,,short ,,stories ,,and ,,selections ,,for ,,use ,,in ,,the ,,secondary ,,schools ,,compiled ,,and ,,annotated1 ,,with ,,questions ,,for ,,study ,,by ,,emilie ,,kip ,,baker ,illustration3 ,walter ,scott's ,library at ,abbotsford ,,table ,,of ,,contents ,a ,,leaf ,,in ,,the ,,storm1 by ,louise de la ,ramee1 from ,a ,leaf in the ,storm and ,other ,stories ,,cats1 by ,maurice ,hewlett1 from ,earthwork out of ,tuscany ,,an ,,adventure1 by ,honore de ,balzac1 from ,a ,passion in the ,desert ,,for ,,those ,,who ,,love ,,music1 by ,axel ,munthe1 from ,vagaries ,,out ,,of ,,doors1 by ,richard ,jefferies1 from ,saint ,guido ,,the ,,taboo1 by ,herman ,melville1 from ,typee ,,school ,,days ,,at ,,the ,,convent1 by ,george ,sand1 from ,the ,story of ,my ,life 7adapted7 ,,in ,,brittany1 by ,louisa ,alcott1 from ,aunt ,jo's ,scrap ,bag ,,the ,,adirondacks1 by ,john ,burroughs1 from ,wake ,robin ,,an ,,ascent ,,of ,,kilauea1 by ,lady ,brassey1 from ,around the ,world in the ,yacht ,sunbeam ,,the ,,fetish1 by ,george ,eliot1 from ,the ,mill on the ,floss ,,salmon ,,fishing ,,in ,,ireland1 by ,james ,a4 ,froude1 from ,a ,fortnight in ,kerry ,,across ,,running ,,water1 by ,fiona ,macleod1 from ,sea ,magic and ,running ,water ,,the ,,pine-,,tree ,,shillings1 by ,nathaniel ,hawthorne1 from ,grandfather's ,chair ,,the ,,white ,,trail1 by ,stewart ,edward ,white1 from ,the ,silent ,places ,a ,,dissertation ,,on ,,roast ,,pig1 by ,charles ,lamb1 from ,essays of ,elia ,,the ,,last ,,class1 by ,alphonse ,daudet1 from ,monday ,tales ,,an ,,arab ,,fisherman1 by ,albert ,edwards1 from ,the ,barbary ,coast ,,the ,,archery ,,contest1 by ,walter ,scott1 from ,ivanhoe ,,baby ,,sylvester1 by ,bret ,harte1 from ,bret ,harte's ,writings ,,the ,,address ,,at ,,gettysburg1 by ,abraham ,lincoln1 from ,lincoln's ,speeches ,,the ,,second ,,inaugural ,,address1 by ,abraham ,lincoln1 from ,lincoln's ,speeches ,,an ,,appreciation ,,of ,,lincoln1 by ,john ,hay1 from ,life of ,lincoln ,,the ,,elephants ,,that ,,struck1 by ,samuel ,white ,baker1 from ,eight ,years in ,ceylon ,,the ,,luck ,,of ,,roaring ,,camp1 by ,bret ,harte ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,muhammad ,,din1 by ,rudyard ,kipling1 from ,plain ,tales from the ,hills ,a ,,child1 by ,john ,galsworthy1 from ,commentary ,,too ,,dear ,,for ,,the ,,whistle1 by ,benjamin ,franklin1 from ,the ,autobiography ,a ,,lodging ,,for ,,the ,,night1 by ,robert ,louis ,stevenson1 from ,the ,new ,arabian ,nights ,a ,,bad ,,five ,,minutes ,,in ,,the ,,alps1 by ,leslie ,stephen1 from ,freethinking and ,plainspeaking 7adapted7 ,,the ,,gold ,,trail1 by ,stewart ,edward ,white1 from ,gold ,,twenty ,,years ,,of ,,arctic ,,struggle1 by ,j4 ,kennedy ,mc,lean1 from ,heroes of the ,farthest ,north and ,south 7adapted7 ,,the ,,speech ,,in ,,manchester1 by ,henry ,ward ,beecher1 from ,addresses and ,sermons ,a ,,green ,,donkey ,,driver1 by ,robert ,louis ,stevenson1 from ,travels with a ,donkey ,a ,,night ,,in ,,the ,,pines1 by ,robert ,louis ,stevenson1 from ,travels with a ,donkey ,,life ,,in ,,old ,,new ,,york1 by ,washington ,irving1 from ,knickerbocker's ,history of ,new ,york ,,the ,,bazaar ,,in ,,morocco1 by ,pierre ,loti1 from ,into ,morocco ,a ,,battle ,,of ,,the ,,ants1 by ,henry ,d4 ,thoreau1 from ,walden 7adapted7 ,,an ,,african ,,pet1 by ,paul ,b4 du ,chaillu1 from ,the ,african ,forest and ,jungle ,,animal ,,intelligence1 by ,lloyd ,morgan1 from ,animal ,sketches 7adapted7 ,,buck',s ,,trial ,,of ,,strength1 by ,jack ,london1 from ,the ,call of the ,wild ,,on ,,the ,,solander ,,whaling ,,ground1 by ,frank ,bullen1 from ,idylls of the ,sea ,,an ,,episode ,,of ,,the ,,french ,,revolution1 by ,charles ,dickens1 from ,a ,tale of ,two ,cities ,,the ,,commander ,,of ,,the ,,faithful1 by ,pierre ,loti1 from ,into ,morocco 7adapted7 ,,walt ,,whitman1 by ,john ,burroughs1 from ,whitman--,a ,study 7adapted7 ,,heroism ,,in ,,housekeeping1 by ,jane ,welsh ,carlyle1 from ,letters ,a ,,youthful ,,actor1 by ,thomas ,bailey ,aldrich1 from ,the ,story of a ,bad ,boy ,,war1 by ,thomas ,carlyle1 from ,sartor ,resartus ,,coon-,,hunting1 by ,ernest ,ingersoll1 from ,wild ,neighbors 7adapted7 ,,sight ,,in ,,savages1 by ,w4 ,h4 ,hudson1 from ,idle ,days in ,patagonia ,,the ,,village ,,schoolmaster1 by ,washington ,irving1 from ,the ,sketch ,book ,,introduction ,the testimony of librarians as to the kind of books people are reading nowadays is somewhat discouraging to the book-lover who has been brought up in the old traditions4 ,we are told that ,scott and ,thackeray and ,george ,eliot cannot compete with the year's best sellers1 and that the old classics are read only by the few who have a cultivated taste and a trained intelligence4 ,the interest of novelty1 the dislike of mental effort1 the temptation to read merely for a mild sensation1--all these undoubtedly tend to keep down the level of literary taste4 ,to many readers of good average ability1 neither the esthetic nor the purely intellectual makes a strong appeal4 ,even minds of fine quality often find a welcome diversion in trivial reading4 ,in fact1 to expect every one and at all times to have his mind keyed up to the higher levels is neither sincere nor reasonable4 ,and yet1 making due allowance for intellectual limitations1 for the busy and distracting conditions of modern life1 and for the real need of light reading at times when recreation is of more value than instruction1 it would seem that a fair proportion of our reading could and should be on a higher plane4 ,to put it on this high plane is one of the fixed objects of the school4 ,for this end the schools have given ,english an important place1 have broadened the list of recommended books year by year1 and have sought to improve the method of teaching literature4 ,especially have they hoped to create in the pupil the habit of reading good books and of discovering new material on his own initiative4 ,thus far their success has fallen much below their hopes1 as the testimony of librarians1 adduced above1 plainly indicates4 ,there is one significant fact which both librarians and teachers have observed4 ,the average reader1 child or adult1 seldom knows how or where to find things to read4 ,he is lost in a library1 whether among the book-shelves or at a card-catalogue4 ,he is like a traveler who is ignorant of the geography of the country and cannot use the compass4 ,and worse still1 he has not the explorer's instinct4 ,if he possessed this1 he would somehow find his way himself1--a thing which occasionally happens when the reader has more than usual ability4 ,between the covers of those books1 turning to him their uncommunicative backs1 behind those labels--to him so unexpressive--there may be passages1 whole chapters or more1 that would give him entertainment1 if he only knew6 ,to introduce him to an author may be to give him a new friend4 ,introductions need not imply long and intimate companionship4 ,this author may hold him for half an hour1 and never again2 that one may claim his attention for a day2 and another may come to rank as one of his old friends4 ,in each case the acquaintance may depend upon the fact of an introduction1 and not upon the reader's own initiative in discovery4 ,more than the acquaintances thus made1 is the sense of at-homeness among books which they gradually bring about4 ,we all know that feeling of the unreality of a book of which we have merely heard the title1 and how soon we forget it4 ,a book that we have seen and handled1 however1 and especially one which we have read or from which we have seen a passage quoted in another volume1 is somehow real1--an entity4 ,through continued experiences of this sort we come to feel really acquainted with books1 to know where to find the things we are looking for1 to judge and appreciate1--in brief1 to feel at home among them4 ,it is as a series of such introductions to the larger world of literature that this volume has been compiled4 ,some of the selections are from books whose titles are already familiar to high school students2 many others are from sources that few pupils will know4 ,all of them1 it is confidently believed1 are within the interest and comprehension of boys and girls of high school age4 ,the notes and questions at the end of each selection will1 it is hoped1 be of some help to the students in getting at the author's meaning1 and in suggesting interesting topics for discussion4 ,if1 after finishing the ,short ,stories and ,selections1 a few more students will have formed the habit of good reading and will feel1 not merely willing1 but eager1 to enlarge their acquaintance among good books1 this volume has accomplished its purpose4 ,,emilie ,k4 ,,baker ,,short ,,stories ,,and ,,selections ,a ,,leaf ,,in ,,the ,,storm ,bernadou clung to his home with a dogged devotion4 ,he would not go from it to fight unless compelled1 but for it he would have fought like a lion4 ,his love for his country was only an indefinite shadowy existence that was not clear to him2 he could not save a land that he had never seen1 a capital that was only to him as an empty name2 nor could he comprehend the danger that his nation ran2 nor could he desire to go forth and spend his lifeblood in defence of things unknown to him4 ,he was only a peasant1 and he could not read nor greatly understand4 ,but affection for his birthplace was a passion with him1--mute indeed1 but deep-seated as an oak4 ,for his birthplace he would have struggled as a man can struggle only when supreme love as well as duty nerves his arm4 ,neither he nor ,reine ,allix could see that a man's duty might lie from home1 but in that home both were alike ready to dare anything and to suffer everything4 ,it was a narrow form of patriotism1 yet it had nobleness1 endurance1 and patience in it2 in song it has been oftentimes deified as heroism1 but in modern warfare it is punished as the blackest crime4 ,so ,bernadou tarried in his cottage till he should be called1 keeping watch by night over the safety of his village and by day doing all he could to aid the deserted wives and mothers of the place by tilling their ground for them and by tending such poor cattle as were left in their desolate fields4 ,he and ,margot and ,reine ,allix1 between them1 fed many mouths that would otherwise have been closed in death by famine1 and denied themselves all except the barest and most meagre subsistence1 that they might give away the little they possessed4 ,and all this while the war went on1 but seemed far from them1 so seldom did any tidings of it pierce the seclusion in which they dwelt4 ,by and by1 as the autumn went on1 they learned a little more4 ,fugitives coming to the smithy for a horse's shoe2 women fleeing to their old village homes from their light1 gay life in the city2 mandates from the government of defence sent to every hamlet in the country2 stray news-sheets brought in by carriers or hawkers and hucksters1--all these by degrees told them of the peril of their country1--vaguely1 indeed1 and seldom truthfully1 but so that by mutilated rumors they came at last to know the awful facts of the fate of ,sedan1 the fall of the ,empire1 the siege of ,paris4 ,it did not alter their daily lives3 it was still too far off and too impalpable4 ,but a foreboding1 a dread1 an unspeakable woe settled down on them4 ,already their lands and cattle had been harassed to yield provision for the army and large towns2 already their best horses had been taken for the siege-trains and the forage-wagons2 already their ploughshares were perforce idle1 and their children cried because of the scarcity of nourishment2 already the iron of war had entered into their souls4 ,the little street at evening was mournful and very silent3 the few who talked spoke in whispers1 lest a spy should hear them1 and the young ones had no strength to play3 they wanted food4 ,bernadou1 now that all means of defence was gone from him1 and the only thing left to him to deal with was his own life1 had become quiet and silent and passionless1 as was his habit4 ,he would have fought like a mastiff for his home1 but this they had forbidden him to do1 and he was passive and without hope4 ,he closed his door1 and sat down with his hand in that of ,reine ,allix and his arm around his wife4 ,there is nothing to do but wait he said sadly4 ,the day seemed very long in coming4 ,the firing 7which had come nearer each day7 ceased for a while2 then its roll commenced afresh1 and grew still nearer to the village4 ,then again all was still4 ,at noon a shepherd staggered into the place1 pale1 bleeding1 bruised1 covered with mire4 ,the ,prussians1 he told them1 had forced him to be their guide1 had knotted him tight to a trooper's saddle1 and had dragged him with them until he was half dead with fatigue and pain4 ,at night he had broken from them and had fled3 they were close at hand1 he said1 and had burned the town from end to end because a man had fired at them from a house-top4 ,that was all he knew4 ,bernadou1 who had gone out to hear his news1 returned into the house and sat down and hid his face within his hands4 ,it grew dark4 ,the autumn day died4 ,the sullen clouds dropped scattered rain4 ,the red leaves were blown in millions by the wind4 ,the little houses on either side the road were dark1 for the dwellers in them dared not show any light that might be a star to allure to them the footsteps of their foes4 ,bernadou sat with his arms on the table1 and his head resting on them4 ,margot nursed her son3 ,reine ,allix prayed4 ,suddenly in the street without there was the sound of many feet of horses and of men1 the shouting of angry voices1 the splashing of quick steps in the watery ways1 the screams of women1 the flash of steel through the gloom4 ,bernadou sprang to his feet1 his face pale1 his blue eyes dark as night4 ,they are come6 he said under his breath4 ,it was not fear that he felt1 nor horror3 it was rather a passion of love for his birthplace and his nation1--a passion of longing to struggle and to die for both4 ,and he had no weapon6 ,he drew his house-door open with a steady hand1 and stood on his own threshold and faced these1 his enemies4 ,the street was full of them1--some mounted1 some on foots crowds of them swarmed in the woods on the roads4 ,they had settled on the village as vultures on a dead lamb's body4 ,it was a little1 lowly place3 it might well have been left in peace4 ,it had had no more share in the war than a child still unborn1 but it came in the victor's way1 and his mailed heel crushed it as he passed4 ,they had heard that arms were hidden and francs-tireurs sheltered there1 and they had swooped down on it and held it hard and fast4 ,some were told off to search the chapel2 some to ransack the dwellings2 some to seize such food and bring such cattle as there might be left2 some to seek out the devious paths that crossed and recrossed the field2 and yet there still remained in the little street hundreds of armed men1 force enough to awe a citadel or storm a breach4 ,the people did not attempt to resist4 ,they stood passive1 dry-eyed in misery1 looking on whilst the little treasures of their household lives were swept away forever1 and ignorant what fate by fire or iron might be their portion ere the night was done4 ,they saw the corn that was their winter store to save their offspring from famine poured out like ditch-water4 ,they saw oats and wheat flung down to be trodden into a slough of mud and filth4 ,they saw the walnut presses in their kitchens broken open1 and their old heirlooms of silver1 centuries old1 borne away as booty4 ,they saw the oak cupboard in their wives' bedchambers ransacked1 and the homespun linen and the quaint bits of plate that had formed their nuptial dowers cast aside in derision or trampled into a battered heap4 ,they saw the pet lamb of their infants1 the silver earrings of their brides1 the brave tankards they had drunk their marriage wine in1 the tame bird that flew to their whistle1 all seized for food or spoil4 ,they saw all this1 and had to stand by with mute tongues and passive hands1 lest any glance of wrath or gesture of revenge should bring the leaden bullets in their children's throats or the yellow flame amidst their homesteads4 ,greater agony the world cannot hold4 --,,louise ,,de ,,la ,,ramee 7,ouida74 ,footnote3 ,this extract is taken from a story by the same title4 ,the chief characters are the peasant ,bernadou1 his wife ,margot1 and his old grandmother ,reine ,allix4 ,the scene is laid during the ,franco-,prussian ,war of #ahgj4 ,the great defeat of the ,french at ,sedan1 and the surrender of ,paris from starvation after a long siege brought the war to an end4 ,the victorious ,prussians took from ,france an indemnity of five billion francs 7#a1jjj1jjj1jjj71 and two of their richest provinces1 ,alsace and ,lorraine4 ,what words in the first sentence show that it is not the beginning of the story8 ,note the repeated use of antithesis 7contrast7 in the first paragraph4 ,by what details do you learn the state of the country8 ,how did the war affect even the people remote from the battlefields8 ,how are the terror and suffering of the people indicated8 ,notice the effectiveness of the author's use of details4 ,have you read any prose or poetry in which war is made to seem glorious8 ,how does it seem here8 ,does the author make the scene of the arrival of the ,prussians vivid8 ,how is this done8 ,note the dramatic contrast between the arrival of the ,prussians and the actions of the peasants4 ,how has the author drawn the character of ,bernadou8 ,by what details does the author give special poignancy to the pathos of her account8 ,what is the significance of the title ,a ,leaf in the ,storm8 ,,cats ,there was once a man in ,italy--so the story runs--who said that animals were sacred because ,god had made them4 ,people didn't believe him for a long time2 they came1 you see1 of a race which had found it amusing to kill such things1 and killed a great many of them too1 until it struck them one fine day that killing men was better sport still1 and watching men kill each other the best sport of all because it was the least trouble4 ,animals said they1 why1 how can they be sacred2 things that you call beef and mutton when they have left off being oxen and sheep1 and sell for so much a pound8 ,they scoffed at this mad neighbour1 looked at each other waggishly and shrugged their shoulders as he passed along the street4 ,well6 then1 all of a sudden1 as you may say1 one morning he walked into the town--,gubbio it was--with a wolf pacing at his heels--a certain wolf which had been the terror of the country-side and eaten ,i don't know how many children and goats4 ,he walked up the main street till he got to the open ,piazza in front of the great church4 ,and the long grey wolf padded beside him with a limp tongue lolling out between the ragged palings which stood him for teeth4 ,in the middle of the ,piazza was a fountain1 and above the fountain a tall stone crucifix4 ,our friend mounted the steps of the cross in the alert way he had 7like a little bird1 the story says7 and the wolf1 after lapping apologetically in the basin1 followed him up three steps at a time4 ,then with one arm around the shaft to steady himself1 he made a fine sermon to the neighbours crowding in the ,square1 and the wolf stood with his fore-paws on the edge of the fountain and helped him4 ,the sermon was all about wolves 7naturally7 and the best way of treating them4 ,i fancy the people came to agree with it in time2 anyhow when the man died they made a saint of him and built three churches1 one over another1 to contain his body4 ,and ,i believe it is entirely his fault that there are a hundred-and-three cats in the convent-garden of ,san ,lorenzo in ,florence4 ,for what are you to do8 ,animals are sacred1 says ,saint ,francis4 ,animals are sacred1 but cats have kittens2 and so it comes about that the people who agree with ,saint ,francis have to suffer for the people who don't4 ,the ,canons of ,san ,lorenzo agree with ,saint ,francis1 and it seems to me that they must suffer a good deal4 ,the convent is large2 it has a great mildewed cloister with a covered-in walk all around it built on arches4 ,in the middle is a green garth ,footnote3 ,garth3 an inclosure1 a yard4 with cypresses and yews dotted about2 and when you look up you see the blue sky cut square1 and the hot tiles of a huge dome staring up into it4 ,round the cloister walk are discreet brown doors1 and by the side of each door a brass plate tells you the name and titles of the ,canon who lives behind it4 ,it is on the principle of ,dean's yard at ,westminster2 only here there are more ,canons--and more cats4 ,the ,canons live under the cloister2 the cats live on the green garth1 and sometimes die there4 ,i did not see much of the ,canons2 but the cats seemed to me very sad--depressed1 nostalgic even1 might describe them1 if there had not been something more languid1 something faded and spiritless about their habit4 ,it was not that they quarrelled4 ,i heard none of those long-drawn wails1 gloomy yet mellow soliloquies1 with which our cats usher in the crescent moon or hymn her when she swims at the full3 there lacked even that comely resignation we may see on any sunny window-ledge at home2--the rounded back and neatly ordered tail1 the immaculate fore-paws peering sedately below the snowy chest1 the squeezed-up eyes which so resolutely shut off a bleak and 7so to say7 unenlightened world4 ,that is pensiveness1 sedate chastened melancholy2 but it is soothing1 it speaks a philosophy1 and a certain balancing of pleasures and pains4 ,in ,san ,lorenzo cloister1 when ,i looked in one hot noon seeking a refuge from the glare and white dust of the city1 ,i was conscious of a something sinister that forbade such an even existence for the smoothest tempered cat4 ,there were too many of them for companionship and perhaps too few for the humour of the thing to strike them3 in and out the chilly shades they stalked gloomily1 hither and thither like lank and unquiet ghosts of starved cats4 ,they were of all colours--gay orange-tawny1 tortoise shell with the becoming white patch over one eye1 delicate tints of grey and fawn and lavender1 brindle1 glossy sable2 and yet the gloom and dampness of the place seemed to mildew them all so that their brightness was glaring and their softest gradations took on a shade as of rusty mourning4 ,no cat could be expected to do herself justice4 ,to and fro they paced1 balancing sometimes with hysterical precision ,footnote3 ,hysterical precision4 ,what does this mean8 on the ledge of the parapet1 passing each other at whisker's length1 but cutting each other dead4 ,footnote3 ,cutting each other dead4 ,have you ever thought of the quaint absurdity of this figurative expression8 ,not a cat had a look or a sniff for his fellow2 not a cat so much as guessed at another's existence4 ,among those hundred-and-three restless ,spirits there was not a cat that did not affect to believe that a hundred-and-two were away6 ,it was horrible1 the inhumanity of it4 ,here were these shreds and waifs1 these unnecessary litters of ,florentine households1 herded together in the only asylum 7short of the ,arno ,footnote3 ,arno3 the river that flows through ,florence47 open to them1 driven in like dead leaves in ,november1 flitting dismally round and round for a span1 and watching each other die without a mew or a lick6 ,saint ,francis was not the wise man ,i had thought him4 ,footnote3 ,st4 ,francis not the wise man1 etc4 ,why not8 ,it was about two o'clock in the afternoon4 ,i had watched these beasts at their feverish exercises for nearly an hour before ,i perceived that they were gradually hemming me in4 ,they seemed to be forming up1 in ranks1 on the garth4 ,only a ditch separated us--,i was in the cloister-walk1 a hundred-and-three gaunt1 expectant1 desperate cats facing me4 ,their famished pale eyes pierced me through and through2 and two-hundred-and-two hungry eyes 7four cats supported life on one apiece7 is more than ,i can stand1 though ,i am a married man with a family4 ,these brutes thought ,i was going to feed them6 ,i was preparing weakly for flight when ,i heard steps in the gateway2 a woman came in with a black bag4 ,she must be going to deposit a cat on ,jean-,jacques ,footnote3 ,jean ,jacques ,rousseau3 a ,french philosophical writer of the last part of the eighteenth century4 ,his chief works are ,emile1 ,social ,contract1 ,confessions4 ingenious plan of avoiding domestic trouble2 it was surely impossible she wanted to borrow one6 ,neither3 she came confidently in1 beaming on our mad fellowship with a pleasant smile of preparation4 ,the cats knew her better than ,i did4 ,their suspense was really shocking to witness4 ,while she was rolling her sleeves up and tying on her apron--she was poor1 evidently1 but very neat and wholesome in her black dress and the decent cap which crowned her hair--while she unpacked the contents of the bag--two newspaper parcels full of rather distressing viands1 scissors1 and a pair of gloves which had done duty more than once1--while all these preparations were soberly fulfilling1 the agitation of the hundred-and-three was desperate indeed4 ,the air grew thick1 it quivered with the lashing of tails2 hoarse mews echoed along the stone walls1 paws were raised and let fall with the rhythmical patter of raindrops4 ,a furtive beast played the thief3 he was one of the one-eyed fraternity1 red with mange4 ,somehow he slipped in between us2 we discovered him crouched by the newspaper raking over the contents4 ,this was no time for ceremony2 he got a prompt cuff over the head and slunk away shivering and shaking his ears4 ,and then the distribution began4 ,now1 your cat1 at the best of times1 is squeamish about his food2 he stands no tricks4 ,he is a slow eater1 though he can secure his dinner with the best of us4 ,a vicious snatch1 like a snake1 and he has it4 ,then he spreads himself out to dispose of the prey--feet tucked well in1 head low1 tail laid close along1 eyes shut fast4 ,that is how a cat of breeding loves to dine4 ,alas6 many a day of intolerable prowling1 many a black vigil1 had taken the polish off the hundred-and-three4 ,as a matter of fact they behaved abominably2 they leaped at the scraps1 they clawed at them in the air1 they bolted them whole with staring eyes and portentous gulpings1 they growled all the while with the smothered ferocity of thunder in the hills4 ,no waiting of turns1 no licking of lips and moustaches to get the lingering flavors1 no dalliance4 ,they were as restless and suspicious here as everywhere2 their feast was the horrid hasty orgy of ghouls in a church-yard4 ,but an even distribution was made3 ,i don't think any one got more than his share4 ,of course there were underhand attempts in plenty and1 at least once1 open violence--a sudden rush from opposite sides1 a growling and spitting like sparks from a smithy2 and then1 with ears laid flat1 two ill-favoured beasts clawed blindly at each other1 and a sly and tigerish brindle made away with the morsel4 ,my woman took the thing very coolly ,i thought1 served them all alike1 and didn't resent 7as ,i should have done7 the unfortunate want of delicacy there was about these vagrants4 ,a cat that takes your food and growls at you for the favor1 a cat that would eat you if he dared1 is a pretty revelation4 ,ca donne furieusement a penser4 ,footnote3 ,ca donne furieusement a penser3 ,that makes one think very hard4 ,it gives you a suspicion of just how far the polish we most of us smirk over will go4 ,my cats at ,san ,lorenzo knew some few moments of peace between two and three in the afternoon4 ,that would have been the time to get up a testimonial to the kind soul who fed them4 ,try them at five and they would ignore you4 ,but try them next morning6 ,my knowledge of the ,italian tongue1 in those days1 was severely limited to the necessaries of existence2 to try me on a fancy subject1 like cats1 was to strike me dumb4 ,but at this stage of our intercourse 7hitherto confined to smiles and eye-service7 it became so evident my companion had something to say that ,i must perforce take my hat off and stand attentive4 ,she pointed to the middle of the garth1 and there1 under the boughs of a shrub1 ,i saw the hundred-and-fourth cat1 sorriest of them all4 ,it was a newcomer she told me1 and shy4 ,shy it certainly was1 poor wretch2 it glowered upon me from under the branches like a bad conscience4 ,shyness could not hide hunger--,i never saw hungrier eyes than hers--but it could hold it in check3 the silkiest speech could not tempt her out1 and when we threw pieces she only winced6 ,what was to be done next was my work4 ,plain duty called me to scale the ditch with some of those dripping1 slippery1 nameless cates ,footnote3 ,cates3 viands2 things to eat4 ,why slippery8 ,nameless4 ,what are they called in the third sentence from the end of the paragraph8 in my fingers and to approach the stranger where she lurked bodeful under her tree4 ,my passage toward her lay over the rank vegetation of the garth1 in whose coarse herbage here and there ,i stumbled upon a limp white form stretched out--a waif the less in the world6 ,i don't say it was a happy passage for me3 it was made to the visible consternation of her ,i wished to befriend4 ,her piteous yellow eyes searched mine for sympathy2 she wanted to tell me something and ,i wouldn't understand6 ,as ,i neared her she shivered and mewed twice4 ,then she limped painfully off--poor soul1 she had but three feet6--to another tree1 leaving behind her1 unwillingly enough1 a much-licked dead kitten4 ,that was what she wanted to tell1 then4 ,as ,i was there1 ,i deposited the garbage by the side of the little corpse1 knowing she would resume her watch1 and retired4 ,my friend who had put up her parcels was prepared to go4 ,she thanked me with a smile as she went out1 looking carefully round lest she had missed out some other night-birds4 ,one of the ,canons had come out of his door and was leaning against the lintel1 thoughtfully rubbing his chin4 ,he was a spare dry man who seemed to have measured life and found it childish business4 ,he jerked his head toward the gateway as he glanced at me4 ,that is a good woman1 he said in ,french1 she lendeth unto the ,lord4444 ,yes1 he went on1 nodding his head slowly backwards and forwards1 lends ,him something every day4 ,the cats were sitting in the shady cloister-garth licking their whiskers3 one was actually cleaning his paw4 ,i went out into the sun thinking of ,saint ,francis and his wolf4 ,footnote3 ,st4 ,francis was born in #aahb in the little town of ,assissi1 ,italy4 ,he came of a rich and noble family1 and was taken into business partnership with his father1 a wealthy merchant1 at the age of fourteen4 ,in his twenty-fourth year he suddenly abandoned his friends and work1 and took up a life of penance and utter poverty4 ,his austerities1 his sincerity1 and his simple eloquence attracted much attention1 and he soon had many followers4 ,later on he founded the ,franciscan ,order of monks1 and did much missionary work by traveling in the ,east4 ,he died at ,assissi in #abbf4 --,,maurice ,,hewlett4 ,footnote3 ,what reference in the first sentence to the sports in the arena of ,rome8 ,notice how many times the author refers to the number of cats4 ,why8 ,is the description of the scene objective or subjective8 ,cf4 ,a ,leaf in the ,storm4 ,notice the suggestiveness of the adjectives as in the reference to ,discrete brown doors on page #g4 ,how do these cats differ from cats as you know them8 ,what qualities have they that you recognize8 ,where does the author indicate that he is about to begin a story8 ,does the author win your sympathy for the cats8 ,how8 ,in what does the humor of the story lie8 ,what is the climax of the story8 ,what do you think of the priest and his comment8 ,does the whole sketch interest you because it describes a strange scene1 or because it raises the question of the humanity of keeping alive one hundred and three cats8 ,,an ,,adventure ,during the expedition to ,upper ,egypt under ,general ,desaix1 a ,provencal ,footnote3 ,provencal4 ,provence was an ancient government of southeastern ,france4 ,it became part of the crown lands in #adha under ,louis ,,xi4 ,the term ,provencals is used loosely to include dwellers in the south of ,france4 soldier1 who had fallen into the clutches of the ,maugrabins1 was marched by these marauders1 these tireless ,arabs1 into the deserts lying beyond the cataracts of the ,nile4 ,so as to put a sufficient distance between themselves and the ,french army1 to insure their greater safety1 the ,maugrabins ,footnote3 ,maugrabins3 a savage tribe of northern ,africa4 made forced marches and rested only during the night4 ,they then encamped around a well shaded by palm-trees1 under which they had previously concealed a store of provisions4 ,never dreaming that their prisoner would think of escaping1 they satisfied themselves by merely tying his hands1 then lay down to sleep1 after having regaled themselves with a few dates and given provender to their horses4 ,when the courageous ,provencal noted that they slept soundly and could no longer watch his movements1 he made use of his teeth to steal a scimitar1 ,footnote3 ,scimitar3 a short ,turkish sword1 carbine3 a short light rifle4 steadied the blade between his knees1 cut through the thongs which bound his hands2 in an instant he was free4 ,he at once seized a carbine and a long dirk1 ,footnote3 ,dirk3 a dagger4 then took the precaution of providing himself with a stock of dried dates1 a small bag of oats1 some powder and bullets1 and hung a scimitar around his waist1 mounted one of the horses and spurred on in the direction in which he supposed the ,french army to be4 ,so impatient was he to see a bivouac ,footnote3 ,bivouac3 an encampment without tents4 again that he pressed on the already tired courser at such a speed that its flanks were lacerated with the spurs1 and soon the poor animal1 utterly exhausted1 fell dead1 leaving the ,frenchman alone in the midst of the desert4 ,after walking for a long time in the sand1 with all the courage and firmness of an escaped convict1 the soldier was obliged to stop1 as the day had already come to an end4 ,despite the beauty of an ,oriental night1 with its exquisite sky1 he felt that he could not1 though he fain would1 continue on his weary way4 ,fortunately he had come to a small eminence1 on the summit of which grew a few palm-trees whose verdure shot into the air and could be seen from afar2 this had brought hope and consolation to his heart4 7,here follows a description of the cave which the soldier finds in the rocks47 ,his fatigue was so great that he threw himself down on a block of granite1 capriciously fashioned ,footnote3 ,capriciously fashioned4 ,explain this term4 by nature into the semblance of a camp-bed1 and1 without taking any precaution for defense1 was soon fast in sleep4 ,in the middle of the night his sleep was disturbed by an extraordinary sound4 ,he sat up2 the profound silence that reigned around enabled him to distinguish the alternating rhythm of a respiration whose savage energy it was impossible could be that of a human being4 ,a terrible terror1 increased yet more by the silence1 the darkness1 his racing fancy1 froze his heart within him4 ,he felt his hair rise on end1 as his eyes1 dilated to their utmost1 perceived through the gloom two faint amber lights4 ,at first he attributed these lights to the delusion of his vision1 but presently the vivid brilliance of the night aided him to gradually distinguish the objects around him in the cave1 when he saw1 within the space of two feet of him1 a huge animal lying at rest4 ,was it a lion8 ,was it a tiger8 ,was it a crocodile8 ,the ,provencal was not sufficiently well educated to know under what sub-species his enemy should be classed2 his fear was but the greater because his ignorance led him to imagine every terror at once4 ,he endured most cruel tortures as he noted every variation of the breathing which was so near him2 he dared not make the slightest movement4 ,an odor1 pungent like that of a fox1 but more penetrating as it were1 more profound1 filled the cavern4 ,when the ,provencal became sensible of this1 his terror reached the climax1 for now he could no longer doubt the proximity of a terrible companion1 whose royal lair ,footnote3 ,royal lair4 ,why royal8 he had utilized as a bivouac4 ,presently the reflection of the moon as it slowly descended to the horizon1 lighted up the den1 rendering gradually visible the gleaming1 resplendent1 and spotted skin of a panther4 ,this lion of ,egypt lay asleep curled up like a great dog1 the peaceful possessor of a kennel at the door of some sumptuous hotel2 its eyes opened for a moment1 then closed again2 its face was turned towards the ,frenchman4 ,a thousand confused thoughts passed through the mind of the tiger's prisoner4 ,should he1 as he at first thought of doing1 kill it with a shot from his carbine8 ,but he saw plainly that there was not room enough in which to take proper aim2 the muzzle would have extended beyond the animal--the bullet would miss the mark4 ,and what if it were to wake6--this fear kept him motionless and rigid4 ,he heard the pulsing of his heart beating in the so dread silence and he cursed the too violent pulsations which his surging blood brought on1 lest they should awaken from sleep the dreadful creature2 that slumber which gave him time to think and plan over his escape4 ,twice did he place his hand upon his scimitar1 intending to cut off his enemy's head2 but the difficulty of severing the close haired skin caused him to renounce this daring attempt4 ,to miss was certain death4 ,he preferred the chance of a fair fight1 and made up his mind to await the daylight4 ,the dawn did not give him long to wait4 ,it came4 ,he could now examine the panther at his ease2 its muzzle was smeared with blood4 ,it's had a good dinner1 he said1 without troubling himself to speculate whether the feast might have been of human flesh or not4 ,it won't be hungry when it wakes4 ,it was a female4 ,the fur on her thighs was glistening white4 ,many small spots like velvet formed beautiful bracelets round her paws2 her sinuous tail was also white1 ending in black rings4 ,the back of her dress was yellow1 like unburnished gold1 very lissome1 ,footnote3 ,lissome3 supple1 nimble4 and soft1 and had the characteristic blotches in the shape of pretty rosettes1 which distinguish the panther from every other species felis4 ,footnote3 ,species felis4 ,latin felis1 a cat4 ,this formidable hostess lay tranquilly snoring in an attitude as graceful and easy as that of a cat on the cushion of an ottoman4 ,her bloody paws1 nervous and well armed1 were stretched out before her head1 which rested on the back of them1 while from her muzzle radiated her straight1 slender whiskers1 like threads of silver4 ,if he had seen her lying thus1 imprisoned in a cage1 the ,provencal would doubtless have admired the grace of the creature and the vivid contrasts of color which gave her robe an imperial splendour2 but just then his sight was jaundiced ,footnote3 ,jaundiced4 ,explain this term4 by sinister forebodings4 ,the presence of the panther1 even asleep1 had the same effect upon him as the magnetic eyes of a snake are said to have on the nightingale4 ,the soldier's courage oozed away in the presence of this silent danger1 though he was a man who gathered courage at the mouth of a cannon belching forth shot and shell4 ,and yet a bold thought brought daylight to his soul and sealed up the source from whence issued the cold sweat which gathered on his brow4 ,like men driven to bay1 who defy death and offer their bodies to the smiter1 so he1 seeing in this merely a tragic episode1 resolved to play his part with honor to the last4 ,the day before yesterday1 said he1 the ,arabs might have killed me4 ,so considering himself as already dead1 he waited bravely1 but with anxious curiosity1 the awakening of his enemy4 ,when the sun appeared the panther suddenly opened her eyes2 then she stretched out her paws with energy1 as if to get rid of cramp4 ,presently she yawned and showed the frightful armament of her teeth1 and the pointed tongue rough as a rasp4 ,she is dainty as a woman1 thought the ,frenchman1 seeing her rolling and turning herself about so softly and coquettishly4 ,she licked off the blood from her paws and muzzle1 and scratched her head with reiterated grace of movement4 ,good1 make your little toilet said the ,frenchman to himself2 he recovered his gayety with his courage4 ,we are presently about to give each other good-morning1 and he felt for the short poniard that he had abstracted from the ,maugrabins4 ,at this instant the panther turned her head toward him and gazed fixedly at him1 without otherwise moving4 ,the rigidity of her metallic eyes and their insupportable lustre made him shudder4 ,the beast approached him2 he looked at her caressingly1 staring into those bright eyes in an effort to magnetize her--to soothe her4 ,he let her come quite close to him before stirring2 then with a gentle movement1 he passed his hand over her whole body1 from the head to the tail1 scratching the flexible vertebrae1 ,footnote3 ,vertebrae3 the bones of the spinal column4 which divided the yellow back of the panther4 ,the animal slightly moved her tail voluptuously1 and her eyes grew soft and gentle2 and when for the third time the ,frenchman had accomplished this interested flattery1 she gave vent to those purrings like as cats express their pleasure2 but it issued from a throat so deep1 so powerful1 that it resounded through the cave like the last chords of an organ rolling along the vaulted roof of a church4 ,the ,provencal seeing the value of his caresses1 redoubled them until they completely soothed and lulled this imperious creature4 ,when he felt assured that he had extinguished the ferocity of his capricious companion1 whose hunger had so luckily been appeased the day before1 he got up to leave the grotto4 ,the panther let him go out1 but when he reached the summit of the little knoll she sprang up and bounded after him with the lightness of a sparrow hopping from twig to twig on a tree1 and rubbed against his legs1 arching her back after the manner of a domestic cat4 ,then regarding her guest with eyes whose glare had somewhat softened1 she gave vent to that wild cry which naturalists compare to the grating of a saw4 ,madame is exacting1 said the ,frenchman1 smiling4 ,he was bold enough to play with her ears2 he stroked her body and scratched her head good and hard with his nails4 ,he was encouraged with his success1 and tickled her skull with the point of his dagger1 watching for an opportune moment to kill her1 but the hardness of the bone made him tremble1 dreading failure4 ,the sultana of the desert ,footnote3 ,why does the author call the tiger the sultana of the desert8 showed herself gracious to her slave2 she lifted her head1 stretched out her neck1 and betrayed her delight by the tranquillity of her relaxed attitude4 ,it suddenly occurred to the soldier that1 to slay this savage princess with one blow1 he must stab deep in the throat4 ,he raised the blade1 when the panther1 satisfied1 no doubt1 threw herself gracefully at his feet and glanced up at him with a look in which1 despite her natural ferocity1 a glimmer of goodwill was apparent4 ,the poor ,provencal1 thus frustrated for the nonce1 ,footnote3 ,for the nonce3 for the present4 ate his dates as he leaned against one of the palm-trees1 casting an interrogating glance from time to time across the desert in quest of some deliverer1 and on his terrible companion1 watching the chance of her uncertain clemency4 ,the panther looked at the place where the date-stones fell2 and each time he threw one1 she examined the ,frenchman with an eye of commercial distrust4 ,footnote3 ,an eye of commercial distrust4 ,explain this term4 ,however1 the examination seemed to be favorable to him1 for1 when he had eaten his frugal meal1 she licked his boots with her powerful1 rough tongue1 cleaning off the dust1 which was caked in the wrinkles1 in a marvellous manner4 ,ah6 but how when she is really hungry8 thought the ,provencal4 ,in spite of the shudder caused by this thought1 his attention was curiously drawn to the symmetrical proportions of the animal1 which was certainly one of the most splendid specimens of its race4 ,he began to measure them with his eye4 ,she was three feet in height at the shoulders and four feet in length1 not counting her tail2 this powerful weapon was nearly three feet long1 and rounded like a cudgel4 ,the head1 large as that of a lioness1 was distinguished by an intelligent1 crafty expression4 ,the cold cruelty of the tiger dominated1 and yet it bore a vague resemblance to the face of a woman4 ,footnote3 ,face of a woman4 ,the creature1 part tiger and part woman1 suggests what famous monument8 ,indeed1 the countenance of this solitary queen had something of the gayety of a ,nero ,footnote3 ,nero3 a ,roman ,emperor notorious for his cruelty4 in his cups2 her thirst for blood was slaked1 now she wished for amusement4 ,the soldier tried if he might walk up and down1 the panther left him freedom1 contenting herself with following him with her eyes1 less like a faithful dog watching his master's movements with affectionate solicitude1 than a huge ,angora cat uneasy and suspicious of every movement4 ,when he looked around1 he saw1 by the spring1 the carcass of his horse2 the panther had dragged the remains all that distance1 and had eaten about two-thirds of it already4 ,the sight reassured the ,frenchman1 it made it easy to explain the panther's absence and the forbearance she had shown him while he slept4 ,this first good-luck emboldened the soldier to think of the future4 ,he conceived the wild idea of continuing on good terms with his companion and to share her home1 to try every means to tame her1 and endeavoring to turn her good graces to his account4 ,with these thoughts he returned to her side1 and had the unspeakable joy of seeing her wag her tail with an almost imperceptible motion as he approached4 ,he sat down beside her1 fearlessly1 and they began to play together4 ,he took her paws and muzzle1 twisted her ears1 and stroked her warm1 delicate flanks4 ,she allowed him to do whatever he liked1 and1 when he began to stroke the fur on her feet1 she carefully drew in her murderously savage claws1 which were sharp and curved like a ,damascus sword4 ,footnote3 ,damascus sword3 ,a ,damascus blade was famed for its excellence4 ,the ,frenchman kept one hand on his poniard1 and thought to watch his chance to plunge it into the belly of the too confiding animal2 but he was fearful lest he might be strangled in her last convulsive struggles2 beside this1 he felt in his heart a sort of remorse which bade him respect this hitherto inoffensive creature that had done him no hurt4 ,he seemed to have found a friend in the boundless desert1 and1 half-unconsciously1 his mind reverted to his old sweetheart whom he had1 in derision1 nicknamed ,mignonne4 ,this recollection of his youthful days suggested the idea of making the panther answer to this name1 now that he began to admire with less fear her graceful swiftness1 agility1 and softness4 ,toward the close of the day he had so familiarized himself with his perilous position that he was half in love with his dangerous situation and its painfulness4 ,at last his companion had grown so far tamed that she had caught the habit of looking up at him whenever he called in a falsetto voice1 ,mignonne4 ,from that time the desert was inhabited for him4 ,it contained a being to whom he could talk and whose ferocity was now lulled into gentleness1 although he could not explain to himself this strange friendship4 ,anxious as he was to keep awake and on guard1 as it were1 he gradually succumbed to his excessive fatigue of body and mind2 he threw himself on the floor of the cave and slept soundly4 ,on awakening ,mignonne was absent2 he climbed the hillock and afar off saw her returning in the long bounds characteristic of those animals who cannot run owing to the extreme flexibility of the vertebral column4 ,mignonne arrived with bloody jaws2 she received the wonted caresses1 the tribute her slave hastened to pay1 and showed by her purring how transported she was4 ,her eyes1 full of languor1 rested more kindly on the ,provencal than on the previous day1 and he addressed her as he would have done a domestic animal4 ,ah6 mademoiselle1 you're a nice girl1 ain't you8 ,just see now6 we like to be petted1 don't we8 ,are you not ashamed of yourself8 ,so you've been eating some ,arab or other1 eh8 ,well1 that doesn't matter4 ,they're animals1 the same as you are2 but don't take to crunching up a ,frenchman1 bear that in mind1 or ,i shall not love you any longer4 ,she played like a dog with its master1 allowing herself to be rolled over1 knocked about1 stroked1 and the rest1 alternately2 at times she would coax him to play by putting her paw upon his knee and making a pretty gesture of solicitation4 ,one day1 under a bright midday sun1 a great bird hovered in the sky4 ,the ,provencal left his panther to gaze at this new guest2 but after pausing for a moment the deserted sultana uttered a deep growl4 ,god take me6 ,i do believe that she is jealous1 he cried1 