gj4 ,movements in line 7or lines7 of sections #hj #ga4 ,drill in single rank #ha #gb4 ,fire action #hb #gc4 ,when dispersed1 re-assembling #hc #gd4 ,dismissing #hc #ge4 ,inspection in close order drill #hc ,,skirmishing4 #gf4 ,general remarks #hd ,,attack ,,practice4 #gg4 ,general rules #he #gh4 ,position of the commanders #hh #gi4 ,casualties #hh #hj4 ,instructions for commanders #hh #ha4 ,duty of the skirmisher #hi #hb4 ,defence practice #ij #hc4 ,reconnaissance practice #ia #hd4 ,retirements #ia #he4 ,meeting an attack by cavalry #ib #hf4 ,scouting #ic #hg4 ,duties of scouts #ic #hh4 ,training of #id #hi4 ,the inspection in skirmishing #ie #ij4 ,shelter trench exercise #ie ,,part ,,iii4 ,,battalion1 ,,brigade1 ,,and ,,division ,,drill4 ,,battalion ,,drill4 #ia4 ,general rules #ih #ib4 ,formations #ajj #ic4 ,a battalion in quarter column #aja #id4 ,movements in quarter column #ajc #ie4 ,a quarter column wheeling #ajc #if4 ,a battalion in quarter column opening to column #ajd #ig4 ,a battalion in column on the march closing to quarter column #ajf #ih4 ,a battalion in column or quarter column advancing in fours1 or vice vers #ajf #ii4 ,a battalion in column changing direction #ajh #ajj4 ,movements in line or lines of company columns #ajh #aja4 ,when dispersed1 re-assembling #aji #ajb4 ,inspection of a battalion #aaj ,,brigade ,,and ,,division ,,drill4 #ajc4 ,general rules #aaa #ajd4 ,a brigade wheeling from mass into line of battalions and vice vers #aab #aje4 ,a mass deploying into line of battalions and vice vers #aab #ajf4 ,marching in line of battalions either in column or quarter column #aac ,,formations ,,applicable ,,to ,,savage ,,warfare4 #ajg4 ,general rules #aac #ajh4 ,a battalion in line #aad #aji4 ,a quarter column or column deploying into line #aad #aaj4 ,marching in line #aae #aaa4 ,a line changing position1 from the halt1 on a flank company #aaf #aab4 ,a battalion in line forming column or quarter column #aaf #aac4 ,a line passing obstacles1 or moving over broken ground #aag #aad4 ,a line forming column to the right or left #aag #aae4 ,a line advancing in column #aah #aaf4 ,a quarter column on the march forming line to a flank #aah #aag4 ,echelon movements from line1 column or quarter column #aah #aah4 ,meeting an attack by cavalry or swordsmen #aai #aai4 ,formation of squares #abj ,,brigade ,,drill4 #abj4 ,deployments #abb #aba4 ,marching in line #abb #abb4 ,a brigade in line advancing in columns or quarter columns #abb #abc4 ,a brigade forming square #abb ,,part ,,iv4 ,,infantry ,,in ,,attack ,,and ,,defence4 #abd4 ,general principles #abc #abe4 ,position and duties of leaders in action #abe #abf4 ,fire action #abf #abg4 ,fire discipline #abg #abh4 ,ranges #abh ,,the ,,attack4 ,,nature ,,of ,,an ,,offensive ,,action4 #abi4 ,distribution of infantry in the attack #abh #acj4 ,preliminary measures #abi #aca4 ,issue of orders #acj #acb4 ,duties of the several bodies #aca #acc4 ,infantry formations in regard to fire #acc #acd4 ,fire #acc #ace4 ,co-operation between artillery and infantry in the attack #ace #acf4 ,the decisive attack #acf #acg4 ,the assault #acg #ach4 ,rallying and redistribution #ach #aci4 ,holding attacks #ach #adj4 ,feints #aci #ada4 ,flank attacks #aci #adb4 ,surprises #adj #adc4 ,local flanking fire #adj #add4 ,formations #adj #ade4 ,frontage #ada #adf4 ,distances #adb #adg4 ,intervals #adc #adh4 ,direction and pace #adc #adi4 ,machine guns #add ,,the ,,company ,,in ,,attack4 #aej4 ,general rules #ade ,,the ,,battalion ,,in ,,attack4 #aea4 ,general rules #adh #aeb4 ,orders #adi #aec4 ,distribution of the companies in the decisive attack #aej #aed4 ,the firing line and supports #aea #aee4 ,the reserve #aea #aef4 ,holding attack #aeb #aeg4 ,instruction #aec ,,the ,,brigade ,,in ,,attack4 #aeh4 ,general rules #aec ,,the ,,division ,,in ,,attack4 #aei4 ,general rules #aed ,,the ,,defence4 #afj4 ,distribution of infantry for defence #aee #afa4 ,occupation of the position #aef #afb4 ,entrenching a position #aeg #afc4 ,fire #aeh #afd4 ,machine guns #aeh #afe4 ,position of the reserves #aei #aff4 ,duties of officers commanding reserves #aei #afg4 ,local counter attacks #afj #afh4 ,decisive counter attacks #afj ,,the ,,company ,,in ,,defence4 #afi4 ,general rules #afb #agj4 ,duties of the subalterns1 section and squad leaders #afb #aga4 ,duties of the company leader #afc ,,the ,,battalion ,,in ,,defence4 #agb4 ,general rules #afc #agc4 ,duties of the commanding officer #afd ,,the ,,brigade ,,and ,,division ,,in ,,defence4 #agd4 ,general rules #afd ,,ammunition ,,and ,,entrenching ,,tools4 #age4 ,supply and transport of ammunition in the field #afe #agf4 ,entrenching tools #afi ,,part ,v4 ,,annual ,,course ,,of ,,training4 #agg4 ,description of course #aga #agh4 ,detail of the course #agb #agi4 ,annual course of training of auxiliary forces #agc #ahj4 ,general rules #agd #aha4 ,company training #agd #ahb4 ,battalion training #agi ,,special ,,training ,,of ,,non-,,commissioned ,,officers4 #ahc4 ,method of instruction #agi ,,part ,,vi4 ,,ceremonial4 #ahd4 ,general rules #aha #ahe4 ,sizing a company #ahc #ahf4 ,a company in line saluting #ahe #ahg4 ,a company marching past #ahe ,,reviews4 #ahh4 ,formations to be practised #ahh #ahi4 ,the ,colours #ahh #aij4 ,review of a battalion #ahi #aia4 ,a battalion marching past #aib #aib4 ,a battalion advancing in review order #aif #aic4 ,review of a brigade #aif #aid4 ,a brigade marching past #aii #aie4 ,a brigade advancing in review order #bjb #aif4 ,review of a division #bjb #aig4 ,a division marching past #bjd #aih4 ,review of any larger body of troops than a division #bje #aii4 ,a larger body of troops than a division marching past #bjg #bjj4 ,royal review #bjh ,,guards4 #bja4 ,general rules #bji #bjb4 ,relieving or posting a guard #baj #bjc4 ,relieving and posting sentries1 and marching reliefs #baj #bjd4 ,sentries challenging #baa #bje4 ,guards turning out at night #bab #bjf4 ,guards of honour #bac #bjg4 ,trooping the ,colour #bac #bjh4 ,,presentation ,,of ,,colours #bbj #bji4 ,,firing ,a ,,feu-,,de-,,joie #bba #baj4 ,,funerals #bbc ,,key ,,to ,,plates4 ,officers1 ,warrant officers1 ,non-commissioned officers1 c4 ,,commanding ,,officer ,symbol ,,second ,,in ,,command ,symbol ,,adjutant ,symbol ,,company ,,commander ,symbol ,,senior ,,subaltern ,symbol ,,junior ,,subaltern ,symbol ,,quartermaster ,symbol ,,the ,,king',s ,,colour ,symbol ,,the ,,regimental ,,colour ,symbol ,,serjeant-,,major ,symbol ,,staff ,,serjeant ,symbol ,,section ,,commander ,symbol ,,squad ,,commander ,symbol ,,private1 ,,front ,,rank ,symbol ,,private1 ,,rear ,,rank ,symbol ,,pioneer ,,serjeant ,symbol ,,pioneer ,symbol ,,band ,,master ,symbol ,,band ,,serjeant ,symbol ,,bandsman ,symbol ,,serjeant-,,drummer ,symbol ,,drummer ,symbol ,,signaller ,symbol ,,original ,,formation ,front ,rank ---------- ,rear ,rank ---------- ,,final ,,formation ,front ,rank ,rear ,rank ,,definitions4 ,,general ,,definitions4 ,alignment4 ,any straight line on which a body of troops is formed1 or is to form4 ,battalion4 ,the administrative unit of infantry1 consisting generally of eight companies4 ,brigade4 ,four battalions 7normally71 with certain additional administrative units4 ,column4 ,bodies of troops on parallel and successive alignment1 at a distance from one another equal to their own frontage4 ,company ,column4 ,a company in column of sections4 ,quarter ,column4 ,companies on parallel and successive alignments1 at a distance from one another of six paces4 ,company4 ,the tactical unit of infantry4 ,it is divided into two half-companies1 each of which is again divided into two sections4 ,a squad is the half of a section1 formed under a selected leader1 for purposes of discipline and manuvre4 ,covering4 ,the act of one or more men placing themselves correctly in rear of one another4 ,defile4 ,a portion of the route which troops can only traverse on a narrow front2 e4g41 a mountain pass1 a bridge1 an embankment4 ,to ,deploy4 ,to change formation from column or quarter column into line on the same alignment4 ,depth4 ,the space occupied by a body of troops from front to rear4 ,distance4 ,the space between men or bodies of troops1 from front to rear4 ,division4 ,two brigades with certain divisional troops4 ,direction1 ,the battalion1 company1 section1 or file1 battalion responsible for keeping the direction of the 7company1 line of march4 section or file7 of4 ,to ,dress4 ,to take up the alignment correctly4 ,drill4 ,the execution of movements in unison4 ,drill is of two kinds4 ,close order drill teaches the formations and movements suitable to the assembly1 the march1 to many phases of savage warfare1 and to ceremonial parades4 ,in close order the troops are formed and move in accordance with the instructions laid down in this manual2 the words of command are prescribed1 and the rank and file have only to obey orders4 ,skirmishing drill is the foundation of the formations and movements suitable to battle and reconnaissance4 ,very few rules can be prescribed1 and all ranks must act to a large extent independently in carrying out orders4 ,echelon4 ,a formation of successive and parallel units facing in the same direction2 each on a flank and to the rear of the unit in front of it4 ,file4 ,a front rank man and his rear rank man4 ,fire unit4 ,any number of men firing by the executive command of one man4 ,flank1 directing4 ,that by which units march or dress4 ,flank1 inner4 ,that nearer to the point of formation or direction4 ,flank1 outer4 ,that opposite to the inner or directing flank4 ,frontage4 ,the extent of ground covered laterally by troops4 ,interval4 ,the lateral space between men1 units1 or corps1 measured from flank to flank4 ,interval1 deploying4 ,the lateral space between units in quarter column or in column1 on the same alignment1 the space being equal to the frontage of a unit in line4 ,line4 ,troops formed on the same alignment4 ,mass4 ,battalions in quarter column1 on parallel and successive alignments with any named distance between battalions4 ,patrol4 ,a body of men sent out to reconnoitre or to guard against surprise4 ,point of formation4 ,the point on which a formation is based4 ,position1 change of4 ,a movement by which a body of troops takes up a new alignment4 ,rank4 ,a line of men1 side by side4 ,reconnaissance4 ,searching for information of the enemy1 or as to the nature of the ground4 ,section4 ,the quarter of a company4 ,section of ,defence4 ,a portion of a defensive position which is allotted to a distinct body of troops4 ,squad4 ,the half of a section1 or a small number of men1 formed for drill1 or for work4 ,super-numeraries4 ,the non-commissioned officers1 c41 forming the third rank4 ,wheeling4 ,a movement by which a body of troops brings forward a flank on a fixed or moving pivot4 ,,infantry ,,training4 ,,part ,i4 ,,training ,,of ,,the ,,recruit4 #a4 ,preliminary remarks4 #a4 ,the object of the recruits course of training at the dept is to fit the soldier to take his place in the ranks of his company on joining his battalion4 ,for this purpose the recruit must be developed by physical exercises1 and be trained in squad drill1 rifle and firing exercises1 in the estimation of ranges1 and in skirmishing4 #b4 ,syllabus of ,training4 ,the following syllabus for the training of the recruit at the dept is given as a guide1 but it need not be rigidly adhered to3-- ,i4 ,,syllabus ,,of ,,training4 #fj days of #d hours each4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,employment4 ,hours4 ,remarks4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,first ,fortnight4 -- ,equipment to be issued on joining4 ,physical training #aj ,physical ,training1 ,sections #a to #aa inclusive under ,serjeant ,instructor4 ,physical training #aj ,physical ,training1 ,sections #a to #aa under ,squad ,instructor4 ,squad drill #af ,sections #e to #bc4 ,lectures and catechism #d ,second ,fortnight4 -- ,rifle to be issued4 ,physical training #h ,physical training with apparatus under ,serjeant ,instructor4 ,physical training #h ,physical ,training1 ,sections #a to #aa under ,squad ,instructor4 ,squad drill #g ,to ,section #ci4 ,rifle exercises #e ,musketry exercises #g ,musketry ,exercises1 ,sections #a to #c4 ,lectures #d ,marching order #a ,third ,fortnight4 ,physical training #h ,physical training with apparatus under ,serjeant ,instructor4 ,physical training #f ,physical ,training1 ,sections #a to #aa 7,dummy ,rifles to be used7 under ,squad ,instructor4 ,squad drill #f ,to ,section #dd4 ,rifle exercises #e ,musketry exercises #e ,musketry ,exercises to ,section #i4 ,skirmishing #g ,sections #de to #di4 ,lectures #b ,marching order #a ,fourth ,fortnight4 ,physical training #g ,commence ,dumb-bell ,exercises1 ,physical training1 ,sections #bg to #cc1 under ,serjeant ,instructor4 ,physical training #f ,physical ,training1 ,sections #a to #aa 7,rifles to be used7 under ,squad ,instructor4 ,squad drill #e ,to ,section #dd4 ,rifle exercises #d ,skirmishing #i ,sections #de to #eg4 ,musketry exercises #e ,musketry ,exercises to ,section #ad4 ,lectures #b ,marching order #a ,fifth ,fortnight4 ,physical training #g ,physical training with apparatus and bayonet fighting under ,serjeant ,instructor4 ,physical training #f ,physical ,training to ,section #ai under ,squad instructor4 ,squad drill #f ,to ,section #dd4 ,rifle exercises #b ,skirmishing #g ,sections #de to #eg4 ,guards and sentries #b ,musketry exercises #g ,musketry ,exercises to ,section #ad and #ah to #ba4 ,lectures #b ,marching order #a ,sixth ,fortnight4 ,physical training #g ,physical training with apparatus and bayonet fighting under ,serjeant ,instructor4 ,physical training #f ,physical ,training to ,section #ai under ,squad ,instructor4 ,squad drill #d ,to ,section #dd4 ,rifle exercises #b ,skirmishing #aj ,sections #de to #eg4 ,guards and sentries #b ,musketry exercises #f ,musketry ,exercises to ,section #ad and #ah to #ba4 ,lectures #b ,marching order #a ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,note4--,the course of instruction of the recruit in musketry training1 rifle exercises1 bayonet fighting1 and physical training will be found in 8,the ,appendix to ,training ,manuals40 ,,ii4 ,,instructions4 #a4 ,recruits will be formed for instructional purposes in squads1 the maximum number of men in each squad should not exceed twenty4 #b4 ,the squad instructors will be most carefully selected4 ,they must be energetic1 thoroughly well trained in the art of instruction1 and intelligent4 ,they will remain with the same squad throughout the period of training1 and will carry out the whole of the instruction1 in physical training1 drill1 rifle and firing exercises1 and skirmishing1 except as noted in above table4 #c4 ,training in drill1 physical exercises1 rifle and firing exercises1 and skirmishing1 is to be as varied as possible2 the work for each morning or afternoon should include more than one of these subjects4 #d4 ,equipment will be issued on joining1 but will not be worn on parade for the first month4 ,riffles will be issued as soon as the commanding officer directs1 certainly not later than the first fortnight4 #e4 ,marching will be carried out at the discretion of the commanding officer1 and1 as a rule1 in connection with skirmishing practices4 #f4 ,at the conclusion of a recruit's course the officer commanding the regimental district will inspect the recruits in all the branches of instruction4 ,in conjunction with a medical officer he will examine all men considered too weak or awkward to join battalions1 and submit a detailed report to the general officer commanding1 with a recommendation as to whether such men be retained at the dept for further instruction1 or discharged4 #g4 ,the system of the training of the recruit is intended to develop gradually his mental and physical powers1 officers commanding will1 therefore1 be held responsible that the principles of training herein laid down are complied with1 and that instruction in musketry and skirmishing is not curtailed in favour of less essential practices4 #h4 ,the following directions in connection with the progress of the recruit are given for guidance of instructors and supervising officers3-- ,doubling3 this should not exceed-- ,up to the end of the first month1 #fjj yards4 second #a1bjj third #a1gfj ,at the end of the ,first ,month4 ,horizontal bar4--,he should be able to pull to the chest twice1 hands reversed1 without assistance4 ,parallel bars4--,he should be able to press up six times running4 ,at the end of the ,second ,month4 ,horizontal bar4--,he should be able to pull to the chest at least six times1 hands reversed4 ,parallel bars4--,he should be able to press up at least ten times4 ,jumping4--,correct style of taking off 7with either foot7 and alighting is required4 ,this is of more importance1 up to this time1 than great height or width of jump4 ,at the end of the ,third ,month4 ,horizontal bar4--,he should be able to pull to the chest at least ten times1 hands reversed4 ,parallel bars4--,he should be able to press up at least fourteen times4 ,jumping4--,he should be able to jump a height of at least three feet4 ,,iii4 ,,lectures ,,by ,,squad ,,instructors4 ,to be invariably attended by an officer4 ,first ,fortnight4 #a4 ,barrack room duties4 ,cleanliness and smartness expected from the soldier4 ,dress and clothing4 ,local orders4 ,good name of the regiment4 #b4 ,fitting equipment4 ,laying down kits4 ,conduct in town4 ,position of provost2 duty to obey and support him4 #c4 ,names1 rank1 and position of officers4 ,saluting4 ,manner of making a complaint4 ,reporting sick and hospital rules4 ,church parade and behaviour in church4 #d4 ,lectures are to be given to recruits on the fact that their prospects of civil employment in after life depends entirely on their conduct whilst in the army1 and that no man can be registered for employment who is not discharged with a good character1 and that preference will be given to such as have exemplary or very good ones1 while for police or post office employment an additional certificate of absolute sobriety is necessary4 ,second ,fortnight4 #a4 ,the rifle4 ,names and use of its different parts4 ,cleaning and care of rifle4 #b4 ,marching order1 c4 #c4 ,hints on marching2 boots1 socks1 clean feet1 treatment of blisters4 ,drinking on the march4 ,falling out4 ,instances of long marching and endurance on part of the regiment4 ,third ,fortnight4 ,skirmishing and marching4 ,fourth ,fortnight4 ,skirmishing and use of the rifle4 ,fifth ,fortnight4 ,skirmishing1 and duties on guard1 ,sixth ,fortnight4 ,recapitulation of previous instruction4 ,during the lecture hour1 some time should be allowed for catechism on preceding week's instruction4 ,the lectures on the principles of skirmishing and marching should always1 if possible1 be illustrated by incidents taken from actual warfare4 ,the ,recruit on joining his ,company4 ,a recruit after a course of three months' training at the dept should be sufficiently trained to be able to take his place in the ranks of his company1 but until he has acquired a thorough knowledge of musketry1 and can handle his rifle with skill and confidence under all conditions and in all positions1 his daily instruction in musketry will be continued4 ,the following will be the course3-- 7a7 ,care of arms4 7b7 ,instruction in aiming4 7c7 ,the firing exercises4 7d7 ,instruction and practice in judging distance and in improvement of eyesight4 ,a short exercise daily4 7e7 ,instruction in firing from behind cover1 and in snap-shooting4 7f7 ,instruction in the theory1 powers1 and mechanism of the rifle and its ammunition4 7g7 ,course of lectures and examinations on the whole of the above subjects4 ,,squad ,,drill4 #c4 ,method of ,instruction of the ,recruit4 #a4 ,when once the various motions have been learnt1 it will be the exception and not the rule1 especially with auxiliary forces1 to instruct recruits by numbers4 #b4 ,the instructor muse be clear1 firm1 and concise in giving his directions4 ,he must be patient1 making allowance for the different capacity of the men whom he is training2 and always bearing in mind that careful individual instruction is the best means of developing the intelligence1 and therefore the foundation of military efficiency4 #c4 ,the instructor1 who will invariably carry a whistle and1 if the squad is receiving rifle instruction1 a rifle1 will teach as much as possible by illustration1 either performing the movements himself1 or causing them to be performed by a smart recruit1 placed facing the squad4 ,he will be careful1 in order to stimulate the intelligence and interest of the recruits1 to explain clearly1 in simple terms1 the reason of every movement and formation1 and its application in the field4 #d4 ,instructors should be encouraged1 in giving the details of the different movements1 to use their own words4 ,so long as the instruction is clearly understood by the men it is quite immaterial whether the phrasing of this manual is adhered to4 #e4 ,when first taught his positions1 the recruit should be properly placed by the instructor2 when more advanced1 he should not be touched1 but made to correct himself when admonished4 ,he should not be kept too long at any one exercise4 ,squad drill should be intermixed with instruction in the handling of the rifle and with physical training1 and close order drill with skirmishing4 #f4 ,short and frequent drills are preferable to long lessons1 which exhaust the attention both of the instructor and recruit4 ,recruits should be advanced progressively from one exercise to another1 and should not be kept back by men of inferior capacity1 who should be moved into a less advanced squad4 #d4 ,words of ,command4 #a4 ,every command must be distinctly pronounced and sufficiently loud to be heard by all concerned4 #b4 ,every command that consists of one word must be preceded by a caution4 ,the caution1 or cautionary part of a command1 must be given deliberately and distinctly2 the last or executive part1 which1 in general1 should consist of only one word or syllable1 must be given sharply2 as ,company--,halt2 ,right-hand--,salute4 ,a pause will invariably be made between the caution and the executive word4 #c4 ,when the last word of a caution is the signal for any preparatory movement1 it will be given as an executive word1 and separated from the rest of the command by a pause2 thus1 ,right--,form4 ,quick--,march1 as though there were two separate commands1 each with its caution and executive word4 #d4 ,when the men are in motion1 executive words must be completed as they are commencing the pace which will bring them to the spot on which the command has to be executed4 ,the caution1 therefore1 must be commenced accordingly4 #e4 ,young officers and non-commissioned officers will be frequently practised in giving words of command4 ,they should always1 even when on fatigue duty1 bear in mind the obligation of setting an example of soldierly smartness to those beneath them4 ,slovenly and indistinct words of command result in slackness and hesitation on the part of the men4 #f4 ,the cautions and commands in this manual are1 as a rule1 given with regard to one flank only1 but the same principle applies equally to movements to the other flank1 which should also be practised4 ,in squad drill the words printed in italics in the margin are the commands to be given by the instructor4 ,,squad ,,drill1 ,,with ,,intervals4 #e4 ,formation of squads4 #a4 ,a few men will be placed in single rank at arm's length apart2 while so formed1 they will be termed a squad with intervals4 #b4 ,if necessary1 the squad may consist of two ranks1 in which case the men in the rear rank will cover the intervals between the men in the front rank1 so that in marching they may take their own points1 as directed in ,s4 #ac4 #c4 ,recruits will1 in the first instance1 be placed by the instructor without any dressing2 when they have learned to dress1 as directed in ,s4 #h1 they will be taught to fall in1 as above described1 and then to dress and to correct their intervals4 ,after they have been instructed as far as ,s4 #bc1 they may fall in as directed in ,s4 #bd4 #d4 ,recruits formed into a squad will be directed to observe the relative places they hold with each other2 while resting between the exercises they will be permitted to fall out and move about2 they will be instructed on the words ,fall in to fall in as they stood at first4 ,this should be constantly practised4 ,recruits will be instructed singly as well as together in all exercises as far as ,s4 #bc4 #f4 ,position of ,attention4 ,the exact squareness of the shoulders and body to the front is the first principle of the position of ,attention4 ,the arms should hang easily from the shoulder1 elbows to the rear2 the fingers together1 slightly bent1 and their tips touching the thigh lightly1 behind the seam of the trousers2 the hips drawn back1 and the chest advanced1 but without constraint4 ,the heels must be in line and closed2 the knees well braced back2 the toes turned out so that the feet may form an angle of #de degrees2 the weight of the body on the fore part of the feet4 ,the head is to be held erect1 but not thrown back2 the chin to be slightly drawn in2 and the eyes looking straight to the front4 #g4 ,standing at ease4 ,carry the left foot about ten inches to the left1 at the same time grasp the right hand ,stand at--,ease4#a with the left behind the back1 allowing the arms to hang to their full extent2 both legs to be straight4 ,when the recruit falls in for instruction he will be taught to place himself in the position above described4 ,squad1 ,atten--tion4 ,on the word ,attention1 spring up to the position described in ,s4 #f4 ,no deviation from the position of ,stand at ease will be permitted unless the command ,stand--easy is given1 when the men will be permitted to move their limbs1 but without quitting their ground1 so that on coming to ,attention there will be no loss of dressing4 ,when there is no special reason for ordering ,stand at ease before ,stand--easy1 the order to ,stand--easy will be given without it4 ,on the caution ,squad being given to men standing easy1 every soldier will at once assume the position of standing at ease4 #h4 ,dressing a squad with intervals4 ,on the word ,dress1 each recruit1 except the right-hand man1 will turn his head and eyes to the right and will then extend his right arm1 ,right--,dress4 back of the hand upwards1 finger tips touching the shoulder of the man on his right4 ,at the same time he will take up his dressing in line by moving1 with short quick steps1 till he is just able to distinguish the lower part of the face of the second man beyond him4 ,care must be taken that he carries his body backward or forward with the feet1 keeping his shoulders perfectly square in their original position4 ,on the word ,front1 the head and eyes will be ,eyes--,front4 turned smartly to the front1 the arm dropped1 and the position of ,attention1 as described in ,s4 #f1 resumed4 ,a line will similarly be dressed by the left4 #i4 ,turnings4 ,on the word ,turn1 keeping both knees well braced back and the body erect1 turn to the right on the right heel and left toe1 raising the left heel and right toe in doing so4 ,right--,turn4 ,on the completion of the preliminary movement1 the right foot must be flat on the ground and the body raised on the left toe1 both legs braced up4 ,two4 ,on the word ,two1 bring the left heel smartly up to the right4 ,on the word ,turn1 keeping both knees well braced back and the body erect1 turn to the left on the left heel and right toe1 raising the right heel and left toe in doing so4 ,left--,turn4 ,on the completion of the preliminary movement1 the left foot must be flat on the ground and the body raised on the right toe1 both legs braced up4 ,two4 ,on the word ,two1 bring the right foot smartly up to left4 ,about--,turn ,as detailed in the ,right ,turn1 except that the body will be turned about to the right4 ,two4 ,as before detailed4 ,right 7or ,left7 ,as before detailed1 turning half right4 --,incline4 ,two4 ,as before detailed4 #aj4 ,saluting4 7,a7 ,saluting to the front4 ,caution4--,salute1 by numbers4 ,on the word ,one1 bring the right hand smartly1 with a circular motion1 to the head1 ,one4 palm to the front1 fingers extended1 point of the forefinger one inch above the right eye1 thumb close to the forefinger2 elbow in line1 and nearly square1 with the shoulder4 ,two4 ,on the word ,two1 cut away the arm smartly to the side4 ,caution4--,salute1 judging the time4 ,on the word ,salute1 go through the motions ,salute4 as in ,one1 and after a pause1 equal to two paces in quick time1 cut away the arm as in ,two4 7,b7 ,saluting to the side4 ,cautions4--,right 7or ,left7 hand salute4 ,the salute will always be with the hand further from the person saluted4 ,the procedure will be as described in 7,a71 except that as the hand is brought to the salute1 the head will be turned towards the person saluted4 ,recruits should be practised in marching two or three together1 saluting points being placed on either side4 ,when several men are together1 the man nearest to the point will give the time4 ,when a soldier passes an officer he will salute on the third pace before reaching him1 and will lower the hand on the third pace after passing him2 if carrying a cane he will place it smartly under the disengaged arm1 cutting away the hand before saluting4 ,a soldier1 if sitting when an officer approaches1 will rise1 stand at attention1 and salute2 if two or more men are sitting or standing about1 the senior non-commissioned officer or oldest soldier will call the whole to ,attention and alone will salute4 ,when a soldier addresses an officer1 he will halt two paces from him1 and salute as in 7,a74 ,he will also salute before withdrawing4 ,when appearing before an officer in a room1 he will salute without removing his cap4 ,a soldier1 without his cap1 or when carrying anything that prevents him from saluting1 will1 if standing still1 come to attention as an officer passes2 if walking1 he will turn his head smartly towards the officer in passing him4 ,a soldier1 when riding a bicycle1 will turn his head smartly towards an officer in passing him4 ,warrant and non-commissioned officers who wear the sword will always salute with the right hand4 ,,marching4 #aa4 ,length of pace1 and time4 #a4 ,length of pace4--,in slow and quick time the length of a pace is #cj inches4 ,in stepping out1 it is #cc inches1 in double time1 #dj1 in stepping short1 #ba1 and in the side step1 #ae inches4 ,when a soldier takes a side pace to clear or cover another1 as in forming fours1 ,s4 #dj1 the pace will be #cj inches4 #b4 ,time4--,in slow time1 #ge paces are taken in a minute4 ,in quick time1 #abj paces1 equal to #ajj yards in a minute1 or #c miles #gbj yards in an hour4 ,in double time1 #ahj paces1 equal to #bjj yards a minute4 ,the time of the side step is the same as for the quick step4 ,distances of #ajj and #bjj yards will be marked on the drill ground1 and non-commissioned officers and men practised in keeping correct time1 and length of pace4 ,marching in slow time will be practised only when required for ceremonial purposes4 #ab4 ,the drum1 and pace stick4 ,no recruit1 or squad of recruits1 is to be taught to march without the constant use of the drum1 and pace stick4 ,the drum will first beat the time in which the men are to march1 when the squad is halted2 then1 from time to time1 when it is in motion4 ,while the drum is beating1 at the halt1 the men will give their attention to the time2 when it ceases1 the instructor will put the squad in motion4 ,in order to ascertain whether the time is beaten correctly1 a pendulum should be used4 ,the length of the pace in marching will be corrected with the pace stick1 the accuracy of which should occasionally be tested by measurement4 #ac4 ,position in marching4 ,in marching1 the soldier must maintain the position of the head and body1 as directed in ,s4 #f1 with the weight on the fore part of the feet4 ,he must be well balanced on his limbs4 ,in slow time his arms and hands must be kept steady by his sides1 care being taken that the hand does not partake of the movement of the leg1 and the toes must be pointed downwards4 ,in quick time his arms will swing naturally from the shoulder1 the right arm swinging forward with the left leg1 and the left arm with the right leg4 ,the hand must not be swung in advance of the leading foot1 across the body1 nor be raised higher than the waistbelt4 ,the movement of the leg must spring from the haunch1 and be free and natural4 ,both knees must be kept straight1 except while the leg is being carried from the rear to the front1 when the knee must necessarily be a little bent1 to enable the foot to clear the ground4 ,the foot must be carried straight to the front1 and1 without being drawn back1 placed firmly on the ground1 but so as not to jerk or shake the body4 ,although several recruits may be drilled together in a squad with intervals1 they must act independently1 precisely as if they were being instructed singly4 ,they will thus learn to march in a straight line1 and to take a correct pace1 both as regards length and time1 without reference to the other men of the squad4 ,before the squad is put in motion1 the instructor will take care that the men are square individually and in correct line with each other4 ,each recruit must be taught to take a point straight to his front1 by fixing his eyes upon some distant object1 and then observing some nearer point in the same straight line1 such as a stone1 tuft of grass1 or other object4 #ad4 ,the ,quick ,march4 ,the time having been given on the drum1 ,quick--,march4 on the word ,march the squad will step off together with the left foot1 in quick time1 observing the rules in ,s4 #ac4 #ae4 ,the ,halt4 ,on the word ,halt1 the moving foot will complete ,squad--,halt4 its pace1 and the other will be brought smartly up in line with it4 #af4 ,stepping ,out4 ,when marching1 on the word ,out1 the moving foot will complete its pace1 and the ,step--,out4 soldier will lengthen the pace by #c inches1 leaning forward a little1 but without altering the cadence4 ,this step is used when a slight increase of speed1 without an alteration of cadence1 is required2 on the command ,quick--,march the usual pace will be resumed4 #ag4 ,stepping short4 ,on the word ,short1 the foot advancing will complete its pace1 after which each soldier will ,step--,short4 shorten the pace by #i inches until the command ,quick--,march is given1 when the quick step will be resumed4 #ah4 ,marking time4 ,on the word ,time1 the foot then advancing will complete its pace1 after which the time will be continued1 without advancing1 by raising each foot alternately about six inches1 ,mark--,time4 keeping the feet almost parallel with the ground1 the knees raised to the front1 the arms steady at the sides1 and the body steady4 ,on the word ,forward1 the pace at which the men were moving will be resumed4 ,at the halt1 the word of command will be ,quick1 ,mark--,time4 #ai4 ,stepping back4 ,in stepping back1 soldiers must be taught to take a quick pace of #cj inches straight to --,paces1 the rear1 preserving their shoulders square ,step ,back--,march4 to the front and their bodies erect4 ,in halting1 the foot in front will be brought back square with the other4 ,the step back should not exceed four paces4 #bj4 ,changing step4 ,to change step in marching1 the advancing foot will complete its pace1 and the ball of the ,change--,step4 rear foot will be brought up to the heel of the advanced one1 which will make another step forward1 so that the time will not be lost1 two successive steps being taken with the same foot4 ,this may be required when any part of a squad1 or a single soldier1 is stepping with a different foot from the rest4 ,to change step when marking time1 two successive beats will be made with the same foot4 #ba4 ,the ,double ,march4 ,the time having been given on the drum1 on the word ,march1 the men will step off together with the left foot1 doubling on the fore part of the foot1 care being taken that the heels do not touch the ground4 ,at the same time they will raise their hands as high as the waist1 fists clenched1 the flat part of the wrist inwards4 ,the arms must move with freedom at the shoulder ,double--,march4 with the action of the legs and be kept close to the sides4 ,the head must be kept erect and the shoulders square to the front4 ,there must be no stiffness in the movement of the legs2 thigh1 knee1 and ankle joints all working freely4 ,the feet must be picked up cleanly from the ground at each pace1 and the body inclined slightly forward4 ,as the foot leaves the ground it should be carried straight to the front1 care being taken that the heels are not raised towards the seat4 ,squad--,halt4 ,as in ,s4 #ae1 at the same time dropping and partly opening the hands4 ,the recruit will be taught to mark time in double time1 the hands being raised and the fists clenched as when marching in double time1 but the arms kept steady4 ,from the halt1 the word of command will be ,double1 ,mark--,time4 #bb4 ,the ,side step4 ,caution4--,right 7or ,left7 close4 ,right 7or ,on the word ,march1 each man will carry his ,left7 ,close1 right foot #ae inches direct to the right1 and --,march4 instantly close his left foot to it1 thus or completing the pace2 he will proceed to take the --,paces1 ,right next pace in the same manner4 ,shoulders to be 7or ,left7 kept square1 knees not bent1 unless on rough or ,close1--,march4 broken ground4 ,the direction must be kept in a straight line to the flank4 ,on the word ,halt1 which will be given when ,squad--,halt4 the number of paces has not been specified1 the men will complete the pace they are taking1 and remain steady4 ,soldiers should not usually be moved to a flank by the side step more than twelve paces4 #bc4 ,turning when on the march4 #a4 ,turning to the right1 and back into squad4--,on the word ,turn1 which should be given as the ,right--,turn4 left foot is coming to the ground1 each soldier will turn in the named direction1 and move on at once1 without checking his pace4 ,on the word ,turn1 which should be given as the right foot is coming to the ground1 each ,left--,turn4 soldier will turn again to the left1 and move on without checking his pace4 #b4 ,a soldier will always turn to the right on the left foot2 and to the left on the right foot4 ,if the word ,turn is not given as the proper foot is coming to the ground1 the soldier will move on one pace and then turn4 #c4 ,making a half turn to the right1 or left4--,recruits will also be practised in making a half turn to the right or left on the words ,right or ,left--,incline1 and then moving on 7without checking their pace7 in a diagonal direction1 taking up fresh points1 at once1 to march on1 and turning in the original direction on the word ,left or ,right--,incline4 #d4 ,turning about4--,on the command ,about turn1 recruits will also be taught to turn about1 which must be done by each man on his own ground1 in three paces1 without losing the time4 ,having completed the turn about1 the soldier will at once move forward1 the fourth pace being a full pace of #cj inches4 ,,squad ,,drill1 ,,in ,,single ,,rank4 #bd4 ,formation of the squad in single rank4 ,at this stage of the instruction a few recruits will be formed in single rank1 each man being allowed a space of #cj inches4 ,the accuracy of the spacing should be frequently tested by the instructor4 ,number4 ,the squad will then be ordered to number from the right4 ,odd ,numbers1 ,when a squad in single rank is required to ,two ,paces drill with intervals1 the instructor will direct ,forward1--,march4 the odd numbers to take two paces forward4 ,reform ,to re-form single rank the odd numbers will ,single step back two paces1 when the squad will correct ,rank--,march4 the dressing from the right or left4 #be4 ,dressing when halted4 ,when soldiers are on the alignment they have to occupy1 and it is necessary to correct their dressing1 the command ,right 7or ,left7--,dress will be given1 on which each man will look towards the flank by which he is ordered to dress with a smart turn of the head1 as described in ,s4 #h4 ,each man will then move up or back to his place successively1 commencing with the man nearest the named flank1 carrying his body backward or forward with the feet1 moving to his dressing with short quick steps1 without bending backward or forward4 ,his shoulders must be kept perfectly square1 and the position of ,attention1 retained throughout4 ,the instructor should invariably fix upon some object on which to dress his line4 ,it will be found useful to accustom men to dress on an alignment oblique to any well-defined adjacent line4 #bf4 ,turnings4 ,the recruit will next practice in single rank1 judging the time1 without any pause between the motions1 the turnings he has been taught by numbers4 #bg4 ,marching in ,squad4 ,before a squad is ordered to march1 the directing flank or man must be indicated by the caution1 ,by the right1 ,by the left1 or ,by ,no4-4 ,during the march1 the shoulders must be kept perfectly square to the front1 the body steady1 eyes off the ground4 ,each man will preserve his position in the general alignment by an occasional glance towards the directing man4 ,the squad will first be taught to march straight to the front1 by the right1 by the left1 or by any man4 ,it will then be practised in all the varieties of step in quick time1 and in marking time1 after which it will be exercised in double time4 ,the recruit will be practised in changing the pace1 without halting1 from quick to double1 on the command ,double--,march1 and from double to quick4 ,in breaking from double into quick time1 on the command ,quick--,march1 the arms will be dropped to their usual position4 ,the instructor will ensure that the recruit on the flank1 or the named number1 according to the caution1 selects two distant points to march on1 and before approaching the first takes another in advance on the same line1 and so on4 ,by occasionally remaining halted in rear of the directing man1 and fixing his eyes on the distant objects1 the instructor can ascertain if the squad is marching in the original direction4 ,when a soldier finds himself a little behind1 or before1 the other men of his squad1 he must be taught to recover his place in the rank gradually1 and not to rush to it4 #bh4 ,the ,diagonal ,march4 7,,plate ,i1 ,fig4 #a47 ,when the squad is on the march in line1 and is required to move in a diagonal direction to the right1 the command ,right--,incline will be given1 upon which the men will turn half right1 and move diagonally in that direction1 each ,right--,incline4 regulating his pace so that his own shoulders are parallel with the shoulders of the man on his right4 ,this man's head should conceal the heads of the other men towards the right4 ,the right hand man will direct1 and must therefore pay particular attention to the direction and pace4 ,when it is intended to resume the original ,left--,incline4 direction1 the word ,left--,incline will be given1 on which every man will move forward in the original direction without checking his pace4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,i4 ,,the ,,diagonal ,,march4 ,fig4 #a4 ,right ,incline4 ,fig4 #b4 ,changing ,direction4 ,at the ,halt4 ,right-form4 ,fig4 #c4 ,forming up on the ,right4 ,form ,squad4 ,the diagonal march may1 if necessary1 be taught from the halt4 ,if the diagonal march has been properly performed1 the squad when halted1 or after the words ,left--,incline1 will be found to be in a line parallel to its original position4 ,the diagonal march will also be practised in double time4 #bi4 ,changing ,direction4 7,,plate ,i1 ,fig4 #b47 ,at the ,halt4 ,right--,form #a4 ,from