,( ,holy ,disob$i5ce                    
,a4 ,j4 ,,mu/e                          
,,numb] #fd                             
,,janu>y1 #aieb                         
,,p5dle ,,hill                          
,,wall+=d                               
,,p5nsylvania                           
#ce ,,c5ts                      #aieb   
,,by ,,p5dle ,,hill ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,!     
,,usa          ,,! ,,l& ,,( ,,propag&a  
,,is ,,built ,,on ,,unanimity      ,!   
quotation :i* foll[s is f ,ignazio      
,silone's novel1 ,bread &  ,w9e1 :i* 0 a
 mov+ exposition ( life "u ,fascism 9   
,italy4 ,!  conv]sation betwe5 a "y     
woman & an anti-,fasci/ prie/ takes     
place  9 a small ,italian t[n at ! end (
 ! invasion ( ,e?iopia by ,italy4  ,dur+
 ! night1 anti-w> & anti-,fasci/ slogans
 _h be5 writt5 on  walls & /eps 9 ! t[n4
        ,bian*9a told ,don ,paolo %e    
c\ldn't und]/& :y !re 0      su* a lot (
 fuss ab\t a few inscriptions on ! wall4
        ,don ,paolo 0 surpris$1 too4 ,he
 tri$ to expla9 x4        8,! ,l& (     

,propag&a is built on unanimity10 he    
said4 8,if      "o man says1 #8,no1' !  
spell is brok5 & public ord] is         
endang]$4 ,! rebel voice mu/ be /ifl$40 
8,ev5 if ! voice is t ( a poor1 solit>y 
sick man80        8,ev5 !n40            
8,ev5 if x belongs to a peaceful man :o 
?9ks 9 8 own      way1 b does no?+ evil 
ap>t f t80        8,ev5 !n40        ,^! 
?\ghts s]v$ to sadd5 ! girl1 b gave !   
man new      he>t4 ,he felt a%am$ ( 8   
previ\s disc\ragem5t4        8,9 ! ,l& (
 ,propag&a10 he said1 8a man1 any man1  
any      little man :o goes on ?9k+ ) 8 
own head1 imp]ils      public ord]4     
,tons ( pr9t$ pap] repeat ! gov]nm5t    
slogans2 ?\s&s ( l\d-speak]s1 hundr$s ( 
?\s&s (      manife/oes & leaflets1     
legions ( orators 9 ! squ>es      & at !
 crossroads1 ?\s&s ( prie/s f ! pulpit  
repeat ^! slogans ad nauseam1 to ! po9t 
( collective      /upefaction4 ,b x is  
en\gh = "o little man to say #8,no6'    
9 8 neighbor's e>1 or write #8,no6' on !
 wall at night1 &      public ord] is   

endang]$40        ,! girl 0 t]rifi$1 b !
 man 0 happy aga94        8,& if !y cat*
 him & kill him80 ! girl ask$4          
8,kill+ a man :o says #8,no6' is a risky
 bus9ess10 ! prie/      repli$1 8because
 ev5 a corpse c g on :isp]+ #8,no6 ,no6 
,no6' ) a p]si/5ce & ob/9acy t only     
c]ta9 corpses      are capable (4 ,& h[ 
c y sil5ce a corpse80           99      
99       99       99       99    ,a book
 :i* ! ,fr5* writ]1 ,georges ,b]nanos1  
wrote 9 ,brazil--to  :i* he _h exil$    
himself because he w\ld n rema9 9       
,france "u  ,nazi occupation--has j be5 
publi%$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x is entitl$     
,tradition ( ,fre$om & is a hymn to     
fre$om1 an impassion$ w>n+  aga9/       
ob$i5ce & con=mity1 especially ob$i5ce  
to ! mod]n  ,/ate engag$ 9 me*aniz$1    
total w>4    ,9 ! clos+ pages ( ?is "w1 
,b]nanos writes3        ,i h ?\ght = a  
long "t n[ t if1 "s day1 !      increas+
 effici5cy ( ! te*nique ( de/ruction    
f9ally      causes our species to       
disappe> f ! e>?1 x w n      be cruelty 

t w be responsible = our ext9ction &    
/ill less1 ( c\rse1 ! indignation t     
cruelty awak5s      & ! reprisals &     
v5geance t x br+s ^u itself 444      b !
 docility1 ! lack ( responsibility ( !  
mod]n      man1 8 base subs]vi5t        
acceptance ( e common decree4      ,!   
horrors :i* we h se51 ! /ill great]     
horrors we      %all pres5tly see1 are n
 signs t rebels1 insubord9ate1          
untameable m51 are increas+ 9 numb]     
?r\gh\t ! _w1      b r t !re is a       
con/ant increase1 a /up5d\sly      rapid
 increase1 9 ! numb] ( ob$i5t1 docile   
m54    ,x seems to me t ?is is a true & 
timely w>n+4 ,x might s]ve z  a text = a
 g5]al appeal to ,am]ican y\? to adopt &
 practice !  great & urg5t virtues (    
,holy ,disob$i5ce1 non-con=mity1        
resi/ance  t[>d ,conscription1          
,regim5tation & ,w>4 ,= ! pres5t ,i want
 to  use ,b]nanos' words z an           
introduction to "s obs]vations on !     
discussion reg>d+ ! absolute & relative 
role ( ^! 8virtues0  :i* goes on *iefly 

among pacifi/s1 memb]s ( ! ,hi/oric     
,peace  ,*ur*es & o!r su* gr\ps4 ,i ?9k 
x w be readily app>5t1  h[ev]1 t !      
pr9ciples set =? h a wid] be>+ & m]it   
consid]ation by all :o are conc]n$ ab\t 
! ma9t5ance ( fre$om  9 our "t & !      
abolition ( w>4    ,mo/ believ]s 9      
democracy & all pacifi/s beg91 ( c\rse1 
)  an area ( agreem5t z to ! moral      
necessity1 ! validity & !  possible     
social value ( ,no-say+ or ,holy        
,disob$i5ce4 ,pacifi/s  &_/or           
consci5ti\s objectors all draw ! l9e at 
engag+ 9 milit>y  combat & mo/ ( u inde$
 at any k9d ( s]vice 9 ! arm$ =ces4  ,b 
imm$iately !reupon que/ions arise z to  
:e!r we %\ld n  emphasize 8positive &   
con/ructive s]vice0 r ?an ! 8negative0  
( refusal to fight or to regi/]2 or     
que/ions ab\t ! relative  importance (  
8resi/ance0 & 8reconciliation10 & s on4 
,x is to  ?is discussion t ,i wi% to    
attempt a contribution4 ,x may be t x  w
 be mo/ useful bo? to "y m5 ( draft age 
& to o!r read]s  if we conc5trate l>gely

 on ! q concrete problem ( :e!r !  =m]  
%\ld regi/]1 con=m to o!r requirem5ts ( 
! ,selective  ,s]vice ,act :i* apply to 
consci5ti\s objectors & accept or submit
  to ! alt]native s]vice requir$ ( !m "u
 ! law z am5d$  9 ,june1 #aiea2 or :e!r 
!y %all refuse to regi/]1 or if !y d    
regi/] or are 8automatically0 regi/]$ by
 ! au?orities1 %all  refuse to con=m at 
! next /age2 & 9 any ev5t refuse to r5d]
  any alt]native s]vice "u conscription4
 ,we deal1 9 o!r words1  ) ! "q :e!r "y 
m5 :o are eligible = x %all accept  !   
,,iv-,e classification or take ! m      
8absoluti/10 non-regi/rant  position4   
7,= pres5t purposes1 consid]ation ( !   
,i-,a-,o position1  ! designation us$ = 
draftees :o are will+ to accept s]vice 9
  ! arm$ =ces provid$ ?is is            
non-combatant 9 "*1 may be  omitt$4 ,!  
,,iv-,e classification is ! designation 
us$ = p]sons :o  are on gr\nds (        
religi\s tra9+ & belief oppos$ to       
p>ticipation  9 any w>4 ,^? :o are giv5 
?is classification are requir$ to  r5d] 

alt]native s]vice1 outside ! arm$ =ces &
 "u civilian  auspices1 & design$ to    
s]ve 8! heal?1 safety & int]e/ ( !      
,unit$ ,/ates407    ,two prelim9>y      
obs]vations are probably necess>y 9 ord]
 to avoid  misund]/&+4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 
9 e social movem5t !re are  v>i$ tr5ds  
or emphases1 & me?ods ( work+4 ,^? :o   
hold to  "o approa* are likely to be v  
critical ( ^? :o take ano!r4            
,disagreem5ts among ^? )9 ! same movem5t
 may be m int5se or  ev5 bitt] ?an ) ^? 
on ! outside4 ,i suppose x c h>dly be   
d5i$ t e movem5t has 9 x individuals ^: 
contribution is  negative1 & t su*      
individuals d n all come f )9 "o w+  ( !
 movem5t4 ,objective evaluation also    
leads to ! view t !  cause is =w>d$ by  
v>i\s me?ods & ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( div]se   
individuals & gr\ps4 ,b ?is does n mean 
t discussion )9 !  movem5t ( tr5ds &    
me?ods ( "w is n useful & ess5tial4 ,ev5
  if x 7 true t ea* ( sev]al /rategies 0
 equally valid &  useful1 x w\ld /ill be
 necess>y t ea* be cle>ly & vigor\sly   

pres5t$ & implem5t$ 9 ord] t ! movem5t  
might develop its  maximum impact4      
,secondly1 9 :at ,i %all h to say ,i am 
n pass+ moral judgm5t on  individual    
draftees4 ,b f ! fact t a pacifi/ m9i/] 
%\ld  n pass moral condemnation on ! "y 
man 9 8 congregation :o  9 ob$i5ce to 8 
consci5ce enli/s or submits to          
conscription1 we  d n d$uce t ?is m9i/] 
%\ld ab&on 8 pacifism or cease  to      
witness to x4 ,simil>ly1 ! fact t 9 !   
pacifi/ movem5t we  support v>i\s types 
( ,c,os 9 foll[+ ! lead ( consci5ce does
  n rule out discussion z to ! validity 
& usefulness ( v>i\s  /rategies4 ,x is  
"o ?+ = a "y & immature draftee to foll[
  a c\rse :i* am\nts to 8mak+ ! be/ ( a 
bad bus9ess0 & =  o!rs to give him      
sympa!tic und]/&+ & help4 ,x is a v     
diff]5t ?+ = pacifi/ organizations or   
*ur*es to advocate su* a  c\rse or to   
rationalize x into some?+ o!r ?an x     
really is4    ,z "s ( ! read]s ( ?is    
/atem5t are likely to be aw>e1 !  writ] 
has advocat$ ! non-regi/rant position4  