seeing the rigid look appearing again in the metallic eyes4 ,the soul of ,virginie has passed into her body1 that's sure6 ,the eagle disappeared in the ether1 and the soldier admired her again1 recalled by the panther's evident displeasure1 her rounded flanks1 and the perfect grace of her attitude4 ,there was youth and grace in her form4 ,the blonde fur of her robe shaded1 with delicate gradations1 to the dead-white tones of her furry thighs2 the vivid sunshine brought out in its fulness the brilliancy of this living gold and its variegated brown spots with indescribable lustre4 ,the ,provencal and the panther looked at each other with a look pregnant with meaning4 ,she trembled with delight 7the coquettish creature7 when she felt her friend scratch the strong bones of her skull with his nails4 ,her eyes glittered like lightning-flashes--then she closed them tightly4 ,she has a soul6 cried he1 looking at the stillness of this queen of the sands1 golden like them1 white as their waving light1 solitary and burning as themselves4 7,here the narrative breaks off somewhat abruptly and continues in the first person--that of the soldier47 ,suddenly she turned on me in a fury1 seizing my thigh with her sharp teeth1 and yet 7,i thought of this afterwards7 not cruelly4 ,i imagined that she intended devouring me1 and ,i plunged my poniard in her throat4 ,she rolled over with a cry that rent my soul2 she looked at me in her death-struggle1 but without anger4 ,i would have given the whole world--my cross1 which ,i had not yet gained1 all1 everything--to restore her life to her4 ,it was as if ,i had assassinated a real human being1 a friend4 ,when the soldiers who had seen my flag came to my rescue they found me in tears4 ,ah6 well1 monsieur1 ,i went through the wars in ,germany1 ,spain1 ,russia1 and ,france2 ,i have marched my carcass well-nigh the world over1 but ,i have seen nothing comparable to the desert4 --,,honore ,,de ,,balzac 7adapted74 ,footnote3 ,note the detailed description4 ,does it add to the reality of the scene8 ,does the author succeed in making the panther appeal to our sympathy8 ,does the story seem plausible or merely fantastic8 ,where do you find surprises in the story that add to its interest8 ,,for ,,those ,,who ,,love ,,music ,i had engaged him by the year4 ,twice a week he came and went through his whole repertoire1 and lately1 out of sympathy for me1 he would play the ,miserere of the ,trovatore1 ,footnote3 ,miserere of the ,trovatore4 ,trovatore is an opera by ,verdi4 which was his show piece1 twice over4 ,he stood there in the middle of the street looking steadfastly up at my windows while he played1 and when he had finished he would take off his hat with an ,addio1 ,signor6 ,footnote3 ,addio ,signer3 ,good-by1 ,sir4 ,it is well known that the barrel-organ1 like the violin1 gets a fuller and more sympathetic tone the older it is4 ,the old artist had an excellent instrument1 not of the modern noisy type which imitates a whole orchestra with flutes and bells and beats of drums1 but a melancholy old-fashioned barrel-organ ,footnote3 ,a melancholy barrel organ4 ,what does the author mean by this8 which knew how to lend a dreamy mystery to the gayest allegretto1 ,footnote3 ,allegretto3 lively1 a musical term to denote the tempo of a composition4 and in whose proudest tempo di ,marcia ,footnote3 ,tempo di ,marcia3 marching time4 there sounded an unmistakable undertone of resignation4 ,and in the tenderer pieces of the repertoire1 where the melody1 muffled and staggering like a cracked old human voice1 groped its way amongst the rusty pipes of the treble1 then there was a trembling in the bass like suppressed sobs4 ,now and then the voice of the tired organ failed it completely1 and then the old man would resignedly turn the handle during some bars of rest more touching in their eloquent silence than any music4 ,true1 the instrument was itself very expressive1 but the old man had surely his share in the sensation of melancholy which came over me whenever ,i heard his music4 ,he had his beat in the poor quarter behind the ,jardin des ,plantes1 ,footnote3 ,jardin des ,plantes3 the botanical garden4 and many times during my solitary rambles up there had ,i stopped and taken my place among the scanty audience of ragged street boys which surrounded him4 ,it was not difficult to see that times were hard--the old man's clothes were doubtful1 and the pallor of poverty lay over his withered features1 where ,i read the story of a long life of failure4 ,he came from the mountains around ,monte ,cassino1 ,footnote3 ,monte ,cassino3 a monastery on a hill near ,cassino1 ,italy1 about forty-five miles from ,naples4 so he informed me1 but where the monkey hailed from ,i never quite got to know4 ,thus we met from time to time during my rambles in the poor quarters4 ,had ,i a moment to spare ,i stopped for a while to listen to a tune or two1 as ,i saw that it gratified the old man1 and since ,i always carried a lump of sugar in my pocket for any dog acquaintance ,i might possibly meet1 ,i soon made friends with the monkey also4 ,the relations between the little monkey and her impressario ,footnote3 ,impressario3 the conductor of an opera or a concert4 were unusually cordial1 and this notwithstanding that she had completely failed to fulfil the expectations which had been founded upon her--she had never been able to learn a single trick1 the old man told me4 ,thus all attempts at education had long ago been abandoned1 and she sat there huddled together on her barrel-organ and did nothing at all4 ,her face was sad1 like that of most animals1 and her thoughts were far away4 ,but now and then she woke up from her dreams1 and her eyes could then take a suspicious1 almost malignant expression1 as they lit upon some of the street boys who crowded round her tribune ,footnote3 ,round her tribune3 a curious use of this word1 which means a pulpit or bench from which speeches were made4 and tried to pull her tail1 which stuck out from her little gold-laced garibaldi4 ,footnote3 ,garibaldi3 a jacket which took its name from its likeness in shape to the red shirt worn by the ,italian patriot ,garibaldi4 ,to me she was always very amiable2 confidently she laid her wrinkled hand in mine and absently she accepted the little attentions ,i was able to offer her4 ,she was very fond of sweetmeats1 and burnt almonds were1 in her opinion1 the most delectable thing in the world4 ,since the old man had once recognized his musical friend on a balcony of the ,hotel de ,l',avenir1 ,footnote3 ,hotel de ,l',avenir3 literally1 ,hotel of the ,future4 he often came and played under my windows4 ,later on he became engaged1 as already said1 to come regularly and play twice a week1--it may1 perhaps1 appear superfluous for one who was studying medicine1 but the old man's terms were so small1 and you know ,i have always been so fond of music4 ,besides it was the only recreation at hand--,i was working to take my degree in the spring4 ,so passed the autumn1 and the hard times came4 ,the rich tried on the new winter fashions1 and the poor shivered with the cold4 ,it became more and more difficult for well-gloved hands to leave the warm muff or the fur-lined coat to take out a copper for the beggar1 and more and more desperate became the struggle for bread amongst the problematical existences ,footnote3 ,the problematical existences4 ,explain this expression4 of the street4 ,now and then ,i came across my friend1 and we always had1 as before1 a kind word for one another4 ,he was now1 wrapped up in an old ,abruzzi cloak1 ,footnote3 ,abruzzi cloak4 ,abruzzi is a division of western ,italy including three provinces4 and ,i noticed that the greater the cold became the faster did he turn the handle to keep himself warm2 and towards ,december the ,miserere itself was performed in allegretto4 ,the monkey had now become civilian1 and wrapped up her little thin body in a long ulster such as ,englishmen wear2 but she was fearfully cold notwithstanding1 and1 forgetful of all etiquette1 more and more often she jumped from the barrel-organ and crept in under the old man's cloak4 ,and while they were suffering out there in the cold ,i sat at home in my cosy1 warm room1 and instead of helping them1 ,i forgot all about them1 more and more taken up as ,i was with my coming examination1 with no thought but for myself4 ,and then one day ,i suddenly left my lodgings and removed to the ,hotel ,dieu to take the place of a comrade1 and weeks passed before ,i put my foot out of the hospital4 ,i remember it so well1 it was on ,new ,year's ,day we met each other again4 ,i was crossing the ,place de ,notre ,dame1 ,footnote3 ,place de ,notre ,dame4 ,the square in front of ,notre ,dame ,cathedral4 mass was just over1 and the people were streaming out of the old cathedral4 ,as usual1 a row of beggars was standing before the door1 imploring the charity of the church-goers4 ,at the farther end1 and at some distance from the others1 an old man stood with bent head and outstretched hat1 and with painful surprise ,i recognized my friend in his threadbare old coat without the ,abruzzi cloak1 without the barrel-organ1 without the monkey4 ,my first impulse was to go up to him1 but an uneasy feeling of ,i do not know what held me back2 ,i felt that ,i blushed and ,i did not move from my place4 ,every now and then a passer-by stopped for a moment and made as if to search his pockets1 but ,i did not see a single copper fall into the old man's hat4 ,the place became gradually deserted1 and one beggar after another trotted off with his little earnings4 ,at last a child came out of the church1 led by a gentleman in mourning2 the child pointed towards the old man1 and then ran up to him and laid a silver coin in his hat4 ,the old man humbly bowed his head in thanks1 and even ,i1 with my unfortunate absent-mindedness1 was very nearly thanking the little donor also1 so pleased was ,i4 ,my friend carefully wrapped up the precious gift in an old pocket-handkerchief1 and stooping forward1 as if still carrying the barrel-organ on his back1 he walked off4 ,i happened to be quite free that morning1 and thinking that a little walk before luncheon could do me no harm after the hospital air1 ,i followed him at a short distance across the ,seine4 ,footnote3 ,seine4 ,paris is on the ,river ,seine4 buon giorno3 ,good day4 ,once or twice ,i nearly caught him up1 and all but tapped him on the shoulder1 with a ,buon giorno1 ,don ,gaetano6 ,yet1 without exactly knowing why1 ,i drew back at the last moment and let him get a few paces ahead of me again4 ,we had just crossed the ,place ,maubert ,footnote3 ,place ,maubert3 ,boulevard ,st4 ,germain3 streets in ,paris4 and turned into the ,boulevard ,st4 ,germain2 the boulevard was full of people1 so that1 without being noticed1 ,i could approach him quite close4 ,he was standing before an elegant confectioners' shop1 and to my surprise he entered without hesitation4 ,i took up my position before the shop window1 alongside some shivering street arabs ,footnote3 ,street ,arabs4 ,what is meant by this term8 who stood there1 absorbed in the contemplation of the unattainable delicacies within1 and ,i watched the old man carefully untie his pocket-handkerchief and lay the little girl's gift upon the counter4 ,i had hardly time to draw back before he came out with a red paper bag of sweets in his hand1 and with rapid steps he started off in the direction of the ,jardin des ,plantes4 ,i was very much astonished at what ,i had seen1 and my curiosity made me follow him4 ,he slackened his pace at one of the little slums behind ,hopital de la ,pitie1 ,footnote3 ,hopital de la ,pitie3 literally1 ,hospital of ,pity4 and ,i saw him disappear into a dirty old house4 ,i waited outside a minute or two and then ,i groped my way through the pitch-dark entrance1 climbed up a filthy staircase1 and found a door slightly ajar4 ,an icy1 dark room1 in the middle three ragged little children crouched together around a half-extinct braziero1 ,footnote3 ,brazier3 a pan for burning coals4 ,tuscan4 ,tuscany is one of the divisions of northern ,italy4 in the corner the only furniture in the room--a clean iron bedstead1 with crucifix and rosary hung on the wall above it1 and by the window an image of the ,madonna adorned with gaudy paper flowers2 ,i was in ,italy1 in my poor1 exiled ,italy4 ,and in the purest ,tuscan the eldest sister informed me that ,don ,gaetano lived in the garret4 ,i went up there and knocked1 but got no answer1 so ,i opened the door myself4 ,the room was brightly lit by a blazing fire4 ,with his back towards the door1 ,don ,gaetano was on his knees before the stove busy heating a saucepan over the fire2 beside him on the floor lay an old mattress with the well-known ,abruzzi cloak thrown over it1 and close by1 spread out on a newspaper1 were various delicacies--an orange1 walnuts1 and raisins1 and there also was the red paper bag4 ,don ,gaetano dropped a lump of sugar into the saucepan1 stirred it with a stick1 and in a persuasive voice ,i heard him say1 ,che bella roba1 che bella roba1 quanto e buono questa latte con lo zucchero6 ,non piange anima mia1 adesso siamo pronti6 ,footnote3 ,what nice things1 what nice things1 how good this milk with sugar is6 ,don't cry1 my darling1 it is ready now6 ,a slight rustling was heard beneath the ,abruzzi cloak and a black little hand was stretched out toward the red paper bag4 ,primo il latte1 primo il latte admonished the old man4 ,non importa1 piglio tu una1 ,footnote3 ,the milk first1 the milk first--never mind1 take one4 he repeated1 and took a big burnt almond out of the paper bag2 the little hand disappeared1 and a crunching was heard under the cloak4 ,don ,gaetano poured the warm milk in a saucer1 and then he carefully lifted up a corner of the cloak4 ,there lay the poor little monkey with heaving breast and eyes glowing with fever4 ,her face had become so small and her complexion was ashy gray4 ,the old man took her on his knees1 and tenderly as a mother he poured some spoonfuls of the warm milk into her mouth4 ,she looked with indifferent eyes towards the delicacies on the table1 and absently she let her fingers pass through her master's beard4 ,she was so tired that she could hardly hold her head up1 and now and then she coughed so that her thin little body trembled1 and she pressed both her hands to her temples4 ,don ,gaetano shook his head sadly1 and carefully laid the little invalid back under the cloak4 ,a feeble blush spread over the old man's face as he caught sight of me4 ,i told him that ,i happened to be passing by just as he was entering his house1 and that ,i took the liberty of following him upstairs in order to bid him good-morning and to give him my new address1 in the hope that he would come and play to me as before4 ,i involuntarily looked round for the barrel-organ as ,i spoke1 and ,don ,gaetano1 who understood1 informed me that he no longer played the organ--he sang4 ,i glanced at the precious pile of wood beside the fire-place1 at the new blanket that hung before the window to keep out the draught1 at the delicacies on the newspaper--and ,i also understood4 ,the monkey had been ill three weeks--la febbre1 ,footnote3 ,la febbre3 the fever4 explained the old man4 ,we knelt one on each side of the bed1 and the sick animal looked at me with her mute prayer for help4 ,her nose was hot1 as it is with sick children and dogs1 her face wrinkled like that of an old1 old woman1 and her eyes had got quite a human expression4 ,her breathing was so short1 and we could hear how it rattled in her throat4 ,the diagnosis was not difficult--she had consumption4 ,now and again she stretched out her thin arms as if she implored us to help her1 and ,don ,gaetano thought that she did so because she wished to be bled4 ,i would willingly have given in in this case1 although opposed in principle to this treatment1 if ,i had thought it possible that any benefit could have been derived from it2 but ,i knew only too well how unlikely this was1 and ,i tried my best to make ,don ,gaetano understand it4 ,unhappily ,i did not know myself what there was to be done4 ,i had at that time a friend amongst the keepers of the monkey-house in the ,jardin des ,plantes1 and the same night he came with me to have a look at her2 he said that there was nothing to be done1 and that there was no hope4 ,and he was right4 ,for one week more the fire blazed in ,don ,gaetano's garret1 then it was left to go out1 and it became cold and dark as before in the old man's home4 ,true1 he got his barrel-organ out from the pawn-shop1 and now and then a copper fell into his hat4 ,he did not die of starvation1 and that was about all he asked of life4 ,the spring came and ,i left ,paris2 and ,god knows what become of ,don ,gaetano4 ,if you happen to hear a melancholy old barrel-organ in the courtyard1 go to the window and give a penny to the poor errant ,footnote3 ,errant3 wandering4 musician--perhaps it is ,don ,gaetano6 ,if you find that his organ disturbs you1 try if you like it1 better by making him stand a little farther off1 but don't send him away with harshness6 ,he has to bear so many hard words as it is2 why should not we then be a little kind to him--we who love music8 --,,axel ,,munthe 7adapted74 ,footnote3 ,what interested the author in the old organ-grinder8 ,what was the music like8 ,explain the title of the story4 ,by what incidents does the author show the unselfish devotion of the old musician for his pet8 ,was his pet winning or lovable8 ,why did the old man care so much for it8 ,is the picture of the old man dignified or sordid8 ,why8 ,point out instances of dramatic contrast4 ,are the descriptions in the story simple or elaborate8 ,,out ,,of ,,doors ,st4 ,guido ,footnote3 ,saint ,guido was a fanciful name given to the little boy because his shock of golden curls looked like the nimbus around a saint's head4 ran out at the garden gate into a sandy lane1 and down the lane till he came to a grassy bank4 ,he caught hold of the bunches of grass and so pulled himself up4 ,there was a footpath on the top which went straight in between fir-trees1 and as he ran along they stood on each side of him like green walls4 ,they were very near together1 and even at the top the space between them was so narrow that the sky seemed to come down1 and the clouds to be sailing but just over them1 as if they would catch and tear in the fir-trees4 ,the path was so little used that it had grown green1 and as he ran he knocked dead branches out of his way4 ,just as he was getting tired of running he reached the end of the path1 and came out into a wheat-field4 ,the wheat did not grow very closely1 and the spaces were filled with azure corn-flowers4 ,st4 ,guido thought he was safe away now1 so he stopped to look4 ,there were the fir-trees behind him--a thick wall of green--hedges on the right and left1 and the wheat sloped down towards an ash-copse in the hollow4 ,no one was in the field1 only the fir-trees1 the green hedges1 the yellow1 wheat1 and the sun overhead4 ,guido kept quite still1 because he expected that in a minute the magic would begin1 and something would speak to him4 ,his cheeks1 which had been flushed with running1 grew less hot1 but ,i cannot tell you the exact color they were2 for his skin was so white and clear1 it would not tan under the sun1 yet being always out of doors it had taken the faintest tint of golden brown mixed with rosiness4 ,his blue eyes which had been wide open1 as they always were when full of mischief1 became softer1 and his long eyelashes drooped over them4 ,but as the magic did not begin1 ,guido walked on slowly into the wheat1 which rose nearly to his head1 though it was not yet so tall as it would be before the reapers came4 ,he did not break any of the stalks1 or bend them down and step on them2 he passed between them1 and they yielded on either side4 ,the wheat-ears were pale gold1 having only just left off their green1 and they surrounded him on all sides as if he were bathing4 ,a butterfly painted a velvety red with white spots came floating along the surface of the corn1 ,footnote3 ,corn4 ,in ,england corn means wheat1 or sometimes rye or barley or oats4 ,what we call corn the ,english call maize4 and played round his cap1 which was a little higher1 and was so tinted by the sun that the butterfly was inclined to settle on it4 ,guido put up his hand to catch the butterfly1 forgetting his secret in his desire to touch it4 ,the butterfly was too quick--with a snap of his wings1 disdainfully mocking the idea of catching him1 away he went4 ,guido nearly stepped on a humble-bee--buzz-zz6 the bee was so alarmed he actually crept up ,guido's knickers to the knee1 and even then knocked himself against a wheat-ear when he started to fly4 ,guido kept quite still while the humble-bee was on his knee1 knowing that he should not be stung if he did not move4 ,he knew1 too1 that humble-bees have stings though people often say they have not1 and the reason people think they do not possess them is because humble-bees are so good-natured and never sting unless they are very much provoked4 ,another bumble-bee went over along the tips of the wheat--burr-rr--as he passed2 then a scarlet fly1 and next a bright yellow wasp who was telling a friend flying behind him that he knew where there was such a capital piece of wood to bite up into tiny pieces and make into paper for the nest in the thatch1 but his friend wanted to go to the house because there was a pear quite ripe there on the wall4 ,next came a moth1 and after the moth a golden fly1 and three gnats1 and a mouse ran along the dry ground with a curious sniffing rustle close to ,guido4 ,a shrill cry came down out of the air1 and looking up he saw two swifts ,footnote3 ,swifts3 swallows4 turning circles1 and as they passed each other they shrieked--their voices were so shrill they shrieked4 ,they were only saying that in a month their little swifts in the slates would be able to fly4 ,while he sat so quiet on the ground and hidden by the wheat1 he heard a cuckoo such a long way off it sounded like a watch when it is covered up4 ,cuckoo did not come full and distinct--it was such a tiny little cuckoo caught in the hollow of ,guido's ear4 ,the cuckoo must have been a mile away4 ,suddenly he thought something went over1 and yet he did not see it--perhaps it was the shadow--and he looked up and saw a large bird not very far up1 not farther than he could fling1 or shoot his arrows1 and the bird was fluttering his wings1 but did not move away farther1 as if he had been tied in the air4 ,guido knew it was a hawk1 and the hawk was staying there to see if there was a mouse or a little bird in the wheat4 ,after a minute the hawk stopped fluttering and lifted his wings together as a butterfly does when he shuts his1 and down the hawk came1 straight into the corn4 ,go away6 shouted ,guido jumping up1 and flinging his cap1 and the hawk1 dreadfully frightened and terribly cross1 checked himself and rose again with an angry rush4 ,so the mouse escaped1 but ,guido could not find his cap for some time4 ,then he went on1 and still the ground sloping sent him down the hill till he came close to the copse4 ,some sparrows came out from the copse1 ,footnote3 ,copse3 a wood of small trees4 and he stopped and saw one of them perch on a stalk of wheat1 with one foot above the other sideways1 so that he could pick at the ear and get the corn4 ,guido watched the sparrow clear the ear1 then he moved1 and the sparrows flew back to the copse1 where they chattered at him for disturbing them4 ,there was a ditch between the corn and the copse1 and a streamlet2 he picked up a stone and threw it in1 and the splash frightened a rabbit1 who slipped over the bank and into a hole4 ,the boughs of an oak reached out across to the corn1 and made so pleasant a shade that ,guido1 who was very hot from walking in the sun1 sat down on the bank of the streamlet with his feet dangling over it1 and watched the floating grass sway slowly as the water ran4 ,gently he leaned back till his back rested on the sloping ground--he raised one knee1 and left the other foot over the verge where the tip of the tallest rushes touched it4 ,before he had been there a minute he remembered the secret which a fern had taught him4 ,first1 if he wanted to know anything1 or to hear a story1 or what the grass was saying1 or the oak-leaves singing1 he must be careful not to interfere as he had done just now with the butterfly by trying to catch him4 ,fortunately1 that butterfly was a nice butterfly1 and very kindhearted1 but sometimes1 if you interfered with one thing1 it would tell another thing1 and they would all know in a moment1 and stop talking1 and never say a word4 ,once1 while they were all talking pleasantly1 ,guido caught a fly in his hand2 he felt his hand tickle as the fly stepped on it1 and he shut up his little fist so quickly he caught the fly in the hollow between the palm and his fingers4 ,the fly went buzz1 and rushed to get out1 but ,guido laughed1 so the fly buzzed again1 and just told the grass1 and the grass told the bushes1 and everything knew in a moment1 and ,guido never heard another word all that day4 ,yet sometimes now they all knew something about him2 they would go on talking4 ,you see1 they all rather petted and spoiled him4 ,next1 if ,guido did not hear them conversing1 the fern said he must touch a little piece of grass and put it against his cheek1 or a leaf1 and kiss it1 and say1 ,leaf1 leaf1 tell them ,i am here4 ,now1 while he was lying down1 and the tip of the rushes touched his foot1 he remembered this1 so he moved the rush with his foot and said1 ,rush1 rush1 tell them ,i am here4 ,immediately there came a little wind1 and the wheat swung to and fro1 the oak-leaves rustled1 the rushes bowed1 and the shadows slipped forwards and back again4 ,then it was still4 --,,richard ,,jefferies 7adapted74 ,footnote3 ,whore do you imagine this scene is laid8 ,what things in the text suggest this8 ,do you get a single picture1 or a rapid succession of pictures8 ,which is the author really giving you3 nature as it is1 or as it seems to the boy8 ,has any of it ever seemed so to you8 ,note the appeal to sight1 hearing1 and touch2 note the use of color4 ,does the author show a love for1 and knowledge of1 nature8 ,select the passages in which the sympathy between the boy and all nature is dwelt on4 ,,the ,,taboo ,there is a marked similarity1 almost an identity1 between the religious institutions of most of the ,polynesian islands2 ,footnote3 ,polynesian ,islands3 in the ,pacific1 just east of ,australia4 and in all exists the mysterious ,taboo1 restricted in its uses to a greater or less extent4 ,so strange and complex in its arrangements is this remarkable system1 that ,i have in several cases met with individuals who1 after residing for years among the islands in the ,pacific1 and acquiring a considerable knowledge of the language1 have nevertheless been altogether unable to give any satisfactory account of its operations4 ,situated as ,i was in the ,typce valley1 ,i perceived every hour the effects of this all-controlling power1 without in the least comprehending it4 ,those effects were indeed wide-spread and universal1 pervading the most important as well as the minutest transactions of life4 ,the savage1 in short1 lives in the continual observance of its dictates1 which guide and control every action of his being4 ,for several days after entering the valley1 ,i had been saluted at least fifty times in the twenty-four hours with the talismanic ,footnote3 ,talismanic3 having the properties of a charm4 word ,taboo shrieked in my ears1 at some gross violation of its provisions1 of which ,i had unconsciously been guilty4 ,the day after our arrival ,i happened to hand some tobacco to ,toby over the head of a native who sat between us4 ,he started up as if stung by an adder2 while the whole company1 manifesting an equal degree of horror1 simultaneously screamed out ,taboo6 ,i never again perpetrated a similar piece of ill-manners1 which indeed was forbidden by the canons of good breeding as well as by the mandates of the taboo4 ,but it was not always so easy to perceive wherein you had contravened ,footnote3 ,contravened3 come into conflict with4 the spirit of this institution4 ,i was many times called to order1 if ,i may use the phrase1 when ,i could not for the life of me conjecture what particular offense ,i had committed4 ,one day ,i was strolling through a secluded portion of the valley2 and hearing the musical sound of the cloth-mallet at a little distance1 ,i turned down a path that conducted me in a few moments to a house where there were some half-dozen girls employed in making tappa4 ,footnote3 ,tappa3 a kind of cloth made from the inner bark of the paper mulberry4 ,this was an operation ,i had frequently witnessed1 and had handled the bark in all the various stages of its preparation4 ,on the present occasion the females were intent upon their occupation2 and after looking up and talking gayly to me for a few moments1 they resumed their employment4 ,i regarded them for awhile in silence1 and then carelessly picking up a handful of the material that lay around1 proceeded unconsciously to pick it apart4 ,while thus engaged1 ,i was suddenly startled by a scream1 like that of a whole boarding-school of young ladies just on the point of going into hysterics4 ,leaping up with the idea of seeing a score of ,happar warriors about to perform anew the ,sabine atrocity1 ,footnote3 ,sabine atrocity3 referring to the carrying off of the ,sabine women by the ,romans in the legendary history of early ,rome4 ,i found myself confronted by the company of girls1 who1 having dropped their work1 stood before me with staring eyes1 swelling bosoms1 and fingers pointed in horror towards me4 ,thinking that some venomous reptile must be concealed in the bark which ,i held in my hand1 ,i began cautiously to separate and examine it4 ,whilst ,i did so the horrified girls redoubled their shrieks4 ,their wild cries and frightened motions actually alarmed me2 and throwing down the tappa1 ,i was about to rush from the house1 when in the same instant their clamors ceased1 and one of them1 seizing me by the arm1 pointed to the broken fibres that had just fallen from my grasp1 and screamed in my ear the fatal word ,taboo6 ,i subsequently found out that the fabric they were engaged in making was of a peculiar kind1 destined to be worn on the heads of females2 and through every stage of its manufacture was guarded by a rigorous taboo1 which interdicted the whole masculine gender from even so much as touching it4 ,frequently in walking through the groves1 ,i observed bread-fruit and cocoanut trees with a wreath of leaves twined in a peculiar fashion about their trunks4 ,this was the mark of the taboo4 ,the trees themselves1 their fruit1 and even the shadows they cast upon the ground1 were consecrated by its presence4 ,in the same way a pipe which the ,king had bestowed upon me was rendered sacred in the eyes of the natives1 none of whom could ,i ever prevail upon to smoke from it4 ,the bowl was encircled by a woven band of grass1 somewhat resembling those ,turks' heads occasionally worked in the handles of our whip-stalks4 ,a similar badge was once braided about my wrist by the royal hand of ,mehevi himself1 who1 as soon as he had concluded the operation1 pronounced me ,taboo4 ,this occurred shortly after ,toby's disappearance2 and were it not that from the first moment ,i had entered the valley the natives had treated me with uniform kindness1 ,i should have supposed that their conduct afterwards was to be ascribed to the fact that ,i had received this sacred investiture4 --,,herman ,,melville4 ,footnote3 ,the author1 ,herman ,melville1 was born in ,new ,york in #ahai4 ,in his youth he ran away from home and became a sailor on a whaling vessel4 ,escaping from the cruel tyranny of the captain1 he reached the ,marquesas ,islands1 where he had strange adventures as the captive of a tribe of cannibals in the ,typee ,valley4 ,he lived here many months1 and finally returned home in an ,australian ship4 ,footnote3 ,many writers on the customs of primitive people suppose the taboo to be the earliest form of law4 ,it is commonly imposed by the king or the high priest of the tribe4 ,does the taboo here seem to you to be a matter of law or religion8 ,have we any taboos in our social system8 ,what do we mean when we say of an act or a thing that it is taboo1 or tabooed8 ,does ceremoniousness increase or decrease with civilization8 ,,school ,,days ,,at ,,the ,,convent ,i waited for night and supper very impatiently4 ,recreation time began as soon as we left the refectory4 ,footnote3 ,refectory3 the dining hall4 ,in summer the two classes went to the garden4 ,in winter each class went to its own room3 the seniors to their fine and spacious study2 we to our forlorn quarters1 where there was no room to play1 and where our teacher forced us to amuse ourselves quietly1--that is1 not at all4 ,leaving the refectory always made a momentary confusion1 and ,i admired the way the devils of the two classes managed to create the slight disorder under whose favor one could easily escape4 ,the cloister ,footnote3 ,cloister3 the covered arched passage on the side of a court4 had but one little lamp to light it3 this left the other three galleries in semi-darkness4 ,instead of walking straight ahead towards the juniors' room1 you stepped to the left1 let the flock pass on1 and you were free4 ,i did so1 and found myself in the dark with my friend ,mary and the other devils she had told me would be there4 ,they were all armed1 some with logs1 others with tongs4 ,i had nothing1 but was bold enough to go to the school-room1 get a poker1 and return to my accomplices without being noticed4 ,then they initiated me into the great secret1 and we started on our expedition4 ,the great secret was the traditional legend of the convent3 a dream handed down from generation to generation1 and from devil to devil1 for about two centuries2 a romantic fiction which may have had some foundation of truth at the beginning1 but now rested merely on the needs of our imagination4 ,its object was to deliver the victim4 ,there was a prisoner1 some said several prisoners1 shut up somewhere in an impenetrable retreat3 either a cell hidden and bricked up in the thickness of the walls1 or in a dungeon under the vaults of the immense sub-basements extending beneath the monastery as well as under a great part of the ,saint-,victor district4 ,there were indeed magnificent cellars there1--a real subterranean city1 whose limits we never found1--and they had many mysterious outlets at different points within the vast area of the inclosure4 ,we were told that at a great distance off1 these cellars joined the excavations running under the greater part of ,paris and the surrounding country as far as ,vincennes4 ,footnote3 ,vincennes3 a town about two miles from ,paris4 ,they said that by following our convent cellars you could reach the ,catacombs1 ,footnote3 ,catacombs3 subterranean passages4 the quarries1 the baths of ,julian1 ,footnote3 ,baths of ,julian3 a ,roman emperor of the fourth century4 and what not4 ,these vaults were the key to a world of darkness1 terrors1 mysteries3 an immense abyss dug beneath our feet1 closed by iron gates1 whose exploration was as perilous as the descent into hell of ,a,eneas or ,dante4 ,for this reason it was absolutely imperative to get there1 in spite of the insurmountable difficulties of the enterprise1 and the terrible punishments the discovery of our secret would provoke4 ,entering these subterranean domains was one of those unhoped-for strokes of good luck that occurred once1 or at most twice1 in the life of a devil1 after years of perseverance and mental effort4 ,it was of no use thinking of getting in by the main door4 ,that door was at the bottom of a wide staircase next to the kitchens1 which were cellars too2 and here the lay sisters ,footnote3 ,lay sisters3 the nuns who are not in holy orders4 congregated4 ,but we were sure that the vaults could be reached by a thousand other ways1 even by the roof4 ,according to us1 every nailed-up door1 every dark corner under a staircase1 every hollow-sounding wall1 might communicate mysteriously with the subterranean region2 and we looked for that communication most earnestly up to the very attic4 ,i had read ,mrs4 ,radcliffe's ,castle of the ,pyrenees ,footnote3 ,castle of the ,pyrenees4 ,mrs4 ,radcliffe's novels were the first mystery and horror tales to become popular4 at ,nohant1 with terror and delight4 ,my companions had many another ,scotch and ,irish legend in their heads1 all fit to set one's hair on end4 ,the convent too had innumerable stories of its own lamentable events1--about ghosts1 dungeons1 inexplicable apparitions1 and mysterious noises4 ,all this1 and the thought of finally discovering the tremendous secret of the victim1 so kindled our imaginations that we were sure we heard sighs and groans start from under the stones1 or breathe through the cracks of doors and walls4 ,we started off1 my companions for the hundredth1 ,i for the first time1 in search of that elusive captive1--languishing no one knew where1 but certainly somewhere1 and whom perhaps we were called to discover4 ,she must have been very old1 considering how long she had been sought in vain6 ,she might have been over two hundred years old1 but we did not mind that6 ,we sought her1 called her1 thought of her incessantly1 and never despaired4 ,that evening ,i was led into the oldest and most broken-up part of the buildings1--perhaps the most exciting locality for our exploration4 ,we selected a little passage with wooden railings overlooking an empty space without any known outlet4 ,a staircase with banisters led to this unknown region1 but an oaken door forbade access to the stairs4 ,we had to get around the obstacle by passing from the railing to the banisters1 and walk down the outside of the worm-eaten balusters4 ,there was a dark void below us whose depth we could not fathom4 ,we had only a little taper 7a rat71 and that hardly let us see more than the first steps of the mysterious staircase4 ,we were at the bottom in a moment2 and with more joy than disappointment found that we were directly under the passage1 in a square space without any opening4 ,not a door nor a window1 nor any explicable purpose for this sort of closed vestibule4 ,why was there a staircase leading into a blind space8 ,why was there a strong padlocked door shutting off the staircase8 ,the little taper was divided into several lengths1 and each one began examining for herself4 ,the staircase was made of wood4 ,a secret spring in one of the steps must lead to a passage1 another staircase1 or a hidden trap4 ,while some explored the staircase1 and tried to force its old planks apart1 others groped along the wall in search of a knob1 a rack1 a ring1 or any of the thousand contrivances mentioned in the chronicles of old manors as moving a stone1 turning a panel1 or opening an entrance into unknown regions4 ,alas1 there was nothing6 ,the wall was smooth and plastered4 ,the pavement sounded dull2 not a stone was loose1 and the staircase hid no spring4 ,one of us looked further4 ,she declared that in the extreme corner under the staircase the wall had a hollow sound2 we struck it1 and found it true4 ,it's here6 we all exclaimed4 ,there's a walled-up passage in there1 but that passage leads to the awful dungeon4 ,that is the way down to the sepulchre holding the living victims4 ,we glued our ears to the wall1 heard nothing2 still the discoverer maintained that she could hear confused groans and clanking chains4 ,what was to be done8 ,why1 it's quite plain1 said ,mary3 we must pull the wall down4 ,all of us together can surely make a hole in it4 ,nothing seemed easier to us2 and we all went to work1--some trying to knock it down with their logs1 others scraping it with their shovels and tongs1--never thinking that by worrying those poor shaky walls1 we risked tumbling the building down on our heads4 ,fortunately we could not do much harm1 because the noise made by the logs would have attracted some one4 ,we had to be satisfied with pushing and scratching4 ,yet we had managed to make quite a noticeable hole in the plaster1 lime1 and stones1 when the bell rang for prayers4 ,we had just time to repeat our perilous escapade1 ,footnote3 ,escapade3 prank4 put out our lights1 separate1 and grope our way back to the schoolrooms4 ,we put off the continuation of the enterprise till the next day1 and appointed the same place of meeting4 ,those who got there first were not to wait for those who might be detained by punishment or unusual surveillance4 ,each one was to do her best to scoop out the wall4 ,it would be just so much done toward the next day's work4 ,there was no chance of any one's noticing it1 as no one ever went down into that blind hallway given over to mice and spiders4 ,we dusted each other off1 regained the cloister1 slipped into our respective class-rooms1 and were ready to kneel at prayers with the others4 ,i forget whether we were noticed and punished that evening4 ,it happened so often that no single event of the kind has any special date in the great number4 ,still we could often carry on our work with impunity4 ,the search for the great secret and the dungeon lasted the whole winter ,i spent in the junior class4 ,the wall was perceptibly damaged1 but we were stopped by reaching wooden girders4 ,we looked elsewhere1 ransacked twenty different places1 never having the least success1 yet never losing hope4 ,one day we thought we would look for some mansard ,footnote3 ,mansard3 having two slopes4 window which might be1 so to speak1 the upper key to the so ardently desired subterranean world4 ,there were many such windows1 whose purpose we ignored4 ,there was a little room in the attic where we practiced on one of the thirty pianos scattered through the establishment4 ,we had an hour for this practice every day1 and very few of us cared for it4 ,as ,i always loved music1 ,i liked to practice4 ,but ,i was becoming more of an artist in romance than music2 for what more beautiful poem could there be than the romance in action we were pursuing with our joint imaginations1 courage1 and palpitating emotions8 ,in this way the piano hour became the daily hour for adventures1 without detriment1 however1 to the evening ones4 ,we appointed meetings in one of these straggling rooms1 and from there would go to the ,i don't know where or the ,as you please of fancy4 ,from the attic where ,i was supposed to be playing scales1 ,i could see a labyrinth of roofs1 sheds1 lofts1 and slopes1 all covered with moss-grown tiles and decorated with broken chimneys1 offering a vast field for new explorations4 ,so on the roof we went4 ,it was not hard to jump out of the window4 ,six feet below us there was a gutter joining two gables4 ,it was more imprudent than difficult to scale these gables1 meet others1 jump from slope to slope1 and run about like cats2 and danger1 far from restraining1 only seemed to stimulate us4 ,there was something exceedingly foolish1 but at the same time heroic1 in this mania of seeking the victim2 foolish1 because we had to suppose that the nuns1 whose gentleness and kindness we worshipped1 were practicing horrible tortures upon some one2 heroic1 because we risked our lives every day to deliver an imaginary creature1 who was the object of our most generous thought and most chivalrous undertakings4 ,we had been out about an hour1 spying into the garden1 looking down on a great part of the courts and buildings1 and carefully hiding behind chimneys whenever we saw a black-veiled nun1 who might have raised her head and seen us in the clouds1 when we asked ourselves how we should get back4 ,the arrangement of the roofs had allowed us to step or jump down4 ,going up was not so easy4 ,i think it would have been impossible without a ladder4 ,we scarcely knew where we were4 ,at last we recognized a parlor-boarder's window1--,sidonie ,macdonald's1 the celebrated general's daughter4 ,it could be reached by a final jump1 but would be more dangerous than the others4 ,i jumped too hurriedly1 and caught my heel in a flat sky-light1 through which ,i should have fallen thirty feet into a hall near the junior's room1 if by chance my awkwardness had not made me swerve4 ,i got off with two badly flayed knees1 but did not give them a second thought4 ,my heel had broken into a part of the sash of that deuced window1 and smashed half a dozen panes1 which dropped with a frightful crash quite near the kitchen entrance4 ,a great noise arose at once among the lay sisters1 and through the opening ,i had just made1 we could hear ,sister ,theresa's loud voice screaming1 ,cats6 and accusing ,whisky--,mother ,alippe's big tom-cat--of fighting with all his fellows1 and breaking all the windows in the house4 ,but sister ,mary defended the cat's morals1 and ,sister ,helen was sure that a chimney had fallen on the roof4 ,this discussion started the nervous giggle that nothing can stop in little girls4 ,we heard the sisters on the stairs1 we should be caught in the very act of walking on the roofs1 and still we could not stir to find refuge4 ,then ,i discovered that one of my shoes was gone1--that it had dropped through the broken sash into the kitchen hall4 ,though my knees were bleeding1 my laughter was so uncontrollable that ,i could not say a word1 but merely showed my unshod foot and explained what had happened by dumb show4 ,a new explosion of laughter followed1 although the alarm had been given and the lay sisters were near4 ,we were soon reassured4 ,being sheltered and hidden by overhanging roofs1 we could hardly be discovered without getting up to the broken window by a ladder1 or following the road we had taken4 ,and that was something we could safely challenge any of the nuns to do4 ,so when we had recognized the advantage of our position1 we began to me-ouw ,homerically1 so that ,whisky and his family might be accused and convicted in our stead4 ,then we made for the window of ,sidonie1 who did not welcome us4 ,the poor child was practicing on the piano1 and paying no attention to the feline howls vaguely striking her ear4 ,she was delicate and nervous1 very gentle1 and quite incapable of understanding what pleasure we could find in roaming over roofs4 ,as she sat playing1 her back was turned to the window2 and when we burst into it in a bunch1 she screamed aloud4 ,we lost little time in quieting her4 ,her cries would attract the nuns2 so we sprang into the room and scampered to the door1 while she stood trembling and staring1 seeing all the strange procession flit by without understanding it nor recognizing any one of us1 so terrified was she4 ,in a moment we had all dispersed3 one went to the upper room whence we had started1 and played the piano with might and main2 another took a round-about way to the school-room4 ,as for me1 ,i had to find my shoe1 and secure that piece of evidence1 if ,i still had the time4 ,i managed to avoid the lay sisters1 and to find the kitchen entry free4 ,audaces fortuna juvat1 ,footnote3 ,audaces fortuna juvat3 ,fortune favors the brave4 said ,i to myself thinking of the aphorisms ,deschartres ,footnote3 ,deschartres3 the tutor of ,george ,sand's father4 had taught me ,and indeed ,i found the lucky shoe1 where it had fallen in a dark corner and not been seen4 ,whisky alone was accused4 ,my knees hurt me very much for a few days but1 ,i did not brag of them2 and the explorations did not slacken4 --,,george ,,sand 7adapted74 ,footnote3 ,george ,sand is a nom de plume4 ,the author's real name is ,armandine ,lucile ,aurore ,dupin4 ,she was a famous ,french novelist and playwright--born #ahjd1 died #ahgf4 ,footnote3 ,could you tell from the context where the scene is laid8 ,what kind of child do you imagine the writer was8 ,has the narrative the stamp of a real experience8 ,do you know any books similar to what you may imagine the ,castle of the ,pyrenees to be8 ,,in ,,brittany ,she the writer1 ,l4 ,m4 ,a4 soon ceased to be surprised at any demonstration of feminine strength1 skill1 and independence1 for everywhere the women took the lead4 ,they not only kept house1 reared children1 and knit every imaginable garment the human frame can wear1 but kept the shops and the markets1 tilled the gardens1 cleaned the streets1 and bought and sold cattle1 leaving the men free to enjoy the only pursuits they seemed inclined to follow1--breaking horses1 ,footnote3 ,breaking horses3 training horses to work1 an expression familiar to every country child4 mending roads1 and getting drunk4 ,the markets seemed entirely in the hands of the women1 and lively scenes they presented to unaccustomed eyes1 especially the pig-market1 held every week1 in the square before ,madame ,c4's house4 ,at dawn the squealing began1 and was kept up till sunset4 ,the carts came in from all the neighboring hamlets1 with tubs full of infant pigs1 over which the women watched with maternal care till they were safely deposited among the rows of tubs that stood along the walk facing ,anne of ,bretaigne's ,footnote3 ,anne of ,bretaigne3 the daughter of ,francis ,,ii1 duke of ,brittany2 born at ,nantes1 #adgf4 gray old tower1 and the pleasant promenade which was once the fosse ,footnote3 ,fosse3 