the ,halt4--,on the word 7or ,form1 the right-hand man will make ,half ,right--,form74 a full turn1 and the remainder a partial turn in the required direction4 ,on the word ,march1 all except the ,quick--,march4 right-hand man will step off2 and1 glancing to the right1 will move by the shortest line to their places on the new alignment1 halt1 and take up their dressing independently4 #b4 ,the squad will also practise forming at any angle4 #c4 ,when it is intended to move forward in the new direction after forming1 the words ,at the ,halt will be omitted1 the men will mark time when formed1 and the word ,forward will follow4 #d4 ,on the ,march4--,on the command ,right--,form1 the right-hand man will turn in the required direction1 and mark time1 while the remainder will make a partial turn1 and move by the shortest line to their places on the new alignment4 ,as each man arrives in his place he will mark time and take up his dressing independently4 ,as soon as the squad is formed1 the command ,forward will be given4 #e4 ,if it is desired to form at the halt when on the march1 on the command ,at the ,halt--,right--,form1 the right-hand man will turn in the required direction and then halt2 the remainder will act as in #a4 #cj4 ,marching as in file4 #a4 ,from the halt4--,soldiers1 when standing as in file1 must be instructed to cover each other ,right--,turn4 exactly4 ,the head of the man immediately in front of each soldier1 when he is correctly covered1 will conceal the heads of all the others before him4 ,on the word ,march1 the whole will step off together1 and will continue to step a full pace1 without increasing or diminishing the distance ,quick--,march4 between each other4 ,no looking down1 nor leaning back is to be allowed4 ,the leader is to be directed to march straight forward on some distant object1 the remainder of the men covering correctly during the march4 ,on the words ,halt1 ,left 7or ,right7 ,turn1 ,squad1 ,halt1 the soldiers will halt1 and turn in the required ,left--,turn4 direction4 ,if the marching has been properly performed1 their dressing will be found correct4 #b4 ,on the march4--,on the word ,turn1 the ,right--,turn4 soldier will turn to the right1 and move on as in file4 ,on the word ,left 7or ,right7 ,turn1 the ,left--,turn4 soldier will turn in the required direction1 and then move on in line4 #ca4 ,changing direction as in file4 ,the squad1 when marching as in file1 will be taught to change direction4 ,the leading man will move round a quarter of the circumference ,right--,wheel4 of a circle having a radius of four feet4 ,the other men1 in succession1 will follow on his footsteps without increasing or diminishing their distances from each other or altering the time1 but shortening the pace a little with the inner foot4 ,if a squad is ordered to halt1 mark time1 or step short1 when a part of the men only have wheeled into the new direction1 the remainder should be instructed to cover off1 if required1 by the diagonal march1 on the command1 ,rear ,files--,cover4 #cb4 ,men marching as in file forming up into squad4 7,,plate ,i1 ,fig4 #c47 #a4 ,forming up into ,squad4--,when the squad1 marching as in file to the left ,on the or right1 is ordered to form up either ,right 7or to the right or left1 the leading man ,left71 ,form--,squad4 will mark time1 the remainder will make a partial turn in the named direction and form upon him1 marking time as they come into the alignment1 and taking up their dressing4 ,squad--,forward1 ,as soon as the squad is formed1 the by the ,left command ,forward will be given4 7or ,right74 #b4 ,if it is intended to halt at the place where the movement is commenced1 the caution ,at the ,halt will be given1 and the leading man will halt instead of marking time1 the remainder doing the same as they reach their places1 and taking up their dressing4 #cc4 ,marching with arms4 ,squads with arms will be practised in the different marches1 and variations of step1 described in the foregoing sections4 ,during these practices1 the closest attention must be paid to the position of each individual recruit4 ,the disengaged arm will be allowed to swing naturally1 except when doubling with arms at the slope1 when it will be bent as in the double march ,s4 #ba4 ,when men parade with arms they will invariably fall in at the ,order1 each man occupying #cj inches1 and ,stand at ,ease4 ,coming to ,attention4--,the squad1 when standing easy1 will stand at ease on the caution ,squad1 and will come to attention and slope arms on the command ,slope--,arms2 it will order arms from the ,slope1 stand at ease1 and stand easy1 on the command ,stand--,easy4 ,,squad ,,drill1 ,,in ,,two ,,ranks4 #cd4 ,formation of a squad in two ranks4 ,the squad will now be formed for drill in two ranks4 ,the men will take their places in succession1 commencing from the flank on which they are ordered to form1 and each occupying a space of #cj inches4 ,each man of the rear rank will be placed #fj inches from the man in front of him1 measuring from heel to heel1 and will cover him correctly1 the two men thus placed forming a ,file4 ,the squad will be numbered from right to left2 when it consists of an uneven number of men1 the third man from the left of the front rank will be a ,blank 7or incomplete7 ,file1 that is1 he will have no rear rank man4 ,if the squad is required to drill with intervals1 it will be numbered from the right1 and will then receive the command ,odd numbers of the front rank two paces forward1 even numbers of the rear rank two paces step back--,march4 ,to re-form the squad1 on the command ,reform ,ranks--,march1 the odd numbers of the front rank will step back two paces1 and the even numbers of the rear rank step forward two paces4 #ce4 ,dressing4 ,the front rank will dress as described in ,s4 #be4 ,the rear rank men will continue looking to their front1 and will cover and correct their distances1 as the men of the front rank take up their dressing4 #cf4 ,marching in squad1 and in file4 ,a squad in two ranks will be practised in the marches and variations of step taught in single rank4 ,blank ,file4--,a blank file will always be with the leading rank4 ,he will move up into his place on the words ,about ,turn at the halt1 or will step out to take his place in the leading rank when the squad is turned about on the march4 ,covering and ,distance4--,while marching in line1 the men of the rear rank must accurately preserve their covering and distance4 ,marching in file4--,marching and changing direction in file will be practised as laid down in ,s4 #cj and ,s4 #ca1 care being taken that the men in the rear rank dress correctly by the men of the front rank4 #cg4 ,changing ,ranks4 ,when a squad turns about1 the ranks are thereby changed1 i4e41 the former rear rank becomes the front rank1 the former front rank the rear rank4 ,the exception is when it is required to fall back for a short distance only1 with a view of again turning in the original direction4 ,the command ,about--,turn is then preceded by the caution ,the ,squad will ,retire4 ,the squad will turn in the original direction on the command ,the ,squad will ,advance1 ,about--,turn4 #ch4 ,the ,diagonal ,march4 ,the diagonal march will be practised in two ranks1 in the manner described in ,s4 #bh4 ,in addition to the instructions there given1 the men in the rear rank must be cautioned to preserve their relative positions with the men of the front rank1 in order that they may cover correctly when they are halted in line4 #ci4 ,changing direction1 and forming up4 ,a squad will change direction or form up according to the instructions laid down in ,s4 #bi and ,s4 #cb4 ,the rear rank will not turn on the caution1 but in forming will conform to the movements of the front rank4 #dj4 ,the formation of fours4 7,,plate ,,ii47 ,fours are the ordinary marching formation of infantry1 and the greatest attention should be paid to training the recruit to keep the prescribed distance from the man in front4 ,order1 comfort1 and the reduction of fatigue1 depend on the maintenance of exact distance by the sections of fours4 ,test of marching4--,the test of marching in fours is the position of the men when they turn into line4 ,if there are no gaps or irregularities in the line1 and the squad occupies the same frontage as before it formed fours1 the marching is good4 ,this test should be frequently applied during the instruction of recruits1 and the slightest carelessness as regards the maintenance of the exact distance should be checked at once4 ,it must be explained to the men that odd numbers are right files1 and even numbers left files4 ,in order that the left four may always be complete1 the file on the left of a squad will invariably move back1 and the second file from the left always stand fast in forming fours4 #a4 ,when in line at the halt4--,on the word ,fours1 the left files will take a pace of #cj inches back1 and then a side pace of #cj inches ,form--,fours4 so as to cover their right files1 the first pace being taken with the foot furthest from the right files4 ,in this formation the squad will stand in fours4 ,on the word ,two-deep the left files will move to their original position in line by ,form--,two-deep4 taking a side pace of #cj inches1 and a pace forward of #cj inches2 or if the squad has been turned about while in fours1 a side pace and a pace back4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,,formation ,,of ,,fours4 ,fig4 #a4 ,squad with an ,odd ,file4 ,fig4 #b4 ,squad with a ,blank ,odd ,file4 ,fig4 #c4 ,squad with a ,blank ,even ,file4 ,fig4 #d4 ,when ,squad is ,turned about4 #b4 ,forming ,fours to the ,right 7or ,left74 ,form--,fours4 ,as already described4 ,right 7or ,the squad will turn as ordered4 ,left74 ,left 7or ,the squad will turn as ordered1 and then form ,right7--,turn4 two-deep1 as already described4 ,if it is required to remain in fours1 the word of command will be ,in ,fours4 ,left 7or ,right7--,turn4 ,a squad moving to a flank in fours1 on receiving the command ,right 7or ,left7--,turn1 will turn in the required direction and form two-deep without any further word of command4 ,on receiving an order to incline to the right or left1 the squad will remain in fours4 #c4 ,on the march4--,a squad marching in line1 or by the diagonal march1 will be taught to form fours precisely as when forming from the halt2 the right files marking time two paces whilst the left files are moving to their places4 ,should the word ,right or ,left or ,right or ,left ,incline follow1 the squad will turn in the direction ordered4 #d4 ,when in file4--,fours will be formed by the left files1 moving forward or back into their position in ,fours1 right files if on the move marking time two paces4 #e4 ,when moving in fours1 the squad may be turned in any direction1 diagonal or otherwise4 #f4 ,when moving in fours1 the squad may be ordered to form two-deep2 on the command1 ,form--,two-deep1 the left files will step up or fall back into their places in two-deep formation1 the right files marking time two paces4 #g4 ,when from line a squad is turned to the right or left in fours1 if to the right the left will direct1 and if to the left the right will direct without any further word of command1 and each section of fours will dress by that flank4 #h4 ,a squad moving to a flank in fours by the diagonal march1 will form two-deep on being turned into line4 #da4 ,fours changing direction1 and forming squad4 #a4 ,changing direction4--,a squad moving in fours1 will change direction to the right1 in the same manner as in file3 each four wheeling successively round the same point as described in ,s4 #ca4 ,if the squad be ordered to halt1 or mark time1 when a part of the fours only have wheeled1 the remainder will be instructed to cover off1 if required1 by the diagonal march1 on the command ,rear fours--,cover4 #b4 ,forming squad4--,when a squad moving in fours is ordered to form squad either on the right or left1 it will re-form two-deep1 and then proceed as in ,s4 #cb1 the men taking up their proper places as they come up to the alignment4 #db4 ,passage of a ,defile4 ,if a squad in line has to pass a defile1 it will be formed into fours1 or turned into file1 either to a flank or inwards1 and pass the defile in this formation1 line being reformed as soon as the defile is passed4 #dc4 ,obstacles4 ,when a stream1 ditch1 or bank is to be crossed it will be generally found best to increase rather than diminish the front1 by causing the men to gradually open out before they arrive at the obstacle4 ,if an obstacle such as a tree or a bush has to be passed1 the men concerned will drop back1 clear the obstacle1 and then resume their original formation4 #dd4 ,dismissing with or without arms4 ,the squad will turn to the right1 and after a ,dis-miss4 pause1 break off quietly1 and leave the parade ground with sloped arms4 ,,skirmishing4 #de4 ,general ,rules4 #a4 ,skirmishing implies extended order1 in which each individual acts and thinks for himself1 and makes use of all his powers1 mental and physical1 to attain a common object4 ,it is absolutely essential1 then1 that in this part of his training1 the intelligence of each recruit should be developed by every possible means1 and that a spirit of independent action1 subject to the control and general directions of the section and squad commanders1 should be sedulously encouraged4 #b4 ,even after the soldier has acquired the habit of prompt obedience to the word of command1 and of concentrating his whole attention on the work in hand1 and has learnt to march and shoot1 he will1 notwithstanding1 be insufficiently trained for service unless he can use his wits as well as his physical strength1 and is a skilful1 active1 and resourceful skirmisher4 #c4 ,skirmishing is the all important formation in warfare against a well-armed enemy4 ,the instruction of the recruit in such exercises must therefore1 be considered as one of the most important portions of his training1 and should receive very careful attention4 ,it should commence as soon as he is sufficiently advanced to be able to carry out movements in two ranks and to perform correctly the various motions required to fire the rifle1 and should be continued throughout his training4 #df4 ,course of ,training4 ,the course of instruction of the recruit in skirmishing will be divided into two parts3-- 7i7 ,preliminary ,training4--,this1 which should be as brief as possible1 may be carried out on level ground2 it will include instruction in the methods of extending and closing1 advancing and retiring1 wheeling and changing direction1 c41 and in the use of signals4 7ii7 ,practical ,skirmishing4--,this will take the form of simple exercises1 such as advancing or retiring1 c41 over broken ground4 ,during this period the recruit should be individually instructed in the use of cover1 the elementary lessons in the application of fire1 and the practical methods of carrying out the principles learnt during preliminary training4 #dg4 ,preliminary ,training4 #a4 ,in order that the recruit may be accustomed to use his intelligence and initiative from the commencement of his training as a skirmisher1 it will be explained to him that skirmishing is a tactical exercise and not a drill1 that the object of it is to teach him the practical methods of advancing and retiring1 the use of cover1 and the application of fire1 c42 and that mechanical precision in performing the various movements is not to be aimed at4 #b4 ,a squad of recruits with arms will be formed up under a capable instructor1 who should be a skilful skirmisher2 he will train the individual recruit in the method of extending1 c41 ,s4 #df 7i74 #c4 ,skirmishers will move in single rank at the trail4 ,correct dressing and keeping step are to be dispensed with4 ,when halted each man will turn towards the direction of the supposed enemy1 and will either lie down or will take up such a position behind natural cover as will afford him sufficient protection1 and enable him to use his rifle with effect4 ,at preliminary training on the parade ground1 recruits may stand easy instead of lying down when the squad halts4 #d4 ,in all skirmishing exercises the instructor will point out the position of the enemy1 and he will see that the squad acts throughout with reference to that position4 #e4 ,although words of command are given for preliminary drill purposes1 it is to be distinctly understood that in skirmishing all orders1 as far as is possible1 are to be conveyed by signal4 ,during the preliminary training the words of command may be used1 but they are invariably to be preceded by the whistle sound1 and to be accompanied by the corresponding signal1 ,s4 #di4 ,the instructor will ensure that every man looks to him on the sound of the whistle4 ,he will give neither command nor signal until they do so1 as it is of great importance that in the field all should at once look to the commander on the whistle sounding4 #dh4 ,method of ,extending and ,closing1 c4 #a4 ,extending from line4--,on the command ,to ---- paces--,extend1 if on the move1 the front rank man of the centre file will continue to advance1 the remaining files will turn outwards and will extend at the double1 each man breaking into quick time and advancing in the original direction on reaching his position4 ,the rear rank men will form on the left of their front rank men4 ,arms will be carried at the short trail until there is sufficient room to trail4 ,if it is desired to extend to one flank1 the command ,to the ,right 7or ,left7 will precede the above command1 when the extension will be performed on the same principle as from the centre4 ,if the squad is halted1 the extension will be carried out by the front rank man of the centre or flank file lying down1 whilst the remainder will turn in the required direction and extend as above in double time1 each man halting and lying down as soon as he has got his extension4 7,when on the barrack square recruits may be permitted to stand at ease instead of lying down47 ,note4--,the centre file of the squad should be indicated by the instructor4 #b4 ,extending from column of fours4--,on the command ,to the ,right 7or ,left7 to ---- paces--,extend1 the whole will form two deep4 ,if the extension is to the right1 the left man of the leading file will continue to advance1 the other man of the file extending1 whilst the remainder will make a partial turn in the required direction1 and will double into their position1 breaking into quick time1 and continuing the advance in the original direction as soon as they have done so4 ,if the extension is to the right1 the left man of each file will form on the left of the other man of the same file1 and vice vers4 ,if1 when working with two squads1 it is desired to extend outwards1 one squad should be ordered to extend to the right and the other to the left4 #c4 ,should it be required to form in a direction obliquely to the line of advance1 the command ,half 7or ,quarter71 ,right 7or ,left7 will precede the command in #a or #b4 #d4 ,if it is desired to increase or decrease the extension1 the command will be ,to ---- paces--,extend 7or ,close71 when the men will extend or close on the centre1 unless one flank is named4 #e4 ,skirmishers will be practised in inclining and in changing direction4 ,the change of direction should be carried out without checking the pace1 skirmishers gaining their position at the double4 #f4 ,in all movements in extended order the centre will direct unless otherwise ordered2 the point on which the centre man is to move should be clearly pointed out4 #g4 ,on the command1 or signal1 ,close1 squads will close in quick time on their centre file1 which will halt1 if the squad is not already halted4 ,the men of the original rear rank forming up in rear of their original front rank men1 each man halting and standing at ease as he resumes his position in line4 #di4 ,signals and ,whistle ,blasts and ,war ,calls4 #a4 ,all movements of skirmishers will be controlled by the whistle and signal1 for which purpose the following whistle blasts and signals have been adopted3-- #b4 ,the whistle will be used-- 7a7 ,to draw attention to a signal about to be made--8a short blast40 7b7 ,to denote 8,cease fire0--8a long drawn out blast40 7c7 ,to denote 8,rally10 in wood1 bush1 fog or darkness1 when the signal cannot be seen--8a succession of short blasts40 7d7 ,to denote 8,alarm0--8a succession of alternate long and short blasts40 #c4 ,on a short blast being blown on the whistle1 skirmishers will turn towards their commander and will remain looking at him until he gives the executive signal4 ,,signal4 ,,to ,,indicate ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- 7a7 ,arm swung from rear to front below the 8,advance0 or shoulder 8,forward40 7b7 ,arm circled above the head 8,retire40 7c7 ,hand raised in line with the shoulder1 8,quick time40 elbow bent 7d7 ,clenched hand moved up and down between 8,double40 thigh and shoulder 7e7 ,arm raised at full extent above the head 8,halt40 7f7 ,body or horse turned in the required 8,incline40 direction and arm extended in line with the shoulder 7g7 ,circular movement of the extended arm in 8,wheel40 line with the shoulder in the required direction 7h7 ,two or three slight movements of the open 8,lie down40 hand towards the ground 7i7 ,arm at full extent over head and waved a 8,extend40#b few times slowly from side to side1 the hand to be open and to come down as low as the hips on both sides of the body#c 7k7 ,hand placed on the top of the head1 the 8,close40 elbow to be square to the right or left1 according to which hand is used#d 7l7 ,arm swung from rear to front above the 8,reinforce40 shoulder 7m7 ,weapon held up above1 and as if guarding 8,enemy in the head sight in small numbers40 7n7 ,as in 7m71 but weapon raised and lowered 8,enemy in frequently sight in large numbers40 7o7 ,weapon held up at full extent of arm1 8,no enemy in point1 or muzzle1 uppermost sight40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #d4 ,war bugle calls4--,charge4 ,alarm4 ,no other calls are to be used4 ,for the ,cease ,fire the whistle only is to be used4 #ej4 ,practical ,skirmishing4 #a4 ,as soon as the preliminary training is completed1 the practical application of the principles inculcated will be taught on broken ground4 ,without constant practice over undulating1 wooded1 hilly1 mountainous1 or rocky country1 men can never become efficient skirmishers4 #b4 ,skirmishers must always be on the alert for the appearance of the enemy1 as well as for orders1 whistle1 or signal4 ,to this end1 therefore1 silence and attention must be as strictly maintained as in close order1 and although uniformity of action is not to be demanded1 each man should move with the utmost smartness and alacrity4 #c4 ,neither on the move nor at the halt need a regular line be preserved1 nor should too much attention be paid to exact maintenance of intervals between men4 #d4 ,frequent opportunities will be taken of impressing on the recruit that troops are formed as skirmishers in order that they may not present a favourable target to the enemy's fire1 and may be enabled to take full advantage of cover4 #e4 ,advances may be made by rushes1 at the double1 in quick time1 or even by crawling1 but the pace and method will depend on whether the skirmishing line is under cover or not1 on the volume of the fire to which they are supposed to be exposed1 and on the distance from the enemy4 #f4 ,orders are to be conveyed either by signal1 ,s4 #di1 or else passed along the line of skirmishers1 ,s4 #ed4 #ea4 ,cover4 #a4 ,the paramount importance of concealment must be impressed on all ranks4 ,anyone showing himself may betray the fact that a position is occupied2 or that an outflanking movement is in progress4 ,officers and non-commissioned officers must be careful to set an example in this respect1 and see that it is followed by the men4 #b4 ,the recruit should be trained to look for a covered line of advance1 and to select such halting places as will shelter him from the view and fire of the enemy4 ,he should move as nearly as possible in a direct line forward1 so as not to mask the fire of his comrades4 #c4 ,cover to be efficient must fulfil the following conditions3-- 7i7 ,afford a good view of the ground to the front4 7,if the soldier is to shoot with effect he must never lose sight of the target47 7ii7 ,permit the free use of the rifle4 7iii7 ,give concealment to the firer4 7iv7 ,provide protection against the enemy's fire4 #d4 ,it is more advantageous to fire from the side of cover than over it1 for though the exposure is in both cases practically identical1 a soldier when firing over cover is more visible than when firing round it1 and therefore offers a better mark for the enemy's aim2 in addition1 his movements when preparing to do so are more likely to catch the eye4 ,on the other hand1 better view and command of ground are obtained when firing over cover4 #e4 ,cover gives protection in proportion to the closeness with which the soldier's body is brought to it4 ,bullets which just pass over the top of cover1 particularly if their angle of descent is abrupt1 search ground within a very few feet4 #f4 ,whenever possible1 fire should be delivered from the lowest part of the right side of any obstacle4 ,for example1 the soldier should lie down at the foot of a tree and fire to the right of it2 or when behind a boulder1 he should fire round the lower edge of it1 and not over the top4 ,men must necessarily fire over a continuous wall1 bank1 ditch1 high grass1 crops1 or similar features4 ,in this case1 until the rifle is brought to the firing position only the portion of the head from the eyes upwards should be visible above the cover4 #g4 ,when teaching the use of cover1 the instructor will explain that the first principle is so to adapt the position to it that the rifle can be fired with the minimum of exposure4 ,he will then state the advantages and disadvantages of various kinds of cover1 and will point out that a firer behind a rock or stone wall may be wounded by splinters2 that a certain thickness of earth or brick is necessary to resist a bullet2 that a tree affords only moderate protection2 that an isolated tree1 bush or hedgerow should be avoided as it will probably draw fire2 that even the smallest fold of ground gives cover from view and protection from fire1 c4 ,finally1 he will1 so far as cover is available1 practically show how each can best be utilised4 ,the men will observe his position both from behind and from the front1 and the instructor will emphasise the danger of undue exposure4 ,each man will then be directed to take cover1 and his actions and position criticised by the instructor from the enemy's point of view as well as from behind4 #h4 ,if a skirmisher finds that there is no cover near his line of advance1 or that the cover which exists is already occupied1 he must throw himself down in the open1 and lie as flat as possible4 #i4 ,skirmishers must never expose themselves on the sky-line1 or against a background which would show them up2 they must never in any circumstances crowd together4 #aj4 ,it will be found of great value during instruction to make each individual man skirmish independently over a piece of unknown ground against the rest of the squad1 and to invite their criticism on his action4 #aa4 ,in training skirmishers it is by no means sufficient to point out mistakes1 but1 in every case1 the correct method of action1 and the reasons for it1 should be carefully and patiently explained1 and the exercise repeated4 #eb4 ,blank ,ammunition4 ,blank ammunition should occasionally be used1 and the enemy should be represented by either another squad1 or a few men2 light canvas1 paper1 or wooden targets1 in the form of men kneeling1 cavalry1 a gun1 c41 c42 or a line of old helmets or khaki hats4 #ec4 ,fire ,effect4 #a4 ,in skirmishing the unit of fire will usually be the section or squad4 #b4 ,the squad leader will be careful that no man who cannot see the mark fires4 #c4 ,the instructor should constantly inspect the recruits when firing from behind cover1 direct them to correct their positions1 and make certain that they recognise the target at which they have been ordered to aim4 ,it will be explained to the recruits that-- 7i7 ,fire is only effective when the mark can be seen1 and when it is steadily delivered4 7ii7 ,it is useless to fire merely for the sake of firing1 when no enemy is visible1 and his position is unknown4 7iii7 ,battles are won mainly by the accurate fire of individuals at decisive range4 ,long range fire should rarely be opened without special directions from a superior2 in the absence of orders1 however1 it may be directed against large bodies1 such as half a battalion in close order4 7iv7 ,in crises1 and against large and conspicuous targets1 fire should be as rapid as is compatible with accuracy1 in order that as great loss may be inflicted as possible4 ,in ordinary circumstances fire should be slow4 7v7 ,the moral and material effect of concentrated fire1 when every rifle is directed against one portion of the enemy's line1 is far greater than when each man fires at a mark of his own selection4 7vi7 ,oblique fire 7that is fire delivered at an angle to the hostile line7 will give better results than frontal1 because the surface exposed by the enemy will be greater4 7vii7 ,enfilade fire 7that is1 fire directed along the enemy's line7 will be more effective than frontal1 because errors in estimation of range should be of less importance1 and its moral effect is greater4 7viii7 ,the surest way of checking the enemy's advance1 or bringing about his retirement1 is to shoot down his leaders4 7ix7 ,great results may be obtained from fire delivered unexpectedly at short range1 and men should always be on the watch for opportunities of this nature4 7x7 ,well concealed1 a few bold men1 extended at wide intervals1 can1 by rapid fire1 deceive the enemy as to the strength of the force by which he is opposed1 may delay him for a considerable time1 and before withdrawing inflict serious loss4 #ed4 ,reporting and passing ,orders4 ,skirmishers should be taught to report to their leaders anything they may observe of the dispositions of their enemy1 to call their attention to all signals and to the movements of other units1 and to pass orders1 messages or information along the line in a clear and intelligible manner1 without shouting4 #ee4 ,intervals4 ,the intervals between skirmishers depend on the nature of the ground1 and on the character of the operation1 and on the volume of fire it is sought to bring to bear on the enemy4 ,they may vary considerably2 but it should be clearly recognised that over-extension results in loss of control1 and in diminishing the volume of fire4 ,in close country and woods1 and whenever counter-attack is probable1 over-extension is very dangerous4 ,it is essential1 therefore1 before extending1 that the length of front to be occupied should be carefully considered2 and the commander of a party of skirmishers must always be able to give a reason for the interval at which his men are extended4 #ef4 ,reinforcing4 ,it is inevitable in the heat of battle that battalions1 companies1 sections1 and even squads will become mixed up4 ,it is of very great importance to accustom the men to such conditions1 and to make them understand that if they use their intelligence and their eyes1 confusion may be readily reduced to order4 ,the squad should be practised in reinforcing to the front4 ,for this purpose two squads may be extended in two lines4 ,on the word or signal ,reinforce1 the rear squad will advance as directed by the commander1 and will carry forward the leading line of skirmishers1 the intervals of which it will occupy1 no regard being paid to the order in which the men may place themselves4 ,but great attention should be paid to the following3-- 7i7 ,the men1 whether they receive orders or not1 should at once look for the nearest squad commander1 and place themselves under his control4 7ii7 ,skirmishers should be ordered to re-organise when the cover is so good as to afford a favourable opportunity1 and the men should always be on the look out for such chances to rejoin their squads4 7iii7 ,troops who are being reinforced should be careful to cover the advance of the reinforcements by directing a rapid fire on the enemy's position4 ,squads should also be practised in reinforcing on either flank4 ,on the word or signal ,reinforce the squad in rear will advance as directed by its commander1 and prolong the leading line to the right or left4 #eg4 ,assembly after ,dispersal4 ,the squad will be dispersed1 and the men taught to assemble on their commander on the command ,assemble1 forming at the double in two ranks in their original position on his right4 #eh4 ,inspection of ,skirmishers4 ,in testing the efficiency of a section of skirmishers1 officers will carefully avoid a stereotyped catechism4 ,question and answer in the exact words of the manual result in a mere parrot-like knowledge1 of no value in the field4 ,skirmishers should be questioned during a series of exercises on broken ground1 and their replies should either be in the form of practical illustrations2 for example1 occupation of cover1 approach of a position1 crossing a sky-line1 c41 c42 or of explanations as to how they would act1 or what they would report1 in circumstances that might arise out of the exercise in progress4 ,furthermore1 in attack and defence1 in order to prevent the inspection becoming a repetition of operations already rehearsed1 the officer will direct where the targets are to be placed1 or give instructions to the men representing the enemy2 and in all exercises--attack1 reconnaissance1 retirement1 or defence--he will set the task for the squad to carry out4 ,,part ,,ii ,,the ,,training ,,of ,,the ,,company4 #ei4 ,,preliminary ,,remarks4 #a4 ,the ,recruit4--,when the recruit has been thoroughly instructed in the elements of drill and skirmishing1 he will take his place in the ranks of his company4 #b4 ,the ,company as the ,school of ,instruction4--,the company1 from its size and organisation1 is the best school of instruction in all field duties1 and in it both officers and non-commissioned officers will be trained to accept responsibility1 and to use initiative with judgment4 ,it is the largest unit that can be directly controlled under fire by one man1 and is the most important link in the chain of co-operation in battle4 ,the training of the company exerts an influence on the efficiency of infantry on service which it is impossible to overrate2 it is to be carried out by its own officers and non-commissioned officers1 without undue interference on the part of their superiors4 ,the battalion commander is responsible that the company commanders are thoroughly instructed1 and he supervises1 but should not lay down1 the methods which they employ to train their companies4 ,the company commanders1 assisted by their subalterns and non-commissioned officers1 are directly responsible for the efficiency of the rank and file1 and their advancement in the service will depend on their success4 #c4 ,organisation of the ,company4--,a company is permanently divided into two half-companies1 the right and left1 each under a subaltern1 when available4 ,each half-company is permanently divided into two sections1 each under a non-commissioned officer4 ,they will be numbered from one to four4 ,a section is permanently divided into two squads1 each under a non-commissioned officer or selected private4 ,they will be numbered from one to eight4 ,this organisation will be maintained both in barracks and in the field4 ,the men will thus acquire the spirit of true comradeship1 and learn to repose confidence in each other2 while the non-commissioned officers will be accustomed to command1 and to act when necessary on their own judgment4 ,by such means the fighting value of the company will be fully developed2 and its proper direction and command under hostile fire1 when superior control becomes impossible1 be maintained4 #d4 ,duty of ,officer ,commanding a ,battalion4--,it is the duty of the commanding officer to see that all ranks are thoroughly trained in field duties1 that co-operation in action is ensured1 and that the self-reliance and good-will of officers and non-commissioned officers is so carefully cultivated as to render them zealous and intelligent assistants1 in peace as well as on service1 and not mere passive executants of definite orders4 ,this can only be accomplished by giving the company commanders a free hand1 and ample opportunities of exercising their men4 ,in other words the battalion commander does not lead in the field one unit4 ,his duty is to direct and supervise the action of eight independent tactical units4 #e4 ,object of ,company ,drill4--,the object of company drill is3--,first1 to enable the company1 when it takes its place in the battalion1 to carry out any movement or formation the commanding officer may prescribe1 whether laid down in this manual1 or improvised to meet the circumstances of the moment1 without hesitation or confusion4 ,second1 to render the company capable of independent action when detached from the battalion4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,,positions ,,of ,,commanders1 ,,etc41 ,,in ,a ,,company4 ,fig4 #a4 ,in ,line4 ,fig4 #b4 ,in ,column of ,half ,companies4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,,positions ,,of ,,commanders1 ,,etc41 ,,in ,,company ,,column4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,v4 ,a ,,company ,,fallen ,,in ,,for ,,inspection ,,by ,,its ,,commander4 ,,drill4 #fj4 ,general ,rules4 #a4 ,the company may be formed as follows3-- 7i7 ,in line1 ,plate ,,iii1 ,fig4 #a4 7ii7 ,in company column 7i4e41 column of sections71 ,plate ,,iv4 7iii7 ,in column of half-companies1 ,plate ,,iii1 ,fig4 #b4 7iv7 ,in column of fours4 ,company column is the normal formation for a company when acting alone or at an interval from other companies4 ,formation into and from column of half-companies is carried out in the same manner as into and from company column1 the words column of half-companies being substituted for company column4 ,in line the left squad commander of the half-company on the right is the centre of the company4 #b4 ,position and duties of the leaders4 7i7 ,the company commander4--,when the company is acting alone or at an interval from other companies1 the company commander will place himself where he can best exercise supervision4 ,in the absence of the company commander1 his place will be taken by the next in rank2 a similar rule will be followed within the half-company1 section1 and squad4 7ii7 ,the subalterns4--,when the company is in line1 each half-company commander will1 as a rule1 be three paces in rear of the centre of his half-company4 7,plate ,,iii1 ,fig4 #a47 ,when in column of half-companies he will be three paces in front of the centre of his half company4 7,plate ,,iii1 ,fig4 #b47 ,when in column of fours he will retain his position as in line4 ,when in company column he will1 as a rule1 be two paces from the centre of his half-company on the directing flank4 7,plate ,,iv47 7iii7 ,section commanders will be two paces in front of the centre of their sections in company column2 in all other formations they will retain the positions shown in ,plate ,,iii1 ,fig4 #a4 ,squad commanders will be on the flanks of their squads as shown in ,plate ,,iii1 ,fig4 #a4 ,the drummers will be two paces in rear of the first and seventh squads respectively unless the company is acting independently1 when one drummer always goes with the company commander2 the pioneer will be two paces in rear of the fifth squad4 ,the signallers will be two paces in rear of the second1 fourth1 sixth and eighth squads4 ,in fours or file1 the squad commanders will be on the directing flank of the leading and rear fours or files of their section4 ,the remaining supernumeraries will retain their places4 ,super-numeraries will conform to all orders given to the company as regards the carrying of their arms1 with the exception that they fix bayonets only when escorting the colours1 or when the men fix bayonets for attack or defence1 and order arms when the men fire in close order4 ,squad commanders will conform to the movements of the men4 ,no change in the command of sections or squads will take place except by the direct order of the captain4 #c4 ,changes of formation can usually be carried out3-- 7i7 ,from the halt1 halting on completion of the movement4 7ii7 ,on the move1 halting on completion of the movement4 7iii7 ,from the halt1 moving forward on completion of the movement4 7iv7 ,on the move1 moving forward on completion of the movement4 ,the principle is the same in all cases1 but the words of command differ slightly4 ,when movements are to be performed as in 7i7 and 7ii71 the command will be preceded by the caution ,,at ,,the ,,halt1 unless the section of formation stands fast as in ,section #fd 7i74 ,as soon as movements as in 7iii7 and 7iv7 are completed1 the command ,,forward will be given4 ,in the following detail the cautions and commands are given only for the movements in the form in which they are generally used1 but this does not preclude the use of the other forms detailed in 7i7 7ii7 7iii7 and 7iv7 when applicable4 #d4 ,movements will be carried out in quick time unless ordered at the double1 in which case the command ,,double--,,march will be used instead of ,,quick--,,march4 #e4 ,the commander of the company gives the executive command when the whole company1 or the whole company except the section of formation1 is required to act2 when sections act independently they receive the executive commands from their own commanders4 #f4 ,all movements and formations in fours can also be performed in file4 #g4 ,a company should be frequently exercised in close order over hilly1 wooded1 and broken ground1 and should be constantly turned about1 in order that every man may be equally competent to act in either rank4 #h4 ,before any movement in close order is carried out1 arms will be sloped by word of command4#e ,arms will be retained at the slope until the command ,order ,arms1 ,stand at ,ease1 or ,stand ,easy is given4 #i4 ,great pains must be taken to accustom the men to remedy quickly1 of their own accord1 any derangement in the order in which they fell in on parade4 ,sections will not be re-numbered when a change of formation alters their relative position4 #aj4 ,squad commanders1 marching on the directing flanks of half-companies1 or sections1 must always cover each other2 they are responsible that the correct distance is maintained4 ,when the column is formed at the halt1 they should take up their covering immediately the word ,halt is given4 #aa4 ,except at ceremonial drill1 the men will take up their own dressing in all formations4 #ab4 ,unless otherwise ordered1 men moving to the right in fours or file will march by the left1 and when moving to the left1 by the right4 ,a company column or column of half-companies will dress and march by the left unless otherwise ordered4 ,in all other formations the flank by which men are to dress and march will be named4 #ac4 ,the cautions and words of command printed in ,,capitals are given by the company commander1 those in italics by the subordinate leaders4 #fa4 ,inspection and telling-off4 ,the company will fall in by the left for inspection on its private parade ground as in ,plate ,v4 ,the company commander will give the order ,,tell ,,off ,,by ,,sections1 when the section commanders will number off their commands from the leading section4 ,on the command ,,tell ,,off ,,by ,,squads1 the squad commanders will number off their squads consecutively from ,no4 #a1 the right squad of the leading section1 to ,no4 #h1 the left squad of the rear section4 ,,fix--,,bayonets4 ,the inspecting officer will pass down the ranks to see that the appointments1 clothing1 c41 are clean1 and in good order4 ,,unfix--,,bayonets4 ,,for ,,inspection4 ,,port--,,arms4 ,the officer will inspect the breech action1 and here and there examine a barrel by looking down it1 the men acting as laid down in the ,rifle ,exercises1#f ,s4 #ab4 ,on the completion of the inspection the right squad commanders will close their squads on to the left squads4 ,the company will then be proved as follows3-- ,,by ,,sections--,,number4 ,,form--,,fours4 ,,form--,,two-,,deep4 ,the company will be turned about and proved as above4 ,when proved1 it will be again turned about4 ,if the company is to drill in battalion it will then be marched to the battalion place of assembly4 #fb4 ,the formation of fours4 ,in forming fours1 the men will move as in ,squad ,drill1 ,s4 #dj4 ,on the word ,,right 7or ,,left7 the subalterns and supernumeraries will turn in the required direction1 and the squad commanders will place themselves on the directing flank on the leading and rear sections of fours of their sections4 #fc4 ,changing ranks4 ,when the company turns about the ranks are thereby changed1 as in ,squad ,drill1 ,s4 #cg1 but sections are not to be retold off4 ,the commander will gain his position by moving round the outer flank4 ,super-numeraries will conform1 passing through the ranks by the outer flanks of their sections1 the squad commanders making way by placing themselves between the men of the files on their right and left2 at the halt this will be done by taking a pace to the rear and a pace outwards2 if on the march by checking the pace slightly and taking a pace outwards4 ,ranks will not be changed1 when it is required to fall back for a short distance only1 with a view of turning again in the original direction2 in this case the order ,,about ,,turn will be preceded by the caution1 ,,the ,,company ,,will ,,retire1 and the commanders and supernumeraries retain their positions4 ,to turn in the original direction the command will be1 ,,the ,,company ,,will ,,advance1 ,,about ,,turn4 #fd4 ,a company column forming into line4 #a4 ,when it is required to increase the frontage from company column to company in line1 the caution1 if the column is halted1 will be ,,on ,,the ,,left 7or ,,right71 ,,form ,,company2 on the command ,,remainder ,,left 7or ,,right7 ,,incline1 ,,quick--,,march1 the leading section will stand fast1 the sections in rear will move into line with the leading section in quick time1 being inclined to the right 7or left71 and halted by their section commanders when in line with the leading section4 ,if on the march1 unless the caution ,,at ,,the ,,halt is given1 the sections in rear will be ordered by the company commander to move up in double time1 and will be successively ordered to incline to the right 7or left71 and to quick march by their section commanders on reaching their position in company4 #b4 ,a company column may form line to a flank on the company commander's command ,,sections ,,right 7or ,,left7 ,,form1 ,,quick--,,march1 when the men will act as in ,squad ,drill1 ,s4 #bi 7#c72 this will be followed by the command ,,forward1 ,,by ,,the ,,right 7or ,,left71 as soon as the formation is complete4 #c4 ,a company column moving in fours may form column of fours on the right or left section4 ,on the company commander's command ,,right 7or ,,left7 ,,section ,,to ,,the ,,front1 ,,remainder ,,right 7or ,,left7 ,,wheel1 the named section will continue to move forward1 the remaining sections will wheel to the right 7or left71 and1 on reaching the line of advance of the leading section1 will wheel to the left 7or right7 and follow it in column of fours4 #d4 ,a company column moving in fours may form line facing the same direction on the command ,,on ,,the ,,right 7or ,,left7 ,,form ,,sections1 followed by the command ,,forward1 ,,by ,,the ,,right 7or ,,left7 as soon as the formation is complete1 sections acting as in ,squad ,drill1 ,s4 #cb4 #e4 ,in forming line from company column1 section commanders will take post in rear of their sections as soon as the movement is commenced1 moving by the outer flank1 or in rear1 of their sections4 #fe4 ,marching in line4 ,,by ,,the ,,right #a4 ,on the caution ,,by ,,the ,,right 7or ,,left7 7or ,,left74 the commander of the right 7or left7 squad will ,,quick--,,march4 select points to march on4 #b4 ,when the company is turned about1 the squad commanders1 on the command ,,about ,,turn1 will turn about and take two paces forward1 and align themselves with the leading rank4 #ff4 ,a company in line forming to the right or left4 ,,right 7or ,,left7--,,form1 #a4 ,,from ,,the ,,halt4--,,as ,,in ,,squad ,,drill1 ,s4 #bi7c74 ,,quick--,,march1 ,,the ,,commander ,,of ,,the ,,inner ,,squad ,,will ,,act ,,as ,,forward1 ,,by ,,the ,,right 7,,or ,,left7 ,,hand ,,man4 ,,the ,,right 7or ,,left74 #fg4 ,a company in line1 or moving in fours1 forming company column4 #a4 ,from company in line at the halt4--,on the command ,,right 7or ,,left7 turn1 the whole company1 ,,advance ,,in ,,except ,,the ,,section ,,of ,,formation1 ,,will ,,turn ,,company ,,in ,,the ,,required ,,direction4 ,,on ,,the ,,command ,,column1 ,,on ,,quick--,,march the right 7or left7 section will ,,the ,,right advance1 the remainder will mark time two paces1 7or ,,left71 and then lead on4 ,when the leading file of each ,,remainder ,,successive ,,section ,,is ,,in ,,rear ,,of ,,the ,,centre ,,of ,,the ,,right 7or section in front of it1 the section commander will ,,left7 ,,turn4 order it to incline to the left 7or right71 and ,,quick--,,march4 when its rear file1 in the case of a formation on the right 7or leading file1 in the case of a formation on the left7 is in rear of the left file of the section in front of it1 he will order it to advance by the command left 7or right7 incline4 #b4 ,from company in line on the march4--,if when on the march it is desired to form company column from company in line1 the command will be ,,company ,,column ,,on ,,the ,,right 7or ,,left71 ,,remainder ,,right 7or ,,left7 ,,turn1 when the sections will act as in para4 #a4 ,when a company in line on the march is required to form company column at the halt1 the caution ,,at ,,the ,,halt will precede the caution in para4 #b4 ,the section on which the formation is to be made will advance two paces and then halt1 the remaining sections will mark time two paces and then be led by the squad commanders nearest the section of formation into their positions in column1 and will then be halted1 and turned to the left or right1 by order of their commanders4 #c4 ,a company in line forming company column to a flank4--,a company in line may move to a flank in company column1 on the principles laid down in ,squad ,drill1 ,s4 #bi 7#c74 ,the command is1 ,,sections ,,right 7or ,,left7 ,,form1 ,,quick--,,march1 followed by ,,forward1 as soon as the formation is complete4 #d4 ,a company in fours forming company column4--,a company moving in fours may form company column in fours on the right or left of the leading section4 ,on the command of the company commander1 ,,company ,,column ,,on ,,the ,,leading ,,section1 ,,remainder ,,right 7or ,,left7 ,,incline1 ,,double--,,march1 the leading section will continue to advance1 the remaining sections will incline to the right 7or left71 and will double to their positions in company column1 each section1 as soon as its leading file is at section interval from1 and in line with1 the leading file of the section on its left or right1 being successively ordered to left 7or right incline7 and quick march by its commander4 ,the section on which the formation is made will direct1 unless otherwise ordered4 ,a company moving in fours will form forward into company column1 on the company commander's order1 ,,on ,,the ,,right 7or ,,left7 ,,form ,,sections1 followed by the command ,,forward when the formation is complete1 sections will act as in ,squad ,drill1 ,s4 #da 7#b74 #e4 ,in forming company column from company in line1 section commanders will take post in front of their sections as soon as the movement is commenced1 moving by the outer flank1 or in rear1 of their sections4 #fh4 ,when marching in fours or file1 forming up into line4 ,these formations will be made as described in ,squad ,drill1 ,s4 #da 7#b71 on the command ,,on ,,the ,,right 7or ,,left71 ,,form ,,company1 followed by ,,forward ,,by ,,the ,,left 7or ,,right71 as soon as the formation is completed4 ,should a company1 marching to the right in fours1 be ordered to form company on the right1 or vice vers1 thereby changing ranks1 the officers and section commanders will at once gain their positions as in ,s4 #fc4 #fi4 ,a column changing direction4 ,a company column will change direction by successive formation of sections1 round the same point on the principles laid down in ,squad ,drill1 ,s4 #bi 7#d71 the caution1 ,,change ,,direction ,,right 7or ,,left71 being given by the company commander1 and the command ,right 7or ,left7 ,,form--,,forward ,,by ,,the ,,left being given successively by each section commander4 #gj4 ,movements in line 7or lines7 of sections4 ,this formation affords many advantages when moving through a wooded or broken country1 when exposed to distant artillery fire1 or preparatory to extension into a line or lines of skirmishers4 ,the advance may be made in line of half-companies or in one or more lines of sections4 ,these bodies may move in line1 in column1 in fours1 or in file4 ,the intervals and distance may vary according to circumstances4 ,the line may be formed as follows3--,the company commander having assembled the half-company and section commanders1 will inform them of the number of lines and the relative position of their commands2 he will then issue his instructions and assign an objective4 ,the half-company or section commanders will move their commands into position on the company commander's order ,,move4 ,half-companies or sections will then be moved off by their commanders by the shortest route1 each unit as it reaches its position1 halting4 ,if two lines are to be formed1 the requisite distance will be obtained by advancing the first line4 ,this formation may also be carried out on the command ,,line ,,of ,,sections ,,at -- ,,paces ,,interval1 or ,,lines ,,of ,,sections ,,on ,,nos4 -- ,,at -- ,,paces ,,interval1 ,,at -- ,,paces ,,distance4 ,if in line1 sections will move outwards to obtain the necessary interval2 if in column the even numbered sections will move to the left and the odd numbered sections to the right4 ,a section of direction will be named4 ,the subalterns will place themselves where they can best direct and superintend the movements of their half-companies4 ,whilst advancing in this formation1 half-companies and sections may decrease or exceed the named intervals in order to take advantage of cover1 or to avoid obstacles4 ,but they should regain them as soon as possible1 and the greatest attention should be paid to the maintenance of direction1 a matter of much difficulty in close country1 on mountains1 and in woods4 ,changes of position and direction should be practised in the above formations1 the orders being conveyed by signal1 ,s4 #di2 the unit on which the formation is made1 and each unit in succession on reaching its new position will halt until the whole has conformed to the new direction1 interval or distance1 when the line will continue the advance4 ,in all formations of this character1 scouts will cover the movement and protect the flanks4 ,the company commander will either give the necessary directions1 or in default of orders from him1 half-company commanders will send out scouts1 using their own discretion as to numbers4 #ga4 ,drill in single rank4 ,all the movements in company drill should be practised in single rank1 and it will generally be found convenient to form two companies1 one from each rank1 or the right half-company becoming ,no4 #a company1 the left ,no4 #b4 ,it will be unnecessary to form new sections and squads4 ,this exercise is also of great use in training the subalterns to habits of independent action1 and should therefore be frequently practised4 #gb4 ,fire action4 #a4 ,fire action is the aim of all manuvres in war1 and should therefore be the climax of all manuvres in peace4 ,for this purpose drill and fire action should be combined on all parades4 ,thus1 after a change of position or direction1 or when marching in fours1 the company commander should point out some objective1 moving or stationary1 and order the company or any portion of it to open fire1 extending if necessary4 ,the half-company commanders may repeat the orders1 but the section commanders should give the executive commands4 ,this practice will not only give a meaning to many movements1 which they would otherwise lack1 but will exercise all ranks in judging distance1 extending1 and opening fire with rapidity4 ,the whistle should be used to control the fire1 ,s4 #di4 #b4 ,the company should also be exercised in meeting sudden rushes1 such as charges by cavalry1 savage swordsmen1 or fanatics1 ,s4 #he4 ,this practice should be carried out on every description of ground1 especially in woods4 ,warning may be given by some pre-arranged signal4 #c4 ,when the company is moving in line 7or lines7 of sections1 the fire-tactics best adapted to meet sudden attacks by cavalry or swordsmen1 may be practised with very great benefit to the efficiency of all ranks4 ,the half-companies or sections should be left to their own commanders1 who will move them to favourable ground1 securing1 if possible1 a clear field of fire1 adopt suitable formations1 and regulate the firing2 habits of quick decision and alertness1 as well as an eye for ground1 will thus be cultivated4 #gc4 ,when dispersed1 re-assembling4 ,the commander will place the left squad commander of ,no4 #a section with sloped arms on the left of the alignment on which he intends the company to form4 ,the left squad commanders of the remaining sections will cover off at column distance4 ,on the command ,,assemble1 the men will fall in on the right of these squad commanders1 ordering arms1 taking up their dressing and standing at ease4 #gd4 ,dismissing4 ,the officers having been ordered to fall out1 a company will be dismissed as in ,squad ,drill1 ,s4 #dd4 #ge4 ,inspection in close order drill4 #a4 ,the inspection of the company in close order formations is carried out with a view of testing the readiness of the officers1 non-commissioned officers1 and squad leaders in changing from one formation to another1 and adapting formations to the ground2 in utilising the fire of their commands in the most effective manner2 in controlling the fire2 in giving clear and concise orders2 and in maintaining direction1 interval1 and distance4 ,particular attention should be directed to the following3 7i7 ,the rapidity with which fire was opened1 manner in which it was controlled and distributed1 and the positions of the men4 7ii7 ,the attention and steadiness of the men1 and the precision of all movements4 7iii7 ,the preservation of dressing1 direction1 interval1 and distance1 especially when in lines of sections4 7iv7 ,the length of pace and cadence in quick and double time4 7v7 ,the readiness with which the company forms line of half-companies or sections4 7vi7 ,the manner in which words of command are given4 7vii7 ,the closeness with which the principles and instructions contained in this manual are followed4 ,,skirmishing4 #gf4 ,general ,remarks4 ,the training of the company in skirmishing will be confined to tactical exercises on broken ground1 and will be carried out in accordance with the principles laid down in #de-eg4 ,the commander should decide whether ground should be crossed by simultaneous rushes2 by rushing man by man2 by crawling in succession1 or independently2 or in quick time4 ,occasions may arise when a strict adherence to the directions laid down in ,part ,i1 for extending1 changing direction1 c41 would be undesirable4 ,company training should embrace a variety of rough and ready expedients1 calculated to enable a fighting front to be shown with the least possible delay in any required direction3-- ,for instance1 a company marching north in fours is required to suddenly extend facing north-west2 or troops lying down firing are required to rapidly line a bank to their right1 to forestall its occupation by an enemy2 or a company advancing in extended order arrives at an impassable obstacle of limited extent1 or perhaps encounters water which can only be crossed by a bridge1 and the commander wishes to avoid closing and re-extending4 ,to meet contingencies1 the following methods are suggested4 ,other expedients should be improvised by commanders in order to educate their men to meet a particular exigency3-- 7i7 ,to change direction2 or to occupy a position rapidly4 ,when in extended order1 the command may be3--,line that bank 7ditch1 hedge1 c47--,double4 ,when in close order3--,line that bank 7hedge1 ditch1 c47--,extend4 ,in the latter case the intervals between men are immaterial4 7ii7 ,from behind an obstacle such as a bog1 or pond1 to occupy the ground on the far side in extended order4 ,the new position having been pointed out to the men1 the word of command may be ,man by ,man 7or ,by ,files1 ,by ,fours71 ,from the ,right 7,left1 or ,both ,flanks71 ,to--paces1 ,extend 7or ,advance1 or ,double74 ,the men will move off from one or both flanks1 and occupy in extended order the position pointed out1 the squad commander leading4 ,this method may also be used for extending from behind cover1 such as a wall1 bank1 c41 into the open under fire2 or for crossing a bridge when under fire2 or when it is desired not to attract attention4 ,men may also be extended in prolongation of any alignment on the above principles4 7iii7 ,from behind cover1 when in close order1 to occupy a frontage1 the flanks of which are defined by fixed points such as trees1 bushes1 buildings1 c4 ,three points1 one in the centre1 and one on each flank1 are selected and pointed out to the centre man and flank men respectively4 ,these men move off1 and when at a suitable distance the order ,extend is given1 on which the remainder advance at the double1 and1 opening out like a fan1 divide the distance between them4 ,this method may be practised without fixed points1 an approximate interval right and left of the centre man being indicated to the two flank men4 ,,attack ,,practice4 #gg4 ,general ,rules4 #a4 ,a well-armed enemy can only be driven from a strong position by partly enveloping his front1 or by overwhelming him with a heavier and more accurate fire than his own at decisive range1 and eventually charging with the bayonet4 ,to reach a decisive range under heavy fire is1 however1 a long and difficult operation4 ,the advance will be covered by scouts1 ,s4 #acb2 when these can move forward no further1 they will lie still until absorbed by the first line of skirmishers1 which in turn will gradually be reinforced by lines in rear as it becomes necessary to increase the volume of fire1 until a strong firing line is established4 ,further advance can usually be effected only when the advance of one body is covered by the fire of the remainder1 and when the ground is gained by a few men at a time1 or by successive rushes from point to point4 ,how these advances are to be made must be left to the intelligence of the leaders4 #b4 ,in this practice1 the following rules will be observed3-- 7i7 ,all extensions will be made1 if possible1 under cover2 and the preliminary instructions as to scouting1 direction1 objective1 outflanking the enemy1 c41 c41 will be given before extension4 7ii7 ,the intervals1 in the preliminary stages of the attack1 may vary from five to fifteen paces2 these will gradually be reduced as the lines in rear reinforce the firing line4 7iii7 ,skirmishers must maintain the general direction in which their section has been ordered to advance2 but they may deviate to the right and left in order to take advantage of cover1 provided that they resume their intervals before crossing exposed ground1 and that when halted they do not crowd so closely on one another as to interfere with the free use of the rifle4 7iv7 ,in order to take advantage of a well-sheltered approach from one position to another1 skirmishers may move in file1 but only when ordered to do so by the section leaders4 7v7 ,exposed ground will1 if the enemy's fire is heavy and accurate1 be crossed by rushes at the quickest possible pace4 ,rushes1 over open ground1 should not exceed eighty or one hundred yards1 and should rarely reach this limit4 ,at decisive ranges a rush should not be so long that the enemy has time for aimed fire1 and can only be continued whilst the surprise lasts4 ,if cover exists they should be made from one shelter to the next4 ,ground which affords slight cover may be crossed by the men running1 creeping1 or crawling forward by ones or twos1 each1 if possible1 selecting a different course1 and starting at different times from different points of the line4 7vi7 ,either before or during a forward movement each skirmisher should mark out for himself the new position he intends to occupy4 ,this position should be as nearly as possible in a direct line forward1 and should be such as not to mask or interfere with the fire of his comrades4 7vii7 ,the fire of a widely extended line is very ineffective4 ,under such circumstances1 therefore1 fire should rarely be opened1 the advance being covered by the fire of the supporting troops4 7viii7 ,if the distance from cover to cover is too great to be crossed without halting1 skirmishers1 at the end of the first rush1 will throw themselves down in the open1 and lie perfectly motionless without firing1 until they recover their wind4 7ix7 ,in the final advance against the position1 after bayonets have been fixed1 the skirmishers will either advance by rushes from cover to cover1 or1 if possible1 in a general line4 7x7 ,the men of a squad1 and the squads of a section1 must always if possible keep together4 #c4 ,when two or more sections are advancing in a general line1 and it is assumed to be no longer possible1 owing to the intensity of the enemy's fire1 to advance in this formation1 the advance will be conducted by alternate rushes4 ,the commander of the section indicated1 without rising or exposing himself1 will warn the squad of his intention to advance1 and will himself lead the way4 ,when the commander halts1 the section will at once conform to his movements and reopen fire4 ,the section behind1 which has been firing in order to cover the advance of the leading squad1 will now rush forward1 pass beyond1 or align itself with1 the leading section1 halt1 and open fire4 #d4 ,bayonets will be fixed before the final advance from the fire position4 #gh4 ,position of the commanders4 ,section and squad commanders will place themselves where they can best carry out their duties4 ,in open ground1 when the line is halted1 and when the enemy's fire is heavy1 it is not possible for them to move about4 ,in such circumstances the commanders must lie down1 either on the flank or among the men4 #gi4 ,casualties4 ,officers1 non-commissioned officers1 and squad leaders1 should frequently be ordered to fall out1 and the men allowed to carry on the practice without interference1 in accordance with the instructions originally issued4 #hj4 ,instructions for commanders4 #a4 ,so far as possible1 all orders are to be communicated by signal4 ,a well-trained squad1 except when passing orders or reports1 should work in absolute silence4 #b4 ,commanders should not expose themselves unnecessarily4 #c4 ,each leader who receives an order either by signal or word of command will acknowledge it by a salute with the hand4 #d4 ,commanders must be prepared to instantly assume the duties of their immediate superiors who may be disabled4 #e4 ,section commander4 7i7 ,before the section advances1 to explain clearly1 so that every man may hear and understand1 the objective of the manuvre about to be carried out1 and how he intends to reach it4 ,the secret of good and intelligent skirmishing lies in the clearness of the instructions the men receive4 7ii7 ,to select the successive halting-places of the section4 7iii7 ,to determine the method of advance4 7iv7 ,to see that the general direction is maintained4 7v7 ,to prevent crowding4 7vi7 ,to concentrate the fire against a particular objective1 point out and describe the position of the target1 give the range1 and observe the fire4 7vii7 ,to control the expenditure of ammunition1 to see that the ammunition of men disabled is collected and distributed1 and to inform the half-company commander when the ammunition is running short4 7viii7 ,to show the way from cover to cover1 and to do everything in his power to assist the advance of neighbouring sections by directing a vigorous fire on the enemy whilst they are in movement4 7ix7 ,to transmit intelligence of the enemy's movements4 #f4 ,squad commander4 7i7 ,to repeat all signals1 and ensure that all orders and reports are quickly and correctly passed along the line4 7ii7 ,to ensure that the orders of the section leader are promptly and energetically obeyed3 7iii7 that the general direction is maintained3 7iv7 that the squad maintains connection with the remainder of the section4 7v7 ,when under cover1 or in the open if the enemy's fire is not heavy1 to see the men place themselves in position to use their rifles effectively2 that they recognise the target1 and adjust their sights2 and that there is no wild firing4 7vi7 ,to assist the advance of neighbouring squads by covering them with their fire whilst they are in movement4 #ha4 ,duty of the ,skirmisher4 ,it should be impressed upon the men that combined action is always more likely to be successful than isolated efforts1 because skirmishers who are fighting under the control of their leaders1 and are beside their own comrades1 feel much more confidence1 and co-operate more effectively1 than when each man advances1 retires1 or halts as seems best to himself4 ,it is to be recognised1 however1 that when the section is extended at wide intervals1 and also when it is under heavy fire1 section1 and even squad commanders cannot always exercise direct control4 ,hence the men must learn to act independently and must be taught their duty1 first by clear explanations1 then by practice1 accompanied by constant questioning1 until every individual knows exactly what is expected of him when left to himself1 viz43-- 7i7 ,continue fighting1 and do his best to carry out his commander's intentions indicated in the original instructions4 7ii7 ,estimate the range1 fire deliberately1 and husband ammunition4 7iii7 ,place himself1 if possible1 under the orders of the oldest soldier in his neighbourhood1 and form one of a new squad4 7iv7 ,as soon as reinforcements arrive to take the orders of the nearest officer or non-commissioned officer4 #hb4 ,defence ,practice4 #a4 ,the chief points to be attended to in the occupation of a post or position are3 first1 that each skirmisher can command the ground over which the enemy is expected to advance1 and is so placed that he can use his rifle effectively2 second1 invisibility and cover from fire2 third1 that natural rests are properly utilised or artificial rests provided2 fourth1 that ranges have been ascertained and are known to everyone2 and fifth1 that all cover which the enemy could utilise is cleared away from the front and flanks2 and sixth1 that each man has ample ammunition4 #b4 ,the company should be practised in changing its position1 creeping or crawling under cover to do so2 also in delivering counter attacks1 by some covered line of approach1 against the flanks of an attacking party4 ,the flanks of a company on the defensive must always be watched by scouts4 #hc4 ,reconnaissance ,practice4 ,the squad may be practised in forming a chain of groups of scouts to feel the way for a larger body1 and in working as a patrol sent out to obtain information of the enemy or the ground4 ,it is impossible to lay down precise rules for these most important duties4 ,all that can be said is that the intervals would be far greater than is usual in the ,attack ,practice2 and that much more latitude should be granted to the men4 ,in reconnoitring the enemy or the ground the men should be made to understand clearly the nature of the information required4 #hd4 ,retirements4 ,retirements in face of the enemy must be conducted with the greatest circumspection4 ,in retiring under fire1 skirmishers1 if well in hand1 may move from cover to cover at the quickest possible pace1 a few men1 preferably the most active1 being left behind for a short time at each halt to cover the retirement of the remainder4 ,sections will also be taught to retire alternately1 affording each other mutual support by taking up successive fire positions2 a section1 after delivering its fire1 will retire as rapidly as possible beyond the other section which will then open fire4 ,if1 however1 the men are at all shaken1 as when an attack has failed1 the retirement must be in quick time2 and all ranks should exert themselves to the utmost to ensure that it is carried out1 notwithstanding losses1 with steadiness and precision4 ,a rapid retreat1 in such conditions1 is not only a fruitful source of panic1 but a very great encouragement to the enemy4 ,a steady1 deliberate movement1 on the other hand1 carried out in silence and good order1 pulls the men together and imposes respect and caution on the enemy4 #he4 ,meeting an attack by cavalry4 #a4 ,it should be impressed upon the men that on open ground foot soldiers have little to fear from individual troopers1 provided that they keep cool1 and have plenty of ammunition2 and that on broken ground the advantage is altogether on their side4 #b4 ,charges of cavalry against the front can usually be met by rapid fire without changing the formation4 ,if for any particular reason1 a close formation is deemed advisable1 the men of the section will close upon their leader1 and fix bayonets1 the word of command being ,cavalry1 ,close4 ,it is to be remembered1 however1 that close formations may give the enemy's artillery the opportunity which his cavalry have been seeking to create4 #c4 ,an attack by cavalry in flank should be checked by the fire of the supports1 but may1 if necessary1 be met by the section nearest the threatened flank changing direction in the quickest possible time1 each man closing independently on the file nearest the point from which the cavalry is approaching1 and fixing bayonets4 ,this will be carried out on the command ,cavalry ,right 7,half-right1 ,left1 c474 ,in reforming1 the men will be ordered to cease fire1 or unload and unfix bayonets1 and the men will resume their former order1 moving by the shortest line4 #d4 ,it is when ammunition is running short1 when troops are retiring under a heavy fire1 when the flanks of a line of skirmishers are not protected by other troops in rear1 or in fog1 dust1 or heavy rain1 that cavalry will find their opportunity4 ,no hard and fast rules can be laid down as to the action of skirmishers in such circumstances4 ,everything will depend on the nerve and resourcefulness of the leaders and of the men1 who should be taught that swordsmen moving at speed can inflict but little damage on men who throw themselves down on the ground as the horsemen close on them4 ,it may be laid down1 moreover1 that a sound system of scouting will do much to reduce the danger of surprise1 and that in a thick atmosphere1 which renders the enemy's artillery useless1 squads1 and larger bodies also1 may safely move in close order4 #hf4 ,,scouting4 #a4 ,it is an invariable rule that all bodies of infantry in the field should feel the way1 and at the same time protect themselves from surprise1 by means of scouts1 who should be pushed out several hundred yards in advance and to the flanks4 ,in skirmishing practice the scouts will examine all ground which might be held by the enemy1 and report1 usually by signal1 all clear or otherwise4 ,they will receive instructions from their commanders as to their action when they discover the enemy1 and they must be careful to expose themselves as little as possible4 #b4 ,the day's work will be rendered more interesting1 and the men receive useful training in scouting1 if ambushes are laid1 and counter-attacks delivered4 #c4 ,in every company of infantry at least one man per squad1 in addition to one non-commissioned officer in each half-company1 should receive a special training as scouts4 #d4 ,scouts are to be selected for their activity1 intelligence1 and eyesight4 ,they must be good shots and judges of distance1 expert skirmishers1 and be able to communicate by semaphore4 ,the special training should be such as to cultivate these qualities1 to develop an eye for country1 and to teach what to observe and how to report it4 #hg4 ,duties of ,scouts4 #a4 ,in attack4 ,to precede the advance1 reconnoitre the ground1 look out for ambushes1 to watch the flanks1 report all obstacles to movement1 ascertain the enemy's position1 and observe his dispositions4 #b4 ,in defence4 ,to observe the enemy's approach1 to report his strength and the direction of his march2 to watch the flanks1 and to observe the enemy's movements4 #c4 ,as ,ground ,scouts4 ,to ascertain the best ground for an advance4 ,to look for obstacles to an advance4 ,to find accessible routes4 ,to find cover for an advance4 #d4 ,reconnaissance4 ,to act as the eyes and ears of the army1 especially in mountainous and wooded country4 ,to obtain information of the enemy's position and strength1 the whereabouts of his guns1 the nature of his entrenchments1 c4 #e4 ,in night operations4--,to precede the advance4 #f4 ,special purposes4--,for special purposes1 the scouts of several companies may be combined in one body under a selected officer or officers4 ,to keep down the fire of the enemy's scouts and snipers1 to ambush them1 and to drive them off4 ,to rapidly seize points of importance4 ,to cover retirement from difficult positions4 ,to act on ground that is too difficult for ordinary infantry4 #hh4 ,training of ,scouts4 #a4 ,the training of scouts will1 as a rule1 be carried out by a selected officer in each company4 #b4 ,scouts should be able to find their way across country both by day and night4 ,they should be able to read a map1 and to work by sun and compass1 by observation of landmarks1 and by the direction of watersheds and streams4 #c4 ,they should be constantly practised in transmitting information by semaphore1 by written message1 and by word of mouth4 #d4 ,they should be trained to cover long distances at the double1 and also to climb steep hills4 #e4 ,scouts will generally work in pairs or in groups of four1 including a non-commissioned officer or selected group leader4 #f4 ,scouts must remember that the less they are seen or heard the better4 ,they are not intended1 except in special cases1 for fighting purposes2 and1 as a rule1 they should not fire except to defend themselves1 or possibly to prevent the enemy's scouts from obtaining information4 #g4 ,scouts must always be careful to keep touch with the troops they are covering4 #hi4 ,the ,inspection in ,skirmishing4 #a4 ,the inspection will invariably take the form of a tactical exercise based on a scheme1 set by the inspecting officer1 in which an enemy will be represented by another unit4 #b4 ,the inspecting officer will pay particular attention to the following3-- 7i7 ,the orders issued4 7ii7 ,the suitability of the formations to the ground and to the tactical situation4 7iii7 ,fire discipline4 7iv7 ,the aptitude of the men in making use of cover4 7v7 ,the readiness of the half-company1 section1 and squad leaders in adapting formations to the ground in occupying suitable fire positions1 and in covering the advance of other half-companies1 c41 by fire4 7vi7 ,the accuracy and promptitude in passing orders and reports4 7vii7 ,the work of the scouts4 7viii7 ,the initiative shown by the subordinate leaders4 7ix7 ,the acquaintance of all ranks with signals4 #ij4 ,,shelter ,,trench ,,exercise4 ,full information on the subject of extemporised cover in the field is contained in ,part ,i of the ,manual of ,military ,engineering4 ,instruction of ,troops4--,troops should be practised in the use of the pick and shovel1 until they can excavate without difficulty the tasks mentioned below4 ,men unaccustomed to digging should1 if possible1 be trained at first in sand or very light soil1 until they are accustomed to handling the shovel4 ,when the troops practise entrenching1 the task set them should require not less than four hours' actual work1 according to the nature of the soil 7,m4,m4,e41 ,section ,,iv74 ,it will be well to arrange for a portion of the working party with a cart to draw the tools and convey them to the site of the trenches1 so that no time may be lost in beginning work4 ,tools4--#a4 ,each man will usually require a pick and a shovel1 but it may sometimes be desirable to allot two men to each task1 in which case the front rank man will carry the pick and the rear rank man the shovel4 #b4 ,the tools will1 as a rule1 be placed in heaps on the ground1 picks in one heap1 shovels in another4 ,the working party1 with arms slung1 will pass between the heaps in single file1 each man taking a pick in his left hand and a shovel in his right as he passes the heaps4 ,tools should be carried at the trail1 point of the pick down1 and the hollow of the shovel towards the thigh4 #c4 ,it is important that soldiers should be taught to handle their tools without noise4 ,in the event of a working party turning into file 7or about71 the handles of the tools will before turning be brought into a vertical position by lowering the iron part of the pick1 and raising the iron part of the shovel1 resuming the trail when the turn is complete4 ,when marching in file1 the handles will incline outwards4 #d4 ,extension4--,working parties will be extended by one of the following methods3-- 7i7 ,the party will be extended to such interval as may be required1 about #ab paces in rear of the proposed trench4 ,it will then be advanced and halted1 while an officer paces along the front1 halting at the limit of each man's task4 7ii7 ,the party will be brought up about #c paces in rear of one of the flanks of the proposed trench in file or single file1 according as one or two men are allotted to each task4 ,an officer will pace along the front1 halting at the limit of each task1 the party moving off at the same time and wheeling to the right or left1 the men forming on the alignment in succession in extended order by file1 or single file1 as ordered4 ,this method is especially suitable to night work4#g 7iii7 ,the right or left of each task will be marked by driving in the pick according as the extension is from the right or left4 ,the shovel will be placed on the ground at right angles to the pick 7blade to the left74 ,each task will be 8spitlocked10 i4e41 marked out by the pick1 as soon as the directing officer has fixed the outer limit of the task4 #e4 ,the men will1 without word of command1 turn about and take #d paces to their rear1 ground arms1 take off their accoutrements1 and lie down until ordered to begin work4 #f4 ,to avoid accidents every man must commence digging on the left of his task1 and work from left to right4 ,filling in trenches4 ,trenches should never be filled in on the day on which they have been made1 but a fatigue party should be sent out later for the special purpose of levelling them4 ,defaulters might be employed on this duty4 ,in one hour a man should be expected to fill in about #dj cubic feet4 ,,part ,,iii4 ,,battalion1 ,,brigade1 ,,and ,,division ,,drill4 ,,battalion ,,drill4 #ia4 ,,general ,,rules4 #a4 ,object of battalion drill4--,the instruction of the soldier is brought to a conclusion in the ranks of the company4 ,it is necessary1 however1 that the companies should be drilled in battalion in order that the officers commanding companies may learn to work in unison4 #b4 ,application of company drill4--,battalion movements are carried out by combination of companies1 moving as described in ,company ,drill4 #c4 ,mounted officers4--,the commanding officer1 the second in command1 and the adjutant will be mounted4 ,when the battalion is acting independently1 the commanding officer1 accompanied by the adjutant1 who will act as his orderly officer1 will place himself where he can best exercise supervision4 ,when the battalion is in brigade in column or quarter column the commanding officer will be ten paces in advance of the centre of the leading company1 the adjutant being one-and-a-half horse's lengths in rear1 and half a horse's length to the right of the commanding officer4 ,in all movements the second in command will be responsible for the direction and covering2 he 7and the serjeant-major1 if no ammunition carts are present7 will generally assist the commanding officer4 ,if a third field officer be present he should generally assist the second in command1 unless detailed by the commanding officer for any other purpose4 ,when a battalion is on the move1 the second in command will place himself in a position from which he can best superintend the direction of the advance and the covering of the squad commanders on the directing flanks4 #d4 ,ranks will be changed as in ,company ,drill1 ,s4 #fc4 #e4 ,except where laid down1 the double march is not to be used by companies during the interior movements of a battalion1 unless ordered by the commanding officer4 #f4 ,if companies move into column or quarter column from both flanks they will pass each other left arm to left arm4 #g4 ,in order to practise the battalion in brigade movements1 and to give the field officers experience in handling several companies1 the battalion will occasionally be divided into two battalions1 each of four companies1 or of eight companies in single rank4 #h4 ,in action1 in high wind1 and at all times when indistinctly heard1 the commanding officer should indicate his orders by signal1 where possible 7,s4 #di72 such signals should be repeated by as many officers and non-commissioned officers as may be necessary to ensure the transmission of the order4 ,in battalion movements the orders given by the commanding officer are printed in ,,capitals2 those by officers commanding companies in italics4 ,the cautions may be applied to either the right or the left flank although only the former is referred to4 #i4 ,where cautions and commands are given for formations to1 or from1 one flank only1 the same rule applies when forming to1 or from the other flank1 which will also be practised4 #aj4 ,fire action should be practised as directed in ,s4 #gb1 para4 #a4 #aa4 ,the principles laid down in company drill1 ,s4 #fj 7#c71 7#d7 and 7#e71 apply equally to battalion drill4 #ab4 ,companies will be told off again when a change of formation alters their relative position4 #ib4 ,formations4 #a4 ,the following formations will be employed in battalion drill3-- 7i7 ,quarter column4--,this is a convenient formation in which to move battalions1 either singly or in brigade1 when not exposed to the enemy's fire4 7ii7 ,column4--,this is essentially a march formation1 but will be used for the purpose of forming up preparatory to closing to quarter column1 or moving off in column of fours4 7iii7 ,line 7or ,lines7 of company columns4--,this formation will usually be adopted by the battalion at distant artillery ranges1 preparatory to extending for the attack4 ,it allows of full control being exercised by the battalion commander1 whilst at the same time enabling companies to take advantage of natural cover1 and to conveniently advance over broken or intersected ground4 7iv7 ,column of fours4--,this is a convenient march formation when a