,! majority 9 !  pacifi/ movem5t        
probably believe t x is pref]able =     
,c,os to  accept or submit to !         
alt]native civilian s]vice :i* 0 requir$
  "u ! ,_w ,w> ,,ii ,selective ,s]vice  
,act & is n[ aga9 requir$  "u 8peacetime
 conscription40    ,! v>i$ consid]ations
 & argum5ts :i* curr5tly ent] into !    
discussion ( ?is *oice confront+ ! y\? (
 draft age t5d1 z ,i  see x1 to fall    
into ?ree categories1 ?\gh !re is a good
 deal (  ov]lapp+4 ,"o set (            
consid]ations may be said to c5t] l>gely
  ar\nd ! idea ( ,*ri/ian or human      
8vocation02 a second set has to  d ) !  
problem ( 8! immature #ah-ye>-old02 !   
?ird ) !  relation ( ! pacifi/ & citiz5s
 g5]ally to milit>y conscription  & !   
mod]n ,p[]-,/ate4    ,! argum5t =       
accept+ alt]native s]vice1 "u ! fir/    
category1  has be5 /at$ some:at z       
foll[s3        ,god calls u to love &   
s]ve our fell[m54 ,?is is =             
,*ri/ians & o!r pacifi/s a matt] (      
vocation4 ,if1 !n1      ! gov]nm5t 9 w> 

"t1 or "u peace "t conscription1        
requires "s s]vice ( m]cy or con/ruction
 f u1 :i*      is n obvi\sly & directly 
a "p ( w>-mak+1 we w      raise no      
objection to und]tak+ su* "w4 ,we may   
ev5      seek1 & %all c]ta9ly be        
grateful = ! opportunity to             
demon/rate our desire to be good citiz5s
 & helpful memb]s      ( society1 & to  
%[ a reconcil+ _s4    ,?is "q ( ! mean+ 
& implications ( ,*ri/ian or human      
vocation 9 ! context ( milit>y          
conscription cle>ly ne$s c>eful         
analysis4      ,conscription & ,vocation
    ,! "q ( 8 vocation does n or %\ld n 
arise sudd5ly  = ! ,*ri/ian or any      
morally s5sitive & responsible          
individual  :5 ,congress enacts a       
conscription law4 ,! committ$ ,*ri/ian  
has  presumably be5 engag$ 9 an         
occupation & a way ( liv+ :i* he        
believes to be 9 accord ) ! w ( ,god4   
,?is ne$ n be "s  unusual or spectacul> 
occupation4 ,a ,*ri/ian f>m]1 factory   
work]1  m9]1 tea*]1 rais+ a family &    

giv+ an example ( unselfi%ness  to 8    
neighbors2 8 wife ma9ta9+ an            
unobtrusively :olesome  ,*ri/ian home2 !
 *ildr5 walk+ 9 ! foot/eps ( su*        
p>5ts--all  ^! may be foll[+ a true     
,*ri/ian vocation4    ,!n w> or peace "t
 conscription comes along4 ,if ^! p are 
pacifi/s1 !y hold t direct p>ticipation 
9 w> or 9 combat  tra9+ is inconsi/5t ) 
a ,*ri/ian pr(ession & call+4 ,!y  mu/1 
!re=e1 refuse su* p>ticipation4 ,at ?is 
po9t ! gov]nm5t  tells ^? ( !m :o come  
"u ! draft t !y mu/ nev]!less  r5d] "s  
civilian s]vice )9 or "u ! conscription 
sy/em4  ,9 mo/ cases ?is w be some?+    
diff]5t f :at !y h be5  do+ & w involve 
tempor>y removal f ! home community4    
,x has = "s "t tr\bl$ me t a good _m    
pacifi/s ( draft age  seem ready to     
acquiesce 9 ?is situation & t1          
fur!rmore1 _m  :o are n directly affect$
 by ! draft seem to feel t at su* a  "t 
!y mu/ imm$iately f9d some?+ else to d  
?an t :i* !y  h be5 do+--some?+ t is (t5
 ref]r$ to z 8mean+ful0 or              

8sacrificial40 ,0 :at !y 7 do+ !n s     
def9itely n mean+ful  or sacrificial8   
,un=tunately1 ?is is v likely ! case 9  
_m  in/ances4 ,b x does n foll[1 z is   
seem+ly (t5 assum$1 t  ?is ju/ifies go+ 
into "s entirely new "w1 a 8project10 z 
we say1  & p]haps pref]ably "s relief "w
 :i* has "s connection )  ! w> ef=t1    
some?+ :i* society w reg>d z !          
8equival5t0  ( support ( ! w> ef=t4     
,c]ta9ly ! fact t a "y man (  draft age 
has n be5 foll[+ a mean+ful or ,*ri/ian 
vocation does  n automatically or by    
itself con/itute a w>rant = submitt+ to 
conscription = s-call$ civilian s]vice4 
,x may well be t ,god  calls him at ?is 
juncture to put mean+ into ! life he has
 be5  liv+ & into ! "w he 0 suppos$ to  
be do+4    ,x is c]ta9ly incumb5t on u  
to se>* our he>ts z to :e!r ?is  ru% to 
get into o!r jobs & to g to di/ant      
places may be motivat$  by fe> ( m5 & ( 
! au?orities1 by a desire to be ?\ght   
well (1  by a dread ( ! social          
displeasure or actual legal puni%m5t :i*

  might fall ^u u if we 7 to cont9ue    
quietly at ! "w :i* we  _h be5 do+1 liv+
 9 ! home t[n :5 w> fev]1 if n outright 
hy/]ia1 seizes ! p4 8,if ,i 7 /ill      
pleas+ m510 said ,/4  ,paul1 8,i %\ld n 
be ! slave ( ,*ri/40      ,! ,normal z  
,mean+ful    ,i am conv9c$ t our ?9k+ 9 
^! matt]s is (t5 di/ort$4  ,:at ,god    
calls m5 & wom5 to1 fundam5tally1 is to 
8be fruitful &  multiply & repl5i% ! e>?
 & subdue x & h dom9ion0 ov]  ! animal  
creation--to s[ ! gra91 weave ! clo?1   
build homes &  temples to ! ,et]nal4 ,t 
is :at mo/ p %\ld be do+ mo/ (  ! "t4 ,9
 fact1 unless !y did1 ev5 ! armies w\ld 
all soon h  to /op 9 _! tracks6 ,w>     
comes along & breaks into ?is normal    
life  ( human be+s4 ,t x does ?is is "o 
( ! grave/ indictm5ts (  w>4 ,to resi/  
?is break+ up ( ord]ly family &         
community life--n  to yield to ! subtle 
& insi/5t pressure to d some?+ diff]5t  
"u ! tacit assumption t ! normal _c be  
mean+ful--is  "o ( ! great s]vices ! p  
:o believe 9 non-viol5ce &              

reconciliation may r5d]4 8,9 return+ &  
re/ %all ye be sav$1 9  quietness & 9   
confid5ce %all be y\r /r5g?40    ,to    
look at ! matt] f ano!r angle1 x is     
sometimes said t x is  important t      
pacifi/s %\ld make x cle> t !y c face   
h>d%ip  & dang] & are ready to suff]1 if
 ne$ be1 on behalf ( _!  convictions4   
,grant$ t ?is is true1 x by no means    
automatically  foll[s t draft-age y\?s  
%\ld submit to conscription or t  o!r   
pacifi/s %\ld on ! adv5t ( w> or        
conscription leave :at  !y are do+ = o!r
 "w4 ,x may well be t ! mo/ *all5g+     
opportunity to display c\rage1 h>dihood 
& read9ess to suff] w  be f\nd precisely
 9 ! community 9 :i* "o has be5 liv+ &  
9 try+ to d ! ord9>y ?+s ab\t :i* we h  
be5 speak+4  ,!re is reason to ?9k t "s 
,congressm5 may h be5 influ5c$  9       
support+ ! 8def]m5t10 or virtual        
exemption1 = ,c,os "u !  orig9al #aidh  
,unit$ ,/ates ,selective ,s]vice ,act   
because !y 7  conv9c$ t few :o claim to 
be ,c,os w\ld h ! n]ve to /& up  aga9/ !