a moat2 a ditch4 about the city walls4 ,here ,madame would seat herself and knit briskly till a purchaser applied1 when she would drop her work1 dive among the pink innocents1 and hold one up by its unhappy leg1 undisturbed by its doleful cries1 while she settled its price with a blue-gowned1 white-capped neighbor1 as sharp-witted and shrill-tongued as herself4 ,if the bargain was struck1 they slapped their hands together in a peculiar way1 and the new owner clapped her purchase into a meal-bag1 slung it over her shoulder1 and departed with her squirming1 squealing treasure as calmly as a ,boston lady with a satchel full of ribbons and gloves4 ,more mature pigs came to market on their own legs1 and very long1 feeble legs they were1 for a more unsightly beast than a ,breton pig was never seen out of a toy ,noah's ark4 ,tall1 thin1 high-backed1 and sharp-nosed1 these porcine ,footnote3 ,porcine3 relating to swine2 hoglike4 victims tottered to their doom1 with dismal wailings1 and not a vestige of spirit till the trials and excitement of the day goaded them to rebellion1 when their antics furnished fun for the public4 ,miss ,livy observed that the women could manage the pigs when men failed entirely4 ,the latter hustled1 lugged1 or lashed1 unmercifully and unsuccessfully2 the former1 with that fine tact which helps them to lead nobler animals than pigs1 would soothe1 sympathize1 coax1 and gently beguile the poor beasts1 or devise ways of mitigating their bewilderment and woe1 which did honor to the sex1 and triumphantly illustrated the power of moral suasion4 ,one amiable lady1 who had purchased two small pigs and a coop full of fowls1 attempted to carry them all on one donkey4 ,but the piggies rebelled lustily in the bags1 the ducks remonstrated against their unquiet neighbors1 and the donkey indignantly refused to stir a step till the unseemly uproar was calmed4 ,but the ,bretonne was equal to the occasion2 for1 after a pause of meditation1 she solved the problem by tying the bags round the necks of the pigs so that they could enjoy the prospect4 ,this appeased them at once1 and produced a general lull2 for when the pigs stopped squealing1 the ducks stopped quacking1 the donkey ceased his bray1 and the party moved on in dignified silence1 with the youthful pigs1 one black1 one white1 serenely regarding life from their bags4 ,another time1 a woman leading a newly bought cow1 came through the square1 where the noise alarmed the beast so much that she became unruly1 and pranced in a most dangerous manner4 ,miss ,livy hung out of the window1 breathless with interest1 and ready to fly with brandy and bandages at a minute's notice1 for it seemed inevitable that the woman would be tossed up among the lindens before the cow was conquered4 ,the few men who were lounging about1 stood with their hands in their pockets1 watching the struggle without offering to help1 till the cow scooped the lady up on her horns ready for a toss4 ,livy shrieked1 but ,madame just held on1 kicking so vigorously that the cow was glad to set her down1 when1 instead of fainting she coolly informed the men1 who1 seeing her danger1 had approached1 that she could arrange her cow for herself and did not want any help1 which she proved by tying a big blue handkerchief over the animal's eyes1 producing instant docility2 and then she was led away by her flushed but triumphant mistress1 who calmly settled her cap1 and took a pinch of snuff to refresh herself1 after a scuffle which would have annihilated most women4 ,when ,madame ,c4's wood was put in1 the newcomers were interested in watching the job1 for it was done in a truly ,bretonesque manner4 ,it arrived in several odd carts1 each drawn by four great horses1 with men to each team2 and as the carts were clumsy1 the horses wild1 and the men stupid1 the square presented a lively spectacle4 ,at one time there were three carts1 twelve horses1 and six men all in a snarl1 while a dozen women stood at their doors and gave advice4 ,one was washing a lettuce1 another dressing her baby1 a third twirling her distaff1 and a fourth with her little bowl of soup1 which she ate in public while gesticulating so frantically that her sabots ,footnote3 ,sabots3 wooden shoes4 clattered on the stones4 ,the horses had a free fight1 and the men swore and shouted in vain1 till the lady with the baby suddenly went to the rescue4 ,planting the naked cherub on the doorstep1 this energetic matron charged in among the rampant animals1 and by some magic touch untangled the teams1 quieted the most fractious1 a big gray brute prancing like a mad elephant1 then returned to her baby1 who was placidly eating dirt1 and with a polite ,voila1 messieurs6 ,footnote3 ,voila ,messieurs3 ,there you are1 gentlemen4 she whipped little ,jean into his shirt1 while the men sat down to smoke4 ,it took two deliberate men nearly a week to split the gnarled logs1 and one brisk woman carried them into the cellar and piled them neatly4 ,the men stopped about once an hour to smoke1 drink cider1 or rest4 ,the woman worked steadily from morning till night1 only pausing at noon for a bit of bread and the soup good ,coste sent out to her4 ,the men got two francs a day1 the woman half a franc2 and1 as nothing was taken out of it for wine or tobacco1 her ten cents probably went farther than their forty4 ,this same capable lady used to come to market with a baby on one arm1 a basket of fruit on the other1 leading a pig1 driving a donkey1 and surrounded by sheep1 while her head bore a pannier ,footnote3 ,pannier4 ,panniers are a pair of baskets slung across the back of a horse or donkey4 of vegetables1 and her hands spun busily with a distaff4 ,how she ever got on with these trifling incumbrances1 was a mystery2 but there she was1 busy1 placid1 and smiling1 in the midst of the crowd1 and at night went home with her shopping well content4 ,the washerwomen were among the happiest of these happy souls1 and nowhere were seen prettier pictures than they made1 clustered round the fountains or tanks by the way1 scrubbing1 slapping1 singing1 and gossiping1 as they washed or spread their linen on the green hedges and daisied grass in the bright spring weather4 ,one envied the cheery faces under the queer caps1 the stout arms that scrubbed all day1 and were not too tired to carry some chubby ,jean or little ,marie when night came1 and1 most of all1 the contented hearts in the broad bosoms under the white kerchiefs1 for no complaint did one hear from these hard-working1 happy women4 ,the same brave spirit seems to possess them now as that which carried them heroically to their fate in the ,revolution1 when hundreds of mothers and children were shot at ,nantes ,footnote3 ,nantes3 a town near the mouth of the ,loire ,river4 and died without murmur4 --,,louisa ,,alcott4 ,footnote3 ,what traits does the author find most admirable in the women of ,brittany8 ,show how these traits are brought out by contrast with the behavior of the men4 ,do women in this country do the same kinds of work as the ,european peasant women8 ,what other things might the descriptions have included if the author had not been so much interested in the people8 ,what parts of the sketch are humorous8 ,point out passages that are effective through contrast4 ,show how the women of ,brittany are made to seem womanly and dignified in spite of the amusement they furnish us4 ,,the ,,adirondacks ,one day we visited a cave some two miles down the stream1 which had recently been discovered4 ,we squeezed and wriggled through a big crack or cleft in the side of the mountain1 for about one hundred feet1 when we emerged into a large dome-shaped passage1 the abode1 during certain seasons of the year1 of innumerable bats1 and at all times of primeval darkness4 ,there were various other crannies and pit-holes opening into it1 some of which we explored4 ,the voice of running water was heard everywhere1 betraying the proximity of the little stream by whose ceaseless corroding the cave and its entrance had been worn4 ,this streamlet flowed out of the mouth of the cave1 and came from a lake on the top of the mountain2 this accounted for its warmth to the hand1 which surprised us all4 ,birds of any kind were rare in these woods4 ,a pigeon-hawk came prowling by our camp1 and the faint piping call of the nuthatches1 leading their young through the high trees1 was often heard4 ,on the third day our guide proposed to conduct us to a lake in the mountains where we could float for deer4 ,our journey commenced in a steep and rugged ascent1 which brought us1 after an hour's heavy climbing1 to an elevated region of pine-forest1 years before ravished by lumbermen1 and presenting all manner of obstacles to our awkward and incumbered pedestrianism4 ,the woods were largely pine1 though yellow birch1 beech and maple were common4 ,the satisfaction of having a gun1 should any game show itself1 was the chief compensation to those of us who were thus burdened4 ,a partridge would occasionally whir up before us1 or a red squirrel snicker and hasten to his den2 else the woods appeared quite tenantless4 ,the most noted object was a mammoth pine1 apparently the last of a great race1 which presided over a cluster of yellow birches1 on the side of the mountain4 ,about noon we came out upon a long1 shallow sheet of water which the guide called ,bloody ,moose ,pond1 from the tradition that a moose had been slaughtered there many years before4 ,looking out over the silent and lovely scene1 his eye was the first to detect an object1 apparently feeding upon lily-pads1 which our willing fancies readily shaped into a deer4 ,as we were eagerly waiting some movement to confirm this impression1 it lifted up its head1 and lo6 a great blue heron4 ,seeing us approach1 it spread its long wings and flew solemnly across to a dead tree on the other side of the lake1 enhancing rather than relieving the loneliness and desolation that brooded over the scene4 ,as we proceeded it flew from tree to tree in advance of us1 apparently loth to be disturbed in its ancient and solitary domain4 ,in the margin of the pond we found the pitcher-plant growing1 and here and there in the sand the closed gentian lifted up its blue head4 ,in traversing the shores of this wild1 desolate lake1 ,i was conscious of a slight thrill of expectation1 as if some secret of ,nature might here be revealed1 or some rare and unheard-of game disturbed4 ,there is ever a lurking suspicion that the beginning of things is in some way associated with water1 and one may notice that in his private walks he is led by a curious attraction to fetch all the springs and ponds in his route1 as if by them was the place for wonders and miracles to happen4 ,once1 while in advance of my companions1 ,i saw1 from a high rock1 a commotion in the water near the shore1 but on reaching the point found only the marks of musquash ,footnote3 ,musquash3 muskrat4 degrees4 ,passing on through the forest1 after many adventures with the pine knots1 we reached1 about the middle of the afternoon1 our destination1 ,nate's ,pond--a pretty sheet of water1 lying like a silver mirror in the lap of the mountain1 about a mile long and half a mile wide1 surrounded by dark forests of balsam1 hemlock1 and pine1 and1 like the one we had just passed1 a very picture of unbroken solitude4 ,it is not in the woods alone to give one this impression of utter loneliness4 ,in the woods are sounds and voices1 and a dumb kind of companionship2 one is little more than a walking tree himself2 but come upon one of these mountain lakes1 and the wildness stands revealed and meets you face to face4 ,water is thus facile and adaptive1 that it makes the wild more wild1 while it enhances culture and art4 ,the end of the pond which we approached was quite shoal1 the stones rising above the surface as in a summer brook1 and everywhere showing marks of the noble game we were in quest of1--footprints1 dung1 and cropped and uprooted lily-pads4 ,after resting for a half hour1 and replenishing our game-pouches at the expense of the most respectable frogs of the locality1 we filed on through the soft1 resinous pinewoods1 intending to camp near the other end of the lake1 where1 the guide assured us1 we should find a hunter's cabin ready built4 ,a half hour's march brought us to the locality1 and a most delightful one it was1 so hospitable and inviting that all the kindly and beneficent influences of the woods must have abided there4 ,in a slight depression in the woods1 about one hundred yards from the lake1 though hidden from it for a hunter's reasons1 surrounded by a heavy growth of birch1 hemlock1 and pine1 with a lining of balsam and fir1 the rude cabin welcomed us4 ,it was of the approved style1 three sides inclosed1 with a roof of bark and a bed of boughs1 and a rock in front that afforded a permanent back-log to all fires4 ,a faint voice of running water was heard near by1 and1 following the sound1 a delicious spring rivulet was disclosed1 hidden by the moss and debris as by a new fall of snow1 but here and there rising in little well-like openings1 as if for our special convenience4 --,,john ,,burroughs4 ,footnote3 ,what does this power of minute observation tell you about the writer8 ,what other qualities of the naturalist does ,burroughs show in this account8 ,what things in nature seem most to attract his attention8 ,do you know what science now says about the beginning of things being associated with water8 ,what do you imagine were the adventures with the pine knots that ,burroughs speaks of8 ,,an ,,ascent ,,of ,,kilauea ,footnote3 ,kilauea3 a volcano on the island of ,hawaii4 ,at last we found ourselves at the very edge of the old crater1 the bed of which1 three or four hundred feet beneath us1 was surrounded by steep and in many places overhanging sides4 ,it looked like an enormous cauldron1 four or five miles in width1 full of a mass of cooled pitch4 ,in the center was the still glowing stream of dark red lava flowing slowly toward us1 and in every direction were red-hot patches1 and flames1 and smoke1 issuing from the ground4 ,yet the first sensation is rather one of disappointment1 as one expects greater activity on the part of the volcano2 but the new crater was still to be seen1 containing the lake of fire1 with steep walls rising up in the midst of the sea of lava4 ,we spent the night at the ,volcano ,house1 and at three o'clock the next afternoon we set out1 a party of eight1 with two guides1 and three porters to carry our wraps and provisions1 and to bring back specimens4 ,first of all we descended the precipice1 three hundred feet in depth1 forming the wall of the old crater1 but now thickly covered with vegetation4 ,it is so steep in many places that flights of zigzag wooden steps have been inserted in the face of the cliff in some places1 in order to render the descent practicable4 ,at the bottom we stepped straight on to the surface of cold boiled lava1 which we had seen from above last night4 ,even here1 in every crevice where a few grains of soil had collected1 delicate little ferns might be seen struggling for life1 and thrusting out their green fronds towards the light4 ,it was the most extraordinary walk imaginable1 over that vast plain of lava1 twisted and distorted into every conceivable shape and form1 according to the temperature it had originally attained and the rapidity with which it had cooled1 its surface1 like half-molten glass1 cracking and breaking beneath our feet4 ,sometimes we came to a patch that looked like the contents of a pot1 suddenly petrified in the act of boiling2 sometimes the black1 iridescent lava had assumed the form of waves1 or more frequently of huge masses of rope1 twisted and coiled together2 sometimes it was piled up like a collection of organ pipes1 or had gathered into mounds and cones of various dimensions4 ,as we proceeded1 the lava became hotter and hotter1 and from every crack arose gaseous fumes1 affecting our noses and throats in a painful manner2 till at last1 when we had to pass to leeward ,footnote3 ,leeward3 away from the wind4 of the molten stream flowing from the lake1 the vapors almost choked us1 and it was with difficulty we continued to advance4 ,the lava was more glassy and transparent-looking1 as if it had been fused at a higher temperature than usual2 and the crystals of sulphur1 alum1 and other minerals1 with which it abounded1 reflected the light in bright prismatic colors4 ,in places it was quite transparent1 and we could see beneath it the long streaks of a stringy kind of lava1 like brown spun glass1 called ,pele's hair4 ,at last we reached the foot of the present crater1 and commenced the ascent of the outer wall4 ,many times the thin crust gave way beneath our guide1 and he had to retire quickly from the hot1 blinding1 choking fumes that immediately burst forth4 ,but we succeeded in reaching the top1 and then what a sight presented itself to our astonished eyes6 ,i could neither speak nor move at first1 but could only stand and gaze at the horrible grandeur of the scene4 ,we were standing on the extreme edge of a precipice1 overhanging a lake of molten fire1 a hundred feet below us1 nearly a mile across4 ,dashing against the cliffs on the opposite side1 with a noise like the roar of a stormy ocean1 waves of blood-red fiery liquid lava hurled their billows upon an iron-bound headland1 and then rushed up the face of the cliffs to toss their gory spray high in the air4 ,the restless1 heaving lake boiled and bubbled1 never remaining the same for two minutes together4 ,its normal color seemed to be a dull dark red1 covered with a thin gray scum1 which every moment and in every part swelled and cracked1 and emitted fountains1 cascades1 and whirlpools of yellow and red fire1 while sometimes one big golden river1 sometimes four or five1 flowed across it4 ,as the sun set and as darkness enveloped the scene1 it became more awful than ever4 ,we retired a little way from the brink to breathe some fresh air1 and to try and eat the food we had brought with us2 but this was an impossibility4 ,every instant a fresh explosion or glare made us jump up to survey the scene4 ,the violent struggles of the lava to escape from its fiery bed1 and the loud and awful noises by which they were at times1 accompanied1 suggested the idea that some imprisoned monsters were trying to release themselves from their bondage1 with shrieks and groans1 and cries of agony and despair at the futility of their efforts4 ,sometimes there were at least seven spots on the borders of the lake where the molten lava dashed up furiously against the rocks--seven fire fountains playing at the same time4 ,i had for some time been feeling very hot and uncomfortable1 and on looking round1 the cause was at once apparent4 ,not two inches beneath the surface1 the gray lava on which we were standing and sitting was red hot4 ,a stick thrust through it caught fire1 a piece of paper was immediately destroyed1 and the gentlemen found the heat from the crevices so great that they could not approach near enough to light their pipes4 ,one more long last look1 and then we turned our faces away from the scene that had enthralled us for so many hours4 ,the whole of the lava we had crossed in the extinct crater was now aglow in many patches1 and in all directions flames were bursting forth1 fresh lava flowing1 and steam and smoke were issuing from the surface4 ,it was a toilsome journey back again1 walking as we did in single file1 and obeying the strict charges of our head guide to follow him closely1 and to tread exactly in his footsteps4 ,on the whole1 it was easier by night than by day to distinguish the route to be taken1 as we could now see the dangers that before we could only feel2 and many were the fiery crevices we stepped over and jumped across4 ,once ,i slipped1 and my foot sank through the thin crust4 ,sparks issued from the ground1 and the stick on which ,i leaned caught fire before ,i could fairly recover myself4 --,,lady ,,brassey4 ,footnote3 ,note the purely objective description4 ,what colors predominate8 ,point out the similes in use4 ,do they heighten the picture8 ,does the author succeed in giving a clear picture of the volcano8 ,,the ,,fetish ,before this remonstrance was finished1 ,maggie was already out of hearing1 making her way towards the great attic that ran under the old high-pitched roof1 shaking the water from her black locks as she ran1 like a ,skye terrier escaped from his bath4 ,this attic was ,maggie's favorite retreat on a wet day1 when the weather was not too cold2 here she fretted out all her ill-humors1 and talked aloud to the worm-eaten floors and the worm-eaten shelves1 and the dark rafters festooned with cobwebs2 and here she kept a ,fetish ,footnote3 ,fetish 7also spelt fetich73 a material object1 venerated by certain ,african tribes2 a sort of idol1 which is sometimes punished by its owner in disappointment or anger4 which she punished for all her misfortunes4 ,this was the trunk of a large wooden doll1 which once stared with the roundest of eyes above the reddest of cheeks1 but was now entirely defaced by a long career of vicarious ,footnote3 ,vicarious3 suffered or performed in place of another4 suffering4 ,three nails driven into the head commemorated as many crises in ,maggie's nine years of earthly struggle2 that luxury of vengeance having been suggested to her by the picture of ,jael ,footnote3 ,jael3 referring to the story of how ,jael drove the nail into the forehead of ,sisera4 ,judges ,,iv3 #ag to #bb4 destroying ,sisera in the old ,bible4 ,the last nail had been driven in with a fiercer stroke than usual1 for the ,fetish on that occasion represented ,aunt ,glegg4 ,but immediately afterwards ,maggie had reflected that if she drove many nails in1 she would not be so well able to fancy that the head was hurt1 when she knocked it against the wall1 nor to comfort it1 and make believe to poultice it1 when her fury was abated2 for even ,aunt ,glegg would be pitiable when she had been hurt very much1 and thoroughly humiliated1 so as to beg her niece's pardon4 ,since then she had driven no more nails in1 but had soothed herself by alternately grinding and beating the wooden head against the rough brick of the great chimneys that made two square pillars supporting the roof4 ,that was what she did this morning on reaching the attic1 sobbing all the while with a passion that expelled every other form of consciousness1--even the memory of the grievance that had caused it4 ,as at last the sobs were getting quieter1 and the grinding less fierce1 a sudden beam of sunshine1 falling through the wire lattice across the worm-eaten shelves1 made her throw away the ,fetish and run to the window4 ,the sun was really breaking out2 the sound of the mill seemed cheerful again2 the granary doors were open2 and there was ,yap1 the queer white-and-brown terrier1 with one ear turned back1 trotting about and sniffing vaguely1 as if he were in search of a companion4 ,it was irresistible4 ,maggie tossed her hair back and ran downstairs1 seized her bonnet without putting it on1 peeped1 and then dashed along the passage lest she should encounter her mother1 and was quickly out in the yard1 whirling round like a ,pythoness1 and singing as she whirled1 ,yap1 ,yap1 ,tom's coming home6 while ,yap danced and barked round her1 as much as to say1 if there was any noise wanted he was the dog for it4 --,,george ,,eliot4 ,footnote3 ,what traits of character does ,maggie show8 ,do children think of their dolls as alive8 ,or as representing people they know8 ,did you ever have the impulse to take your spite out on something1 animate or inanimate8 ,did you feel any better for relieving your feelings so8 ,there is an interesting account of a savage beating his idol in ,melville's ,typee4 ,,salmon ,,fishing ,,in ,,ireland ,the pool has been cut through a peat bog1 ,footnote3 ,peat-bog4 ,peat is a kind of turf that is used for fuel4 and the greater part of it is twenty feet deep4 ,a broad fringe of water-lilies lines the banks1 leaving1 however1 an available space for throwing a fly upon between them4 ,this is the great resting-place of the fish on their way to the lake and the upper river4 ,the water is high1 and almost flowing over the bog4 ,the wind catches it fairly1 tearing along the surface and sweeping up the crisp waves in white clouds of spray4 ,the party of strangers who had cards to fish were before us1 but they are on the wrong side1 trying vainly to send their flies in the face of the southwester1 which whirls their casting-lines back over their heads4 ,they have caught a peal ,footnote3 ,peal3 a small salmon4 or two1 and one of them reports that he was broken by a tremendous fish at the end of the round-pool4 ,jack directs them to a bend higher up1 where they will find a second pool as good as this one1 with a more favorable slant of wind1 while ,i put my rod together and turn over the leaves of my fly-book4 ,among the marvels of art and nature ,i know nothing equal to a salmon-fly4 ,it resembles no insect1 winged or unwinged1 which the fish can have seen4 ,a shrimp1 perhaps1 is the most like it1 if there are degrees to utter dissimilarity4 ,yet every river is supposed to have its favorite flies4 ,size1 color1 shape1 all are peculiar4 ,here vain tastes prevail for golden pheasant and blue and crimson paroquet4 ,there the salmon are as sober as ,quakers1 and will look at nothing but drabs and browns4 ,nine parts of this are fancy1 but there is still a portion of truth in it4 ,bold hungry fish will take anything in any river2 shy fish will undoubtedly rise and splash at a stranger's fly1 while they will swallow what is offered them by any one who knows their ways4 ,it may be something in the color of the water3 it may be something in the color of the banks3 experience is too uniform to allow the fact itself to be questioned4 ,under ,jack's direction1 ,i select small flies about the size of green drakes3 one a sombre gray1 with a silver twist about him1 a claret hackle1 ,footnote3 ,claret hackle4 ,a hackle is an artificial fly made of feathers4 a mallard wing1 ,footnote3 ,mallard wing4 ,a mallard is the drake of the wild duck4 ,the artificial fly imitates its wing4 streaked faintly on the lower side with red and blue4 ,the drop fly is still darker1 with purple legs and olive green wings and body4 ,we move to the head of the pool and begin to cast in the gravelly shallows1 on which the fish lie to feed in a flood1 a few yards above the deep water4 ,a white trout or two rise1 and presently ,i am fast in something which excites momentary hopes4 ,the heavy rod bends to the butt4 ,a yard or two of line runs out1 but a few seconds show that it is only a large trout which has struck at the fly with his tail1 and has been hooked foul4 ,he cannot break me1 and ,i do not care if he escapes1 so ,i bear hard upon him and drag him by main force to the side1 where ,harper slips the net under his head1 and the next moment he is on the bank4 ,two pounds within an ounce or so1 but clean run from the sea1 brought up by last night's flood1 and without a stain of the bog-water on the pure silver of his scales4 ,he has disturbed the shallow1 so we move a few steps down4 ,there is an alder bush on the opposite side1 where the strength of the river is running4 ,it is a long cast4 ,the wind is blowing so hard that ,i can scarcely keep my footing1 and the gusts whirl so unsteadily that ,i cannot hit the exact spot where1 if there is a salmon in the neighborhood1 he is lying4 ,the line flies out straight at last1 but ,i have now thrown a few inches too far2 my tail fly is in the bush1 dangling across an overhanging bough4 ,an impatient movement1 a jerk1 or a straight pull1 and ,i am hung up1 as is the phrase1 and delayed for half an hour at least4 ,happily there is a lull in the storm4 ,i shake the point of the rod4 ,the vibration runs along the line2 the fly drops softly like a leaf upon the water--and as it floats away something turns heavily1 and a huge brown back is visible for an instant through a rift in the surface4 ,but the line comes home4 ,he was an old stager1 as we could see by his color1 no longer ravenous as when fresh from the salt-water4 ,he was either lazy and missed the fly1 or it was not entirely to his mind4 ,he was not touched1 and we drew back to consider4 ,over him again while he is angry1 is the saying in some rivers1 and ,i have known it to answer where the fish feed greedily4 ,but it will not do here2 we must give him time2 and we turn again to the fly-book4 ,when a salmon rises at a small fly as if he meant business1 yet fails to take it1 the rule is to try another of the same pattern a size larger4 ,this too1 however1 just now ,jack thinks unfavorably of4 ,the salmon is evidently a very large one1 and will give us enough to do if we hook him4 ,he therefore1 as one precaution1 takes off the drop fly lest it catch in the water-lilies4 ,he next puts the knots of the casting-line through a severe trial2 replaces an unsound joint with a fresh link of gut1 and finally produces out of his hat a hook--he will not call it a fly--of his own dressing4 ,it is a particolored father-long-legs1 a thing which only some frantic specimen of orchid ever seriously approached1 a creature whose wings were two strips of the fringe of a peacock's tail1 whose legs descended from blue jay through red to brown1 and terminated in a pair of pink trailers two inches long4 ,jack had found it do1 and he believed it would do for me4 ,and so it did4 ,i began to throw again six feet above the bush1 for a salmon often shifts his ground after rising4 ,one cast--a second--another trout rises which we receive with an anathema1 ,footnote3 ,anathema3 a curse4 and drag the fly out of his reach4 ,the fourth throw there is a swirl like the wave which arises under the blade of an oar1 a sharp sense of hard resistance1 a pause1 and then a rush for dear life4 ,the wheel shrieks1 the line hisses through the rings1 and thirty yards down the pool the great fish springs madly six feet into the air4 ,the hook is firm in his upper jaw2 he had not shaken its hold1 for the hook had gone into the bone--pretty subject of delight for a reasonable man1 an editor of a magazine1 and a would-be philosopher1 turned fifty6 ,the enjoyments of the unreasoning part of us cannot be defended on grounds of reason1 and experience shows that men who are all logic and morals1 and have nothing of the animal left in them1 are poor creatures after all4 ,any way1 ,i defy philosophy with a twenty-pound salmon fast hooked1 and a pool right ahead four hundred yards long and half full of water-lilies4 ,keep him up the strame1 shrieked a ,paddy1 who1 on the screaming of the wheel1 had flung down his spade in the turf bog and rushed up to see the sport4 ,keep him up the strame1 your honor--bloody wars6 you'll lost him else4 ,we were at fault1 ,jack and ,i4 ,we did not understand why down stream was particularly dangerous1 and ,pat was too eager and too busy swearing to explain himself4 ,alas1 his meaning became soon but too intelligible4 ,i had overtaken the fish on the bank and had wheeled in the line again1 but he was only collecting himself for a fresh rush1 and the next minute it seemed as if the bottom had been knocked out of the pool and an opening made into infinity4 ,round flew the wheel again2 fifty yards were gone in as many seconds1 the rod was bending double1 and the line pointed straight down2 straight as if there was a lead at the end of it and unlimited space in which to sink4 ,ah1 didn't ,i tell ye so8 said ,pat2 what will we do now8 ,too late ,jack remembered that fourteen feet down at the bottom of that pool lay the stem of a fallen oak1 below which the water had made a clear channel4 ,the fish had turned under it1 and whether he was now up the river or down1 or where he was who could tell8 ,he stopped at last4 ,hold him hard1 said ,jack1 hurling off his clothes1 and while ,i was speculating whether it would be possible to drag him back the way that he had gone1 a pink body flashed from behind me1 bounded off the bank with a splendid header1 and disappeared4 ,he was under for a quarter of a minute2 when he rose he had the line in his hand between the fish and the tree4 ,all right1 he sputtered1 swimming with the other hand to the bank and scrambling up4 ,run the rest of the line off the reel and out through the rings4 ,he had divined by a brilliant instinct the only remedy for our situation4 ,the thing was done1 fast as ,pat and ,i could ply our fingers4 ,the loose end was drawn round the log1 and while ,jack was humoring the fish with his hand1 and dancing up and down the bank regardless of proprieties1 we had carried it back down the rings1 replaced it on the reel1 wound in the slack1 and had again command of the situation4 ,the salmon had played his best stroke4 ,it had failed him1 and he now surrendered like a gentleman4 ,a mean-spirited fish will go to the bottom1 bury himself in the weed1 and sulk4 ,ours set his head towards the sea1 and sailed down the length of the pool in the open water without attempting any more plunges4 ,as his strength failed1 he turned heavily on his back1 and allowed himself to be drawn to the shore4 ,the gaff ,footnote3 ,gaff3 a large hook fixed on the end of a pole or handle4 was in his side and he was ours4 ,he was larger than we had guessed him4 ,clean run he would have weighed twenty-five pounds4 ,the fresh water had reduced him to twenty-two1 but without softening his muscle or touching his strength4 --,,james ,,froude 7adapted74 ,footnote3 ,is the first part of the narrative a typical story of fisherman's luck8 ,show how the story illustrates that a real lover of fishing is enthusiastic over every detail of his experience4 ,is the story technical at the expense of the reader's interest8 ,how does the element of suspense add to the interest8 ,is the account more interesting by being told in the first person8 ,why8 ,,across ,,running ,,water ,at a running water1 that comes out at a place called ,srath-namara1 near the sea-gates of ,loch ,suibhne1 there is a pool called the ,pool of the ,changeling4 ,none ever goes that way from choice1 for only the crying of the curlew is heard there1 or the querulous wailing lapwing4 ,it was here that one night1 in a ,september of many storms1 a woman stood staring at the sea4 ,the screaming seamews ,footnote3 ,seamews3 gulls4 wheeled and sank and circled overhead1 and the solanders ,footnote3 ,solanders3 a kind of wild geese4 rose with heavy wing and hoarse cries1 and the black scarts screeched to the startled guillemots ,footnote3 ,guillemots3 birds similar to the auks4 or to the foam-white terns ,footnote3 ,terns3 a species of birds allied to the gulls4 blown before the wind like froth4 ,the woman looked neither at the seafowl nor at the burning glens of scarlet flame which stretched dishevelled among the ruined lands of the sunset4 ,between the black flurries of the wind1 striking the sea like flails1 came momentary pauses or long silences4 ,in one of these the woman raised her arms1 she the while unheeding the cold tide wash about her feet1 where she stood insecurely on the wet slippery tangle4 ,seven years ago this woman had taken the one child she had1 that she did not believe to be her own but a changeling1 and had put it on the shore at the extreme edge of the tide-reach1 and had left it for the space of an hour4 ,when she came back1 the child she had left with a numbness on its face and with the curse of dumbness1 was laughing wild1 and when she came near1 it put out its arms and gave the cry of the young of birds4 ,she lifted the leanav in her arms and stared into its eyes1 but there was no longer the weary blankness1 and the little one yearned with the petulant laughing and idle whimpering of the children of other mothers4 ,and that mother there gave a cry of joy1 and with a singing heart went home4 ,it was in the seventh year after that finding by the sea1 that one day1 when a cold wind was blowing from the west1 the child ,morag came in by the peat-fire1 where her mother was boiling the porridge1 and looked at her without speaking4 ,the mother turned at that1 and looked at ,morag4 ,her heart sank like a pool-lily at shadow1 when she saw that ,morag had woven a wreath of brown tangled seaweed into her hair4 ,but that was nothing to the bite in her breast when the girl began singing a song that had not a word in it she had ever heard on her own or other lips1 but was wild as the sound of the tide calling in dark nights of cloud and wind1 or as the sudden coming of waves over a quiet sea in the silence of the black hours of sleep4 ,what is it1 ,morag-mo-run8 she asked1 her voice like a reed in the wind4 ,it's time1 says ,morag1 with a change in her eyes1 and her face shining with a gleam on it4 ,time for what1 ,morag8 ,for me to be going back to the place ,i came from4 ,and where will that be8 ,where would it be but to the place you took me out of1 and called across8 ,the mother gave a cry and a sob4 ,sure1 now1 ,morag-a-ghraidh1 you will be my own lass and no other8 ,whist1 woman1 answered the girl2 don't you hear the laughing in the burn1 ,footnote3 ,burn3 a small stream4 and the hoarse voice out in the sea8 ,that ,i do not1 ,o ,morag-mo-chridh1 and sure it's black sorrow to you and to me hearing that hoarse voice and that thin laughing4 ,well1 sorrow or no sorrow1 ,i'm off now1 poor woman4 ,footnote3 ,poor woman3 a friendly term of address in ,ireland4 ,and it's good-bye1 and a good-bye to you ,i'll be saying to you1 poor woman4 ,sure it's a sorrow to me to leave you in grief1 but if you'll go down to the edge of the water1 at the place you took me from1 where the runnin' water falls into the sea-pool1 you'll be having there against your breast in no time the child of your own that ,i never was and never could be4 ,and why that1 and why that1 ,o ,morag1 lennavanmo8 ,peace on your sorrow1 woman1 and good-bye to you now2 and with that the sea-changeling went laughing out at the door1 singing a wave-song that was so wild and strange the mother's woe was turned to a fear that rose like chill water in her heart4 ,when she dared follow--and why she did not go at once she did not know--she saw at first no sight of ,morag or any other on the lonely shore4 ,in vain she called1 with a great sorrowing cry4 ,but as1 later1 she stood with her feet in the sea1 she became silent of a sudden1 and was still as a rock1 with her ragged dress about her like draggled seaweed4 ,she had heard a thin crying4 ,it was the voice of a breast-child1 and not of a grown lass like ,morag4 ,when a gray heron toiled sullenly from a hollow among the rocks she went to the place4 ,she was still now1 with a frozen sorrow4 ,she knew what she was going to find4 ,but she did not guess till she lifted that little frail child she had left upon the shore seven years back1 that the secret people of the sea or those who call across running water could have the hardness and coldness to give her again the unsmiling dumb thing she had mothered with so much bitterness of heart4 ,morag she never saw again1 nor did any other see her1 except ,padruig ,macrae1 the innocent1 who on a ,new ,year's eve1 that was a ,friday1 said that as he was whistling to a seal down by the ,pool at ,srath-na-mara he heard someone laughing at him2 and when he looked to see who it was he saw it was no other than ,morag--and he had called to her1 he said1 and she called back to him1 ,come away1 ,padruig dear1 and then had swum off like a seal1 crying the heavy tears of sorrow4 ,and as for the child she had found again on the place she had left her own silent breast-babe seven years back2 it never gave a cry or made any sound whatever1 but stared with round1 strange eyes only1 and withered away in three days1 and was hidden by her in a sand-hole at the root of a stunted thorn that grew there4 ,at every going down of the sun thereafter1 the mother of the changeling went to the edge of the sea1 and stood among the wet tangle of the wrack1 ,footnote3 ,wrack3 coarse seaweed4 and put out her supplicating hands1 but never spoke word nor uttered cry4 ,but on this night of ,september1 while the gleaming sea-fowl were flying through the burning glens of scarlet flame in the wide purple wildness of the sky1 with the wind falling and wailing and wailing and falling1 the woman went over to the running water beyond the seapool1 and put her skirt over her head and stepped into the pool1 and1 hooded thus and thus patient1 waited till the tide came in4 --,,fiona ,,macleod4 ,footnote3 ,notice how the author describes the wildness of nature so as to make it seem in sympathy with the strangeness of the human story4 ,pick out words and passages that convey this as3 screaming seamews1 screeched1 dishevelled1 black flurries1 etc4 ,have you ever read any stories or fairy tales that tell about changelings8 ,among what kind of people would a story like this be believed8 ,read ,yeats1 ,the ,land of ,hearts' ,desire and compare with this story4 ,is the story too fantastic to gain the reader's sympathy8 ,,the ,,pine-,,tree ,,shillings ,the ,captain ,john ,hull aforesaid was the mint-master of ,massachusetts1 and coined all the money that was made there4 ,this was a new line of business2 for1 in the earlier days of the colony1 the current coinage consisted of gold and silver money of ,england1 and ,portugal1 and ,spain4 ,these coins being scarce1 the people were often forced to barter their commodities instead of selling them4 ,for instance1 if a man wanted to buy a coat1 he perhaps exchanged a bear-skin for it4 ,if he wished for a barrel of molasses1 he might purchase it with a pile of pine boards4 ,musket-bullets were used instead of farthings4 ,the ,indians had a sort of money1 called wampum1 which was made of clam-shells2 and this strange sort of specie was likewise taken in payment of debts by the ,english settlers4 ,bank-bills had never been heard of4 ,there was not money enough of any kind1 in many parts of the country1 to pay the salaries of the ministers2 so that they sometimes had to take quintals ,footnote3 ,quintals3 hundredweights4 of fish1 bushels of corn1 or cords of wood1 instead of silver or gold4 ,as the people grew more numerous1 and their trade one with another increased1 the want of current money was still more sensibly felt4 ,to supply the demand1 the ,general ,court passed a law for establishing a coinage of shillings1 sixpences1 and threepences4 ,footnote3 ,shillings3 ,sixpences1 and three-pences4 ,what country did use and still uses this system8 ,captain ,john ,hull was appointed to manufacture this money1 and was to have about one shilling out of every twenty to pay him for the trouble of making them4 ,hereupon all the old silver in the colony was handed over to ,captain ,john ,hull4 ,the battered silver cans and tankards1 ,footnote3 ,tankards3 large drinking vessels4 ,i suppose1 and silver buckles1 and broken spoons1 and silver buttons of wornout coats1 and silver hilts of swords that had figured at court1--all such curious old articles were doubtless thrown into the melting pot together4 ,but by far the greater part of the silver consisted of bullion ,footnote3 ,bullion3 uncoined gold or silver in the mass4 from the mines of ,south ,america1 which the ,english buccaneers ,footnote3 ,buccaneers3 pirates4--who were little better than pirates--had taken from the ,spaniards1 and brought to ,massachusetts4 ,all this old and new silver being melted down and coined1 the result was an immense amount of splendid shillings1 sixpences1 and threepences4 ,each had the date1 #afeb1 on the one side1 and the figure of a pine-tree on the other4 ,hence they were called pine-tree shillings4 ,and for every twenty shillings that he coined1 you will remember1 ,captain ,john ,hull was entitled to put one shilling into his own pocket4 ,the magistrates soon began to suspect that the mint-master would have the best of the bargain4 ,they offered him a large sum of money if he would but give up the twentieth shilling which he was continually dropping into his own pocket4 ,but ,captain ,hull declared himself perfectly satisfied with the shilling4 ,and well he might be2 for so diligently did he labor that1 in a few years1 his pockets1 his money-bags1 and his strong box were overflowing with pine-tree shillings4 ,this was probably the case when he came into possession of ,grandfather's chair2 and1 as he had worked so hard at the mint1 it was certainly proper that he should have a comfortable chair to rest himself in4 ,when the mint-master had grown rich1 a young man1 ,samuel ,sewell by name1 came a-courting to his only daughter4 ,his daughter--whose name ,i do not know1 but we will call her ,betsey--was a fine1 hearty damsel1 by no means so slender as some young ladies of our own days4 ,on the contrary1 having always fed heartily on pumpkin-pies1 doughnuts1 ,indian puddings1 and other ,puritan dainties1 she was as round1 and plump as a pudding herself4 ,with this round1 rosy ,miss ,betsey did ,samuel ,sewell fall in love4 ,as he was a young man of good character1 industrious in his business1 and a member of the church1 the mint-master very readily gave his consent4 ,yes1 you may take her1 said he1 in his rough way1 and you'll find her a heavy burden enough6 ,on the wedding day1 we may suppose that honest ,john ,hull dressed himself in a plum-colored coat1 all the buttons of which were made of pine-tree shillings4 ,the buttons of his waistcoat were sixpences2 and the knees of his smallclothes ,footnote3 ,smallclothes3 knee breeches4 were buttoned with silver threepences4 ,thus attired1 he sat with great dignity in ,grandfather's chair2 and1 being a portly old gentleman1 he completely filled it from elbow to elbow4 ,on the opposite side of the room1 between her bridemaids1 sat ,miss ,betsey4 ,she was blushing with all her might1 and looked like a full-blown peony1 or a great red apple4 ,there1 too1 was the bridegroom1 dressed in a fine purple coat and gold-lace waistcoat1 with as much other finery as the ,puritan laws and customs would allow him to put on4 ,his hair was cropped close to his head1 because ,governor ,endicott ,footnote3 ,governor ,endicott3 governor of the ,massachusetts colony from #afdg to #affe4 had forbidden any man to wear it below the ears4 ,but he was a very personable young man2 and so thought the bridemaids and ,miss ,betsey herself4 ,the mint-master also was pleased with his new son-in-law2 especially as he had courted ,miss ,betsey out of pure love1 and had said nothing at all about her portion4 ,so1 when the marriage ceremony was over1 ,captain ,hull whispered a word to two of his men-servants1 who immediately went out1 and soon returned1 lugging in a large pair of scales4 ,there were such a pair as wholesale merchants use for weighing bulky commodities2 and quite a bulky commodity was now to be weighed in them4 ,daughter ,betsey1 said the mint-master1 get into one side of these scales4 ,miss ,betsey--or ,mrs4 ,sewell1 as we must now call her--did as she was bid1 like a dutiful child1 without any question of the why and wherefore4 ,but what her father could mean1 unless to make her husband pay for her by the pound 7in which case she would have been a dear bargain71 she had not the least idea4 ,and now1 said honest ,john ,hull to the servants1 bring that box hither4 ,the box to which the mint-master pointed was a huge square1 iron-bound1 oaken chest2 it was big enough1 my children1 for all four of you to play hide-and-seek in4 ,the servants tugged with might and main1 but could not lift this enormous receptacle1 and were finally obliged to drag it across the floor4 ,captain ,hull then took a key from his girdle1 unlocked the chest1 and lifted its ponderous lid4 ,behold6 it was full to the brim of bright pine-tree shillings1 fresh from the mint2 and ,samuel ,sewell began to think that his father-in-law had got possession of all the money in the ,massachusetts treasury4 ,but it was only the mint-master's honest share of the coinage4 ,then the servants1 at ,captain ,hull's command1 heaped double handfuls of shillings into one side of the scales1 while ,betsey remained in the other4 ,jingle1 jingle1 went the shillings1 as handful after handful was thrown in1 till1 plump and ponderous as she was1 they fairly weighed the young lady from the floor4 ,there1 son ,sewell6 cried the honest mint-master1 resuming his seat in ,grandfather's chair1 take these shillings for my daughter's portion4 ,use her kindly1 and thank ,heaven for her4 ,it is not every wife that's worth her weight in silver6 --,,nathaniel ,,hawthorne4 ,footnote3 ,notice the kindly quality of the humor4 ,do you know any other stories written in this vein8 ,does the author seem to think that ,miss ,betsey's charms or her money were her attraction8 ,,the ,,white ,,trail ,for the space of nearly ten weeks these people travelled thus in the region of the ,kabinikagam4 ,sometimes they made long marches2 sometimes they camped for the hunting2 sometimes the great1 fierce storms of the north drove them to shelter1 snowed them under1 and passed on shrieking4 ,the wind opposed them4 ,at first of little account1 its very insistence gave it value4 ,always the stinging snow whirling into the face2 always the eyes watering and smarting2 always the unyielding opposition against which to bend the head2 always the rush of sound in the ears1--a distraction against which the senses had to