narrow front is necessary1 such as passing a defile1 and will usually be adopted when on the march4 ,against an enemy armed with the breech-loader1 close order formations in battalion and brigade are applicable only for assembly1 for marches and during the preparatory stages of the fight4 #b4 ,attacks by savages armed with spears and swords must1 however1 usually be met in close order2 and for this purpose1 in addition to the formations mentioned in para4 #a1 the following will be practised1 but only by troops which are likely to be called upon to take part in such warfare3-- 7i7 ,line4 7ii7 ,echelon4 7iii7 ,square4 #ic4 ,a battalion in quarter column4 ,plate ,,vi4 ,the companies of a battalion1 after having been inspected on their private parades or in column1 will form up in quarter column as shown in ,plate ,,vi4 ,on the commanding officer's order ,,tell ,,off ,,by ,,companies1 the companies will be numbered from the leading company4 ,when the companies are numbered1 the commanding officer will divide the battalion thus3-- ,no4 #a to ,no4 -- ,,right ,,half-,,battalion4 ,no4 -- to ,no4 -- ,,left ,,half-,,battalion4 ,if the number of companies is uneven1 the right half-battalion will be stronger by one company than the left4 ,unless otherwise ordered a battalion in quarter column will assemble and move by the left4 ,the machine guns1 drums and band1 mules1 wagons and stretcher bearers will usually be on the outer flank of the battalion1 as when in column1 see ,plate ,,vii 7cyclist sections1 if present1 will be in rear of machine guns74 ,the second in command will be four paces from the centre of the directing flank of the leading half-battalion4 ,if a third field officer be present1 he will be four paces from the centre of the directing flank of the rear half-battalion4 ,the position of the company commanders and serjeant-major are shown in ,plate ,,vi4 ,when ranks are changed1 the second in command will gain his position by moving round in rear of the battalion4 ,company commanders will move in rear of their companies4 ,company officers and section commanders and supernumeraries will act as in ,s4 #fc4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,a ,,battalion ,,in ,,quarter ,,column4 #id4 ,movements in quarter column4 ,,the ,,battalion #a4 ,on the word ,,march the whole will step ,,will off together4 ,the squad commander on the ,,advance4 directing flank of the leading company ,,quick--,,march4 7i4e41 on the left unless otherwise ordered7 selecting points to march on4 #b4 ,the whole will act as in ,squad ,drill1 ,s4 ,,right--,,incline4 #bh4 ,on the command ,,left--,,incline the battalion will resume its original direction4 #c4 ,a flank company will be ordered to direct1 the remainder being led by the ,,form ,,fours--,,right1 leading squad commanders on the flank nearer ,,no4 -- ,,will the company of direction4 ,,direct4 ,the second in command will post himself on the flank of the directing company in line with the leading section of fours4 #ie4 ,a quarter column wheeling4 #a4 ,on the command ,,right--,,wheel1 the battalion1 excepting the leading company1 will make a partial turn to the outer flank1 the front rank of the leading company will glance towards the inner flank on which they will wheel1 the second in command superintending on the inner flank and the adjutant regulating the pace on the outer flank2 the outer flank will direct1 but when companies are of unequal strength they will ,,change retain the same relative positions they held ,,direction before the wheel4 ,each man will move round ,,right4 on the circumference of a circle of which ,,right--,,wheel4 the inner squad commander of the leading company is the centre4 ,the adjutant in regulating the pace must watch the squad commander of the outer flank of the rear company1 who will continue to march at a full pace throughout the wheel1 and on whose movement the march of every man in the quarter column should be made to depend4 ,when the battalion has circled round to the required angle1 the command ,,forward will be given4 ,this may be preceded by ,,mark--,,time should all the companies not be in their correct positions4 #b4 ,a quarter column moving in fours will wheel as in #a1 the leading fours of each company wheeling in the same manner as the leading company in #a1 the sections of fours in rear making a partial turn outwards and following round after the leading fours1 the leading squad commanders changing to the inner flank if not there already4 #if4 ,a battalion at the halt opening to column from quarter column4 #a4 ,on the caution ,,advance ,,in ,,column1 the leading company will be moved off by its commander1 who will give the command ,by the ,left1 ,quick--,march2 the other companies ,,advance ,,in will follow in succession at company ,,column4 distance by order of their commanders1 and will conform to the movements of the leading company4 ,unless otherwise ordered column will move and dress by the left4 ,when halted in column the second in command will be four paces from the centre of the directing flank of the leading half-battalion2 a third field officer1 if present1 will be four paces from the centre of the directing flank of the rear half battalion4 ,the position of the company officers and section commanders will be as when in company2 the machine guns1 drums and band1 c41 will be on the outer flank1 see ,plate ,,vii4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,a ,,battalion ,,in ,,column4 #b4 ,a battalion in column will move either in fours or by the diagonal march1 on the same principles and on the same words of command as from quarter column4 ,s4 #id4 #ig4 ,a battalion in column on the march closing to quarter column4 #a4 ,the leading company will be at once ,,at ,,the ,,halt1 halted by its commander4 ,the remaining ,,quarter companies will continue to advance1 and will ,,column4 be successively halted by their commanders on reaching their position in quarter column4 #b4 ,should it be necessary to form quarter column on the march1 on the battalion ,,quarter commander's order ,,remainder--,,double--,,march1 ,,column4 the whole will break into double time1 ,,remainder--,,double except the leading company1 which will ,,march4 continue to advance in quick time2 the commanders of the companies in rear will order them to break into quick time as soon as they have reached their position in quarter column4 #c4 ,should it be necessary to form quarter column from column from the halt1 the command in #a will be followed by the words1 ,,remainder1 ,,quick--,,march1 when the leading company will stand fast1 the remainder will act on the same principle as in #a4 #d4 ,quarter column will usually be formed on the leading company4 #ih4 ,a battalion in column or quarter column advancing in fours1 or vice vers4 #a4 ,column of fours from column on the ,,in ,,succession march4--,this caution will be given when a ,,advance ,,in column is required to defile1 on which the ,,fours ,,from leading company commander will give the ,,the ,,right ,,of command ,form fours1 right1 ,left--wheel1 ,,companies4 each company forming successively on reaching the same point4 ,if companies are to advance in fours simultaneously1 the battalion commander will give the command ,,form ,,fours1 ,,right1 ,,companies1 ,,left--,,wheel4 #b4 ,column from column of fours on the march4--,if the column is to be reformed immediately on clearing the defile1 the caution will be ,,in ,,succession ,,on ,,the ,,left ,,form ,,companies1 on which the company commanders will act as in ,s4 #fh1 each company successively forming into column4 ,column may also be formed when the whole has cleared the defile1 on the battalion commander's order ,,on ,,the ,,left ,,form ,,companies1 ,,forward1 companies acting as in ,s4 #fh4 #c4 ,column of fours from quarter column from the halt4--,the battalion commander will give the caution ,,in ,,succession ,,advance ,,in ,,fours ,,from ,,the ,,right ,,of ,,companies1 on which the commander of the leading company will give the command ,form fours1 right1 left wheel1 ,quick--march1 each company in rear being moved off in a similar manner as soon as its front is clear4 ,if on the march the quarter column must be halted before defiling4 #d4 ,quarter column from column of fours on the march4--,quarter column will be formed from column of fours by first forming column as in #b1 and then forming quarter column as in ,s4 #ig 7#b74 #e4 ,column or quarter column from column of fours on the march4--,a battalion moving in fours may form quarter column or column on the leading company facing at right angles to the line of advance1 on the caution ,,at ,,the ,,halt1 ,,facing ,,right1 ,,column 7or ,,quarter ,,column7 ,,on ,,the ,,leading ,,company1 on which the leading company will be at once halted and turned to its right by its commander1 the remaining companies forming in rear of it4 ,note4--,when in column of fours on the march1 drums and band will be twenty paces in front of the leading company2 mules will follow in rear of the companies to which they are attached2 machine guns1 stretcher bearers1 carts and wagons will be in rear of the battalion2 the whole in the above order4 ,cyclist section1 if present1 will precede the machine guns4 ,the second in command will usually be in rear of the battalion4 ,the adjutant will accompany the commanding officer1 who will be between the band and the leading company4 ,the serjeant-major will be in front of the leading company4 #ii4 ,a battalion in column changing direction4 ,on the battalion commander's caution1 each company commander will successively form his ,,change company round the same point by giving the ,,direction command ,right form followed by ,forward1 ,,right4 by the ,left1 as soon as the formation of his company is complete4 ,s4 #ff4 #ajj4 ,movements in line1 or lines1 of company columns from column or quarter column4 #a4 ,these are of very great importance1 as particularly applicable to the vicinity of the battlefield1 and should therefore be practised on broken ground4 ,they enable full advantage to be taken of cover afforded by folds in the ground1 c41 and admit of rapid extension into lines of skirmishers4 #b4 ,one1 two1 or three lines may be formed1 at varying distances and intervals1 with a different number of companies in each1 if desired4 #c4 ,the battalion forms a line1 or lines1 of company columns1 preparatory to advancing to the attack1 or when exposed to distant artillery fire4 ,the precision of such movements will depend almost entirely on the clearness and completeness of the explanations and orders given by the commanding officer4 ,the commanding officer will usually assemble the company commanders1 and will inform them of the number of lines to be formed1 and the relative positions of their companies2 he will then issue his instructions and assign an objective4 ,companies will be moved into their positions on the battalion commanders order ,,move4 ,this formation may also be carried out on the command ,,line ,,of ,,company ,,columns ,,at ---- ,,paces ,,interval1 or ,,lines ,,of ,,company ,,columns ,,on ,,nos4 ----2 ,,at ---- ,,paces ,,interval1 ,,at ---- ,,paces ,,distance4 ,in the case of one line1 the right companies will move to the right and the left companies to the left of the leading company2 in the case of two or more lines1 companies will similarly move to the right or left of the named company in front of them4 ,distances will be usually be obtained by advancing the leading line or lines4 ,in moving into position company column will be formed on the march as soon as space is available ,s4 #fg 7#d74 #d4 ,a company of direction will be named1 and an objective pointed out on which the line 7or lines7 will march4 #e4 ,changes of direction during such movements should be practised1 and fire should be opened on some named object4 #f4 ,attention must be paid to the maintenance of direction1 interval1 and distance1 and there must be no increase or decrease of the original frontage assigned to the battalion4 ,in broken ground companies may deviate to one flank or the other to avoid obstacles or to take advantage of cover1 and they may change their formations in order to adapt them to the ground2 but they must resume their intervals as soon as the ground permits4 #g4 ,the duties of the second in command during these movements will be assigned by the commanding officer4 #h4 ,the machine guns1 band1 ammunition carts1 c41 will follow in rear of the battalion1 unless they receive other orders4 #i4 ,the battalion should also be constantly practised in various formations of a similar nature to those described in this section1 cautions being extemporised for the purpose4 #aj4 ,in all formations of this character scouts will cover the movement and protect the flanks4 #aja4 ,when dispersed1 re-assembling4 ,each company will be assembled by its commander1 and will then be moved into any formation ordered by the commanding officer4 ,this should be frequently practised4 ,on the signal to close1 a company on which the battalion is to be formed will be indicated by the commander4 ,each company commander will then assemble his company and move it into its position4 #ajb4 ,inspection of a battalion4 7a7 ,in close order4 #a4 ,a regular battalion will be inspected in some of the movements prescribed for savage warfare1 particular attention being paid to fire discipline when in close order4 ,the inspection of a regular battalion in close order formations will be more searching than for a battalion of auxiliary forces4 ,a few movements in lines of columns1 preparatory to a4 tactical exercise1 will be a sufficient test of the drill of one of these latter battalions4 #b4 ,in close order movements particular attention should be directed to the following3-- 7i7 ,the attention and steadiness of the men4 7ii7 ,the precision of all movements4 7iii7 ,the preservation of direction1 distance1 and interval during the march1 especially when in lines of columns4 7iv7 ,the readiness of a battalion in forming lines of columns4 7b7 ,in attack and defence4 #c4 ,the inspection will invariably take the form of a tactical scheme1 set by the inspecting officer and given out on the ground1 in which the enemy will be represented by another battalion or part of a battalion1 or by a company or section with flags4 #d ,the inspecting officer will pay particular attention to the following3-- 7i7 ,the orders of the battalion commander4 7ii7 ,the co-operation of the companies4 7iii7 ,the initiative and readiness of the company leaders4 7iv7 ,the suitability of the formations adopted by the company leaders4 7v7 ,the precautions taken against counter-attack4 7vi7 ,the measures for delivering a counter-attack4 7vii7 ,the employment of covering fire1 and the compliance with the principle of mutual support4 7viii7 ,the rallying of the companies after an assault4 ,,brigade ,,and ,,division ,,drill4 #ajc4 ,,general ,,rules4 #a4 ,movements in brigade and division are practised in order to accustom the battalions to assemble rapidly and without confusion2 and to train them to march in mass1 without losing distance or interval4 #b4 ,the brigade or division commander may give his orders verbally1 but on service and at manuvres orders may be written1 and the object of every important movement or formation should invariably be explained to the battalion commanders1 and1 in case of a division1 to the brigadiers4 #c4 ,instructions given by the commander of a parade will be passed by commanding and mounted officers1 who are responsible that they are distinctly conveyed to1 and understood by1 the next unit4 ,on receiving their instructions1 commanding officers will give all necessary orders and be prepared to march off their battalions together on the signal or order of the brigadier4 ,the cautions and commands given by commanding officers will be as in ,battalion ,drill4 ,when the progress of an order is interrupted1 commanding officers will conform1 as quickly as possible1 to the movement they see in execution4 #d4 ,intervals and distances of thirty paces between battalions and brigades1 and sixty between divisions1 will be preserved in all formations1 unless otherwise ordered4 #e4 ,a battalion will always be named to direct1 the remaining battalions preserving their intervals from that battalion4 #f4 ,in brigade and division drill1 battalions will be in quarter column unless otherwise ordered4 #g4 ,in all interior movements of a brigade1 battalions will move to their places by the shortest lines1 moving1 when possible1 by the diagonal march4 #h4 ,division drill4--,the principles laid down for brigade drill are equally applicable to division drill4 #ajd4 ,a brigade wheeling from mass into line of battalions and vice vers4 ,a brigade can be wheeled into line of battalions from mass and vice vers1 by the battalions wheeling as in ,battalion ,drill1 #ie4 ,the above movements may be performed either at the halt or on the move4 #aje4 ,a mass deploying into line of battalions and vice vers4 ,the battalion which is the point of formation stands fast4 ,the remaining battalions will be moved by their commanding officers by the shortest line to the spot where their inner flank will rest1 this spot being marked by the second in command4 ,if the deployment is in an oblique direction1 the battalion of formation will be formed on the required alignment by its commanding officer1 in accordance with the instructions of the brigadier4 ,the deployment will then be carried out as already described4 ,mass will be formed from line of battalions in a similar manner4 ,in forming mass on a central battalion1 the battalions on the right and left will pass into mass left arm to left arm4 ,a line of battalions changing position4 ,a line of battalions will change position on a flank battalion as follows3--,the battalion of formation will be wheeled into the required alignment1 the others forming on it1 the seconds in command marking the spots where the inner flanks will rest4 #ajf4 ,marching in line of battalions either in column or quarter column4 ,when a brigade marches in line of battalions1 a battalion of direction will be named4 ,the remaining battalions will march by their inner flanks1 the seconds in command riding on the flank next to the regulating battalion1 and notifying to the commanding officers whether interval is being correctly kept or not4 ,signals should be agreed on for this purpose2 the commanding officer should watch for them1 and direct the movement of the battalion accordingly4 ,when it is necessary to advance in echelon of battalions1 intervals will be preserved on the principles described in #aag4 ,,formations ,,applicable ,,to ,,savage ,,warfare4 #ajg4 ,general ,rules4 #a4 ,the following formations1 i4e41 line1 echelon1 and square1 are suitable against attacks of ill-armed savages4 ,they will occasionally be practised1 but only by troops likely to take part in such warfare4 #b4 ,the battalion forms or deploys into line1 echelon or square in order to come into action1 and these movements must therefore be executed as rapidly as is compatible with steadiness4 ,the main object is to develop a broad front of fire1 and enable every man to use his rifle with effect4 #c4 ,when a movement is to be executed as rapidly as possible1 the commanding officer will order it to be performed at the double4 #d4 ,the combination of fire-tactics and drill movements is of the greatest importance in savage warfare1 and should be constantly practised2 the fire unit will usually be the section4 #e4 ,company commanders will employ whatever description of fire the circumstances may require4 #ajh4 ,a battalion in line4 #a4 ,arrangement of companies4--,each company will be in line1 as in ,company ,drill1 the captains will be three paces in front of the centre of their companies2 when firing1 three paces in rear4 #b4 ,correction of intervals4--,after forming into line the intervals will be corrected by the company commanders4 ,the right centre company1 or in deployment the first formed company1 of the battalion should remain unmoved4 #c4 ,a battalion in line moves and dresses by the centre unless otherwise ordered4 #d4 ,the battalion in line will be formed up on the same principle as in ,plate ,,ix ,ceremonial1 with the exception that the second in command will be six paces in rear of the centre of the battalion1 and the adjutant will accompany the commanding officer4 #e4 ,in deployments into line1 or in changing position1 the second in command will mark the inner flank1 and the adjutant the outer flank of the battalion2 in deployments outwards the second in command will mark the left1 and the adjutant the right flank of the battalion4 #aji4 ,a quarter column or column deploying into line4 ,deployments will be made on the leading company of a battalion4 #a4 ,to a flank4--,the company of formation will stand fast4 ,,deploy ,,to ,,the ,,left4 ,,remainder1 ,the remaining companies will form fours ,,form and move by the shortest line to the spot ,,fours1 ,,left1 where their inner flank will rest4 ,each will ,,quick--,,march4 then move parallel to the alignment1 and when opposite to its place in line will be halted and turned to the right4 #b4 ,to both flanks4--,the deployment will be made on the principle above described4 ,the command will be ,,deploy ,,outwards1 ,,one ,,company 7or ,,two1 or ,,more ,,companies7 ,,to ,,the ,,right1 ,,remainder ,,form ,,fours1 ,,outwards4 ,,quick--,,march4 ,the company or companies1 next in succession from the front1 will move to the named flank4 #c4 ,in an oblique direction4--,on the battalion commander's caution1 ,,quarter 7,,half or ,,three ,,quarters7 ,,right preceding the caution in #a or #b1 the ,company of ,formation ,will ,be ,formed on the required alignment by its commander in accordance with the instructions of the commanding officer4 ,the deployment will then be carried out as already described4 #d4 ,on the ,march4--,a battalion may be ordered to deploy while advancing towards an intended alignment1 on the command as in #a1 #b1 or #c1 the leading company being halted and1 if necessary1 formed in the required direction by its commander when the remainder have formed fours and turned towards their position in line4 ,a battalion moving in column or quarter column to a flank in fours may deploy in the direction towards which it is moving4 ,on the caution1 ,,facing ,,right1 ,,deploy1 the company on the right will be halted by its commander and turned to its right1 the remaining companies will continue to move forward and will deploy into line as in #a4 ,this movement may also be performed in an oblique direction as in #c4 #e4 ,to ensure the alignment being kept clear1 companies will be formed or halted four paces in rear of it4 #aaj4 ,marching in line4 #a4 ,on the caution ,,the ,,battalion ,,will ,,advance1 the second in command will select ,,the ,,battalion points for the left squad commander of ,,will ,,advance4 the right centre company to march on4 ,the ,,quick--,,march4 remaining companies will march by their inner flanks4 ,,battalion--,,halt4 #b4 ,marching with changed ranks4--,the second in command1 on the words ,,about ,,turn1 will pass through the ranks in order to superintend the direction1 the files opposite him making way by covering the files on their right and left1 after turning about4 #aaa4 ,a line changing position1 from the halt1 on a flank company4 ,,change ,on the caution1 ,no4 #a company will be ,,position1 formed in the required direction as ,,quarter 7or described in ,s4 #ff1 and the remainder will ,,half7 ,,right4 receive the command ,,form--,,fours1 c41 on ,,remainder1 which each company will move direct on the ,,form--,,fours1 outer flank of the company formed before it4 ,,right1 ,,quick--,,march4 ,each company will be ordered by its commander to form up at the halt into the new alignment4 #aab4 ,a battalion in line forming column or quarter column4 ,,column ,,or #a4 ,all formations of columns from line will ,,quarter be made in rear of the named company on the ,,column ,,on command ,,column ,,or ,,quarter ,,column ,,on ,,no4 -- ,,no4 --4 ,,remainder1 ,,form ,,fours1 ,,right 7or ,,left1 ,,remainder1 or ,,inwards71 ,,quick--,,march1 the company of ,,form ,,fours1 formation will stand fast1 the remainder ,,right 7or will move by the shortest line to their ,,left1 or positions4 ,as each company arrives in its ,,inwards71 place in column1 or quarter column1 its ,,quick--,,march4 commander will give the word1 ,halt4 ,right 7or ,left7 ,turn4 7,s4 #ia 7#f774 #b4 ,if it is desired to form at an angle to the alignment1 the caution ,,quarter 7or ,,half or ,,three-,,quarters7 ,,right will precede the caution in #a1 on which the company will be formed in the required direction by order of its commander1 the remainder then receiving the executive command to form fours and turn in the required direction4 #c4 ,if it is desired to form by the right1 the words ,,by ,,the ,,right should follow the words ,,column ,,or ,,quarter ,,column4 #aac4 ,a line passing obstacles1 or moving over broken ground4 ,a line will pass obstacles by the commander of the company encountering the obstacle forming his company into company column or column of fours4 ,in broken ground1 or in line movements of any length the whole battalion may break into fours4 ,the command will be ,,form ,,fours1 ,,right1 ,,companies ,,left ,,wheel1 ,,no4 -- ,,will ,,direct4 ,the squad commanders1 if not already there1 will change to that flank of the fours which is nearer the company of direction4 ,the second in command will lead the battalion on the directing flank of company of direction4 ,a line may be reformed on the command ,,on ,,the ,,left1 ,,form ,,companies1 ,,forward1 when companies will act as in ,s4 #fh4 #aad4 ,a line forming column to the right or left4 #a4 ,,companies1 ,,right ,,form1 ,each company will form as in ,s4 #ff4 ,,quick--,,march1 ,,forward4 ,a column forming into line to the right or left4 #b4 ,,companies1 ,,left ,,form1 ,each company will form as in ,s4 #ff4 ,,quick--,,march1 ,,forward4 #c4 ,the movements in #a and #b may also be performed at the halt4 #aae4 ,a line advancing in column4 #a4 ,advancing in column4--,this movement will be performed on a flank company2 the ,,advance ,,in named company will advance4 ,the remainder ,,column1 ,,on will form fours and step off1 and each in ,,the ,,right4 succession1 as soon as its leading four is ,,remainder1 in rear of the centre of the preceding ,,form ,,fours1 company1 will be ordered by its commander to ,,right1 incline to the left1 and will again be ,,quick--,,march4 ordered to incline to the left when in column4 #b4 ,this movement may be executed on the march1 the words ,,advance ,,in being omitted4 #aaf4 ,a quarter column on the march forming line to a flank4 ,the commander of the rear company will at ,,at ,,the ,,halt1 once form his company at the halt in the ,,line ,,to ,,the required direction as in ,s4 #ff4 ,each of ,,right4 the other commanders will form his company into line in like manner as it gains its proper interval4 #aag4 ,echelon movements1 from line1 column or quarter column4 ,in certain circumstances it may be desirable to advance or retire in echelon from any named company or companies4 ,the commanding officer will give instructions as to the number of companies to be formed in echelon1 and the distance or distances to be preserved between them2 and on his caution ,,advance 7or ,,about ,,turn1 ,,advance7 ,,in ,,echelon ,,at -- ,,paces ,,distance ,,from ,,the ,,right1 or ,no4 -- or ,nos4 -- --1 the named company or companies will advance by order of their commanders1 and the remainder1 if necessary1 will be moved into their places by the shortest route1 and will march by the inner flank4 ,a battalion in column or quarter column suddenly threatened will be required to develop a maximum fire with the least possible delay2 this will be accomplished by forming echelon4 ,on the command ,,echelon ,,to ,,the ,,right1 ,,remainder ,,form ,,fours ,,right1 ,,double--,,march1 the leading company will stand fast2 the remainder will move in echelon direct to a flank1 being halted and turned to the front by their commander on reaching their position4 ,echelon may also be formed outwards on the command ,,echelon ,,outwards1 ,,remainder ,,form ,,fours ,,outwards1 ,,double--,,march1 left or even-numbered companies forming to the left1 and right or odd-numbered companies forming to the right1 the leading company standing fast4 ,echelon may be formed on a centre company on the command ,,echelon ,,from ,,no4 --1 ,,companies ,,in ,,front ,,to ,,the ,,right1 ,,companies ,,in ,,rear ,,to ,,the ,,left1 ,,form ,,fours ,,outwards1 ,,double--,,march4 ,line or column will be reformed on the same principles1 the caution being ,,line ,,on ,,no4 --1 or ,,column or ,,quarter ,,column ,,on ,,no4 --1 on which the named company if in movement1 will be halted4 #aah4 ,meeting an attack by cavalry or swordsmen4 ,when a battalion in line is threatened by cavalry or swordsmen in force1 it may sometimes be desirable to dress back the threatened flank and to dress up the unmenaced flank1 the battalion commander giving the order ,,back1 ,,no4 --1 ,,up1 ,,no4 --4 #aai4 ,formation of ,squares4 #a4 ,in savage warfare1 it may often be necessary to form a square two deep4 ,this can be formed from line on the two centre companies1 the companies further to the flanks forming the side faces1 and the flank companies the rear face1 all1 except the companies nearest the two centre companies1 moving into position by fours4 ,on the caution ,,on ,,the ,,two ,,centre ,,companies ,,form--,,square1 the commanders of the two centre companies will take post for firing4 ,nos4 #c and #f will turn about1 and at the halt right and left form at the double1 and turn about by order of their commanders4 ,the remaining companies1 by order of their commanders1 will form fours inwards1 and the commanders of the two centre companies will order their companies to fix bayonets4 ,nos4 #b1 #g will then be moved at the double to the points where their flanks will rest in square1 on the left or right form up at the halt1 turn about4 ,nos4 #a and #h will halt and turn to the left and right respectively to form the rear face4 ,the company officers and supernumeraries who are outside will pass into the square4 ,each company as it reaches its position will be ordered to fix bayonets4 ,the company commanders will give orders as to firing1 subject to directions from the commanding officer4 ,if there are an odd number of companies1 that next to the right flank company should double inside the square1 form column of half-companies1 and fix bayonets4 ,line may be reformed by reversing the above movements4 ,on the command ,,reform--,,line1 the company commanders will give the order to unfix bayonets1 and form or march their companies on to the original alignment at the double2 ,nos4 #c and #f receiving the word ,left and ,right ,form respectively1 the remainder forming fours4 #b4 ,square will be formed from column as follows3--,on the word ,,form--,,square1 the leading company1 if on the march will be halted1 and bayonets will be fixed4 ,the remainder will be moved at the double by order of their commanders1 and those which are to form the side faces will be formed successively to the right and left1 the last company forming the rear face4 ,each company as it reaches its position will be ordered to fix bayonets4 ,if there is an uneven number of companies in the battalion1 the rear company but one will form company column on the march1 halt inside the square and fix bayonets4 ,column will be reformed by reversing the above movements4 ,on the caution ,,form ,,column1 bayonets will be unfixed1 and the companies forming the side faces will be turned about by their commanders4 ,the company in rear will then step off at the double by word of its commander1 while the commander of the next company will give the word ,right--,form1 ,double--,march2 the remaining companies will move off in succession4 ,if the number of companies be uneven1 the rear company but one1 which will turn about with the side faces1 will follow the rear company and re-form company on the march4 ,the second in command will mark the point where the flank of the last company of the column will rest1 and when the company reaches this point1 its commander will order it to halt and turn about4 ,the remaining companies will be halted and turned about at company distance from the company preceding4 #c4 ,a square may be moved in any direction1 the commanding officer indicating the direction in which the square is to move4 ,on the command ,,the ,,square ,,will ,,advance--,,slope ,,arms1 ,,side ,,faces1 ,,form--,,fours ,,inwards the officer or officers commanding the company1 or companies1 facing in the opposite direction1 will turn it1 or them1 about4 ,the flank to direct should be named before the order ,,quick ,,march is given4 ,on the command ,,battalion--,,halt1 the side faces will turn outwards and the company or companies which are to form the rear face will turn about4 ,,brigade ,,drill4 #abj4 ,deployments4 ,lines of battalions in quarter column or in column1 at any interval1 will deploy into line1 each battalion in succession following the procedure in ,s4 #aji1 and commencing its deployment on reaching a point thirty paces from the mounted officer on the outer flank of the battalion next to it in line4 ,if a brigade in mass is to deploy into line1 the leading battalion will deploy at once2 the remaining battalions will move by the shortest lines to the points where their inner flanks are to rest in the line1 and will then deploy in the usual manner4 #aba4 ,marching in line4 ,when a brigade is required to march in line1 each battalion will march by its centre4 ,a mounted officer of each battalion1 not directing1 will ride on the inner flank to ensure that the correct interval is maintained4 #abb4 ,a brigade in line advancing in columns1 or quarter columns4 ,line of columns or of quarter columns will be formed as in ,s4 #aab4 #abc4 ,a brigade forming square4 ,for the protection of a convoy1 or wounded men1 it may be necessary to form brigade square4 ,the angles of a square are its weak points2 in order1 therefore1 to obtain the greatest amount of resistance to resolute savages1 the flanks of battalions should not meet at an angle4 ,the square may move in any direction on the same principles as a battalion square4 ,,part ,,iv4 ,,infantry ,,in ,,attack ,,and ,,defence4 #abd4 ,,general ,,principles4 #a4 ,it is impossible to lay down a fixed and unvarying system of attack or defence4 ,although such system might appear capable of modification to meet different conditions1 yet constant practice in a stereotyped formation inevitably leads to want of elasticity1 accustoms all ranks to work by rule rather than by the exercise of their wits1 and cramps both initiative and intelligence4 ,in peace exercises1 where blank cartridges take the place of bullets1 the inherent and paralysing defects of a normal system may easily escape notice2 in war they betray themselves in waste of life and failure4 ,it is therefore strictly forbidden either to formulate or to practise a normal form of either attack or defence4 ,to the training of the troops in movements before the enemy1 general principles and broad rules alone are applicable2 and the practical knowledge of these principles and rules can only be instilled by intelligent instruction and constantly diversified exercises on broken ground4 #b4 ,in no two military operations is the situation exactly the same4 ,the character of the ground1 the extent of the co-operation of the other arms1 the strength and moral of the opposing forces1 their physical condition1 and the objects they wish to achieve must always differ4 #c4 ,the attitude originally assumed by either1 or both1 of the opposing forces1 may be reversed during an engagement4 ,a vigorous counter-attack by an army offering battle in a defensive position may throw the adversary on the defensive2 or an assailant may fight a delaying or retaining action in one part of the field1 while in another part his action may be essentially offensive2 but these and other variations in a combat resolve themselves in every case into attack and defence4 #d4 ,since the conditions of modern warfare render decentralisation of command in action an absolute necessity1 no good results are to be expected unless the subordinate leaders have been trained to use their intelligence1 and unless they have been given ample opportunities of acting on their own judgment in attack and defence1 and have constantly1 in peace practices1 been called upon to consider the necessity of departing from their original orders4 ,nor can the results be good if commanding officers fail to realise the very limited extent to which they are able to exert their powers of command under fire1 and if1 in peace1 they attempt to exercise a personal control which would be impossible in action4 ,they should be most careful1 therefore1 to act in peace practices exactly as they would in war1 and abstain from all interference which would be impracticable under fire4 #e4 ,during the combat1 as at all other times1 the commander of every body of troops is responsible for the local protection of his command against surprise4 #f4 ,ample information1 both before and during an engagement1 is so exceedingly important that methodical and complete arrangements should be made to obtain it4 ,nothing should be left to chance4 ,all available means should be employed4 ,in every command some simple method of collecting and transmitting reports should be established and the system should have been practised beforehand4 #abe4 ,position and ,duties of ,leaders in ,action4 #a4 ,the difficulties of command are much increased by the fact that the leader can no longer personally control and direct all ranks by word of mouth1 and that even under long range fire the mounted officers must often dismount4 #b4 ,during the fight1 the commander of a considerable body of infantry can only influence the course of the action by the employment of his reserve4 ,nevertheless1 the influence of the commander1 if exerted in the proper manner1 viz41 by means of clear1 comprehensive1 and concise orders1 framed after careful reconnaissance1 made known to all the subordinate leaders1 and providing for the combined and simultaneous action of his whole force1 will be very great4 #c4 ,the commander's position will1 as a rule1 be selected so that he can obtain an extensive view4 ,it should be sufficiently central to facilitate the receipt of reports and the issue of orders4 ,the subordinate leaders will take post where they can best exercise supervision over their commands1 watch the enemy1 and receive and transmit orders4 #d4 ,keeping in view the paramount importance of decentralisation of command1 it is essential that superior officers1 including battalion commanders1 should never trespass on the proper sphere of action of their subordinates4 ,personal example has undoubtedly an extraordinary influence1 especially under heavy fire1 and there are times when every other consideration must be sacrificed to leading or steadying the troops4 ,but any attempt to exercise personal control over all portions of the force must inevitably lead to the neglect of other duties1 such as feeding the firing line at the right place and time1 protecting the flanks1 meeting counter-attacks1 reporting to1 or communicating with1 the superior commander1 and maintaining connection with adjoining units4 ,moreover1 all unnecessary changes of position by an officer commanding any considerable body of troops are to be deprecated1 as interfering with the timely reception and transmission of reports and orders4 #e4 ,no great success can be expected in war1 nor is it possible to develop the powers of judgment in peace1 unless each leader is allowed ample latitude in choosing the means that he considers best adapted for dealing with tactical situations4 ,it is only when his methods are manifestly wrong that there should be interference2 and it is always to be remembered1 in peace practice1 that while negligence1 forgetfulness1 and disobedience call for the severest censure1 errors of judgment should be treated differently4 ,it is through mistakes1 pointed out and explained by competent authority1 that future error is avoided and a capacity for correct and rapid decision is developed4 ,on the other hand1 independence which neglects the object indicated in the orders of the superior1 disregards the importance of co-operation1 and imperils1 without reason1 the unity of command1 must be firmly repressed4 #abf4 ,fire ,action4 #a4 ,the attainment of superiority of fire is a necessary preliminary to the achievement of decisive success4 ,fire superiority may be obtained1 other factors being equal1 by superiority of numbers1 better leadership1 more perfect armament1 greater accuracy of fire2 better use of cover2 surprise4 ,troops should1 as a general principle1 seek to secure superiority of fire by accuracy rather than rapidity1 but as rapid fire can produce great results in a short space of time1 circumstances will often occur which will justify the large expenditure of ammunition which its employment demands4 #b4 ,an intelligent distribution of fire is of the first importance4 ,for example1 concentration of fire is of great value1 and when there is a choice of targets1 preference should be given to that which1 at the moment1 is of the greatest tactical importance4 ,the great ranging power of the rifle will also frequently afford opportunities of concentrating fire from a wide frontage on to important localities1 and of directing an effective oblique or enfilade fire against portions of the enemy's line4 ,even when the enemy is invisible he may be subjected to considerable loss by directing fire so as to sweep the ground of which he is known to be in possession4 #c4 ,the longer the range the greater will be the volume of fire necessary to produce effect1 and the more important will be an accurate knowledge of the distance4 #d4 ,economy of ammunition should be effected not by limiting fire when needed1 but by judiciously timing its use1 and by reserving it altogether if no advantage is to be gained4 ,pauses in fire are necessary both for the purpose of maintaining control1 and for the regulation of expenditure of ammunition2 moreover1 sudden bursts of fire will produce greater results than slow continuous fire4 #e4 ,the control of fire is in the hands of the company commanders and their subordinates4 ,to the company commander1 as a general rule1 must be left the choice of the moment of opening fire1 but to the half-company1 section and squad leaders1 who will be in the firing line1 must be left the choice of targets4 ,they should always bear in mind1 however1 that if an exceptionally favourable target presents itself fire should at once be opened1 notwithstanding the fact that no orders have been received4 ,the only exception to this rule is when orders have been given that fire is to be withheld until the enemy comes within a certain range4 #abg4 ,fire ,discipline4 ,fire discipline means strict attention to the signals and orders of the commander1 combined with intelligent observation of the enemy4 ,it ensures the careful adjustment of the sight1 deliberate aim1 economy of ammunition1 and prompt cessation of fire when the target disappears1 or the leader sounds his whistle4 ,it requires of the men endurance of the enemy's fire1 even when no reply is possible2 and1 when superior control no longer exists1 a cool and intelligent use of the rifle4 #abh4 ,ranges4 ,terms applied to ,rifle4 ,field ,art4 ,heavy ,batteries4 ranges4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,yards4 ,yards4 ,yards4 ,distant #b1hjj to #b1jjj #f1jjj to #d1ejj #aj1jjj to #f1jjj4 ,long #b1jjj to #a1djj #d1ejj to #c1ejj #f1jjj to #d1jjj4 ,effective #a1djj to #fjj #c1ejj to #b1jjj #d1jjj to #b1ejj4 ,decisive #fjj and under #b1jjj and under #b1ejj and under4 ,the extreme width of the area of ground struck by the bullets of an effective shrapnel is about #be yards4 ,the limit of the forward effect of shrapnel at effective range on level ground is about #cjj yards4 ,the radius of the explosion of a high explosive shell is about #be yards4 ,,the ,,attack4 ,,nature ,,of ,,an ,,offensive ,,action4 ,the normal type of an offensive battle is a methodical progression from point to point1 each successive capture weakening the enemy's hold on his main position1 and paving the way for a further advance2 and each successive advance being deliberately prepared and systematically carried out4 #abi4 ,distribution of ,infantry in the ,attack4 #a4 ,infantry1 whether in the holding or in the main attack1 is formed into three bodies1 distributed in depth3-- ,the first to develop the attack4 ,this portion will be divided into ,scouts and ,firing ,line1 portions of which may be kept back as ,supports until required4 ,the second to reinforce1 and1 if possible1 to complete the attack4 ,this portion will consist of ,reserves in the hands of battalion1 brigade and other commanders4 ,the third to be employed1 if necessary1 in completing an attack1 to confirm a success1 or meet an unforeseen emergency4 ,this portion is termed the ,general ,reserve1 and remains at the disposal of the commander of the whole force4 #b4 ,the ,general ,reserve should only in very special circumstances fall short of a quarter of the body to which it belongs4 ,on the other hand1 the leading body of infantry should be as small as possible1 and1 exclusive of the supports1 should seldom exceed a quarter of the whole4 #acj4 ,preliminary ,measures4 #a4 ,while the commander1 under cover of the advanced guard1 is reconnoitring the position1 the infantry of the main body will receive orders from him to occupy a position of assembly 7i4e41 a position out of range1 and if possible1 out of sight71 and will assume a preparatory formation4 #b4 ,as a general rule1 a portion of the force will be told off to hold the enemy1 another portion to deliver the decisive attack1 and sometimes a third portion to distract the enemy's attention by feints4 #c4 ,it is generally essential that attacks should be delivered against front and flank simultaneously4 ,the moral effect of a flank attack is so great that the main effort will usually be made against the flank4 #d4 ,it is advisable that the arrangements for the flank attack should be made as soon as the enemy's position has been reconnoitred1 and the force detailed for the operation moved off to a position of assembly whence it can move directly on the objective4 ,surprise is so important an element in outflanking attacks1 that every advantage should be taken of the ground to conceal the movement to this position of assembly even if the march be somewhat lengthened4 ,the scouts should be instructed to be more than usually careful to keep out of sight4 #e4 ,the orders for the attack will usually be issued when the troops are in the position of assembly2 more rarely when they are in column of route4 ,in both cases the procedure will be the same4 ,the subordinate commanders will be called up and receive their instructions2 and the force told off into three distinct bodies1 as laid down in ,s4 #abi4 #f4 ,the modern conditions which obtain on the battlefield tend to prolong the duration of an action1 and it may be several days before either side can gain a substantial advantage over its adversary4 ,in such cases arrangements will have to be made for strengthening localities gained1 sending up ammunition1 food1 and water to the firing line1 and for replacing exhausted troops during the night4 #aca4 ,issue of ,orders4 #a4 ,before assuming formation for attack every commander will carefully explain to his subordinates what their particular task is4 ,the officer commanding will draw attention to any positions or peculiarities of ground he intends to turn to account during the advance1 indicate the arrangements to be made for a covering fire1 and prescribe1 when necessary1 which portion of the force is to direct4 ,he will point out any ground which might favour counter-attack4 #b4 ,verbal explanations should1 if possible1 be given when the enemy's position first comes within view1 and the commanders of all ranks given an opportunity of being shown their objectives1 of scrutinising the ground1 and explaining the situation to their subordinates4 #c4 ,when the objectives cannot be seen from the spot where the troops receive their orders1 or where1 from the character of the intervening country the objectives cannot be clearly seen through the advance1 or when detours to avoid impassable ground have to be made1 the direction of the attack should be distinctly stated by reference to a map when possible1 and the compass bearing of it given4 ,staff officers1 or others acquainted with the ground may also be employed to guide the columns4 #d4 ,for further instructions on this subject see 8,combined ,training10 ,s4 #aae4 #e4 ,it is important that a complete system of signalling between all parts of an attacking force1 in addition to other methods of communication1 should be arranged1 ,s4 #abd 7#f74 #acb4 ,duties of the several bodies4 #a4 ,scouts1 ,firing ,line and ,supports4--,the duties of the scouts are detailed in ,s4 #hg4 ,when scouts can advance no farther they will lie still until absorbed by the advancing firing line4 ,the duties of the firing line are to gain ground to the front1 and1 if checked by a superior fire1 to hold on until reinforced4 ,the supports reinforce the firing line as soon as the latter can make no further progress4 ,it is undesirable that all the supports should be thrown into the firing line simultaneously4 ,it will very often happen that only certain portions of the firing line are hard pressed or unable to advance1 whilst during the advance to decisive range a crowd of men in the firing line is always to be avoided4 ,on the other hand1 in certain conditions1 especially on very open ground1 to hold back at the outset portions of the force allotted to the firing line may result in their not being able to go forward at all when required to reinforce1 or in serious losses when doing so4 #b4 ,the ,reserves4--,the reserves provide the reinforcements required to bring the firing line up to its maximum density of one rifle per yard1 and to maintain it at such until a superiority of fire over the defence has been gained2 a portion of the reserves should be held in hand1 if possible1 to furnish the further reinforcements and impetus necessary to deliver the assault1 ,s4 #acg4 ,the reserves will also cover the advance of the firing line by long range fire1 wherever the ground will admit of it2 when opportunity occurs they bring an outflanking fire on the enemy's position2 they protect the flanks against counter-attack2 and1 in addition1 may be called on to supply a fresh firing line after a successful assault1 should the enemy take up a second position4 #c4 ,the ,general ,reserves4--,this force1 which is under the direct control of the commander of the whole force1 is to be employed to meet eventualities2 it should be prepared to meet counter-attacks1 and in the case of success to march rapidly to the front to take up the pursuit2 in the case of a reverse the general reserves may serve as a rallying point1 but before deciding to hold back such portion of his force for this purpose1 the commander must consider whether he cannot achieve success by employing the whole of his available force in breaking down the defence4 ,a commander can only exercise a direct influence on his command so long as he retains at his disposal a portion of his force with which to meet the varying contingencies of an engagement4 ,if he keeps in his own hands a strong reserve1 he will have it in his power to take instant advantage of any mistake the enemy may commit1 to restore the battle should the leading troops meet with a serious check1 to meet a counter-attack1 or1 in case of need1 to provide the additional strength required to drive the attack home4 #acc4 ,infantry ,formations with ,regard to ,fire4 #a4 ,beyond distant ranges formations in lines of columns are generally convenient for infantry about to attack4 ,at long ranges infantry in large deep columns offer a better target to hostile fire than when in line4 ,but troops in lines of small columns are less vulnerable than when in line1 as they are able to take more advantage of the ground4 ,at effective ranges troops in any formation except lines of skirmishers will suffer heavy losses4 ,at decisive ranges the extended line must be considerably reinforced in order to bring an effective fire to bear against the defence1 for no advance can be made within this zone until the enemy's fire is greatly shaken4 #b4 ,it may be concluded1 then1 that infantry attacking a well armed enemy across open ground will1 in the initial stages of the attack1 be in lines of company columns1 which1 as effective ranges are approached1 will give way to lines of skirmishers widely extended2 and that as decisive ranges are approached and it becomes necessary to break down the enemy's fire1 to enable any further advance to be made without undue loss1 the firing line will have to be reinforced until eventually1 in order to obtain the maximum fire effect and thus establish a superiority of fire1 it contains as many men as can use their rifles effectively4 #acd4 ,fire4 #a4 ,as a general principle troops should1 if possible1 not be launched to the decisive attack unless their movements can be covered by the fire action of other bodies specially told off for this purpose1 and posted in such a position that they can watch the progress of the attack4 ,the fire of such bodies will necessarily be delivered at long range4 ,the firing line1 however1 should endeavour before opening fire to advance as close to the enemy's position as possible consistent with not suffering undue losses4 ,the actual distance at which fire should be opened must depend on the effect of the enemy's fire4 ,minor losses may be accepted1 but sooner or later1 according as the ground is favourable or unfavourable1 the severity of the enemy's fire will render a reply imperative4 #b4 ,to enable the attack to be prosecuted it is clear that from this moment the hostile fire must be met by fire of greater power1 its intensity and duration being dependent on the effect produced4 ,moreover1 from this point forward movement will1 as a rule1 be contingent on the mutual fire support afforded to one another by neighbouring bodies1 and on the effects produced by the covering fire brought to bear on the enemy's line whenever the ground admits of such action1 by supports1 reserves and the troops specially told off for this purpose4 ,covering fire should be delivered so as to strike the enemy1 disturb his aim1 and compel him to seek shelter when the assailant is exposed or in difficulties4 ,in such circumstances intensity of fire is of the first importance2 but fire should be reserved when the assailant's progress is satisfactory1 or when he is under cover4 #c4 ,it has been stated that the assailant in a decisive attack should1 except in the case of troops detailed for covering fire1 reserve his fire for those ranges at which fire action is likely to be most effective1 but in certain circumstances it may be advantageous to commence firing at long range4 ,for example3-- 7i7 ,by troops engaged in a flank attack1 in order to secure the advantages of enfilade fire4 7ii7 ,when a favourable target presents itself4 7iii7 ,in a holding1 or demonstrative action1 to prevent the enemy from changing his position1 or to deceive him as to the true objective4 7iv7 ,to concentrate a powerful fire from an extended frontage on an important locality in the hostile position4 7v7 ,to oblige the enemy to expose his dispositions4 7vi7 ,in pursuit4 7vii7 ,in siege warfare1 to harass the enemy4 #d4 ,long range fire requires a large expenditure of ammunition1 and it is necessary1 if it is to produce a corresponding effect1 and if waste of cartridges is to be avoided1 that it should be carefully controlled and concentrated1 and that the distance should be accurately ascertained2 or if this is not possible1 that a considerable depth of ground should be evenly swept by fire by the use of combined sights4 #ace4 ,co-operation between ,artillery and ,infantry in the ,attack4 #a4 ,both in attack and defence the most intimate co-operation between the artillery and infantry must be aimed at1 if the latter are to derive the full advantage of the support of the former4 ,in the preliminary stages of the attack the advance of the infantry will draw the fire of the defence and thus find a target for the artillery1 whilst the fire of the latter1 combined with that of other covering bodies1 will enable the firing line to approach in extended order towards the enemy's position without undue loss4 #b4 ,in the subsequent fire action the artillery and infantry must co-operate in shaking the fire of the defence so as to admit of the further advances of the firing line1 which should take advantage of the slackening of the fire of the defence1 caused by the fire of the quick firing artillery covering the advance1 to push in closer to the enemy's position4 #c4 ,at the crisis of the engagement1 preparatory to the assault1 the artillery and infantry must combine to bring the heaviest possible fire to bear against the point or points against which it is proposed to drive home the attack1 in order that a superiority of fire over the defence may be rapidly established2 and at no other time is the close co-operation so important1 if the full effect of the two arms is to be obtained4 #acf4 ,the ,decisive ,attack4 ,the procedure of the troops engaged in the decisive attack is governed by the following principles3-- #a4 ,success largely depends on the close and intelligent co-operation of all parts of the force engaged1 and the attacks delivered by different portions of the force should as a rule be simultaneous1 for this purpose communication between them must be carefully maintained4 #b4 ,the main object of the attack is to attain a superiority of fire by establishing the strongest possible firing line1 on good fire positions within decisive range of each objective1 preparatory1 if necessary1 to capturing it by an assault4 ,whether the objective be the defenders main position1 or an advanced position1 the attack will be conducted on the same principle4 #c4 ,to reach decisive range with as little loss as possible1 the advance1 which will be covered by the fire of the artillery and reserves1 should be rapid and energetic1 and be made in successive lines of skirmishers widely extended and preceded by scouts2 the firing line should avoid opening fire until either the defenders1 or their position1 can be clearly distinguished1 if the results are to justify the delay and expenditure of ammunition entailed2 when once this point is reached1 the first line of skirmishers should be reinforced in order that the fire may be effective1 ,s4 #acd 7#b74 ,the further advance will now be a matter of the greatest difficulty1 for the reinforced firing line will offer a considerable target to the defenders1 and that at decisive range2 it will only be possible to approach closer to the enemy when the movement of one portion of the firing line is supported by the fire of the remainder1 but whether the advance to the next fire positions is to be made by alternate rushes of complete portions of the firing line1 or by pushing forward a few extended men as from a fresh starting point1 covered by the fire of the rest1 and gradually reinforcing them1 thus building up a fresh firing line1 must depend on varying circumstances such as the nature of the ground and the volume of the enemy's fire1 and the choice of method must therefore be left to subordinate commanders1 who alone will possess any control at this stage of the fight4 #d4 ,on open ground and at effective ranges long lines of men rising simultaneously1 and making even short rushes forward1 will generally suffer heavier losses than small bodies suddenly moving forward1 as the latter surprise the enemy1 and thus for a time avoid his aimed fire4 ,the rush should be continued only as long as the surprise lasts4 ,the closer the ranges1 the shorter should be the rushes4 #e4 ,it is by no means necessary that the firing line should be everywhere of the same density4 ,it is from covered positions that fire is most effective2 and it is at these points1 therefore1 that force should be concentrated4 #f4 ,the firing line1 which will be continually strengthened by successive reinforcements1 will thus fight its way forward until the immediate objective is enveloped1 or partially enveloped1 at the closest range by a strong firing line1 which1 in combination with the artillery will bring as powerful a fire as possible to bear against the defence1 in order to rapidly establish a superiority of fire preparatory to the assault4 #g4 ,positions affording cover in advance of the enemy's main position1 which may be seized or occupied1 should1 if necessary1 be put in a state of defence2 here the troops will re-form and a further advance made by repeating the process of attack against the next objective1 as from a fresh starting point4 #acg4 ,the ,assault4 ,as soon as it becomes evident that superiority of fire has been attained1 which is generally made known by movements to the rear along the enemy's line1 or by the decreasing accuracy and volume of his fire1 the troops detailed to drive home the attack will close in on the firing line1 and carry it forward to the assault4 ,the signal for this decisive movement should1 as a rule1 come from the senior officers present1 and be sounded on the bugle4 ,but the method of advance must be left to the company officers1 for at such short range it is not possible to transmit the necessary orders all along the line4 ,during the delivery of the assault on the enemy's position1 the men will cheer1 bugles be sounded1 and the pipes played4 ,if the assault is successful1 the attacking troops should pursue the enemy with their fire and re-form for a further advance4 #ach4 ,rallying and ,redistribution4 ,after each successful assault1 the task of rallying the men1 and of forming a defensive line until the advance can be resumed1 will generally fall to the subordinate leaders4 ,this will be much facilitated if there are bodies in rear1 well in hand1 which can be sent forward to carry on the attack1 and1 as may sometimes be possible1 rush the enemy's second position before he has recovered from the loss of the first4 ,all important points won should be at once placed in a state of defence1 with a view to serving as supporting points for a fresh advance1 ,s4 #acf 7#g71 and 8,combined ,training10 ,s4 #abb4 #aci4 ,holding ,attacks4 #a4 ,in order to prevent the enemy from reinforcing that portion of his line against which it is intended to drive home the decisive attack1 other portions of his line1 and particularly that portion near which his reserves are believed to be1 must be threatened or held by a display of force4 ,in order to mislead the enemy as to the direction of the main attack1 and to prevent him1 when the crisis of the fight approaches1 from thinning those portions of the line which are only threatened1 and meeting the decisive attack with nearly his whole strength1 the troops engaged in the holding attack must act with vigour when the attack develops1 and be prepared to convert their demonstration into a real attack as soon as the right moment arrives4 #b4 ,these troops must therefore be in sufficient strength to enable them to advance against the enemy's position with a good chance of success4 ,as a rule1 it will be advisable in the preliminary stages of the action to extend the firing-line at wide intervals1 to keep the reinforcing lines well back1 and1 owing to the danger of a counter-attack1 not to permit the firing-line1 unless the ground is peculiarly favourable1 to advance within decisive range1 ,s4 #ade 7#b74 ,sudden outbursts of heavy fire at different points1 and the use of machine guns1 will give effect to demonstrations4 #adj4 ,feints4 ,feints are in their nature much like holding attacks1 but are usually carried out by small forces which have little offensive power4 ,the feint should not be made prematurely1 otherwise its true character will become apparent to the enemy too soon4 ,the endeavour of the commander of a party told off to feint will be to divert the enemy's attention from the locality whence the decisive attack will be launched4 ,he should be allowed great independence in action4 #ada4 ,flank ,attacks4 ,troops told off to outflank the enemy will generally act on identically the same lines as those detailed to assail the front1 for1 as a rule1 flank attacks are locally frontal attacks4 ,the very fact that he is being attacked simultaneously from two different directions1 that his line of retreat is threatened1 and that a part of his force is exposed to enfilade fire1 must have a most serious effect on the enemy's moral1 and consequently on the accuracy of his aim1 and the promptitude of his manuvres2 whilst the new front will probably not be so strong naturally as the main front4 ,the flank of a position should1 therefore1 be the object of particular attention4 ,if the force detailed for an outflanking movement actually succeeds in placing itself in prolongation of the enemy's line1 before he can change position1 or while he is in the act of changing position1 a surprise will have been effected1 and if the opportunity is utilised with due vigour1 an immediate and overwhelming success should be the result4 #adb4 ,surprises4 ,if the enemy is surprised1 it is of the utmost importance to reach decisive range as rapidly as possible1 and to increase the demoralisation which the surprise will have already produced by pressing forward to close quarters with the greatest energy4 ,in such conditions1 the deliberate advance from cover to cover1 and the gradual building up1 by means of successive reinforcements1 of a powerful firing-line1 should be discarded1 and the firing-line be strong from the very first4 ,nevertheless1 it will still be necessary to retain a portion of the attacking force in reserve to meet counter-attacks and unforeseen contingencies4 #adc4 ,local flanking fire4 ,the incidents of a battle and the nature of the ground constantly offer opportunities1 even to troops engaged in a frontal attack1 for bringing an enfilade or oblique fire to bear upon part of the enemy's line1 thus facilitating the advance of other portions of the attacking force1 or even causing the evacuation of some important post4 ,commanders of all ranks1 therefore1 however small the parties they command1 must always be on the look-out for such opportunities of lightening the task of their comrades4 #add4 ,formations4 #a4 ,the preparatory formation of infantry is line1 or lines1 of battalions in lines of company columns at varying intervals and distances4 #b4 ,after leaving the position of assembly1 formations will be regulated by commanders in conformity with the rules laid down in ,s4 #acc4 #c4 ,the firing line will1 except in the preparatory stages of the attack1 be in skirmishing order1 though in the final stages of the attack1 preparatory to the assault1 the men may be as close to one another as will admit of them using their rifles effectively4 ,in open ground the bodies in rear will also be in skirmishing order2 but during a protracted fight1 when the firing-line is making slow progress1 officers commanding bodies in rear of the firing-line should utilise all cover1 closing them sufficiently to enable them to execute any manuvre that may be ordered without confusion or delay4 #d4 ,in wooded or close country1 or when there is no chance of coming under unexpected fire1 the bodies in rear of the firing-line may move in lines of company columns4 #e4 ,these bodies should move in as compact a formation as the nature of the ground allows2 but the importance of a rapid extension to the front should always be held in view4 ,battalions or companies echeloned to the rear in order to protect a flank should adopt a formation which will enable them to change direction in order to meet cavalry or counter-attack with the utmost rapidity4 #ade4 ,frontage4 #a4 ,the frontage occupied in attacking1 having regard to the fact that the position should be enveloped1 must as a rule be greater than that of the defence4 ,it is unnecessary1 however1 that the attacking force should be in equal strength along the whole front4 ,those portions of the position against which the main attack is not directed should be engaged by a holding attack1 and the flank which is not to be seriously attacked may be observed or merely threatened by a feint4 ,troops engaged in holding attacks and feints should try to deceive the enemy as to their real strength4 ,they may occupy1 therefore1 a comparatively wider front than the troops detailed for the decisive attack4 #b4 ,troops engaged in a decisive attack must follow a different procedure4 ,the object is to establish the strongest possible firing-line at decisive range from the position1 ,s4 #aec 7#a74 ,against a weak enemy1 however1 or an enemy holding an exposed position1 or when the advance is covered by a very superior artillery fire1 the frontage allotted to a battalion may be greater than under normal conditions4 ,but it is always to be borne in mind that troops extended at very wide intervals are peculiarly susceptible to counter-attack1 and that their attack is certain to lose in vigour and resolution4 #c4 ,in the case of a company1 or small force1 attacking independently the men need not be so close as in the case of larger forces4 #adf4 ,distances4 #a4 ,the distances between the several bodies in which troops are distributed for attack depend upon the nature of the ground1 and the weapons of the enemy1 and they must be fixed by the officers in immediate command4 #b4 ,the scouts should be sufficiently far in advance of1 and on the exposed flanks of1 the firing-line1 to protect it from surprise4 ,in close or undulating country it will be necessary to provide for connecting links in order that there may be no danger of touch with the advanced scouts being lost1 and of reports1 verbal or by signal1 failing to reach the commanders of the firing-line4 ,in wooded country the distance may be decreased4 #c4 ,in close country1 and in wood-fighting1 the distances between the several bodies into which an attacking force is divided should seldom exceed #bjj yards4 ,in open ground greater distances are necessary1 except against a badly-armed enemy4 #d4 ,the distance of the general reserve should be usually greater than that between the other bodies in order that it may not be prematurely drawn into the fight4 #e4 ,the general rule is that the troops in rear should be brought closer to the firing-line1 the nearer the moment for the assault approaches4 #adg4 ,intervals4 ,an arbitrary rule as regards intervals is undesirable4 ,each portion of the force engaged will generally be told off to attack a particular section of the enemy's line1 and the frontage to be occupied by each left to the discretion of their commanding officers4 ,it is essential that there should be a clear understanding as to responsbility for searching1 and1 if necessary1 clearing1 all dangerous ground which lies between units4 ,this should be notified in the orders for attack4 #adh4 ,direction and ,pace4 #a4 ,each unit should be given a point to move on4 ,nevertheless1 in moving through woods1 or over ground so close that it is impracticable to fix a point to march upon1 a unit of direction1 which should march by compass bearing1 or by some well-defined landmark1 such as a road or stream1 is the only means of avoiding confusion and delay1 ,s4 #aca 7#c74 #b4 ,a change in the direction of the line of march is effected by giving a fresh point or points to move on4 #c4 ,when once a firing-line has been formed1 a change of direction under fire will be effected either as described in ,s4 #dh1 or by forming a new firing-line in the required direction from the troops in rear1 the old firing-line being withdrawn4 #d4 ,undue rapidity tends to exhaust the men1 and thus impair the accuracy of their fire4 ,during the earlier stages of the attack1 the ordinary pace should1 therefore1 be maintained4 #e4 ,when the defender's fire begins to tell seriously the advance must be continued according to circumstances as laid down in ,s4 #acf 7#c74 #adi4 ,machine ,guns4 #a4 ,the effective use of a machine gun depends on the promptitude of its commander in utilising opportunities which are1 as a rule1 very brief4 #b4 ,machine guns form an integral part of the battalion to which they belong1 and will1 as a rule1 be employed under the orders of its commander4 ,this should not1 however1 prevent general officers commanding brigades from detaching machine guns from their battalions1 especially in the case of reserve battalions1 and employing them either massed or in groups should the tactical situation so demand4 ,it must be remembered1 however1 that when massed their position will be more easily discovered1 and they will form a large and vulnerable target for the enemy's fire4 #c4 ,machine guns may be employed with advantage in the attack in the following conditions3-- 7i7 ,to cover the advance of the firing line by engaging the enemy from positions in close support of it4 ,the gun should generally be regarded as a long range weapon and in ordinary open ground it would rarely be advisable to push it into the firing line1 where it would offer a conspicuous target to the fire of the enemy1 but in a broken or enclosed country1 where the gun could be brought up under cover1 occasions may arise where it could be usefully employed in a forward position4 ,when the ground is favourable1 the gun would with advantage accompany that portion of the reserves told off to cover the advance of the remainder by long-range fire4 7ii7 ,to bring a concentrated fire on any particular spot4 7iii7 ,to assist in repelling counter-attacks to which the firing line may suddenly become exposed1 and in the protection of the flanks against cavalry or counter-attack4 7iv7 ,to bring fire to bear upon an enemy from a position on a flank of the battalion4 ,the gun would1 when so placed1 be less liable to draw the fire of the enemy upon the infantry which it is supporting4 7v7 ,to give effect to holding attacks by sudden outbursts of fire4 7vi7 ,to establish possession of points gained4 #d4 ,the machine gun commander must be fully acquainted with the orders given to the infantry he is acting with and with all subsequent orders issued4 ,it is his business to watch his infantry1 and conform to their movements and keep touch generally4 ,he should be allowed great liberty of action4 #e4 ,especial care must be exercised to bring the gun into action without exposing it1 and to screen it when in action4 ,machine guns should generally be used singly1 though occasions may occur when it may be advisable to use them in pairs4 ,,the ,,company ,,in ,,attack4 #aej4 ,,general ,,rules4 #a4 ,in executing an attack independently1 the company commander will employ his four sections in accordance with the principles laid down in the preceding pages4 ,he will see that his advance is protected by scouts2 and after as thorough a reconnaissance as his means permit1 he will carefully explain to the subordinate leaders and men the object to be attained and the plan of action1 and will make certain that all understand what is expected of them4 ,he will tell off the company into firing-line and support1 arrange1 if possible1 for outflanking the enemy1 keep a small reserve in his own hand1 and act generally in the same manner as the commander of a considerable force4 #b4 ,in executing an attack in conjunction with the remainder of the battalion1 the company commander must explain to his subordinates and men the orders he has received1 and the method in which he intends to carry them out4 ,during the advance he should place himself where he can best watch the firing-line and the enemy1 and at the same time issue orders to his support4 ,his duties in action are as follows3-- 7i7 ,he will detach scouts to the front1 and if necessary to the flanks1 to cover his advance4 7ii7 ,he will be careful to co-operate with the companies on his flanks1 to cover their advance by fire1 and to maintain the direction4 7iii7 ,he will keep the battalion commander acquainted with any change in the dispositions of the enemy1 and pass on any useful information received from the scouts4 7iv7 ,he is responsible that his supply of ammunition is complete1 and will make the necessary arrangements to bring up a further supply2 he will also ensure that the ammunition of disabled men is collected and distributed4 7v7 ,he will exercise a general control over the fire of his company4 7vi7 ,he will1 if opportunity offers1 lend aid to other companies by enfilading1 or firing obliquely on1 a portion of the enemy's line4 7vii7 ,he will lead his company in the assault4 7viii7 ,if the assault succeeds1 he will lose no time in rallying and reforming his company1 in replenishing ammunition1 and if necessary securing the position against counter-attack by means of entrenchments4 #c4 ,when two or more officers are present with a company1 one will always be with the firing line4 #d4 ,half-company commanders in the firing line will place themselves where they can best supervise the skirmishers4 ,their duties in action are as follows3-- 7i7 ,they must be constantly on the look out for the signals of the company commander1 and of the scouts4 7ii7 ,they must maintain the direction4 7iii7 ,they will see that fire is not wasted1 and that it is concentrated on important targets4 7iv7 ,they will observe the enemy's movements1 and report at once to the company commander4 7v7 ,if the assault succeeds1 they will lose no time in rallying and reforming their half-companies4 7vi7 ,during the advance they will take all leaderless men of other companies and corps under their command1 and keep them until the action is over1 or the force re-forms4 #e4 ,the frontage occupied by a company acting independently depends on the nature of the operation4 ,there may be a considerable gap between the frontal and the flank attacks2 and a portion of the company1 extended at wide intervals1 may be told off merely to hold the enemy1 while the remainder1 at closer intervals1 make the decisive attack4 ,the rule that a strong firing-line should be established in a good fire-position at a decisive range must always be observed by the portion of the company which is told off for the decisive attack2 and although the men need not be so close as in the case of larger forces1 still1 to dislodge an enemy of nearly equal strength1 the firing-line1 at decisive range1 should not be weaker than one rifle to every two or three yards of front4 #f4 ,when the company is acting in concert with the remainder of the battalion1 its frontage1 as a rule1 will be assigned by the battalion commander4 #g4 ,the company commander must always be guided by circumstances in deciding on the strength of his firing-line1 and on the formation of the remainder4 ,the general procedure will be to gradually reinforce the scouts1 when they are checked by the enemy's fire1 and thus build up a firing line1 which1 at decisive range1 shall be strong enough to gain superiority over the enemy's fire4 ,this procedure is1 however1 by no means to be regarded as invariable4 ,it might be desirable1 for instance1 to deploy the whole company at once in the firing line4 ,s4 #aec 7#c74 ,this may sometimes be advisable on open ground without cover1 when less loss would be incurred than by gradually reinforcing a weaker firing-line4 #h4 ,in order that tactical unity may be maintained as long as possible1 it will usually be advisable that complete squads or sections be extended on the first advance1 further reinforcements being furnished by the other squads of the same sections1 or other sections of the same half company4 ,,the ,,battalion ,,in ,,attack4 #aea4 ,,general ,,rules4 #a4 ,the battalion commander is practically in the same position as the commander of a brigade1 with the exception that he has under him eight small units instead of four large units4 #b4 ,nevertheless1 so limited are his powers of personal control upon the field of battle1 that success1 as a rule1 will depend on the clearness and comprehensiveness of the order which commits his companies to the attack1 as well as on the manner in which he has trained his company leaders4 ,it is of importance1 therefore1 that the battalion should never be hurried into action2 but that time should be taken for a survey of the ground1 for the issue of orders1 and for the instructions to be given by the company leaders to their subordinates and the men4 #c4 ,a battalion1 whether acting alone or forming part of a larger force engaged in an attack1 will be sub-divided into three bodies1 viz41 firing-line1 supports and reserves1 on the same principle as laid down in ,s4 #abi4 ,the firing-line1 which in the first instance will not exceed a quarter of the whole battalion1 will usually be furnished by the same companies as the supports1 whilst the reserves will be supplied by the remainder1 and be under the direct control of the battalion commander4 ,when the battalion forms part of a larger force1 the commander will employ his reserves in strengthening such portions of his firing-line as most require reinforcement1 the whole battalion1 as a rule1 being eventually absorbed into the firing-line4 #d4 ,when the battalion is acting independently1 the commanding officer will act on the same principles as the commander of a larger force4 ,he will detail certain companies for the flank attack1 and others if necessary1 for a holding attack1 or for a feint4 ,he will make arrangements from the companies of the reserve for the protection of the flanks against counter-attack1 and if the ground permits1 for covering the advance by long-range fire4 ,he will retain a portion of his battalion as a general reserve at his own disposal2 and select a portion of the enemy's line against which the decisive attack will be pressed home4 ,he will assign a portion of the objective to each company that forms part of the firing-line2 but it should seldom be necessary for him1 if his company leaders are well trained1 to indicate the formation to be adopted4 #e4 ,the battalion1 on reaching the zone of distant fire1 will form lines of company columns1 preceded1 and1 if necessary1 flanked by scouts4 #f4 ,it is impossible to lay down any rule as to the number of companies in the firing-line4 ,but it is always advisable1 when the battalion first forms for attack1 whether it is acting alone or with others1 to put in no more than are actually required at the moment2 the remainder being kept well in hand1 but in such formations as will enable them to take advantage of cover1 and avoid unnecessary loss4 ,before the enemy's exact position is ascertained1 the advance must be cautious and deliberate1 and it is dangerous in such circumstances to place several companies alongside one another on a broad frontage4 #aeb4 ,orders4 ,the orders issued to a battalion will differ in degree but not in principle from those given to a larger force1 ,s4 #aca2 as a rule they will be issued verbally1 but in any case they should be personally explained by the commanding officer when the position comes into view4 #aec4 ,distribution of the companies in the decisive attack4 #a4 ,in order to establish a strong firing-line within decisive range of the enemy's position1 it is desirable that1 making allowance for losses1 there should be1 at the commencement of the attack1 at least #abe rifles to every #ajj yards of front1 exclusive of that portion of the reserves which will furnish the final reinforcement necessary to deliver the assault4 ,these #abe men are disposed in several bodies1 the bodies in rear1 i4e41 the supports and reserves1 supplying the successive reinforcements which gradually build up the firing-line to its maximum strength4 #b4 ,whether these #abe rifles are furnished by two or more companies must be determined by the commanding officer4 #c4 ,to extend whole companies in the firing-line at the outset1 the supports being formed from other companies1 is a proceeding which can seldom be justified2 leading as it must to a premature admixture of tactical units1 and to the surrender1 at an unnecessarily early period1 of the control of the firing-line4 ,the rule that all reinforcements should be furnished as long as possible by the same unit should never be infringed4 #d4 ,when the battalion is acting in concert with other units1 the frontage assigned to it1 if the attack is intended to be decisive1 must be in proportion to its strength4 #e4 ,battalions should be constantly exercised in forming for the attack from a position of assembly1 the frontage being always varied1 and a different number of companies told off to the firing-line and the reserve4 ,it is only by practice that a commanding officer can acquire the facility of recognising at once how many companies should be extended in firing-line1 and how many allotted to the reserve4 #aed4 ,the firing-line and supports4 ,the formation of the firing-line and supports1 and the distance of the latter from the firing-line1 will be determined by the company commanders4 ,there is no necessity that these should be the same in every company so long as the general principles laid down for the attack are intelligently applied4 #aee4 ,the reserve4 #a4 ,next to the conception of a sound plan of attack1 and the issue of clear and comprehensive orders to the company commanders1 the most important duty of the officer commanding a battalion is the handling of his reserve4 ,it is by means of the reserve that he makes his influence felt in action1 and by reinforcing the firing-line at the right time and at the right place keeps the attack moving and eventually attains the superiority of fire4 ,but judicious feeding of the firing-line is not all that is required4 ,not only must its flanks be protected1 and its advance covered by long-range fire2 but if the enemy is well-trained1 counter-attack is always to be apprehended2 and--what is also dangerous--a sudden reinforcement of the defence1 when the struggle for fire-superiority is at its height may take place4 ,it should be the aim1 then1 of the officer commanding1 so to husband his reserve1 that while prosecuting the attack with vigour by means of timely reinforcements1 he may still have a sufficient force at his disposal to meet emergencies4 ,from first to last1 therefore1 he should retain at least a portion of the reserve in his own hand1 for even a half-company may be of the greatest service in repelling a sudden counter-attack1 or in forming a rallying point if the attack is repulsed4 #b4 ,if heavy losses are to be expected before a strong firing-line can be established within decisive range of the enemy's position1 the reserve should be stronger than the firing-line and supports4 ,if1 on the other hand1 the opposition is weak1 or decisive range can be reached under cover1 the reserve may be of the same strength as the firing-line and supports4 ,it is to be observed1 however1 that the firing-line and supports here alluded to are those engaged in the decisive attack2 companies engaged in a holding attack1 or in a feigned or false attack1 are not to be counted when calculating the strength of the reserve4 #c4 ,it may be advisable to divide the reserve into two distinct