 pressure to :i* "o w\ld be subject$ z  
he tri$ to  g 8 normal way 9 8 home t[n 
or college1 :5 o!rs 7 be+  draft$ & =c$ 
to leave home or college4 ,obvi\sly1    
only a pacifi/  :o 0 lead+1 n a         
self-indulg5t b a discipl9$ life1 :o 0  
ready to face dang] & suff]+ & :o deeply
 lov$ 8 fell[s1  c\ld foll[ su* a c\rse4
 ,x is possible t "s leave ! home or    
college environm5t n because !y wi% to  
face h>d%ip b because  !y yield to !    
temptation to try to avoid x4    ,let u1
 aft] ^! prelim9>y obs]vations1 try to  
det]m9e h[--f  ! /&po9t ( ! concept (   
,*ri/ian vocation--! pacifi/ may  judge 
! action ( a gov]nm5t :i* requires      
s-call$ alt]native  conscript s]vice (  
him or ( 8 *ildr5 or fell[-pacifi/s4    
,!re  are1 s f> z ,i c see1 only ?ree   
possible v]dicts4 ,"o possibility  is to
 say t ! gov]nm5t is dem&+ t ^!         
conscripts %all  at lea/ tempor>ily     
ab&on _! ,*ri/ian or true vocation = "w 
to :i* !y cle>ly are n 8call$40 ,a      
second possibility is to  say t !       

gov]nm5t is compet5t 9 ^! special       
circum/ances to  det]m9e1 & has         
correctly det]m9$1 t ! alt]native s]vice
  to :i* x assigns ,c,os con/itutes _!  
,*ri/ian vocation = !  "t be+4 ,! ?ird  
possibility is to reason t :5 ! gov]nm5t
  ?us =ces a ,*ri/ian into ano!r        
occupation1 x is p]=m+ an  unw>rant$ &  
s9ful act b t ! ,*ri/ian's duty 9 su* a 
situation is to practice non-resi/ance4 
,x1 !re=e1 becomes 8  vocation to       
und]take ! "w :i* is impos$ ^u him1 n   
because x  is 9 itself someh[ good b    
because non-resi/ance to evil con/itutes
  ,*ri/ian behavior4    ,! fir/ case is 
easily dispos$ (4 ,if ! individual is   
conv9c$  t he is be+ =c$ out ( 8        
,*ri/ian or human vocation into  some?+ 
:i*1 !re=e1 requires him to disobey ,god
 or consci5ce1  he has no alt]native b  
to refuse to comply ) ! ,/ate's dem&1   
p]haps resi/ x non-viol5tly1 & take !   
consequ5ces4 ,he w  /ill probably be =c$
 out ( 8 accu/om$ place & "w b 8        
non-con=mity or non-coop]ation ) !      

,/ate's dem& at ?is po9t  becomes 8 true
 vocation4    ,! second possible        
attitude li/$ a mom5t ago is to hold t1 
9 !  context ( conscription & provid$ x 
does n require s]vice 9 !  arm$ =ces1 ! 
,/ate may det]m9e :at "o's ,*ri/ian     
vocation is4  ,"s ( ! ,m5nonite /atem5ts
 & ^? ( "s o!r pacifi/s seem  to me to  
fall "u ?is head4 ,! position seems to  
me a v prec>i\s  "o & ,i "q :e!r        
,m5nonites1 = example1 c ma9ta9 x z     
consi/5t ) _! own !ology & ,*ri/ian     
e?ics4      ,! ,role ( ,jehovah's       
,witnesses    ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is     
ess5tial 9 ! ,*ri/ian concept ( vocation
  t ! 8call0 is f ! ,_s speak+ 9 ! he>t 
( ! believ]4  ,& ! believ] mu/ always   
rema9 9 a position :]e he c be free  to 
respond to ! prompt+ ( ! ,_s4 ,b h[ c   
?is be "u a  conscription regime8 ,!    
position ( ,jehovah's ,witnesses t !y _c
  submit to conscription because !y mu/ 
always be free to 8witness0 to  ! fai?1 
is 9 ?is respect surely a /rong &       
impressive "o4 ,x has  a be>+ also1     

incid5tally1 on :at we said "s p>agraphs
 e>li]  "u g5]al obs]vations ab\t       
,*ri/ian vocation4 ,x seems to me t     
,*ri/ian pacifi/s ne$ to give mu* m     
?\ght ?an !y h done  to ! "q :e!r 9 ?is 
p>ticul> respect ! ,witnesses1 s f>  f  
be+ ecc5tric1 are n tak+ ! cle> &       
consi/5t1 c5trally  ,*ri/ian1 /&4 ,!    
fact t ! ,witnesses c h>dly be classifi$
 z  pacifi/s 9 ! usual s5se ( ! t]m does
 n affect ! relevance  ( ?is "q =       
pacifi/s & inde$ = ,*ri/ians g5]ally4   
,fur!rmore 9 ,m5nonite ?\ght1 gov]nm5t1 
! ,/ate1 ?\gh x is 8an  ord9ance ( ,god0
 to curb s91 is itself by def9ition also
 s9ful1 n  ,*ri/ian1 n a "p ( 8! ord] ( 
r$emption40 ,:]e1 !n1 does !  ,/ate get 
! compet5ce1 or ! m&ate to det]m9e1 (   
all ?+s1 !  ,*ri/ian vocation ( a       
believ]8 ,& p>ticul>ly ! w>-mak+  arm or
 dep>tm5t ( ! ,/ate8 ,if ! w> dep>tm5t  
or its adjunct1  ,selective ,s]vice1 is 
qualifi$ to det]m9e ,*ri/ian vocation z 
"p  ( its conduct (1 or prep>ation =1 a 
w>1 !n :y %\ld n !  labor dep>tm5t 9    

peace "t tell ,*ri/ians :]e to "w8      
,!re rema9s a ?ird possible position1   
namely1 t ! ,/ate is  und\bt$ly do+ an  
evil ?+ 9 tak+ ! individual out ( !  "w 
to :i* he feels ,god has call$ him b t !
 pr9ciple (  non-resi/ance to evil !n   
comes into op]ation & submission to ?is 
evil becomes ! vocation ( ! p]secut$    
,*ri/ian4 ,giv5 c]ta9  premises1 !re is 
logic 9 ?is position1 b x is nev]!less  
op5 to  s]i\s "q4 ,9 ! fir/ place1      
non-resi/ance to an evil %\ld  n mean   
coop]ation ) x4 8,dep>t f evil & d      
good10 is !  law4 ,pacifi/s 9 g5]al1 &  
,*ri/ian pacifi/s 9 p>ticul>1 h  to ask 
:e!r 9 con=m+ ) any ( ! provisions ( a  
draft law  & especially 9 r5d]+         
conscript s]vice reg>d$ z ( 8national   
importance0 by a w>-mak+ /ate1 !y are n 
help+ conscription to  run smoo?ly1     
help+ ?us to =ce conscription on        
millions ( y\? &  ?us 9 turn promot+ w>1
 s9ce conscription is an integral "p (  
an armam5ts race4 ,! ph5om5on ( increas$
 t5sion betwe5 nations  :5 !y l5g!n !   

compulsory s]vice p]iod = y\? is a      
famili>  "o4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 raises !    
:ole "q ( our evaluation ( !  mean+ &   
role ( milit>y conscription1 to :i* we  
%all return  lat]4    ,9 ! meantime1 "o 
or two o!r comm5ts ne$ to be made on !  
phase  ( our problem "u discussion4 ,if 
:at is really happ5+ is t  ! w>-mak+    
/ate is inflict+ an evil on p1 =c+ !m   
away  f _! vocation1 subject+ !m to a   
measure ( p]secution1 !n  x seems we    
ought to keep ?is cle>ly 9 our own m9ds 
& ought n  to let ! gov]nm5t or public  
assume t we ?9k o!rwise4 ,!  expressions
 ( 8gratitude0 :i* we h sometimes he>d  
address$ to  gov]nm5t = 8p]mitt+0       
pacifi/s to r5d] alt]native s]vice seem 
inappropriate4 ,we _c h x bo? ways3     
accuse ! ,/ate ( ! grave  s9 ( invad+ ! 
realm ( ,*ri/ian vocation & at ! same "t
  ?ank x = do+ u a 8favor0 by mak+ !    
invasion less ?an total4  ,! ,/ate is n 
do+ ,god or ,*ri/ian p a favor 9        
recogniz+  consci5ce1 ?\gh t is :at mo/ 
,unit$ ,/ates ,congressm5 ?9k !y  are   

do+ 9 mak+ "s provision = ,c,os4 ,!     
pacifi/ :o 9 any way  enc\rages ?is     
notion is 9 dang] ( help+ to give       
curr5cy to !  idea t consci5ce is a     
private :im :i* legislators may see fit 
to  indulge = prud5tial reasons1 z long 
z ^? :o are afflict$ )  ?is peculi>ity  
are v few 9 numb]s4 ,if non-resi/ant    
pacifi/s  get (f ! high gr\nd ( pati5tly
 b[+ ! neck to ,caes>'s yoke1  lett+    
,caes> inflict ! sc\rge ( civilian      
conscript s]vice ^u  !m1 !y are         
imm$iately on ! l[ gr\nd ( b>ga9+ =     
indulg5ce  = a small &1 9 t view1 n too 
pr9cipl$ or brave a m9ority4  ,/&+ on t 
l[] gr\nd !y h v little b>ga9+ p[]  & ! 
results w reflect t fact--& pretty mu*  
did dur+ ,_w  ,w> ,,ii4 ,on ! o!r h&1   
bo? 9 ,great ,brita9 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates
  ! suff]+s :i* ! ,c,os endur$ 9 ,_w ,w>
 ,i :5 !re 0  virtually no legal or     
social recognition ( !m1 71 accord+ to  
all  compet5t obs]v]s1 l>gely           
responsible = ! fact t fairly lib]al    
provisions = ,c,os 7 made 9 ,_w ,w>     