struggle before they could take their needed cognisance of trail and of game4 ,an uneasiness was abroad with the wind1 an uneasiness that infected the men1 the dogs1 the forest creatures1 the very insentient trees themselves4 ,it racked the nerves4 ,in it the inimical ,spirit of the ,north seemed to find its plainest symbol2 though many difficulties she cast in the way were greater to be overcome4 ,ever the days grew shorter4 ,the sun swung above the horizon1 low to the south1 and dipped back as though pulled by some invisible string4 ,slanting through the trees it gave little cheer and no warmth4 ,early in the afternoon it sank1 silhouetting the pointed firs1 casting across the snow long1 crimson shadows1 which faded into gray4 ,it was replaced by a moon1 chill and remote1 dead as the white world on which it looked4 ,in the great frost continually the trees were splitting with loud1 sudden reports4 ,the cold had long since squeezed the last drops of moisture from the atmosphere4 ,it was metallic1 clear1 hard as ice1 brilliant as the stars1 compressed with the freezing4 ,the moon1 the stars1 the earth1 the very heavens glistened like polished steel4 ,frost lay on the land thick as a coverlid4 ,it hid the east like clouds of smoke4 ,snow remained unmelted two feet from the camp-fire4 ,and the fire alone saved these people from the enemy4 ,if ,sam stooped for a moment to adjust his snow-shoe strap1 he straightened his back with a certain reluctance1--already the benumbing preliminary to freezing had begun4 ,if ,dick1 flipping his mitten from his hand to light his pipe1 did not catch the fire at the second tug1 he had to resume the mitten and beat the circulation into his hand before renewing the attempt1 lest the ends of his fingers become frosted4 ,movement1 always and incessantly1 movement alone could keep going the vital forces on these few coldest days until the fire had been built to fight back the white death4 ,it was the land of ghosts4 ,except for the few hours at midday these people moved in the gloom and shadow of a nether world4 ,the long twilight was succeeded by longer night1 with its burnished stars1 its dead moon1 its unearthly aurora4 ,on the fresh snow were the tracks of creatures1 but in the flesh they glided almost invisible4 ,the ptarmigan's ,footnote3 ,ptarmigan3 a species of grouse that is brown in summer but turns white1 or nearly white1 in winter4 bead eye alone betrayed him1 he had no outline4 ,the ermine's black tip was the only indication of his presence4 ,even the larger animals--the caribou1 the moose--had either turned a dull gray1 or were so rimed by the frost as to have lost all appearance of solidity4 ,it was ever a surprise to find these phantoms red1 to discover that their flesh would resist the knife4 ,during the strife of the heavy northwest storms one side of each tree had become more or less plastered with snow1 so that even their dark trunks flashed mysteriously into and out of view4 ,in the entire world of the great white silence the only solid1 enduring1 palpable reality was the tiny sledge train crawling with infinite patience across its vastness4 ,white space1 a feeling of littleness and impotence1 twilight gloom1 burnished night1 bitter cold1 unreality1 phantasmagoria1 ,footnote3 ,phantasmagoria3 illusive images4 ghosts like those which surged about ,aeneas1 ,footnote3 ,ghosts about ,aeneas3 referring to the descent of ,aeneas into ,hades as told in ,virgil's ,aeneid4 and finally clogging1 white silence1--these were the simple but dreadful elements of that journey which lasted1 without event1 from the middle of ,november until the latter part of ,january4 --,,stewart ,,edward ,,white4 ,footnote3 ,what is the effect of the repeated use of always in the first paragraph8 ,cite the passages that help most in giving you a clear picture of the scene4 ,what effect is produced by the absence of color in the description8 ,why does the author use almost entirely the short sentences8 ,what possibilities of tragedy are hinted at in the narrative8 ,how is the sense of silence and isolation conveyed8 ,a ,,dissertation ,,on ,,roast ,,pig ,mankind1 says a ,chinese manuscript1 which my friend ,m4 was obliging enough to read and explain to me1 for the first seventy thousand ages ate their meat raw1 clawing it or biting it from the living animal1 just as they do in ,abyssinia to this day4 ,this period is not obscurely hinted at by their great ,confucius ,footnote3 ,confucius3 a celebrated ,chinese philosopher1 born about #eej ,b4,c4 in the second chapter of his ,mundane ,mutations1 where he designates a kind of golden age by the term ,cho-fang1 literally the ,cooks' holiday4 ,the manuscript goes on to say1 that the art of roasting1 or rather broiling 7which ,i take to be the elder brother7 was accidentally discovered in the manner following4 ,the swineherd1 ,ho-ti1 having gone out into the woods one morning1 as his manner was1 to collect mast ,footnote3 ,mast-acorns3 nuts4 for his hogs1 left his cottage in the care of his eldest son ,bo-bo1 a great lubberly boy1 who being fond of playing with fire1 as younkers ,footnote3 ,younkers3 youngsters4 of his age commonly are1 let some sparks escape into a bundle of straw1 which kindling quickly1 spread the conflagration over every part of their poor mansion1 till it was reduced to ashes4 ,together with the cottage 7a sorry antediluvian makeshift of a building1 you may think it71 what was of much more importance1 a fine litter of young pigs1 no less than nine in number1 perished4 ,china pigs ,footnote3 ,china pigs4 ,what adjective would we use now8 have been esteemed a luxury all over the ,east from the remotest periods that we read of4 ,bo-bo was in the utmost consternation1 as you may think1 not so much for the sake of the tenement1 which his father and he could easily build up again with a few dry branches1 and the labor of an hour or two1 at any time1 as for the loss of the pigs4 ,while he was thinking what he should say to his father1 and wringing his hands over the smoking remnants of one of those untimely sufferers1 an odor assailed his nostrils1 unlike any scent which he had before experienced4 ,what could it proceed from8--not from the burnt cottage--he had smelled that smell before--indeed this was by no means the first accident of the kind which had occurred through the negligence of this unlucky young firebrand4 ,much less did it resemble that of any known herb1 weed1 or flower4 ,a premonitory moistening at the same time overflowed his nether lip4 ,he knew not what to think4 ,he next stooped down to feel the pig1 if there were any signs of life in it4 ,he burned his fingers1 and to cool them he applied them in his booby fashion to his mouth4 ,some of the crumbs of the scorched skin had come away with his fingers1 and for the first time in his life 7in the world's life indeed1 for before him no man had known it7 he tasted--crackling6 ,footnote3 ,crackling3 the brown crisp rind of roasted pork4 ,again he felt and fumbled at the pig4 ,it did not burn him so much now1 still he licked his fingers from a sort of habit4 ,the truth at length broke into his slow understanding1 that it was the pig that smelt so1 and the pig that tasted so delicious2 and1 surrendering himself to the newborn pleasure1 he fell to tearing whole handfuls of the scorched skin with the flesh next it1 and was cramming it down his throat in his beastly fashion1 when his sire entered amid the smoking rafters1 armed with retributory cudgel1 and finding how affairs stood1 began to rain blows upon the young rogue's shoulders1 as thick as hailstones1 which ,bo-bo heeded not any more than if they had been flies4 ,the tickling pleasure which he experienced in his lower regions1 had rendered him quite callous to any inconveniences he might feel in those remote quarters4 ,his father might lay on1 but he could not beat him from his pig1 till he had fairly made an end of it1 when1 becoming a little more sensible of his situation1 something like the following dialogue ensued3-- ,you graceless fellow1 what have you got there devouring8 ,is it not enough that you have burned down three houses with your dog's tricks1 but you must be eating fire and ,i know not what--what have you got there1 ,i say8 ,o father1 the pig1 the pig1 do come and taste how nice the burnt pig eats4 ,the ears of ,ho-ti tingled with horror4 ,he cursed his son1 and he cursed himself that ever he should have a son that should eat burnt pig4 ,bo-bo1 whose scent was wonderfully sharpened since morning1 soon raked out another pig1 and fairly rending it asunder1 thrust the lesser half by main force into the fists of ,ho-ti1 still shouting out1 ,eat1 eat1 eat the burnt pig1 father1 only taste1--with such like ejaculations1 cramming all the while as if he would choke4 ,ho-ti trembled in every joint while he grasped the abominable thing1 wavering whether he should not put his son to death for an unnatural young monster1 when the crackling scorching his fingers1 as it had done his son's1 and applying the same remedy to them1 he in his turn tasted some of its flavor1 which1 make what sour mouths he would for a pretence1 proved not altogether displeasing to him4 ,in conclusion 7for the manuscript here is a little tedious7 both father and son fairly sat down to the mess1 and never left off till they despatched all that remained of the litter4 ,bo-bo was strictly enjoined not to let the secret escape1 for the neighbors would certainly have stoned them for a couple of abominable wretches1 who could think of improving upon the good meat ,god had sent them4 ,nevertheless1 strange stories got about4 ,it was observed that ,ho-ti's cottage was burned down now more frequently than ever4 ,nothing but fires from this time forward4 ,some would break out in broad day1 others in the night-time4 ,and ,ho-ti himself1 which was the more remarkable1 instead of chastising his son1 seemed to grow more indulgent to him than ever4 ,at length they were watched1 the terrible mystery discovered1 and father and son summoned to take their trial at ,pekin1 then an inconsiderable assize town4 ,footnote3 ,assize town3 the place where the court sits to conduct trials4 ,evidence was given1 the obnoxious food itself produced in court1 and verdict about to be pronounced1 when the foreman of the jury begged that some of the burnt pig1 of which the culprits stood accused1 might be handed into the box4 ,he handled it1 and they all handled it1 and burning their fingers1 as ,bo-bo and his father had done before them1 and nature prompting to each of them the same remedy1 against the face of all the facts1 and the clearest charge which the judge had ever given1--to the surprise of the whole court1 townsfolk1 strangers1 reporters1 and all present--without leaving the box1 or any manner of consultation whatever1 they brought in a simultaneous verdict of ,not ,guilty4 ,the judge1 who was a shrewd fellow1 winked at the manifest iniquity of the decision2 and when the court was dismissed1 went privily1 and bought up all the pigs that could be had for love or money4 ,in a few days his ,lordship's town house was observed to be on fire4 ,the thing took wing1 and now there was nothing to be seen but fires in every direction4 ,fuel and pigs grew enormously dear all over the district4 ,the insurance offices one and all shut up shop4 ,people built slighter and slighter every day1 until it was feared that the very science of architecture would in no long time be lost to the world4 ,thus this custom of firing houses continued1 till in process of time1 says my manuscript1 a sage arose1 like our ,locke1 ,footnote3 ,locke3 ,john ,locke1 a celebrated ,english philosopher of the seventeenth century4 who made a discovery1 that flesh of swine1 or indeed of any other animal1 might be cooked 7burnt1 as they called it7 without the necessity of consuming a whole house to dress it4 ,then first began the rude form of a gridiron4 ,roasting by the string1 or spit1 came in a century or two later1 ,i forget in whose dynasty4 ,by such slow degrees1 concludes the manuscript1 do the most useful1 and seemingly the most obvious arts1 make their way among mankind4 --,,charles ,,lamb4 ,footnote3 ,in this essay where does the humor lie8 ,is it in the absurdity of the story told8 ,in the exaggerations8 ,what stories1 of those you have studied1 does this most resemble8 ,why8 ,notice how bare the story is of any description except that which is essential to the theme4 ,what is the effect of this8 ,does the author describe the taste of roast pig sympathetically8 ,does any article of food arouse your enthusiasm8 ,if so1 try writing an essay on it4 ,why does the author introduce such incongruous terms as foreman of the jury1 jury box1 insurance offices8 ,,the ,,last ,,class ,i was very late for school that morning1 and ,i was afraid of being scolded1 especially as ,monsieur ,hamel had told us that he should examine us on participles1 and ,i did not know the first thing about them4 ,for a moment ,i thought of staying away from school and wandering about the fields4 ,it was such a warm1 lovely day4 ,i could hear the blackbirds whistling on the edge of the wood1 and in the ,rippert field1 behind the sawmill1 the ,prussians going through their drill4 ,footnote3 ,prussians going through their drill4 ,the time of the story is laid at the end of the ,franco-,prussian ,war4 ,all that was much more tempting to me than the rules concerning participles2 but ,i had the strength to resist1 and ,i ran as fast as ,i could to school4 ,as ,i passed the ,mayor's office1 ,i saw that there were people gathered about the little board on which notices were posted4 ,for two years all our bad news had come from that board--battles lost1 conscriptions1 ,footnote3 ,conscription3 compulsory enrollment for military service4 orders from headquarters2 and ,i thought without stopping3 ,what can it be now8 ,then1 as ,i ran across the square1 ,wachter the blacksmith1 who stood there with his apprentice1 reading the placard1 called out to me3 ,don't hurry so1 my boy2 you'll get to your school soon enough6 ,i thought that he was making fun of me1 and ,i ran into ,monsieur ,hamel's little yard all out of breath4 ,usually1 at the beginning of school1 there was a great uproar which could be heard in the street1 desks opening and closing1 lessons repeated aloud in unison1 with our ears stuffed in order to learn quicker1 and the teacher's stout ruler beating on the desk3 ,a little more quiet6 ,i counted on all this noise to reach my bench unnoticed1 but as it happened1 that day everything was quiet1 like a ,sunday morning4 ,through the open window ,i saw my comrades already in their places1 and ,monsieur ,hamel walking back and forth with the terrible iron ruler under his arm4 ,i had to open the door and enter1 in the midst of that perfect silence4 ,you can imagine whether ,i blushed and whether ,i was afraid6 ,but no6 ,monsieur ,hamel looked at me with no sign of anger and said very gently3 ,go at once to your seat1 my little ,frantz2 we were going to begin without you4 ,i stepped over the bench and sat down at once at my desk4 ,not until then1 when ,i had partly recovered from my fright1 did ,i notice that our teacher had on his handsome blue coat1 his plaited ruff1 and the black embroidered breeches1 which he wore on days of inspection or of distribution of prizes4 ,moreover1 there was something extraordinary1 something solemn about the whole class4 ,but what surprised me most was to see at the back of the room1 on the benches which were usually empty1 some people from the village sitting1 as silent as we were3 old ,hauser with his three-cornered hat1 the ex-mayor1 the ex-postman1 and others besides4 ,they all seemed depressed2 and ,hauser had brought an old spelling-book with gnawed edges1 which he held wide-open on his knee1 with his great spectacles askew4 ,while ,i was wondering at all this1 ,monsieur ,hamel had mounted his platform1 and in the same gentle and serious voice with which he had welcomed me1 he said to us3 ,my children1 this is the last time that ,i shall teach you4 ,orders have come from ,berlin to teach nothing but ,german in the schools of ,alsace and ,lorraine4 ,the new teacher arrives to-morrow4 ,this is the last class in ,french1 so ,i beg you to be very attentive4 ,those few words overwhelmed me4 ,ah6 the villains6 that was what they had posted at the mayor's office4 ,my last class in ,french6 ,and ,i barely knew how to write6 ,so ,i should never learn6 ,i must stop short where ,i was6 ,how angry ,i was with myself because of the time ,i had wasted1 the lessons ,i had missed1 running about after nests1 or sliding on the ,saar6 ,footnote3 ,saar3 a river just beyond the northeast border line of the province of ,lorraine4 ,my books1 which only a moment before ,i thought so tiresome1 so heavy to carry--my grammar1 my sacred history--seemed to me now like old friends1 from whom ,i should be terribly grieved to part4 ,and it was the same about ,monsieur ,hamel4 ,the thought that he was going away1 that ,i should never see him again1 made me forget the punishments1 the blows with the ruler4 ,poor man6 ,it was in honor of that last lesson that he had put on his fine ,sunday clothes2 and ,i understood now why those old fellows from the village were sitting at the end of the room4 ,it seemed to mean that they regretted not having come oftener to the school4 ,it was also a way of thanking our teacher for his forty years of faithful service1 and of paying their respects to the fatherland which was vanishing4 ,i was at that point in my reflections1 when ,i heard my name called4 ,it was my turn to recite4 ,what would ,i not have given to be able to say from the beginning to the end that famous rule about participles1 in a loud1 distinct voice1 without a slip6 ,but ,i got mixed up at the first words1 and ,i stood there swaying against my bench1 with a full heart1 afraid to raise my head4 ,i heard ,monsieur ,hamel speaking to me3 ,i will not scold you1 my little ,frantz2 you must be punished enough2 that is the way it goes2 every day we say to ourselves3 ',pshaw6 ,i have time enough4 ,i will learn to-morrow4' ,and then you see what happens4 ,ah6 it has been the great misfortune of our ,alsace always to postpone its lessons until to-morrow4 ',what6 you claim to be ,french1 and you can neither speak nor write your language6' ,in all this1 my poor ,frantz1 you are not the guiltiest one4 ,we all have our fair share of reproaches to address to ourselves4 ,your parents have not been careful enough to see that you were educated4 ,they preferred to send you to work in the fields or in the factories1 in order to have a few more sous4 ,and have ,i nothing to reproach myself for8 ,have ,i not often made you water my garden instead of studying8 ,and when ,i wanted to go fishing for trout1 have ,i ever hesitated to dismiss you8 ,then passing from one thing to another1 ,monsieur ,hamel began to talk to us about the ,french language1 saying that it was the most beautiful language in the world1 the most clear1 the most substantial2 that we must always retain it among ourselves1 and never forget it1 because when a people falls into servitude1 so long as it clings to its language1 it is as if it held the key to its prison4 ,then he took the grammar and read us our lesson4 ,i was amazed to see how readily ,i understood4 ,everything that he said seemed so easy to me1 so easy4 ,i believed1 too1 that ,i had never listened so closely1 and that he1 for his part1 had never been so patient with his explanations4 ,one would have said that1 before going away1 the poor man desired to give us all his knowledge1 to force it all into our heads at a single blow4 ,when the lesson was at an end1 we passed to writing4 ,for that day ,monsieur ,hamel had prepared some entirely new examples1 on which was written in a fine1 round hand3 ,france1 ,alsace1 ,france1 ,alsace4 ,they were like little flags1 waving all about the class1 hanging from the rods of our desks4 ,you should have seen how hard we all worked and how silent it was6 ,nothing could be heard save the grinding of the pens over the paper4 ,at one time some cockchafers ,footnote3 ,cockchafers3 a species of beetle4 flew in2 but no one paid any attention to them not even the little fellows1 who were struggling with their straight lines1 with a will and conscientious application1 as if even the lines were ,french4 ,on the roof of the schoolhouse1 pigeons cooed in low tones1 and ,i said to myself as ,i listened to them3 ,i wonder if they are going to compel them to sing ,german too6 ,from time to time1 when ,i raised my eyes from my paper1 ,i saw ,monsieur ,hamel sitting motionless in his chair and staring at the objects about him as if he wished to carry away in his glance the whole of his little schoolhouse4 ,think of it6 ,for forty years he had been there in the same place1 with his yard in front of him and his class just as it was6 ,but the benches and desks were polished and rubbed by use2 the walnuts in the yard had grown1 and the hop-vine which he himself had planted now festooned the windows even to the roof4 ,what a heartrending thing it must have been for that poor man to leave all those things1 and to hear his sister walking back and forth in the room overhead1 packing their trunks6 ,for they were to go away the next day--to leave the province forever4 ,however1 he had the courage to keep the class to the end4 ,after the writing1 we had the lesson in history2 then the little ones sang all together the ba1 be1 bi1 bo1 bu4 ,yonder1 at the back of the room1 old ,hauser had put on his spectacles1 and1 holding his spelling-book in both hands1 he spelled out the letters with them4 ,i could see that he too was applying himself4 ,his voice shook with emotion1 and it was so funny to hear him1 that we all longed to laugh and to cry4 ,ah6 ,i shall remember that last class4 ,suddenly the church struck twelve1 then the ,angelus ,footnote3 ,angelus3 the angelus bell1 which is rung at morning1 noon1 and night4 rang4 ,at the same moment1 the bugles of the ,prussians returning from drill blared under our windows4 ,monsieur ,hamel rose1 pale as death1 from his chair4 ,never had he seemed to me so tall4 ,my friends1 he said1 my friends1 ,i--,i-- ,but something suffocated him4 ,he could not finish the sentence4 ,thereupon he turned to the blackboard1 took a piece of chalk1 and1 bearing on with all his might1 he wrote in the largest letters he could3 ,vive ,la ,france6 ,footnote3 ,vive la ,france3 ,long live ,france4 ,then he stood there with his head resting against the wall1 and without speaking1 he motioned to us with his hand3 ,that is all2 go4 --,,alphonse ,,daudet4 ,footnote3 ,compare this story with ,a ,leaf in the ,storm4 ,what do such stories make you think of the glory of conquest8 ,why was the decree made that this was to be the last class in ,french8 ,does the author make this story a personal tragedy or the tragedy of ,france8 ,where is the climax of the story8 ,is it effective8 ,what kind of spirit does it show8 ,does that spirit live in ,france to-day8 ,,an ,,arab ,,fisherman ,this morning ,i reached the rocks before the dawn had begun to break4 ,it was too dark to fish2 but ,i crept out to the very edge of the ledge1 and sat down beside a great boulder to wait for the light4 ,i lit my pipe and smoked impatiently4 ,it seemed as though the dawn came up out of the water itself2 long before ,i could notice any increase of light the waves began to change color from the dark1 oily olive tint of night to a lighter green1 and gradually1 just as it began to dawn1 to their daytime blue4 ,a long trailing cloud1 which stretched clean across the sky like an exaggerated ,milky ,way1 suddenly caught fire at its eastern end4 ,rapidly the red flame along ran its entire length to the other horizon4 ,then countless unexpected shadows woke up on the rocks about me1 weird1 undefined shapes1 which became clear-cut only when the rim of the sun came up over ,cap ,rouge4 ,but a swish in the water beside me1 as the first fish rose1 recalled me to the business in hand4 ,i opened my little tin tackle-box1 put the rod together1 and just as ,i was tying on the flies ,i was disturbed by human voices4 ,i said several things ,i shouldn't have1 and looked up over my rock to motion back the intruders4 ,for a moment ,i thought ,i was back in ,old ,greece1 the ,old ,greece where early morning fishers were often interrupted by the sea-nymphs4 ,but a second glance reassured me--it was only an ,arab and his wife hunting crabs4 ,their method was typical4 ,he was a sombre old chap1 with long1 scanty white beard1 a soiled burnous1 ,footnote3 ,burnous3 a cloak-like garment with a hood1 worn by the ,arabs4 and thin1 scrawny brown legs4 ,he sat stolidly on a dry rock1 a basket under his feet1 and--this was the typical part--watched his wife work4 ,i did not blame him for watching4 ,it was a pretty sight4 ,she was a supple young ,mauresque1 ,footnote3 ,mauresque3 ,moorish 7girl74 slim and graceful as the water-nymph for whom ,i had first mistaken her4 ,she had laid aside her outer cloak-like garment1 and was clad only in a light cotton tunic4 ,it was very simple affair--two small holes for her arms1 a bigger one for her head1 and a still bigger one at the bottom to get in by4 ,i could make one myself4 ,it was bound about her waist with a heavy dark red woollen sash1 the ends of which1 hanging down at her side1 were adorned with a most amazing collection of colored strings1 bright yellow1 startling orange1 pale blue1 and flaming crimson4 ,it sounds discordant1 and ,i must admit that1 as it hangs now in my room1 it almost makes my head ache4 ,but out there on the red1 wet rocks it was toned down by the faint morning light1 and mingled charmingly with the greens on the bank and the far-reaching blue of the sea4 ,in her hand was a spear--a stick sharpened in a fire4 ,if the old gentleman took it sedately and placidly1 it was just the reverse with her4 ,she was fairly running over with the joy of life4 ,she would crawl about deftly until she saw a crab1 then she would make a long detour to get it between her and the sun1 so that her shadow should not frighten it4 ,when she got within striking distance1 she would wave her hand at her husband1 as though she thought he could increase the intensity of his silence4 ,with a graceful1 dextrous thrust she would stab her game1 and1 gathering up her scant skirts1 she would dash into the water after it4 ,the moment she got her hand on it she would let out a delighted little scream of glee1 and go bounding over the rocks to exhibit it to her lord and master4 ,i wanted to wring his scrawny old neck for not being more enthusiastic about it4 ,but he never once lost his blase manner4 ,he would look at the crab a moment critically1 then lift up his foot and let her put it in the basket4 ,not a word would he say4 ,but off she would go again with undimmed ardor4 ,it was a sight for the gods4 ,and for half an hour ,i forgot all about my fishing-rod4 ,at last their basket was full1 and the old man got up and began to come my way4 ,she picked up her mantle and the basket and followed him4 ,they saw me at the same moment4 ,she gave a startled little squeal and started to retreat2 but the old man grunted ,roumi1 so she stopped4 ,roumi1 being translated1 means ,infidel4 ,it was as though he had said1 ,don't get excited2 it is only a dog4 ,if ,i had been a ,mussulman1 she would have run screaming to the woods1 and would have had to do--,i don't know what penance--because ,i had seen her face unveiled4 ,but ,i was only an infidel dog and didn't count4 ,the old man made the ,sign of ,peace1 and the two sat down beside me4 ,i didn't return his salute4 ,i had never felt so entirely1 so shamefully insulted in my life4 ,i have always read a deep contempt for me in the eyes of the ,mussulmans ,i have met4 ,the ,arab boy who cleans my boots and cares for ,citron1 my mare1 looks down on me from a perfectly unspeakable height of superiority4 ,the men do not matter1 but to be insulted so by a woman1 a very pretty woman1 made my hair crinkle6 ,i had heard that the ,mohammedan women do not veil before the infidels4 ,but ,i had never realized the overpowering weight of the insult before4 ,she would have been utterly confused if an ,arab had seen her face4 ,she sat there before me1 almost within reach of my hand1 in a thin1 short1 very short1 tunic1 which was wet1 and she never turned a hair4 ,i was a ,roumi1 not a man1 a dog4 ,that was all there was to it4 ,i felt that unless ,i could shake her composure ,i would explode4 ,i tried to convince her ,i was a man by staring at her4 ,i might just as well have tried to embarrass the statue of ,venus de ,milo6 ,bonjour1 ,footnote3 ,bonjour3 good day4 the old man said4 ,he had probably learned ,french working for a colonist2 or perhaps he had served in the ,spahis ,footnote3 ,spahis3 ,algerian cavalrymen serving in the ,french army4 when he was younger4 ,i was too mad to return his greeting4 ,fishing8 he asked4 ,such insane questions1 when the answer is so evident1 generally infuriate me2 and ,i probably would have told him ,i was skating if ,i had not been afraid he would get mad and walk off with his wife1 and ,i had not yet given up hope of embarrassing her4 ,yes1 ,i replied4 ,and you8 ,i've been crab-fishing1 he said solemnly1 and he showed me his basket4 ,i'm a good fisher1 he added4 ,i looked at his wife1 but she did not seem to see anything funny in his choice of pronouns4 ,i tied another fly on my leader4 ,no good1 he said4 ,use crab meat4 ,fish don't like feathers4 ,i made a couple of casts without making a strike4 ,no good6 he kept repeating4 ,he began to get on my nerves4 ,at last ,i had better luck and landed a beautiful three-pounder4 ,i dangled it triumphantly before his eyes4 ,no good1 he said stolidly4 ,use crab meat4 ,fish don't like feathers4 ,then ,i had a run of luck4 ,almost every cast ,i got a rise1 and soon ,i had a nice string of eight1 all from two to five pounds4 ,i noticed that all the strikes had been on the same fly1 so ,i stopped for a minute to change the other two flies to this variety4 ,i thought that if ,i should have the luck to raise two at once--as sometimes happens--,i might convince him4 ,when ,i opened the box to get the new flies1 both of them came close to look in4 ,in one compartment were some bare hooks on which ,i had not yet built flies4 ,the old man pounced on them at once4 ,there6 he cried4 ,these are good4 ,use these with crab meat and you will catch fish6 ,i sat back in dumb amazement4 ,once upon a time1 way back in the dimness before history1 this chap's ancestors had begun to fish off these rocks with a bent wire and a piece of crab meat4 ,century after century they had sat there unchanging4 ,sat there all day long1 and had been lucky to catch half as many fish as ,i had done in fifteen minutes4 ,and glaring ocular demonstration did not shake his faith in the methods of his ancestors4 ,i began to understand the hopeless discouragement with which my host talks of the ,native ,question4 ,the ,arabs are starving off because the ,french have stolen their land4 ,but the fact remains that most of the natives have more land than the colonists4 ,an ,arab will starve to death on a piece of land which will support two ,french families1 simply because the ,arabs do not know--and will not learn--how to intensify their culture4 ,somehow--nobody knows just how--the ,romans1 during the long centuries of their occupation1 succeeded in teaching them to put an iron point on the end of the crooked stick with which they scratch the earth4 ,it is the last thing they have learned4 ,the ,arabs employed by my host are good workmen4 ,they seem perfectly intelligent2 six days a week they yoke his stout oxen before a great ,american plow1 turn his soil1 scatter his fertilizer1 after the harvest help him sort out the best grain for the next sowing1 and so forth2 but the seventh day of the week they hitch their wives beside an ass1 and tickle the soil with their iron-pointed stick4 ,why should we put on fertilizer8 they ask4 ,allah1 the ,just1 will give us the harvest our piety deserves4 ,my speculations about the fate of the race were interrupted by the voice of the young woman4 ,her eye had been caught by a gaudy red-feathered trolling-spoon and its polished brass disk4 ,she pointed to it1 and said something in ,arabic4 ,the old man shook his head4 ,no good he repeated his deadly refrain4 ,use these4 ,crab meat4 ,you will catch fish4 ,fish don't like feathers4 ,but ,i'd lost interest in fishing4 ,i realized that if ,i pulled up ,jonah's whale it would not convince the old man4 ,so ,i started to put up my things4 --,,albert ,,edwards4 ,footnote3 ,note the use of color4 ,what things in the scene should you like to see for yourself8 ,is the humor of the story one of situation or character8 ,was the old ,arab vain or only stupid8 ,is his attitude toward the author a typically ,eastern one8 ,do you know ,kipling's ballad1 ,the ,east and the ,west8 ,,the ,,archery ,,contest ,at the beginning of the contest a stranger appears to take part in the shooting4 ,he tells ,prince ,john that his name is ,locksley4 ,a target was placed at the upper end of the southern avenue which led to the lists4 ,footnote3 ,lists3 fields of combat4 ,the contending archers took their station in turn1 at the bottom of the southern access1 the distance between that station and the mark allowing full distance for what was called a shot at rovers4 ,the archers1 having previously determined by lot their order of precedence1 were to shoot each three shafts in succession4 ,the sports were regulated by an officer of inferior rank1 termed the ,provost of the ,games2 for the high rank of the marshals of the lists would have been held degraded1 had they condescended to superintend the sports of the yeomanry4 ,footnote3 ,yeomanry3 the yeomen in ,england were the freeholders1 the class next in order to the gentry4 ,one by one the archers1 stepping forward1 delivered their shafts yeomanlike and bravely4 ,of twenty-four arrows1 shot in succession1 ten were fixed in the target1 and the others ranged so near it1 that1 considering the distance of the mark1 it was accounted good archery4 ,of the ten shafts which hit the target1 two within the inner ring were shot by ,hubert1 a forester in the service of ,malvoisin1 who was accordingly pronounced victorious4 ,now1 ,locksley1 ,footnote3 ,locksley3 a name for ,robin ,hood who was supposed to have been born in ,locksley1 ,nottinghamshire1 about #aafj4 said ,prince ,john ,footnote3 ,prince ,john was the brother of ,king ,richard1 and ruled in ,england during the time that ,richard was absent on the ,crusades4 to the bold yeoman with a bitter smile1 wilt thou try conclusions with ,hubert1 or wilt thou yield up bow1 baldric1 ,footnote3 ,baldric3 a broad belt worn over one shoulder and under the opposite arm4 ,drew a long bow at ,hastings4 ,the archers of that time used what were called long bows4 ,the battle of ,hastings was fought in #ajff1 when ,william of ,normandy defeated the ,english4 and quiver1 to the ,provost of the sports8 ,sith it be no better1 said ,locksley1 ,i am content to try my fortune2 on condition that when ,i have shot two shafts at yonder mark of ,hubert's he shall be bound to shoot at that which ,i shall propose4 ,that is but fair1 answered ,prince ,john1 and it shall not be refused thee4 ,if thou dost beat this braggart1 ,hubert1 ,i will fill the bugle with silver-pennies for thee4 ,a man can do but his best1 answered ,hubert2 but my grandsire drew a good long bow at ,hastings1 and ,i trust not to dishonor his memory4 ,the former target was now removed1 and a fresh one of the same size placed in its room4 ,hubert1 who1 as victor in the first trial of skill1 had the right to shoot first1 took his aim with great deliberation1 long measuring the distance with his eye1 while he held in his hand his bended bow1 with the arrow placed on the string4 ,at length he made a step forward1 and raising the bow at the full stretch of his left arm1 till the centre or grasping-place was nigh level with his face1 he drew his bowstring to his ear4 ,the arrow whistled through the air1 and lighted within the inner ring of the target1 but not exactly in the centre4 ,you have not allowed for the wind1 ,hubert1 said his antagonist1 bending his bow1 or that had been a better shot4 ,so saying1 and without showing the least anxiety to pause upon his aim1 ,locksley stept to the appointed station1 and shot his arrow as carelessly in appearance as if he had not even looked at the mark4 ,he was speaking almost at the instant that the shaft left the bowstring1 yet it alighted in the target two inches nearer to the white spot which marked the centre than that of ,hubert4 ,by the light of heaven6 said ,prince ,john to ,hubert1 an' thou suffer that runagate knave to overcome thee1 thou art worthy of the gallows6 ,hubert had but one set speech for all occasions4 ,an' your highness were to hang me1 he said1 a man can do but his best4 ,nevertheless1 my grandsire drew a good bow-- ,the foul fiend on thy grandsire and all his generation6 interrupted ,john1 shoot1 knave1 and shoot thy best1 or it shall be the worse for thee6 ,thus exhorted1 ,hubert resumed his place1 and not neglecting1 he made the necessary allowance for a very light air of wind1 which had just arisen1 and shot so successfully that his arrow alighted in the very centre of the target4 ,a ,hubert6 shouted the populace1 more interested in a known person than in a stranger4 ,in the clout6--in the clout6--a ,hubert for ever6 ,thou canst not mend that shot1 ,locksley1 said the ,prince1 with an insulting smile4 ,i will notch his shaft for him1 however1 replied ,locksley4 ,and letting fly his arrow with a little more precaution than before1 it lighted right upon that of his competitor1 which it split to shivers4 ,the people who stood around were so astonished at his wonderful dexterity1 that they could not even give vent to their surprise in their usual clamor4 ,this must be the devil1 and no man of flesh and blood1 whispered the yeomen to each other2 such archery was never seen since a bow was first bent in ,britain4 ,and now1 said ,locksley1 ,i will crave your ,grace's permission to plant such a mark as is used in the ,north ,country2 and welcome every brave yeoman who shall try a shot at it to win a smile from the bonny lass he loves best4 ,he then turned to leave the lists4 ,let your guards attend me1 he said1 if you please--,i go but to cut a rod from the next willow-bush4 ,prince ,john made a signal that some attendants should follow him in case of his escape3 but the cry of ,shame6 shame6 which burst from the multitude1 induced him to alter his ungenerous purpose4 ,locksley returned almost instantly with a willow wand about six feet in length1 perfectly straight1 and rather thicker than a man's thumb4 ,he began to peel this with great composure1 observing at the same time1 that to ask a good woodsman to shoot at a target so broad as had hitherto been used1 was to put shame upon his skill4 ,for his own part1 he said1 and in the land where he was bred1 men would as soon take for their mark ,king ,arthur's round-table1 ,footnote3 ,king ,arthur's round table4 ,this was the famous table1 made by the magician ,merlin1 which was given to ,king ,arthur as a wedding gift by the father of ,guinevere4 ,it could seat #aej knights4 which held sixty knights around it4 ,a child of seven years old1 he said1 might hit yonder target with a headless shaft2 but1 added he1 walking deliberately to the other end of the lists1 and sticking the willow wand upright in the ground1 he that hits that rod at five-score yards1 ,i call him an archer fit to bear both bow and quiver before a king1 an it were the stout ,king ,richard himself4 ,my grandsire1 said ,hubert1 drew a good bow at the battle of ,hastings1 and never shot at such a mark in his life1--and neither will ,i4 ,if this yeoman can cleave that rod1 ,i give him the bucklers--or rather ,i yield to the devil that is in his jerkin1 and not to any human skill2 a man can but do his best1 and ,i will not shoot where ,i am sure to miss4 ,i might as well shoot at the edge of our parson's whittle1 or at a wheat straw1 or at a sunbeam1 as at a twinkling white streak which ,i can hardly see4 ,cowardly dog6 said ,prince ,john4--,sirrah ,locksley1 do thou shoot1 but1 if thou hittest such a mark1 ,i will say thou art the first man ever did so4 ,howe'er it be1 thou shalt not crow over us with a mere show of superior skill4 ,i will do my best1 as ,hubert says1 answered ,locksley1 ,no man can do more4 ,so saying1 he again bent his bow1 but on the present occasion looked with attention to his weapon1 and changed the string1 which he thought was no longer truly round1 having been a little frayed by the two former shots4 ,he then took his aim with some deliberation1 and the multitude awaited the event in breathless silence4 ,the archer vindicated their opinion of his skill3 his arrow split the willow rod against which it was aimed4 ,a jubilee of acclamations followed2 and even ,prince ,john1 in admiration of ,locksley's skill1 lost for an instant his dislike to his person4 ,these twenty nobles1 ,footnote3 ,twenty nobles4 ,a noble was an old coin worth about one dollar and sixty cents4 he said1 which1 with the bugle1 thou hast fairly won1 are thine own2 we will make them fifty1 if thou wilt take livery and service with us as a yeoman of our bodyguard1 and be near to our person4 ,for never did so strong a hand bend a bow1 or so true an eye direct a shaft4 ,pardon me1 noble ,prince1 said ,locksley2 but ,i have vowed1 that if ever ,i take service1 it should be with your royal brother ,king ,richard4 ,footnote3 ,king ,richard3 ,richard ,coeur de ,lion4 ,he was born about #aaeg and became king of ,england in #aahi4 ,he reigned until his death in #aaii4 whittle3 a pocket or sheath knife4 ,these twenty nobles ,i leave to ,hubert1 who has this day drawn as brave a bow as his grandsire did at ,hastings4 ,had his modesty not refused the trial1 he would have hit the wand as well as ,i4 ,hubert shook his head as he received with reluctance the bounty of the stranger1 and ,locksley1 anxious to escape further observation1 mixed with the crowd1 and was seen no more4 --,,walter ,,scott4 ,footnote3 ,state some qualities of ,locksley and ,prince ,john that are brought out in the narrative4 ,what is the effect of ,hubert's repetition of the words my grandsire drew a long bow1 etc48 ,can you get any hint of the social conditions at the time of the story8 ,is there anything in the narrative to suggest the identity of ,locksley8 ,did ,robin ,hood ever take service with ,king ,richard8 ,why did ,locksley refuse the money8 ,,baby ,,sylvester 7,the writer has taken up temporary quarters in the cabin of his friend ,sylvester1 a ,california miner74 ,i do not remember how long ,i slept4 ,i must have been conscious1 however1 during my slumber1 of my inability to keep myself covered by the serape1 ,footnote3 ,serape3 a blanket or shawl commonly worn by the ,mexicans4 for ,i awoke once or twice clutching it with a despairing hand as it was disappearing over the foot of the couch4 ,then ,i became suddenly aroused to the fact that my efforts to retain it were resisted by some equally persistent force1 and letting it go1 ,i was horrified at seeing it swiftly drawn under the couch4 ,at this point ,i sat up1 completely awake2 for immediately after1 what seemed to be an exaggerated muff began to emerge from under the couch4 ,presently it appeared fully1 dragging the serape after it4 ,there was no mistaking it now--it was a baby bear4 ,a mere suckling1 it was true--a helpless roll of fat and fur--but unmistakably1 a grizzly cub6 ,i cannot recall anything more irresistibly ludicrous than its aspect as it slowly raised its small wondering eyes to mine4 ,it was so much taller in its haunches than its shoulders--its fore legs were so disproportionately small--that in walking1 its hind feet invariably took precedence4 ,it was perpetually pitching forward over its pointed1 inoffensive nose1 and recovering itself always1 after these involuntary somersaults1 with the gravest astonishment4 ,to add to its preposterous appearance1 one of its hind feet was adorned by a shoe of ,sylvester's1 ,footnote3 ,sylvester3 the author's friend in whose cabin he was staying at the time of the story4 into which it had accidentally and inextricably ,footnote3 ,inextricably3 in a hopelessly involved manner4 stepped4 ,as this somewhat impeded its first impulse to fly1 it turned to me2 and then1 possibly recognizing in the stranger1 the same species as its master1 it paused4 ,presently1 it slowly raised itself on its hind legs1 and vaguely and deprecatingly ,footnote3 ,deprecatingly3 regretfully1 entreatingly4 waved a baby paw1 fringed with little hooks of steel4 ,i took the paw1 and shook it gravely4 ,from that moment we were friends4 ,the little affair of the serape was forgotten4 ,nevertheless1 ,i was wise enough to cement our friendship by an act of delicate courtesy4 ,following the direction of his eyes1 ,i had no difficulty in finding1 on a shelf near the ridge-pole1 the sugar box and the square lumps of white sugar that even the poorest miner is never without4 ,while he was eating them ,i had time to examine him more closely4 ,his body was a silky1 dark1 but exquisitely modulated gray1 deepening to black in his paws and muzzle4 ,his fur was excessively long1 thick1 and soft as eider-down1 the cushions of flesh beneath perfectly infantine in their texture and contour4 ,he was so very young that the palms of his half-human feet were still tender as a baby's4 ,except for the bright blue1 steely hooks1 half sheathed in his little toes1 there was not a single harsh outline or detail in his plump figure4 ,he was as free from angles as one of ,leda's ,footnote3 ,leda3 the maiden who was wooed by ,jupiter in the form of a swan4 offspring4 ,your caressing hand sank away in his fur with dreamy languor4 ,to look at him long was an intoxication of the senses2 to pat him was a wild delirium2 to embrace him1 an utter demoralization of the intellectual faculties4 ,when he had finished the sugar he rolled out of the door with a half-diffident1 half-inviting look in his eye1 as if he expected me to follow4 ,i did so1 but the sniffing and snorting of the keen-scented ,pomposo ,footnote3 ,pomposo3 the writer's horse4 in the hollow1 not only revealed the cause of his former terror1 but decided me to take another direction4 ,after a moment's hesitation he concluded to go with me1 although ,i am satisfied1 from a certain impish look in his eye1 that he fully understood and rather enjoyed the fright of ,pomposo4 ,as he rolled along at my side1 with a gait not unlike a drunken sailor1 ,i discovered that his long hair concealed a leather collar around his neck1 which bore for its legend the single word1 ,baby6 ,i recalled the mysterious suggestion of the two miners4 ,this1 then was the baby with whom ,i was to play4 ,how we played2 how ,baby allowed me to roll him downhill1 crawling and puffing up again each time1 with perfect good humor2 how he climbed a young sapling after my ,panama hat1 which ,i had shied into one of the topmost branches2 how after getting it he refused to descend until it suited his pleasure2 how when he did come down he persisted in walking about on three legs1 carrying my hat1 a crushed and shapeless mass1 clasped to his breast with the remaining one2 how ,i missed him at last1 and finally discovered him seated on a table in one of the tenantless cabins1 with a bottle of syrup between his paws1 vainly endeavoring to extract its contents--these and other details of that eventful day ,i shall not weary the reader with now4 ,enough1 that when ,dick ,sylvester returned1 ,i was pretty well fagged out1 and the baby was rolled up1 an immense bolster at the foot of the couch1 asleep4 --,,bret ,,harte 7adapted74 ,footnote3 ,why had the miners chosen the name ,baby ,sylvester for the bear cub8 ,read the story and explain the author's surprise at the appearance of the ,baby4 ,does the author describe the bear sympathetically and lovingly or as a naturalist8 ,illustrate4 ,what qualities had the cub that endeared it to the author8 ,which of the senses predominates in the description8 ,illustrate4 ,would you consider ,baby ,sylvester capable of training8 ,why8 ,read the entire story and tell what becomes of the ,baby4 ,,address ,,at ,,gettysburg ,fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation1 conceived in liberty1 and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal4 ,now we are engaged in a great civil war1 testing whether that nation1 or any nation so conceived and so dedicated1 can long endure4 ,we are met on a great battlefield of that war4 ,we have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live4 ,it is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this4 ,but1 in a larger sense1 we cannot dedicate1 we cannot consecrate1 we cannot hallow1 this ground4 ,the brave men1 living and dead1 who struggled here1 have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract4 ,the world will little note1 nor long remember1 what we say here2 but it can never forget what they did here4 ,it is for us1 the living1 rather1 to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced4 ,it is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us2--that