bodies1 one following the flank attack1 the other the frontal attack4 #d4 ,when the flanks 7or flank7 of the battalion are exposed1 a portion of the reserve will be told off as a protection against counter-attack and for extended patrolling4 #e4 ,on open ground1 in order to avoid unnecessary loss1 the reserve must advance in several lines of skirmishers4 ,in close country1 the reserve should move in as compact a formation as the ground will permit1 due regard being paid to the protection of the flanks4 #f4 ,the initial formation of the companies in reserve will be decided by the officer commanding1 and will depend altogether upon the ground4 ,wide intervals are not so essential as for the firing-line and supports1 and on ground which is little exposed to fire company columns1 or columns of fours may be resorted to with advantage4 ,it will seldom be necessary1 however1 that the formation of each successive line should be identical2 and1 during the advance1 the formation of each company will be altered1 in order to take advantage of cover or to avoid shot-swept spaces1 at the discretion of its own commander4 #aef4 ,holding ,attack4 ,the holding attack will be carried out by a battalion in accordance with the principles already laid down2 the frontage being larger1 and the reserve smaller than in a decisive attack1 ,s4 #aci4 #aeg4 ,instruction4 ,it is always advisable1 in instructing a battalion1 to hand over the entire control of the companies in firing-line or reserve1 with the exception of the portion retained at the disposal of the officer commanding1 to their own leaders1 and to give each of the latter a free hand in carrying out the task assigned to him4 ,such a method1 with inexperienced company officers1 may at first lead to mistakes and misunderstandings2 but as soon as these officers gain confidence1 become accustomed to working in concert1 and understand what is required of them1 energetic combination will take the place of hesitation and bewilderment1 and the officer commanding will find himself supported by a body of zealous and self-reliant assistants1 capable of executing his intentions without depending on continual instructions4 ,moreover1 the practice of carrying out an attack by the co-operation of several independent units is the only method possible in a hotly contested action4 ,it must be made clear whether the battalion is supposed to be acting alone or in conjunction with other troops4 ,,the ,,brigade ,,in ,,attack4 #aeh4 ,,general ,,rules4 #a4 ,the rules for the battalion in attack apply in all respects to the brigade1 and even to larger forces of infantry1 with the exception that in the position of assembly the brigade or division will usually be drawn up in line1 or lines1 of battalions in quarter column or lines of company columns1 and will advance as far as the zone of distant fire in this formation4 ,the commander assigns to the battalion leaders their respective tasks1 leaving them perfect freedom as to the manner of execution1 and the way in which they form their commands4 #b4 ,the frontage of the brigade will depend on the situation1 as also the strength of the brigade reserve4 ,the latter should always consist of a complete unit or units1 of which a small portion may be kept back at the crisis of the attack to form a rallying point in case of reverse1 ,s4 #acb 7#c74 #c4 ,the orders issued by the brigadier will be in the same form as those issued by the officer commanding a larger force1 ,s4 #aca4 #d4 ,the brigadier will be accompanied by signallers1 who will maintain communication with all the battalions of the brigade during the attack4 ,,the ,,division ,,in ,,attack4 #aei4 ,,general ,,rules4 #a4 ,the best battle-formation for the infantry of a division engaged in a decisive attack1 and1 generally speaking1 in all attacks1 is the two brigades placed alongside each other1 dividing the front1 and regulating their own reserves4 ,if the division is acting alone1 it is important that1 as a general rule1 the divisional commander should retain two complete battalions as general reserve4 ,during the action the divisional commander should be accompanied by a party of mounted signallers4 #b4 ,the divisional commander assigns to the brigadiers their respective tasks1 leaving them perfect freedom as to the manner of execution4 #c4 ,the orders issued by the divisional commander will be drawn up and issued as directed in ,s4 #aca1 and 8,combined ,training10 ,s4 #aae4 #d4 ,if the divisional commander finds it necessary to detach a battalion1 or in an unforeseen contingency to give an individual battalion direct orders for the execution of some movement1 he should at once inform the brigadier to whom the battalion belongs4 #e4 ,in the instruction of the brigade or division a most useful exercise is to practice deployments for attack under different suppositions1 such as an enemy occupying different extents of front1 an enemy suddenly discovered in position half-right1 half-left1 or flanking the line of march4 ,,the ,,defence4 #afj4 ,distribution of ,infantry for defence4 #a4 ,infantry detailed for the defence of the entrenchments will generally be distributed in two bodies1 viz41 7i7 ,firing ,line and ,supports4 7ii7 ,local ,reserves4 ,for the decisive counter-attack1 a separate body1 ,the ,general ,reserve1 which has nothing to do with the immediate defence of the entrenchments1 will be retained in the hands of the officer commanding4 #b4 ,the strength of the firing line will depend entirely on the extent of the field of fire and the character of the cover4 ,if the conditions are favourable to the defence a few men can easily protect a wide front4 ,if there is any chance of a surprise1 or of the position being attacked by a sudden rush1 the firing line should be as dense as is compatible with the free use of the rifle by every man engaged4 #c4 ,the duty of the supports is to replace casualties in the firing line1 and they should therefore be posted near at hand and under cover4 ,in strong positions very small supports will be quite sufficient1 or they may even be dispensed with altogether4 #d4 ,the duties of the local reserves are to deliver local counter-attacks1 to reinforce the firing line at critical moments1 and to protect the flanks2 they will also furnish the outposts and supply detachments to occupy temporary positions1 either in front or beyond the flanks of the entrenchments4 ,s4 #afa 7#g71 also 8,combined ,training10 #abe 7#d74 ,local reserves should be well covered1 especially from artillery fire2 but there should be no obstacle to their being brought rapidly to the front4 #afa4 ,occupation of the position4 #a4 ,it is far more important that every man should see well to the front1 and be well covered1 than that the front should be regular and continuous4 ,each section1 or even each squad1 may have its own entrenchment4 ,these entrenchments will not necessarily be in one general line4 ,the main consideration is a good field of fire and provision of oblique or enfilade fire to support other parts of the line4 #b4 ,weak points should be strongly held4 ,between the points held spaces may be left unoccupied1 provided they can be swept by an effective cross-fire4 #c4 ,when there is no time to entrench every man must improvise cover for himself1 and this should be constantly practised in peace4 ,when the troops occupy entrenchments every man should see that he can use his rifle effectively1 and if necessary make the improvements necessary to enable him to do so4 #d4 ,the distance of all prominent objects and exposed points on the probable lines of attack should be carefully ascertained1 noted and communicated to the men4 ,if time permit1 these distances should be defined by marks4 #e4 ,if possible1 objects which might assist the enemy in finding the range should be removed1 and all works and entrenchments should be hidden with bushes1 grass1 c4 #f4 ,arrangements should be made to ensure that men1 if suddenly called on at night to man the entrenchments1 fire in the required direction4 ,this can best be done by so designing parapets1 loopholes1 c41 that the line of fire of a rifle resting on them grazes the ground in advance for some distance4 #g4 ,in addition to the outposts1 which will protect the front and flanks of the position1 troops may be specially detailed to take up temporary positions to mislead the enemy1 embarrass his reconnoitring patrols and delay his advance1 ,s4 #afj 7#d72 such troops should be withdrawn before they become seriously engaged1 care being taken not to mask the fire of the main position during the retirement4 #afb4 ,entrenching a ,position4 #a4 ,trenches on the sky-line afford so excellent a target1 that such a position1 especially if the enemy has good artillery1 should always be avoided4 ,they may1 however1 be constructed on the sky-line and left unoccupied for the purpose of deceiving the enemy4 #b4 ,when placed at the foot of slopes that trend towards the enemy they have the advantage that fire from them is more grazing than it would be if they were placed higher up the slope1 but a retreat under fire from them will probably involve heavy loss4 ,it is1 as a rule1 easy to conceal them in such a position4 ,on the other hand1 the field of fire from low-lying trenches is often very limited1 and it is generally more easy to open up communication with the rear when trenches are close to the crest-line than when they are much in advance of it4 #c4 ,trenches which can bring fire to bear at decisive range on to the ground over which the attack must pass1 and which are themselves concealed from the attackers in the early stages1 are most valuable in surprising the enemy at the most critical period of the attack4 #d4 ,trenches should always be concealed and head cover provided when possible1 covered communication from the rear should also be provided when time is available4 #e4 ,important tactical points and such others which1 owing to the dead ground in their vicinity1 constitute a weakness to position1 should be further strengthened by placing barbed wire entanglements or abattis in front of them1 trenches being so placed as to bring an effective fire to bear on such obstacles4 #f4 ,when time admits1 deep trenches just in rear of the crest-line may be usefully provided to give cover to the supports or the garrisons of the advanced trenches till they are required4 #afc4 ,fire4 #a4 ,as the difficulties of ammunition supply and want of knowledge of ranges are not so great as in the attack1 it will often be expedient to open fire at long ranges in order to oblige the assailant to deploy and adopt a definite course of action which it will be difficult for him to rectify when exposed to fire4 ,long-range fire may also be used to deceive the enemy as to the dispositions and strength of the defender1 and to check the advance of reinforcements4 ,the employment of long-range fire must1 however1 be regulated by the effect produced on the enemy4 ,if this is observed to be small1 it will be wiser to reserve ammunition for closer ranges where better results may be expected1 and on occasion it may be advisable to encourage the enemy's advance by a weak fire or by withholding it entirely1 and to receive him at decisive ranges with a fire of the greatest intensity possible4 #afd4 ,machine ,guns4 #a4 ,in defence1 as in attack1 machine guns may be employed singly1 or in pairs4 #b4 ,they should not be isolated1 and are not adapted for use against lines of widely extended skirmishers1 but are most suitable to protect flanks1 to flank salients or portions of the line1 to cover obstacles1 to deny the passage of defiles to the enemy1 or to bring a heavy fire to bear from ground which1 owing to its narrow frontage1 is unsuited for the deployment of infantry4 ,if employed in the firing line1 they should be carefully concealed4 ,alternative positions connected by a covered communication should be prepared1 if possible1 for use in case they come under effective artillery fire4 #c4 ,if not utilised for these purposes they should be retained as a reserve of fire1 either in the hands of the battalion commander or brigadier1 to be used to check the advance of hostile reinforcements1 to meet turning movements1 to support the firing-line in crises1 to prepare and cover the counter-attack1 or against close deep formations at long range4 #d4 ,in pursuit they should endeavour to operate against the flanks of the enemy from decisive range4 #afe4 ,position of the ,reserves4 #a4 ,the local reserves will be in their respective sections4 ,for the protection of the flanks they will be echeloned in rear of the flanks or of one flank if the other is unassailable4 ,if the flanks are secure1 the most suitable position for them1 if it provides good cover1 is in rear of the centre of the section to which they belong4 #b4 ,the general reserve will usually be posted in rear of the centre of the position1 until the direction of the counter-attack can be decided2 but in certain cases1 as when1 for instance1 the defender is equal or superior in numbers1 it may be echeloned in rear of that flank where the ground offers the greatest facilities for the counter-attack4 #c4 ,the reserves should be most carefully hidden until the moment for action arrives4 ,if no natural cover is available1 artificial cover should1 if possible1 be provided for them4 #aff4 ,duties of ,officers ,commanding ,reserves4 #a4 ,the officers commanding the reserves1 whether local or general1 must make themselves acquainted with all ground over which they may have to act4 ,they should know the direction of all roads and tracks2 and they must keep a watch1 by means of staff officers and patrols1 on the progress of the engagement1 so that they may anticipate orders1 and have their troops formed up ready to move as soon as they are called for4 #afg4 ,local ,counter-attacks4 #a4 ,local counter-attacks1 which are the special duty of the local reserves1 may be made at any moment4 ,should the enemy gain some local success either in the position itself1 or on ground close to it1 whence he could seriously threaten the defence of the position1 the necessity for counter-attack becomes imperative4 ,in such cases1 the sooner the attack is delivered the better1 so that the enemy may have no opportunity of strengthening the ground he has gained4 #b4 ,local counter-attacks are delivered on the initiative of the officers in charge of sections of the defensive line4 ,they should seldom be carried far in advance of the entrenchments2 and directly the enemy's firing-line falls back1 the troops should be reformed as rapidly as possible4 #d4 ,local counter-attacks should also be delivered when the enemy advances to the assault4 ,bayonets will be fixed when his line arrives within a few hundred yards of the position1 every available man brought up into the firing-line1 and the charge met with rapid fire1 and if that fails to stop him1 with a counter-charge4 ,in this counter-charge1 which should be practised at all manuvres1 the men will cheer1 bugles be sounded1 and pipes played4 #afh4 ,decisive ,counter-attack4 #a4 ,the decisive counter-attack will be delivered by the general reserve1 it will usually be directed against the enemy's flanks1 and in such a manner as to threaten his line of retreat1 although opportunities for breaking the centre may sometimes occur4 ,the counter-attack should come1 if possible1 in the form of a surprise1 and should be carried through with the utmost vigour and resolution2 all ranks should understand that they must press forward until the last reserve has been thrown in4 #b4 ,to judge the right time for the decisive counter-attack is as difficult as it is important4 ,the most favourable moment is when the enemy has expended his reserves in endeavouring to storm the entrenchments4 ,if1 however1 the defending force is carefully concealed1 or if the enemy is led to believe that the front is much longer than it really is1 he may commit mistakes such as exposing a portion of his force without hope of support from the remainder1 extending his front so far that the greater part of his force is in the firing-line1 exposing his flanks1 or posting his reserves in the wrong place2 and these mistakes1 all of which are favourable to the counter-attack1 may occur at any period of the engagement--4 ,it is important1 therefore1 that the course of the action should be closely watched1 that the staff should make arrangements for incessant patrolling1 constant observation1 and the rapid transmission of reports1 and that the general reserve should be prepared for immediate action throughout the fight4 #c4 ,when launched to the attack the firing-line1 as a rule1 should be thicker than at the commencement of an ordinary attack1 and it is unnecessary that it should be preceded1 though it must always be flanked1 by scouts4 ,a portion of the force should be echeloned in rear1 in order to deal with the enemy's reserves4 #d4 ,the formation in which the general reserve will carry out the counter-attack cannot be laid down2 but care should be taken that the troops composing it are formed up in such a manner as to be able to advance and come into action in any direction with the least possible delay4 #e4 ,it is possible that there will be little time for issuing detailed orders1 but the direction and manner of carrying out the counter-attack should be carefully pointed out to all subordinate commanders1 who will explain the same to the troops1 and impress on them the importance of getting to close quarters as quickly as possible4 ,,the ,,company ,,in ,,defence4 #afi4 ,,general ,,rules4 #a4 ,when acting independently the company will act in accordance with the principles enumerated in ,s4 #afj4 ,the reserve will1 as a rule1 undertake the defence of the flanks1 in addition to its other duties4 ,it may often be conveniently placed in rear of the centre4 ,to deceive the enemy as to the extent of the position scouts must be employed in place of larger bodies1 and they should be encouraged to use all sorts of stratagems1 such as constantly changing their positions1 opening rapid fire1 c41 c41 in order to effect their purpose4 ,concealment is imperative4 ,all dead ground in front or on the flanks of the position should be carefully observed4 #b4 ,when acting in battalion1 a company told off to furnish a portion of the firing-line will usually keep a part in support4 ,but it will often be advisable to extend only a few men at first1 and to retain the remainder in rear until the enemy's infantry advance to the attack1 but they should be able to reach their places in the firing line without being observed by the enemy4 #c4 ,the occupation of the ground allotted to a company will be carried out in accordance with ,s4 #afa4 #agj4 ,duties of the ,subalterns1 ,section1 and ,squad ,leaders4 #a4 ,they are responsible that communication is maintained between the different portions of the company1 that all movements of the company are at once reported1 that the fire is kept under control1 that the men aim at the targets pointed out to them1 and that all instructions as regards cover1 concealment1 ranges1 and water are scrupulously observed4 #b4 ,they will see3-- 7i7 ,that every man has good cover4 7ii7 ,that the firing-line is well hidden1 the existence of entrenchments concealed1 and every man is in such a position that he can use his rifle4 7iii7 ,that ranges are taken and communicated to the men4 7iv7 ,that every man has plenty of ammunition and a full water-bottle1 and that the ammunition from the killed and wounded is collected and distributed4 7v7 ,that the support knows the position of the firing-line4 #c4 ,they will ascertain the position of the dressing station and of the reserve ammunition4 #d4 ,they will report to the company commander all movements of the enemy and any opportunity which appears to be favourable to counter-attack4 #e4 ,they will see that their flanks1 if exposed1 are protected by scouts4 #f4 ,they will be careful to keep in communication with the companies or either flank4 #aga4 ,duties of the ,company ,leader4 ,nothing in the previous section is intended to relieve the company commander of his responsibility in all that concerns his command4 ,he will make arrangements for the distribution of fresh supplies of ammunition1 but it is important he should not allow himself to become too much engrossed in details which should be looked to by his subordinates4 ,in defence1 the occupation1 to the best advantage1 of the ground allotted to him1 is the company commander's first duty4 ,,the ,,battalion ,,in ,,defence4 #agb4 ,,general ,,rules4 #a4 ,if the front is very extended1 or if it runs through close or broken country1 it may be broken up into sections of defence4 #b4 ,when acting independently the officer commanding will himself give the signal for the decisive counter-attack4 ,this attack will1 as a rule1 be commanded by the officer specially detailed to command the general reserve4 #agc4 ,duties of the ,commanding ,officer4 #a4 ,he will see that the reserve ammunition is conveniently placed4 #b4 ,he will ensure that communication is maintained with the troops on either flank4 #c4 ,he will report all movements of the enemy4 #d4 ,if he commands a section of the defence1 he will watch for opportunities for local counter-attack4 #e4 ,he will keep up communication by means of his signallers with his brigadier4 #f4 ,he will fix on some central position1 where he can receive reports1 and communicate rapidly with all portions of his force4 #g4 ,he will arrange for first treatment of casualties on the spot1 and for their transfer to the dressing station of the bearer company4 #h4 ,he will make himself acquainted with the best line of retirement to the rallying position4 ,,the ,,brigade ,,and ,,division ,,in ,,defence4 #agd4 ,,general ,,rules4 #a4 ,the duties of a brigade or divisional commander are practically the same as those of the officer commanding a battalion4 ,it may be repeated1 however3 7i7 that the rule of detailing a complete unit1 with an adequate staff1 for the delivery of the decisive counter-attack1 should always be observed2 7ii7 that the position of the officer commanding should be carefully selected4 #b4 ,on an extended field of battle1 and particularly in broken country1 it is not always easy to find a place where the firing-line can be supervised1 and the opportunities for counter-attack observed before it is too late to take advantage of them2 and in some cases1 the officer commanding will have to rely entirely on the reports of his staff officers and the subordinate commanders4 ,it is essential1 then1 that the system of collection and transmission of information should be complete and thoroughly understood2 in peace exercises as much attention should be paid to this most important point as to training officers and men to make clear1 concise and useful reports4 ,,supply ,,and ,,transport ,,of ,s4,a4 7#cjc-;,,inch7 ,,ammunition ,,in ,,the ,,field4 #age4 ,supply and transport of ammunition in the field4 #a4 ,service ammunition and regimental reserve4--,a battalion takes with it into the field1 in regimental charge1 ,service #ajj rounds per rifle1 carried by the soldier2 ammunition4 #d1jjj rounds packed on the carriage of the machine gun#h2 #b boxes on each of eight pack animals 7i4e41 one pack animal per company72 and #af boxes in each of five ,s4,a4,a4 carts1 also ,regimental #f1fjj rounds per machine gun in one reserve4 ,s4,a4,a4 cart4 7#a1jjj rounds for ,short ,l4,e4 rifle and for machine gun1 and #a1ajj rounds for ,l4,m4 or ,l4,e4 rifle are carried in each box74 ,on the march one pack animal will be in rear of each company2 four ,s4,a4,a4 carts 7including that carrying the machine gun ammunition71 will be in rear of the battalion2 the remaining two carts will form a brigade reserve4 ,officers commanding battalions will arrange for the replenishment of this ammunition at every favourable opportunity4 ,they are responsible that the ammunition carried by the men is complete1 and that when ammunition is expended1 it is replaced with the least possible delay4 #b4 ,brigade ,reserve4--,a brigade reserve of small arms ammunition will be formed by two ,s4,a4,a4 carts being detached from each battalion1 these will follow in rear of the brigade4 ,each brigadier will detail a mounted officer to take charge of the brigade reserve4 #c4 ,divisional ,reserve4--,a divisional reserve of #ajj rounds per rifle and #h1hjj rounds per machine gun is carried in the small arms ammunition section of the ammunition columns of brigades of divisional artillery1 each of which will supply one of the infantry brigades of the division to which they belong4 ,the same number of rounds for corps troops is carried in the special section attached to the ammunition column of the horse artillery brigade4 ,the divisional reserves are in artillery charge4 #d4 ,ammunition ,park4--,fifty rounds per rifle and #i1jjj rounds per machine gun4 #e4 ,general arrangements in the action4--,in action the ammunition pack animals will be advanced as close as possible to their respective companies1 every advantage of cover being taken in doing so2 two ,s4,a4,a4 carts will follow as close in rear of the supports to the firing-line as the hostile fire will permit1 one being usually in rear of each wing2 the remaining cart will follow in rear of the battalion reserve4 ,the cart carrying the machine gun ammunition will move as directed by the officer commanding the machine guns4 ,during an action the regimental reserve ammunition carried in the carts will be in charge of the serjeant-major1 who should get into communication with the supports and also the brigade reserve by means of signallers4 ,the brigade reserve of ammunition will follow in rear of the centre of the brigade1 or as the ,general ,officer ,commanding may direct4 ,it should be accompanied by signallers1 who should maintain communication with the various regimental reserves4 ,when a ,s4,a4,a4 cart with the supports is emptied1 it will be replaced by a full cart from the regimental reserve1 the empty cart being sent back to the brigade reserve1 when it will be replaced by a full one4 ,as soon as there are four empty ,s4,a4,a4 carts with the brigade reserve the officer in charge will send a message as follows to the officer in charge of the divisional reserve3 8,send up four ,s4,a4,a4 carts to the --th brigade40 ,it is1 however1 unnecessary to wait till four carts are empty1 if ammunition is urgently required4 ,on the arrival of the carts from the divisional reserve1 the horses will be unhooked and changed1 and empty carts sent back to the divisional reserve4 ,in the event of a brigade in action being ordered to advance through woods or over broken ground where communication cannot be maintained1 the ,s4,a4,a4 carts of the brigade reserve may be distributed between battalions1 and the divisional reserve would conform to the general movement4 ,in the case of a battalion being detached to any distance a similar course would be pursued1 a brigade reserve being reformed as soon as possible4 #f4 ,instructions for the officer in charge of the brigade reserve of ammunition4 7i7 ,he will as soon as possible open up communication with the divisional reserve and also with the various regimental reserves4 7ii7 ,a mounted orderly will be sent to him from the divisional reserve to be used only for the purpose of communicating with the divisional reserve4 ,he will communicate with the regimental reserves by means of signallers4 7iii7 ,the earliest opportunity is to be taken 7when four ,s4,a4,a4 carts are empty1 or sooner if necessary7 to fill up empty carts from the divisional reserve4 ,the brigade reserve should be regarded as available for the brigade generally1 and also in case of necessity it will supply ammunition to any troops engaged4 7iv7 ,men and horses belonging to the brigade reserve are not to be sent to the divisional reserve4 ,men and horses belonging to the divisional reserve are not to be sent further to the front than the brigade reserve1 except in a case of emergency4 7v7 ,empty ,s4,a4,a4 carts are to remain with the brigade reserve until they are replaced by full ones4 7vi7 ,receipts prepared by the officer in charge of the divisional reserve will be signed by the officer in charge of the brigade reserve for the number of full carts received by him4 7vii7 ,after an action or during a pause in the engagement all deficiencies of ammunition must be made good from the divisional reserve4 #g4 ,battalion arrangements for issuing extra ammunition4--,each company commander will detail one non-commissioned officer and two privates to act as ammunition carriers 7if the company is strong1 three privates should be detailed74 ,only men of strength and activity should be selected for this duty1 the importance of which cannot be overrated4 ,whenever a serious engagement is imminent1 officer commanding battalions will issue to the men #ej rounds from the ,s4,a4,a4 carts1 so that1 if possible1 every man shall carry #aej rounds on his person4 ,the extra ammunition should generally be issued before leaving the halting place of the previous night4 ,during an action every opportunity will be taken for supplying ammunition to the firing line by sending some up by carriers or with reinforcements4 ,the carriers bring the ammunition from the pack animals 7or from the ,s4,a4,a4 carts7 in canvas ammunition bags1 and distribute it to the men in the ranks4 ,the bags1 when not in use1 are carried on the pack animals4 ,the loads are not to exceed #fjj rounds to each carrier4 ,when more ammunition is required by the firing-line it will be taken forward by any men at hand1 acting as carriers4 ,the carriers will move direct to the companies for which they are destined4 ,if there is a difficulty in their getting back they may be retained in their ranks till the action is over4 ,it is the duty of section and squad commanders to make sure that all ammunition from the killed and wounded is collected and distributed4 ,the system of carrying ammunition by hand1 here provided for1 is not to prevent every endeavour being made to push the ,s4,a4,a4 carts as far forward as practicable4 ,they ought1 in ordinary circumstances1 to get within #a1jjj yards of the firing-line1 and in broken and undulating ground considerably nearer4 ,with pack animals1 it should be practicable to get within #ejj yards of the firing-line4 ,the immense importance of having a supply of ammunition out of sight of the enemy1 and yet within easy reach of the firing-line1 will justify great risks being incurred in getting it to such a position4 #agf4 ,entrenching ,tools4 #a4 ,the entrenching tools of a battalion are carried on two tool carts and on eight pack animals 7i4e41 one per company74 ,a brigade reserve of entrenching tools is carried on one ,g4,s4 wagon4 #b4 ,on the march1 the pack animals carrying the tools will be with those carrying the ammunition1 i4e41 one in rear of each company4 #c4 ,in action1 the pack animal carrying the tools will keep as close to its company as the enemy's fire will admit1 but the driver must use his discretion in doing so2 for instance1 on bare open country it will seldom be advisable to advance the animals close to the firing line1 whereas when advanced positions have been secured1 it will usually be necessary to take tools at once up to the firing line1 in order that the position may be strengthened against counter-attacks4 ,the tool carts will usually accompany the ammunition cart with the reserve1 and will be under the serjeant-major1 the tools1 if necessary1 being carried forward when required by men from the reserve4 ,the brigade reserve of tools will remain with the brigade ammunition reserve1 and will be under the orders of the officer in charge of the latter4 ,,part ,v4 ,,annual ,,course ,,of ,,training4 #agg4 ,description of ,course4 #a4 ,the annual training of the soldier#i will be conducted on systematic and progressive principles4 ,militia and volunteer battalions will1 as far as circumstances permit1 observe the spirit of these instructions4 #b4 ,at home it will commence on the #ast ,march1 and terminate on the #cast ,october4 ,at tropical or semi-tropical stations the course may be modified to suit climatic and other conditions2 but these instructions will be observed as closely as possible4 #c4 ,the course will commence with company training1 continue with battalion training1 which will be followed by brigade and division training1 and terminate with combined manuvres of all arms4 #d4 ,exercises in the field will as a rule be carried out in service conditions as regards equipment4 #e4 ,musketry classification practices will be carried out as may be ordered by the general officer commanding2 field practices will be carried out periodically throughout the course4 #agh4 ,detail of the ,course4 #a4 ,company ,training4--,the first period of the annual training will be exclusively devoted to company training4 ,during this period each company will be struck off all duties for #cf consecutive working days4 ,after a brief revision of elementary work the instruction of trained soldiers will for the most part consist of exercises in the field to practise subordinate leaders in the art of command and the handling of men in all service conditions4 ,company training will invariably conclude with a practical inspection by the commanding officer4 #b4 ,battalion ,training4--,as soon as the company training is completed1 battalion training will commence1 for which purpose each battalion1 or portion of a battalion1 will be struck off all duties1 and be at the disposal of its commander for at least #ah1 and if possible #bd1 consecutive working days4 ,the training will mainly consist of exercises in the field1 including firing1 marching1 c4 7i7 ,in the earlier portion of this period battalions may1 if their commanders consider it expedient1 be sub-divided1 and exercised under arrangements similar to those laid down for the company4 7ii7 ,at stations where single battalions are quartered1 or where detachments are formed1 the spirit of the above instructions will be observed4 7iii7 ,the ,general ,officer ,commanding will hold his inspection towards the conclusion of the training4 #c4 ,brigade and ,division ,training and ,manuvres4--,brigade and division training and manuvres will take place during the remaining months of the annual course1 the time allotted to each being decided by the ,general ,officer ,commanding4 #d4 ,in carrying out the course it is open to ,general ,officers ,commanding1 while conforming to the spirit of the above detail1 to modify it to suit the circumstances of any particular command4 ,thus in some cases it may be more convenient to strike off for training each company or battalion for three days during each week2 or1 at stations where brigade and division training and combined manuvres cannot take place1 more time may be allotted to company and battalion training respectively4 ,it will1 however1 be exceptional for a battalion not to be trained annually with its own and other arms of the service4 #e4 ,during the furlough season every facility is to be given to well conducted men to visit their friends2 but this period will be occupied by such officers and men as are present with the battalion in3-- ,the training of officers in professional duties 7see ,king's ,regulations1 para4 #fgf1 and 8,combined ,training10 ,s4 #ahj47 ,the special training of subaltern officers of companies as instructors and leaders4 ,the special training of non-commissioned officers4 ,instruction of scouts4 ,company officers1 non-commissioned officers and men should have at least two hours physical training every week during the furlough season4 ,obstacle training4 ,drill4 ,visual training 7see ,s4 #ah1 ,musketry ,exercises74 ,training and inspection of signallers4 ,training of machine gun detachments1 and range takers4 ,training in semaphore signalling4 ,all officers and non-commissioned officers and #bj per cent4 of the men to be trained4 #agi4 ,annual ,course of ,training of ,auxiliary ,forces4 #a4 ,the annual training of units will be carried out on the same systematic and progressive principles as have been laid down for the ,regular ,forces4 #b4 ,it is not possible for the ,auxiliary ,forces in the limited time for training at their disposal to carry out the provisions of the annual course as laid down for the ,regular ,army1 but the spirit of the instructions will be observed4 #c4 ,the annual training in camp will be confined to tactical exercises and fire discipline1 c41 except in the case of the ,militia1 by whom drill may1 in addition1 in very exceptional circumstances be practised4 #ahj4 ,general rules for annual training4 #a4 ,all ranks to be instructed4--,every available officer1 non-commissioned officer1 and man1 with the exception of private soldiers of more than fifteen years' service1 bandsmen1 pioneers1 and such as are exempted from the annual course of musketry1 will be present1 and will be relieved of all other duties4 ,leave or furlough will1 on days of instruction1 be granted only in very exceptional circumstances4 #b4 ,during the course the battalion should1 if practicable1 go into camp or bivouac in service conditions for four days2 this may be done separately by companies if more convenient4 #aha4 ,company training4 #a4 ,method of instruction4--,the duty of the officer commanding the battalion is to supervise the training of the company and give company leaders the benefit of his experience1 but he should not lay down the method to be employed in the training of companies4 ,the training must be carried out by the officers of the company without undue interference on the part of superiors4 ,it is only when the methods are manifestly wrong1 and would work harm1 that there should be interference4 ,particular attention must be paid to the individual instruction of the soldier1 and to the improvement of his capacity to think and act for himself4 ,this can best be attained by explanation previous to and during an exercise1 and by repetition of the practice when necessary2 it should be remembered1 however1 that the interest of the men is apt to flag if they are kept too long at one subject4 ,the basis of the whole system of training is careful individual instruction1 and gradual progression from the simple to the more difficult4 ,during instruction in elementary principles companies should act alone1 or against a marked enemy and the company commander should concentrate his attention on the individual instruction of his men2 but in many of the advanced exercises an opposing body gives not only increased interest to the practice1 but also makes it more instructive4 ,when companies act as opposing forces1 each practice should be based on a definite supposition and object1 a scheme should be drawn up and executed as far as is possible in conditions of actual warfare1 and a mounted officer should be detailed to act as umpire4 ,the greatest attention must be paid to the development of section and squad command4 ,the capable leading of smaller units is an important item of success in the attack4 ,during inclement weather1 instruction will be given in the drill shed or barrack room by means of lectures1 explanations1 c4 ,each day's work should be carefully prepared by company commanders1 and short lectures of about #bj minutes on the exercises to be carried out1 given to all ranks4 ,at the practice of outpost duties a broad distinction should be drawn between individual instruction and tactical training4 ,during the former every private should be posted as sentry1 the company should be exercised in the rudiments of outpost work1 and the prescribed duties should be carried out without reference to the tactical situation1 or the employment of the minimum number of men in the sentry line2 the main body of the piquet may1 in order to save time and give more practice in sentry and patrol duty1 be indicated by a flag4 ,daring tactical training outposts should be placed in accordance with a scheme1 strictly in service conditions4 #b4 ,examination by the commanding officer4--,at the end of the course the officer commanding the battalion will devote one day to an examination of the company4 ,the scheme for this day should be drawn up either under the direction of the general officer commanding1 or by the commanding officer4 #c4 ,general officers commanding4--,they will personally supervise the companies under training as much as possible1 and when circumstances permit be present at the examination by the commanding officer4 #d4 ,musketry course to be combined4--,the field practices which can be combined with training1 should be carried out as part of a tactical exercise4 ,in field practices in which the whole company fires at one time1 the exercise may1 in the first instance1 be practised with blank ammunition1 and afterwards be carried out with ball cartridge4 ,during the exercise the manner in which the men take advantage of cover1 and how they adapt the firing position to the irregularities of the ground1 will be carefully watched by the company instructor4 #e4 ,equipment for instruction4--,the tents and tools authorised ,equipment ,regulations1 ,part ,i1 ,s4 ,x1 8,camp ,equipment and ,intrenching ,tools10 and the bridging stores laid down in ,regulations for ,engineer ,services1 will1 in ordinary circumstances1 be sufficient for the instruction4 ,should any increased issue be required1 a special application will be made through the general officer commanding4 #f4 ,returns4--,to ensure that every man is accounted for1 ,a4,f4 ,b #bad will be kept during the annual training and produced for the inspection of the general officer commanding1 if he desires4 #e4 ,night ,operations4--,on days when night operations are to be carried out the work during the day should be of a light nature1 although not suspended altogether4 ,night outposts should be practised on four occasions at least4 #f4 ,intrenched posts1 c4--,arrangements will1 whenever possible1 be made by general officers commanding for a post to be placed in a state of defence in order that the defences and obstacles mentioned in para4 #h 7vii7 may be shown to the men4 ,they should occasionally place the services of an officer of the ,royal ,engineers at the disposal of company commanders to give technical advice on the entrenchments and field work executed by the company4 #g4 ,blank ammunition4--,blank ammunition will be used in practising the more advanced exercises4 #h4 ,syllabus of ,instruction4--,the ,syllabus of ,instruction is given as a guide2 the captain being held responsible that his company is thoroughly instructed4 ,to ensure this it may be necessary to repeat many1 and combine some of the practices4 7i7 ,attack and defence2 general principles2 control of fire2 effect of fire2 fire discipline2 infantry formations with regard to fire2 protection of flanks2 duties of half company1 section1 and squad commanders4 ,infantry in attack2 general rules2 distribution2 duties of several bodies2 the decisive attack2 the assault2 rallying and redistribution2 measures to secure a position won2 holding attacks2 feints2 flank attacks2 surprises2 issue of orders2 formations generally and formations to meet emergencies2 frontage1 direction1 pace2 utilisation of cover and adapting formations to ground2 fire positions and mutual support of units1 by fire1 to cover advances2 practice of casualties4 ,infantry in defence2 distribution2 occupation of a position2 counter-attacks4 ,attack and defence of positions1 woods1 defiles1 bridges1 houses1 c4 ,retirements4 ,action against cavalry and artillery4 ,escort to guns4 ,supply of ammunition4 7ii7 ,composition1 formation and action of advanced1 rear and flank guards1 by day and night1 in various circumstances4 7iii7 ,scouting4 ,conduct of patrols by day and night in varying country4 ,reconnoitring