,,ii4 ,! ,army did n want to  8be bo!r$ 
) ^! fell[s aga940      ,two ,miles or  
,none    ,?is does n1 ( c\rse1 mean t if
 ! imposition ( alt]native  s]vice is   
accept$1 x %\ld be r5d]$ grudg+ly or t  
feel+s  ( ho/ility t[>d gov]nm5t        
(ficials ) :om "o may deal are          
appropriate4 ,q ! contr>y4 ,if we decide
 to g ) ,caes> "o mile1  ! ,gospel      
enjo9s u to g two6 ,we h ! *oice ( n go+
 along at  all or go+ two miles1 b n a  
skimpy "o mile4    ,i ?9k x is n[       
g5]ally admitt$ t !re 0 n a great deal (
  ?is glad1 spontane\s 8second mil+0 on 
! "p ( ! conscript ,c,os  9 ,_w ,w>     
,,ii1 ?\gh !re 0 consid]able talk ab\t x
 among old]  folks4 ,civilian ,public   
,s]vice 9 l>ge measure simply did n     
op]ate on  ! high spiritual plane t 0   
orig9ally hop$ & is /ill sometimes      
impli$ or /at$1 b 0 = _m mak+ ! be/ ( a 
bad bus9ess1  p]haps = lack ( cle> lead+
 or ! c\rage to foll[ ano!r c\rse4    ,x
 w be recall$ t !re 7 a consid]able     
numb] ( ,civilian  ,public ,s]vice m5 :o

 decl>$ flatly t x 0 inconsi/5t1 &      
inde$ hypocritical1 to talk ( spontane\s
 s]vice "u conscription4  8,we are "h10 
!y said1 8n because our desire to s]ve  
br\ght u  "h4 ,we are "h because !      
gov]nm5t z "p ( its w> program  pass$ a 
conscription law & "u t law took u by ! 
scruff ( !  neck & is =c+ u to d ?is    
job4 ,we h no *oice b ?is or !  army or 
jail4 ,t fact is b\nd to color ?is :ole 
exp]i5ce1 except  p]haps = ^? :o c %ut  
_! eyes to reality4 ,any "o :o d5ies    
?is is a hypocrite40    ,x seems to me  
^! ,c,os plac$ ! f+] on an ess5tial     
po9t4  ,compulsion does ent] into       
8s]vice0 "u a conscription law4 ,x      
affects ! :ole picture4 ,!re=e1 !       
evaluation to be made ( !  ,,iv-,e      
position & ( alt]native s]vice "u x is n
 dispos$ (  by ass]t+ t 8s]vice is at   
lea/ z real a "p ( ,*ri/ian or  pacifi/ 
life z witness or resi/ance40 ,t /atem5t
 is p]fectly  correct4 ,s]vice ( m51    
fell[%ip ) !m1 on ! "o h&1 &            
non-coop]ation ) evil1 witness aga9/    

inju/ice1 non-viol5t  resi/ance1 on !   
o!r h&1 are bo? ess5tial 9 ! pacifi/    
way ( life4 ,!re is "s ( ea* 9 e pacifi/
 life4 ,! mo/  8reconcil+0 "o refuses to
 use a gun or ev51 probably1 to put on  
a uni=m4 ,"s ( ! mo/ extreme 8resi/]s0 9
 prison 7 kn[n  = ! ?\ghtful & g5tle    
s]vice !y r5d]$ to crim9al              
fell[-inmates4 ,a v disc]n+ ,engli%     
pacifi/ obs]v$3 8,= "s  _! witness is _!
 s]vice1 = o!rs _! s]vice is _!         
witness10 or resi/ance4 ,ea* type ne$s  
to be on gu>d aga9/ !  temptations      
peculi> to x1 includ+ ! temptation to "q
 !  motives or und]e/imate !            
contribution ( pacifi/s ( ! o!r type4   
,b ! s]vice :i* is ! ess5ce ( pacifism  
is free1 spontane\s1  joy\s1            
sacrificial1 unb\ght4 ,to magnify or    
glorify ?is is by no means              
automatically to magnify or glorify !   
,,iv-,e position "u ! draft4  ,"h1 z we 
h po9t$ out1 an elem5t ent]s :i* is     
contradictory to  pacifism1 fre$om &    
spontaneity--! elem5t ( compulsion 9 a  

context  ( w> & w> prep>ation4    ,x    
seems to me t x is important = pacifi/s 
to be> ?is 9 m9d  z we make plans to    
deal ) ! problem ( alt]native s]vice "u 
! am5d$ #aidh ,selective ,s]vice ,act4  
,no matt] h[ 8lib]al0 or  8consid]ate0 !
 conditions = adm9i/]+ alt]native s]vice
 may  be 9 ! e/imation ( gov]nm5t       
(ficials or ! pacifi/ ag5cies1  if      
alt]native s]vice is accept$ or         
acquiesc$ 9 at all1 x w  inevitably pose
 grave problems f ! /&po9t ( ,*ri/ian   
vocation  & x w n1 ,i ?9k1 be possible  
to escape ! contam9ation or  corruption 
:i* 8conscription0 infuses into         
8s]vice40 ,at ! mom5t  x seems possible 
t ,selective ,s]vice regulations w p]mit
 "s  individuals to rema9 at _! accu/om$
 occupations4 ,we put aside =  ! "t be+ 
c]ta9 que/ions to :i* we %all return z  
to :at  ! act ( regi/ration itself      
implies 9 ! context ( conscription  =   
atomic & biological w>4 ,"h we emphasize
 t once a man has  appeal$ to ! ,/ate to
 p]mit him to rema9 9 8 job & has be5   

grant$ su* p]mission1 x is n exactly !  
same job z x 0 be=e4  ,o!rs w n be giv5 
! same p]mission1 & he %\ld n evade !   
"q :e!r he c acquiesce 9 & to a degree  
b5efit f su*  discrim9ation4 ,he w h to 
consid] :e!r ! consid]ation 9 8  case   
arises f ! fact t (ficials reg>d 8 "w z 
9 "s way a  contribution to ! w> ef=t1  
or f a desire to placate & sil5ce  an   
influ5tial p]son4 ,if he %\ld conclude t
 he ought to *ange  jobs1 he w\ld h to  
consult ! au?orities aga91 & :at !n8    
,9 conf]5ces ) ,selective ,s]vice       
(ficials ef=ts are be+ made to  avoid "s
 ( ! features ( ! w>-"t ,civilian       
,public ,s]vice set-up  :i* deeply      
tr\bl$ a good _m ,fri5ds--su* z ! close 
sup]vision  by milit>y m5 alleg$ly      
function+ z civilians & ! undesirable  &
 fru/rat+ "* ( mu* ( ! "w to :i* ,,iv-,e
 m5 7  assign$4 ,ev5 if sub/antial      
concessions are obta9$1 x w be well  = u
 to be on gu>d aga9/ idealiz+ !         
situation4 ,x is hop$ t  a good _m "y m5
 w be 9 effect furl\gh$ to projects at  

home  & abroad :i* w n be exclusively = 
,c,os ( draft age & :i*  w h real social
 value4 ,x w n be ! same z if ^! m5 _h  
und]tak5 ^! jobs out ( a s5se ( vocation
 & mission1 ap>t f  ! context (         
conscription4 ,we "k t = ! mo/ "p !y did
 n  volunte] until conscription came    
along4 ,! same que/ions :i* !  man :o is
 p]mitt$ to rema9 9 8 own job faces1 w  
confront ^!  "y m5 on projects4 ,9      
addition1 _! t]m ( s]vice & rates (  pay
 w be set by ! gov]nm5t4    ,to sum up  
?is fir/ "p ( our analysis1 x is my     
conclusion t !  "o consi/5t attitude    
t[>d conscript alt]native s]vice f !    
/&po9t ( ,*ri/ian vocation--if "o       
accepts su* "w at all--is t  :i* reg>ds 
submission or non-resi/ance to ! evil   
:i* ! ,/ate  imposes ^u him :5 x        
int]f]es ) 8 normal occupation1 z !     
vocation or duty ( ! ,*ri/ian man4 ,any 
o!r attitude seems to me  to involve a  
consid]able measure ( rationalization4  
,! ,m5nonites  came ne>e/ to adopt+ ?is 
non-resi/ant position & ! fact t  !     

exp]i5ce ( ,m5nonite y\?s 9 ,civilian   
,public ,s]vice 0 less  fru/rat+ &      
br\ght bett] results ?an 0 ! case )     
o!rs1  save 9 exceptional in/ances1     
seems to me to be> out my analysis4 ,z  
we h po9t$ out1 ^? :o non-resi/antly    
take up _! cross (  conscription %\ld   
be> x joy\sly & be ready to c>ry x !    
second  mile4      ,! ,immature         
,eighte5-,ye>-,old    ,we turn next to a
 brief consid]ation ( ! argum5ts = !    
,,iv-,e z  aga9/ ! non-regi/rant        
position :i* c5t] ar\nd ! problem (  8! 
immature #ah-ye>-old y\?40 ,a numb] (   
#ah-ye>-olds1 x is po9t$  out1 h a /rong
 av]sion to w> & a lean+ t[>d pacifism4 
,!y  are1 h[ev]1 emotionally immature4  
,if !y h no *oice b ! army  or jail all 
b a few w *oose ! army & are likely to  
be lo/  to ! pacifi/ cause4 ,!y c\ld be 
held & possibly ev5 develop$  into a    
radical pacifi/ position1 if !y _h a    
?ird *oice1 namely1  civilian s]vice4   
,on ! o!r h&1 ! y\? :o 9 ! abs5ce ( su* 
a ?ird possibility1 *ooses prison r ?an 