from these honored dead1 we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion2--that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain2 that this nation1 under ,god1 shall have a new birth of freedom2 and that government of the people1 by the people1 for the people1 shall not perish from the earth4 --,,abraham ,,lincoln4 ,footnote3 ,does the style and sentiment expressed remind you of an older literature8 ,illustrate4 ,do ,lincoln's statements about war apply to the present great ,european conflict8 ,illustrate4 ,point out the effectiveness of repetition4 ,note the places where the prose becomes almost poetical4 ,is the appeal in the speeches to reason or to feeling8 ,do you feel the personality of ,lincoln in these speeches8 ,the ,gettysburg speech is commonly considered one of the greatest speeches ever made4 ,can you mention any other famous speeches that are regarded as fine literature8 ,,second ,,inaugural ,,address ,fellow ,countrymen3 ,at this second appearing to take the oath of the presidential office1 there is less occasion for an extended address than there was at the first4 ,then1 a statement1 somewhat in detail1 of a course to be pursued1 seemed fitting and proper4 ,now1 at the expiration of four years1 during which public declarations have been constantly called forth on every point and phase of the great contest which still absorbs the attention and engrosses the energies of the nation1 little that is new could be presented4 ,the progress of our arms1 upon which all else chiefly depends1 is as well known to the public as to myself2 and it is1 ,i trust1 reasonably satisfactory and encouraging to all4 ,with high hope for the future1 no prediction in regard to it is ventured4 ,on the occasion corresponding to this four years ago1 all thoughts were anxiously directed to an impending civil war4 ,all dreaded it1 all sought to avert it4 ,while the inaugural address was being delivered from this place1 devoted altogether to saving the ,union without war1 insurgent agents were in the city seeking to destroy it without war--seeking to dissolve the ,union1 and divide effects by negotiation4 ,both parties deprecated war2 but one of them would make war rather than let the nation survive2 and the other would accept war rather than let it perish4 ,and the war came4 ,one-eighth of the whole population were colored slaves1 not distributed generally over the ,union1 but localized in the southern part of it4 ,these slaves constituted a peculiar and powerful interest4 ,all knew that this interest was1 somehow1 the cause of the war4 ,to strengthen1 perpetuate1 and extend this interest was the object for which the insurgents would rend the ,union1 even by war2 while government claimed no right to do more than to restrict the territorial enlargement of it4 ,neither party expected for the war the magnitude or the duration which it has already attained4 ,neither anticipated that the cause of the conflict might cease with1 or even before1 the conflict itself should cease4 ,each looked for an easier triumph1 and a result less fundamental and astounding4 ,both read the same ,bible1 and pray to the same ,god2 and each invokes his aid against the other4 ,it may seem strange that any men should dare to ask a just ,god's assistance in wringing their bread from the sweat of other men's faces2 but let us judge not1 that we be not judged4 ,the prayers of both could not be answered1--that of neither has been answered fully4 ,the ,almighty has his own purposes4 ,woe unto the world because of offenses6 for it must needs be that offenses come2 but woe to that man by whom the offense cometh4 ,if we shall suppose that ,american slavery is one of these offenses which1 in the providence of ,god1 must needs come1 but which1 having continued through his appointed time1 ,he now wills to remove1 and that ,he gives to both ,north and ,south this terrible war as the woe due to those by whom the offense came1 shall we discern therein any departure from those divine attributes which the believers in a living ,god always ascribe to ,him8 ,fondly do we hope1 fervently do we pray1 that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away4 ,yet1 if ,god wills that it continue until all the wealth piled by the bondsman's two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk1 and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash shall be paid by another drawn with the sword1 as was said three thousand years ago1 so still it must be said1 ,the judgments of the ,lord are true and righteous altogether4 ,with malice toward none1 with charity for all1 with firmness in the right1 as ,god gives us to see the right1 let us strive on to finish the work we are in2 to bind up the nation's wounds2 to care for him who shall have borne the battle1 and for his widow and his orphan1--to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves1 and with all nations4 --,,abraham ,,lincoln4 ,,an ,,appreciation ,,of ,,lincoln ,to these qualifications of high literary excellence1 and easy practical mastery of affairs of transcendent importance1 we must add as an explanation of his immediate and world-wide fame1 his possession of certain moral qualities rarely combined in such high degree in one individual4 ,his heart was so tender that he would dismount from his horse in a forest to replace in their nest young birds which had fallen by the roadside2 he could not sleep at night if he knew that a soldier-boy was under sentence of death2 he could not1 even at the bidding of duty or policy1 refuse the prayer of age or helplessness in distress4 ,children instinctively loved him2 they never found his rugged features ugly2 his sympathies were quick and seemingly unlimited4 ,he was absolutely without prejudice of class or condition4 ,frederick ,douglass ,footnote3 ,frederick ,douglass3 a noted orator and journalist4 ,he was born 7a slave7 in #ahag and died in #ahie4 says he was the only man of distinction he ever met who never reminded him1 by word or manner1 of his color2 he was as just and generous to the rich and well-born as to the poor and humble--a thing rare among politicians4 ,he was tolerant even of evil3 though no man can ever have lived with a loftier scorn of meanness and selfishness1 he yet recognized their existence and counted with them4 ,he said one day1 with a flash of cynical wisdom worthy of a ,la ,rochefoucauld1 ,footnote3 ,la ,rochefoucauld3 ,francois ,la ,rochefoucauld was a ,french writer and moralist of the seventeenth century4 that honest statesmanship was the employment of individual meanness for the public good4 ,he never asked perfection of any one2 he did not even insist1 for others1 upon the high standards he set up for himself4 ,at a time before the word was invented he was the first of opportunists4 ,with the fire of a reformer and a martyr in his heart1 he yet proceeded by the ways of cautious and practical statecraft4 ,he always worked with things as they were1 while never relinquishing the desire and effort to make them better4 ,to a hope which saw the ,delectable ,mountains of absolute justice and peace in the future1 to a faith that ,god in his own time would give to all men the things convenient to them1 he added a charity which embraced in its deep bosom all the good and the bad1 all the virtues and the infirmities of men1 and a patience like that of nature1 which in its vast and fruitful activity knows neither haste nor rest4 --,,john ,,hay4 ,footnote3 ,do you know any facts of ,lincoln's life that would support some of these statements8 ,what has come to be the universally accepted estimate of ,lincoln8 ,what qualities of ,lincoln seem most to impress the writer8 ,can you point to anything in ,lincoln's addresses that proves the correctness of the popular judgment of him8 ,point out instances of contrast in this selection4 ,do you know anything about the ,lincoln ,mythology that has grown up since the war8 ,,the ,,elephants ,,that ,,struck ,i remember an occasion1 many years ago1 when in ,ceylon1 ,i1 in connection with my brother1 had organized a scheme for the development of a mountain sanitarium at ,newera ,ellia4 ,we had a couple of tame elephants employed in various works2 but it was necessary to obtain the assistance of the government stables for the transport of very heavy machinery1 which could not be conveyed in the ordinary native carts4 ,there were accordingly a large number of elephant wagons drawn by their colossal teams1 some of which required four elephants4 ,it was the wet season upon the mountains4 ,our settlement was #fbjj feet above the sea1 and the zigzag pass from ,rambodde1 at the base of the steep ascent1 was fifteen miles in length4 ,the crest of the pass was #gjjj feet in altitude1 from which we descended #hjj feet to the ,newera ,ellia plain4 ,the elephant wagons having arrived at ,rambodde from ,colombo1 about #ajj miles distant1 commenced the heavy uphill journey4 ,the rain was unceasing1 the roads were soft1 and the heavily laden wagons sunk deeply in the ruts2 but the elephants were mighty beasts1 and1 laying their weight against the work1 they slowly dragged the vehicles up the yielding and narrow way4 ,the abrupt zigzags bothered the long wagons1 and their still longer teams4 ,the bridges over dangerous chasms entailed the necessity of unloading the heavier carts1 and caused great delay4 ,day after day passed away2 but although the ascent was slow1 the wagons still moved upwards1 and the region of everlasting mist 7at that season7 was reached4 ,dense forests clothed the mountain sides2 the roar of waterfalls resounded in the depths of black ravines2 tangled bamboo grass crept upwards from the wet soil into the lower branches of the moss-covered trees1 and formed a green curtain impenetrable to sight4 ,the thermometer fell daily as the altitude increased4 ,the elephants began to sicken2 two fine animals died4 ,there was plenty of food1 as the bamboo grass was the natural provender1 and in the carts was a good supply of paddy2 ,footnote3 ,paddy3 unhusked rice4 but the elephants' intelligence was acting against them--they had reasoned1 and had become despondent4 ,for nine or ten days they had been exposed to ceaseless wet and cold1 dragging their unmanageable wagons up a road that even in dry weather was insufficient to sustain the weight4 ,the wheels sank deep below the metal foundation1 and became hopelessly imbedded4 ,again and again the wagons had to be emptied of their contents1 and extra elephants were taken from the other carts and harnessed to the empty wagons1 which were by sheer weight of animals dragged from the deep mire4 ,thus the time had passed1 and the elephants had evidently reasoned upon the situation1 and had concluded that there was no summit to the mountain1 and no end to the steep and horrible ascent2 it would be1 therefore1 useless to persevere in unavailing efforts4 ,they determined1 under these heart-breaking circumstances1 to strike work2 444 and they did strike4 ,one morning a couple of the elephant drivers appeared at my house in ,newera ,ellia1 and described the situation4 ,they declared that it was absolutely impossible to induce the elephants to work2 they had given it up as a bad job6 ,i immediately mounted my horse and rode up to the pass1 and descended the road upon the other side1 timing the distance with my watch4 ,rather under two miles from the summit ,i found the road completely blocked with elephant carts and wagons2 the animals were grazing upon bamboo grass in the thick forest2 the rain was drizzling1 and a thick mist increased the misery of the scene4 ,i ordered four elephants to be harnessed to a cart intended for only one animal4 ,this was quickly effected1 and the drivers were soon astride the animals' necks1 and prodded them with the persuasive iron hooks4 ,not an elephant would exert itself to draw4 ,in vain the drivers1 with relentless cruelty1 drove the iron points deep into the poor brutes' necks and heads1 and used every threat of their vocabulary2 the only response was a kind of marking time on the part of the elephants1 which simply moved their legs mechanically up and down1 and swung their trunks to and fro2 but none would pull or exert the slightest power1 neither did they move forward a single inch4 ,i never saw such an instance of passive and determined obstinacy2 the case was hopeless4 ,an idea struck me4 ,i ordered the drivers to detach the four elephants from the harness1 and to ride them thus unfettered up the pass1 following behind my horse4 ,it appeared to me that if the elephants were heart-broken1 and in despair at the apparently interminable mountain pass1 it would be advisable to let them know the actual truth1 by showing them that they were hardly two miles from the summit1 where they would exchange their uphill labor for a descent into ,newera ,ellia2 they should then have an extra feed1 with plenty of jaggery 7a coarse brown sugar71 and be introduced to the companionship of our two female elephants4 ,if they passed an agreeable night1 with the best of food and warm quarters1 they would possibly return the following day to their work1 and with lighter hearts put their shoulders to the wheel1 instead of yielding to a dogged attitude of despair4 ,the success of this ruse was perfect4 ,the elephants accompanied me to ,newera ,ellia1 and were well fed and cared for4 ,on the following day we returned to the heavy work1 and ,i myself witnessed their start with the hitherto unyielding wagon4 ,not only did they exert their full powers1 and drag the lumbering load straight up the fatiguing hill without the slightest hesitation1 but their example1 or some unaccountable communication between them1 appeared to give general encouragement4 ,i employed the most willing elephants as extras to each wagon1 which they drew to the summit of the pass1 and then returned to assist the others1--thus completing what had been pronounced by the drivers as utterly impossible4 ,there can be no doubt that the elephants had at once perceived the situation1 and in consequence recovered their lost courage4 --,,samuel ,,white ,,baker4 ,footnote3 ,what part do you imagine the writer had in the expedition he describes8 ,how would the natives have solved the problem8 ,have you ever heard other stories of elephants that seem to show the power of reasoning8 ,,the ,,luck ,,of ,,roaring ,,camp ,the next day ,cherokee ,sal had such rude sepulture ,footnote3 ,sepulture3 burial4 as ,roaring-,camp afforded4 ,after her body had been committed to the hillside1 there was a formal meeting of the camp to discuss what should be done with her infant4 ,a resolution to adopt it was unanimous and enthusiastic4 ,but an animated discussion in regard to the manner and feasibility of providing for its wants at once sprung up4 ,it was remarkable that the argument partook of none of those fierce personalities with which discussions were usually conducted at ,roaring ,camp4 ,footnote3 ,it was remarkable--,roaring ,camp4 ,what does this mean8 ,tipton proposed that they should send the child to ,red ,dog1--a distance of forty miles1--where female attention could be procured4 ,but the unlucky suggestion met with fierce and unanimous opposition4 ,it was evident that no plan which entailed parting from their new acquisition would for a moment be entertained4 ,besides1 said ,tom ,ryder1 them fellows at ,red ,dog would swap it1 and ring in somebody else on us4 ,a disbelief in the honesty of other camps prevailed at ,roaring ,camp as in other places4 ,stumpy advanced nothing4 ,perhaps he felt a certain delicacy in interfering with the selection of a possible successor in office4 ,but when questioned1 he averred stoutly that he and ,jinny ,footnote3 ,jinny3 the she-ass that had been procured as a nurse4--the mammal before alluded to--could manage to rear the child4 ,there was something original1 independent1 and heroic about the plan that pleased the camp4 ,stumpy was retained4 ,certain articles were sent for to ,sacramento4 ,mind1 said the treasurer1 as he pressed a bag of gold-dust into the expressman's hand1 the best that can be got1--lace1 you know1 and filigree-work and frills1 never mind the cost6 ,strange to say1 the child thrived4 ,perhaps the invigorating climate of the mountain camp was compensation for material deficiencies4 ,nature took the foundling to her broader breast4 ,in that rare atmosphere of the ,sierra foot-hills1--that air pungent with balsamic odor1 that ethereal cordial at once bracing and exhilarating--he may have found food and nourishment1 or a subtle chemistry that transmuted ass's milk to lime and phosphorus4 ,stumpy inclined to the belief that it was the latter and good nursing4 ,me and that ass1 he would say1 has been father and mother to him6 ,don't you1 he would add1 apostrophizing ,footnote3 ,apostrophizing3 using a special form of personal address4 the helpless bundle before him1 never go back on us4 ,by the time he was a month old1 the necessity of giving him a name became apparent4 ,he had generally been known as the ,kid1 ,stumpy's boy1 the ,coyote ,footnote3 ,coyote3 also called prairie wolf4 7an allusion to his vocal powers71 and even by ,kentuck's endearing diminutive of the little cus4 ,but these were felt to be vague and unsatisfactory1 and were at last dismissed under another influence4 ,gamblers and adventurers are generally superstitious1 and ,oakhurst one day declared that the baby had brought the luck to ,roaring ,camp4 ,it was certain that of late they had been successful4 ,luck was the name agreed upon1 with the prefix of ,tommy for greater convenience4 ,no allusion was made to the mother1 and the father was unknown4 ,it's better1 said the philosophical ,oakhurst1 to take a fresh deal all round4 ,call him ,luck and start him fair4 ,and so the work of regeneration began in ,roaring ,camp4 ,almost imperceptibly a change came over the settlement4 ,the cabin assigned to ,tommy ,luck--or ,the ,luck1 as he was more frequently called--first showed signs of improvement4 ,it was kept scrupulously clean1 and white-washed4 ,then it was boarded1 clothed1 and prepared4 ,the rosewood cradle--packed eighty miles by mule--had1 in ,stumpy's way of putting it1 sorter killed the rest of the furniture4 ,so the rehabilitation of the cabin became a necessity4 ,the men who were in the habit of lounging in at ,stumpy's to see how ,the ,luck got on seemed to appreciate the change1 and1 in self-defence1 the rival establishment of ,tuttle's grocery bestirred itself1 and imported a carpet and mirrors4 ,the reflections of the latter on the appearance of ,roaring ,camp tended to produce stricter habits of personal cleanliness4 ,again1 ,stumpy imposed a kind of quarantine upon those who aspired to the honor and privilege of holding ,the ,luck4 ,it was a cruel mortification to ,kentuck--who1 in the carelessness of a large nature and the habits of frontier life1 had begun to regard all garments as a second cuticle1 ,footnote3 ,cuticle3 outer skin4 which1 like a snake's1 only sloughed off through decay--to be debarred this privilege from certain prudential reasons4 ,footnote3 ,certain prudential reasons4 ,what were they8 ,yet such was the subtle influence of innovation that he thereafter appeared regularly every afternoon in a clean shirt1 and face still shining from his ablutions4 ,nor were normal and social sanitary laws neglected4 ,tommy1 who was supposed to spend his whole existence in a persistent attempt to repose1 must not be disturbed by noise4 ,the shouting and yelling which had gained the camp its infelicitous title were not permitted within hearing distance of ,stumpy's4 ,the men conversed in whispers1 or smoked with ,indian gravity4 ,profanity was tacitly given up in these sacred precincts1 and throughout the camp a popular form of expletive1 known as ,curse the luck6 was abandoned1 as having a new personal bearing4 ,vocal music was not interdicted1 ,footnote3 ,interdicted3 forbidden4 being supposed to have a soothing1 tranquillizing quality1 and one song1 sung by ,man-o'-,war ,jack1 an ,english sailor1 from her majesty's ,australian colonies1 was quite popular as a lullaby4 ,it was a lugubrious recital of the exploits of the ,arethusa1 ,seventy-four1 in a muffled minor1 ending with a prolonged dying fall at the burden of each verse1 ,on b-o-o-o-ard of the ,arethusa4 ,it was a fine sight to see ,jack holding ,the ,luck1 rocking from side to side as if with the motion of a ship1 and crooning forth this naval ditty4 ,either through the peculiar rocking of ,jack or the length of his song1--it contained ninety stanzas1 and was continued with conscientious deliberation to the bitter end1--the lullaby generally had the desired effect4 ,at such times the men would lie at full length under the trees1 in the soft summer twilight1 smoking their pipes and drinking in the melodious utterances4 ,an indistinct idea that this was pastoral happiness pervaded the camp4 ,this 'ere kind o' think1 said the ,cockney ,simmons1 meditatively reclining on his elbow1 is 'evingly4 ,it reminded him of ,greenwich4 ,on the long summer days ,the ,luck was usually carried to the gulch from whence the golden store of ,roaring ,camp was taken4 ,there1 on a blanket spread over pine boughs1 he would lie while the men were working in the ditches below4 ,latterly there was a rude attempt to decorate this bower with flowers and sweet-smelling shrubs1 and generally some one would bring him a cluster of wild honeysuckles1 azaleas1 or the painted blossoms of ,las ,mariposas4 ,footnote3 ,las ,mariposas3 the ,mariposa lilies2 also called butterfly lilies4 ,the men had suddenly awakened to the fact that there were beauty and significance in these trifles1 which they had so long trodden carelessly beneath their feet4 ,a flake of glittering mica1 a fragment of variegated quartz1 a bright pebble from the bed of the creek1 became beautiful to eyes thus cleared and strengthened1 and were invariably put aside for ,the ,luck4 ,it was wonderful how many treasures the woods and hillsides yielded that would do for ,tommy4 ,surrounded by playthings such as never child out of fairyland had before1 it is to be hoped that ,tommy was content4 ,he appeared to be serenely happy1 albeit there was an infantine gravity about him1 a contemplative light in his round gray eyes1 that sometimes worried ,stumpy4 ,he was always tractable and quiet1 and it is recorded that once1 having crept beyond his corral1 ,footnote3 ,corral3 an inclosure for animals4--a hedge of tessellated ,footnote3 ,tessellated3 checkered4 pine boughs which surrounded his bed1--he dropped over the bank on his head in the soft earth1 and remained with his mottled legs in the air in that position for at least five minutes with unflinching gravity4 ,he was extricated without a murmur4 ,i hesitate to record the many other instances of his sagacity1 which rest1 unfortunately1 upon the statements of prejudiced friends4 ,some of them were not without a tinge of superstition4 ,i crep' up the bank just now1 said ,kentuck one day1 in a breathless state of excitement1 and dern my skin if he wasn't a-talking to a jaybird as was a-sittin' on his lap4 ,there they was1 just as free and sociable as anything you please1 a-jawin' at each other just like two cherrybums4 ,howbeit1 whether creeping over the pine boughs or lying lazily on his back blinking at the leaves above him1 to him the birds sang1 the squirrels chattered1 and the flowers bloomed4 ,nature was his nurse and playfellow4 ,for him she would let slip between the leaves golden shafts of sunlight that fell just within his grasp2 she would send wandering breezes to visit him with the balm of bay and resinous gum2 to him the tall redwoods nodded familiarly and sleepily1 the bumblebees buzzed1 and the rooks cawed an accompaniment4 ,such was the golden summer of ,roaring ,camp4 ,they were flush times1 and the luck was with them4 ,the claims had yielded enormously4 ,the camp was jealous of its privileges and looked suspiciously on strangers4 ,no encouragement was given to immigration1 and1 to make their seclusion more perfect1 the land on either side of the mountain wall that surrounded the camp they duly preempted4 ,footnote3 ,pre-empted3 claimed by special privilege of purchase4 ,this1 and a reputation for singular proficiency with the revolver1 kept the reserve of ,roaring ,camp inviolate4 ,the expressman--their only connecting link with the surrounding world--sometimes told wonderful stories of the camp4 ,he would say1 ,they've a street up there in ',roaring' that would lay over any street in ,red ,dog4 ,they've got vines and flowers round their houses1 and they wash themselves twice a day4 ,but they're mighty rough on strangers1 and they worship an ,ingin baby4 ,with the prosperity of the camp came a desire for further improvement4 ,it was proposed to build a hotel in the following spring1 and to invite one or two decent families to reside there for the sake of ,the ,luck1 who might perhaps profit by female companionship4 ,the sacrifice that this concession to the sex cost these men1 who were fiercely skeptical in regard to its general virtue and usefulness1 can only be accounted for by their affection for ,tommy4 ,a few still held out4 ,but the resolve could not be carried into effect for three months1 and the minority meekly yielded in the hope that something might turn up to prevent it4 ,and it did4 ,the winter of #ahea will long be remembered in the foot hills4 ,the snow lay deep on the ,sierras1 and every mountain creek became a river1 and every river a lake4 ,each gorge and gulch was transformed into a tumultuous watercourse that descended the hillsides1 tearing down giant trees and scattering its drift and debris along the plain4 ,red ,dog had been twice under water1 and ,roaring ,camp had been forewarned4 ,water put the gold into them gulches1 said ,stumpy4 ,it's been here once and will not be here again6 ,and that night the ,north ,fork suddenly leaped over its banks and swept up the triangular valley of ,roaring ,camp4 ,in the confusion of rushing water1 crashing trees1 and crackling timber1 and the darkness which seemed to flow with the water and blot out the fair valley1 but little could be done to collect the scattered camp4 ,when the morning broke1 the cabin of ,stumpy1 nearest the river-bank1 was gone4 ,higher up the gulch they found the body of its unlucky owner2 but the pride1 the hope1 the joy1 ,the ,luck1 of ,roaring ,camp had disappeared4 --,,bret ,,harte 7adapted47 ,footnote3 ,where is the scene of the story laid8 ,what is the probable time8 ,it was ,bret ,harte's peculiar power to find tenderness and fineness of feeling among rough men4 ,where do you see these things in this story8 ,does the story show poetic insight8 ,cf4 ,hawthorne's definition4 ,footnote3 ,what is called poetic insight is the gift of discerning1 in this sphere of strangely mingled elements1 the beauty and majesty that are compelled to assume a garb so sordid4--,house of the ,seven ,gables1 ,chap4 ,,ii4 ,why did the miners insist on frills for ,tommy8 ,does the change wrought in ,roaring ,camp seem to you to be reasonable8 ,what was the real luck that ,tommy brought to ,roaring ,camp8 ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,muhannad ,,din ,the polo-ball was an old one1 scarred1 chipped1 and dinted4 ,it stood on the mantelpiece among the pipe-stems which ,imam ,din1 khitmatgar1 was cleaning for me4 ,does the ,heaven-born want this ball8 said ,imam ,din deferentially4 ,the ,heaven-born set no particular store by it2 but of what use was a polo-ball to a khitmatgar8 ,by ,your ,honour's favour1 ,i have a little son4 ,he has seen this ball1 and desires it to play with4 ,i do not want it for myself4 ,no one would for an instant accuse portly old ,imam ,din of wanting to play with polo-balls4 ,he carried out the battered thing into the verandah2 and there followed a hurricane of joyful squeaks1 a patter of small feet1 and the thud-thud-thud of the ball rolling along the ground4 ,evidently the little son had been waiting outside the door to secure his treasure4 ,but how had he managed to see that polo-ball8 ,next day1 coming back from office half an hour earlier than usual1 ,i was aware of a small figure in the dining-room--a tiny1 plump figure in a ridiculously inadequate shirt which came1 perhaps1 half-way down the tubby stomach4 ,it wandered round the room1 thumb in mouth1 crooning to itself as it took stock of the pictures4 ,undoubtedly this was the little son4 ,he had no business in my room1 of course2 but was so deeply absorbed in his discoveries that he never noticed me in the doorway4 ,i stepped into the room and startled him nearly into a fit4 ,he sat down on the ground with a gasp4 ,his eyes opened1 and his mouth followed suit4 ,i knew what was coming1 and fled1 followed by a long1 dry howl which reached the servants' quarters far more quickly than any command of mine had ever done4 ,in ten seconds ,imam ,din was in the dining-room4 ,then despairing sobs arose1 and ,i returned to find ,imam ,din admonishing the small sinner1 who was using most of his shirt as a handkerchief4 ,this boy1 said ,imam ,din judicially1 is a budmash ,footnote3 ,budmash3 a disreputable fellow4--a big budmash4 ,he will1 without doubt1 go to the jail-khana for his behaviour4 ,renewed yells from the penitent1 and an elaborate apology to myself from ,imam ,din4 ,tell the baby1 said ,i1 that the ,sahib ,footnote3 ,sahib3 a respectful title given to ,europeans by the natives of ,india4 is not angry1 and take him away4 ,imam ,din conveyed my forgiveness to the offender1 who had now gathered all his shirt round his neck1 stringwise1 and the yell subsided into a sob4 ,the two set off for the door4 ,his name1 said ,imam ,din1 is ,muhammad ,din1 and he is a budmash4 ,freed from present danger1 ,muhammad ,din turned round in his father's arms1 and said gravely1 it is true that my name is ,muhammad ,din1 ,tahib1 but ,i am not a budmash4 ,i am a man6 ,from that day dated my acquaintance with ,muhammad ,din4 ,never again did he come into my dining-room1 but on the neutral ground of the garden1 we greeted each other with much state1 though our conversation was confined to ,talaam1 ,tahib from his side1 and ,salaam1 ,muhammad ,din from mine4 ,daily on my return from office1 the little white shirt and the fat little body used to rise from the shade of the creeper-covered trellis where they had been hid2 and daily ,i checked my horse here1 that my salutation might not be slurred over or given unseemly4 ,muhammad ,din never had any companions4 ,he used to trot about the compound1 ,footnote3 ,compound3 an inclosure containing a house and outbuildings4 in and out of the castor-oil bushes1 on mysterious errands of his own4 ,one day ,i stumbled upon some of his handiwork far down the grounds4 ,he had half buried the polo-ball in the dust1 and stuck six shrivelled old marigold flowers in a circle round it4 ,outside that circle again was a rude square1 traced out in bits of red brick alternating with fragments of broken china2 the whole bounded by a little bank of dust4 ,the water-man from the well-curb put in a plea for the small architect1 saying that it was only the play of a baby and did not much disfigure my garden4 ,heaven knows that ,i had no intention of touching the child's work then or later2 but1 that evening1 a stroll through the garden brought me unawares full on it2 so that ,i trampled1 before ,i knew1 marigold-heads1 dust-bank1 and fragments of broken soap-dish into confusion past all hope of mending4 ,next morning1 ,i came upon ,muhammad ,din crying softly to himself over the ruin ,i had wrought4 ,some one had cruelly told him that the ,sahib was very angry with him for spoiling the garden1 and had scattered his rubbish1 using bad language the while4 ,muhammad ,din laboured for an hour at effacing every trace of the dust-bank and pottery fragments1 and it was with a tearful and apologetic face that he said1 ,talaam1 ,tahib1 when ,i came home from office4 ,a hasty inquiry resulted in ,imam ,din informing ,muhammad ,din that1 by my singular favour1 he was permitted to disport himself as he pleased4 ,whereat the child took heart and fell to tracing the ground-plan of an edifice which was to eclipse the marigold-polo-ball creation4 ,for some months the chubby little eccentricity revolved in his humble orbit among the castor-oil bushes and in the dust2 always fashioning magnificent palaces from stale flowers thrown away by the bearer1 smooth water-worn pebbles1 bits of broken glass1 and feathers pulled1 ,i fancy1 from my fowls--always alone1 and always crooning to himself4 ,a gaily-spotted sea-shell was dropped one day close to the last of his little buildings2 and ,i looked that ,muhammad ,din should build something more than ordinarily splendid on the strength of it4 ,nor was ,i disappointed4 ,he meditated for the better part of an hour1 and his crooning rose to a jubilant song4 ,then he began tracing in the dust4 ,it would certainly be a wondrous palace1 this one1 for it was two yards long and a yard broad in ground-plan4 ,but the palace was never completed4 ,next day there was no ,muhammad ,din at the head of the carriage-drive1 and no ,talaam1 ,tahib to welcome my return4 ,i had grown accustomed to the greeting1 and its omission troubled me4 ,next day ,imam ,din told me that the child was suffering slightly from fever and needed quinine4 ,he got the medicine1 and an ,english ,doctor4 ,they have no stamina1 these brats1 said the ,doctor1 as he left ,imam ,din's quarters4 ,a week later1 though ,i would have given much to have avoided it1 ,i met on the road to the ,mussulman burying-ground ,imam ,din1 accompanied by one friend1 carrying in his arms1 wrapped in a white cloth1 all that was left of little ,muhammad ,din4 --,,rudyard ,,kipling4 ,footnote3 ,point out the characteristics of ,muhammad ,din that are common to all childhood1 and those that are more especially ,oriental4 ,why do you think ,muhammad ,din always played alone8 ,note the simple direct way of telling the story4 ,what other stories have been told in this way8 ,would you have been able to recognize ,muhammad ,din from the author's description8 ,would the destruction of the sand-house be a tragedy to most ,western children8 ,why was it to ,muhammad ,din8 ,notice the simple pathos of the ending4 ,is it made more poignant by being unexpected8 ,a ,,child ,in ,kensington ,gardens1 ,footnote3 ,kensington ,gardens3 in southwest ,london4 that ,february day1 it was very still4 ,trees1 stripped of every leaf1 raised their bare clean twigs towards a sky so grey and so unstirring that there might never have been wind or sun4 ,and on those branches pigeons sat1 silent1 as though they understood that there was no new life as yet2 they seemed waiting1 loth to spread their wings lest they should miss the coming of the ,spring4 ,down in the grass the tiniest green flames were burning1 a sign of the fire flowers that would leap up if the sun would feed them4 ,and on a seat there sat a child4 ,he sat between his father and his mother1 looking straight before him4 ,it was plain that the reason why he looked so straight before him was that he really had not strength to care to look to right or left--so white his face was1 so puny were his limbs4 ,his clothes had evidently been designed for others1 and this was fortunate1 for they prevented the actual size of him from being seen4 ,he was not1 however1 what is called neglected2 his face was clean1 and the utmost of protection that ,fate and the condition of his parents had vouchsafed was evidently lavished on him1 for round his neck there was a little bit of draggled fur which should have been round the neck of her against whose thin shabby side he leaned4 ,this mother of his was looking at the ground2 and from the expression of her face she seemed to think that looking at the ground was all life had to offer4 ,the father sat with his eyes shut4 ,he had shabby clothes1 a grey face1 and a grey collar that had once been white4 ,above the collar his thin cheeks had evidently just been shaved--for it was ,saturday1 and by the colour of those cheeks1 and by his boots1 whose soles1 hardly thicker than a paper sheet1 still intervened between him and the ground1 he was seen not to be a tramp or outdoor person1 but an indoor worker of some sort1 and very likely out of work1 who had come out to rest in the company of his wife and family4 ,his eyes being shut1 he sat without the pain of looking at a single thing1 moving his jaw at intervals from side to side4 ,and between the man and the woman1 the child sat1 very still1 evidently on good terms with them1 not realising that they had brought him out of a warm darkness where he had been happy1 out of a sweet nothingness1 into which1 and soon perhaps1 he would pass again--not realising that they had so neglected to keep pace with things1 or that things had so omitted to keep pace with them1 that he himself had eaten in his time about one half the food he should have eaten1 and that of the wrong sort4 ,by the expression of his face1 that pale small ghost had evidently grasped the truth that things were as they had to be4 ,he seemed to sit there reviewing his own life1 and taking for granted that it must be what it was1 from hour to hour1 and day to day1 and year to year4 ,and before me1 too1 the incidents of his small journey passed4 ,i saw him in the morning getting off the family bed1 where it was sometimes warm1 and chewing at a crust of bread before he set off to school in company with other children1 some of whom were stouter than himself2 saw him carrying in his small fist the remnants of his feast1 and dropping it1 or swopping it away for peppermints1 because it tired him to consume it1 having no juices to speak of in his little stomach4 ,i seemed to understand that1 accustomed as he was to eating little1 he almost always wanted to eat less1 not because he had any wish to die--nothing so extravagant--but simply that he nearly always felt a little sick2 ,i felt that his pale1 despondent mother was always urging him to eat1 when there were things to eat1 and that this bored him1 since they did not strike him as worth all that trouble with his jaws4 ,she must have found it difficult indeed to persuade him that there was any point at all in eating2 for1 from his looks1 he could manifestly not now enjoy anything but peppermints and kippered herrings4 ,i seemed to see him in his school1 not learning1 not wanting to learn anything1 nor knowing why this should be so1 ignorant of the dispensations of a ,providence who--after hesitating long to educate him lest this should make his parents paupers--now compelled his education1 having first destroyed his stomach that he might be incapable of taking in what he was taught4 ,that small white creature could not as yet have grasped the notion that the welfare of the future lay1 not with the future1 but with the past4 ,he only knew that every day he went to school with little in his stomach1 and every day came back from school with less4 ,all this he seemed to be reviewing as he sat there1 but not in thought2 his knowledge was too deep for words2 he was simply feeling1 as a child that looked as he looked would naturally be feeling1 on that bench between his parents4 ,he opened his little mouth at times1 as a small bird will open its small beak1 without apparent purpose2 and his lips seemed murmuring3 ,my stomach feels as if there were a mouse inside it2 my legs are aching2 it's all quite natural1 no doubt6 ,to reconcile this apathy of his with recollections of his unresting1 mirthless energy down alleys and on doorsteps1 it was needful to remember human nature1 and its exhaustless cruse ,footnote3 ,exhaustless cruse4 ,see ,i ,kings ,,xvii3 #h-af4 of courage4 ,for1 though he might not care to live1 yet1 while he was alive he would keep his end up1 because he must--there was no other way4 ,and why exhaust himself in vain regrets and dreams of things he could not see1 and hopes of being what he could not be6 ,that he had no resentment against anything was certain from his patient eyes--not even against those two who sat1 one on either side of him--unaware that he was what he was1 in order that they who against his will had brought him into being1 might be forced by law to keep a self-respect they had already lost1 and have the insufficiency of things he could not eat4 ,for he had as yet no knowledge of political economy4 ,he evidently did not view his case in any petty1 or in any party1 spirit2 he did not seem to look on himself as just a half-starved child that should have cried its eyes out till it was fed at least as well as the dogs that passed him2 he seemed to look on himself as that impersonal1 imperial thing--the ,future of the ,race4 ,so profound his apathy6 ,and1 as ,i looked1 the ,future of the ,race turned to his father3 ',ark at the bird6 he said4 ,it was a pigeon1 who high upon a tree had suddenly begun to croon4 ,one could see his head outlined against the grey unstirring sky1 first bending back1 then down into his breast1 then back again2 and that soft song of his filled all the air1 like an invocation of fertility4 ,the ,future of the ,race watched him for a minute without moving1 and suddenly he laughed4 ,that laugh was a little hard noise like the clapping of two boards--there was not a single drop of blood in it1 nor the faintest sound of music2 so might a marionette ,footnote3 ,marionette3 a puppet moved by strings4 have laughed--a figure made of wood and wire4 ,and in that laugh ,i seemed to hear innumerable laughter1 the laughter in a million homes of the myriad unfed4 ,so laughed the ,future of the richest and the freest and the proudest race that has ever lived on earth1 that ,february afternoon1 with the little green flames lighted in the grass1 under a sky that knew not wind or sun--so he laughed at the pigeon that was calling for the ,spring4 --,,john ,,galsworthy4 ,footnote3 ,why could the child enjoy only peppermints and kippered herring8 ,why does the author call the child the ,future of the ,race8 ,is the term used seriously or ironically8 ,what plea does the author make for all childhood8 ,does the portrait of the child seem real or exaggerated8 ,does the author place the blame for such conditions as made this child an unhappy weakling8 ,compare this portrait with that of ,muhammad ,din4 ,,too ,,dear ,,for ,,the ,,whistle ,when ,i was a child of seven years old1 my friends1 on a holiday1 filled my pockets with coppers4 ,i went directly to a shop where they sold toys for children2 and being charmed with the sound of a whistle1 that ,i met by the way in the hands of another boy1 ,i voluntarily offered and gave all my money for one4 ,i then came home1 and went whistling all over the house1 much pleased with my whistle1 but disturbing all the family4 ,my brothers1 and sisters1 and cousins1 understanding the bargain ,i had made1 told me ,i had given four times as much for it as it was worth2 put me in mind of what good things ,i might have bought with the rest of the money2 and laughed at me so much for my folly1 that ,i cried with vexation2 and the reflection gave me more chagrin than the whistle gave me pleasure4 ,this1 however1 was afterwards of use to me1 the impression continuing on my mind2 so that often1 when ,i was tempted to buy some unnecessary thing1 ,i said to myself1 ,don't give too much for the whistle2 and ,i saved my money4 ,as ,i grew up1 came into the world1 and observed the actions of men1 ,i thought ,i met with many1 very many1 who gave too much for the whistle4 ,when ,i saw one too ambitious of court favor1 sacrificing his time in attendance on levees1 his repose1 his liberty1 his virtue1 and perhaps his friends1 to attain it1 ,i have said to myself-- ,this man gives too much for his whistle4 ,when ,i saw another fond of popularity1 constantly employing himself in political bustles1 neglecting his own affairs1 and ruining them by that neglect1 ,he pays1 indeed1 said ,i1 too dear for his whistle4 ,if ,i knew a miser1 who gave up every kind of comfortable living1 all the pleasure of doing good to others1 all the esteem of his fellow-citizens1 and the joys of benevolent friendship1 for the sake of accumulating wealth--,poor man1 said ,i1 you pay too dear for your whistle4 ,when ,i met a man of pleasure1 sacrificing every laudable improvement of the mind1 or of his fortune1 to mere corporeal sensations1 and ruining his health in their pursuit--,mistaken man1 said ,i1 you are providing pain for yourself1 instead of pleasure2 you are paying too dear for your whistle4 ,if ,i see one fond of appearance or fine clothes1 fine houses1 fine furniture1 fine equipages1 all above his fortune1 for which he contracts debts1 ,alas1 say ,i1 he has paid dear1 very dear for his whistle4 ,in short1 ,i conceive that a great part of the miseries of mankind are brought upon them by the false estimate they have made of the value of things1 and by their giving too much for their whistles4 --,,benjamin ,,franklin4 ,footnote3 ,this extract was taken from a letter which ,franklin wrote from ,passy in #aggi to ,madame ,brillon4 ,the phrase1 paying too dear for his whistle1 has become proverbial4 ,what does it mean8 ,what famous book of maxims was written by ,franklin8 ,can you quote any of the sayings in it8 ,do you know anything of ,franklin's life that showed whether he lived up to the moral he sets forth in this story8 ,a ,,lodging ,,for ,,the ,,night ,he 7,villon7 ,footnote3 ,francois ,villon3 born #adca1 died #adhd4 ,stevenson characterizes him as poet1 student1 and housebreaker4 went boldly to the door and knocked with an assured hand4 ,on both previous occasions1 he had knocked timidly and with some dread of attracting notice2 but now when he had just discarded the thought of a burglarious entry1 knocking at a door seemed a mighty simple and innocent proceeding4 ,the sound of his blows echoed through the house with thin1 phantasmal ,footnote3 ,phantasmal3 ghostly4 reverberations1 as though it were quite empty2 but these had scarcely died away before a measured tread drew near1 a couple of bolts were withdrawn1 and one wing was opened broadly1 as though no guile or fear of guile were known to those within4 ,a tall figure of a man1 muscular and spare1 but a little bent1 confronted ,villon4 ,the head was massive in bulk1 but finely sculptured2 the nose blunt at the bottom1 but refining upward to where it joined a pair of strong and honest eyebrows2 the mouth and eyes surrounded with delicate markings1 and the whole face based upon a thick white beard1 boldly and squarely trimmed4 ,seen as it was by the light of a flickering hand-lamp1 it looked perhaps nobler than it had a right to do2 but it was a fine face1 honourable rather than intelligent1 strong1 simple1 and righteous4 ,you knock late1 sir1 said the old man in resonant1 courteous tones4 ,villon cringed1 and brought up many servile words of apology2 at a crisis of this sort1 the beggar was uppermost in him1 and the man of genius hid his head with confusion4 ,you are cold1 repeated the old man1 and hungry8 ,well1 step in4 ,and he ordered him into the house with a noble enough gesture4 ,some great seigneur1 ,footnote3 ,seigneur3 lord4 thought ,villon1 as his host1 setting down the lamp on the flagged pavement of the entry1 shot the bolts once more into their places4 ,you will pardon me if ,i go in front1 he said1 when this was done2 and he preceded the poet upstairs into a large apartment1 warmed with a pan of charcoal and lit by a great lamp hanging from the roof4 ,it was very bare of furniture3 only some gold plate on a sideboard2 some folios2 ,footnote3 ,folios3 large books4 and a stand of armor between the windows4 ,some smart tapestry hung upon the walls1 representing the crucifixion of our ,lord in one piece1 and in another a scene of shepherds and shepherdesses by a running stream4 ,over the chimney was a shield of arms4 ,will you seat yourself1 said the old man1 and forgive me if ,i leave you8 ,i am alone in my house to-night1 and if you are to eat ,i must forage for myself4 ,no sooner was his host gone than ,villon leaped from the chair on which he had just seated himself1 and began examining the room1 with the stealth and passion of a cat4 ,footnote3 ,with the stealth and passion of a cat4 ,does this give you any clue to ,villon's character8 ,he weighed the gold flagons in his hand1 opened all the folios1 and investigated the arms upon the shield1 and the stuff with which the seats were lined4 ,he raised the window curtains1 and saw that the windows were set with rich stained glass in figures1 so far as he could see1 of martial ,footnote3 ,martial3 warlike4 import4 ,then he stood in the middle of the room1 drew a long breath1 and retaining it with puffed cheeks1 looked round and round him1 turning on his heels1 as if to impress every feature of the apartment on his memory4 ,seven pieces of plate1 he said4 ,if there had been ten1 ,i would have risked it4 ,a fine house1 and a line old master1 so help me all the saints6 ,and just then1 hearing the old man's tread returning along the corridor1 he stole back to his chair and began humbly toasting his wet legs before the charcoal pan4 ,his entertainer had a plate of meat in one hand and a jug of wine in the other4 ,he set down the plate upon the table1 motioning ,villon to draw in his chair and going to the sideboard1 brought back two goblets1 which he