positions1 woods1 defiles1 villages4 ,importance of observing and reporting accurately what is seen4 ,necessity of transmitting information4 ,ambuscades4 7iv7 ,outposts1 general principles2 importance of vigilance of change from day to night positions2 attack by day and night4 ,opportunity must be given for locating sounds and estimating their distance by night4 ,night marching to be combined with surprise attacks on the outpost line4 7v7 ,convoys2 their escort1 attack and defence4 7vi7 ,use of pick and shovel2 marking out and execution of tasks2 extension of working parties by day and night4 ,execution of shelter trenches and a portion of a field work2 selection of site1 profile1 construction by day and under cover of darkness4 7vii7 ,defence of hedges1 banks1 ditches1 posts1 houses1 c4 ,obstacles4 ,construction of loopholes4 ,use of cutting tools4 ,revetments4 ,penetration of bullets4 7viii7 ,knotting and lashing4 ,the loading of pack animals ,method of packing wheeled transport4 7ix7 ,camping4 ,pitching1 striking1 unpacking and packing tents in the valise4 ,telling off camp parties4 ,bivouacs4 ,sanitary precautions in camp and on the line of march2 position and construction of latrines4 ,field kitchens2 cooking in mess tins2 kneading and baking bread and chupatties2 cooking of ration biscuits4 ,orders concerning water supply and boiling of water4 ,expedients for increase of men's comfort in the field2 care of feet4 #ahb4 ,battalion ,training4 #a4 ,method of instruction-- ,the training of the battalion will be carried out on the principles that have been laid down for the company4 ,,special ,,training ,,of ,,non-,,commissioned ,,officers4 #ahc4 ,method of ,instruction4 ,the non-commissioned officers of companies1 and privates likely to become non-commissioned officers1 will be instructed by the officers of the company in the following subjects4 ,the value of the instruction given to non-commissioned officers1 and their knowledge in map reading1 c41 will be tested by general and commanding officers4 #a4 ,subjects-- 7i7 ,map reading4 7ii7 ,duties as commanders of sections and squads4 7iii7 ,duties on outposts4 7iv7 ,duties on advanced1 rear and flank guards4 7v7 ,scouting and the development of powers of observation4 7vi7 ,duties as commanders of patrols4 7vii7 ,writing brief reports of information gained4 7viii7 ,defence of small posts4 #b4 ,method of instruction-- ,the training in the subjects enumerated in para4 #a will be carried out partly by lectures1 but chiefly in the field4 ,the following points may be mentioned to show the line which should be adopted in carrying out the instruction4 7i7 ,map reading4--,having received theoretical instruction in this subject1 non-commissioned officers should be shown how to fix their position on a map1 how to identify places by means of it1 and how to use it in a strange country4 ,they should next be assembled at a point in the vicinity of the station2 each provided with a map1 and directed to meet the officer at some other point at a given hour1 to move by a different road1 and to march at a given rate4 7ii7 ,outposts4--,by small outpost schemes1 when the non-commissioned officers' knowledge of the subjects should be tested by questions as to the positions they would suggest for the various portions of the outposts4 7iii7 ,reconnaissance4--,by sending the non-commissioned officers out from an imaginary outpost line as commanders of patrols and directing them to furnish short reports4 ,,part ,,vi4 ,,ceremonial4 #ahd4 ,,general ,,rules4 #a4 ,except when it may be necessary to line the streets for ceremonies1 the instructions given in this ,part are to be confined exclusively to the occasions mentioned4 #b4 ,formation of companies4--,companies will fall in in line1 be equalized and sized from flanks to centre1 numbered from right to left1 and told off into half companies and sections4 ,squad commanders will be in the ranks4 ,the commanders of the outer sections will be on the flanks of the front rank2 they will carry out the duties laid down in ,part ,,ii for squad commanders in a similar position1 and will dress the company if required2 they will fix bayonets when the men do4 ,in other respects the instructions in ,parts ,,ii and ,,iii are applicable to the formation of companies1 and to the position of supernumeraries4 ,signallers and pioneers will remain in the supernumerary rank of their companies4 ,when a non-commissioned officer is in command of a company1 he will1 in marching past in column1 or column of double companies1 take post three paces in rear of the centre of the company4 #c4 ,posts of mounted officers4--,in line1 the commanding officer will place himself twenty paces in front of the centre of the line4 ,the second in command will be on the right1 and the adjutant on the left of the line of company commanders4 ,a third field officer1 if present1 will be on the right of the adjutant4 ,in column or quarter column the mounted officers will be in the same positions as in ,part ,,iii1 with the exception that the adjutant will be four paces from the centre of the directing flank of the rear half-battalion4 ,when a column or quarter column is on the move1 the second in command will place himself in a position from which he can best superintend the direction of the advance and the covering of the section commanders on the directing flanks4 #d4 ,posts of other officers4--,the position of the other officers is as detailed in ,parts ,,ii and ,,iii1 except that in marching past in quarter column1 in line of quarter columns1 or in mass1 the company commanders will1 when on the saluting base1 take post on the directing flank of their companies1 covered by the section commander 7aligned with the rear rank74 #e4 ,the ,colour party4--,in line the ,colours1 each carried by an officer 7as directed in the ,king's ,regulations71 will be placed between the two centre companies2 the ,king's ,colour on the right1 the ,regimental ,colour on the left1 with a serjeant between them and two non-commissioned officers or selected privates1 covering them in line with the rear rank4 ,the officer carrying the ,king's ,colour will command the party4 ,if the line is ordered to retire the ,colour party will turn about1 and the centre serjeant1 stepping forward two paces1 will align himself with the rear rank4 ,in column or quarter column1 the ,colour party will be in rear of the leading centre company1 its front rank aligned with the supernumerary rank covering the fourth1 fifth1 and sixth files from the directing flank4 ,in quarter column1 as above1 but the two non-commissioned officers in the rear rank will move up respectively on the right and left of the ,colours4 ,in column of double companies the ,colour party will be in rear of the centre of the second double company4 #f4 ,posts of staff officers1 c4--,posts of staff officers and staff serjeants1 band and drams 7or bugles71 machine gun1 regimental transport and stretcher bearers and cyclists1 when present1 are shown in ,,plates ,,ix and ,x4 #g4 ,officers' swords1 when to be drawn and returned4--,on ceremonial parades1 officers will draw their swords as they fall in2 the commander of a parade will not draw his sword unless a senior officer be present on parade4 ,swords will be at the ,carry when colours are at the ,carry1 ,s4 #ahi1 on other occasions they will be at the ,slope4 #h4 ,marking points and markers4--,flags or posts may be set up to mark the line on which troops are to form1 or the line may be picked out1 or marked by whitewash4 ,the section commanders of the inner sections of a company are available to act as markers1 and one or both may be employed1 if desired4 ,the words ,,on ,,markers should precede the command given when it is required to dress on markers4 ,markers in giving points should turn towards the point of formation at arm's length in front of the alignment1 with arms at the slope on the shoulder furthest from the alignment4 ,when the men approach they will extend their inner arm at right angles to the body with the fist clenched1 on which the line will dress4 ,when the dressing is completed markers will resume their positions on the command ,,steady4 #ahe4 ,sizing a ,company4 ,companies will be sized in the following manner4 ,,tallest ,,on ,,the ,,right1 ,the whole will break off and arrange ,,shortest ,,on themselves according to their size in ,,the ,,left4 single rank1 the tallest on the right and ,,in ,,single the shortest on the left1 carrying their ,,rank4--,,size4 rifles at the short trail1 and take up their dressing by the right4 ,,number4 ,from right to left of the whole company4 ,,slope ,,arms4 ,,odd ,,numbers ,,one ,,pace ,the odd numbers will take one pace ,,forward4 forward1 and the even numbers will step ,,even ,,numbers back one pace4 ,,one ,,pace ,,step ,,back4--,,march4 ,,number ,,one ,,stand ,,fast4 ,the odd numbers1 with the exception of ,,ranks1 ,number ,one1 will turn to the right1 the ,,right ,,and ,,left--,,turn4 even numbers to the left4 ,the whole will step off1 the even numbers wheeling round to the right and following the left hand man of the odd numbers4 ,no4 #c ,,form ,,company4 will form up two paces in rear of ,no4 #a2 ,,quick ,,march4 ,no4 #e on the left of ,no4 #a2 ,no4 #g in rear of ,no4 #e2 ,no4 #i on the left of ,no4 #e1 and so on4 ,the leading men of the even numbers will always form in the rear rank and the next man in the front rank4 ,as the men arrive in their places they will turn to the left1 order arms1 and take up their dressing4 #ahf4 ,a ,company in line saluting4#aj ,on the command ,,present ,,arms1 the company commander will recover his sword with the ,,fix--,,bayonets4 first motion of the rifles1 and at the third ,,slope--,,arms4 motion his sword will be smartly lowered to ,,general the salute1 point to be twelve inches from the ,,salute4 ground and directed to the front1 edge to the ,,present--,,arms4 left2 the arm to be straight1 hand just behind the thigh1 the thumb flat on the handle of the sword4 ,the supernumerary rank and outer section commanders present arms with the men4 ,the company commander will recover his ,,slope--,,arms4 sword with the first1 carry with the second motion of the rifles4 ,swords will be sloped when the men order arms4 ,arms will then be ordered and bayonets unfixed4 #ahg4 ,a ,company marching past4 ,for this practice the company will be formed as a company in line2 arms will be at the ,order4 ,four points1 numbered #a1 #b1 #c1 and #d 7,plate ,,viii71 will be placed marking the angles of an oblong1 of which the long sides will be one hundred paces in length1 and the short sides forty4 ,the company will be in the centre of one of the long sides2 the side opposite to the saluting base4 ,a point1 termed the saluting point1 will be placed ten paces outside the centre of the saluting base1 turned towards the company2 and a point1 lettered 8,a10 turned in like manner1 on the saluting base1 at ten paces to the left of the saluting point4 ,as a rule all these points should be marked by camp colours4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,a ,,company ,,marching ,,past4 ,,fix--,,bayonets4 ,,slope--,,arms4 ,,march ,,past4 ,,form--,,fours1 ,,right4 ,the company will step off1 and will change ,,by ,,the direction to the left round the first point4 ,,left1 ,,quick--,,march1 ,,left--,,wheel4 ,,company--,,halt1 ,when the right of the company arrives on ,,left ,,turn4 the saluting base1 the commander will order it ,,right--,,dress1 to ,,halt1 ,,left ,,turn1 and ,,right ,,dress1 when it ,eyes--,front4 will be dressed by the right section commander4 ,the commander1 posted as in line1 i4e41 three paces in front of the centre of the company1 will then give the command ,,by ,,the ,,right1 ,,quick--,,march4 ,on reaching the point 8,a0 he will give ,,eyes--,,right1 upon which all1 except the right section commander1 will turn their heads and eyes well to the right1 looking the ,,by ,,the ,,right1 inspecting officer in the face1 and the ,,quick--,,march4 commander will salute in four paces1 thus3--,the ,,eyes--,,right4 sword is raised by extending the arm to the right1 and by a circular motion brought to the ,recover2 then continuing the motion to the right shoulder1 from whence the sword is lowered to the same position as for the salute when the men present arms4 ,these four motions are to be combined into one easy movement1 the salute being completed in four paces4 ,the head will be turned towards the reviewing officer4 ,when the company is ten paces beyond the saluting point the commander will give ,,eyes--,,front upon which all will turn their heads and ,,eyes--,,front4 eyes to the front1 and the commander will ,recover his sword1 make a pause of a pace1 and then come to the ,carry4 ,officers will never salute more than once in marching past1 except when practising the salute4 ,the company1 if required to resume its position on the original alignment1 will be moved there from the second or third point in any convenient formation4 ,,reviews4 #ahh4 ,formations to be practised4 ,battalions that do not execute the formations for savage warfare will1 before taking part in reviews1 practise forming line from quarter column1 ,s4 #aji 7#a71 quarter column from line1 ,s4 #aab 7#a71 also advancing in line1 ,s4 #aaj4 #ahi4 ,the ,colours4 #a4 ,on all ceremonial parades the following rules as to the carrying of ,colours will be observed4 ,when at the halt1 ,colours will never be sloped2 they will be carried at the ,carry or the ,order1 according as the troops are at the ,slope or the ,order4 ,when on the move ,colours will always be carried at the ,slope1 except when on the saluting base1 when advancing in review order1 and when marching in slow time down the ranks whilst trooping the ,colour1 they will then be at the ,carry4 ,at the ,carry the ,colour staff will be carried perpendicularly in the belt1 which will be worn over the left shoulder2 the corner of the ,colour will be held in the right hand1 which will also grasp the staff level with the forehead4 ,when at the ,order the ,colours will then be placed perpendicularly on the ground at the right side4 #b4 ,the ,colours will be let fly3-- ,as the caution is given for a ,royal or general salute1 and in marching past on reaching point 8,a40 ,the ,colours will be lowered3-- ,to those entitled to the compliment1 as the men present arms4 7,see ,k4 ,r4 #de47 #c4 ,mounted officers1 with swords drawn1 in passing uncased ,colours1 will remain at the ,carry1 turning the head1 and glancing towards the ,colours until they have passed them4 ,if at the ,slope they will ,carry while passing the ,colours1 returning afterwards to the ,slope4 ,officers whose swords are not drawn will salute the ,colours with the right hand4 ,cased ,colours will not be saluted4 #aij4 ,review of a battalion4 #a4 ,formation4--,the battalion will be drawn up in line as in ,plate ,,ix2 bayonets will be fixed and arms sloped4 ,when the colonel of the regiment is present he will be ten paces in front of the officer commanding the battalion4 ,should the colonel-in-chief be also present1 he will be ten paces in front of the former4 #b4 ,receiving the reviewing officer4 ,when the reviewing officer reaches a point about sixty paces in advance of the centre of the battalion1 he will be received with a salute1 ,,general the men presenting arms1 the band playing the ,,salute4 first part of a slow march1 and the drums beating4 ,,present--,,arms4 ,mounted officers will salute in the same manner and time as the company commanders1 except that at the ,salute the blade of the sword will be kept in line with the knee1 hand directly under the shoulder4 ,,slope--,,arms4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,a ,,battalion ,,in ,,line4 ,supernumerary ,rank4 ,stretcher ,bearers1 ,machine ,guns14 7,cyclists ,sections47 ,wagons1 ,mules1 ,carts4 ,distances are given in ,paces4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,x4 ,a ,,battalion ,,in ,,column4 ,machine ,gun4 ,cyclist ,section4 ,stretcher ,bearers4 ,wagons1 ,mules1 ,carts4 ,the ,first ,rank of the ,pioneers and the ,last ,rank of the ,band should be equidistant from the ,front and ,rear of the ,column4 ,distances and ,intervals are given in ,paces4 #c4 ,receiving the ,sovereign1 or a ,royal ,personage4 ,,royal ,,salute4 ,as in preceding paragraph 7see ,also ,s4 ,,present--,,arms4 #ahi71 but the band will play the ,national ,anthem1 or the first six bars of it 7see ,k4 ,r4 #de74 ,,slope--,,arms4 #d4 ,inspection in line4 ,the reviewing officer1 accompanied by the commanding officer of the battalion1 who will ride on the side further from the troops1 will then pass down the line from right to left1 returning along the rear1 the men standing with sloped arms4 ,the band will play a march until he returns to the right of the line4 ,the reviewing officer will then give orders for the march past4 #e4 ,inspection in column4 7,,plate ,x47 ,when a battalion is reviewed in column1 the reviewing officer will be received as in ,s4 #aij 7#b7 or 7#c72 he will then inspect the companys in column1 each company commander receiving him with a salute1 and following him during the inspection of his company1 the men standing with sloped arms and bayonets fixed4 ,after the inspection of the company1 the commander will unfix bayonets and stand at ease4 #aia4 ,battalion marching past4 #a4 ,points will be placed on the principles described in ,s4 #ahg2 the points marking the saluting base will be covered in a line at a convenient distance from the saluting point4 #b4 ,in ,column4--,bayonets having been fixed1 and quarter column by the right having been formed on ,no4 #a1 the battalion will move to the right in fours2 on reaching the first point it will wheel a quarter circle to the left1 moving on as soon as the change is completed2 it will be halted and turned to the left on the saluting base by the commanding officer4 ,the right section commanders will turn about and be covered by the adjutant1 and on the commanding officer's order ,,battalion1 ,,right--,,dress1 they will dress their companies1 and give the word ,eyes--,front4 ,,advance ,,in ,,column ,,by ,the commanding officer will give the caution ,,the ,,right4 to advance in column4 ,no4 #a4 ,the commander of ,no4 #a will then march it off1 ,by the ,right1 the remaining companies following in succession ,quick--,march4 at company distance1 and acting as in ,s4 #ahg4 #c4 ,in quarter column4--,if the battalion be required to march past in quarter column1 the leading company will be halted when it has moved to forty-five paces beyond the third point4 ,quarter column will be formed by order of the second in command1 who will superintend the covering4 ,the column will change ranks1 order arms1 and on the command ,,left ,,dress1 the directing section commanders will step back two paces1 aligning themselves with the rear rank1 and the company commanders will take post on the left of the front rank1 and the companies will dress by the left4 ,the battalion will then be ordered to slope arms and march past in quarter column4 ,the commanding officer will give the word ,,eyes--,,left when at ten paces from the saluting point1 and ,,eyes--,,front when the rear company has passed the inspecting officer4 ,company commanders will not look to the left4 ,if required to resume its position on the original alignment1 the battalion will be moved there from the second or third point in the most convenient and quickest formation4 ,as the battalion moves off the saluting base1 company commanders and section commanders will resume their respective posts in quarter column4 #d4 ,mounted ,officers4--,when marching past the inspecting officer1 the ,commanding officer will be ten paces in front of the centre section of the leading company nearer the saluting base1 the second in command in front of the other centre section in line with the commanding officer4 ,if the colonel of the regiment be present he will be twenty paces in front of the centre of the leading company4 ,should the colonel-in-chief be also present1 he will be ten paces in front of the colonel4 ,the adjutant will follow ten paces behind the centre of the rear company1 if a third field officer is present he will be ten paces behind the second section of the rear company1 and the adjutant ten paces in rear of the third section4 ,all mounted officers will commence their salute when they arrive at point 8,a40 ,the commanding officer1 after he has saluted1 will move out and place himself on the right of the inspecting officer1 and remain there till the battalion has passed2 the second in command assuming command4 #e4 ,mounted officers salute in marching past4--,the salute will be performed in four slow motions as follows3-- ,first3 ,carry the sword direct to the right to the full extent of the arm1 hand as high as the shoulder1 back of the hand to the rear1 blade perpendicular4 ,second3 ,bring the sword by a circular motion to the ,recover1 keeping the elbow as high as the shoulder4 ,third3 ,still keeping the elbow the height of the shoulder1 bring the hilt to the right shoulder1 hand as high as the elbow2 during this motion let the finger nails come in line with the edge of the sword4 ,fourth3 ,lower the sword to the front to the full extent of the arm1 the blade in line with the knee1 edge to the left1 thumb extended in the direction of the point1 hand directly under the shoulder4 ,the above four motions should be gradually and slowly combined into one easy movement4 ,the head should be turned well towards the reviewing officer whilst passing him1 and ten paces beyond that officer1 the sword is ,recovered1 carrying it well to the front in doing so1 and then brought to the ,carry4 ,when the sword is at the ,carry1 the position is with the hilt resting on the right thigh1 the blade perpendicular1 the wrist rounded so as to incline the edge slightly to the left1 the grasp of the lower fingers slightly relaxed1 the little finger in rear of the hilt4 #f4 ,officers to salute once only4--,officers1 whether mounted or dismounted1 will salute only on the first occasion of marching past2 mounted officers only will salute when marching past in quarter column4 #g4 ,battalion staff officers4--,the staff officers1 excepting the adjutant1 do not march past1 and will place themselves in rear of the saluting point2 but the assistant adjutant will march past with the company to which he belongs4 #h4 ,warrant officers and staff serjeants4--,the serjeant-major will be two paces in column1 and one pace in quarter column1 in rear of the centre of the colour party2 the staff serjeants will not be required to march past4 ,the bandmaster and serjeant drummer 7carrying his staff at the ,trail1 as he passes the saluting point71 will salute with the outer hand on the first occasion of marching past4 #i4 ,drums and band4--,for marching past1 the band and drums 7or bugles7 will move up to fifty paces in advance of the leading company1 both formed in two or more ranks4 ,the band will commence playing as soon as the leading company advances on the saluting base4 ,when it arrives in front of the saluting point it will turn to the left1 change direction to the right1 and halt and turn to the right opposite to the saluting point1 continuing to play until the rear of the battalion has passed4 ,the band master will face the saluting point4 #aj4 ,in marching past signallers1 who will be in the supernumerary rank of their companies1 will carry their flags at the ,trail and their rifles slung4 #aa4 ,machine guns1 cyclist sections1 and stretcher bearers will march past five paces in rear of the battalion4 ,cyclist section nearest the saluting base and on foot on the left of their cycles4 ,machine guns in the centre1 stretcher bearers on the outer flank4 ,should there be more than one section1 cyclists will march past in column of sections ten paces behind the machine guns1 c4 #ab4 ,regimental transport4--,will march past twenty paces in rear of the battalion1 carts nearest the saluting base1 mules in centre1 transport wagons on the outer flank4 #aib4 ,a battalion advancing in review order4 ,if required1 the battalion will be formed in line with bayonets fixed and arms sloped1 and on the command ,,advance ,,in ,,review ,,order1 ,,quick--,,march1 it will advance by the centre1 the band and drums playing till within thirty paces of the inspecting officer1 when it will be halted and ordered to salute in the same manner as when receiving him2 after which it will be directed to order arms1 and will wait for orders 7see also ,s4 #ahi74 #aic4 ,review of a ,brigade4 #a4 ,formation4--,the brigade may be formed with battalions in line at any ordered interval1 and proceed in the same manner as a single battalion1 or1 in line of quarter columns1 as in ,plate ,,xi1 at any ordered interval with bayonets fixed4 #b4 ,receiving the reviewing officer in line of quarter columns4-- ,on the word ,march from their commanders1 colours will be brought to the ,slope1 the officers of each battalion will slope swords and ,,officers ,,and will place themselves three paces in front of ,,colours ,,will the front rank of the leading company1 sized ,,take ,,post from flanks to centre1 at equal distances from ,,in ,,review each other1 ,colours in the centre2 officers of ,,order4 right companies moving out by the right flank1 ,officers and and of left companies by the left flank1 ,colours ,colours4-- by the directing flank4 ,the second in command ,quick--,march4 will be on their right1 and the adjutant 7and third field officer7 on their left4 ,the line of officers will be dressed by the second in command of the right battalion of the brigade4 ,the commanding officer will be ten paces in front of the leading company4 ,the brigadier will place himself forty paces in front of the centre of his brigade2 the brigade staff will be ten paces in rear of the brigadier1 the brigade major ten paces on the right1 the ,a4,d4,c4 or orderly officer ten paces on the left4 ,as the reviewing officer approaches1 the infantry will slope arms1 and he will be saluted1 the men presenting arms the officers saluting1 ,colours flying1 and the bands playing4 ,after the salute the infantry will be ordered to slope arms1 and the inspecting officer will go down the line1 accompanied by the brigadier on his outer hand4 ,,officers ,,and ,,colours ,,will ,,take ,on the word ,post1 the officers of each ,,post4 battalion will turn outwards from the centre1 the ,officers and officers carrying the ,colours turning to the ,colours take directing flank1 and on the word ,march1 the ,post4 ,quick whole will move to their places4 --,march4 #c4 ,inspection of a ,brigade in line4 ,when troops are drawn up in line for review by an officer superior to the brigadier1 after the salute has been given1 the brigadier1 accompanied by his staff1 will post himself on that flank of his command to which the inspecting officer repairs2 he will receive him and accompany him to the limit of his command2 the brigade staff1 while passing down the line1 will precede the brigadier by two horses' length4 #d4 ,drums and band4 ,when drums and bands are massed they will each be in four ranks4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xi4 ,,review ,,of ,a ,,brigade4 ,brigade formed up to receive ,inspecting ,officer4 ,no4 #d4 ,battalion4 ,no4 #c4 ,battalion4 ,no4 #b4 ,battalion4 ,no4 #a4 ,battalion4 ,field ,hospital4 ,bearer ,company4 ,supply ,column4 ,intervals and ,distances as required4 #aid4 ,a ,brigade marching past4 #a4 ,points will be placed on the principles prescribed for a battalion1 and the brigade will march past as the general officer commanding may direct4 ,in column1 from line of quarter columns4--,on the caution from the brigadier1 commanding ,,march ,,past4 officers will order their battalions to form fours to the right1 and they will move off on his signal4 ,each battalion in succession1 when it reaches the first point1 will wheel to the left at the double by order of its commander1 moving forward and changing the time when it has advanced sufficiently not to check the battalion in rear2 when the leading battalion reaches the saluting base1 it will be halted1 turned to the left1 and dressed by the right4 ,the remaining battalions will form mass in rear of the leading battalion1 moving by the shortest lines4 ,the march past will be performed on the principles described in ,s4 #aia 7#b74 #b4 ,in double companies4--,when a brigade drawn up in line of quarter columns is to march past in double companies1 the following method will be adopted3--,the battalions will move to the right in fours1 and wheel to the left at the double1 in succession1 as they reach the first point1 receiving the word ,,forward followed by ,,quick--,,march1 when that pace will not check the battalion in rear4 ,when about half way to the second point1 the first battalion will form double companies1 thus3--,the commanding officer having given the command ,,quarter ,,column ,,of ,,double ,,companies1 ,,left ,,companies1 ,,mark ,,time1 ,,left--,,incline1 the left companies will mark time1 and the right companies will close when clear to quarter column on ,no4 #a1 the left companies receiving the word ,forward1 ,right--,incline from their commanders so as to join the right4 ,the remaining battalions having formed double companies will move into mass4 ,each battalion will march past as directed for a battalion in column1 the word of command to each double company being given by the company commander on the right4 ,the double companies will march off at company distance4 ,when the rear double company is twenty-five paces beyond the saluting point the second in command will give the words ,,left ,,companies1 ,,mark--,,time1 ,,right--,,incline1 ,,double1 the officers commanding those companies giving ,left ,incline1 ,quick--,march ,by the ,right1 when in column4 ,the column will then be closed on the march to quarter column2 and the brigade will be closed to mass on the leading battalion1 which will have changed ranks1 ordered arms and dressed2 each of the remaining battalions will act in like manner4 ,if the brigade is to return in mass1 sufficient distance will be allowed for the rear company of the rear battalion to reach the third point4 ,in mass of quarter columns4--,if required1 the brigade may then return in mass4 ,when marching past in column or in column of double companies1 or in mass1 thirty paces' distance will be preserved between battalions1 c41 such distance to be reckoned from the last item of a preceding battalion to the head of the commanding officer's horse of a following one4 ,in line of quarter columns4--,the brigade may be formed into line of quarter columns1 with intervals of eight paces between battalions1 as follows3 ,the leading battalion will advance till its rear company reaches the required point on the saluting base1 it will then be ordered to halt1 change ranks1 order arms1 and dress4 ,as the rear of each succeeding battalion arrives at twenty-five paces beyond the saluting point1 it will be moved by the diagonal march to its position on the outer flank of the leading battalion in the new alignment4 ,great care must be taken that the line of quarter columns is dressed exactly at right angles to the saluting base before moving off2 the commanders of companies of the outer battalions looking inwards and dressing on the corresponding companies of the battalion nearest the saluting base4 ,in a brigade composed of battalions with an unequal number of companies1 the rear companies and ,colour parties of the weaker battalions are to be aligned with the rear companies and ,colour parties of the stronger4 ,commanding officers will be ten paces in front of the centre of their leading companies1 all other mounted officers ten paces in rear of their respective battalions1 the whole dressing by the directing flank4 ,in this march past the brigadier will give the executive word to move off1 i4e41 ,,brigade1 ,,by ,,the--1 ,,quick--,,march4 #c4 ,supply column1 field hospital and bearer company will not march past in mass or line of quarter columns4 #d4 ,brigadiers1 staffs c4--,when a brigade marches past an inspecting officer superior to the brigadier1 the latter officer 7accompanied by his aide-de-camp or orderly officer7 will fall out after saluting1 and will place himself on the right of the inspecting officer4 ,the brigadier will be twenty paces in front of the mounted officers of the leading battalion1 or in line of quarter columns in front of the centre of the brigade1 preceded at a distance of ten paces by his staff1 who will be in line2 ten paces apart1 the brigade major next the saluting base4 #e4 ,drums and bands1 c4--,before marching past1 the massed drums and bands will move to the head of the brigade4 ,when marching past in column1 or in column of double companies1 the massed drums and bands preceding the brigade staff will1 on arriving in front of the saluting point1 form opposite to it1 and play till the rear of the brigade has passed4 ,they must be moved off at such a distance in front of the brigade staff as will allow of their clearing the front when opposite the saluting point1 without checking the mounted officers following them4 ,when marching past in mass1 the massed drums and bands will advance on the outer flank of the mass parallel with the leading company1 halting opposite the saluting point2 they will play the mass past1 and move on again opposite the centre of the rear battalion4 ,the wagons and machine guns will be massed twenty paces in rear of the rear battalion1 machine guns nearer the saluting base4 ,mules1 cyclists1 and stretcher bearers will not be massed4 ,when marching past in line of quarter columns1 the massed drums and bands will be in front of the centre of the brigade1 preceding the brigade staff by ten paces4 ,in marching past in this formation1 drums and bands will move straight on1 the bands ceasing to play when the rear of the brigade has passed the saluting point4 ,the machine guns will be massed twenty paces in rear of the battalion nearest the saluting base4 ,wagons1 mules1 cyclist and stretcher bearers will not be massed4 #aie4 ,a brigade advancing in review order4 ,if required to advance in review order by the inspecting officer1 battalions may be formed in line of quarter columns at any interval1 arms at the ,slope1 and the officers and ,colours in front1 as described in ,s4 #aic 7#b74 ,the line of quarter columns will then advance1 the bands and drums playing1 and when at a convenient distance from the reviewing officer it will be halted and ordered to salute1 after which it will be directed to order arms1 and will wait for orders4 ,supply columns1 field hospitals1 and bearer-companies will not advance in review order4 #aif4 ,review of a division4 #a4 ,formation4--,a division may be formed up for review as in ,plate ,,xii1 and proceed as described in ,s4 #aic4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xii4 ,,review ,,of ,a ,,division4 ,division formed up to receive ,inspecting ,officer4 #b4 ,inf4 ,brig4 #a4 ,inf4 ,brig4 ,f4 ,coy4 #b4 ,brig4 ,artillery4 ,squadon4 ,field ,hospital4 ,supply ,column4 ,intervals and ,distances as required4 #b4 ,position of the general1 the staff1 c4--,the general will be in front of the centre of his division1 thirty paces from the brigadiers2 the brigadiers being posted as in ,s4 #aic 7#b72 and officers commanding artillery and engineers at similar distances in front of their commands2 the divisional staff will be drawn up in three lines1 ten paces in rear of the general officer commanding the division1 distances and intervals ten paces1 thus3-- ,g4,o4,c4 ,a4,d4,c4 ,d4,a4,a4 and ,,officer1 ,q4,m4,g4 ,,general ,,staff4 #c4 ,when the reviewing officer moves to the right of the line1 the divisional general1 accompanied by his staff1 will act as in ,s4 #aic 7#c71 brigadiers will remain in position in front of their brigades4 #d4 ,the bands of the division should be massed in rear of its centre to play a ,royal or other salute1 and then resume their position in rear of their respective brigades as soon as the ,royal ,personage or reviewing officer moves to the right of the line4 #e4 ,the order of march of the staff when passing down the line will be as follows1 the distances and intervals being ten paces3-- ,a4,d4,c4 ,d4,a4,a4 and ,,officer1 ,q4,m4,g4 ,,general ,,staff4 ,g4,o4,c4 #aig4 ,a division marching past4 #a4 ,a division will march past as the general officer commanding may direct1 and on the principles laid down for a brigade4 #b4 ,generals1 ,brigadiers1 c4--,when a division marches past1 the general of the division only will move to the saluting point1 accompanied by his senior staff officer4 #c4 ,position of ,staff4--,the general and staff will march past thirty paces in front of the commander 7or staff7 of the leading unit in the following order1 distances and intervals ten paces3-- ,a4,d4,c4 ,,officer1 ,d4,a4,a4 and ,,general ,,staff4 ,q4,g4,m4 ,g4,o4,c4 ,no officers other than the above will join the divisional staff4 #d4 ,distances will be as follows1 or as the general officer commanding may direct3--,when marching past in column1 column of double companies1 or mass1 sixty paces will be preserved between arms and brigades4 ,when in line of quarter columns1 there will be one hundred and fifty paces between brigades2 the other arms will march past in column only4 #e4 ,the bands of the leading brigade will commence playing as the brigade moves off1 those of succeeding brigades as soon as the band of the brigade in front of them ceases to play4 #aih4 ,review of any larger body of troops than a division4 #a4 ,formation4--,the troops will be formed up for review as in ,plate ,,xiii1 or as the general officer commanding may direct4 #b4 ,position of ,generals and ,staffs4--,officers commanding infantry brigades1 c41 with their respective staffs1 will be posted as in ,s4 #aic 7#b72 general officers commanding divisions1 with their staffs1 will take post as laid down in ,s4 #aif 7#b74 ,the general officer commanding will be in front of the centre of the line1 fifty paces from general officers commanding divisions2 the staff will be drawn up in two lines1 ten paces in rear of the general officer commanding1 at intervals of ten paces1 ten paces being preserved between lines1 thus-- ,g4,o4,c4 ,g4,o4 ,,in ,,charge ,,of ,,administration4 ,a4,d4,c4 ,,officer1 ,a4,m4,s4 ,,officer1 ,a4,d4,c4 ,,general ,,staff4 ,,general ,,staff4 ,a4,q4,m4,g4 ,d4,a4,a4 and ,q4,m4,g4 ,a4,a4,g4 ,no other officers will join the staff2 officers attached to the staff will form up behind the saluting flag1 or at any other convenient point4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xiii4 ,,review ,,of ,,any ,,larger ,,body ,,of ,,troops ,,than ,a ,,division4 ,formed up to receive ,inspecting ,officer4 #crd4 ,divn4 #bnd4 ,divn4 #ast4 ,divn4 ,,corps ,,troops4 ,royal ,engineers ,brig ,r4,f4,a4 ,cavalry ,regiment ,brig4 ,r4,h4,a4 ,brig4 #dg4 or #e4 ,supply ,park4--,supply ,column4 ,field ,hospital4--,field ,bakery4 ,ammunition ,park4 ,intervals and ,distances as required4 #c4 ,bands will be massed in rear of the centre to play a ,royal or other salute1 and resume their positions in rear of their respective divisions as soon as the ,royal personage1 or reviewing officer1 moves to the right of the line4 #d4 ,when the inspecting officer moves to the right of the line the general officer commanding1 accompanied by his staff1 will act as in ,s4 #aif 7#c72 general officers commanding divisions and brigades will remain in position in front of their commands4 #e4 ,order of march when passing down the line4--,the order of march when passing down the line will be as follows1 distances and intervals1 as in 7#b73-- ,d4,a4,a4 and ,q4,m4,g4 ,a4,q4,m4,g4 ,a4,a4,g4 ,g4,o4 ,,in ,,charge ,,of ,,administration4 ,a4,d4,c4 ,a4,m4,s4 ,a4,d4,c4 ,,officer1 ,,officer1 ,,general ,,staff4 ,,general ,,staff4 ,g4,o4,c4 #aii4 ,a larger body of troops than a ,division marching past4 #a4 ,the troops will march past on the principles laid down for the division1 and in such order as the general officer commanding may direct4 ,distances1 one hundred paces between corps troops and divisions when in column or mass1 two hundred paces between divisions when in line of quarter columns4 ,corps#aa troops will march past in column only4 #b4 ,the general officer commanding and his staff will march past at the head of the corps troops1 thirty paces in front of the commander 7or staff7 of the leading unit1 as laid down in ,s4 #aih 7#e74 #c4 ,the general officer commanding will move out to the saluting point accompanied by his administrative general4 ,general officers commanding divisions or brigades will not fall out4 #bjj4 ,royal ,review4 ,order of ,march4 #a4 ,detachment of ,household or other cavalry1 preceded by a staff officer4 #b4 ,the ,sovereign's led horses4 #c4 ,aides-de-camp to the ,inspector-,general to the ,forces4 #d4 ,aides-de-camp to ,princes of the ,blood4 #e4 ,equerries in waiting to ,princes of the ,blood4 #f4 ,aides-de-camp to the ,sovereign4 #g4 ,equerries in waiting to the ,sovereign4 #h4 ,adjutant-general1 quartermaster-general1 master-general of the ,ordnance4 #i4 ,chief of the general staff4 #aj4 ,inspector-,general to the ,forces4 #aa4 ,the ,sovereign4 #ab4 ,princes of the ,blood4 #ac4 ,gold ,stick in waiting1 ,master of the ,horse 7if present74 #ad4 ,foreign general officers and ,military ,attaches of ,foreign ,powers4 #ae4 ,general officers and colonels1 in successive order according to rank and seniority4 #af4 ,equerries and attendants upon ,foreign ,princes4 #ag4 ,staff officers of general officers present4 #ah4 ,royal carriages4 #ai4 ,detachment of cavalry4 ,,guards4 #bja4 ,,general ,,rules4 #a4 ,when guards turn out they will fall in with sloped arms1 ,when the guard is commanded by an officer1 he will be three paces in front of the centre of guard1 other officers will take post as in line2 when by a non-commissioned officer1 he will fall in on the right of the guard4 #b4 ,the officer carrying the ,colour1 when present1 will march in the centre of the guard4 ,guards1 including reliefs1 rounds and patrols1 will march with sloped arms and bayonets fixed4 ,in wet weather arms will be carried at the ,secure4 ,sentries are to patrol with arms at the ,slope4 #c4 ,guards will not turn out after retreat or before reveille1 except at tattoo1 on the approach of a body of troops1 in cases of alarm1 or to receive grand or visiting rounds1 nor will they during this period pay any compliments1 except to grand rounds1 to whom they will present arms4 #d4 ,sentries will not present arms to any officer or armed party 7except grand rounds7 after sunset2 but as long as they can discern an officer1 they will come to their front on his approach1 and stand steady with the rifle at the slope till he has passed4 #e4 ,sentries in their sentry boxes will salute by coming smartly to attention4 #f4 ,the honours and salutes paid by guards and sentries are detailed in the ,king's ,regulations4 ,parties marching with arms at the secure1 and parties with side arms1 will pay and return compliments as unarmed parties4 #g4 ,all guards will turn out at the commencement of ,reveille1 ,retreat1 and ,tattoo sounding1 the commanders will then carefully inspect them for further instructions1 see ,k4,r4 #bei-bgb4 #bjb4 ,relieving or posting a guard4 #a4 ,when the ground admits1 a new guard will advance in line towards the front of the old guard1 and will be drawn up when possible fifteen paces in front1 or when not possible1 six paces from the left of the old guard4 #b4 ,as soon as this is completed1 the old guard will present arms1 and the new guard will return the salute4 #c4 ,both guards will in like successive manner slope arms1 order arms1 and stand at ease4 #d4 ,the guard will then be told off and the first relief sent out4 ,when the first relief