! army may suff] grave  psy*ological    
injury4    ,i am sure no "o w be dispos$
 to be call\s or 8t\gh0 9 8  attitude   
t[>d any y\? fac$ ) a problem su* z we  
are discuss+4  ,any "o 9 ! position ( a 
c\nselor to an individual w want to     
avoid 8psy*ological pressur+0 to induce 
him to take ?is or t  c\rse1 & w /rive  
to help ! "y man to make 8 own decision1
  9 accord ) 8 own inn] ne$ &           
conviction1 r ?an to impose a  decision 
^u him4 ,b ,i conceive t x w\ld be my   
duty z a ,*ri/ian  m9i/] to h ?is same  
attitude 9 talk+ & pray+ ) a "y  man :o 
0 go+ into ! ,army4 ,i w\ld h no "r1 nor
 d ,i ?9k  x w\ld d any good1 to        
8pressure0 him aga9/ 8 conviction &     
inn] ne$1 to refuse s]vice4 ,b ?is w\ld 
c]ta9ly n mean t ,i  give up my own     
pacifi/ convictions1 or refra9 f do+ all
 ,i c 9  g5]al to spread !m or f mak+   
?is p>ticul> "y man aw>e (  my own      
?\ghts & feel+s4 ,?is 9 spite ( ! fact t
 if "y  m5 :o _h plann$ to submit to !  
draft are consequ5tly won to !  pacifi/ 

position1 ?is may entail consid]able    
suff]+ on _! "p1  angui% = p>5ts :o     
disagree ) !m1 & s on4 ,x is fairly     
c]ta91 incid5tally1 t 9 _m typical      
,s\!rn communities--& by  no means      
exclusively 9 ! ,s\?--a y\? :o *ose !   
,i-,a-,o 7m$ical  corps7 position1 n to 
m5tion ,,iv-,e1 w\ld h z t\gh a "t z a  
non-regi/rant 9 _m metropolitan c5t]s4  
,we _c1 !n1 escape !  conclusion t z we 
h a responsibility to decide = ! pacifi/
  or non-pacifi/ position & to be>      
witness = pacifism1 if t is  ! /& we    
take1 s z pacifi/s we h a responsibility
 to decide  :e!r complete non-coop]ation
 ) milit>y conscription is ! m          
consi/5t1 committ$ & effective /& or n1 
& if we decide =  ! =m]1 !n to d :at we 
c to make our /& & ! reasons =  x kn[n4 
,i h ! impression t ev5 a great _m1     
p]haps ! majority1 (  pacifi/ m9i/]s w  
"w h>d] to keep a "y pacifi/ p>i%ion]  f
 tak+ ! 8absoluti/0 position & go+ to   
jail r ?an into  civilian s]vice1 ?an !y
 w\ld "w to get ! run ( ! mill "y       

p>i%ion]s to ?9k s]i\sly ab\t n go+ into
 ! army4 ,!y  seem someh[ to feel t a m 
awful ?+ is happ5+ to ! "y  ,,co :o goes
 to jail ?an to ! #ah-ye>-old :o goes   
into ! army4 ,x  is my impression t ?is 
same feel+ is an unconsci\s factor 9 !  
?9k+ ( _m lay pacifi/s :5 !y react      
/rongly aga9/ ! idea  ( ,c,os go+ to    
prison4 ,?is puzzles me greatly4 ,:y    
%\ld !y h  ?is reaction8      ,army or  
,jail8    ,to my m9d--ev5 ap>t f !      
suffici5tly appall+ factor ( be+        
sy/ematically tra9$ = :olesale kill+ &  
subject$ to ! risk (  be+ kill$ 9 brutal
 w>--!re are few if any m evil & p]il\s 
situations to put "y m5 into ?an ! arm$ 
=ces4 ,i %\ld feel  mu* deep] grief ov] 
hav+ possibly _h "s "p 9 gett+ "s  y\?  
to g into ! arm$ =ces ?an ov] hav+ "s   
responsibility  = br++ a "y man to g to 
prison = consci5ce's sake4 ,are  !      
qualms p feel ab\t y\?ful ,c,os go+ to  
prison 9 c]ta9  in/ances p]haps due to !
 fact t tak+ ! non-regi/rant position   
is some?+ v unusual & reg>d$ ) social   

disapproval1 :]eas  becom+ a soldi] is  
extremely common & meets ) ! highe/     
social  approval8 ,x may be1 !re=e1 t   
!re are "s m9i/]s & o!r  old] p :o %\ld 
exam9e !mselves z to :e!r _! feel+s  9 !
 matt] "u discussion are due to ! fact t
 !y !mselves  might f9d life 9 !        
community or 9 ! *ur* v uncom=table  if 
!y 7 suspect$ ( hav+ influ5c$ a y\? to  
take a radical  anti-draft /&1 :]eas all
 m5 w speak well ( !m--or at lea/ n  too
 ill--if !y h help$1 or at lea/ n h9d]$1
 "y ,*ri/ians  9 adju/+ !mselves to !   
idea ( go+ into ! army4 ,is x j         
possible t we old] p are sometimes      
conc]n$ ) sp>+  ourselves :5 we ?9k we  
are solely conc]n$ ab\t sp>+ te5-ag]s8  
,to return to ! #ah-ye>-old4 ,!re are "y
 m5 :o on physical &  psy*ological      
gr\nds are exempt$ f army s]vice4 ,!re  
may well be  ,c,os :o %\ld on simil>    
gr\nds be exempt$ f any k9d ( s]vice4   
,if su* a physically or m5tally ill ,,co
 is refus$ exemption1 he %\ld  p]haps be
 disc\rag$ f und]go+ ! risks ( prison   

exp]i5ce if  !re is an alt]native = him4
 ,?is /ill leaves u ) ! problem (  !    
majority ( pacifi/ & non-pacifi/ y\? :o 
are n ill4    ,:5 we f9d ourselves      
conc]n$ ab\t :at ! te5-age religi\s ,,co
 :o  goes to prison mu/ und]go & incl9$ 
to ?9k t !re is "h an  absolutely       
conclusive case = provid+ alt]native    
s]vice & urg+  mo/ su* ,c,os to avail   
!mselves ( x1 we might fir/ take a look 
at  two o!r categories ( y\? :o are     
subject to ! draft4 ,"o ( !m  consi/s ( 
^? actually draft$ into ! arm$ s]vices2 
! o!r (  ! s-call$ non-religi\s ,c,os4  
,! great mass ( te5-ag]s are go+ to be  
put ?r\gh rigor\s  milit>y tra9+ ) all !
 h>d%ips1 ! t\gh5+ & !  temptations :i* 
?is entails4 ,!y h to be ready to und]go
 actual  battle exp]i5ce4 ,_m ( !m w    
actually exp]i5ce mod]n w> at  ! front4 
,is :at ! ,,co und]goes 9 prison va/ly m
 t]rible ?an  ?is8 ,is x z t]rible8 ,x  
may be said t ! soldi] has social       
approbation :]eas ! pacifi/1 especially 
! 8absoluti/0 meets  social             

disapprobation & ev5 o/racism4 ,?is is  
inde$ a sore trial &  _m _c endure x4   
,frankly1 ,i am /ill left ) m grief &   
pity  9 my he>t = ! te5-age soldi] ?an =
 ! te5-age 8absoluti/0  ,,co4 ,i am /ill
 left ) a "q :e!r we h a "r to take any 
"t & en]gy away f ! /ruggle to lift !   
curse ( conscription  f ! mass ( y\? &  
put x into an ef=t to secure alt]native 
conscript s]vice = ,c,os4    ,!re are1 z
 we "k1 te5-age 8absoluti/s0 :o feel !  
same way &  :o h demon/rat$ t !y c      
endure :atev] !y may be call$  ^u to    
endure4 ,nor is _! lot )\t its          
comp5sations4 ,!y1 also1  8h _! rew>d40 
,! ,s-,call$ ,non-,religi\s ,,co        
,religi\s ,c,os :o accept ! ,,iv-,e     
classification & old] pacifi/s  :o      
advocate ?is c\rse h also to consid] !  
non-religi\s ,,co4  ,"u ,unit$ ,/ates   
,law x is ! s-call$ religi\s ,,co :o is 
eligible  = ?is classification2 !       
s-call$ non-religi\s ,,co1 ?\gh he  may 
by unanim\s cons5t be equally s9c]e1 is 
n4 ,! latt] has  no *oice except ! army 