filled4 ,i drink your better fortune1 he said1 gravely touching ,villon's cup with his own4 ,to our better acquaintance1 said the poet1 growing bold4 ,a mere man of the people would have been awed by the courtesy of the old seigneur1 but ,villon was hardened in that matter2 he had made mirth for great lords before now1 and found them as black rascals as himself4 ,and so he devoted himself to the viands ,footnote3 ,viands3 food4 with a ravenous gusto1 while the old man1 leaning backward1 watched him with steady1 curious eyes4 ,have you any money8 asked the old man4 ,i have one white1 ,footnote3 ,white3 a small coin4 returned the poet laughing4 ,i got it out of a dead jade's stocking in a porch4 ,she was as dead as ,caesar1 poor wench1 and as cold as a church1 with bits of ribbon sticking in her hair4 ,this is a hard world in winter for wolves and wenches and poor rogues like me4 ,i1 said the old man1 am ,enguerrand de la ,feuillee1 seigneur de ,brisetout1 bailly du ,patatrac4 ,footnote3 ,bailly3 bailiff4 ,who and what may you be8 ,villon rose and made a suitable reverence4 ,i am called ,francis ,villon1 he said1 a poor ,master of ,arts of this university4 ,i know some ,latin1 and a deal of vice4 ,i can make chansons1 ballades1 lais1 virelais1 and roundels1 ,footnote3 ,lais3 444 virilais4 ,chansons 444 roundels3 different types of versification4 and ,i am very fond of wine4 ,i was born in a garret1 and ,i shall not improbably die upon the gallows4 ,i may add1 my lord1 that from this night forward ,i am your lordship's very obsequious1 servant to command4 ,no servant of mine1 said the knight1 my guest for this evening1 and no more4 ,a very grateful guest2 said ,villon politely1 and he drank in dumb show to his entertainer4 ,you are shrewd1 began the old man1 tapping his forehead1 very shrewd2 you have learning2 you are a clerk2 ,footnote3 ,clerk3 the term formerly applied to a man of letters4 and yet you take a small piece of money off a dead woman in the street4 ,is it not a kind of theft8 ,it is a kind of theft much practiced in the wars1 my lord4 ,the wars are the field of honor1 returned the old man proudly4 ,there a man plays his life upon the cast2 he fights in the name of his lord the king1 his ,lord ,god1 and all their lordships the holy saints and angels4 ,put it1 said ,villon1 that ,i were really a thief1 should ,i not play my life also1 and against heavier odds8 ,for gain but not for honor4 ,gain8 repeated ,villon with a shrug4 ,gain6 ,the poor fellow wants supper1 and takes it4 ,so does the soldier in a campaign4 ,why1 what are all these requisitions ,footnote3 ,requisitions3 demands1 generally of money and supplies1 made by invaders upon the people of the invaded country4 we hear so much about8 ,if they are not gain to those who take them1 they are loss enough to the others4 ,the men-at-arms drink by a good fire1 while the burgher bites his nails to buy them wine and wood4 ,i have seen a good many ploughmen swinging on trees about the country2 ay1 ,i have seen thirty on one elm1 and a very poor figure they made2 and when ,i asked someone how all these came to be hanged1 ,i was told it was because they could not scrape together enough crowns to satisfy the men-at-arms4 ,these things are a necessity of war1 which the lowborn must endure with constancy4 ,it is true that some captains drive overhard2 there are spirits in every rank not easily moved by pity2 and indeed many follow arms who are no better than brigands4 ,you see1 said the poet1 you cannot separate the soldier from the brigand2 and what is a thief but an isolated brigand with circumspect ,footnote3 ,circumspect3 wary4 manners8 ,i steal a couple of mutton chops1 without so much as disturbing people's sleep2 the farmer grumbles a bit1 but sups none the less wholesomely on what remains4 ,you come up blowing gloriously on a trumpet1 take away the whole sheep1 and beat the farmer pitifully into the bargain4 ,i have no trumpet2 ,i am only ,tom1 ,dick or ,harry2 ,i am a rogue and a dog1 and hanging's too good for me--with all my heart2 but just ask the farmer which of us he prefers1 just find out which of us he lies awake to curse on cold nights4 ,look at us two1 said his lordship4 ,i am old1 strong and honored4 ,if ,i were turned from my house tomorrow1 hundreds would be proud to shelter me4 ,poor people would go out and pass the night in the streets with their children1 if ,i merely hinted that ,i wished to be alone4 ,and ,i find you up1 wandering homeless1 and picking farthings off dead women by the wayside6 ,i fear no man and nothing2 ,i have seen you tremble and lose countenance at a word4 ,i wait ,god's summons contentedly in my own house1 or1 if it please the king to call me out again1 upon the field of battle4 ,you look for the gallows2 a rough1 swift death1 without hope or honor4 ,is there no difference between these two8 ,as far as to the moon ,villon acquiesced4 ,but if ,i had been born lord of ,brisetout1 and you had been the poor scholar ,francis1 would the difference have been any the less8 ,should not ,i have been warming my knees at this charcoal pan1 and would not you have been groping for farthings in the snow8 ,should not ,i have been the soldier1 and you the thief8 --,,robert ,,louis ,,stevenson 7adapted74 ,footnote3 ,what hints does the sketch give you of the period in which the story is laid8 ,what characteristics of ,villon are brought out8 ,is there any suggestion of the poet in his remarks8 ,what is the real difference between the two men8 ,does ,villon make out a good case8 ,is his description of war a fair one8 ,why did ,villon not steal the goblets8 ,a ,,bad ,,five ,,minutes ,,in ,,the ,,alps ,it was time to return1 and the demon who amuses himself by beguiling ,alpine travellers suggested the memory of a certain short cut which involved a bit of amusing scrambling4 ,i was speedily occupied in fighting my way downwards through a steep ravine1 cloven by a vicious little torrent from a lofty glacier1 when--how it happened ,i know not1 for all forms of earth and grassy slope were obliterated at a few yards by the descending showers--,i suddenly found that ,i had left the right track and was descending too sharply towards the stream4 ,at the same time ,i saw1 or thought ,i saw1 that by crossing the face of the cliff for a few yards ,i should regain the ordinary route4 ,the first step or two was easy2 then came a long stride1 in which ,i had to throw out one hand by way of grappling-iron to a jutting rock above4 ,the rock was reeking with moisture1 and as ,i threw my weight upon it my hand slipped1 and before ,i had time to look round ,i was slithering downwards without a single point of support4 ,below me as ,i well knew1 at a depth of some two hundred feet1 was the torrent4 ,one plunge through the air upon its rugged stones and ,i should be a heap of mangled flesh and bones4 ,instinctively ,i flung abroad arms and legs in search of strong supports2 in another moment ,i was brought up with a jerk4 ,my hands now rested on the narrow ledge where my feet had been a moment before1 and one foot was propped by some insecure support whose nature ,i could not precisely determine4 ,desperately choking back the surging emotions that seemed to shake my limbs ,i sought for some means of escape4 ,by slowly moving my left hand ,i managed to grasp a stem of rhododendron which grew upon the ledge of rock1 and felt tolerably firm2 next ,i tried to feel for some support with the toe of my left boot2 the rock1 however1 against which it rested was not only hard1 but exquisitely polished by the ancient glacier which had forced its way down the gorge4 ,a geologist would have been delighted with this admirable specimen of the planing powers of nature2 ,i felt1 ,i must confess1 rather inclined to curse geology and glaciers4 ,not a projecting edge1 corner1 or cranny could ,i discover2 ,i might as well have been hanging against a pane of glass4 ,with my right foot1 however1 ,i succeeded in obtaining a more satisfactory lodgment2 had it not been for this help ,i could have supported myself so long as my arms would hold out1 and ,i have read somewhere that the strongest man cannot hold on by his arms alone for more than five minutes4 ,i am1 unluckily1 very weak in the arms1 and was therefore quite unable to perform the gymnastic feat of raising myself till ,i could place a knee upon the ledge where my hands were straining4 ,here1 then1 ,i was1 in an apparently hopeless predicament4 ,i might cling to the rocks like a bat in a cave till exhaustion compelled me to let go2 on a very liberal allowance1 that might last for some twenty minutes1 or1 say half an hour4 ,there was1 of course1 a remote chance that some traveler or tourist might pass through the glen2 but the ordinary path lay some hundred yards above my head1 on the other side of the rock-pinnacle1 and a hundred yards was1 for all practical purposes1 the same thing as a hundred miles2 the ceaseless roar of the swollen torrent would drown my voice as effectually as a battery of artillery2 but1 for a moment or two1 ,i considered the propriety of shouting for help4 ,the problem was1 whether ,i should diminish my strength more by the effort of shouting than the additional chance of attracting attention was worth4 ,a puff of wind had driven aside the wreaths of mist2 and high above me ,i could see towering into the gloomy skies a pinnacle of black rock4 ,sharp and needle-like it sprang from its cloud-hidden base1 and scarcely a flake of snow clung to its terrible precipices4 ,only a day or two before ,i had been lounging in the inn garden during a delusive sunset gleam of bright weather1 and admiring its noble proportions4 ,i had been discussing with my friends the best mode of assaulting its hitherto untrodden summit1 on which we had facetiously conferred the name of ,teufelshorn4 ,lighted up by the ,alpine glow1 it seemed to beckon us upward1 and had fired all my mountaineering zeal4 ,now1 though it was not a time for freaks of fancy1 it looked like a grim fiend calmly frowning upon my agony4 ,i hated it1 and yet had an unpleasant sense that my hatred could do it no harm4 ,if ,i could have lightened and thundered1 its rocks would have come down with a crash2 but it stood immovable1 scornful1 and eternal4 ,there is a poetry in the great mountains1 but the poetry may be stern as well as benevolent4 ,if1 to the weary ,londoner1 they speak of fresh air and healthful exercise and exciting adventure1 they can look tyrannous and forbidding enough to the peasant on whose fields they void their rheum--as ,shakespeare pleasantly puts it--or to the luckless wretch who is clinging in useless supplication at their feet4 ,grim and fierce1 like some primeval giant1 that peak looked to me1 and for a time the whole doctrine preached by the modern worshippers of sublime scenery seemed inexpressibly absurd and out of place4 ,it was becoming tempting to throw up the cards and have done with it4 ,even the short sharp pang of the crash on the rocks below seemed preferable to draining the last dregs of misery4 ,i gathered myself up1 crouching as low as ,i dared1 and then springing from the right foot1 and aiding the spring with my left hand1 ,i threw out my right at the little jutting point4 ,the tips of my fingers just reached their aim1 but only touched without anchoring themselves4 ,as ,i fell back1 my foot missed its former support1 and my whole weight came heavily on the feeble left hand4 ,the clutch was instantaneously torn apart1 and ,i was falling through the air4 ,all was over6 ,the mountains sprang upwards with a bound4 ,but before the fall had well begun1 before the air had begun to whistle past me1 my movement was arrested4 ,with a shock of surprise ,i found myself lying on a broad bed of deep moss1 as comfortably as in my bed at home4 --,,leslie ,,stephen 7adapted74 ,footnote3 ,what do you imagine has preceded this selection8 ,what things are contrasted in the account8 ,do you think that philosophizing helped or hindered the climber8 ,do you know anything about the difficulties of ,alpine climbing from other accounts you have read8 ,compare the style of this selection with ,the ,luck of ,roaring ,camp and ,a ,leaf in the ,storm4 ,,the ,,gold ,,trail ,we came upon the diggings quite suddenly4 ,the trail ran around the corner of a hill2 and there they were below us6 ,in the wide1 dry stream bottom perhaps fifty men were working busily1 like a lot of ants4 ,some were picking away at the surface of the ground1 others had dug themselves down waist deep1 and stooped and rose like legless bodies4 ,others had disappeared below ground1 and showed occasionally only as shovel blades4 ,from so far above1 the scene was very lively and animated1 for each was working like a beaver1 and the red shirts made gay little spots of colour4 ,on the hillside clung a few white tents and log cabins2 but the main town itself1 we later discovered1 as well as the larger diggings1 lay around the bend and upstream4 ,we looked all around us for some path leading down to the river1 but could find none2 so perforce we had to continue on along the trail4 ,thus we entered the camp of ,hangman's ,gulch for if it had been otherwise1 ,i am sure we would have located promptly where we had seen those red-shirted men4 ,the camp consisted merely of a closer-knit group of tents1 log shacks1 and a few larger buildings constructed of a queer combination of heavy hewn timbers and canvas4 ,we saw nobody at all1 though in some of the larger buildings we heard signs of life4 ,however1 we did not wait to investigate the wonders of ,hangman's ,gulch1 but drove our animals along the one street1 looking for the trail that should lead us back to the diggings4 ,we missed it1 somehow1 but struck into a beaten path that took us upstream4 ,this we followed a few hundred yards4 ,it proceeded along a rough1 boulder-strewn river-bed1 around a point of rough1 jagged rocks1 and out to a very wide gravelly flat through which the river had made itself a narrow channel4 ,the flat swarmed with men1 all of them busy1 and very silent4 ,leading our pack-horses we approached the nearest pair of these men1 and stood watching them curiously4 ,one held a coarse screen of willow which he shook continuously above a common cooking-pot1 while the other slowly shovelled earth over this sieve4 ,when the two pots1 which with the shovel seemed to be all the tools these men possessed1 had been half filled thus with the fine earth1 the men carried them to the river4 ,we followed4 ,the miners carefully submerged the pots1 and commenced to stir their contents with their fists4 ,the light earth muddied the water1 floated upward1 and then flowed slowly over the rim of the pots and down the current4 ,after a few minutes of this1 they lifted the pots carefully1 drained off the water1 and started back4 ,may we look8 ventured ,johnny4 ,the taller man glanced at us1 and our pack-horses1 and nodded4 ,this was the first time he had troubled to take a good look at us4 ,the bottom of the pot was covered with fine black sand in which we caught the gleam and sparkle of something yellow4 ,is that gold8 ,i asked1 awed4 ,that's gold1 the man repeated1 his rather saturnine features lighting up with a grin4 ,then seeing our interest1 he unbent a trifle4 ,we dry the sand1 and then blow it away1 he explained2 and strode back to where his companion was impatiently waiting4 ,we stumbled on over the rocks and debris4 ,there were probably something near a hundred men at work in the gulch4 ,we soon observed that the pot method was considered a very crude and simple way of getting out the gold4 ,most of the men carried iron pans full of the earth to the waterside1 where1 after submerging until the lighter earth had floated off1 they slopped the remainder over the side with a peculiar twisting1 whirling motion1 leaving at last only the black sand--and the gold6 ,these pan miners were in the great majority4 ,but one group of four men was doing business on a larger scale4 ,they had constructed what looked like a very shallow baby-cradle on rockers into which they poured their earth and water4 ,by rocking the cradle violently but steadily1 they spilled the mud over the sides4 ,cleats had been nailed in the bottom to catch the black sand4 ,we wandered about here and there1 looking with all our eyes4 ,the miners were very busy and silent1 but quite friendly1 and allowed us to examine as much as we pleased the results of their operations4 ,in the pots and cradles the yellow flake gold glittered plainly1 contrasting with the black sand4 ,in the pans1 however1 the residue spread out fan-shaped along the angle between the bottom and the side1 and at the apex the gold lay heavy and beautiful all by itself4 ,the men were generally bearded1 tanned with working in this blinding sun1 and plastered liberally with the red earth4 ,we saw some queer sights1 however2 as when we came across a jolly pair dressed in what were the remains of ultra-fashionable garments up to and including plug hats6 ,at one side working some distance from the stream were small groups of native ,californians or ,mexicans4 ,they did not trouble to carry the earth all the way to the river2 but1 after screening it roughly1 tossed it into the air above a canvas1 thus winnowing out the heavier pay dirt4 ,footnote3 ,pay dirt3 dirt that has gold enough in it to pay for working it4 ,i thought this must be very disagreeable4 ,as we wandered about here and there among all these men so busily engaged1 and with our own eyes saw pan after pan show gold1 actual metallic guaranteed gold1 such as rings and watches and money are made of1 a growing excitement possessed us1 the excitement of a small boy with a new and untried gun4 ,we wanted to get at it ourselves4 ,only we did not know how4 ,finally ,yank approached one of the busy miners4 ,stranger1 said he1 we're new to this4 ,maybe you can tell us where we can dig a little of this gold ourselves4 ,the man straightened his back1 to exhibit a roving humorous blue eye1 with which he examined ,yank from top to toe4 ,if1 said he1 it wasn't for that eighteen-foot cannon you carry over your left arm1 and a cold gray pair of eyes you carry in your head1 ,i'd direct you up the sidehill yonder1 and watch you sweat4 ,as it is1 you can work anywhere anybody else isn't working4 ,start in6 ,can we dig next to you1 then8 asked ,yank1 nodding at an unbroken piece of ground just upstream4 ,the miner clambered carefully out of his waist-deep trench1 searched his pockets1 produced a pipe and tobacco4 ,after lighting this he made ,yank a low bow4 ,thanks for the compliment2 but ,i warn you1 this claim of mine is not very rich4 ,i'm thinking of trying somewhere else4 ,don't you get any gold8 ,oh1 a few ounces a day4 ,that suits me for a beginning1 said ,yank decidedly4 ,come on boys6 ,the miner hopped back into his hole1 only to stick his head out again for the purpose of telling us3 ,mind you keep fifteen feet away6 ,with eager hands we slipped a pick and shovels from beneath the pack ropes1 undid our iron bucket1 and without further delay commenced feverishly to dig4 --,,stewart ,,edward ,,white4 ,footnote3 ,where do you imagine this scene is laid8 ,why was the miner willing to admit the newcomers8 ,what success do you think they had8 ,note the simplicity of the style and the diction4 ,can you tell anything about the first rush of gold seekers to ,california8 ,read the novel1 ,gold1 from which this selection is taken4 ,you will find it very interesting4 ,,twenty ,,years ,,of ,,arctic ,,struggle ,on the #bhth of ,february the various parties took their departure from ,cape ,hecla1 and following in the rear1 ,peary hurried on with all possible speed1 hopeful of reaching the ,pole at last4 ,for some days the ice was in motion everywhere2 but it gradually became quieter1 and as there was very little wind the travelling was particularly good4 ,full of impatience as he tramped along1 and grudging every moment given to rest1 ,peary dreaded lest he should meet with some obstacle1 such as open water or impassable ice1 that would put an end to the journey northwards4 ,delayed by gales and open water1 and driven out of his course seventy miles to the eastward1 ,peary was cut off from communication with his supporting parties2 and finding that he could no longer depend upon them1 he determined to make a dash for the ,pole with the party1 eight in all1 and the supplies which he had with him4 ,abandoning everything not absolutely essential and bending every energy to set a record pace1 they travelled thirty miles in a ten hours' march4 ,storms of wind and snow added considerably to the difficulties of the journey1 the strain of which told severely on both men and dogs4 ,the #bjth of ,april brought the weary travellers into a region of open leads1 ,footnote3 ,open leads3 open ways in an ice-field4 bearing north and south4 ,resting here for a few hours1 ,peary and his companions resumed their march at midnight1 pushing on with feverish haste to lessen the distance between them and the goal that was luring them on4 ,travelling as fast as they could till noon of the #bast1 they then came to a final halt4 ,disappointed at once more having to stop before the object of all his striving had been reached1 ,peary would have liked to make the last dash with only one or two of his men2 but he dared not do this in view of the condition of the ice1 and reluctantly he had to confess that once again the prize had eluded his grasp4 ,making observations1 he found that they were in #hg deg1 #f' north latitude1 the most northerly point that had yet been reached by man4 ,warned by the haggard faces of his comrades and the skeleton figures of the few remaining dogs1 ,peary saw that no time must be lost in turning back4 ,after hoisting a flag from the summit of the highest pinnacle1 and leaving a bottle containing a record of the journey1 the exhausted men turned their backs on the ,pole1 and began the weary march homeward4 ,trying as the outward march had been1 the dangers of the return journey were even greater4 ,besides1 there was no longer the excitement of possible victory to encourage the men in the face of hardships4 ,killing their dogs for food1 and breaking up the sledges to provide fires for cooking1 the tired and dispirited explorers pushed on till they found themselves stranded on an island of ice4 ,was this1 then1 to be the end of the enterprise1 and were they to meet death in that cold and pitiless sea8 ,such a fate seemed inevitable4 ,but just as they were preparing for the worst1 two of the ,eskimo scouts came hurrying back to the camp with the report that1 a few miles farther on1 the water was covered with a film of young ice1 and that there was a possibility of their being able to cross on snow-shoes4 ,it was a desperate chance1 but they were prepared to take it2 and carefully fixing on their snow-shoes1 they made the venture1 the lightest and most experienced ,eskimo taking the lead1 with the few remaining dogs attached to the long sledge following1 and the rest of the party abreast1 in widely extended skirmish line1 some distance behind the sledge4 ,they crossed in silence1 the ice swaying beneath them as they skimmed along4 ,what the result would be none could tell2 but they all felt the greatness of their peril4 ,peary himself confesses that this was the first and only time in all his ,arctic experience that he felt doubtful as to what would happen4 ,when near the middle of the lead1 he says1 the toe of one of my snow-shoes1 as ,i slid forward1 broke through twice in succession2 then ,i thought to myself1 ',this is the finish4' ,a little later there was a cry from some one in the line1 but ,i dared not take my eyes from the steady gliding of my snow-shoes4 ,when we stepped upon the firm ice on the southern side of the lead1 sighs of relief from the two men nearest me were distinctly audible4 ,the cry ,i had heard had been from one of my men1 whose toe1 like mine1 had broken through the ice4 ,the crossing had been made just in time1 for1 as the travellers looked round for a moment before turning their faces southward1 they saw that the sheet of ice on which they had crossed was in two pieces4 ,the lead was widening again4 ,all were safely across2 but they were not yet out of danger4 ,unable to find a route which they might traverse with any degree of safety1 ,peary and his men ascended a high mass of ice to have a better view of their surroundings1 and to look for a way of escape4 ,what they beheld from their elevated position might well have struck terror into the boldest heart4 ,before them extended such a mass of shattered ice as ,peary had never seen before and hoped never to see again1 a confused mass of fragments1 some only the size of paving-stones1 others as large as the dome of the ,capitol at ,washington1 but all rounded by the terrific grinding they had received4 ,once again death was looking them in the face1 for it seemed an utter impossibility to find a path through that frozen wilderness4 ,but as long as they could keep a footing they determined to struggle on2 and stumbling forward at every step1 bruised and sore1 they at last struck a better road4 ,they made their way to ,britannia ,island1 ,footnote3 ,britannia ,island3 one of the most northern islands of the ,arctic ,ocean4 and thence to ,cape ,may and ,cape ,bryant4 ,the brave party suffered much from want of food4 ,for days on end they were on the verge of starvation4 ,a hare that was shot gave them the first full meal for nearly forty days4 ,with snow falling around them1 and without tent or covering of any kind1 they lay down on the ground to sleep4 ,waking in the morning as tired and hungry as ever1 they found the tracks of musk-oxen ,footnote3 ,musk-oxen3 the musk-ox has long shaggy hair and somewhat resembles a buffalo4 in the snow1 and their hopes rose as they endeavoured to follow the trail4 ,sweeping the valley with their field-glass1 they could see no sign of a living thing2 but later on they espied several black dots at a distance1 and knew that they had located the herd4 ,pushing on towards them1 ,peary and a companion lay down behind a big boulder to rest and gather strength1 for they dared not risk a shot before they were sure of their aim4 ,resolving at last on an attack1 the two men grasped their rifles1 and1 rushing out from behind their place of shelter1 made straight for the animals1 now less than two hundred yards away4 ,an old bull that was standing guard gave the signal to charge1 and in a minute the black avalanche of thundering beasts was bearing down on their enemies4 ,fortunately for ,peary his shot went true1 and the great bull fell dead4 ,the maddened rush was stopped2 and before the oxen could make their retreat over the ridges six of their number lay dead upon the frozen ground2 and for the next few days the party revelled in the delights of a continuous feast4 ,reaching the ,roosevelt ,footnote3 ,roosevelt3 ,peary's ship4 at the end of ,july1 the expedition returned to ,america a few months later4 ,after twenty years of heroic striving1 ,peary had again missed the prize2 but the victory was postponed only for a little while4 --,j4 ,,kennedy ,mc,l,e,a,n4 ,footnote3 ,how does the heroism shown in this account of ,peary's struggle compare with military courage8 ,what qualities of the true explorer does ,peary show8 ,what picture do you get of the country in which the travelers journeyed8 ,what do you know of ,peary's later expedition8 ,do you think the descriptions would be so purely objective if they were written by the explorer himself8 ,would the account seem more real or more interesting if it had been told in the first person8 ,,henry ,,ward ,,beecher',s ,,account ,,of ,,his ,,speech ,,in ,,manchester ,i went to my hotel1 and when the day came on which ,i was to make my first speech1 ,i struck out the notes of my speech in the morning2 and then came up a kind of horror--,i don't know whether ,i can do anything with an ,english audience--,i have never had any experience with an ,english audience4 ,my ,american ways1 which are all well enough with ,americans1 may utterly fail here1 and a failure in the cause of my country now and here is horrible beyond conception to me6 ,i think ,i never went through such a struggle of darkness and suffering in all my life as ,i did that afternoon4 ,it was about the going down of the sun that ,god brought me to that state in which ,i said1 ,thy will be done4 ,i am willing to be annihilated2 ,i am willing to fail if the ,lord wants me to4 ,i gave it all up into the hands of ,god1 and rose up in a state of peace and serenity simply unspeakable1 and when the coach came to take me down to ,manchester ,hall ,i felt no disturbance nor dreamed of anything but success4 ,we reached the hall4 ,the crowd was already beginning to be tumultuous1 and ,i recollect thinking to myself as ,i stood there looking at them1 ,i will control you6 ,i came here for victory1 and ,i will have it1 by the help of ,god6 ,well1 ,i was introduced1 and ,i must confess that the things that ,i had done and suffered in my own country1 according to what the chairman who introduced me said1 amazed me4 ,the speaker was very ,english on the subject1 and ,i learned that ,i belonged to an heroic band1 and all that sort of thing1 with ,abolitionism ,footnote3 ,abolitionism3 ,the policy of those who worked for the abolition of slavery before the ,civil ,war4 mixed in1 and so on4 ,by the way1 ,i think it was there that ,i was introduced as the ,rev4 ,henry ,ward ,beecher ,stowe4 ,but as soon as ,i began to speak the great audience began to show its teeth1 and ,i had not gone on fifteen minutes before an unparalleled scene of confusion and interruption occurred4 ,no ,american that has not seen an ,english mob can form any conception of one4 ,i have seen all sorts of camp meetings and experienced all kinds of public speaking on the stump2 ,i have seen the most disturbed meetings in ,new ,york ,city1 and they were all of them as twilight to midnight compared with an ,english hostile audience4 ,for in ,england the meeting does not belong to the parties that call it1 but to whoever chooses to go2 and if they can take it out of your hands1 it is considered fair play4 ,this meeting had a very large multitude of men in it who came there for the purpose of destroying the meeting and carrying it the other way when it came to a vote4 ,i took the measure of the audience and said to myself1 ,about one fourth of this audience are opposed to me1 and about one fourth will be rather in sympathy2 and my business now is1 not to appeal to that portion that is opposed to me nor to those that are already on my side1 but to bring over the middle section4 ,how to do this was a problem4 ,the question was1 who could hold out longest4 ,there were five or six storm-centres1 boiling and whirling at the same time3 here some one pounding on a group with his umbrella and shouting1 ,sit down there2 over yonder a row between two or three combatants2 somewhere else a group all yelling together at the top of their voices4 ,it was like talking to a storm at sea4 ,but there were the newspaper reporters just in front1 and ,i said to them1 ,now1 gentlemen1 be kind enough to take down what ,i say4 ,it will be in sections1 but ,i will have it connected by and by4 ,i threw my notes away1 and entered on a discussion of the value of freedom as opposed to slavery in the manufacturing interest1 arguing that freedom everywhere increases a man's necessities1 and what he needs he buys1 and that it was1 therefore1 to the interest of the manufacturing community to stand by the side of labor through the country4 ,i never was more self-possessed and never in more perfect good temper1 and ,i never was more determined that my hearers should feel the curb before ,i got through with them4 ,the uproar would come in on this side and on that1 and they would put insulting questions and make all sorts of calls to me1 and ,i would wait until the noise had subsided1 and then get in about five minutes of talk4 ,the reporters would get that down1 and then up would come another noise4 ,occasionally ,i would see things that amused me and would laugh outright1 and the crowd would stop to see what ,i was laughing at4 ,then ,i would sail in again with a sentence or two4 ,a good many times the crowd threw up questions which ,i caught at and answered back4 ,i may as well put in here one thing that amused me hugely4 ,there were baize doors that opened both ways into side alleys1 and there was a huge1 burly ,englishman standing right in front of one of those doors and roaring like a bull of ,bashan2 ,footnote3 ,bull of ,bashan3 ,psalm ,,xxii1 #ab-ac one of the policemen swung his elbow around and hit him in the belly and knocked him through the doorway1 so that the last part of the bawl was outside in the alleyway2 it struck me so ludicrously to think how the fellow must have looked when he found himself hollering outside that ,i could not refrain from laughing outright4 ,the audience immediately stopped its uproars1 wondering what ,i was laughing at1 and that gave me another chance1 and ,i caught it4 ,so we kept on for about an hour and a half before they got so far calmed down that ,i could go on peaceably with my speech4 ,they liked the pluck4 ,englishmen like a man that can stand on his feet and give and take2 and so for the last hour ,i had pretty clear sailing4 ,the next morning every great paper in ,england had the whole speech4 ,i think it was the design of the men there to break me down on that first speech1 by fair means or foul1 feeling that if they could do that it would be trumpeted all over the land4 ,i said to them then and there1 ,gentlemen1 you may break me down now1 but ,i have registered a vow that ,i will never return home until ,i have been heard in every county and principal town in the ,kingdom of ,great ,britain4 ,i am not going to be broken down nor put down4 ,i am going to be heard1 and my country shall be vindicated4 ,nobody knows better than ,i did what it is to feel that every interest that touches the heart of a ,christian man and a patriotic man and a lover of liberty is being assailed wantonly1 to stand between one nation and your own1 and to feel that you are in a situation in which your country rises or falls with you4 ,and ,god was behind it all2 ,i felt it and knew it2 and when ,i got through and the vote was called off1 you would have thought it was a tropical thunderstorm that swept through that hall as the ayes were thundered1 while the noes were an insignificant and contemptible minority4 ,it had all gone on our side1 and such enthusiasm ,i never saw4 ,i think it was there that when ,i started to go down into the rooms below to get an exit1 a big burly ,englishman in the gallery wanted to shake hands with me1 and ,i could not reach him1 and he called out1 ,shake my umbrella6 and he reached it over2 ,i shook it1 and as ,i did so he shouted1 ,by ,jock6 ,nobody shall touch that umbrella again6 --,,henry ,,ward ,,beecher4 ,footnote3 ,henry ,ward ,beecher was born in #ahac and died in #ahhg4 ,he was a noted lecturer1 reformer1 author1 and clergyman4 ,he was also among the most prominent of anti-slavery orators1 and delivered many addresses in ,england on subjects relating to the ,civil ,war4 ,why do you suppose ,mr4 ,beecher was introduced as ,henry ,ward ,beecher ,stowe8 ,name some characteristics of ,mr4 ,beecher as revealed in this selection4 ,what qualities would you attribute to an ,english audience1 judging from this account8 ,do you know anything about the custom of heckling in ,england8 ,how much was the success of the speech due to ,mr4 ,beecher's sense of humor8 ,do you imagine that ,mr4 ,beecher was successful in his addresses to the ,english people8 ,why8 ,a ,,green ,,donkey ,,driver ,there dwelt an old man in ,monastier1 ,footnote3 ,monastier3 a little village in southern ,france4 of rather unsound intellect according to some1 much followed by street-boys1 and known to fame as ,father ,adam4 ,father ,adam had a cart1 and to draw the cart a diminutive donkey1 not much bigger than a dog1 the color of a mouse1 with a kindly eye and a determined under-jaw4 ,there was something neat and high-bred1 a ,quakerish elegance1 about the rogue that hit my fancy on the spot4 ,our first interview was in ,monastier market-place4 ,to prove her good temper1 one child after another was set upon her back to ride1 and one after another went head over heels into the air2 until a want of confidence began to reign in youthful bosoms1 and the experiment was discontinued from a dearth of subjects4 ,i was already backed by a deputation ,footnote3 ,deputation3 a group of persons sent to act in behalf of others4 of my friends2 but as if this were not enough1 all the buyers and sellers came around and helped me in the bargain2 and the ass and ,i and ,father ,adam were the centre of a hubbub for near half an hour4 ,at length she passed into my service for the consideration of sixty-five francs and a glass of brandy4 ,the sack had already cost eighty francs and two glasses of beer2 so that ,modestine1 as ,i instantly baptized her1 was upon all accounts the cheaper article4 ,by the advice of a fallacious ,footnote3 ,fallacious3 misleading1 deceptive4 local saddler1 a leather pad was made for me with rings to fasten on my bundle2 and ,i thoughtfully completed my kit and arranged my toilette4 ,by way of armory and utensils1 ,i took a revolver1 a little spirit lamp and pan1 a lantern and some halfpenny candles1 a jack-knife and a large leather flask4 ,the main cargo consisted of two entire changes of warm clothing1 besides my travelling wear of country velveteen1 pilot coat1 and knitted spencer1 some books1 and my railway-rug1 which1 being also in the form of a bag1 made me a double castle for cold nights4 ,the permanent larder was represented by cakes of chocolate and tins of ,bologna sausage4 ,all this1 except what ,i carried about my person1 was easily stowed into the sheepskin bag2 and by good fortune ,i threw in my empty knapsack1 rather for convenience of carriage than from any thought that ,i should want it on my journey4 ,for more immediate needs1 ,i took a leg of cold mutton1 a bottle of ,beaujolais1 ,footnote3 ,beaujolais3 a red wine made in southeastern ,france4 an empty bottle to carry milk1 an egg-beater1 and a considerable quantity of black bread and white for myself and donkey4 ,on the day of my departure ,i was up a little after five2 by six we began to load the donkey2 and ten minutes after1 my hopes were in the dust4 ,the pad would not stay on ,modestine's back for half a moment4 ,i returned it to its maker1 with whom ,i had so contumelious ,footnote3 ,contumelious3 rude and abusive4 a passage that the street outside was crowded from wall to wall with gossips looking on and listening4 ,the pad changed hands with much vivacity2 perhaps it would be more descriptive to say that we threw it at each other's heads2 and1 at any rate1 we were very warm and unfriendly1 and spoke with a deal of freedom4 ,i had a common donkey pack-saddle fitted upon ,modestine2 and once more loaded her with my effects4 ,the bell of ,monastier was just striking nine as ,i got quit of these preliminary troubles and descended the hill through the common4 ,as long as ,i was within sight of the windows1 a secret shame and the fear of some laughable defeat withheld me from tampering with ,modestine4 ,she tripped along upon her four small hoofs with a sober daintiness of gait2 from time to time she shook her ears or her tail2 and she looked so small under the bundle that my mind misgave me4 ,we got across the ford without difficulty--there was no doubt about the matter1 she was docility itself--and once on the other bank1 where the road begins to mount through pine-woods1 ,i took in my right hand the unhallowed staff1 and with a quaking spirit applied it to the donkey4 ,modestine brisked up her pace for perhaps three steps1 and then relapsed into her former minuet4 ,footnote3 ,minuet3 a slow1 stately dance4 ,another application had the same effect1 and so with the third4 ,i am worthy the name of an ,englishman1 and it goes against my conscience to lay my hand rudely on a female4 ,i desisted1 and looked her all over from head to foot2 the poor brute's knees were trembling and her breathing was distressed2 it was plain that she could not go faster on a hill4 ,god forbid1 thought ,i1 that ,i should brutalize this innocent creature2 let her go at her own pace1 and let me patiently follow4 ,what that pace was1 there is no word mean enough to describe1 it was something as much slower than a walk as a walk is slower than a run2 it kept me hanging on each foot for an incredible length of time2 in five minutes it exhausted the spirit and set up a fever in all the muscles of the leg4 ,and yet ,i had to keep close at hand and measure my advance exactly upon hers2 for if ,i dropped a few yards in to the rear1 or went on a few yards ahead1 ,modestine came instantly to a halt and began to browse4 ,the thought that this was to last from here to ,alais ,footnote3 ,alais3 a town in southeastern ,france not far from the ,rhone ,river4 nearly broke my heart4 ,of all conceivable journeys1 this promised to be the most tedious4 ,i tried to tell myself it was a lovely day2 ,i tried to charm my foreboding spirit with tobacco2 but ,i had a vision ever present to me of the long long roads1 up hill and down dale1 and a pair of figures ever infinitesimally moving1 foot by foot1 a yard to the minute1 and1 like things enchanted in a nightmare1 approaching no nearer to the goal4 ,in the meantime there came up behind us a tall peasant1 perhaps forty years of age1 of an ironical snuffy countenance1 and arrayed in the green tail-coat of the country4 ,he overtook us hand over hand1 and stopped to consider our pitiful advance4 ,your donkey1 says he1 is very old8 ,i told him1 ,i believed not4 ,then1 he supposed1 we had come far4 ,i told him we had but newly left ,monastier4 ,et vous marchez comme ca6 ,footnote3 ,et vous marchez comme ca6 and you are moving like that6 cried he2 and1 throwing back his head1 he laughed long and heartily4 ,i watched him1 half prepared to feel offended1 until he had satisfied his mirth2 and then1 ,you must have no pity on these animals1 said he2 and1 plucking a switch out of a thicket1 he began to lace ,modestine about the stern works1 uttering a cry4 ,the rogue pricked up her ears and broke into a good round pace1 which she kept up without flagging1 and without exhibiting the least symptom of distress1 as long as the peasant kept beside us4 ,her former panting and shaking had been1 ,i regret to say1 a piece of comedy4 ,my deus ex machina1 ,footnote3 ,deus ex machina3 the god out of the machine2 some supernatural intervention4 before he left me1 supplied some excellent1 if inhumane1 advice2 presented me with the switch1 which he declared she would feel more tenderly than my cane2 and finally taught me the true cry or masonic word of donkey-drivers1 ,proot6 ,all the time1 he regarded me with a comical incredulous air1 as ,i might have smiled over his orthography or his green tail-coat4 ,but it was not my turn for the moment4 ,i hurried over my midday meal1 and was early forth again4 ,but1 alas1 as we climbed the interminable hill upon the other side1 ,proot6 seemed to have lost its virtue4 ,i prooted like a lion1 ,i prooted melliflously ,footnote3 ,melliflously3 sweetly4 ,find this allusion in ,midsummer ,night's ,dream1 ,act ,i1 ,scene #b4 like a sucking-dove2 but ,modestine would be neither softened nor intimidated4 ,she held doggedly to her pace2 nothing but a blow would move her1 and that only for a second4 ,i must follow at her heels1 incessantly belaboring4 ,a moment's pause in this ignoble toil1 and she relapsed into her own private gait4 ,i think ,i never heard of any one in as mean a situation4 ,i must reach the lake of ,bouchet1 where ,i meant to camp1 before sundown2 and1 to have even a hope of this1 ,i must instantly maltreat this uncomplaining animal4 ,the sound of my blows sickened me4 ,once1 when ,i looked at her1 she had a faint resemblance to a lady of my acquaintance who formerly loaded me with kindness2 and this increased my horror of my cruelty4 ,it was blazing hot up the valley1 windless1 with vehement sun upon my shoulders2 and ,i had to labor so consistently with my stick that the sweat ran into my eyes4 ,every five minutes1 too1 the pack1 the basket1 and the pilot-coat would take an ugly slew ,footnote3 ,slew3 twist4 to one side or the other2 and ,i had to stop ,modestine1 just when ,i had got her to a tolerable pace of about two miles an hour1 to tug1 push1 shoulder1 and re-adjust the load4 ,and at last1 in the village of ,ussel1 ,footnote3 ,ussel3 a town about one hundred miles northwest of ,alais4 saddle and all1 the whole hypothec ,footnote3 ,hypothec3 literally1 the property of a tenant held by a landlord as security for rent4 ,here1 of course1 the property insufficiently secured on the donkey4 turned round and grovelled in the dust1 below the donkey's belly4 ,she none better pleased1 incontinently drew up and seemed to smile2 and a party of one man1 two women1 and two children came up1 and1 standing round me in a half-circle1 encouraged her by their example4 ,i disposed it1 ,heaven knows how1 so as to be mildly portable1 and then proceeded to steer ,modestine through the village4 ,she tried1 as was indeed her invariable habit1 to enter every house and every courtyard in the whole length1 and1 encumbered as ,i was1 without a hand to help myself1 no words can render an idea of my difficulties4 ,a priest1 with six or seven others1 was examining a church in process of repair1 and his acolytes ,footnote3 ,acolytes3 assistants of the priest during mass4 laughed loudly as they saw my plight4 ,i remembered having laughed myself when ,i had seen good men struggling with adversity in the person of a jackass1 and the recollection filled me with penitence4 ,that was in my old light days1 before this trouble came upon me4 ,god knows at least that ,i shall never laugh again1 thought ,i4 ,but ,o1 what a cruel thing is a farce to those engaged in it6 ,a little out of the village1 ,modestine1 filled with the demon1 set her heart upon a by-road1 and positively refused to leave it4 ,i dropped all my bundles1 and1 ,i am ashamed to say1 struck the poor sinner twice across the face4 ,it was pitiful to see her lift up her head with shut eyes1 as if waiting for another blow4 ,i came very near crying2 but ,i did a wiser thing than that1 and sat squarely down by the roadside to consider my situation4 ,modestine in the meanwhile1 munched some black bread with a contrite hypocritical air4 ,it was plain that ,i must make a sacrifice to the gods of shipwreck4 ,i threw away the empty bottles destined to carry milk2 ,i threw away my own white bread1 and1 disdaining to act by general average1 kept the black bread for ,modestine2 lastly ,i threw away the cold leg of mutton and the egg whisk1 although this last was dear to my heart4 ,thus ,i found room for everything in the basket1 and even stowed the boating-coat on the top4 ,by means of an end of cord ,i slung it under one arm2 and although the cord cut my shoulder1 and the jacket hung almost to the ground1 it was with a heart greatly lightened that ,i set forth4 --,,robert ,,louis ,,stevenson 7adapted74 ,footnote3 ,would you judge that this was the writer's first experience in camping8 ,why8 ,what is added to the story by attributing human qualities to ,modestine8 ,how did she seem to be always putting him in the wrong8 ,do people ever work such tricks8 ,what characteristics of the author are shown in this sketch8 ,is the humor of the story one of situation merely8 ,what other selections are similar to this in the style of writing8 in the humor8 ,a ,,night ,,in ,,the ,,pines ,the trees were not old1 but they grew thickly round the glade3 there was no outlook1 except northeastward upon distant hill-tops1 or straight upward to the sky2 and the encampment felt secure and private like a room4 ,by the time ,i had made my arrangements and fed ,modestine1 the day was already beginning to decline4 ,i buckled myself to the knees into my sack and made a hearty meal2 and as soon as the sun went down1 ,i pulled my cap over my eyes and fell asleep4 ,night is a dead monotonous period under a roof2 but in the open world it passes lightly1 with its stars and dews and perfumes1 and the hours are marked by changes in the face of ,nature4 ,what seems a kind of temporal death to people choked between walls and curtains1 is only a light and living slumber to the man who sleeps afield4 ,all night long he can hear ,nature breathing deeply and freely2 even as she takes her rest she turns and smiles2 and there is one stirring hour unknown to those who dwell in houses1 when a wakeful influence goes abroad over the sleeping hemisphere1 and all the out-door world are on their feet4 ,it is then that the cock first crows1 not this time to announce the dawn1 but like a cheerful watchman speeding the course of night4 ,cattle awake on the meadows2 sheep break their fast on dewy hillsides1 and change to a new lair among the ferns2 and houseless men1 who have lain down with the fowls1 open their dim eyes and behold the beauty of the night4 ,the stars were clear1 colored1 and jewel-like1 but not frosty4 ,a faint silvery vapor stood for the ,milky ,way4 ,all around me the black