of a new guard is sent out1 a corporal belonging to the old guard will accompany it1 to bring in the relieved sentries4 ,if the relief moves in line1 he will be on the left flank1 if in file 7or as in file7 he will be at the head of the front rank of files 7or rank74 ,as soon as all the sentries are relieved1 the two corporals will change places1 and the corporal of the old guard will assume command4 ,while the relief is marching round1 the commander will take over the property in charge of the guard according to the list in the old guard report4 #e4 ,when the reliefs have returned1 and all the men of the old guard have fallen in1 both guards will be called to attention1 and ordered to slope arms1 #f4 ,the old guard will then move off in fours or file the new guard presenting arms4 #g4 ,when the old guard is clear of the ground1 the new guard will slope arms1 and if not already there1 will move on to the same alignment occupied by the old guard4 ,arms will then be ordered1 and the commander of the guard will read and explain the orders of the guard to his men2 these orders will also be read and explained to the men forming the first relief when they come off sentry4 ,the men of the guard will then be dismissed to the guard room4 #bjc4 ,relieving and posting sentries1 and marching reliefs4 #a4 ,on the approach of the relief1 the sentry1 with rifle at the ,slope1 will place himself in front of the sentry box4 ,the corporal of the relief will proceed as follows3-- ,relief1 ,halt4 ,at about six paces from the sentry4 ,the new sentry will then move out from the relief and fall in on the left of the old sentry1 facing in the same direction2 the old sentry will then give over his orders1 the corporal seeing they are correctly given and understood4 ,the old sentry will move to his place in the ,pass4 relief1 and the new sentry will close two paces to his right4 ,relief1 ,the relief will be marched off4 ,quick--,march4 #b4 ,when a sentry who is to be posted on a new post has reached the post assigned to him1 he will be ordered to halt and face in required direction4 ,the corporal will then read and explain the orders to him4 #c4 ,the object for which he is posted1 the front of his post1 and the extent of his beat1 will be clearly pointed out to a sentry when first posted4 ,sentries must not quit their arms1 lounge or converse with anyone on any pretence1 nor may they stand in their sentry boxes in good1 or even in moderate weather4 ,sentries moving about on their post will always turn outwards when turning about4 #d4 ,marching ,reliefs4--,reliefs of fewer than four men will be formed in single rank1 when of four men1 or upwards1 they will be formed into two ranks4 7,in streets1 or narrow places1 reliefs should always be marched in single rank47 ,when marching in line1 the corporal will be on the right2 when in file 7or as in file7 he will be on the right of the rear file 7or man74 #bjd4 ,sentries challenging4 #a4 ,when it becomes dark the sentries will challenge in the following manner3 ,on the approach of a person the sentry will call out in a sharp tone1 ,halt4 ,who comes there8 when on a post where a sudden rush could be made upon him1 he will at once come to the 8,engage10#ab but without drawing back the right foot1 if the person approaching gives a satisfactory reply1 the sentry will say ,pass friend2 ,all's well1 remaining at the ,engage till he has passed4 ,if the person approaching answers ,,grand 7or ,,visiting7 ,,rounds1 the sentry1 if there is no countersign1 will say ,pass grand 7or visiting7 rounds3 ,all's well2 presenting arms as they pass if they are grand rounds4 ,but if there is a countersign he will say ,stand grand 7or visiting7 rounds3 ,advance one and give the countersign1 at the same time coming down to the ,engage4 ,in this position he will receive the countersign2 and if it is correct will say ,pass grand 7or visiting7 rounds2 ,all's well2 and proceed as above described4 #b4 ,if the sentry is on or near the guard-room door1 he will proceed as in #bje4 #bje4 ,guards turning out at night4 ,the following form will be observed when a guard is visited by the field officer or captain of the day1 termed grand or visiting rounds3-- ,on their approach the sentry at or near the guard-room door will challenge3 ,halt2 who comes there8 ,the officer will reply1 ,,grand 7or ,,visiting7 ,,rounds2 the sentry will then call3 ,guard--turn out4 ,the guard will fall in with bayonets fixed and arms sloped1 and1 if there is no countersign1 the commander will call out3 ,advance1 grand 7or visiting7 rounds2 ,all's well2 to grand rounds he will present2 to visiting rounds he will remain at the slope4 ,if there is a countersign to be given1 a corporal or serjeant with a flank file of the guard will double out1 and when about ten paces from the rounds will order the file to halt2 bring them to the ,engage1 and will then repeat the challenge3 ,who comes there8 ,the reply will again be1 ,,grand 7or ,,visiting7 ,,rounds2 the non-commissioned officer calling3 ,stand1 grand 7or visiting7 rounds4 ,advance one and give the countersign4 ,rounds will then in a low voice give the countersign1 which the non-commissioned officer alone will carry1 in double time1 for verification to the commander of the guard4 ,if correct the commander of the guard will call out1 ,advance1 grand 7or visiting7 rounds4 ,all's well4 ,the file will then double back to the guard1 and rounds will advance to the guard1 which will present arms to grand rounds4 #bjf4 ,guards of ,honour4 ,whenever a guard of honour forms up the commander will be three paces in front of the second file from the right1 or1 in a confined space1 from the flank by which the personage for whom the guard is mounted will approach1 the officer carrying the ,colour three paces in front of the centre2 if there is a third officer he will be three paces in front of the second file from the other flank4 ,when the guard is inspected1 the commander will invariably accompany the personage for whom it is mounted1 walking next to him round the ranks4 #bjg4 ,trooping the ,colour4 #a4 ,at the hour appointed for this ceremony1 points will be placed for marching past1 and the guards composed of companies of the necessary number and strength1 formed into line facing the saluting base1 with unfixed bayonets1 by the adjutant of the day4 #b4 ,the senior serjeant with each guard will take command of it1 posted on the right of the front rank4 ,the ,colour will be placed at a distance of about two guards in front of the left of the line1 in charge of a serjeant and a double sentry4 ,the beat of these sentries will be at right angles to the line1 with their front inwards2 they will be posted at three paces right and left of the ,colour1 and act with the men in the line4 ,the serjeant and sentries will be taken from the right guard1 and the latter will be its right file4 ,the sentries turn outwards at three paces from the ,colour and inwards at ten paces from it1 working together1 the time being taken from the front rank man of the file1 who will be on the right4 ,they resume their places with the right guard1 while it is forming to the left after receiving the ,colour1 as will be described hereafter4 #c4 ,the band will be formed in front of the right of the line1 facing the ,colour4 ,the drums will be drawn up in front of the ,colour1 turned towards the band4 #d4 ,the adjutant will order the guards to slope arms1 and the duties will be handed over by him to the brigade major4 ,the adjutant will then take post on the left of the line4 #e4 ,the brigade major will take command1 and1 after inspecting the guards1 will give the words ,,order ,,arms and ,,stand ,,at ,,ease4 ,,non-,,commissioned ,all the serjeants commanding guards will ,,officers slope arms and move out two paces in front of ,,commanding the line1 the right-hand men of the rear-ranks ,,guards1 of guards filling up the intervals left by ,,to ,,the ,,front4 their commanders4 ,the drums will play a quick march4 ,the serjeants will step off1 and when near the saluting base on which the guards are to march past1 they will receive the words ,,quick--,,march4 ,,inwards--,,turn1 on which the serjeant in the ,,inwards--,,turn4 centre will halt1 and turn about4 ,the remaining serjeants will turn inwards1 and will halt and turn towards the line after closing on the centre serjeant4 ,the drums will cease playing before the command ,,inwards ,,turn is given4 ,,order--,,arms4 ,,stand ,,at--,,ease4 ,the guards and serjeants will then be directed to order arms and stand at ease4 #f4 ,the drums will beat the assembly1 marching across the parade2 they will march through the intervals of the band1 countermarch1 and halt in rear of it4 #g4 ,as the assembly commences1 the officers for duty will fall in three paces in front of the serjeants1 and about three paces from each other1 with carried swords4 ,the brigade major will then deliver the parole and countersign to the commanders of guards1 and point out the guards they are respectively to command4 #h4 ,when sufficient officers are present for duty1 there should be a captain and lieutenant1 besides the lieutenant to carry the ,colour1 with the right guard1 which will form the escort to receive the ,colour4 ,when there are not sufficient officers1 the captain and lieutenant for the ,colour only will be with the right guard2 and the lieutenant commanding the second guard will take command of the escort when it goes for the ,colour1 moving in front of the centre of the first guard4 ,the other officers will be distributed among the remaining guards2 and the captain or other officer commanding a guard will be three paces in front of the second file from the right2 the lieutenant to carry the ,colour three paces in front of the centre2 if another lieutenant be present1 he will be in a similar position in front of the left4 #i4 ,the brigade major having called the guards to attention1 will order them to fix bayonets1 slope arms4 ,he will then hand the detail of duties over to the field officer of the day1 who will take the command of the parade1 and proceed as follows3-- ,,officers ,,and ,,non-,,commissioned ,the officers and serjeants will turn outwards1 ,,officers the former recovering swords1 the latter at the ,,outwards slope4 ,,turn4 ,,take ,,post ,,in ,,front ,,of ,the officers and serjeants will step off2 halting ,,your ,,guards4 and turning towards the line opposite their ,,quick--,,march4 proper posts2 the former will carry swords as they halt4 ,on the word ,,march1 the officers and serjeants will step off in slow time1 the former recovering swords as they take the first pace4 ,the band ,,to ,,your will play a slow march as the officers and ,,guards4 serjeants march to the line1 and cease playing as ,,slow--,,march4 the latter arrive at their places4 ,when the officers are three paces from the line they will mark time2 the serjeants will mark time when on the right of their guards4 ,,halt1 ,the officers and serjeants will halt and turn ,,about--,,turn4 about1 the former carrying swords4 ,the field officer will take post fifteen paces in front of the centre of the line1 give the command ,,order--,,arms1 and signal to the band4 #aj4 ,the band and drums will play a ,troop1 marching in time to the music from the right to the left of the line4 ,on arriving near the ,colour they will countermarch1 halt1 and cease playing4 ,they will then play a ,quick ,march1 and move from left to right1 countermarch1 halt1 and cease playing when in front of the right of the line4 #aa4 ,the ,drummer's ,call will beat4 ,on the first tap of the call the captain and lieutenant of the right guard will recover swords and turn inwards1 and will move across in quick time2 the captain placing himself three paces in front of the right file of the second guard1 the lieutenant three paces in front of the lieutenant for the ,colour1 who will be three paces in front of the centre of the escort4 ,if there are only two officers with the right guard the escort will be commanded by the subaltern from the second guard4 ,the band and drums will be placed in front of the right guard1 and the serjeant-major will fall in four paces in rear of the centre file of the escort1 and draw his sword4 #ab4 ,the field officer will then give the command1 ,,escort ,,for ,,the ,,colour1 ,,slope--,,arms4 ,,remainder1 ,,stand ,,at--,,ease2 the sentries on the ,colour remaining with ordered arms4 ,escort1 ,by the ,the escort1 preceded by the band and ,left4 ,quick--,march4 drums playing the 8,british ,grenadiers10 ,left--,form4 will move out the distance of a guard and a ,forward by half from the line1 then form to the left1 the ,centre4 and march straight to the ,colour4 ,the escort will be halted at rather more than forming distance from the ,colour4 ,the band and drums1 when near the ,colour1 will change direction to the left1 clear the escort1 cease playing1 halt1 and turn about4 ,the guards will be called to attention and ordered to slope arms by the field officer4 #ac4 ,the serjeant-major will advance by the left flank to the front1 receive the ,colour1 and return towards the escort4 ,the lieutenant for the ,colour will at the same time move out1 four paces in front of the commander of the escort1 passing by his right1 and1 having saluted the ,colour as the serjeant-major brings it up to him1 and then returned his sword1 will receive the ,colour1 place it in his belt1 and turn about4 ,the escort will be ordered to present arms1 the serjeant-major saluting1 the serjeants on the flanks of the escort turning outwards1 and coming to the ,port1 but without opening the breach of the rifle1 and the sentries presenting arms4 ,the band and drums will play 8,god save the ,king0 when the ,king's ,colour is being trooped1 or the first part of a ,troop if the ,regimental ,colour4 #ad4 ,the escort will slope arms1 the lieutenant with the ,colour will take post three paces in rear of the commander of the escort1 passing by ,slope--,arms4 his left1 the serjeant-major will resume his post1 still keeping his sword drawn1 the serjeant who had charge of the ,colour and the sentries on the ,colour will join the escort1 and the band will turn about4 ,left--,form1 ,slow--,march4 ,the escort will step off and form to the left1 ,forward4 preceded by the band playing the 8,grenadiers' ,by the ,left4 ,march40 #ae4 ,when the band and drums approach the left of the line they will wheel to the left1 and move in front of the officers commanding guards4 ,the band and drums will1 if necessary1 mark time until the escort reaches them4 #af4 ,the lieutenant when at four paces from the line of commanders of guards will give the words ,right--,turn1 ,left--,wheel1 7on which the band ,right--,turn4 and drums will cease playing71 and on the leading ,left--,wheel4 file of the escort arriving at the left hand man of the front rank of the line1 will repeat the ,left--,wheel4 command1 ,left--,wheel4 ,as soon as the commander of the escort has ,,guards1 given the second word1 ,wheel1 the field officer ,,present--,,arms4 will order the guards to present arms1 and the band and drums will recommence playing4 ,the commander of the escort will move along the front of the line of commanders of guards abreast of the second file from the right of the escort2 the lieutenant carrying the ,colour following him1 abreast of the centre4 ,the front rank of the escort will his between the ranks of the guards1 and the rear rank between the rear and supernumerary ranks4 ,when the head of the escort arrives at the right of the line1 the captain will take the place of the lieutenant1 and move on with the guard4 ,the lieutenant will mark time when at his original post1 and the lieutenant with the ,colour will move on4 ,when the escort has cleared the line1 the lieutenant will give the words1 ,halt1 ,left--,turn1 ,left--,dress1 and take post three paces in front of the second file from the left of the escort4 ,the captain will then give the words ,present--,arms4 ,the band and drums will cease playing before the escort halts1 and will then form up on the right of the line4 #ag4 ,the field officer will then order the guards to slope arms1 and if a general officer is present the field officer will order a general salute4 #ah4 ,after this1 the officers will move to their places1 the ,colour will take post in rear of the fourth file from the left of the right guard1 the serjeant-major placing himself in rear of it1 and one serjeant on each side4 ,subalterns not commanding guards will take post three paces in rear of their guards4 #ai4 ,the guards will then change ranks1 form column1 and change ranks again 7the supernumeraries retaining their positions71 and march past in quick time 7or1 if required1 in slow time71 with sloped arms1 as a battalion in column1 and then form into line on the original alignment4 #bj4 ,one non-commissioned officer of each guard will then be called out by the brigade-major1 and when they are covered in column by the serjeant-major1 the order will be given ,,form--,,guards4 #ba4 ,the guards having been formed1 and the non-commissioned officers in command of guards having been given the countersign1 the field officer will give the command3-- ,,form--,,fours--,,right4 ,all guards 7except those of fewer than ,,to ,,your four files1 which will move to their front ,,guards--,,quick--,,march4 in line1 or turn and move off in file7 will form fours1 and march off to their posts4 #bjh4 ,,presentation ,,of ,,colours4 #a4 ,the battalion1 except the ,colour party1 band and drums1 will be drawn up in line4 ,the place for the ,colour party will be preserved by three non-commissioned officers4 ,the old ,colours1 with the serjeant and two coverers1 ,s4 #ahd 7#e71 of the ,colour party and double sentries1 will be in front of the left of the line1 at right angles to it1 and the band and drums placed as for trooping4 ,the lieutenants of the ,colour party will be with the escort 7the right company71 which in this case will be commanded by a captain4 ,the new ,colours1 cased1 will be in rear of the centre1 in charge of two senior colour serjeants4 #b4 ,the old ,colours will be trooped4 ,on reaching the right of the line1 the old ,colours will take post in front of the escort1 which will then advance about ten paces1 form to the left1 and in that order proceed to the left of the line1 the band will follow1 playing 8,auld ,lang ,syne40 ,the escort will return to its place by the rear2 the old ,colours1 cased1 being left in rear of the battalion in charge of two colour serjeants4 ,the battalion will then form three sides of a square4 ,the drums will be piled in the centre2 the new ,colours will be brought up from the rear by the colour serjeants in charge1 and placed against the pile of drums1 one on each side1 the ,king's ,colour on the right4 ,the second in command and senior lieutenant will then take charge of the ,king's ,colour2 the next senior officer and next senior lieutenant of the ,regimental ,colour4 ,these officers will uncase the ,colours and replace them against the drums4 #c4 ,the consecration will then proceed4 ,after the consecration1 the second in command will hand the ,king's ,colour to the person presenting the ,colours1 from whom the senior lieutenant will receive it1 sinking on the right knee2 the ,regimental ,colour will in like manner be handed by the next senior officer1 and received back by the second senior lieutenant2 both lieutenants will then rise4 #d4 ,any address intended to be made will now follow4 ,line will then be reformed1 the ,colours1 unfurled and turned towards the centre of the line1 will be given a general salute4 ,the ,colour party will then march in slow time to its place in line1 the band playing 8,god save the ,king40 #e4 ,the battalion will march past1 the old ,colours following in rear of the column4 #bji4 ,,firing ,a ,,feu-,,de-,,joie4 #a4 ,the troops will be drawn up in line1 at the slope1 officers at the ,carry2 bayonets will not be fixed4 ,the commander of the parade and his staff will be posted in front of the line1 at such distance as he may decide1 and turned towards it if desired2 all other mounted officers will be in rear of the line4 ,three rounds of blank cartridge will be fired4 ,if artillery are present and are ordered to fire twenty-one guns1 seven will be fired before each round4 ,for the first round of the ,feu-de-,joie all commanding officers will give the command ,load immediately the artillery commences firing1 and the word ,present directly the seventh gun has fired1 the commanding officer of the right battalion giving the command ,commence immediately after the word ,present4 ,company commanders will step forward three ,feu-de-,joie4 paces1 and the rear rank1 supernumeraries and subalterns will step back two paces4 ,the outer section commanders and men will load1 by drawing back the bolt1 laying a cartridge1 in front and forcing the bolt home4 ,the ,load4 muzzles of the rifles to be inclined upwards1 so as to clear the heads of the men in front4 ,supernumerary rank will stand with arms at the order4 ,present4 ,rifles will be brought to the position for firing1 but elevated at an angle of #de degrees4 ,commence4 ,the right-hand man of the front rank will commence the fire1 which will run down the front and up the rear as quickly as possible4 ,when the right-hand man of the rear rank has fired1 the band will play the first part of 8,god save the ,king10 the men remaining at the ,present4 ,on the last note of the band the commanding officer will give the word of command ,load1 when the men will come to the loading position2 the artillery will fire seven guns1 and the infantry proceed as above described4 ,two more rounds will be similarly fired4 ,when the third round is fired1 the band will play 8,god save the ,king10 at the conclusion of which the commanding officer will give the order ,unload1 when the men will carry out the motions1 and come to the order1 the ,colours being brought to the order by command of the senior officer of the ,colour party4 ,the mounted officers will then move to their positions as in ,,ss4 #ahd1 #aic 7#b71 #aif1 the company commanders will step back three paces and the commanding officer will give the following commands 7on parades of large bodies working on the signal of the general of the division or brigadier73-- ,fix ,bayonets4 ,slope--,arms4 ,royal ,salute4 ,present--,arms4 ,slope--,arms4 ,order--,arms4 ,remove ,head-dresses4 ,three ,cheers will be given4 ,unfix ,bayonets4 ,close ,ranks--,march4 #b4 ,if a march past has been ordered to follow the firing of the ,feu-de-joie1 bayonets will not be unfixed4 #baj4 ,,funerals4 ,for ,rank and ,file4 ,the firing party1 consisting of #a serjeant1 #a corporal and #ab privates1 will be drawn up two deep1 one pace interval between files1 facing the building where the body is placed4 ,the corporal will be on the right of the front rank4 ,the serjeant will give all words of command1 and be posted in rear of the centre4 ,arms will be at the slope4 ,the pall-bearers will see that the flag1 head-dress and side-arms are properly arranged on the coffin4 ,the head-dress should be tied to the side-arms to prevent the former falling4 ,as the body is brought out the serjeant will give the command ,,present--,,arms1 and when the coffin has been placed on the gun-carriage1 ,,reverse--,,arms4 ,,right--,,turn 7the corporal will now take up his place two paces in front and midway between the ranks74 ,,slow--,,march4 ,the mourners and band and drummers with drums muffled will have formed up in two ranks at two paces interval and eight paces from each other1 facing inwards1 through which the firing party will pass in the following order3--,firing party2 band and drummers 7moving in their proper formation as soon as the firing party has passed72 body and bearers2 chief mourners 7if any72 mourners4 ,the latter will move in fours made up by two and two1 front and rear rank1 commencing on the inner flank4 ,the drums will play the 8,dead ,march0 when about #cjj yards from the hospital1 and continue for such a distance as the officer in charge may have ordered before marching off4 ,when the drums cease playing the firing party will break into 8quick time10 the remainder conforming4 ,rifles will be carried at the trail1 butt leading1 sling uppermost4 ,during the march arms may be changed1 but the party will not be allowed to 8march at ease40 ,when at a convenient distance from the cemetery the party will break into 8slow time10 the men will 8reverse arms10 and the band will play4 ,when the head of the procession arrives near the ground where it is to meet the clergyman1 the ranks will open out to six paces distance and the serjeant will give the command ,,halt4 ,,inwards--,,turn 7the ranks will face each other74 ,,rest ,,on ,,your ,,arms--,,reversed4 ,,stand ,,at ,,ease4 7,the whole working by the corporal1 who will perform the exercise47 ,the coffin will now be removed by the bearers and carried feet-end foremost1 and placed on the right of the grave4 ,the flag1 head-dress and side-arms will then be removed and the coffin lowered4 ,the mourners will file round the grave1 halt and turn inwards without word of command4 ,the firing party will follow the mourners1 the serjeant giving the command ,,attention4 ,,reverse--,,arms4 ,,ranks1 ,,right ,,and ,,left--,,turn4 ,,slow--,,march4 ,and on arriving near the grave ,,halt4 ,,left--,,turn4 ,,rest ,,on ,,your ,,arms--,,reversed4 ,,stand ,,at ,,ease4 ,when the service commences the head-dress will be removed 7except firing party7 and replaced when the service is ended1 previous to the volleys being fired4 ,at the end of the service the serjeant will give3--,firing party ,,attention4 ,,present--,,arms4 ,,slope--,,arms4 ,,volleys 7with blank cartridges7--,,load4 ,,present4 ,,fire4 ,a second and third volley will be fired4 ,the serjeant will then give ,,unload4 ,,fix--,,bayonets4 ,,slope--,,arms4 ,,present--,,arms4 ,,slope--,,arms4 ,,form--,,fours4 ,,right4 ,,quick--,,march4 ,the band will lead1 followed by the firing party and mourners1 who will form fours as they march off without word of command4 ,bayonets will be unfixed after leaving the place of burial at the discretion of the officer in charge4 ,the band is not to play1 nor the drums to beat1 until the party is entirely clear of the burial ground4 #b4 ,funerals of officers1 warrant officers and serjeants will be conducted in a similar manner to para4 #a1 the troops being detailed for the escort according to the rank of the deceased4 ,officers' swords are reversed under the right arm1 the point downwards1 the hilt being grasped with the right hand1 blade uppermost1 the left hand grasping the blade behind the back4 #c4 ,large escorts will march by companies1 in fours1 at the head of the procession4 #d4 ,in the funerals of senior officers the arrangements will be made under the supervision of the general officer commanding4 ,,note4--,to fire three volleys over the grave the following procedure will be adopted3-- ,when the men1 after presenting arms1 have sloped arms1 the commander will give the following commands3-- ,volleys--,load4 ,the men will act as in the ,feu-de-joie4 ,present4 ,as in the ,feu-de-joie4 ,fire4 ,each man will at once press the trigger1 and after a slight pause return to the position for loading4 ,this will be repeated until the volleys are completed1 when the men will ,unload as in ,feu-de-joie4 ,,index4 ,ammunition1 blank1 #fb supply and transport of1 in the field1 #afe ,annual course of training1 auxiliary forces1 #agc battalion1 #agi company1 #agd description of1 #aga detail of1 #agb general rules1 #agd ,assault1 the1 #acg ,assembly1 after dispersal1 #fe ,attack1 the1 #abh battalion in the holding1 #aeb by cavalry1 meeting an1 #ib or swordsmen1 savage warfare1 #aai company1 general rules for1 #ade co-operation between artillery and infantry in the1 #ace decisive1 #acf direction and pace in the1 #adc distances in the1 #adb distribution of companies in the decisive1 #aej infantry in the1 #abh duties of the several bodies in the1 #aca feints in the1 #aci fire in the1 #acc firing-line and supports in the1 #aea flank1 #aci formations1 #adj frontage in the1 #ada ,attack general rules for company in the1 #ade battalion in the1 #adh brigade in the1 #aec division in the1 #aed holding1 #ach infantry formations in regard to fire in the1 #acc instruction for the battalion in the1 #aec intervals in the1 #adc local flanking fire1 #adj machine guns in the1 #add nature of an offensive action1 #abh orders1 issues of1 #acj for battalion in the1 #adi practice1 #he preliminary measures1 #abi rallying and redistribution1 #ach reserve1 #aea surprises1 #adj ,attack and defence1 fire action1 #abf fire discipline1 #abg general principles1 #abc position and duties of leaders in action1 #abe ranges1 #abh ,attention1 position of1 #ca ,auxiliary ,forces1 annual course of training1 #agc ,battalion advancing in review order1 #aif ,battalion in the attack1 #adh distribution of companies in the decisive1 #aej firing-line and supports1 #aea general rules1 #adh holding attack1 #aeb instruction1 #aec orders1 #adi reserve1 #aea ,battalion in the defence1 general rules1 #afc ,battalion in the defence1 duties of the commanding officer1 #afd ,battalion drill1 #ih battalion in quarter column1 #aja opening to column1 #ajd column on the march closing to quarter column1 #ajf column or quarter column advancing1 in fours1 or vice vers1 #ajf column changing direction1 #ajh ,battalion formations1 #ajj general rules1 #ih inspection of1 #aaj movements in quarter column1 #ajc movements in line or lines of company columns1 #ajh quarter column wheeling1 #ajc re-assembling1 when dispersed1 #aji ,battalion drill1 savage warfare1 #aac battalion in line1 #aad forming column or quarter column1 #aaf echelon movements from line1 column or quarter column1 #aah formations applicable to1 #aac formation of squares1 #abj general rules1 #aac line advancing in column1 #aah line changing position1 from the halt1 on a flank company1 #aaf line forming column to right or left1 #aag line passing obstacles or moving over broken ground1 #aag marching in line1 #aae meeting attack by swordsmen1 #aai quarter column or column deploying into line1 #aad savage warfare1 quarter column on the march forming line to a flank1 #aah ,battalion marching past1 #aib review of1 #ahi training1 annual course1 #agi ,blank ammunition1 #fb ,brigade in the attack1 general rules1 #aec defence1 general rules1 #afd ,brigade drill1 #aaa brigade wheeling from mass into line of battalions1 #aab general rules1 #aaa marching in line of battalions either in column or quarter column1 #aac mass deploying into line of battalions and vice vers1 #aab savage warfare1 brigade in line advancing in columns or quarter columns1 #abb brigade forming square1 #abb deployments1 #abb marching in line1 #abb ,brigade advancing in review order1 #bjb marching past1 #aii review of a1 #aif ,calls1 signals1 c41 #eg ,casualties1 skirmishing1 #hh ,challenging1 manner of1 #baa ,changing direction 7squad drill71 #de and forming up 7squad drill71 #ej as in file 7squad drill71 #df ranks 7squad drill71 #di 7company drill71 #gf step 7squad drill71 #ci ,colour1 trooping the1 #bac ,colours1 presentation of1 #bbj ,colours1 the #ahh ,command1 words of1 how to be given1 #cj ,commanders1 position of1 in skirmishing1 #hh instructions for1 in skirmishing1 #hh ,commanding officer1 duties of1 in defence1 #afd ,company in the attack1 general rules1 #ade defence1 duties of subalterns1 section and squad leaders1 #afb defence1 duties of company leader1 #afc general rules1 #afb ,company drill1 #gb column changing direction1 #hj company column forming company1 #gf company in line forming to right or left1 #gh company in line1 or moving to a flank in fours1 forming company column1 #gh dismissing1 #hc drill in single rank1 #ha fire action1 #hb formation of fours1 #gf forming up into line when marching1 fours or file1 #hj general rules1 #gb inspection and telling off1 #ge inspection in close order drill1 #hc marching in line1 #gg movements in line 7or lines7 of sections1 #hj re-assembling when dispersed1 #hc ,company in line1 saluting1 #ahe marching past1 #ahe sizing1 #ahc training1 preliminary remarks1 #fg ,co-operation between artillery and infantry in the attack1 #ace ,counter attacks1 decisive1 #afj local1 #afj ,course of training1 annual1 auxiliary forces1 #agc ,course of training1 annual1 battalion1 #agi company1 #agd description of1 #aga detail of1 #agb general rules1 #agd skirmishing1 #ed ,cover1 use of1 in skirmishing1 #fj ,defence1 the1 #aee decisive counter attacks1 #afj distribution of infantry for1 #aee duties of officers commanding reserves1 #aei entrenching a position1 #aeg fire in1 #aeh local counter attacks1 #afj machine guns in1 #aeh occupation of the position1 #aef position of the reserves1 #aei ,defence1 infantry in attack and4 ,see ,attack and ,defence4 ,defence1 the4 ,see ,company1 ,battalion1 ,brigade1 ,division4 ,defence practice1 skirmishing1 #ij ,defile1 passage of1 #ec ,definitions1 #af ,deployments1 brigade drill1 #abb ,diagonal march1 #di ,direction and pace in the attack1 #adc ,discipline1 fire1 #abg ,dismissing1 #ec ,distances in the attack1 #adb ,distribution of companies in the decisive attack1 #aej infantry in the attack1 #abh ,division in the attack1 #aed defence1 #afd ,division drill1 #aaa ,division1 larger body than1 marching past1 #bjg review of1 #bje ,division marching past1 #bjd review of1 #bjb ,double march1 the1 #ci ,dressing1 when halted1 #db squad in two ranks1 #dh with intervals1 #cb ,drill4 ,see ,squad1 ,company1 ,battalion1 c4 ,duties of leaders in action1 #abe officers commanding reserves1 #aei scouts1 #ic skirmishers1 #hi subalterns1 section and squad leaders1 #afb the company leader1 #afc the commanding officer1 #afd the several bodies in the attack1 #aca ,echelon movements from line1 column or quarter column1 #aah ,entrenching tools1 #afi a position1 #aeg ,extending and closing1 method of1 #ef ,feints1 #aci ,feu-de-joie1 firing a1 #bba ,fire in the attack1 #acc in the defence1 #aeh action1 company1 #hb in attack and defence1 #abf discipline in attack and defence1 #abg effect1 #fc ,flank attacks1 #aci ,flanking fire1 local1 #adj ,formations applicable to savage warfare1 #aac battalion drill1 #ajj in regard to fire1 #acc in the attack1 #adj to be practised1 reviews1 #ahh ,formation of squares1 #abj squads1 #ca in single rank1 #da in two rank1 #dh fours1 squad1 #ej company1 #gf ,fours changing direction and forming squad1 #ec ,frontage in the attack1 #ada ,funerals1 #bbc ,general principles1 attack and defence1 #abc ,general remarks1 skirmishing1 #hd ,general rules1 annual course of training1 #agd ceremonial1 #aha attack practice1 #he battalion drill1 #ih brigade and division drill1 #aaa company drill1 #gb savage warfare1 #aac skirmishing1 #ed company in attack1 #ade battalion 1 #adh brigade 1 #aec division 1 #aed company in defence1 #afb battalion 1 #afc brigade and division in defence1 #afd ,guards-- ,general rules1 #bji ,guards of honour1 #bac ,relieving or posting1 #baj ,relieving and posting sentries1 and marching reliefs1 #baj ,sentries challenging1 #baa ,trooping the ,colour1 #bac ,turning out at night1 #bab ,halt1 the1 #cg ,holding attacks1 #ach attack1 battalion1 #aeb ,infantry formations in regard to fire1 #acc ,inspection of skirmishers1 #fe in skirmishing1 #ie of1 and telling off the company1 #ge in close order drill1 #hc of a battalion1 #aaj ,instruction of the recruit1 method of1 #bi for battalion in attack1 #aec ,instructions for commanders in attack1 #hh training of the recruit1 #be ,intervals in the attack1 #adc skirmishing1 #fd ,issue of orders1 the attack1 #acj ,length of pace and time in marching1 #ce ,line advancing in column1 #aah battalion in1 #aad brigade marching in1 #abb brigade advancing in columns or quarter columns1 #abb changing front1 #aaf company forming to right or left1 #gh company column1 #gh forming column or quarter column1 #aaf to the right or left1 #aag -firing and supports1 #aea marching in1 company1 #gg marching in1 #aae of sections1 movements in1 #hj of company columns1 movements in1 #ajh of battalions1 brigade wheeling from mass into1 #aab mass deploying into1 #aab marching in1 #aac ,line passing obstacles or moving over broken ground1 #aag quarter column or column deploying into1 #aad ,local counter attacks1 #afj flanking fire1 #adj ,machine guns in the attack1 #add defence1 #aeh ,march1 double1 #ci diagonal1 #dc 7two ranks71 #di turning on the1 #dj ,marching as in file1 #df forming up into squad1 #dg in squad and file1 #di ,marching past1 company1 #ahe battalion1 #aib brigade1 #aii division1 #bjd larger body of troops than a division1 #bjg ,marching1 position in1 #cf quick1 #cg squad1 #db with arms1 #dg ,marking time1 #ch ,method of extending and closing1 #ef instruction1 special training of non-commissioned officers1 #agi of the recruit1 #bi ,movements in line of sections1 #hj quarter column1 #ajc line or lines of company columns1 #ajh ,non-commissioned officers1 special training of1 #agi ,obstacles1 #ec ,occupation of a position1 #aef ,orders1 battalion in attack1 #adi issue of1 in the attack1 #acj reporting and passing1 #fd ,pace and time in marching1 #ce ,passage of a defile1 #ec ,passing orders1 #fd ,plates1 key to1 #ae ,preliminary measures for the attack1 #abi remarks1 training of the recruit1 #ba company training1 #fg training1 skirmishing1 #ee ,presentation of ,colours1 #bbj ,rallying and redistribution1 #ach ,ranges1 #abh ,reconnaissance practice1 #ia ,recruit1 method of instruction of1 #bi training of the1 #ba ,reinforcing1 #fd ,relieving or posting a guard1 #baj and posting sentries and marching reliefs1 #baj ,remarks1 general1 on skirmishing1 #hd preliminary1 on the training of the recruit1 #ba on company training1 #fg ,reporting and passing orders1 #fd ,reserve1 the1 #aea position of1 in the defence1 #aei duties of officers commanding the1 #aei ,retirements1 #ia ,review of a battalion1 #ahi of a brigade1 #aif of a division1 #bjb of any larger body of troops than a division1 #bje ,royal1 #bjh order1 battalion advancing in1 #aif ,review order1 brigade advancing in1 #bjb ,rules4 ,see ,general ,rules4 ,saluting1 company in line1 #ahe ,savage warfare1 formations applicable to-- ,battalion in line1 #aad forming column or quarter column1 #aaf ,echelon movements from line1 column or quarter column1 #aah ,formation of squares1 #abj ,general rules1 #aac ,line advancing in column1 #aah changing front from the halt on a flank company1 #aaf forming column to the right or left1 or vice vers1 #aag passing obstacles1 or moving over broken ground1 #aag ,marching in line1 #aae ,meeting an attack by cavalry or swordsmen1 #aai ,quarter column or column deploying into line1 #aad on the march forming line to a flank1 #aah ,section leaders1 duties of1 #afb ,sentries1 relieving and posting1 #baj challenging1 #baa ,shelter trench exercise1 #ie ,single rank1 company drill1 #ha ,skirmishing-- ,assembly after dispersal1 #fe ,blank ammunition1 #fb ,course of training1 #ed ,cover1 #fj ,fire effect1 #fc ,general rules1 #ed ,inspection of skirmishers1 #fe ,intervals1 #fd ,method of extending and closing1 #ef ,practical skirmishing1 #ei ,preliminary training1 #ee ,reinforcing1 #fd ,reporting and passing orders1 #fd ,signals1 whistle blasts1 calls1 #eg ,company training-- ,casualties1 #hh ,commanders1 instructions for1 #hh position of1 #hh ,defence practice1 #ij ,general remarks1 #hd rules1 #he ,meeting attack by cavalry1 #ib ,reconnaissance practice1 #ia ,retirements1 #ia ,scouting1 #ic ,scouts1 duties of1 #ic training of1 #id ,shelter trench exercise1 #ie ,skirmishers1 duties of1 #hi ,skirmishing1 inspection in1 #ie ,squad drill-- ,method of instruction of the recruit1 #bi ,words of command1 #cj ,with intervals-- ,dressing1 #cb ,formation1 #ca ,position of attention1 #ca ,saluting1 #cd ,standing at ease1 #cb ,turnings1 #cc ,marching-- ,changing step1 #ci ,double march1 #ci ,drum and pace stick1 #cf ,halt1 #cg ,length of pace and time1 #ce ,marking time1 #ch ,position in marching1 #cf ,quick march1 #cg ,side step1 #dj ,stepping back1 #ch short1 #ci out1 #cg ,turning on the march1 #dj ,single rank-- ,changing direction1 #de as in file1 #df ,diagonal march1 #dc ,dressing when halted1 #db ,formation1 #da ,marching as in file1 forming up into squad1 #dg 1 #df in squad1 #db with arms1 #dg ,turnings1 #db ,in two ranks-- ,changing direction and forming up1 #ej ranks1 #di ,diagonal march1 #di ,dismissing with or without arms1 #ec ,dressing1 #dh ,formation1 #dh 8 of fours1 #ej ,fours changing direction and forming squad1 #ec ,marching in squad and in file1 #di ,obstacles1 #ec ,passage of a defile1 #ec ,squad leaders1 duties of1 #afb ,square1 brigade forming1 #abb forming1 #abj ,subalterns1 duties of1 company in defence1 #afb ,surprises1 #adj ,supply of ammunition in the field1 #afe ,syllabus of training 7recruit71 #ba ,training1 course of1 skirmishing1 #ed preliminary1 skirmishing1 #ee of scouts1 #id of non-commissioned officers1 #agi annual course4 ,see ,annual ,course4 recruits1 #ba syllabus of recruits1 #bb ,transport of ammunition in the field1 #afe ,turnings4 ,see ,squad ,drill4 ,,london3 ,,printed ,,for ,,his ,,majesty',s ,,stationery ,,office1 ,,by ,,harrison ,,and ,,sons1 ,,st4 ,,martin',s ,,lane1 ,,printers ,,in ,,ordinary ,,to ,,his ,,majesty4 7,wt4 w #bgfia #aej1jjj #b #je--;,h ,s #egdi7 ,,footnotes3 #a ,in marching order without the rifle the arms will be retained as in the position of ,attention4 #b ,the number of paces to which men are to extend is to be communicated by word of mouth4 #c ,this signal denotes extension from the centre4 ,if the extension is to be made to the right1 finish the signal by pointing to the right4 ,if the extension is to be made to the left1 finish the signal by pointing to the left4 #d ,this signal denotes 8,close on the centre40 ,if it is desired to close on the right1 finish the signal by pointing to the right4 ,if the close is to be on the left point to the left4 ,,note4--,all signals should be made with whichever arm will show most clearly what is meant4 #e ,rifle regiments will drill in close order at the ,trail4 ,on the command ,,quick 7or ,,double7 ,,march1 the men will ,trail arms without further word of command1 and will halt and stand at ease on the word or signal ,halt4 #f ,when a company without arms is inspected1 section commanders will close up the rear rank on completion of inspection of their sections1 giving the command ,,close ,,ranks4 ,,march4 #g ,when constructing trenches by night1 tracing tapes are used to show the line of the proposed trench4 #h ,with tripod equipment1 the machine gun detachment will include two pack animals1 each of which will carry #g boxes of ammunition 7#bej rounds to the box74 #i ,recruits1 as soon as their training as such is completed1 are to take their place in the ranks irrespective of the season of the year4 #aj ,in the following sections dealing with ceremonial1 including guard duties1 the command to slope arms and fix bayonets will not apply to men of ,rifle ,regiments1 who will remain at the ,order when halted1 will present arms from the ,order without fixing bayonets1 and will march past at the ,trail4 #aa ,the term 8corps10 when used with reference to troops1 is intended to designate troops which are not allotted to any particular field unit4 #ab ,in coming to the ,engage from the ,slope1 seize the rifle with the right hand at the small and come to the ,engage4 ,transcriber's ,notes3 #a4 ,obvious printers'1 punctuation and spelling errors have been corrected silently4 #b4 ,where hyphenation is in doubt1 it has been retained as in the original4 #c4 ,some hyphenated and non-hyphenated versions of the same words have been retained as in the original4 #d4 ,italics are shown as xxx4 #e4 ,bold print is shown as xxx4