or jail4 ,! fact t he is only #ah ye>s  
old does n alt] t4 ,no?+ 9 ?is entire   
field ( pacifi/  policy & behavior is1  
frankly1 h>d] = me to und]/& ?an h[     
religi\s ,c,os & _m ( ! lead]s ( ! peace
 *ur*es & (  ! ,fell[%ip (              
,reconciliation1 c acquiesce 9 ?is      
situation &  accept :at is reg>d$ z an  
advantage1 a pref]r$ position1 "u  x4 ,!
 :ite ,,co :o accept$ conscript         
alt]native s]vice :5 !  ,negro ,,co 0   
automatically =c$ to *oose ! army or    
prison w\ld be  9 an invidi\s position4 
,s w\ld ! ,g5tile :5 8 ,jewi% comrade  0
 ?us discrim9at$ aga9/4 ,b 9 my m9d !   
case is f> m  deplorable :5 x is !      
religi\s & ! suppos$ly non-religi\s man 
:o are involv$4 ,! :ite man or ! ,g5tile
 might actually believe 9  discrim9ation
 or n reg>d x too s]i\sly :5 !          
discrim9ation is  9 8 favor4 ,b = !     
religi\s man x %\ld surely be a c5tral &
  indisp5sable "p ( 8 fai? t            
discrim9ation1 mo/ ( all :]e  two m5    
act+ 9 ob$i5ce to consci5ce are involv$1

 is un?9kable  & t if !re is            
discrim9ation1 he _c be ! b5efici>y ( x4
    ,at any rate1 ! argum5t t !re mu/ be
 alt]native s]vice  because immature    
#ah-ye>-olds mu/ by no means be subject$
 to prison  exp]i5ce seems to me to     
become completely impot5t 9 ! m\?s  ( ^?
 religi\s pacifi/s :o acquiesce 9 !     
arrangem5t "u  discussion & enable x to 
"w--unless inde$ !y mean to cont5d t  ! 
av]age religi\s ,,co has less /am9a ?an 
! non-religi\s ,,co &  t1 !re=e1 ! =m]  
%\ld be giv5 g5tl] treatm5t4            
,advocacy ( alt]native s]vice = !       
te5-age ,,co is bas$ on  consid]ations  
relat+ to ! future ( ! pacifi/ movem5t1 
z well  z on ! effect on ! ,c,os        
!mselves4 ,x is argu$ t if ! only  *oice
 "y pacifi/s h is ! army or jail1 !re w 
be v few  pacifi/s4 ,?is argum5t 0 n1   
h[ev]1 fir/ advanc$ :5 ! draft  age 0   
l[]$4 ,x 0 (t5 he>d dur+ ,_w ,w> ,,ii :5
 mo/ ,c,os  7 old] & m season$4 ,x has  
always impress$ me z a dubi\s  argum5t &
 ,i wond] :]e x leads u4 ,:at1 =        

example1 is !  relation%ip ( ?is argum5t
 to ! "o :i* is also advanc$--sometimes 
by ! same p]son--t ! ,,iv-,e position is
 v mean+ful & p]haps  to be pref]r$ to !
 m 8absoluti/0 "o1 because x is !       
,,iv-,e man  :o gives a glori\s         
demon/ration ( ! _s ( selfless s]vice   
:i* is ! ess5ce ( pacifism at its be/8  
,^! two concepts _c  v well be h>ness$  
toge!r z a team4 ,we c h>dly cont5d 9 "o
  & ! same brea? t we want alt]native   
s]vice because mo/ "y  pacifi/s are n   
ready to foll[ a /rong] & m sacrificial 
c\rse  & t we want x because x is !     
/ronge/ & mo/ mean+ful  c\rse pacifi/s c
 foll[4 ,x seems to me we h to decide   
:e!r our  problem is to f9d %elt] =     
,c,os or :e!r x is to f9d fre$om &  !   
opportunity = self-expression & s]vice1 
ev5 ?\gh ! price be  high4    ,to       
consid] ! matt] = a mom5t f ! tactical  
viewpo9t1 x seems  q c]ta9 t ! numb] (  
#ah-ye>-olds :o take ei!r ! ,,iv-,e  or 
! non-regi/rant position 7p]haps ev5 !  
,i-,a-,o position might be  includ$7 w  

at lea/ at ! outset be small4 ,! draft  
n[ gets !  "y man at ! v age :5 x is mo/
 difficult = him to /& out  9 any way f 
! mass ( 8 fell[s4 ,ev5 if he is        
intellectually  pretty well conv9c$ ( ! 
pacifi/ position1 he is n emotionally   
mature en\gh to take x4 ,x is a fair    
guess t ! accessions to  ! pacifi/      
movem5t1 if milit>y s]vice &_/or tra9+  
becomes  univ]sal1 w 9 ! future come    
ma9ly f "y p :o h gone  ?r\gh ! exp]i5ce
 ( life 9 ! arm$ =ces4 ,9 o!r words1 !  
additional numb] ( pacifi/s recruit$    
because alt]native s]vice is  provid$   
may turn out to be v small4 ,if s1 !    
num]ical advantage  f ! adoption ( a    
less uncompromis+ pacifism is illusory4 
,!re is "o o!r factor :i* may be m5tion$
 9 ?is context1 t we  live 9 an age :5 !
 role ( m9orities is an increas+ly      
difficult  "o4 ,! pressures & ! actual  
p]secution to :i* !y are subject$  are  
sev]e4 ,! tr5d is /ill p>tially obscur$ 
9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates  b if we pause to     
reflect t n a s+le bomb has z yet fall5 

on  ?is c\ntry1 we %all realize t ?is   
c\ntry is n an exception to  ! tr5d t[>d
 great] con=mity & regim5tation4 ,z !   
,new ,york  ,times editorializ$ "s "t   
ago 9 comm5t+ on "s features ( !        
,mc,carran ,act1 if we are already      
resort+ to su* repressive measures1  :at
 w we d :5 a real crisis comes8 ,9 o!r  
words1 :ile we sp5d  a good deal ( "t   
argu+ t ,c,os %\ld h "s *oice o!r ?an  !
 army or jail1 we are probably mov+ into
 a "t :5 t w  ess5tially be ! only *oice
 t memb]s ( m9orities1 includ+          
pacifi/s1 h4 ,x w\ld seem !n t our ?\ght
 & en]gy %\ld be  devot$ to two issues3 
:e!r & h[ ?is tr5d t[>d totalit>ianism  
c be halt$ & h[ we may prep>e &         
discipl9e ourselves to meet !  te/s :i* 
our fell[-pacifi/s 9 "s o!r l&s h       
already _h to  meet8      ,! ,nature (  
,conscription    ,?is1 h[ev]1 leads to !
 ?ird & la/ ( ! issues we are try+  to  
explore3 ! true nature ( conscription1 (
 mod]n w>1 & (  ! conscript+1 w>-mak+   
,/ate--& ! attitude :i* pacifi/s        

consequ5tly %\ld take t[>d !m4          
,p>ticipation 9 alt]native s]vice is q  
(t5 def5d$ on !  gr\nd t our opposition 
is to w> r ?an conscription2 except  9 !
 matt] ( w> we are z ready to s]ve !    
nation z anybody2  !re=e1 z long z we   
are n draft$ = combat or =c$ aga9/  our 
w into ! arm$ s]vices1 we are ready to  
r5d] :atev] s]vice  ( a civilian "* may 
be impos$ ^u u4    ,is ?is a s\nd       
position8 ,let me emphasize t x is      
conscription =  w> "u ! conditions ( !  
second half ( ! tw5tie? c5tury t  we are
 talk+ ab\t4 ,! "q z to :e!r sometime & 
"u "s  circum/ances we might accept     
conscription = "s conceivable purpose  n
 relat$ to w>1 is n "h at /ake4 ,x is   
academic & irrelevant4  ,! "q ) :i* we  
are deal+ is t ( conscript+ y\? 9  & =  
mod]n w>4    ,z pacifi/s we are oppos$  
to all w>4 ,ev5 if recruitm5t 7 entirely
  on a volunt>y basis1 we w\ld be       
oppos$4 ,x seems to me we might  inf] f 
?is t we %\ld be a =tiori oppos$ to     
milit>y  conscription1 = "h 9 addition  

to ! factor ( w> itself1 !  elem5t (    
co]cion by gov]nm5t ent]s 91 co]cion :i*
 places "y  boys 9 a milit>y regime :]e 
!y are depriv$ ( fre$om ( *oice  9      
virtually all ess5tial matt]s4 ,!y may n
 h ! slighte/  int]e/ 9 ! w>1 yet !y are
 made to kill by ord]4 ,?is is surely a 
fundam5tal violation ( ! human _s :i*   
mu/ cause ! pacifi/  to %udd]4    ,!    
reply is sometimes made t pacifi/s are n
 be+ conscript$  = milit>y purposes &   
!re=e--presumably--!y are n fac$  ) !   
issue ( ! nature ( milit>y conscription4
 ,i %all lat]  cont5d t x is n really   
possible to sep>ate conscription & w>1  
z ,i ?9k ?is argum5t does4 ,"h ,i wi% to
 sugge/ t ev5 if !  "q is ! conscription
 ( non-pacifi/ y\?1 x is a fundam5tal   
mi/ake = pacifi/s ev] to rel5t 9 _!     
opposition to ?is evil1  ev] to devote  
_! en]gies prim>ily to secur+ provisions
 = ,c,os  9 a draft law or to lapse into
 a feel+ t conscription has someh[      
become m palatable if su* provisions are
 made by ! ,/ate4 ,x is  n our own      