fir-points stood upright and stock-still4 ,by the whiteness of the pack-saddle1 ,i could see ,modestine walking round and round at the length of her tether2 ,i could hear her steadily munching at the sward2 but there was not another sound1 save the indescribable quiet talk of the runnel over the stones4 ,i lay lazily smoking and studying the color of the sky1 as we call the void of space1 where it showed a reddish gray behind the pines to where it showed a glossy blue-black between the stars4 ,as if to be more like a pedler1 ,i wear a silver ring4 ,this ,i could see faintly shining as ,i raised or lowered the cigarette2 and at each whiff the inside of my hand was illuminated1 and became for a second the highest light in the landscape4 ,a faint wind1 more like a moving coolness than a stream of air1 passed down the glade from time to time2 so that even in my great chamber the air was being renewed all night long4 ,i thought with horror of the inn at ,chasserades and the congregated night caps2 with horror of the nocturnal prowesses of clerks and students1 of hot theatres1 and passkeys and close rooms4 ,i have not often enjoyed a more serene possession of myself1 nor felt more independent of material aids4 ,the outer world1 from which we cower into our houses1 seemed after all a gentle1 habitable place2 and night after night a man's bed1 it seemed1 was laid and waiting for him in the fields1 where ,god keeps an open house4 ,as ,i lay thus1 between content and longing1 a faint noise stole towards me through the pines4 ,i thought1 at first1 it was the crowing of cocks or the barking of dogs at some very distant farm2 but steadily and gradually it took articulate shape in my ears1 until ,i became aware that a passenger was going by upon the high-road in the valley1 and singing loudly as he went4 ,there was more of good-will than grace in his performance2 but he trolled with ample lungs2 and the sound of his voice took hold upon the hillside and set the air shaking in the leafy glens4 ,i have heard people passing by night in sleeping cities1 some of them sang2 one1 ,i remember1 played loudly on the bagpipes4 ,i have heard the rattle of a cart or carriage spring up suddenly after hours of stillness1 and pass for some minutes1 within the range of my hearing as ,i lay abed4 ,there is a romance about all who are abroad in the black hours1 and with something of a thrill we try to guess their business4 ,but here the romance was double2 first this glad passenger1 lit internally with wine1 who sent up his voice in music through the night2 and then ,i1 on the other hand1 buckled into my sack1 and smoking alone in the pine-woods between four and five thousand feet towards the stars4 --,,robert ,,louis ,,stevenson4 ,footnote3 ,what use does the author make of contrast8 ,what things does he notice8 ,did you ever sleep at night out of doors8 ,if so1 was the night empty of impressions or did you hear and see things8 ,what characteristic things has ,stevenson chosen to give you in the picture of camping out at night8 ,what things do you suppose ,stevenson most enjoyed in his life out of doors8 ,,life ,,in ,,old ,,new ,,york ,in those good old days of simplicity and sunshine1 a passion for cleanliness was the leading principle in domestic economy1 and the universal test of an able housewife4 ,the front door was never opened1 except for marriages1 funerals1 ,new ,year's ,day1 the festival of ,st4 ,nicholas1 or some such great occasion4 ,it was ornamented with a gorgeous brass knocker1 which was curiously wrought1--sometimes in the device of a dog1 and sometimes in that of a lion's head1--and daily burnished with such religious zeal that it was often worn out by the very precautions taken for its preservation4 ,the whole house was constantly in a state of inundation1 ,footnote3 ,inundation3 a flood4 under the discipline of mops and brooms and scrubbing brushes2 and the good housewives of those days were a kind of amphibious ,footnote3 ,amphibious3 able to live in water and on land4 animal1 delighting exceedingly to be dabbling in water1--insomuch that an historian of the day gravely tells us that many of his townswomen grew to have webbed fingers1 like unto ducks4 ,the grand parlor was the sanctum1 where the passion for cleaning was indulged without control4 ,no one was permitted to enter this sacred apartment1 except the mistress and her confidential maid1 who visited it once a week for the purpose of giving it a thorough cleaning4 ,on these occasions they always took the precaution of leaving their shoes at the door1 and entering devoutly ,footnote3 ,entering devoutly1 etc4 ,what ,oriental custom is the author alluding to8 in their stocking feet4 ,after scrubbing the floor1 sprinkling it with fine white sand1--which was curiously stroked with a broom into angles and curves and rhomboids1--after washing the windows1 rubbing and polishing the furniture1 and putting a new branch of evergreens in the fireplace1 the windows were again closed to keep out the flies1 and the room was kept carefully locked1 until the revolution of time brought round the weekly cleaning day4 ,as to the family1 they always entered in at the gate1 and generally lived in the kitchen4 ,to have seen a numerous household assembled round the fire1 one would have imagined that he was transported to those happy days of primeval simplicity which float before our imaginations like golden visions4 ,the fireplaces were of a truly patriarchal magnitude1 where the whole family1 old and young1 master and servant1 black and white1--nay1 even the very cat and dog1--enjoyed a community of privilege1 and had each a right to a corner4 ,here the old burgher would sit in perfect silence1 puffing his pipe1 looking in the fire with half-shut eyes1 and thinking of nothing1 for hours together2 the good wife on the opposite side1 would employ herself diligently in spinning yarn or knitting stockings4 ,the young folks would crowd around the hearth1 listening with breathless attention to some old crone of a negro1 who was the oracle of the family1 and who1 perched like a raven in a corner of the chimney1 would croak forth1 for a long winter afternoon1 a string of incredible stories about ,new ,england witches1 grisly ghosts1 and bloody encounters among ,indians4 ,in these happy days1 fashionable parties were generally confined to the higher classes1 or noblesse2 that is to say1 such as kept their own cows1 and drove their own wagons4 ,the company usually assembled at three o'clock1 and went away about six1 unless it was in winter time1 when the fashionable hours were a little earlier1 that the ladies might reach home before dark4 ,the tea table was crowned with a huge earthen dish1 well stored with slices of fat pork1 fried brown1 cut up into morsels1 and swimming in gravy4 ,the company seated round the genial board1 evinced their dexterity in launching their forks at the fattest pieces in this mighty dish1--in much the same manner that sailors harpoon porpoises at sea1 or our ,indians spear salmon in the lakes4 ,sometimes the table was graced with immense apple pies1 or saucers full of preserved peaches and pears2 but it was always sure to boast an enormous dish of balls of sweetened dough1 fried in hog's fat and called doughnuts or olykocks1 a delicious kind of cake1 at present little known in this city1 except in genuine ,dutch families4 ,the tea was served out of a majestic ,delft teapot1 ornamented with paintings of fat little ,dutch shepherds and shepherdesses tending pigs1--with boats sailing in the air1 and houses built in the clouds1 and sundry other ingenious ,dutch fancies4 ,the beaux distinguished themselves by their adroitness in replenishing this pot from a huge copper teakettle4 ,to sweeten the beverage1 a lump of sugar was laid beside each cup1 and the company alternately nibbled and sipped with great decorum2 until an improvement was introduced by a shrewd and economic old lady1 which was to suspend1 by a string from the ceiling1 a large lump directly over the tea table1 so that it could be swung from mouth to mouth4 ,at these primitive tea parties1 the utmost propriety and dignity prevailed1--no flirting nor coquetting2 no romping of young ladies2 no self-satisfied struttings of wealthy gentlemen1 with their brains in their pockets1 nor amusing conceits and monkey divertisements ,footnote3 ,divertisements3 diversions1 amusements4 of smart young gentlemen1 with no brains at all4 ,on the contrary1 the young ladies seated themselves demurely in their rush-bottomed chairs1 and knit their own woolen stockings2 nor ever opened their lips1 excepting to say yah1 ,mynheer1 or yah1 ,vroww1 ,footnote3 ,yay1 ,mynheer3 yes1 sir4 ,yay1 ,vrow3 yes1 madam4 to any question that was asked them2 behaving in all things like decent1 well-educated damsels4 ,as to the gentlemen1 each of them tranquilly smoked his pipe1 and seemed lost in contemplation of the blue and white tiles with which the fireplaces were decorated2 wherein sundry passages of ,scripture were piously portrayed4 ,tobit ,footnote3 ,tobit4 ,the ,book of ,tobit is part of the ,apocrypha4 and his dog figured to great advantage2 ,haman ,footnote3 ,haman is the king's counselor in the ,book of ,esther4 swung conspicuously on his gibbet2 and ,jonah appeared most manfully leaping from the whale's mouth1 like ,harlequin ,footnote3 ,harlequin3 the clown in early ,italian and later ,french comedy4 through a barrel of fire4 ,the parties broke up without noise and without confusion4 ,they were carried home by their own carriages1 that is to say1 by the vehicles nature had provided them1 excepting such of the wealthy as could afford to keep a wagon4 --,,washington ,,irving4 ,footnote3 ,are there any parts of the country where the traditions of the best parlor are still kept8 ,does the early life in ,new ,york appear to you attractive or uninteresting8 ,does the description seem like ridicule8 ,the descendants of the old ,dutch families resented ,irving's way of making fun of their ancestors4 ,point out passages which might justify this complaint4 ,compare this sketch with ,a ,pine ,tree ,shilling in the style of writing1 method of description1 and humor4 ,,the ,,bazaar ,,in ,,morocco ,how can ,i describe the swarming crowds of the bazaar1 the constant1 noiseless stir of all those bournouses ,footnote3 ,bournouses3 cf4 ,an ,arab ,fisherman4 in the semi-darkness6 ,the little labyrinthine avenues cross each other in every direction1 covered with their ancient roofing of wood1 or else with trellises of cane1 over which grape-vines are trained4 ,fronting on these passages are the shops1 something like holes in a wall as regards size1 and in them the turbaned dealers sit squatted1 stately and impassible1 among their rare knick-knacks4 ,shops where the same kind of goods are sold are grouped in quarters by themselves4 ,there is the street of the dealers in clothing1 where the booths are bright with pink1 blue1 and orange silks1 and with brocades of gold and silver1 and where ladies1 veiled and draped like phantoms1 are posted4 ,there is the street of the leather merchants1 where thousands of sets of harness of every conceivable color1 for horses1 mules1 and asses1 are hanging from the walls2 there are all sorts of objects of strange and ancient fashion for use in the chase or in war3 powder-horns inlaid with gold and silver1 embroidered belts for sword and musket1 travelling bags for caravans and amulets ,footnote3 ,amulets3 ornaments worn as a charm against evil4 to charm away the dangers of the desert4 ,then there is the street of the workers in brass1 where from morning till night is heard the sound of hammers at work on the arabesques ,footnote3 ,arabesques3 a kind of low-relief carving of man and animal figures fantastically interlaced4 of vases and plates2 the street of the papooch embroiderers1 where all the little dens are filled with velvet1 pearls and gold2 the street of the furniture decorators2 that of the naked1 grimy blacksmiths2 that of the dyers1 with purple or indigo-bedaubed arms1 ,finally1 the quarter of the armorers1 who make long flint-lock muskets1 thin as cane-stalks1 the silver inlaid butt of which is made excessively large so as to receive the shoulder4 ,the ,moroccans ,footnote3 ,the ,moroccans 444 in this country4 ,what similar statement was made in ,an ,arab ,fisherman8 never have the slightest idea of changing the form adopted by their ancestors1 and the shape of their musket is as immutable as all things else are in this country2 it seems like a dream to see them at this day making such quantities of these old-fashioned arms4 ,a stifled hum of unceasing activity arises from the mass of people1 clad in their gray woolen robes1 thus congregated from afar to buy and sell all sorts of queer small objects4 ,there are sorcerers performing their incantations2 bands of armed men dancing the war-dance1 with firing of guns1 to the sound of the tambourines and the wailing pipes2 beggars exposing their sores2 negro slaves wheeling their loads2 asses rolling in the dust4 ,the ground1 of the same grayish shade as the multitude upon it1 is covered with all kinds of filth3 animal refuse1 chicken feathers1 dead mice2 and the crowd tread down the revolting mass under their trailing slippers4 ,how far removed is all this life from ours6 ,the activity of this people is as foreign to us as its stagnation and its slumberousness4 ,an indifference which ,i cannot explain1 a disregard of everything1 to us quite unknown1 characterized these burnous-clad folk even in their greatest stir and bustle4 ,the cowled heads of the men and the veiled heads of the women are occupied by one unchanging dream1 even in the midst of their bargaining2 five times a day they offer up their prayer1 and their thoughts turn1 to the exclusion of all besides1 upon eternity and death4 ,you will see squalid beggars with the eyes of an inspired man2 ragged fellows who have noble attitudes and faces of prophets4 ,people of all the different tribes meet and mingle promiscuously among themselves4 ,negroes from the ,soudan ,footnote3 ,soudan3 the region south of the ,sahara ,desert4 and light-colored ,arabs3 ,mussulmans ,footnote3 ,mussulmans3 ,mohammedans4 without conviction of the faith1 whose women veil only their mouths2 and the green-turbaned ,derkaouas1 merciless fanatics1 who turn their heads and spit upon the ground at the sight of a ,christian4 ,every day the ,holy woman1 with wild eyes and vermilion-painted cheeks1 is to be seen prophesying in some public place4 ,and the ,holy man1 too1 who is incessantly walking like the wandering ,jew1 always in a hurry and all the while mumbling his prayers4 ,what queer old jewelry finds a market in ,mequinez6 ,footnote3 ,mequinez 7,mekinez73 a city not far from ,fez4 ,when could the things ever have been new8--,there is not one which has not an air of extreme antiquity2 old rings for wrists or ankles1 worn smooth by centuries of rubbing against human flesh2 great clasps for fastening veils2 little old silver bottles with coral pendants to hold the black dye with which the eyes are painted1 with hooks to fasten them at the belt2 boxes to enclose ,korans1 ,footnote3 ,korans3 the ,koran is the sacred book of the ,mohammedans4 carved in arabesques and bearing ,solomon's seal2 old necklaces of gold sequins1 defaced by wear on the necks of women long since dead2 and quantities of those large trefoils ,footnote3 ,trefoil3 a shape similar to that of the clover leaf4 in hammered silver1 enclosing a green stone1 which are hung about the neck to avert the bad effect of the evil-eye4 ,these things are all spread out on little dirty worm-eaten tables1 in front of the squatting merchants1 in the little dens in the old walls4 ,the bazaar is very near the ,jewish quarter1 and several of that race1 knowing us to be here1 come and offer us trinkets1 bracelets1 quaint old rings and emerald earrings1--things which they take from the pockets of their black robes with furtive airs1 after having cast distrustful looks around4 ,we are also approached by the dealers in the fine woolen rugs and carpets of ,r'bat1 which they throw upon the ground1 among the dust1 refuse1 and bones1 to show us the rare designs and splendid colors of their wares4 ,the sun is getting low2 it is time for us to end our bargaining1 which has not been conducted without some wrangling1 and to leave the sacred city which we are to behold no more1 and betake ourselves to our tents4 ,before passing the last gate of the enclosure1 we halt in a sort of small bazaar1 of whose existence we were not previously aware4 ,it is that of the bric-a-brac merchants1 and the ,lord only knows what queer oddities this kind of shop can display4 ,ancient arms constitute the principal stock in trade2 rusty yataghans1 long ,souss muskets2 then old leather amulets for war or for the chase2 ridiculous powder-horns1 and also musical instruments2 guitars covered with snake-skin1 pipes and tambourines4 ,to keep the rubbish which they are selling in countenance1 no doubt1 the dealers are mostly all broken-down1 worn-out1 old men4 ,undoubtedly the people in this bazaar are very poor and have need to sell their goods1 for they crowd around us and press us with their wares4 ,we make several surprising bargains4 ,as the sky grows yellow and the cold breeze of sunset springs up1 we are still there1 near the lonely gate1 beneath the branches of the old trees4 --,,pierre ,,loti4 ,footnote3 ,pierre ,loti is the nom-de-plume of a well-known ,french writer4 ,his real name is ,louis ,marie ,julien ,viaud1 and he is an officer in the ,french army4 ,his work is particularly celebrated for the vividness and brilliancy of his descriptions4 ,he has described scenes in ,africa1 ,india1 ,china1 and on the ocean4 ,one of his best books is ,an ,iceland ,fisherman4 ,footnote3 ,select some of the best examples of minute detail in the descriptions4 ,note the use of color1 form1 and smell4 ,how has the author contrasted the civilizations of ,east and ,west8 ,notice how the rapid enumeration of objects gives the effect of passing through the bazaar4 ,why would a painter find it easy to paint a picture from these written descriptions8 ,what things are sold in the bazaar that show the ,eastern skill in handicraft8 that show superstition8 ,what contrasts between beauty and sordidness are made in the descriptions8 ,a ,,battle ,,of ,,the ,,ants ,one day when ,i went out to my wood-pile1 or rather my pile of stumps1 ,i observed two large ants1 the one red1 the other much larger1 nearly half an inch long and black1 fiercely contending with one another4 ,having once got hold they never let go1 but struggled and wrestled and rolled on the chips incessantly4 ,looking farther1 ,i was surprised to find that the chips were covered with such combatants1 that it was not a duellum1 but a bellum1 ,footnote3 ,duellum 444 bellum3 war4 a war between two races of ants1 the red always pitted against the black1 and frequently two red ones to one black4 ,the legions of these ,myrmidons ,footnote3 ,myrmidons3 a fierce tribe that accompanied ,achilles1 their king1 to the ,trojan ,war4 covered all the hills and vales in my wood-yard1 and the ground was already strewn with the dead and dying1 both red and black4 ,it was the only battle which ,i had ever witnessed1 the only battle-field ,i ever trod while the battle was raging2 internecine ,footnote3 ,internecine3 mutually destructive4 war2 the red republicans on the one hand and the black imperialists on the other hand4 ,on every side they were engaged in deadly combat1 yet without any noise that ,i could hear1 and human soldiers never fought so resolutely4 ,i watched a couple that were fast locked in each other's embraces1 in a little sunny valley amid the chips2 now at noon-day prepared to fight till the sun went down1 or life went out4 ,the smaller red champion had fastened himself like a vice to his adversary's front1 and through all the tumblings on that field never for an instant ceased to gnaw at one of his feelers near the root1 having already caused the other to go by the board2 while the stronger black one dashed him from side to side1 and1 as ,i saw on looking nearer1 had already divested him of several of his members4 ,they fought with more pertinacity ,footnote3 ,pertinacity3 persistency1 obstinacy4 than bull-dogs4 ,neither manifested the least disposition to retreat4 ,it was evident that their battle-cry was ,conquer or die4 ,in the meanwhile there came along a single red ant on the hillside of this valley1 evidently full of excitement1 who either had dispatched his foe1 or had not yet taken part in the battle2 probably the latter1 for he had lost none of his limbs2 whose mother had charged him to return with his shield or upon it4 ,footnote3 ,return with his shield or upon it4 ,what is the allusion8 ,see ,brewer's ,reader's ,handbook under ,spartan ,mother4 ,he drew near with rapid pace till he stood on his guard within half an inch of the combatants2 then1 watching his opportunity1 he sprang upon the black warrior1 and commenced his operations near the root of his right fore-leg1 leaving the foe to select among his own members2 and so there were three united for life1 as if a new kind of attraction had been invented which put all other locks and cements to shame4 ,i should not have wondered by this time to find that they had their respective musical bands stationed on some eminent chip1 and playing their national airs the while1 to excite the slow and cheer the dying combatants4 ,i was myself excited somewhat even as if they had been men4 ,the more you think of it1 the less the difference4 ,i took up the chip on which the three ,i have particularly described were struggling1 carried it into my house1 and placed it under a tumbler on my window-sill1 in order to see the issue4 ,holding a microscope to the first-mentioned red ant1 ,i saw that1 though he was assiduously ,footnote3 ,assiduously3 diligently1 laboriously4 gnawing at the near foreleg of his enemy1 having severed his remaining feeler1 his own breast was all torn away1 exposing what vitals he had there to the jaws of the black warrior1 whose breast-plate was apparently too thick for him to pierce2 and the dark carbuncles of the sufferer's eyes shone with ferocity such as war only could excite4 ,they struggled half an hour longer under the tumbler1 and when ,i looked again the black soldier had severed the heads of his foes from their bodies1 and the still living heads were hanging on either side of him like ghastly trophies at his saddle-bow1 still apparently as firmly fastened as ever1 and he was endeavoring with feeble struggles1 being without feelers and with only the remnant of a leg1 and ,i know not how many other wounds1 to divest himself of them2 which at length1 after half an hour more1 he accomplished4 ,i raised the glass1 and he went off over the window-sill in that crippled state4 ,whether he finally survived that combat1 and spent the remainder of his days in some ,hotel des ,invalides1 ,footnote3 ,hotel des ,invalides3 an establishment founded in #afgj at ,paris for disabled and infirm soldiers4 ,it contains military trophies and paintings1 and a remarkable collection of armor4 ,i do not know2 but ,i thought that his industry would not be worth much thereafter4 ,i never learned which party was victorious1 nor the cause of the war2 but ,i felt for the rest of that day as if ,i had had my feelings excited and harrowed by witnessing the struggle1 the ferocity and carnage1 of a human battle before my door4 --,,henry ,,thoreau4 ,footnote3 ,what things in the account of the battle show that the writer is a trained observer8 ,does it add to the interest of the battle to attribute human qualities to the combatants8 ,why8 ,what touches of humor do you find in the description8 ,does the author show a sympathetic attitude toward war8 ,illustrate4 ,what do you know of ,thoreau's life at ,walden ,pond8 ,,an ,,african ,,pet ,toward twelve o'clock1 when we were crossing a kind of high table-land1 we heard the cry of a young animal1 which we all recognized to be a nshiego mbouve4 ,footnote3 ,nshiego mbouve3 a species of ape4 ,then all my troubles at once went away out of mind1 and ,i no longer felt either sick or hungry4 ,we crawled through the bush as silently as possible1 still hearing the baby-like cry4 ,at last1 coming out into a little cleared space1 we saw something running along the ground toward where we stood concealed4 ,when it came nearer1 we saw it was a female nshiego running on all fours1 with a young one clinging to her breasts4 ,she was eagerly eating some berries1 and with one arm supported her little one4 ,querlaouen1 who had the fairest chance1 fired1 and brought her down4 ,she dropped without a struggle4 ,the poor little one cried1 ,hew6 hew6 hew6 and clung to the dead body1 burying its head there in its alarm at the report of the gun4 ,we hurried up in great glee to secure our capture4 ,i cannot tell my surprise when ,i saw that the nshiego baby's face was pure white--very white indeed--pallid1 but as white as a white child's4 ,i looked at the mother1 but found her black as soot in the face4 ,the little one was about a foot in height4 ,one of the men threw a cloth over its head and secured it till we could make it fast with a rope2 for1 though it was quite young1 it could walk4 ,the old one was of the bald-headed kind1 of which ,i had secured the first known specimen some months before4 ,i immediately ordered a return to the camp1 which we reached toward evening4 ,the little nshiego had been all this time separated from its dead mother1 and now when it was put near her body1 a most touching scene ensued4 ,the little fellow ran instantly to her1 but1 touching her on the face and breast1 saw evidently that some great change had happened4 ,for a few minutes he caressed her1 as though trying to coax her back to life4 ,then he seemed to lose all hope4 ,his little eyes became very sad1 and he broke out in a long1 plaintive wail1 ,ooee6 ooee6 ooee6 which made my heart ache for him4 ,he looked quite forlorn1 and as though he really felt his forsaken lot4 ,the whole camp was touched at his sorrows1 and the women were especially moved4 ,all this time ,i stood wonderingly staring at the white face of the creature4 ,it was really marvelous1 and quite incomprehensible2 and a more strange and weird-looking animal ,i never saw4 ,while ,i stood there1 up came two of my hunters and began to laugh at me4 ,look1 ,chelly1 said they1 calling me by the name ,i was known by among them2 look at your friend4 ,every time we kill gorilla1 you tell us look at your black friend4 ,now1 you see1 look at your white friend4 ,then came a roar at what they thought a tremendous joke4 ,look6 he got straight hair1 all same as you4 ,see white face of your cousin from the bush6 ,he is nearer to you than gorilla is to us6 ,and another roar4 ,gorilla no got woolly hair like we4 ,this one straight hair1 like you4 ,yes1 said ,i1 but when he gets old his face is black2 and do you not see his nose1 how flat it is1 like yours8 ,whereat there was a louder laugh than before2 for so long as he can laugh1 the negro cares little against whom the joke goes4 ,i may as well add here some particulars of the little fellow who excited all this surprise and merriment4 ,he lived five months1 and became as tame and docile as a cat4 ,i called him ,tommy1 to which name he soon began to answer4 ,in three days after his capture he was quite tame4 ,he then ate crackers out of my hand2 ate boiled rice and roasted plantains2 ,footnote3 ,plantain3 a fruit which closely resembles the banana4 and drank milk of a goat4 ,two weeks after his capture he was perfectly tamed1 and no longer required to be tied up4 ,he ran about the camp1 and1 when he went back to ,obindij's town1 found his way about the village and into the huts just as though he had been raised there4 ,he had a great affection for me1 and used constantly to follow me about4 ,when ,i sat down1 he was not content till he had climbed upon me and hid his head in my breast4 ,he was extremely fond of being petted and fondled1 and would sit by the hour while any one stroked his head or back4 ,he soon began to be a very great thief4 ,when the people left their huts he would steal in and make off with their plantains or fish4 ,he watched very carefully till all had left the house1 and it was difficult to catch him in the act4 ,i flogged him several times1 and1 indeed1 brought him to the conviction that it was wrong to steal2 but he could never resist the temptation4 ,from me he stole constantly4 ,he soon found out that my hut was better furnished with ripe bananas and other fruit than any other2 and also he discovered that the best time to steal from me was when ,i was asleep in the morning4 ,at that time he used to crawl in on his tiptoes1 move slyly toward my bed1 look at my closed eyes1 and1 if he saw no movement1 with an air of great relief go up and pluck several plantains4 ,if ,i stirred in the least he was off like a flash1 and would presently reenter for another inspection4 ,if my eyes were open when he came in on such a predatory ,footnote3 ,predatory3 plundering4 trip1 he at once came up to me with an honest face1 and climbed on and caressed me4 ,but ,i could easily detect an occasional wishful glance toward the bunch of plantains4 ,my hut had no door1 but was closed with a mat1 and it was very funny to see ,tommy gently raising one corner of this mat to see if ,i was asleep4 ,sometimes ,i counterfeited sleep1 and then stirred just as he was in the act of taking off his prize4 ,then he would drop everything1 and make off in the utmost consternation4 ,he kept the run of mealtimes1 and was present at as many meals as possible2 that is1 he would go from my breakfast to half a dozen others1 and beg something at each4 ,but he never missed my breakfast and dinner1 knowing by experience that he fared best there4 ,i had a kind of rude table made1 on which my meals were served in the open part of my house4 ,this was too high for ,tommy to see the dishes2 so he used to come in before ,i sat down1 when all was ready1 and climb up on the pole which supported the roof4 ,from here he attentively surveyed every dish on the table1 and having determined what to have1 he would descend and sit down at my side4 ,if ,i did not immediately pay attention to him1 he began to howl1 ,hew6 hew6 hew6 louder and louder1 till1 for peace's sake1 his wants were satisfied4 ,of course1 ,i could not tell what he had chosen for dinner of my different dishes1 and would offer him first one1 then another1 till the right one came4 ,if he received what he did not want1 he threw it down on the ground with a little shriek of anger and a stamp of his foot2 and this was repeated till he was served to his liking4 ,in short1 he behaved very much like a badly spoiled child4 ,if ,i pleased him quickly1 he thanked me by a kind of gentle murmur1 like hooboo1 and would hold out his hand to shake mine4 ,he was very fond of boiled meat1--particularly boiled fish1--and was constantly picking bones he picked up about the town4 ,he wanted always to taste of my coffee1 and1 when ,makondai brought it1 would beg of me1 in the most serious manner1 for some4 ,i made him a little pillow to sleep on1 and this he was very fond of4 ,when he was once accustomed to it he never parted from it more1 but dragged it after him wherever he went4 ,if by any chance it was lost1 the whole camp knew it by his howls2 and sometimes ,i had to send people to look for it when he had mislaid it on some forest excursion1 so that he would stop his noise4 ,he slept on it always1 coiled up into a little heap1 and only relinquished it when ,i gave him permission to accompany me into the woods4 ,as he became more and more used to our ways1 he became more impatient of contradiction and more fond of being caressed2 and whenever he was thwarted he howled in his disagreeable way4 ,as the dry season came on1 it became colder1 and ,tommy began to wish for company when he slept1 to keep him warm4 ,the negroes would not have him for a companion1 for he was for them too much like one of themselves4 ,i would not give him room near me4 ,so poor ,tommy was reduced to misery1 as he seemed to think4 ,but soon ,i found that he waited till everybody was fast asleep at night1 and then crawled in softly next some of his black friends1 and slept there till earliest dawn4 ,then he would up and away undiscovered4 ,several times he was caught and beaten1 but he always tried it again4 ,he had a great deal of intelligence2 and if ,i had had leisure ,i think ,i might have trained him to some kind of good behavior1 though ,i despaired of his thieving disposition4 ,he lived so long1 and was growing so accustomed to civilized life1 that ,i began to have great hopes of being able to carry him to ,america4 ,but alas6 poor ,tommy4 ,one morning he refused his food1 seemed downcast1 and was very anxious to be petted and held in the arms4 ,i got all kinds of forest berries for him1 but he refused all4 ,he did not seem to suffer1 but ate nothing2 and the next day1 without a struggle1 died4 ,poor fellow6 ,i was very sorry1 for he had grown to be quite a pet companion for me2 and even the negroes1 though he had given them great trouble1 were sorry at his death4 --,,paul ,b4 ,,du ,,chaillu4 ,footnote3 ,paul du ,chaillu was born in ,paris in #ahce4 ,at the age of sixteen he made some exploratory tours around his father's trading station in ,west ,africa1 and in #ahee he came to ,america1 where he made his home4 ,later he undertook a botanic and zoologic exploration to ,africa which lasted for four years4 ,footnote3 ,what qualities of ,tommy endeared him to his captors8 ,do you know whether the monkey family is capable of the training which the author hoped to give to his pet8 ,does the author succeed in making you like or dislike ,tommy8 ,what human qualities does ,tommy show8 ,does this story seem to justify a belief in the origin of species8 ,could you infer anything about the writer's character from this sketch8 ,,animal ,,intelligence ,the long-tailed cows of the ,lama ,footnote3 ,lama3 a priest or monk of ,thibet and ,mongolia who professes ,lamaism1 a kind of ,buddhism4 herdsmen1 they say1 are so restive and difficult to milk1 that1 to keep them at all quiet1 the herdsman has to give them a calf to lick meanwhile4 ,but for this device not a single drop of milk could be obtained from them4 ,one day a herdsman1 who lived in the same house with ourselves1 came1 with a dismal face1 to announce that the new-born calf of a favorite cow was dying4 ,it died in the course of the day4 ,the ,lama forthwith skinned the poor beast and stuffed it with hay4 ,this proceeding surprised us at first1 for the ,lama had by no means the air of a man likely to give himself the luxury of a cabinet of natural history4 ,when the operation was completed we found that the hay-calf had neither feet nor head2 whereupon it occurred to us that1 after all1 perhaps it was a pillow that the ,lama contemplated4 ,we were in error2 but the error was not dissipated till the next morning1 when our herdsman went to milk his cow4 ,seeing him issue forth1 the pail in one hand and the hay-calf under the other arm1 the fancy occurred to us to follow him4 ,his first proceeding was to put the hay-calf down before the cow2 he then turned to milk the cow herself4 ,the mother cow at first opened enormous eyes at her beloved infant2 by degrees she stooped her head towards it1 then smelt it1 sneezed three or four times1 and at last began to lick it with the most delightful tenderness4 ,this spectacle grated against our sensibilities2 it seemed to us that he who first invented this parody ,footnote3 ,parody3 a burlesque or mimicking of something1 usually written4 upon one of the most touching incidents in nature must have been a man without a heart4 ,a somewhat burlesque circumstance occurred one day to modify the indignation with which this treachery inspired us4 ,by dint of caressing and licking her little calf1 the tender parent one fine morning unripped it2 the hay issued from within1 and the cow1 manifesting not the slightest surprise or agitation1 proceeded tranquilly to devour the unexpected provender4 ,footnote3 ,provender3 food1 provisions4 ,poor1 simple-minded old cow6 ,but let us laugh at her in the right place4 ,that she should fail to distinguish between the dead bundle and her living offspring is surprising4 ,but being deceived1 why should she think it odd to find hay inside8 ,ignorant of anatomy and physiology1 she knows nothing about insides4 ,had she considered the matter--and it doesn't fall in the line of bovine rumination ,footnote3 ,bovine rumination3 chewing a cud4--she would doubtless have expected to find in her calf not hay but condensed milk4 ,but if not milk1 why not hay8 ,she was well acquainted with the process of putting hay inside1 why therefore should she be surprised to find hay inside8 ,but of course she had never bothered her dear sleepy old head about any matter of the sort4 ,and the moral is that we must not expect to find in animals that kind of intelligence which has no bearing whatever upon the life that they lead4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in ,scandinavia1 as elsewhere1 the bear is sometimes domesticated1 and if taken young becomes quite tame1 and is gentle in its disposition4 ,it is not well1 however1 to annoy even a well-disposed bear2 for ,bruin1 like the rest of us1 resents practical jokes of too unpleasant a nature4 ,a ,swedish peasant had one who used to stand on the back of his sledge when he was on a journey1 and the beast had so good a balance that it was next to impossible to upset him4 ,one day1 however1 the peasant amused himself with driving over the very worst ground he could find with the intention1 if possible1 of throwing the bear off his balance4 ,in this he succeeded1 but not in the manner he expected4 ,the bear retained his balance of body1 but lost his balance of mind1 becoming so irritated that he fetched his master1 who was in front of him1 a tremendous thump on the shoulder1 which frightened the man so much that he had poor ,bruin killed immediately4 ,an ,american writer gives another instance of ursine ,footnote3 ,ursine3 pertaining to a bear4 irritability4 ,a friend of his would persist in practising the flute near his tame black bear4 ,bruin bore this in silence for a while1 went so far indeed as himself to try and play the flute on his favorite stick2 but at last he could stand it no longer1 and one morning knocked the flutist's tall hat over his eyes4 ,if any act of retribution is justifiable this was4 ,to practise the flute anywhere within earshot is annoying2 to do so in a tall hat would be simply exasperating4 ,it would be easy to fill a small volume with anecdotes of captive bears4 ,they would show that ,bruin is not so stupid as he is sometimes painted1 even if they did not altogether justify the ,swedish saying that the bear unites the wit of one man with the strength of ten4 ,frank ,buckland's bear1 ,tiglath ,pileser1 was cute enough to know where to find the sweet stuff1 of which he1 in common with his race1 was so inordinately fond2 for one day when he had broken his chains he was found in a small grocer's shop seated on the counter1 and helping himself with liberal paw to brown sugar and lollipops1 to the no small discomfort of the good woman who kept the shop4 ,a black bear in ,america had a weakness for chickens4 ,his master noticed the thinning of the poultry yard1 and suspicion fell on ,bruin owing to the feathers which lay round his pole4 ,they could not catch him in the act however4 ,he was too sharp for that1 and if disturbed1 when he had but half demolished ,footnote3 ,demolished3 destroyed4 a pullet he would hastily sit on the remainder and look as innocent as could be4 ,he was discovered at last1 however1 by the cackling of a tough old hen which he had failed to silence4 --,,lloyd ,,morgan 7adapted74 ,footnote3 ,do the incidents related seem real or exaggerated8 ,has the author used the element of surprise effectively8 ,illustrate4 ,would you judge that the writer was a scientist8 ,why8 ,,buck',s ,,trial ,,of ,,strength ,john ,thornton1 owner of the dog1 ,buck1 had said that ,buck could draw a sled loaded with one thousand pounds of flour4 ,another miner bet sixteen hundred dollars that he couldn't1 and ,thornton1 though fearing it would be too much for ,buck1 was ashamed to refuse2 so he let ,buck try to draw a load that ,matthewson's team of ten dogs had been hauling4 ,the team of ten dogs was unhitched1 and ,buck1 with his own harness1 was put into the sled4 ,he had felt the general excitement1 and he felt that in some way he must do a great thing for ,john ,thornton4 ,murmurs of admiration at his splendid appearance went up4 ,he was in perfect condition1 without an ounce of superfluous ,footnote3 ,superfluous3 unnecessary4 flesh1 and the one hundred and fifty pounds that he weighed were so many pounds of grit and virility4 ,his furry coat shone with the sheen of silk4 ,down the neck and across the shoulders1 his mane1 in repose as it was1 half bristled and seemed to lift with every movement1 as though excess of vigor made each particular hair alive and active4 ,the great breast and heavy forelegs were no more than in proportion with the rest of the body1 where the muscles showed in tight rolls underneath the skin4 ,men felt these muscles and proclaimed them hard as iron1 and the odds went down two to one4 ,sir1 sir1 stuttered a member of the latest dynasty1 ,footnote3 ,dynasty3 race or succession of kings4 a king of the ,skookum ,benches4 ,i offer you eight hundred for him1 sir1 before the test1 sir2 eight hundred just as he stands4 ,thornton shook his head and stepped to ,buck's side4 ,you must stand off from him1 ,matthewson protested4 ,free play and plenty of room4 ,the crowd fell silent2 only could be heard the voices of the gamblers vainly offering two to one4 ,everybody acknowledged ,buck a magnificent animal1 but twenty fifty-pound sacks of flour bulked too large in their eyes for them to loosen their pouch-strings4 ,thornton knelt down by ,buck's side4 ,he took his head into his two hands and rested cheek on cheek4 ,he did not playfully shake him1 as he was wont1 or murmur soft love curses2 but he whispered in his ear4 ,as you love me1 ,buck4 ,as you love me1 ,footnote3 ,as you love me1 ,buck4 ,compare this incident with the words whispered to his horse by the rider in ,browning's ,ghent to ,aix4 was what he whispered4 ,buck whined with suppressed eagerness4 ,the crowd was watching curiously4 ,the affair was growing mysterious4 ,it seemed like a conjuration4 ,footnote3 ,conjuration3 an invoking of supernatural aid4 ,as ,thornton got to his feet1 ,buck seized his mittened hand between his jaws1 pressing in with his teeth and releasing slowly1 half-reluctantly4 ,it was the answer1 in terms1 not of speech1 but of love4 ,thornton stepped well back4 ,now1 ,buck1 he said4 ,buck tightened the traces1 then slacked them for a matter of several inches4 ,it was the way he had learned4 ,gee6 ,thornton's voice rang out1 sharp in the tense silence4 ,buck swung to the right1 ending the movement in a plunge that took up the slack1 and1 with a sudden jerk1 arrested his one hundred and fifty pounds4 ,the load quivered1 and from under the runners arose a crisp crackling4 ,haw6 ,thornton commanded4 ,buck duplicated the maneuver1 ,footnote3 ,maneuver3 dexterous movement4 this time to the left4 ,the crackling turned into a snapping1 the sled pivoting and the runners slipping and grating several inches to the side4 ,the sled was broken out4 ,men were holding their breaths1 intensely unconscious of the fact4 ,now1 ,mush6 ,thornton's command cracked out like a pistol shot4 ,buck threw himself forward1 tightening the traces with a jarring lunge4 ,his whole body was gathered tightly together in a tremendous effort1 the muscles writhing and knotting like live things under the silky fur4 ,his great chest was low to the ground1 his head forward and down1 while his feet were flying like mad1 the claws scarring the hard-packed snow in grooves4 ,the sled swayed and trembled1 half-started forward4 ,one of his feet slipped1 and one man groaned aloud4 ,then the sled lurched ahead in what appeared a rapid succession of jerks1 though it really never came to a dead stop again--half an inch--an inch--two inches4 ,the jerks became less as the sled gained momentum1 he caught them up1 till it was moving steadily along4 ,men gasped and began to breathe again1 unaware that for a moment they had ceased to breathe4 ,thornton was running behind1 encouraging ,buck with short1 cheery words4 ,the distance had been measured off1 and as he neared the pile of firewood which marked the end of the hundred yards1 a cheer began to grow and grow1 which burst into a roar as he passed the firewood and halted at command4 ,every man was tearing himself loose1 even ,matthewson1 who had lost his wager4 ,hats and mittens were flying in the air4 ,men were shaking hands1 it did not matter with whom1 and bubbling over in a general incoherent babel4 ,but ,thornton fell on his knees beside ,buck4 ,head was against head1 and he was shaking him back and forth4 ,i'll give you a thousand for him1 sir1 a thousand1 sputtered the ,skookum ,bench king1 twelve hundred1 sir4 ,thornton rose to his feet4 ,his eyes were wet4 ,the tears were streaming frankly down his cheeks4 ,sir1 he said to the ,skookum ,bench king1 no1 sir4 ,you can hold your tongue1 sir4 ,it's the best ,i can do for you1 sir4 ,buck seized ,thornton's hand in his teeth4 ,thornton shook him back and forth4 ,as though moved by a common feeling1 the onlookers drew back to a respectful distance2 nor did they again interrupt4 --,,jack ,,london4 ,footnote3 ,notice the simple direct style of writing4 ,why does the writer dwell on the physical fitness of ,buck8 ,does the understanding between ,buck and his master seem unusual8 ,what glimpses of the character of the miners does the story give you8 ,show how the element of suspense adds to the dramatic force of the story4 ,what is the most interesting point in the narrative8 ,,on ,,the ,,solander ,,whaling ,,ground ,a bright sunny morning2 the gentle north-easterly breeze just keeping the sails full as the lumbering whaling-barque ,splendid dips jerkily to the old southerly swell4 ,astern1 the blue hills around ,preservation ,inlet ,footnote3 ,preservation ,inlet 444 ,solander 7island7 444 ,foveaux 7strait7 444 ,stewart ,island3 places situated on or near the southern end of ,new ,zealand4 lie shimmering in the soft spring sunlight1 and on the port beam the mighty pillar of the ,solander ,rock1 lying off the south-western extremity of the ,new ,zealand1 is sharply outlined against the steel-blue sky4 ,far beyond that stern sentinel1 the converging shores of ,foveaux ,strait are just discernible in dim outline through a low haze4 ,ahead the jagged and formidable rocks of ,stewart ,island1 bathed in a mellow golden glow1 give no hint of their terrible appearance what time the ,storm-fiend of the south-west cries havoc and urges on his chariot of war4 ,the keen-eyed ,kanaka ,footnote3 ,kanaka3 a native of the ,sandwich ,islands4 in the fore crow's nest ,footnote3 ,crow's nest3 a perch near the top of the mast to shelter the man on the lookout4 shades his eyes with his hand1 peering earnestly out on the weather bow at something which has attracted his attention4 ,a tiny plume of vapor rises from the blue hollows about ten miles away1 but so faint and indefinable that it may be only a breaking wavelet's crest caught by the cross wind4 ,again that little bushy jet breaks the monotony of the sea2 but this time there is no mistaking it4 ,emerging diagonally from the water1 not high and thin1 but low and spreading1 it is an infallible indication to those piercing eyes of the presence of a sperm-whale4 ,the watcher utters a long1 low musical cry1 ,blo-o-o-o-w1 which penetrates the gloomy recesses of the fo'ksle ,footnote3 ,fo'ksle3 the forward part of the vessel1 under the deck1 where the sailors live4 and cuddy1 ,footnote3 ,cuddy3 small cabin4 where the slumberers immediately engage in fierce conflict with whales of a size never seen by waking eyes4 ,the officer and white seamen at the main now take up the cry1 and in a few seconds all hands are swiftly yet silently preparing to leave the ship4 ,she is put about1 making a course which shortly brings her a mile or two to windward of the slowly-moving cachalot4 ,now it is evident that no solitary whale is in sight1 but a great school1 gambolling in the bright spray4 ,one occasionally1 in pure exuberance of its tremendous vitality1 springs twenty feet into the clear air1 and falls1 a hundred tons of massive flesh1 with earthquake-like commotion1 back into the sea4 ,having got the weather-gage1 the boats are lowered2 sail is immediately set1 and1 like swift huge-winged birds1 they swoop down upon the prey4 ,driving right upon the back of the nearest monster1 two harpoons are plunged into his body up to the hitches4 ,footnote3 ,hitches3 a knot or noose that can be readily undone4 ,the sheet ,footnote3 ,sheet3 the rope that regulates the angle of the sail4 is at once hauled aft1 ,footnote3 ,hauled aft3 hauled toward the stern of the ship4 and the boat flies up into the wind2 while the terrified cetacean ,footnote3 ,cetacean3 marine mammal4 