*ildr5 if we are pacifi/ p>5ts1 our     
fell[-pacifi/  ,*ri/ians if we are      
*ur*m51 ab\t :om we %\ld be mo/ deeply  
conc]n$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 t is a n>r[ & 
p]haps self-c5t]$  attitude4 ,9 ! second
 place1 pacifi/ y\?s h "s inn] res\rces 
= meet+ ! issue "u discussion4 ,!       
t]rible ?+ :i* we  %\ld nev] lose sight 
(1 to :i* we %\ld nev] reconcile our    
spirits1 is t ! great mass (            
#ah-ye>-olds are draft$ = w>4 ,!y  are  
giv5 no *oice4 ,few are at ! /age (     
developm5t :]e !y are  capable ( mak+   
fully rational & responsible *oice4 ,?us
 ! fa!rs  immolate ! sons1 ! old]       
g5]ation immolates ! y\ng]1 on !  alt> (
 ,molo*4 ,:at ,god c5turies ago =bade   
,abraham to d ev5 to 8  own son--8,lay n
 ?y h& ^u ! lad1 nei!r d ?\ any?+ unto  
him0--?is we d by decree to ! entire y\?
 ( a nation4    ,we ne$ to ask ourselves
 :e!r su* conscription is 9 any real    
s5se  a less] evil4 ,z we h already     
said1 ! pacifi/ is oppos$ to w>  & we h 
all s5s$ ! dang] ( argu+ aga9/          

conscription on !  gr\nd t ! nation c\ld
 raise all ! troops x ne$$ by volunt>y  
enli/m5t4 ,nev]!less1 !re is a po9t to  
an impassion$ argum5t  :i* ,george      
,b]nanos makes 9 ! book we m5tion$ at ! 
outset4  ,he /ates t ! man creat$ by    
we/]n or ,*ri/ian civilization          
8disappe>$ 9 ! day conscription became  
law 444 ! pr9ciple is a  totalit>ian    
pr9ciple if ev] !re 0 "o--s mu* s t y   
c\ld  d$uce ! :ole sy/em f x1 z y c     
d$uce ! :ole ( geometry  f !            
propositions ( ,euclid40    ,to ! "q z  
to :e!r ,france1 ! ,fa!rl&1 %\ld n be   
def5d$ if 9 p]il1 he has ! ,fa!rl&      
answ]3 8,i v mu* d\bt  :e!r my salvation
 requires su* mon/r\s behavior0 z def5se
 by  mod]n w> me?ods4 ,if m5 want$ to   
die on behalf ( ! ,fa!rl&1  moreov]1 t  
w\ld be "o ?+ b 8mak+ a clean sweep1 )  
"o  scoop ( ! h&1 ( an entire male      
population0 is ano!r matt]  altoge!r3   
8,y tell me t1 9 sav+ me1 !y save       
!mselves4 ,yes1  if !y c rema9 free2 no1
 if !y all[ y to de/roy1 by ?is  unhe>d 

( measure1 ! national cov5ant4 ,= z soon
 z y h1 by  simple decree1 creat$       
millions ( ,fr5* soldi]s1 x w be held z 
prov5 t y h sov]eign rights ov] ! p]sons
 & ! goods (  e ,fr5*man1 t !re are no  
rights high] ?an y\rs & :]e1  !n1 w y\r 
usurpations /op8 ,won't y pres5tly      
presume to decide  :at is j & :at is    
unju/1 :at is ,evil & :at is ,good80    
,x is pretty c]ta9ly an                 
ov]simplification to sugge/1 z ,b]nanos 
"h does1 t ! entire totalit>ian1        
me*aniz$ 8sy/em0 "u  :i* m5 today live  
or into :i* !y are increas+ly drawn ev5 
9  c\ntries :]e a semblance ( fre$om &  
spontaneity rema9s1 c be  trac$ to its  
s\rce 9 ! milit>y conscription :i* 0    
in/itut$  by ! ,fr5* ,revolution 9 !    
eighte5? c5tury4 ,b :at _c1  x seems to 
me1 be successfully d5i$ is t today     
totalit>ianism1  dep]sonalization1      
conscription1 w>1 & ! conscript+1       
w>-mak+  p[]-/ate are inextricably l9k$ 
toge!r4 ,!y con/itute a :ole1  a        
8sy/em40 ,x is a disease1 a creep+      

p>alysis1 :i* affects  all nations1 on  
bo? sides ( ! global conflict4          
,revolution &  c\nt]-revolution1        
8peoples' democracies0 & 8we/]n         
democracies10 !  8peace-lov+0 nations on
 bo? sides 9 ! w>1 are ca/ 9 ?is mold ( 
con=mity1 me*anization & viol5ce4 ,?is  
is ! ,bea/ :i*1 9 !  language ( !       
,apocalypse1 is seek+ to usurp ! place (
 ! ,lamb4    ,we "k t 8w> w /op at no?+0
 & we are cle> t z  pacifi/s we c h no?+
 to d ) x4 ,b ,i d n ?9k t x  is        
possible to di/+ui% betwe5 w> &         
conscription1 to say t !  =m] is & !    
latt] is n an in/rum5t or m>k ( ! ,bea/4
      ,disob$i5ce ,becomes ,imp]ative   
,non-con=mity1 ,holy ,disob$i5ce1       
becomes a virtue & inde$ a  necess>y &  
indisp5sable measure ( spiritual        
self-pres]vation1  9 a day :5 ! impulse 
to con=m1 to acquiesce1 to g along1 is  
! in/rum5t :i* is us$ to subject m5 to  
totalit>ian rule &  involve !m 9 p]man5t
 w>4 ,to create ! impression at lea/ (  
outw>d unanimity1 ! impression t !re is 

no 8real0 opposition1  is some?+ = :i*  
all dictators & milit>y lead]s /rive    
assidu\sly4 ,! m x seems t !re is no    
opposition1 ! less  wor?:ile x seems to 
an ev] l>g] numb] ( p to *]i% ev5  !    
?\ght ( opposition4 ,surely1 9 su* a    
situation x is important  n to place !  
p9* ( inc5se be=e ,caes>'s image1 n to  
make  ! ge/ure ( con=mity :i* is        
involv$1 let u say1 9 regi/]+  "u a     
milit>y conscription law4 ,:5 ! object  
is s pla9ly to  create a situation :]e !
 individual no long] has a *oice except 
total con=mity or else ! conc5tration   
camp or dea?2 :5 reliable  p tell u     
s]i\sly t exp]im5ts are be+ conduct$ )  
drugs  :i* w p>alyze ! wills ( oppon5ts 
)9 a nation or 9 an  enemy c\ntry1 x is 
surely nei!r "r nor wise to wait until !
  8sy/em0 has driv5 u into a corn] :]e  
we _c reta9 a ve/ige (  self-respect    
unless we say ,no4 ,x does n seem wise  
or "r to wait  until ?is evil cat*es up 
) u1 b r to g out to meet x--to         
resi/--be=e x has gone any fur!r4    ,z 

,b]nanos rem9ds u1 8?+s are mov+ fa/1   
de> read]1 !y are  mov+ v fa/40 ,he     
recalls t he 8liv$ at a "t :5 passport  
=malities seem$ to h vani%$ =ev]40 ,a   
man c\ld 8travel ar\nd  ! _w ) no?+ 9 8 
wallet b 8 visit+ c>d40 ,he recalls  t  
8tw5ty ye>s ago1 ,fr5*m5 ( ! middle     
class refus$ to h  _! f+]pr9ts tak52    
f+]pr9ts 7 ! conc]n ( convicts40  ,b !  
^w 8crim9al0 has 8swoll5 to su*         
prodigi\s proportions t  x n[ includes e
 citiz5 :o dislikes ! ,regime1 ! ,sy/em1
 !  ,p>ty1 or ! man :o repres5ts !m4444 
,! mom5t1 p]haps1 is n  f> (f :5 x w    
seem natural = u to leave ! front-door  
key 9  ! lock at night s t ! police may 
ent] at any h\r ( ! day or  night1 z x  
is to op5 our pocket-books to e (ficial 
dem&4 ,&  :5 ! ,/ate decides t x w\ld be
 a practical measure 444 to put  "s     
outw>d sign on u1 :y %\ld we hesitate to
 h ourselves br&$  on ! *eek or on !    
buttock1 ) a hot iron1 l cattle8 ,!     
purges  ( #8wrong-?9k]s1' s de> to !    
totalit>ian regimes1 w\ld ?us  become   

inf9itely easi]40    ,to me x seems t   
submitt+ to conscription ev5 = civilian 
s]vice  is p]mitt+ oneself ?us to be    
br&$ by ! ,/ate4 ,x makes ! "w  ( !     
,/ate 9 prep>+ = w> & 9 secur+ ! desir$ 
impression  ( unanimity mu* easi]4 ,x   
seems1 !re=e1 t pacifi/s %\ld  refuse to
 be ?us br&$4    ,9 ! introductory *apt]
 to ,kay ,boyle's volume ( %ort /ories  
ab\t  occupi$ ,g]many1 ,! ,smok+        
,m\nta91 !re is an episode :i* seems  to
 me to emphasize ! ne$ ( ,resi/ance & ( 
n wait+ until x  is inde$ too late4 ,%e 
tells ab\t a woman1 pr(essor ( philology
 9  a ,hessian univ]sity :o said ( !    
,g]man exp]i5ce ) ,nazism3 8,x  0 a     
gradual process40 ,:5 ! fir/ ,jews ,n   
,want$ signs w5t up1  8!re 0 nev] any   
prote/ made ab\t !m1 &1 aft] a few      
mon?s1  n only we1 b ev5 ! ,jews :o liv$
 9 t t[n1 walk$ pa/  )\t notic+ any m t 
!y 7 !re4 ,does x seem impossible  to y 
t ?is %\ld h happ5$ to civiliz$ p       
any:]e80    ,! philology pr(essor w5t on
 to say t aft] a :ile %e put up a       

picture ( ,hitl] 9 h] class-room4 ,aft] 
twice refus+ to take !  oa? ( allegiance
 to ,hitl]1 %e 0 p]suad$ by h] /ud5ts to
 take  x4 8,!y argu$ t 9 tak+ ?is oa?1  
:i* s _m anti-,nazis _h  tak5 be=e me1  
,i 0 committ+ myself to no?+1 & t ,i    
c\ld  ex]t m influ5ce z a pr(essor ?an z
 an outca/ 9 ! t[n40    ,%e conclud$ by 
say+ t %e n[ _h a picture ( a ,jew1     
,sp9oza1  :]e ,hitl]'s picture us$ to   
hang1 & add$3 8,p]haps y w ?9k  t ,i did
 ?is t5 ye>s too late1 & p]haps y are "r
 9 ?9k+  ?is4 ,p]haps !re 0 some?+ else 
we c\ld all ( u h done1  b we nev] seem$
 to f9d a way to d x1 ei!r z individuals
 or z  a gr\p1 we nev] seem$ to f9d a   
way40 ,a decision by ! pacifi/  movem5t 
9 ?is c\ntry to break completely )      
conscription1 to give  up ! idea t we c 
8ex]t m influ5ce0 if we con=m 9 "s      
measure1 d n resi/ to ! utt]mo/--?is    
might awak5 our c\ntrym5  to a          
realization ( ! precipice on ! edge (   
:i* we /&4 ,x might  be ! mak+ ( our    
movem5t4      ,! ,reconcil+ ,resi/ance  

,?us to embrace ,holy ,disob$i5ce is n  
to sub/itute ,resi/ance =               
,reconciliation4 ,x is to practice bo?  
,reconciliation & ,resi/ance4 ,9  s f> z
 we help to build up or smoo? ! way =   
,am]ican milit>ism  & ! regim5tation :i*
 accompanies x1 we are c]ta9ly n        
practis+ reconciliation t[>d ! millions 
( p 9 ! ,communi/  bloc c\ntries aga9/  
:om ,am]ican w> prep>ations1 includ+    
conscription1 are direct$4 ,nor are we  
practis+ reconciliation t[>d  ! hundr$s 
( millions 9 ,asia & ,africa :om we     
condemn to pov]ty  & drive into ! arms (
 ,communism by our addiction to milit>y 
8def5se40 ,nor are we practis+ love t[>d
 our own fell[-citiz5s1  includ+ also ! 
multitude ( y\?s 9 ! arm$ s]vices1 if1  
aga9/  our deepe/ insight1 we help to   
fa/5 ! *a9s ( conscription & w>  ^u !m4 
,our works ( m]cy1 heal+ & recon/ruction
 w h a deep] &  m g5u9ely reconcil+     
effect :5 !y are n entangl$ )  conscript
 s]vice = 8! heal?1 safety & int]e/0 ( !
 ,unit$  ,/ates or any o!r w>-mak+      

,/ate4 ,x is highly d\btful :e!r        
,*ri/ian mission bo>ds c p]mit any ( _! 
projects 9 ! ,ori5t  to be mann$ by m5  
suppos$ to be work+ = 8! heal?1 safety &
  int]e/0 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,gospel 
( reconciliation w be  prea*$ ) a new   
fre$om & p[] :5 ! prea*]s h brok5       
decisively ) ,am]ican milit>ism4 ,x c   
surely n be prea*$ at all  9 ,communi/  
l&s by ^? :o h n made t break4 ,x w be  
:5  we h gott5 (f ! back ( :at someone  
has call$ ! wild elephant  ( milit>ism &
 conscription on to ! solid gr\nd (     
fre$om1 &  only !n1 t we %all be able to
 live & "w con/ructively4 ,l  ,abraham  
we %all h to dep>t f ! ,city-:i*-is 9   
ord] t we  may help to build !          
,city-:i*-is-to-be1 ^: true build] &    
mak]  is ,god4    ,x is1 ( c\rse1       
possible1 p]haps ev5 likely1 t if we set
 ourselves  ap>t z ^? :o w h no deal+s  
:atev] ) conscription1 w  n place ! p9* 
( inc5se be=e ,caes>'s image1 our       
fell[-citiz5s  w /one u1 z ,/eph5 0 /on$
 :5 he rem9d$ 8 p t x  0 !y :o _h       

8receiv$ ! law z x 0 orda9$ by angels1 &
 kept  x n40 ,s may we be /on$ = rem9d+ 
our p ( a tradition (  fre$om & peace   
:i* 0 also1 9 a real s5se1 8orda9$ by   
angels0  & :i* we no long] keep4 ,b1 x w
 ?us become possible =  !m1 z = ,paul1  
ev5 amid/ ! se>* = new victims to       
p]secute1  sudd5ly to see aga9 ! face ( 
,*ri/ & ! vision ( a new  ,j]usalem4    
,"s "o may at ?is po9t reflect t e>li] 9
 ?is pap] ,i c\nsel$  aga9/ p too       
readily leav+ ! normal pa? ( life & t ,i
  am n[ c\nsel+ a policy :i* is c]ta9 to
 create di/urbance 9  individual lives1 
families & communities4 ,t is s4 ,b to  
dep>t  f ! common way 9 response or     
reaction to a conscription law1 9 !     
attempt to adapt oneself to an abnormal 
/ate ( society1 is "o ?+4  ,to leave    
fa!r1 "m1 wife1 *ild1 yea & "o's own    
life also1 at !  behe/ ( ,*ri/ or       
consci5ce is q ano!r4 ,our g5]ation w n 
return to a condition "u :i* e man may  
sit "u 8 own v9e  & fig tree1 ) none to 
make him afraid1 unless !re are ^? :o   

are will+ to pay ! high co/ ( r$emption 
& deliv]ance f a  regime ( regim5tation1
 t]ror & w>4    ,f9ally1 x is ( crucial 
importance t we %\ld und]/& t =  !      
individual to pit himself 9 ,holy       
,disob$i5ce aga9/ ! w>-mak+  &          
conscript+ ,/ate1 :]ev] x or he be      
locat$1 is n an act (  despair or       
defeatism4 ,r1 ,i ?9k we may say t      
precisely ?is  individual refusal to 8g 
along0 is n[ ! beg9n+ & ! core ( any    
reali/ic & practical movem5t aga9/ w> & 
= a m peaceful &  bro!rly _w4 ,= x      
becomes daily cle>] t political &       
milit>y  lead]s pay virtually no        
att5tion to prote/s aga9/ curr5t =eign  
policy & pleas = peace :5 !y "k p]fectly
 well t :5 x  comes to a %[d[n1 all b a 
h&ful ( ! millions ( prote/]s w  8g     
along0 ) ! w> to :i* ! policy leads4    
,all b a h&ful  w submit to             
conscription4 ,few ( ! prote/]s w s mu* 
z risk  _! jobs 9 ! cause ( 8peace40 ,! 
failure ( ! policymak]s to  *ange _!    
c\rse does n1 save p]haps 9 v r>e       

in/ances1 mean  t !y are evil m5 :o want
 w>4 ,!y feel1 z inde$ !y s (t5  decl>e 
9 crucial mom5ts1 t ! issues are s      
complicat$1 !  =ces array$ aga9/ !m s   
/rong1 t !y 8h no *oice0 b  to add ano!r
 score ( billions to ! milit>y budget1 &
 s on &  on4 ,:y %\ld !y ?9k !re is any 
reality1 hope or salvation 9  8peace    
advocates0 :o :5 ! mom5t ( decision     
comes also act on !  assumption t !y 8h 
no *oice0 b to con=m8    ,precisely 9 a 
day :5 ! individual appe>s to be utt]ly 
helpless1 to  8h no *oice10 :5 ! aim ( !
 8sy/em0 is to conv9ce him t he  is     
helpless z an individual & t ! only way 
to meet regim5tation  is by             
regim5tation1 !re is absolutely no hope 
save 9 go+ back  to ! beg9n+4 ,! human  
be+1 ! *ild ( ,god1 mu/ ass]t 8         
humanity & 8 son%ip aga94 ,he mu/       
ex]cise ! *oice :i* he  no long] has z  
some?+ accord$ him by society1 :i* he   
8nak$1  weaponless1 arm\rless1 )\t %ield
 or spe>1 b only ) nak$  h&s & op5 eyes0
 mu/ create aga94 ,he mu/ und]/& t ?is  

nak$ human be+ is ! "o real ?+ 9 ! face 
( ! me*anics  & ! me*aniz$ in/itutions (
 our age4 ,he1 by ! grace ( ,god1 is  ! 
se$ ( all ! human life !re w be on e>? 9
 ! future1  ?\gh he may h to die to make
 t h>ve/ possible4 ,z ,life  magaz9e    
/at$ 9 its unexpect$ly pr(\nd & /irr+   
editorial (  ,augu/ #bj1 #aide1 its fir/
 issue aft] ! atom bomb+ ( ,hiro%ima3   
8,our sole safegu>d aga9/ ! v real dang]
 ( a rev]sion  to b>b>ism is ! k9d (    
morality :i* compels ! individual       
consci5ce1 be ! gr\p "r or wrong4 ,!    
individual consci5ce  aga9/ ! atomic    
bomb8 ,yes4 ,!re is no o!r way40        
99       99       99       99       99  
,p5dle ,hill is a c5t] = religi\s &     
social /udy ma9ta9$ by  memb]s ( !      
,society ( ,fri5ds4 ,pamphlets &        
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