vainly tries1 by tremendous writhing and plunging1 to rid himself of the barbed weapon4 ,the mast is unshipped1 and preparation made to deliver the coup de grace4 ,footnote3 ,coup de grace3 the decisive1 finishing stroke4 ,but finding his efforts futile1 the whale has sounded1 and his reappearance must be awaited4 ,two boats' lines are taken out before the slackening comes1 and he slowly rises again4 ,faster and faster the line comes in2 the blue depths turn a creamy white1 and it is ,stern all for dear life4 ,up he comes1 with jaws gaping twenty feet wide1 gleaming teeth and livid1 cavernous throat glittering in the brilliant light4 ,but the boat's crew are seasoned hands1 to whom this dread sight is familiar1 and orders are quietly obeyed1 the boat backing1 circling and darting ahead like a sentient thing under their united efforts4 ,so the infuriated mammal is baffled and dodged1 while thrust after thrust of the long lances are got home1 and streamlets of blood trickling over the edges of his spouthole give warning that the end is near4 ,a few wild circlings at tremendous speed1 jaws clashing and blood foaming in torrents from the spiracle1 ,footnote3 ,spiracle3 the nostril of a whale4 one mighty leap into the air1 and the ocean monarch is dead4 ,he lies just awash1 gently undulated by the long1 low swell1 one pectoral fin slowly waving like some great stray leaf of ,fucus gigantea4 ,footnote3 ,fucus gigantea3 fucus is a kind of tough seaweed4 ,a hole is cut through the fluke and the line secured to it4 ,the ship1 which has been working to windward during the conflict1 runs down and receives the line2 and in a short time the great inert mass is hauled alongside and secured by the fluke ,footnote3 ,fluke3 one of the lobes of a whale's tail4 chain4 ,the vessel1 bound to that immense body1 can only crawl tortoise-like before the wind--lucky1 indeed1 to have a harbor ahead where the whale may be cut in1 even though it be forty miles away4 ,without that refuge available1 she could not hope to keep the sea and hold her prize through the wild weather1 now so near4 ,the breeze is freshening fast1 and all sail is made for ,port ,william4 ,so slow is the progress1 that it is past midnight before that snug shelter is reached1 although for the last four hours the old ship is terribly tried and strained by the press of sail carried to such a gale4 --,,frank ,,bullen4 ,footnote3 ,show how the rapid action in the narrative makes it more dramatic4 ,why does the danger of the enterprise take so small a part in the narrative8 ,can you characterize this kind of description8 ,,an ,,episode ,,of ,,the ,,french ,,revolution ,with a wild rattle and clatter1 and an inhuman abandonment of consideration not easy to be understood in these days1 the carriage dashed through streets and swept round corners1 with women screaming before it1 and men clutching each other and clutching children out of its way4 ,at last1 swooping at a street corner by a fountain1 one of its wheels came to a sickening little jolt1 and there was a loud cry from a number of voices1 and the horses reared and plunged4 ,but for the latter inconvenience1 the carriage probably would not have stopped2 carriages were often known to drive on1 and leave their wounded behind1 and why not8 ,but the frightened valet had got down in a hurry1 and there were twenty hands at the horses' bridles4 ,what has gone wrong8 said ,monsieur1 calmly looking out4 ,a tall man in a nightcap had caught up a bundle from among the feet of horses1 and had laid it on the basement of the fountain1 and was down in the mud and wet1 howling over it like a wild animal4 ,pardon1 ,monsieur the ,marquis6 said a ragged and submissive man1 it is a child4 ,why does he make that abominable noise8 ,is it his child8 ,excuse me1 ,monsieur the ,marquis--it is a pity--yes4 ,the fountain was a little removed2 for the street opened1 where it was1 into a space some ten or twelve yards square4 ,as the tall man suddenly got up from the ground1 and came running at the carriage1 ,monsieur the ,marquis clapped his hand for an instant on his sword hilt4 ,killed6 shrieked the man1 in wild desperation1 extending both arms at their length above his head1 and staring at him4 ,dead6 ,the people closed round1 and looked at ,monsieur the ,marquis4 ,there was nothing revealed by the many eyes that looked at him but watchfulness and eagerness2 there was no visible menacing or anger4 ,neither did the people say anything2 after the first cry1 they had been silent1 and they remained so4 ,the voice of the submissive man who had spoken1 was flat and tame in its extreme submission4 ,monsieur the ,marquis ran his eyes over them all1 as if they had been mere rats come out of their holes4 ,he took out his purse4 ,it is extraordinary to me1 said he1 that you people cannot take care of yourselves and your children4 ,one or the other of you is for ever in the way4 ,how do ,i know what injury you have done my horses4 ,see6 ,give him that4 ,he threw out a gold coin for the valet to pick up1 and all the heads craned forward that all the eyes might look down at it as it fell4 ,the tall man called out again with a most unearthly cry4 ,dead6 ,he was arrested by the quick arrival of another man1 for whom the rest made way4 ,on seeing him1 the miserable creature fell upon his shoulder1 sobbing and crying1 and pointing to the fountain1 where some women were stooping over the motionless bundle1 and moving gently about it4 ,they were as silent1 however1 as the men4 ,i know all1 ,i know all1 said the last comer4 ,be a brave man1 my ,gaspard6 ,it is better for the poor little plaything to die so1 than to live4 ,it has died in a moment without pain4 ,could it have lived an hour as happily8 ,you are a philosopher1 you there1 said the ,marquis1 smiling4 ,how do they call you8 ,they call me ,defarge4 ,of what trade8 ,monsieur the ,marquis1 vendor ,footnote3 ,vendor3 seller4 of wine4 ,pick up that1 philosopher and vendor of wine1 said the ,marquis1 throwing him another gold coin1 and spend it as you will4 ,the horses there2 are they right8 ,without deigning to look at the assemblage a second time1 ,monsieur the ,marquis leaned back in his seat1 and was just being driven away with the air of a gentleman who had accidentally broke some common thing1 and had paid for it1 and could afford to pay for it2 when his case was suddenly disturbed by a coin flying into his carriage1 and ringing on its floor4 ,hold6 said ,monsieur the ,marquis4 ,hold the horses6 ,who threw that8 ,he looked to the spot where ,defarge the vendor of wine had stood a moment before2 but the wretched father was grovelling on his face on the pavement in that spot1 and the figure that stood beside him was the figure of a dark stout woman1 knitting4 ,you dogs6 said the ,marquis1 but smoothly1 and with an unchanged front1 except as to the spots on his nose2 ,i would ride over any of you very willingly1 and exterminate you from the earth4 ,if ,i knew which rascal threw at the carriage1 and if that brigand were sufficiently near it1 he should be crushed under the wheels4 ,so cowed was their condition1 and so long and hard their experience of what such a man could do to them1 within the law and beyond it1 that not a voice or a hand1 or even an eye was raised4 ,among the men1 not one4 ,but the woman who stood knitting looked up steadily1 and looked the ,marquis in the face4 ,it was not for his dignity to notice it2 his contemptuous eyes passed over her1 and over all the other rats2 and he leaned back in his seat again1 and gave the word ,go on6 --,,charles ,,dickens4 ,footnote3 ,what things are contrasted in the story8 ,does the incident seem probable from what you know of the period8 ,can you give any instances from history or fiction to show the attitude of the ,french aristocracy before the ,revolution8 ,do you know what happened to the ,marquis in the ,tale of ,two ,cities8 ,compare the condition of the people in this episode with those in a ,leaf in the ,storm4 ,,the ,,commander ,,of ,,the ,,faithful ,these events are succeeded by a few moments of silent waiting4 ,then suddenly the long lines of soldiers vibrate under a thrill of religious awe2 the band1 with its great basses and its drums1 strikes up a deafening1 mournful air4 ,the fifty little black slaves run1 run as if their lives were at stake1 deploying ,footnote3 ,deploying3 unfolding1 opening out4 from their base like the sticks of a fan1 resembling bees swarming1 or a flock of birds4 ,and yonder1 in the shadowy light of the ogive1 ,footnote3 ,ogive3 the arch which crosses a ,gothic vault diagonally4 upon which all eyes are turned1 there appears a tall1 brown-faced mannikin1 all veiled in white muslin1 mounted on a splendid white horse led in hand by four slaves2 over his head is held an umbrella of antique form1 such an one as must have protected the ,queen of ,sheba1 ,footnote3 ,queen of ,sheba3 the queen who came to test the wisdom of ,solomon4 and two gigantic negroes1 one in pink1 the other in blue1 wave fly-flaps around the person of the sovereign4 ,while the strange mannikin1 or mummy1 almost shapeless1 but majestic notwithstanding in his robes of snowy white1 is advancing towards us1 the music1 as if exasperated to madness1 wails louder and louder and in a shriller key2 it strikes up a slow and distressful religious air1 the time of which is accentuated by a frightful beating of the bass-drums4 ,the mannikin's horse rears wildly1 restrained with difficulty by the four black slaves1 and this music1 so mournful and so strange to us1 affects our nerves with an indescribable agonizing sensation4 ,here1 at last1 drawn up close beside us1 stands this last authentic descendant of ,mahomet1 crossed with ,nubian blood4 ,his attire1 of the finest mousseline-de-laine1 is of immaculate whiteness4 ,his charger1 too1 is entirely white1 his great stirrups are of gold1 and his saddle and equipments are of a very pale green silk1 lightly embroidered in a still paler shade of green4 ,the slaves who hold his horse1 the one who carries the great red umbrella1 and the two--the pink and blue ones--who shake napkins in the monarch's face to drive away imaginary flies1 are all herculean negroes whose countenances are wrinkled into fierce smiles2 they are all old men1 and their gray or white beards contrast with the blackness of their features4 ,this ceremonial of a bygone age harmonizes with the wailing music1 and could not suit better the huge walls around us1 which rear their crumbling summits high in the air4 ,this man1 who thus presents himself before us with the surroundings which ,i have described1 is the last faithful exponent of a religion1 a civilization that is about to die4 ,he is the personification1 in fact1 of ancient ,islam4 ,footnote3 ,islam3 the religion of the ,mohammedans4 ,what result can we expect to obtain from an embassy to such a man1 who1 together with his people1 spends his life torpid and motionless among ancient dreams of humanity that have almost disappeared from the surface of the earth8 ,there is not a single point on which we can understand each other2 the distance between us is nearly that which would separate us from a caliph ,footnote3 ,caliph3 the head of the ,moslem state and defender of the faith4 of ,cordova ,footnote3 ,cordova3 a city of ,spain4 ,it is famous for its manufactures of leather and silverware4 ,it contains many ,moorish antiquities1 and is celebrated for its cathedral--once a mosque4 or ,bagdad ,footnote3 ,bagdad3 a city of ,mesopotamia on the ,tigris4 ,it was formerly a city of great importance1 and was a celebrated centre of ,arabic learning and civilization4 who should come to life again after a slumber of a thousand years4 ,what do we wish to obtain from him1 and why have we brought him forth from his impenetrable palace8 ,his brown1 parchment-like face in its setting of white muslin1 has regular and noble features2 dull1 expressionless eyes1 the whites of which appear beneath the balls that are half concealed by the drooping lashes2 his expression is that of exceeding melancholy1 a supreme lassitude1 a supreme ennui4 ,he has an appearance of benignity1 and is really kindhearted1 according to what they say who know him4 7,if the people of ,fez ,footnote3 ,fez3 a city in northern ,morocco4 are to be believed1 he is even too much so--he does not chop off as many heads as he ought to for the holy cause of ,islam47 ,but this kindheartedness1 no doubt1 is relative in degree1 as was often the case with ourselves in the middle ages2 a mildness which is not over-sensitive in the face of shedding blood when there is a necessity for it1 nor in face of an array of human heads set up in a row over the fine gateway at the entrance to the palace4 ,assuredly he is not cruel2 he could not be so with that gentle1 sad expression4 ,he punishes with severity sometimes1 as his divine authority gives him the right to do1 but it is said that he finds a still keener pleasure in pardoning4 ,he is a priest and a warrior1 and carries each of these characters perhaps to excess2 feeling as deeply as a prophet the responsibility of his heavenly mission1 chaste in the midst of his seraglio1 ,footnote3 ,seraglio3 a harem4 strict in his attention to onerous ,footnote3 ,onerous3 burdensome4 religious observances1 and hereditarily very much of a fanatic--he aims to form himself upon ,mahomet ,footnote3 ,mahomet 7,mohammed73 the founder of ,mohammedanism4 ,born about #egj in ,mecca787 and died in #fcb4 as perfectly as may be3 all this1 moreover1 is legible in his eyes1 upon his fine countenance1 in the upright majesty of his bearing4 ,he is a man whom we can neither understand nor judge in the times we live in1 but he is surely a great man1 a man of mark4 --,,pierke ,,loti 7adapted74 ,footnote3 ,what things in the description would tell you that the scene was ,oriental8 ,what observations does the author make on the difference between ,east and ,west8 ,as a spectator1 what things would you find most interesting in the scene8 ,do you know why the author calls the ,sultan's palace impenetrable8 ,why does the author think that his interview with the ,sultan may be useless8 ,,walt ,,whitman ,i first heard of him among the sufferers on the ,peninsula ,footnote3 ,peninsula3 that part of ,virginia between the ,york and ,james rivers4 after a battle there4 ,subsequently ,i saw him1 time and again1 in the ,washington hospitals1 or wending his way there1 with basket or haversack ,footnote3 ,haversack3 a bag in which a soldier carried his rations when on a march4 on his arm1 and the strength of beneficence suffusing his face4 ,his devotion surpassed the devotion of woman4 ,it would take a volume to tell of his kindness1 tenderness1 and thoughtfulness4 ,never shall ,i forget one night when ,i accompanied him on his rounds through a hospital filled with those wounded young ,americans whose heroism he has sung in deathless numbers4 ,there were three rows of cots1 and each cot bore its man4 ,when he appeared1 in passing along1 there was a smile of affection and welcome on every face1 however wan1 and his presence seemed to light up the place as it might be lighted by the presence of the ,god of ,love4 ,from cot to cot they called him1 often in tremulous tones or in whispers2 they embraced him2 they touched his hand2 they gazed at him4 ,to one he gave a few words of cheer2 for another he wrote a letter home2 to others he gave an orange1 a few comfits1 ,footnote3 ,comfits3 sweetmeats4 a cigar1 a pipe and tobacco1 a sheet of paper or a postage-stamp1 all of which and many other things were in his capacious haversack4 ,from another he would receive a dying message for mother1 wife1 or sweetheart2 for another he would promise to go an errand2 ,footnote3 ,to go an errand4 ,what is the usual form8 to another1 some special friend very low1 he would give a manly farewell kiss4 ,he did things for them no nurse or doctor could do1 and he seemed to leave a benediction ,footnote3 ,benediction3 blessing4 at every cot as he passed along4 ,the lights had gleamed for hours in the hospital that night before he left it1 and1 as he took his way towards the door1 you could hear the voices of many a stricken hero calling1 ,walt1 ,walt1 ,walt6 come again6 come again6 ,he carried among them no sentimentalism nor moralizing2 spoke not to any man of his sins1 but gave something good to eat1 a buoying ,footnote3 ,buoying3 enlivening1 cheering4 word1 or trifling gift and a look4 ,he appeared with ruddy face1 clean dress1 with a flower or a green sprig in the lapel of his coat4 ,crossing the fields in summer1 he would gather a great bunch of dandelion blossoms1 and red and while clover1 to bring and scatter on the cots1 as reminders of out-door air and sunshine4 ,when practicable1 he came to the long and crowded wards of the maimed1 the feeble1 and the dying1 only after preparations as for a festival--strengthened by a good meal1 rest1 the bath and fresh under-clothes4 ,he entered with a huge haversack slung over his shoulder full of appropriate articles1 with parcels under his arms1 and protuberant ,footnote3 ,protuberant3 bulging4 pockets4 ,he would sometimes come in summer with a good-sized basket filled with oranges1 and would go round for hours paring and dividing them among the feverish and thirsty4 ,walt ,whitman was of the people1 the common people1 and always gave out their quality and atmosphere4 ,his commonness1 his nearness1 as of the things you have always known1--the day1 the sky1 the soil1 your own parents1--were in no way veiled1 or kept in abeyance1 by his culture or poetic gifts4 ,he was redolent of the human and the familiar4 ,though capable1 on occasions1 of great pride and hauteur1 yet his habitual mood and presence was that of simple1 average1 healthful humanity1--the virtue and flavor of sailors1 soldiers1 laborers1 travelers1 or people who live with real things in the open air4 ,his commonness rose into the uncommon1 the extraordinary1 but without any hint of the exclusive or specially favored4 ,he was indeed no sentimentalist1 no stander above men and women or apart from them4 ,the spirit that animates every page of his book1 and that it always effuses1 ,footnote3 ,effuses3 sheds1 pours out4 is the spirit of common1 universal humanity1--humanity apart from creed1 schools1 conventions1 from all special privileges and refinements1 as it is in and of itself in its relations to the whole system of things1 in contradistinction to the literature of culture which effuses the spirit of the select and exclusive4 ,his life was the same4 ,walt ,whitman never stood apart from or above any human being4 ,the common people--workingmen1 the poor1 the illiterate1 the outcast--saw themselves in him1 and he saw himself in them3 the attraction was mutual4 ,he was always content with common1 unadorned humanity4 --,,john ,,burroughs 7adapted74 ,footnote3 ,what picture do you get of ,whitman in this account8 ,what qualities of ,whitman's do you think most endeared him to the soldiers8 ,was ,whitman's carefulness about his personal appearance an evidence of egotism or altruism8 ,compare this estimate of ,whitman with the ,appreciation of ,lincoln4 ,are there any points of likeness8 ,,heroism ,,in ,,housekeeping ,so many talents are wasted1 so many enthusiasms turned to smoke1 so many lives spoiled for want of a little patience and endurance1 for want of understanding and laying to heart the meaning of ,,the ,,present--for want of recognizing that it is not the greatness or littleness of the duty nearest hand1 but the spirit in which one does it1 which makes one's doing noble or mean6 ,i can't think how people who have any natural ambition1 and any sense of power in them1 escape going mad in a world like this1 without the recognition of that4 ,i know ,i was very near mad when ,i found it out for myself 7as one has to find out for oneself everything that is to be of any real practical use to one74 ,shall ,i tell you how it came into my head8 ,perhaps it may be of comfort to you in similar moments of fatigue and disgust4 ,i had gone with my husband to live on a little estate of peat-bog1 that had descended to me all the way down from ,john ,welsh1 the ,covenanter1 ,footnote3 ,covenanter3 one who defends the ,solemn ,league and ,covenant made to preserve the reformed religion in ,scotland4 who married a daughter of ,john ,knox4 ,footnote3 ,john ,knox3 a celebrated ,scottish reformer1 statesman1 and writer4 ,born #aeje1 died in #aegb4 ,that didn't1 ,i'm ashamed to say1 make me feel ,craigenputtock ,footnote3 ,craigenputtock3 a town fifteen miles from ,dumfries4 ,here much of ,carlyle's best work was done4 a whit less of a peat-bog and a most dreary1 untoward place to live at4 ,in fact1 it was sixteen miles distant on every side from all the conveniences of life1 shops1 and even post-office4 ,further1 we were very poor1 and further and worst1 being an only child1 and brought up to great prospects1 ,i was sublimely ignorant of every branch of useful knowledge1 though a capital ,latin scholar and very fair mathematician4 ,it behooved me in these astonishing circumstances to learn to sew4 ,husbands1 ,i was shocked to find1 wore their stockings into holes1 and were always losing buttons1 and ,i was expected to look to all that2 also it behooved me to learn to cook6 no capable servant choosing to live at such an out-of-the-way place1 and my husband having bad digestion1 which complicated my difficulties dreadfully4 ,the bread1 above all1 brought from ,dumfries1 ,footnote3 ,dumfries3 a town in southern ,scotland4 soured on his stomach and it was plainly my duty as a ,christian wife to bake at home4 ,so ,i sent for ,cobbett's ,cottage ,economy1 and fell to work at a loaf of bread4 ,but1 knowing nothing about the process of fermentation or the heat of ovens1 it came to pass that my loaf got put into the oven at the time that myself ought to have been put into bed2 and ,i remained the only person not asleep in a house in the middle of a desert4 ,one o'clock struck6 and then two66 and then three666 ,and still ,i was sitting there in the midst of an immense solitude1 my whole body aching with weariness1 my heart aching with a sense of forlornness and degradation4 ,that ,i1 who had been so petted at home1 whose comfort had been studied by everybody in the house1 who had never been required to do anything but cultivate my mind1 should have to pass all those hours of the night in watching a loaf of bread--which mightn't turn out bread after all6 ,such thoughts maddened me1 till ,i laid down my head on the table and sobbed aloud4 ,it was then that somehow the idea of ,benvenuto ,cellini ,footnote3 ,benvenuto ,cellini3 a famous ,italian sculptor and worker in gold and silver4 ,born in #aejj787 died in #aega4 ,his autobiography is one of the most famous of ,italian classics4 ,the ,perseus of ,cellini stands in the ,loggia dei ,lanzi in ,florence1 and represents the helmeted hero holding up the severed head of ,medusa4 sitting up all night watching his ,perseus in the furnace came into my head1 and suddenly ,i asked myself3 ,after all1 in the sight of the upper ,powers1 what is the mighty difference between a statue of ,perseus and a loaf of bread1 so that each be the thing that one's hand has found to do8 ,the man's determined will1 his energy1 his patience1 his resource were the really admirable things of which his statue of ,perseus was the mere chance expression4 ,if he had been a woman1 living at ,craigenputtock with a dyspeptic husband1 sixteen miles from a baker1 and he a bad one1 all these qualities would have come out more fitly in a good loaf of bread6 ,i cannot express what consolation this germ of an idea spread over my uncongenial life during the years we lived at that savage place1 where my two immediate predecessors had gone mad1 and a third had taken to drink4 --,,jane ,,welsh ,,carlyle4 ,footnote3 ,does the opening paragraph give you any hint as to the source of this extract8 ,what traits of character does the writer show8 ,can you show the evidence of ,scotch ,covenanter inheritance in the writer's philosophy8 ,do you imagine that the writer learned to make bread8 ,why8 ,in what does the humor of the account lie8 ,a ,,youthful ,,actor ,my dramatic career was brought to a close by an unfortunate circumstance4 ,we were playing the drama of ,william ,tell1 the ,hero of ,switzerland4 ,of course ,i was ,william ,tell1 in spite of ,fred ,langdon1 who wanted to act that character himself4 ,i wouldn't let him1 so he withdrew from the company1 taking the only bow and arrow we had4 ,i made a cross-bow out of a piece of whalebone1 and did very well without him4 ,we had reached that exciting scene where ,gessler1 the ,austrian tyrant1 commands ,tell to shoot the apple from his son's head4 ,pepper ,whitcomb1 who played all the juvenile and women parts1 was my son4 ,to guard against mischance1 a piece of pasteboard was fastened by a handkerchief over the upper portion of ,whitcomb's face1 while the arrow to be used was sewed up in a strip of flannel4 ,i was a capital marksman1 and the big apple1 only two yards distant1 turned its russet cheek fairly towards me4 ,i can see poor little ,pepper now1 as he stood without flinching1 waiting for me to perform my great feat4 ,i raised the cross-bow amid the breathless silence of the crowded audience1--consisting of seven boys and three girls1 exclusive of ,kitty ,collins1 who insisted on paying her way in with a clothes-pin4 ,i raised the cross-bow1 ,i repeat4 ,twang6 went the whipcord2 but1 alas6 instead of hitting the apple1 the arrow flew right into ,pepper ,whitcomb's mouth1 which happened to be open at the time1 and destroyed my aim4 ,i shall never be able to banish that awful moment from my memory4 ,pepper's roar1 expressive of astonishment1 indignation1 and pain1 is still ringing in my ears4 ,i looked upon him as a corpse1 and1 glancing not far into the dreary future1 pictured myself led forth to execution in the presence of the very same spectators then assembled4 ,luckily poor ,pepper was not seriously hurt4 --,t4 ,b4 ,,aldrich4 ,footnote3 ,would you imagine1 from this extract1 that the book from which it was taken would be interesting8 ,why8 ,notice the easy conversational way of telling the incident4 ,what is gained by this8 ,do you sympathize with ,pepper or the author8 ,why8 ,,war ,what1 speaking in quite unofficial language1 is the net purpose and upshot of war8 ,to my own knowledge1 for example1 there dwell and toil in the ,british village of ,dumdrudge ,footnote3 ,dumdrudge3 a fictitious name4 usually some five hundred souls4 ,from these there are successfully selected1 during the ,french war1 say thirty able-bodied men4 ,dumdrudge1 at her own expense1 has suckled and nursed them4 ,she has1 not without difficulty and sorrow1 fed them up to manhood1 and even trained them to crafts1 so that one can weave1 another build1 another hammer1 and the weakest can stand under thirty stone avoirdupois4 ,nevertheless1 amid much weeping and swearing1 they are selected2 all dressed in red2 and shipped away at the public charges some two thousand miles1 or say only to the south of ,spain2 and fed there until wanted4 ,and now to that same spot in the south of ,spain1 are thirty similar ,french artisans1 from a ,french ,dumdrudge1 in like manner wending4 ,at length1 after infinite effort1 the two parties come into actual juxtaposition2 and thirty stands fronting thirty1 each with a gun in his hand4 ,straightway the word ,fire6 is given1 and they blow the souls out of one another4 ,and in place of sixty brisk useful craftsmen1 the world has sixty dead carcasses1 which it must bury and anew shed tears for4 ,had these men any quarrel8 ,busy as the ,devil is1 not the smallest6 ,they lived far enough apart1 were the entirest strangers1 nay1 in so wide a universe1 there was even unconsciously1 by commerce1 some mutual helpfulness between them4 ,how then8 ,simpleton' their ,governors had fallen out1 and instead of shooting one another1 had the cunning to make these poor blockheads shoot4 --,,carlyle4 ,footnote3 ,does ,carlyle write from the usual military standpoint8 ,does war seem glorious or heroic from this point of view8 ,is ridicule an effective weapon against wrongs8 ,do you know of any abuses or wrongs that have been abolished by being shown up as ridiculous8 ,do you think it likely that the militaristic type of mind can have much sense of humor8 ,,coon-,,hunting ',coon-,hunting ,footnote3 ,coon3 raccoon1 an animal allied to the bears but much smaller4 ,its body is gray1 varied with black and white1 and it has a long full tail banded with black and gray4 is one of the truly ,american sports of the chase1 though its devotees have found difficulty in persuading folks to take their sport seriously4 ,it is1 in truth1 a comical aspect of hunting1 and is scarcely less wanting in dignity than a 'possum ,footnote3 ,possum3 opposum2 this animal carries its young in a pouch1 like the kangaroo4 chase1 which confessedly has none at all4 ,if 'coon-hunting be regarded1 as a step higher than that1 it loses the advantage at the end1 for a fat 'possum is certainly better eating than a 'coon1 however rotund4 ,the chase1 nevertheless1 calls for endurance1 since an old 'coon may run four or five miles after he has been started1 zigzagging hither and yon1 circling round and round trees1 leaving a track calculated to make a dog dizzy1 swimming streams1 and running along the tops of logs and snake-fences1 ,footnote3 ,snake-fence 7same as a worm-fence73 a zigzag fence of rails which cross at the ends4 hiding his trail with the craftiness of a fox4 ,the hunt is always organized late at night4 ,nobody ever heard of a real 'coon-hunt by daylight4 ,the animals are moving about then1 leaving trails that1 starting at the edge of the woods1 lead into the fastnesses where they take refuge4 ,such trails would grow cold before noonday4 ,there are dogs called 'coon-dogs1 but of no particular breed or pedigree4 ,a local pack will consist of ,rag1 ,tag1 and ,bobtail1 with all of ,bobtail's friends and connections4 ,one of them is known to be best and takes the lead4 ,they call him the trailer4 ,the rest rush yelping after1 and as fast as possible follow the hunters1 with torches or lanterns or by moonlight1 carrying axes and hatchets1 guns1 and antidotes for snake-bite in flat1 black bottles4 ,trailer's motley crew catch a sniff of the trail and disappear in the darkness of the brushy woods1 baying1 barking1 yelping1 squealing1 each after its kind4 ,after them go the whooping hunters1 following by ear as the dogs do by nose1 for none can use the sense of sight4 ,finally a chorus of eager barking in a different tone from what has thus far been heard announces to experienced ears that the dogs have some game at bay4 ,the hunters dispute as to what it is as they crash and stagger on through the gloom1 each swearing he knows by his cur's voice what sort of an animal he has in view4 ,arrived at the scene of the clamor1 the dogs are found in frantic excitement around the foot of a tree1 in whose shadowy foliage something is supposed to be hidden4 ,will it be a 'coon1 or will it turn out a 'possum1 a wild-cat1 or mayhap an owl8 ,first of all a fire is lighted1 and its upreaching blaze sends fitful rays of yellow light far among the overhanging branches4 ,now there may be discerned a hollow near the summit of the trunk1 and as dead branches are heaped upon the fire1 sharp eyes may detect a triangular head peering out of what was once1 perhaps1 the front door of a woodpecker's home1 and the glints of green are reported to be the glare of a raccoon's eyes4 ,the nimblest man in the party is sent up the tree1 and given a stick wherewith to frighten or poke or pry the cornered animal out of his castle4 ,compelled to leave the hole1 it creeps out upon a limb1 and squatting down1 snarls at the stranger1 who tries to shake loose its hold4 ,but this is a vain attempt4 ,a raccoon can cling like a burr4 ,try to drag your pet 'coon off the top of a fence1 and if he chooses to resist1 you may pull him limb from limb before he will let go4 ,so they take the severer method of chopping the branches1 until the poor little beast has none left to clutch in falling1 and comes down a heap of fur and teeth and claws into the midst of the dogs4 ,instantly there follows a scrimmage1 where often an honest bark is changed in the middle to a yelp of pain1 until many a time the melee changes to a ring of hurt and angry but vanquished curs around a 'coon lying on his back1 with bloody teeth and claws ready to try it again2 and then he is shot by the hunters1 merciless to the last4 ,more often the whole tree must be cut down1 and the brave 'coon falls with it1 and is dashed out among his enemies to fight for his life at the end of his fall4 --,,ernest ,,ingersoll 7adapted74 ,footnote3 ,what does the phrase the trails would grow cold mean8 ,what sense would you find most active if you were on the coon-hunt8 ,does the author write as an enthusiastic hunter8 ,what impresses you most in the account3 the fun or the cruelty of hunting8 ,does the author succeed in giving you an idea of the excitement of coon-hunting8 ,would the account have any added interest if it were told in the first person8 ,,sight ,,in ,,savages ,in ,patagonia ,footnote3 ,patagonia3 the southern part of ,argentine ,republic4 ,i added something to my small stock of private facts concerning eyes--their appearance1 color1 and expression--and vision1 subjects which have had a mild attraction for me as long as ,i can remember4 ,when1 as a boy1 ,i mixed with the gauchos ,footnote3 ,gauchos3 these people are of ,spanish-,american descent4 ,they are the native inhabitants of the pampas1 and live chiefly by cattle-raising4 of the pampas1 ,footnote3 ,pampas3 vast plains in the southern part of ,south ,america1 chiefly in the ,argentine ,republic4 there was one among them who greatly awed me by his appearance and character4 ,he was distinguished among his fellows by his tallness1 the thickness of his eyebrows and the great length of his crow-black beard1 the form and length of his facon1 or knife1 which was nothing but a sword worn knife-wise1 and the ballads he composed1 in which were recounted1 in a harsh tuneless voice to the strum-strum of a guitar1 the hand-to-hand combats he had had with others of his class--fighters and desperadoes--and in which he had always been the victor1 for his adversaries had all been slain to a man4 ,but his eyes1 his most wonderful feature1 impressed me more than anything else2 for one was black and the other dark blue4 ,all other strange and extranatural things in nature1 of which ,i had personal knowledge1 as1 for instance1 mushrooms growing in rings1 and the shrinking of the sensitive plant when touched1 and ,will-o'-the-wisps1 and crowing hens1 and the murderous attack of social birds and beasts on one of their fellows1 seemed less strange and wonderful than the fact that this man's eyes did not correspond1 but were the eyes of two men1 as if there had been two natures and souls in one body4 ,my astonishment was1 perhaps1 not unaccountable1 when we reflect that the eye is to us the window of the mind or soul1 that it expresses the soul1 and is1 as it were1 the soul itself materialized4 ,some person lately published in ,england a book entitled ,soul-,shapes1 treating not only of the shapes of souls but also of their color4 ,the letter-press of this work interests me less than the colored plates adorning it4 ,passing over the mixed and vari-colored souls1 which resemble1 in the illustrations1 colored maps in an atlas1 we come to the blue soul1 for which the author has a very special regard4 ,its blue is like that of the commonest type of blue eye4 ,this curious fancy of a blue soul probably originated in the close association of eye and soul in the mind4 ,it is worthy of note that while the mixed and other colored souls seem very much out of shape1 like an old felt hat or a stranded jelly fish1 the pure colored blue soul is round1 like an iris1 and only wanted a pupil to be made an eye4 ,here again ,i recall an incident of my boyhood1 and am not sure that it was not this that first gave me an interest in the subject4 ,one summer day1 at home1 ,i was attentively listening1 out of doors1 to a conversation between two men1 both past middle life and about the same age1 one an educated ,englishman1 wearing spectacles1 the other a native1 who was very impressive in his manner1 and was holding forth in a loud authoritative voice on a variety of subjects4 ,all at once he fixed his eyes on the spectacles worn by the other1 and1 bursting into a laugh1 cried out1 ,why do you always wear those eye-hiding glasses straddled across your nose8 ,are they supposed to make a man look handsomer or wiser than his fellows1 or do you1 a sensible person1 really believe that you can see better than another man because of them8 ,if so1 then all ,i can say is that it is a fable1 a delusion2 no man can believe such a thing4 ,he was only expressing the feeling that all persons of his class1 whose lives are passed in the semi-barbarous conditions of the gauchos on the pampas1 experience at the sight of such artificial helps to vision as spectacles4 ,they look through a pane of glass1 and it makes the view no clearer1 but rather dimmer--how can the two diminutive circular panes carried before the eyes produce any other effect8 ,besides1 their sight as a rule is good when they are young1 and as they progress in life they are not conscious of decadence in it2 from infancy to old age the world looks1 they imagine1 the same2 the grass as green1 the sky as blue as ever1 and the scarlet verbenas in the grass just as scarlet4 ,the man lives in his sight2 it is his life2 he speaks of the loss of it as a calamity great as the loss of reason4 ,to see spectacles amuses and irritates him at the same time2 he has the monkey's impulse to snatch the idle things from his fellow's nose2 for not only is it useless to the wearer1 and a sham1 but it is annoying to others1 who do not like to look at a man and not properly see his eyes and the thought that is in them4 ,to the mocking speech he had made1 the other good humoredly replied that he had worn glasses for twenty years1 that not only did they enable him to see much better than he could without them1 but they had preserved his sight from further decadence4 ,not satisfied with defending himself against the charge of being a fantastical person for wearing glasses1 he in his turn attacked the mocker4 ,how do you know1 he said1 that your own eyesight has not degenerated with time8 ,you can only ascertain that by trying on a number of glasses suited to a variety of sights1 all in some degree defective4 ,a score of men with defective sight may be together1 and in no two will the sight be the same4 ,you must try on spectacles1 as you try on boots1 until you find a pair to fit you4 ,you may try mine1 if you like2 our years are the same1 and it is just possible that our eyes may be in the same condition4 ,the gaucho laughed a loud and scornful laugh1 and exclaimed that the idea was too ridiculous4 ,what1 see better with this thing6 and he took them gingerly in his hand1 and held them up to examine them1 and finally put them on his nose--something in the spirit of the person who takes a newspaper twisted into the shape of an extinguisher1 and puts it on his head4 ,he looked at the other1 then at me1 then stared all round him with an expression of utter astonishment1 and in the end burst out in loud exclamations of delight4 ,for1 strange to say1 the glasses exactly suited his vision1 which1 unknown to him1 had probably been decaying for years4 ,angels of heaven1 what is this ,i see6 he shouted4 ,what makes the trees look so green--they were never so green before6 ,and so distinct--,i can count their leaves6 ,and the cart over there--why1 it is red as blood6 ,and to satisfy himself that it had not just been freshly painted1 he ran over to it and placed his hand on the wood4 ,it proved hard to convince him that objects had once looked as distinct1 and leaves as green1 and the sky as blue1 and red paint as red1 to his natural sight1 as they now did through those magical glasses4 ,the distinctness and brightness seemed artificial and uncanny4 ,but in the end he was convinced1 and then he wanted to keep the spectacles1 and pulled out his money to pay for them there and then1 and was very much put out when their owner insisted on having them back4 ,however1 shortly afterwards a pair was got for him2 and with these on his nose he galloped about the country1 exhibiting them to all his neighbors1 and boasting of the miraculous power they imparted to his eyes of seeing the world as no one else could see it4 --,w4,h4 ,,hudson4 ,footnote3 ,what things in nature do you think most interested the writer8 ,do you imagine that he would be a good out-of-doors companion8 ,why8 ,was the native in the story the sort of person whom you would expect to hold forth in an authoritative voice on a variety of subjects8 ,do you know what the general attitude of the savage and semi-civilized people is toward strange things8 ,note the rambling1 conversational style in which this sketch is written4 ,compare it with ,stevenson1 ,aldrich1 and ,edwards4 ,note the delightfully whimsical quality of the humor4 ,can you see any likeness in this to ,lamb and ,hawthorne8 ,,the ,,village ,,schoolmaster ,in this by-place of nature there abode1 in a remote period of ,american history1 that is to say1 some thirty years since1 a worthy wight ,footnote3 ,wight3 a person4 of the name of ,ichabod ,crane2 who sojourned1 or as he expressed it1 tarried1 in ,sleepy ,hollow1 for the purpose of instructing the children of the vicinity4 ,he was a native of ,connecticut1 a state which supplies the ,union with pioneers for the mind as well as for the forest1 and sends forth yearly its legions of frontier woodmen and country schoolmasters4 ,the cognomen of ,crane was not inapplicable to his person4 ,he was tall1 but exceedingly lank1 with narrow shoulders1 long arms and legs1 hands that dangled a mile out of his sleeves1 feet that might have served for shovels1 and his whole frame most loosely hung together4 ,his head was small1 and flat at the top1 with huge ears1 large green glassy eyes1 and a long snipe nose1 so that it looked like a weathercock perched upon his spindle neck to tell which way the wind blew4 ,to see him striding along the profile of a hill on a windy day1 with his clothes bagging and fluttering about him1 one might have mistaken him for the genius of famine descending upon the earth1 or some scarecrow eloped from a cornfield4 ,in addition to his other vocations1 he was the singing-master of the neighborhood1 and picked up many bright shillings by instructing the young folks in psalmody4 ,it was a matter of no little vanity to him on ,sundays1 to take his station in front of the church gallery1 with a band of chosen singers1 where1 in his own mind1 he completely carried away the palm from the parson4 ,certain it is his voice resounded far above all the rest of the congregation1 and there are peculiar quavers still to be heard in that church1 and which may even be heard half a mile off1 quite to the opposite side of the mill-pond1 on a still ,sunday morning1 which are said to be legitimately descended from the nose of ,ichabod ,crane4 ,thus1 by divers little makeshifts1 in that ingenious way which is commonly denominated by hook and by crook the worthy pedagogue got on tolerably enough1 and was thought1 by all who understood nothing of this labor of head-work1 to have a wonderful easy life of it4 ,the schoolmaster is generally a man of some importance in the female circle of a rural neighborhood2 being considered a kind of idle gentleman-like personage1 of vastly superior taste and accomplishments to the rough country swains1 and1 indeed1 inferior in learning only to the parson4 ,his appearance1 therefore1 is apt to occasion some little stir at the tea-table of a farm-house1 and the addition of a supernumerary ,footnote3 ,supernumerary3 superfluous1 unnecessary4 dish of cakes or sweetmeats1 or1 peradventure1 the parade of a silver teapot4 ,our man of letters1 therefore1 was peculiarly happy in the smiles of all the country damsels4 ,how he would figure among them in the churchyard1 between services on ,sundays6 gathering grapes for them from the wild vines that overrun the surrounding trees1 reciting for their amusement all the epitaphs on the tombstones2 or sauntering with a whole bevy of them1 along the banks of the adjacent millpond1 while the more bashful country bumpkins hung sheepishly back1 envying his superior elegance and address4 ,from his half-itinerant life1 he was a kind of travelling gazette1 carrying the whole budget of local gossip from house to house1 so that his appearance was always greeted with satisfaction4 ,he was1 moreover1 esteemed by the women as a man of great erudition1 ,footnote3 ,erudition3 learning1 scholarship4 for he had read several books quite through1 and was a perfect master of ,cotton ,mather's ,history of ,new ,england ,witchcraft1 in which1 by the way1 he most firmly and potently believed4 ,he was1 in fact1 an odd mixture of small shrewdness and simple credulity4 ,his appetite for the marvellous1 and his powers of digesting it1 were equally extraordinary2 and both had been increased by his residence in this spellbound region4 ,no tale was too gross or monstrous for his capacious swallow4 ,it was often his delight1 after his school was dismissed in the afternoon1 to stretch himself on the rich bed of clover bordering the little brook that whimpered by his school-house1 and there con over old ,mather's ,footnote3 ,cotton ,mather3 an ,american clergyman1 author1 and scholar4 ,born in #affc1 died in #agbh4 ,he took an active part in the persecutions for witchcraft4 direful tales1 until the gathering dusk of the evening made the printed page a mere mist before his eyes4 ,then as he wended his way by swamp and stream and awful woodland1 to the farm-house where he happened to be quartered1 every sound of nature1 at that witching hour1 fluttered his excited imagination1--the moan of the whippoorwill from the hillside1 the boding cry of the tree-toad1 that harbinger of storm1 the dreary hooting of the screech-owl1 or the sudden rustling in the thicket of birds frightened from their roost4 ,the fire-flies1 too1 which sparkled most vividly in the darkest places1 now and then startled him1 as one of uncommon brightness would stream across his path2 and if by chance a huge blackhead of a beetle came winging his blundering flight against him1 the poor varlet ,footnote3 ,varlet3 rascal4 was ready to give up the ghost1 with the idea that he was struck with a witch's token4 ,his only resource on such occasions1 either to drown thought or drive away evil spirits1 was to sing psalm-tunes2 and the good people of ,sleepy-,hollow1 as they sat by their doors of an evening1 were often filled with awe at hearing his nasal melody1 in linked sweetness long drawn out1 floating from the distant hill or along the dusky road4 ,another of his sources of fearful pleasure was to pass long winter evenings with the old ,dutch wives1 as they sat spinning by the fire1 with a row of apples roasting and spluttering along the hearth1 and listen to their marvellous tales of ghosts and goblins1 and haunted brooks1 and haunted bridges1 and haunted houses1 and particularly of the headless horseman1 or ,galloping ,hessian of the ,hollow1 as they sometimes called him4 ,he would delight them equally by his anecdotes of witchcraft1 and the direful omens and portentous sights and sounds in the air1 which prevailed in the earlier times of ,connecticut2 and would frighten them wofully with speculations upon comets and shooting stars2 and with the alarming fact that the world did absolutely turn round and that they were half the time topsy-turvy6 ,but if there was a pleasure in all this1 while snugly cuddling in the chimney corner of a chamber that was all of a ruddy glow from the crackling wood fire1 and where1 of course1 no spectre dared to show its face1 it was dearly purchased by the terror of his subsequent walk homewards4 ,what fearful shapes and shadows beset his path1 amidst the dim and ghastly glare of a snowy night6 ,with what wistful look did he eye every trembling ray of light streaming across the waste fields from some distant window6 ,how often was he appalled by some shrub covered with snow1 which like a sheeted spectre beset his very path6 ,how often did he shrink with curdling awe at the sound of his own steps on the frosty crust beneath his feet6 and dread to look over his shoulder1 lest he should behold some uncouth being tramping close behind him6 and how often was he thrown into complete dismay by some rushing blast1 howling among the trees1 in the idea that it was the galloping ,hessian on one of his nightly scourings6 --,,washington ,,irving4 ,footnote3 ,is this style of writing similar to that of any other selections you have studied8 ,illustrate4 ,compare the kind of words used here with the simple diction in ,a ,youthful ,actor1 ,in ,brittany1 ,the ,gold ,trail4 ,does the author's humor seem to you unkindly8 ,what other selections have you studied in which this sort of humor is shown8 ,what courses of study do you imagine were given in ,ichabod's school8 ,does ,ichabod seem a real character or only a caricature8